Northwestern
University Library
Evanston,
Illinois 60208-2300
ILLINOIS
IN THE
WORLD WAR
EDITED BY
THEODORE CALVIN PEASE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
VOLUME V
ILLINOIS
STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Otto Leopold Schmidt, President
Charles Henry Rammelkamp, Vice President
Laurence Marcellus Larson, Secretary
Jessie Palmer Weber, Librarian
Theodore Calvin Pease, Editor
ADVISORY COMMISSION
Evarts Boutell Greene
William Edward Dodd
James Alton James
Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin
Edward Carleton Page
Theodore Calvin Pease
Charles Henry Rammelkamp
IN THE WORLD WAR
VOLUME V
THE WAR-TIME
ORGANIZATION
OF
ILLINOIS
BY
MARGUERITE EDITH JENISON
Secretary, War Records Section
Illinois State Historical Library
Published by the
^LINOlS;;^ATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
1923
coptbiqht, 1923
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schnepp and babnes
spbingfielp, illinois
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. State Organizations 1
II. War Laws and Their Enforcement 67
III. Military and Naval Activities 78
IV. War Finance 187
V. Food and the War 224
VI. Fuel and the War 256
VII. Labor and the War 271
VIII. War Industries 289
IX. Welfare Organizations 325
X. War Relief Organizations 349
Appendix 359
Bibliography 429
Index 461
J-* Í
¡X
EDITOR'S PREFACE
This volume, the fifth in the series, Illinois in the Warid War,
is the work of the War Records Section of the Illinois State Historical
Library, which was organized by the Library Board of Trustees in
July of 1919 to collect and edit material relating to the part of Illinois
in the World War. For this purpose the General Assembly had in
June, 1919, appropriated $20,000. In June, 1921, an additional
appropriation of $25,000 was made for completing the work of col¬
lection and for printing two volumes of resulting material. From
July, 1919, to November, 1920, the War Records Section was under
the charge of Dr. Wayne E. Stevens, as secretary. Under his guid¬
ance a valuable collection of materials of all sorts, records of the
State Council of Defense, documents, books, newspapers, posters, etc.,
etc., was made and the beginnings of publication were outlined. Miss
Marguerite E. Jenison succeeded Dr. Stevens upon his resignation,
in the course of the first six months of 1921 completed the task
of collecting material and since then has been engaged with a staff of
assistants in the preparation of the succeeding volumes of the series.
The present volume is an encyclopedic resume of the civilian and
military organization of Illinois, official, semi-official, and private, for
the World War. It is designed to put the essential information about
each of these organizations in convenient and accessible form. It is
a handbook for the future historian and not a definitive history. As
to the history of military units, the caution is necessary that this
volume contains but the barest recital of formal and official facts of
record. The history of the 33d Division, Illinois' national guard
unit in the war, has been worthily told by Lieutenant Colonel
Huidekoper in the first four volumes of the series. The brilliant
achievements of the 149th Field Artillery have yet to be told, and
the state must look to some member of that organization to tell the
story. Those who have seen the 149th in action in France, those who
have passed its batteries, toiling on, decimated, exhausted but cheerful,
in pitch black night, on shell torn roads, in sector after sector, know
what that story must be; but the adequate telling of it can be done
only by the organization itself. The same thing is true of unit after
XI
xü fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
unit credited to Illinois that served worthily in France or in America.
The skeleton of their achievements only is given. Flesh and blood
must be filled in by men who have lived with the organizations.
The delineation of the civilian organization of Illinois in the
war it is to be hoped may never be needed again. But if some future
crisis demands the mobilization of all the state's resources as did the
crisis of 1917, the record of the successes and the shortcomings of her
civilian organization may well prove of value.
The first outline of this volume was drawn by Dr. Wayne E.
Stevens. The development of the outline, the organization of the
research staff for working it out, the combining, the compilation and
revision of their contributions, is essentially the work of Miss Mar¬
guerite E. Jenison, the author of the volume. For all practical pur¬
poses the volume is hers, and in her preface she recognizes fully the
assistance she has received from others in its compilation.
Theodore Calvin Pease
Urbana, Illinois
August 9, 1923
\
PREFACE
The compilation of this volume of encyclopedic articles relating
to the activities of organizations which were concerned with the mo¬
bilization of Illinois' men and resources for participation in the war
with Germany, proceeded along with the work of assembling the
state's collection of war records. This task, delegated to the Illinois
State Historical Library by the Fifty-first General Assembly, was
undertaken in July, 1919, with Dr. Wayne E. Stevens then in charge.
In the course of the acquisition of the material pertaining to the war
work of the state, federal, quasi-official and private agencies, the
majority of which were nearly identical in form and functions with
those operating in other states, work was begun on this volume, which,
it was believed, in describing the war-time organization of Illinois,
would in its broad outlines picture that of other states as well.
Because of the encyclopedic character of the volume, no biblio¬
graphic references are made in footnotes, except in connection with
the statistical tables. Publications which havè been consulted are
listed in the bibliography, but the unpublished material which was
used can be described only briefly. The records of the State Council
of Defense of Illinois, all of which were transferred to the Illinois
State Historical Library, supplied the data for the articles on the
state council and its subordinate bodies; in addition, because of as¬
sistance which the council gave in promoting all forms of war work
in the state, its working files contain information regarding the major¬
ity of organizations the activities of which are described in this volume.
An effort was made to obtain for the state collection the records re¬
lating to the war work of all organizations which operated on a state¬
wide scale in Illinois; when these were impossible to procure, the
files were consulted, reports, publications and other available material
were secured, and interviews were held with officials of various
agencies to complete the record of their work. Similarly material was
sought at Camp Grant, Great Lakes Naval Training Station, Fort
Sheridan, Scott and Chanute Fields. For data on the chapter on the
enforcement of war statutes, an assistant in the War Records Sec¬
tion consulted the dockets and other material on file in the offices of
XlII
xiv WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
the United States district attorneys and the United States marshals in
the Northern (Chicago), Eastern (Danville) and Southern (Spring¬
field) Districts. Members of the staff also spent some time at work
in the Chicago and St. Louis Federal Reserve Banks where the bank
officials placed at their disposal records relating to the organization
and operation of war finance agencies in Illinois, and also supplied
the figures from which the results of the sale of liberty bonds and
treasury certificates of indebtedness were compiled.
In addition to the records secured from the state headquarters
of these various organizations, the War Records Section also obtained
some material bearing on the Illinois activities of federal agencies from
the archives in Washington through the services of Dr. Newton D.
Mereness, research director of the National Association of State War
History Organizations, of which the War Records Section was a
member. As to the records of local subdivisions of Illinois war
agencies, it was the policy of the War Records Section to promote
the assembling of county war records collections in which the avail¬
able records pertaining to war activities within the county were to be
placed for permanent preservation. However, at the request of the
War Records Section the county food and fuel administrators, sec¬
retaries of Red Cross chapters, chairmen of county liberty loan com¬
mittees, members of local draft boards, and industrial plants which
had been engaged in war contracts, compiled reports of their work
which form a valuable part of the state's collection and have been
drawn on frequently in compiling this volume. Colleges and univer¬
sities throughout the state also supplied reports of their war work,
chiefly in connection with the Students' Army Training Corps Units.
To acknowledge indebtedness to all those who have supplied
data for this volume, it would be necessary to name all those persons
who, by giving verbal information, compiling reports, or donating
historical materials of all kinds, have cooperated with the Illinois
State Historical Library in assembling the state collection of war
records. The number of the people who have so aided the War
Records Section in the four years of its existence makes individual
mention of all of them impossible ; however, the assistance given by the
following-named persons in supplying information especially needed
for the compilation of this volume has been such that specific acknow-
PREFACE
XV
ledgement must be made: Mr. D. A. Jones, controller of fiscal
operations of the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank, and Mr. J. W.
White, cashier of the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank, who placed at
the disposal of the War Records Section the banks' records concern¬
ing war finance activities in Illinois; Mr. George Oliver Carpenter,
Jr., of St. Louis, secretary of the Eighth Federal Reserve District
Liberty Loan Committee, who gave the War Records Section access
to the records of the district committee; Mr. E. E. Crabtree, of Jack¬
sonville, Illinois chairman of the Eighth Federal Reserve District
Federal Reserve Liberty Loan Committee, who lent this office all of
the records of his work and permitted copies to be made; Mrs.
Howard T. Willson, of Virden, who supplied information regarding
the work of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois, of
which she was chairman; Mr. John R. Mauff, secretary of the
Chicago Board of Trade, who in an interview with a member
of the staff of the War Records Section dictated an account of
the board's war activities; Major E. B. Tolman, the officer de¬
tailed to direct the Selective Service organization in Illinois, who
read the article on the operation of the Selective Service System in
the state and suggested corrections ; Captain E. A. Evers, commanding
officer of the Illinois Naval Reserve, who supplied information re¬
garding the war organization of the Illinois Naval Militia and the
Illinois Naval Reserve; Charles J. Boyd, of Chicago, superintendent
of the Chicago Free Employment Office, who, upon the authoriza¬
tion for the Advisory Board of the Illinois Free Employment Offices,
turned over to the War Records Section those records of the United
States Employment Service which were of historical importance,
and later supplied supplementary information needed for the compila¬
tion of this volume. Acknowledgment is due to a large number
of the officials of the welfare and war relief organizations who sup¬
plied information desired by the War Records Section relative to
their work, but it is possible to mention only the following: Mr.
Carl H. Milam, secretary of the American Library Association, Mrs.
G. B. Cummings, of the Central Division of the American Red Cross,
Chicago; Mr. Joseph J. Thompson, of Chicago, who supplied data
on the war activities of the Knights of Columbus; Mrs. M. L. Purvin,
secretary of Chicago Branch of the Jewish Welfare Board; Lieut.
Col. Fletcher Agnew, of the Chicago Territorial Headquarters of the
xvi tvAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Salvation Army; Mr. K. A. Shumaker, of the Illinois Association of
the Y, M. C. A., Chicago; Miss Barbara Abel and Miss Margery
Fassett, of the Central Field headquarters of the Y. W. C. A,; Mr.
Frank D, Loomis, secretary of the War Recreation Board of Illinois,
Chicago; Mr. Eugene T. Lies, of the War Camp Community Ser¬
vice, Chicago; and Mr. J. R. Messner, of Chicago, collector for
Illinois in the United War Work Campaign.
Associated with the Secretary of the War Records Section in the
compilation of this volume has been a staff of research assistants who
wrote the preliminary drafts of many of the articles here presented.
Miss Helen Broshar, who was a member of the staff from July, 1921
to July, 1922, wrote the first drafts of the majority of the articles in
Chapters I, V, VI, VIII, IX and X. Mr. Walter R. Ryan visited
the offices of the United States district attorneys and United States
marshals in Illinois to secure data relating to the enforcement of war
statutes in Illinois and prepared the preliminary draft of Chapter II ;
in addition, he compiled the first drafts of the majority of the unit his¬
tories. Dr. Fred S. Rodkey prepared preliminary articles for Chapter
VII, Labor and the War, and Mr. F. B. Joyner made the preliminary
compilation of material relating to Camp Grant, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, Fort Sheridan, Scott and Chanute Fields. Pre¬
liminary work on the articles on the war finance organizations was
done by Mr. Harold Rasmussen. Miss Lucille Kile and Miss Wil¬
helmina Luther have given valuable assistance in the work of seeing
the volume through the press.
To Dr. Theodore C. Pease, editor of the Illinois Historical
Publications, I am greatly indebted for his careful consideration of all
the problems involved in the compilation of a book of this type, and
for his unfailing assistance.
Marguerite Edith Jenison
Urbana, Illinois
August 10, 1923
THE WAR-TIME
ORGANIZATION OF
ILLINOIS
I. STATE ORGANIZATIONS
THE STATE GOVERNMENT
Governor of Illinois
Illinois' war governor, Frank O. Lowden, was inaugurated on
January 8, 1917. When in less than a month word was received that
the United States had broken off diplomatic relations with Germany,
he telegraphed the President an assurance of his cooperation. The
General Assembly was not in session at this time, but when it next
convened on February 6, the Governor appeared before a joint session
of the two houses, urging the members to unite in aiding the federal
government in the existing crisis. The House and Senate accordingly
on the same day adopted and sent to Washington a joint resolution in
which the support of Illinois was pledged "in maintaining the dignity
and honor of our country."
With the declaration of war, the need arose for some agency to
direct and coordinate civilian war activities within the state; and to
perform these functions the State Council of Defense of Illinois was
created by an act of the General Assembly approved May 2, 1917.
This organization comprised fifteen members who were appointed by
the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate, "with reference
to their special knowledge of labor, industries, public utilities, the
development of national resources, sanitation, finance, transportation,
or some other subject matter relating to National or State defense."
This official state war agency established headquarters in Chicago and
by the formation of subsidiary units in each county soon extended its
organization throughout Illinois. All phases of civilian war activity in
the state were initiated either by the state council and its subordinate
bodies, or by federal and semi-official agencies with which the council
actively cooperated.
That Illinois, the greatest food-producing state in the union,
would make one of its chief contributions toward winning the war by
increasing the production of its crops was early made evident, and on
April 14, 1917 the Governor issued a proclamation mobilizing the
resources of the state to accomplish that end. In it he called on the
[1]
2 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
farmers to bend every effort to produce record crops, urged residents
of cities and small towns to place all available land in gardens, and
announced that boys over fourteen years of age would be released from
schools in order that they might work on the farms. The Food Pro¬
duction Committee of the State Council of Defense assumed the work
of promoting increased food production, and through its subsidiary
organization, the Farm Labor Administration, undertook to overcome
the shortage of farm laborers. The Illinois Division of the United
States Food Administration, which began its work officially in August,
1917, through its state-wide organization spread the doctrine of food
conservation and enforced the regulatory measures of the United States
Food Administration. The State Department of Agriculture, the
College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois and the Illinois
Farmers' Institute as well as numerous other state and local organiza¬
tions devoted to agricultural and allied interests cooperated in the
work of promoting increased food production and food conservation,
and contributed largely to the success of both movements.
Fuel production in Illinois was adjusted to war-time conditions
with more difficulty. The Illinois public early began to bombard the
Governor with protests against the price of coal and refused to respond
to a campaign to induce early buying for the purpose of guarding
against a shortage. The State Council of Defense and state coal
operators joined their efforts to alleviate the situation by remedying
the distribution system, but although something was accomplished the
price still remained unsatisfactory, and the state council soon deter¬
mined to take under advisement the whole question of determining
the cost of coal production and a fair price to the consumer. Confer¬
ences between the state council and the Illinois operators were held
in June and July, but toward the end of this period the operators,
refusing to agree that the state council had a right to fix the price
of coal, sent a committee to Washington to appeal the matter. The
State Council of Defense decided that joint action on the part of all
middle-western states, coal-producing and others, was advisable, and
issued a call for a conference to be held in Chicago on August 16.
The Governor in the meantime was holding conferences with a
committee of coal operators which resulted in an agreement on August
10 that he should appoint a state coal director who, assisted by a
committee composed of three representatives each of the State Council
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
3
of Defense, mine operators and mine workers, was to control all
questions pertaining to the production, distribution and price of coal
until March 31, 1918. On the same day the Food and Fuel Control
Act, which paved the way to national intervention, was approved by
the President.
The representatives of thirteen states who met in conference in
Chicago on August 16, after discussing their common and individual
problems, adopted resolutions endorsing federal and state control of
the production, distribution and price of coal, and then adjourned for
a week pending the collection of data on the cost of fuel production
and delivery to the consumer in each state.
On the following day. Chief Justice O. N. Carter of the Illinois
Supreme Court, who had been appointed coal director by the Governor
in accordance with the agreement of August 10, began the hearings
preliminary to price fixing. Representatives of the operators appeared
and repudiated the agreement, claiming that before the agreement
could become effective it had first to be submitted at a meeting of
the operators of the state, and that moreover, the Food and Fuel
Control Act of August 10 in effect prohibited state interven¬
tion. Acting under the instruction of the Governor, who had
sought the Attorney General's opinion on the procedure regarding
the state's taking over the mines. Chief Justice Carter neverthe¬
less continued hearings until the action of the President on August
21 and 23 made them unnecessary. This action consisted of the
fixing of a tentative scale of prices at the mine mouth, and the appoint¬
ment of Dr. Harry A. Garfield as United States fuel administrator.
The conference of mid-western states which reconvened on August 23
expressed satisfaction at the President's action, though it designated
the price as liberal to the operators. Following the adoption of resolu¬
tions containing congratulations and suggestions for future action to
be forwarded to the President, the conference adjourned. After the
Illinois division of the United States Fuel Administration was organ¬
ized in October, 1917 and a fuel administrator for each county had
been appointed, the State Council of Defense confined its activities
in this field largely to promoting fuel conservation.
Immediately after diplomatic relations with Germany had been
broken off, the army and navy had begun recruiting operations
4 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
throughout the state; likewise in anticipation of the declaration of
war, the Governor, who is commander-in-chief of the Illinois forces,
and the Adjutant General began to formulate plans for the mobiliza¬
tion of the Illinois National Guard. Reorganization of the Illinois
National Guard in accordance with the terms of the National Defense
Act approved June 3, 1916 was undertaken, and recruiting to bring
each unit up to the full authorized strength went forward rapidly.
Even before war was declared, nearly all units of the 1st Infantry
had been called into the national service to guard important trans¬
portation ways, munition depots and arsenals in Illinois and nearby
states, and in April the 5th and 6th Infantry were assigned to
similar duty. Following the declaration of war on April 6, other
units were rapidly federalized and only a few remained to be inducted
on August 5, the day designated by presidential proclamation to mark
the completion of the work. The Illinois Naval Militia was inducted
into the federal service on the day of the declaration of war, and was
immediately sent to the Atlantic seaboard.
The greatest number of Illinois men, however, entered the mili¬
tary service of the United States during the war through the opera¬
tion of the selective service system, and the Governor was placed in
charge of the state-wide organization which was to put into effect the
provisions of the Selective Service Act of May 18, 1917. The first
registration (of the male population 21 to 30 years of age) took place
on June 5 and was accomplished by the state's election machinery
which had been converted into registration boards. With registration
over, steps were taken to organize district and local boards which
were to select from the registrants men available for military service.
The personnel of these boards being of the utmost importance, the
Governor was asked to recommend persons who were to be appointed
by the President. For the medical member of the local and district
boards, the Governor consulted the medical societies of the state;'for
the others he asked recommendations from members of the General
Assembly in a communication of June 1, and received them at an
informal conference with members of both houses on June 5. From
the names proposed the Governor made his recommendations which
were forwarded to the Provost Marshal General. Confirmation of
the appointments was received on June 27, and early in July the
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
5
selective service organization of the state, consisting of the state head¬
quarters at Springfield, eight district boards, and 227 local boards and
appeal agents, was in operation. The Governor was urged by the
Provost Marshal General to delegate so far as possible his duties as
head of the selective service system in Illinois to the Adjutant General
of the state, and eventually it became necessary to appoint a United
States Army officer as special aide to the Governor to take charge of
this work. During the three registrations, June 5, 1917, June 5,
1918, and September 12, 1918, 1,574,877 men registered in Illinois
and of these 193,338 were inducted. Illinois was third among the
states in the number of men furnished through the selective service
system to the military service of the United States.
With the induction of the Illinois National Guard into the
federal service, the Governor, the Adjutant General and the State
Council of Defense directed their attention to the problem of adequate
home defense. Three additional regiments of the Illinois National
Guard, the 9th, 10th, and 11th Infantry, were mustered into the state
service on June 26 and July 21 and 24, 1917 under the command
of the Adjutant General, and were encamped at Springfield. The
organization of a reserve militia was authorized by an act approved
June 25, 1917, and eight regiments, one separate battalion and
38 separate companies were formed, recruited largely from the
Volunteer Training Corps units organized under the direction of the
State Council of Defense. Four regiments of the Volunteer Training
Corps, including 243 units and 17,566 men, were organized through¬
out the sÄte, which in addition to furnishing recruits for the Illinois
Reserve Militia gave very useful preliminary training to drafted men.
Riot and disorder demanding the intervention of state troops
were not prevalent during the war, but of the few cases one was of
unprecedented violence. In East St. Louis race riots broke out first
on May 28, 1917 and troops were ordered to the city and remained
until June 21. For months East St. Louis, already possessing a large
negro population, had been receiving a stream of negro laborers from
the south, and the situation had become acute. On the night of July
1 rioting again broke out with greater ferocity than before, with the
result that twenty-four negroes and five white men were killed,
many negroes were wounded, houses were burned, and a large part
6 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
of the negro population fled the city. Units of the 2d, 3d and 4th
Infantry were ordered to the spot, and the last troops were not
removed until July 24. After the first riots the Labor Committee
of the State Council of Defense had made an investigation but was
unable to fix responsibility for the situation. After the second out¬
break, however, the U. S. House of Representatives appointed a com¬
mittee which in its report made on July 6, 1918 charged the industrial
interests with having promoted the immigration of the negroes for the
purpose of breaking strikes or creating an "easy" labor market, and
charged the city government with being unable to cope with the situa¬
tion because of corruption. It also declared that a part of the National
Guard troops had joined in the rioting, but greatly commended the
work of some of the officers and their men. Prosecution of those
responsible for the riots was vigorously pushed by the Attorney
General of Illinois, with the result that 144 persons were indicted,
charged with crimes including murder, arson, conspiracy and riot.
Fourteen of these were convicted of murder.
Other occasions when state troops were called out during the
war period were as follows: May 26-June 17, 1917, cyclone duty at
Mattoon and Charleston (4th Infantry, I. N. G.) ; June 7-10, 1917,
riot duty at Rockford following the anti-draft demonstrations in
connection with the first registration (Companies H and K, 3d
Infantry, I. N. G.) ; July 6-10, 1917, riot duty in Bloomington in
connection with street-car strike (2d Field Artillery and Troop
G, 1st Cavalry, I. N. G.) ; August 7-September 17, 1917, riot duty
at Springfield in connection with street-car strike (9th*and 10th
Infantry, I. N. G.) ; September 6-22, 1917, duty at Chicago for
suppression of anti-war demonstrations (Companies E, H, I and L,
9th Infantry) ; December 16-20, 1917, riot duty, Mt. Vernon
(Company K, 9th Infantry).
The Governor made a vigorous effort to preserve law and order
throughout the state during the war and several times informed
sheriffs and police officials that mob rule would not be tolerated, even
when mobs acted in the name of loyalty to the government. One
serious outbreak of such lawlessness, however, occurred at Collins-
ville on April 5, 1918, when Robert P. Praeger, imprisoned for
difficulties with the miners and citizens of Collinsville and suspected
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
7
of being a German spy, was taken from the jail and hanged by a mob.
The Governor, declaring that patriotism would not be permitted to
be used as a cloak for crime in Illinois if he could help it, directed the
Attorney General to take vigorous steps for the apprehension and
punishment of the offenders. The trial began May 13, and lasted
three weeks, throughout which time the Attorney General's office
furnished six investigators to assist in looking up the records of pro¬
posed jurymen and procuring the attendance of witnesses. The ver¬
dict was "not guilty" for all the defendants. Jurymen later stated
orally that contradictory evidence and the fact that Praeger was
murdered in a dark place where the identity of members of the mob
could not have been determined beyond a doubt were reasons for the
verdict.
The Governor issued a number of proclamations during the
years 1917—1918 bearing on war subjects, and in issuing certain
others, such as those declaring holidays or days for special observance,
he made a special application to the war. The complete list of
proclamations bearing on the war follows:^ February 9, 1917, rec¬
ommending the singing of patriotic songs in the schools; April 14,
1917, calling for the mobilization of the state's resources for war
purposes; May 21, 1917, (1) designating May 22-28 Liberty Loan
Week; (2) calling for a special observance of Memorial Day; May
24, 1917, designating June 14 Flag Day; August 24, 1917, designat¬
ing September 3 Labor Day; September 18, 1917, designating October
9 Fire and Accident Prevention Day; September 19, 1917, calling for
6,000 volunteers to the Illinois Reserve Militia; October 2, 1917,
urging support of the second liberty loan; October 18, 1917, designat¬
ing October 24 Liberty Day; October 29, 1917, calling for the ob¬
servance of centennial year; October 30, 1917, urging food con¬
servation; November 14, 1917, designating November 29 Thanks¬
giving Day; December 15, 1917, urging support of Red Cross
drive for memberships; January 14, 1918, endorsing U. S. Boys'
Working Reserve; January 24, 1918, designating February 3-8
Thrift Week; March 4, 1918, calling for 11,000 additional
Tor the text of these proclamations and of war speeches delivered
in various parts of the state and also in camps where the Governor
visited Illinois service men, see War Documents and Addresses, Illinois
in the World War, Volume VI.
8
WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
volunteers to Illinois Reserve Militia; March 25, 1918, designating
April 6, 1918 Liberty Day (third liberty loan) ; April 18, 1918,
designating April 20 for Labor's liberty loan parade; April 25, 1918,
urging observance of April 26 as a day for the promotion of the
third liberty loan; May 4, 1918, designating May 30 Memorial Day;
May 27, 1918, designating June 14 Flag Day; June 14, 1918, urging
special observance of July 4; August 29, 1918, designating November
2 Fire and Accident Prevention Day; September 4, 1918, announcing
third registration for men of the ages 18-45; September 26, 1918,
urging support of fourth liberty loan; October 22, 1918, designating
November 10 for special contributions to the United War Work
Campaign; November 15, 1918, calling on state and municipal
officials not to relax vigilance in suppression of vice; November 17,
1918, extending the United War Work Campaign; November 18,
1918, urging special observance of Thanksgiving, November 28;
November 20, 1918, urging observance of 100th anniversary of
Illinois' entrance into the union; May 20, 1919, urging special dis¬
play of street and house decorations in honor of returning men of
33d Division.
In 1917 in the midst of the pressure of war duties, there was
accomplished a reconstruction in the state administration which was
declared to be "the most important step thus far taken in the reor¬
ganization of state government in the United States." The Civil
Administrative Code, embodied in an act of the General Assembly
approved March 7, 1917, went into effect July 1, 1917, abolishing
more than one hundred boards, commissions and officials whose powers
and duties were thereby vested in nine departments with central
headquarters in Springfield and branch offices in Chicago. The de¬
partments, each headed by a director appointed by and responsible to
the Governor, were as follows: Finance, Agriculture, Labor, Mines
and Minerals, Public Works and Buildings, Public Welfare, Public
Health, Trade and Commerce, Registration and Education. The
constitutional elective offices, however, were left outside the code, as
were also the Military and Naval Department, under the direction
of the Adjutant General, the Civil Service Commission, the Legisla¬
tive Reference Bureau, the State Library, the State Historical
Library, and the Farmers' Institute. One important reform carried
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
9
through by the Code was the supplanting of the old system of making
appropriations, which the Governor in his inaugural address had
characterized as "vicious," by the budget. Under the Code, the De¬
partment of Finance was to direct the making of the budget, which
was to be based on the estimated revenues and expenditures of the
several departments. When revised by the auditor, it was to be
submitted to the governor, who after making his revisions was to
submit it to the General Assembly within four weeks of its organiza¬
tion for business.
The state's official war activities did not cease until it became
evident that the signing of the armistice was in reality the end of the
war. The State Council of Defense, which was regarded strictly
as a war organization, wound up its affairs and ceased operations in
December, 1918, although it did not officially go out of existence
until the President formally declared the war at an end. Considera¬
tion of post-war problems was left to permanent state agencies; and
authorized by acts passed by the Fifty-first General Assembly, certain
departments did undertake work aiming at the physical and industrial
rehabilitation of Illinois' returning service men.
Federal war agencies gradually concluded their work and went
out of existence or withdrew from the state. The selective service
organization in Illinois began immediately after the armistice to
prepare its voluminous records to be turned over to the Adjutant
General, but the task was so great that it was the end of March
before the records were shipped to Washington, and May before the
persons assigned to state headquarters were dismissed. By the end of
June, 1919, however, practically all official and quasi-official war or¬
ganizations, with the exception of those devoted to welfare and relief
work, had been dissolved, and the Governor, along with other civi¬
lians in the state, had received a discharge from war duties.
Attorney General
The office of attorney general of Illinois by constitutional pro¬
vision is filled by popular election once in four years. The duties of
this officer, which in general are to represent the people in cases in
which the state is an interested party, to represent all state officers
who are suing or defending in their official capacities, to assist state's
attorneys in the trial of criminal cases, and to furnish opinions on
10 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
constitutional and legal matters to state officers and members of the
General Assembly, were increased by the war. The power of the
state in hitherto unexploited fields—such as the taking over and
operation of the coal mines in Illinois—had to be determined, the
provisions of war laws passed by the Fiftieth General Assembly and
of any other state law bearing upon war conditions had to be con¬
strued, and the application of certain federal war statutes—notably
the Selective Service Act—to state, county and local officers had to be
interpreted. The Attorney General was also involved in two im¬
portant cases which arose, the one indirectly, the other directly, from
the war—the prosecution of persons who took part in the East St.
Louis riots in July, 1917 and the trial of persons who were suspected
of participating in the hanging of Robert Praeger, an enemy alien who
was suspected of being a spy, which occurred at Collinsville on April
5, 1918. The Attorney General took active charge of the grand jury
proceedings relative to the East St. Louis riots, in the course of which
five hundred forty-five persons were examined and indictments cover¬
ing murder, arson, conspiracy and riot, were returned against one
hundred forty-four. Fourteen of those on trial were convicted of
murder. In the case arising from the lynching of Robert Praeger,
assistants from the Attorney General's office were detailed to help
the state's attorney and the coroner gather evidence; but although
four persons were indicted by the grand jury, all were acquitted on
trial.
Edward J. Brundage was attorney general of Illinois during
the war.
Auditor of Public Accouxts
The office of auditor of public accounts, which is provided for
by the constitution and filled by election every four years, had no
special war duties to perform. Andrew Russel was auditor of public
accounts during the war period.
Secretary of State
The office of secretary of state, which is provided for by the
constitution and filled by election every four years, performed no
particular war activities. Louis L. Emmerson was secretary of state
during the war.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
11
Superintendent of Public Instruction
The superintendent of public instruction, an executive officer
elected once every four years, is by constitutional provision the admin¬
istrative head of the public school system of the state. During the
war he served as a member of the Educational Committee appointed
by t^e State Council of Defense to consolidate the war activities of
public school teachers and superintendents throughout the state. One
educational problem that was made acute by the war was keeping the
youth of the land in school. A state conference to discuss this subject
was called on August 13, 1918 by President E. J. James of the
University of Illinois, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction
was named director of an educational campaign to increase the enroll¬
ment in the schools. The State Council of Defense assisted in the
campaign by interesting associations of employers and labor unions in
the movement.
Francis G. Blair was superintendent of public instruction during
the war.
State Treasurer
The constitution of Illinois provides for the office of state
treasurer and declares that it shall be filled by election every two
years. No particular war activities were carried on by this office,
which was filled during the years 1917-1918 by Len Small.
Department of Agriculture
The State Department of Agriculture is one of the nine adminis¬
trative divisions of the state government created by the Civil Adminis¬
trative Code July 1, 1917. The powers and duties formerly exercised
by the Board of Live Stock Commissioners, the State Veterinarian,
the Stallion Registration Board, the State Inspector of Apiaries, the
State Game and Fish Commission, the State Food Commissioner and
other officers of the State Food Department, the State Entomologist,
the humane agents, the state laboratory, and the State Fair Board
(after January 1, 1919) were delegated to the new department. For
the execution of its varied functions the department was organized
into the Divisions of Game and Fish, of Animal Husbandry, of
Apiaries, of Plant Industry, of Foods and Dairies, and of Dairy
12 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Extension, with a directing officer in charge of each division. The
importance of food production in Illinois during the war period made
the work of the whole department in 1917 and 1918 of especial sig¬
nificance, but only one division, that of Foods and Dairies, engaged
directly in war activities. It cooperated actively with the United
States Food Administration, investigating complaints and rendering
assistance in 412 cases referred to it by that organization. In the
interests of conservation the division's food inspection force not only
salvaged to the maximum but tried to devise means of treating goods
which formerly would have been discarded.
Charles Adkins was director of the Department of Agriculture
during the war.
Department of Finance
The State Department of Finance is one of the nine administra¬
tive divisions of the state government created by the Civil Adminis¬
trative Code on July 1, 1917. Unlike the other eight departments
the Department of Finance did not take over the work of other
boards or commissions, its functions being entirely new. The duties
of this department are as follows: To prescribe and install a uniform
system of bookkeeping, accounting, and reporting; to examine into the
accuracy and legality of the accounts and expenditures of other de¬
partments; to examine and approve, or disapprove, all bills, vouchers
and claims against the other departments; to prepare a budget for
submission to the governor; and to formulate plans for better co¬
ordination of departments. The Department of Finance did not
participate in any special war activities.
Omar H. Wright was director of the Department of Finance
during the war.
Department of Labor
The Department of Labor is one of the nine administrative
divisions of the state government created by the Civil Administrative
Code which went into effect on July 1, 1917. It was authorized to
exercise the powers and duties formerly vested in the Commissioners
of Labor, officers and employees of the free employment offices, the
Chief Inspector of Private Employment Agencies, the Chief Factory
Inspector, the State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation, and the In-
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
13
dustrial Board. In general the function of the Department of Labor
is to improve working conditions ; specifically its functions include the
compilation and dissemination of labor information, the maintenance of
employment agencies in certain cities and the enforcement of factory
inspection laws and the law requiring the inspection of licensed em¬
ployment agencies. For the exercise of such functions eleven divis¬
ions were organized—the Divisions of Chief Inspector of Private Em¬
ployment Agencies, of Labor Statistics, of General Advisory Board
for the Free Employment Offices, of Factory Inspection, of Industrial
Commission of Illinois, and of the Chicago, East St. Louis, Peoria,
Rock Island, Rockford, and Springfield Free Employment Offices.
The Department of Labor came into direct contact with war
problems through the free employment offices. The Peoria Free
Employment Office reported that war industries were shown the
most consideration by it in making placements. The Rock Island
Free Employment Office stated that during the year ending June
1, 1918 "the whole energies of this office have been devoted
principally, or we might say largely, to supplying skilled work¬
men to our various shops for war work." The Rockford Free Em¬
ployment Office helped to supply workmen for the construction of
Camp Grant. According to law it was the duty of the Department
of Labor through the several free employment offices to seek to provide
proper employment for discharged convicts or prisoners. This func¬
tion was easily performed during the war because the war industries
were glad to employ even ex-convicts.
As the war progressed, the increasing need for an efficient indus¬
trial army to furnish supplies and equipment for the combatant forces
of the nation led to an agreement on February 12, 1918 between
the United States Employment Service and the Advisory Board for
Free Employment Offices of the State Department of Labor for the
operation of cooperative public employment exchanges in the state.
When demobilization was begun after the armistice the cooperating
state and federal employment agencies endeavored to find work for
returning service men.
Barney Cohen was director of the Department of Labor during
the war.
14 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS ,
Department of Mines and Minerals
The Department of Mines and Minerals was created as one of
the nine administrative divisions of the state government by the Civil
Administrative Code which went into effect July 1, 1917. Authority
was granted the department to exercise the powers and duties formerly
assigned by law to the State Mining Board, the State Mine Inspectors,
the Miners' Examining Commission, the Mine Fire Fighting and
Rescue Commission, and the Illinois Miners' and Mechanics' Insti¬
tutes. For the exercise of these functions the following departmental
divisions were organized : General OiSce, Inspection, Miners' Exam¬
ination, Mine Rescue and First Aid, and Economic Investigation.
The Department of Mines and Minerals cooperated with the Illinois
division of the United States Fuel Administration during the war so
that despite strikes and the shortage of labor coal production in the
state was increased.
Evan D. John was director of the Department of Mines and
Minerals during the war.
Department of Public Health
The Department of Public Health was created by the Civil
Administrative Code on July 1, 1917 as one of the nine admin¬
istrative divisions of the state government and was vested with the
duties and powers relating to health and sanitation previously exer¬
cised by the State Board of Health. That organization, created in
1877, was expressly abolished. At the same time the new department
was charged with additional functions. The department was organ¬
ized into the following ten divisions, each directed by a chief with
special training for the position: the Executive Division, the Divi¬
sions of Communicable Diseases, of Tuberculosis, of Sanitation, of
Vital Statistics, of Child Hygiene and Public Health Nursing, of
Surveys and Rural Hygiene, of Diagnostic Laboratories, of Hotel and
Lodging House Inspection and of Public Health Instruction. A year
later, ¡n July, 1918, the Division of Social Hygiene was created to
deal especially with the problem of social diseases about the military
camps.
The fact that the department was organized but a few months
after the declaration of war made its normal duties during the first
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
15
year and a half of its existence subordinate to the exigencies of war.
This was especially true of the Executive Division and of the Divi¬
sions of Sanitation, of Surveys and Rural Hygiene, of Tuberculosis,
and of Social Hygiene. The director of the department cooperated
with the offices of the Governor, the Adjutant General, and the Pro¬
vost Marshal General in organizing the medical activities of the
various local boards, the district boards, and medical advisory boards.
By an amendment to the Military and Naval Code the depart¬
ment was authorized "to assume sanitary and health supervision over
zones surrounding military camps, ranges or buildings used for mili¬
tary purposes." The result was that the Divisions of Sanitation and
of Surveys and Rural Hygiene made sanitary surveys which included
studies of garbage disposal, water supply, and sewerage systems about
all the military camps in the state. In the case of Camp Grant ap¬
proximately 800 farms in the vicinity were visited by representatives
of the two divisions and special instructions were given for improving
their sanitation. A sanitary survey was made of the entire Kish-
waukee River which was used for bathing purposes by the soldiers
at Camp Grant. The department began an intensive survey in
March, 1918, which included a study of social conditions as well as
health and sanitation in Waukegan and North Chicago, because of
their proximity to Fort Sheridan and the Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station. A survey made in the vicinity of Camp Herrin at East
Peoria showed that sanitary conditions were unsatisfactory. Upon
the recommendation of the Department of Public Health remedial
ordinances were passed. , Sixty farms in the vicinity of Chanute Field
at Rantoul were inspected in an investigation of conditions surround¬
ing the production of milk.
It devolved upon the Division of Tuberculosis to make proper
medical provision for the 1,500 soldiers with tuberculosis who had re¬
turned to the state by June, 1918. To do this work the Division of
Tuberculosis cooperated with the State Council of Defense, the Red
Cross, and the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. Of the $61,307.51
allotted to Illinois from the $1,000,000 appropriated by the Sixty-
fifth Congress for the control of venereal diseases, the Division of
Social Hygiene expended twenty per cent on publications, lectures,
and moving pictures which presented the dangers of such diseases. A
2
16 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
series of such lectures was delivered to the Class A men in the selec¬
tive draft in various parts of the state.
Dr. C. St. Clair Drake was director of the Department of Public
Health during the war.
Department of Public Welfare
The Department of Public Welfare, one of the nine administra¬
tive divisions of the state government created by the Civil Administra¬
tive Code on July 1, 1917, was charged with the powers and duties
formerly vested in the State Deportation Agent, the State Agent for
the Visitation of Children, the Illinois Penitentiary Board, the South¬
ern Illinois Penitentiary Board, the Illinois State Reformatory, the
Board of Prison Industries, the Board of Classification, the Board of
Pardons, and the Board of Administration which had had jurisdiction
over the charitable institutions in the state. Thus the administration
of all the penal and charitable institutions in Illinois was consolidated
under one head.
It was in these various state institutions that the war activities of
the Department of Public Welfare were concentrated. The deple¬
tion of the official working force at the Illinois State Penitentiary
because of the higher wages in other fields forced the closing of the
shops and thus compelled the prisoners to remain locked in their cells
idle. Well aware of the demand for workers outside, the idle prisoners
became increasingly discontented. In view of these facts, it was pro¬
posed that prisoners be released on special industrial paroles for work
in the munition factories and in other essential industries. After in¬
vestigation the members of the Division of Pardons and Paroles au¬
thorized the release of 319 prisoners on special industrial paroles and
the transfer to industrial work of thirty-five men released on regular
paroles. A similar policy of parole was pursued by the Illinois State
Reformatory. Some of the inmates of the institution were sent to the
workshop of the local chapter of the Red Cross, others assisted farmers
in the vicinity to shock and thresh their oats. Five inmates were tem¬
porarily released for three weeks to do farm work. Later seventy-
eight were paroled to Rock Island for work at the arsenal. Alto¬
gether, by June 30, 1918 the Division of Pardons and Paroles had
paroled 685 men from the Illinois State Penitentiary, the Southern
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
17
Illinois State Penitentiary and the Illinois State Reformatory who
were at that time at work in the Rock Island Arsenal and other
plants turning out war work.
The state hospitals likewise devoted their facilities to war work.
The Medical Advisory Board and the members of the medical pro¬
fession of Kankakee County arranged to do surgical work free for
registrants with remediable surgical defects, and with the approval
of the Department of Public Welfare the Kankakee State Hospital
placed its operating room and its medical and nursing staff at their
disposal. In October, 1917 an auxiliary of the Peoria Red Cross
chapter was organized in the Peoria State Hospital and three hun¬
dred dollars was raised for the use of the chapter. The patients from
the Jacksonville State Hospital raised a valuable war garden and
also assisted farmers in the vicinity to shock their wheat and oats.
During the period of the war Charles U. Thorne was director
of the Department of Public Welfare.
Department of Public Works and Buildings
The State Department of Public Works and Buildings is one of
the nine administrative departments of the state government created
by the Civil Administrative Code on July 1, 1917. In this depart¬
ment were consolidated the powers and duties formerly exercised by
the State Highway Commission, the Canal Commissioners, the Rivers
and Lakes Commission, the Illinois Waterway Commission, the Illi¬
nois Park Commission, the Fort Massac Trustees, the Lincoln Home¬
stead Trustees, the Lincoln Monument Commissioners, the Superin¬
tendent of Printing, the Supervising Engineer, the State Art Com¬
mission, and the State Inspector of Masonry. The variety and extent
of its functions necessitated the organization of the department into
seven divisions as follows : Purchase and Supplies, Architecture,
Engineering, Highways, Waterways, Parks, and Printing.
The war seriously retarded the work of the Department of
public Works and Buildings. The Division of Purchases and Sup¬
plies found the maintenance of standardized specifications in purchas¬
ing very difficult. Shortage of labor and materials and high prices
delayed the road work of the Division of Highways and the sanitary
improvements of the Division of Waterways. In the case of the
18 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
latter division the war had a positive as well as a negative effect. In
view of the demand for increased transportation facilities created by
the war the superintendent of the Division of Waterways went to
Washington in March, 1918 to work for an appropriation to restore
the Illinois and Michigan canal to its former usefulness and secured
the sum of $150,000 for this purpose.
Leslie D. Puterbaugh was director of the Department of Public
Works and Buildings until his death on January 4, 1918 when
Thomas C. Vennum was appointed acting director.
Department of Registration and Education
The State Department of Registration and Education was or¬
ganized in July, 1917 as one of the nine administrative divisions of
the state government created by the Civil Administrative Code. Three
important fields of activity were assigned to the department—admin¬
istrative control of the five normal schools of the state, the examina¬
tion of applicants for the trades and professions, and supervision over
the natural resources of the state. A Normal School Board,
having supervision over all state normal schools, replaced the
former five separate boards. In examining applicants for licenses for
the various trades and professions, the department was authorized to
exercise the powers formerly vested in the following agencies : Board
of Veterinary Examiners, Board of Examiners of Horseshoers, State
Board of Examiners of Architects, State Board of Examiners of
Structural Engineers, State Board of Health, State Board of Phar¬
macy, State Board of Dental Examiners, State Board of Nurse
Examiners, State Board of Optometry, and State Board of Barber
Examiners. To supervise the natural resources of the state a Board
of State Museum Advisers and a Board of Natural Resources and
Conservation were organized.
It was through the three scientific surveys controlled by the Board
of Natural Resources and Conservation that the Department of Edu¬
cation and Registration engaged directly in war activities. The State
Water Survey investigated the water supply at the various camps anJ
naval stations of the state. The State Geological Survey encouraged
the production of certain essential minerals that could no longer be
imported. The chief of the Geological Survey assisted in organizing
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
19
the War Minerals Committee in Washington, the function of which
was "to determine the need for new production and to stimulate co¬
operation of National, State, and private agencies in the effort to meet
requirements." The Geological Survey, cooperating with the United
States Geological Survey, prepared for the War Department a topog¬
raphical survey of about 1,000 square miles surrounding Camp Grant,
and it also supplied Scott Field with topographic maps of the sur¬
rounding country. Because of the difficulty in securing eastern gas
coal during the war, the Geological Survey perfected a cooperative
organization to experiment on a commercial scale with manufacturing
gas from Illinois coals; in addition it conducted investigations con¬
cerning pyrite, a by-product of coal production, used in making acids
for high explosives. The last of the three surveys, the Natural His¬
tory Survey, cooperated with the State Department of Public Health
to advise measures for the suppression of insect pests near the camps.
Dr. Francis W. Shepardson was director of the Department of
Education and Registration during the war.
Department of Trade and Commerce
The Department of Trade and Commerce was created July 1,
1917 by the Civil Administrative Code as one of the nine major ad¬
ministrative divisions of the state government. It was charged with
the exercise of the powers and duties formerly vested in the Public
Utilities Commission, the Insurance Superintendent, the State Fire
Marshal, the Inspector of Automatic Couplers and the Grain In¬
spection Department. For the performance of these duties the direc¬
tor created seven divisions—the Divisions of Insurance, of Grain In¬
spection at Chicago, of Grain Inspection at East St. Louis, of Fire
Prevention, of Public Utilities, of Standards and of Small Loans.
Of the seven divisions, that of Fire Prevention was most affected
by the war. The war-time emphasis upon conservation was reflected
in the measures for fire prevention taken by this division. In April,
1917 at the request of the Governor a systematic inspection of eleva¬
tors, mills, warehouses and other buildings containing foodstuffs in
Chicago was undertaken to remedy all conditions which might lead
to fire, and during the period May 1 to June 15, 1917, 1,110 inspec¬
tions were made and 924 defects were found. The division in con-
20 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
junction with the Conservation Association of Illinois also conducted
a campaign of inspection outside Cook County. As a result of these
inspections it was estimated that the owners and occupants of build¬
ings in the state saved $1,000,000, which would otherwise have been
lost in fires.
William H. Boys was director of the Department of Trade and
Commerce during the war.
Illinois Centennial Commission
The Illinois Centennial Commission, composed of fifteen mem¬
bers, was created by a joint resolution of the Forty-eighth General
Assembly in 1913 to arrange a fitting celebration in 1918 of the one
hundredth anniversary of the statehood of Illinois. The commission
effected a preliminary organization on July 23, 1913 and appointed
standing committees on a state-wide celebration, on celebrations at
the state capital, on the centennial memorial building, on the centen¬
nial memorial publications, on historical statues and markings, on
publicity, and on pageants and masques. These committees were
slightly modified as new exigencies arose throughout their five years
of existence.
The functions of the Centennial Commission were chiefly ad¬
visory. It attempted to bring about the formation of a county
centennial association in each county of the state and advised
these associations concerning local centennial celebrations. The re¬
sult was some notable county and local centennial observances.
Among the celebrations of state-wide interest were the follow¬
ing: December 3, 1917—celebration of ninety-ninth anniversary of
the entrance of Illinois into the union; February 12, 1918—Lincoln's
birthday observance; April 18, 1918—the centenary of the enabling
act; July 4, 1918—celebration at Chester of one hundred and fortieth
anniversary of the capture of Kaskaskia and the Illinois country by
George Rogers Clark; August 26, 1918—centenary of the promulga¬
tion of the first constitution of the state of Illinois ; September 24-26,
1918—official celebration at Vandalia, the second capital of Illinois;
October 5-6, 1918—the centenary of the inauguration of the govern¬
ment of the state of Illinois; October 8-13, 1918—Chicago celebra¬
tion; December 3, 1918—the one hundredth anniversary of Illinois'
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
21
entrance into the union. The celebration at Springfield on August
26 was marked by the presentation of a pageant, "The Masque of
Illinois," and by a mass meeting addressed by Theodore Roosevelt.
On October 5-6, 1918 the cornerstone of the Centennial Building at
Springfield was laid and the statues of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen
A. Douglas were dedicated. Governor F. O. Lowden, Lord Charn-
wood and the Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, being the
principal speakers at these ceremonies.
In addition to promoting centennial celebrations throughout the
state the Illinois Centennial Commission published several masques
and pageants to be used in the various celebrations. Under the
supervision of the Committee on Publications a centennial memorial
history of Illinois in six volumes was prepared and published. The
commission also assisted in advancing plans for the erection of the
Centennial Memorial Building in Springfield.
The Illinois Centennial Commission was changed as to personnel
on four occasions. The final reorganization took place in March,
1917 and the following membership, appointed by Governor Lowden,
carried on the activities of the organization throughout the Centennial
year: Otto L. Schmidt, chairman; Jessie Palmer Weber, secretary;
Edward Bowe, John H. Brown, John W. Bunn, William Butter-
worth, Leon A. Colp, Royal W. Ennis, Evarts B. Greene, Edmund
J. James, Harry Pratt Judson (resigned), Hugh S. Magill, Jr. (re¬
signed), D. J. Hartwell (resigned), George Pasfield, Jr., William N.
Pelouze, A. J. Poorman, Thomas F. Scully, Frederic Siedenburg,
Frederick H. Smith (deceased).
Illinois Farmers' Institute
See page 251.
Illinois State Historical Library
See Advisory Committee on War History, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, page 35.
Military and Naval Department
The Military and Naval Department of the state with the
Adjutant General at the head exercised two important functions dur¬
ing the war—supervision of the military organizations of the state
22 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
and the administration of the Selective Service Act. After the United
States entered the war, the organization of additional units of the
National Guard, including a regiment of field artillery, a regiment
of engineers (minus one company already organized), two field hos¬
pital companies, and four ambulance companies, was undertaken under
the direction of the Adjutant General. Federalization of Illinois
National Guard units was begun on March 26, 1917 and was con¬
tinued until August 11, 1917. To replace the federalized Guard and
thus supply the need for militia for service within the state three in¬
fantry regiments—the 9th, 10th and 11th Regiments—were created
with the Adjutant General in command and were mustered into the
service of the state on June 26, July 21, and July 24, 1917 respec¬
tively. Additional provision for state militia was made by the 50th
General Assembly by an act approved June 25, 1917 providing for
the organization of a reserve militia from the unorganized militia of
the state.
While the Governor was nominally executive head of the selec¬
tive service organization in the state of Illinois, the administration
of the selective service machinery, which included 227 local exemption
boards, 8 district boards, 36 medical advisory boards, and 227 legal
advisory boards, was actually delegated to the Adjutant General and
his special aides.
During the war Frank S. Dickson served as adjutant general
of Illinois.
Illinois General Assembly
The Fiftieth General Assembly of Illinois, which convened on
January 3 and adjourned June 29, 1917, enacted a number of laws
relating to problems arising from the war, although the broad scope
of federal war legislation left only a restricted field for action on the
part of the state. Laws passed by the General Assembly principally
concerned the mobilization of the Illinois National Guard, provisions
for home defense when the National Guard units should have beep
federalized, the organization of the official state war agency—the
State Council of Defense, and similar measures. Numerous war meas¬
ures which were of interest to members of the General Assembly, but
in which they had no jurisdiction were made the subject of joint reso¬
lutions.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
23
In addition to their legislative activities, members of the General
Assembly performed an important office in recommending to the
Governor persons in their districts best fitted to be appointed to local
and district selective service boards. Recommendations were made at
an informal conference on June 5, on the basis of which the Governor
compiled a list of persons who were later duly commissioned by the
President.
The French Mission, which came to the United States shortly
after the declaration of war, visited Springfield at the invitation of
the General Assembly on May 7, 1917. The Assembly received their
guests at a joint session of the two houses, where addresses of welcome
were made by the Governor and the Speaker of the House, and
Premier Viviani and Marshal Jofïre responded in behalf of the mis¬
sion.
The principal laws and joint resolutions relating to the war
passed by the Fiftieth General Assembly were as follows:^
Senate Joint Resolution pledging support to Federal government
in crisis in relations with Germany. Adopted and concurred in by
House, February 6, 1917.
An act making an appropriation to meet the deficiencies in the
appropriation to pay the ordinary and contingent expenses of the
Illinois National Guard and the Illinois Naval Reserve. Approved
March 23, 1917.
Senate Joint Resolution advocating universal military train¬
ing. Adopted March 27, 1917. Concurred in by House, April 4,
1917.
Senate Joint Resolution inviting representatives of France and
Great Britain to visit Springfield. Adopted May 1, 1917. Con¬
curred in by House, May 1, 1917.
An act to create a State Council of Defense and making an ap¬
propriation therefor. Approved May 2, 1917.
An act to provide for the ordinary and contingent expenses of
the Illinois National Guard and the Illinois Naval Reserve. Ap¬
proved May 5, 1917.
"For the text of the laws and resolutions relating to the war which
were passed by the Fiftieth and Fifty-first General Assemblies, see
War Documents and Addresses, Illinois in the World War, Volume VI.
24 IVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
House Joint Resolution calling for a joint session of two Houses
to receive representatives of the French Government. Adopted May
4, 1917. Concurred in by Senate, May 7, 1917.
House Joint Resolution advocating freedom of Poland and Ire¬
land. Memorial to Congress adopted May 8, 1917. Concurred in
by the Senate, May 16, 1917.
House Joint Resolution approving legislation pending regarding
daylight saving. Memorial to Congress, adopted May 24, 1917.
Concurred in by Senate, May 29, 1917.
An act to appropriate the sum of seven hundred and fifty thousand
dollars for the supply, clothing, equipment, pay, transportation, prep¬
aration of camp sites and cantonments, mobilization, subsistence and
incidental expenses for the National Guard and Naval Militia. . . .
Approved June 21, 1917.
An act to enable qualified electors of this state enlisted in com¬
panies or regiments organized in this state and absent from their elec¬
tion precincts because engaged in actual militarj* service, to vote as a
unit in certain elections. Approved June 22, 1917.
An act to provide for the organization of reserve militia from the
unorganized militia of the state. Approved June 25, 1917.
An act to regulate the solicitation of funds and other property
for purposes of war aid and war charity during the duration of the
war in which the United States is now engaged. Approved June 25,
1917.
An act granting a license to soldiers and sailors to vend, hawk or
peddle goods in the state of Illinois, without the payment of a fee.
Approved June 25, 1917.
An act providing a penalty for the destruction of munitions
plants, armories, etc. Approved June 26, 1917.
Other measures passed by the Fiftieth General Assembly which
were regarded as indirectly of importance in organizing the state for
war were as follows:
An act authorizing the inauguration of the civil administrative
code. Approved March 7, 1917.
An act appropriating $160,000 to the Illinois Centennial Com¬
mission for conducting the state-wide celebration of the one hundredth
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
25
anniversary of Illinois' entry into the union. Approved June 25,
1917.
An act further defining the duties of the Illinois Centennial
Commission to include the publication of a commemorative history of
Illinois. Approved June 25, 1918.
Senate Joint Resolution directing that the question of calling a
constitutional convention be submitted to the people at the next
general election. Adopted January 24, 1917 and concurred in by
the House, March 14, 1917.
When the Fifty-first General Assembly convened on January 8,
1919, the war had been over for two months, and problems of peace
and reconstruction called for legislative action.^ The laws enacted
regarding subjects growing out of the war and the joint resolutions
'The Fifty-second (1921) and Fifty-third (1923) General Assemblies
of Illinois also enacted noteworthy legislation relating to the soldiers
and sailors of Illinois who served in the world war. Among such laws
passed by the Fifty-second General Assembly were the following; an
act to provide payment of compensation to certain persons who served
with the military and naval forces of the United States in the recent
war with Germany (the issue of bonds to the amount of $55,000,000
for this purpose was authorized by the election of November, 1922 ) ;
an appropriation of $300,000 for the construction of separate cottages
at state institutions for the care of mentally afldicted service men; ap¬
propriations of $162,000 for permanent improvements to the Illinois
Soldiers' Orphans' Home, including two cottages for boys, and ap¬
propriations of $50,000 for permanent improvements to the Illinois
Soldiers' Home, and of $52,000 for permanent improvements to
the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home; an appropriation of $100,000
to buy land for the Illinois Home for the Rehabilitation of World
War Veterans; an act to authorize counties to provide a means
for the burial of deceased soldiers, sailors and marines, and their
mothers, wives and widows; an act to amend an act providing relief
for indigent war veterans and their families, approved May 25, 1907
in force July 1, 1907 as amended; an act authorizing the erection of a
memorial to the mothers of soldiers from Illinois who lost their lives
in the world war, and appropriating $25,000 for that purpose; an ap¬
propriation of $21,500 to the Adjutant General for the purpose of com¬
piling service records of Illinois men; an appropriation of $9,190 to
the Adjutant General for the purpose of locating, recording and report¬
ing the burial places of soldiers and sailors; an appropriation of
$1,000 to be contributed to the erection of a memorial at Camp Merritt;
an act prohibiting the wearing of the American Legion emblem by any
except members. In addition, the Fifty-second General Assembly
adopted three resolutions of post-war interest: one recommending
the construction of a highway from the northern to the southern part
of the state, to be known as the American Legion Highway; a second
authorizing the Governor to appoint a committee to be known as the
Mothers' World War Decoration Commission, the purpose of which.
26 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
which recorded legislative opinion on post-war topics are as follows :
Senate Joint Resolution advocating extra pay for soldiers.
Memorial to Congress adopted January 28, 1919. Concurred in by
the House, January 29, 1919.
Senate Joint Resolution advocating the lowering of railroad
rates. Memorial to Congress adopted February 12, 1919. Con¬
curred in by the House, February 13, 1919.
Senate Joint Resolution urging work on public improvements in
order that employment may be given to returning service men.
Adopted February 26, 1919. Concurred in by the House, March 6,
1919.
Senate Joint Resolution regarding the employment of soldiers
and sailors. Adopted February 12, 1919. Concurred in by the
House, March 6, 1919.
should be to make arrangements for the award of a medal to the
mothers of Illinois men and women who gave their lives in the world
war; and a third, a memorial to Congress requesting immediate and
favorable consideration of certain bills "providing more ample and more
just provisions for veterans of the late war. . ."
The Fifty-third General Assembly passed similar legislation as
follows: an act to create a home for the rehabilitation of world war
veterans, and an act making an appropriation of $200,000 for construct¬
ing a building at Elgin for that purpose; an appropriation of $88,000
for permanent improvements in addition to $50,000 for a hospital for
the Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home; an appropriation of $500,000
for the care, rehabilitation and training of service men who have been
or may be committed to any of the state hospitals for the insane, Lin¬
coln State School and Colony and Dixon State Hospital; an act appro¬
priating $15,000 for a monument commemorating the services of the
370th Infantry of the 93d Division (the old 8th Infantry, Illinois Nation¬
al Guard); an act appropriating $55,000,000 to the service recognition
board for the purpose of making payments in accordance with the
service men's compensation act of 1921; an act to amend an act pro¬
viding for relief of indigent war veterans and their families, approved
May 25, 1907, in force July 1, 1907 as amended; an act to amend an
act creating the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, approved June
26, 1885, as amended; an act to amend an act authorizing cities, vil¬
lages and incorporated towns having a population of less than 100,000
to erect monuments and memorials, approved May 10, 1919; an act to
amend an act to authorize counties to erect or assist in the erection of
monuments or memorial buildings in honor of their soldiers and sailors,
approved June 28, 1919; an act prohibiting the wearing or using of the
insignia or badge or other emblem of the order of the Veterans of
Foreign Wars of the United States or of the Women's Auxiliary of the
Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States by any others than
members of the orders.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
27
Senate Joint Resolution requesting a parade of the 33d Divi¬
sion and 149th Field Artillery in Chicago. Adopted March 18, 1919.
Concurred in by the House, March 18, 1919.
An act to provide for the recording of certificates of honorably
discharged members of the military, aviation and naval forces. Ap¬
proved March 27, 1919.
Senate Joint Resolution proposing to hold Victory Loan exer¬
cises at a joint session of trwo houses of the legislature, April 23, 1919.
Adopted April 22, 1919. Concurred in by the House, April 22, 1919.
House Joint Resolution urging the demobilization of soldiers for
farm labor. Adopted April 8, 1919. Concurred in by the Senate,
April 22, 1919.
House Joint Resolution in support of the rights of Irish people
at the Peace Conference. Adopted January 14, 1919. Concurred in
by Senate, April 22, 1919.
An act to defray expenses of the reception of the 33d Division
and 149th Field Artillery of the United States Army. Approved May
1, 1919.
Senate Joint Resolution in support of rights of Jewish people in
Palestine. Adopted April 22, 1919. Concurred in by the House,
May 7, 1919.
An act to authorize cities, villages and incorporated towns having
a population of less than 100,000, to erect monuments and memorials.
Approved May 10, 1919.
House Joint Resolution, urging the repeal of Daylight Saving
Law. Adopted by the House, April 16, 1919. Concurred in by the
Senate, May 23, 1919.
House Joint Resolution in support of claims of Italian Govern¬
ment before the Peace Conference. Adopted February 5, 1919. Con¬
curred in by the Senate, June 5, 1919.
House Joint Resolution endorsing the American Legion. Adopt¬
ed June 5, 1919. Concurred in by the Senate, June 10, 1919.
An act to authorize the Director of Labor to secure information
for statistical purposes and to promote the rehabilitation in industry
of discharged soldiers and sailors. Approved June 21, 1919.
28 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
House Joint Resolution regarding the National Soldier Settle¬
ment Act. Memorial to Congress. Adopted June 17, 1919. Con¬
curred in by the Senate, June 20, 1919.
Senate Joint Resolution regarding the persecution of Jewish
people in Poland and Roumania. Adopted June 19, 1919. Con¬
curred in by the House, June 20, 1919.
An act to authorize the publication of the history of the achieve¬
ments in the World War of the soldiers, sailors, and marines from the
State of Illinois, and to make an appropriation therefor. Approved
June 28, 1919.
An act to authorize the award of medals to persons from the
State of Illinois who were engaged in the military or naval service of
the United States during the war between the United States and the
Imperial German Government. Approved June 28, 1919.
Act giving preference to men serving in military or naval service
in wars of the United States, in state civil service in park systems.
Approved June 28, 1919.
An act in relation to the rehabilitation of physicially handicapped
persons. Approved June 28, 1919.
An act awarding scholarships in the State Normal Schools and
the University of Illinois to men who served in the world war. Ap¬
proved June 28, 1919.
An act to protect all counties in the state of Illinois in which
there are military posts of the first class from slot machines and other
gambling devices. Filed July 11, 1919.
An act making an appropriation to reimburse and pay to certain
persons, firms and corporations the sums of money paid out and ad¬
vanced by them to defray the expenses of gathering evidence and
defraying the expenses of prosecuting persons who committed crimes
of July 2, 1917, in St. Clair County, Illinois. Filed July 11, 1919.
David E. Shanahan was speaker of the House during the Fiftieth
and Fifty-first General Assemblies; the Senate during those two
sessions was presided over by Adam C. Cliffe, president pro tem, and
John G. Oglesby, lieutenant governor.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
29
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The State Council of Defense, the official war agency of the
State of Illinois, was created by an act of the General Assembly ap¬
proved May 2, 1917. The act provided for a council of fifteen mem¬
bers who were to be selected "with reference to their special know¬
ledge of labor, industries, public utilities, the development of natural
resources, sanitation, finance, transportation or some other subject
matter relating to National or State defense," and who were to be
appointed for the duration of the war by the Governor by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate. The duties of the organization,
as defined by the act of establishment, were to cooperate with the
Council of National Defense and with other state councils of defense,
to carry out within the state of Illinois such plans of national defense
as were mutually agreed upon between it and the Council of National
Defense, and to recommend to the Governor or the General Assembly
the enactment of laws deemed by it necessary for the common defense
or for the public welfare. The council was also empowered to form
such advisory and other committees outside of its membership, and to
organize such subordinate bodies as were necessary to assist in carry¬
ing out its work.
The council met for the first time at Springfield on May 8,
1917 in the office of the Governor. A committee on rules was ap¬
pointed which submitted its report on May 12 at the second meet¬
ing of the council. The report provided for four officers—chairman,
vice chairman, treasurer and secretary—and for the appointment from
the members of the council of the following committees of three mem¬
bers each: Auditing; Coordination of Societies; Food, Fuel, and Con¬
servation (subsequently changed to Food Production and Conserva¬
tion) ; Industrial Survey; Labor; Law and Legislation; Military
Affairs and State and Local Defense ; Publicity ; Sanitation, Medicine,
and Public Health; Survey of Man Power; and Women's Organiza¬
tions. The report was promptly adopted, officers were named and
installed, and part of the committees were appointed. A building at
120 West Adams Street, Chicago, was placed at the disposal of the
council to be used gratis, and permanent headquarters were there
established.
30 JVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The range of activ^ity which confronted the State Council of
Defense of Illinois was so extensive as to make direct action at times
impossible. Thus it developed that the council did most of its work
through three classes of subsidiary organizations. First, there were
state-wide organizations with local committees or representatives in
each count}' or smaller community, which included the following:
Woman's, Publicit}', Food Production and Conservation, Neighbor¬
hood, Counties Auxiliar}-, County Executive, County Finance, and
Highways Transport Committees, Commercial Economy Administra¬
tion, and Non-War Construction Bureau. Second, there were or¬
ganizations which did state-wide and continuing work through a
central organization (although a few had local branches for particular
work), which were as follows: War Recreation Board of Illinois,
Educational Committee, Advisory Committee of the Electrical In-
dustr}-. Committee on Engineering and Inventions, License, Public
Service Reserve, Civilian Personnel, Intelligence, and Social Hygiene
Committees. Third, there were bodies created to do specific things or
act wholly in an advisory capacity. This class included the following :
Committee on Coal Production and Distribution, Committee on Fuel
for Public and Quasi-Public Institutions, Committee on Fuel for
Electrical Industries, Home Registration Service Committee, Commit¬
tee on Spyglasses, Binoculars and Telescopes, Advisory Committee of
the Committee on Sanitation, Medicine, and Public Health, Advisory
Committee on Dentistry, Patriotic Food Show Committee, committees
on the enlargement of Great Lakes Naval Training Station and on
the completion of winter accommodations at Fort Sheridan, Chicago
Committee on Illinois Centennial, and the United States Government
War Exposition Committee.
In addition to the organizations directly controlled by the State
Council of Defense there were other bodies with which it maintained
cooperative relations. Conspicuous among these were the American
Red Cross, Four Minute Men, United States Food and Fuel Ad¬
ministrations, the National War Savings Committee, United States
Boys' Working Reserve, American Protective League and the Na¬
tional Security League.
Perhaps the foremost task of the council was to make the state
a unit in the realization of the gravity of the situation and in the
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
31
determination to prosecute the war to a successful conclusion. Vari¬
ous policies were pursued to gain this end. Publicity committees kept
the public well supplied with data on the war, and neighborhood
committees encouraged the assimilation and discussion of such data.
Four Minute Men capitalized the power of the spoken word to dis¬
seminate war propaganda. At the instigation of the council a num¬
ber of conferences and war gatherings were held for common counsel
on war issues. Among these were a conference attended by the
congressional representatives of the state and the members of the
General Assembly held in Chicago on November 28, 1917, a confer¬
ence of Illinois war workers held in Chicago on January 14 and 15,
1918, a food production conference in Urbana, January 28 to Febru¬
ary 1, 1918, and a war conference of newspaper editors in Chicago on
March 9, 1918.
The subject of military affairs was discussed at the first two
meetings of the council when a program for providing state troops
for emergencies was agreed upon. The program which was adopted
provided for the organization of three additional units of the Illinois
National Guard for service within the state and of a Reserve Militia
to be recruited from a Volunteer Training Corps which was to be
organized under the direction of the council. The Committee on
Military Affairs of the state council undertook to organize the
Volunteer Training Corps and by January, 1919, 17,566 men
throughout the state had been organized into 243 units.
The council also gave its attention to the military and naval
establishments located in the state. It appointed a committee to
aid the naval authorities to expedite the enlargement of the Great
Lakes Naval Training Station. The fall of 1917 found the housing
accomodations at Fort Sheridan inadequate, and the council ap¬
pointed a committee which succeeded in improving the condition of
the barracks. Sanitation and health at the camps was under the sur¬
veillance of the council's Committee on Sanitation, Medicine, and
Public Health.
The state council soon noticed and protested against the duplica¬
tion of its activities by federal war agencies. At a meeting on May
26, 1917 the council moved that the chairman be instructed to write
to the proper organization in Washington "protesting against the
32 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
duplication of work by the creation of various committees to operate
in the State of Illinois independent of the State Council of Defense
whose existence they recommended and which was organized on their
recommendation." Again at a meeting of June 21, 1918 Chairman
Insull deplored this lack of cooperation and stated that "some depart¬
ments seem to deliberatel_v engage in building up an organization
which will render the State Council's organizations, and also the
organizations of the State Government, ineffective." To rectify this
state of affairs President AVilson in a letter of August, 1918 to
Secretary Baker directed federal agencies which were considering e.x-
tensions of their organizations into the states to "determine carefully
whether they cannot utilize the State Council system, thus rendering
unnecessary the creation of new machinerj."
Despite the early unwillingness of federal agencies to utilize the
facilities of the State Council of Defense it was of service to a num¬
ber of them in various ways. Through its Food Production and
Conservation Committee, through the establishment of a Seed Corn
Administration and a Farm Labor Administration Bureau, it co¬
operated with the Food Administration. Through two committees—
the Committee on Fuel for Public and Quasi-Public Institutions, and
the Committee on Fuel for Electrical Industries—the council was of
use to the Fuel Administration. The organization of the Commercial
Economy Administration and of the Non-AVar Construction Bureau
answered the demand of the United States War Industries Board for
the elimination of nonessential practices in retail business and for
the postponement of nonessential construction projects.
A United States Government War Exposition was held in
Chicago from September 2 to 15, 1918 as the result of active co¬
operation between the State Council of Defense and the Committee
on Public Information. At a mass meeting held in the auditorium of
the state council building on July 23, 1918, attended by over 350
representative citizens of Chicago and suburbs, the chairman of the
State Council of Defense was elected general chairman of the War
Exposition and authorized to create an organization. Headquarters
were established at 72 West Adams Street, Chicago. Executive,
finance, publicity, transportation, program, aviation, army and nav>-,
auditing and reception committees, committees on buildings and
STATE ORGANIZATIONS 33
grounds, on advance sale of tickets, on cooperation of nationalities, on
cooperation for Labor Day, and on cooperation of volunteer war
agencies were appointed. A guaranty fund of $100,000, which in
view of the financial success of the exposition was never drawn upon,
was raised by the citizens of Chicago. An advance sale of tickets
at the special rate of 25 cents each was arranged for the benefit of
people downstate. Approximately 1,500,000 tickets were sold in ad¬
vance.
The exposition was held in Grant Park. Fourteen carloads of
captured war trophies, cannon, airplanes, machine guns and small
arms donated by the American, French, British, Italian, Belgian and
Canadian governments, were exhibited. Exhibition airplane flights
were made. United States soldiers demonstrated trench life and war¬
fare, and soldiers and marines staged a sham battle. Exhibitions were
held by the various war agencies, such as the American Red Cross,
the War and Navy Departments' Commission on Training Camp
Activities, the War Loan Organization, the United States Shipping
Board, the United States Food Administration, the British, Canadian,
French, Italian, and Belgian War Missions, and others. A special
program was given each afternoon and evening. A total of 1,955,602
people attended the exposition, and the sum of $306,146.51, realized
after all expenses were paid, was turned over to the Committee on
Public Information.
The State Council of Defense was ostensibly placed on a sound
financial basis by the $50,000 appropriation provided in the act which
established it, but this fund proved to be ludicrously inadequate. By
March, 1918 the Governor was forced to refer the situation to a
small group of men who organized themselves into a finance com¬
mittee and raised $100,300. The sources of the council's revenue
were as follows:
State appropriation $ 50,000.00
Cash contributions 100,300.00
Contributions in rent and service 86,090.40
Incidental profits in patriotic enterprises and sale
of furniture 44,840.55
$281,230.95
34 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The largest part of the profits realized on enterprises promoted
by the council were turned into the United States Treasury, including
$306,146.51 cleared on the War Exposition and $141,758.38 on the
seed corn campaign. Expenditures of the State Council of Defense
amounted to $270,674.03, leaving a balance on June 30, 1919 amount¬
ing to $10,556.92.
The last meeting of the council for the transaction of general
business was held on January 15, 1919, and headquarters were closed
on February 15. The council, however, officially remained in exist¬
ence under the terms of the act by which it was created until the
President issued the proclamation of peace.
The officers and members of the State Council of Defense were
as follows; Samuel Insull, chairman; B. F. Harris, vice chairman;
John P. Hopkins, secretary, succeeded upon his death in October,
1918 by Roger C. Sullivan; J. Ogden Armour, treasurer; Dr. Frank
Billings, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, John H. Harrison, Levy Mayer,
John G. Oglesby, Victor A. Glander, David E. Shanahan, John A.
Spoor, Fred W. Upham, Charles H. Wacker, and John H. Walker.
Advisory Committee on Coal for Public and Quasi-Public
Institutions, State Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 260.
Advisory Committee on Coal Production and Distribution,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
See pages 256, 260.
Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry was organ¬
ized by the State Council of Defense in July, 1917. While the duties
of the committee were to handle all matters relating to the electrical
industry which were referred to it, its energies in the main were
directed toward recruiting and preparing men for service in the
United States Signal Corps. In the course of its recruiting campaigns
the committee distributed 25,000 four-color folders, entitled "The
Nerves of the Army" and 10,000 red, white and blue calendars,
emphasizing the advantages of signal corps and air service. In co¬
operation with the District Signal Officer of the United States Army
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
35
forty-two schools were organized in Chicago and fifteen in other
cities of the state. Enrollments for courses in radio and buzzer work
numbered 8,000.
Homer E. Niesz was chairman of the committee.
Advisory Committee on War History, State Council of
Defense of Illinois
The State Council of Defense during the summer of 1918 ap¬
pointed a standing committee composed of four of its members to
supervise the collection and preservation of war records. This com¬
mittee in turn appointed an Advisory Committee on War History
which included in its personnel a number of members who were ex¬
perienced in historical research. Upon the recommendations of this
advisory committee the State Council of Defense in an official bulletin
requested its county organizations to form county war history com¬
mittees for the purpose of enlisting the aid and interest of local
libraries and local patriotic and historical organizations in the collec¬
tion of historical material. Each community was urged to secure a
local depository for the material which was collected. The Illinois
State Historical Library at Springfield was designated the central
depository for material relating to the war activities of the state as
a whole.
Approximately thirty counties acted upon the instructions of
the State Council of Defense and formed war history committees,
while in other counties the work was undertaken by persons especially
interested. With the release of the subsidiary organizations of the
State Council of Defense on December 2, 1918 and the consequent
lack of facilities for carrying on its work the Advisory Com¬
mittee on War History recommended that the continuance of its work
be made a function of the Illinois State Historical Library and that
the General Assembly make the necessary appropriation. Acting upon
that recommendation the Fifty-first General Assembly made an ap¬
propriation, and the War Records Section of the Illinois State His¬
torical Library was created in July, 1919 to assemble a state collection
of war records and to supervise the activities of local war records
organizations.
The members of the Advisory Committee on War History
were Bernard J. Mullaney, chairman, Walter S. Brewster, L. E.
36 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Myers, Peter E. Fleming, William H. Culver, W. N. C. Carlton,
C. W. Alvord, Marcus W. Jernegan, C. A. Burley, Dr. Otto L.
Schmidt, and Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber.
Agricultural War Board, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
See page 247.
Auditing Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Auditing Committee was one of the standing committees
formed by the State Council of Defense upon its organization in May,
1917. Its functions were to audit and pass upon all accounts for
expenses and disbursements, and to discharge all other duties apper¬
taining to such a committee. It was composed of David E. Shanahan,
chairman, John H. Walker, and John P. Hopkins (died on October
13, 1918), succeeded by Roger C. Sullivan.
Civilian Personnel Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Civilian Personnel Committee was appointed by the State
Council of Defense on December 17, 1917, simultaneously with the
appointment of the Public Service Reserve Committee and with
identical membership and officers for the purpose of cooperating with
the U. S. Employment Service of the Department of Labor. While
the outstanding achievement of the U. S. Public Service Reserve
Committee was to enroll skilled mechanics for work in the shipyards,
the Civilian Personnel Committee ventured into various fields to
secure workers for the civil service of the federal government. In
the spring of 1918 with the appointment of the secretary of the com¬
mittee as special representative of the Ordnance Department, United
States Army, the committee operated directly under the Ordnance
Department with the title Civilian Personnel Section. The Civilian
Personnel Committee accepted a total of 3,994 men and women for
all classes of service. The Ordnance Department was supplied with
2,112 workers including draftsmen, munition workers, clerks, and
stenographers.
Charles A. Munroe was chairman and Milward Adams was
secretary of the committee.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
37
Commercial Economy Administration, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The Commercial Economy Administration, created by the State
Council of Defense to promote thrift, economy, and conservation in
business, began its operations on August 13, 1918 under a commercial
economy administrator who had headquarters in Chicago. A local
chairman was appointed in every city and town with a population
of 2,000 and over. Chicago, where a more elaborate organization
was necessary, was organized by trades, with a chairman for each
trade or group of trades in each of the thirty-five wards.
Two plans were conspicuous among those advocated by the
Commercial Economy Administration to effect economy in the use
of man power, fuel, and equipment. Through the 120 local chair¬
men the business firms of the state were asked to sign agreements
restricting deliveries to one trip per day over each route, eliminating
special deliveries, and restricting the privilege of returning merchan¬
dise to a period of not more than three days after purchase. The
administration also recommended that the retail dealers in small and
medium-sized towns install cooperative delivery systems. These
recommendations were designed to make it unnecessary for firms
which lost deliverymen through the draft to compete with farms,
munition factories, and shipyards in securing men to fill their places.
In Chicago the grocers and butchers were organized so thoroughly as
to be able to carry out the one delivery per day plan.
The Commercial Economy Administration made some recom¬
mendations regarding Christmas shopping to be observed by both
dealer and consumer. Christmas shopping was to be spread over the
months of October, November, and December, gifts were not to be
mailed or expressed after December 5, and businesses were not to
increase the average number of employees and hours of labor per day
for Christmas trade.
Louis M. Stumer was commercial economy administrator.
Committee on Engineering and Inventions, State Council
of Defense of Illinois
The Committee on Engineering and Inventions of the State
Council of Defense of Illinois was created to receive and examine
38 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
new inventions and make recommendations concerning their value to
the United States Naval Consulting Board. Of the 2,458 inventions
received, 60 were declared to merit serious attention and 200 further
consideration, while 2,198 were judged valueless.
The members of the committee were Frederick K. Copeland,
chairman, Bion J. Arnold, William Hoskins, Robert W. Hunt, and
Peter Junkersfeld.
Committee on Fuel Economies of Electric Railways, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 261.
Committee on Law and Legislation, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The Committee on Law and Legislation was one of the eleven
standing committees of the State Council of Defense which were
provided for at the meeting of the council on May 12, 1917. This
committee advised the council and its committees on the legal ques¬
tions with which they were confronted at various times. Under its
direction two booklets containing legal rules for the guidance of
soldiers and sailors and local legal advisory boards were prepared and
published. The committee also drafted resolutions and bills for pro¬
posed legislation, drew up a number of contracts, and cooperated in
the drafting of the charter and by-laws of the Seed Corn Administra¬
tion.
The members of the committee were Levy Mayer, chairman,
John G. Oglesby, and David E. Shanahan.
Committee on Military Affairs, State and Local Defense,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Committee on Military Affairs, State and Local Defense
was one of the eleven standing committees of the State Council of
Defense appointed May 12, 1917 in accordance with the recom¬
mendations of the council's special Committee on Rules. The pri¬
mary purpose of this committee, as stated upon its formation, was to
cooperate with the federal government in the creation of a nation.il
army; a subordinate function was to be the supervision of any state
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
39
voluntary military organizations which might be created. As a matter
of fact, the exercise of the latter function was the most important
work of the Committee on Military Affairs.
Realizing that the state would be defenseless after the federal¬
ization of the National Guard, the Committee on Military Affairs
evolved and submitted to the Council of Defense the plan of a Volun¬
teer Training Corps. This committee also prepared and had intro¬
duced into the General Assembly of Illinois a bill providing for the
creation of the reserve militia from the unorganized militia of the
state; in like manner it originated a bill which appropriated $750,000
for the use of the new brigade—the 9th, 10th, and 11th Regiments—
of the Illinois National Guard. Senate Bill 592, which became a law
and which provided that the pay of enlisted men in the National
Guard when in the service of the state during the war should be
$1.00 instead of $3.00 per day as formerly, was also prepared by the
Committee on Military Affairs.
The organization of units of the Volunteer Training Corps in
Cook County was not directly under the supervision of the council's
Military Committee. An Auxiliary Committee on Military Affairs
for Cook County, composed of Angus S. Hibbard, Edgar A. Ban¬
croft, John T. Stockton, Harry H. Merrick, D. F. Kelly, C. A.
Pense, Edward C. Young, and Hopewell L. Rogers, was appointed to
exercise this function.
The members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the State
Council of Defense were Lieutenant Governor John G. Oglesby,
chairman. Dr. Frank Billings and David E. Shanahan.
See also State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps,
page 88.
Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The State Council of Defense appointed a Committee on Sanita¬
tion, Medicine and Public Health to facilitate the carrying out in the
state of its recommendations concerning such matters. To promote
its work throughout the state the committee formed organizations in
each county comprising" members of the medical profession, while
to supervise its special activities it created four cooperative committees
40 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
—a Committee on the Tuberculosis War Problem, an Advisory Com¬
mittee on Dentistry, an Advisory Committee on Social Hygiene, and
an Advisory Committee on Mental Hygiene.
The Committee on the Tuberculosis War Problem assumed
charge of the work in the state concerning tuberculosis. Dr. ó. T.
Palmer was chairman of this committee.
The Advisory Committee on Dentistry cooperated with the Illi¬
nois State Dental Society to enroll practicing dentists in the Dental
Officers' Reserve Corps. Through its efforts courses designed to
prepare the civilian dentist for military dentistry were instituted in
the various dental colleges of the state. The College of Dentistry of
the University of Illinois, the Northwestern University Dental
School, and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery placed their
facilities at the disposal of the committee to be used for the correction
of dental defects in recruits and drafted men. F. B. Morehead was
chairman of the committee.
The Advisory Committee on Social Hygiene, which was also
a branch of the Red League, devoted its energies mainly to a publicity
campaign concerning venereal diseases. Pamphlets to the number of
37,000 were distributed to soldiers and sailors, 3,500 pamphlets were
distributed at the second officers' training camp at Fort Sheridan,
23,000 pamphlets were sent to Rockford for distribution, and 13,000
circular letters and 11,500 pamphlets were mailed to citizens of
Chicago. Exhibits relating to venereal diseases were prepared and
installed at the various camps of the state and at Municipal Pier,
White City amusement park and Riverview amusement park, Chicago.
The committee also attempted to secure competent lecturers for each
county in the state. Under the direction of the county chairman of
the Council of Defense the lecturer or lecturers thus secured spoke to
the drafted men. Dr. B. C. Corhus was chairman of the committee
and Dr. Lenard Mulder was executive secretary.
The Advisory Committee on Mental Hygiene was organized
into two departments—the Social Service and Field Work Depart¬
ment and the Occupational Department. In view of the demand for
public health nurses the Social Service and Field Work Department
spent a half of its time for four months in directing a course in public
health nursing at the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
41
The Occupational Department, which developed into the Henry B.
Favill School of Occupations, conducted classes in educational therapy.
Anna Kamill Monroe was chairman of the committee.
Dr. Frank Billings was chairman of the Committee on Sanita¬
tion, Medicine and Public Health. In August, 1917 when he de¬
parted for Russia as head of the Red Cross Mission he appointed an
advisory committee composed of Dr. Arthur R. Elliott, chairman. Dr.
E. J. Doering and Dr. Arthur R. Reynolds to supervise the activities
of the committee during his absence.
Committee on Spyglasses, Telescopes and Binoculars, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Committee on Spyglasses, Telescopes and Binoculars was
appointed by the State Council of Defense to collect privately owned
instruments for the use of the United States Navy. In ten months
2,306 glasses at a net expense of $869.44 were collected and sent to
Washington.
Secor Cunningham was chairman of the committee.
Cook County Auxiliary Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The Cook County Auxiliary Committee was organized Feb¬
ruary 4, 1918 to save time, energy, and money by coordinating and
systematizing the work of numerous patriotic and war work organ¬
izations—federal, state, and local—which had sprung up in Cook
County since the entrance of the United States into the war. All
the committees in Cook County subsidiary to or affiliated with the
State Council of Defense were consolidated with this committee.
A plan for the coordination of war activities in Cook County was
formulated by which the territory served by the local selective service
board was made the basic unit of the county organization. All war
activities in each of these local board districts—86 in Chicago and
9 in the remainder of Cook County—were consolidated into one
organization, and in districts where war work had heretofore been
nonexistent, certain activities were inaugurated. In addition the
Cook County Auxiliary Committee promoted patriotic meetings
and demonstrations, and provided entertainment for delegations of
foreign visitors, including 340 Belgian soldiers who passed through
12 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
»
Chicago on May 25, 1918 enroute from the eastern to the western
front. The Cook County Auxiliary also stimulated marine recruit¬
ing by organizing a committee on June 13, 1918 which opened five
offices in the loop and secured the enlistment of 3,553 men. Finally,
the committee investigated applications for licenses to solicit funds in
Cook County for war relief—289 in all being issued.
The officers of the Cook County Auxiliary Committee were
Lewis E. Myers, chairman, Walter H. Wilson, vice chairman,
Thomas H. Knight, secretary.
Coordination of Societies Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The Coordination of Societies Committee was one of the stand¬
ing committees appointed upon the organization of the State Council
of Defense in May, 1917. Its duty was to coordinate with the work
of the state council the activities of all organizations that came with¬
in the field of that agency.
The committee was composed of Fred W. Upham, chairman,
Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, and John H. Walker.
Counties Auxiliary Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Counties Auxiliary Committee of the State Council of
Defense was created on October 1, 1917 to direct the work of the
county auxiliary committees, each composed of four men and one
woman, which were organized in each county of the state. The
duties of the county auxiliary committees were, to quote from a
bulletin of the State Council of Defense, as follows: "to execute
throughout the State all of the Council's instructions; to supervise
all lines of activity; to coordinate the work of existing organizations
whether for relief, defense or intelligence; to make such surveys of
the counties' industries and conditions as from time to time may be
called for"—in general, to carry out in their own territory such
activities of the state council as were not delegated to other organiza¬
tions. The Counties Auxiliary Committee sent out instructions to
the county organizations in a series of twenty-four bulletins ; in addi¬
tion, it sent a series of thirty-six bulletins covering all phases of the
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
43
council's war work to the county chairmen of all committees of the
state council, and to the county directors of the various federal war
agencies.
A number of the county auxiliary committees found much to do,
but the majority were wholly or partially inactive. The achievement
common to most of them was the organization of the county execu¬
tive and finance committees.
County executive committees were formed throughout the state
late in 1917 in order to eliminate duplication of war work which
was the result of too many committees operating independently. Or¬
ganization of these committees was sponsored by the Counties Auxil¬
iary Committee of the State Council of Defense and was carried to
completion in seventy-eight counties. The membership of county
executive committees consisted of the chairman of all the county com¬
mittees of the State Council of Defense, the county food and fuel
administrators, the county director of the U. S. Boys' Working Re¬
serve, and the county chairman of the following : Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, War Savings Committee, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., and
Knights of Columbus. In many counties the County Executive Com¬
mittee took over the activities formerly carried on by the County
Auxiliary Committee. The committees reported directly to the State
Council of Defense.
County finance committees were organized beginning late in
1917 to investigate the merits of all applications for licenses for the
collection of funds for war relief purposes, and to make recommenda¬
tions to and advise the License Committee of the State Council of
Defense, to coordinate the money-raising campaigns for all major war
activities, and to keep a record of all subscriptions and gifts. The
war chest plan, though not entirely approved by the State Council
of Defense, was adopted in a number of counties. By November,
1918 fifty-nine counties had organized finance committees, in four
counties committees were in the process of organization, and in fifteen
counties a finance chairman had been appointed.
F. W. Butterworth was chairman and Walter S. Brewster was
secretary of the Counties Auxiliary Committee until the consolidation
of its executive office with that of the Neighborhood Committee in
44 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
May, 1918. Then Walter S. Brewster became chairman of both
committees and the secretaries were E. B. Tuttle and Secor Cunning¬
ham.
Educational Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
The Educational Committee was appointed by the State Council
of Defense to cooperate with county and city school superintendents,
the state university, and the state normal schools in organi^ing and
supervising the patriotic activities among their students. In coopera¬
tion with the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve the committee arranged
a three months' course to be given in the public schools which, together
with some practical training, was designed to fit boys to undertake
work on the farms by the early spring of 1918.
Francis G. Blair was chairman and Peter E. Fleming was secre¬
tary of this committee.
Farm Labor Administration, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
See page 285.
Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois
See pages 242-243.
Food Production and Conservation Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois
See page 242.
Four Minute Men
The Four Minute Men were not subordinate to the State Coun¬
cil of Defense, but in Illinois the cooperation between the two agencies
was so close that the work of the organization may appropriately be
considered here.
The Four Minute Men originated at a meeting of Chicago
citizens, headed by Donald M. Ryerson, held on April 2, 1917. An
organization was formed at that time, the members of which were to
deliver four minute speeches on patriotic subjects in the moving
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
45
picture theaters of the city and were to be known as Four Minute
Men. On April 28 by a charter of the state the Four Minute Men
became an Illinois corporation, "not for profit."
The Committee on Public Information, which on April 20,
1917 had endorsed the program adopted by the Chicago group, took
over the direction of the Four Minute Men in June, 1917 and pro¬
ceeded to make it a nation-wide organization. A national director,
twelve district directors (having jurisdiction over areas correspond¬
ing to the federal reserve districts) and directors for each state were
appointed who promoted the formation of local organizations modeled
on the original Chicago group. Executive authority was vested in a
chairman who worked through various committees, representative
among which were committees on speakers, on theaters, and on admis¬
sions. In Chicago the chairmen of these committees constituted the
Chicago governing committee. The offices of the Chicago chairman
and state chairman were one until March, 1918 when the press of in¬
creasing duties brought about their division. The state chairman,
relieved of activities in Chicago, concentrated attention upon the
various city and county organizations. The Four Minute Men re¬
ceived every consideration from the moving picture world, a plan of
cooperation with the moving picture theatres being arranged in Illi¬
nois through the chairman of the executive committee of the Motion
Picture Exhibitors' League of America. The Four Minute Men also
profited by the constant support and cooperation of the State Council
of Defense which supplied funds for the work of the organization and
also furnished headquarters for it in the state council building at
120 West Adams Street, Chicago.
The work of the Four Minute Men was of a threefold char¬
acter—to promote the financial campaigns undertaken by the govern¬
ment and various war organizations, to stimulate recruiting and to
expound the causes and issues of the war. The medium was the four
minute speech delivered at first solely in the moving picture theater.
Later some of the clergy, on receipt of bulletins from national head¬
quarters, included four minute speeches in the program of their Sun¬
day service, and a similar practice was followed by the fraternal orders
and labor unions at their regular meetings. Thus there developed
46 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
the Church, the Fraternal, and the Labor Sections of the Four
Minute Men's organization.
Liberty loan and other campaigns promoted by war agencies were
extensively advertised by the Four Minute Men. More than two
hundred fifty talks were given before 833,000 Chicago residents in
behalf of the second loan, while in the third and fourth loan cam¬
paigns Four Minute Men addressed 2,678,175 and 2,510,380 people
respectively throughout the state. The financial drives of the various
welfare organizations were similarly aided, and in January, 1918
the United States Shipping Board enlisted the Four Minute Men iri
its nation-wide campaign to enroll 250,000 men for work in the ship¬
yards. The phase of work devoted to educational propaganda, how¬
ever, was generally regarded by the Four Minute Men as their
chosen field of activity. The material for their speeches on war issues
was furnished in bulletins sent out from national headquarters, deal¬
ing with such subjects as "Why we are fighting," "The nation in
arms," "What our enemy really is," and "Unmasking German prop¬
aganda."
When the armistice was signed there were 2,800 regularly en¬
rolled Four Minute Men in the state who were addressing audiences
of 800,000 people each week. There were 1,196 speakers in the
Church Section, 994 in the Fraternal Section, and 68 in the Labor
Section. In Chicago a total of 451 speakers were enrolled, 37
speaking campaigns were conducted, 50,000 speeches were made, and
the estimated audiences numbered 25,000,000. The Four Minute
Men made notable records in Illinois outside Chicago in Centralia,
Cairo, Joliet, Peru, Decatur, Danville, East St. Louis, Alton, Morris
and Belleville.
The Illinois organization of the Four Minute Men was made
permanent at a meeting of the executive board on December 19, 1918.
The executive board, deeming it advisable to create machinery with
power to revive the organization of the Four Minute Men in case of
emergency, elected permanent officers and a permanent executive
board.
At the close of the activities in Illinois the officers of the state
organization of the Four Minute Men were as follows: Donald M.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
47
Ryerson, honorary chairman ; G. R. Jones, chairman ; Ernest Palmer,
vice chairman; J. J. Hennessy, vice chairman; H. P. Chandler, secre¬
tary.
Highways Transport Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Highways Transport Committee was appointed by the
State Council of Defense on April 19, 1918 for the purpose of in¬
creasing the transportation facilities of the nation by promoting more
effective highway transportation. The first step toward gaining this
end was to create a state-wide organization. The plan of organiza¬
tion called for a division of the state into five geographical districts,
which in turn were to be divided into five divisions of several counties
each. A field council composed of one member from each of the five
districts, a district committee composed of the five division chairmen
and the district chairman, a division committee composed of the
county chairmen and the division chairman, and a county committee
composed of the local chairmen and the county chairman were to
constitute the administrative hierarchy of the Highways Transport
Committee. This organization however was never completed.
A survey of the roads in the state, obviously the initial step in
the work of the committee, showed that except in the northeastern
part of the state there were no highways suitable for heavy traffic.
The attention of the committee was thus focused upon this section
for the development of highways transport, with the result that at
the time of the discontinuance of the committee's activities more than
fifty per cent of the short-haul and less-than-car-load tonnage coming
from and going to points within a radius of 35 to 50 miles of Chicago
was moved by road transport. The Highways Transport Committee
also brought about the establishment of new motor express lines about
the important centers of distribution in the state, developed a plan
to utilize short-line interurban electric railways in the place of road
transport, appointed a committee to supervise highway transportation
rates, and cooperated with the various district, county, and township
highway commissioners to keep the main roads open during bad
weather.
The personnel of the committee was as follows; Transport
Division, Henry Paulman, chairman ; F. E. Ertsman, secretary ; J. T.
48 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Stockton (resigned), J. H. Winterbotham, C. F. Handshy (re¬
signed), H. M. Allison, J. M. Page, W. G. Edens, B. I. Budd, L. A.
Busby, C. S. Freeman, J. F. Davis, G. W. Dixon; Highways Divi¬
sion, Clifíord Older, chairman; L. Schwartz, H. E. Surman, A. H.
Hunter, R. L. Bell.
Home Registration Service Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois
The State Council of Defense on July 12, 1918 authorized the
organization of a Home Registration Service Committee to deal with
the housing problem in so far as it was bound up with the increased
force of workmen employed by the essential war industries in the
industrial centers of the state. While the committee was considering
beginning its work with a study of the industrial district of Chicago—
such a study to include not only housing problems but also the asso¬
ciated problems of transportation, sanitation, and water supply—the
Illinois Chapter of the American Institute of Architects was asked by
the United States Housing Corporation to make a similar study. To
prevent any duplication of effort the Housing and City Planning
Committee of the American Institute of Architects was made a sub¬
committee of the Home Registration Service Committee. Subcom¬
mittees on Survey of Available Housing, on Transportation, on Sur¬
vey of Industries, and on Finance were also appointed. A survey
made by the Subcommittee on Survey of Available Housing in south¬
western Chicago revealed a total of 35,089 rooms and 4,584 house¬
keeping units, the list of which was published in one of the Chicago
papers. The Subcommittee on Transportation made a survey of the
transportation facilities in the industrial districts of Chicago and
recommended improvements. Through the cooperation of the chief
engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago the committee was fur¬
nished with a statement concerning the water supply and sewerage in
the Calumet regions of Illinois and Indiana.
The members of the executive committee of the Home Regis¬
tration Service Committee were as follows: C. A. Munroe, chair¬
man; Milward Adams, secretary; F. O. Hester, assistant secretary;
Dr. F. L. Prentiss, D. H. Burnham, E. H. Bennett, G. H. Mead, S. J.
Lamed, R. B. Beach, H. G. Hetzler, L. A. Busby, and S. R. Kauf¬
man.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
49
Industrial Survey Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Industrial Survey Committee was one of the standing com¬
mittees appointed upon the organization of the State Council of
Defense in May, 1917. Its purpose was to make a survey of the
industries of Illinois and to supplement the industrial survey con¬
ducted in Illinois by the Council of National Defense. The com¬
mittee was composed of John P. Hopkins, chairman (died October
13, 1918, succeeded by Roger C. Sullivan), John A. Spoor, and Victor
A. Olander.
Intelligence Bureau, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Intelligence Bureau was created by the State Council of
Defense to collect and place at the disposal of the Department of
Justice information obtained by the various committees of the council
regarding the activities of pro-Germans.
The members of the bureau were John G. Oglesby, chairman,
W. S. Brewster, P. E. Fleming, L. E. Myers, and Milward Adams.
Labor Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 284.
Liberty Chorus and Community Singing Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Liberty Chorus and Community Singing Committee orig¬
inated in February, 1918 as a subcommittee of the Health and Re¬
creation Department of the Woman's Committee. In the following
April it became a distinct committee of the Woman's Committee and
continued so until community singing was deemed sufficiently im¬
portant to be placed under the direct supervision of the State Council
of Defense. On August 21 the old committee was dissolved, prior
to reorganization, and on September 10, 1918 the State Council of
Defense appointed a Liberty Chorus and Community Singing Com¬
mittee of twenty members with two chairmen, one representing the
Woman's Committee, and the other representing the Counties Auxil¬
iary and Neighborhood Committee. The committee arranged for
the publication of a song book of which 20,000 copies were sold.
50 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Some notable public performances were given under its direction : on
September 12, 1918, 18,550 children sang patriotic songs at the War
Exposition in Chicago, and in conjunction with the Civic Music
Association a Victory Sing was held at the Coliseum on November
22, 1918.
Mrs. Harry Hart was chairman of the committee representing
the Woman's Committee, and Walter S. Brewster served as chair¬
man representing the Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Com¬
mittee.
License Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The act of the Fiftieth General Assembly placing the control of
the solicitation of funds for war aid and war relief in the State
Council of Defense, approved June 25, 1917, led to the organization
on July 1, 1917 of the License Committee. This committee re¬
ceived and acted upon applications from organizations desiring to
solicit funds for war aid and war charities, exercising jurisdiction over
the entire state until March 14, 1918 when the Cook County License
Committee was appointed. Henceforward the original License Com¬
mittee was known as the State License Committee and confined its
operations to the territory outside Cook County.
The committee prepared an application form to be used by the
organizations desiring to secure licenses. In its application each
organization was required to state the objects, purposes, and uses for
which the funds were to be solicited, the methods of solicitation, and
the means of distribution. By such means the committee proposed
to effect economy in the collection of funds, to exclude fraud and
commercialism, to bring about the uses of as much of the amount
collected as possible for war work, and to prevent overlapping or
duplication of effort. Each licensee was required to place on printed
matter used in solicitation a statement indicating that it was author¬
ized to collect funds.
The committee observed certain exceptions enumerated in the
License Act. The family or friends of a service man might supply
aid to him or his family without a license; and with authorization
from their respective organizations, a member or members of soci¬
eties, clubs, associations, etc., unlicensed, might solicit their fellow-
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
51
members. A license was also unnecessary to solicit funds for war re¬
lief authorized by congressional act or presidential proclamation.
From July 1, 1917 to July 1, 1919, $8,841,565.79 was collected
by the licensees of the committee at an expense of slightly less than
11 per cent of the amount collected. This sum does not represent
the amounts collected in the state by organizations with headquarters
in New York City and is based, moreover, on incomplete reports.
Taking these factors into consideration, the committee estimated that
more than $10,000,000 was collected under its authorization at an
average expense of approximately 10.5 per cent of the amount col¬
lected.
The members of the original License Committee were E. J. E.
Ward, chairman, W. A. Fox, vice chairman, J. H. Gulick, secre¬
tary, Richard Mueller, assistant secretary, J. E. Wing, counsel. The
Cook County License Committee was composed of E. J. E. Ward,
chairman, William A. Fox, Mrs. George R. Dean, William J. Leg-
ner, L. E. Myers, J. T. Stockton, J. H. Gulick, secretary, Richard
Mueller, assistant secretary. After the formation of the Cook Coun¬
ty committee, the state committee was composed of E. J. E. Ward,
William A. Fox and J. H. Gulick, with J. E. Wing as counsel for
both committees.
Neighborhood Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
The Neighborhood Committee of the State Council of Defense
was organized in September, 1917, its purpose being to stimulate
patriotism in the state by encouraging neighborhood meetings for
the discussion of the issues of the war. To accomplish this purpose
neighborhood committees were appointed in the counties, and these,
in turn, established community centers with local committees in each
to promote patriotic meetings and to distribute war literature. There
were 1,079 such committees with a total membership of approximately
8,000.
Through this state-wide organization the Neighborhood Com¬
mittee distributed 222,000 war posters and pamphlets. A Speakers'
Bureau was organized in the fall of 1917 under its direction, which,
until its work was taken over by the Unified Bureau of Public
Speakers on November 1, 1918, assigned approximately 500 speakers
52 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
to 6,690 meetings. The Neighborhood Committee assisted the Red
Cross to secure information about applicants for overseas service, send¬
ing a total of 194 references to the county neighborhood committees,
of which 182 were investigated and reported to the Red Cross.
The original personnel of the Neighborhood Committee was
as follows: Harold L. Ickes, chairman; George W. Perkins, vice
chairman; L. E. Myers, secretary. In April, 1918 Mr. Ickes re¬
signed. About the same time the chairman of the Counties Auxil¬
iary Committee resigned, with the result that on May 1 the executive
ofKces of the two committees were consolidated with the following
personnel: Walter S. Brewster, chairman, Emerson B. Tuttle and
Secor Cunningham, secretaries.
Non-War Construction Bureau, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Non-War Construction Bureau was organized in September,
1918 after the United States War Industries Board had passed a
resolution that all new undertakings not contributing either directly
or indirectly toward winning the war, which involved the utilization
of labor, materials, and capital required in war construction pro¬
jects, should be discouraged. In forming a state-wide organization
the bureau had the cooperation of the chairman of the Counties
Auxiliary Committee, who on September 24, 1918 sent out circulars
requesting the county executive committees to appoint a non-war
construction committee of three members in each of their respective
counties. Such committees were organized in 89 counties.
The county non-war construction committees were instructed to
collect data on all construction work proceeding in their respective
counties. These committees investigated applications for the permits
which were necessary for the execution of all construction projects
and transmitted their recommendations to the State Council of De¬
fense. The State Council of Defense thereupon reviewed the case
and if it approved, forwarded its recommendation to the Non-War
Construction Section of the Priorities Division of the War Industries
Board, which issued the permit or rejected the application. As a
result of the activities of the Non-War Construction Bureau con¬
struction projects estimated at $13,873,324.35 were postponed for the
duration of the war.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
53
E. W. Lloyd was executive head of the bureau and the following
men volunteered their services: Carl Bushnell, P. B. Davies, Harry
Sugru, and E. L. Hanson.
Patriotic Food Show Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
See page 248.
Public Service Reserve Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The Public Service Reserve Committee was organized in Decem¬
ber, 1917 to cooperate with the U. S. Public Service Reserve of the
Department of Labor in enrolling civilians for the service of the
federal government. When in January, 1918 the Council of National
Defense requested the State Council of Defense of Illinois to aid
in the nation-wide campaign for the enrollment of 250,000 skilled
workmen for work in the shipyards, the Public Service Reserve Com¬
mittee found a fertile field for activity. The quota of Illinois was
fixed at 23,662. Working in cooperation with the various county
auxiliary committees, the Four Minute Men and the state employ¬
ment offices, the committee helped to organize 54 enrollment offices in
each of the important industrial centers of the state. Registration
began February 1, 1918 and continued until March 1, 1919, a total
of 29,613 skilled mechanics being enrolled.
Charles A. Munroe was chairman of the Public Service Reserve
Committee.
Publicity Department, State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois
The Publicity Department of the State Council of Defense was
organized in May, 1917, its purpose being to furnish the people of
the state with an interpretation of war issues and to keep them in¬
formed about the work of the State Council of Defense. The es¬
tablishment of a patriotic news service for all newspapers of the
state in June, 1917 marked the beginning of its active existence. The
service was twice-a-day for Chicago dailies and telegraph news agen¬
cies, twice-a-v/eek for the 125 daily papers of the state and once-a-week
for weekly papers. The newspapers of the state did not receive all
54 JVAR-TIME ORGANIZA TIOX OF ILLINOIS
war news from the Publicity Department, however, but were over¬
whelmed with material concerning the war from the various depart¬
ments, commissions, and bureaus of the government and other or¬
ganizations cariving on war activities. The Publicity Department
undertook to make this material available for publication and the
newspapers of the state were furnished with editorials and news
articles ready for immediate use on every subject pertaining to the
war.
On November 30, 1917 the Publicity Department began publica¬
tion of the State Council Neu-s. Issued every Friday up to and
including December 13, 1918 and containing advice and instructions
concerning their work, this publication reached 7,500 workers of the
organizations of the council.
It is estimated that in weekly and semi-weekly service the Pub-
licit>' Department sent out 1,000 news and editorial articles, furnished
more than 2,000 news articles to Chicago dail\- papers, and utilized
SI.500.000 worth of advertising space in the newspapers of the state.
Bernard J. MuUaney was director of the Publicity Department.
Seed Corx Admixistilvtiox, State Couxcil of Defexse of
Illixois
See page 244.
Survey of Max Power Committee, State Couxcil of Defexse
of Illixois
The SuiAey of Man Power Committee was one of the standing
committees of the State Council of Defense. Its duties were to co¬
operate with the selective ser\4ce organization in its work of register¬
ing the man power of the state for military ser\'ice. The member¬
ship of the committee comprised Victor Olander, chairman, John H
Harrison, Charles H. Wacker.
UxiFiED Bure.au of Public Speakers, St.ate Couxcil of De¬
fexse of Illixois
The Unified Bureau of Public Speakers originated at a con¬
ference on October 22, 1918, called by the State Council of Defense.
Representatives of nineteen of the twenty-seven war organizations of
the state Avhich conducted speakers' bureaus were present, and the
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
55
result of their deliberations was the organization of a central bureau.
The bureau began operations on November 1 and went far in avoid¬
ing conflict of appointments and duplication of effort existent pre¬
viously when each war organization independently secured its own
speakers. In November, 1918 the bureau assigned speakers to 741
meetings, in December to 389 meetings, and from January 1 to 15,
1919 it placed 136 speakers.
Roger Sherman was director of the bureau.
War Business Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
The State Council of Defense authorized the appointment of a
War Business Committee in March, 1918 to divert a part of the flood
of government war contracts from the east to Illinois and other
states in the middle west. The committee carried on investigations
to determine the capacity and equipment of manufacturing plants in
Illinois and collected data as to the type of ordnance and munitions
in demand by the government. Realizing the need for a direct repre¬
sentative in Washington the Illinois Manufacturers' Association es¬
tablished the War Industries Bureau in that city, which in cooperation
with the War Business Committee brought to Illinois approximately
$110,000,000 worth of business from July 1, 1918 to November 11,
1918.
The members of the committee were S. M. Hastings, chairman,
J. W. O'Leary and R. B. Beach, vice chairmen, J. M. Glenn, secre¬
tary.
War Garden Advisory Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
See page 246.
War Recreation Board of Illinois, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
See War Camp Community Service, page 339.
56 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
WOMAN'S COMMITTEE, STATE COUNCIL OF
DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS
Coordination of the work of women's organizations throughout
Illinois for the purpose of making them of greatest service in the
national emergency was first proposed at a meeting held in Chicago on
April 23, 1917, which was attended by representatives of the various
state and city organizations of women. A plan of organization was
adopted by the conference which provided for the centralized control
of women's activities by an advisory committee composed of presidents
of all state-wide organizations of women. The following depart¬
ments of work were suggested : food production, thrift, home charities,
courses of instruction, women and children in industry, education,
publicity, finance. Red Cross, and allied relief. However, before
steps could be taken toward organizing the women of the state as
outlined in this plan, the Governor, in view of the similarity between
this organization and the woman's committee proposed as a subsidiary
organization to the State Council of Defense, suggested that execu¬
tion of the plan be delayed until the State Council of Defense had
been appointed. Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen was named as the woman's
representative on the council.
With the original plan for a basis, the organization of the
Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense, was effected early in
May, 1917. When plans for the organization of the Woman's Com¬
mittee, Council of National Defense, were completed, which was not
until after the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense
of Illinois was a functioning organization, Mrs. Bowen was appointed
chairman for Illinois. Hence the Woman's Committee of Illinois
was both a division of the Woman's Committee, Council of Na¬
tional Defense, and a subsidiary organization of the State Council
of Defense. It maintained this dual character until February 1,
1919 when its connection with the State Council of Defense was
severed. From that time until its activities were discontinued or
transferred to permanent organizations, it was solely the Woman's
Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division.
The purpose of the Woman's Committee, "to give every woman
in Illinois an opportunity for patriotic service at home or abroad," re¬
quired an extensive organization for its proper execution. There were
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
57
¡n all twenty-two departments of the Woman's Committee: Organ¬
ization, Finance, War Information, Publicity, Speakers, Registration,
Volunteer Placement and Filing, Motor Corps, Courses of Instruc¬
tion, Employment, Illinois Training Farm, Food Production, Thrift
and Conservation, Child Welfare, Women and Children in Industry,
Social Service, Social Hygiene, Recreation for Girls, Liberty Chorus
and Community Singing, Americanization, Allied Relief, and Liberty
Loan. The chairman of these departments and the state officers com¬
posed the executive committee. This committee with two other
bodies—a city committee and a state council representing city-wide
and state-wide women's organizations with a total membership of
302,333—constituted the executive branch of the Woman's Com¬
mittee.
In addition to the specialized work of the various departments
the committee as a whole participated in certain general activities.
At the request of the Surgeon General of the army the committee
used its organization throughout the state to register student nurses
for army and civilian hospitals during August, 1918. At the Govern¬
ment War Exposition held in Chicago from September 2 to 14,
1918 the Woman's Committee had three booths filled with exhibits
and presented a daily program illustrating the work of each depart¬
ment. The committee also gave assistance to agencies engaged in
organizing relief for the influenza epidemic.
The Woman's Committee had a staff of thirty-three employees
and 128 volunteer assistants at state headquarters which were located
in the State Council of Defense building in Chicago. Throughout the
state 20,000 women gave regular volunteer service and 300,000
women gave some form of part-time volunteer service. In addition
to the chairman, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, there were the following
state officers: vice chairman, Mrs. Frederick A. Dow; recording
secretary, Mrs. Willis Wood; corresponding secretary, Mrs. George
R. Dean; treasurer, Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick; executive secre¬
tary, Miss Edna P. Strohm.
Allied Relief Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Allied Relief Department of the Woman's Committee
directed, coordinated and stimulated the activities of the various or-
58 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
ganizations of the state engaged in allied relief. It also organized
local allied relief committees to assist the work of the existing relief
societies. Among the allied relief organizations with which the
department cooperated were the following: American-British-French-
Belgian Permanent Blind Fund, Belgian Food Relief Committee of
Chicago, Canadian Division of Allied Relief Committee, Daughters
of the British Empire, Alliance Française—French Red Cross, Amer¬
ican Fund for French Wounded, Children of the Frontier, Fatherless
Children of France, Food for France and Allied Countries Fund,
Franco-American Corrective Surgical Appliance Committee, Italian
Relief Auxiliary, National Surgical Dressings Committee, Lake Shore
Drive Surgical Dressings Unit.
Mrs. Russell Tyson was chairman of the Allied Relief Depart¬
ment.
Americanization Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Americanization Department of the Woman's Committee
was organized in July, 1918 when it formulated a statement of its
purpose as follows: "To conduct an Americanization program which
shall unite the aims and ideals of both native and foreign born for a
better American citizenship and shall awaken in our foreign born
residents a desire for naturalization and for the speech of their adopted
country." As part of its program the department planned institutes
to prepare individuals to teach English to foreign adults. Two such
institutes were held, August 19-30, 1918 and February, 1919, with
an enrollment of 125 and 100 respectively.
Mrs. E. W. Bemis and Dr. Caroline Hedger were the successive
chairmen of the department.
Child Welfare Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Child Welfare Department was organized in January, 1918,
in an effort to profit from one of the important lessons of the opera¬
tion of the draft, namely that many of the physical disabilities of
adults are the results of improper care during infancy and childhood.
With statistics showing that out of every 1,000 babies born in Illinois
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
59
111 die before a year old, while out of every 1,000 soldiers fighting in
France eleven die, the department proceeded to impress upon the
people of the state the importance of a program which included items
such as weighing and measuring all children under six years, educa¬
tion in child hygiene, employing public health nurses throughout the
state, and guarding the milk supply. The Elizabeth McCormick
Memorial Fund, founded for the purpose of "improving the condi¬
tions of child life in the United States," assisted in the work. By
July, 1919 there were 1,008 child welfare chairmen, county and local,
in the state.
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood was chairman of the department.
Courses of Instruction Department, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Courses of Instruction Department of the Woman's Com¬
mittee was organized to help women to secure the training necessary
to fill war-time positions, but in time this aim became to enlarge the
educational opportunities for all working women. The first step
taken was to make a survey of existing employment needs by sending
letters to 1,250 members of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association.
For purposes of instruction resort was made to private classes, evening
schools, community centers, and part-time continuation classes. In¬
formation was collected as to the courses in the schools of Chicago
and in the educational institutions of the state which might be opened
to women, from which was compiled a bulletin containing a descrip¬
tive list of fifty courses including six in home economics, eight in
home nursing, six in languages, three in motor mechanics, eight in
office work, and four in telegraphy and wireless. A second edition,
listing forty-one new courses, was issued in April, 1918, and a third
edition, which listed ninety courses, thirty-nine of which were new,
appeared in the fall of 1918. From May, 1917 to January, 1918, 216
women applied to the department for information and advice con¬
cerning courses. By November, 1918 this number had increased to
309 for the month.
The chairman of the department was Mrs. William S. Hefferan.
60 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Employment Department, Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois
The Employment Department of the Woman's Committee was
organized to meet the need created by the general registration of
women. Its work was threefold in character—to analyze and register
the qualifications of women seeking work, to get in touch with em¬
ployers and learn their needs and to select the right women for the
right employment. On July 15, 1918 it combined with the United
States Employment Service and was henceforth known as the Em¬
ployment Department, Woman's Committee, Branch of the United
States Employment Service. Between January 21, 1918 and March
22, 1919 it registered 9,316 applicants and placed 2,258 in positions.
To help solve the problem of middle-aged and older women with no
business experience and those who were physically and mentally weak
a workroom was opened in Chicago where 150 women were employed
for part time.
Miss Florence Schee was manager of the department and Mrs.
E. J. McCarty was director of the Woman's Committee workroom.
Finance Department, Woman's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois
The chief function of the Finance Department of the Woman's
Committee was to raise the funds with which the other departments
might carry on their work. Between May, 1917 and July, 1919
$93,043.39 was raised by means of personal and written solicitation
and by entertainments. This department also assisted in the liberty
loan campaigns and organized committees to aid in the various forms
of allied relief. Through its efforts about $1,000,000 of the third
liberty loan, $1,061,000 of the fourth liberty loan, and $850,000 of
the victory loan were subscribed.
Mrs. J. Ogden Armour and Mrs. Charles E. Frankenthal were
the successive chairmen of the department.
Food Conservation Bureau, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 249.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
61
Fuel Conservation Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 261.
Illinois Motor Corps, Woman's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois
The Illinois Motor Corps of the Woman's Committee was
organized in March, 1918. The corps gave volunteer motor service
to the departments and committees of the Council of Defense and
other war organizations of Chicago and its suburbs. It was com¬
posed of thirty-five members who responded to 1,530 calls.
Mrs. Mark Walton was captain of the Illinois Motor Corps.
Organization Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Organization Department of the Woman's Committee was
composed of the twenty-five congressional district presidents of the
Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs and the state presidents of the
Parent-Teachers' Association, of the Church Federation, and of the
Department of Household Science of the Illinois Farmers' Institute.
The department organized the women of the state into congressional
district, county, township, city, town and school district units, with
chairmen and officers for each. The larger cities were organized into
wards, precincts, and in some cases into blocks. The district and coun¬
ty chairmen were appointed by the Organization Department while
the officers of the other units were elected by representatives of their
respective women's organizations. In all 2,136 local units were or¬
ganized in the state, with chairmen and departmental officers num¬
bering 7,700.
Miss Jessie I. Spafford was chairman of the Organization De¬
partment.
Publicity Department, Woman's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois
The Publicity Department, working through its central organ¬
ization and 488 publicity chairmen, appointed throughout the state,
placed the work of the Woman's Committee of the State Council of
62 WJR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Defense before the public. The department published a weekly news
letter which from July to November, 1918 was sent to 2,000 units of
the Woman's Committee, cooperated with the State Council of De¬
fense in the publication of the State Council News and furnished
news stories concerning the r%-ork of the Woman's Committee to
the newspapers of the state. The efforts of the Publidty Department
secured in the Chicago papers alone in one and one-half years 315,140
agate lines of free publicitj' and 501 illustrated articles. Through
its various channels of publicity the committee promoted several cam¬
paigns: one in July, 1917 in behalf of food conservation, one in
December, 1917 to interest the public in sugar substitutes, and a third
at the request of the Illinois Centennial Commission to inaugurate
centennial celebrations throughout the state.
Mrs. Cecil Barnes, Mrs. Walter Brewster, and Mrs. Joseph G.
Colman serv ed successively as chairman of the department.
Recreatiox for Girls' Department, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Recreation for Girls' Department of the Woman's Com¬
mittee was originally a part of the Health and Recreation Depart¬
ment. Its outstanding achievement was the organization of Patriotic
Service Leagues for girls, the activities of which included classes in
Red Cross work, work for allied relief agendes, home nursing, first
aid, dramatics, gymnastics, folk dancing, hiking, etc. On October
11, 1918 all work of the department in Cook and Lake Counties was
transferred to the War Camp Community Service.
Mrs. B. F. Langworthy was chairman.
Registr-vtion Department, Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois
The Registration Department of the Woman's Committee was
organized to take a census of all the women in the state especiallv
as to their education, training, and preferred occupation in case their
services should be required to offset the drain made by the war on
the male industrial and professional workers. A registration card was
prepared which with slight modifications was adopted at Washington
for use throughout the country. Two periods were set apart for in-
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
63
tensive registration—the week of November 5-11, 1917 and the period
beginning April 18, 1918—during which time 698,584 women regis¬
tered and furnished data as to the kind of work they were able to do.
With the names of the women in the community listed and classified
in 2,136 Illinois towns and cities, workers were easily available for all
forms of war activity.
The successive chairmen of the department were Mrs. H. W.
Cooley, Mrs. Robert de Golyer, and Mrs. Roy Dickey.
Social Hygiene Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Social Hygiene Department of the Woman's Committee
was originally the Health and Recreation Department which was
organized on July 6, 1917 with four subcommittees as follows:
Medical, Recreation, Law Enforcement, Spiritual and Moral Wel¬
fare. Its object was to "co-ordinate and stimulate all existing agencies
working for the physical and moral betterment of soldiers and sailors
and to arouse the lay populations in the vicinity of the camps to their
responsibilities toward them." A reorganization of the subcommittees
took place in February, 1918, the functions of the department thence¬
forth being to continue the campaign of education among women and
girls relative to social hygiene in war time, to give groups of girls
programs of recreation for their leisure hours, and to give training
courses to recreation leaders. In May, 1918 the Recreation for Girls
Department was organized to take charge of the Patriotic Service
Leagues, and the Health and Recreation Department became known
as the Social Hygiene Department. In continuing the work of
education relative to social hygiene women physicians were sent
through the state to deliver lectures.
Dr. Rachelle Yarros was chairman of the department.
Social Service Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Social Service Department of the Woman's Committee was
organized to stimulate work in social service, the need for which was
greatly increased by the war. The work of the department was done
by four committees—the Committee on State Work, the Committee
64 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
on Education and Propaganda, the Committee on Group Service, and
the Committee on Volunteer Service. On the basis of a conference
with experts and the returns from questionnaires sent out to deter¬
mine the status of social service in the state this department form¬
ulated a state program which dealt with the health of the community,
recreation, treatment of juveniles, care of the community poor,
mothers' pensions, and care of people in the institutions of the com¬
munity. It also issued appeals for volunteers qualified for social
service and arranged for short training courses with the Chicago
School of Civics aqd Philanthropy and the Loyola School of Sociology.
In order that agencies might profit as much as possible by the volun¬
teer service provided, it conferred with sixteen executives of social
agencies in Chicago to ascertain practices in using volunteer service.
In all, 1,463 volunteers were interviewed and registered for service
and 1,526 connections were made between agencies and volunteers.
Mrs. Harriet Dunlap Smith was chairman of the department.
Speakers' Department, Woman's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois
The Speakers' Department of the Woman's Committee, or¬
ganized in May, 1917, was closely allied with the War Information
Department in its purpose of keeping the public informed on the
issues of the war and measures necessary to its success. The depart¬
ment sent out circular letters requesting women's clubs, parent-
teachers' associations, fraternal orders, the granges and chautauquas
to reserve places on their programs for its speakers. Through a force
of 315 women qualified to speak on such diversified subjects as pa¬
triotism, work of the Woman's Committee, food production. Red
Cross and allied relief, social hygiene, conservation, woman's land
army, vocational supervision, and Americanization, this department
by July, 1919 had covered 2,909 meetings, had reached 693,604 peo¬
ple, and had visited 702 towns in the state. The Speakers' Depart¬
ment continued its work after the signing of the armistice, placing
special emphasis upon such subjects as Americanization and child
welfare.
Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank and Mrs. Edward H. Taylor were the
successive chairmen.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
65
Thrift and Conservation Department, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
See page 249.
Volunteer Placement and Filing Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Volunteer Placement and Filing Department of the
Woman's Committee was created in February, 1918 in order to
relieve the Registration Department of a part of its work which had
grown to very large proportions. To this new department was
assigned the classification and filing of the registration cards as well
as the assignment of volunteers to the various war organizations and
social and civic agencies desirous of securing workers. In Chicago
the department definitely placed 5,387 volunteers.
Mrs. Robert de Golyer and Mrs. Miles B. Hilly were the
chairmen.
War Information Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The War Information Department of the Woman's Committee
was organized to help in keeping the public informed on the issues of
the war. It made available for the use of standing committees ma¬
terial relating to similar work in Canada and England, supplied
speakers with accurate and new material, and collected and classified
for distribution data on the war and its bearing on woman's prob¬
lems. The department induced the University of Chicago to offer in
the fall and winter of 1917 a correspondence course on the "Back¬
grounds of the War." Its 498 representatives in the state opened
relations with such agencies as summer hotels, libraries, county in¬
stitutes, county fairs, churches, high schools, and women's clubs, to
which it distributed publications issued by the Committee on Public
Information, Council of National Defense, State Council of Defense,
United States Food Administration, Liberty Loan Committee, the
British Information Service, and similar war organizations.
Miss Virginia G. Chandler was chairman of the department.
Woman's Land Army, Illinois Division
See page 250.
66 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
\
Women and Children in Industry Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Women and Children in Industry Department was organ¬
ized to take care of the problem arising from the increased employ¬
ment of women and children in industry during the war. The de¬
partment met for the first time on May 18, 1917 and divided its
work among the following committees: the Committee on Children
in Industry, Committee on Day Nurseries, the Committee on Foreign-
Born Women, the Committee on Colored Women, the Committee on
Industrial Standards, and the Committee on Publications. The com¬
mittees organized classes among alien working women, gave instruc¬
tions in American ideals, investigated working conditions in manu¬
facturing plants and reported their findings to the Departments of
War and Labor. The department agitated for the passage of a child
labor law, and after July 1, 1917 worked for the enforcement of the
law passed by the Fiftieth General Assembly. In February, 1918 the
department began to urge the United States Department of Labor to
establish a Women in Industry Service, and this was effected on July
15, 1918.
Mrs. Raymond Robins was chairman of the department.
IL WAR LAWS AND THEIR
ENFORCEMENT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
The United States Department of Justice, which under the
direction of the Attorney General is the prosecuting agency in the
enforcement of federal statutes, was in charge of investigations and
prosecutions growing out of war laws. A War Emergency Division
was created early in the war to take charge of the department's war
activities, and under its supervision officials of the Department of
Justice in each judicial district, namely a United States district at¬
torney and a United States marshal with their assistants and deputies,
investigated violations of the law and brought offenders into court.
The department soon found that its personnel was unequal to the
demands made upon it, particularly for investigation work; con¬
sequently, as the war progressed additional assistant district at¬
torneys and deputy marshals were appointed, the cooperation of
federal departments as well as of state and local officials was sought,
and the services of various volunteer organizations whose object was
to be on the alert for evidences of enemy activity and of disloyalty
were utilized.
Before the United States entered the war the Department of
Justice had prosecuted a large number of cases involving the violation
of the neutrality of the United States and German criminal activity
in connection with the European war, and when the declaration of
war became imminent it prepared to conduct a vigorous campaign
against agents of the enemy. The assistance of all state and local
law-enforcing officials was of prime necessity in this work, and on
March 27 the department urged them to be on their guard in order
to check every sign of enemy activity. District attorneys and county
sheriffs were also ordered to familiarize themselves with sections
4067-70 of the Revised Statutes (relating to aliens and sedition) in
order to be prepared to handle enemy aliens residing in their dis¬
tricts should the President issue a proclamation ordering such action.
As a result these officials were ready to enforce the regulations for
[67]
68 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
controlling the conduct of enemy aliens as soon as the President's
proclamation of April 6, in which the rules were embodied, was issued.
In a number of ways the Department of Justice endeavored
to guard against conflicting interpretation of war statutes in the
various judicial districts. On October 27, 1917 United States dis¬
trict attorneys were asked to furnish copies of decisions, opinions or
charges to the jùry in espionage or selective service cases already tried
in their districts, and these were reissued in the form of a series known
as Bulletins on the Interpretation of War Statutes for the use of
district attorneys all over the country. United States attorneys were
ordered to keep the Attorney General informed of the progress of all
such cases, and after November 1, 1918 were forbidden to start cases
under certain titles of the Espionage Act without first submitting the
evidence to him.
The Department of Justice had the cooperation of a number of
organizations in carrying out its war work, particularly the work of
its Bureau of Investigation. The American Protective League, the
most widely organized of the volunteer organizations, furnished mem¬
bers for the work of investigation in all parts of the country. In
Chicago a woman's organization known as the Emergency Drivers
was formed under the direction of Mrs. Frederick D. Countiss to
render free automobile service to agents of the Department of Justice.
As the war progressed the Department of Justice was aided by various
federal organizations —notably the Military Intelligence Division,
the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Post Office Department, and the
Internal Revenue Service of the Treasury Department—in bringing
to light violations of war statutes. Representatives of these various
agencies which were engaged in carrying on investigations in the
Chicago district soon found it to their advantage to form an organ¬
ization known as the War Board. Under the chairmanship of H. G.
Clabaugh it held frequent meetings and accomplished much in the
way of avoiding duplication of effort and coordinating common activi¬
ties.
T. W. Gregory as attorney general was at the head of the
Department of Justice during the war period, while Bruce Bielaski
was chief of the Bureau of Investigation. Hinton G. Clabaugh was
chief of the Chicago division of the Bureau of Investigation.
WAR LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT
69
UNITED STATES COURTS IN ILLINOIS
The state of Illinois lies within the seventh judicial circuit of
the United States, and for the purpose of administering justice is
divided into the Northern (Chicago), Southern (Springfield), and
Eastern (Danville) Districts, each with a United States district court
and two representatives of the Department of Justice—a United
States attorney and a United States marshal. The district attorney is
responsible for discovering violations of the law and bringing the
offenders into court where he acts as prosecuting attorney. Cases
arising under federal war statutes therefore were started in the dis¬
trict courts, and very few went any further. Several were carried
to the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit at Chicago,
and two espionage cases were carried to the Supreme Court of the
United States.
During the war the United States attorneys and United States
marshals devoted by far the greater part of their time to business
relating to the enforcement of war statutes. Their work may best be
considered in connection with the laws which had to be enforced.
Selective Service Cases^—The greatest number of cases arising
from federal war statutes in Illinois, as well as in the United States
as a whole, were prosecuted in connection with the Selective Service
Act of May 18, 1917. Violations of the law fell into three classes;
those arising from failure of persons subject to the terms of the act
to fulfill the selective service regulations regarding registering, filling
out a questionnaire, or appearing for induction at the summons of the
local board ; those concerning persons who, while not themselves sub¬
ject to the selective service regulations, assisted others to evade the
law; and finally, those cases arising under Sections 12 and 13 of the
Selective Service Act designed to protect training camps and sur¬
rounding areas from the influence of liquor and vice. In the whole
United States approximately 47,000 selective service cases were started
in the courts prior to June 30, 1920. Of these some 19,000 had been
disposed of by that time, leaving about 28,000, considerably more than
half, to be terminated. Of the 14,848 cases which resulted in con¬
viction, defendants in 13,511 pleaded guilty.
Tor statistical data on selective service cases see Appendix Tables
numbers 1 and 2.
70 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Before June 30, 1917 there had been started in the Northern
District of Illinois 137 selective service cases of the total 265 for
the country, although there were none as yet in the Southern or
Eastern Districts. This large number was caused by the situation in
Rockford, where on June 5, 1917 the Industrial Workers of the
World made an anti-registration demonstration. A picnic was held
outside the city on that day for the purpose of keeping members and
sympathizers together until the registration booths should be closed.
Three persons were arrested on June 6 for failure to register and in
the demonstration that followed on the same evening, 135 additional
arrests were made. Upon trial early in July, 1917, 107 were sentenced
to a year in the Bridewell at Chicago, while the leader was sent to
Fort Leavenworth for two years.
During the period 1917-1920, 627 selective service cases were
started in Illinois, and of these 583 had been terminated by June 30,
1920. Convictions numbered 475, the defendants in 456 cases having
pleaded guilty. Of the total number of cases, 301 were started in the
Southern District, 278 in the Northern District, and 48 in the Eastern
District. Prosecutions under Sections 12 and 13 of the Selective Service
Act formed more than half of the total. Of these the greater number
were in the Southern District where the District Attorney made a
vigorous effort to clean up in certain areas the violation of the liquor-
selling regulations. In this district prosecutions under Sections 12
and 13 were seven times as numerous as those under other sections.
The comparatively small proportion of prosecutions for failure
to register, fill out a questionnaire, appear for induction, etc. is ex¬
plained by the fact that the figures represent only cases taken to court.
While slackers, delinquents and deserters were liable to arrest, very
frequently they were not prosecuted if they went into the service,
since it was considered more important to get eligibles into the army
and navy than into jail. The slacker drives, conducted by the Depart¬
ment of Justice and the American Protective League in July, 1918,
are evidence of this fact. In that drive 200,000 men in Chicago
were temporarily detained for examination, and 40,167 delinquents
were forced to appear before local boards. In the whole war period,
according to H. G. Clabaugh, chief of the Chicago office of the Bureau
of Investigation, 67,000 persons were apprehended and taken to local
WAR LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT
71
boards and there permitted to register or file their questionnaires;
nevertheless in all of the Northern District only 278 selective service
cases vi^ere prosecuted during the war.
The maximum penalty for failure to comply with the terms of
the act regarding registration, filing a questionnaire, appearing for
induction, or for aiding anyone to evade the law, etc. was one year's
imprisonment; for violation of Sections 12 and 13 of the act (re¬
lative to liquor and vice) the penalty was not more than one year's
imprisonment, a fine of not more than $1,000, or both. Of the total
of $399,137.75 levied in the United States in selective service cases,
during the fiscal years 1917-1920? $36,409.12 was imposed in Illinois
and $25,514.18 had been collected by June 30, 1920.
Espionage Cases'^—Espionage cases, the second largest in number
arising from federal war statutes, were prosecuted under the federal
criminal code and the Espionage Act as approved June 15, 1917 and
as amended May 16, 1918. Espionage cases covered seditious activity
of all kinds, including the printing and circulating of seditious ma¬
terial and making disloyal utterances. The last-named offense, which
was made punishable by the amendment of May 16, 1918, formed the
basis for prosecution in by far the largest number of cases, and greatly
increased the work of the federal judicial system. Because of differ¬
ing and conflicting interpretations put on the act by the United States
district attorneys throughout the country, the Attorney General
ordered on October 28, 1918 that after November 1 no case arising
under Sections 3 and 4 (disloyal utterances, activities, and conspiracy)
of Title I or under Title XII (use of mails to circulate seditious
material) was to be submitted to a grand jury until the approval of
the Attorney General had been secured. Many cases in Illinois were
ordered dropped because of insufficient evidence.
Throughout the country, 1,996 espionage cases were started dur¬
ing the years 1917-1920, and on June 30, 1920, 1,873 had been ter¬
minated. Convictions to the number of 924 had been secured, de¬
fendants in 510 cases having pleaded guilty. In Illinois during that
period, 104 cases had been started—25 in the Northern, 67 in the
Southern and 12 in the Eastern Districts. Convictions were secured
'For statistical data on espionage cases, see Appendix, Tables
Numbers 1 and 2.
72 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
in 49 cases, in 33 of which the defendants had pleaded guiltj'. The
penalties inflicted varied from four hours in the custody of the United
States marshal to twenty years at Fort Leavenworth, and a $20,000
fine. In all the district courts of the United States, fines for the
violation of the Espionage Act to the amount of $3,067,715.36 were
levied, and of this amount $2,590,228.94 was imposed in Illinois.
Up to and including June 30, 1920, $203,322.93 of the amount im¬
posed by the courts throughout the country, and $7,867.45 of the
amount imposed by the courts in Illinois had been collected.
Food and Fuel Cases—By Section 4 of the Food and Fuel Con¬
trol Act of August 10, 1917 such offenses as restricting the supply of
necessaries to enhance their price, wilfully wasting or destroying com¬
modities for the purpose of restricting the supply, and conspiring,
combining or arranging with any person to limit the production and
distribution of necessaries or to charge excessive prices for necessaries
were made unlawful. During the war, however, comparatively few
such cases were brought into court, as the regulations regarding food
and fuel were enforced largely by the United States Food and Fuel
Administrations through the direction of public opinion. In the
Northern District of Illinois proceedings were instituted against
twelve persons accused of charging excessive prices for sugar but
all of the cases were eventually dropped. In the Southern District
four cases v.ere begun against persons accused of charging exorbitant
prices for coal, two of which resulted in convictions. Three cases
relating to the hoarding of necessaries were started in the Eastern Dis¬
trict, and in the one case where conviction was obtained the defendant
pleaded guilty, his offense being gross negligence in allowing two cars
of potatoes to freeze. Many cases of violation which were discovered
by the United States Food and Fuel Administrations never came into
court because the person concerned agreed to discontinue the offense
and to pay to the Red Cross or to some charitable organization a
certain sum of money as a penalty. The threat of publicity usually
brought the desired effect.
The greatest amount of activity' in connection with enforcing the
provisions of the Lever Act occurred after the war was over when
the cost of living began to mount rapidly. On October 22, 1919
Section 4 of the act of August 10, 1917 was amended so as to provide
WAR LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT
73
a penalty for the offenses before listed as unlawful, and up to June
30, 1920 more than a thousand prosecutions were instigated through¬
out the country directed against "profiteers." On the appeal of
certain of these cases to the Supreme Court of the United States, how¬
ever, Section 4 of the Lever Act as amended was declared unconstitu¬
tional, whereupon the Department of Justice withdrew all contem¬
plated suits relative to profiteering.
Threats against the President—A few cases arising from the act
of February 14, 1917 to punish persons making threats against the
President were prosecuted in Illinois. In interpreting the law it was
held unnecessary that there should be any possibility of the threat
being carried out—a serious and intentional uttering or writing of
the threat was sufficient. In Illinois two such cases were prosecuted
in the Northern District, nine in the Southern and fifteen in the
Eastern District. The penalty on conviction was imprisonment not
to exceed five years, a fine of not more than $1,000, or both.
Regulation of Enemy Aliens—By authority of sections 4067-70
of the Revised Statutes, the President in the proclamation of April
6, 1917 declaring a state of war with Germany made twelve regula¬
tions for the conduct of enemy aliens residing in the United States.
From time to time he issued additional proclamations embodying reg¬
ulations which grew more stringent as the war progressed. The regis¬
tration of all male German aliens, 14 years of age and over, ordered
by the President on November 16, 1917, took place under the super¬
vision of the Department of Justice during the week beginning Feb¬
ruary 4, 1918. The work was conducted by police officials in urban
communities (population 5,000 or more) and by postmasters in non-
urban communities, the registration records being kept by the United
States marshal in each district. By an act of April 16, 1918 amending
Sections 4067-70 of the Revised Statutes and by presidential procla¬
mation of April 19, 1918 the control of enemy aliens was extended to
women, consequently a second period of registration beginning on
June 17, 1918 was designated for German women. After the
declaration of war with Austria Hungary the President on December
11, 1917 issued a proclamation relative to the conduct of Austro-
Hungarian alien enemies which simply restricted their right to leave
and enter the country without permission and provided internment
74 Ii AR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
for the dangerous. Registration of Austro-Hungarians was never
required.
In all some 260,000 male and 222,000 female German aliens
registered throughout the country. In Illinois there was a total regis¬
tration of 40,234, distributed through the three districts as follows:
Northern, 34,050 (17,796 male; 16,254 female); Southern, 4,248
(2,123 male; 2,125 female); Eastern, 1,936 (1,128 male; 808
female). Approximately 250,000 investigations of enemy aliens were
conducted by the Department of Justice throughout the United States
and 8,500 arrests were made under presidential warrant. Twenty-
two hundred officers and seamen of the German merchant marine
and 2,300 civilians were actually interned. Chicago was a concen¬
tration point for enemy aliens who were being sent from the north-
central states to Fort Oglethorpe for internment. During the war
eight special trains filled with enemy aliens boimd for that internment
camp were sent out from Chicago.
WTiile ordinarily the only restriction of the movements of enemy
aliens was the requirement that they obtain a permit to go from one
district to another, the industrial character of Chicago required that
there they be barred from many zones or areas including the canal
and lake fronts which required much patroling on the part of the staff
of the United States Marshal's office. CKer 20,000 permits were
issued to aliens to go within barred zones as occasion demanded.
Workmen were admitted to the water front on being vouched for
by their employers. Several innovations begun by the Northern Dis¬
trict were later copied elsewhere, such as issuing permits to allow
traveling salesmen to go about their work.
The personnel of the United States circuit and district courts and
the Department of Justice officials concerned with administering
justice in Illinois during the war period was as follows:
The Court of Appeals of the United States for the Seventh Cir¬
cuit: Judge Francis E. Baker, presiding; Judge Julian W. Mack,
Judge Christian C. Kohlsaat (died May 11, 1918), Judge Evan A.
Evans, Judge Samuel Alschuler, Judge George T. Page.
Northern District Court, held at Chicago and Freeport: Judge
K. AI. Landis, Judge George A. Carpenter.
Eastern District Court, held at Dan%ille, Cairo and East St.
WAR LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT
75
Louis: Judge Francis M. Wright (died July 15, 1917), succeeded by
Judge W. English.
Southern District Court held at Springfield and Quincy: Judge
J. Otis Humphrey (died June 14, 1918), succeeded by Judge Louis
Fitz Henry.
U. S. District Attorneys: Charles F. Clyne, Northern District;
Edward C. Knotts, Southern District; Charles A. Karch, succeeded
in 1918 by James C. Burnside, Eastern District.
U. S. Marshals: John J. Bradley, Northern District; Vincent
Y. Dallman, Southern District; Cooper Stout, Eastern District.
ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN
The office of the Alien Property Custodian was created by the
Trading with the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917 and was filled by
the appointment of A. Mitchell Palmer by the President on October
22, 1917. The duties of the Custodian were to discover, take over,
and administer property owned in the United States by enemy aliens
or allies of enemies, the purpose being to prevent enemy control of
property in the United States for the benefit of the enemy. The Alien
Property Custodian at first acted simply as a trustee for the property
he held, hut on March 28, 1918 his Americanization plan was ap¬
proved and he was authorized to sell alien property to Americans in
order to break up the German monopoly of United States industries,
while by an act of November 4, 1918 he was further authorized to
take over patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc., owned by the enemy.
Funds derived from the sale of enemy property were invested in
liberty bonds and held in trust for the owner, pending action of Con¬
gress.
The cooperation of lawyers, bankers, probate judges, building
and loan associations and postmasters was sought by the Custodian
in the task of ascertaining alien-owned property. Corporations were
required to submit a list of stockholders believed to be enemies, and
where the enemy interest exceeded 15 per cent, the Alien Property
Custodian took charge and appointed directors to represent the govern¬
ment in the management of the business. In many instances the
enemy interest was one hundred per cent. The Alien Property Cus¬
todian during the war period took over enemy-owned property valued
76 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
between seven and eight hundred million dollars and administered
more than 32,000 trusts.
Nine companies located in Illinois were enemy-owned to the
extent of 15 per cent or more, and of these the enemy interest in
one was 99 per cent, in another, 95 per cent, and in a third 88 per
cent. The total capitalization of these companies was $4,973,300,
of which about $3,913,000 was enemy owned and was taken over by
the Custodian. In these nine corporations the Alien Property Cus¬
todian had 21 directors representing the government's interests.
The Alien Property Custodian designated in each state certain
depositories for enemy property, and appointed a counsel to act as his
representative. In Illinois the depositories were as follows; State
Bank of Bloomington (Bloomington) ; Central Trust Company,
Chicago Savings Bank and Trust Company, Chicago Title and Trust
Company, Continental and Commercial Trust and Savings Bank,
First Trust and Savings Bank, Harris Trust and Savings Bank,
Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, Merchants Loan and Trust Com¬
pany, Peoples Trust and Savings Bank, Phillip State Bank, Southwest
State Bank, Standard Trust and Savings Bank, State Bank of Chicago,
The Northern Trust Company, and The Union Trust Company
(Chicago) ; Illinois State Bank (East St. Louis) ; Forest Park State
Bank (Forest Park) ; La Salle National Bank (La Salle) ; Litchfield
Bank and Trust Company (Litchfield) ; Peoples Savings Bank and
Trust Company (Moline) ; First Trust and Savings Bank, Home
Savings and State Bank (Peoria).
Boetius H. Sullivan of Chicago served as the counsel of the Alien
Property Custodian in Illinois.
AMERICAN PROTECTIVE LEAGUE
The American Protective League originated in Chicago early
in 1917 to fill the need of the Department of Justice for more assist¬
ants to carry on the work of investigating cases arising from war
statutes. A plan proposed by A. M. Briggs to Hinton G. Clabaugh,
chief of the Chicago office of the Bureau of Investigation, whereby
certain civilians might cooperate with the bureau in the work of in¬
vestigation as well as in other ways, was approved and forwarded to
Washington. Mr. Briggs was invited to confer with Department
WAR LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT
77
of Justice officials regarding the plan, and on March 22, 1917 the
organization of the American Protective League was authorized.
A Chicago Division was started on March 26, and in a short time the
organization was adopted in all parts of the United States with the
result that American Protective League members were to be found in
all communities of any size. Work of the league soon required greater
cooperation and coordination than the early plan of organization
afforded, and on November 1, 1917 a National Board of Directors
was formed. National headquarters were established in Washington
on November 15.
American Protective League members, or operatives, as they
were known, played a double part in the enforcement of war statutes.
Being continually on the watch for violations of the law, especially
the selective service and espionage laws, they served as a vigilance
committee ; in the second place, since operatives were available through¬
out the country who were familiar with local conditions, they were of
particular service in assisting the Department of Justice to secure
specific information which it needed. The American Protective
League rendered service to other government organizations than the
Department of Justice, notably the Military Intelligence Division of
the War Department.
The Chicago Division of the American Protective League, which
was one of the largest in the country, had at the time of the armistice
6,142 active members and 7,000 members in the Industrial Branch.
Up to January 21, 1919 it had made 99,175 investigations. Strong
organizations were also formed in other cities of the state. In
practically every case which was brought to trial American Protec¬
tive League operatives had been of assistance in securing evidence.
Illinois men, as might be supposed from the origin of the Amer¬
ican Protective League, were very active in the national as well as
state organization. A. M. Briggs served as chairman of the National
Board, of which Charles Daniel Frey, and Victor Elting of Chicago
were also members. Those in charge of the Chicago Division were
as follows: Charles Frey, chief. May 22—October, 1917; Robert
A. Gunn, acting chief, October, 1917—January 26, 1918; John F.
Gilchrist, January 26, 1918—September 21, 1918, succeeded by
Robert A. Gunn.
in. MILITAEY AND NAVAL
ACTIVITIES
ILLINOIS ORGANIZATIONS
Illinois National Guard
The Illinois National Guard, after its units had been demobilized
in the early months of 1917 following service on the Mexican border,
went through a period of reorganization in order to conform with
the provisions of the National Defense Act approved June 3, 1916.
The oath taken by members of the Illinois National Guard was held
insufEcient by the War Department, and as taking the new oath was
voluntary and the term of enlistment was not that of the original
contract, recruiting was strenuously carried on for a few months.
The state's forces were further depleted by the Dependent Relative
Order which provided for the immediate discharge of a soldier
who had a mother, wife, or child dependent upon him to a degree
that if he were called into federal service, his dependents would be
entitled to the benefit of a federal appropriation for maintenance.
During this period of reconstruction it was obvious that the
Illinois National Guard must soon be called into the federal service.
Shortly before war was declared, part of the 1st Infantry was again
federalized and assigned to duty guarding important transportation
ways, munition depots and arsenals in Illinois and surrounding states,
and during April the remainder of the 1st Infantry, and the 5th and
6th Infantry Regiments were mustered into the federal service for
similar duty.
At this period units of the Illinois National Guard were or¬
ganized or had headquarters in the following places; Aledo, Aurora,
Belvidere, Benton, Bloomington, Cairo, Canton, Carbondale, Casey,
Champaign, Chicago, Chicago Heights, Danville, DeKalb, Decatur,
Delavan, Dixon, Effingham, Elgin, Freeport, Galesburg, Geneseo,
Hillsboro, Hoopeston, Jacksonville, Kankakee, Kewanee, Metropolis,
Monmouth, Moline, Morrison, Newton, Oak Park, Olney, Ottawa,
Paris, Pekin, Peoria, Pontiac, Quinc\-, Rockford, Rock Island, Shelby-
[78]
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 79
ville, Springfield, Sterling, Sullivan, Urbana, Vandalia, Waukegan,
Woodstock. The organization included the administrative staff, eight
infantry regiments, one cavalry regiment, one field artillery regiment,
one signal corps company, one engineer battalion and two field hos¬
pital companies. First Brigade Headquarters were at Chicago, Second
Brigade Headquarters at Quincy. The strength of the Illinois Na¬
tional Guard on June 30, 1917 was 459 officers and 16,307 men.
At the request of the War Department the organization of new
units was undertaken along with the other measures of reconstruction
and the following were added to the state's forces: 3d Field Artil¬
lery, one regiment of engineers less one company already organized.
Field Hospitals Nos. 3 and 4, and Ambulance Companies Nos. 1, 2,
3 and 4. The War Department stated that no cavalry regiments
would be taken into the federal service from the states, so in a brief
time the 1st Illinois Cavalry was converted into the 2d Field Artillery.
By proclamation of the President of July 3, 1917 all units of
the Illinois National Guard were to be inducted into the federal
service by August 5, 1917, but it was actually August 11 before the
last unit was federalized. The organizations and their dates of in¬
duction are as follows:
1st Infantry, commanded by Col. Joseph B. Sanborn.
(Except Supply Co., Dental Corps, and
Cos. D, E and G)
.. .April
4,
1917
Supply Co
26,
1917
Cos. D, E and G
6,
1917
Dental Corps
. . .Aug.
4,
1917
h Infantry, commanded by Col. Frank S. Wood.
M.G. Co. and Co. F
13,
1917
Co. D
((
14,
1917
Hq. Co
<(
15,
1917
Co. B
H
16,
1917
Cos. I and M
((
17,
1917
Co. E
((
19,
1917
Co. L
((
22,
1917
Co. K
H
24,
1917
Supply Co
15,
1917
4
80 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Co. May 16
San. Detach. Cos. A, G and H 19
6th Infantry, commanded by Col. Charles G. Davis.
Sanitary Detachment April
Co. A
Cos. E, F, G and H
M.G. Cos. B, C, D and L
Co. K
Hq. and Supply Cos. and Cos. I and M....
2d Infantry, commanded by Col. John J. Garrity.
Aug
3d Infantry, commanded by Col. Charles H. Green.
Field and Staff July 28
Supply Co. and Sanitary Detach., M.G.
Co., Cos. B, C, D, E, K and M "
Cos. G, H, I, L "
Cos. A and F Aug.
Hq. Co "
4th Infantry, commanded by Lt. Col. E. P. Clayton.
Headquarters Co. and Sanitary Detachment.. .Aug. 1
Co. H July 28
Cos. C, D and G " 30
M.G. Co " 31
Cos. A and K Aug. 2
Co. I "
Co. E "
Supply Co "
Cos. B and M "
Co. F "
Co. L "
7th Infantry, commanded by Col. Daniel Moriarity.
Aug. 3,
8th Infantry, commanded by Col. Franklin A. Denison.
Co. L July 29,
Hq., M.G., Sanitary Detachment, Supply Co.,
Cos. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H Aug. 3,
5
11
10
21
22
23
8
30
31
1
6
3
4
5
7
8
11
1917
1917
1917
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 81
Co. M Aug. 5, 1917
Cos. I and K " 11,1917
1st Field Artillery, commanded by Col. Henry J. Reilly.
July 20, 1917
2d Field Artillery, commanded by Col. Milton J. Foreman.
Aug. 10, 1917
3d Field Artillery, commanded by Col. Gordon Strong.
Battery A Aug. 4, 1917
Hq. Sanitary Detachment, Supply and
Batteries B and C Aug. 7, 1917
Batteries D, E and F " 9, 1917
Field Hospital No. 1, commanded by Maj. William J. Swift.
Aug. 1, 1917
No. 2, commanded by Maj. G. M.
Blech " 3, 1917
No. 3, commanded by Maj.
Frederick O. Frederickson ... " 3, 1917
No. 4, commanded by Maj.
Joseph McKinley " 3, 1917
Ambulance Companies No. 1, commanded by Maj.
G. U. Lipschulch Aug. 6, 1917
No. 2, commanded by 1st
Lieut. H. C. Johannes " 9, 1917
No. 3, commanded by 1st
Lieut. Charles S. Kubik " 10, 1917
No. 4, commanded by 1st
Lieut. George F. John¬
ston " 10, 1917
Signal Corps, commanded by Capt. Alvin H. McNeal
Aug. 1, 1917
1st Regiment Engineers, commanded by Col. Henry A. Allen.
Co. A June 20, 1917
Sanitary Detachment, Cos. C, D and F Aug. 7, 1917
Staff Co. B and E " 8, 1917
82 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The strength of the Illinois National Guard on August 5, 1917,
the day set by the President for the mustering of all units into the
federal service, was 18,619 officers and men, distributed as follows:
Officers Men
Administrative Stafï Corps 7 54
1st Infantry 54 1,990
2d Infantry 54 1,468
3d Infantry 56 1,637
4th Infantry 55 1,591
5th Infantry 50 1,527
6th Infantry 47 1,456
7th Infantry 57 1,699
8th Infantry 42 1,405
1st Field Artillery 36 1,206
2d Field Artillery 41 1,266
3d Field Artillery 28 1,026
Engineer Regiment 31 862
Signal Corps 3 75
Field Hospitals Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 19 319
Ambulance Cos. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 10 448
590 18,029
Recruiting was continued, however, and the organization finally
reached a maximum strength of approximately 25,000.
The Illinois National Guard was mobilized at Camp Logan,
Texas, and there, except for four units, was reorganized into the
33d Division under the command of Major General George Bell,
Jr. Those units of the guard which were not assigned to the 33d
Division were the 1st Field Artillery, which became the 149th Field
Artillery of the 42d Division, the 8th Infantry (colored) which be¬
came the 370th Infantry, 93d Division, and the band units of the 5th
and 7th Infantry Regiments which were attached to the 304th and
305th Cavalry respectively. The new assignments of the former
state units were as follows:
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 83
Former State Unit Reorganization or Assignment Div.
1st Inf. Brig. Hq 66th Inf. Brig. Hq 33d
2d Inf. Brig. Hq 65th Inf. Brig. Hq 33d
1st Inf 131st Inf 33d
2d Inf 132nd Inf 33d
3d Inf 129th Inf 33d
4th Inf 130th Inf 33d
5th Inf
Hq. less band 129th Inf 33d
Supply Co 130th Inf 33d
Co. A 108th Ammunition Train 33d
Cos. B and H 108th Hq. and M. P 33d
Cos. C, D and L 124th M. G. Bn 33d
Cos. E, I and K 122d M. G. Bn 33d
Cos. F and G and M. G... .123d M. G. Bn 33d
Co. M 108th Engineer Train 33d
Band 304th Cavalry
6th Inf
Less M. G. Co 123d F. A 33d
M. G. Co 108th T. M. Battery 33d
7th Inf
M. G. Co 122d M. G. Bn 33d
Cos. A, B, C, D and F 108th Ammunition Train 33d
Cos. G, H, I, K, L and M.. 108th Supply Train 33d
Hq. Co. less band 132d Inf : 33d
Supply Co 131st Inf 33d
Band 305th Cavalry
8th Inf. (Colored) 370th Inf 93d
1st F. A 149th F. A 42d
2d F. A 122d F. A 33d
3d F. A 124th F. A 33d
Co. A, Signal Corps 108th F. S. Bn 33d
1st Engineers 108th Engineers 33d
Field Hospitals Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
and Ambulance Cos. Nos. 1,
2, 3, 4 108th Sanitary Train 33d
84 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
In anticipation of the federalization of the National Guard and
the consequent helplessness of the state to preserve order within its
own borders should an emergency arise, three National Guard in¬
fantry regiments were created for service in the state. The 9th,
10th and 11th Infantry, Illinois National Guard, commanded by
Col. Claude E. Ryman, Col. Oscar P. Yeager, and Col. James E.
Stuart, respectively, were mustered into the service of the state on
June 26, July 21, and July 24, 1917. By order of the Governor
these regiments were brigaded under the command of the Adjutant
General, Brigadier General Frank S. Dickson, and were ordered to
the state camp at Springfield for a period of intensive training.
In view of the fact that the federalization of the National Guard
automatically released its members from any obligations to the state
and that the military units organized for service in the state during
the war were at best emergency organizations, upon the cessation of
the war the state was faced by the necessity of creating a new
National Guard. Accordingly on October 6, 1919 the Adjutant
General announced that although the state would continue to sup¬
port and maintain existing military organizations, i. e., the 9th, 10th
and 11th Regiments, Illinois National Guard, and the Reserve Mili¬
tia, active steps would be taken "to recreate the National Guard along
organization lines looking toward the ultimate infantry division in
the state." This work was facilitated by the fact that a number of
the state units created during the war and individuals who served in
these units or in the United States Army formed a nucleus around
which was built the new organization.
Illinois Naval Militia (U. S. Naval Volunteers)
The Illinois Naval Militia is the naval branch of the forces
maintained by the state under the immediate direction of the Ad¬
jutant General of Illinois, and was an organization through which
a considerable number of Illinois men entered the service during the
war. The militia was ready for induction when war was declared
on April 6, 1917, and 40 officers and somewhat more than 600 men
were immediately dispatched for the seaboard to enter the U. S.
Navy.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 85
The Naval Militia under state control had operated up to 1914
with practically no federal supervision. At that time steps were
taken to put such state organizations on a sound and uniform basis,
and "An Act to promote the efficiency of the Naval Militia, and for
other purposes" was approved February 16, 1914. This act provided
for a uniform organization to be established in the states and terri¬
tories by the Secretary of the Navy, which could be called out by the
President to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, and to perform other
specified service. The Naval Militia was to participate in cruises,
maneuvers, field instructions and encampments as directed by the
Secretary of the Navy, and to engage for five consecutive days an¬
nually in military or naval exercise prescribed by the Secretary of the
Navy or the Governor of the State.
But since the Naval Militia could be called into federal service
only for limited duties, another agency was required, and to meet
this need an organization known as the National Naval Volunteers
was created by an act approved August 29, 1916. By this act mem¬
bers of the Naval Militia were authorized to join for "any emerg¬
ency" of which the President was sole judge. This made the or¬
ganization available for immediate federal service, since practically
every member of the Naval Militia enrolled in the National Volun¬
teers when war was declared, and on April 6, 1917, 666 officers and
9,500 men throughout the country were inducted into the service
through this channel. Recruiting was continued until September 1,
1917, when the Naval Militia had increased to 852 officers and 16,000
men, exclusive of marine companies. On June 30, 1918 the National
Naval Volunteers were consolidated with the U. S. Naval Reserve
Force. At that time there were 1,529 members who gave their
residence as Illinois.
The Illinois Naval Militia, at the time of its induction into
the federal service, comprised a headquarters staff, ten divisions and a
marine company under the general direction of the Adjutant General
of Illinois and under the immediate command of Capt. E. A. Evers.
Divisions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the militia were located in Chicago,
5 and 6 being engineer divisions. The 7th Division had head¬
quarters at Moline, the 8th at Peoria, the 9th at Alton, and the lÜth
86 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
at Quincy. In addition there was a marine company with head¬
quarters at Chicago.
Illinois Reserve Militia
The organization of a reserve militia from the unorganized
militia of the state was authorized by an act passed by the Fiftieth
General Assembly and approved June 25, 1917. This act empowered
the Governor to issue a proclamation calling for volunteers for "com¬
panies, battalions, regiments, brigades or other units of land forces to
be known as the Reserve Militia," to be organized to maintain the
public order on the federalization of the Illinois National Guard.
The term of enlistment in this militia was to be fixed by the Governor
at not more than two years. The following oath was to be admin¬
istered to those enlisting: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will true allegiance bear to the State of Illinois, and that I will up¬
hold its Constitution and laws and will serve it faithfully; that I
will obey orders of the Commander-in-Chief and of such officers as may
he placed over me, and the laws, rules and regulations of the reserve
militia, so help me God." The organization, maintenance, and
equipment of the militia except when in actual service of the state
was to he at private expense; but when on active duty for the state
the officers of the reserve militia were to receive the same pay as
those of the National Guard and enlisted men were to receive $1.00
per day.
Within two months after the approval of this act all units of
the Illinois National Guard had been called into federal service and
the need of an organization for home defense had become immediate.
A call for 6,000 volunteer recruits for the Illinois Reserve Militia
was made by the Governor in a proclamation issued on September
17, 1917, and this was followed on March 4, 1918 by a second call
for 11,000 men. The Adjutant General was directed by the Gov¬
ernor to model the organization of the various units of the Reserve
Militia on the table of organization prescribed by the War Depart¬
ment and in the acceptance and organization of volunteer units to
give preference to the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training
Corps.
The last instruction was scrupulously heeded. The State Coun-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 87
cil of Defense tendered to the Adjutant General those units of the
Volunteer Training Corps which had complied with the regulations
of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense and had
volunteered for service in the Reserve Militia. The tender was
promptly accepted and the 5th and 6th Regiments, Illinois Reserve
Militia, were organized from the Volunteer Training Corps. Unit
No. 9, Alton, became Company C; Unit No. 51, Springfield, Com¬
pany D; Unit No. 20, Carbondale, Company E; Unit No. 19, Gibson
City, Company F; Unit No. 2, Decatur, Company G; Unit No. 7,
Milford, Company M; Unit No. 42, Morris, Company A; Unit No.
3, Wheaton, Company B; Unit No. 14, Sterling, Company L; Unit
No. 6, Elgin, Company I; Unit No. 15, Naperville, Company L;
and Unit No. 17, Yorkville, Company K—all of the 5th Regiment.
Unit No. 50, Lincoln became Company A; Unit No. 26, Liberty-
ville. Company B; Unit No. 29, Jacksonville, Company C; Unit No.
77, Sycamore, Company D; Unit No. 16, Moline, Company E; Unit
No. 30, Dixon, Company F ; Unit No. 391, Glen Ellyn, Company G;
Unit No. 45, Lexington, Company H; Unit No. 47, Geneva, Com¬
pany I; Unit No. 67, Aurora, Company K; Unit No. 40, Kewanee,
Company L—all of the 6th Regiment. Certain units of the Volun¬
teer Training Corps not incorporated in the 5th and 6th regiments
volunteered for service in the so-called depot organization of the
Reserve Militia from which was later organized the 7th Regiment.
The 5th, 6th and 7th Regiments were brigaded under the command
of Brig. Gen. Frank P. Wells. The 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th Regiments,
Illinois Reserve Militia, were formed largely from the Volunteer
Training Corps of Cook County and were brigaded under the com¬
mand of Maj. Gen. E. C. Young, succeeded by Brig. Gen. LeRoy
T. Steward.
As finally organized, the Illinois Reserve Militia was as follows:
Commanding Officer Date Officers Men
1st Regiment. .Col. LeRoy T. Steward. .Oct. 31, 1917 50 852
2d Regiment. .Col. Joseph C. Wilson . .Oct. 31, 1917 52 865
3d Regiment. .Col. A. L. Bolte Oct. 31,1917 51 778
4th Regiment—Col. E. H. Switzer Oct. 31, 1917 47 784
5th Regiment. . Col. Charles P. Summers May 6,1918 43 765
88 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
6th Regiment.. Col. Franc Bacon May 6,1918
7th Regiment.. Maj. Hal Smith Aug. 6,1918
8th Regiment. .Col. J. E. Caldwell July 22, 1918
1st Separate
Battalion. .. .Maj. John R. Marshall. Oct. 31, 1917
38 Separate
Companies, D. O Oct. 4, 1918-
Nov. 9,1918 114 2,470
All units mustered into the Reserve Militia were fully armed
and uniformed. By June, 1918 the state had received from the
federal government 5,800 Krag rifles, model 1898, and 3,000 Russian
rifles, a total of 8,800 arms, and a commensurate number of rounds
for each rifle.
The need for such an organization as the Illinois Reserve Militia
did not cease with the signing of the armistice—in fact, the militia
saw its greatest activity after that date. On July 28-29, 1919 the
1st, 2d, and 4th Infantry of the Reserve Militia were ordered to
Chicago to help quell a riot, and on August 13, 1919 the 2d Battalion
of the 7th Infantry was ordered to Peoria for active dutj'. Mem¬
bers of the Illinois Reserve Militia were not accorded the right to be
mustered out until October 1, 1920.
State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps
The State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps was
created in May, 1917 in anticipation of the need of the state for
troops for home defense after the Illinois National Guard should be
called into the federal service. A conference to discuss the require¬
ments was held by the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor and the
Adjutant General on May 23, 1917, following which the Committee
on Military Affairs, State and Local Defense evolved the plan for
the formation of the Volunteer Training Corps, units of which were
to be organized throughout the state under the direction of the State
Council of Defense.
The regulations, aims, and purposes of such a corps were stated
in a circular which was distributed throughout the state: all able-
bodied citizens between the ages of 18 and 55 were eligible to mem¬
bership in the Volunteer Training Corps; all cities and towns which
40 607
20 847
42 744
16 297
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 89
organized and maintained at least one company of the minimum
strength of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant,
four sergeants, eight corporals, and sixty-five privates were to be
recognized as posts of the State Council of Defense Volunteer Train¬
ing Corps; officers to command the various units were to be com¬
missioned by the State Council of Defense upon recommendation of
the Adjutant General; the State Council of Defense might make
changes in the Corps at its own discretion and it might order units
which failed to drill a minimum period of two hours per week with
a minimum attendance of sixty to disband ; as required by the federal
law of June 3, 1916 the uniform worn by the members of the corps
was distinctive from that of the United States Army or the National
Guard.
The citizens of the state responded to this circular with numer¬
ous requests for the recognition of volunteer units. In view of the
vigor of the response and the consequent large amount of work to be
done the state was divided into two parts: Division No. 1, the
state at large, and Division No. 2, Chicago and Cook County.
The Military Committee of the State Council of Defense was
directly in charge of Division No. 1. Headquarters were established
in Springfield and 105 units, established in the following towns and
cities, were recognized:
Alton (2), A^nchor, Assumption, Atlanta, Augusta, Aurora,
Barry, Basco, Batavia, Beason, Bedford, Bellflower, Cairo, Camp
Point, Carbondale, Carthage, Chestnut, Clayton (2), Coal City,
Cuba, Decatur, DeKalb, Dixon, Dwight, E. St. Louis (3), Elgin,
Emden, Franklin Grove, Gardner, Geneva, Geneseo, Gibson City,
Glen Ellyn, Golden, Green Valley, Hamilton (2), Hartsburg, Hinck¬
ley, Jacksonville, Johnston City, Joliet (2), Kankakee (3), Kewanee,
Keyesport, La Harpe, Lawrenceville, Lexington, Libertyville, Lincoln
(2), Loraine, Mazon, Mendon, Meredosia, Metropolis, Middletown,
Milford, Minooka, Morris, Mt. Pulaski, Mt. Sterling, Moline,
Momence, Naperville, New Bedford, New Canton, New Holland,
Paxton, Pekin, Peoria (4), Perry, Plymouth, Quincy, Rushville, Say-
brook, St. Anne, St. Charles, St. Joseph, Sheldon, Springfield (2),
Sterling (2), Sycamore, Taylorville, Union, Verona, Versailles, Wal¬
nut, Warsaw, Wauconda, West Point, Wheaton, Yorkville. Thir-
90 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
teen units failed to fulfill the regulations and were disbanded.
Seventy-three additional towns and cities upon inquiry were instructed
by the State Council of Defense as to the procedure necessary for
the formation of Volunteer Training Corps units but failed to take
any further action.
To supervise the formation of all units of the Council of Defense
Volunteer Training Corps in Cook County, the Military Com¬
mittee appointed the Cook County Auxiliary Committee on Military
Affairs. This committee organized in all 130 volunteer units, with
a total membership of 15,000 men, from which were organized the
1st, 2d, 3d and 4th Regiments of the Illinois Reserve Militia.
In addition to increasing the public security the Volunteer Train¬
ing Corps was of signal use in other ways. As a school of instruction
for men of draft age it received commendation from Maj. Gen.
Leonard Wood in a letter of April 15, 1918 to Lieutenant Governor
John G. Oglesby. Moreover the Volunteer Training Corps stim¬
ulated patriotic feeling and conspicuously aided recruiting.
A year's experience with the Volunteer Training Corps forced
upon the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense the
conclusion that the Corps could be of greatest service to the state
by incorporation in the Reserve Militia; accordingly beginning June,
1918 the further creation of units in the Volunteer Training Corps
was discouraged. With the cessation of the war and the automatic
demise of the State Council of Defense the Volunteer Training Corps
was without a basis for existence. On December 11, 1918 the chair¬
man of the Military Committee notified all commanders of volunteer
units not in the service of the state in the Reserve Militia that units
"that do not volunteer for service in the Depot Organization of the
Reserve Militia will be mustered out of the service of the State
Council of Defense not later than December 31, 1918."
In the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps there
was a total of 243 units or 17,566 men. The disposition of these
units was as follows:
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES
91
Units Men
In National Guard 2 186
In Reserve Militia 90 6,996
• In Reserve Militia Depot Organization 92 5,151
Disbanded 44 3,202
Merged with other companies 3 365
Recognition revoked 4 366
Supply Companies in Reserve Militia (unnumbered).. 2 150
Transport Companies (unnumbered and disbanded)... 4 1,000
Band (unnumbered and volunteering for service in Re¬
serve Militia Depot Organization) 1 50
Medical Unit (unnumbered and volunteering for serv¬
ice in Reserve Militia Depot Organization) 1 100
Total 243 17,566
The Committee on Military Affairs, State and Local Defense,
which directed the work of the Volunteer Training Corps, was as
follows: Lieutenant Governor John G. Oglesby, chairman. Dr.
Frank Billings, David E. Shanahan. The Auxiliary Committee on
Military Affairs for Cook County was composed of General Ed¬
ward C. Young, chairman, succeeded on November 10, 1917 by
Angus S. Hibbard, John T. Stockton, Harry H. Merrick, Edgar A.
Bancroft, C. A. Pense, Hopewell L. Rogers, D. F. Kelly.
UNITED STATES WAR DEPARTMENT
United States Army
The vast army increment necessary to bring the military forces
of the United States to full war strength was derived from two
sources, voluntary enlistment and induction. Provisions for the
latter had been made by the Army Emergency Increase Act of May
18, 1917, but although the selective service machinery was im¬
mediately assembled and put into operation, it was late in 1917 before
the first selected men were in training. In the meantime a vigorous
campaign was inaugurated by the War Department to secure recruits
for the United States Army and the National Guard. By June 30,
1917 there had been detailed to the recruiting service of the United
92 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
States Army 188 officers and 2,087 enlisted men. During the fiscal
year of 1917 the boundaries of the recruiting districts were definitely
fixed in order that the whole country might be carefully canvassed
and in order that the services of the postmasters, recently authorized
by Congress, might be utilized to the best advantage, sixty-four re¬
cruiting districts, each with a central recruiting station under the
direction of an officer, were created and auxiliary stations were or¬
ganized throughout the district. In addition to the main and auxil¬
iary stations were temporary stations which were moved from place
to place. During the fiscal year 1917 a total of 401 central recruit¬
ing stations was established, while during the following year the
number was increased to 548.
Two main recruiting stations were located in Illinois, one at
Chicago and another at Peoria. Four commissioned officers were
detailed to the Chicago district where in the year ending June 30,
1917, applicants numbering 26,561 had been received, of whom
15,968 were accepted and 10,593 were rejected. Of those accepted
at the recruiting stations 1,650 were subsequently rejected at depots
and depot posts. In the Peoria district for this same period 3,202 ap¬
plicants were received, of whom 2,244 were accepted and 958 re¬
jected. Of those accepted, 239 were later rejected at depot posts.
These figures however do not represent the total for Illinois during
that period, since Illinois men enlisted at recruiting stations outside
as well as in the state, and many out-of-state men joined the army
by way of recruiting stations in Illinois. The number of Illinois men
who entered the military service by enlisting in the army cannot be
accurately determined until the service records of all men claiming
Illinois as their place of residence have been checked and classified.
Once the selective service system was in operation, it was found
that the recruiting of volunteers was placing many difficulties in the
way of the orderly selection of registrants. Many registrants enlisted
and entered the service of the United States through the Regular
Army without notifying their local boards, thereby becoming "de¬
linquents" in the local board records. Moreover the volunteer system
paid no consideration to the fact that the recruit might be of more
value to the country in an economic pursuit than in the military
service. To remedy these and other defects, enlistment in the army
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 93
by registrants was prohibited after December 15, 1917, although the
recruiting of men above 30 and under 21 years of age was continued.
On August 8, 1918, in anticipation of the third registration
which was to include men 18 to 45 years of age, orders were given
to discontinue recruiting of men who had not reached their forty-
sixth birthdays. The field for recruiting was now so restricted that
the continued operations of the recruiting stations were unnecessary;
consequently on August 27, 1918 recruiting officers were ordered to
prepare to terminate business, and on September 3, 1918 they were
ordered to close the stations, at as early a date as possible. Volunteer
enlistments were thus discontinued until early in 1919; however,
voluntary or special induction was continued until the cancellation of
all draft calls on November 11, 1918 and the recruit depots were
kept open to receive and distribute contingents of registrants in¬
ducted into the service under general calls.
Selective Service in Illinois^
The raising by draft of military forces to serve in the war against
Germany was authorized by "An Act to authorize the President to
increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States,"
commonly known as the Selective Service Act, which was approved
May 18, 1917. All men 21 to 30 years of age, both inclusive, were
to be required to register, and all, except those whose claims for
exemption were granted, were subject to military service. The
details of erecting the machinery to carry out the provisions of the
law were largely left to the President, who on the same day that
he approved the act issued a proclamation in which he designated
June 5, 1917 as registration day.
In anticipation of the passage of the Selective Service Act the
War Department had already drawn up a preliminary plan for the
execution of its provisions. Registration throughout the country
was to be conducted under the immediate supervision of registration
boards, and as the most convenient number to be under the jurisdic¬
tion of one board was considered to be 3,000, which was the average
number of men 21-30 years old residing in one county, the county was
tentatively adopted as the registration unit. A letter of April 23,
'See also Appendix, Tables numbers 3 and 5.
94 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
1917 sent to all governors, requesting the cooperation of state, county
and municipal officers, brought a full and cordial response, whereupon
blanks and other registration supplies were sent to all sheriffs and
mayors for distribution among registration headquarters.
Maj. Gen. E. H. Crowder was named Provost Marshal General
on May 22, 1917, and during the eighteen days intervening between
the passage of the law and June 5, designated as registration day,
registration machinery was rapidly erected. This consisted of ( 1 )
the central bureau in Washington, (2) state and territorial systems
under control of the Governor, (3) county and city boards of con¬
trol, (4) for registration purposes, a registrar for each 800 popula¬
tion in each voting precinct. Four thousand registration boards, with
a membership of more than 12,000 and a personnel of registrars and
assistants to the number of 125,000, were organized. In Illinois the
registration board comprised the sheriff as executive officer, the county
clerk as custodian of records, and the county physician, or in the ab¬
sence of such a person, some designated physician. On June 5, 1917
in Illinois 653,587 men, ages 21-30, registered, out of a total of ap¬
proximately 9,780,535 for the United States.
With registration completed, it remained to organize the ma¬
chinery for selecting from the registrants the men who were available
for service, and for determining the order in which those available
should be called. "The administration of the selective service sys¬
tem under the Provost Marshal General was organized on the prin¬
ciple of 'supervised decentralization.' The terms of the act of May
18, 1917 lent themselves readily to this mode of linking the district
and local boards (explicitly created by the act) through the State
executives, with a small Federal directive agency . . ." The entire ad¬
ministrative system, with changes and additions made up to the time
of the armistice, consisted of the following ; ( 1 ) the Provost Mar¬
shal General's Office; (2) the state governors and draft executives-
(3) the district boards; (4) the industrial advisers; (5) the local
boards; (6) the government appeal agents; (7) the medical ad¬
visory boards; (8) the legal advisory boards; (9) the boards of
instruction; (10) civic organizations contributing volunteer assist¬
ance.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 95
The personnel of the various boards was of course of the utmost
importance. The law stated that appointments were to be made by
the President, but actually the governors made nominations which
were virtually appointments. On May 26, 1917 Governor Lowden
was requested to nominate the members of the Illinois boards, and
on June 19, 1917, after considering the suggestions of members of
the legislature and other persons, he mailed his recommendations to
the Provost Marshal General. On June 27 confirmation of the
appointments was received, and early in July the draft organization
in Illinois—then consisting of the state headquarters, eight district
boards, and 227 local boards and appeal agents—^was in operation.
Throughout the United States there were 155 district boards and
4,648 local boards.
Each governor was urged to delegate to the adjutant general
so far as possible his duties as head of the selective service system of
the state. In Illinois the pressure of work soon made it necessary to
assign to the Governor an officer of the United States Army to act
as executive officer in charge of selective service, and Maj. June C.
Smith (December 4, 1917—July 8, 1918), and Maj. Edgar B. Tol-
man (July 12, 1918—May 8, 1919) served successively in this capa¬
city.
The function of the state headquarters was in general to main¬
tain the selective service system throughout the state. Specifically
its duties were as follows: to select and maintain the personnel of the
organization within the state ; to conduct correspondence with govern¬
ment officials, local boards and others; to purchase and distribute
supplies, supervise financial operations, and prepare and distribute
bulletins for the use of the boards; to interpret the regulations for
the boards; to apportion quotas, allot calls, etc.; to assign serial
numbers to late registrants ; to handle cases of delinquency, desertion,
etc.; and to prepare reports. To direct matters relating to physical
examinations a medical aide was also assigned to each state division—
in Illinois, Maj. John M. Dodson. Limited service men and civilian
employees were employed as clerks at the Illinois state headquarters
which had in all a personnel numbering thirty-eight.
Local boards were composed of three members each, one of
whom was a physician, and were organized throughout the state
96 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
according to the following rules : "Each city of over 45,000 must be
divided into subdivisions containing approximately 30,000 of the
population. Each county whose population, exclusive of cities of over
30,000 population, exceeds 45,000 must be divided into subdivisions
each containing approximately 30,000 of the population of such
county . . . For each county, for each city of over 30,000 and for each
subdivision in either cities or counties of over 45,000 a board shall be
nominated by the governor . . Of the 102 counties in Illinois, 16
had two or more boards, and ten cities had one or more. In Cook
County there were 95 boards, 86 of which were in Chicago. The
personnel of the 227 local board organizations in Illinois was as fol¬
lows: 683 members, 460 civilian clerks, 203 enlisted clerks, and 1,100
examining physicians in addition to medical members of the boards.
The duties of the local board included directing registrations
later than the first, determining serial and order numbers of regis¬
trants, classifying registrants (under the revised regulations effec¬
tive December 15, 1917), determining whether or not a registrant
was physically fit for service, inducting registrants when they were
called, and entraining them for camp. The local boards had original
jurisdiction in all claims for exemption or discharge except those based
on engagement in industry or agriculture, which were reserved for
the district board. Appeal from a decision of a local board to the dis¬
trict board was permitted, and in such cases the action of the district
board was final.
To act as the government's representative on each local board
and to take appeals from the board's decisions, the Governor was
authorized by the regulations of June 30, 1917 to appoint some one
person, usually the county or city attorney. This person was re¬
quired to keep thoroughly in touch with the work of the board and
on his own initiative or on information received to appeal a case when
in his opinion the interest of the government or fairness to the regis¬
trant demanded it. He was frequently called in by the district board
to furnish information on a case appealed from a local board. By
the revised regulations of December 15, 1917, the Governor was
definitely authorized to appoint one or more such persons to be known
as government appeal agents, for each local board, the duties of the
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 97
office thereafter being somewhat enlarged. Illinois local boards had
a total of 228 appeal agents.
District boards were composed of five members as follows : ( 1 )
one person in touch with the agricultural situation in the district;
(2) one person in touch with the industrial situation; (3) one person
in touch with labor; (4) a physician; (5) a lawyer. A board was
to be appointed for each federal judicial district in the state, but
where the number of cases to be considered was large, additional
boards were to be created. Accordingly Illinois, with three federal
judicial districts, had eight boards as follows: four in the Northern
District—three with headquarters at Chicago, one in Freeport; two
in the Southern District—one in Peoria, one in Springfield ; two in the
Eastern District—one in Mt. Vernon and one in Champaign.
In addition to having appellate jurisdiction on cases originating in
the local boards, the district boards had original jurisdiction on claims
for exemption or deferment based on grounds of "industrial, includ¬
ing agricultural" occupation. An appeal to the President from the
decision of the board in occupational cases was allowed. Up to
August 31, 1918 the district boards considered claims for deferment
on grounds of occupation only when the registrants were engaged in
industry or agriculture, the boards themselves deciding whether or not
certain industries within their districts were necessary to the military
program of the United States. The act approved August 31, 1918,
however, widened the group to include other occupations judged
"necessary" by the district boards. It therefore became essential to
furnish each district board with additional assistance in the work of
securing data regarding the industrial and other occupational needs
of the district. A group of three persons, known as industrial ad¬
visers, was accordingly appointed for each district board early in
September—one member being nominated by the Department of
Agriculture, one by the Department of Labor, and one by the dis¬
trict board—^whose duty it was to confer with managers and heads of
various industries, etc., instruct them as to their rights in filing claims
for deferment of employees and to give the district board any infor¬
mation that would be of use. The industrial advisers might even
initiate a claim for deferment on any ground in the jurisdiction of the
district board, although no claim had been filed by the registrant or
98 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
his employer. How effective these organizations might have been
was never thoroughly tested, as the armistice came before their work
had continued long.
For the work of establishing the physicial fitness of registrants
who were inducted into the service, each local board had a medical
member and additional examining physicians, each district board had
a physician member to advise on medical matters, and a medical aide
at state headquarters supervised all such activities of the state or¬
ganization. In November, 1917, provision was made for the or¬
ganization of Medical Advisory Boards, each consisting of three or
more specialists serving without compensation, whose duty it was to
reexamine those registrants whose cases had been appealed to them by
a registrant, government appeal agent, or local board. In Illinois
34 such boards comprising 614 members were organized in places
chosen because of ease of communication and hospital facilities.
Legal advisory boards were organized in November, 1917, with
the active cooperation of the American Bar Association. Their chief
duties were to advise each registrant in the filling out of his ques¬
tionnaire, and to give such legal advice as the registrant required
concerning the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act, war risk in¬
surance, etc. Each board was composed of three lawyers as per¬
manent members, and as many associates as were needed to conduct
the work, all serving without compensation. A legal advisory board
for each local board was organized in Illinois, 227 in all, with a per¬
manent membership of 681 and an associate membership of 2,160.
The organization of boards of instruction in connection with each
local board was recommended on July 4, 1918, their function to be
the instructing of selected men so as to put them into camp willing,
loyal and intelligent. The cooperation of various welfare organiza¬
tions was secured, and during the pre-induction period registrants
were instructed in the provisions made for them by the government
and were given lectures on issues of the war, etc. In many com¬
munities preliminary military drill was also given. In Illinois 148
boards of instruction were organized with a membership of 969.
The selective service organization as above described was that
in operation late in 1918. When the system went into operation in
June, 1917 the organization's principal component parts were (1)
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 99
the office of the Provost Marshal General, (2) state divisions, (3)
district boards, (4) local boards and government appeal agents (not
yet so designated). With registration over, its next task was the
establishment of the order in which ten million registrants were to
be called in order that their availability for service might be deter¬
mined. This involved on the part of each local board the assign¬
ment of serial numbers, beginning with one and continuing as high
as necessary, to all registration cards in its possession—this being done
with no regard for alphabetical arrangement, since the object was
to have the cards thoroughly shuffled. The order of liability was
then determined by a national drawing which took place in Washing¬
ton on July 20, 1917 when numbers from 1 to 10,500 (the highest
assigned by any local board) were enclosed in capsules and drawn
from a large jar one by one. A master list showing the order in
which the numbers had been drawn was furnished local board mem¬
bers and was thereafter used in governing the order in which regis¬
trants were called for service.
It was determined that the first levy under the selective service
system should be for 687,000 men. The law provided that these
should be apportioned among the states in proportion to their popula¬
tion, due credit to be given for those persons (1) who on April 1,
1917 were members of the National Guard, (2) who since April
1, 1917 had enlisted in the National Guard, or (3) who since the
same date had enlisted in the Regular Army. To the first quota of
687,000, therefore, was added 465,985, representing the total for the
three groups, making a grand total of 1,152,985 to be apportioned
among the states. The governor of each state was responsible for the
apportioning of the state quota among the counties and cities. Dan¬
ville was one of the territorial divisions of the United States, the only
one in Illinois, the credits of which exceeded their quotas, and there¬
fore that city was not obliged to induct any registrants for the first
quota. With a gross quota of 79,094, and enlistment credits of 27,304,
Illinois had a net quota of 51,653 to be filled for the first draft.''
^The net quota for each state would have been equal to the differ¬
ence between the gross quota and enlistment credits except for the
fact that in the Territory of Hawaii the enlistments exceeded the
gross quota and the excess credits were distributed among the states
In proportion to their population. Report of the Provost Marshal
General on the First Draft under the Selective Service Act, 1917, p. 19.
100 IVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
To fill Illinois' first quota, 229,345 registrants were called for
examination, and of these 24,634 or 10.74 per cent failed to appear.
Of the remainder, 187,535 were examined physically, and 139,091, or
74.17 per cent of those examined, qualified. A total of 115,292, or
50.27 per cent of those called, filed claims for exemption, and of
these 97,966 were granted. A portion of the claims were granted on
the following grounds: married men exempted for dependency,
59,409; engagement in industry, 899; engagement in agriculture,
2,025.
Early in the operation of the selective service s}"stem the in¬
equalities and wastefulness of the methods then in use were perceived.
The population basis for quotas was unfair to the communities having
large alien populations, for although aliens contributed to increasing
the quota on a population basis, they were not liable to ser\'ice.
Revised selective service regulations, which went into effect on Decem¬
ber 15, 1917, set about remedying this and other defects. On Decem¬
ber 15, all discharges or exemptions previously granted were cancelled,
and each registrant was required to fill out a questionnaire setting
forth his qualifications and circumstances. On the basis of this in¬
formation registrants were divided into five classes in the order of
their availability for military service, those in Class I being im¬
mediately available. In the meantime the first quota of registrants
was exhausted and further levies were made on the population basis,
credits being allotted for enlistments from July 1, 1917 to March
31, 1918. Illinois is credited with 34,540 enlistments for the period.
After several months' work on the part of the local boards, the task
of classification was completed, and on June 1, 1918. upon authoriza¬
tion of a Joint Resolution of Congress approved May 16, 1918, the
number of Class I registrants became the quota basis.
In the meantime, while classification and mobilization under the
Selective Service Act were proceeding, the army, na^y and marine
corps were recruiting under the old system of voluntary enlistment.
The volunteer plan was thus playing havoc with the orderlv process
of selection by causing the number of men in Class I to fluctuate and
by dipping into deferred classes, thus accepting men needed in econom¬
ic pursuits. To remedy this situation enlistment by registrants in the
army was prohibited after December 15, 1917 and in the na\y and
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 101
marine corps after August 8, 1918. The act of August 31, 1918
relegated the navy and marine corps to the selective draft on and
after October 1, 1918 in securing man power for the remainder of
the war. This action tended to stabilize Class I, and the state quota
basis was then regarded as 100 per cent of Class I, instead of 80
per cent and 89 per cent as it had been in June and July, 1918.
A second registration, for all men who had reached the age of
21 since June 5, 1917, was authorized by a Joint Resolution of Con¬
gress of May 20, 1918, and was held on June 5, 1918. The registra¬
tion was carried out under the supervision of the local boards, and a
total registration of 735,834 was recorded. On August 24 a supple¬
mentary registration followed, affecting those who had reached their
twenty-first birthdays since June 5, 1918. At this time 159,161
persons registered, making with interim registrations a total of 899,279
for the second registration. The total second registration for Illinois
was 54,375.
The increment derived from the second registration, however,
was not sufficient to meet the increased monthly program for delivery
overseas following upon the spring drive of 1918 or to supply the
deficiency in Class I made by navy and marine corps enlistments.
In order that the deferred classes II-IV need not be drawn upon, the
age groups had to be enlarged, and Congress accordingly passed an
act, approved August 31, 1918, applying the provisions of the Selec¬
tive Service Act to male residents 18-45 years old. An extensive
publicity campaign for the purpose of securing the registration of the
maximum man power was waged prior to September 12, 1918, the
day set by the President's proclamation for the third registration.
The campaign was a great success, a total of 13,228,762 men register¬
ing throughout the United States, exceeding by about 600,000 the
estimated male population 18-45 years old. Illinois' total third regis¬
tration was 866,915.
In many ways the classification system was better adapted to the
needs of the emergency than the method formerly used. Whereas
at first a registrant was either accepted for service or discharged, now
he was placed in Class I to IV according to his availability. The
classification system now enabled the government to raise an army
of any size needed, and it required different areas to contribute men
102 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
in proportion to their ability to do so. Another important change
effected by the revised regulations was that of placing the physical
examination of a registrant after instead of before action had been
taken upon his claim for discharge or deferred classification.
Under the classification system, registrants immediately available
for military service were placed in Class I ; those having dependents
or judged to be engaged in "necessary" occupations, according to the
degree of dependency or the importance of their positions, were placed
in Classes II to IV. Placement in Class V was practically equivalent
to discharge from the obligations of the Selective Service Act—in it
were placed certain federal and state officials, ministers, theological
and medical students, registrants who had already entered the military
and naval service, alien enemies, resident aliens claiming exemption,
persons physically, mentally and morally unfit for service, licensed
pilots engaged in their vocation, and certain declarant or non-declarant
aliens.
When the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, and all
calls for the service were cancelled, the work of classifying the third
registration was already two months under way. Ages 19-36 had
been practically all classified, and boards were ordered to complete
this group and also to classify the 18-year-old registrants. Final
figures on classification for the United States therefore do not cover
6,319,728 registrants or 26.43 per cent of the total, practically all of
these being of the ages 37-45. In Illinois 391,208 registrants or
24.84 per cent of the total, were not classified.
Registrants of all ages in Illinois were classified as follows:
Total registration 1,574,877
Class I 397,171
Classes II-IV 534,465
The legal status of alien residents in the United States during
the war was defined by the Selective Service Act, which stated that
the draft was to be based on the liability to military service of all
male citizens or male persons not alien enemies who had declared their
intention of becoming citizens. The total alien registration in the
United States (June 5, 1917-September 12, 1918) was 3,877,083
Class V
Not Classified
252,033
391,208
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 103
(16.22 per cent of the total registration) of which 32.76 per cent
were declarants, 67.24 per cent non-declarants. Of the total alien
registration 26.09 per cent were enemy and allied-with-enemy aliens,
57.49 per cent, cobelligerants, and 16.42 per cent, neutrals. Local
boards were held strictly responsible that no enemy alien, whether a
declarant or non-declarant, was placed in any other class than Class
V. In Illinois 67,167 of the registrants classified were alien enemies
and were placed in Class V-E.
The principle originally adopted regarding non-enemy aliens and
upheld by the courts was that exemption was the exception, and that
aliens claiming exemption must prove that they were entitled to it;
however, the acceptance of many non-declarants gave rise to protests
from diplomatic representatives. Accordingly, the revised regulations
of November 8, 1917 provided that no non-declarant was to be in¬
ducted unless he had expressly wai\'ed his right to exemption. Out
of a total classification of 927,252 such non-declarant aliens in the
United States, 68,357 made claims in Illinois and were placed in
Class V-F.
The induction of declarants led to negotiations with foreign
governments which had treaties with the United States providing for
exemption of their citizens or subjects from military service. A num¬
ber of such treaty countries, mainly neutral countries, claimed that
these treaties were being violated by the induction of declarants. On
April 11, 1918, accordingly, the President directed that declarants
and non-declarants from treaty countries should be promptly dis¬
charged from camp on the request of the Secretary of State, or when
the War Department was convinced that a full and fair hearing had
not been given by the local board. In the United States 1,842 such
discharges were recorded, of which 60 were Illinois registrants.
These provisions affected mainly neutral aliens. To clear up the
situation regarding cobelligerant aliens, conventions were made by
the United States with Great Britain, France, Greece and Italy, au¬
thorizing reciprocal drafting of citizens or subjects of each country
residing within the other. This served also to clear up the difficulty
between local boards and the cobelligerant recruiting missions au¬
thorized by the act of May 10, 1917.
104 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
For the relief of declarants (mainly neutral), an act approved
July 9, 1918 provided for their discharge from obligations to military
service upon the withdrawal of their intention to become citizens,
such withdrawal forever barring them from becoming citizens of the
United States. In Illinois 91 registrants took advantage of this pro¬
vision, out of a total of 2,035 for the United States. On the other
hand, an amendment to the naturalization law, approved May 9,
1918, making it possible for a declarant or non-declarant alien in the
military service to change his status to that of a full citizen, led the
way to wholesale naturalizations in camp.
Under the first regulations, when a registrant's claim for exemp¬
tion based on dependency was either accepted or rejected, the action
of local boards on these claims varied considerably, the ratio of
married persons accepted to married persons called in several states
ranging from 6 per cent to 38 per cent. While the principal of de¬
pendency as distinguished from marriage alone was a fundamental
characteristic of the law and regulations, the system lacked flexibility
which was later supplied by the classification system. Married regis¬
trants and single registrants with dependents were then placed in
Classes II to IV according to the degree that their support was
necessary to dependents.
The rush of men within the draft ages to marry shortly after the
passage of the Selective Service Act caused instructions to be issued to
boards to scrutinize carefully all marriages since May 18, 1917, to see
if the purpose was draft evasion. In the spring of 1918 when it became
evident that Class I would be smaller than anticipated, measures
were taken to draft men married since the passage of the Selective
Service Act. An amendment to the regulations was effected June 13,
1918, making dependency arising from marriages since June 15, 1917
(for registrants of the class of June 5, 1917), except when there was
a child of the marriage born or unborn on June 9, 1918, from mar¬
riages entered into since May 18, 1917, but prior to January 15,
1918, except when there was a child of the marriage born or unborn
on June 9, 1918, and from all marriages since January 15, 1918
(for registrants of the classes of June 5 and August 24, 1918), no
cause for deferment.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 105
District boards, in considering claims for deferment based on
engagement in certain occupations, classified occupations in the fol¬
lowing groups;
(1) Those enterprises, such as munitions manufacturing and
shipbuilding, which had a direct and immediate relation to the military
problem.
(2) Those enterprises contributing to the general good, without
which the normal life of the nation would be seriously affected.
(3) Harmful and non-productive employments.
The district board was charged with the responsibility of bal¬
ancing the military against the economic needs of the nation, and at
the same time with preserving the economic framework of the com¬
munity, without which the return to peace status would be unduly
hard. Accordingly the government never designated any occupations
other than shipbuilding as necessary to its program, leaving the de¬
cision as to other occupations to the district boards which were inform¬
ed as to the needs of the region under their jurisdiction. The necessity
for securing men to carry out the enormous shipbuilding program led
to a special deferment of call into military service in the case of men
engaged in building and manning ships under the supervision of the
Navy Department, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and the U. S.
Shipping Board recruiting service. A request for the exemption of a
person so engaged had to be made by an official under whom he was
working, and the official had also to make a monthly report stating
that the registrant was still so engaged, else he became liable to
military service. On July 23, 1918 the practice of placing Class I
men on the list was stopped. During the operation of the order.
Class I registrants in Illinois totalling 1,814 were on the Emergency
Fleet classification list.
Agricultural and industrial deferred classifications were granted
as follows:
Class II Registrant found by district board to be necessary
skilled farm laborer in necessary agricultural enterprise or necessary
skilled industrial laborer in a necessary industrial enterprise.
Class III Necessary assistant, associate or hired manager of
necessary agricultural or industrial enterprise.
106 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Class IV Sole managing, controlling or directing head of
necessary agricultural or industrial enterprise.
In spite of careful classification, some registrants were sent into
the service who were badly needed in industry pr on farms, and to
relieve this situation Congress passed an act, approved March 16,
1918, providing furloughs to enlisted men under certain conditions
and for limited periods. Agricultural furloughs went into effect im¬
mediately, and late in 1918 the Industrial Furlough Section of the
Adjutant General's Office was established for the purpose of return¬
ing indispensable employees to plants, factories and concerns which
were operating under government contract. The Adjutant General
reported that 73,000 industrial furloughs were granted up to Novem¬
ber 11, 1918. The practice was discontinued on November 19.
The "Work or Fight" order was promulgated on May 17, 1918,
to divert registrants in deferred classes from idleness or non-produc¬
tive occupations to engagement in "necessary" industries. The order
provided that any registrant in Classes II, III, or IV, found to be
an idler or engaged in a non-productive occupation without a reason¬
able excuse, should suffer withdrawal of deferred classification and
become immediately subject to military service. Persons engaged in
non-productive occupations were declared to be : ( 1 ) those serving
food and drink in public places; (2) attendants at doors, elevators,
etc.; (3) attendants at theatres and other amusement places; (4)
sales clerks, etc. In spite of the announcement of what constituted a
non-productive occupation, confusion resulted, and some registrants
gave up their positions unnecessarily, with a resulting hardship to
themselves and to their dependents. The work or fight order had
been sparingly applied when the armistice came, but it did serve to
clear up the idle class and a certain group of non-productive occupa¬
tions and to increase somewhat the labor supply for essential indus¬
tries. In Illinois 8,849 cases of alleged idlers in deferred classes were
investigated ; 393 cases were acted on by local boards and referred to
the district boards for review and deferred classification was with¬
drawn in 108 cases.
In addition to the occupational deferments to Class V (see
above) persons engaged in sundry specified vocations, such as county
and municipal officials whose offices could not be filled by appoint-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 107
ment," certain customs house employees, United States mail employees,
and workmen in United States armories and naval yards, arsenals,
etc., were deferred to Classes III and IV.
With the classification of a group of registrants determined, only
Class I men were called for examination, an arrangement which re¬
sulted in a great economy in the time of the medical examiners. Four
classifications were made of those examined: (a) registrants who
were physically qualified, and acceptable for military service; (b)
registrants who would be acceptable if some defect were remedied;
(c) registrants with certain defects who might be qualified for
limited service; (d) registrants unconditionally rejected for military
service. Of the total classification for the United States 5.27 per cent
were physically disqualified, the percentage in Illinois being 5.15.
One class of registrants was entitled to special treatment after
induction into the service—namely, religious objectors. The Selec¬
tive Service Act provided that members of well-known religious
sects whose creeds forbade participation in war should be required to
serve only in a capacity declared by the President to be noncombatant,
local boards being left to determine whether or not the registrant
belonged to such a sect. According to the regulations issued by the
President on March 20, 1918, noncombatant service included service
in the Medical Corps, Quartermaster Corps, and the Engineer Corps,
in the United States and some areas overseas. A large proportion of
registrants who were members of certain sects took advantage of this
provision, but in Illinois there were comparatively few persons—
Zionists, Dunkards, Mennonites, Russellites and others—who claimed
to be religious objectors.
The so-called conscientious objector was not accorded special
consideration either in the law or the selective service regulations,
but after the men had been inducted and received into camp, the dis¬
tinction between conscientious and religious objectors was not care¬
fully observed. Those refusing noncombatant service were by order
of the Secretary of War, June 1, 1918, subject to court martial if
'The Attorney General of Illinois ruled July 31, 1918 that in Illi¬
nois the office of city attorney could be filled by appointment: and on
August 16, 1918 that a justice of the peace is a municipal and judicial
officer, whose place may be filled by appointment only when the unex¬
pired term is less than a year.
108 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
their attitude in camp was defiant, if their sincerity was questioned,
or if they were active in circulating propaganda. Others were sent
to Fort Leavenworth subject to further instructions, and in some
cases were given industrial furloughs. A board of inquiry appointed
by the Secretary of War toured the camps June-October, 1918, ex¬
amined 1,697 men, and reported as follows: found sincere, wholly or
in part, 1,461; insincere, 103; remanded to further inquiry, 88; re¬
manded for examination as mentally deficient, 7 ; otherwise disposed
of, 38. Of those tried by courts martial, 371 were convicted and
sentenced to terms ranging from three months to fifty years.
Calls for men were made and allotted to the states by the Office
of the Provost Marshal General, and by the various state headquarters
were apportioned to the local boards. The local board then sent out
orders to registrants affected by the call, ordering them to report at
a certain time for induction into the service. At the appointed time
the local board checked over the contingent, issued meal and trans¬
portation requests, selected a competent leader for the party and
superintended the entrainment. An entrainment was usually made
the occasion for a community patriotic demonstration, when the
selected men marched to the train with the local board at the head of
the procession, with city officials, veterans of other wars, and other
people participating. Selected men from Illinois were for the most
part sent to Camp Grant at Rockford, Camp Dodge at Des Moines,
and Camp Taylor at Louisville.
A registrant who failed to report for induction automatically
became a deserter, either wilful or non-wilful. Other draft evaders
were the "slacker," or a person of draft age who failed to register, and
the "delinquent," the registrant who failed to file a questionnaire or
to appear for physical examination. In bringing these persons to
justice the local boards had the cooperation of the Department of
Justice, American Protective League, county sheriffs and local police
officers.
"Slacker raids" were held in many communities, chiefly the
larger cities. In an effort to apprehend those who had failed to
register, American Protective League operatives, police officials and
others "raided" downtown districts and places where large crowds
gathered, such as ball parks, etc., demanding to see the registration
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 109
card of every man vi^ho appeared to be of draft age. During the
period of these raids, local board members stayed on duty long hours
to identify registrants who had left their cards at home.
Deserters and delinquents were classed as "non-wilful" when
they were apprehended and it was proved that ignorance, misunder¬
standing, illness or a similar reason had caused them to disregard the
board's orders. After the armistice the local boards were ordered to
separate the records of deserters and delinquents from the files, and
to examine each case once more in the effort to clear the record. At
that time Illinois delinquents and deserters were found to total 40,730,
but by November 30, 1920, after the cases had been reëxamined by
the local boards and again by state headquarters and followed up by
the office of the Adjutant General of Illinois, the number had been
reduced to 16,193 deserters, 1,781 entrainment deserters, and 7,795
wilful delinquents. The office of the Adjutant General is continuing
the work of checking these records. Many of the registrants whose
cases were cleared had enlisted in the navy or marine corps without
notifying their boards, and some had entered foreign armies.
On November 11, 1918 all calls for induction were cancelled.
The local boards were ordered to complete the classification of the
third registration except for the group 37-45 years, to segregate and
recheck the records of deserters and delinquents and send them to
state headquarters, and then to prepare to turn over to the Adjutant
General of the Army all other records pertaining to their work. By
March 31, 1919 all of this had been accomplished, all records were
on the way to Washington, and the board members were relieved of
their duties. On May 21, 1919 the last of the state headquarters
was closed, and on July 15 Major General E. H. Crowder was
formally relieved from his duties as Provost Marshal General.
The net cost of the selective service system was $30,658,094.86,
a per capita cost of $1.26 per man registered, $1.74 per man classi¬
fied, $10.38 per man inducted, and $11.34 per man accepted at camp.
Illinois' cost was slightly below the average. With a net cost of
$1,910,899.60, its cost per man registered was $1.21 ; per man classi¬
fied, $1.61 ; per man inducted, $9.88, and per man accepted at camp,
$10.59. This low cost was possible because many of the local board
members gave their services gratuitously, and volunteer clerical as-
110 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sistants were available in many communities. Remuneration was
provided, however, in cases where the sacrifice would have been too
severe. Several changes were made in the basis for compensation,
but after September 1, 1918 it was $1 per hour, with a daily max¬
imum of $10 per member, and a monthly maximum for each board
of from $150 to $600, depending on the size of the board, to be
divided among the members. In addition a monthly appropriation
based on the number of registrants under a board's jurisdiction was
granted each board for clerical services and other expenditures. In
Illinois fifteen boards served entirely without compensation, while
several others received a negligible amount. The employees of four
Illinois boards had no compensation for their services.
A total of 23,908,576 men registered in the United States June
5, 1917-September 12, 1918, and of these 1,574,877 registered in
Illinois, distribution among the three classes being as follows:
United States
Illinois
(exclusive of
territories)
Registration June 5, 1917
653,587
9,780,535
Registration June 5 and August 24, 1918
54,375
899,279
Registration September 12, 1918
866,915
13,228,762
Total
1,574,877
23,908,576
The total number of registrants throughout the country who
were inducted into the service up to November 11, 1918 was
2,952,927, and of these Illinois furnished 193,338 as follows:
Army 192,560
Navy 121
Marine Corps 657
Total 193,338
United States Guards
Immediately after the declaration of war many demands were
made for troops for plant protection and similar purposes which were
met by inducting national guard units into the federal service and
assigning them to guard duty. These organizations, however, were
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 111
needed for active service, and on July 10, 1917 the War Department
notified the governor of each state that after August 1 United States
troops would be ordered from all public and private utilities except
those considered by department commanders to be "major utilities of
primary importance in connection with the national defense—such as
important tunnels, bridges, locks, arsenals, depots, munitions plants,
and great and vulnerable water supply systems. . The states were
urged to form home defense organizations for local protection, and
Illinois, in providing for the Illinois Reserve Militia and the State
Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps, complied. Many
states however were slow in taking action, and when the government
continued to receive requests for military guard for all classes of in¬
dustry, the need of some federal forces for home protection was ap¬
parent. *
It was to fill this need that the organization of the United States
Guards was ordered by the War Department on December 22, 1917,
authorization being derived from the Army Emergency Increase Act
of May 18, 1917, and the work of recruiting and organizing bat¬
talions was placed in the hands of the department commanders.
Further organization of the force was suspended on January 5, 1918,
but on April 15, 1918 it was resumed. The enlisted personnel was
secured by voluntary enlistment of men not within the draft age or
drafted men who were rejected for overseas service because of physical
defects. Men who had had previous military training, who were not
within the draft age or who had been found disqualified for over¬
seas service, might be commissioned on recommendation by the Chief
of the Militia Bureau based on examinations held in the various de¬
partments.
The duties of the United States Guards were to carry out the
provisions of the President's proclamation pertaining to alien enemies
and to preserve and protect the "major utilities essential to the con¬
duct of the war in Europe." Plans were made for the training of the
battalions at a central point in each department, a system of rotating
active and reserve battalions being devised so each member might
receive instruction. Fort Sheridan was the rendezvous in the Central
Department to which had been assigned battalions Nos. 5, 18, 26,
29, 36, and 46, requiring 186 officers and 3,600 enlisted men; on
112 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
November 11, 1918 however there were only 180 officers and 2,851
enlisted men on duty. Altogether 48 battalions were organized
throughout the country, 1,216 officers and 25,068 enlisted men being
on duty at the time of the armistice. Further organization was then
discontinued and demobilization was shortly begun.
Illinois is credited with having 120 officers and men in the
United States Guards.
Students' Army Training Corps
The Students' Army Training Corps was organized under the
supervision of the Committee on Education and Special Training of
the War Department, which had itself been created on February 10,
1918. The original functions of the Committee on Education and
Special Training had been to study the needs of the various branches
of the service for skilled men and technicians, and, with the coopera¬
tion of the educational institutions of the country, to fill these require¬
ments by providing special training for men entering the service
through voluntary induction. In accordance with a plan formulated
soon after the committee's organization, vocational training detach¬
ments were established at technical institutions with the proper
facilities, to which any registrant with a grammar school education
who had been voluntarily inducted on special call was eligible. Army
officers were detailed to each school to give military training and
maintain discipline while the Federal Board for Vocational Education
cooperated in directing the technical instruction. The first men were
sent to the institutions for training early in April. The courses, in
which qualified instructors and expert technicians served as teachers,
lasted as a rule for eight weeks, after which the men were rated as
experts, journeymen, or apprentices. A man who had shown unusual
promise might then be transferred to an officers' training school ; others
were detailed to branches of the service where they were needed.
In June, 1918, as the result of a successful experiment in Wentworth
Institute in Boston, a course on the issues of the war was made com¬
pulsory.
The organization of a Students' Army Training Corps was pro¬
posed by the Committee on Education and Special Training to meet
the shortage of men in the higher technical professions and of candi¬
dates for officers' training camps which the War Department per-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES
113
ceived was forthcoming. The original plan was worked out in detail,
but when it became evident that the man-power bill then under con¬
sideration would apply the provisions of the Selective Service Act to
all men 18-45 years of age, it had to be extensively revised. According
to the second plan of organization, S. A. T. C. units were to be estab¬
lished at various educational institutions of collegiate rank throughout
the country, to which men who were eighteen years or over and were
eligible for college entrance were to be admitted by voluntary induc¬
tion. Under the joint direction of a military commanding officer and
the college faculty both military and academic work was to be given.
The period in college was to try out the men to determine their
qualifications as officer material, after which they were to be sent to
officers' training camps or cantonments. Vocational training de¬
tachments now became the vocational sections of the Students' Army
Training Corps, while the new field of work was directed by the
Collegiate Section.
In anticipation of the establishment of units at the various insti¬
tutions in the fall of 1918 summer camps were held at Pittsburgh, Fort
Sheridan and the Presidio, to which all institutions of collegiate grade
having more than 100 male students were invited to send delegates
from the student body and faculty. These camps, which opened July
18 and continued sixty days, had as their object the training of men
who might return to their institutions and act as assistant instructors
of the new S. A. T. C. units.
Units of the Students' Army Training Corps were formally
organized in 525 institutions on October 1, 1918, when 200,000
students were inducted and enrolled as members. The men, who had
the rank of privates in the U. S. Army, were furnished subsistence,
lodging, uniform, and the usual thirty dollars a month. The period
of training in the colleges and other institutions was to be a minimum
of three and a maximum of nine months, and in this time it was
hoped that officers in command of the units would be able by careful
observation to estimate the ability of each man. Normally those of
no particular qualifications were to be sent to a cantonment after the
minimum training period and their places filled by individual indue
tion or new contingents from depot brigades.
114 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The first schedule, which called for eleven hours of military train¬
ing and forty-two hours of academic work per week, proved excess¬
ive and before the armistice it was reduced to nine hours per week
of military drill and thirt3'-six hours of class work. A special curric¬
ulum devised to meet the emergency at Northwestern University is
tj-pical. The war aims course, a combination of English and history
which sought to give the students some knowledge of the causes
and issues of the war, was compulsory for each freshman, besides
mathematics, science and a modern language; military law and prac¬
tice, hygiene and sanitation, surveying and map making were required
of all who had not had similar training. The remainder of the
course was made up of electives from English, French, German,
Italian, mathematics, ph3'sics, chemistry, biolog3', psychology, geology,
astronomy, economics, history and similar subjects. Usually the
classes were large and overcrowded. Although the college faculties
had been thinned by the call to arms, those who remained willingly
gave their time to the extra subjects, and it frequently happened that
specialists in philosophy, literature or the classics were called upon
to give courses in French, freshman mathematics, or elementary
science. In the majority of institutions the daily program included
two hours of supervised study, during which the instructor gave such
individual help as the men seemed to require. Class leaders, re¬
sponsible to the officers, marched the students to and from classes,
kept records of attendance, and maintained discipline.
Some thirty institutions in Illinois maintained units of the Stu¬
dents' Army Training Corps, the largest being at the University of
Illinois where the enrollment was approximately 3,000. Sixty-four
houses were converted into barracks while the armory was made to
serve as a combined barracks and mess hall by the construction of a
temporary second floor within. The S. A. T. C. unit of the uni¬
versity's College of Medicine, comprising 370 men, was trained at
Chicago. The university had been actively cooperating with the
War Department ever since May 21, 1917 when a School of Military
Aeronautics was established at Champaign-Urbana to give ground
school training to men entering the air service. The school was con¬
ducted until December 2, 1918 and during the period of its existence
3,625 men were enrolled, of whom 2,691 were graduated from the
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 115
course. Northwestern University enrolled in its S. A. T. C. unit
1,839 men, who were distributed among the College of Liberal Arts,
Vocational School, College of Engineering and Medical School. Fra¬
ternity houses and temporary wooden barracks were used to shelter
the men. At the University of Chicago, where a unit of approxi¬
mately 1,500 men was organized, the university grandstand and cer¬
tain residences in the vicinity were used as barracks, while Hutchinson
Commons and Lexington Hall were converted into mess halls.
Armour Institute of Technology, beginning July 1, 1918, gave
training to three detachments of auto mechanics which after Octo¬
ber 1, 1918 comprised the Vocational Section of the S. A. T. C.
unit. The Collegiate Section numbered 309 men, the auto mechanics
detachments, 241. Armour Institute also gave a marine engineer¬
ing course in cooperation with the U. S. Shipping Board, in which
about 875 students were enrolled from July, 1917 to May, 1920.
Bradley Polytechnic Institute at Peoria began to give technical
training to detachments of voluntarily inducted men in April,
1918. In the period of its existence 1,750 men received such
training at "Camp Bradley" and 180 men received collegiate
training in the S. A. T. C. unit organized in October, 1918.
Lewis Institute at Chicago also gave technical training to nation¬
al army detachments beginning in April, 1918 and organized an
S. A. T. C. unit in October. Altogether 805 men were enrolled
for work given by this institution. Loyola University, Chicago, had
a unit of 336 men of whom 166 were enrolled in the Department of
Medicine.
The Illinois institutions at which Students' Army Training Corps
units were established were as follows;
Collegiate sections: Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago;
Augustana College, Rock Island; Carthage College, Carthage (125
men); Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria; Chicago College of
Dental Surgery; Chicago Veterinary College; Crane Junior College,
Chicago; De Paul University, Chicago (enrollment approximately
286) ; Eureka College, Eureka; Hahneman Medical School, Chicago;
Hedding College, Abingdon; Illinois College, Jacksonville; Illinois
Wesleyan University, Bloomington (enrollment approximately 240) ;
Lewis Institute, Chicago; James Millikin University, Decatur (about
116 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
400 men) ; Knox College, Galesburg (approximately 230 men) ; Lom¬
bard College, Galesburg (enrollment about 102) ; Lake Forest Col¬
lege, Lake Forest ; McKendree College, Lebanon ; Monmouth College,
Monmouth (about 75 men); Northwestern University, Evanston;
North-Western College, Naperville; St. Ignatius College, Loyola
University, Chicago; St. Viator College, Bourbonnais; Shurtleff Col¬
lege, Alton; Wheaton College, Wheaton; Y. M. C. A. College, Chi¬
cago; University of Illinois, Urbana; University of Chicago.
Vocational sections: Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago;
Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria; Chicago Board of Education
(Brennan, Harrison, Old South Division, Wendell Phillips High
Schools); University of Chicago; Lewis Institute, Chicago; Loyal
Order of Moose School, Mooseheart; Northwestern University;
Springfield Commercial Association School (during December, 1918
only).
Of the total number of students inducted into the service through
this organization, 12,000 were members of the Students' Naval and
Marine Corps units of which there were 81 in all. Units of the
Students' Naval Training Corps were organized at Armour Institute
of Technology, the University of Illinois, the University of Chicago,
and Northwestern University. Men enrolled in these units were
given about the same training as those in the Students' Army Train¬
ing Corps except that they were also taught navigation, signalling
and general seamanship by men detailed from the Navy Department
for that purpose. In addition to the S. N. T. C. unit at North¬
western University, a group of students, numbering about 300 at a
time, received a month's instruction in mathematics, navigation, etc.
preliminary to their enrollment in the U. S. Naval Auxiliary Reserve
School at Municipal Pier. This group was referred to as the "Ensign
School" and was directed by Professor R. E. Wilson. The University
of Chicago also gave preparatory courses to persons enlisted in but not
yet called to the U. S. Naval Auxiliary Reserve School.
The six weeks which intervened between the installation of
the units on October 1, 1918 and the signing of the armistice were
marked by a strenuous efiFort on the part of college authorities and
the military officers in charge of the various units to work out the
plans of the Committee on Education and Special Training. Many
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 117
difficulties, however, obstructed the way, the most serious of which
was the influenza epidemic which swept through the country in the
fall of 1918, and just when many institutions were beginning to work
out satisfactory methods of operation, the need for the organization
v/as over. Demobilization plans were taken under consideration at
once by the committee, and by December 20, 1918 all members of
the S. A. T. C. and S. N. T. C. had been returned to a civilian
status.
Camp Grant
Camp Grant, one of the sixteen cantonments constructed for the
purpose of training the National Army, was built near Rockford,
Illinois in 1917. The camp site was on the divide between the Rock
and Kishwaukee Rivers, five miles south of the city of some 60,000
inhabitants, in a highly developed agricultural region, generally level.
The camp site, containing at first 3,405.3 acres of land, was leased by
the citizens of Rockford for one year with the option to purchase at
the end of that time; at a later date 2,249 additional acres were
secured for a rifle range and remount depot. The camp was slightly
more than five miles wide from the Salvation Army hut on Sugar
Island to the Milford road which bounded it on the east. From the
north entrance at the base hospital to the Kishwaukee River at New
Milford was three miles.
The plan of the camp was drawn by E. H. Bennett, a Chicago
architect, and the building contract was awarded the latter part of
June to Bates and Rogers, Chicago contractors, with Alvord and
Burdick of Chicago as consulting engineers. Major D. H. Sawyer
was the construction quartermaster from June 1, 1917 to December,
1917 during which time the work originally authorized was com¬
pleted. Wells which furnished approximately 2,500,000 gallons of
water per day were sunk several hundred feet into the sandstone near
the cantonment. In order to get sufficient pressure to distribute the
water successfully it was necessary to erect a tank with a capacity of
about 250,000 gallons. A modern sewerage system was provided by
digging trenches three to six feet deep in which were placed vitrified
tile varying in size from 6 to 24 inches. The south one-third of the
camp was drained through the 24-inch main sewer into the Kish¬
waukee, another third went into the Rock River, while two outlets
118 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
in the hospital district connected with a Rockford municipal sewer.
The roads leading from Camp Grant to Rockford were very
important, since traffic was heavy and constant. The main highway,
the Kishwaukee road, was repaired, a second road was built from
Division Headquarters east to Eleventh Street, while a third led
along the west bank of the Rock River connecting with the can¬
tonment by a bridge. Two railroads furnished material for construc¬
tion work as fast as could be desired. Street cars between the city
and camp were unsatisfactory. A shuttle train served a portion of the
traffic but for the most part it was left to enterprising citizens to
operate automobiles to Rockford. The camp quartermaster was
made traffic officer, the camp was divided into three traffic areas, and
all drivers were forced to register their machines. They were assigned
particular areas, given definite stops, and were permitted to charge
a flat rate of twenty-five cents.
The buildings designed to house the men were two-story wooden
structures, known as barracks, each large enough to accommodate one
company. Half the first floor and all of the second were used for
sleeping quarters. The remaining half of the lower floor was the
mess hall, the kitchen being attached to the end of the latter, while a
hallway, orderly room, and supply room occupied the center. Small
single-story huts, latrines equipped with toilet, bathing, and washing
facilities, were placed near each barracks. A group of buildings in¬
cluding barracks, one-story buildings for officers, an infirmary, head¬
quarters building, quartermaster warehouse, and guard house, ac¬
commodated a regiment and was known as a regimental area. In¬
fantry and artillery organizations were grouped into brigades while
permanent camp units were segregated as much as possible. The
Quartermaster and Ordnance Departments occupied a group of
buildings near the railroads in order to facilitate loading and un¬
loading supplies.
The base hospital, the largest independent unit, occupied tem¬
porary quarters at South Front Street between Fourth and Fifth
Streets in the early days, but on October 14, 1917 it was moved to
the north side into new quarters. The personnel of the Medical
Corps remained practically unchanged throughout the war under the
command of Lieut. Col. H. C. Michie. The normal capacity of 2,000
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 119
beds was never taxed except during the epidemic of 1918. During the
year 1918, 10,369 cases of influenza and 911 deaths were recorded.
Camp Grant at its maximum capacity was made up of the follow¬
ing buildings: barracks, 329; officers' quarters, 113; lavatories, 407;
stables, 209; sheds, 129; hospital sections, 122; shops, 30; infirmaries,
18; mess halls and kitchens, 25; administration buildings, 26; offices,
3; guard houses, 17; stable guards, 33; storehouses, 58; shops, 30;
magazines, 5; garages, 11; fire stations, 4; heating plants, 26; post
exchanges, 14; telephone office, 1; camp activities buildings, 20; oil
warehouses, 2 ; scale houses, 2 ; post office, 1 ; refrigerating plant, 1 ;
laundry, 1 ; incinerators, pumping station, 1 ; demobilization center,
1 ; theatre, 1 ; stadium, 1 ; electric substation, 1 ; gas engine house,
1 ; service station, 1 ; and many platforms and storehouses. A num¬
ber of farm houses on the reservation were used for various purposes.
Camp and Division Headquarters were responsible for the ad¬
ministration of the post. Because each division was a transient or¬
ganization, camp headquarters was called into being to assume con¬
trol when necessary; however the division commanders were always
supreme while occupying the station.
Newly commissioned officers were on August 29 assigned to
Camp Grant from Fort Sheridan where they had recently completed
a course of training in the first officers' training camp, and on
September 5 the first of the drafted men began pouring into the half-
finished cantojjments. The early contingents of selected men arrived
as follows:
These men came principally from the cities of northern Illinois and
Wisconsin. The 95 local boards of Chicago and Cook County, the
northern tier of counties in Illinois, and all the counties of Wisconsin
except those bordering Lake Michigan had furnished men of which
seventy-five per cent were from cities of 10,000 or over, 64 per cent
from Chicago, and 71 per cent from Cook County.
September 5-10..
September 19-24,
October 3-8....
November 1....
1,945
15,557
7,780
1,061
26,343
120 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
A skeleton division known as the 86th was organized and quickly
absorbed the new men. When complete the units were as follows:
Division Headquarters; Division Headquarters Detachment;
Headquarters Troop; 171st Brigade Headquarters; 341st Infantry;
342d Infantry; 172d Brigade Headquarters; 343d Infantry; 344th
Infantry; 161st Field Artillery Brigade Headquarters; 331st Field
Artillery; 332d Field Artillery; 333d Field Artillery; 311th Trench
Mortar Battery; 311th Engineers; 311th Field Signal Battalion;
331st, 332d, 333d Machine Gun Battalions; 311th Train Head¬
quarters and Military Police; 311th Ammunition, Supply and En¬
gineer Trains; 311th Mobile Repair Shop; Bakery Co. No. 315
attached.
These men would have been ready for overseas service by tlie
spring of 1918 had not heavy calls been made upon Camp Grant to
supply deficiencies in other camps. It seemed for a time that the 86th
would be merely a replacement division, so great was the number of
transfers. In November, 1917, 5,400 men were sent to Camp
Logan to the 33d Division; in December, 1917, 2,000 were trans¬
ferred to Camp Pike, Arkansas. Several detachments ranging from
1,000 to 5,000 were sent to France during the winter. In February
and March, 1918, 4,000 were ordered to Camp Greene, North Caro¬
lina and were assigned to the 4th Division. Finally another call
for 8,000 came from Camp Logan. In all about 87,000 men were
transferred from Camp Grant from November, 1917 to June,
1918. In the early summer of 1918 the War Department
instructed the Commanding General to fill the division to war
strength and to expedite training as much as possible. Ten thou¬
sand men were received from the Depot Brigade and 15,000 more
from Illinois and Minnesota, and in the latter part of August,
after a few weeks of intensive work, the division was ordered to
France. Up to this time the division had had three commanders
Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Barry, Brig. Gen. L. W. V. Kennon, and
Maj. Gen. Charles H. Martin, who commanded the division in
France.
No complete division was ever assembled at Camp Grant after
the departure of the 86th, but among the organizations which were
trained or stationed there up to the spring of 1919 were the following:
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 121
365th Infantry; 803d Pioneer Infantry; 812th Pioneer Infantry
(all colored and all sent overseas except 812th which was turned back
at Hoboken) ; 13th Training Battalion; 416th Reserve Service Bat¬
talion (colored) ; 32d, 35th, 36th Engineers (all went overseas, ex¬
cept part of 36th) ; 14th Infantry, which came in 1918 for permanent
guard duty; 161st Depot Brigade; Infantry Replacement and Train¬
ing Troops; Auxiliary Remount Depot 321; 111th Ordnance Depot
Company; 3d and 4th Central Officers' Training Camps; Quarter¬
master Corps—which included the following branches: camp supply,
utilities, fire department, salvage section, cooks, baking company and
other camp service, school for bakers and cooks; 5th limited service
regiment; base hospital; ambulance trains; dental units; various in¬
firmaries of the Medical Corps; Motor Ambulance Corps; develop¬
ment battalions; convalescent center; discharge unit; military police.
From the beginning. War Department officials realized that
every intelligent effort must be put forward to train the men called
to the colors. The allied armies had handled their instruction prob¬
lems by special schools and the United States followed their example.
Divisional schools were established where in some instances officers
of allied armies, in others United States Army officers who had had
special training at the front or in a central school, were used as in¬
structors. Officers and noncommissioned officers were selected from
each regiment and company and sent to a divisional school for a
period of six or eight weeks, returning later to instruct the men of
their units. The schools of arms and gas and the intelligence schools
gave particularly valuable training.
The training given in trench warfare can hardly be called the
work of one school—it was rather the training given to the entire
division working as a unit. Under the direction of French and
British officers the troops maneuvered, fought sham battles, and
drilled themselves in the art of modern warfare until they were pro¬
nounced proficient by those who had seen active service on the west¬
ern front. These English officers were Majors Reginald J. Mackay,
L. C. Benns, C. E. Eckenfelder, and Makin, Captains Sidney B.
Minch, Walter A. S. Cotton, and Lieut. Wilfred H. Parker. The
French officers were Majors H. de Beaurieux and A. M. Rostand,
Captains Georges Bertrand, Robert Payen, Georges LeDu, and Bion,
122 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Lieutenants Gaston, Bordonneau and Leon Druart. Each group had
an efficient corps of noncommissioned officers.
The problem of securing trained officers for the ever-expanding
army was met by the officers' training camps, the third and fourth
camps being held in Camp Grant. The third officers' training
camp, held from January to April, 1918, consisted of 300 men from
Camp Grant and 163 men from the Universities of Illinois, Chicago,
and Wisconsin, and Shattuck and Western Military Academies. The
fourth camp was established on May 15, 1918, and was composed of
men from the division, who on successfully completing their training
were commissioned and assigned to duty before the departure for
France.
A number of welfare organizations provided recreation for
the men when off duty. The Young Men's Christian Association
operated ten buildings, each having its director, religious leader, physi¬
cal director and educational secretary, and the Young Women's
Christian Association built and equipped two hostess houses which
served as a meeting place for soldiers and their visitors. The Knights
of Columbus erected four huts to care for men of the Roman Catholic
faith, although all men were welcome to their programs. The
Jewish Welfare Board and the Salvation Army also maintained build¬
ings in the interest of the welfare of men stationed at Camp Grant.
The Commission on Training Camp Activities built the Liberty
Theatre where daily programs—vaudeville, motion pictures, and
sometimes an unusually good musical program—were given and
official lectures were held. Camp "sings" were also conducted there
under the leadership of Arthur Nevin, musical director for the camp.
The American Library Association maintained a library of 45,000
volumes, the building having been donated by the Carnegie Corpora¬
tion. The War Camp Community Service maintained club rooms
in Rockford, provided various forms of entertainment and secured
many invitations to week-end parties, dinners, theatres and clubs for
the soldiers at Camp Grant.
Athletic contests were popular and useful during the training
period and were encouraged by all officers and welfare workers for
their value to camp morale. Lewis Omer of Northwestern University
was made camp athletic officer with the rank of captain in Septem-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 123
ber, 1917. Various ways of raising funds were devised for the
purchase of equipment; the Chicago Tribune gave $900, North¬
western University, $700, and gate receipts swelled the total amount
to $68,000. Football, baseball and boxing were favorites, but cham¬
pion teams were developed in nearly every sport. In 1918 athletic
contests were placed on the regular training schedule.
A number of periodicals were published by the men stationed at
Camp Grant. Trench and Camp, the Camp Grant edition of the
weekly newspaper sponsored by the National War Work Council
of the Y. M. C. A., had the longest term of existence, running from
October 7, 1917 to June 9, 1919. The Camp Grant Roll Call, a
weekly newspaper, was printed from August 23, 1919 to October
25, 1919. Various organizations stationed at the camp put out their
own publications—among these being The Silver Chev, issued by the
Base Hospital, and The Live Grenade and The Hand Grenade
successively issued by the 111 th Ordnance Depot.
The commanding officers of Camp Grant from August, 1917 to
May, 1919 were as follows: Maj. Gen. T. H. Barry, Brig. Gen.
L. W. V. Kennon, Maj. Gen. C. H. Martin, Brig. Gen. L. C. An¬
drews, Col. Milton L. McGrew, Col. Charles B. Hagedorn, Col.
Charles W. Castle, Maj. Gen. E. H. Plummer, Brig. Gen. C. H.
Barth, Col. Carl Reichman, Maj. Gen. W. A. Holbrook, Maj. Gen.
George Bell, Jr.
Fort Sheridan
The history of Fort Sheridan from the time of its establishment
until the close of the war falls into three divisions—the first period
being from 1893 to April, 1917 when it was a regular army post,
the second during 1917 and 1918 when it was used as an officers'
training camp, and the third beginning in September, 1918 when it
was converted into U. S. General Hospital No. 28 and equipped for
taking care of the wounded men returning from overseas. As a
regular army post Fort Sheridan was capable of accommodating a
regiment, usually cavalry, in commodious brick barracks. All build¬
ings lay along Sheridan Road—stables, hospitals, officers' quarters and
club—the tower guarding the main entrance.
An officers' training camp was organized at Fort Sheridan on
May 15, 1917, one of the sixteen conducted throughout the country
124 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
for the purpose of producing officers to take charge of the drafted
men who were to be inducted into military service early in September.
Col. William J. Nicholson was commanding officer of the first camp
which was attended by 5,000 men from Michigan, Wisconsin and
Illinois. The problem of housing the new arrivals was met by con¬
structing temporary buildings east and west of Sheridan Road. The
officer candidates were organized into provisional regiments, com¬
panies, and platoons, and were given infantry drill until June 16,
when each man elected and was sent to the branch of service he pre¬
ferred—infantry, cavalry, field artillery and coast artillery, the can¬
didates for coast artillery commissions being sent to the seaboard.
The 10th Provisional Regiment, composed of Michigan and Wis¬
consin men, and the 11th Provisional Regiment, made up of Illinois
candidates, were then organized, each regiment including companies
of the several arms of the service. All candidates were given thorough
instruction in United States Army regulations, the United States
manual of court martial, interior guard duty, field service regulations,
minor tactics, and mapping. In addition, infantrymen were drilled
in bayonet practice, trench warfare and target practice, while artillery¬
men were trained in artillery practice, equitation and allied branches.
The equipment of the 149th Field Artillery, which arrived at Fort
Sheridan on July 8 and was stationed there until September, was
used in training candidates for artillery commissions. On August 9
the names of the successful candidates were read, about 4,000 in all,
and on August 13 public announcement was made. Approximately
1,500 Illinois men received commissions.
The second officers' training camp began August 27 with
about 4,000 carefully selected men enrolled under the command of
Col, James A. Ryan. For this school it was deemed most important to
have more mature men who had already made a success in civilian
life, consequently a committee had traveled through the states of the
central west, examining applicants and rejecting the least desirable.
After a short period of preliminary training the regular units were
formed for special work—infantry detachments digging trenches,
laying barbed wire entanglements, and practicing many maneuvers
under the direction of British and French instructors, the artillery
units learning how to care for stables and horses, figure firing data.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 125
and operate the breech mechanism of a three-inch piece with speed
and precision. On November 27, 3,000 men were commissioned.
An outgrowth of the training camps at Fort Sheridan was the
organization known as the Fort Sheridan Association, formed on
November 2, 1917 and composed of all members of the first and
second camps. An elaborate program was made for days of peace as
well as war. Col. James A. Ryan was elected president with several
assistants from the various states represented. The chief value of the
association to its members was the loans supplied to men who had
been recently commissioned and who were confronted with the
necessity of purchasing complete equipment at once. This equipment
cost each man approximately $500, and as most of the men were in
moderate circumstances this heavy expense could not easily be met.
The association arranged with the various banks of Chicago to
borrow sufficient money to equip each candidate who needed a loan,
the borrower agreeing to have a stipulated amount deducted from
his monthly salary until the loan was repaid. By this plan more than
$350,000 was advanced to men in the service.
In the interval between the second officers' training camp and
the establishment of General Hospital No. 28 on September 21, 1918,
various units were stationed at Fort Sheridan, which during that time
was successively commanded by Col. Samuel Burkhardt, Jr. and Col.
Robert R. McCormick. On June 3, 1918 a reserve officers' train¬
ing corps camp was begun at Fort Sheridan, and continued six
weeks. No commissions were awarded at the conclusion but promis¬
ing candidates from the first school were admitted to a second camp
for the Students' Army Training Corps which was conducted from
July 16 to September 18, 1918. Men who were to be students and
instructors in the universities and colleges the following year were
admitted to this camp, the object being to train a limited number of
students and faculty members so that they would be able to supple¬
ment the efforts of officers detailed by the War Department to in¬
stitutions having S. A. T. C. units. Commissions were awarded to
successful candidates at the end of the course.
In September, 1918 the post command at Fort Sheridan con¬
sisted of the 61st Field Artillery, the 36th Battalion U. S. Guards,
and a motor transport school. Col. R. R. McCormick being the
126 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
commanding officer. The post hospital, commanded by Maj. Theo¬
dore S. Proxmire, contained 200 patients. The construction quarter¬
master, Capt. George W. Ludwick, arrived on September 27, and
under his direction the post was rapidly remodelled into a modern
convalescent home, the sum of $2,950,450 being expended on new
construction and alterations. A new sewerage system was installed,
water supply provided for, a number of double-deck wooden buildings
were constructed for wards, and in addition the barracks were con¬
verted into attractive living quarters. When completed the hospital
had space for 4,780 beds. It was placed under the command of Col.
William N. Bispham and from December, 1918 to November, 1919
patients to the number of 19,355 were given treatment by a corps
of officers, enlisted men and nurses operating through the following
services: surgical; orthopedic; eye, ear, nose and throat; medical;
neuro-psychiatry; laboratory; dental; roentgenology.
The work of physical reconstruction of soldier patients "to the
point where maximum functional restoration, physical and mental, has
been secured," was concentrated in twenty hospital centers on June
1, 1919, General Hospital No. 28 being among them. Col. Robert
M. Blanchard took charge of the newly created Department of Physi¬
cal Reconstruction at Fort Sheridan on August 15, 1919, and the
work of refitting the disabled soldier so as to enable him to take his
place as a useful citizen was carried out through physio-therapy and
occupational-therapy service, and hy an educational service embracing
a creative workshop, an academic department, a commercial depart¬
ment, a technical department, an agricultural department, a com¬
mercial art department, and instruction in music. As soon as the
man was able to take an interest in the things around him, instructors
sought to find his particular bent, although oftentimes this meant
a long and patient experiment. When each patient was discharged,
as completely cured as possible in view of his disability, the govern¬
ment continued to look after his interests through the Federal Board
for Vocational Education, a representative of which was stationed at
Fort Sheridan.
The Young Men's Christian Association maintained a hut at
Fon Sheridan and rendered important service during the officers'
training camps, as well as later. During the training period the
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 127
Knights of Columbus maintained a reading room in the gymnasium,
and late in 1918 erected a building. Books for the post were fur¬
nished by the American Library Association which occupied Building
No. 86. When the wounded men were brought to Fort Sheridan the
welfare organizations had a new field in which to work and their
equipment and personnel were increased for the new task of keeping
up the morale of thousands of men during months of enforced idle¬
ness.
Two newspapers were published at Fort Sheridan by the men
stationed there during and after the war. These were The Fort
Sheridan Reveille, published by the candidates at the officers' training
camp, and The Fort Sheridan Recall, published by the men at U. S.
A. General Hospital No. 28.
Scott Field
Scott Field, named for an early aviator of the United States
Army, was established in June, 1917 six miles from Belleville, Illinois,
on the Southern Railway in a well-drained, highly developed, agri¬
cultural community. The tract of land leased by the government
was the southeast quarter of section 10, northeast quarter of section
15, northwest quarter of section 14, and southwest quarter of section
11, Township 1, north. Range 7, west, Shiloh Valley, St. Clair
County.
The construction work on the field was accomplished in sixty
days. Two types of buildings were erected—living quarters and
buildings needed for sheltering and repairing aeroplanes—and were
as follows: commanding officers' quarters, officers' quarters (12),
officers' club, hospital, two cadet barracks, school building, head¬
quarters, quartermaster supply building, bakery, boiler, guard house,
two latrines, aero repair building, blacksmith shop, dope house, ma¬
chine shop, motor test building, garage, post exchange, four barracks
for enlisted men, six mess halls, twelve hangars, sewerage disposal
plant, and three gas houses. All were frame buildings except the
blacksmith shop and gas houses which were of steel. At a later date
four steel hangars, a steel aero repair building, an ammunition house,
an oil reclamation building, a maintenance building, a morgue, a
hospital and a personnel building were constructed. All were
128 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
equipped with steam heat generated from a central plant and with
electric lights, power being supplied from Collinsville, Illinois, about
fifteen miles away. Drain tile was installed, gravel walks and roads
built of crushed stone, gravel and tarvia were extended to the prin¬
cipal buildings, and grass plats were carefully cultivated to make the
place as sanitary and attractive as possible.
The aero squadrons organized or trained at Scott Field were as
follows: 85th, 86th, 114th, 154th, 155th, 221st, 222d, 242d, 261st,
262d, 263d, 284th, 841st, and Squadron D. These organizations
being fighting units, were in training for a short time and were then
stationed where they would be of most advantage to the service.
Two systems of flying were used, the old stage system and the
Gosport system adapted from the English system of the same name.
The latter was used in this country for the first time at Scott Field.
Twenty-four cadets completed their R. M. A. course in 1917, and of
414 who reported in 1918, 244 were commissioned.
The Air Service required a large number of highly trained me¬
chanics, permanently assigned to the post and well organized into
departments, to keep the machines in repair and to handle numerous
administrative details. These organizations were the post head¬
quarters, aero supply department, engine repair department, black¬
smith and welding shops, vulcanizing department, sheet metal shop,
drafting shop, instrument repair department, oil house, transportation
department, post hospital, fire department, photographic hut, post
exchange and quartermaster corps.
The Young Men's Christian Association and War Camp Com¬
munity Service directed the welfare work at Scott Field. The "Y"
hut was completed in January, 1918, and was used extensively for
lectures, sings, and moving pictures. The War Camp Community
Service furnished athletic equipment, opened a soldiers' club in Belle¬
ville, and arranged week-end parties for the men. On August 17,
1918 the civilians of the neighborhood were permitted to visit the
field where they were entertained by the men with fancy flying and
athletic games.
Scott Field had the following commanding officers prior to the
armistice: Maj. J. W. Heard, Maj. George E. A. Reinburg, Lieut.
Col. James E. Fechet, Maj. George W. DeArmond, Capt. Eugene
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 129
Behrendt, Maj. Seth W. Cook, Maj. John B. Brooks, Maj. Augus¬
tine W. Robins, Maj. Henry Abbey, Jr.
Chanute Field
Chanute Field was established in July, 1917 one-half mile south
of.Rantoul, Illinois, a town of 2,000 inhabitants in Champaign Coun¬
ty, fifteen miles north of Champaign and Urbana and one hundred
and twelve miles south of Chicago. It comprised one section, lati¬
tude 40.25 N., longitude 88.25 W., in a slightly rolling country
where the chief industry was farming. The Illinois Central Railroad
and Kankakee and Urbana Traction Company lines ran near the post.
Buildings on the field to accommodate about one thousand men
were necessary, and these were constructed by English Brothers,
Champaign contractors, within sixty days. Two main streets were
laid out east and west the entire length of the field, along which all
buildings were erected. All were single story and of wood except
four steel hangars and oil and storage houses. The administration
buildings were in the center of the group facing south, on each side
of which were the barracks and mess halls of the men, each sufficiently
large to accomodate 150 soldiers. The hospital and thirty-six sets of
officers' quarters occupied the extreme northeast corner of the field
while the noncommissioned officers lived in the west end near the
entrance. Immediately south of the main street and extending its
entire length were the hangars, eleven constructed of wood with a
capacity of eight planes per hangar and four steel constructions for
storage. In addition to these buildings there were the quartermaster
warehouse, an air service building, machine shop, aero repair build¬
ing, garage, post exchange, engineers' repair building, dope house, oil
reclamation building, storage and salvage yard, guard house, bakery,
blacksmith shop, gas house, and latrines. The main flying field was
south of the building area. The water supply for Chanute Field
came from the mains of Rantoul, while electricity for all purposes
was obtained from Champaign.
A ground school as well as a flying school was maintained at
Chanute Field. A number of organizations were partially trained at
this station and hurried to France, while others were organized and
sent to other posts. The following units were stationed at Chanute
130 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Field at some time during the war: 10th, 16th, 38th, 39th, 83d, 112th
(later known as 633d), I52d, 153d, 160th, 166th, 173d, 174th, 210th,
267th, 268th, 287th, 288th, 831st, 832d Aero Squadrons, and 36th
and 75th Photographic Sections, and 210th Radio Detachment. The
152d and 166th Squadrons were sent to the zone of the advance over¬
seas. The 10th, 16th, 153d, 173d, 174th, 210th, 267th, 268th, 831st
and 832d were sent overseas but remained in the Service of Supply.
Athletics were popular at the field and some champion teams re¬
sulted from interest and hard practice on the part of the men. An
athletic field was laid out within the post where football, baseball,
track, and tennis were practiced constantly when the men were off
duty. Holidays were celebrated with appropriate games. Boxing
was fostered by the Y. M. C. A., which had one "fight" each week.
Volley ball was played in a hangar used by the Athletic Department
as a gymnasium. During the influenza epidemic the sides of this
building were raised so that air could circulate freely, and the regular
evening programs were carried on.
The Young Men's Christian Association was the principal wel¬
fare organization in this post, its hut, completed in August, 1917, be¬
coming the source of most of the plans for social and athletic events.
Twelve secretaries were assigned to this work during the war period.
The Knights of Columbus had no building in camp but used the "Y"
hut for religious purposes and opened club rooms in Rantoul primarily
for men of their faith. The War Camp Community Service erected
a one-story frame building in Rantoul which was a central meeting
place for the soldiers and their women friends. The people of Ran¬
toul and surrounding country opened their homes each week-end to
the men stationed at the field, and many towns in central Illinois
sent books and entertainers.
Air Puffs, a weekly newspaper, was published by the men
stationed at the field during the war.
The following officers wei;e in command of Chanute Field up
to the time of the armistice: Maj. James L. Dunsworth, Maj.
Maxwell Kirby, Lieut. Col. Frederick M. Jones, Capt. Evert L.
Moore, Maj. George W. Krapf, Maj. Arthur E. Wilbourn, Maj.
Adlai H. Gilkeson, Lieut. Col. Henry L. Watson.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 131
UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT
United States Navy^
When the President on March 24, 1917, issued an executive
order directing that the strength of the United States Navy be in¬
creased to 87,000, naval recruiting had been going on actively in
Illinois for some weeks. Early in February Capt. W. A. Moffett,
commander of the 9th, 10th and 11th Naval Districts as well as
commanding officer at Great Lakes Naval Training Station, had is¬
sued orders for the inauguration of a recruiting campaign which was
carried on through northern Illinois by the Chief Gunner's Mate at
the station and his aides. One method used with some success was an
appeal by lette- to persons on a prepared mailing list of eligibles in the
northern part of the state. Five recruiting stations were established
in Chicago under the direction of Lieut. L. R. Stevens, and sub¬
stations later were placed in various business houses. Work in the
Chicago district was aided by a local committee which raised a navy
recruiting fund and otherwise assisted in the campaign. An auxiliary
station to Great Lakes was established at Grant Park in Chicago in
May, 1917, to which were assigned certain of the men enlisting in
Chicago. On August 11, 1917, 560 men were there encamped and
30Ö were in homes awaiting accommodation. The training ships
Yantic and Essex, with Lieut. A. E. Wilvers in command, were es¬
tablished at Grant Park to instruct men stationed there.
When the acts of May 22, 1917 and July 1, 1917 still further
increased the strength of the naval establishment, recruiting was
carried on with great vigor throughout the twenty-four recruiting dis¬
tricts into which Illinois was divided. Stations were established in
cities in all parts of Illinois and traveling recruiting parties were
sent out to canvass various sections of the state. After the selective
service system went into effect, registrants who had been "called" for
service in the National Army were not permitted to enlist, although
other registrants might still do so. In spite of this restriction recruit¬
ing for the navy continued to interfere with the systematic operation
of the selective service system, and on August 8, 1918 enlistments
*For statistical data, see Appendix, Table number 6.
132 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
for the navy and marine corps were suspended for the duration of
the war. Those organizations henceforth secured their increment
from men who entered the service through induction.
Recruiting for the navy in Illinois during the fiscal year 1917
and 1918 resulted in enlistments as follows:
1917
Applications Applicants
for enlistment enlisted
Bloomington 21 5
Champaign 385 109
Chicago 10,062 3,138
Decatur 94 37
Havana 11 7
LaSalle 3 0
Macomb 8 6
Moline 59 10
Mt. Vernon 167 52
Peoria 995 580
Quincy 260 106
Rockford 230 64
Springfield 549 277
Traveling party 97 31
Great Lakes 512 221
Total 13,453 4,643
1918
Aurora 252 56
Bloomington 347 14
Champaign 999 J35
Chicago 10,329 3,112
Danville 99 13
Decatur 793 jgg
Freeport 49 I
Galesburg 112 g
Kewanee 45 q
LaSalle 239 co
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 133
Mt. Vernon 283 18
Peoria 1,339 668
Quincy 1,210 209
Rockford 364 106
Springfield 1,258 290
Traveling party 82 29
Total 17,800 4,956
Illinois men, however, entered the United States Navy through
other channels than the recruiting stations located throughout the
state; consequently these figures do not represent the total enlistments
for the period. Illinois is credited with having contributed 13,655
persons to the United States Navy during the war, five of whom were
women who served as yeomen (F).
United States Naval Reserve Force®
The U. S. Naval Reserve Force was created by an act ap¬
proved August 29, 1916 for the purpose of enrolling and training in
times of peace all kinds of personnel, which in times of war or when
the President declared an emergency to exist could be called to the
colors and used in any capacity in the navy. It thus supplemented
the National Naval Volunteers, created by the same act, which only
partially met the deficiency in personnel for combatant ships and in
no way supplied the need of additional personnel for auxiliaries,
aviation, technical duties, etc.
The act provided that the Naval Reserve Force be composed of
six classes, as follows; (1) Fleet Naval Reserve—former officers and
men of the U. S. Navy; (2) Naval Reserve—men of the sea-going
profession; (3) Naval Auxiliary Reserve—officers and men who
had been or might be employed on American ships that should be
found suitable for use as naval auxiliaries; (4) Naval Coast Defense
Reserve—persons who might be found capable of performing special
useful service with the navy or in connection with the navy in defense
of the coast; (5) Volunteer Naval Reserve Force—anyone eligible to
any class of Naval Reserve Force; (6) Naval Reserve Flying Corps.
'For statistical data, see Appendix, Table number 6.
134 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Enrollments in the Naval Reserve Corps began early in Decem¬
ber, 1916. Two hundred seafaring men from the Great Lakes were
assigned to training with the fleet, and went on a winter cruise in
southern waters. About 300 ex-service men throughout the country
had enrolled in the Fleet Naval Reserve up to January 1, 1917, when
enrollments showed a decided increase, numbering about 10,000 on
April 1. With the declaration of war, practically all members of
the Naval Reserve Force were distributed to fleet and naval vessels
patrolling in naval districts. After June 7, 1917 no enrollments were
made except for general service, and all persons previously enrolled
were asked to volunteer for general duty, about 70 per cent respond¬
ing. After that time a number of men were withdrawn from the
districts and placed on vessels for distant service.
A Naval Auxiliary Reserve School was established on Muni¬
cipal Pier at Chicago in August, 1917, and continued throughout
the war to train officers and men for service in Class 3, U. S. N. R. F.
The school originated in the decision of the Yacht Owners' Associa¬
tion of Chicago at a meeting in February, 1917, to organize a school
to prepare local yachtsmen for service in the U. S. Naval Reserve
Force, particularly the patrol boat service. A committee was ap¬
pointed with James O. Hey worth as chairman, and the Chicago
Yachtsmen's Naval Auxiliary, composed of the Yacht Owners' Asso¬
ciation of Chicago, the Jackson Park Yacht Club, Lincoln Park
Yacht Club, Fvanston Yacht Club, Chicago Motor Boat Club and
the South Shore Power Boat Club, was organized on March 17.
Capt. W. A. Moffett, U. S. N., commander of the 9th, 10th and
11th Naval Districts, laid down the requirements for such a school,
conferences were held with officers at the Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station, and courses to be given by officers of the navy and such
local yachtsmen as were capable were arranged.
Enrollments in the school numbered 380 in the beginning but
as the class rooms in the Chicago Yacht Club became crowded
within a month, the Commonwealth Edison Building at 120 West
Adams was offered by Samuel Insull. Enrollment did not ob¬
ligate enlistment, but all those who had enrolled were anxious for
opportunities to enter the service. Word from Captain Moffett
that 500 motor boats and their crews were wanted by the navy
MILITARY ÄND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 135
acted as a stimulus to enrollment and by April 25, 1917, 36 boats
from Chicago clubs had been accepted by the U. S. Navy, and nine
owners had been sworn into service.
With the removal of the school to 120 West Adams Street,
Lieut. A. M. Steckel, then in charge of the Hydrographie Office at
Chicago, was informally made superintendent of the school with
George L. Weed secretary and treasurer of the organization. Classes
were held at night in navigation, ordnance and gunnery, seamanship,
radio, engineering and signals, and noon periods of signal practice
were held. Lewis Institute furnished facilities for classes in gas
engines. Officer material began to develop, and men were sent out
on patrol boats, to Great Lakes Naval Training Station and from
there to the Harvard Radio School and also to various branches of
the service.
It soon became evident that a definite status for students in the
school was desirable, consequently in June enrollment in the U. S.
Naval Reserve Force became obligatory. About August 1 the school
was moved to the Municipal Pier, the Commercial Club of Chicago
having agreed to finance its running expenses, as well as the expense
of equipping the pier in accordance with the needs of the school. On
August 28 Captain Moffett ordered the U. S. S. Gopher to anchor
alongside and act as a training ship, Lieutenant Steckel, commanding
officer of the ship, being formally made commanding officer of the
school. Classes were conducted on the pier, and the Gopher took
450 students, 50 at a time, on three-week cruises, landing them at
Great Lakes to find their way into the service in such outlets as pre¬
sented themselves.
This program was continued until November, 1917, when the
Gopher once more was anchored alongside the pier and its officers
became instructors in the school. Entrance requirements for ad¬
mission to the school were raised and more applications were re¬
ceived than could be handled. On February 8, 1918 the Navy De¬
partment assumed all financial responsibility for the school, and on
March 2 designated it a "U. S. Naval Auxiliary Reserve School,"
the purpose of which was to train officer material. The personnel
of the school at that time was about 250, but within six weeks it
was increased to 350. divided according to merit into officer, petty
136 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
officer, and seaman material. In February Lieut. Com. Lynn R.
Rutler succeeded Lieutenant Steckel as commanding officer, and he
was in turn succeeded on March 17 by Lieut, (j.g.) B. C. Getsinger,
U. S. N. R. F.
The training now consisted of one month on the pier, two
months on a lake carrier, and then a final month on the pier, after
which the successful candidate spent two months at the Officer
Material School at Pelham Bay. If further successful he then
emerged an ensign, U. S. N. R. F., Class 3, with an immediate as¬
signment as junior deck officer in prospect. On the pier thirty
officers and a number of petty officers gave instructions in the follow¬
ing departments: Ordnance, Navigation, Seamanship, Signal, Regula¬
tions and Instructions. Infantry drill and periods aboard a navy
cutter and the U. S. S. Hyac also had a place in the program of the
students during their two months on the pier. After the first month
of training on the pier, students were sent to Cleveland, and then were
assigned in pairs to ore boats or other lake carriers for a two months'
cruise. A final month of training on the pier was followed by a ten-
days' cruise on the U. S. S. Gopher, before successful candidates were
sent to Pelham Bay. In the beginning the school sent a monthly
quota of 100 to Pelham, but this was increased to 200 in August,
1918.
Capt. E. A. Evers was placed in charge of the school August 3,
succeeding Lieutenant Getsinger. By that time the student comple¬
ment on the pier had reached 1,066. The maximum, 1,900, of which
1,400 were students in training, was reached in October, 1918.
Illinois is credited with 25,638 enlistments in the U. S. Naval
Reserve Force during the war, this number including 1,529 members
of the U. S. Naval Volunteers which were consolidated with the
Naval Reserve Force on June 30, 1918. Of the total number, 210
were women.
Capt. E. A. Evers was in charge of the U. S. Naval Reserve
Force in Illinois throughout the war period.
United States Naval Volunteers
See Illinois Naval Militia, page 84.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 137
United States Marine Corps
The authorized strength of the U. S. Marine Corps was in¬
creased by the act of August 29, 1916, by the executive order of
March 26, 1917, and by the acts of May 22 and July 1, 1918 from
344 officers and 9,921 enlisted men to 3,017 officers and 75,500 men.
Recruiting campaigns were inaugurated early in 1917 and were
carried on until August 8, 1918 when enlistments were stopped be¬
cause of the conflict between the volunteer and selective service sys¬
tems. From October 1, 1918 on the U. S. Marine Corps obtained its
increment by means of individual inductions of registrants.
Stations were located in various cities in the state and recruiting
was carried on along a plan similar to that of the navy. Illinois is
credited with contributing 6,970 officers, enlisted men and women, to
the U. S. Marine Corps during the war. The total number is dis¬
tributed as follows:
Enlisted men (regulars) 6,501
Marine Corps Reserves (male) 264
Marine Corps Reserve (female) 8
National Naval Volunteers 35
Officers (regulars) 35
Officers (reserve) 127
Grand Total " 6,970
United States Coast Guard
Pursuant to the provision of an act of Congress approved Jan¬
uary 28, 1915, on the outbreak of the war the President transferred
the United States Coast Guard from the jurisdiction of the Treasury
Department to that of the Navy Department. The vessels, stations
and personnel of the coast guard were thereupon assigned to the
naval districts to which they were of greatest service. In addition to
its regular activities the coast guard furnished some cruising cutters
for patrol duty in the submarine zone, and cooperated with the Naval
Communication Service in erecting and maintaining wire communica¬
tions between the various coast stations and between the coast sta¬
tions and the Navy Department. The U. S. Coast Guard was trans¬
ferred back to the Treasury Department on August 28, 1919.
138 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Illinois is credited with furnishing 636 of the men who served
in the United States Coast Guard during the war.
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
Great Lakes Naval Training Station, about 33 miles north of
Chicago on the shore of Lake Michigan, was established in 1904, the
site of 160 acres having been purchased and donated to the govern¬
ment by citizens of Chicago when it was decided to build a naval
camp in the middle west. Rear Admiral Albert Ross, the first com¬
mandant, was responsible for the completion of the station by 1911,
at which time there were twenty-three buildings, as follows: ad¬
ministration building, instruction building, drill hall, mess hall and
galley, main guard house, power house, four main barracks, supply
buildings, boat house, brig, stables, main receiving building, six re¬
ceiving barracks, and the receiving guard house.
The plan for expansion of the Great Lakes Naval Training
Station during the war took the main station as a regimental area
and called for its duplication in wooden buildings as many times as
necessary, thus affording housing and training facilities for an in¬
definite number of regiments. Such an area could accommodate 1,726
men and each would form a complete unit within itself. Following
this plan. Camps Perry and Dewey, comprising four and three reg¬
imental areas respectively, were constructed in the summer of 1917
for training purposes. In addition Camps Farragut and Decatur,
each consisting of one regimental unit, were built for incoming deten¬
tion camps, where all recruits were received for preliminary work,
while Camp Ross was constructed for an outgoing detention camp,
where all men ready to "shove off" were to be sent. A regimental
unit. Camp Paul Jones, was built to house the forces of the Public
Works Department. In 1918 the construction of four new reg¬
imental training units to be known as Camp Lawrence was author¬
ized, as well as three outgoing detention units known as Camp Luce,
an aviation unit, one incoming detention unit called Camp Barry, and
a school for training ensigns. Two units were added to Camp Paul
Jones, and new barracks were added to Camp Decatur which doubled
its capacity.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 139
The training camps were slightly different from the detention
camps. The sleeping quarters of the men were six "H"-shaped bar¬
rack units containing four hammock-hung dormitories, each equipped
for seventy-two men. A single galley with twelve semi-detached mess
halls, each capable of accommodating one company of 144 men, formed
the mess arrangements. In addition there were a storehouse, post
office, an executive and instruction building, and a dispensary and
sick bay. The main purpose in planning the incoming detention camp
was to have as few recruits together as possible in order that the
danger of contagion might be minimized. Thirty-six single barracks,
each consisting of two non-communicable sections with a dormitory
accommodating twenty-four men, service room and the usual toilet
space, formed a regimental area. For mess there was a single reg¬
imental galley where all the food was prepared to be transported to
the various service rooms in the barracks.
The health record of the men in training at Great Lakes Naval
Training Station was unsurpassed. Adequate provisions were made
for emergencies as the station expanded. In 1917 the hospital con¬
sisted of one main building with 120 beds, but additions were made
from time to time until what is known as the hospital group with ten
"H"-shaped ward units with a capacity of 1,400 beds, three subsistence
buildings, a group of dormitories for the nurses and barracks for the
medical corps had been constructed. In September, 1918 Camp Ross,
taken over to aid in the influenza crisis, added about 50 buildings
and increased the capacity to 2,800 beds. Patients numbering 15,900,
including 2,484 cases of influenza, were cared for during the war
period.
The administrative machinery at Great Lakes was made up of
various departments under the direct supervision of the Commandant
who was assisted by a number of aides. The executive officer was
responsible for seeing that the policies of the Commandant were
executed. In 1918 his office was subdivided into the Detail Office,
Drill Office, and Provost Marshal's Office, with the later addition
of the Draft Department and Insurance Section. The Detail Office
and its divisions handled the service records and other matters per¬
taining to the enlisted personnel. The Drill Office was responsible
for the training and discipline of the men, the care of buildings and
140 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
grounds occupied by the men, the assignment of recruits received
from incoming detention to regiments and schools, the supervision of
special instruction, the granting of liberty, etc. The Office of Courts
and Boards, the Ordnance Department, the Boatswains' Department,
and the Athletic Office completed the administrative organization of
the station. The purchase, storage and distribution of supplies fell
under the jurisdiction of the Supply Department and its five divisions
—Purchasing, Naval Supply, Account, Receiving, Provisions and
District Supply. In addition to this department, the Accounting Sec¬
tion, the Station Disbursing Office, the Receiving Ship Disbursing
Office, the Commissary Department and the Ships Stores Depart¬
ment comprised the station organization which carried out supply and
disbursement operations.
It took about three months to make a sailor of the ordinary youth
who presented himself for training. The candidate must always
enter by way of "Incoming Detention," where he was subjected to
an injection of typhoid vaccine, was given a seaman's outfit, and was
then placed in quarantine for three weeks. When this period was
over, the recruit was ready for an assignment to the training organ¬
ization, which consisted of a division, brigades, battalions, and com¬
panies with the Commandant as division commander and the Execu¬
tive Officer as division adjutant. The apprentice seamen who formed
the majority of the men trained at Great Lakes received their training
in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Regiments, skeleton organizations
which were filled and refilled with recruits to be turned into sailors.
New men came to the regiments in companies of 144 under the
command of a petty officer who delivered them to the company com¬
mander; and after quarters had been assigned and equipment issued,
the period of instruction and drill began.
The seamen were given thorough instruction in military drill
and seamanship. The drill was necessary but monotonous. More
emphasis was placed on tying knots, splicing ropes, and manning boats.
A number of unique land boats were constructed, owing to a short¬
age of cutters for use on the lake, to give more men additional practice
in handling oars and executing the commands. Signal work had to
be learned thoroughly. Signal bridges were built on the roofs of
regimental headquarters buildings, each with a mast and yard arm
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 141
for hoisting signal flags. By means of semaphore or wigwag, orders
could be received from the Administration Building at any time of
day.
The Instruction Building, the center of each training group,
contained five large class rooms—an ordnance room, signal room, rig¬
ging loft and two general instruction rooms. Besides rope and signal
work the apprentice seaman was required to know the various kinds
of ammunition, to master the nomenclature of guns, rifles and re¬
volvers, to learn how to station a gun crew, as well as how to use
telescopes, range finders and other instruments. His work was aided
by drawings and sketches kept in the ordnance room at all times. In
first aid each man had to be familiar with blood circulation, the use
of bandages, and resuscitation of persons who were apparently
drowned.
The seamen who had completed his training at the station and
was ready for duty was ordered to "Outgoing Detention," where he
was given another physicial examination, placed in quarantine for the
usual three weeks, and given a sea bag and hammock. All papers per¬
taining to each man were forwarded with the list bearing his name.
The draft list completed, the seaman with his fellows "shoved off"
to Philadelphia or Hampton Roads, where he might be assigned to
ship or land duty. During 1918 2,495 drafts, comprising 71,440 men
"shoved off."
Competent instructors for the training units were obtained by
graduating men from special schools as fast as they were needed by
any department. The Instruction Camp was organized to develop
company commanders. As soon as the student demonstrated his
ability to impart instruction he was given a company. The Gunners'
Mates School, established in August, 1917, was concerned with the
care and preservation of ordnance material, gun mounts, and breech
mechanism as the petty officer would have to deal with it. Some 1,800
gunners' mates were graduated. Closely related to this school was
the Armed Guard School, which was established in December, 1917
for the purpose of training the entire gun crew. The Coxswain
School, organized in August, 1917, trained men in the handling of
boats. There were also the Quartermaster, Signal Yeoman, Hos-
142 fVAR-TIME ORGAXIZJTIOW OF ILLINOIS
pital Corps, Radio and Aviation Schools to train specialists for these
various branches of the service.
The Officer Alaterial School, one of the most important con¬
ducted on the station, was started in January, 1918 with a class of 40
warrant officers, chief petty officers and men of lower ratings, who
were instructed in navigation, ordnance, seamanship and drill. At
the completion of the course they were recommended for commissions
by the Commandant, and in March they were made ensigns in the
Naval Reserve Force, Class 4. The Bureau of Navigation soon au¬
thorized the establishment of a regularly constituted Officers' Mate¬
rial School at Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and beginning in
June, 1918 a class of twenty men selected from those stationed at
Great Lakes together with eight men from other district naval or¬
ganizations entered the school each month. The course covered six¬
teen weeks and covered instruction in navigation, ordnance, seaman¬
ship, and regulations and naval customs, qualifying students for deck
duties onl}'. Graduates of the school were recommended for com¬
missions as ensigns, U. S. Naval Reserve Force, Class 4, or for further
instruction at Annapolis.
Athletics received much attention at Great Lakes. The Athletic
Office supervised all recreation programs and fostered all sorts of
games between regiments. Athletic contests were in fact put on
training schedules and regimental instructors were appointed to
carry them out. Few things aided the morale of the men as did
this measure.
The welfare organizations were particularly useful in entertain¬
ing the men in the evenings. The Young Men's Christian Associa¬
tion had 21 huts and 140 secretaries on the station. The Young
Women's Christian Association built and maintained two hostess
houses which sen-ed as a place for visitors to meet their friends and
relatives. The Rnights of Columbus had seven large buildings on
the station to meet the needs of Ca,tholic sailors. The Christian
Science War Relief and Camp Welfare Committee, Lutheran
Brotherhood and Jewish W elfare Board maintained a competent
force to serve men of their respective faiths.
The Liberty Band of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station
was known throughout the country. In the early part of 1917 there
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 143
were 50 musicians under Senior Band Master Richard Tainter. In
May John Philip Sousa joined the Naval Reserve, was given the
rank of lieutenant and was assigned to Great Lakes to take charge
of the band which was soon increased to 1,500 musicians and acquired
a national reputation. Sections of the band visited nearly every large
city in America during the second, third and fourth liberty loan
campaigns. Musicians to the number of 3,056 were enrolled, of
whom 2,250 were sent to the fleet and naval bases.
The activities of Great Lakes Naval Training Station attracted
an enormous amount of interest on the part of the civilian population
along the lakeshore. At every opportunity thousands flocked to the
camp to see what could be done to aid the boys in training. The
houses, hotels, and theatres of Chicago, Milwaukee, and smaller
towns were open to the men for every week-end, and clubs were
organized at railway terminals and in the city districts in order that
the bluejackets might have places for writing, reading, or meeting
friends, as well as for entertainment. Among the most notable of
these were the Central Soldiers' and Sailors' Club at 207 West Wash¬
ington Street, and the Khaki and Blue Club in Grant Park, Chicago.
Publication of a daily newspaper, The Great Lakes Bulletin,
was started at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in July, 1917
and was continued throughout the war, attaining a large circulation.
The Great Lakes Recruit, an illustrated monthly jmagazine started
sometime before the war, was also published at the station.
Capt. W. A. Moffett was commandant at Great Lakes Naval
Training Station throughout the war period.
UNIT HISTORIES
33d Division^ U. S. Army
The 33d Division, known as the Prairie Division, was organized
at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, in the fall of 1917 with the Illi¬
nois National Guard as its nucleus, and was brought up to war
strength by the addition of Illinois men in the National Army who
were sent from Camps Grant, Dodge, and Taylor. The division was
organized as follows: 65th Infantry Brigade—129th and 130th In¬
fantry, 123d Machine Gun Battalion; 66th Infantry Brigade—131st
e,
144 JFAR-TIME ORGJXIZJTIOX OF ILLIXOIS
and 132d Infantry, 124th Machine Gun Battalion ; 58th Field Artü-
lery Brigade—122d and 124th (light) and 123d (heavy) Field
Artillery, lOSth Trench Mortar Battery; miscellaneous—122d Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, lOSth Engineers. lÖSth Field Signal Battalion;
trains—lOSth Militaiy Police. Ammunition, Supply and Sanitary
Trains.
The division received intensive training at Camp Logan during
the winter and spring of 1917-1918. All um'ts were entrained at
Camp Logan for the seaboard between May 1 and 8, 1918, the 5Sth
Field Artillery Brigade going to Camp 3Ierritt, the remainder of the
division to Camp Cpton for embarkation overseas. The first unit of
file di^Tsion ( lOSth Engineers) arrived in France on May 18, the last
on June 15, 1918.
The 33d Division served in all in five armies and twelve corps,
being the only division of the U. S. Army to fight under the British,
French and American commands. The fSth Field Artillery Brigade
was detached from the division for a period of eight months begirming
the second week in May, 1918 and went into action with other divi¬
sions. The 60th Infantry Brigade Headquarters detachment came
under enemy fire at Abbeville on May 27, eighteen days after leaving
Camp Logan, when it suffered one casualty. The division as a whole
or in part saw the following combat service: Amiens sector (July 1-
-A.ugust 7, 1918); Somme offensive August 8-20); Verdun sector
(September 10-25); St. Mihiel offensive (September 12-14);
Meuse-Argonne offensive September 26-Xovember 11); Troven
sector October 2ó-N'ovember 11). During active opérations the
division captured 3,987 prisoners and suffered 8J179 casualties, 785
of which represented oficers and men killed in action.
-Mter the armistice the division proceeded to Gennanv with the
of Occupation, but on December 17, 1918 it became a part of
the reserve of the hecond Army and withdrew to Luxembourg where
it was stationed until April. 1919. Division headquarters sailed for
home from Brest on May 9. 1919. arrr^ring at Hoboken on ^lav 17,
1919. The first contingent ot the 33d Division reached Chicago on
^i^y 27 where it paraded and was reviewed by Governor F. O.
Lowden and Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, commanding officer of the
Central Department. The second and third contingents of the divi-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 145
sion, arriving in Chicago on June 2 and June 5 respectively, also
marched in review before the governor. Demobilization took place
at Camp Grant and was completed by the end of June.
The 33d Division made an enviable record. In the number of
congressional medals of honor conferred, it was excelled only by
the 30th Division. Men of the 33d received 215 American decora¬
tions, 56 British, 92 French, 16 Belgian and 2 Italian decorations.
Some of the division personnel were decorated by the King of Great
Britain in person, a distinction shared with no other American divi¬
sion. The division's standing as compared with that of other divisions
of the U. S. Army is as follows; it was sixteenth to reach France,
ninth in the number of kilometers advanced against the enemy, fourth
in the number of prisoners captured, twentieth in the number of men
killed in action, and twelfth in the number of men wounded. It was
one of the five divisions rated "first class" by the Germans.
The division insignia was a yellow cross upon a black circle.
Maj. Gen. George Bell, Jr. commanded the division throughout the
entire period of its existence.
65th Infantry Brigade^ 33d Division
The 65th Infantry Brigade, composed of the 129th Infantry, the
130th Infantry and the 123d Machine Gun Battalion, was organized
at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas on October 11, 1917. The units
making up the brigade had as a nucleus the 3d and 4th Infantry
Regiments, and Companies F and G of the 5th Infantry Regiment,
Illinois National Guard. During the winter and spring of 1917-1918
the brigade received intensive training at Camp Logan, and on May
2 its units began to move to the seaboard preparatory to embarking
for overseas. The brigade sailed on the Covington on May 10 (ar¬
riving at Brest May 23), the President Lincoln (arriving at Brest
May 23), the La Lorraine on May 10 (arriving Bordeaux May 24),
and the Agamemnon on May 16 (arriving Brest May 24, 1918).
The brigade was quarantined for scarlet fever on its arrival, and
because of this delay it was early June before it began its preliminary
training with the Australians. Altogether it is officially credited with
the following combat service: (1) Amiens sector (July 1—August 7,
1918) ; (2) Somme offensive (August 8-20, 1918) ; (3) Verdun
146 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sector (September 10-25, 1918); (4) Meuse-Argonne offensive
(September 26-October 21, 1918) ; (5) Troyon sector (October 26-
November 11, 1918).
During December 7-20, 1918 the 65th Brigade marched with
the 33d Division into Luxembourg where brigade headquarters were
established at Ettelbruck. In April preparations for departure were
perfected, and units of the brigade sailed for the United States on
the Siboney on May 11 and the Leviathan on May 15, arriving at
Hoboken on May 20 and May 22.
Thirty decorations, American, French and Italian, were awarded
to officers and men of the 65th Brigade, three of these being given to
Brigade Headquarters. Brigade casualties numbered 68 officers and
2,664 men and are classified as follows: 4 officers, 225 men killed; 63
officers, 2,426 men wounded ; 1 officer, 8 men captured ; 5 men missing.
The 65th Brigade was commanded by Brig. Gen. Henry R.
Hill until July 16, 1918, and by Brig. Gen. Edward L. King from
July 30, 1918 to demobilization.
129th Infantry Regiment, 33d Division
The 129th Infantry Regiment was formed with the 3d Infantry
and the Headquarters Company of the 5th Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, as a nucleus. Units of the 3d Infantry were called into the
federal service during the period from July 28 to August 6, 1917,
while Headquarters Company, 5th Infantry had been inducted as
early as April 15. These units were mobilized at Camp Logan on
September 16, and on October 11 they were organized into the 129th
Infantry of the 65th Brigade, 33d Division. The regiment was
brought up to war strength by the addition of Illinois selected men
from Camps Grant, Dodge and Taylor.
With the other units of the 33d Division the 129th Infantry
received intensive training at Camp Logan during the winter and
spring of 1917-1918; leaving for Camp Upton on May 7 and 8. The
regiment, less the 3d Battalion and Company H, sailed from Hoboken
aboard the Covington on May 10 and arrived in Brest May 23.
Company H sailed on the President Lincoln on May 10 and also
arrived in Brest on May 23, Companies L and M sailed on the La
Lorraine May 10 and landed in Bordeaux on May 24 while Com-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 147
panics I and K on the Agamemnon sailed May 16, arriving at Brest
on the 24th. The regiment was quarantined for scarlet fever after
it reached France.
The regiment received its combat training with the Fourth
British Army and first came under enemy fire when it was bombed
by German planes about 5 kilometers from Abbeville. The regiment
first went into service as a unit at the Villers-Bretonneux section of
the Amiens defense on July 17. It is credited with the following
combat service: (1) Amiens sector (July 1-August 7, 1918); (2)
Somme offensive (August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September
10-25) ; (4) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September 26-October 23) ;
Troyon sector (October 26-November 11).
From December 7 to 20 the 129th Infantry marched into Lux¬
embourg where it was stationed near Ettelbruck until April, 1919.
On May 15 the regiment sailed from Brest on board the Leviathan,
reaching Camp Merritt on May 23. It arrived in Chicago with the
second contingent of the 33d Division on June 2 and was there
reviewed by Governor F. O. Lowden. Demobilization was completed
at Camp Grant by the end of June, 1919.
Casualties of the 129th Infantry numbered 1,659, distributed
as follows: killed, 3 officers, 106 men; wounded, 33 officers, 1,516
men; captured, 1 officer. Nine decorations—French, Italian, and
American—were awarded to men of the regiment.
Col. Charles H. Green, who had been in command of the 3d
Infantry,' Illinois National Guard, remained in command of the 129th
Infantry until August 18, 1918 when he was succeeded by Col. Edgar
A. Myer.
130th Infantry Regiment, 33d Division
The 130th Infantry Regiment was formed from the 4th -In¬
fantry and the Supply Company of the 5th Infantry, Illinois Na¬
tional Guard. The 4ih Infantry, Illinois National Guard, had been
on active service for the state during the summer of 1917, having
been assigned to cyclone duty at Mattoon in May and June, and
to riot duty in East St. Louis at various times from May to July.
The various companies of the 4th Infantry, federalized during the
period from July 28 to August 11, 1917, and the Supply Company,
148 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
5th Infantry, which had been inducted into the service on May 15,
were mobilized at Camp Logan and were organized into the 130th
Infantry, 65th Brigade on October 11. Illinois selected men from
Camps Dodge and Grant brought the regiment up to full strength.
After a period of intensive training at Camp Logaa during the
winter and spring of 1917-1918, the regiment left for Camp Upton
on May 3. It sailed from Hoboken on the Agamemnon on May 16,
reaching Brest on May 24.
With other units of the 33d Division, the 130th Infantry was
assigned to the Fourth British Army for combat training. The reg¬
iment, which went into combat service on July 17 with the Australian
Corps near Querrieu, is credited with participation in the following
campaigns: (1) Amiens sector (July 1-August 7, 1918); (2)
Somme offensive (August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September 10-
25) ; (4) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September 26-October 23) ;
(5) Troyon sector (October 26-November 11).
From December 7 to 20, 1918 the regiment marched into Lux¬
embourg where it was stationed until April, 1919 in and near Bitten-
dorf. It sailed from Brest on the Siboney on May 11, reaching
Hoboken on May 20. At Camp Mills the non-Illinois men were
detached, the remainder proceeding to Chicago where on May 27
they took part in a parade which was reviewed by Governor F. O.
Lowden and Maj. Gen. Leonard W^ood. The regiment was de¬
mobilized at Camp Grant on May 31, 1919.
Casualties in the 130th Infantry were as follows: 1 officer, 103
men killed; 28 officers, 747 men wounded; 5 men missing; 8 men
captured. Eighteen decorations, including French and American,
were awarded to the personnel of the 130th Infantry.
The 130th Infantry was commanded by several officers during
the period of its organization and training, among them being Col.
F. S. Wood, Col. F. W. Smith, Col. John J. Garrity and Lieut. Col.
Edward J. Lang. Col. John V. Clinnin became commanding officer
in June, 1918 and continued in that capacity until the regiment was
demobilized.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 149
123d Machine Gun Battalion, 33d Division
The 123d Machine Gun Battalion of the 65th Infantry Brigade
was organized at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas on October 11, 1917
from Companies F and G and the Machine Gun Company of the
5th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. After training at Camp
Logan during the winter and spring of 1917-1918 the battalion moved
to Camp Upton on May 1 preparatory to embarkation overseas. It
sailed from Hoboken on the Agamemnon on May 16, reaching Brest
on May 24.
Upon its arrival in France, the battalion with other units of the
33d Division was assigned to the Fourth British Army where it re¬
ceived its training with the Australians. The battalion's active service
consisted of participation in the following campaigns : ( 1 ) Amiens
sector (July 1-August 7, 1918) ; (2) Somme offensive (August 8-
20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September 10-25) ; (4) Meuse-Argonne
offensive (September 26-October 23) ; (5) Troyon sector (October
26-November 11).
The battalion marched into the zone of occupation with the
33d Division from December 7 to 20, 1918, and until April, 1919
it was situated near Ingledorff, Luxembourg. It sailed for home on
the Siboney on May 11, 1919 and passed through Camp Mills on
its way to Chicago, where on May 27 it paraded with the first re¬
turning contingent of the 33d Division. The battalion was de¬
mobilized at Camp Grant on May 30.
The 123d Machine Gun Battalion suffered the following casual¬
ties: 16 men killed; 2 officers, 163 men wounded.
Maj. William E. Culbertson was in command of the battalion
until January, 1918 when he was succeeded by Maj. Albert L. Cul¬
bertson.
66th Infantry Brigade, 33d Division
The 66th Infantry Brigade, composed of the 131st and 132d
Infantry Regiments and the 124th Machine Gun Battalion, was or¬
ganized at Camp Logan, Texas, on October 11, 1917 from the 1st
and 2d Infantry Regiments, the Supply Company of the 7th Infantry,
Companies C, D and L of the 5th Infantry and headquarters of the
150 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
1st Infantry Brigade of the Illinois National Guard. The brigade
received intensive training at Camp Logan during the winter of
1917-1918 and on May 4, 1918 began to move to Camp Upton
preparatory to embarkation for overseas. The units of the brigade
sailed from Hoboken on the Mount Vernon (May 10), the Agamem¬
non (May 16), and the Leviathan (May 22) for Brest where the
first two arrived on May 24 and the third on May 31.
Eighteen days after leaving Camp Logan, Brigade Headquarters
came under enemy fire in Abbeville when it was bombed by enemy
planes. The division's first casualty occurred at this time. Sergeant
Kenna of the headquarters troop being slightly wounded. After one
month's training with the British the brigade went into active service,
and is officially credited with participation in the following cam¬
paigns: (1) Amiens sector (July 1—August 7) ; (2) Somme offen¬
sive (August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September 10-25) ; (4)
Meuse-Argonne offensive (September 26—October 23) ; (5) Troyon
sector (October 26-November 11).
From January to April, 1919 the brigade was stationed in
Luxembourg, where headquarters were first located at Meysembourg
and later at Echternach. Units of the organization returned from
Brest on the Mount Vernon (May 17) and the Kaiserin Augusta
Victoria (May 23) by way of Camp Mills. Part of the brigade
reached Chicago on May 27, the remainder on June 2, both contin¬
gents parading with the other units of the 33d Division which ar¬
rived on those days. The brigade was demobilized at Camp Grant
by the end of June.
Three hundred two decorations, including British, French,
Italian, Belgian and American, were awarded to the personnel of
the 66th Infantry Brigade. Casualties numbered 103 officers, 4,617
men, classified as follows: 21 officers, 403 men killed; 82 officers,
4,066 men wounded; 141 men missing; 7 men captured.
Brig. Gen. David J. Foster was commander of the brigade from
its organization until January 8, 1918. When he failed to qualify
physically for overseas service, he resigned and was succeeded by Brig.
Gen. Paul A. Wolf, who continued in command until the brigade
sailed for the United States.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES
151
131st Infantry Regiment^ 33d Division
The 131st Infantry of the 66th Infantry Brigade was organized
on October 11, 1917 at Camp Logan from the 1st Infantry and the
Supply Company, Illinois National Guard. All units of the First
Regiment, except the Dental Corps, had been called into the federal
service before war was declared, and for several months thereafter
had been detailed to guard arsenals, transportation ways and muni¬
tions plants in Illinois and surrounding states, and to put down an
outbreak of prisoners at the state prison in Joliet. Early in May
after a period of intensive training at Camp Logan during the winter
and spring of 1917-1918, the 131st Infantry left for the seaboard, the
last units arriving at Camp Upton on May 12 and 13. The regiment
sailed from Hoboken on the Leviathan on May 22 and arrived at
Brest May 31.
The 131st Infantry was attached to the Illd Corps of the Fourth
British Army for training at Pierregot, and late in June certain units
were assigned to service with the Australians. The first combat
service was seen by Companies C and E, which took part in the Hamel
attack with the Australians on July 4 and received high commenda¬
tion for their work. Service with the Australians continued until
August 20, and on August 23-24 the regiment was entrained for
the area of the First American Army in the Toul sector. The 131st
Infantry is officially credited with the following combat service: (1)
Amiens sector (July 1-August 7, 1918) ,* (2) Somme offensive
(August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September 10-25) ; (4) Meuse-
Argonne offensive (September 26-October 21); (5) Troyon sector
(October 26-November 11).
The regiment participated in the division's march to occupied
territory beginning December 7, and crossed the Moselle river into
Germany on December 15. However a readjustment of troops was
then made, and the regiment was ordered back into Luxembourg
where on December 17 it took up headquarters in the Fels-Larochette
area which it occupied until the return to the United States. The
regiment left Brest May 14, 1919 on the Kaiserin Augusta Victoria
and landed at Long Island City on May 23, following which it was
sent to Camp Mills where the non-Illinois men were discharged. It
152 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
reached Chicago with the third contingent of the 33d Division on
June 2, where it paraded and was reviewed by Governor F, O.
Lowden. Demobilization took place at Camp Grant on June 4 and
5, 1919.
A number of men from the 131st Infantry were personally de¬
corated by King George V of Great Britain for their gallantry at
Hamel. In all one hundred seventy-eight decorations were awarded
to officers and men in this regiment—92 American, 44 British, 31
French, and 11 Belgian, and 405 officers and men were cited for gal¬
lantry in action. Casualties of the regiment numbered 2,733, classi¬
fied as follows: 10 officers, 184 men killed; 46 officers, 2,420 men
wounded; 73 men missing.
Col. Joseph B. Sanborn who had commanded the 1st Infantry,
Illinois National Guard, continued as commander of the 131st In¬
fantry throughout its organization.
132d Infantry Regiment, 33d Division
The 132d Infantry was organized from the 2d Infantry Reg¬
iment together with the Headquarters Company (less the band) of the
7th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. The 2d Infantry, Illinois
National Guard, which had furnished six companies for riot duty in
East St. Louis from July 3 to 24, was federalized on August 8, and
was sent to Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, where on October 11
the reorganization took place. Drafted men from Illinois brought
the regiment up to authorized war strength. The winter of 1917-
1918 was spent in receiving intensive training at Camp Logan, and
early in May the 132d Infantry proceeded to Camp Upton on its
way overseas.
The 132d Infantry sailed from Hoboken on the Mount Vernon
on May 10 and arrived in France May 24, 1918. There together
with other units of the 33d Division it was assigned to the Illd
Corps of the Fourth British Army for combat training. The first
organizations to take part in active service were Companies A and G,
which participated in the Hamel attack with the 4th Australian
Brigade. Their work there together with that of Companies C and
E of the 131st Infantry was very highly commended, and some of the
men were decorated for their service by the King of Great Britain in
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES
153
person. The 132d Infantry is officially credited with the following
combat service: (1) Amiens sector (July 1-August 7) ; (2) Somme
offensive (August 8-20); (3) Verdun sector (September 10-25);
(4) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September 26-October 21); (5)
Troyon sector (October 26-November 11).
After the armistice the 132d began its march to Germany, which
lasted from December 7 to December 15. On December 16 it was
recalled to Luxembourg, where it passed the winter and spring (Jan¬
uary-April 1919) in the region of Schonfels. On May 9 the reg¬
iment left Brest on the Mount Vernon, entering New York harbor
on May 17. The regiment stopped for a few days at Camp Mills
where the non-Illinois men were detached. With 2,200 men remain¬
ing, the 132d reached Chicago with the first returning contingent of
the 33d Division on May 27 and paraded in review before Governor
F. O. Lowden and Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood. The regiment was
demobilized at Camp Grant in June, 1919.
Casualties of the regiment numbered 39 officers, 1,755 men,
classified as follows : 9 officers, 203 men killed ; 30 officers, 1,497 men
wounded, 48 men missing, 7 men captured. In all, ninety-six decora¬
tions were awarded to officers and men of the 132d Infantry. These
were as follows: American 54, 8 British, 29 French, 4 Belgian, 1
Italian.
Col. John J. Garrity, who had commanded the old 2d Infantry,
Illinois National Guard, was commanding officer of the 132d In¬
fantry until April 4, 1918. He was succeeded by Col. Abel Davis,
who continued to command the organization until its demobilization.
124th Machine Gun Battalion, 33d Division
The 124th Machine Gun Battalion of the 66th Infantry
Brigade, 33d Division, was formed from companies C, D and L of
the 5th Infantry Regiment, Illinois National Guard. These units
had been called into federal service in April, 1917 to guard important
transportation ways, arsenals, munitions plants, etc., in the Central
Department, and in September, 1917 were sent to Camp Logan where
on October 11, 1917 the organization of the 124th Machine Gun
Battalion took place.
After training at Camp Logan during the winter and spring of
154 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
1917-1918, the battalion was moved to Camp Upton where it arrived
on May 10. It sailed from Hoboken on board the Mount Vernon
on May 10 and arrived at Brest May 24. The battalion received its
combat training with the British and altogether is credited with
participation in the following campaigns: (1) Amiens sector (July
1-August 7) ; (2) Somme offensive (August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun
sector (September 10-25) ; (4) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September
26-October 21) ; (5) Troyon sector (October 26-November 11).
Beginning on December 7 the battalion marched into Luxem¬
bourg where it was stationed near Scbonfels until April. It embarked
on the Mount Vernon on May 9 and reached the United States on
May 17, a year and a day after its departure overseas. The battalion
passed through Camp Mills and reached Chicago on May 27, when
it was reviewed with the first returning contingent of the 33d Divi¬
sion by Governor F. O. Lowden and Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood.
Demobilization took place at Camp Grant on May 30.
The battalion suffered the following casualties: 2 officers, 16
men killed; 6 officers, 149 men wounded; 20 men missing. Twenty-
four decorations—American, French and Belgian—were awarded to
officers and men of the battalion.
Maj. Floyd F. Putnam, who had commanded the first battalion
of the 5th Infantry, Illinois National Guard, was commanding officer
of the 124th Machine Gun Battalion until its demobilization.
58th Field Artillery Brigade, 33d Division
The 58th Field Artillery Brigade was organized at Camp Logan
in the fall of 1917 as part of the 33d Division. It was composed of
the 122d and 124th (light) and 123d (heavy) Field Artillery Reg¬
iments together with the 108th Trench Mortar Battery and the 108th
Ammunition Train, units which had been formed from the 6th In¬
fantry, Companies A, B, C, D, E and F of the 7th Infantry, and the
2d and 3d Field Artillery Regiments, Illinois National Guard. After
seven months of intensive training the brigade left Camp Logan for
Camp Merritt in May, 1918. It sailed from Hoboken on the trans¬
ports Kashmir, Scotian, Melita and City of Poona on May 26, arriv¬
ing in Liverpool on June 8. Brigade Headquarters sailed on the
Mauretania on June 4 and reached Liverpool on June 11. The
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 155
brigade proceeded by way of Southampton to Havre where it ar¬
rived on June 13, 1918.
From Havre the brigade was sent to southeastern France near
the Swiss border where it received two months' training in the
Ornans-Valdahon training areas about ten miles south of Besançon.
Toward the end of August it went into line at the Forêt de la Reine
in preparation for the attack of September 12. At various times the
58th Field Artillery Brigade was used in support of the 89th, 1st,
91st and 32d Divisions of the United States Army. It is officially
credited with the following combat service: (1) St. Mihiel offensive
(September 12-14, 1918); (2) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September
2-1—October 12, 1918); (3) Meuse-Argonne offensive (November
1-11, 1918).
The brigade was separated from the 33d Division from May,
1918 until January 8, 1919, when it rejoined the division, taking up
a position near the city of Luxembourg with headquarters at Schon-
fels where it remained until April. On May 16, minus the 108th
Ammunition Train and the 108th Trench Mortar Battery, the
brigade sailed from Brest on the America, arriving at Hoboken on
May 24. After remaining a few days at Camp Mills it proceeded to
Chicago where on June 5 it was reviewed by Governor F. O. Lowden.
The brigade was demobilized at Camp Grant in June, 1919.
Casualties of the 58th Field Artillery Brigade numbered 40
officers and 346 men, as follows: 4 officers, 51 men killed; 36 officers,
295 men wounded.
Brig. Gen. Henry D. Todd was commanding officer of the
brigade.
122d (Light) Field Artillery Regiment, 33d Division
The 122d Field Artillery of the 58th Field Artillery Brigade
was organized at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, on September 21,
1917 from the 2d Field Artillery, Illinois National Guard. The
regiment remained in training at Camp Logan during the winter and
spring of 1917-1918, and in May moved to Camps Upton and
Merritt for embarkation overseas. It sailed from Hoboken on the
Kashmir on May 26, reaching Liverpool June 8 and proceeding from
there to Havre where it arrived on June 13.
156 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
With other units of the 58th Field Artillery Brigade the 122d
had two months' training with the French in the artillery training
area in southeastern France. Toward the end of August it was sent
to the Forêt de la Reine in preparation for the attack of September
12. Altogether the 122d Field Artillery is officially credited with
the following combat service: (1) St. Mihiel offensive (September
12-14, 1918); (2) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September 26-Novem-
ber 11, 1918). It was used in the support of four American divi¬
sions—the 89th, 1st, 91st and 32d.
After eight months' absence, the regiment rejoined the 33d
Division in Luxembourg on January 8, 1919 and was stationed near
Bissen until April. It sailed from Brest on the America on May 16,
and arrived at Hoboken on May 24. After a few days at Camp Mills
the regiment entrained for Chicago where on June 5 it paraded with
the third contingent of the 33d Division and was reviewed by Gov¬
ernor F. O. Lowden. The regiment was demobilized at Camp Grant
on June 8, 1919.
From the regiment twenty-five officers and men were killed or
died of wounds and seventy-four were wounded in action. Sixteen
decorations were awarded to members of the regiment.
Col. Milton J. Foreman commanded the 122d Field Artillery
throughout the war.
123d (Heavy) Field Artillery Regiment^ 33d Division
The 123d Field Artillery of the 58th Field Artillery Brigade
was organized on September 19, 1917 at Camp Logan, Texas, from
the 6th Infantry, Illinois National Guard, minus the machine gun
company. The 6th Illinois Infantry had been mobilized in March,
1917 and federalized in April for the purpose of guarding important
transportation ways, munition depots and arsenals in Illinois and
nearby states. The 123d Field Artillery received intensive training
at Camp Logan during the winter and spring of 1917-1918, and
during the second week in May it was moved to Camp Merritt pre¬
paratory to embarkation overseas. It sailed from Hoboken on board
the Scotian on May 26, arriving in Liverpool on June 8, and in
Havre on June 13.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 157
The regiment with the other units of the 58th Brigade was
sent to southeastern France and received two months' training under
the French in the Valdahon artillery training area. Toward the end
of August it was sent to the Forêt de la Reine where it was later
used in the offensive of September 12. The regiment served with
four American divisions—the 89th, 1st, 91st and 32d, and is officially
credited with the following combat service: (1) St. Mihiel offen¬
sive, (September 12-September 14) ; (2) Meuse-Argonne offensive,
(September 26-November 11, 1918).
After a separation of eight months, the 123d Field Artillery re¬
joined the 33d Division on January 8, 1919 not far from the city
of Luxembourg and established headquarters at Lintgen where it
remained until April. The regiment sailed from Brest on board the
America on May 16 and reached Hoboken May 24. After a few
days at Camp Mills it entrained for Chicago, where on June 5 it
paraded with the third contingent of the 33d Division and was re¬
viewed by Governor F. O. Lowden. The regiment was demobilized
at Camp Grant on June 9.
Three decorations were awarded to members of the regiment.
One officer and twenty-four men were killed in action or died of
wounds or disease overseas.
Col. Charles G. Davis, who had commanded the 6th Illinois In¬
fantry, remained in command of the 123d Field Artillery throughout
the war.
124th (Light) Field Artillery Regiment^ 33d Division
The 124th Field Artillery (light) of the 58th Brigade was or¬
ganized at Camp Logan, Texas, from the 3d Field Artillery, Illinois
National Guard, which had been created after the declaration of war.
The regiment received intensive training at Camp Logan in the
winter and spring of 1917-1918 until May, 1918, when it was moved
from Camp Logan to Camp Merritt for embarkation overseas.
The regiment sailed from Hoboken May 26 on board the
Melita, reached Liverpool on June 8, and from there proceeded to
Havre, where it arrived June 13. With the other units of the 58th
Brigade the 124th Field Artillery was sent to southeastern France
158 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
where it was trained by the French in the Ornans-Valdahon artillery
training area. On August 25, after two months' training, the reg¬
iment was sent to the Forêt de la Reine in preparation for the attack
on September 12. The 124th, as part of the 58th Brigade, was used
with the 89th, 1st, 91st and 32d American Divisions and is officially
credited with the following combat service: (1) St. Mihiel offensive
(September 12-September 14) ; (2) Meuse-Argonne offensive
(September 26-November 11, 1918).
After having been detached for eight months the regiment re¬
joined the 33d Division on January 8, 1919 in Luxembourg where it
remained until April. Headquarters were at Berschbach during the
period. The 124th sailed from Brest May 16 aboard the America
and reached Hoboken May 24. After four days at Camp Mills, it
entrained for Chicago where on June 5 it paraded with the third
contingent of the 33d Division and was reviewed by the Governor.
The regiment was demobilized at Camp Grant in June, 1919.
Nine decorations were awarded to members of the 124th Field
Artillery. Four officers and thirty-five men of the regiment were
killed in action or died from wounds or disease overseas.
Col. Gordon Strong was in command of the regiment from its
organization until January 15, 1918, when he was succeeded by Col.
Horatio B. Hackett. Colonel Hackett continued in command until
September 29, 1918, when he was wounded, and Maj. Frank L.
Rearden as senior major assumed command. Lieut. Col. Joseph A.
Rogers and Col. Arthur L. Keesling served successively as command¬
ing officers until the regiment returned to the United States.
108th Trench Mortar Battery, 33d Division
The 108th Trench Mortar Battery was organized at Camp
Logan, Texas on October 11, 1917 from the machine gun company
of the 6th Infantry, Illinois National Guard, which had been doing
guard duty in the federal service since April 21, 1917. The battery
received intensive training at Camp Logan during the winter and
spring of 1917-1918 and on May 14 left for Camp Merritt pre¬
paratory to embarkation. It sailed from Hoboken on board the
Kashmir on IMay 26 and arrived in Havre, by way of Liverpool and
Southampton, on June 12.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 159
With the other units of the 58th Brigade the battery was sent
to southeastern France, and after two months' training in the Ornans-
Valdahon area it was transferred to the Toul sector of the Forêt de la
Reine. It participated in both the St. Mihiel offensive and the Meuse-
Argonne offensive.
On January 3, 1919, after having been attached to the First
Army artillery since November, the battery received orders to pre¬
pare to return to the United States. The battery, which was the first
unit of the 33d Division to leave France, sailed from Brest on board
the lowan on February 28, 1919 and reached Hoboken on March
12, 1919. After remaining a short time at Camp Merritt it proceeded
by way of Chicago to Camp Grant, where it was demobilized on
March 31.
Six members of the battery were killed in action or died of
wounds overseas.
The battery had three commanding officers, Capt. William A.
Warn, Capt. Frank Frazier, and Capt. Charles J. Kraft. Captain
Kraft served from the winter of 1917 until the organization was de¬
mobilized.
108th Ammunition Train, 33d Division
The 108th Ammunition Train was organized at Camp Logan,
Texas, on October 11, 1917, from Companies A to F of the 7th In¬
fantry and Company A of the 5th Infantry, Illinois National Guard.
The train received training at Camp Logan until May when it left
for Hoboken preparatory to embarkation overseas. It sailed on the
City of Poona on May 26 and reached Liverpool, England, on June
8, whence it proceeded by way of Southampton to Havre, arriving
there on June 13.
With the other units of the 58th Brigade the 108th Ammunition
Train was sent to southeastern France to the Valdahon training area.
In the latter part of August, after two months' training under the
French, it was sent to the Forêt de la Reine to prepare for the drive
of September 12. During the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offen¬
sives the train brought both food and ammunition to the 58th Brigade.
In January, after a separation of eight months, the train re¬
joined the 33d Division in Luxembourg, headquarters being located
160 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
at Tuntingen from January to April, 1919. The train sailed for the
United States on board the Charleston on May 12 and reached
Hoboken May 22, 1919. Leaving Camp Mills the following day it
arrived in Chicago on June 2 with the second contingent of the 33d
Division, which was reviewed by Governor F. O. Lowden. Thé
train was demobilized at Camp Grant on June 4, 1919.
One officer and thirty-four men of the 108th Ammunition Train
were killed in action or died overseas from wounds or disease.
The 108th Ammunition Train was commanded successively by
Lieut. Col. John M. Clasby, Lieut. Col. Charles D. Center, Lieut.
Col. John V. Clinnin, and Lieut. Col. Walter J. Fisher. Lieutenant
Colonel Fisher assumed command in April, 1918 and continued until
the unit was demobilized.
122d Machine Gun Battalion, 33d Division
The 122d Machine Gun Battalion was organized at Camp
Logan, Texas, on October 11, 1917 from Companies E, I and K of
the 5th Infantry and the Machine Gun Company of the 7th Infantry,
Illinois National Guard. These units of the 5th Infantry had been
federalized in April, 1917, and before they were sent to Camp Logan
had been used for guard purposes in the Central Department. After
a period of training during the winter and spring of 1917-1918 the
battalion left Camp Logan on May 1 and arrived at Camp Upton on
May 6, preparatory to embarking. It sailed from Hoboken on board
the Lenape on May 10 and arrived in Brest May 23.
With other units of the 33d Division, the 122d Machine Gun
Battalion was stationed with the British for combat training. The
battalion is officially credited with service in the following campaigns :
(1) Amiens sector (July 1-August 7); (2) Somme offensive
(August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun sector (September 10-25) ; (4) Meuse-
Argonne offensive (September 26-October 21); (5) Troyon sector
(October 26-November 11).
Between December 7 and 20 the battalion marched with the
33d Division into Luxembourg where, stationed at Niederfeulen, it
remained until April. It returned to the United States on board the
Mount Vernon, leaving Brest May 9 and arriving at Hoboken May
17, 1919. After a few days at Camp Mills it reached Chicago on
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 161
May 27 with the first returning contingent of the 33d Division, which
was reviewed by Governor F. O. Lowden and Maj. Gen. Leonard
Wood. The battalion was demobilized at Camp Grant shortly after¬
ward.
The battalion casualties were as follows : 1 officer, 3 men killed ;
3 officers, 51 men wounded; 2 men missing. Six decorations, Ameri¬
can and French, were awarded to members of the battalion.
Lieut. Col. David R. Swaim commanded the battalion at the
time of its organization. Upon his appointment as division machine
gun officer he was succeeded as commanding officer of the battalion
by Maj. Mariano B. Southwick.
108th Supply Train, 33d Division
The 108th Supply Train was organized on October 11, 1917 at
Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, from Companies G, H, I, K, L and M,
7th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. The Supply Train remained
at Camp Logan for training during the winter and spring of 1917-
1918, and on May 22 sailed on the Leviathan from Hoboken for
Brest where it arrived on May 31. For several months after its
landing the Supply Train was detached from the 33d Division, but
on September 2 it rejoined that organization.
After the armistice the Supply Train was stationed in Luxem¬
bourg with other units of the 33d Division, its headquarters being at
Mersch. On May 15, 1919 the train sailed for the United States
from Brest on board the Leviathan, arriving at Hoboken on May
22. After a few days at Camp Mills the organization entrained for
Chicago where on June 2 it took part in a parade which was reviewed
by Governor F. O. Lowden.
The 108th Supply Train had 13 casualties—2 men killed, 11
men wounded. The organization was successively commanded by
Maj. Frederick S. Haines and Maj. William Hendrie.
108th Train Headquarters and Military Police, 33d Division
The 108th Train Headquarters and Military Police was organ¬
ized on October 11, 1917 at Camp Logan from Companies B and H,
5th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. After a period of training at
Camp Logan lasting until early May, 1918, this unit was moved to
162 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
the seaboard and sailed from Hoboken on the Leviathan on May 22,
arriving at Brest on May 31.
During the period of the war the 108th Train Headquarters
and Military Police was stationed at the following places; Eu, June
11-June 21; Molliens-au-Bois, June 22-August 24; Tronville,
August 27-September 6; Blercourt, September 8-9; Fromeréville,
September 9-25; Lempire, September 26-October 21; Ancemont,
October 22-25; Troyon, October 26-November 11. In December
the unit proceeded with the 33d Division into Luxembourg. There
it established headquarters at Diekirch and remained until ordered
home.
The organization embarked on the Charleston from Brest on
May 12, 1919 and arrived at Hoboken on May 22. On June 2 the
108th Train Headquarters and Military Police marched in review
before Governor Lowden at Chicago, and then proceeded to Camp
Grant for demobilization.
The 108th Train Headquarters and Military Police had 20
casualties, all of which were wounded men. The unit was successively
commanded by Col. John V. Clinnin and Col. Charles D. Center.
108th Field Signal Battalion, 33d Division
The 108th Field Signal Battalion was organized at Camp Logan,
Houston, Texas, in the fall of 1917, with Company A, Signal Corps
of the Illinois National Guard as a nucleus. After training at Camp
Logan during the winter and spring of 1917-1918, the battalion left
for embarkation overseas, sailing from Hoboken on board the Melita
on May 26, 1918 and arriving in Liverpool on June 8. From Liver¬
pool it proceeded to Calais by way of Dover, and landed in France
on June 10.
Together with other units of the 33d Division the battalion was
attached to the Fourth British Army for training. On June 21 the
platoons of the Outpost Company were sent to their respective reg¬
iments where they remained, until December. The battalion saw its
first service on July 4 in the attack on Hamel by the Australians, and
at different times operated with the British, French and American
forces. In all it is credited with the following service : ( 1 ) Amiens
sector (July 1-August 7) ; (2) Somme offensive (August 8-20) ;
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 163
(3) Verdun sector (September 10-25) ; (4) Meuse-Argonne offen¬
sive (September 26-October 21); (5) Troyon sector (October 26-
November 11, 1918).
From December 7 to 19 the battalion marched into Luxembourg
with the 33d Division, where, with headquarters at Diekirch, it was
located until April 29. The battalion returned to the United States
on hoard the Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, leaving Brest May 14 and
arriving at Hohoken May 23. After a few days at Camp Mills it
was sent to Chicago where it arrived on June 5 and with the third
contingent of the 33d Division marched in review before Governor
F. O. Lowden. The battalion was demobilized in June, 1919, at
Camp Grant.
The battalion had in all 49 casualties: 1 officer, 6 men killed;
1 officer, 41 men wounded. A distinguished service cross was awarded
to one member of the battalion.
The battalion was commanded successively by Mai. Karl Trues-
dell, Maj. John P. Lucas, Maj. Charles R. Forbes, Maj. James
Kelly, Maj. Payson O. Foster and Maj. Milan A. Loosley.
108th Engineer Regiment and 108th Engineer Train, 33d
Division
The 108th Engineers and the 108th Engineer Train were or¬
ganized in the fall of 1917 at Camp Logan, Texas, the former from
the 1st Regiment Engineers, and the latter from Company M of the
5th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. The 108th Engineers and
train were the first units of the 33d Division to leave Camp Logan
after the training period during the winter and spring of 1917-1918,
and the first to arrive in France. They left Camp Logan April 23
for Camp Merritt and sailed from Hohoken on board the George
Washington May 8, arriving at Brest May 18.
With the rest of the 33d Division, these units were attached to
the Fourth British Army for training. On June 13 the Engineers
were sent forward to work on the defenses near Amiens where the
German drives were expected, and they were thus the first units of
the 33d Division to see service. The Engineers are credited with
participation in the following campaigns: (1) Amiens sector (July
1-August 7) ; (2) Somme offensive (August 8-20) ; (3) Verdun
164 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sector (September 10-25); (4) Meuse-Argonne offensive (September
26-October 21); (5) Troyon sector (October 26-November 11,
1918).
The Engineers were stationed in Luxembourg from January to
April, 1919 with headquarters at Medernach. They sailed from Brest
on board the Harrisburg on May 15 and reached Hoboken May 23.
After remaining a few days at Camp Mills they were sent on to
Chicago where they arrived on June 5 with the third contingent of
the 33d Division, and where they took part in a parade which was
reviewed by Governor F. O. Lowden. The Engineers were de¬
mobilized at Camp Grant in June, 1919.
The 108th Engineers had a total of 113 casualties: 20 men
killed and 93 men wounded. Four decorations, American, British
and French, were awarded to its members.
Col. Henry A. Allen was in command of the 108th Engineers
and 1st Lieut. Magnus P. Thompson was in command of the train.
108th Sanitary Train, 33d Division
The 108th Sanitary Train, composed of Field Hospitals 129,
130, 131 and 132 and Ambulance Companies 129, 130, 131 and
132, was organized at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, on October 11,
1917 from Field Hospitals 1-4 and Ambulance Companies 1-4 of the
Illinois National Guard. After eight months' training at Camp
Logan during the winter and spring of 1917-1918 the train left for
the seaboard and on June 4 sailed from Hoboken on the Adriatic,
arriving at Liverpool on June 15. From there the train proceeded
to Havre where it was divided. Field Hospitals 129, 130, Am¬
bulance Companies 129 and 130, the Mobile Laboratory and the
personnel of four camp infirmaries, under the command of Lieut.
Col. Harry D. Orr, went to Molliens-au-Bois where it arrived June
25. The remaining units of the train, commanded by Maj. E. C.
Clancey, were ordered to the southern training area.
In order to use the British equipment to the greatest advantage
that section of the Sanitary Train at Molliens-au-Bois found it con¬
venient to adopt an organization unit corresponding to that of the
British army—the field ambulance. This was accomplished by com¬
bining a field ambulance and a field hospital, the 129th Provisional
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 165
Field Ambulance thus being formed from Field Hospital 129 and
Ambulance Company 129, and the 130th Provisional Field Ambu¬
lance from Field Hospital 130 and Ambulance Company 130. Field
Ambulance 129 was assigned with the 65th Brigade to the Illd Aus¬
tralian Corps on July 18 where their work was highly commended.
The 130th went into training at Pierregot and played a noteworthy
part in the attack on Chipilly Ridge on August 8. When the 33d
Division arrived at the Franco-American sector on August 26-27, the
Sanitary Train established headquarters at Tronville, where it main¬
tained a sick-collecting post operated by Field Hospital 129. From
that time all units of the Sanitary Train were moved frequently.
The record of the Medical Department of the division shows that in
the advance in the Argonne and to the Meuse, 3,639 patients were
handled. Of these 1,006 were wounded, 1,625 were gassed, 113 were
injured, 47 suffered from psycho-neurosis, 848 were sick, 32 died
while in the hospital. On October 26, when the 33d Division took
over the Troyon sector, the 108th Sanitary Train established head¬
quarters at Troyon. Arrangements then made to carry out the
evacuation of the wounded were revised on November 8 to cover more
territory—the division having enlarged its sector—but from that time
until the armistice remained unchanged. Evacuation was carried out
promptly and dressing in the front area was done at all times and
under all circumstances.
The 108th Sanitary Train marched into Luxembourg with the
33d Division in December, and was stationed there with headquarters
at Diekirch until April, 1919. Units of the train sailed for the
United States on the Leviathan on May 15 and on the America May
16, reaching Hoboken on May 22 and May 24. The Sanitary Train
reached Chicago on June 5 when with the third contingent of the
33d Division it participated in a parade which was reviewed by
Governor F. O. Lowden. From Chicago the train proceeded to
Camp Grant, where it was demobilized.
The 108th Sanitary Train had a total of 22 casualties: 1 officer,
2 men killed, and 19 men wounded. A distinguished service cross
was awarded to one member.
The Sanitary Train was commanded by Lieut. Col. Harry D.
Orr and Lieut. Col. George C. Amerson.
166 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
149th Field Artillery Regiment, 42d Division
The 149th Field Artillery was organized from the 1st Reg¬
iment Field Artillery, Illinois National Guard, in the summer of
1917. The 1st Illinois Field Artillery had been mobilized and sent
to Fort Sheridan early in July, where on July 20, 1917 it was
mustered into the federal service and reorganized. In September the
149th was sent to Camp Mills, Long Island, where it was made a
part of the 67th Field Artillery Brigade of the 42d Division, a divi¬
sion composed of National Guard troops from twenty-six states and
the District of Columbia. After six weeks at Camp Mills, the 149th
sailed for France, arriving at St. Nazaire on October 31, 1917. Along
with the remainder of the 67th Field Artillery Brigade, the 149th
was then separated from the 42d Division and sent to Coetquidan
for training purposes. In February it rejoined the division in the
Rolampont area, and was never again detached from it except for
three brief periods when the brigade supported the 4th, 32d and 2d
Divisions. In the latter part of February, when the division was
ordered to the Lunéville sector to complete its training with the
Vllth French Army Corps, the 149th was split between two divi¬
sions of the French army. On March 31 the 42d Division took
over the Baccarat sector, relieving the 128th French Division.
The 149th Field Artillery is officially credited with the following
combat service: (1) Lunéville sector, Lorraine (February 21 to
March 23, 1918),-(2) Baccarat sector, Lorraine (March 31 to June
21, 1918) ; (3) Esperance-Souain sector. Champagne (July 4-
July 14, 1918) ; (4) Champagne-Marne defensive (July 15-17,
1918) ; (5) Aisne-Marne offensive (July 25-August 6, 1918) ; (6)
St. Mihiel offensive (September 12-16, 1918) ; (7) Essey and Pannes
sector, Woëvre (September 17-30, 1918); (8) Meuse-Argonne offen¬
sive (October 7 to November 1, 1918); (9) Meuse-Argonne offen¬
sive (November 5-9, 1918).
Shortly after the armistice the 42d Division was designated a
part of the Army of Occupation and began its 200-mile march to the
Rhine region. Headquarters were established at Ahrweiler and re¬
mained there until the division returned to the United States in April,
1919. The 149th Field Artillery arrived in Chicago on May 8, 1919.
Col. Henry J. Reilly was in command of the 149th Field Artil¬
lery during its entire period of service.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 167
370th Infantry Regiment, 93d Division
The 370th Infantry (colored), 93d Division, was organized from
the 8th Illinois National Guard, units of which had been inducted
into the federal service during the period July 29-August 11, 1917.
It arrived in France in April, 1918 and trained with French divisions
until August 3, 1918. During this period detachments of the reg¬
iment were in combat service in the St. Mihiel sector from June 23
to July 3 and in the Argonne sector from August 1 to 15. On Septem¬
ber 15, 1918 as a part of the 59th Division, French Army, the reg¬
iment went into the line in the Vauxaillon area and participated in
the Gise-Aisne offensive from September 17 to October 12 and from
October 24 to November 11. The 370th Infantry sailed from Brest
on February 1, 1919 and arrived at New York on February 9.
Col. Franklin A. Denison commanded the organization as the
8th Illinois Infantry and the 370th Infantry from the date of its
entry into the service until July, 1918. Col. Thomas A. Roberts as¬
sumed command on July 12, 1918 and remained commanding officer
until the demobilization of the regiment.
84th Division
The 84th Division was organized in August, 1917 at Camp
Taylor, Louisville, Kentucky, from drafted men of Kentucky, In¬
diana and southern Illinois. It was composed of the following units:
167th Infantry Brigade—333d and 334th Infantry, 326th Machine
Gun Battalion; 168th Infantry Brigade—335th and 336th Infantry,
327th Machine Gun Battalion; 159th Field Artillery Brigade—325th
and 326th (light), 327th (heavy) Field Artillery, 309th Trench
Mortar Battery; 325th Machine Gun Battalion; 309th Engineers;
309th Field Signal Battalion; trains.
As was the case with a number of other divisions the 84th Divi¬
sion was depleted to fill up other organizations and did not reach
authorized strength until after its removal to Camp Sherman, Ohio,
in June, 1918. It remained in training at Camp Sherman until its
departure overseas in September. The various units of the division
arrived in France between September 21 and October 25, 1918.
With the exception of the artillery which went to Camp de
Sougé, the division was sent to the West Périgeux area (Dordogne)
168 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
near Bordeaux, headquarters being established at Neuvic on Septem¬
ber 28, 1918. The 309tb Engineers were transferred to St. Nazaire
in October and inroads were made upon the infantry and machine
gun organizations to provide replacements for combat units at the
front. Early in November headquarters and the permanent cadres
of organizations were removed to Le Mans where they remained
until their return to the United States in January, 1919.
The division was popularly known as the Lincoln Division.
The insignia of the 84th Division was a red axe on a white back¬
ground within a red circle. Above the axe was inscribed the word
Lincoln and below it the number 84.
Brig. Gen. Wilber E. Wilder was placed in temporary command
of the 84th Division on August 25, 1917. On October 7, 1917, he
was relieved by Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale, who remained in com¬
mand until November 11, 1918.
327th Field Artillery Regiment, 84th Division
The 327th Field Artillery Regiment was organized at Camp
Taylor, Louisville, Kentucky, in August, 1917 as a part of the 159th
Field Artillery Brigade, 84th Division. The regiment was composed
of selected men from Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky, but Illinois is
credited with furnishing more men than either of the other states.
After a period of training at Camp Taylor, the regiment with the
division was moved to Camp Sherman, Ohio, where .it was stationed
until August, 1918. The regiment sailed for France in September,
and upon its arrival was sent with the 159th Field Artillery Brigade
to Camp de Sougé. It returned to the United States in January,
1919.
333d Infantry Regiment, 84th Division
The 333d Infantry was organized as a part of the 167th In¬
fantry Brigade of the 84th Division at Camp Taylor, Louisville,
Kentucky, on August 25, 1917. It was composed largely of men
from southern Illinois inducted into the army through the selective
service system. The regiment was trained at Camp Taylor until
June 6, 1918, when it was moved to Camp Sherman, Ohio. There
it was filled to authorized strength and trained until August 20,
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 169
when it proceeded to New York for embarkation. Units of the reg¬
iment sailed September 1 and 2 and were assembled about September
21, 1918 in the vicinity of St. Astier, Dordogne, France. On Octo¬
ber 1 and again later in the month the regiment furnished replace¬
ments for front line organizations. On November 6 the regiment
proceeded to Le Mans for skeletonization. Officers and men were
then transferred to other organizations through the 2d Depot Divi¬
sion.
The skeleton organization, the 333d Infantry Record Cadre,
sailed for the United States on the Wilhelmiria on January 5, 1919,
arriving at Hoboken on January 19. It then proceeded to Camp
Taylor where on February 8, 1919 the enlisted personnel was dis¬
charged.
Col. August C. Nissen was in command of the 333d In¬
fantry from its organization until November 7, 1918. Upon the
skeletonization of the regiment Capt. Howard J. Thomas was placed
in command of the 333d Infantry Record Cadre.
86tb Division
The skeleton organization of the 86tb Division was established
at Camp Grant in August, 1917 and was filled with selected men
from Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota who arrived early in Septem¬
ber. The division was composed as follows : 171st Infantry Brigade
—341st and 342d Infantry, 332d Machine Gun Battalion; 172d In¬
fantry Brigade—343d and 344th Infantry, 333d Machine Gun Bat¬
talion; 161st Field Artillery Brigade—331st and 332d (light), 333d
(heavy) Field Artillery, 311th Trench Mortar Battery; 331st Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion; 311th Engineers; 311th Field Signal Battalion.
The practice of depleting the 86th Division to secure replace¬
ments to be sent to divisions scheduled for early embarkation over¬
seas was begun in November, 1917, when 5,400 men were sent to
Camp Logan to fill up the 33d Division. Other contingents were
later sent to Camp Pike, Camp Greene, and again to Camp Logan,
and certain troops were sent to France. The 86th Division remained
in training at Camp Grant until August, 1918, when it was moved
to Camp Mills, Long Island, preparatory to going overseas. Reg¬
imental headquarters, the 2d Battalion and Supply Companies of the
170 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
343d Infantry sailed from Hoboken aboard the Agapenor on Septem
ber 8, and on the following day a convoy with the greater part of the
division minus the artillery sailed. On September 14 the 332d and
333d Machine Gun Battalions and 1st and 3d Battalions and Ma¬
chine Gun Company of the 343d Infantry embarked on the Olympic.
On September 17 a convoy left New York with the artillery.
The various units of the 86th Division arrived in France be¬
tween September 21 and October 9, 1918. The division—with the
exception of the 161st Field Artillery Brigade, which went to Le
Courneau—was sent to the vicinity of Bordeaux and headquarters
were established at St. André de Cubzac. While the division was
at Bordeaux numerous transfers occurred. Many officers of the divi¬
sion were sent to "finishing" schools at Langres, Clamecy, and else¬
where. The infantry regiments and machine gun battalions were
broken up to replace combat units at the front. On October 8
9,000 men were transferred from the infantry regiments mainly
to the 1st, 2d, 32d and 89th Divisions, while on October 20 1,200
men from the machine gun battalions were sent to the front.
On November 12 began the deliberate disintegration of the
division. The division cadre, including seventeen officers and 124
men, left Bordeaux on the Siboney, Wilhelmina, and Zeelandia on
December 25, January 6, and January 16 respectively, and arrived in
the United States on January 3, 19, and 29, 1919. The rest of the
division, with the exception of the 311th Engineers, 311th Engineer
Train, and 311th Supply Train, which did not return to the United
States until June and July, arrived in the United States between
January 3 and February 15, 1919. The four infantry regiments,
greatly depleted by the inroads previously described, were retained
as part of the American embarkation center at Le Mans where they
remained until the departure of most of the American troops. Then
occurred wholesale transfers to organizations returning to the United
States, to special posts in the American Expeditionary Forces and to
educational institutions.
The 86th Division was popularly known as the Black Hawk
Division. Its insignia was a black hawk and monogram "BH"
superimposed on a red shield.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 171
The 86th Division had five commanding generals: Maj. Gen.
T. H. Barry, August 25, 1917-March 21, 1918; Brig. Gen. L. W. V.
Kennon (temporary), November 26, 1917-February 15, 1918 and
March 21, 1918-April 18, 1918; Maj. Gen. C. H. Martin, April 18,
1918-October 21, 1918; Brig. Gen. L. C. Andrews (temporary),
October 21-November 16, 1918; Maj. Gen. C, H. Ballou, Novem¬
ber 16, 1918-January 27, 1919.
311th Engineer Regiment, 86th Division
The skeleton of the 311th Engineer Regiment of the 86th Divi¬
sion was established at Camp Grant in August, 1917 and was filled
with selected men from Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota who
arrived at camp in September. Illinois is credited with furnishing
more men to this unit than the other states.
After a period of training at Camp Grant the 311th Engineers
sailed from New York on the Empress of Asia on September 9, 1918.
Upon its arrival in France the regiment went first to Yvrac and
Montussan, then to the camp at Bassens, all in the vicinity of Bor¬
deaux. The unit was stationed at these camps until its return to
the United States on June 27, 1919.
Col. Clarke S. Smith commanded the 311th Engineers.
311th Field Signal Battalion, 86th Division
The 311th Field Signal Battalion was organized as a part of
the 86th Division at Camp Grant in August, 1917, and it was filled
by the contingents of drafted men arriving early in September. Illi¬
nois furnished a larger number of men to the battalion than any
other state. With the 86th Division the battalion was trained at
Camp Grant and on September 17, 1918 sailed for France on the
Empress of Russia. After its arrival, the battalion was stationed in
the vicinity of Bordeaux until its return to the United States on
January 29, 1919.
Maj. C. W. Shands commanded the battalion.
331st Field Artillery Regiment, 86th Division
The 331st Field Artillery was organized at Camp Grant in
August, 1917 as a part of the 161st Field Artillery Brigade of the
86th Division, and was filled with drafted men from Illinois, Minne-
172 tVAR-TlME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sota and Wisconsin, Illinois furnishing the largest number. After
a period of training at Camp Grant and at Camp Robinson, Sparta,
Wisconsin, the 331st with the rest of the 86th Division proceeded to
the seaboard where on September 17, 1918 it embarked on the Lap¬
land. Upon its arrival in France it went directly to Le Courneau,
Department of the Gironde, and there it remained until its departure
for the United States in January, 1919. The unit reached the United
States aboard the Duca d' Aosta on February 5, 1919 and proceeded
to Camp Grant for demobilization.
Col. William McKendree Lambdin commanded the 331st Field
Artillery. J ,,
332d Field Artillery Regiment, 86th Division
The skeleton organization of the 332d Field Artillery was es¬
tablished at Camp Grant in August, 1917 and early in September
was filled with drafted men from Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota,
Illinois furnishing the largest number. After eight months' training
at Camp Grant the 332d Field Artillery, together with other units
of the 161st Artillery Brigade, participated in a 15-day hike of 225
miles to Sparta, Wisconsin, where there was further training in artil¬
lery practice. Overseas orders were received in August, and on
September 16, 1918 the regiment embarked on The Empress of
Russia. Arriving in France on October 4 by way of Liverpool and
Southampton, the regiment was ordered to Camp Hunt, Le Courneau,
where it remained until orders to return home were received. The
332d sailed on board the Antigone on February 1, arriving in New¬
port News on February 15 and in Chicago on February 22. After
a parade in Chicago the regiment proceeded to Camp Grant where
demobilization took place.
Col. Robert C. Foy was commanding officer of the 332d Field
Artillery.
333d Field Artillery Regiment, 86th Division
The 333d Field Artillery was organized at Camp Grant in
August, 1917 as a part of the 161st Field Artillery Brigade of the
86th Division, and was filled by the draft contingents arriving in
September. Illinois men outnumbered those from other states. The
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 173
regiment was trained at Camp Grant and at Camp Robinson, Sparta,
Wisconsin, and on September 17, 1918 sailed from New York on the
Metagama. Upon its arrival in France it was ordered to Camp Hunt
at Le Courneau where it was stationed until its departure for the
United States in December, 1918. The regiment reached the United
States aboard the Siboney on January 3, 1919 and proceeded to Camp
Grant for demobilization.
The 333d Field Artillery was commanded by Col. Philip R.
Ward.
343d Infantry Regiment, 86th Division
The 343d Infantry was organized at Camp Grant in August,
1917 as a part of the 172d Infantry Brigade of the 86th Division, and
was filled with drafted men, principally from Illinois. The regiment
was trained at Camp Grant and sailed from New York on the
Megantic on September 9, 1918. Upon its arrival in France the 343 d
Infantry was stationed at St. Loubès in the vicinity of Bordeaux.
As an organization the 343d Infantry did not participate in
battle action, although serious inroads were made upon its ranks to
form replacements for combat units at the front. When the dissolu¬
tion of the 86th Division was begun on November 12, the 343d In¬
fantry was retained as part of the American embarkation center at
Le Mans, where it was joined with the 344th Infantry to form the
4th Provisional Regiment. The 4th Provisional Regiment was
ordered to Montfort, to Pont-de-Gennes, and was then returned to
Le Mans. It remained at the forwarding camp at Le Mans until
the embarkation center was reduced, numerous transfers then being
made to organizations returning to the United States, to special posts
in the A. E. F. and to educational institutions.
Col. Charles R. Rowland commanded the 343d Infantry.
344th Infantry Regiment, 86th Division
The 344th Infantry was organized at Camp Grant in August,
1917 as a part of the 172d Infantry Brigade of the 86th Division,
and was filled with drafted men, for the most part from Illinois.
After receiving its training at Camp Grant the regiment sailed on
September 9, 1918 on the Megantic. Upon its arrival in France the
174 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
344th Infantry was sent to the vicinity of Bordeaux and was stationed
at Ambarès-et-Lagrave and St. Louis de Montferrand. As an or¬
ganization it did not participate in battle action, though serious in¬
roads were made upon its ranks to form replacements for combat units
at the front. When the dissolution of the 86th Division was begun on
November 12, the 344th Infantry was retained as part of the Ameri¬
can embarkation center at Le Mans. It was joined with the 343d
Infantry to form the 4th Provisional Regiment which was ordered
to Montfort, to Pont-de-Gennes and then back to Le Mans. It
remained at the forwarding camp at Le Mans until the embarkation
center was reduced, whereupon numerous transfers were made to or¬
ganizations returning to the United States, to special posts in the
A. E. F. and to educational institutions.
Col. Benjamin T. Simmons and Col. Henry A. Hannigan com¬
manded the 344th Infantry.
88th Division
The 88th Division was organized in September, 1917 at Camp
Dodge, Iowa, from drafted men of North and South Dakota, Minne¬
sota, Iowa and Illinois. Its ranks were later swelled by men from
Missouri and Nebraska. The 88th Division was composed of the
following units: 175th Infantry Brigade—349th and 350th Infantry,
338th Machine Gun Battalion; 176th Infantry Brigade—351st and
352d Infantry, 339th Machine Gun Battalion; 163d Field Artillery
Brigade—338th (light), 337th and 339th (heavy) Field Artillery,
313th Trench Mortar Battery; 337th Machine Gun Battalion;
313th Engineers; 313th Field Signal Battalion; trains.
The division remained at Camp Dodge until August, 1918. On
August 9 the first units sailed for France and by September 7 the
entire division had arrived. The artillery brigade was permanently
separated from the division and sent to the artillery training school
at Clermont-Ferrand in southern France, the rest of the division being
ordered to the 21st Training Area where headquarters were estab¬
lished at Semur (Côte-d'Or).
On September 14 the division was moved by rail to the Hericourt
Training Area (Haute-Saone), near Belfort, under the command of
the Seventh French Army. These steps were preliminary to partid-
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 175
pation in battle action which commenced on September 23 when the
division relieved the 38th French Division in the center sector,
Haute-Alsace. It held this sector until November 2. On that date
it was placed under the IVth American Corps and was moved to the
Lagney Area as a part of the Second Army Reserve. The casualties
of the division incurred during the combat operations totalled 118.
On November 29 the division was ordered to the First Training
Area at Gondrecourt (Meuse). On April 15, 1919 it was trans¬
ferred to the First Army and on April 26 it was placed under the
command of the Commanding General, S. O. S., preparatory to its
departure from France. Division Headquarters left St. Nazaire on
May 21, 1919 and arrived at Newport News on June 1.
The insignia of the 88th Division was two figure eights in blue
crossed at right angles.
The commanding generals of the 88th Division were: Maj.
Gen. E. H. Plummer, August 25-November 26, 1917 and February
20-March 14, 1918; Brig. Gen. R. N. Getty (temporary) Novem¬
ber 27, 1917-February 19, 1918, and March 15-May 23, 1918; Brig.
Gen. William D. Beach (temporary). May 24-September 10, 1918;
Maj. Gen. William Weigel, September 10, 1918-June 15, 1919.
349th Infantry Regiment, 88th Division
The 349th Infantry was organized at Camp Dodge, Iowa, in
September, 1917 as a part of the 175th Infantry Brigade of the 88th
Division, and was composed of drafted men from several states, but
principally from Illinois. The regiment moved to the seaboard and
overseas with the 88th Division. After the last unit of the division
arrived in France on September 7, 1918 the 349th Infantry was at¬
tached to that part of the division which was ordered to the Twenty-
first Training Area with headquarters at Semur (Côte-d'Or), when
the 88th Division relieved the 38th French Division. The 349th In¬
fantry saw combat service in the center sector Haute-Alsace from
October 12 to November 4, 1918.
The regiment moved with the 88th Division to the Gondrecourt
Training Area on November 29. It sailed for the United States
from St. Nazaire on May 21, 1919, arriving on June 1.
176 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
43d Field Artillery Regiment, 15th Division
The 43d Field Artillery was organized at Camp Stanley, Texas,
from National Army cavalry and was made a part of the 15th Artil¬
lery Brigade of the 15th Division. The regiment remained at Camp
Stanley for instruction until the middle of February, 1919 when it
was demobilized.
Illinois is credited with furnishing a greater number of men to
this regiment than any other state.
44th Field Artillery Regiment, 15th Division
The 44th Field Artillery of the 15th Artillery Brigade, 15th
Division, was organized at Camp Stanley, Texas, from the 305th
Cavalry to which the band of the 7th Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, had been attached. It remained in training at that camp
until its demobilization in February, 1919.
Illinois is credited with furnishing more men to this regiment
than any other state.
303d Cavalry Regiment
The formation of fifteen new cavalry regiments was authorized
by the Adjutant General of the Army on January 10, 1918, five of
which were to be organized in the Southern Military Department.
One of the five was the 303d Cavalry, organized at Camp Stanley,
Texas, in January, 1918, which is officially credited with having more
men from Illinois than from any other state. During the months
following its organization the regiment was increased in size so that
by July 1 it contained 85 officers and 1,394 men, and was supplied
with 1,610 horses and 161 mules. During this period the regiment
was receiving intensive training at Camp Stanley. On August 14
orders were issued dividing the 303d Cavalry into the 52d and 53d
Field Artillery and the 18th Trench Mortar Battery, which became
part of the 18th Division.
Col. Samuel McP. Rutherford was in command of the 303d
Cavalry from January 26 to August 14, 1918.
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 177
52d Field Artillery Regiment^ 18th Division
The 52d Field Artillery was formed from the 303d Cavalry,
Troops A, B, C, D, E and F of the cavalry making the nucleus of
the artillery. On August 21, 1918, a week after the orders were
issued which converted the 303d Cavalry into the 52d and 53d Field
Artillery, the 52d Field Artillery (27 officers and 621 men) marched
from Camp Stanley, Texas, to Camp Travis, Texas. Here the 52d
Field Artillery was made a part of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade
of the 18th Division, just then being organized.
Because specialists of various kinds were transferred from the
regiment during September and October, the 52d Field Artillery was
reduced to 536 enlisted men. From November 7 to 17, however,
men were transferred from the Depot Brigade to the regiment, mak¬
ing its strength on the 17th, 765 enlisted men, 56 assigned officers,
and 20 attached officers. The signing of the armistice and resulting
applications for discharge reduced this number to 42 assigned officers,
12 attached officers, and 732 enlisted men on December 31.
Col. Samuel McP. Rutherford was in command of the 52d Field
Artillery during the period of the war. Illinois is credited with
having a larger number of men in this regiment than any other state.
53d Field Artillery Regiment, 18th Division
The 53d Field Artillery was organized in Camp Stanley in
August, 1918 with Troops G, H, I, K, L, M of the 303d Cavalry
as a nucleus. The 53d Field Artillery joined the 18th Field Artillery
Brigade of the 18th Division in the latter part of August and re¬
mained in training at Camp Travis, Texas, until January, 1919 when
demobilization began.
Illinois is credited with furnishing a larger number of the per¬
sonnel of this regiment than any other state.
53d Machine Gun Battalion, 18th Division
The 53d Machine Gun Battalion of the 35th Infantry Brigade,
18th Division, was organized at Camp Travis, Texas, in August,
1918. It remained in training there until the demobilization of the
18th Division in January and February, 1919.
Illinois is credited with furnishing a greater part of the personnel
of this battalion than any other state.
178 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
68th Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps
The 68th Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps, was organized for
coast defense on Long Island Sound, June 1, 1918 from drafted men,
chiefly from Illinois. It was assigned to the 36th Brigade, Coast
Artillery Corps, and sailed from Boston August 9, 1918 on the
Leicestershire. The 68th Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps, arrived
in France on August 26 and went to a training center at Camp de
Sougé near Bordeaux. Since its equipment was never received, the
unit returned from France in February, 1919 without having seen
active service. It was demobilized at Fort Wadsworth on March 1,
1919.
72d Artillery^ Coast Artillery Corps
The 72d Artillery, C. A. C., was organized from the personnel
of the National Army draft, Portland, Maine, on June 4, 1918 for
coast defense, and was assigned to the 35th Brigade, Coast Artillery
Corps. Illinois is credited with furnishing more men to this unit
than any other state. The 72d Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps, sailed
from Montreal on the Takada, arriving in France on August 26,
1918, when it was sent to an organization and training center at
Libourne, Gironde. Like the 68th Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps,
it never received its equipment and consequently saw no active service.
It returned to New York on March 29, 1919 and was demobilized
at Camp Grant on April 9, 1919.
13th Railway Engineer Regiment
The 13th Railway Engineer Regiment was recruited and or¬
ganized in Chicago very soon after the declaration of war. As early
as February 3, 1917 the Chief of Engineers had written to the pres¬
idents of the Chicago and North Western,-Atchison Topeka and San¬
ta Fé, Chicago Rock Island and Pacific, Chicago Milwaukee and St.
Paul, Illinois Central, and Chicago and Great Western railroads,
asking their cooperation in forming such a regiment with Chicago
as headquarters, and a number of officials pledged their support.
Early in April recruiting was begun, and after the authorization of
the Secretary of War was received on May 5, 1917, the 3d Reserve
Engineers (on June 9 designated the 3d Engineers, National Army,
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 179
and on July 13, the 13th Engineers) was organized at Chicago and
stationed on the Municipal Pier. The regiment was composed of
companies of men experienced in train, maintenance, and shop service,
and included enough men to operate a railroad.
The 13th Engineers left Chicago on July 20 and 21, 1917 and
on July 22 Companies A and B (11 officers and 270 men) sailed
for France on the St. Louis, while the remainder of the regiment
(71 officers and 763 men) sailed on the Orduna on July 23. Arrived
in Liverpool on August 12, the regiment proceeded to London where
on August 15 it passed in review before the King and Queen of
Great Britain. On August 17 the regiment arrived in Havre and was
ordered directly to Châlons-sur-Marne. There it remained until
September 11 when it was moved to various points on the Ligne 6
Bis with headquarters at Gleury-sur-Aire. Attached to the Second
French Army the regiment was there employed in the construction
and operation of the standard gauge military railways south and west
of Verdun, remaining in the Verdun sector until after the cessation
of hostilities.
Col. C. W. Kutz, Col. N. L. Howard and Lieut. Col. C. L.
Whiting were the commanding officers of the regiment during its
service in France.
503d Engineer Regiment
The 503d Engineer Regiment was sent to A. P. O. No. 701,
France, on December 10, 1917. Under the direction of the 17th En¬
gineers this unit furnished details for road building, track laying, bar¬
racks and building construction at this station and in the vicinity until
December 25. By this time all of the companies of the 503d Engineers
had been divided into detachments and detailed to service with other
organizations located in various places in France. The Headquarters
Detachment and Special Detachment, together consisting of 3 officers
and 40 men, were stationed at Camp No. 3, Base Section No. 1, and
were engaged in water supply and sanitation work for the district.
Maj. John B. Hawley was commanding officer.
Illinois is credited with furnishing more of the personnel of the
503d Engineers than any other state.
180 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
602d Engineer Regiment
The 602d Engineer Regiment was not assigned to a particular
division. The regiment is credited with participation in the following
campaigns: St. Mihiel offensive, Companies A, B and C, September
12-16, 1918; Meuse-Argonne offensive. Companies A, B and C,
September 26 to November 11, 1918.
Illinois is credited with furnishing more of the personnel of the
602d Engineers than any other state.
310th Field Signal Battalion
The 310th Field Signal Battalion was organized as part of the
85th Division, which was trained at Camp Custer, Michigan. The
division was sent overseas during July and August, 1918, and upon
its arrival in France it was designated as a depot division and ordered
to Pouilly. The 310th Field Signal Battalion was among the units
which was sent forward upon the breaking up of the division, and it
is officially credited with the following battle participation: (1) St.
Mihiel offensive (September 12 to 16, 1918);, (2) Toul sector
(September 17 to November 11, 1918).
Illinois is credited with contributing more men to this unit than
any other state.
803d Pioneer Infantry Regiment, Colored
The 803d Pioneer Infantry (colored) was organized at Camp
Grant and was sent overseas without being assigned to a particular
division. It engaged in combat service in the Toul sector from Octo¬
ber 22 to November 11, 1918.
Illinois furnished a greater number of men to this unit than any
other state.
812th Pioneer Infantry Regiment, Colored
The 812th Pioneer Infantry was organized at Camp Grant on
August 5, 1918 by order of the Adjutant General. By the end of the
month the regiment was recruited to a strength of 74 officers and 378
enlisted men, Illinois supplying the largest number. After a period
of training at Camp Grant during August, September and October
the regiment was ordered to Camp Merritt, New Jersey, where it was
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 181
stationed from November 4 to November 24. On November 27 it
returned to Camp Grant, the strength of the regiment then being 99
officers and 3,464 enlisted men. On December 3, 1918 the order for
demobilization of the regiment was issued. The final roster of the
812th Pioneer Infantry, dated January 14, 1919, showed that all
of the officers had been honorably discharged, transferred, or relieved
from duty.
Col. Fred V. S. Chamberlain was in command of the regiment
from August 26, 1918 until its demobilization.
MISCELLANEOUS
The American Field Service in France
Two years prior to the entrance of the United States into the
war the American Ambulance Field Service, as it was first called, a
volunteer service for the transportation of the wounded of the French
armies at the front, was incorporated in the Automobile Service of
the French army. In April, 1915 an agreement was signed by .A..
Piatt Andrew, inspector general of the American Ambulance Field
Service, with the French General Headquarters, whereby the organiza¬
tion known as the American Field Service was created and its rela¬
tions to the French army were set forth. By this agreement the
sections of the American Field Service were to be constituted as to
material, personnel and administrative units like the French sections.
A French officer of the Automobile Service was to be commander of
each formation and was to be assisted by a representative of the
American Field Service who was to transmit orders to and insure
discipline among the American drivers. The period of enlistment
in the service was fixed at six months with the privilege of renewal
for at least three months.
No sooner was the agreement of April, 1915 signed than appeals
were made to the American universities for recruits and committees
were organized in the various educational institutions and cities of the
United States to raise funds for the purchase and maintenance of
ambulances. The consequence was that by the end of 1915 the Amer¬
ican Field Service had four complete sections, each composed of twenty
182 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
ambulances, and each having a personnel of between twentj'-five and
thirty men.
By the time the United States entered the war the ambulance
and transport branches of the American Field Service were thoroughly
established. The ambulance branch with approximately 1,000 am¬
bulances and 1,200 volunteers had established distinct headquarters
in Paris, a construction and repair park, a supply depot, a training
camp, and a home and hospital for men convalescing and on furlough.
The transport branch, which included about 800 volunteers, had equal
facilities for work. In view of these facts and of the efficiency of the
service, on the appeal of Marshal Joffre the United States government
agreed to the adoption by the United States Army of both branches of
the service, which were then to be reloaned to France. Thus in the
fall of 1917 thirtj'-three ambulance sections were incorporated in the
United States Army Ambulance Service with the French army and
the fourteen camion sections were militarized as the American Mis¬
sion with the French army of the Motor Transport Corps.
One hundred ninetj -riine volunteers in the American Field Serv¬
ice were from Illinois. The universities and colleges of the state
were represented in the American Field Service as follows: University
of Chicago, 34; University of Illinois, 30; Northwestern University,
15; Lake Forest College, 1; Armour Institute, 1; Knox College, 1;
Lewis Institute, 1 ; Loyola University, 1. Sixteen volunteers from
Illinois were awarded the croix de guerre, and one volunteer the
médaillé militaire.
Sixty-three ambulances were donated to the American Field
Senice by individuals and organizations in the state. The donors
included individuals, clubs and associations, business firms and em¬
ployees of firms, towns, churches and high schools.
Feder.\l Board for Vocatioxal Education
The Federal Board for Vocational Education was created on
July 17, 1917 to carry out the provisions of the Smith-Hughes Act
for the promotion of industrial education by the federal government
in cooperation with the states. The Governor of Illinois accepted the
provisions of the act in behalf of this state, and a State Board of
Vocational Education was appointed, composed of the following:
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 183
William H. Boys, director of trade and commerce; Barney Cohen,
director of labor; Charles Adkins, director of agriculture; Francis G.
Blair, director of registration and education.
In addition to its peace-time program of promoting vocational
education through the school system of the country, the board
took on certain war activities. These consisted at first mainly
of offering courses to men subject to draft but not yet inducted, the
primary purpose being to fill the needs of the army for certain techni¬
cally trained men. Attendance at these classes was voluntary, and
men were able to receive instruction in the evening and keep on with
their regular employment. The Federal Board also cooperated with
the War Department Commission on Education and Special Train¬
ing in supervising the instruction given to the National Army Train¬
ing Detachments stationed at various educational institutions through-
cut the country. However, a much wider field of work was opened
to the board by the Act of June 27, 1918, providing for "vocational
rehabilitation and return to civil employment of disabled persons dis¬
charged from the military or naval forces of the United States," and
the Federal Board thereupon organized a Division of Rehabilitation
to carry out the terms of the act. The country was divided into
fourteen districts, Illinois together with Michigan and Wisconsin
comprising District Number 8. In the spring and summer of 1919
the work centered in making arrangements with institutions for
special courses for the disabled men and placing the returning service
men where they would get instruction best fitted to their needs.
Two classes of training were provided. The first was for those men
suffering from disabilities that had resulted in physical handicaps
which would keep them from returning to their former employment.
The second type was for men with minor disabilities who were not
prevented by their injuries from returning to their occupations, and
was in the nature of job-improving instruction.
The headquarters of the eighth district in Chicago were in
charge of a district vocational officer who was the director of all phases
of the work of the board. The work of vocational rehabilitation
throughout the district was directed by an assistant district vocational
officer. To establish close personal contact with the disabled service
men in Illinois, local offices of the Federal Board for Vocational
184 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Education were established in Chicago, Centralia, Champaign, East
St. Louis, Peoria and Rockford.
Men are offered institutional or placement training. Those
taking the former are placed in accredited schools where they pursue
a definite course of study leading to some objective. Men who prefer
to receive their training "on the job" are placed in firms whose busi¬
ness is that which they wish to learn. Whether in institutional or
placement training, the disabled men are under the supervision of the
Federal Board for the whole training period, during which time they
receive a certain sum each month from the government for main¬
tenance. In Illinois in 1921 approximately 550 educational institu¬
tions were offering training to Federal Board men, and more than
2,000 firms were giving placement training. The training is of the
best and covers technical, professional, agricultural, educational, in¬
dustrial, commercial, music and art courses. Fifteen thousand men
in the state had been approved for training, from whom five thousand
had been accepted and placed.
Charles W. Sylvester was district vocational officer of the Eighth
District in 1921, and Harold J. Betty was assistant in charge of
vocational rehabilitation.
American Legion, Department of Illinois
The American Legion was created at a meeting of representatives
from all divisions and S. O. S. sections of the American Expedi¬
tionary Forces held in Paris on March 15-17, 1919. An execu¬
tive committee of one hundred was selected which on April 7
appointed a committee of fifteen to work in the United States.
On May 8, 9, and 10, 1919, two months after this action in
France, a caucus of delegates representing troops in the United
States was held at St. Louis, when a temporary constitution for
the American Legion was adopted and general policies were form¬
ulated. The Paris and St. Louis executive committees were con¬
solidated on May 23, 1919 into the Joint National Executive Com¬
mittee, which was temporarily in control of the American Legion
until the first national convention at Minneapolis, November 10, 11
and 12, 1919.
The Illinois organization of the American Legion dated from
the caucus at St. Louis. At the close of the meeting on May 10 the
MILITARY AND NAVAL ACTIVITIES 185
delegates from Illinois, 112 in number, met to consider the problem
of developing an organization in Illinois. A committee on committees
was appointed, which, after conferring with the chairman of the dele¬
gation, appointed a Committee on Organization, composed of five
members from Chicago and seven from downstate. In a series of
meetings which began the night of May 10 when the state was
divided into eleven districts to facilitate local organization, the com¬
mittee, the personnel of which had been gradually increased, secured
the incorporation of the Legion under the laws of Illinois, adopted
temporary by-laws, appointed state war risk and state employment
officers, perfected plans for a financial campaign, and finally fixed
the date for a state convention. The organization of posts was carried
on throughout the state, and on October 1, 1919 there were 220
local posts and 15,000 paid-up members.
At the first state convention of the American Legion, which was
held at Peoria on October 17 and 18, 1919, the permanent state
organization was formed and officers for the year and delegates to
the coming national convention were elected. The executive com¬
mittee, which had been authorized to revise the department constitu¬
tion after the national convention at Minneapolis, adopted certain
revisions in February, 1920. According to the constitution any man
or woman who served honorably under military oath in any branch
of the service, combatant or otherwise, between April 6, 1917 and
November 11, 1918, or any man or woman who served in the forces
of the allied nations who was a citizen of the United States upon his
or her entrance into that service and who upon discharge resumed
his or her citizenship in the United States was eligible to membership
in the American Legion. Legislative power was vested in the state
convention and executive and administrative powers in the department
commander, two department vice commanders and a department
executive committee. The state was divided into eleven districts.
The unit under the district was the post, which might be fqrmed with
a minimum membership of fifteen when an application for a charter
had been approved.
A most important phase of the work of the Department of Illi¬
nois is done through the Service Department. This department, es¬
tablished on April 1, 1920, mapped out two main courses of action.
186 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
First, it assisted ex-service men who were having difficulty in getting
settlements of their claims for compensation, hospitalization, voca¬
tional training and other matters, and made a special effort to find
men who were entitled to benefits and who were not receiving them.
Second, it cooperated with government agencies to provide better
hospital facilities for the disabled. Among other things, the Legion
secured the removal of incompetent United States Public Health Serv¬
ice doctors, was partly responsible for the revocation of the contract
with one hospital in Chicago because of the improper care which
service men received there, and on similar grounds—improper care—
demanded cancellation of the contract with an institution looking
after the insane.
On August 31, 1920 there were 682 posts with 65,600 paid-up
members in the Illinois Department.
Col. Milton J. Foreman was the first commander of the Ameri¬
can Legion, Department of Illinois.
lY. WAR FINANCE
WAR LOAN ORGANIZATION, UNITED STATES
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
The War Loan Organization of the Treasury Department was
created in April, 1917 to conduct the sale and distribution of liberty
bonds. The work was directed by a central organization in Wash¬
ington through a Division of Sales, a Division of Publicity and a
Division of Public Speakers, and was carried on throughout the coun¬
try by special committees in the federal reserve districts, each of which
had complete control over all liberty loan activities within its own
territory. The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, R. C. Leffing-
well, maintained general supervision over the work of the War Loan
Organization, but L. B. Franklin, as director, was actively in charge.
The first liberty loan, authorized by an act of Congress approved
April 24, 1917, was offered to the public on May 14, 1917, subscrip¬
tions to the amount of $2,000,000,000 being invited. The bonds,
which were dated June 15, 1917, and payable June 15, 1947, bore
per cent interest, but were convertible to later issues bearing a
higher interest rate; in addition they were exempt from all taxation
except estate and inheritance taxes, a feature which made them very
attractive to large investors. The sales campaign ran from May
14 to June 15, 1917 and subscriptions amounting to $3,035,226,850,
or an oversubscription of nearly 52 per cent, were obtained from ap¬
proximately four million men and women. Since the Secretary of
the Treasury had announced in advance that only the amount of
subscriptions called for would be accepted, those subscriptions in
amounts of $50 to $10,000 were allotted in full, while larger sub¬
scriptions were allotted at a diminishing ratio, the lowest being twenty
per cent.
The second issue of liberty bonds, authorized by an act of Septem¬
ber 24, 1917, was offered to the public on October 1, 1917, subscrip¬
tions to the amount of $3,000,000,000 being invited by the Secretary
of the Treasury, who announced that fifty per cent of the oversub-
[187]
188 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
scription would be allotted. The bonds were dated November 15,
1917 and were payable November 15, 1942, although they might be
redeemed any time after November 15, 1927. The tax-exemption
feature was modified for the reason that the provisions of the first
loan accorded an advantage to the large income-tax payer which was
not shared by the subscriber of a smaller income. Bonds of the
second loan were made exempt, both as to principal and interest,
from all taxation except (1) estate or inheritance taxes, (2) grad¬
uated super-income taxes (surtaxes), and excess-profits and war-
profits taxes. The interest rate was 4 per cent, and the bonds were
convertible to a later issue bearing a higher rate of interest. The
sales campaign extended from October 1 to 27, 1917, and subscrip¬
tions amounting to $4,617,532,300, an oversubscription of 54 per
cent, were secured from approximately 9,400,000 people. One-half
of the oversubscription was accepted, the total allotment being
$3,807,865,000.
The act authorizing the third liberty loan was approved on
April 4, 1918. The interest was set at 4)4 per cent in spite of the
opposition of certain financiers who had urged that the rate be ma¬
terially increased in view of the complex business situation and the
fact that former issues of liberty bonds were selling below par. The
third liberty loan act provided the same tax-exemption features as in
the case of the second loan and made liberty bonds receivable under
certain conditions in payment of estate or inheritance taxes. They
were not however convertible to bonds of later issues at a higher
interest rate. As a method of bolstering up the market price of bonds
the act also provided for a fund from which the Secretary of the
Treasury might purchase bonds on the open market.
Bonds of the third liberty loan, dated May 9, 1918 and payable
September 15, 1928, were offered to the public on April 6, 1918, sub¬
scriptions amounting to $3,000,000,000 being invited with the proviso
that all oversubscriptions might be allotted in full. The sales cam¬
paign was conducted from April 6 to May 4, 1918, and subscriptions
amounting to $4,176,516,850 were secured from 18,376,815 sub¬
scribers. Of this amount $4,175,650,050 was allotted.
During the fourth liberty loan period the 1918 tax bill, providing
for greatly increased income-tax and surtax rates, was pending, and
WAR FINANCE
189
the Secretary of the Treasury declared that some tax-exemption meas¬
ures to offset these taxes would be necessary to induce persons of large
income to buy bonds of the fourth liberty loan. The act authorizing
the loan was approved July 9, but an act approved September 24,
1918 embodied the Secretary's recommendations, providing for block
exemption from surtaxes which in conjunction with former tax exemp¬
tion features would exempt from surtaxes under stated conditions
the interest on bonds to the amount of $110,000.
The bonds, which bore per cent interest and were dated
October 24, 1918, payable October 15, 1938 but redeemable after
October 15, 1933, were offered to the public during a sales cam¬
paign which extended from September 28 to October 19, 1918. Sub¬
scriptions to the amount of $6,000,000,000 were invited (the fourth
being the largest of all the war loans), and bonds to the amount of
$6,989,047,000 were taken by approximately 21,000,000 subscribers,
the oversubscription of 16 per cent being allotted practically in full.
In the month following the armistice the cancellation of war
contracts and the maintenance of 2,000,000 men in France and pro¬
visions for their return, as well as other factors, caused war expendi¬
tures to reach their peak. Many financiers believed that numerous
difficulties stood in the way of the successful flotation of a popular
loan after the cessation of war, and that it would be necessary to pay
a high interest rate to secure the desired subscriptions; nevertheless
the tax-exemption features made the Victory loan notes, as they were
designated, fairly attractive to investors in spite of the low interest
rate authorized by the act approved March 3, 1919. The Secretary
announced that the amount of the offering would be $4,500,000,000
with no oversubscription to be allotted. The notes, which were to
run five years (dated May 20, 1919 and payable May 23, 1923),
were of two series—the first at 3^ per cent, which were tax exempt
except for estate and inheritance taxes, the second at 4^^ per cent,
which were taxable but possessed block exemption features similar
and in addition to those offered under the act of September 24, 1918.
It was now possible to own bonds amounting to $160,000 which
under certain conditions were tax exempt. The Victory Loan Act
also provided for a cumulative sinking fund for the purpose of re¬
tiring liberty bonds of the five issues within about twenty-five years.
190 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The campaign extended from April 21 to May 10, 1919, and subscrip^
tiens amounting to $5,249,908,300 were secured, an oversubscription
of 16.66 per cent. In accordance with the announcement, none of
the oversubscription was allotted.
As a device for keeping the treasury in funds and for diminishing
the strain on the money market at the time when subscriptions were
being made for the liberty loans or when taxes were due, the Secre¬
tary of the Treasury was authorized to issue at intervals short-term
notes known as certificates of indebtedness, to be liquidated by the
loans and by tax receipts. The Secretary offered treasury certificates
of indebtedness at first to banks and later, beginning with the issues
in anticipation of the third loan, to individuals and corporations.
The interest rate was low, the notes ran for approximately 90 days
and might be presented in payment for liberty loan subscriptions, or
in the case of tax certificates, for income tax payments.
Issues of treasury certificates of indebtedness were offered as
follows :
Occasion
Number issues
Subscription
anticipation of first loan
4
$ 868,205,000
" second "
6
2,320,493,000
" third "
6
3,012,085,500
" fourth "
7
4,659,820,000
" fifth "
10
6,157,589,500
" 1917 taxes ...
1
50,000,000
" 1918 " ...
6
1,624,403,500
" 1919 " ...
8
3,354,787,500
A recapitulation of the offerings, subscriptions and allotments
for each of the loans follows:
Per
Loan Offering Subscription Cent Allotment
1 3H% $2,000,000,000 $3,035,226,850 152 $1,989,455,550
2 4% 3,000,000,000 4,617,532,300 154 3,807,865,000
3 4^% 3,000,000,000 4,176,516,850 139 4,175,650,050
4414% 6,000,000,000 6,989,047,000 116 6,964,581 250
5 3^-4^% 4,500,000,000 5,249,908,300 116% 4,497,818,750
WAR FINANCE
191
The state of Illinois lies within two federal reserve districts—
the seventh, with headquarters at Chicago, comprising all of Iowa,
part of Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and fifty-eight counties in the
northern portion of Illinois, and the eighth, with headquarters at St.
Louis, including parts of Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and forty-four counties in southern Illinois. War loan activities
in the state of Illinois accordingly must be considered in connection
with the work of the liberty loan committees of the seventh and
eighth federal reserve districts.
LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE OF THE SEVENTH
FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Preliminary measures toward organizing a liberty loan com¬
mittee for the seventh federal reserve district were taken by the
Governor of the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank, J. B. McDougall,
on May 4, 1917 when he called a meeting of representatives of mem¬
ber organizations of the Chicago Clearing House and of investment
bond houses in Chicago to take action on the matter. Those present,
between fifty and sixty people, designated themselves the "General
Liberty Loan Committee for the Seventh Federal Reserve District"
and proceeded to form an Executive Committee, comprising the gov¬
ernor of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (chairman), the
federal reserve agent, and two representatives each of national banks,
state banks and bond houses. The Executive Committee, which
organized immediately, assumed the responsibility for directing the
sale of liberty bonds throughout the Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, which comprised all of Iowa, parts of Indiana, Michigan and
Wisconsin, and fifty-eight counties in the northern half of Illinois.
J. B. McDougall was chairman of the Executive Committee and
W. M. L. Fiske was director of the campaign. The need for
certain subcommittees became apparent immediately. A Publicity
Committee was organized on May 7, comprising the entire
personnel of the Executive Committee. The committee, which met
daily, appointed the following subcommittees: Press, Advertising,
Posters, Distribution, Moving Pictures, Foreign Language News¬
papers. The Four Minute Men were enlisted in the service of the
Moving Picture Subcommittee, 150 speakers were enrolled by a
192 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Speakers' Bureau which was established on May 25, and altogether
477 meetings in Chicago and 103 outside Chicago were addressed.
A Foreign Language Committee, to promote the loan among foreign-
language speaking residents, and an American Bankers Association
Committee, a Labor's Loan Organization and a Special Campaigns
Committee to promote liberty loan activity among schools, churches,
fraternal organizations, etc., were also organized during the first loan
campaign.
The first steps toward forming local liberty loan committees
throughout the seventh district were taken by the Executive Com¬
mittee on May 5, 1917 when it communicated with the president
of the clearing house or the president of a large bank in each town
or city of 5,000 population or more within the district. Information
was given concerning the district organization just effected, and the
formation of local sales organizations was urged. Shortly after this
time there was organized a district Committee on Distribution,
which comprised a chairman who was to act as director of the cam¬
paign, and a director for each of six units into which the Seventh
Federal Reserve District was divided—Chicago and Cook County,
Illinois outside of Cook County, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Wiscon¬
sin. The Distribution Committee, frequently referred to as the
Sales Department, took over the function of directing the campaign
throughout the district, the director of each unit being responsible
for activities within his own territory. As the campaign progressed,
there was gradually developed an organization known as the Cam¬
paign Committee which was composed of the Distribution Commit¬
tee (director general and state sales directors), the directors of the
various committees of the district loan organization, and two mem¬
bers ex officio representing the Federal Reserve Bank.
During the first loan campaign, Joseph A. Rushton was di¬
rector of sales for that part of Illinois lying within the seventh dis¬
trict excluding Cook County, and he was assisted by state directors
of publicity and public speaking and a chairman of a state foreign
language division. A General Liberty Loan Committee for Illinois
acted in an advisory capacity, approved the state's quota and perform¬
ed any other service which was requested of it. Its membership,
representing the state administration as well as farming, banking.
WAR FINANCE
193
industrial labor, educational and other interests, in the course of the
five loans numbered from 15 to 19 persons, and after the first loan
campaign included two women. In the first loan campaign no fixed
political unit was adopted as the basis for the local committee—in
some cases it was one county, sometimes several, sometimes a city.
The quota assigned to each unit was eight per cent of its banking
resources and the main responsibility for the campaign rested upon
the banks. Some difficulties were encountered in making bankers
realize that the quota assigned was a minium quota, and the state
chairman was occasionally obliged to urge the necessity of raising
subscriptions to the amount designated. Experienced bond salesmen
known as organizers were sent from Chicago to aid local chairmen.
In Chicago and Cook County the campaign was under the
direction of C. W. Folds. An advisory committee was appointed
for this district, and in other respects the organization resembled
that of the state units. In Chicago a "Flying Squadron" of 350
men made a careful canvass of the city for the purpose of taking
subscriptions.
The campaign period extended from May 14 to June 15, 1917,
and for so new an organization the results were very satisfactory.
In the seventh district, where $298,000,000 of the total offering of
$2,000,000,000 had been assigned as the quota, subscriptions amount¬
ing to $351,564,650 were made by 623,124 persons. Of this amount
$271,944,200 was allotted, no oversubscription being accepted. In
that part of the state of Illinois lying within the seventh district (in¬
cluding Chicago and Cook County) the quota of $135,000,000 was
oversubscribed 45 per cent, 280,000 persons making subscriptions
amounting to $195,686,200.
In addition to the liberty bonds taken by the district, banks
within the district subscribed to treasury certificates of indebtedness
issued in anticipation of the first loan amounting to $77,693,000.
In the interim between the first and second loans the defects of
the district liberty loan committee which were brought to light dur¬
ing the first campaign were remedied so far as possible. The com¬
mittees which were subordinate to the district organization were
perfected down to the smallest geographical unit, while at head¬
quarters various changes were made in organization and personnel.
194 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The federal reserve agent, W. A. Heath, became chairman of the
Executive Committee and Miss Grace Dixon, chairman of the Na¬
tional Woman's Liberty Loan Committee for the Seventh Federal
Reserve District, was made a member. From the membership of the
Executive Committee were chosen the director general of the cam¬
paign (H. L. Stuart for the second loan), director of publicity and
director of public speaking. These officers, together with the chair¬
men of the Foreign Language Division and the Woman's Committee,
representatives of the Banking and Finance Committees and the
director of sales for each of the states and Chicago and Cook County,
made up the Campaign Committee.
Although the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee did effective
publicity work during the first liberty loan campaign, it was not until
the second loan that the organization was ready for active operations.
The Woman's Liberty Loan Committee differed from the War Loan
Organization in that the state, rather than the federal reserve district,
was the organization unit, further subdivisions following congressional
district and county lines. It was for the purpose of reconciling the
work of the National Woman's Committee with the district organiza¬
tion that a district director. Miss Grace Dixon, was appointed for
Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and was given a
place on the Executive and Campaign Committees. Mrs. Howard
Willson was made chairman for Illinois.
The director of sales in Illinois was again Joseph A. Rushton,
and the state advisory committee included two women, representa¬
tives of the Illinois division of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee.
State directors of publicity and public speaking worked with the
state director of sales, under their respective federal reserve directors.
A liberty loan committee was organized in each of the fifty-eight
counties of the state lying within the district, a chairman being ap¬
pointed who organized a committee composed of members represent¬
ing the farming, banking, industrial, labor, educational and other
interests in the county. Within the county, committees were organized
on a similar plan, with necessary adaptations, in each city or town,
and in the rural districts. The county committees and their sub¬
divisions were aided in their work by the state director and his assist¬
ants, who were known as organizers. Publicity matter, speakers, and
WAR FINANCE
195
other campaign features were obtained through the district and state
officials, as well as through local effort. Sales were made by teams
which were organized among trade, professional, commercial and
other groups. Competition between these teams and community
pride in "going over the top" of the quota helped to stimulate interest
in the second campaign, but the fundamental reason for the increasing
number of subscriptions was a growing conviction that every in¬
dividual had a certain responsibility for the success of the loan.
The Chicago and Cook County Committee, again directed by
C. W. Folds, was also reorganized in anticipation of the second loan.
Its administrative organization comprised the General and Executive
Committees, while its sales agencies were two (1) district and ward
organizations, (2) trades committees. Under the Trades Advisory
Board, thirty-four subcommittees were organized along trade, com¬
mercial, industrial and similar lines, and these canvassed the in¬
dividuals^ offices, corporations and factories falling within their
group. The district and ward organizations made a house-to-house
canvass of that part of the city not covered by the Trades Committees
and the Flying Squadron.
By increasing the number of subscribers in the Seventh Federal
Reserve District from 623,124 in the first loan to 1,809,497 in the
second, the district committee achieved the effect it desired as to the
distribution of bonds. The seventh district's quota of $420,000,000
(of the total offering of $3,000,000,000) was oversubscribed 40 per
cent, subscriptions amounting to $587,281,850 being secured, of
which $527,479,350 was allotted. In that part of Illinois lying
within the seventh district 661,704 men and women subscribed to
bonds amounting to $250,385,100, thus oversubscribing the quota
of $163,380,000 fifty-three per cent. Bonds to the amount of $211,-
434,200 were finally allotted.
The banks and a very few individuals and corporations in the
district subscribed to certificates of indebtedness issued in anticipation
of the second loan to the amount of $138,597,000. Of this amount
$76,545,000 was taken by 945 Illinois subscribers in the seventh
district.
Some difficulties were looked for in floating the third loan—in¬
creasing commercial activities were beginning to absorb much credit
196 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
and individuals and corporations were trimming their sails in an¬
ticipation of taxes due on June 15, 1918. The Secretary of the
Treasury offered the bonds of the third liberty loan to the public on
April 6, 1918 nevertheless, announcing that while subscriptions
amounting to $3,000,000,000 were invited, the full oversubscription
might be allotted. A still wider distribution of bonds than had yet
been obtained was therefore desirable, and the liberty loan committee
of the seventh district aimed at increasing subscriptions among farmers
and large earners.
Not many changes in the organization were made for the third
loan. The Executive Committee became an active body, leaving
advisory functions to a General Advisory Committee composed of
representative citizens of each state in the district as well as of
Chicago and Cook County. The Executive Committee increased its
membership and now included in addition to representatives of bank¬
ing and allied interests one representative for each territorial division
of which the district was composed. Governor Frank O. Lowden
representating Illinois. H. L. Stuart was again director general of
the campaign. The Campaign Committee, comprising the Director
General and his cabinet, remained the same as in previous loans.
Herman Gifford became sales director for Illinois and directed the
campaign in the state outside of Cook County. C. W. Folds again
served as sales director for Chicago and Cook County.
The Chicago and Cook County Committee expanded its organ¬
ization considerably in anticipation of the third loan. As it was re¬
organized, it comprised a city director, an executive committee, two
sales organizations—the Trades Advisory Committee and the ward
committees with the Flying Squadron in assistance—as well as the
Ways and Means, Bank, Special Campaigns, Publicity, Subscription
Stations and Booths, Public Speaking, Recruiting Salesmen, Foreign
Language, Labor Organizations, Boy Scouts, Clearing House and
System, and Woman's Committees.
The third liberty loan campaign extended from April 6 to May
4, 1918 and the efforts of the district committee to increase the distri¬
bution of bonds as well as to oversubscribe its quota were again success¬
ful. In the seventh district the quota of $425,000,000 was over¬
subscribed 43 per cent, $608,878,600 being subscribed by 3,479,315
WAR FINANCE
197
people ; while in that part of Illinois lying within the seventh district
the quota of $178,980,000 was oversubscribed 38 per cent, $247,-
662,250 being subscribed by 1,417,131 people. Oversubscriptions
were allotted in full.
In anticipation of the third loan the Secretary of the Treasury
announced that certificates of indebtedness to the amount of $500,-
000,000 would be offered biweekly, and asked banks throughout the
country to invest in them to the extent of 1 per cent of their weekly
resources. The purchase of certificates of indebtedness by individuals
was also urged by the Secretary at this time: the certificates, he pointed
out, might be presented in payment for bonds of the third issue, and
the strain on the money market during the subscription period would
thus be avoided. The district liberty loan committee took charge of
the disposal of the district's quota of certificates by appointing a
federal reserve director of sales with an assistant in each state. E. L.
Harris was sales director for Illinois, and had a state organization
of eleven men and a sales director with an assistant in each county.
Out of a total subscription of $325,355,000 for the district, 3,624
subscriptions for $149,443,000 were made in Illinois.
When the fourth loan of $6,000,000,000 was offered on Septem¬
ber 28, 1918, the district committee redoubled its efforts, since only
a most effective sales organization could dispose of the district's quota
of bonds. The cumulative effect of the publicity of the first three
loans and the increased activity of the committee during the campaign
period, September 28 to October 19, 1918, placed the issue before
every person in the district; and in spite of the influenza epidemic,
which depleted the ranks of workers, and rumors of peace, the goal
was overtopped. C. H. Schweppe became director general, but not
many changes were effected in the district organization during this
loan. The Chicago and Cook County Committee added the Liberty
Loan Board of Review, the function of which was to inspect the sub¬
scriptions of persons capable of buying bonds in large amounts and to
see that the maximum was subscribed, and the Supplies, Transporta¬
tion and Information Committees. The work of the Woman's Com¬
mittee was extended.
The results obtained speak for the work accomplished by the
organization. The district's quota of $870,000,000 was oversub-
198 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
scribed 11 per cent, 4,456,820 persons subscribing $969,209,000. In
Illinois the quota of $365,400,000 was oversubscribed 16 per cent,
1,866,064 persons subscribing $424,112,000. Oversubscriptions were
allotted in full.
Systematic sales of certificates of indebtedness in anticipation of
the fourth loan were carried out as in the case of the third loan, the
sales organization in the seventh district remaining unchanged. Seven
issues were offered, and in the seventh district subscriptions amounted
to $663,200,000. In that part of Illinois lying within the seventh
district 6,849 subscribers took certificates totalling $295,352,000.
Pessimism among bankers as to the outcome of floating a fifth
popular loan after the conclusion of the war was very great, and it
was predicted by many that a high rate of interest would be absolutely
necessary. However, with the announcement that the offering would
amount to $4,500,000,000 rather than $6,000,000,000, and that while
the bonds would be of two series bearing 3^ and 4^ per cent
interest, conversion and tax-exemption features would be offered, the
outlook brightened. The district organization remained practically
the same as for the fourth loan. Under the Chicago and Cook County
Committee the activities of the women's organizations were extended
to take over the direction of six trades committees.
While the distribution was not as satisfactory as in the fourth
loan, the district quota of $652,500,000 was oversubscribed 18 per
cent, subscriptions numbering 2,357,022 for $772,046,550 being
secured, of which $694,330,000 was allotted. In that part of Illinois
lying within the seventh district the quota of $274,050,000 was over¬
subscribed 21 per cent, 1,130,854 persons subscribing to bonds
amounting to $332,323,200.
Certificates of indebtedness in anticipation of the fifth loan were
sold on a systematic plan of biweekly offerings. The district sales
organization continued its work, E. L. Harris becoming director of
sales and L. L. Hobbs assistant director for Illinois. The district
subscribed to certificates amounting to $953,499,500, while in Illinois,
7,914 subscribers purchased certificates amounting to $411,244,000.
In addition to the certificates issued in anticipation of loans, cer¬
tificates in anticipation of taxes due in 1917, 1918 and 1919 were
issued by the Treasury Department and distributed in the district
WAR FINANCE
199
The offering in anticipation of the 1917 taxes was absorbed by the
federal reserve banks, the Chicago bank taking certificates amounting
to $5,000,000. The Chicago district subscribed to 1918 tax certifi¬
cates to the amount of $162,934,000 and to 1919 tax certificates to
the amount of $463,807,000. Illinois subscribers, numbering 1,579,
purchased certificates of the 1919 tax issue amounting to $270,-
616,000.
A recapitulation of the results of each loan campaign in the
Seventh Federal Reserve District and in that part of Illinois lying
within the district follows:^
Seventh
district
Loan
Quota
Subscription
Per Cent
Subscribers
Allotments
1
$298,000,000
$351,564,650
118
623,124
$271,944,200
2
420,000,000
587,281,850
140
1,809,497
527,479,350
3
425,000,000
608,878,600
143
3,479,315
608,878,600
4
870,000,000
969,209,000
111
4,456,820
969,209,000
5
652,500,000
772,046,550
118
2,357,022
694,330,000
Illinois (58
counties lying within
seventh district)
Loan
Quota
Subscription
Per Cent
Subscribers
Allotments
1
$135,000,000
$195,686,200
145
280,000
2
163,380,000
250,385,100
153
661,704
$211,434,200
3
178,980,000
247,662,250
138
1,417,131
247,662,250
4
365,400,000
424,112,000
116
1,866,064
424,112,000
5
274,050,000
332,323,200
121
1,130,854
297,809,000
A recapitulation of the subscriptions made by the district and
by that part of Illinois lying within the seventh district to the various
issues of certificates of indebtedness follows:
In anticipation 1st loan
2d
3d
4th "
5th •'
1917 taxes
1918
1919
Total Issue
$ 868,205,000
2,320,493,000
3,011,284,500
4,664,227,000
6,157,549,000
50,000,000
1,624,403,500
3,284,381,500
District
$ 77,693,000
138,597,000
325,355,000
663,200,000
953,499,500
5,000,000
162,934,000
463,807,000
Illinois
$ 76,545,000
149,443,000
295,352,000
411,244,000
270,616,000
'For results of the loan campaigns in Illinois by counties, see
Appendix, Tables numbers 7 to 11.
200 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE OF THE EIGHTH
FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT
The Liberty Loan Committee of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District came into existence on May 10, 1917, when the Governor of
the Federal Reserve Bank, Rolla Wells, appointed an Executive Com¬
mittee, composed of the presidents of the eighteen clearing house
associations in the district and representatives of five other cities in
which there were no clearing house associations. This committee was
to have general charge of the first liberty loan campaign throughout
the eighth district, which comprised besides parts of Arkansas, Indiana,
Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri and Tennessee, forty-four counties
in southern Illinois. For the active direction of the district cam¬
paign the Central Committee, composed of nine St. Louis men, was
appointed, William R. Compton being made chairman and Tom K.
Smith, secretary. Sales throughout the district were directed by the
members of the Executive Committee, each member being assigned
counties contiguous to his clearing house city or locality and being
authorized to form such local organizations as fitted his needs.
In computing the quota of the Eighth Federal Reserve District
for the first loan three factors were considered : ( 1 ) banking strength
(quota $84,300,000) ; (2) wealth (quota, $58,600,000) ; (3) popula¬
tion (quota, $174,600,000). The banking-strength quota was taken
as a minimum, and the average of the three as a target. The county
quotas were assigned on the same basis. Later the committee was
informed by Washington that $80,000,000 should be regarded as the
district's minimum quota.
In spite of the intentions of the Treasury, the first loan was not
a "popular" loan, the county quotas being largely underwritten by
banks and sold in part to their customers during the campaign or
later. The minimum quota of $80,000,000 assigned to the Eighth
Federal Reserve District was oversubscribed 8 per cent, subscriptions
amounting to $86,078,100 being received. No oversubscription being
accepted, bonds amounting to $65,469,600 were allotted to sub¬
scribers throughout the district. The subscriptions credited to that
part of Illinois lying within the eighth district amounted only to
$7,732,000 of a quota of $12,586,466, but so imperfect was the S5'S-
WAR FINANCE
201
tern of reporting subscriptions of residents of one county to banks of
the same county that the figure cannot be regarded as accurate.
The banks of the Eighth Federal Reserve District subscribed to
certificates of indebtedness issued in anticipation of the first loan to
the amount of $32,745,000, of which $1,945,000 was subscribed in
Illinois.
The defects of the district liberty loan committee were made
very evident in the first campaign, and in the interval between the
first and second campaigns a complete reorganization took place. A
General Committee, composed of Governor Rolla Wells, chairman,
and thirty-seven other members residing in the district, and an Execu¬
tive Committee, composed of W. R. Compton, chairman, a secretary,
and eighteen members, exercised advisory functions. The actual
direction of the campaign was assigned to the Administrative Com¬
mittee, composed of W. R. Compton, chairman, Tom K. Smith,
secretary, and fourteen others who were chairmen of the following
committees which were organized to take charge of various phases of
the campaign: Civic and Mutual Organizations Committee (to en¬
courage liberty loan sales through fraternal societies, and organizations
of all kinds), the Publicity Committee, Advertising Committee,
Finance Committee, St. Louis City Campaign Committee, General
Bankers' Committee, Investment Bankers' Committee, Chamber of
Commerce Committee, General Speakers' Committee, Auditing and
Accounting Committee, Purchasing Supplies Committee, Distribu¬
tion of Supplies Committee, and the Woman's Committee.
The second loan campaign extended over the period October
1-27, 1917. The Administrative Committee rented eighteen rooms
in the Boatman's Bank Building, and invited the district organization
of the Woman's Committee, whose sales organization had just been
perfected, to take up its quarters there. In St. Louis the campaign
was conducted by the city committee working through the Chamber
of Commerce Committee^ which arranged meetings, and the Invest¬
ment Bankers' Committee, which took subscriptions. In the remainder
of the district the campaign was in charge of the General Bankers'
Committee, consisting of a chairman for St. Louis and a chairman for
each of the states lying within the eighth district. The district quota
of $120,000,000 as a minimum and $200,000,000 as a target was
202 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
distributed among the states, and then under the direction of the
state directors was further distributed among the counties.
E. E. Crabtree, assisted by Robert R. Ward, was chairman for
that part of Illinois lying within the eighth district for the second
and succeeding loan campaigns. For the purpose of creating an effec¬
tive state organization a conference of Illinois workers was held in
St. Louis on October 12, 1917, at which time there was appointed an
Executive Committee composed of seventeen members, each member
to serve as district chairman for two or more counties. An organ¬
ization consisting of county, city, town and township liberty loan
committees, which was designed to reach every section of southern
Illinois, was then rapidly brought into existence. County organiza¬
tions of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee were also formed in
time to take part in the second loan campaign.
The necessity for a wide distribution of bonds was stressed by
all branches of the district, state and county organizations, and from
news stories, advertising, posters, speakers at public meetings and
bond salesmen the public gradually learned that the government's
war loan program required public support. Nevertheless the banks
again played a most important part, and in the last week of the cam¬
paign in counties where the quota had not been reached they were
urged to underwrite the amount and dispose of the bonds to customers
later. At the end of the sales campaign subscriptions in the eighth
district amounted to $184,322,450, a 54 per cent oversubscription of
the district's minimum quota of $120,000,000. Since only half of
the oversubscription was accepted, bonds to the amount of $150,-
169,250 were allotted. In that part of Illinois lying within the eighth
district the minimum quota was $14,438,500, and subscriptions
amounting to $22,818,250 were secured from 54,125 people.
The district banks subscribed to certificates of indebtedness issued
in anticipation of the second loan to the amount of $45,700,000.
Illinois subscriptions amounted to $4,183,000.
The campaign for the third liberty loan extended from April 6
to May 4, 1918, and an effort was again made to give bonds the
widest possible distribution. At district headquarters the Central
Committee, W. R. Compton, chairman, directed the campaign, and
had as its subordinate units the following: Speakers' Division, St.
Louis Division, Woman's Division, Accounting Division, Organiza-
WAR FINANCE
203
tion Division, Publicity Division, Sales Division, Supplies Division,
and States Division.
The States Division comprised the chairman of each of the seven
states lying within the district. E. E. Crabtree was again chairman
for Illinois, with R. R. Ward, of Benton, and H. F. J. Ricker, of
Quincy, as vice chairmen, and Miller Wier, of Springfield, and E. E.
Patterson, of East St. Louis, as field representatives. A State Execu¬
tive Committee, comprising the state chairman, vice chairmen, and
nineteen district managers, was again appointed. The county organ¬
izations were extended for the third loan in accordance with a printed
"Plan of Organization" which was circulated among all county chair¬
men. A general committee composed of approximately 100 repre¬
sentative citizens was appointed by each county chairman, and Or¬
ganization, Sales, Bankers', Publicity, Speakers' and Distribution Divi¬
sions were formed. Within each county, city, town and township,
similar committees were organized. The county units of the Woman's
Liberty Loan Committee again played an important part in raising
each county's quota.
The county committees carried on an intensive campaign, vary¬
ing their methods to fit their own particular needs. In some counties
polling places were provided in each school district, and people went
to these to register their subscriptions. Nearly all committees "rated"
the citizens of their county, that is, assessed their resources and then
made an individual quota which each person was strongly urged to
take. Persons making no subscriptions or those subscribing an amount
considered insufficient by the committee were dealt with in various
ways. A foreign-born, particularly German, population presented
special problems in some counties but in the majority of cases diffi¬
culties were ironed out when the proper method of treatment was
discovered. State-wide "over the top" contests, to determine which
county would be first to subscribe its quota and which would over¬
subscribe by the greatest percentage, added the zest of competition
to the campaign. Public meetings were a big factor in the campaign.
While in the second loan campaign civilians of national prominence
had proved acceptable speakers, in the third loan service men were in
demand. Officers and men from Camp Grant and other stations as
204 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
well as men who had seen foreign service W'ere used to great advantage
as speakers.
The district quota of $130,000,000 was oversubscribed 53.71
per cent and the subscriptions amounting to $199,835,900 were
allotted in full. Illinois oversubscribed its quota of $18,158,050
seventy-one per cent with subscriptions amounting to $31,045,750.
There were 190,430 Illinois subscribers.
A systematic sale of certificates of indebtedness was inaugurated
by the Secretary of the Treasury in connection with the issues offered
in anticipation of the third loan. On February 6, 1918 he notified
all banks and trust companies that certificates to the amount of $500,-
000,000 would be issued biweekly, and urged them to set aside 1 per
cent of their resources weekly for investment in these securities. In¬
dividuals and corporations were also asked to invest in certificates as
a patriotic duty and to use them in payment for liberty bonds. In ac¬
cordance with the wishes of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Eighth
Federal Reserve Bank undertook to give these certificates wide dis¬
tribution through the district. Of the six issues offered in anticipation
of the third loan the district as a whole subscribed to certificates
amounting to $133,584,500, Illinois being credited with subscriptions
amounting to $18,573,000.
The fourth loan, calling for subscriptions amounting to $6,000,-
000,000, with the full oversubscription to be allotted, required in¬
creased activity on the part of the district committee, but few changes
in organization were made. George Oliver Carpenter, Jr., became
secretary in place of Tom K. Smith. Two contests—"Name a Ship"
and "Name a Tank"—were waged among counties and cities in the
district to stimulate competition in reaching and oversubscribing the
quota assigned, the reward being the privilege of naming a tank or
a ship. Speakers most in demand during this loan were men who had
seen front-line service.
The district quota of $260,000,000 was oversubscribed 13.59
per cent, subscriptions amounting to $295,340,250 being made by
1,395,299 persons. Southern Illinois' quota of $40,927,000 was over¬
subscribed four per cent, subscriptions amounting to $42,586,550
WAR FINANCE
205
being received from 258,282 people. Banks, trust companies, in¬
dividuals and corporations in the district subscribed to certificates of
indebtedness in anticipation of the fourth loan to the amount of
$186,963,000. Of this amount, $31,713,500 was subscribed in
Illinois.
The need of a fifth popular loan was explained to the district
liberty loan committee by Lewis B. Franklin, director of the War
Loan Organization, at a meeting held in St. Louis on January 25,
1919; and when the organization again assembled to take charge of
the Victory loan campaign during the period April 21—May 10, 1919,
it was with the assurance that this would be the last. Many difficul¬
ties were met in floating a loan six months after war was declared
over, but hard work on the part of the committee produced an over¬
subscription of four per cent in the district, and ten per cent in
southern Illinois.
The district's quota was $202,393,500 and its subscription $210,-
418,700, of which $201,787,600 was allotted. The number of persons
subscribing in the district was 505,001. The Illinois section of the
district subscribed $33,639,950, of which $31,976,000 was allotted.
Its quota was $30,366,650 and the number of people subscribing
was 73,768. The Eighth Federal Reserve District subscribed to
certificates of indebtedness issued in anticipation of the Victory loan
to the amount of $245,288,000. Illinois is credited with subscrip¬
tions amounting to $33,251,000.
In addition to certificates of indebtedness issued in anticipation
of the five loans, the eighth district also participated in subscriptions
to certificates issued in anticipation of tax payments. The St. Louis
Federal Reserve Bank purchased 1917 tax certificates for its own ac¬
count amounting to $2,500,000, but later tax certificates were distrib¬
uted through the district and subscriptions were received from banks,
trust companies, corporations and individuals. The eighth district sub¬
scribed to 1918 tax certificates amounting to $22,703,000, and to 1919
tax certificates amounting to $75,522,000.
A recapitulation of results of the five loans in the eighth district
and the southern part of Illinois is as follows
'For the results of the liberty loan campaigns In Illinois by counties,
see Appen,1'\, Tables numbers 7-11.
206 WAR-TIME ORGJXIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Eighth district
Lo.m
Qncta
Subioription
Per Cent
Subscribers
Allotments
1
2 80.000,000
$ 86,078,100
108
$ 65,469.600
2
120,000,000
184,322.450
154
385,699
150,169,250
3
130,000.000
199,835,900
154
1,185.709
In fuU
4
260.000,000
295,340.250
114
1,395,299
In full
5
202,393,500
210,418,700
103
505,001
201,787,600
Illinois (the
44 counties hing within the eighth district)
Loan
Quota
Subscription
Per Cent
Subscribers
Allotments
1
$12,586,466
$ 7,732,000
61
$ 5,667,650
2
14.438,500
22,818,250
158
54,125
21,412,050
3
18,158,050
31,045,750
171
190,430
31,045,750
4
40,927,000
42.586.550
104
258,282
42.586.550
5
30,366,650
33,639,950
111
73,768
31,976,000
Sales of certificates of indebtedness in the district and in that part
of Illinois lying within the eighth district were as follows:
Total Issue District DUboIs
In anticipation of 1st loan $ 868^05,000 % 32,745,000 % 1,945,000
" 2d " 2,320,493,000 45,700,000 4,183,000
" 3d " 3.012,085,500 133,584.500 18.573,000
" " " 4th " 4,659,820,000 186,963,000 31,713,500
" 5th " 6,157,589,500 245,288.000 33,251.000
" 1917 taxes 50,000,000 2,500,000
" 1918 " 1.624,403,500 22,703,000
" " " 1919 " 3,354,787,500 75,522,000
WO^I-\N'S LIBERTY' LO-\N COMMITTEE OF ILLINOIS
The National Woman's Liberty Loan Committee, composed of
Mrs. W. G. McAdoo, chairman, and twelve members representing
all sections of the United States, was organized in May, 1917, and
was concerned during the first campaign solely with giving the loan
publicity among the women of the country. Before the second loan
was offered to the public, however, a sales organization was effected
by the appointment of a woman's liberty loan committee in each
state (rather than in each federal reserve district), the plan being to
utilize the machineiy of the woman's committees of the state coun¬
cils of defense. The state committee was then further extended by
the organization of district and county committees. To reconcile
this special organization plan with that of the War Loan Organiza¬
tion of the Treasury Department, the National Woman's Liberty
Loan Committee appointed for each federal reserve district a chair¬
man who was made a member of the Executive and Campaign Com-
WAR FINANCE
207
mittees of the district loan organization, and who had general direc¬
tion of women's liberty loan activities in the states lying within the
district.
When the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois was
perfected sometime in advance of the second loan campaign, it con¬
sisted of a chairman who had charge of activities throughout the
state, a chairman for Chicago and Cook County, eight honorary
chairmen, and three vice chairmen representing the northern, central
and southern districts of Illinois. Twenty-five district committees,
one for each of the congressional districts, and a committee in each
county completed the state organization which maintained head¬
quarters at Springfield. Sales made by workers of the Woman's
Liberty Loan Committee were tabulated separately so far as possible,
and at the close of the campaign the organization was credited with
subscriptions amounting to $18,437,200.
For the third loan campaign an executive secretary was added
to the personnel of the Illinois committee and a Speakers' Bureau and
a Publicity Bureau were organized. The number of women who
participated in the committee's activities was increased, it being esti¬
mated that 60,000 women in Illinois sold bonds during the third
campaign. Prizes of three $50 liberty bonds, which were offered by
Governor and Mrs. F. O. Lowden and their son to the one-room
school, the village or elementary school and the high school selling
the most bonds in proportion to their enrollment, stimulated sales by
school children. Altogether the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee
of Illinois was credited with selling bonds of the third loan amounting
to $54,638,500, or 27.71 per cent of the quota for the entire state.
As a result of a conference of the Woman's Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of Illinois and the state committee of the Seventh Federal
Reserve District Liberty Loan Committee held on August 3, 1918,
the work of the two organizations in the northern portion of the state
during the fourth loan was more closely coordinated than it had
been heretofore. In those counties lying within the Seventh Federal
Reserve District the chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee became vice chairman of the county committee which was
subordinate to the district organization. In the majority of counties
an agreement was made to the effect that the women should be
8
208 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
credited with one-half of the total subscriptions; elsewhere they were
credited with one-third of the total amount or with the subscriptions
which they had actually secured. In other respects the Woman's
Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois remained unchanged. Subscrip¬
tions amounting to $154,910,050, or 38 per cent of Illinois' quota for
the fourth liberty loan, were credited to the organization.
In anticipation of the Victory liberty loan campaign the Na¬
tional Woman's Liberty Loan Committee was reorganized to con¬
form to the plan of the district liberty loan committees of the War
Loan Organization. Accordingly activities in Illinois were conducted
under two chairmen—the former state chairman directing the work
in the northern fifty-eight counties of Illinois which were tributary
to the Federal Reserve Bank at Chicago, and another chairman being
appointed for the southern forty-four counties, subscriptions from
which were reported to the Federal Reserve Bank of the eighth dis¬
trict at St. Louis. These two divisions of the Woman's Liberty Loan
Committee were credited with selling Victory bonds to the amount
of $121,143,800 throughout the state. Of this amount $110,312,800
was secured in the northern counties lying in the Seventh Federal
Reserve District, while $10,314,800 was secured in the southern
counties lying in the eighth district.
A recapitulation of the subscriptions credited to the Woman's
Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois is as follows:
2d Loan $ 18,437,200
3d " 54,853,050
4th " 154,910,050
5th " 121,143,800
Total $ 349,344,100
Miss Grace Dixon served as chairman of the National Woman's
Liberty Loan Committee for the Seventh Federal Reserve District for
the second, third, fourth, and Victory loan campaigns, and Miss
Florence J. Wade acted in the same capacity for the Eighth Federal
Reserve District. Mrs. Howard T. Willson, of Virden, was chairman
of the Illinois committee for the second, third and fourth loans. For
the Victory loan campaign Mrs. W^illson was chairman for that part of
Illinois lying within the seventh district, while Mrs. William Hart,
WAR FINANCE
209
of Benton, was state chairman of the committee for that section of
the state which lies within the eighth district. Mrs. Jacob Bauer
was chairman of the Chicago and Cook County Committee through¬
out the four loaa campaigns.
ILLINOIS WAR SAVINGS COMMITTEE
As a device to raise war funds for the government and at the
same time to impress the lesson of economy upon the American people,
the issue and sale of war savings and thrift stamps to the amount
of $2,000,000,000 were authorized by Congress by an act approved
September 24, 1917. These stamps were intended primarily for
people of small means, and not more than $100 in stamps could be
purchased at any one time, nor more than $1,000 worth held by
any one person.
The offering was announced by the Secretary of the Treasury
on November 15, 1917, and the stamps known as the 1918 issue were
placed on sale on December 3, 1917. War savings stamps had a
purchase price varying from $4.12 to $4.23, depending on the month
in which they were bought, and a maturity value in 1923 of $5, the
interest rate thus being 4 per cent discounted in advance. With the
purchase of the first war savings stamp, the customer was given a
war savings certificate with spaces for twenty stamps. Payments on
war savings stamps might also be made by means of thrift stamps,
which were sold for twenty-five cents and were non-interest bearing,
sixteen thrift stamps plus twelve to twenty-three cents (depending on
the month) being exchangeable for a war savings stamp. War sav¬
ings stamps were exempt as to principal and interest from all tax¬
ation except estate and inheritance taxes, graduated super-income
taxes (surtaxes) and war-profits taxes. The interest on a principal
of $5,000 in bonds and certificates was exempt from surtaxes, ex-
cess-profits and war-profits taxes.
Educating the public as to the need for nation-wide economy
in the interest both of conserving essential materials and of accum¬
ulating savings for investment in government war securities was the
task of those in charge of the distribution of the stamps. The act
of September 24, 1917 had authorized the use of the facilities of
the post office in their sale, as well as the machinery of the govern-
210 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
merit's fiscal agents, the federal reserve banks. Nevertheless, some
organization was needed to coordinate the activities of all agencies
engaged in the sale of stamps, and for this purpose the National War
Savings Committee, composed of F. A. Vanderlip, chairman, and
four others, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury in Novem¬
ber, 1917. Six federal directors were appointed, as well as fifty-two
state directors, each in charge of a state or part of a state, who pro¬
ceeded to organize their respective territories with the widest pos¬
sible distribution of stamps in view.
H. B. Riley, of Chicago, was appointed federal director of the
district including Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota,
Montana, North and South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Martin A.
Ryerson, state director for Illinois, built up an Executive Committee
as follows: John Burnham, vice director; Shailer Mathews, secre¬
tary; E. W. Rogers, treasurer; R. D. Hebb, C. J. Keller, C. L.
Speed, publicity directors; Henry H. Hilton, agencies manager; A. J.
Benson, W. A. Brownlee, chairman War Savings Societies; J. B.
Forgan, president, W. Edwin Stanley, secretary. Maximum War
Savings Club; V. A. Geringer, W. K. Pflaum, chairmen. Foreign
Language Division; Mrs. Howard T. Willson, chairman Woman's
Committee. An Advisory Committee of twenty-one members, headed
by Governor F. O. Lowden and representing the various important
interests in the state, was created, and chairmen were appointed for
every county in the state.
War savings and thrift stamps were on sale at post offices, banks,
trust companies, and many other places equipped to handle cash even
in small amounts. Sales agents were of turn classes: first class, those
who might not hold or obtain war savings stamps in excess of $1,000,
and who secured these by paying cash ; second class, those who might
obtain stamps in excess of $1,000 by depositing collateral with the
Secretary of the Treasury or a designated agency. Retail stores,
restaurants, business offices and various kinds of organizations were
urged to qualify as agencies and to give the public every facility for
purchasing stamps.
The county committees were a most important subdivision of the
Illinois war savings organization. Under the direction of these com¬
mittees sales forces were organized, pledges and purchases were oh-
WAR FINANCE
211
tained by house-to-house canvass, sales agencies were established, and
the cooperation of all local organizations—public schools, libraries,
churches, etc.—was secured. One method of stimulating pledges
and sales was the formation of war savings societies, each of which
was made up of ten or more people pledged to abstain from unneces¬
sary purchases, to invest savings in war savings stamps, and to secure
more members for the society. These clubs were formed in schools,
factories, offices, and within other organizations, and rivalry between
them was encouraged. By the end of October, 1918, Illinois had
21,123 such organizations. Maximum savings clubs were also
formed, their membership comprising persons who had purchased the
maximum amount permitted, $1,000 in stamps.
The post offices and mail carriers were an important factor in
the sale of war savings stamps. The work was directed by the U. S.
Post Office Department, but Illinois postmasters formed a special
war savings division to systematize and increase sales. Mail carriers
sold war savings and thrift stamps along their routes. During the
fiscal year 1918 the Post Office Department was credited with eighty
per cent of the total sales in the country.
The sale of war savings and thrift stamps was slow at first, the
need of thrift not yet being entirely comprehended. However, as
the cry of "business as usual" gradually subsided, the effect of the war
savings campaign began to influence the economic life of the nation.
Special sales campaigns were inaugurated. The Illinois War Sav¬
ings Committee designated May 11-18, 1918 as War Savings Pledge
Week and the Secretary of the Treasury named June 28, 1918 Na¬
tional War Savings Day. The period August 15-22, 1918 was desig¬
nated Pershing Patriotic Week, each purchaser of a war savings
stamp during that time being entitled to sign a roll pledging service
which was later forwarded to General Pershing.
Publicity was a factor of greatest importance in the war savings
campaign. The Treasury Department through the National War
Savings Committee issued posters, circulars, buttons, pasters, and vast
quantities of other material, which were supplemented in Illinois by
the publications of the Seventh Federal Reserve District and the Illi¬
nois War Savings Committee. A number of publications were issued
periodically—The War Saver, The Savings Letter, Thrift, The
212 WAR-TIME ORGAXIZATIOX OF ILLINOIS
Director, by the Treasury Department, and the War Reveille and
U. S. Loan and Savings News by the Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, as well as Little Lessons in Thrift, issued for the use of schools.
The Illinois War Savings Bulletin, issued by the Illinois War Sav¬
ings Committee, printed news of the progress of the campaign in the
various counties, and kept workers informed as to the rank of the
state with relation to the whole countrj*, and of each county in Illi¬
nois with relation to others.
The total sales of the 1918 issue of war savings stamps and
thrift stamps amounted to $971,913,872.91. War savings and thrift
stamps amounting to $78,629,093.50 were sold in Illinois, but of this
total approximately $5,500,000 must be deducted for the conversion
of thrift stamps into war savings stamps. The net total is thus ap¬
proximately $73,129,093.50.®
In September, 1918 the National War Savings Committee went
out of existence and in its place was organized the War Savings Divi¬
sion of the War Loan Organization of the Treasurj- Department. A
director was appointed for each federal reserv e district, but practically
no changes were made in the state organization except in personnel.
Another change was made, however, effective August 1, 1919, which
completely obliterated state lines, and made the subdivisions of the
War Savings Division conform to the boundaries of the federal re¬
serve districts.
War savings certificates, series of 1919, were offered for sale on
December 18, 1918 on the same basis as the 1918 series. To meet
the demand for war savings certificates in denominations larger than
$5, the Treasury on July 1, 1919 announced the issue of two addi¬
tional denominations, maturity value $100 and $1,000, known as
treasury savings certificates, which were issued only in registered form
and were to be redeemed at the Treasury Department. Series of
1920 and of 1921 have since been issued. The work of the organiza¬
tion in charge of the distribution of the stamps has become largely
educational, the object of the Treasury Department being mainly
to impress the lesson of thrift which received its impetus from the
war.
*For the sale of the 1918 Issue of War Savings Stamps in Illinois
by counties, see Appendix, Table number 12.
WAR FINANCE
213
WAR FINANCE CORPORATION
The War Finance Corporation was created by act of Congress
approved April 5, 1918 for the purpose of supplying credits to the
war industries of the country, inasmuch as it was feared that the
government's enormous borrowings might absorb so large a part of
available funds as to leave essential industries without the necessary
financial resources to adjust production to the increased demands of
war. The act provided that capital stock to the amount of $500,-
000,000 was to be subscribed by the Treasury, and that bonds aggre¬
gating not more than six times the paid-in stock might be issued, the
bonds to mature not less than one nor more than five years after the
date of issue. Loans were to be advanced to banks and trust com¬
panies which had made loans to or had purchased the securities of
war industries, to savings banks when such loans would be "in the
public interest," and in exceptional cases directly to industries essential
to the war. The corporation was also authorized to buy bonds and
other obligations of the United States and to use its earnings for that
purpose. The appointment of five directors, with the Secretary of
the Treasury as chairman, was provided for and the corporation was
authorized to use the federal reserve banks as fiscal agents.
The directors took the oath of office on May 17, 1918 and on
May 20, 1918 business was started. While it was the intention of
the act to extend financial assistance to industries indirectly through
the banks and only in exceptional cases directly to industries, the banks
did not avail themselves of the privilege to any great extent, possibly
owing to the manner in which the federal reserve system was meeting
increased demands. Then too the usual situation recurred—namely
that financial relief was afforded simply by the assurance that money
would be supplied if needed. Applications for advances directly to
industries were numerous, however, those from public utilities com¬
panies leading all others. Lumbering and coal mining interests, manu¬
facturers of various commodities, farmers and stock breeders in the
drought-stricken areas of the west and southwest were also recipients
of loans. The loans advanced to Illinois firms were obtained by direct
application to the corporation, the Chicago and St. Louis Federal
Reserve Banks, as the fiscal agents of the corporation, acting as cus¬
todians of the collateral.
214 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
After the armistice the War Finance Corporation discontinued
the making of advances for purposes "necessary or contributory to
the prosecution of the war" except to carry out commitments and to
assist the railroads when Congress failed to make an appropriation for
the U. S. Railroad Administration in the spring of 1919. By means
of special powers conferred upon it by the Victory Loan Act approved
March 3, 1919, the War Finance Corporation assisted in the exporta¬
tion of domestic products to foreign countries by making loans directly
to American exporters or banks financing exportation, such loans not
being allowed to aggregate more than $1,000,000,000 at any one
time nor any one loan to run for a longer period than five years. One
Illinois firm thus secured a loan of $4,000,000 for the exportation of
farm machinery and implements to Great Britain, France and Bel¬
gium.
The corporation, by the terms of the act of April 5, 1918, was
to cease active operations six months after the termination of the war,
and not less than twelve months after its termination the corporation
was to begin the liquidation of its affairs. The special powers con¬
ferred upon it by the act of March 3, 1919 extended its active exist¬
ence, but on May 10, 1920 at the request of the Secretary of the
Treasury the corporation ceased to make export loans and began to
liquidate its affairs. Up to November 30, 1920 loans had been made
and repayments received as follows:
Classification Total Total
advances
repayments
To banks, bankers and trust
companies
To railroads
$ 5,268,377.61 $ 5,268,377.61
204,794,520.00 151,966,310.00
39,797,400.00 18,664,404.48
23,814,674.24 22,865,792.94
25,211,500.00 25,211,500.00
7,827,278.36 7,034,182.33
46,347,654.27 4,324,012.78
To public utilities
To industrial corporations
Warehouse receipts
Cattle loans
Export loans
$353,061,404.48 $235,334,580.14
The total balance outstanding at that time was $117,726,824.34.
WAR FINANCE
215
Illinois shared in these advances to the following extent:
To railroads
Cattle loans.
Export loans
To banks
$ 7,200
51,600,400
Advanced
630,130
4,000,000
Repaid Outstanding
$ 7,200
39,770,400 $11,830,000
630,130
4,000,000
$56,237,730 $40,407,730 $15,830,000
The personnel of the board of directors of the War Finance
Corporation from the time of its organization to November 30, 1920
was as follows: W. G. McAdoo, succeeded on his resignation after
the armistice by the new secretary of the treasury, Carter Glass, who
in turn was succeeded in February, 1920 by Secretary D. F. Houston;
W. P. G. Harding, succeeded on March 8, 1920 by Franklin W.
McCutcheon, who served until May 17, 1920; C. M. Leonard,
succeeded on February 2, 1920 by George M. Cooksey; Eugene
Meyer, Jr., who served as director from the formation of the organ¬
ization until his resignation on May 31, 1920, and Angus W. Mc¬
Lean. On November 30, 1920, the board of directors was composed
of D. F. Houston, secretary of the treasury, Angus W. McLean and
George M. Cooksey.
The need of some organization to pass on the propriety of new
securities which involved capital for refunding operations as well as
for enterprises requiring expenditures of labor and material was
realized early in the war, and in January, 1918, pending action of
Congress, the Secretary of the Treasury asked the Federal Reserve
Board to undertake to investigate such cases as he or others submitted.
At the same time he urged banks and corporations to confer with the
Federal Reserve Board before making contracts involving the use
of capital and labor or before placing or agreeing to place new
securities issues, in order that it might be determined whether that
particular enterprise was necessary to the public welfare or whether
it contributed directly or indirectly to the winning of the war. To
carry on this work the Federal Reserve Board created a Capital
CAPITAL ISSUES COMMITTEE
216 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Issues Committee of three members and an advisory committee of
the same number which passed on all issues voluntarily submitted to
it. The Capital Issues Committee comprised Paul M. Warburg,
chairman, F. A. Delano, C. S. Hamlin ; the advisory committee, Allan
B. Forbes, Henry C. Flower, Frederick H. Goff. To complete its
organization there was appointed in each federal reserve district a
committee composed of five members, including the federal reserve
agent as chairman and the governor of the federal reserve bank.
The Capital Issues Committee of the Federal Reserve Board
announced on February 1, 1918 that it would pass on industrial and
public utilities issues of not less than $500,000 and municipal issues
of $250,000 or more. Subsequently the minimum for both classes
was reduced to $100,000. Between the time of its organization and
May 17, 1918, the Federal Reserve Board Capital Issues Committee
considered applications for security issues amounting to $478,458,386,
of which $412,766,721 were approved, $65,691,665, disapproved. Of
the applications approved, $258,664,496 represented refunding opera¬
tions, making the aggregate of new issues $154,102,224.
In order to give the sanction of the law to the work being per¬
formed by this committee a Capital Issues Committee was authorized
by Title II of the act approved April 5, 1918 which created the
War Finance Corporation. In accordance with this authorization a
committee of seven was appointed by the President, and on May 17
the Capital Issues Committee was organized with the following mem¬
bership: C. S. Hamlin, chairman, Frederick H. Goff, F. A. Delano,
Henry C. Flower (all members of the Federal Reserve Board com¬
mittee), J. S. Williams, John S. Drum, James B. Brown. In effect
the old Capital Issues Committee of the Federal Reserve Board was
merged into the new organization.
The Secretary of the Treasury had recommended to Congress
that the Capital Issues Committee be given ample power of investiga¬
tion as to new securities issues, and power to prohibit the sale of such
securities as were not compatible with public interest. However, no
penalty was provided for the selling of securities not passed on and ap¬
proved by the Capital Issues Committee and there was no way of
compelling those who were proposing to issue new securities to submit
WAR FINANCE
217
them for action on the part of the committee. The Capital Issues
Committee had no power over the unpatriotic.
During the period of its active operations, May 17, 1918-
December 31, 1918, the Capital Issues Committee passed on 3,309
applications amounting to $3,777,313,000, the total amount disap¬
proved being $917,133,000.
The organization of the committees for the federal reserve dis¬
tricts in which Illinois lies (the seventh and eighth) took place very
shortly after the formation of the Federal Reserve Board Capital
Issues Committee. The Chicago district committee, composed at
first of seventeen and later of nineteen members, principally Chicago
residents, held its first meeting on February 2, 1918. An executive
committee of five, later increased to seven, was chosen from its mem¬
bership to take charge of the work, other members forming an ad¬
visory committee. The district committee, of which W. A. Heath
was chairman and J. B. McDougall vice chairman, employed a com¬
petent secretary with a staff to analyze the applications received and
to prepare them for presentation. Regular sessions were held, usually
Tuesday and Thursday, seventy-five in all. Each case was carefully
analyzed and special hearings were granted where desired. Few cases
were appealed to Washington and few recommendations made by the
district committee were overruled there. Approximately 600 cases
were considered, but many enterprises were abandoned on the verbal
advice of a member of the committee, and of these cases no record
has been kept.
The following statistics are given regarding the applications
originating in the Seventh Federal Reserve District:
Applications
Number
Amount involved
$ 5,126,892
Passed on by Chicago committee only... 101
Considered by Chicago but not acted on
by Washington for various reasons.... 11
Acted on by both Chicago and Washing-
7,306,380
ton committees
Acted on by Washington without recom¬
mendation from Chicago
369
475,076,435
35
22,017,500
218 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Acted on by Washington without re¬
ference to Chicago committee 24 24,814,700
Considered by Chicago as to personnel
only—properties in other districts.... 45 37,228,392
Not considered—a pplications cover
amounts not considered at various
times per rulings of Washington com¬
mittee 25 2,343,525
Withdrawn or cancelled 24 12,562,435
Not acted on by either Chicago or Wash¬
ington committees 7 1,670,000
Total of all applications originating in
7th Federal Reserve District 641 $588,146,259
The subcommittee of the Eighth Federal Reserve District held
its first meeting on March 8, 1918. Under the Capital Issues Com¬
mittee of the Federal Reserve Board the district organization was
subdivided into a permanent committee composed of William McC.
Martin, chairman. Rolla Wells, vice chairman, F. O. Watts, W. K.
Bixby, W. R. Compton, all of St. Louis, and an auxiliary com¬
mittee of eleven members representing various states in the district.
At the time of the reorganization effected under the act of April 5,
1918 both committees were merged into one, an executive committee
of six being appointed from its membership. Forty-six meetings in
all were held between March 8 and December 31, 1918, when active
operations ceased.
During the period of its existence the eighth district committee
passed on 283 applications amounting to $92,418,031.10, of which
securities totalling $65,378,677 were approved, and issues amounting
to $27,039,354.10 were disapproved. Major cases, amounting to
$100,000 or more, numbered 143; 100 of these, involving securities
amounting to $60,325,527, were approved wholly or in part; 43
proposed issues amounting to $25,617,782 were disapproved wholly
or in part. Minor cases, those involving less than $100,000, num¬
bered 140; 110, amounting to $5,053,150, were approved, wholly or
in part; 30, amounting to $1,421,572.10, were disapproved. In addi-
WAR FINANCE
219
tion, 140 undertakings which were regarded as unnecessary in the
carrying out of the war program and would have involved expendi¬
tures of about $40,000,000 were postponed.
After the provisions of the act of April 5 had become known
and understood, the cooperation on the part of those proposing to
issue securities was very generally secured. Through the Capital
Issues Committee non-war enterprises in general were discouraged,
both those which would result in the production of nonessentials,
and those enterprises which, although proper enough in times of peace,
were inadvisable in times of war. One phase of the work of the com¬
mittee was securing the cessation of all security selling during the
fourth liberty loan campaign.
Active operations of the Capital Issues Committee ceased Decem¬
ber 31, 1918. The organization went out of existence upon pro¬
clamation of the President August 30, 1919, when the committee's
records were turned over to the Federal Trade Commission.
INTERNÁL REVENUE SERVICE
The revenue measures adopted by the United States Congress
to meet the needs of the emergency .dating from the declaration of
war in Europe contained taxation features which revolutionized
the internal revenue system. The transformation, however, had
been begun by the passage of the Underwood-Simmons Revenue
Act of October 3, 1913, which provided for a federal tax on incomes;
hitherto, except for an excise tax imposed on corporations in 1909,
objects of internal revenue taxation had been practically unchanged
since 1791, distilled spirits, fermented liquors and tobacco being the
principal sources of revenue during that period. During the years
1914 to 1919 the work of the Internal Revenue Service increased
from that represented by less than a million returns from tax payers
in a few lines of business to nearly twenty million returns represent¬
ing practically every business operated in the United States.
The federal income tax, provided for by the act of October 3,
1913, was designed to meet the deficit of the lowered tariff of 1913;
but as the war in Europe continued, foreign trade declined and cus¬
toms receipts were lower than anticipated. The Emergency Revenue
220 JVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Law of October 22, 1914, taxing business rather than wealth, was
passed for the purpose of making up these deficiencies. This law im¬
posed taxes on bankers, brokers, legal and business documents, tele¬
phone and telegraph service, perfumes and cosmetics, proprietors of
theaters, museums and amusement halls, taxes on stocks and bonds,
and further taxes on alcoholic beverages and tobacco, etc. The law-
was to be in effect until December 31, 1915, but by Joint Resolution
of Congress was later extended to December, 1916.
When it became evident that the European war would last
longer than was anticipated and that additional revenue was needed
to meet that emergency, including the enlarged army and navy pro¬
gram, Congress determined that it would return to the principle of
taxing wealth rather than business, and the act of September 8, 1916
carried out this intention. The normal tax on individual and cor¬
poration incomes was doubled, being now 2 per cent. Surtaxes of
from 1 to 13 per cent were imposed on individual incomes over
$20,000, exemptions being $3,000 for single and $4,000 for married
persons, the same as those allowed in the Underwood-Simmons Act.
Innovations in this revenue bill were the estate tax, imposing a 1-per¬
cent tax on all inherited estates up to $50,000 and a 2 to lO-per-cent
tax on estates ranging from $50,000 to $5,000,000, and a munitions
tax imposing a 12j4-per-cent tax on net profits of munitions manu¬
facturers. Excise and special taxes were extended, certain customs
duties were increased, and the Tariff Commission was created by this
act.
On February 1, 1917 diplomatic relations with Germany were
broken. That war would follow became almost certain. Accordingly
the act of March 3, 1917 bearing the title "An Act to provide in¬
creased revenue to defray the expenses of the increased appropriations
for the Army and Navy and the extension of fortifications and for
other purposes" provided funds for the emergency. The act pro¬
vided first for a tax on corporations and partnerships, amounting to
8 per cent on income exceeding $5,000 plus 8 per cent of invested
capital. In addition the inheritance tax was increased 50 per cent
over that provided by the act of September 8, 1916, and now
amounted to a progressive tax of 1J4 per cent to 15 per cent.
WAR FINANCE
221
War was declared on April 6 and Congress immediately set
to work on a war-finance program which should raise approximately
one-third of the total war requirements from taxes. The 1917 War
Revenue Act, which was approved October 3, increased taxes on
beverages and tobacco, and imposed taxes on public utilities (passenger
transportation, freight, express, etc.) and insurance, on sales by cer¬
tain importers, dealers and producers, on admissions and dues and on
certain legal and business transactions. Postal rates were also in¬
creased. The provisions of the act of September 8, 1916 as to income
tax were to remain in full force. In addition a normal tax of 2 per
cent was imposed on all incomes over $1,000 for unmarried and over
$2,000 for married persons, $200 additional exemption being granted
for each child (making a normal tax of 4 per cent on incomes over
$3,000 for unmarried and over $4,000 for married persons). A grad¬
uated surtax of 1 per cent to 50 per cent on incomes ranging from
$5,000 to $1,000,000 and more was imposed (in addition to the grad¬
uated tax of 1 per cent to 13 per cent on incomes over $20,000
which was imposed by the act of September 8, 1916). The normal
corporation-income tax was increased to 4 per cent. In addition to
the normal tax on corporation incomes there was imposed an excess-
profits tax ranging from 20 per cent to 60 per cent on profits in
excess of certain stated deductions. The act of October 3, 1917 also
provided for an estate tax which was to be superimposed on the tax
provided for by the act of September 8, 1916 as amended March 3,
1917. The rate now ranged from 2 per cent on estates valued up to
$50,000 to 25 per cent on estates of $10,000,000 or more.
With war expenditures mounting rapidly it became evident that
if the Treasury carried out its original intention of keeping the pro¬
portion of taxes to loans 1 to 3 during the war period, proceeds from
present sources of internal revenue would have to be increased and
new objects of taxation found. Passage of the Revenue Act of 1918
was delayed until after the armistice, whereupon estimates of future
expenditures were revised. The bill then went through another re¬
vision, was passed and became a law on February 24, 1919.
The income tax was drastically revised by the Revenue Act of
1918 (as the act was known). The exemptions remained as they
had been in the Revenue Act of 1917, but the normal tax on income
222 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
up to $4,000 in excess of the deduction was 6 per cent for 1918 and
4 per cent after 1918; the normal tax beyond $4,000 in excess of de¬
duction was 12 per cent for 1918, and 8 per cent later. The grad¬
uated surtax ranged from 1 per cent on incomes between $5,000 and
$6,000 to 65 per cent on incomes over $1,000,000. The normal
corporation tax rate for 1918 was 12 per cent of income in excess of
deduction, 10 per cent after 1918. Taxes were to be payable
quarterly.
The Revenue Act of 1918 made a distinction between war pro¬
fits and excess profits. A deduction based on invested capital and
other factors was granted—in the case of war profits it was equal
to 10 per cent on invested capital plus $3,000; in the case of excess
profits, to 8 per cent on the invested capital plus $3,000. The tax
rate on both was as follows: (1) 30 per cent (20 per cent for the
taxable year 1919 and later) on the profits between the amount
exempted and 20 per cent of the invested capital; (2) 65 per cent (40
per cent in 1919 and later) of the profits in excess of 20 per cent
of the invested capital; and (3) '80 per cent on excess net income
above exemption less the amount paid on (1) and (2). The tax,
however, was not to exceed (1) 30 per cent of net income between
$3,000 and $20,000 plus (2) 80 per cent of income exceeding
$20,000.
With the imposition of the income tax by the Underwood-Sim¬
mons Act of October 3, 1913 the work of the Internal Revenue Serv¬
ice was widened in scope, and with each succeeding revenue act more
and more citizens became affected by its activities. Millions of
persons became affected by the reduction of income subject to tax in
the Revenue Act of 1917, and the Internal Revenue Service had to
increase its operations vastly to acquaint citizens with the require¬
ments of the law, as well as to collect the taxes. A nation-wide
campaign of education was carried on through all publicity channels
and an appeal was made to the patriotism of taxpayers for coopera¬
tion with the Internal Revenue Service. The machinery of the
Internal Revenue Service was reorganized and the number of persons
engaged in its work was increased from approximately 600 to more
than 3,000 in Washington, and from 4,500 to more than 10,000 in
the field, making the total personnel for 1919 approximately 14,000.
WAR FINANCE
223
Since only 64 collection districts are permitted by law, a redistricting
of the country had to take place during the fiscal year 1919. Illinois,
which for years had had four collection districts with headquarters
at Chicago, Peoria, Springfield, East St. Louis, retained only the
Chicago and Springfield districts.
States which because of the importance and size of certain special¬
ized industries formerly ranked among the foremost in payment of
internal-revenue taxes dropped far down the list when the new
revenue acts were enforced. Illinois lost slightly in relative im¬
portance as a revenue-producing state with the passing of distilled
spirits as the chief source of revenue.* From 1874 to 1913, inclusive,
Illinois ranked first among the states in the payment of internal
revenue taxes. With the imposition of the first income tax in 1914
Illinois dropped to second place, while in the war years, 1917-1919,
Illinois ranked third, with New York and Pennsjdvania in first and
second places.
While Illinois during the war period did not rank first in the
payment of taxes on the principal objects of internal-revenue taxation,
it ranked among the first in payment of taxes on all objects. In pay¬
ment of individual and corporation-income taxes in 1917 Illinois was
third among the states. In 1918 it ranked third in the payment of
income and excess profits taxes, and in 1919, fourth. In payment
of the tax on estates it was third in 1917, fourth in 1918, and sixth
in 1919. It ranked seventh in the payment of the munitions-manu¬
facturers tax in 1917 and 1918, after which the tax was repealed. In
1918 it ranked first in tax payments on public utilities, in 1919 second.
During the war Illinois retained first place in the payment of the tax
on oleomargarine. In payment of the tax on distilled spirits the
state ranked first in 1917, but in 1918 and 1919 it ranked fourth
in payment of the tax on distilled spirits and fermented liquor.
During the war period Illinois paid approximately 10 per cent
of the total receipts from internal revenue taxes.
*Por statistical data, see Appendix, Table number 13.
V. FOOD AND THE WAR
UNITED STATES FOOD ADMINISTRATION, ILLINOIS
DIVISION
The United States Food Administration had its origin in the
organization formed by Herbert Hoover at the request of the Pres¬
ident in May, 1917, after the terms of the Food and Fuel Control
bill, known generally as the Lever bill, had been outlined substantially
in the form in which they were adopted. The act was approved on
August 10, 1917, and on the same day the President issued an execu¬
tive order formally empowering the Food Administrator to "supervise,
direct, and carry into effect" the food provisions of the act.
Immediately after receiving a legal status the United States
Food Administration proceeded to complete a nation-wide organiza¬
tion through which it might put into effect the war program for food
control. The national organization was decentralized by the appoint¬
ment of federal food administrators for each state, by whom in turn
district and county administrators were appointed. The functions
of the whole organization were, briefly, to stimulate food production
and promote conservation so as to provide sufficient food for the
civilian population of the United States, its armed forces, and its
allies, and to stabilize prices by abolishing speculation, hoarding and
profiteering; an organization which should reach even the remote
corners of every state was therefore essential.
An Illinois division of the volunteer Food Administration created
by Mr. Hoover in May, 1917 was organized early in July, 1917
with Harry A. Wheeler as director and Robert Stevenson, Jr. as his
assistant. During this month some 600 persons were secured to direct
the work of local food administrations, and after the passage of the
Food and Fuel Control Act and the appointment of Mr. Wheeler as
federal food administrator for Illinois, the state organization was
rapidly completed. Headquarters were established in Chicago first
in the State Council of Defense building at 120 West Adams Street;
later, with the expansion of the organization, the whole seventh floor
[224]
FOOD AND THE WAR
225
of the Conway Building was occupied. The executive work of the
general office was carried out by eight departments as follows: Ac¬
counting, Employment, Filing, Mailing, Mimeograph, Purchasing,
Supplies and Telephones.
By an agreement with the State Council of Defense of Illinois,
the task of increasing the production of food throughout the state
was left to the council's Committee on Food Production and Con¬
servation. The work of the Illinois division of the U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration fell into three categories—administrative, regulatory and
educational. For administrative purposes the state was divided into
fifteen districts, each comprising from two to seven counties which
were under the jurisdiction of a district chairman. The districts were
further divided into county and local organizations, each with its
chairman or "administrator." In September, 1918 there were 1,512
persons in the organization of the state food administration, including
1,165 local, 123 county and assistant county, and thirteen district food
administrators. One hundred and forty-three members of the staff
received salaries; ninety-five of this number, however, were employed
for special work for the United States Sugar Equalization Board.
The district food administrators, who attended frequent or¬
ganization meetings of the state administrative staff in Chicago, es¬
tablished a close relationship between the county administrators and
state headquarters. The duties of the county food administrators
were defined by the state administration as follows: to cooperate
with every existing agency that had for its purpose the conservation
of food resources and the prevention of waste ; to create such agencies
where none existed; to make a survey of food conditions in their re¬
spective counties and to report frequently concerning them. Both
the county and township food administrators were charged with exe¬
cuting any instructions or regulations which might be received con¬
cerning the sale and price of food commodities and the licensing of
food dealers and manufacturers. They were also charged with in¬
vestigating and reporting all cases of extortionate prices, excess pro¬
fits, waste, speculation, or hoarding.
Government control over food and feed products was established
by means of voluntary agreements with members of the trade and
by a licensing system. During 1917 by authority of the Food and
226 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Fuel Control Act of August 10, 1917 the President issued proclama¬
tions from time to time which required the following to take out
licenses : persons operating wheat and rye elevators and warehouses
and those engaged in manufacturing any products derived from wheat
and rye; manufacturers of sugar, sugar sirups and molasses; importers,
manufacturers and distributors of staple food commodities; bakers.
During 1918 the system was extended until virtually all manufact¬
urers and distributors of staple food and feed products were under
license and therefore subject to any regulations which the Food Ad¬
ministration might establish, since the threat to revoke a firm's license
was usually sufficient to stop any violations. Enforcement of the
licensing and other regulations of the Food Administration relating
to bakeries, feeds, flour, hotels and restaurants, ice, meat, sugar, perish¬
ables, prices, resales, etc., formed no small volume of the work of the
Illinois division. A License Division of the state organization was
accordingly formed to see that all lines of business which were re¬
quired to take out licenses did so, while a number of other depart¬
ments were created to direct the enforcement of all Food Administra¬
tion regulations in their special fields.
By presidential proclamation of November 7, 1917 all bakers
(and this included hotels, restaurants, clubs, etc. which served bread
and other products of their own baking) who used more than ten
barrels of flour and meal a month were required to take out a license.
Various regulations governing the baking industry were made under
this proclamation which included the establishing of proportions of in¬
gredients, fixing weights for loaves, and prohibiting resales and the
return of unsold bread. The Bakery Division had supervision of the
enforcement of all such regulations in Illinois. To determine whether
the bakers of the state were observing the regulations of the Food
Administration requiring the use of a certain per cent of substitute
flour in all bread, the county food administrators were instructed to
secure from them weekly reports stating the amount of flour and
substitutes bought and used each week, to check up these reports, and
to condense and submit them to state headquarters. The Bakery
Division was also responsible for seeing that all bakers took out
licenses. Sidney Loewenstein, assisted by H. W. Mersbach and G. N.
Heinemann, was in charge of this department.
FOOD AND THE WAR
227
The Feeds Division was organized to enforce the regulations
relating to feedstufïs. According to a presidential proclamation of
January 10, 1918 all persons, firms, corporations and associations
engaged in the business of importing, manufacturing, storing or dis¬
tributing any commercial mixed feeds or manufacturing feeds or by¬
products from certain listed commodities were required to take out a
license. Thus it devolved upon the Feeds Division to compile a list
of feed dealers and manufacturers in the state and to see that they
took out licenses and observed the regulations. The division also
arranged a series of conferences with members of the trade for the
purpose of settling the margin of retail profits. J. J. Parker was in
charge of this department.
The Flour Division was not organized until the early part of
1918. Its function was to effect an equitable distribution of flour
throughout the state and to supervise the regulations regarding the
use of wheat-flour substitutes, which were revised from time to time
in accordance with the amount of wheat flour on the market. In the
case of the domestic consumer the so-called fifty-fifty rule was first
put into effect; that is, with every purchase of wheat flour there had
to be purchased an equal weight of food products selected from the
following : corn meal, corn flour, edible corn starch, hominy, corn grits,
barley flour, rice, rice flour, potato flour, sweet potato flour, oatmeal,
rolled oats, soy bean flour, feterita flour and meals, and buckwheat
flour. It was necessary to buy substitutes with mixed flour containing
more than 50 per cent of wheat flour, but substitutes and whole¬
wheat or graham flour might be purchased at a ratio of three to five.
These regulations were modified September 1, 1918, after which date
one pound of substitute was to be purchased with every four pounds
of wheat flour, and rye flour was made a substitute to be purchased
with wheat flour in a proportion of two to three. In October the
substitute regulations as applied to the farmers were greatly liberal¬
ized. By signing certificates with which the Flour Division sup¬
plied the flour mills, county and township food administrators, the
farmers were then enabled to exchange their own wheat for wheat
flour without taking substitutes provided that they pledged them¬
selves to follow the Food Administration program as to the use of
substitutes. Wholesale and jobbing flour distributors in Illinois were
228 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
also restricted in the amount of flour which they might procure. From
February 1 to April 30 and from May 1 to July 31, 1918 they were
directed by the Flour Division not to purchase more than 70 per
cent of their normal requirements during the corresponding periods
in 1917 without written permission of the United States Food Ad¬
ministration.
On August 22, 1918 the Flour Division sent a circular letter to
the flour brokers, jobbers, and wholesalers in Illinois in which were
stated the margins of profit for wheat flour in four classes of trans¬
actions. In case of transactions with a fixed brokerage charge the
brokerage was not to exceed 15 cents per barrel on wheat flour sold
for a mill and 10 cents a barrel on flour sold for a wholesaler or
jobber. In transactions in which the activity of the seller was con¬
fined to selling and financing car lots and less-than-car lots of wheat
flour, the gross profit on car lots was not to exceed 25 cents per
barrel, and on less-than-car lots, 35 cents per barrel. In transactions
involving the sale, storage in warehouses, and distribution of small
amounts of wheat flour the gross profit was not to exceed 50 to 75
cents per barrel. In the case of a sale of small amounts of wheat flour
by one jobber or wholesaler to another the maximum margin of profit
was fixed at 37j^ cents per barrel for the seller and 50 cents for the
buyer, but only one such resale was permitted. R. Lenfesty was chair¬
man of the Flour Division, the other members of which were whole¬
salers and jobbers.
The Hotel and Restaurant Division supervised the enforcement
of food conservation regulations in hotels and restaurants throughout
the state. The hotels and restaurants of the nation promptly re¬
sponded to the Food Administrator's plea for wheat conservation by
launching a voluntary wheat-conservation campaign in the summer of
1917 and pledging themselves on March 29, 1918 to use no wheat
until the harvest of 1918. Out of 714 such pledges in Illinois, accord¬
ing to reports received by the Bureau of Investigation of the Food Ad¬
ministration, only seventeen were broken. During the ten months
ending September 1, 1918 food conservation of the restaurants and
hotels in Illinois resulted in a saving of 12,727,045 pounds of wheat
flour, 6,769,730 pounds of sugar and 12,451,321 pounds of meat.
FOOD AND THE WAR
229
F. R. Dickinson, T. R. Drake and J. R. Thompson comprised the
membership of the Hotel and Restaurant Division.
The Ice Division had as its chief function the adjustment of the
prices of ice, and accomplished its task mainly by holding conferences
with manufacturers and distributors. As a result of the division's
activities "jitney" stations were established where customers could
purchase as little as five cents' worth of ice to be carried home.
William Utting was chairman of the Ice Division.
The Meat Division of the Illinois organization was over¬
shadowed by the Meat Division of the United States Food Admin¬
istration, headed by J. P. Cotton, which had headquarters in Chicago
in order to have general supervision over the packing industry which is
concentrated in that city. Regulations effective November 1, 1917
provided for the control of the packing industries and fixed maximum
profits on edible products at 9 per cent on investment. Measures to
increase stock production were also the concern of the Meat Division
of the U. S. Food Administration. The chief of the division an¬
nounced on November 5, 1917 that the price of hogs, so far as the
Food Administration could effect it, would not go below $15.50
per hundredweight, and that an attempt would be made to stabilize
the price in 1918 so that the farmer could count on receiving for
each hundredweight of hogs a price equivalent to thirteen bushels of
corn. This assurance was not a guarantee, however, and the ratio
never received a fair trial. That stock production was increased in
Illinois during the war was shown by a cattle-and-hog census taken
by the public schools on October 15, 1918 under the auspices of the
Food Administration, but the effectiveness of the increase was to
some extent nullified by the inadequate transportation service. In
February and March, 1918, because of lack of transportation facilities,
a large proportion of the fat stock of the middle west could not be
marketed and remained in the feed yards.
There was no separate department of the Illinois Division of the
U. S. Food Administration for perishables, and H. C. Gardner of
the Price Interpretation Committee supervised regulations regarding
them. Besides administering the general regulations and numerous
special rules made by the United States Food Administration govern¬
ing licensees dealing in fresh fruits and vegetables, he also looked
230 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
after the perishables arriving over different railroads in Chicago, had
the cars promptly unloaded and settled disputes between shipper and
consignee. In such disputes the food and not the parties to the dis¬
pute received first consideration. For instance, if a shipment had
partially spoiled because the cars were not properly iced, the consignee
was persuaded to accept the food and make his claim afterwards.
The Food Administration was thus responsible for the prevention of
dumping and decay. To remedy the situation further a conference
of traffic heads of the railroads and committees from the perishable
goods trade was called and a working agreement made as to the time
within which goods should be unloaded and similar matters. The
Food Administration was to arbitrate any disputes which arose.
Ray L. Evans was placed in charge of this phase of the work in
Illinois.
The licensing regulations which served to control the price of
basic food products did not apply to retail dealers who did an annual
business of less than $100,000. These dealers were nevertheless sub¬
jected to control to a certain extent through the regulations imposed
upon the licensed dealers from whom they secured their supplies.
Much was also accomplished by an appeal to the patriotism of the
small dealers. In Illinois a series of conferences held by the state
division of the Food Administration with representatives of the small
retail dealers resulted in the latter's agreeing to cooperate in the
Food Administration's program of stabilizing prices. A Price In¬
terpreting Committee, composed of H. C. Gardner, chairman, one
wholesale dealer and one retail dealer, was organized and met daily
to determine the fair wholesale price of certain commodities, a fair
minimum price to consumers, and a fair maximum charge to those
requiring service involving bookkeeping, delivery, etc. The list of
prices was published daily. Subsequently each county in the state
was instructed to appoint a Price Interpreting Committee, composed
of two or more retail grocers and one wholesale grocer, which should
decide what prices on basic commodities were fair locally. To supple¬
ment the work of the Price Interpreting Committee there was also
to be appointed in each county a Fair Price Publishing Committee
which was to supervise the publication of the price list and to check
up dealers' observance of the prices designated as "fair." The pro-
FOOD AND THE WAR
231
cedure of one county price interpreting committee may be regarded as
typical. At the first meeting certain margins of profits were es¬
tablished and accepted; thereafter when the cost to the dealer fluc¬
tuated, the margin of profit agreed upon was simply added to the
basic price to determine a fair price for the consumer.
The foremost duty of the Sugar Division, of which Charles
Stevenson was acting chairman, was the administration of the certi¬
ficating system by which sugar was distributed until December 1, 1918.
Sugar certificates were issued monthly to more than 30,000 merchants
of the state and a permanent record card was prepared for each
merchant upon which was noted the quantity of sugar allotted to
him monthly. To secure sugar from the wholesaler the retailer had
to present these certificates which the wholesale dealer in turn trans¬
ferred to the broker or refiner. The amount of sugar to which each
merchant was entitled was based upon statements filed by him and up¬
on instructions issued by the United States Food Administration. For
example, the merchants of Mason County first of all filed with the
county administrator a sworn statement of the total amount of busi¬
ness done in the county in the preceding year, and according to these
figures the sugar allotment of the county was apportioned among the
dealers. Each merchant kept a record of the amount of sugar sold to
each head of a household, the number in his family, and the date of
purchase. On the basis of these records, which were collected once a
week by the local food administrator, certificates were issued to re¬
tailers which entitled them to an allowance of two pounds per capita
per month, increased on October 30, 1918 to three pounds. On
November 23, 1918 the individual allowance was increased to four
pounds, and on November 27 all restrictions were removed. There
were certain exceptions to the allotment system. On presentation
by their customers of canning certificates endorsed by the county or
township food administrators, grocers were authorized to sell sugai
in amounts not to exceed twenty-five pounds.
The principal problem relating to milk during the war was that
of the price to the consumer. During the winter of 1917-1918 the
price had risen rapidly, the producer claiming that the increase in the
price of feeds raised the cost of production, while the distributor
enumerated various other cost increases. For the purpose of arriv-
232 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
ing at the facts concerning the matter, the Food Administration sug¬
gested that a commission be appointed, and that the producers and
distributors agree to abide by its decision "until their withdrawal
from the arrangement upon thirty-days' notice." The suggestion
was adopted and three commissions were appointed, one of which
was to act for the Chicago territory. In the course of the investiga¬
tion the Chicago commission took testimony from a large number of
dairymen, county agents, distributors, dairy experts, social workers
and others, and at the University of Illinois there was devised what
was known as the "Pearson Formula," which undertook to show
how much feed, labor, etc. was involved in the production of 100
pounds of milk. Finally by a system of cost accounting the commis¬
sion (with three members dissenting) decided upon a decrease of 15
cents per hundred pounds on the price to the farmers, who thereupon
started a boycott. The Illinois Division of the U. S. Food Administra¬
tion undertook to arbitrate the dispute, a representative was sent from
national headquarters, and with the prospect of a satisfactory adjust¬
ment of the matter the producers began again to deliver milk. About
March 1, 1918 the commission announced that the price for March
would be $3.10, and that revised prices, based on changes in feed
prices, would be announced monthly, an arrangement with which the
producers and distributors declared themselves satisfied.
In view of the number and diversity of food regulations viola¬
tions were bound to occur, and these were dealt with in two ways.
First, for violation of acts expressly prohibited or prescribed in the
Lever Act recourse was had to ordinary legal proceedings. Second,
there was administrative action ; that is, the state division of the Food
Administration ascertained the facts and made reports to the En¬
forcement Division. The penalty took one of two forms, revocation
or suspension of the violator's license, or in case the violator was not
a licensee, withdrawal of the right to buy licensed food commodities.
The Illinois Division of the United States Food Administration
created a Bureau of Enforcement and Investigation on April 2, 1918.
The public eating places of the state raised $10,000 and selected a
committee to assist in the investigations of the bureau. In the sixty
days preceding July 18, 1918 more than 2,000 wholesale and retail
grocers, owners of public eating places, bakers, milk and ice distribu-
FOOD AND THE WAR
233
tors were summoned before the bureau for violations of regulations, a
total contribution of $10,000 to the Red Cross representing the penal¬
ty paid by the offenders. In the whole period of the division's exist¬
ence it considered approximately 3,000 cases of violation. Alfred S.
Adams was manager of the division.
The United States Food Administration soon after its organiza¬
tion launched a campaign among housewives in the interest of con¬
servation in general, but very shortly afterward it began to ask the
public to observe definite conservation measures at specific times. The
first of these was a "beefless" day which began on the first Tuesday
in October, 1917 and was repeated on each succeeding Tuesday. On
January 28, 1918 Tuesday became "meatless" and at the same time
"porkless Saturday" was inaugurated, as well as a meatless meal every
day. On March 4, 1918, although Tuesday still remained beefless
and porkless, the ban was lifted from other meats and from all meats
on other days. Wheatless days were likewise established. By means
of meatless and wheatless days in December, 1917, 22,733,000 pounds
of meat and 9,089,000 pounds of wheat flour were saved throughout
the country. In January, 1918 these figures were increased to
24,418,000 pounds of meat and 12,790,000 pounds of wheat flour.
The direction of the food conservation campaigns launched by
the United States Food Administration was the task of the Conserva¬
tion Division. The conservation activities of various organizations
throughout the state were coordinated by the division's Department
of Cooperating Organizations, composed of representatives of the
churches, schools, clubs, fraternal organizations, patriotic societies,
the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., the Salvation Army. C. T. Murdock
was chairman of the division, and Miss Isabel Bevier was state direc¬
tor of the work relating to conservation in the home.
The publicity agencies of the Illinois division were of great
importance in the promotion of conservation measures. A Publicity
Division under Ernest I. Mitchell furnished news releases to the
Chicago papers directly, and to the Associated Press and United
Press for papers throughout the state. Complete stereotypes of four-
column news plates were forwarded to 519 publishers, and mats and
type proofs of the same material were sent to others. Advertisers
234 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
throughout the state were induced to use food conservation slogans
in their advertising, and clubs, hotels and restaurants were furnished
with menu-card stickers.
The libraries of Illinois performed important work in the cause
of food conservation under the direction of the Library Publicity
Division. Cooperation was maintained with the schools, through
which large numbers of food conservation publications were circulated
and from which many original food posters were secured. The
libraries also prepared bibliographies, secured books, pamphlets and
clippings on food conservation and put them into circulation, displayed
posters, and maintained permanent food conservation exhibits. A
subcommittee of the library division was formed to supply the
libraries, as well as fairs, schools, conventions and various organiza¬
tions, with exhibits and other material for food shows. This phase of
the publicity work, under the direction of Miss Jessie Woodford,
proved very effective. G. A. Deveneau was director of the Library
Publicity Division.
The signing of the armistice was not a signal for the suspension
of activity on the part of the Food Administration. Within a month,
however, many of the regulations, particularly those concerning the
domestic consumer, had been removed, although the necessity for
conserving food in order to fill Europe's needs was emphasized. In
January the licensing S3'stem was dropped in respect to a number of
commodities and by April practically all industries had been released
from control. In the early months of 1919 the dissolution of the
Illinois Division was begun, but the formal disbanding of the U. S.
Food Administration did not take place until August 11, 1919 when
by authority of an executive order of August 8 the powers of the
Food Administrator were transferred to the Wheat Director.
UNITED STATES FOOD ADMINISTRATION GRAIN
CORPORATION
The United States Food Administration Grain Corporation was
incorporated under the laws of Delaware by authority of an executive
order of August 14,1917. The capital stock of the corporation, which
was government owned, was at first $50,000,000, but later by pres¬
idential proclamation of June 21, 1918 was increased to $150,000,000.
FOOD AND THE WAR
235
The governing body of the organization was a board of directors of
seven members, four of whom were appointed by the President and
the remaining three by the incorporators, "subject to change by and
with the approval of the President."
Headquarters of the Grain Corporation were established at New
York and the organization was extended through the United States
by the creation of fourteen zones which were centered about the
following terminal markets: New York, St. Louis, Portland (Ore¬
gon), New Orleans, Philadelphia, Duluth, Minneapolis, Baltimore,
Chicago, Buffalo, San Francisco, Kansas City, Omaha, and Galves¬
ton. The Food Administration Grain Corporation was represented
in each terminal market by a second vice president, who acted as
government purchaser of wheat at that place. Illinois north of and
including Adams, Brown, Cass, Menard, Logan, Macon, Piatt,
Champaign and Vermilion Counties was in Zone II, the terminal
market of which was Chicago. Howard B. Jackson was the second
vice president of the corporation with headquarters in Chicago. South
of the line above indicated Illinois was in Zone XI, the terminal
market of which was St. Louis. Edward M. Flesh was the repre¬
sentative of the corporation in that city.
Upon the recommendation of a committee which he had ap¬
pointed the President fixed the price for the basic grade of 1917 wheat
at $2.20 per bushel at Chicago, a price which would be paid by the
U. S. Food Administration in making purchases for export to allied
and neutral countries. The price of flour for the 1917 crop was
stabilized by the U. S. Food Administration Grain Corporation by
means of agreements effected with the mills through the Milling Divi¬
sion, by which the mills agreed to abide by the fair-price basis for buy¬
ing wheat, and the Grain Corporation agreed to make an effort to see
that each miller received a pro-rata share of the wheat for grinding.
The principal concern as to 1917 wheat was to conserve from a crop
estimated at nine million bushels below normal a sufficient supply for
export purposes. Through various conservation measures which were
promulgated a saving of 110,000,000 bushels was effected.
The guaranteed price of the 1918 wheat crop was designated
by presidential proclamation of February 21, 1918 as $2.20 per bushel
at Chicago, and by proclamation of June 21, 1918 the U. S. Food
236 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Administration Grain Corporation was made the agency to carry out
the provisions of the guaranty. The Food Administration Grain
Corporation, thus empowered "to purchase, hold, transport, store,
provide storage facilities for, sell, dispose of and deliver wheat . . .
stood ready to purchase at the terminal markets in approved elevators
or warehouses all wheat that was offered at a government price basis.
Storage and handling problems became serious during the year. The
railroads handled shipments on a permit system, and when a change
in the export program was suddenly made after the armistice the
result was a backing-up of the supply and a check in the movement of
wheat in many points. The situation was eventually relieved by sales
made by the Grain Corporation to the millers.
The U. S. Food Administration Grain Corporation continued
the promotion of conservation measures during 1918. One of the
greatest sources of wastage of wheat was inefficient threshing—the
amount lost in this manner being estimated from 1 to 10 per cent of
the annual crops—and to remedy the situation the corporation organ¬
ized a Threshing Division. The United States Department of Agri¬
culture through its county extension agents and various state and
county agricultural organizations cooperated in the work. County
threshing committees, composed as a rule of the county food adminis¬
trator, the county agricultural agent and a thresherman, concentrated
on problems involving the repair of threshing machines, securing neces¬
sary mechanical help through the cooperation of the Department of
Labor, and obtaining a sufficient supply of steam coal, repair parts and
supplies to last the threshermen through the season. County threshing
committees were appointed in many Illinois counties, but the county
food administrators in most instances failed to report on the amount
of grain threshed in their communities and the savings effected by
adopting proper threshing methods. The total amount of wheat
saved in seventeen states through threshing supervision was estimated
at 20,000,000 bushels.
The Illinois grain interests for the greater part cooperated
actively with the U. S. Food Administration Grain Corporation and
showed a disposition to carry out its regulations and suggestions in
full. The Chicago Board of Trade, in response to a request of the
United States Food Admini?*:rator, prohibited after August 25, 1917
FOOD AND THE WAR
237
all trading in wheat for future delivery or store by grade in Chicago
by members of the Chicago exchange. Representatives of the Illinois
Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association met with representatives of the
Grain Corporation and the Food Administration in Chicago in Octo¬
ber, 1918 and agreed to adjust their purchases from July 1, 1918 to
conform with the ruling issued by the agents of the Grain Corpora¬
tion in Chicago and St. Louis that any wheat "bought on a lower
basis than freight and eight cents per bushel under the most favorable
Zone Terminal price returns an unfair profit." On the other hand,
the grain elevators of one county in central Illinois refused to pay
the farmers the price for wheat guaranteed by the government. The
County food administrator appealed to the Food Administrator for
Illinois who referred the matter to the representative of the U. S.
Food Administration Grain Corporation stationed at St. Louis. An
agent sent to investigate the matter in July,1918 discovered that only
four elevators in the county were paying the government price for
wheat. The other elevators were ordered to purchase wheat at the
government price, but without effect. Eventually the five dealers were
summoned to Chicago for a hearing before officials of the United
States Food Administration Grain Corporation from the New York
office, by whom a decision was rendered that the farmers who had been
given less than the government price for wheat were to be paid the
difference between the guaranteed price and the price received.
A presidential proclamation of September 2, 1918 set the guar¬
anteed price of wheat of the 1919 crop at $2.26 per bushel at Chicago.
An act of Congress approved March 4, 1919 made the necessary ap
propriation to maintain the price and conferred upon the President
powers to carry out the provisions of the act. These powers the
President conferred by proclamation of May 14, 1919 upon a person
to be known as the United States wheat director, who was authorized
to utilize the Food Administration Grain Corporation to buy and sell
wheat. The corporation by the same proclamation was ordered to
close its books as a subsidiary organization of the Food Administration
on June 30, 1919, and to take steps to change its corporate name to
the United States Grain Corporation. Julius Barnes, who had been
president and director of the Food Administration Grain Corpora¬
tion throughout its term of existence, was made wheat director.
238 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
UNITED STATES SUGAR EQUALIZATION BOARD
Mobilization of the various branches of the domestic sugar in¬
dustry for war purposes had been accomplished under the direction
of the Sugar Division, United States Food Administration, late in
1917. The International Sugar Committee had been created to
determine sources of supply, to arrange for transportation, and to
allocate sugar between the United States and the Allies, and contracts
had been made between the Food Administration and the sugar pro¬
ducers and refiners relative to the 1917-1918 crop. To handle the
problems relating to future crops a new organization, a government-
owned corporation subsidiary to the United States Food Administra¬
tion, was formed.
The United States Sugar Equalization Board was incorporated
on July 11, 1918, with a capital stock of $5,000,000 which was en¬
tirely owned by the government. The formation of the Sugar Equal¬
ization Board, the functions of which were to equalize the cost of var¬
ious sugars and to secure better distribution, did not, however, mean
the extinction of agencies previously created by the Food Administra¬
tion to handle sugar problems. The Sugar Division of the Food Ad¬
ministration remained in existence and served as an intermediary be¬
tween the board and the planters of Louisiana, Porto Rico and
Hawaii, the American Refiners' Commission, the Cuban Producers'
Commission, and the beet sugar producers. In matters of international
concern the International Sugar Committee continued to act. Officials
previously appointed by the Food Administration to deal with the
questions of distribution, price, statistics, finances, and law as related
to sugar were also retained by the board.
The problem of price for the 1918-1919 sugar crop was first
considered by the board. On September 13, 1918 a contract was
made with the Cuban producers by the Sugar Equalization Board, the
price agreed upon being $5.50 per one hundred pounds f. o. b. Cuban
ports. When the refiners' margin was agreed upon, the new basic
price for Cuban sugars was determined to be 8.49 cents per pound.
This basic price would have been unsatisfactory to domestic producers
because of differences in the cost of production; therefore in order to
satisfy their demands a basis of nine cents for refined sugar for the
whole country was adopted, the differential of 33 cents per 100
FOOD AND THE WAR
239
pounds on foreign sugars being turned over to the treasury of the
Equalization Board. The retail grocery trade of Illinois was in¬
formed that beginning September 9, 1918 the price "out of the re¬
finery at seaboard for bulk granulated sugar" was nine cents per
pound. The maximum retail price for granulated sugar was placed
at eleven cents per pound.
The other problems which confronted the Sugar Equalization
Board were the closely related ones of supply and distribution. Prior
to the formation of the board the Sugar Division of the Food Ad¬
ministration had attacked these problems. The Food Administrator
first urged the people of the country to practice economy in sugar con¬
sumption, but these volunteer measures were not sufficient. Begin¬
ning in May, 1918 regulations were promulgated by means of which
sugar conservation became compulsory. Manufacturers using sugar,
except those manufacturing essential food products, were on May
4 ordered to reduce their sugar consumption to 80 per cent of the
corresponding period in 1917. The next step taken was to divide
users of sugar into five classes and to restrict consumption according
to the essential character of each class. Class A, nonessential in¬
dustries, of which there were 2,900 in Illinois, were restricted from
July 1 to September 30, 1918 to 50 per cent of their consumption in
the corresponding period in 1917. Class B, essential food industries,
of which there were 2,900 in Illinois, were allowed their full needs.
Class C, hotels and public eating places, of which there were 6,573 in
Illinois, were allowed three pounds of sugar for every ninety meals
served in the third quarter of 1917. Class D, bakers, of whom there
were 2,061 in Illinois, were restricted to 70 per cent of their 1917
consumption. Class E, retail grocers, of whom there were 21,568 in
Illinois, were allotted their requirements at this time on a basis of
three pounds per customer per month.
The Sugar Equalization Board planned to control the distribu¬
tion of sugar among the states as well as among the users of sugar.
An estimate was made of the amount of sugar available for civilian
distribution in the United States for each month, and on the basis
of its population, its normal needs and normal sugar deliveries an
allotment of sugar was then made to each state. The details of
distribution of the amount allotted to the state were left to the
9
240 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
respective state food administrators and were handled in Illinois by
the Sugar Division of the state organization of the United States Food
Administration. The issue of sugar certificates (in pounds) to the
various classes of business in Illinois during the months July to
November, 1918, is as follows:
Class A Class B Class C
July 7,671,521 3,346,940 2,981,077
August 5,881,664 2,863,849 2,349,380
September 6,150,149 4,089,149 2,450,053
October 5,774,416 5,050,057 2,268,923
November 7,166,471 8,773,030 2,874,178
Class D Class E Total
July 2,994,170 27,093,335 44,087,043
August 2,488,308 19,426,693 33,009,894
September 3,105,652 26,016,359 41,811,362
October 2,990,229 17,580,884 33,664,509
November 6,248,725 20,508,353 45,570,757
The certificate system was discontinued on December 1, 1918.
Illinois received a larger amount of the beet sugar crops of 1917-
1918 and 1918-1919 than any other state. Of the total 1917-1918
crop of 760,696 short tons of sugar, Illinois received 158,980 tons,
and of the 1918-1919 crop of 762,047 short tons, it received 134,213
tons. Illinois also received from the refineries 164,230 tons of cane
sugar of the 1917-1918 crops.
The activities of the Sugar Equalization Board extended into the
early months of 1920. Contracts that had been entered into for the
1919-1920 crop expired on December 31, 1919, and the board soon
began to liquidate its affairs. By March, 1920 the sugar industry
was as independent of government regulation as it had been before
the war.
George M. Rolf and George A. Zabriskie served successively as
chairmen of the United States Sugar Equalization Board.
FOOD AND THE WAR
241
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The United States Department of Agriculture, because of the
character of its normal activities and because of the increased
powers conferred upon it by "An Act to provide further for
the national security and defense by stimulating agriculture and
facilitating the distribution of agricultural products," approved August
10, 1917, was the federal government's chief agency in putting into
effect that part of its war program relating to increased food pro¬
duction. Its principal functions, according to the Secretary of Agri¬
culture, were "the stimulation of production, the conservation of
products on the farm through all the normal and approved processes,
the promotion of better marketing and the distribution of products
from the farms to the markets, the prosecution of the work in home
economics along usual lines, the dissemination of information and the
extension of all these activities as authorized by law."
One of the department's important war activities authorized by
the act of August 10, 1917, was the conducting of surveys as to the
state of supply in the country of foods, feeds, seeds, fertilizers, agri¬
cultural implements, and any article required in connection with
the production, distribution or utilization of food. An appropriation
of $10,000,000 was made to the department for its special war work,
which among other things included the extension of activities for
eradicating animal and vegetable diseases. The act also authorized
the department if necessary to grow seeds and furnish them to the
farmers at cost; thus when the Illinois Seed Corn Administration
was formed for the purpose of developing a supply of seeds for plant¬
ing in the state, the Department of Agriculture was able to supply
part of the funds for the work. The department later asked the
Illinois organization to develop a reserve supply of seed for planting
throughout the corn belt.
The States Relation Service of the Department of Agriculture,
which cooperated with state agricultural colleges, experiment stations
and farm institutes in promoting extension work in agriculture and
home economics, was enabled to increase the number of men and
women engaged as county agricultural and home economics agents
because of the funds provided by the act of August 10, 1917. In
242 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Illinois the number of county agents employed by the Extension
Service of the College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, in co¬
operation with the States Relation Service, was increased from twenty-
four in April, 1917 to fifty-four on June 30, 1918. The number of
county home demonstration agents was also increased during that
period, their work being particularly important in the field of food
conservation. The Extension Service also cooperated closely with
the Illinois Seed Corn Administration by making some ten thousand
moisture and germination tests of seed corn. During the years 1917-
1918 the circulars of the Extension Service which dealt with topics of
war interest, such as "War Bread Recipes," "The Use of Farm Labor
During the War," "Protect the Wheat; Eradicate Barberry," "Grow
More Wheat in Illinois," etc., were given wide distribution. In
addition, large numbers of cards, posters, form letters and similar
material were sent out in the interests of special food production or
conservation campaigns.
Extension schools and agricultural short courses were given
throughout the state under the direction of the College of Agricul¬
ture of the University of Illinois for the purpose of improving farm
operation. Members of the extension staff of the Department of
Household Science conducted a two-weeks' school in conservation for
both volunteer and trained workers in May, 1918, and in the follow¬
ing month twelve two-weeks' schools were conducted in Champaign
County by members of the senior class in Household Science. Upon
the initiative of the college fifty-three food shows were held in the
state in the years 1917-1918.
D. F. Houston was secretary of agriculture during the war
period. Dean Eugene Davenport was head of the College of Agricul¬
ture of the University of Illinois and W. F. Handschin was vice
director in charge of the Extension Service during the war.
STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS
Food Production and Conservation Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois
The Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee was one of the
standing committees created upon the organization of the State
FOOD AND THE WAR
243
Council of Defense.^ In September, 1917 steps were taken to effect
a state-wide organization the object of which should be two-fold: to
stimulate increased food production in Illinois, and to promote the
conservation of food products. To accomplish this purpose the com¬
mittee, renamed on February 15, 1918 the Food Production and Con¬
servation Committee, deemed it advisable to cooperate with rather
than to impair the powers of existing agricultural and livestock asso¬
ciations; accordingly the county food production and conservation
committees organized throughout the state included the county agri¬
cultural and livestock authorities. The organization when completed
included 1,500 members.
In its work, which was concerned almost solely with increasing
food production, the committee cooperated with the College of Agri¬
culture of the University of Illinois, the United States and Illinois
Departments of Agriculture, the United States Boys' Working Re¬
serve, and the Illinois division of the United States Food Administra¬
tion. Its outstanding achievements were performed by special agencies
formed at its instigation and working under its auspices—namely, the
Illinois Seed Corn Administration, the Farm Labor Administration,
the War Garden Advisory Committee, the Agricultural War Board,
and committees in charge of the Food Production Conference and the
Patriotic Food Show. The committee, however, had active as well as
supervisory duties.
The wheat production of Illinois in 1918 exceeded that of 1917
by more than 100 per cent. At the summons of the Secretary of
Agriculture, who was desirous of still greater production in 1919,
representatives from twelve states of the middle west met in Chicago
on July 25, 1918 to discuss the wheat-production program for the
coming year. The minimum quota of wheat acreage for Illinois in
1919 was placed at 2,934,000 acres, and the Food Production and
Conservation Committee was requested to cooperate with the College
of Agriculture in the promotion of a "grow more wheat" campaign.
One hundred twenty-five thousand copies of "grow more wheat"
circulars were distributed, which contained the injunction "reduce
your oats, reduce your corn, or reduce your grass land if necessary to
get one-fifth to one-third of your land in wheat or rye." The cir-
'For statistical data on food production in Illinois during the war,
see Appendix, Tables numbers 14-27.
244 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
culars pointed out that growing wheat was profitable as well as
patriotic and simplified the labor problem because emergency help for
harvesting was more easily obtainable than for other forms of farm
labor.
Although in the main the committee directed its attention to
matters relating to increased food production, it also promoted several
conservation measures. One of these was a campaign to prevent waste
of perishable fruits and vegetables which was estimated at forty per
cent of the amount produced annually, by means of proper food
storage house construction. During the last of July and the first
of August, 1918, a vegetable drying, pickling and salting campaign
was conducted in Chicago and demonstrations were held throughout
the city. A circular entitled "Kill the Smut," dealing with the meth¬
ods of treating wheat smut, was also circulated by the committee, and
ten thousand copies of a silo poster and a circular letter urging the
use of silos were distributed through the state.
In addition to the Patriotic Food Show held in Chicago from
January 5 to 15, 1918, the Food Production and Conservation Com¬
mittee sponsored a number of other exhibits. A seed corn show was
held at the International Live Stock Exposition during the week be¬
ginning November 30, 1918, and a booth at the state fair of 1918
emphasized the need of increasing wheat production and testing seed
corn.
The Food Production and Conservation Committee was com¬
posed of the following members : J. Ogden Armour, chairman ; P. E.
Fleming, secretary; B. F. Harris and J. A. Spoor.
Illinois Seed Corn Administration, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois
The early frosts in the fall of 1917 made the securing of sufficient
seed corn for the 1918 planting a serious problem. To devise some
method of meeting the shortage a Seed Corn Committee appointed
by the State Council of Defense conferred with the State Agri¬
cultural Advisory Board at Springfield on January 18, 1918 and upon
the recommendation of these two organizations the council organized
the Seed Corn Administration.
FOOD AND THE WAR
245
The Seed Corn Administration was a corporation formed under
the laws of Illinois, capitalized at $500 and empowered to buy, sell,
and deal in seed corn. The corporation, of which Samuel Insull was
president, had five directors, three nominated by the State Council
of Defense and two nominated by a bankers' committee. Certain
financial arrangements made necessary the bankers' committee repre¬
senting sixteen Chicago banks which had agreed to lend the corpora¬
tion amounts on demand notes not to exceed in the aggregate
$1,250,000. The total loan actually made by the syndicate banks
amounted only to $495,000 for the reason that in April, 1918 the
U. S. Department of Agriculture received an appropriation of $6,-
000,000 for the purpose of developing reserve stocks of seed through¬
out the country and was thus able to help finance the work of the
Illinois organization. The Secretary of Agriculture first authorized
the Illinois Seed Corn Administration to develop a reserve stock of
50,000 bushels for replanting in Illinois, and later increased the
amount to a reserve of 100,000 bushels for replanting throughout
the corn belt. With federal funds at its disposal and the fear of
developing an oversupply of seed removed, the administration was
able to proceed without difficulty.
The Illinois Seed Corn Administration carried on its operations
through local administrations which the Food Production and Con¬
servation Committee assisted in organizing in each county in the
state. A survey undertaken by the county administrations in Feb¬
ruary, 1918 revealed a shortage of 400,000 bushels of seed corn.
Three-fourths of this amount, it was estimated, could be secured
locally by working out cribs of corn in the vicinity, and the remainder
would have to be provided by the Seed Corn Administration. The
following method of handling the seed corn was pursued : a member
of the county seed corn administration contracted in writing for a
certain amount of seed which was stored at a warehouse centrally
located in the county. A composite sample of seed was then taken,
after which germination tests were made by a force of more than
seventy specialists stationed at the College of Agriculture, Uni¬
versity of Illinois. The tests determined the price to be paid. The
following scale of prices for seed corn, tipped, butted, shelled, and
bagged, was adopted :
246 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Percentage of
germination
Buying price
$4.50
6.50
8.50
Selling price
$ 6.00
8.00
10.00
70-79%
80-89%
90-100%
As a result of these activities the seed corn needs for 1918 vi^ere
more than adequately filled. The Seed Corn Administration sold over
60,000 bushels of tested seed corn to approximately 16,000 farmers.
To prevent a recurrence of the near disaster of 1918 the Seed
Corn Administration in September, 1918 urged the farmers to "beat
the frost" by selecting and storing their best seed corn early. Certain
weeks were designated as desirable periods for such activity—Septem¬
ber 15-22 in northern Illinois, September 20-27 in central Illinois,
and September 25—October 2 in southern Illinois.
W. G. Eckhardt was seed corn administrator for Illinois. He
was assisted by the following advisory committee: Eugene Funk,
chairman; H. J. Sconce, J. M. Crebs, J. F. Prather, Charles Adkins,
W. F. Handschin, Peter E. Fleming.
War Garden Advisory Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
Because of the pressure of other activities the Food Production
and Conservation Committee of the State Council of Defense of
Illinois did not sponsor a state-wide war garden campaign ; but at the
request of Chicago and suburban agencies which had participated in
the movement in 1917, it appointed a War Garden Advisory Com¬
mittee to direct the work during 1918. The War Garden Advisory
Committee, which thus had jurisdiction over Chicago, Cook County
and vicinity, shortly after its organization launched an educational
campaign to inform the public of the need of raising gardens in order
to increase food resources for 1918. The committee's program also
included the distribution of gardening information through daily news
bulletins, pamphlets, lectures, posters and demonstration gardens, as
well as the furnishing of plowing and harrowing service, fertilizer,
tools, seeds, seedling plants, onion sets, etc., to organizations and in¬
dividuals free of cost.
FOOD AND THE WAR
247
The committee secured lots for approximately 3,000 people and
recommended that action be taken against property owners who
charged for the use of their lots for gardening. Cooperation was
maintained with more than 300 clubs which were promoting garden¬
ing in their respective communities. Two hundred fourteen thousand
circulars, pamphlets, leaflets and other pieces of printed matter were
distributed, and six hundred eighty-two lectures on gardening with
a total attendance of approximately 366,295 were given. At the
instance of the committee the park commissioners established seven¬
teen demonstration gardens.
The estimated number of gardens in Chicago was as follows:
Number of Value
Acres gardeners of crop
Home yard gardens 2,009 140,000 $2,800,000
Vacant lot community gardens 774 8,422 673,760
Children's gardens 206 90,000 55,620
Approximate grand total 2,989 238,422 $3,529,380
J. H. Prost was war garden director. He was assisted by the
following advisory committee: Thomas J. Webb, chairman, R. B.
Beach, Joseph Budlong, J. C. Cannon, W. E. Dorland, J. F. Foster,
August Geweke, J. A. Hiller, P. G. Holden, Brother Justus, A. R.
Marriott, B. J. Mullaney, Mrs. Augustus Peabody, Mrs. Louise O.
Rowe, A. C. Schräder, J. D. Shoop, Thomas Skompa, Leonard
Vaughan, H. A. Wheeler, P. F. Fleming.
Agricultural War Board, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
The Agricultural War Board was appointed by the Food Pro¬
duction and Conservation Committee of the State Council of De¬
fense for the purpose of taking under consideration the changing con¬
ditions of agriculture and of making recommendations to the farmers
of the state as well as to the State Council of Defense. The board,
which was composed of about fifty leading agricultural men in the
state, met and organized on October 11, 1918, assuming as its proper
work the consideration of all war problems that affected agriculture
248 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
and food production. Three recommendations were made by the
Executive Committee of the board on October 18, 1918—namely,
that the Food Administration Grain Corporation reserve a plentiful
supply of Marquis wheat suitable for seed to be used for 1919 plant¬
ing, that the State Council of Defense secure a decrease in the
freight rates on limestone and phosphate and insure prompt move¬
ment, and that the Food Administration establish and maintain the
future prices of hogs on the 13 to 1 basis. At the meeting on Novem¬
ber 11 the following subjects were discussed: U. S. Boys' Working
Reserve, emergency farm labor in small towns, community coopera¬
tion, women on farms. On December 5, 1918 arrangements were
made to transfer the functions of the Agricultural War Board to the
Illinois Agricultural Association.
The officers of the Agricultural War Board were: H. J. Sconce,
chairman; H. M. Dunlap, vice chairman; P. E. Fleming, secretary.
The members of the executive committee were Charles Adkins, W. G.
Eckhardt, E. D. Funk, J. G. Imboden, Howard Leonard, F. I.
Mann, J. P. Mason, H. W. Mumford, J. C. Sailor.
Patriotic Food Show Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
The Patriotic Food Show Committee was organized to manage
the patriotic food show held in the Coliseum at Chicago, January
5—13, 1918. The purpose of-the exhibition was expressed in the slogan
which it adopted, "What to eat and how to cook it." Demonstrators,
lecturers, and experts from the United States Department of Agri¬
culture, the United States Food Administration, the Bureau of
Fisheries, and the United States War and Navy Departments gave
demonstrations and displayed exhibits. Approximately 125,000 peo¬
ple attended the food show, including official representatives from
twenty-five states and from Canada. More than 300,000 copies of
a Patriotic Food Show recipe book, containing 300 recipes tested by
a com.mission of experts, were sold.
The officers of the committee were Louis AI. Stumer, chair¬
man, W. E. Skinner, vice chairman, P. E. Fleming, secretar}'.
FOOD AND THE WAR
249
Food Conservation Bureau, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois and United States Food
Administration
The Food Conservation Bureau was opened June 1, 1918 in
Chicago under the joint auspices of the Illinois Division of the United
States Food Administration and the Woman's Committee of the
State Council of Defense, to fill a need for a central demonstration
station where practical lectures and food demonstrations could be
given by household science experts. The bureau was organized into
five departments—Information, Model Kitchen, Experimental Kitch¬
en, Bake Shop, Reading Room, and Reference Library. Over 60,000
people visited the bureau which operated until November 13, 1918.
Mrs. Charles A. Munroe was chairman.
Food Production Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Food Production Department of the Woman's Committee
was formed to stimulate food production in Illinois, and to carry out
this purpose it secured an organization in ninety-five counties of the
state. The department sent monthly letters on food production to
the county chairmen of the Woman's Committee, organized boys'
and girls' clubs in gardening, poultry, calf and pig raising and es¬
tablished garden community clubs in the cities and towns of the state,
the members of which studied methods of cultivation and bought
fertilizers, seeds, and implements in quantities, thereby reducing the
cost.
Mrs. H. M. Dunlap was chairman of the department.
Thrift and Conservation Department, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Thrift and Conservation Department of the Woman's Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense of Illinois, was organized in May,
1917 for the purpose of promoting food conservation measures
throughout the state. In carrying out its program the department
cooperated with two agencies—the Illinois division of the U. S. Food
Administration and the Extension Service of the College of Agricul¬
ture, University of Illinois. From June 1 to October 1, 1918 fort}'-
250 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
three canning kitchens were conducted, conservation food shows were
held in eight counties, conservation exhibits were shown at five county
fairs, and war kitchens were conducted in six counties. The Thrift
and Conservation Department assisted in putting on the Patriotic
Food Show held in the Coliseum in Chicago January 5-13, 1918,
which more than 50,000 people attended. A food conservation booth
was established at Municipal Pier to furnish information concerning
the use of substitutes and at the Government War Exposition held
in Chicago at Grant Park, October 2-4, 1918, cold-pack canning and
sugarless recipes were demonstrated by the department.
Miss Isabel Bevier was state chairman of the department, while
Miss Elizabeth Allen was chairman of the Chicago Committee.
Woman's Land Army, Illinois Division
The Woman's Land Army, Illinois Division, was organized
in March, 1918 under the general direction of the Woman's Com¬
mittee of the State Council of Defense and under the direct manage¬
ment of an executive board. Since Illinois agriculture was so diversi¬
fied as to require skilled help, a plan to maintain a training farm for
women was evolved, and the oflfer by Mr. W. V. B. Ames of his 200
acre farm four miles from Libertyville, rent free for three years, was
promptly accepted. An Illinois training farm committee was ap¬
pointed and $7,600 in cash and $6,000 in equipment were secured.
In reply to the advertisement of the committee for candidates for
training 1,300 applications poured in, out of which 76 were accepted
provisionally. Fifty-five women actually received training varying
from one to seven months, which included besides the practice of all
phases of farm work a lecture five days a week upon such subjects
as general agriculture and farm work, dairy work, general poultry,
fruits, drainage, women as truckers, woman's land movement in
England, domestic science, truck gardening, and agricultural botany.
In March, 1919 the Training Farm Committee made an agreement
with the president of Blackburn College by which, in return for the
stock and equipment of the training farm, the college agreed to en¬
courage women to take its two-year agricultural course and to insti¬
tute a summer course of twelve weeks to include the theory and prac¬
tice of farming and of household science.
FOOD AND THE WAR
251
Mrs. Tiffany Blake was president of the executive board of the
Woman's Land Army of Illinois and Miss Blanche Corwin was
supervisor of the training farm.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATE OF
ILLINOIS
See page 11.
ILLINOIS FARMERS' INSTITUTE
The Illinois Farmers' Institute was created by act of the General
Assembly, approved June 24, 1895, "to assist and encourage useful
education among the farmers and for developing the agricultural
resources of the state." According to this act the institute was to
consist of three delegates from each county of the state elected an¬
nually at the farmers' institute for the county. Executive authority
was vested in a Board of Directors consisting of the state superin¬
tendent of public instruction, the dean of the College of Agricul¬
ture, University of Illinois, and the presidents of the State Board of
Agriculture, the Illinois State Horticultural Society, and the Illinois
State Dairymen's Association.
During the war the Illinois Farmers' Institute was occupied
chiefly with the problem of increasing food production in face of a
diminished supply of farm labor. The Board of Directors in July,
1917 appointed a Wheat Committee to promote within the state
the nation-wide campaign for increased production of wheat. The
committee issued five press bulletins of 4,000 copies each, 10,000
colored posters, 10,000 enclosure cards, and 20,000 copies of a wheat
culture bulletin entitled "Ways to Win with Wheat." This ma¬
terial reached 854 newspapers of the state, 1,855 banks, 330 co¬
operative farmers' elevators, 500 officers and speakers of the Farmers'
Institute, 25 county agents, 102 county superintendents of schools,
and each member of the legislature. Illinois registered a 68 per
cent increase in wheat acreage in 1918 over 1917.
The twenty-third annual meeting of the Illinois Farmers' In¬
stitute was held in Bloomington on February 19, 20 and 21, 1918.
Various addresses devoted in the main to the topic of agriculture in
252 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
war time were delivered and resolutions were adopted pledging con¬
centration of effort on food production and endorsing the work of
the State Council of Defense. Grievances of the farmers found ex¬
pression in recommendations that all agricultural claims for deferred
classification be reviewed by the district boards and be decided ac¬
cording to "the plain intention of the draft classification rules" and
that the Food Administration "issue immediately a plain and un¬
equivocal statement of its policy toward agriculture."
The Household Science Department of the Illinois Farmers'
Institute did important work in the way of promoting food produc¬
tion and conservation. This department conducted a canning cam¬
paign in which demonstrators spent fifty-one days in eighteen different
counties. It encouraged the organization of additional household
science clubs in the state, of which 120 reported the performance
of food conservation work and 140 reported increased gardening.
In the year ending June 30, 1919 the Illinois Farmers' Institute
issued and distributed the following publications: 10,000 copies of
"Liberty Garden for Every Home," 10,000 copies of "Poultry Helps
in War Time," 10,000 of "Canning, Drying, and Storing of Fruits
and Vegetables," 5,000 of "Illinois' Answer," 5,000 of "Our Flag,"
and 20,000 of "Illinois, Mighty Agricultural Patriot."
D. M. Marlin, of Norris City, and Frank S. Hayes, of Geneseo,
were presidents of the institute during the fiscal years ending June
30, 1918 and June 30, 1919. Mrs. J. C. Hessler was president of
the Department of Household Science during 1917-1918, and Mrs.
J. H. McMurray during 1918-1919. H. E. Young was secretary
of the institute and Mrs. H. A. McKeene was secretary of the De¬
partment of Household Science during the whole period of the war.
FOOD PRODUCTION CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
A Food Production Conference promoted by the Corn Growers'
and Stockmen's Convention, the Food Production and Conservation
Committee of the State Council of Defense, and the College of Agri¬
culture of the University of Illinois was held at Urbana from January
28 to February 1, 1918 for the purpose of laying down a definite
working program of food production in Illinois during 1918. The
FOOD AND THE WAR
253
membership of the conference included the leading farmers from the
majority of the counties of the state, the county farm advisers, and
the specialists of the College of Agriculture.
The program of the meeting included addresses hy experts per¬
taining to agriculture in war time. Among the titles of the addresses
were the following: What Each Individual Can Conserve; Farm
Machinery Problems Under War Conditions; Horticulture's Con¬
tribution to the Food Problem; the Farm Women's Part in the
War; The Demands and Difficulties of the Milk Producers; Soil
Fertility—the Basis for Increased Production; War Demands upon
the Livestock Production of the United States. Governor Frank O.
Lowden was one of the speakers.
Committees were appointed to confer about and make recom¬
mendations concerning the subjects of wheat production, pork pro¬
duction, beef production, wool and mutton production, dairy products,
seed corn, farm labor, soil fertility, farm machinery, and woman's
food production. The recommendations of these committees were
embodied in a pamphlet, 75,000 copies of which were distributed
throughout the state.
The conference pledged its support to the government's war
program in the following telegram which was sent to President
Wilson: "We pledge to the President of the United States on
behalf of the farmers and stockmen of Illinois our supreme efforts to
discharge the duty expected from the farmers in the way of men,
money, and food."
The general war conference committee was composed of the
following members: B. F. Harris, Eugene Davenport, Charles Ad-
kins, W. F. Handschin, Eugene Funk, J. G. Imboden, H. W. Mum-
ford, C. G. Hopkins, F. I. Mann, J. V. Stevenson, W. C. Coffey and
Mrs. H. M. Dunlap.
CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE
The Chicago Board of Trade first offered the facilities of its
organization and the experience of its members to the government
for war purposes through a resolution of support passed by the
Council of Grain Exchanges, of which it was a member, on May 4,
254 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
1917. A Committee on Grain Exchanges in Aid of National Defense
was organized by the council and placed at the disposal first of the
Department of Agriculture and then of the United States Food
Administration to help solve the problems of accumulating and dis¬
tributing the country's grain supply during the war period.
In the meantime foreign governments had been taking advantage
of the open markets to make purchases of spot or cash grain and to
place enormous contracts for future delivery. These purchases of
grain by the Wheat Export Company for the Allies and by neutral
governments for their own consumption were acting as a strong force
to raise prices—the highest price for wheat in the history of the
Chicago Board of Trade being reached early in May, 1917 when cash
wheat was sold for $3.25 a bushel. In view of the serious situation
the Chicago Board of Trade on May 12 suspended all trading in
May wheat and appointed a price-fixing committee. This organiza¬
tion held a series of conferences in Chicago in which the district
attorney and representatives of Great Britain took part and at which
settlement prices were arranged and wa3's and means of carrying on
operations without stimulating prices were discussed. These con¬
ferences were a prelude to a series of resolutions issued by the Board
of Directors of the Chicago Board of Trade to regulate trading under
war conditions.
The Board of Directors of the Chicago Board of Trade was
given extraordinary powers by the membership to set aside rules, stop
trading, fix maximum prices, and in other waj'S to adapt the practices
of the Board of Trade to the needs of the emergency. When the
United States Food Administrator, Herbert Hoover, wrote on August
11, 1917 that in view of the intention of the government to buy wheat
at the interior terminals, trading or quotations in wheat futures would
no longer serve their fundamental purpose, the Board of Directors on
August 14, 1917 passed a resolution prohibiting after August 25 all
trading in wheat for future delivery and storing by grade alone in
Chicago by members of the Chicago Board of Trade. Regulations
as to trading in provisions were promulgated on November 27, 1917,
and maximum prices for pork, lard, and oats were fixed on February
21, 1918. By a resolution adopted on March 16, 1918 the board au¬
thorized the executive officers to make such investigations of persons.
FOOD AND THE WAR 255
books, papers and records as were necessary to "determine the extent
and nature of all open contracts in grain and provisions" held by any
persons, firms or corporations who enjoyed the privileges of the asso¬
ciation. Speculation was not entirely eliminated, but speculative con¬
tracts were restricted by special regulation of the board on March
16, 1918 to 200,000 bushels of corn or oats in the one account except
in bona fide hedging transactions. This restriction was removed
on December 26, 1918 by the chief of the Coarse Grains Division,
United States Food Administration, and was again put into effect
on May 19, 1919 at the request of the director of the United States
Grain Corporation. It was removed permanently on February 25,
1920.
Joseph P. Griffin and A. Stamford White served as president
of the Chicago Board of Trade during 1917 and 1918. John R.
Mauff was secretary throughout the war period.
FUEL AND THE WAR
STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS
The State Council of Defense of Illinois upon its organization
in May, 1917 found itself confronted with a fuel problem of con¬
siderable magnitude. The Committee on Food, Fuel and Conser¬
vation, one of the standing committees appointed on the organization
of the state council, made a report on May 26, 1917 which depre¬
cated the unreasonable advance in the price of coal as the outcome
of an "hysterical or mad rush to get supplies at any cost," urged
that the mines be furnished with car supply according to their capac¬
ity, and advocated prohibiting the activities of coal brokers and
speculators. In case these suggestions failed to remedy the situation
the committee recommended joint federal and state regulation of
the production, distribution and price of coal.
The state council, aroused by this report, appointed an Advis¬
ory Committee on Coal Production and Distribution, composed of
coal operators and important railroad officials, to investigate the pro¬
duction and transportation aspects of the fuel situation. This com¬
mittee formulated a plan for handling coal in quantities which was
outlined by the State Council of Defense in letters sent to the mine
operators, coal dealers, coal-carrying roads, industrial plants, public
utilities and important cities and towns. Some results were secured
by this campaign but the general situation was not alleviated. During
June and the first part of July, 1917 the council also held confer¬
ences with the coal operators to consider ways and means of increas¬
ing production and of inducing early buying in order to avoid a
shortage in the fall and early winter. The high price of fuel, how¬
ever, deterred the majority of the people from buying early, in spite
of the threatened danger.
For the purpose of formulating voluntary measures directed to¬
ward lowering the price of coal the operators of bituminous mines
throughout the country held a conference in Washington late in
June, 1917, and by resolution authorized a committee composed of
the Secretary of the Interior, a member of the Federal Trade Com-
[256]
FUEL JND THE WAR
257
mission and the chairman of the Committee on Coal Production of
the Council of National Defense to set the tentative maximum
price for coal pending an investigation of maximum prices by the
Federal Trade Commission. The committee set three dollars a ton
as the maximum price to be charged for bituminous coal at the mine
mouth, and then asked the representatives of the operators of the var¬
ious states to quote the minimum price at which it could furnish coal.
Illinois operators agreed to a minimum price of $2.75 per ton of coal
as it came from the mine. The prices which were agreed upon at
this conference were immediately repudiated as too high by the Secre¬
tary of War who, in his capacity as chairman of the Council of Na¬
tional Defense also declared that the council, being purely an advisory
body, had no power to fix prices.
General dissatisfaction with the prices therefore continued, and
since it was evident that the public would not lay in its supply while
it considered the price excessive, the State Council of Defense resolved
to investigate the whole situation relative to the cost of coal produc¬
tion and to determine what would constitute a fair price. At a meet¬
ing on July 21 attended by fifty operators there was appointed a com¬
mittee of nineteen members—nine representatives of the council, seven
of the operators and three of the United Mine Workers—to continue
the discussions hitherto carried on between the council and the
operators. At its first meeting on July 23 the representatives of
the operators clashed with the members of the state council on the
question as to whether or not the right to fix the price of coal was
included in the war powers of the council. The futility of two addi¬
tional meetings of the committee on July 24 and 25 led to an an¬
nouncement by Chairman Samuel Insull of his determination to place
the fuel question before the entire council. Upon hearing of this
decision the operators threatened retaliatory action and on July 27
sent a committee to Washington to appeal against the proposed ac¬
tion of the State Council of Defense and to bring about government
intervention in favor of the maintenance of existing coal prices.
Any doubts that the council may have harbored as to its rights to
legulate and control the coal industry were dissipated by a report
made by the Committee on Law and Legislation on August 7.
This report proposed the selection of one of three possible courses
258 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
of action for the council : ( 1 ) the seizure and operation of thé
mines by the council as a war measure; (2) the calling of a
meeting of representatives from the state councils of the coal-
producing states of the middle west to work out together a solu¬
tion of the fuel problem; and (3) the securing of the enact¬
ment of a federal law creating a national fuel administration.
The report was adopted and the second proposal— namely, that
which provided for a meeting of the representatives from the state
councils of defense of neighboring states—was acted upon. The
conference was called for August 16 at Chicago.
Before the conference opened, three important events took place.
The coal operators came to an agreement with the Governor on
August 10, by which a director of coal, appointed by the Governor
and assisted by a committee comprising three representatives each
of the state council, operators and mine workers, were to control
all questions pertaining to the production, prices, distribution and
transportation of coal for the remainder of the coal year ending
March 31, 1918. Upon the same day, August 10, 1917, the way
was paved for national intervention when the presidential signature
was affixed to the Food, Feed, and Fuel Control Act, popularly
known as the Lever Act. Finally, on August 11 fifteen mines between
Springfield and St. Louis ceased operations because of an "outlaw"
strike of mine drivers. Three days later, on August 14, fifty mines
were idle and between fifteen and twenty thousand miners were strik¬
ing. Frank Farrington, president of the Illinois Mine Workers, ad¬
mitted that the strike was beyond the control of union officials and
appealed to the State Council of Defense to check it, alleging that
the council, by charging that the coal operators were making e.x-
cessive profits, had aroused the miners and indirectly caused the strike.
In response to the summons of the Illinois State Council of
Defense representatives from the states of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, ^lissouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin assembled at Chicago on August
16. The keynote of the conference was sounded by the chairman of
the Indiana State Council of Defense in the following words: "It
(the fuel problem) is a question, as Mr. Insull says, not only of
price, but of distribution. It is more, it is a question of a very prob-
FVEL AND THE WAR
259
able famine in thousands upon thousands of coal bins, and immediate
action must be had." The speeches of the other representatives—
Iowa, Wisconsin and Kansas were represented by their governors—
expressed similar convictions. During the course of the discussion it
developed that the shortage of coal at the head of the lakes was
3,000,000 tons and showed no signs of decreasing. At the close of
the day's session resolutions were adopted which among other things
urged the stimulation of coal production, called for regulation of
production, price and distribution of coal by the state and federal
governments, and asked that governors of the various states repre¬
sented should be requested to make investigations concerning the ap¬
proximate cost of coal production and delivery to the ultimate con¬
sumer in order that the data might be available iir the next session
of the conference. These resolutions were telegraphed to the Pres¬
ident and the meeting was adjourned until August 23.
Meanwhile on August 17 Chief Justice O. N. Carter of the
Supreme Court of Illinois, who had been appointed coal director in
accordance with the agreement of August 10, began hearings pre¬
liminary to price fixing. The representatives of the coal operators
immediately appeared before the Chief Justice and repudiated the
agreement of August 10, but hearings were nevertheless continued
until action of the President on August 21 made them unnecessary.
This action consisted of fixing a tentative scale of prices at the mine
mouth which in Illinois were as follows: run of mine, $1.95, prepared
sizes, $2.20, slack or screenings, $1.70; third vein—run of mine
$2.40, prepared sizes, $2.65, slack or screenings, $2.15. Dr. Harry A.
Garfield was appointed United States Fuel Administrator on August
23, and with the inauguration of federal control the reason for state
intervention disappeared.
It was a different situation from that of August 16 which con¬
fronted the coal conference of the thirteen states upon its reconvention
on August 23 in Chicago. One important question, that of price,
had assumed different proportions. General satisfaction, with dissent
from representatives of two states, was expressed over the President's
reduction in the price of bituminous coal, although the price set was
designated as generous to the operators. Resolutions were adopted
expressing appreciation for the "promptness, despatch, and thorough-
260 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
ness" with which the President had acted. The resolutions also em¬
bodied recommendations that transportation facilities be increased,
that the price to the ultimate consumer be immediately fixed, and
that to safeguard the interests of the consumers of coal a permanent
committee of thirteen be appointed, composed of one representative
from each state represented at the conference.
The organization of the Illinois Division of the United States
Fuel Administration did not mean the complete exclusion of the
State Council of Defense from the consideration of fuel problems.
The state war agency cooperated with the Fuel Administration
through two committees, the Advisory Committee on Coal for Public
and Quasi-Public Institutions, and the Committee on Fuel Economies
of Electric Railways. In general, after the inauguration of federal
control of the fuel situation, the State Council of Defense confined
its activities in this field to the promotion of conservation measures.
The personnel of the Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee,
which later on became the Food Production and Conservation Com¬
mittee, was as follows: J. Ogden Armour, chairman; John A. Spoor;
B. F. Harris. The members of the Advisory Committee on Coal
Production and Distribution were C. H. Markham, C. G. Burnham,
W. J. Jackson, J. K. Dering, D. W. Buchanan, Dr. F. C. Honnold
and John A. Spoor.
Advisory Committee on Coal for Public and Quasi-Public
Institutions, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Advisory Committee on Coal for Public and Quasi-Public
Institutions, appointed on November 8, 1917, collected information
concerning the distribution of fuel to federal and state institutions,
municipal bodies, publicly and privatel3--owned public service organ¬
izations, hospitals and other local charities. To acquire this infor¬
mation the committee sent circular letters to the municipal authorities
of 187 cities and towns in the state with a population over 2,000 and
to 489 public organizations. The committee also assisted public
utilities to obtain emergency coal. From November, 1917 to June,
1918 it aided in this way 181 public institutions, gas and electric
plants, water\vorks, schools, hospitals and other institutions.
John F. Gilchrist was chairman of the committee.
FUEL AND THE WAR
261
Committee on Fuel Economies of Electric Railways, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Committee on Fuel Economies of Electric Railways was
appointed by the State Council of Defense on December 13, 1917.
Immediately after its first meeting the committee sent a questionnaire
to all electric railway companies in the state requesting information
as to the amount of coal that could be saved annually by the elimina¬
tion of unnecessary service and by a reduction in the amount of
electricity used for heating cars. An analysis of replies received from
twenty-eight of the forty-nine companies to v^hich questionnaires were
sent indicated that the annual saving would approximate 60,000 tons.
The committee accordingly recommended that the state council
secure the cooperation of the Fuel Administration in putting these
and similar measures into effect. The recommendations were not
adopted by the Fuel Administration, although the "skip-stop" plan
was later adopted by surface lines in Chicago and other Illinois cities.
E. C. Faber was chairman of the committee.
Fuel Conservation Department, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois
The Fuel Conservation Department of the Woman's Committee
cooperated with the local fuel administrators in enforcing the regula¬
tions of the Fuel Administration. Its most important work was done
during the coal famine in Chicago in January and February, 1918,
when the department received and filled with no little difficulty 16,339
orders for coal, exclusive of orders for anthracite coal. After Octo¬
ber 1, 1918 the Fuel Conservation Department functioned as a part
of the Education Section, Domestic Heating, of the reorganized Con¬
servation Department of the Fuel Administration, Illinois Division.
Miss Sarah B. Tunnicliff was director of the department.
UNITED STATES FUEL ADMINISTRATION, ILLINOIS
DIVISION!
The United States Fuel Administrator, Dr. Harry A. Garfield,
was appointed by the President on August 23, 1917 for the purpose
of carrying into effect the provisions of the Food and Fuel Control
Tor statistical data on the production and distribution of Illinois
coal during the war years, see Appendix, Tables numbers 28-31.
262 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Act of August 10, 1917 so far as they applied to fuel. The Fuel
Administrator, authorized by the terms of his appointment to employ
such assistants as were necessary, huilt up a central organization at
Washington known as the United States Fuel Administration, and
on September 7, 1917 issued orders which set forth a plan for organiz¬
ing subdivisions in each state. In accordance with this plan the
Federal Fuel Administrator appointed a representative and a com¬
mittee of citizens in each state who directed jointly the apportionment
of the coal supply and the regulation of retail sales in the state; the
state fuel administrator in turn appointed a committee to supervise
the work in each county and in each city having a population of more
than 2,500.
The Federal Fuel Administrator for Illinois was appointed on
October 13, 1917, and the organization was extended throughout the
state by the appointment of county and city fuel administrators. John
E. Williams served as fuel administrator for Illinois until August
15, 1918, when he was succeeded by Raymond E. Durham. The
state advisory hoard was composed of Judge O. N. Carter, John B.
Berryman, Allan B. Pond, Prof. H. H. Stoek, Matthew Woll,
C. W. Folds, Hale Holden, John W. O'Leary, Kellogg Fairbank,
J. H. Walker, William E. Williams.
The Fuel Administrator for Illinois immediately had to face a
serious situation. On October 16, three davs after his appointment,
12,000 miners in the state were reported to he striking, and for that
day the output of Illinois mines was reduced from the normal amount
of 400,000 tons to 60,000 tons. The strike had its origin in a demand
of some weeks earlier on the part of miners in Kentucky, Illinois,
Indiana and Ohio for higher wages. A joint conference of operators
and miners was held in Washington under the auspices of the Fuel
Administration to discuss the matter, and on October 6, 1917 an
agreement was made whereby the miners were to be given a wage
increase if the price of coal was raised to cover it. A most important
clause of this agreement was a pledge on the part of both operators
and miners to incorporate a clause in future wage agreements, hv
which both parties agreed, subject to penalty, not to interrupt opera¬
tions pending any examination of questions involving fixing of prices
and wages. No increase in the price of coal was granted following
FUEL AND THE WAR
263
this agreement, and when no wage increases were made the miners
struck. The Fuel Administrator for Illinois on October 17 asked
the United States Fuel Administrator to intervene, and the latter's
subsequent threats of drastic action combined with the efforts of
officials of the United Mine Workers succeeded in breaking the strike.
Upon the recommendation of the U. S. Fuel Administration the
President on October 26 increased the price of coal at the mine mouth
by 35 cents over the tentative price of August 21 in order that the
wage increase might be granted.
All facts considered, it is not surprising that when a winter of
unusual severity set in, the coal supply proved inadequate. In January,
1918 blizzards which impaired all means of communication swept
over the state and the problem of the fuel administration grew pro¬
portionately. Working ten and twelve hours a day, the state and
local officials of the fuel administration cooperated with the retail
dealers in distributing coal to the domestic consumer. On January
17, just when the fuel shortage was most serious, the United States
Fuel Administrator issued his order closing all manufacturing plants
east of the Mississippi from January 18 to 22, 1918 and on each
Monday beginning January 28 up to and including March 25. At
the same time that he directed this order to be put into effect in
the state the Fuel Administrator for Illinois authorized the local chair¬
men in case of urgent need to "confiscate coal in transit consigned for
use in non-essential industries," and on January 21 he empowered re¬
tail dealers to demand from each applicant for coal for domestic use .a
signed statement as to the amount of coal in his possession. Not¬
withstanding these measures, on January 22 the state faced an es¬
timated shortage of 1,000,000 tons, double the shortage which existed
on January 17.
Not desiring to repeat this experience, the Illinois Division of the
United States Fuel Administration in the spring of 1918 engineered
a campaign to induce consumers to lay in their coal supply early, and
on March 1, 1918 each local committee was instructed to ascertain
the fuel requirements of its community and to urge consumers to
buy coal for the next winter. The Fuel Administrator for Illinois
in April, 1918 issued specific instructions both to the consumer and
the dealer for buying coal and to the latter for selling coal. The con-
264 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sumer was to order immediately enough coal for his entire annual
needs, and if the order was not accepted, he was to report the matter
to the local fuel chairman. The dealer was to order the full amount
of coal needed for the year, insist on a definite acceptance or refusal
of the order by the coal operators, unload cars within twenty-four
hours, and send t\vo monthly reports—one on bituminous, one on
anthracite coal—to the Fuel Administrator for Illinois. In selling
coal, the dealer was instructed to conform to the request of local fuel
committees in accepting orders of consumers, sell at prices fixed by
the chairman of the local fuel administration committee, and be pre¬
pared to show the cost of coal f. o. b. at his yards. These measures
anticipated the order of the United States Fuel Administrator which
set apart the week of June 3-8 for a nation-wide coal drive to urge
early buying. This campaign, although ultimately successful, was not
productive of immediate results. On May 29 a conference between
Governor Frank O. Lowden and Frank Farrington, president of
the Illinois Mine Workers, disclosed the fact that the heavy con¬
sumers of the state were failing to store coal and that consequently
one-half of the 90,000 coal miners of the state were idle. The lapse
of several months corrected this state of affairs so that by October 1,
1918, 90 per cent of the annual requirements of the state, both
domestic and industrial, had been filled.
The work of the Illinois Division of the United States Fuel Ad¬
ministration fell into two geographical groups—Cook County, and
Illinois outside of Cook County. During the period when Mr.
Williams was state fuel administrator Raymond E. Durham was
chairman of the Cook County Committee and was fully responsible
for the administration's activity throughout the county. However,
when Mr. Durham became federal administrator for Illinois, the state
organization was reorganized by the appointment of a deputy fuel ad¬
ministrator for Cook County and one for the state outside of Cook
County. The state organization operated at first through six ad¬
ministrative departments and later, beginning August 15, 1918,
through thirteen. The scope of the work of the Fuel Administration
may be realized by a consideration of the duties of the separate de¬
partments.
FUEL AND THE WAR
265
The Department of State Organization secured the appointment
of county chairmen who recommended the appointment of local fuel
administrators for each important community. The state was
divided into 113 districts, generally coextensive with the counties,
and by the middle of December, 1917 the organization was practically
completed. The duties of this department thereafter were confined
to filling vacancies caused by the resignation of county chairmen.
Allen B. Pond was director of the department.
The Industrial Department had an executive staff comprising a
director, two deputy directors—one for Cook County and the other
for the state, a director of public utilities and institutions, and a United
States Army officer in charge of fuel supply for war contractors.
It was the function of this department to determine the amount of
coal to be supplied and the priority to be observed in making deliveries
to each industry in the state, data as to the priority to which
each was entitled being obtained from questionnaires or, in the
case of plants in Cook County, by visits of inspection. By means
of special weekly reports the department kept informed as to the
status of the coal supply in each industry, and where a plant had less
than a thirty-days' supply it was urged to build up the stock on hand
and was informed as to the grade or preparation of coal to which it
was entitled. The Industrial Department also determined the
necessity for the storage of coal in certain industries, handled the
applications for permit coal and supervised the restriction of coal
supply in the case of building industries, florists and brewers. T. D.
Payne was director of the Industrial Department.
The Department of Dealer Distribution, known first as the
Department of State Requirements, was organized under the direc¬
tion of C. O. Fowler. Beginning April 1, 1918, by which date all
"persons, firms, corporations and associations," with certain exceptions,
who were engaged in the business of distributing coal and coke were
required to take out a license, the department received monthly re¬
ports from the retail coal dealers as to the amount of fuel obtained
and their sources of supply, and on the basis of this information it
determined the requirements of each town in the state. Moreover,
by means of such data the department proposed to regulate the move¬
ment of coal within the state so as to place the earliest deliveries
266 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
farthest from the source of supply. The Department of Anthracite
Distribution, of which F. N. Pease was the head, directed the dis¬
tribution of anthracite throughout the state until September, 1918
when it was consolidated with the Department of Dealer Distribu¬
tion. In Chicago, where the problem was particularly difficult, the
department received applications for hard coal from persons whose
regular dealers could not fill their orders. When an application was
approved, the customer's order was then assigned to the nearest coal
dealer, to whom the coal required to fill the order was then supplied.
In March, 1918 a considerable amount of anthracite coal was shipped
into Illinois subject to no restrictions and many customers secured
100 per cent of their annual requirements; however, beginning in
April and continuing to July, deliveries were restricted to four tons
per person until each customer had received his first delivery, and
were limited to a maximum of two-thirds, later one-third, of the
annual requirements of each customer. After July, 1918 all of
Illinois except thirteen northeastern counties was embargoed from
shipments of anthracite. The restriction of anthracite coal to thirteen
counties and the inauguration of the zoning system, adopted by the
United States Fuel Administration and locally applied by the Depart¬
ment of Dealer Distribution to the extent that each consuming sec¬
tion was so far as possible provided with coal produced in the nearest
mines, gave rise to some dissatisfaction. A mine in southern Illinois,
when ordered to sell coal to a local dealer who had hitherto shipped
in his supply, refused to do so, and complied only after pressure had
been exerted by the Fuel Administrator for Illinois. Apart from
such occurrences the work of the department proceeded as smoothly
as could be expected.
Although the United States Fuel Administration fixed prices at
the mines, the fixing of gross margins—that is, the sums which added
to the cost of a dealer's coal supply determine the selling price of
coal—was left to the local committees. It was the function of the
Price Department of the Illinois Division to supervise the local com¬
mittees in their determination of gross margins and to approve the
margins fixed. The method pursued by the Fuel Administration of
McLean County in fixing dealers' margins may be taken as repre¬
sentative. The county committee conducted investigations to ascer-
FVEL AND THE WAR
267
tain the average cost of running a retail coal business, and this amount,
once determined upon, was divided by the average number of tons
sold in the communities or parts or the county where it was desired to
fix margins. On the basis of the results, which were fairly uniform,
one margin was fixed for Bloomington and another margin for the
remainder of McLean County.
With the approval and sometimes the assistance of the Price
Department the local committees also fixed wagon mine prices. The
way in which the fixing of wagon mine prices worked to prevent un¬
reasonable profits is illustrated in the experience of a county in central
Illinois. In the spring and summer of 1917 the local mines raised
the price of screened lump from $3.00 to $4.45 per ton. In view of
the recent reorganization and increased capitalization of the mining
companies it was thought that large profits resulted from this price.
Prior to the organization of the local fuel administration the citizens
of the county had registered their protest in a petition to the Federal
Fuel Administration, and with the creation of a local fuel committee
an investigation was set on foot. The result was that the committee
allowed the mines 25 cents per ton for the cost of local dealing over
wholesale shipping—the minimum allowance set by the Price Depart¬
ment for this cost was 20 cents—and 60 cents per ton for delivery.
These two sums added to the price at the mine mouth of $3.10 per
ton fixed by the Federal Fuel Administration made the cost of wagon
mine coal to the consumer $3.95 per ton, a reduction of 50 cents per
ton on the operator's price.
Because of the confusion over the proper interpretation of the
order of the United States Fuel Administrator of September 3, 1918.
which announced the basis for gas-house-coke prices, the Price Depart¬
ment decided to set the maximum government price for each gas-coke
producing plant in the state.
Finally, the Price Department investigated the complaints of
consumers "regarding prices, and where violation of regulations was
discovered, the case was referred to the Department of Enforcement.
J. W. Adams was director of the Price Department.
A special department of the Illinois division was formed to super¬
vise the enforcement of the regulations of the U. S. Fuel Administra¬
tion. Its action relative to the majority of violations was final, and
268 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
only a few cases involving offenses prohibited by the act of August 10,
1917 were brought before the district courts. For the most part the
offenses consisted of violation of the lightless night order, overcharg¬
ing by dealers and hoarding of coal, and the penalty imposed by the
department was usually a contribution from the offender to the Red
Cross. L. E. Hart, assisted by a deputy and twelve inspectors,
directed the department.
The Department of Statistics was in charge of James Anderson,
director, assisted by Mrs. Ruth S. Betts, deputy for the state, and
Miss Gertrude M. Moore, deputy for Cook County. The division of
the department relating to the state as a whole was not organized
until May 10, 1918, but prior to this date, in response to the need for
statistical data to serve as a basis for the formation of rules and reg¬
ulations governing the »coal situation. Cook County had organized a
department of statistics. What this department did in Cook County,
the state department planned to do throughout Illinois. Lists of
retail dealers were compiled by the state department and blank forms
requesting such information as the tonnage of coke for the basic fuel
year, April 1, 1916 to March 31, 1917, and tonnage of coke, anthra¬
cite and bituminous coal for April, were sent to each dealer. From
April to December, 1918 monthly reports from each dealer were
secured and filed so as to form a record, easily accessible, of the activi¬
ties of each coal dealer in the state.
To supply the needs of the consumer in times of shortage and to
urge the consumer to buy in times of plenty were the two functions
of the Domestic Consumer Department. The coal shortage in Chi¬
cago during January, 1918 called for the exercise of the first of these
two functions. The city was divided into twelve districts and a chair¬
man was appointed for each. On the basis of daily reports from the
coal dealers these twelve chairmen distributed coal daily where the
need was greatest. All the coal in transit was commandeered until
January 23 and several of the larger corporations turned over some
of their storage coal for the use of the domestic consumer. To avoid
a recurrence of a situation so dangerous the department exercised the
second of its functions and launched a publicity campaign urging the
consumer to buy coal early. Approximately 100,000 requests were
sent to consumers in Cook County, asking them to indicate their will-
FVEL AND THE WAR
269
ingness to lay in their coal supply early. During the influenza
epidemic orders were taken directly from the public and filled by the
Domestic Consumer Department. Otto H. Hedrich was director of
the department.
The Department of the Administrative Engineer sent out to the
industries of the state 13,000 questionnaires requesting information
about their power equipment. These questionnaires upon being re¬
turned were marked and rated and the results forwarded to the firms.
Upon request the industries were advised of the defects in their equip¬
ment and in what ways they failed to use it most efficiently and
economically. In September, 1918 power plant committees, consist¬
ing of a chairman and from three to eight assistants, were appointed
in each city with a population of 10,000 or more. These committees
were furnished with weekly instructions on power-plant management
to be distributed to each coal-burning industry in the district. Joseph
Harrington was administrative engineer.
The Oil Division was managed by a director who supervised an
area which included not only Illinois but also Indiana, Iowa, Missouri
and southern Wisconsin. The work of this division consisted in
directing the conservation of fuel oil in industrial plants, and of
gasoline in dyeing and cleaning establishments, filling stations and
machine shops. Questionnaires were mailed out, visits of inspection
were conducted and where waste was observed, suggestions as to its
elimination were made. On August 23, 1918 the Central Illinois
Oil Conservation Committee was organized, and through its efforts
approximately 2,300 gallons of gasoline per day were saved in the
twenty-seven counties which comprise central Illinois. Nelson G.
Phelps was directer of the division.
The Conservation Department directed an educational cam¬
paign to impress upon the people of the state the necessity for coal
conservation. On January 17, 1918 the United States Fuel Admin¬
istrator issued an order prohibiting the use of fuel on ten successive
Mondays except under specified conditions by factories, office build¬
ings, and stores. This and other orders relating to "gasless Sundays"
and "lightless nights" and the allotment to the state of 3,250,000
tons of coal to be saved showed that curtailment was necessary. An
order was issued on June 15, 1918 urging the industries of the state
270 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
to burn screenings and mine run during the summer, to economize
in the boiler room and in methods of power transmission, and in case
of an isolated location to buy power from central stations where it
could be generated as cheaply as possible. Certain industrial estab¬
lishments, as well as many bakeries, hotels and restaurants, were in¬
duced to substitute artificial gas for anthracite and coke. The domes¬
tic consumer was also included in the conservation program of the
department. By pamphlets, illustrated lectures and boiler-room
demonstrations, it was shown how fuel could be burned economically
in the home and how faults in the operation of domestic heating
plants could be corrected. By these methods and others, notably
through enforcing the lighting restrictions and through advocating the
use of wood for fuel, this department effected the conservation of
approximately 1,500,000 tons of coal. Harold Almert was director
of this department.
The Department of Accounts had as its duties the issuing of
government requests for transportation and payrolls, monthly state¬
ments of classified expenses to Washington, and the securing of sup¬
plies. The department was successively directed by Brent Dow
Allinson, Arne Mark and James T. Guffin.
The Mailing and Information Department was in charge of dis¬
tributing publications, report blanks, circulars, etc. for the Fuel Ad¬
ministrator, and of mailing instructions to the district chairmen.
Miss Margaret E. Haas as chief clerk was in charge.
The removal of restrictions on the use of anthracite and bitum¬
inous coal, coke, charcoal, wood and gas was begun shortly after the
armistice. On February 1, 1919 an order suspending practically all
regulations relating to anthracite and bituminous coal, coke, charcoal
and wood brought the chief activities of the Illinois division to an
end. The state organization was gradually disbanded during Feb¬
ruary and March and on April 2, 1919 the Federal Fuel Administra¬
tor for Illinois was released from his duties.
VII. LABOE AND THE WAE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
The United States Department of Labor, which at the begin¬
ning of the war had under its jurisdiction the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, the Bureau of Immigration, the Bureau of Naturalization,
the Children's Bureau, and a conciliation service, greatly extended
its activities during the years 1917-1918 in order to meet the needs
developed by the emergency. The administration of the program of
labor control proposed by the Council of National Defense was
assigned by the President to the Secretary of Labor, who thereupon
appointed an advisory council to assist him in the task. In accordance
with a plan proposed by the council in the latter part of January,
1918, a War Labor Conference Board was appointed to formulate
the program. That body met on March 29 and recommended the crea¬
tion of the National War Labor Board to adjust labor disputes arising
in connection with essential war industries where there was no method
of settlement provided which had not been invoked. The board was
created as a part of the Department of Labor on April 8, 1918,
though it made its own decisions independently of any organization.
A supplementary organization, including in its membership repre¬
sentatives of all the government agencies which employed labor in
large numbers, was created on May 13, 1918 by the Secretary of
Labor. This body, the War Labor Policies Board, had no admin¬
istrative functions, but it determined directly for war industries and
indirectly for non-war industries all questions involving the distri¬
bution of labor, wages, hours and working conditions, its decisions
being put into effect by the various production branches of the govern¬
ment represented in its membership.
Conciliation and adjustment continued to be direct functions
of the Department of Labor during the war period. The Division of
Conciliation, created on the organization of the Department of Labor
in 1913, attempted to adjust labor difficulties through the services of
conciliators who without passing upon the question involved en-
[271]
10
272 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
deavored to bring together parties to the dispute in order that a settle¬
ment might he effected. There was an increased demand for the
services of the Division of Conciliation after the United States entered
the war. During the period March 15, 1917—January 15, 1918 it
took action in approximately forty controversies in Illinois, many of
which were of considerable importance. However, while the division
rendered service of value, it failed to meet all the needs of the situa¬
tion, and after the formation of the war labor administration in
January, 1918 it was reorganized and given the name Labor Adjust¬
ment Service, United States Department of Labor.
During the period January 15-November 15, 1918 labor con¬
troversies, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the
Monthly Labor Review, were fairly numerous in the state of Illinois,
but for the most part they were amicably settled by the Labor Ad¬
justment Service of the Department of Labor, the National War
Labor Board, and other mediation agencies. A strike of switchmen
affiliated with the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen started in Chi¬
cago on July 28, 1917, the issue being the adoption of rules regarding
employment, promotion and dismissal. After a strike of forty-eight
hours, during which time members of the Switchmen's Union of
America, affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, remained
at work, a settlement was effected by the appointment of a repre¬
sentative board to settle the matters in dispute. State troops were
called out to preserve order during street car strikes in Springfield
and Bloomington. The strike of 12,000 Illinois coal miners on
October 16, 1917 was particularly serious because of extra demands
on the coal supply due to the war. Following the demands of coal
miners throughout Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio for higher
wages, a joint conference of miners and operators had been held in
Washington under the auspices of the Fuel Administration, and there
on October 5 an agreement was reached providing for an increase
in wages if the price of coal should be raised to cover it. The increase
not being forthcoming, the miners in Indiana and Illinois went on a
strike. The combined efforts of the U. S. Fuel Administrator and
officials of the United Mine Workers sent the miners back to work,
and on October 29 the President authorized an increase of 35 cents
a ton in the price of coal in order that the wage increases might be
made.
LABOR AND THE WAR
273
The development of additional services of the United States
Department of Labor for the recruiting and placement of labor
brought the department into very close relation with the states. The
Employment Service, which except for activities relating to the war
emergency had hitherto been a part of the Bureau of Immigration,
was on January 3, 1918 made an independent service directly under
the control of the Office of the Secretary. Federal directors of the
U. S. Employment Service were appointed in each state, as well as
federal directors of its subsidiary agencies, the United States Public
Service Reserve and the United States Boys' Working Reserve, and
a comprehensive plan of state-wide organization was put into effect.
When the reorganization of the United States Department of
Labor was complete it included in addition to the original bureaus
the following: Employment, Information and Education, Labor Ad¬
justment, Training and Dilution, Working Conditions, Investigation
and Inspection, Women in Industry, Civilian Insignia Services; the
Division of Negro Economics, the Bureau of Industrial Housing
and Transportation, and the War Labor Policies Board.
William B. Wilson was secretary of labor during the war.
Employment Service, United States Department of Labor,
Cooperating with the Illinois Free Employment Offices
The United States Employment Service, which was originally
organized under the Bureau of Immigration of the Department of
Labor, began its activities in Illinois by establishing an office in
Chicago on January 1, 1916.^ During the year following that date
31,709 workers applied for employment through this Chicago office,
and of these, 16,231 were placed in positions.
On December 9, 1916 a cooperative agreement was drawn up
between the United States Employment Service and the Illinois Free
Employment Offices. The agreement was not put into operation
immediately but a provisional plan for coordinating the activities of
the state and federal employment services in Chicago was in-
'For figures on the operation of public employment offices in Illi¬
nois during the war, see Appendix, Table number 31.
274 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
augurated in June, 1917, and after October 1, quarters for the re¬
cruiting of unskilled labor were occupied jointly at 105 South Jeffer¬
son Street.
On January 3, 1918, all of the work of the United States Em¬
ployment Service was separated from the Bureau of Immigration and
placed directly under the control of the Secretary of Labor, and an
extensive reorganization of the service was effected. Seven divisions
—one each for women's work, information, investigation, statistics,
service offices, farm service, and public service reserve—were created;
the United States was divided into thirteen administrative districts,
each of which had a superintendent at its head; and federal-state
directors were appointed in all of the states to organize and direct
the work of the local employment offices. Illinois was included within
the seventh district with Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin and Indiana.
Soon after the reorganization of the United States Employment
Service, its operations in Illinois were extended. At a meeting on
February 13, 1918 of representatives of all the employment agencies
operating in the state, arrangements were made to put the coopera¬
tive agreement of December 9, 1916 into operation, and at the same
time the Federated Council of Free Employment Organizations in
the State of Illinois was created to promote the coordination and ex¬
pansion of employment activities. By the middle of April, 1918, six
sub-offices had been opened in Chicago and branch offices had been
opened at Alton, Aurora, Danville, Decatur, Bloomington, Galesburg,
Joliet, Quincy and LaSalle. By September 18 the Chicago sub-offices
had increased in number to thirty-nine and additional branch offices
were opened at Cairo, Centralia, East St. Louis, Elgin, Freeport,
Madison, Kankakee, Peoria, Rockford, Rock Island, Springfield and
Waukegan.
Although the placements secured by the Employment Service
increased greatly after its expansion, the shortage of labor became
more and more serious during the summer months of 1918. This
shortage was met partially by an increased utilization of women in
industry. During the twelve months ending June 30, 1919, a total
of 136,987 women registered with the Employment Service in Illinois;
of these 117,897 were referred to positions and the Employment
Service was able to ascertain that 90,968 had been engaged. The in-
LABOR AND THE WAR
275
creased employment of women in industry, however, did not solve
completely the shortage of labor problem, and since war industries
were still permitted to recruit their own labor certain wasteful me¬
thods were unavoidable. In order to remedy the situation President
Wilson issued a proclamation on June 17, 1918, announcing that
after August 1 all recruiting of unskilled labor except for farms, rail¬
roads, non-war work and small plants employing less than one hun¬
dred workmen should be carried on through the United States Em¬
ployment Service. This action on the pàrt of the government
necessitated a further reorganization of the machinery of the Employ¬
ment Service. In Illinois a State Organization Committee was
named, a State Advisory Board was created, and far-reaching changes
were effected particularly in the recruiting branch of the service—
the Public Service Reserve.
At the same time that the readjustment of the machinery of the
United States Employment Service was being planned, the work of
the cooperating federal and state employment offices in Chicago was
being closely coordinated. Early in June, 1918, the central office of
the federal service had moved its headquarters from 845 South Wa¬
bash Avenue to 116 North Dearborn Street where the headquarters
of the Chicago Free Employment Office were established. At this
station and at the various sub-stations in Chicago special divisions
were maintained for skilled labor, for unskilled labor, for farm labor,
for women workers, for the Boys' Working Reserve, and for handi¬
capped workers—those who had lost a limb, were deaf, or were
handicapped by some other physical defect. An Engineering and
Educational Division and a Railroad Division were also established
to secure the placement of certain types of specialized labor. Most
of these divisions had their headquarters at the central office at 116
North Dearborn Street, but a few of them, such as the Division of
Engineering and Education, which after July 1, 1918 was located
at 29 South LaSalle Street, had their headquarters elsewhere.
Very soon after the signing of the armistice the employment
offices in Illinois centered their attention upon the problem of re¬
placing in industry the state's released soldiers, sailors and marines.
The Federal-State Director called meetings in the large cities of the
state for the purpose of organizing soldiers' and sailors' bureaus, and
276 JVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
at the main office of the Employment Service in Chicago a Recon¬
struction and Replacement Division, which specialized in finding em¬
ployment for ex-service men, was established. Moreover, at the great
demobilization point in Illinois, Camp Grant, the Emplo5'ment Service
maintained a camp representative who, in addition to supplying the
various offices of the service with information regarding the needs of
the soldiers then being discharged, succeeded in placing many of the
latter in positions. Similar representatives were maintained at the
Rock Island Arsenal and at other demobilization camps.
The work of the Employment Service in replacing discharged
soldiers and war workers in industry was however soon interrupted.
Congress in the session ending in March, 1919, failed to provide the
funds necessary for its continuation and on March 13 the national
Director General ordered the Federal-State Director in Illinois to
close within nine days all of the offices under his control with the ex¬
ception of two in Chicago—the central office at 116 North Dearborn
Street and the unskilled labor office at 105 South Jefferson Street—
which were financed jointly by the federal and state governments.
The Illinois Free Employment Offices throughout the state, which
were supported entirely by the state of Illinois, continued operations.
John B. Densmore was director general of the U. S. Employment
Service and Mark L. Crawford was federal-state director for Illinois.
The Illinois State Advisory Board was composed of Mark L. Craw¬
ford, chairman, Charles A. Munroe, state director of the U. S. Public
Service Reserve, W. L. Abbott, W. E. Worth and Mrs. Jacob Bauer,
representing employers, and Charles Dold, William A. Neer and Miss
Margaret Haley, representing labor.
Public Service Reserve, Employment Service, United States
Department of Labor
The United States Public Service Reserve, which was planned
as a registration agency for patriotic citizens who were desirous of
doing war work for the government or for enterprises engaged in
war work, was created by the Secretary of Labor in June, 1917. Its
machinery in Illinois was organized in December, 1917, when a
federal director for the state was appointed and headquarters were
established at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago. Enrollment agents
LABOR AND THE WAR
277
were appointed in various local communities, and the task of securing
volunteers for war work was entered upon immediately. Skilled
machinists were enrolled for the Rock Island Arsenal, mechanical
engineers and draftsmen were secured for the Ordnance Department,
and men who were not of draft age were enlisted for a motor me¬
chanics regiment.
Early in the year 1918, the state director and his assistants cen¬
tered their attention upon the task of enrolling men for the shipyards.
The two weeks following Monday, February 4, had been set aside
by the federal government for a campaign to secure the enrollment
of 250,000 volunteer shipbuilders in the Reserve, and of this number
Illinois had been assigned 23,662. By way of preparation for the
approaching campaign, the officers of the Reserve in Illinois obtained
the cooperation of the Counties Auxiliary of the State Council of De¬
fense, the Four Minute Men, and the state labor offices. In addition
they secured the appointment of a county enrollment agent in each
county and established fifty-four enrollment offices—one in each of
the state's important industrial centers.
The results secured in Illinois during the campaign for ship¬
builders were excellent, and by February 16 the state's quota had
been filled. After that date the officers of the Reserve ceased solicit¬
ing additional volunteers but those who voluntarily offered to enroll
were permitted to do so. The final total enrollment for Illinois was
approximately 29,613—the largest number reached by any state
except New York. The names of those enrolled were carefully classi¬
fied according to the particular trades represented, but very few of
the volunteers were ever called for work in the shipyards.
In the meantime the Public Service Reserve had been made a
branch of the United States Employment Service. By the arrange¬
ment then made, the Public Service Reserve was designated the en¬
rollment agency of the United States Employment Service and had
to deal primarily with men who were not applicants for jobs but who
were willing to leave the work they were engaged in when the
national needs required their services elsewhere. Consequently after
the enrollment of shipbuilders had been completed, the officers of the
Public Service Reserve became engaged chiefly in enlisting such spe¬
cialists as airplane engine men, motor testers, tool makers, boiler
278 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
makers, electricians, engineers, and chemical workers. Men trained
along these lines were in great demand and it was impossible at times
to secure enough volunteers with the proper qualifications to meet
the ever-increasing demands of the government and of war industries.
The shortage of unskilled as well as skilled lahor became very
serious in time. In order to relieve the situation the President issued a
proclamation June 17, 1918, ordering that after August 1, all re¬
cruiting of unskilled labor except for nonessential industries, rail¬
roads, farms, and plants employing less than 100 workers, should he
carried on through the United States Employment Service and its
various branches. This action necessitated an extensive reorganization
of the local machinery of the Public Service Reserve. In Illinois the
number of local enrollment agents was greatly increased, county direc¬
tors were appointed in almost every county, community labor boards
were established to work in cooperation with the various employment
offices, and three district organizers with headquarters at Chicago,
Peoria and Rock Island, charged with the task of directing and check¬
ing up the work of the community labor boards and county directors
throughout the state, were appointed.
Immediately after its reorganization had been effected the U. S.
Public Service Reserve in Illinois centered its attention upon the
problem of enlisting for war work 40,230 unskilled laborers—the
quota which had been assigned to the state as its share for August and
September. A strong appeal was made to all employers of labor
for nonessential occupations to release their workmen, and an equally
strong appeal was made to the laborers themselves to volunteer for
employment in war industries. On August 20 the number of men
to be secured within the state was increased to 78,760. Furthermore,
on October 18, Illinois was called upon to furnish 6,400 men for war
industries in other states.
Soon after the signing of the armistice the enlisting of men from
nonessential for essential occupations was discontinued, and the
Reserve, working in cooperation with the employment offices, took
up the problem of finding employment for the soldiers who were
being discharged in increasing numbers at the various camps. Early
in 1919 most of the machinery of the Reserve was disbanded, and in
LABOR AND THE WAR
279
March, after the closing of the majority of the United States em¬
ployment offices, the organization ceased functioning in Illinois.
William E. Hall was national director of the United States Pub¬
lic Service Reserve; Charles A. Munroe was federal director for
Illinois.
Boys' Working Reserve, Employment Service, United States
Department of Labor
The United States Boys' Working Reserve was organized by
the United States Department of Labor on April 20, 1917, and in
January, 1918 it was made subsidiary to the United States Employ¬
ment Service which was just then being reorganized. Very shortly
after its formation in the spring of 1917, a branch of the United
States Boys' Working Reserve was formed in Illinois. Headquarters
were established at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago, county directors
were appointed in most of the counties, and many local enrollment
agents were commissioned throughout the state.
Unofficial figures show that during the summer of 1917 over
two thousand Illinois city boys between the ages of sixteen and twenty-
one worked on farms. From Chicago alone more than 700 boys were
sent to farms. Reports turned in concerning five hundred sixty-two
of these show that they worked, on an average, eighty-seven and one-
half days each, and their total earnings amounted to $38,154.18.
During the winter months of 1917-1918 the state organization of
the Boys' Working Reserve was perfected and its plan for the coming
summer was developed. An Advisory Committee with seven sub¬
divisions—Education of Boy, Education of Farmer, Enrolling the
Boy, Enrolling the Farm Job, Placing the Boy, Inspection and Wel¬
fare, Finance—was appointed to assist the state director. The work
of the Boys' Working Reserve in each county throughout the state
was in charge of a county director who was assisted by a committee of
representative citizens. Close relations were developed with the State
Council of Defense, at whose expense a series of bulletins describing
the work of the Reserve was published, and the cooperation of high
school and city library authorities, many of whom acted as local en¬
rollment agents, was secured. In many of the high schools of the
state special courses in practical farming were introduced. These
280 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
courses, based on a series of farm craft lessons written under the
direction of Dean Eugene Davenport of the College of Agriculture
of the University of Illinois, were designed to teach the city boy the
little things which a farm boy learned as he grew, thus saving the
farmer the trouble of training an entirely green hand.
After the completion of an extensive enrollment campaign which
was conducted during the week beginning March 18, and which
proved successful, the officials of the Reserve in Illinois centered most
of their attention upon the problem of persuading farmers to employ
the boys who had been enrolled. Posters urging farmers to employ
boys were displayed in railway stations, offices of stock buyers, el¬
evators and creameries. Furthermore, on April 9, the high school
bo3S of Chicago staged an elaborate parade to demonstrate to farmers
that city boys with a little training could become useful farm
helpers. Eleven thousand lads took part in this demonstration.
Members of the Reserve were permitted to withdraw from
school in April, 1918 with full credit on condition that they should
go immediately to farms. Most of th^boys who worked on farms
were taken into the homes of their employers; however some who
worked on large farms were kept in special camps maintained by
Reserve officials who endeavored through supervision to protect all
the boys from exploitation and unfair treatment. As early as June
15 it was foreseen that before the end of the month the supply of
boys who had enrolled would be exhausted. It is estimated that at
least twenty-one thousand Illinois youths worked on farms during the
summer of 1918. The U. S. Boys' Working Reserve continued its
activities until the close of the fiscal year 1919 when it was replaced
by the Junior Division of the U. S. Employment Service.
William E. Hall was national director of the United States
Boys' Working Reserve and Burridge D. Butler directed the work
in Illinois.
PRESIDENT'S MEDIATION COMMISSION
The President's Mediation Commission, composed of five mem¬
bers with the Secretary of Labor as chairman, was created by the
President on September 19, 1917. Members of the commission, as
LABOR AND THE WAR
281
the President's personal representatives, were to confer with governors
of the states where labor disturbances were occurring and to offer
their services in the development of better understanding between
laborers and employers. The commission was also an investigating
and conciliating body and undertook to work out agreements which
would "insure the continued operation of industry on conditions ac¬
ceptable to both sides."
The President's Mediation Commission proved an effective body
and brought about an adjustment of a number of important contro¬
versies. One of these Was a settlement of differences between the
packers and employees at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, which be¬
came effective on December 27, 1917 and averted a strike affecting ap¬
proximately 100,000 employees. By the terms of the agreement no
employee was to be discharged or was to be discriminated against be¬
cause he or she did or did^not belong to a union, piece-work schedules
were to be readily accessible, and strikes and lockouts were not to
occur during the war. The commission agreed to bring about a
full performance of the terms of the settlement by all parties. The
agreement also provided for the appointment of John E. Williams
as administrator and designated the procedure for the settlement of
differences between packers and employees during the war period.
The settlement applied to the plants of the meat-packing companies
outside as well as in Chicago.
A second agreement on January 23, 1918 covered points at
issue regarding working conditions, dismissal, promotions, leaves of
absence, union affiliation, race discrimination, etc. John E. Williams
served as United States administrator only for a short period. He
was succeeded on February 7, 1918 by Judge Samuel Alschuler, who
continued hearings and investigations on wages, hours, working con¬
ditions, etc. and rendered a decision on March 30, 1918. By the
terms of the decision, the basic eight-hour day, equal pay for men and
women, and certain wage increases were granted.
The personnel of the President's Mediation Commission was as
follows: William B. Wilson, chairman, Felix Frankfurter, secre¬
tary, Col. J. L. Spangler, of Pennsylvania, Verner Z. Reed, of Colo¬
rado, John H. Walker, of Illinois, and G. P. March, of Washington.
282 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
INDUSTRIAL ADVISERS TO DISTRICT DRAFT
BOARDS
The shortage of labor and the need of handling the industrial
situation with the maximum intelligence and efficiency led early in
September, 1918 to the adoption of selective service regulations pro¬
viding that each district draft board should appoint three industrial
advisers to assist it in ruling upon claims for industrial deferment.
"These Industrial Advisers were to acquire full information as to the
necessities of individual establishments; to keep informed as to the
priority lists of industries and products as determined by the War
Industries Board; to observe the general conditions of labor and in¬
dustry; and to give to the district boards the benefit of their know¬
ledge and judgment on these matters." On each board one of the
advisers, representing both employers and employees in industry, was
to be nominated by the Department of Labor; another, representing
the agricultural class, was to be nominated by the Department of
Agriculture; and a third, representing those persons in other em¬
ployments or occupations, was to be nominated by the district board
itself.
In Illinois there were eight district draft boards. All of the
industrial advisers for these boards were appointed, but the signing of
the armistice and the cessation of selective service activities came so
soon thereafter that they were not given an opportunity to perform
services of much importance for their respective district boards.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, STATE OF ILLINOIS
See page 12.
Illinois Free Employment Offices, Department of Labor,
State of Illinois
The Illinois Free Employment Offices, which were located at
Chicago, East St. Louis, Peoria, Rockford, Rock Island and Spring¬
field and which after July 1, 1917 constituted divisions of the Illinois
State Department of Labor, were originally established under an act
passed in 1915. Each office was directed by a special examiner or
LABOR AND THE WAR
283
superintendent, and all offices were under the general supervision of
the superintendent of the Chicago Free Employment Office and re¬
ceived counsel from the General Advisory Board for Free Em¬
ployment Offices of the State Department of Labor. During the
year ending June 30, 1918 the Chicago Free Employment Office
alone succeeded in placing 140,643 workers, while the total num¬
ber of placements for the six offices of the state for the same period
was 205,178. From February, 1918, until some time after the
signing of the armistice the Free Employment Offices operated
under the terms of a cooperative agreement made with the United
States Employment Service. On June 19, 1918, the work of the
central Chicago offices of the Illinois free employment service and
of the United States Employment Service was formally consolidated
with headquarters at 116 North Dearborn Street.
The Chicago Free Employment Office, the central office of the
state service, was directed by a general superintendent who during
the war was Charles J. Boyd. The General Advisory Board was
composed of the following persons during 1918 and 1919: F. S.
Deibler, chairman, A. H. R. Atwood, Oscar G. Mayer, Mrs. Ray¬
mond Robins, John H. Walker.
Industrial Commission, Department of Labor, State of
Illinois
The Industrial Board of the State of Illinois was created in
1913 to carry out the terms of the Workman's Compensation Act,
the administration of which had hitherto been a function of the
courts. On July 1, 1917 with the inauguration of the Civil Admin¬
istrative Code the Industrial Board became the Division of Industrial
Commission of the State Department of Labor, its membership was
increased from three to five members and its operations were carried
on by the following sections: Arbitration, Security, Legal, Medical,
and Mediation and Conciliation (succeeding the State Board of Arbi¬
tration and Conciliation). During the fiscal year 1918 the applica¬
tions for adjustment of claims under the Workman's Compensation
Act numbered 3,731, and the total amount of compensation granted
was $1,829,197.78. In 1919 5,696 applications were filed and a
total of $2,796,904.86 in compensation was allowed. The Section
284 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
on Mediation and Conciliation during the period July 1, 1918 to
June 30, 1919 was influential in settling forty-six disputes or threat¬
ened disputes between laborers and their employers.
During the period of July 1, 1917—June 30, 1919 the personnel
of the Industrial Commission was as follows: Charles S. Andrus,
chairman, Peter J. Ängsten, Robert Eadie, James A. Culp, Omer N.
Custer.
STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS
Labor Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois
The Labor Committee was one of the standing committees of
the State Council of Defense of Illinois, and had as its concern the
supply, distribution and welfare of labor throughout the state during
the war. By a resolution adopted by the State Council of Defense
on August 28, 1917 the committee was also authorized "to assist
and co-operate with the Industrial Board of Illinois in the adjustment
of labor difficulties whenever in the judgment of the committee such
assistance is necessary or wise."
One important piece of work accomplished by the committee
was an investigation into the causes of the race riots at East St.
Louis which broke out on May 28, 1917. At the invitaçion
of the mayor of the city the Labor Committee went to East
St. Louis to conduct the investigation which was begun on June
7, 1917. The report of the committee, which was submitted
on June 30, 1917, declared that the riots had been caused by
an "excessive and abnormal number of negroes then, and for some
months past, in East St. Louis." The influx of negroes was caused,
the report continued, by extensive advertising in southern newspapers
of an abundance of work and high wages in East St. Louis, this cam¬
paign apparently emanating from an anonymous source. Labor
agents were also said to have been active through the south in the
interests of negro migration to East St. Louis.
After reviewing the causes of the condition existing in East St.
Louis the Labor Committee in its report made three recommenda¬
tions for alleviating the situation: (1) that the widest publicity be
given to the situation to the end that further migration of southern
LABOR AND THE WAR
285
negroes might be discouraged; (2) that migration of any class from
one part of the country to another be allowed to flow along natural
lines, and that no measures be undertaken to promote artificial move¬
ment of population; and (3) that problems of shifting labor where
labor was needed during the war be handled by the properly con¬
stituted state and federal agencies.
John H. Walker was chairman of the Committee on Labor of
the State Council of Defense. The other members were John H.
Harrison and Dr. Frank Billings.
Civilian Personnel Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois
See page 36.
Public Service Reserve Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois,
See page 53.
Farm Labor Administration, State Council of Defense of
Illinois
The Farm Labor Administration was created by the State Coun¬
cil of Defense on February 13, 1918 after the plan of organization,
formulated by the Food Production and Conservation Committee,
had been approved at a conference of representatives of federal and
state labor agencies held in Chicago on that date. The Farm Labor
Administration proceeded to effect a state-wide organization, establish¬
ing headquarters in Chicago and local branches in various counties
in the state, and by October, 1918 had local farm labor admin¬
istrators in more than 85 counties. The Farm Labor Administration
remained a subsidiary organization of the State Council of Defense
until August 16, 1918, when its chairman, Peter E. Fleming, was
appointed director of the Farm Labor Division of the United States
Employment Service. Henceforth the work of the Farm Labor
Administration was under the direction of the United States and
Illinois employment services, cooperating with the State Council of
Defense and the United States Departn^ent of Agriculture.
286 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The Farm Labor Administration constructed its plans in antici¬
pation of a shortage of farm labor in the spring of 1918. It con¬
templated securing labor from the following sources: the retired
farmer in the small town, the city man from the farm who desired
to return, the city man who wished to go to the country, the floating
labor available at the employment agencies, and the Boys' Working
Reserve. The week beginning March 10, 1918 was designated farm
labor registration week by the Governor, and farmers who desired
help and laborers who wanted work were urged to file applications
with their respective county farm labor administrators.
The farm labor shortage, however, was never more than a threat.
In a letter of April 15, 1918 the chairman of the State Council of
Defense stated that the farm labor shortage was not serious in Illinois
for the following reasons: the unusually good spring put farm work
ahead about three weeks; farm labor wages were higher than at any
previous time; skilled farm hands were given deferred classification ;
and experienced farm help in small towns returned to the farms for
patriotism and for profit.
Although it was deprived of one of the chief reasons for its
existence, the Farm Labor Administration did not become inactive.
A Farm Labor Examining Board, composed of practical farmers,
was organized with headquarters at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago.
This board examined applicants for farm work, classifying them into
four groups: (1) those who were experienced and promising, (2)
those with some farm experience, (3) those with no farm experience
but, given the opportunity, likely to prove capable, (4) those
who were rejected. The board rejected 83 per cent of the applicants.
A campaign to enroll 50,000 emergency workers to help harvest
the wheat crops was planned and executed successfully in the spring
of 1918. In preparation for it six special agents were sent out from
the Chicago headquarters to tour the state and to promote the work
of the administration in towns and among the farmers. Committees
were organized in each county to register workers. The campaign
was brought to a close on Saturday, June 29, and through the assist¬
ance of the townspeople who were enrolled, according to a statement
made by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Christie, "every acre of
grain in the state was cut and shocked."
LABOR AND THE WAR
287
In the fall of 1918 the Farm Labor Administration launched a
campaign to induce the farmers in southern Illinois to aid the farmers
of central Illinois in corn husking. The appeal was made through
the newspapers, through posters in banks, grain elevators, etc., and
through instructions to the United States Emplo3'ment Service offices
at Alton, Cairo, Centralia and East St. Louis to send all corn buskers
to points indicated in the advertisements.
Another source of farm labor tapped by this organization was
the conscientious objector. The Farm Labor Administration sent to
the office of the camp commander at Camp Grant information con¬
cerning positions open to conscientious objectors. The officer in charge
of conscientious objectors selected those best qualified for farm work
and notified the farmer of the date and time when they would arrive.
The farmer in turn notified the farm labor office upon the arrival of
the selected men.
The members of the Farm Labor Administration were as fol¬
lows: P. E. Fleming, chairman; R. C. Bishop, farm labor admin¬
istrator ; E. K. Moy, secretary ; J. W. Kirkton, J. G. Imboden, B. D.
Butler, C. J. Boyd, J. G. Boor, H. W. Young, C. A. Munroe, F. I.
Mann, J. P. Mason.
ILLINOIS STATE FEDERATION OF LABOR
Labor's position regarding war was set forth in a declaration
adopted on March 12, 1917 when about one hundred and fifty exe¬
cutive officers of the American Federation of Labor were in session
in Washington, the conclusion of which was as follows: "But despite
all our endeavors and our hopes, should our country be drawn into
the maelstrom of the European conflict, we with these ideals of liberty
and justice herein declare as the indispensable basis for national policies,
offer our services to our country in every field of activity to defend,
safeguard, and preserve the Republic of the United States of America
against its enemies whomsoever they may be, and we call upon our
fellow workers and fellow citizens ... to devotedly and patriotically
give like service." On April 12, 1917, the Executive Board of the
Illinois State Federation of Labor and the members of the Joint
Labor Legislative Board of Illinois officially endorsed the declaration
of the national conference.
288 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
During the war the Illinois State Federation of Labor continued
its efforts to improve its organizations, to promote the extension of
the cooperative movement, and to secure the passage by the Illinois
General Assembly of an injuction limitation bill and of a women's
eight hour bill. Nevertheless, it did not fail to cooperate with the
federal and state governments in furthering war activities. The con¬
vention of the State Federation which met at Joliet, October 15-20,
1917, endorsed by a vote of 790 to 6 the action of its president, John
H. Walker, and its secretary, Victor A. Olander, in accepting appoint¬
ments from Governor Lowden as members of the State Council of
Defense, and in their participation in the convention at Minneapolis
which formed the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, the
purpose of which was to support the United States and its allies in
the war.
The action of the convention, which was given wide publicity,
had a salutary effect. Many labor organizations went so far as to
agree that their members should work side by side with nonunionists
in order to produce the needed supplies and equipment for the army.
"Women were welcomed into practically every kind of employment
which they were capable of performing," some of them working on
railroad sections, on street cars, and in machine shops.
John H. Walker was president and Victor Olander was secretary
of the Illinois State Federation of Labor during the war period.
VIII. WAR INDUSTRIES
ILLINOIS WAR INDUSTRIES
Illinois industries had been to a degree prepared for the demands
that were made upon them after the United States entered the war
by their activities since the outbreak of the war in Europe in con¬
nection with supplying munitions to the allied governments. Among
the first of the contracts which the Allies placed with Illinois firms
was an order for 300 chariots de parc and 135 wheels received by
Deere and Company of Moline from the French government on
December 7, 1914. In the following two years this firm received
thirteen additional contracts from the French government and on
January 13, 1917 it agreed to furnish the Russian government with
934 wheels. In the fall of 1915 and in the latter part of 1916 the
American Steel Foundries of Chicago contracted with the British
government for the manufacture of 400,000 and 420,000 8-inch
howitzer high explosive shell forgings. In March, 1915, in the
latter part of 1916, and at the beginning of 1917 the French, Russian
and British governments awarded contracts to the Northwestern
Barb Wire Company of Sterling for a total of 15,000 tons of barb
wire. The Root and Vandervoort Engineering Company of East
Moline received contracts in September and October, 1915 and in
September, 1916 from the British government for machining 8-inch
howitzer high explosive shells. The Western Cartridge Company of
East Alton had contracts with Great Britain, France, Italy, Servia
and Spain. Armour and Company filled orders for 9,000,000 and
17,000,000 cans of tinned meat for the French and Italian govern¬
ments respectively. The Moline Forge Company supplied the Russian
government with 1,000,000 3-inch shrapnel forgings and contracted
with the Imperial Munitions Board of Great Britain to manufacture
approximately 300,000 4.5 high explosive shell forgings. These were
a few of the Illinois firms which had a foretaste of industrial activity
that would necessarily follow the outbreak of war between the United
States and Germany.
[289]
290 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Gradually in anticipation of the requirements of the emergency
statutes were enacted which defined the war-time contractual rela¬
tions between the federal government and industry. The first piece
of legislation which contained clauses relative to government war
contracts for munitions and army supplies was the National Defense
Act of June 3, 1916. This act authorized the President in war time
or in case of imminence of war "through the head of any department
of the Government, in addition to the present authorized methods of
purchase or procurement, to place an order with any individual, firm,
association, company, corporation or organized manufacturing in¬
dustry for such product or material as may be required, and which is
of the nature and kind usually produced, or capable of being produced
by such individual, firm, company, association, corporation or or¬
ganized manufacturing industry." The execution of such orders was
obligatory and took precedence over all other contracts. By the terms
of the act compensation for articles supplied the government was to
be "just and fair." The act also provided for a board of five, two
civilians and three army officers, who were to investigate the cost of
producing arms, munitions and equipment, and the desirability of the
government's engaging in their manufacture.
The Army Appropriation Act of August 29, 1916 created the
Council of National Defense and empowered that organization to¬
gether with an Advisory Commission to make investigations and
recommendations to the President as to the resources of the country
with a view to their utilization by the government in the event of
war. The Food and Fuel Control Act of August 10, 1917 contained
provisions applicable to contracts for food and fuel supplies, estab¬
lished the government's power to regulate prices, and set forth the
principle that an agent acting for the government should have no
pecuniary interest in the contract. The legislative history of the
government war contract closed with the Overman Act of May 20,
1918, which empowered the President to consolidate executive bur¬
eaus, agencies and offices, and enabled him to centralize purchasing
activities. These acts represent the three distinct stages in the history
of government war contracting: the period when each bureau did in¬
dependent purchasing; the period when the Council of National De¬
fense attempted to cooperate with the various departments of the
WAR INDUSTRIES
291
government, especially the War Department, in the exercise of their
contracting functions; and the third period when a consolidation of
war purchasing agencies was effected under the control of the Pur¬
chase, Storage and Traffic Division of the General Staff.
With the increase in the volume of government purchasing, the
so-called contingent fee broker made his appearance. These brokers
undertook to secure government business for firms employing their
services, and if successful received as compensation a fee the size
of which was determined by the amount of the contract—the con¬
tract of course being padded so that the government paid the fee.
An investigation undertaken by the Department of Justice of the
papers of commission firms and of businesses believed to be dealing
through brokers revealed brokerage operations in which the commis¬
sions charged were as high as 20 per cent of the contract. Conse¬
quently, beginning June 18, 1918 the Department of Justice had the
following statement inserted in government contracts: "The con¬
tractor expressly warrants that he has employed no third person to
solicit or obtain this contract in his behalf, or to cause or procure the
same to be obtained upon compensation in any way contingent, in
whole, or in part, upon such procurement ; . . ." This action, combined
with a policy of greater publicity in regard to government contracting,
which was effected by publishing each day in the Official Bulletin a
list of the purchases to be made by a number of the departments,
helped to check contingent-fee operations.
In the early months of the war the government purchasing
agencies placed practically all of their contracts with eastern firms,
and many western manufacturers, busy with subcontracts from firms
doing government work as well as with normal orders which muni¬
tions manufacturers could no longer fill, were for a time satisfied
with the arrangement. However as the war progressed and industries
were classified according to their essential character by the War In¬
dustries Board, western firms became more anxious to secure war
contracts, and various efforts were made to get the government to
change its early practice. The State Council of Defense of Illinois
appointed a War Business Committee in March, 1918, which col¬
lected data as to the facilities of Illinois plants for manufacturing
munitions and other supplies and placed this information before the
292 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
various government purchasing organizations. The Illinois ManU'
facturers' Association and the Chicago Association of Commerce main¬
tained war industries bureaus in Washington, for the purpose of assist¬
ing their membership to obtain government contracts. Eventually
as a result of the combined activities of these organizations a large
number of important war contracts were awarded to Illinois firms.
In view of the enormous increase in the volume of work and
the specialization of product which ordinarily resulted from under¬
taking to fill government war contracts many industrial firms in
Illinois found their existing facilities inadequate and proceeded to
enlarge their buildings and add to their equipment. At the beginning
of the war the Western Cartridge Company of East Alton had a
capacity of 50,000 metallic cartridges per day; at the time the armis¬
tice was signed, this number had been increased to 1,500,000 per day
and the Construction Division of the Army was at work on a project
for enlarging the plant with a view to doubling its capacity. The
demands for frozen beef forced Swift and Company to increase its
freezing capacity 100 per cent by the construction of 1,380 new re¬
frigerator and tank cars at an average cost of $2,565 each, an approxi¬
mate total of $3,600,000. Deere and Company of Moline estimated
their expenditures for additional machinery and equipment and for
the rearrangement of machinery to be between $350,000 and
$400,000. To execute war contracts Armour and Company con¬
structed a new plant at St. Paul and spent $200,000 in remodeling
its meat-canning factories and $250,000 for machinery. Burke and
James, Incorporated, purchased a factory and operated it twenty-four
hours a day upon receiving an order from the Signal Corps for
Universal L. W. model motion picture outfits. The purchasing
and installing of the new equipment was not always done at private
expense. The enlargement of the Western Cartridge Company plant
has been mentioned before. The shell-machining equipment which
the Pullman Company had to install to machine 300,000 shells for
the government as per contract of April, 1918 was paid for by the
government.
Of the several departments and agencies of the government which
placed contracts with Illinois firms—and these included the War and
Navy Departments, the U. S. Housing Corporation and the U. S.
WAR INDUSTRIES
293
Shipping Board—the contracts of the War Department were by far
the largest and most numerous. Considering only contracts in excess
of $100,000 (exclusive of contracts of the Construction Division)
they amounted approximately to the sum of $890,000,000, contracts
of the Ordnance Department heading the list, with Quartermaster
Department contracts a close second. On War Department building
projects in Illinois, which for the most part were supervised or carried
out by the Construction Division of the Army, approximately $26,-
000,000 was expended up to June 30, 1919, the work being done
mainly by Illinois contractors. The Navy Department, too, carried
on extensive construction projects in the state during the war. Dur¬
ing the fiscal year 1918 $7,062,142.89 was expended on improvements
on the Naval Training Station and $3,747.73 on the Radio Station at
Great Lakes, while during the fiscal year 1919 the sum of $12,843,-
615.72 was expended for improvements on the Training Station and
$28,634.43 on the Radio Station.
The securing of fuel, supplies and transportation facilities were
serious problems that manufacturers faced in operating under war¬
time conditions. During the fuel shortage of the winter of 1917-1918
priority orders were issued to govern the delivery of coal in such a
way as to protect essential industries. Later the Industrial Depart¬
ment of the United States Fuel Administration, Illinois Division,
collected data as to the amount of fuel the various industries of the
state had in reserve and inaugurated a campaign to induce manu¬
facturers to buy and store a supply during the spring and summer.
The task of dissolving the traffic congestion that developed late in
1917 was undertaken by the United States Railroad Administration,
which was created December 26, 1917, but Illinois manufacturers
found transportation facilities short of their needs throughout the
war. Essential industries were aided in securing raw material and
other supplies first by the Clearance Committee, General Munitions
Board of the Council of National Defense, and later, upon the or¬
ganization of the War Industries Board, by the Priorities Division of
that organization.
With approximately three hundred thousand Illinois men enter¬
ing the military and naval service of the United States a diminished
labor supply was encountered at a time when demands for increased
294 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
production were being made of essential industries. Federal and
state agencies united to aid in supplying labor to industries the
United States Employment Service and the Illinois Free Employment
Offices operating jointly during the latter part of the war. These
organizations sought to alleviate the condition most deplored by Illi¬
nois industries—namely, the excessive labor turnover attributable to
the great competition for the labor supply and the consequent high
wages paid. One of the large Illinois firms reported a turnover of
71 per cent, another of 125 per cent during 1918. The inefficiency
resulting from this situation was reported to be 33% per cent per
man by one firm, while another declared that it secured one efficient
workman out of every twenty-five employed. The increased employ¬
ment of women and of men and boj's above and below draft age was
one of the devices utilized for securing an adequate labor supply.
One Chicago firm manufacturing metal specialties reported that it
employed 75 per cent women, 20 per cent men above draft age,
and 5 per cent boys below draft age during the war.
Government policies as to wages, hours, working conditions and
allied questions affecting labor employed in war industries were de¬
termined by an organization known as the War Labor Policies Board,
whose decisions were put into effect by the various production branches
of the government, each of which was represented on the board.
Labor disturbances in the form of strikes and lockouts were handled
by various federal and state agencies, principally the Division of Con¬
ciliation (later the Labor Adjustment Service) of the United States
Department of Labor, the National War Labor Board, the President's
Mediation Commission, and the State Industrial Commission. Nearly
every federal organization employing labor had its own industrial
service section which sought to adjust difficulties as they arose.
The signing of the armistice found the industries of the nation
pouring out supplies and munitions in many cases in sufficient quanti¬
ties to meet the needs of an army of 5,000,000. To liquidate these
no-longer-needed resources without upsetting the industrial world was
the immediate problem. The war contracts let by the government
usually stated the terms under which cancellation was legitimate, one
of these being the development of conditions "which in the opinion of
the contracting officer make it advisable or necessary to cease work."
WAR INDUSTRIES
295
Pressed by the United States Chamber of Commerce, the Illinois
Manufacturers' Association, and the New York Merchants' Associa¬
tion, the government through the Director of Purchase, Storage and
Traffic and the Director of Munitions began proceedings for the
release of business from government contracts and from war regula¬
tions. Priority regulations were removed in order that industries
might as soon as possible begin to fill regular orders. Within a month
after the armistice 25,000 contractors were notified that their con¬
tracts were suspended on the understanding that the government pay
provisionally at least 75 per cent of the amount tentatively agreed
upon as reimbursement for the execution of the contract and that
the payment of the remaining 25 per cent be decided upon after re¬
examination and review. In some cases to prevent a too-sudden
transfer of labor from industries engaged in the manufacture of
munitions and textiles, contracts were to be continued. In the case
of contracts which did not bind the contractors to accept cancellation
in the public interest the government proposed to negotiate a supple¬
mentary agreement to take the place of the original contract and to
embody in this agreement the terms and conditions of settlement for
unfinished products. The War Department's machinery for liquidat¬
ing contractors' claims, consisting of the Board of Contract Adjust¬
ment, the War Department Claims Board, the bureau claims boards
of the various War Department subdivisions, and the district claims
boards of the department bureaus, was soon in operation. As rapidly
as possible, contracts were adjusted and Illinois industries, along with
others, returned to a peace-time status.
WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
The War Industries Board originated as an agency of the Coun¬
cil of National Defense on July 28, 1917, succeeding the Munitions
Standards Board, created March 20, 1917, and the General Muni¬
tions Board, organized April 9, 1917, whose duties it took over. The
Council of National Defense in the resolution authorizing the board's
organization defined its duties as follows: "The Board will act as
a clearing house for the war industry needs of the Government,
determine the most effective ways of meeting them and the best means
and methods of increasing production, including the creation or exten-
296 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
sion of industries demanded by the emergency, the sequence and rela¬
tive urgency of the needs of the different Government services, and
consider price factors, and in the first instance the industrial and labor
aspects of the problems involved and the general questions affecting
the purchase of commodities." As a subsidiary body of the Council
of National Defense the War Industries Board possessed only ad¬
visory powers, but with its reorganization on March 4, 1918, when
the President asked Bernard M. Baruch to become director, and its
erection as an independent agency on May 28, 1918 it acquired exec¬
utive authority which placed it in a position to regulate industry in
all its direct and indirect relations to the war.
The functions of the War Industries Board upon its reorganiza¬
tion were stated by the President to be as follows : " ( 1 ) The crea¬
tion of new facilities and the disclosing, if necessary, the opening up
of new or additional sources of supply; (2) The conversion of exist¬
ing facilities, where necessary, to new uses; (3) The studious con¬
servation of resources and facilities by scientific, commercial and in¬
dustrial economies; (4) Advice to the several purchasing agencies of
the Government with regard to the prices to be paid; (5) The deter¬
mination, wherever necessary, of priorities of any given article to be
made immediately accessible to the several purchasing agencies when
the supply of that article is insufficient, either temporarily or per¬
manently; (6) The making of purchases for the Allies."
To carry out these varied activities the War Industries Board
created divisions, sections and other subordinate units from time to
time, its plan of organization, however, never becoming rigid. The
Requirements Division, which included in its personnel representa¬
tives of the various government purchasing organizations, of the Food,
Fuel and Railroad Administrations, the Capital Issues Committee,
and other federal agencies, was formed in June, 1918 "to anticipate the
prospective needs of the several supply departments of the government
and their feasible adjustment to the industries of the country." The
Facilities Division was created in the fall of 1918 to consider estimates
of requirements of the supply departments where the construction of
new plants was involved and to make a study of how facilities—trans¬
portation, power, fuel, labor, building materials, etc.—were to be
provided. The Labor Division, organized July 27, 1917, had general
WAR INDUSTRIES
297
control over all matters pertaining to labor that came before the War
Industries Board, maintained close cooperation with the various
federal war labor agencies and through two subdivisions—the Na¬
tional Waste Reclamation Section, and the War Prison Labor Sec¬
tion—promoted the preservation and collection of certain waste ma¬
terials and their conversion into useful articles by military and civil
prison labor. The Conservation Division made a study of methods
whereby resources and facilities might be conserved with a view to
determining what uses of labor, materials, equipment, etc. might be
dispensed with and put to other service.
The maintenance of relations with individual industries and the
execution of the programs of the various divisions of the board in so
far as they pertained to individual plants or industrial groups were
for the most part left to the commodity sections, of which there was
one for practically every raw material and finished product serving a
war purpose. Estimates of future requirements of the supply depart¬
ments, after they had been discussed at the sessions of the Require¬
ments Division, were submitted to the appropriate commodity sections
which then made detailed studies of how the needs were to be met,
promulgated increased production, curtailment or conservation pro¬
grams, and prepared the trade for orders which might be placed in the
future. Requests for clearance, which every government supply de¬
partment made when ready to place orders, were also referred to the
appropriate commodity sections after the schedule of orders had been
considered by the Requirements Division and recorded in its Clearance
Office. A commodity section might act upon such a request in several
ways—clearing it without comment, in which case the purchaser might
order as he saw fit; allocating the order to a particular source of
supply ; clearing it with certain other restrictions as to the area where
the order must be placed, the electric power .that must be drawn on,
etc. Close relations with the trade were facilitated by the organiza¬
tion of war service committees, which at the instigation of the Cham¬
ber of Commerce of the United States were formed for each industry
or line of business corresponding to the commodity sections, to serve
as the representative of its industry in its dealings with the govern¬
ment.
298 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The expansion of production of war materials and the curtail¬
ment of production of nonessentials was accomplished by the War
Industries Board through the regulation of the six basic economic
elements—facilities, materials, fuel, transportation, labor and capital
—by means of granting preferential treatment in the supply and dis¬
tribution of these elements to industries which were essential to the
progress of the war. To determine wherever necessary the priorities of
production and delivery was the function of the two principal subsid¬
iary agencies of the Priorities Division—namely, the Priorities Board
and the Priorities Committee. The Priorities Board, which determined
priorities of delivery, on March 27, 1918 issued "The General Classi¬
fication of Purposes demanding Preference Treatment"—its principal
headings including ships, aircraft, fuel, food and collateral industries,
clothing, railroads and public utilities—for the guidance of the U. S.
Fuel and Railroad Administrations, the U. S. Employment Service,
the industrial advisers to district draft boards and other agencies inter¬
ested in the supply and distribution of fuel and electric energy, and
in the supply of labor and of transportation service. This general
classification was supplemented on September 3, 1918 by Circular No.
20, Preference List No. 2, which with later additions embraced 73
industries and approximately 7,000 individual plants, listing them in
Classes I to IV on the basis of their importance to the war program
or the general welfare. Class I industries were considered of excep¬
tional importance in the prosecution of the war, and their needs were
to be supplied before those of the other three groups were considered.
As between industries in Classes II, III and IV there was no absolute
preference, the classifications merely indicating their relative import¬
ance. Their needs, however, had to be met before those of industries
not classified.
The Priorities Committee determined priorities in production,
whenever such action was considered necessary, by rating orders for
commodities through the issuance of priorities certificates, through
provisions for automatic classification, and through the direction of
circulars to certain industries from time to time. The priorities which
manufacturers were required to observe in filling orders during the
war period were first set forth in Priorities Circular No. i issued by
the committee on September 21, 1917. According to these regula-
WAR INDUSTRIES
299
tions anyone desiring to place an order with a producer who was re¬
quired to observe priority ratings had first to apply to the committee
for a certificate. On the favorable consideration of such an applica¬
tion, a certificate was awarded requiring the producer to give the
order certain priority according to classification. At first only pro¬
ducers of iron and steel were required to rate their orders, but the
classes of industries required to observe ratings were gradually in¬
creased until July 1, 1918, when revised regulations, embodied in
Circular No. 4 of the Priorities Division, were applied to the pro¬
ducers of all raw materials and manufactured goods except foods,
feeds and fuel. According to these revised regulations all orders and
work were divided into five general classes as follows: Class AA—
only emergency war work of an exceptional and urgent nature ; Class
A—all other work necessary to carry on the war; Class B—orders
and work not primarily designed for the prosecution of the war but
of public interest; Class C—all other orders or work not covered by
priorities certificates or taking an automatic rating but which were
utilized for one or more purposes embraced within the "General
Classification of War Purposes Demanding Preference Treatment;"
and Class D—all other orders. Circular No. 4 also provided a sj s-
tem of automatic ratings whereby anyone wishing to place an order
falling within certain listed classifications might send it directly to
the producer, together with an affidavit setting forth the facts which
entitled the order to the rating. No automatic ratings above A-5
were permissible, the higher ratings having to be secured by applica¬
tion to the Priorities Committee.
In addition to dealing with priorities in delivery and production,
the Priorities Division through its Labor Priorities Section cooperated
with the various labor agencies in connection with the administration
of priorities in labor, through its Non-war Construction Section reg¬
ulated building projects so that labor, material and capital were con¬
served for war purposes, and through the Manager of Inland Traffic
of the War Industries Board (a member of the division's personnel)
maintained contact with the United States Railroad Administration
and insured prompt delivery of materials required for production and
the prompt transportation of the finished product when completed.
300 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The war requirements of the United States and the Allies were
met not merely by diverting the basic economic elements from pur¬
poses nonessential to the war program to those that were essential.
The facilities of nonessential industries had to be converted to war
purposes when that was possible; in addition, new sources of supply
had to be located. Tor the purpose of assembling data as to the exist¬
ing facilities of the country for war production and of promoting the
conversion of nonessential industries to war work, the Resources and
Conversion Section of the Finished Products Division was created on
May 27, 1918 and under its supervision the entire country was dis¬
tricted into twenty-one "industrial regions," in each of which a re¬
gional adviser was appointed and a committee organized. Within
each district local committees, formed through the cooperation of
chambers of commerce and business men's organizations, conducted
an industrial survey of their communities and made recommendations
as to the conversion of output. Illinois lay within two such regions—
the ninth, comprising northern Illinois and Indiana and all of Iowa,
and the fifteenth, including Missouri, Arkansas and southern Illinois.
D. E. Felt was regional adviser of the ninth area, with headquarters
at Chicago, while Jackson Johnson, with headquarters at St. Louis,
was adviser for the fifteenth region.
An organization which worked in close cooperation with the
War Industries Board although not subordinate to it was the Price
Fixing Committee. This committee, whose membership included the
chairman of the War Industries Board, the chairman of the Federal
Trade Commission, the chairman of the Tariff Commission, and
representatives of the army and navy, and of labor and agricultural
interests, each appointed by and responsible to the President, was
formed at the direction of the President following the reorganization
of the War Industries Board on March 4, 1918. The object of the
Price Fixing Committee was to protect the government's interests
when it was making purchases and to this end the committee stabilized
the market by fixing prices whenever it was told by various commodity
sections that such action was necessary. The committee, in proceed¬
ing under such circumstances, called a conference of representatives
of the interested industry, considered the production costs, and en¬
deavored to fix the price by an agreement with the trade. Such an
WAR INDUSTRIES
301
agreement was usually effected; when it was not, the committee set
the maximum price. The operations of the Price Fixing Committee
mainly concerned producers' prices, as opposed to the price-fixing
activities of the Food and Fuel Administrations, which in the interest
of the general public controlled prices ranging from the producer to
the retail dealer.
The activities of the War Industries Board came to an end
rapidly after the signing of the armistice. Certain of the priority
regulations were removed on November 20, and all others were can¬
celled January 1, 1919. The resignation of the chairman was ac¬
cepted on November 30, 1918, and on January 1, 1919 the organiza¬
tion went out of existence.
GENERAL SUPPLY DEPOTS, QUARTERMASTER
CORPS, U. S. WAR DEPARTMENT
Illinois lies within two important areas for the procurement,
storage and distribution of United States Army stores. These areas
are served by the General Supply Depots of the Quartermaster Corps
at Chicago and St. Louis. Previous to the war their functions were:
( 1 ) the collection either by purchase or manufacture of certain classes
of quartermaster stores; (2) the preservation of these stores as related
to proper warehousing; (3) the distribution of supplies to the army
and organized militia of the several states served by each depot;
(4) the invoicing of these supplies to various points. The depots
were each directed by a depot quartermaster and were controlled by
the Office of the Quartermaster General at Washington. As the war
progressed and the Office of the Quartermaster General was reor¬
ganized from time to time to meet new needs, the depots too under¬
went many changes as to organization and functions. Internal or¬
ganization, which at the beginning of the war had varied with each
depot, was modified by the successive organization plans of the Office
of the Quartermaster General. On October 28, 1918 control of
the depots was assumed by the Purchase, Storage and Traffic Divi¬
sion of the General Staff, which had already taken over most of the
functions formerly exercised by the Office of the Quartermaster Gen¬
eral, and the depots were again reorganized to fit into the organiza¬
tion plan of this controlling agency.
302 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
At the beginning of the war the purchasing system of the
Quartermaster Corps was largely decentralized, each depot buying
more or less independently and supplying posts, forts, and other mili¬
tary establishments within its area in accordance with a fixed plan.
However when the government came to use practically all the re¬
sources of the country, the old system had to be replaced. At first
the Secretary of War ordered that a certain list of articles be pur¬
chased through the Council of National Defense, but this plan was
soon superseded by a consolidation of purchasing functions within
the Office of the Quartermaster General.
In order that the most effective use might be made of the nation's
resources the country was divided into thirteen zones, each tributary
to a General Supply Depot which was charged with discovering pro¬
duction facilities of its particular territory. The depot quartermaster
became the zone supply officer, and had supervision in his zone over
all its activities and operations relating to purchase, procurement,
inspection, storage and distribution of all supplies, together with the
necessary paperwork connected therewith. This included the gradual
assumption of control of signal, medical, engineer and ordnance depots,
limited only as specified in orders, as well as quartermaster operations.
The purchasing branch of the Supplies Division became the Procure¬
ment Division of the depot with commodity subdivisions for clothing
and equipage, subsistence, machinery and engineering materials, med¬
ical and hospital supplies, raw materials and general supplies. Actual
purchase was centered in Washington, except in cases of emergency.
In order that there might be closer relation with certain producing
centers, various branches of the Office of the Quartermaster General
were organized outside of Washington, among them being the Pack¬
ing House Products Branch of the Subsistence Division which was
located in Chicago.
The memorandum assigning certain territorial "zones of juris¬
diction" to the various general supply depots was issued May 13,
1918. The zone system was modified from time to time, the chief
change being brought about in July, 1918 with the differentiation of
zones according to the kind of procurement, one for general and
another for subsistence procurement. Four existing remount pro¬
curement zones were not changed. Later a separate set of zones was
'war industries
303
established for distribution, and all camps, forts, posts, etc., were
definitely assigned to certain depots for supply. However, the general
procurement, subsistence procurement and distribution zones coincided
in boundaries and depot centers almost without exception.
After the zone system had been taken over from the Office
of the Quartermaster General by the Purchase, Storage and Traffic
Division of the General Staff on October 28, 1918, the organization
was as follows: the zone supply officer, representing the Director
of Purchase and Storage, who had supervision of all zone activities;
a zone purchase officer, representing the Director of Purchase, in
charge of the Clothing and Equipage, Subsistence, Motors and Ve¬
hicles, Machinery and Engineering Materials, Raw Materials, Medi¬
cal and Hospital Supplies, and General Supplies Divisions; a zone
storage officer, representing the Director of Storage, in charge of the
Distribution, Warehousing, Salvage and Factory Divisions. At the
zone supply depot were also a zone finance and a zone transportation
officer who cooperated with but were not subordinate to the zone
supply officer.
The General Supply Depot at Chicago, to which Zone Number
7 was tributary, procured supplies from northern Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota
and Iowa. It furnished stores to the following military establish¬
ments: Camp Grant, Fort Sheridan, Rock Island Arsenal, Chanute
Field, Illinois; Camp Dodge, except for subsistence supplies. Fort
Des Moines, Iowa; Fort Snelling, Minnesota; Camp Robinson, Wis¬
consin; Fort Brady, Camp Custer, Fort Wayne, Selfridge Field,
Michigan; Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana; Wilbur Wright Field,
McCook Field, Fort Thomas Recruiting Depot, Camp Sherman,
Ohio.
The Chicago zone ranked first in procurement of subsistence,
and for years the Purchasing and Depot Commissary and later the
Depot Quartermaster had conducted all negotiations for packing
house products. Subsistence supplies assumed such importance as
the war progressed that in September, 1917 a Packing House Pro¬
ducts Branch of the depot Subsistence Division was created and an
officer was placed in charge. On July 2, 1918 the branch was placed
directly under the Subsistence Division of the Office of the Quarter-
U ^isà
304 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
master General, and was made responsible for the purchasing of all
packing house products whether produced in the Chicago zone or
others. Packing house products branches in other zone supply offices
reported directly to headquarters in Chicago.
The enormous needs of the army for packing house products
placed great demands on the plants producing them, which for the
most part were located in Chicago. Since the government needed
practically all that the plants could produce, there was no com¬
petition. Estimates were made as to the total quantities needed for
a period of three months and representatives of the larger packers
were then invited to attend a conference with officials of the Packing
House Products Branch to arrange for the delivery of the quantity
desired. In the early spring of 1917 the estimated needs had grown
so large as to cause some alarm, and pressure was brought to bear on
large and small packing houses to prepare to turn over to the branch
all products needed for the army, to the physical limit of the plants,
and to discontinue the manufacture of all commercial products that
in any way interfered with production of army commodities. All
packers took the necessary action, some constructing new buildings,
others remodelling their plants and installing new machinery. Many
packers operated their plants 100 per cent for the army, and all,
large or small, sold to the army approximately 75 per cent of their
product.
Inspection formed an important part of the work of the Pack¬
ing House Products Branch, as all stages of production were carried
on under army inspectors. A school was conducted in Chicago to
train officers and enlisted men of the Veterinary Corps to carry on the
work of such inspection.
Among other things the work of the branch involved securing
the necessary supply of tin cans which were used as containers for
packing house products. Experiments were conducted to determine
the most economical methods of preparation and packing. Packing
and freezing boneless beef was tried successfully, but meat could not
be prepared for shipment in this fashion in unlimited quantities as the
necessary skilled labor for boning was not available.
During the period April, 1917—March 31, 1919 the Packing
House Products Branch made purchases amounting to $486,338,-
WAR INDUSTRIES
305
794.39, which included mutton, bacon, corned beef, roast beef, bash
corned beef, lard, lard substitute, lard compound, cottonseed oil,
cooking oil, Wesson's oil, vegetable and aleo oil, butter and oleo¬
margarine. Other articles of subsistence were also purchased in
great quantities in the Chicago zone. Assorted canned foods number¬
ing approximately 10,000,000 cases were purchased from May, 1917
to November, 1918.
The Chicago zone was also important for the procurement of
clothing and equipage, which were purchased to the value of $230,-
806,717.66. Of this amount, material was furnished by the Quarter¬
master Corps for contracts amounting to $9,949,512.33. For harness
and leather the depot expended $7,425,881.14. The total expendi¬
tures of the Chicago depot were $129,950,009.90 for the year April
1, 1917-April 1, 1918, and $572,422,671.23 for the year April 1,
1918-April 1, 1919. One other feature of the work of the Chicago
depot was loading and clearing ships destined for overseas that were
built in shipyards on the Great Lakes.
The personnel of the Chicago depot increased from 3 commis¬
sioned officers and 59 civilians on April 1, 1917 to 185 commissioned
officers and 7,730 civilians on November 1, 1918. Storage space was
increased from 37,500 square feet at the beginning of the war to
4,144,900 square feet on November 11, 1918.
The St. Louis depot. Zone Number 8, made procurements from
southern Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas, and
furnished supplies to the following: Jefferson Barracks, Missouri;
Scott Field, Illinois; Fort Logan H. Root, Camp Pike, Eberts Field,
Army and Navy General Hospital at Hot Springs, Arkansas; Camp
Doniphan, Fort Sill, Post Field, Fort Reno, Oklahoma; Fort Leaven¬
worth, Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas; Camp Taylor, Kentucky;
Park Field, Tennessee. During the war the St. Louis depot special¬
ized in clothing and equipage, and within less than a year awarded
260 contracts for goods amounting to more than $20,600,000, the
government furnishing material for clothing, underwear, caps, etc.
Between June 5, 1917 and October 14, 1918 the St. Louis zone
supplied 3,516,890 pairs of shoes. Total expenditures for clothing
and equipage by this zone during the war were approximately $79,-
306 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
000,000 and its total disbursements during the war were $93,75!,•
680.15.
The personnel of the St. Louis depot was increased from 4
officers and 360 civilians on April 1, 1917 to 52 officers and 1,215
civilians on December 1, 1918. Storage space was increased during
that period from 142,608 square feet to 966,735. The depot sup¬
plied camps having a total of more than 300,000 men.
ORDNANCE DISTRICTS, U. S. WAR DEPARTMENT
In the reorganization of the Ordnance Department in accord¬
ance with war requirements, a policy of decentralization was adopted
which resulted in the formation of thirteen ordnance districts in
the United States, each in charge of a chief who directed work in
his area and reported progress to headquarters in Washington. At
first the district offices were branches of the Production Division,
Ordnance Department, alone; however, as the other divisions one
after another appointed district managers, it was decided that the
field organization must be consolidated, and the district production
manager was made district chief in charge of all ordnance operations
within his area.
When the district system was formally inaugurated on March
26, 1918, Illinois lay within the Chicago District which comprised
24 states—Illinois, northern Indiana, Wisconsin and all states west
of the Mississippi except Louisiana. In May a St. Louis sub-district
was created which on July 29, 1918 was made an independent dis¬
trict. This reduced the Chicago District to northern Illinois, northern
Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, and
Montana. For about a month Montana was in the St. Louis Dis¬
trict but it was then restored to Chicago.
The chief of the ordnance district was to all effects and purposes
director of ordnance within his area. The district office was organized
according to the following plan: the Production Division stimulated
output, and had charge of all matters, such as raw materials, labor,
transportation, etc., relating to the production of ordnance; the In¬
spection Division had charge of applying all tests to the finished pro¬
duct, and had a final voice as to its acceptance; the Finance Division
WAR INDUSTRIES
307
paid contractors and office expenses, keeping the books in daily balance,
as well as looking after the government's interests in cost-plus con¬
tracts; the Engineering Division distributed blue prints and tracings,
made minor changes in designs and recommended simplifications and
improvements to headquarters ; the Procurement Division advised and
assisted Washington in negotiating purchases and carrying on other
business; the Property Division was in charge of property account¬
ability at the various plants; the Civilian Personnel Section worked
with the Civil Service Commission in securing civilian employees.
Beginning December 1, 1917 an office of the Production Section
of the Carriage Division, which was devoted to supervising the pro¬
duction of motor trucks, carriages for 240-millimeter howitzers and
155-millimeter guns, and tractors, had been located in Chicago with
headquarters in the Transportation Building. When the district
office was established on March 14, 1918, headquarters were first in
the Otis Elevator Building, but on July 6 were removed to a six-story
building at 155 East Superior Street. E. A. Russell, of Chicago, was
in charge of the Chicago District of the Ordnance Department. The
district office personnel at its maximum reached 3,220.
Although the first ordnance contracts went to eastern firms, the
west was called on for machines, machine tools and various com¬
ponents; and before western firms received many prime contracts,
they had a large number of subcontracts. Direct contracts to the
amount of $450,000,000 were awarded in the Chicago District to
1,500 prime contractors. On November 1, 1918, there were 895 out¬
standing contracts which called for material amounting to $300,777,-
000. In the Chicago District Illinois was a most important field for
the production of ordnance of all types. In Chicago and its vicinity
were manufactured munitions machines, heavy artillery, and a large
variety of other war items. At the request of the Ordnance Depart¬
ment the Symington Corporation, which had made a record in gun
and shell production, built a plant in Chicago which was one of the
largest plants of its kind in the country. Ground was broken on
July 15, 1918'and on November 3 and November 6 the first forgings
and the first complete machine shell were produced, the plant being
90 per cent complete and 60 per cent equipped on November 11.
The Deering plant of the International Harvester Company was con-
308 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
verted without the addition of much machinery to the production of
ordnance material such as machine gun and ammunition carts, fluid
chests, tool chests, metal expendable gun ammunition boxes, etc. The
American Cutlery Company of Chicago produced 51,000 bolos, of
which only three were rejected, a remarkable achievement in view of
the exacting art of tempering bolo knives. The H. Mueller Manu¬
facturing Company of Decatur, which was devoting 90 per cent
of its normal capacity to making plumbing material for the govern¬
ment, built up an organization mainly of women which successfully
filled a contract for Mark V detonating fuses. In delivering 56,000
compression stopcocks for the government ten days after receipt of
the order, this same firm was considered to have broken a record.
A delivery record was also made by the Joliet Forge Company
which delivered a navy gun-mount ninety days ahead of schedule.
This firm took over a large amount of work from the Rock Island
Arsenal and enlarged its plant to double capacity. On October 17,
1918 a fire completely destroyed the new plant and offices, but within
twelve hours the office was reëstablished in a private residence and
manufacturing was being carried on in the old plant.
In the Moline-Rock Island-Davenport district between 30 and
40 plants, few of which had previously manufactured munitions, were
doing work for the Ordnance Department which included machining
8-inch gas shells, high-explosive shell and various parts of the 240-
millimeter howitzer, and the forging and machining of 75-millimeter
shell, etc.
The Peoria district was important for its production of the
caterpillar tractor which had been invented by Benjamin Holt of
Stockton, California, in 1883. In 1910 the Holt Company established
a large plant at Peoria, which after the development of the armored
tank in 1916 was overwhelmed with orders for caterpillar tractors
from the European belligerents. When the United States entered the
war, the American tank program was carried out elsewhere than
Peoria; however caterpillar tractors continued to be manufactured
there as well as component parts for tanks. The Holt plant also co¬
operated with the Ordnance Department in developing self-propelled
gun mounts, truck adapters and other special equipment.
WAR INDUSTRIES
309
A Mobile Ordnance School was established at the Holt plant in
Peoria where men from the artillery were instructed in every working
part of the tractor, in order that they might be able to operate and
repair the machines to best advantage overseas. Other ordnance
schools were established in the Chicago District, including a welding
school at Peoria, and motor instruction schools at the Rock Island
Arsenal and at automobile plants in Kenosha and Clintonville, Wis¬
consin. The three last named were later transferred to the Ordnance
Maintenance and Repair School at Raritan, New Jersey.
The Industrial Service Section of the Chicago Ordnance Dis¬
trict devoted much of its time to settling jurisdictional disputes between
labor unions in which the National War Labor Board would not
take action. The labor supply in the district was plentiful, but the
turnover was excessive owing to varying wage scales, working con¬
ditions, etc. Stabilizing wages, hours and working conditions did
much to remedy this condition.
The St. Louis Ordnance District, which was the last to be
formed, was organized on July 29, 1918 and comprised southern
Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska,
Wyoming, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho,
Washington, Oregon, California. It covered more than half the
area of the United States and supplied a great variety of war items for
the Ordnance Department, such as picric acid, dolomite rock, semi-
steel shell, sulphur and oil. Angora goats for testing gas used in
trench warfare, toluol, T. N. T., potash, and timber. One important
service rendered by the district was the searching out of walnut trees
for gun-stocks. Fifty men were employed at one time to locate these
trees which do not grow in forests but in small groups in country
pastures, along roads, and many out-of-the-way places.
Southern Illinois, which lay within the St. Louis District, con¬
tained several important munitions-producing areas. Adapters, fuses,
gauges, containers for propellant charges, bolos, bandoliers, rockets
and position lights, box shooks and ammonium nitrate were produced
in East St. Louis, East Alton, Granite City, Edwardsville, Gayville,
Grafton, Madison, Quincy, Xenia and Murphysboro. Small-arms
production centered around East Alton, where between April, 1917
and December, 1918 the Western Cartridge Company produced
310 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
46,018,000 rounds of caliber .30 service ammunition and reached a
daily production of 1,000,000 cartridges. The government wished the
capacity increased to 3,000,000 cartridges daily and appropriated
$5,000,000 for enlarging the plant. Barracks were erected, and an
appropriation for $1,600,000 was made to build houses for workmen,
but when the armistice was signed these extensive projects were cur¬
tailed.
During the war period more than 375 prime contracts amount¬
ing to about $105,000,000 were transferred from Chicago, and to
these were added 135 new contracts which brought the total to ap¬
proximately $145,000,000. On November 1, 1918 there were out¬
standing 445 contracts amounting to $122,116,553. Marvin E.
Singleton was director of the St. Louis Ordnance District.
ROCK ISLAND ARSENAL
The United States Arsenal at Rock Island was greatly enlarged
in the early months of 1917 in preparation for the increased produc¬
tion demanded for the war period. A proving ground consisting of
13,000 acres was constructed near Savanna, Illinois at a cost of
$1,500,000 and the following buildings were erected as rapidly as
possible: ammunition and nitrate storehouses, artillery ammunition
loading plant, field and siege artillery machine shop, general store¬
house, vehicle storehouses, temporary frame storehouses, temporary
office buildings, temporary hospital buildings and barracks, dry kilns,
lumber sheds and other miscellaneous constructions.
The volume of work at the arsenal was increased enormously
over the amount produced normally, the monthly output nearly
equalling the annual output in peace times. The armory, the leather
and cloth shops, the equipment shop, and the field artillery shops
were utilized to the extent of their equipment. The field artillery
shops concentrated on the more difficult lines of manufacture, such as
recoil mechanisms, which commercial manufacturers were inexpe¬
rienced in producing.
The number of workmen was increased from 4,876 on June 30,
1917 to 13,400 on November 11, 1918. Disbursements for wages
amounted to $23,075,087.37 during the war period, and for materials.
WAR INDUSTRIES
311
$48,422,567.37. The shipments of stores, received and issued, num¬
bered 62,689, comprising 5,686,504 packages weighing 580,084,895
pounds. In addition approximately 362,193,363 pounds of manu¬
facturing material were received in the manufacturing section.
Four ordnance instruction schools were held at Rock Island
Arsenal during the war period. The Supply School opened June 18,
1917 and closed April, 1918, after having trained 501 enlisted men.
The American Ordnance Base Depot School, which was opened in
November, 1917 and was moved to Camp Hancock, Georgia, in
April, 1918, was attended by 153 officers and 739 enlisted men. In
the Machine Gun School, which opened in December, 1917 and was
moved to Camp Hancock in April, 1918, 229 were enrolled. The
records of the Motor Instruction School, which opened in September,
1917 and was moved to Raritan Arsenal, New Jersey on May 31,
1918, show that 330 officers and 1,498 enlisted men were enrolled for
instruction.
Col. George W. Burr, Lieut. Col. Norman F. Ramsey, Col.
L. T. Hillman, and Col. L. G. McCrum commanded the arsenal
from April 7, 1917 to January 10, 1919. These men were also ord¬
nance officers for the Central Department.
CONSTRUCTION DIVISION OF THE ARMY, UNITED
STATES WAR DEPARTMENT
Mobilizing, training and equipping an army for service overseas
involved the War Department in an extensive building program
which included the construction, maintenance, enlargement and repair
of cantonments, camps, posts, depots, storage warehouses, aviation
fields, proving grounds, munitions plants and other projects. The
Cantonment Division of the Quartermaster Corps was created on
May 19, 1917 to construct the national army cantonments and
national guard camps, while the Construction Division of the
Signal Corps, created May 21, 1917, prepared the flying fields and
erected and maintained the buildings required by the Signal Corps.
On October 5, 1917 all War Department emergency construction
was transferred to the Cantonment Division with which, on October
312 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
10, 1917, the Construction and Repair Division was consolidated, and
on March 13, 1918 the organization became known as the Construc¬
tion Division of the Army.
The selection of contractors to carry out the War Department
projects in the early days of the war was made by the Emergency
Construction Committee of the General Munitions Board, which in
May, 1917 made a survey of the contractors of the country and
their facilities for work. Upon the request of the Construction Divi¬
sion for a contractor for a certain project, the committee forwarded
its recommendations to the Secretary of War for approval. The pre¬
vailing type of contract employed was the subject of much comment
and criticism; however, a committee of architects, engineers, contrac¬
tors and business men, with Professor A. N. Talbot of the University
of Illinois as chairman, was appointed by the War Department to
consider the various forms of contracts that might be employed, and
it unanimously endorsed the type in use, known as "cost of the work
plus a sliding scale percentage with a maximum upset fee."
Illinois contractors were awarded practically all contracts for
the construction of War Department projects in Illinois during
the war, and in addition did work on important projects through¬
out the country. Camp Grant at Rockford was the largest of
the projects in Illinois, and was erected at a final cost of $14,268,-
000.00. Chanute Field at Rantoul was constructed by an Illinois
contractor under the direction of the Signal Corps at an initial cost
of $1,039,634.75. Scott Field was built by a St. Louis firm at an
initial construction cost of $1,638,423. Contracts for maintenance,
enlargement and repair work at these fields were later executed under
the supervision of the Construction Division.
Other contracts let for work in Illinois with the cost of the pro¬
jects to June 30, 1919, are as follows: Cooper-Monatah Hospital,
Chicago, $108,156.62; Field Museum, Chicago, $92,395.00; Fort
Sheridan General Hospital No. 28, $3,050,000.00; Hawthorne Race
Track Barracks, Chicago, $190,000.00; Quartermaster Interior Stor¬
age Depot, Chicago, $765,000; Permanent Depot Warehouse, Chi¬
cago, $3,050,000.00; Holt Manufacturing Company, Peoria, enlarge¬
ments, $591,062.48; Mobile Ordnance School Barracks, Peoria,
$34,500.00; Rock Island Arsenal, $224,000.00; Savanna Proving
WAR INDUSTRIES
313
Grounds, Savanna, $646,755.00; Western Cartridge Company, East
Alton, enlargements, $335,253.31.
The main construction contracts for all projects were awarded
to Illinois firms except in the case of Scott Field, Savanna Proving
Grounds and the Western Cartridge Company additions. Work on
the Rock Island Arsenal, and enlargement, maintenance and repair
work at Chanute and Scott Fields was supervised but not carried out
by the Construction Division. After the armistice was signed, part
of the work on the Camp Grant, Chanute Field and Scott Field pro¬
jects, and all of the work on the Cooper-Monotah Hospital, Field
Museum, Holt Manufacturing Company and Western Cartridge
Company plants was ordered abandoned.
The Construction Division of the Army was directed by Brig.
Gen. I. W. Littell, succeeded on February 18, 1918 by Brig. Gen.
R. C. Marshall, Jr.
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE, UNITED STATES NAVY
DEPARTMENT
The procurement of naval ordnance of all kinds, including guns,
gun mounts, service projectiles, target projectiles, torpedoes, tractor
mounts, fire-control and optical instruments, machine guns and small
arms, depth charges, and ammunition, was the function of the Bureau
of Ordnance of the Navy Department, which in carrying on its work
during the war operated through six principal divisions—Technical,
Inventions, Research and Trials, Civil, Industrial, and Yards, Plants
and Stations.
After the declaration of war the bureau concentrated its efforts
on securing the maximum amount of production in the shortest pos¬
sible time. Since some contracts required large outlays of capital for
additions to plants and equipment before any work could be done,
the Bureau of Ordnance urged the necessity of permitting advance
payment to contractors. Accordingly, the Deficiency Act of October
6, 1917 provided for advance payments on War and Navy Depart¬
ment contracts up to 30 per cent of the total amount. Various
methods of payment were devised by the bureau, the particular needs
of the contractor being taken into consideration. In order to obtain
increased capacities for the manufacture of naval ordnance, the bureau
314 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
even departed from its practice of making contracts on a fixed-price
basis and entered into a number of cost-plus contracts. In making
these cost-plus contracts the bureau agreed to pay for the cost and
installation of all necessary machinery and equipment and of tem¬
porary structures, all of which became the property of the United
States government. It also agreed to pay the cost of all labor and
material and a percentage of the overhead. All questions which arose
were settled by an Ordnance Cost Board which was represented at
each plant having a cost-plus contract by an inspector of ordnance
and a cost inspector. On the signing of the armistice all cost-plus
contracts were canceled or notification was given that they would be
canceled on the completion of certain work. In all such contracts
there was a provision whereby the contractor was to take over the
whole plant or a portion of it.
The Root and Van Dervoort Engineering Company of East
Moline was one of the firms with which the bureau made cost-plus
contracts. This company's first contract with the Navy Department,
made on April 23, 1917 and calling for 154 six pounder gun mounts
and sights, was completed on November 30, 1917, on time. Con¬
tracts were also made on May 25, 1917 for 1,170 three-inch naval
gun mounts and sights, and for 1,000 four-inch, five-calibre naval
guns and breech mechanisms, on November 27, 1917 for 167 six
pounder stands, and on December 3, 1917 for 500 one pounder guns
and breech mechanisms. The work for the Navy Department
necessitated enlargements to the plant covering about 11 acres of
ground, and containing 130,471 square feet of floor space, in addi¬
tion to service and rest rooms for men and women. Additional
equipment required included 480 machine tools. This company pro¬
duced the first gun manufactured in a plant built since the beginning
of the war, and at the time of the armistice a production of 90 four-
inch guns per month had been reached.
Other firms in Illinois had flat-price contracts with the Bureau
of Ordnance. The Miehle Printing Press and Manufacturing Com¬
pany had total contracts for 375 five-inch gun mounts while the Goss
Printing Press Company had contracts for 200 four-inch and 100
six-inch mounts. The Illinois Tool Works of Chicago had contracts
for five-inch sights, while the International Register Company of
WAR INDUSTRIES
315
Chicago had contracts for sights of various types. Other contracts
were placed with firms in Rockford, Harvey, Joliet, LaSalle, Peoria,
Decatur, Alton and Mount Vernon.
A new design for a long-base range finder was developed by Lieut.
Com. A. A. Michelson, R. F., at the Ryerson Laboratory of the
University of Chicago, largely at the instigation of the Bureau of
Ordnance. In June, 1918 the work was transferred to Washington.
The inspection of materials in the process of manufacture was
the function of the Inspection Section of the Industrial Division,
the work of which was decentralized by the establishment of twelve
districts throughout the United States. Chicago was the headquarters
for the ninth district which included besides Illinois, Indiana, Michi¬
gan, Wisconsin and all states bordering the Mississippi River on the
west. Before the war the inspection force personnel for the district
comprised one officer, but by the time of the armistice, when the
Chicago district was one of the most active in the country, 126 per¬
sons were on duty—15 officers, 50 civilians and 61 enlisted men.
Rear Admiral Ralph Earle was chief of the Bureau of Ordnance
during the war period. Commander Horace W. Jones was in charge
of the Chicago inspection district after June 7, 1917.
UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION
The housing of industrial workers employed in filling war con¬
tracts was investigated by the Committee on Housing of the Council
of National Defense which was appointed for that purpose in Octo¬
ber, 1917. When the committee reported that work on war contracts
was being delayed because housing facilities for workers and their
families were inadequate, the government adopted its recommendation
that some federal agency be organized and that funds be appropriated
to provide necessary living quarters. Accordingly in February, 1918
the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation was organized
by the Department of Labor to direct such a program. The United
States Housing Corporation, a government-owned corporation with
a capital stock of $100,000,000 whose staff and organization were
identical with that of the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Trans¬
portation, was organized in July, 1918 in order to carry on the work
as expeditiously as possible.
316 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
The purpose of the United States Housing Corporation—to
furnish housing facilities for industrial workers—was accomplished
in the following ways : revealing houses and rooms available for work¬
ers by making a survey of congested communities ; extending transpor¬
tation facilities so that workers could live in communities in the
neighborhood of congested districts ; aiding private companies to build
houses for workers; directing the government to communities where
contracts might be placed and where housing congestion did not exist ;
and finally by constructing houses, dormitories, apartments, cafeterias,
hotels and other buildings needed to take care of workers.
Signs of approaching housing congestion in Peoria, Alton and
Rock Island-Moline were pointed out at an informal conference of
housing, town planning and architectural experts held in Washington
on August 30, 1917. The shortage of houses soon became acute
in Alton and Rock Island-Moline and the United States Housing
Corporation started projects to relieve the situation. The industry
at Alton which particularly needed housing help was the Western
Cartridge Company, which employed approximately 3,000 men and
women and expected to increase the number to 4,500. Here the
U. S. Housing Corporation proposed to construct housing facilities on
three sites. On the Broadway site, which comprised an area of
6.62 acres, it planned to construct convertible dormitories for 273
workers. On the East Alton site, an area of 2.61 acres, it planned to
build detached houses for fifteen families. On the Milton Hill site,
an area of 36.67 acres, it proposed to build houses for 200 families
and convertible dormitories for 486 single workers. This project
was never carried out.
In contrast with the East Alton project the project of the United
States Housing Corporation at Rock Island was the first and one of
the largest in the United States to be completed. The contract for
this project, which provided for the erection of 460 houses in Rock
Island, Moline and East Moline for workers employed in the Rock
Island Arsenal, was signed between the United States Housing Cor¬
poration and the Henry W. Horst Company of Rock Island on Octo¬
ber 7, 1918. Six sites were selected for the location of these 460
houses: three in Rock Island, totalling 217 houses; one in Moline,
117 houses; and two in East Moline, totalling 126 houses. Seventeen
WAR INDUSTRIES
317
types of houses were built, four to six rooms each, some made of
stucco, some frame. When excavation was begun on October 2, 1918
the field and ofHce force of the company numbered 65 men. The
force steadily increased and reached on January 22, 1919 its maxi¬
mum strength of 2,115 employees, although because of the labor
shortage an average of only 60 per cent of the workmen needed were
secured. A total of 2,200 8-hour days were lost in strikes and lock¬
outs. Despite these handicaps the project was completed in 117 days,
only nine days more than the time limit originally set.
The State Council of Defense of Illinois cooperated with the
U. S. Housing Corporation in bringing to light housing facilities in
Chicago and vicinity which might be utilized by workers engaged on
war contracts. A Home Registration Service Committee was ap¬
pointed on July 12, 1918 which, through its subcommittees on survey
of available housing, on transportation, on survey of industries and
on finance, made an investigation of housing and transportation con¬
ditions in the industrial district. On the completion of its survey
the committee published a list of 35,089 rooms and 4,584 house¬
keeping units which it had discovered and made recommendations as
to the improvement of transportation facilities which would enable
the worker to take advantage of housing accommodations in hitherto
inaccessible communities.
Otto M. Eidlitz was director of the Bureau of Industrial Hous¬
ing and Transportation and president of the United States Housing
Corporation until February 26, 1919 when he was succeeded by L. K.
Sherman.
UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD EMERGENCY
FLEET CORPORATION
The United States Shipping Board, composed of five commis¬
sioners appointed by the President, was organized on January 30,
1917, authorization for its creation being contained in the Federal
Shipping Act of September 7, 1916. The functions of this organiza¬
tion were in general to regulate shipping and to develop an American
merchant marine. When upon the entrance of the United States
into the war these functions were amplified, the United States Ship¬
ping Board on April 16, 1917 organized and incorporated under the
318 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
laws of the District of Columbia the Emergency Fleet Corporation,
a government-owned corporation with a capital stock of $50,000,000
for the "purchase, construction, equipment, lease, charter, main¬
tenance, and operation of merchant vessels in the commerce of the
United States."
The Emergency Fleet Corporation divided the country into ten
districts for purposes of administration and operation, Illinois being
located within the Great Lakes district where a construction program
was inaugurated which greatly increased shipbuilding in shipyards of
that region. When the United States Shipping Board was organized
early in 1917, there were fourteen shipyards on the Great Lakes with
seventy-five ways; at the close of 1918 these had increased to twenty-
one yards with one hundred ten ways, with fifteen more ways under
construction. From August 1, 1917 to March 1, 1919 the Emergen¬
cy Fleet Corporation contracted for the following vessels to be con¬
structed in Great Lakes shipyards : 445 steel ships, 40 steel tugs, one
wood cargo, and 52 wood tugs, a total of 538 ships. One hundred
ninety-five of this number were actually completed.
The Illinois lake front played a relatively small part in the ship
construction activities in the Great Lakes region. The shipbuilding
facilities of Chicago were investigated, the work being actively pro¬
moted by the Cooperative League of Building Trades and Industries.
The American Shipbuilding Company at Chicago contracted to build
twenty-seven steel ships for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the
first of which was launched October 13, 1917. Fifteen of the twenty-
seven contracted for were completed by March 1, 1919. Illinois firms,
however, had contracts with the Emergency Fleet Corporation for
the manufacturing of fabricated and accessory material and other
articles. The Emergency Fleet Corporation maintained an assistant
purchasing agent and a production office in Chicago.
Illinois had a part in the program of the United States Shipping
Board other than filling contracts for the Emergency Fleet Corpora¬
tion. At one time the board had 113 recruiting stations in Chicago
to secure crews for the new merchant marine. For the purpose of
training engineers for service in the merchant marine, engineering
courses under the supervision of the recruiting service were established
in 1917 in seven institutions throughout the country, one of which
WAR INDUSTRIES
319
was Armour Institute of Technology at Chicago. The course in
marine engineering, which was of four weeks' duration, was in¬
augurated at Armour Institute in July, 1917 and was continued until
May, 1920, during which period approximately 875 students were en¬
rolled. Of these about 75 received a chief engineer's license, 150 a
first assistant engineer's license, 175 a second assistant engineer's
license, and 225 a third assistant engineer's license. The remainder
were admitted to the merchant marine service as cadet engineers and
were later shipped out in that capacity or as junior engineers, water
tenders or oilers. A navigation school for the training of deck officers
and a school for training firemen were also conducted by the recruiting
service in Chicago.
Edward N. Hurley, of Chicago, was elected chairman of the
United States Shipping Board on July 27, 1917 and served in that
capacity throughout the war. William Denman, first president of
the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, was
succeeded on July 24, 1917 by Mr. Hurley who held the office for the
remainder of the war period. Maj. Gen. G. W. Goethals, Rear
Admiral W. L. Capps, Rear Admiral F. R. Harris, and Charles
Piez, of Chicago, served successively as general manager of the cor¬
poration. Mr. Piez became general manager on December 15, 1917
and continued in that capacity throughout the war. Charles M.
Schwab, appointed to fill the newly-created office of director general
in April, 1918, was succeeded in December, 1918 by Mr. Piez who
held this office as well until his resignation on May 1, 1919.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES
The Chamber of Commerce of the United States played an
important part in mobilizing the business and industrial interests of
the country for participation in the war. Through a series of war
service bulletins it kept its membership informed of government ac¬
tivity relative to the control of industry, and through a number of
referenda submitted from time to time it determined the attitude of
member organizations on various proposed measures. The Chamber
of Commerce sponsored a war convention of business men at Atlantic
City September 18-21, 1917, the program of which involved a con¬
sideration of the ways in which business could be of maximum service
S20 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
in winning the war, methods by which business might most readily
adjust itself to war conditions, and post-war readjustments for which
business must prepare. Resolutions were adopted by the convention
advocating the centralization of control of all war buying in one
board or executive department with "full power to procure war
supplies to the best advantage to the government as to price, quality,
and delivery."
One of the most important services rendered by the Chamber of
Commerce of the United States was to cooperate in organizing the
industries of the country so that each was represented by a war service
committee "to serve on behalf of the trade as a point of contact with
the Government." Where national organizations already existed,
they were urged to appoint special war service committees, and in all
of these trade organizations the chamber emphasized the necessity of
having all firms, small as well as large, represented. These war
service committees cooperated first with the Council of National De¬
fense and later with the commodity sections of the War Industries
Board, presenting the point of view of the trade and acting as the
agent for the industry in dealing with the government. Working
agreements as to priorities, distribution, price-fixing, etc. were fre¬
quently reached at conferences between war service committees and
commodity sections, which were later ratified by the board and put
into force.
The Chamber of Commerce of the United States carried on its
war work through the following committees: Quartermaster Ad¬
visory, War Finance, War Pay Rolls, Food Administration, Shipping,
Cooperation with the Council of National Defense, Price Fixing,
War Service Executive and Advisory Council, Coal Conservation,
Industrial Relations and Immigration. During the war period
R. G. Rett served as president until April, 1918 when he was
succeeded by Harry A. W^heeler, of Chicago, who was also serving
as federal food administrator for Illinois.
ILLINOIS MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
The Illinois Manufacturers' Association, organized in 1894,
during the war period maintained a War Industries Bureau at Wash¬
ington through which its services were placed at the disposal of its
WAR INDUSTRIES
321
members and the federal government. The bureau supplied the
government with data concerning the facilities of Illinois manufact¬
urers for executing war contracts and in the spring of 1918 began
an active campaign to secure such contracts, most of which had here¬
tofore been placed with eastern manufacturers, for Illinois firms.
During the period July 1, 1918 to November 11, 1918 the War In¬
dustries Bureau in cooperation with the War Business Committee of
the State Council of Defense handled business amounting to $110,-
000,000 for the manufacturers of the state. Frequent meetings were
held in Chicago throughout the latter part of the war which were at¬
tended by the manager of the Washington bureau and members of
the association and served to clear up questions concerning govern¬
ment requirements, inspection, etc.
During the war S. M. Hastings (1917) and William Butter-
worth (1918) served as president of the association. John M. Glenn
was secretary throughout the period. H. W. Finnell was manager
of the War Industries Bureau.
ILLINOIS ASSOCIATIONS OF COMMERCE
Since the Illinois Chamber of Commerce was not formed until
June 17, 1919, the various associations and chambers of commerce
and business men's organizations throughout Illinois carried on their
war activities independently of a state organization although they
cooperated with the U. S. Chamber of Commerce in carrying out its
program for war service. In the towns and cities of Illinois where
such organizations were in existence they frequently cooperated
actively with all local war agencies, furnishing quarters for meetings,
assisting in forming units of the Illinois Reserve Militia and the Vol¬
unteer Training Corps, promoting drives for funds, etc. Some organi¬
zations formed special committees to supervise their war activities
while others accomplished the additional work through their regular
departments. The Pontiac Chamber of Commerce organized a war
committee to direct its war activities which included assisting in the
liberty loan campaigns, raising a mess fund for local men leaving to go
into the service, arranging military funerals, establishing an employ¬
ment bureau to cooperate with the United States Employment Service,
and aiding in the organization of the local home guard unit. The
322 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Shelbyville Chamber of Commerce, in addition to cooperating with
local war organizations, appointed a committee to secure employment
for ex-service men. The Ottawa Chamber of Commerce arranged
local patriotic meetings and provided a band escort and speaker on all
occasions when a contingent of men left for camp. The Belleville
Board of Trade, in addition to working with the various war agencies
in the city and in St. Clair County, assisted the federal government
to find a site for Scott Field and to secure the labor necessary for the
work of its construction. The Board of Trade also cooperated with
the regional and local war resources committees in developing in local
industries a source of supply for government requirements. The
Sterling Association of Commerce through its Agricultural Com¬
mittee organized volunteer crews of city men to help farmers during
harvest, and through its School Gardening Committee promoted city
gardening during 1918 and 1919. The office staff of the association
did clerical work for the county food administrator. In Springfield
a local war resources committee was established in the Commercial
Association, which, working under the Resources and Conversion
Section of the War Industries Board, helped to convert local in¬
dustries to war purposes.
The Chicago Association of Commerce with its large membership
and extensive resources obviously had the greatest opportunity for
varied war service. Its war activities in fact began shortly after the
outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 when it assisted the representa¬
tives of foreign countries in their search for American goods, and
through the Civic Industrial Committee established a bureau to
supply information about American sources of supply and American
requirements as developed by the interruption of European trade.
Between August 1 and the end of 1914 the bureau had found 1,000
new sources of supply for 300 Chicago interests, had made 671 in¬
vestigations to find inventors with marketable but unmanufactured
products, and had referred many buyers to sellers. A weekly forum
for the discussion of all phases of the war was inaugurated by the
Civic Industrial Committee and the Ways and Means Committee,
which, with a weekly attendance of between three and four hundred
persons, was continued throughout 1918. The scarcity of various in¬
dustrial materials in 1915-1916 owing to the war led the Civic In-
WAR INDUSTRIES
323
dustríal Committee to inaugurate a system of exchange, whereby the
inactive stocks in the possession of one firm were transferred to
another interest where they were needed. The Association of Com¬
merce on June 28, 1916 organized a special standing Committee on
Military and Naval Affairs which proposed to study the problems of
adequate home defense. This committee also made a survey of the
resources of Chicago for producing military equipment.
With the entrance of the United States into the war the asso¬
ciation sought to have government departments place war contracts
with firms of the middle west. A War Promotion Bureau was or¬
ganized which in November, 1917 issued a questionnaire to manu¬
facturers, especially those engaged in foundry, machine shop, forge
shop and structural steel work in Chicago and vicinity, requesting in¬
formation in detail as to the work each shop was equipped to per¬
form. The bureau, which was on the mailing list of about 95 per
cent of the government purchasing agencies, on receiving specifica¬
tions for government contracts sent them to firms capable of filling
the order with instructions to put in bids. By the end of 1917 the
increasing amount of business made this method of operation too
cumbersome and an office was established in Washington to maintain
contact with government agencies. In addition to securing contracts
for firms regularly equipped to produce the articles contracted for, this
office assisted nonessential industries, such as piano and furniture
manufacturers, to get cabinet work. Small plants were urged to
secure sub-contracts from larger firms rather than to bid on war con¬
tracts beyond their capacity.
After the United States entered the war, the Association War
Council, composed of the officers of the organization and the chair¬
men of the war committees and standing committees doing special
war work, was created to centralize the association's war work. One
of the most extensive projects proposed by the association to aid the
government in the crisis was the erection of an ordnance plant in
Chicago where shells would be produced at cost. The corporation
was organized, experts were employed, but on the reorganization of
the Ordnance Department the offer was declined. The association
also took an active part in organizing Region No. 9 of the War In-
324 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
dustries Board, the president of the association having been ap¬
pointed regional organizer.
Various committees of the association were appointed to take
care of special fields of work as they developed. The War Ship¬
building Committee cooperated with the United States Shipping
Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, and urged firms in Illinois,
Indiana, and Wisconsin to bid for contracts for fabricated parts, ac¬
cessory material, etc. The Subscriptions Investigating Committee
made a survey of local agencies contributing to war relief and exposed
swindling organizations. In 1918 the Army and Navy Committee
succeeded the Committee on Military and Naval Affairs. When the
draft age was extended to include men from 18 to 45 years inclusive,
the association organized selective service committees in each of its
trade and professional subdivisions which made a survey of the man
power of each group to discover what men could be spared without
crippling production. A Committee on Americanization was or¬
ganized to provide a primary education for the foreign-born workers
in industrial plants in Chicago and to facilitate in various ways the
process of naturalization.
After the armistice the association cooperated with the Bureau
for Returning Soldiers and Sailors to secure positions for returning
service men, and in March, 1919 formed a Committee on Emplo3rment
to direct the work. During 1919 the association secured 66,000
jobs for these men, and by inquiring of chambers of commerce in the
south, developed 5,000 openings for employment for negroes.
John W. O'Leary served as president of the Chicago Association
of Commerce during 1917, Lucius Teter during 1918. Hubert F.
Miller and Robert B. Beach served successively as business manager
during the war period.
IX. WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
AMERICAN RED CROSS
The American Red Cross early in the war announced that its
program of work in America included cooperation with the army
and navy in protecting the health and welfare of men in the service
and of civilians whose welfare was involved in war conditions, the
promotion and guidance of the volunteer work of women in manu¬
facturing supplies and comforts needed by troops and civilians abroad
and men in training in the United States, cooperation with the
government and with all relief agencies in caring for the dependent
families of men in the service, and the maintenance at the lowest cost
compatible with efficiency of the machinery necessary to the con¬
tinuous performance of these duties and of relief work in Europe.
The national organization soon adopted a policy of decentralization
with regard to the management of chapter activities by which the
United States was marked off into thirteen divisions, each duplicating
the bureaus and departments of the national organization and each
having complete control over the chapters within its territory.
Illinois lay within the Central Division which also included Mich¬
igan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Nebraska. The headquarters of the divi¬
sion were in Chicago, where there was an executive staff consisting
of a manager and the directors of the division bureaus, eight at first
and later thirteen, which supervised all phases of chapter activity.
Three bureaus at first were concerned with chapter administration—
the Bureau of Development, which in general supervised chapter or¬
ganization, promoted the formation of new chapters and directed
financial and membership campaigns; the Bureau of Accounting,
which supervised chapter finances; and the Bureau of Publicity,
which managed the news service, including the publication of the
Central Division Bulletin, directed the speakers' bureau and author¬
ized Red Cross entertainments. An independent Speakers' Bureau was
later created, as well as a Personnel Bureau. The production bureaus
were as follows : the Woman's Bureau, which was concerned with the
standardization and inspection of hospital supplies, garments and
[325]
326 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
surgical dressings; the Bureau of Supplies, which had control over
the purchase and distribution of raw materials; the Bureau of Nurs¬
ing Service, which promoted campaigns for the enrollment of Red
Cross nurses who formed the reserve of the Army Nurse Corps,
directed the formation of nursing units, and appointed instructors in
courses on elementary nursing and home care of the sick; the Bureau
of Military Relief, which directed the work at camps and naval sta¬
tions as well as the canteen activities of the chapters; the Bureau of
Civilian Relief, which concerned itself with disaster relief, care of the
families of men in the military and naval forces, town and country
nursing, anti-tuberculosis work, information service, the industrial
rééducation and replacement of disabled men after discharge, and
similar activities. In the spring of 1918 division directors were ap¬
pointed to take charge of first aid instruction, canteen service and
junior membership.
The chapters of the American Red Cross are the permanent local
organizations to which all members of the Red Cross within their
territory belong. Subsidiary to the chapters are branches, organized
on a geographical basis, and auxiliaries, organizations of a temporary
character formed for the purpose of doing one or more specific kinds
of work. The period of March to June, 1917 was notable for the
organization of new chapters in Illinois as elsewhere. Encouraged
by national and later by divisional headquarters, public meetings were
held in the important towns of the various counties of the state and
committees were appointed to formulate a plan of organization.
Upon the receipt of authorization from headquarters the organization,
with the limits of its jurisdiction defined, was perfected, officers were
chosen, and, if the size of the chapter permitted, branches and auxil¬
iaries were formed. When the work of the organization was at its
height during the war period, there were 135 chapters in Illinois,
most of which were coextensive with the counties, a few of which in¬
cluded a city or portion of a county, and one of which, the Chicago
Chapter, included three counties.
The Chicago Chapter, which was the largest of those in Illinois,
was organized in June, 1915 with the boundaries of its jurisdiction
undefined. In 1917, when other chapters were organized near Chi¬
cago, the limits of the chapter were fixed to include Cook, Lake and
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
327
DuPage Counties, the region outside of Chicago proper being or¬
ganized into branches with auxiliaries. Late in the summer of 1917
independent chapters were erected at Waukegan and Liberty ville,
and the remainder of the three counties outside of Chicago was or¬
ganized into districts with a branch of the Chicago Chapter in each.
On November 1, 1917 the Chicago Chapter included 25 branches and
467 auxiliaries, while on October 31, 1918 the number had been in¬
creased to 30 branches and 570 active auxiliaries.
An executive committee determined the important questions of
policy for the Chicago Chapter. The chairman of the committee was
executive head of the chapter, and directly responsible to him were
the directors of bureaus which were modeled on those of the Central
Division. In 1917 there were twelve bureaus, but by December 1,
1918 the subordinate departments, bureaus and committees of the
chapter had increased to thirty-one with additional agencies for special
campaigns and occasions. The Bureau of Branches and Auxiliaries
managed the organization activities of the Chicago Chapter. A
Bureau of Military Relief lent aid to 1,980 service men in the year
1917-1918 as well as to many military and naval units or groups as
a whole, negotiated the purchase of sixty-five ambulances and fifteen
kitchen trailers—the contributions of the Chicago Chapter to the Red
Cross overseas—and supervised the organization and equipment of
four base hospitals and two ambulance companies for overseas service.
The ambulance companies were Number 3, consisting of 90 men re¬
cruited from the University of Chicago, and Number 9, recruited
from Northwestern University. The hospital units were as follows:
Number 11, recruited from St. Joseph's, St. Mary's and Augustana
Hospitals—Dr. N. M. Percy, director; Number 12, recruited from
Northwestern Medical School—Dr. F. A. Beasley, director; Number
13, recruited from Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago—Dr. Dean D.
Lewis, director; Number 14, recruited from St. Luke's and Michael
Reese Hospitals—Dr. L. L. McArthur, director.
The Chicago Chapter's Department of Civilian Relief gave ad¬
vice and material assistance to 12,886 families from the beginning of
the war until October 31, 1918, and organized a medical section to
aid the families of men in the service. A Department of Instruction
offered courses in elementary hygiene, home care of the sick, first aid.
328 JVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Braille and occupational therapy. The divisions which enlisted the
services of the greatest number of workers were, however, the Depart¬
ment of Comforts and Knitting, the Department of Hospital Sup¬
plies, the Bureau of Junior Activities, and the bureaus in charge of
refugee garments and surgical dressings. During the period from
November 1, 1917 to October 31, 1918 there were shipped from the
Chicago Chapter 6,809,300 dressings valued at $648,231.40, 23,837
comfort bags and 11,263 Christmas stockings, 464,056 knitted gar¬
ments, 237,102 hospital garments and supplies, and refugee garments
valued at $232,784.39.
On a smaller scale than the Chicago Chapter and with a less
elaborate organization the other Red Cross chapters in the state
carried on their work. Their principal activities consisted in the pro¬
duction of relief supplies (surgical dressings, hospital garments and
supplies, refugee garments, articles for soldiers and sailors, etc.) in
providing canteen service for soldiers and sailors passing through their
community, and in carrying on "home service." The home service
of the chapter included many varied activities, such as giving advice
and other assistance to the families of men in the service, providing
medical and nursing service when necessary, and maintaining a bureau
which located missing service men and secured information about men
listed as casualties. Through the Red Cross at the camps men were
able to establish communication with the information bureaus of
their local chapters, sometimes the ultimate resource for securing
knowledge of their families. In Illinois from October, 1917 to
March, 1918 the home service bureaus aided 6,011 families at an
expenditure of $37,856.63. After the armistice the home service was
for a time largely concerned with assisting the discharged soldier to
reinstate himself in civilian life.
The Junior Red Cross members plaj'ed an important part in the
work of each chapter. The Bureau of Junior Activities was an in¬
novation of the Chicago Chapter and was inaugurated in June, 1917.
The adoption on a national scale of the plan to enroll school children
and teachers in the ranks of the Red Cross was announced by Wash¬
ington headquarters in September, 1917, and campaigns were soon
under way to secure a one hundred per cent membership in each
school in the country, the territory under the jurisdiction of the St.
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
329
Clair County Chapter being the first to reach the goal in Illinois.
During the period February 1 to July 1, 1918 there were 2,459
Junior Red Cross auxiliaries with 483,889 members in the state;
during the year July 1, 1918 to July 1, 1919 there were 5,200 auxil¬
iaries, the membership on February 28, 1919 being 765,473 or 58.95
per cent of the school population of the state. The work of the
junior members included the making of hospital and refugee garments,
scrap books, and similar articles, making school gardens and selling
the products for Red Cross funds, making hog surveys, organizing
chicken clubs, taking lessons in first aid and home nursing, conduct¬
ing bazaars and exhibits, and many other activities. From February
to July, 1918 Junior Red Cross members in Illinois made 24,987 refu¬
gee garments, 28,712 hospital garments, 130,967 surgical dressings,
5,772 knitted articles and 12,967 scrap books, shot bags and checker¬
boards.
The regular source of revenue for carrying out the work of
the Red Cross chapters was the membership dues, the majority
of which during the war were on an annual basis of one dollar
per member for adults, twenty-five cents for juniors. Membership
drives were conducted immediately before Christmas each year, and
of the money thus obtained part was retained by the local chapter
and the remainder was turned over to the national organization.
These funds however were inadequate to cover the war program of
the Red Cross, and two drives were conducted, the first from June
18 to 25, 1917 when approximately $114,023,640.23 was collected
throughout the country, the second from May 20 to 27, 1918, when
$169,575,598.84 was subscribed. In Illinois the total collections for
the first drive amounted to $5,638,074.59, and $10,524,422.75 for
the second drive. The membership of Illinois chapters for 1918 was
1,298,111.1
Illinois chapters devised some novel methods of raising funds for
the two war drives. The Streator Chapter raised $20,000 in the
campaign of June, 1917 and secured an agreement from 2,000 mem¬
bers of labor unions to contribute one dollar each month for a certain
period. The South Douglas County Chapter raised $2,900 in several
'For statistical data on the American Red Cross campaigns In Illi¬
nois, see Appendix, Table number 33.
330 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
hours by the sale and resale of cattle and the Rutland Branch of the
Streator Chapter secured $61 from the sale by auction of a jar full
of pennies. The Dixon Chapter received the congratulations of the
national executive secretary because of the plan which it followed in
securing subscriptions. On the first day of the drive the officials of
the chapter requested the residents of the county to assemble at the
polls and have their subscriptions recorded. The response was vigor¬
ous and in a short time the quota of the chapter was oversubscribed.
In addition to its function of supervising chapter activities, the
Central Division carried on various operations as a unit. Under the
Bureau of Military Relief, Red Cross service was extended to the
military and naval establishments in the division. At Camp Grant
a field director and two associates were appointed who cooperated
with the hospital officials, established a communication service, and
had charge of the Red Cross convalescent house. A Red Cross house
was also erected at Great Lakes Naval Training Station for the use
of convalescent patients and the hospital personnel. Knitted articles
and other supplies were shipped in large quantities by the Central
Division to Great Lakes, Camp Grant, Chanute Field, Rock Island
Arsenal and other establishments. During the influenza epidemic of
the fall of 1918 the resources of the Red Cross camp service were
almost exhausted, and the chapters in the vicinity sent emergency
assistants. The Rockford Chapter sent fifty women to Camp Grant
who helped to enlarge the hospital accommodations, and ten women
who filled aspirin capsules at the rate of 6,000 a day. The Rockford
Chapter also supplied the camp with influenza masks and organized a
volunteer motor corps.
In its relations with the United States Army the Red Cross not
only looked after the comfort of the men in the service, recruited
physicians, organized hospital units, furnished equipment for base
hospitals, and placed funds at the disposal of members of the Medical
Department at work in hospitals in the United States and overseas,
but through the divisional Bureaus of Nursing Service it recruited,
trained and equipped nurses for the Army and Navy Medical Corps.
More than eighty per cent of the nurses in the Army Medical Corps
and more than sixty per cent of those in the Navy Nurse Corps were
mobilized by the Red Cross. In June, 1918 a special drive for enroll-
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
331
ing nurses was launched by national headquarters. From the begin¬
ning of 1917 to August, 1918 there were enrolled in Illinois 1,975
graduate nurses.
The war activities of the American Red Cross, which included,
in addition to those in which the divisions and chapters participated,
work with the United States military and naval forces overseas, and
relief work in behalf of the civilian populations of the Allied coun¬
tries as well as in behalf of American and allied prisoners of war,
were directed by a central committee, an executive committee and
a council. Woodrow Wilson was president of the American Red
Cross during the war. The personnel of the executive staff of the
Central Division during the war period was as follows: division
manager, Bruce D. Smith, Howard W. Fenton; Supplies, Frank
Hibbard, E. K. Hardy; Military Relief, F. B. Hitchcock, Vaughan
Spaulding, Charles A. Steward, Ralph A. Bard; Civilian Relief,
T. J. Edmunds, J. L. Gillin; Publicity, Clarence A. Hough, Allen B.
Ripley; Woman's Bureau, Ina M. Taft; Nursing, Minnie H.
Ahrens; Accounting, Joseph F. Dillman, F. C. Waller; Development,
Louis N. Wiggins, R. C. McNamara; Junior Membership, Dr. E. G.
Cooley; Speakers, Wentworth G. Field; First Aid, Dr. Charles
Adams; Personnel, Henry A. Gardner; Canteen Service, Gardner
Morris.
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION
The National War Work Council, which was organized in
April, 1917 to mobilize the Young Men's Christian Association for
war service, carried out its program in the United States through
six military departments, Illinois being one of the fourteen states lying
in the Central Department, the largest of the six. Authority over
the entire department was vested in four executive secretaries who
operated through state secretaries, state war work councils and local
committees. Offices for the Central Department were opened in
Chicago on May 23, 1917 and the executive secretaries shortly after¬
ward formulated plans which called for a staff including administra¬
tive heads for religious, educational, physical, social and business
activities. Each military and naval establishment in the department,
it was determined, was to have a director for each of these branches
332 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
of the work, and every "Y" hut was to have educational, religious
work, social, and business secretaries as well as a physical director.
The work of the Young Men's Christian Association in the
camps of Illinois began in April, 1917 at the Great Lakes Naval
Training Station. Here was built the first Y. M. C. A. service hut
in America. When the plant was completed there were twenty-three
buildings including a hut at Camp Logan Rifle Range, north of the
camp proper. The most important of these buildings were an ad¬
ministrative building near camp headquarters with offices for the camp
secretary and heads of the departments, a camp auditorium, and a
service hut for each naval regiment. Y. M. C. A. service at the Great
Lakes Naval Training Station followed the classification adopted by
the Central Department. The religious work included evangelism,
personal service, religious meetings and Bible study—a Sunday School
in which approximately 200 civilian teachers taught 10,000 sailors
being maintained. The educational work was divided into the follow¬
ing departments: class work, lectures, literature, four minute talks,
tutoring, vocational guidance, art, music, and entertainment. In the
summer of 1918, 105 classes with an enrollment of 5,077 were or¬
ganized, while from September, 1917 to October 31, 1919 a total of
1,556 educational lectures were delivered. In an effort to make the
entertainments educational the Y. M. C. A. officials cooperated with
the head of the War Camp Community Service, the Milwaukee
Council of Defense, and the Northwestern School of Music. A
physical director promoted athletics and conducted games for about
200 men daily during the training and demobilization periods. The
social department furnished 1,767 moving picture shows and 2,954
other entertainments from September, 1917 to October, 1919, the
attendance at the former being estimated at 531,456, at the latter
782,755. The business department was active in the fields of postal
and telegraph service and banking. It devoted part of its energies to
the operation of a camp canteen, the sales from which varied from
$1,000 to $50,000 a month. At the height of Y. M. C. A. activi¬
ties in the station 150 secretaries were employed.
Thirteen buildings were erected by the Young Men's Christian
Association at Camp Grant as well as a dug-out with a capacity of
200, the only one in the Central Department and the largest in the
fV ELF ARE ORGANIZATIONS
333
United States. In cooperation with the officers of Camp Grant a
clubhouse for officers was also constructed. The service here was
similar to that at Great Lakes Naval Training Station. The work
of the business department was extensive: from September, 1917 to
October, 1919, 9,156,181 pieces of outgoing mail were handled and
money orders amounting to $742,674 were sold. Banking was an
important branch of the business department—"Y" Number 10
cashing $35,000 worth of checks in one day for workmen who were
employed in constructing an addition to the camp. The estimated
attendance at Y. M. C. A. buildings at Camp Grant during the
period from September, 1917 to October, 1919 was 6,859,020, while
attendance at educational class sessions was estimated at 141,379, and
at Bible classes, 128,094. In this period 2,076 moving picture per¬
formances and 1,925 other entertainments were given.
One of the first standard Y. M. C. A. huts was erected at Fort
Sheridan. Its facilities were used by the men attending the officers'
training camps, the regular army troops and the U. S. Guards station¬
ed there, and in the summer of 1918 by the college students and facul¬
ty members attending the S. A. T. C. camp.
The Y. M. C. A. also operated at the aviation fields. A hut
was opened in April, 1918 at Scott Field and five secretaries alto¬
gether planned and executed a program of weekly Bible classes, Sun¬
day services, concerts, plays and athletic contests. At Chanute Field
the Y. M. C. A. alone among the welfare organizations had a build¬
ing on the ground, hence at first the secretaries carried on their work
without outside assistance. Later the War Camp Community Serv¬
ice, the Knights of Columbus and other organizations in Rantoul
furnished help in the way of entertainments, athletic contests, and
other services. Twelve secretaries in all, as a rule four at one time,
carried on the Y. M. C. A. activities here. Y. M. C. A. secretaries
were also delegated to service with S. A. T. C. units stationed at
twenty-six educational institutions in Illinois. Special buildings were
erected for this work at Northwestern University, Bradley Poly¬
technic Institute, and the University of Illinois where a School for
Military Aeronautics as well as an S. A. T. C. unit was established.
The work of the Y. M. C. A. during the war was not confined
to military camps and naval stations—the cities with war industries
334 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
also presented a field for activity. To serve the 16,000 workmen in
the United States Arsenal at Rock Island and the military guard of
1,000 men a hut was erected on Arsenal Island, and another was
constructed for the soldiers who guarded the Western Cartridge Com¬
pany at Alton. The work of the city associations, adapted to the
needs of soldiers, sailors and marines, was an important part of
Y.M.C.A. war activity. Financed at first by the local association and
state committees but later by a special fund raised by the National
War Work Council, this extension service took various forms—meet¬
ing transient soldiers at the stations and providing for their comfort,
entertainment and housing, giving advice as to vocations, finding em¬
ployment for discharged men, and many other activities. To serve
the military units stationed in and near Chicago at different times the
eight associations of the city organized transportation and city ex¬
tension bureaus. Through their efforts and those of the Y. M. C. A.
Hotel, sleeping quarters were provided during the training and de¬
mobilization period for 245,602 men.
After the signing of the armistice the Y. M. C. A. adjusted its
program to the needs of the demobilization period. Assisting the dis¬
charged service man to secure employment and otherwise refit himself
into civil life was of prime importance. Service for the men in the
general hospitals in Chicago and at Fort Sheridan was also continued,
while in March, 1919 the Y. M. C. A. inaugurated reconstruction
work at Great Lakes Naval Training Station. This was of two
types—occupational, or instruction of the disabled service men in
work for which their disabilities did not incapacitate them, and phys¬
ical, which was concerned with physical rebuilding of the men who
were convalescing from the effects of wounds and gas.
In all, there were in Illinois 110 Young Men's Christian Asso¬
ciations with 50,000 members and an equipment worth $8,000,000
organized for war service. Forty-one buildings were erected at a
cost of $328,000. Illinois contributed 931 officials, of which 526
(348 men, 178 women) went overseas and 405 remained in the camps
in the United States. The drive for funds of April, 1917 resulted in
the collection of $368,149.19, and in the drive of the following
November the sum of $4,566,403 was obtained. The Y. M. C. A.
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
335
also received 58 per cent of the sum raised in the United War Work
Campaign of November, 1918.
K. A. Shumaker was Illinois state secretary of the Young Men's
Christian Association during the war.
KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS
The National Catholic War Council, which was organized in
November, 1917, approved of the war work undertaken by the
Knights of Columbus, and delegated to that order that portion
of its program relating to the recreational welfare of the men in the
service. A Committee on War Activities was organized to supervise
the work which was classified into service in the United States, on
ocean transports, and overseas. Field service in the United States
was decentralized by dividing the country into four departments, in
each of which camp, community, reconstruction and employment and
education activities were under the general supervision of a director
and a number of district inspectors. Knights of Columbus war
activities in the various communities were carried on by the local
councils of the order, but within the camps special secretaries were
on duty. Illinois, with seventeen other states, lay within the Central-
Southern Department.
The Knights of Columbus established headquarters at Camp
Grant, at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and Fort Sheri¬
dan. Four buildings were erected at Camp Grant and ten secretaries
carried on the varied operations of the organization. A parcel post
package service for recruits and discharged men required during the
war period nearly five tons of wrapping paper, one ton of twine, and
100,000 shipping tags. Telegraph messages were taken at the K. C.
buildings and transmitted hourly to the Western Union. Books,
papers, magazines and writing materials, games and music were
accessible at the Knights of Columbus buildings at all times, and
moving picture and vaudeville performances, dances and athletic con¬
tests were held there frequently. After the armistice the secretaries
also cooperated with the U. S. Employment Service in securing jobs
for discharged soldiers, and with the army officials in providing op-
12
336 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
portunities for the wounded men at the convalescent center to learn
a new trade by the establishment of classes in the operation of motion
picture machines with professionals as instructors. Religious services
in camp were under the jurisdiction of the Catholic chaplains, but
various accessories, such as prayer books, testaments and rosaries, were
furnished by the Knights of Columbus.
The activities of the Knights of Columbus at Great Lakes Naval
Training Station began in August, 1917. The first K. C. building
was erected at Camp Perry, but eventually seven more were con¬
structed at Camp Farragut, Camp Decatur, Camp Barry, Camp
Lawrence, and in the 16th, 17th and 18th regimental areas at Camp
Luce and Camp Paul Jones. Each was equipped with a small chapel.
Here eight secretaries carried on activities similar to those at Camp
Grant, and in addition in August, 1919 inaugurated educational work
which was designed to help the enlisted man fit himself for examina¬
tions for entrance to Annapolis or to make up work he had never had
the opportunity to take. Classes in arithmetic, grammar, spelling,
geometry, algebra. United States history, shorthand, typewriting and
other subjects were conducted by a Chicago public school teacher and
a Knights of Columbus secretary.
At Fort Sheridan a Catholic reading room was equipped and put
at the disposal of the men who were enrolled in the officers' training
camps. A field secretary was appointed on May 29, 1918 and a large
room was placed at the disposal of the Knights of Columbus. Early
in the summer, however, a tent was secured and equipped to be used
as a center of K. C. activities during the R. O. T. C. and S. A. T. C.
camps, and in August work on a building was started. When Fort
Sheridan was transformed into a general hospital, the Knights of
Columbus adapted their activities to the new needs and prepared for
an extended period of service.
In addition to their work in the camps the Knights of Columbus
carried on important activities in Chicago, Waukegan and Cham¬
paign in behalf of the men in the service. A recreational hall was
opened in Waukegan on March 30, 1919, which by October of that
year had been visited by 40,000 service men. The Chicago welfare
committee looked after the needs of the service men who were patients
in Chicago hospitals, and through a general secretary with twelve
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
337
assistants conducted operations in behalf of the men in the S. A. T. C.
units in Chicago and the suburbs. Securing positions for discharged
service men was one of the most important activities pursued after
the armistice.
The war work of the Knights of Columbus was financed at
first by funds derived from a special tax of $2.00 on each member of
the order, $90,276 being raised in Illinois in this manner. A cam¬
paign for subscriptions was conducted in December, 1917 when Illi¬
nois' quota of $500,000 was oversubscribed by $200,000. The
Knights of Columbus obtained 17.6 per cent of the amount raised
by the United War Work Campaign of November, 1918.
LeRoy Hackett and Edward Houlihan served successively as
state deputy of the Knights of Columbus during the war period.
Illinois members of the order to the number of 225 served as field
secretaries in the United States and abroad, and of these 93 served
overseas.
YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION
The National War Work Council of the Young Women's
Christian Association was formed on June 6, 1917 to carry on the
war activities of that organization. Its program, which embraced
work among women and girls in industry and among foreign-born and
colored women affected by war conditions, club and recreation work,
emergency housing projects, the maintenance of hostess houses in
camps, as well as various forms of service overseas, was put into effect
through special committees and through the existing agencies of the
Young Women's Christian Association, particularly the machinery
of the eleven field organizations throughout the United States. Illi¬
nois was one of the fourteen states under the jurisdiction of the central
field of the Young Women's Christian Association, which during the
war maintained headquarters in Chicago.
At the camps and naval stations the management of hostess
houses was the unique work of the Young Women's Christian Asso¬
ciation. At these buildings social and reception rooms were available
where officers and men might meet their friends and families, cafeteria
meals were served, information, checking and many other forms of
service were rendered, and frequently sleeping accommodations were
338 IVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
given to women detained in camp over night. Two hostess houses
were erected at Great Lakes Naval Training Station, two at Camp
Grant (including one for colored service men and their guests) and
one at Fort Sheridan. In towns and cities in the vicinity of camps
down-town centers were established.
The Young Women's Christian Association also performed im¬
portant service in industrial communities which were engaged mainly
in filling war contracts. For the purpose of sustaining the hea'*'"
and morale of women and girls engaged as workers, industrial cen
ters were opened where recreation, opportunity for rest and study,
and in some places meals were available. In certain communities
where the housing facilities were greatly overtaxed by the influx of
war workers, one of the important duties of the Y. W. C. A. director
was to determine the available accommodations and to maintain a
room registry. In behalf of the women and girls employed in war
industries the Y. W. C. A. lent its support to a program calling for
an eight-hour day, minimum wage, equal pay for equal work, prohibi¬
tion of night work, rest periods and sufficient time for meals, one day's
rest in seven and a Saturday half-holiday, and similar protective
measures. An industrial center was maintained by the Y. W. C. A.
at Alton, where 800 women were employed by the Western Cartridge
Company, and another at East St. Louis. An industrial secretary
was also employed for a time at Rock Island.
Recreational secretaries of the Y. W. C. A. employed in cities
and towns near war camps for a time carried out the program of the
War Camp Community Service, which included directing entertain¬
ments given for the benefit of visiting soldiers and sailors and promot¬
ing the organization of Patriotic Service Leagues in cooperation with
the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense. Such
secretaries were stationed at Waukegan, Highwood, Highland Park,
Rockford, Alton, East St. Louis, Rock Island and Peoria. In the
fall of 1918 after the War Camp Community Service had sufficient
funds for its work it took over from the Y. W. C. A. the direction of
the Girls' Patriotic Service Leagues.
A special campaign for funds for war service was carried on
by the Young Women's Christian Association during the months
September to December, 1917, when $98,634.14 was raised. The
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
339
Y. W. C. A. also participated in the United War Work Campaign
conducted in November, 1918 and received 8.8 per cent of the total
collections. The Y. W. C. A. war work in Illinois during the period
June, 1917 to April, 1919, including the construction and main¬
tenance of hostess houses, and the program of industrial, social and
recreational work, involved an expenditure of approximately $340,000.
Mrs. Emma F. Byers was executive secretary of the central field
during the war period while Mrs. Margaret S. Eaton and Miss Lucile
Rader served successively as war work secretary. The state chairman
of the War Work Council was Mrs. George Dixon.
WAR CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE
The War Camp Community Service was organized as the result
of a request made by the War and Navy Departments' Commissions
on Training Camp Activities on May 5, 1917 that the Playground
Association of America assume responsibility for the organization of
social and recreational activities in communities near war camps. The
Playground Association accepted the task, and by utilizing and
developing existing organizations made the War Camp Community
Service a functioning agency by June, 1917. For administrative pur¬
poses the United States was divided into eight divisions, with a
secretary for each stationed at national headquarters, and twenty-
one field representatives (thirteen men, eight women) were appointed
to organize the work in the various war camp communities throughout
the country.
Such activities had been carried on in Illinois towns and cities
in the vicinity of war camps independently of any national organiza¬
tion since the early days of the war. At Waukegan the Illinois Con¬
gress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers' Association established the
Jolly Tars Club, and later a second club was established by the
Chicago Woman's Club and Waukegan residents. At Highland
Park an Army and Navy Center was established, and all along the
north shore entertainment in various forms was offered to the men at
Great Lakes and Fort Sheridan. In Chicago a number of organiza¬
tions became active in behalf of the men who visited the city by thou¬
sands over the week-end, and by November the War Recreation Serv-
340 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
ice was established in the State Council of Defense Building to direct
to a degree the work being carried on by the various agencies. The
response of Chicago people to a request that they invite the service
men to their homes on Thanksgiving Day was so great as to convince
the State Council that a well-organized body was needed to super¬
vise such activities, and on December 5, 1917 the War Recreation
Board was appointed "to coordinate in a state program the various
agencies which are working for the welfare of the soldiers and sailors
outside the camp and, if possible, increase their efficiency and prevent
duplication."
A state-wide campaign for funds was conducted by the War
Camp Community Sendee from February 28 to March 4, 1918 which
resulted in the collection of $537,398.42, part of which financed war
camp activities in Peoria, Champaign-Urbana, Rock Island, Moline
and Belleville, part of which was turned over to the national War
Camp Community Service, but the greater portion of which was
used to carrj' on work in Cook and Lake Counties. Two clubs were
established in Chicago—the Central Soldiers' and Sailors' Club at
205-7 West Washington Street and the Khaki and Blue Club in
Grant Park—for the use of the soldiers and sailors, 10,000 of whom
it was estimated came to the city eveiv' week-end. A club for colored
service men was opened on the south side in December, 1918. A
Hostess Committee of the War Recreation Board was responsible
for dances given in the city for the men on leave, a Home Hospitality
Bureau assigned men to homes as dinner and over-night guests, and
information bureaus were maintained at various points throughout
the city. A weekly bulletin was published, 10,000 copies being dis¬
tributed each week, which listed the special attractions for the week¬
end. The board continued to utilize the services of other organiza¬
tions—the Chicago Woman's Club conducted a canteen in the public
librar}', the Chicago Theater Owners' Association provided special
theatrical performances on Sunday afternoons for enlisted men free
of charge, and other agencies provided various entertainment. The
War Recreation Board was responsible for the management of war
camp community activities in the north shore towns—^^Vaukegan,
Highland Park, Lake Forest, Glencoe, Wilmette, Winnetka, Evans-
ton—in each of which it appointed local committees to direct the
work.
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
341
In the summer and fall of 1918 the War Camp Community
Service in planning for a financial campaign on a national scale
asked the War Recreation Board of Illinois to accept an appoint¬
ment as the War Camp Community Service for Cook and Lake
Counties, and to allow its identity to be submerged in the national
organization. The request was granted, a representative of the War
Camp Community Service was appointed as state director, beginning
his work in September, 1918, and by November 1 the reorganization
was complete.
After the establishment of a state division of the War Camp
Community Service, the activities of the organization were extended
in certain Illinois cities and established for the first time in others.
Local committees in Aurora, Belvidere, Belleville, Bloomington,
Champaign-Urbana, Danville, East St. Louis, Peoria, Rock Island,
Moline, Decatur, Elgin, Joliet, Quincy, Rockford, Springfield and
Rantóul coordinated the work of various organizations in their com¬
munities which were offering hospitality to service men, and in addi¬
tion promoted the establishment of soldiers' and sailors' clubs,
travelers' aid service, community singing and protective work for girls.
The work in Illinois was financed by funds of the national organiza¬
tion beginning in the autumn of 1918. The War Camp Community
Service received 8.8 per cent of the total amount subscribed in the
United War Work Campaign of November, 1918.
The work of the War Camp Community Service was continued
for a year and a half after the armistice, after which a new or¬
ganization, Community Service, was formed to foster peace-time
activities in cities, towns and villages throughout the country.
Clifford W. Barnes was chairman, Clarence S. Pellet executive
director, and Frank D. Loomis, secretary of the War Recreation
Board throughout the war period. Eugene T. Lies was appointed
general manager of the War Camp Community Service in Illinois in
September, 1918.
JEWISH WELFARE BOARD
The Jewish Welfare Board, established in April, 1917 to engage
in welfare work among the military and naval forces, began operations
in Illinois in the fall of 1917. At the camps and naval stations the
342 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
board functioned through field representatives, and in communities
in the vicinity of war camps through auxiliary branches. Eighteen
field representatives at Camp Grant, fourteen at the Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, three at Fort Sheridan, and seven in Chicago
in executing the program of the Jewish Welfare Board provided
recreation and education for the men in the service, met their personal
and religious needs, and after the armistice helped the discharged
soldiers and sailors to secure employment. Buildings were erected
by the Jewish Welfare Board at Camp Grant and Great Lakes Naval
Training Station where entertainment in the form of motion picture
shows, vaudeville performances, concerts, dances and other amuse¬
ments was provided for all men regardless of their religious beliefs.
Newspapers, stationery and other articles were also supplied—Camp
Grant received each week an average of 2,000 letterheads, 1,500
envelopes, and 350 magazines and newspapers in the Yiddish, Anglo-
Jewish and English languages. About 4,500 men visited the Camp
Grant and Great Lakes buildings weekly.
In looking after the personal needs of the men stationed in the
various camps the field representatives smoothed over cases of malad¬
justment, especially those which had ended in the guard house or brig,
unravelled legal difficulties, and after the armistice instituted a cam¬
paign to urge the men to convert their war-time insurance into peace¬
time policies. The field representatives cooperated with the rabbis
of nearby communities in conducting regular religious services in all
camps and in making provisions for the observance of special Jewish
holidays.
Work of the Jewish Welfare Board outside the camps was
carried on by branches organized in Chicago, Peoria, Quincy, Rock-
ford, Springfield, and Waukegan which operated through hospital
and women's committees, and committees for social and canteen serv¬
ice. Besides these activities the Chicago branch notably secured em¬
ployment for returning service men. The Jewish Welfare Board in
Chicago was a member of the Bureau for Returning Soldiers and
Sailors, toward the maintenance of which the Y. M. C. A., the
Knights of Columbus, and the War Camp Community Service also
contributed.
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS 343
Previous to the autumn of 1918 the Jewish Welfare Board
raised $69,630.51 in Illinois for carrying on its work. From the
United War Work Campaign conducted in November, 1918 the
Jewish Welfare Board received as its share 2.05 per cent of the
total amount collected.
The persons in charge of Jewish Welfare Board activities in the
various cities of Illinois were as follows : Chicago, M. E. Greenbaum ;
Peoria, W. B. Woolner; Rockford, Arthur E. Shulein; Springfield,
Albert Myers; Waukegan, S. Schwartz.
SALVATION ARMY
The war activities of the Salvation Army were directed by the
National War Work Council, created in April, 1917, and a National
War Board, organized at a later date. The National War Board
maintained headquarters for the eastern department at New York,
and for the western department at Chicago, the western depart¬
ment including the territory west from Chicago to Honolulu,
and from the northern to the southern boundaries of the United
States. Illinois was divided into the northern and southern districts,
each of which was commanded by a Salvation Army lieutenant
colonel who carried on his work through the local corps of the Sal¬
vation Army.
Although the Salvation Army is principally famous for its achieve¬
ments overseas, achievements in which workers from Illinois played
no inconspicuous part, it also operated at the camps in the United
States—in Illinois at Camp Grant and the Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station. One of the first Salvation Army huts in America was
established at Camp Grant and a second was later erected there. The
demands of the period of demobilization necessitated the erection of
a large and completely-equipped hostel at Waukegan.
The activities of the Salvation Army in Illinois were not, how¬
ever, confined to the camps. Throughout the state, wherever there
were Salvation Army corps, war service leagues were organized which
cooperated with the Red Cross in making supplies and in looking after
the families of service men. Chicago was a particularly favorable
field for the activities of the Salvation Army. There an Army and
344 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Navy Club, which furnished accommodations to service men without
funds free of charge, a Soldiers' and Sailors' Relief Department, an
Employment Bureau, and a canteen service at three important rail¬
way stations were maintained.
Prior to the United War Work Campaign the Salvation Army
raised $805,354.68 in Illinois for the support of its war program.
Of the amount raised in the United War Work Campaign of Novem¬
ber, 1918 the Salvation Army received 2.05 per cent.
Commander Evangeline Booth was head of the Salvation Army
in America and Thomas Estill was the commissioner in charge of
the western division of the National War Board. Lieut. Col. George
Davis was in charge of the northern district of Illinois while Lieut.
Col. John D. Sharp, of St. Louis, directed activities in the southern
district.
AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
The War Service Committee of the American Library Associa¬
tion, composed of seven members, was created in June, 1917 to sup¬
ply reading matter to men in the service, and immediately after its
organization was requested by the Commission on Training Camp
Activities to assume responsibility for providing adequate library facil¬
ities in the camps and cantonments throughout the country. A grant
of $320,000 was secured from the Carnegie Corporation for the erec¬
tion of buildings in the thirty-two major camps, and a campaign to
raise $1,000,000 for other operations—including the establishment
of hospital libraries and of reading rooms on ships and in huts over¬
seas—was inaugurated. The campaign, which was conducted during
August and September, 1917, resulted in the collection of $1,749,-
706.31 instead of the $1,000,000 requested, and of this amount
$114,441.46 was secured from Illinois cities as follows: Belleville,
$775.00; Bloomington, $1,128.05; Chicago, $93,199.07; Elmhurst,
$266.14; Galesburg, $908.66; Harvard, $225.45; Highland Park,
$350.00; Jacksonville, $721.55 ; Kewanee, $421.20; LaSalle, $606.73;
Mattoon, $565.00; Normal, $250.00; Oak Park, $1,555.25; Peoria,
$320.03; Pontiac, $235.00; Quincy, $1,160.12; Rock Island, $1,-
516.00; Rockford, $1,531.93; Springfield, $2,369.63; Sycamore,
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS 345
$200.00; Taylorville, $253.41; Urbana, $265.60; Waukegan,
$501.86; contributions from seventy other towns, $4,895.73; monthly
contributions, $220.05.
With funds available, the War Service Committee proceeded
with the work of constructing library buildings in the camps. The
buildings were plain wooden structures, all alike except for length,
and were of the general style adopted for cantonment construction.
Each contained living quarters for the staff, open shelving for books,
room for unpacking and storage, and accommodations for readers.
In Illinois buildings were erected at Camp Grant and at the
Great Lakes Naval Training Station at a cost of approximately
$10,000 each, the Camp Grant building being financed by the Car¬
negie grant, the Great Lakes library from other sources. Both build¬
ings were ready for use about December 1, 1917.
Books for men in the service however were made available before
the completion of the library buildings. For several months these
were obtained entirely by gift, the first campaign being conducted
during the months July to September, 1917. The Library Extension
Commission was made state agent to supervise the collection and
distribution of books in Illinois and during 1917 and 1918 under its
supervision more than 250,000 volumes were collected. The books
were prepared for circulation in the local libraries where they were re¬
ceived, and after the needs of the military and naval establishments
throughout the state had been cared for, shipments were made to
points throughout the country and overseas. It frequently happened
that the first consignment of books reached a camp before the arrival
of the A. L. A. representative or before the library building was
completed, and in such cases the volumes were turned over to the
Y. M. C. A. authorities and put into circulation. Beginning with
October 1, 1917 extensive purchases of books were made by a com¬
mittee of New York librarians, which in selecting titles carefully
considered the needs and wishes of the men in the service as shown
by the types of books called for at the camp libraries. Further book
campaigns were held from time to time, and on June 1, 1918 there
were 1,051,693 volumes in the libraries of the forty-one major camps
and stations in the country. At this time there were at Camp Grant
in addition to the main library eleven branches in the base hospital.
346 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Y. M. C. A. and other recreational buildings and thirty-five deposit
stations in the company barracks and mess halls—in all, 40,000
volumes. At Camp Perry, Great Lakes Naval Training Station,
there were at this time 16,336 books distributed among eleven
branches and twenty stations.
Illinois libraries plajed an important part not only in the pro¬
gram of the American Library Association, but also in the general
war activities of their communities. The Board of Directors of the
Chicago Public Library in April, 1917 placed the building, resourtes
and equipment at the disposal of the government and appropriated
$2,500 of the book fund for the purchase of books on military or¬
ganization and instruction. At the request of the War Service Com¬
mittee the acting librarian directed the construction of library build¬
ings and the organization of libraries at Camp Grant and Great
Lakes Naval Training Station, and on September 1, 1917 the Chicago
Public Library became the receiving station for books forwarded by
libraries in northern Illinois, western Michigan, and Wisconsin.
From April, 1917 to June, 1918 the Chicago Public Library re¬
ceived, sorted, prepared for use and distributed to camps more than
300,000 volumes. In addition it supervised the operation of libraries
at army hospitals in Chicago, and performed numerous other war ac¬
tivities. The other public-supported libraries in the state, numbering
more than two hundred, collected books and magazines, furnished
scrap books for the use of men in the hospitals, and under the direc¬
tion of a Library Publicity Committee, organized by George A.
Deveneau, librarian of the College of Agriculture, University of
Illinois, cooperated with the United States Food Administration by
giving exhibits and distributing printed material relative to food con¬
servation. In addition to these activities the libraries of Illinois co¬
operated with the United States Fuel Administration, the United
States Employment Service, the Boys' Working Reserve, the Ameri¬
can Red Cross, the War Loan Organization, and in fact with prac¬
tically every other war agency. The libraries during the war became
real community centers.
P. L. Windsor was Illinois director of the American Library
Association campaign for funds which was conducted in August and
September, 1917. In the United War Work Campaign of Novem-
WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS 347
ber, 1918, from which the American Library Association received
2.05 per cent of the total, Frederick H. Rawson was state director
representing the American Library Association. Miss Anna May
Price was secretary of the Library Extension Commission which
served as the state agency to supervise the collection and distribution
of books in Illinois.
UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN
A joint campaign for funds to carry on the work of the seven
major welfare organizations to be conducted during the week be¬
ginning November 11, 1918, was agreed upon at a meeting held on
September 4, 1918 by representatives of the National War Work
Councils of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., the National
Catholic War Council (Knights of Columbus), the Jewish Welfare
Board, the War Camp Community Service, the American Library
Association and the Salvation Army. Three weeks later, on Septem¬
ber 25, representatives of each of the seven organizations met at
Chicago to formulate plans for the campaign in Illinois. At the
conference a plan of organization reported by the Committee on
Organization and Ways and Means was adopted and a state executive
committee and a state campaign chairman were elected. An executive
staff comprising a state campaign director, an associate director, and
executive secretaries who were in charge of the Women's, Boys'
"Earn and Give," Girls' and Students' Divisions were shortly after¬
ward appointed. A state publicity director aided by a committee
composed of representatives from each of the seven organizations and
district and county publicity secretaries managed a far-reaching ad¬
vertising campaign. To meet the expenses of advertising and other
costs a state campaign fund was created by contributions on a pro¬
rata basis from each of the seven organizations. For the purposes of
extending the campaign throughout Illinois the state was divided
into twenty-three districts, in each of which were appointed a cam¬
paign chairman, a campaign committee, and executive secretaries for
the special divisions who had jurisdiction over the county, city, town
and township organizations within their territory. Of the $170,500,-
000 set as a goal in the campaign the quota assigned to Illinois was
$12,740,000—two-thirds of this amount being allotted to Greater
348 ÏVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Chicago on the basis of the results of the Liberty Loan, Red Cross,
and second Y. M. C. A. war work campaigns, the remaining one-
third being assigned to the other twenty-two districts. County quotas
were based upon a consideration of population, taxes, property valua¬
tion, banking resources, and response to the third liberty loan and
second Red Cross war drive.
As a result of the campaign, subscriptions amounting to $13,-
953,833.56 were made in Illinois, of which $13,250,463.97 had been
collected by June 21, 1922.^ From this sum the Y. M. C. A. re¬
ceived 58.65 per cent, the Y. W. C. A., 8.8 per cent, the National
Catholic War Council, 17.6 per cent, the Jewish Welfare Board,
2.05 per cent, the War Camp Community Service, 8.8 per cent, the
American Library Association, 2.05 per cent, and the Salvation Army,
2.05 per cent.
The United War Work Campaign Executive Committee of
Illinois consisted of the following members: F. G. Adamson, chair¬
man; John E. Wilder, vice chairman; Mrs. George W. Dixon, Ed¬
ward Houlihan, Judge Hugo Pam, Clarence S. Pellet, F. H. Rawson,
and Commissioner Thomas Estill. J. R. Messner was director of
collections.
'For the results of the United War Work Campaign in Illinois by
counties, see Appendix, Table number 34.
X. WAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS
ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE
»
The Alliance Française, a branch of the French Red Cross, was
organized in Illinois in December, 1917.. Headquarters and a work¬
shop were established at Chicago and efforts were made to stimulate
the activities of the groups of the Alliance Française which were
being formed throughout the state. The organization made and
sent to France 188,296 surgical dressings and 16,084 hospital sup¬
plies, refugee garments and knitted articles at an expenditure of
$6,470.22.
Mrs. Harry Channon was chairman of the Chicago committee.
ALLIED RELIEF DEPARTMENT, WOMAN'S COMMIT¬
TEE, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE,
ILLINOIS DIVISION
See page 57.
AMERICAN FUND FOR FRENCH WOUNDED
The American Fund for French Wounded was founded in
February, 1915 to give assistance to the hospitals of France and to
provide civilian relief in the devastated areas. Headquarters were
established at New York, executive and national committees were
appointed, and branches were organized in four important cities. The
Chicago branch in the beginning had forty local committees under
its jurisdiction.
The Chicago branch maintained a receiving office for supplies
and a workroom where special surgical dressings were made. It sent
two dispensary units to France for service in the devastated areas and
was responsible for the maintenance of an automobile truck in France
which was used to distribute supplies. Speakers were provided by the
Chicago organization for the local committees desirous of increasing
their contributions to the Fund. In 1918-1919 under the manage¬
ment of the Chicago branch, Mrs. J. Gordon Wilson related
[349]
350 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
personal impressions of the work in France to audiences throughout
the state, the receipts from the ticket sale being equally divided be¬
tween the local committee of the town in which she spoke and the
Chicago branch. The Chicago branch also cooperated with the
Chicago Supply Committee of the Children of the Frontier, which
was formed in December, 1917 to make clothing for the children in
the invaded districts of Belgium and France.
From May 1 to November 1, 1917 the Chicago branch sent
monthly shipments, each worth approximately $11,000, contributed
$7,663.50 to a special fund for the purchase of blankets, furnished
surgical supplies to the amount of 58,092 articles, 30,010 articles of
clothing for civilians, 6,089 comfort bags, and 4,098 miscellaneous
articles. From the organization of the branch to May 14, 1919, 8,489
cases of supplies were sent to France and $541,496.83 was expended
for relief. On May 14, 1919 the books of the fund were closed and
a balance of $18,371.42 was transferred to the American Memorial
Hospital to he built at Rheims.
Mrs. Henry S. Robbins was honorary chairman and IVIrs. Russell
Tyson was chairman of the Chicago branch of the American Fund for
French Wounded.
BELGIAN FOOD RELIEF COMMITTEE OF CHICAGO
To care for a civilian population of more than 9,900,000 the
Commission for Relief in Belgium was organized in October, 1914
under the direction of neutral nations, of which the United States
was the most important. A main office was established in London
with branches in New York, Rotterdam and Brussels. The activities
of the organization were divided into three groups—provisioning,
which created the problem of the purchase and transportation of food¬
stuffs, financial relief and exchange, and benevolence. Nearly 5,000
committees were mobilized to deal with food supplies and almost an
equal number to dispense charity, while in addition a number of
special committees were formed—2,000 in 1915—chiefly for the pur¬
pose of raising money to enable the commission to carry on its
work.
Of the latter class was the Belgian Food Relief Committee of
Chicago, organized in November, 1914, which raised $342,824.46
WAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS 351
for relief. In 1917 after the chairman of the Commission for Relief
in Belgium, Herbert Hoover, had obtained loans from the United
States government to enable the commission to continue rationing
the civilian population of Belgium, the work of the Chicago com¬
mittee was discontinued.
Arthur T. Aldis was chairman of the committee.
CITIZENS' WAR BOARD
The Citizens' War Board of Chicago was organized at a meet¬
ing of four hundred representative citizens at the Hotel LaSalle on
May 8, 1917 for the purpose of coordinating the work of the various
volunteer organizations for war service in Chicago. The member¬
ship of the board was at first fixed at thirty-four but was shortly in¬
creased to forty. In November, 1917 it was consolidated with the
State Council of Defense when one of the board's chief activities—
investigating appeals for contributions to war charities—was taken
over by the council's War Aid and War Charity License Bureau.
Harry A. Wheeler and George M. Reynolds served successively
as president of the Chicago War Board, and Harrison B. Riley acted
as chairman of the executive committee.
DAUGHTERS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
The Daughters of the British Empire in Illinois, a branch of an
order which is national in its organization, mobilized for war work
in August, 1914 when Great Britain entered the war. Twenty
chapters with a membership of 1,200 conducted war activities in
their respective districts.
The work of the order consisted, in the first place, of supplying
the British soldiers with articles of comfort, and in 1914-1918,
100,000 such articles were shipped to the battle fronts. The facilities
for this work were increased in June, 1917 when the war relief shop
was opened in Chicago with a staff of volunteer workers. The
Daughters of the British Empire in Illinois also maintained four
ambulances in France, endowed a room in perpetuity in the Star and
Garter Home, Richmond, England, for the permanently incapacitated,
paid for building three additional rooms, and contributed to the va-
352 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
rious forms of allied relief. Members of the organization assisted in
conducting tag days for the benefit of various allied relief organiza¬
tions and were the means of securing $1,075.00 for the Fatherless
Children of France, $1,084.00 for the American-British-French-
Belgian Permanent Blind Fund, and $434.05 for the American Fund
for French Wounded. A total sum of $139,510 was raised for war
relief by giving bazaars, entertainments, dances and parties, and
from personal subscription. The war activities of the order con¬
tinued until April, 1919.
Mrs. George Cooke Adams, of Chicago, was president of the
order during the war and acted as honorary chairman of the war
relief shop.
CHILDREN OF THE FRONTIER
To provide homes for the destitute children in the invaded dis¬
tricts of France and Belgium, a society known as the Children of the
Frontier was organized. The society founded eighteen colonies in
France to receive these children. In Illinois a committee was or¬
ganized in Chicago in November, 1917, which maintained a colony
for boys at Cabourg, France for three years. The Chicago Supply
Committee shipped clothing to the children in the colonies through
the American Fund for French Wounded. A total of 16,222 gar¬
ments were sent at an expenditure of $13,829.19.
Mrs. Halsted Freeman was chairman of the Chicago Supply
Committee of the Children of the Frontier.
FATHERLESS CHILDREN OF FRANCE
The Fatherless Children of France was a relief organization
formed in October, 1915 to look after the welfare of needy French
children under sixteen years of age whose fathers had been killed in
the war. Its operations were carried on by a committee in Paris
which investigated cases within the scope of the activities of the or¬
ganization and sent names of orphans to the central office at New
York, and by local committees to which the names were distributed
and which found persons to undertake the support of one or more
orphans. The local committees forwarded the subscriptions—$36.50
WAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS 353
supplemented by an equal amount from the French government sup¬
ported a child for a year—to Messrs. J. P. Morgan of New York to
be transmitted by their Paris branch to the committee in Paris which
then sent the money quarterly by postal order to the adopted children.
The Fatherless Children of France began operations in Illinois
early in 1916, and local committees were soon formed in Chicago,
Evanston, Peoria, Rockford and Springfield, the Evanston committee
being eventually consolidated with the Chicago committee. Because
of the necessity of securing a state license to collect funds for war
charities in Illinois, it was soon deemed expedient to develop further
local organizations of the Fatherless Children of France in the state
by creating subcommittees of the Chicago committee. Accordingly
in October, 1918 there were fifty-five subcommittees of the Chicago
committee, forty-five of which had been organized in Illinois counties,
the remainder having been formed in cities in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
and North Dakota. These committees gave entertainments to raise
money and canvassed their respective districts for subscriptions. In
Macomb such a canvass in October, 1918 resulted in the adoption of a
French child by each block of the city. In the autumn of 1918 a
drive in which the children of Illinois solicited aid for the children of
France was launched. In 1917 the collections of the Illinois commit¬
tees were as follows: Chicago—$73,553.96; Evanston—$3,365.45;
Peoria—$5,530.68; Rockford—$3,495.00 ; Springfield—$3,983.79.
In 1918 their collections were increased to $345,626.60 for Chicago,
$7,342.71 for Peoria, $8,744.57 for Rockford, and $6,841.66 for
Springfield. The Chicago committee reported an adoption of 17,905
orphans to February 16, 1920.
The chairmen of the local committees in Illinois were as fol¬
lows: Chicago, Mrs. Walter S. Brewster; Evanston, David R. For-
gan; Peoria, Mrs. Thomas G. Lovelace; Rockford, Mrs. Wait Tal-
cott, Mrs. Charles N. Gorham; Springfield, Mrs. Charles V. Hickox.
FRANCO-AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR CORRECTIVE
SURGICAL APPLIANCES
The Franco-American Committee for Corrective Surgical Ap¬
pliances was organized in a number of cities in the United States to
raise funds for the manufacture of corrective surgical appliances.
354 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
costing from forty cents to ten dollars each, which were devised by
Miss Grace Cassette, formerly of Chicago, to prevent amputations
and to relieve the sufferings of men injured in the war. The Chicago
committee was organized in May, 1916 and by personal and written
solicitation raised $11,648.47 up to February, 1919. The proceeds
of the Evanston Thrift House increased this amount to $14,648.47.
The work of the committee was discontinued shortly after the sign¬
ing of the armistice.
Mrs. B. B. Botsford served as chairman and treasurer of the
Chicago committee.
ITALIAN RELIEF AUXILIARY
The Italian Relief Auxiliary was organized in October, 1917 as
a subdivision of the Chicago Chapter of the American Red Cross.
The following supplies were sent to Italy: 10,400 knitted garments,
20,755 Italian jackets and bands, 3,440 blankets and comfort kits,
60,265 hospital and refugee garments, and 240,950 surgical dressings.
A sum of $26,137.80 was expended for relief work. Activities were
discontinued March 1, 1919.
Mrs. Herman Butler, of Chicago, was chairman and Miss Mary
Nixon was director of the auxiliary.
LAKE SHORE DRIVE SURGICAL DRESSINGS UNIT
The Lake Shore Drive Surgical Dressings Unit, later known as
the War Relief Club, was a Chicago organization of approximately
fifty members, formed in October, 1917 for the special purpose of
making supplies for the Hospital Bossuet in Paris. Seven hundred
cases of surgical dressings valued at more than $10,000 and money
contributions amounting to $1,600 were sent to France by the com¬
mittee. The work in France was supervised directly by a Paris com¬
mittee of five members. The activities of the organization continued
until April 22, 1919.
Miss Florence Carlson was chairman of the unit.
WAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS 355
LITHUANIAN AID SOCIETY
For the relief of war sufferers of invaded Lithuania a central
relief fund committee was formed in the United States at a conven¬
tion held in Chicago in 1914. This committee organized branches in
the Lithuanian parishes of the United States and appealed to the
600,000 Lithuanians of the nation for financial aid. In Illinois the
Lithuanian Aid Society with headquarters in Chicago was the chief
agent for Lithuanian relief. The society collected approximately
$7,000 from the Lithuanians of the state to provide food, clothing,
housing and medical supplies for their countrymen abroad.
Dr. A. L. Graicunas, of Chicago, was secretary of the Lithuanian
Aid Society.
NATIONAL SURGICAL DRESSINGS COMMITTEE
The National Surgical Dressings Committee, an auxiliary of
the American Red Cross, was organized in Chicago on May 20, 1917.
Units were established throughout the state and a chairman for
each county was appointed to organize and stimulate the work.
At the headquarters of the committee in Chicago a training school
for teachers was conducted. The organization sent to France 300,000
surgical dressings, 12,000 garments and 15,000 pounds of absorbent
cotton as well as $1,800 in money.
Miss Anne Parker Miner, of Chicago, was state chairman.
NEAR EAST RELIEF
In response to the appeal of Ambassador Henry W. Mergenthau
a committee was formed in New York in October, 1915 to give
financial assistance to the Armenians. In the following month this
committee united with two other recently-organized committees—
the Persian War Relief Fund and the Syrian-Palestine Relief Com¬
mittee—to form the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian
Relief. The field of operations of the committee included Asia Minor
and neighboring territory into which numerous refugees fled, such
as the Russian Caucasus, Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, but
356 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
gradually the field of the committee's activity was extended to include
other subject races of the Ottoman Empire.
To place the case of the Near East before the people of the
United States committees were organized in each state late in 1918.
In Illinois such a committee was formed with headquarters in Chi¬
cago, under whose direction the nation-wide campaign for $30,-
000,000, launched January 12, 1919, was conducted throughout the
state in cooperation with the churches and secular organizations. The
signing of the armistice did not mean the end of the work of the
organization. The post-war task of rehabilitating the survivors of
the Turkish oppression being of such great proportions, the com¬
mittee was reorganized, renamed the American Committee for Relief
in the Near East and by special act of Congress was incorporated
as the Near East Relief in July, 1919. The Illinois Committee,
operating through the Department of Industrial Appeals, the Church
Department, the Woman's Department and the Accounting Depart¬
ment continued to ask for contributions of money and clothing which
during the year July 1, 1920 to June 30, 1921 amounted to $785,-
121.46.
C. H. Greene, assisted by Frank R. Carty, directed the activities
in the state in behalf of the American Committee for Armenian and
Syrian Relief. Later, with the incorporation of the Near East Re¬
lief, George E. Keyes was chairman and Frederick J. Michel was
executive secretary of the Illinois committee.
PERMANENT BLIND RELIEF WAR FUND FOR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS OF THE ALLIES
A society known as the British-French-Belgian Permanent Blind
Relief War Fund was organized in England and France by Mr. and
Mrs. George Kessler in November, 1915 which in March, 1916
began activities in the United States. In February, 1917 in anticipa¬
tion of the entrance of the United States into the war, "American"
was prefixed to the title of the organization; and with the extension
of work to Italy, Serbia, Rumania and Poland the name was modi¬
fied to the Permanent Blind Relief War Fund for Soldiers and Sailors
of the Allies. The establishment of a fund for the rééducation of
blinded soldiers was the object of the society. Membership was of
fVAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS 357
six classes and the dues varied accordingly: benefactor—$5,000;
patron—$1,000; life member—$500; sustaining member—$100 per
year; member—$25 per year; associate member—$10 per year.
The institutions maintained or aided by the Permanent Blind
Relief War Fund included a Bureau for After-Care and Personal
Aid for Blinded Soldiers, a Braille printing establishment and a dis¬
tributing center for supplies and raw materials in France, reëduca-
tional schools, homes, or both, in Italy, Rumania, Serbia and Poland,
a home and workshop in Belgium, a hostel in England and a Red
Cross institute for the blind in America. Illinois participated in
these activities through a committee organized in Chicago on October
1, 1916. The committee raised $110,409.22 and contributed its
quota to the $100,000 fund raised by the Red Cross to care for
blinded American soldiers.
Mrs. Frederick Tabl was honorary -secretary of the Chicago
committee.
STAGE WOMEN'S WAR RELIEF
The Stage Women's War Relief of Chicago, a branch of the
national organization with headquarters at New York, was organized
on November 13, 1917. The purpose of the organization according
to the constitution and by-laws of the Chicago branch, was to "in¬
terest and direct women connected directly or indirectly with the
theatrical, musical, and cinematograph professions in the war relief
work and to furnish them with workrooms, materials and oppor¬
tunities for war relief work." There were two special subcommittees
—the Tuesday Evening Working Women's Dressmaking Class and
the Patriotic Business Girls' League.
The activities of the Stage Women's War Relief of Illinois,
which were subject to the approval of the national board of directors,
included making hospital supplies and comfort articles, furnishing
entertainment to service men at the camps and hospitals, and raising
money for various forms of allied relief. Workrooms were main¬
tained in which were made during the period November 20, 1917-
July 1, 1919, 103,965 articles valued at $35,330.50. An entertain¬
ment bureau originated programs for the amusement of the men at
Fort Sheridan, the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and the
358 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
United States Marine Hospital. At the request of the Y. M. C. A.
and other important welfare organizations these entertainments were
continued throughout 1919. The Stage Women's War Relief also
contributed $1,000 to Serbian relief, and $10,000 worth of food to
the children of French actors.
Mrs. E. R. Fifield was chairman of the board of directors of the
Chicago branch.
WESTERN RELIEF FUND
The Western Relief Fund was founded July 15, 1916 to give
financial aid to the families of men in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and
Wisconsin who enlisted in the British or Canadian forces, head¬
quarters being established at Chicago. With sums varying from $10
to $40 according to the size of the family the organization supple¬
mented the amounts received from the soldiers' pay and the allowances
of the British and Canadian governments. A total of $160,000,
raised by the personal subscriptions of people chiefly of Canadian or
British birth, was expended. In Illinois approximately 700 families
were assisted by the Western Relief Fund. The organization con¬
tinued its activities until December 1, 1920.
Samuel Insull, of Chicago, was chairman of the executive com¬
mittee and Robert Elliot was secretary.
APPENDIX
Table No. 3.—Analysis of Selective Service Classification in Illinois'
Ages
Total
îeglstratlon
Percentage
of Total
in United
States
Classified in
Class I
Classified in
Classes II-III-IV
Classified in
Class V
Not Classified
Number
Per Cent
Number
Per Cent
Number
Per Cent
Number
Per Cent
18 Years
50,618
5.38
42,955
84.9
2,443
4.8
2,634
5.2
2,586
5.1
19-36 Years
1,093,100
6.52
343,990
31.47
499,929
45.74
246,079
22.51
3,102
.28
37-45 Years
431,159
7.00
10,226
2.372
32,093
7.443
3,320
.77
385,520
89.415
All Ages (Illinois)
1,574,877
6.59
397,171
25.22
534,465
33.94
252,033
16.00
391,208
24.84
All Ages (United States)
23,908,576
100.00
6,369,396
26.64
7,923,386
33.14
3,297,066
13.79
6,319,728
26.43
Ö
Tapi.e No. 4.—Analysis of Principal Selective Service Classifications in Illinois'
Age
Total
Classifica¬
tions
Held for
Service
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
Agricultural
Deferments
Percentage 1
of Classifi- 1
cation I
Dependency
Deferments
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
Industrial
Deferments
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
1 Aliens
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
In Military
or Navai
Service
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
Physically
Disqualified
Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
Other
Deferments
► Percentage
of Classifi¬
cation
18 Years
48,032
42,955
89.43
206
.43
2,066
4.30
142
.30
1,380
2.87
841
1.75
290
.60
152
.32
19-36 Years
1,089,998
343,990
31.56
29,497
2.72
448,818
41.18
14,716
1.35
131,574
12.07
48,863
4.48
60,052
5.50
12,488
1.14
37-45 Years
45,639
10,226
22.41
661
1.45
31,168
68.29
188
.41
2,520
5.52
30
.07
502
1.10
344
.75
Ail Ages
1,183,669
397,171
33.55
30,364
2.57
482,052
40.72
15,046
1.27
135,474
11.45
49,734
4.20
60,844
5.14
12,984
1.10
All Ages (U. S.)
17,593,778
6,373,414
36.22
506,815
2.88
6,964,229
39.58
317,570
1.81
1,467,319
8.34
722,335
4.11
925,873
5.26
316,223
1.80
ON
CA
^Final Report of the Provost Marshal General, pp. 20, 28, 36, 44.
Table No. 5.—Principal
Data by
Local Drait Boards
OJ
OS
OS
Registration '
Induction'
Local Boards
June 5,
1917
Adams
Alexander
Aurora
Bond
Boone
Brown
Bureau No. 1
Bureau No. 2
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Champaign No.
Champaign No.
Chicago
No.
1
Chicago
No.
2
Chicago
No.
3
Chicago
No.
4
Chicago
No.
5
Chicago
No.
6
Chicago
No.
7
Chicago
No.
8
Chicago
No.
9
Chicago
No.
10.
Chicago
No.
11
Chicago
No.
12.
Chicago
No.
13.
2,056
2,247
3,481
1,252
1,422
749
2,066
2,114
708
1,620
1,813
2,414
2,979
5,206
3,908
4.082
3,837
3,461
2,019
3.083
2,839
3,235
4,190
3,671
5,674
2,518
June 5 and
August 24
1918
224
196
301
150
120
82
175
192
92
156
162
232
297
262
327
329
389
287
169
255
181
257
268
267
380
165
Sept. 12,
1918
2,827
3,008
4,915
1,823
1,783
1,093
2,663
2,803
953
2,328
2,254
3,202
3,591
7,659
5,136
5,408
5,156
5,133
3,549
4,414
3,925
3,796
4,412
4,020
6,615
3,906
Total
Total
Called
5,107
5,451
8,697
3,225
3,325
1,924
4,904
5,109
1,753
4,104
4,229
5,848
6,867
13,127
9,371
9,819
9,382
8,881
5,737
7,752
6,945
7,288
8,870
7,958
12,669
6,589
754
968
990
453
329
277
761
519
318
377
738
745
922
1,447
1.045
1,322
1,235
1,071
651
1.046
786
793
1,016
945
1,011
873
Total
Inducted
716
989
1,127
461
337
245
835
600
326
382
723
693
906
1,776
1,178
1,496
1,287
1,092
711
1,120
852
828
1,055
1,001
1,053
881
Total
Accepted
694
878
1,040
435
328
209
789
571
295
366
665
651
863
1,559
1,085
1,378
1,167
1,007
685
1,025
814
765
973
928
998
836
Total
Rejected
Total O
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft ¿3
22
111
86
26
9
26
45
29
31
16
58
42
43
215
93
116
120
85
26
90
31
60
81
58
54
32
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Continued
Registration
Local Boards
June 5,
1917
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
Sept. 12,
1918
Total
Total
Called
Total
Inducted
Total
Accepted
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
Chicago
No.
14
3,342
213
4,550
8,105
918
1,003
959
25
19
Chicago
No.
15
2,969
197
4,034
7,200
827
941
912
28
1
Chicago
No.
16
3,302
202
4,600
8,104
1,015
1,033
955
54
24
Chicago
No.
17
3,298
238
4,910
8,446
994
1,048
1,000
43
5
Chicago
No.
18
3,073
203
4,346
7,622
744
815
765
43
7
Chicago
No.
19
5,280
347
6,648
12,275
1,230
1,311
1,145
79
87
Chicago
No
20..
5 087
410
6,511
12,008
1,001
1,156
1,063
93
Chicago
No.
21
4,723
325
6,526
11,574
1,083
1,103
925
46
132
Chicago
No.
22
5,120
343
6,348
11,811
1,140
1,215
1,150
57
8
Chicago
No.
23
3,158
241
3,708
7,107
934
554
521
21
12
Chicago
No.
24
3,257
202
3,568
7,027
702
680
610
54
16
Chicago
No.
25
3,595
222
3,823
7,640
853
709
678
30
1
Chicago
No.
26
4,367
224
4,496
9,087
967
1,018
918
83
17
Chicago
No.
27
4,863
347
4,966
10,176
1,128
1,140
1,058
77
5
Chicago
No.
28
2,919
217
3,154
6,290
739
786
748
28
10
Chicago
No.
29
3,307
231
4,059
7,597
985
983
891
79
13
Chicago
No.
30
3,033
235
3,447
6,715
971
1,019
965
51
3
Chicago
No.
31
2,454
174
3,086
5,714
1,141
906
812
92
2
Chicago
No.
32
5,186
292
5,644
11,122
1,089
922
870
49
3
Chicago
No.
33
2,850
194
3,952
6,996
878
941
878
56
7
Chicago
No.
34
5,164
444
5,854
11,462
1,162
1,248
1,178
68
2
Chicago
No.
35
6,873
5Í6
6,596
13,985
1,225
1,294
1,217
76
1
Chicago
No.
36
2,888
197
2,831
5,911
705
735
. 701
30
4
Chicago
No
37
4,095
294
4,370
8,759
857
721
688
33
Chicago
No.
38
3,200
181
3,257
6,638
645
787
739
46
2
Chicago
No.
39
6,023
340
5,790
12,153
1,019
943
884
59
inddction
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local
Draft Boards—Continued
CO
On
00
Reqistratiok
Induction
Local Boards
une 5,
1917
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
Sept. 12.
1918
Total
Total
Called
Total
Inducted
Total
Accepted
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
5,112
216
7,038
12,366
1,237
1,368
1,222
133
13
3,975
287
4,359
8,621
1,106
1,207
1,087
46
74
3,817
259
4,313
8,389
794
864
814
41
9
4,568
288
4,663
9,519
1,001
1,024
957
67
4,851
292
4,378
9,521
901
839
767
62
10
2,195
107
2,612
4,914
504
505
487
18
4,602
281
6,118
11,001
1,083
1,249
1,190
41
18
5,457
287
5,851
11,595
1,324
1,299
1,174
108
17
2,156
179
3,001
5,336
567
567
511
44
12
3,955
270
4,994
9,219
940
951
908
43
3,799
242
5,335
9,376
1,046
1,089
1,025
53
11
4,231
250
5,127
9,608
1,126
1,163
1,111
49
3
3,354
299
3,842
7,495
1,010
952
830
33
89
3,697
284
4,152
8,133
886
921
879
40
2
2,965
179
4,109
7,253
887
962
898
51
13
3,780
216
5,542
9,538
1,160
1,167
1,118
46
3
2,411
141
3,970
6,522
856
875
837
34
4
2,103
109
3,654
5,866
663
609
591
16
2
3,170
282
3,949
7,401
975
980
913
50
17
3,176
269
4,213
7,658
960
980
937
29
14
3,073
222
4,219
7,514
899
968
924
35
9
3,288
225
5,131
8,644
804
811
768
39
4
2,991
260
4,148
7,399
965
937
870
62
5
3,925
378
5,780
10,083
1,080
1,105
1,026
36
43
3,472
243
3,386
7,101
972
1,000
916
59
25
4,420
350
4,833
9,603
1,276
1,354
1,266
56
32
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
No. 40.
No. 41.
No. 42.
No. 43.
No. 44.
No. 45.
No. 46.
No. 47.
No. 48.
No. 49.
No. 50.
No. 51.
No. 52.
No. 53.,
No. 54.
No. 55.
No. 56.
No. 57.
No. 58.
No. 59.
No. 60..
No. 61.,
No. 62.,
No. 63.,
No. 64.,
No. 65.,
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Continued
Local Boards
Chicago
No.
66
Chicago
No.
67
Chicago
No.
68
Chicago
No.
69
Chicago
No.
70
Chicago
No.
71
Chicago
No.
72
Chicago
No.
73
Chicago
No.
74
Chicago
No.
75
Chicago
No.
76
Chicago
No.
77
Chicago
No.
78
Chicago
No.
79
Chicago
No.
80
Chicago
No.
81
Chicago
No.
82
Chicago
No.
83
Chicago
No.
84
Chicago
No.
85
Chicago
No.
86
nhristlan
r.lark
nia v
Clinton
Coles ....
Registration
.Tune 5,
1917
3,060
8,638
4,333
3,775
3,066
2,159
2,330
2,839
2,468
2,588
3,081
2,075
2,985
5,302
2,545
4,926
3,700
3,096
3,774
3,387
2,689
3,167
1,634
1,373
1,824
2,799
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
251
580
350
278
252
171
215
233
200
205
268
164
226
469
195
452
347
289
324
267
223
343
191
147
213
315
Sept. 12.
1918
3,717
9,124
6,249
4,655
4,077
2,850
2,755
3.392
3,068
3,149
4,033
3,308
3,747
7,340
3,321
4,957
4,126
3,699
4,769
4.393
3,589
5,067
2,264
1,811
2,854
4,164
Total
7,028
18,342
10,932
8,708
7,395
5,180
5,300
6,464
5,736
5,942
7,372
5,547
6,958
13,111
6,061
10,335
8,173
7,084
8,867
8,047
6,501
8,577
4,089
3,331
4,891
7,278
Induction
Total
Called
919
1,395
1,211
1,078
991
639
776
829
934
818
903
660
788
1,302
897
1,152
972
879
1,172
893
920
1,182
389
385
788
804
Total
Inducted
955
1,538
1,075
1,162
1,111
658
822
849
916
848
1,000
654
835
1,336
919
1,222
1,110
903
1,257
1,029
954
1,149
389
386
780
835
Total
Accepted
900
1,403
1,053
1,082
1,033
608
770
804
845
803
938
617
772
1,254
859
1,125
1,042
847
1,107
980
893
1,115
368
361
729
813
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
37
42
22
75
70
47
41
42
65
40
44
21
59
55
42
42
56
48
48
35
50
34
21
25
50
22
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Continued
o
s
<0
O
Registration
indoction
Local Boards
June 5,
1917
June 5 and
Au|ust 24,
Sept. 12,
1918
Total
Total
Called
Total
Inducted
Total
Accepted
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
Cook No.
Cook No.
Cook No.
Cook No.
Cook No.
Cook No. 6
Cook No. 7
Cook No. 8
Cook No. 9
Crawford
Cumberland
Danville
Decatur
DeKalb
DeWitt
Douglas
DuPage
East St. Louis No. 1..
East St. Louis No. 2..
East St. Louis No. 3..
Edgar
Edwards
Effingham
Fayette
Ford
Franklin
2,890
3,206
2,119
3,823
3,984
6,511
2,656
3,609
3,633
1,812
1,090
2,796
3,413
3,048
1,646
1,489
3,500
3,506
2,296
3,209
2,046
711
1,389
2,018
1,415
5,184
293
172
150
312
276
437
255
310
241
186
105
258
301
259
159
165
322
199
174
218
195
64
163
209
145
376
3,840
4,264
3,637
5,332
6,892
8,487
3,233
5,252
4,132
2,686
1,353
4,447
5,159
3,899
2,339
2,319
5,140
3,769
2,948
3,933
2,987
1,035
2,146
2,917
1,947
8,376
7,023
7,642
5,906
9,467
11,152
15,435
6,144
9,171
8,006
4,684
2,548
7,501
8,873
7,206
4,144
3,973
8,962
7,474
5,418
7,360
5,228
1,810
3,698
5,144
3,507
13,936
743
927
764
1,003
1,194
1,338
868
928
829
519
299
725
777
856
571
507
1,002
1,012
697
853
532
250
526
726
511
1,251
794
919
641
1,074
1,240
1,403
884
1,001
903
495
282
971
944
904
583
494
1,054
1,099
734
943
550
245
518
728
569
1,221
775
877
630
1,046
1,204
1,316
849
950
831
476
258
903
874
849
538
468
993
1,014
687
879
530
237
498
687
546
1,123
18
36
10
25
23
79
35
50
51
19
24
68
70
54
31
24
59
85
44
60
20
8
20
41
18
98
13 >3
« £
"ï §
21
tk.
o
o
hi
O
1
14
2
2
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Continued
Registration
Local Boards
Pulton No.
Fulton No.
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Henry
Iroquois ....
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jersey
Jo Daviess
Johnson
Joliet
Kane No. !..
Kane No. 2..
Kankakee ..
Kendall
Knox No. 1-
Knox No. 2-
Lake No. 1..
Lake No. 2..
June 5,
1917
1,759
2,113
1,148
1,818
1,675
1,261
2,259
614
808
4,062
2,956
2,914
1,213
2,164
1,047
1,896
996
4,858
2,545
2,909
3,647
948
1,830
2,185
3,000
3,336
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
173
217
93
182
199
137
261
70
85
383
333
311
136
224
93
196
120
386
231
278
354
89
208
194
235
241
Sept. 12,
1918
2,532
3,412
1,408
2,688
2,382
1,763
3,252
823
1,136
5,647
4,113
4,263
1,723
3,123
1,482
2,674
1,288
5,894
3,222
3,906
5,014
1,228
2,626
3,152
3,732
4,485
Total
4,464
5,742
2,649
4,688
4,256
3,161
5,772
1,507
2,029
10,092
7,402
7,488
3,072
5,511
2,622
4,766
2,404
11,138
5,998
7,093
9,015
2,265
4,664
5,531
6,967
8,062
Induction
Total
Called
630
674
412
741
566
510
823
200
313
1,150
1,036
773
378
715
431
579
356
1,298
770
938
1,211
319
557
688
881
784
Total
Inducted
641
695
336
740
568
476
835
187
295
1,457
981
848
394
766
462
621
368
1,363
741
1,025
1,122
320
589
704
927
748
Total
Accepted
591
624
316
581
544
445
776
172
274
1,355
919
758
374
720
439
575
339
1,335
707
953
1,019
308
560
656
881
711
Total
Rejected
41
63
17
20
24
31
59
15
14
102
62
60
20
46
23
46
29
22
32
71
100
12
29
47
45
37
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
9
8
3
139
7 S
^
b
30
6
2
1
3
Ï
1
^
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local
Draft Boards—Continued
OJ
KJ
Local Boards
Registration
June 5,
1917
June 5 and
AuKust 24,
1918
Sept. 12,
1918
Total
Induction
Total
Called
Total
Inducted
Total
Accepted
Total
Rejected
Total O
Rejected ^
Cancellation ^
of Draft /,
LaSalle No. 1
LaSalle No. 2
LaSalle No. 3
Lawrence
Lee :
Livingston
Logan
McDonough
McHenry
McLean No. 1
McLean No. 2
Macon
Macoupin No. 1..
Macoupin No. 2..
Madison No. 1
Madison No. 2
Madison No. 3
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Massac
Menard
Mercer
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
3,188
3,484
2,348
1,881
2,562
3,435
2,377
2.202
3,050
3,076
2,821
1,763
1,957
2,306
2,666
4,255
4,710
3,052
1,372
1,418
1.203
961
1,583
1,084
3,500
2,397
277
307
237
138
257
324
241
222
307
316
231
171
236
275
286
367
384
281
118
143
108
117
150
157
335
246
4,445
4,387
3,051
2,541
3,315
4,636
3,348
3,120
3,966
4,290
3,801
2,408
3,378
4,338
4,045
5,290
7,054
4,454
1,878
2,033
1,564
1,387
2,227
1,516
5,676
3,493
7,910
8,178
5,636
4,560
6,134
8,395
5,966
5,544
7,323
7,682
6,853
4,342
5,571
6,919
6,997
9,912
12,148
7,787
3,368
3,594
2,875
2,465
3,960
2,757
9,511
6,136
943
1,030
760
574
755
1,125
858
744
776
927
916
566
842
946
1,120
1,255
1,332
883
473
582
384
426
471
443
1,081
980
998
1,118
756
561
767
1,143
891
780
801
1,004
946
614
826
961
1,084
1,342
1,499
1,009
500
469
336
422
477
452
1,108
965
956
1,071
723
527
733
1,070
804
728
746
913
870
590
798
892
1,059
1,262
1,385
972
484
425
278
384
438
433
1,069
924
40
47
33
34
32
72
87
33
54
64
64
24
28
44
24
77
97
37
16
43
57
32
15
19
39
41
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Continued
Local Boards
Moultrie
Ogle
Peoria No. 1..
Peoria No. 2..
Peoria
Perry
Piatt
Pike
Pope
Pulaski
Putnam
Quincy
Randoiph
Richiand
Rockford No. 1.....
Rockford No. 2.....
Rock Island No.
Rock Island No. :
St. Clair No. 1....
St. Clair No. 2....
Saline
Sangamon
Schuyier
Scott
Shelby
Springfield No. 1
Reqistration
June 5,
1917
1,191
2,426
4,095
3,328
2,872
2,111
1,263
2,266
902
1,289
800
3.082
2.083
1,140
3,379
3,834
4,153
5,421
2,841
3,302
3.184
3,536
1,091
713
2.185
2,335
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
112
230
365
249
315
181
156
228
100
145
55
266
259
100
288
351
428
498
315
324
329
350
129
94
270
185
Sept. 12,
1918
1,639
3,305
6,181
4,930
4,491
2,982
1,849
2,964
1,150
1,734
1,036
4,264
3,169
1.617
4,459
4,471
6,710
8,284
4,749
5,177
5,023
5.618
1,535
1,038
3,359
3,889
Total
2,942
5,961
10,641
8,507
7,678
5,274
3,268
5,458
2,152
3,168
1,891
7,612
5,511
2,857
8,126
8,656
11,291
14,203
7,905
8,803
8,536
9,504
2,755
1,845
5,814
6,409
Induction
Total
Called
380
648
1,374
1,026
906
634
411
599
259
478
232
1,060
782
401
978
957
1,388
1,738
864
1,092
936
1,017
468
268
713
743
Total
Inducted
370
694
1,332
1,028
949
611
436
661
281
502
232
1,106
787
407
1,073
1,040
1,501
1,738
906
1,104
971
1,134
488
277
716
783
Total
Accepted
361
665
1,231
960
872
578
413
631
265
460
228
1,023
729
391
1,020
965
1,380
1,620
859
1,052
900
1,085
460
261
694
742
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
9
29
101
66
37
33
23
30
16
38
4
83
58
16
48
66
121
117
46
62
71
49
27
11
22
39
Table No. 5.—Principal Data by Local Draft Boards—Concluded
4^
Local Boards
Springfield No. 2..
Stark
Stephenson
Tazewell
Union
Vermilion No. 1....
Vermilion No. 2....
Wabash
Warren
Washington
Wayne
White
Whiteside
Will No. 1
Will No. 2
Williamson No. 1..
Williamson No. 2..
Wlnnehago
Woodford
Total, Illinois..
Registration
June 5,
1917
2,603
900
3,165
3,602
1,567
2,255
2,094
1,235
1,893
1,358
1,831
1,644
3,242
2,649
2,689
2,028
2,760
1,719
1,699
653,587
June 5 and
August 24,
1918
198
81
314
319
162
222
211
96
183
155
189
168
313
276
190
205
291
185
164
54,375
Sept. 12,
1918
4,058
1,106
4,325
4,794
2,011
2,991
3,272
1,640
2,610
2,010
2,449
2,335
4,246
3,444
3,225
3,283
4,933
2,527
2,314
866,915
Total
6,859
2,087
7,804
8,715
3,740
5.468
5,577
2,971
4,686
3,52?
4.469
4,147
7,801
6,369
6,104
5,516
7,984
4,431
4,177
1,574,877
Induction
Total
Called
983
365
791
1,045
552
613
645
344
569
558
623
612
979
704
588
699
963
538
636
187,334
Total
Inducted
902
350
844
1,045
536
653
663
336
582
564
611
570
1,020
723
671
731
916
531
613
193,338
Total
Accepted
857
324
821
971
489
591
623
320
556
511
664
550
857
668
568
657
823
500
532
180,512
Total
Rejected
Total
Rejected
Cancellation
of Draft
44
14
23
74
46
45
39
16
25
30
47
20
77
54
103
74
93
31
10
10,796
^Second Report 0/ the Provost Marshal General, pp. 509-514.
'Final Report o] the Provost Marshal General, pp. 65-68.
APPENDIX
375
Table No. 6.—Illinois' Contribution to U. S. Naval Forces During
War'
msteict and county
First District—Cook .....
Second District—Cook...
Third District—Cook....,
Fourth District—Cook...
Fifth District —Cook.....
Sixth District—Cook
Seventh District—Cook.
Eighth District—Cook...
Ninth District—Cook
Tenth District.
Cook
Lake
Eieventh District.
DuPage
Kane
McHenry
Will
Twelfth District.
Boone
DeKalb
Grundy
Kendall
LaSalle
Winnebago
Thirteenth District.
Carroll
Jo Daviess
Lee
Ogle
Stephenson
Whiteside
Fourteenth District.
Hancock
Henderson
McDonough
Mercer
Rock Island
Warren
Fifteenth District.
Adams
Fulton
Henry
Knox
Schuyler
Sixteenth District.
Bureau
Marshall
Peoria
Putnam
U. S. Navy
Male
405
623
909
550
599
861
1,365
424
459
613
142
77
227
53
111
46
50
29
15
122
160
41
22
63
39
68
50
87
23
78
24
119
36
183
114
83
85
25
55
25
453
13
Female
U. S. Naval
Reserve Force
Male
739
1,933
1,711
1,513
1,454
2,364
3,356
760
1,082
1,614
440
208
399
89
296
60
97
50
38
246
201
46
56
73
42
93
81
85
29
38
37
151
39
238
75
92
148
29
89
26
396
Female
5
25
13
4
7
24
27
5
13
21
7
2
7
Total
County
1,149
2,581
2,633
2,067
2,060
3,249
4,748
1,189
1,554
2,248
589
287
633
142
410
106
147
79
53
375
362
88
78
136
82
163
132
173
52
118
61
274
76
422
189
175
233
54
145
51
851
21
Dis¬
trict
1,149
2,581
2,633
2,067
2,060
3,249
4,748
1,189
1,554
2,837
1,472
1,122
679
754
1,073
376 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 6.—Illinois' Contribution to U. S. Naval Forces During
War—Continued
district and County
Ü. S. Navy
Male Female
Stark
Tazewell
Seventeenth District.
Ford
Livingston
Logan
McLean
Woodford
Eighteenth District.
Clark
Cumberland
Edgar
Iroquois
Kankakee
Vermilion
Nineteenth District.
Champaign
Coles
DeWitt
Douglas
Macon
Moultrie
Piatt
Shelby
Twentieth District.
Brown
Calhoun
Cass
Greene
Jersey
Mason
Menard
Morgan
Pike
Scott
Twenty-first District.
Christian
Macoupin
Montgomery
Sangamon
Twenty-second District.
Bond
Madison
Monroe
St. Clair
Washington
Twenty-third District.
Clinton
Crawford
30
71
29
32
88
155
46
52
26
29
42
43
137
120
58
56
58
251
24
36
48
20
13
34
56
23
53
28
32
64
14
90
108
62
426
41
207
13
348
13
16
50
U. S. Naval
Reserve Force
Male Female
20
76
58
89
42
265
37
39
11
38
70
77
212
145
98
39
44
162
43
49
37
23
11
45
37
20
27
21
53
43
9
66
93 I
81 '
244: 1
36
246
21
241
25
31 I
40 I
Total
52
147
87
121
131
421
83
91
37
69
112
121
349
265
156
95
102
414
68
85
85
44
24
79
93
43
80
49
85
108
23
156
201
143
672
78
454
34
591
38
47
91
1,267
843
779
1,270
628
1,172
1,195
APPENDIX
377
Table No. 6.—Illinois' Contbibution to U. S. Naval Fokces Dueing
Was—Concluded
District and Codntt
U. S. Navy
D. S. Naval
Reserve Force
Total
Male
Female
Male
Female
County
Dis¬
trict
Effingham
37
29
33
63
34
83
35
65
33
10
19
32
3
18
21
15
48
38
47
18
41
71
35
14
52
29
63
26
19
23
54
34
68
31
25
29
9
15
19
7
16
27
18
58
28
43
27
66
71
49
15
66
21
89
63
48
69
118
68
143
66
80
63
19
34
51
10
35
48
33
106
66
91
45
107
142
84
29
118
50
152
Fayette
Jasper
3
1
Jefferson
Lawrence
Marion
2
Richland
Wahash
783
Twenty-fourth District.
Clay
1
Edwards
Gallatin
Hamilton
Hardin
Johnson
1
Massac
Pope
Saline
Wayne
White
Twenty-flfth District.
Alexander
1
556
Franklin
Jackson
Perry
Pulaski
Randolph
Union
Williamson
727
Total
13,644
5
24,528
210
38,387
38,387
^Annual Report oí the Chief of the Bureau of Havigation to the Secretary of
the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1313, pp.41-13.
378 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 7.—First Liberty Loan
Analysis of Subscriptions, State of Illinois'
County
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Subscriptions
1
Adams
1 $ 741,900
$11.49
2
Alexander
271,500
11.94
3
Bond
61,500
3.60
4
Boone
122,600
7.92
5
Brown
55,600
5.35
6
Bureau
297,550
6.77
7
Calhoun
25,000
2.90
8
Carroll
222,850
12.36
9
Cass
136,950
7.88
10
Champaign
538,350
10.39
11
Christian
317,000
9.16
12
Clark
64,350
2.74
13
Clay
42,050
2.25
14
Clinton
125,400
5.49
15
Coles
219,400
6.36
16
Cook
171,212,000
71.18
17
Crawford
228,800
8.70
18
Cumberland
9,900
.69
19
DeKalb
347,750
10.39
20
DeWitt
123,300
6.52
21
Douglas
254,550
12.99
22
DuPage
277,950
8.31
23
Edgar
326,150
11.93
24
Edwards
39,500
3.93
25
Effingham
119,200
5.94
26
Fayette
109,900
3.91
27
Ford
182,450
10.67
28
Franklin
89,850
3.47
29
Fulton
286,100
5.77
30
Gallatin
59,350
4.05
31
Greene
158,100
7.07
32
Grundy
106,350
4.40
33
Hamilton
47,500
2.55
34
Hancock
130,150
4.25
35
Hardin
8,550
1.22
36
Henderson
47,400
4.87
37
Henry
440,600
10.56
38
Iroquois
153,800
4.33
39
Jackson
260,900
7.42
40
Jasper
41,350
2.28
41
Jefferson
69,500
2.39
42
Jersey
40,650
2.91
43
Jo Daviess
292,850
12.92
44
Johnson
26,850
1.87
45
Kane
1,498,900
16.32
46
Kankakee
220,650
5.41
47
Kendail
77,500
7.19
48
Knox
389,950
8.45
49
Lake
804,850
14.62
bU
LaSalle
1,240,400
13.76
bl
Lawrence
291,200
12.85
b2
Lee
325,850
11.75
b3
Livingston
359,950
8.90
APPENDIX
379
Table No. 7.—^Fibst Libebty Loan
Analysis of Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Concluded
Total
Per Capita
Subscriptions
Subscriptions
54
Logan
667,600
22.09
55
McDonough
202,900
7.55
56
McHenry
125,550
3.86
57
McLean
679,900
10.00
58
Macon
1,186,150
21.89
59
Macoupin
326,000
6.43
60
Madison
1,045,600
11.64
61
Marion
88,000
2.51
62
Marshall
134,600
8.58
63
Mason
344,800
19.84
64
Massac
51,900
3.65
65
Menard
104,600
8.17
66
Mercer
51,450
2.61
67
Monroe
26,550
1.96
68
Montgomery
319,100
9.04
69
Morgan
452,100
13.13
70
Moultrie
59,100
4.04
71
Ogle
136,500
4.90
72
Peoria
2,722.850
27.16
73
Perry
81,750
3.70
74
Piatt
203,600
12.43
75
Pike
196,950
6.88
76
Pope
1,100
.09
77
Pulaski
28,250
1.80
78
Putnam
18,200
2.41
79
Randolph
50,250
1.72
80
Richland
80,550
5.04
81
Rock Island
1,996,700
28.36
82
St. Clair
1,280,100
10.68
83
Saline
83,650
2.77
84
Sangamon
1,398,000
15.36
85
Schuyler
41,000
2.76
86
Scott
28,150
2.80
87
Shelby
167,900
5.30
88
Stark
41,200
4.08
89
Stephenson
347,000
9.42
90
Tazewell
382,800
11.25
91
Union
123,750
5.66
92
Vermilion
737,850
9.46
93
Wabash
147,850
9.91
94
Warren
240,500
10.32
95
Washington
42,000
2.24
96
Wayne
59,150
2.30
97
White
153,850
6.67
98
Whiteside
370,450
10.73
99
Will
945,450
11.20
100
Williamson
151,250
3.35
101
Winnebago
1,121,050
17.75
102
Woodford
230,100
11.22
Total
$203,418,200
$36.08
'Compiled from figures supplied by Chicago and St. Louis federal reserve
banks. The first liberty loan campaign was conducted from May 14 to June
15, 1917. Bonds were dated June 15, 1917 and bore 3% per cent interest.
380 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 8.—Second Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois*
COÜNTT
QÜOTA
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
1
Adams
$ 1,020,000
?15.79
? 1,623,800
$25.14
159
2
Alexander ..
228,500
10.05
428,350
18.84
187
3
Bond
159,500
9.34
209,400
12.26
131
4
Boone
383,670
24.78
422,900
27.32
110
6
Brown
167,000
16.06
182,400
17.54
109
6
Bureau
986,580
22.43
751,600
17.09
77
7
Calhoun ..
76,000
8.83
143,550
16.67
189
8
Carroll
493,290
27.35
444,750
24.66
90
9
Cass
520,695
29.97
403,500
23.23
78
10
Champaign ..
1,370,250
26.44
1,893,650
36.54
138
11
Christian ....
904,365
26.14
923,150
26.68
102
12
Clark
438,480
18.64
394,750
16.79
90
13
Clay
102,500
5.49
165,850
8.89
162
14
Clinton
204,000
8.93
274,600
12.03
135
15
Coles
822,150
23.82
1,264,000
36.62
154
16
Cook
108,570,000
45.14
178,874,750
74.37
165
17
Crawford ....
417,500
15.89
441,200
16.79
106
18
Cumberland
274,050
19.19
145,750
10.21
53
19
DeKalb
931,770
27.85
1,095,650
32.75
117
20
DeWitt
493,290
26.09
479,950
25.39
97
21
Douglas
520,695
26.58
512,850
26.18
98
22
DuPage
739,935
22.13
631,950
18.90
85
23
Edgar
657,720
24.06
1,100,250
40.25
167
24
Edwards ....
82,500
8.21
115,200
11.46
140
25
Effingham ..
217,500
10.84
220,350
10.99
101
26
Fayette
174,500
6.21
236,850
8.44
136
27
Ford
438,480
25.65
650,750
38.06
148
28
Franklin
268,000
10.33
557,650
21.49
208
29
Fulton
1,068,795
21.57
998,900
20.16
93
30
Gallatin
96,500
6.60
166,300
n.37
172
31
Greene
455,000
20.35
459,400
20.54
101
32
Grundy
520,695
21.55
490,550
20.30
94
33
Hamilton ....
147,000
8.06
96,900
5.32
66
34
Hancock
794,745
25.94
421,800
13.77
53
35
Hardin
32,000
4.56
35,600
5.07
111
36
Henderson....
246,645
25.36
139,600
14.36
57
37
Henry
1,096,200
26.26
1,680,150
40.26
153
38
Iroquois
685,125
19.28
844,700
23.76
123
39
Jackson
343,000
9.76
592,950
16.87
173
40
Jasper
95,000
5.23
100,550
5.54
106
41
Jefferson
197,500
6.78
243,250
8.36
123
42
Jersey
223,000
15.98
227,250
16.28
102
43
Jo Daviess..
602,910
26.61
484,800
21.40
80
44
Johnson
87,500
6.10
91,700
6.40
105
45
Kane
2,493,855
27.15
4,328,350
47.12
174
46
Kankakee
1,096,200
26.90
849,350
20.84
77
47
Kendall
219,240
20.34
246,750
22.90
112
48
Knox
1,288,035
27.90
1,653,300
35.82
128
49
Lake
1,315,440
23.89
1,690,000
30.69
128
APPENDIX 381
Table No. 8.—Second Libeety Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Continued
County
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
50
LaSalle
2,466,450
27.36
4,103,200
45.52
166
51
Lawrence ....
365,500
16.13
677,650
29.90
185
52
Lee
767,340
27.65
1,136,900
40.97
148
53
Livingston....
1,041,390
25.73
1,092,550
27.00
105
54
Logan
712,530
23.58
1,404,700
46.49
197
55
McDonough..
712,530
26.50
560,100
20.83
79
56
McHenry ....
849,555
26.13
952,350
29.29
112
57
McLean
1,973,160
29.01
1,597,800
23.49
81
58
Macon
1,507,275
27.82
2,567,700
47.38
170
69
Macoupin ....
610,000
12.03
1,037,500
20.47
170
60
Madison
1,668,000
18.56
3,731,250
41.54
224
61
Marion
353,000
10.06
447,000
12.74
127
62
Marshall ....
411,075
26.22
500,900
31.95
122
63
Mason
438,480
25.23
710,650
40.90
162
64
Massac
115,000
8.10
117,050
8.24
102
65
Menard
356,265
27.84
640,400
50.05
179
66
Mercer
520,695
26.40
649,300
32.92
125
67
Monroe
153,000
11.33
153,800
11.38
100
68
Montgomery
585,000
16.57
845,950
23.96
145
69
Morgan
600,000
17.43
713,300
20.72
119
70
Moultrie
328,860
22.48
252,800
17.27
77
71
Ogle
602,910
21.64
652,450
23.41
108
72
Peoria
3,425,625
34.17
4,684,950
46.73
137
73
Perry
264,500
11.97
473,250
21.42
179
74
Piatt
493,290
30.12
535,650
32.71
108
75
Pike
473,000
16.52
507,450
17.73
107
76
Pope
82,500
7.36
83,000
7.40
100
77
Pulaski
129,000
8.24
143,350
9.16
111
78
Putnam
137,025
18.12
150,500
19.90
110
79
Randolph ....
372,000
12.77
526,050
18.06
141
80
Richland ....
116,500
7.29
171,550
10.74
147
81
Rock Island
2,466,450
35.03
4,807,100
68.28
195
82
St. Clair
2,060,000
17.18
3,485,500
29.08
169
83
Saline
322,500
10.68
503,850
16.68
156
84
Sangamon
2,630,880
28.90
4,471,700
49.13
170
85
Schuyler ....
274,050
18.45
129,450
8.72
47
86
Scott
19,000
- 1.89
143,800
14.28
757
87
Shelby
630,315
19.89
567,550
17.91
90
88
Stark
246,645
24.42
197,300
19.54
80
89
Stephenson..
959,175
26.05
920,850
25.01
96
90
Tazewell ....
876,960
25.77
1,044,750
30.70
119
91
Union
171,000
7.82
329,750
15.09
193
92
Vermilion
2,137,590
27.41
2,984,100
38.26
140
93
Wabash
173,500
11.63
237,200
15.90
137
94
Warren
657,720
28.21
775,350
33.26
118
95
Washington..
182,000
9.70
252,650
13.47
139
96
Wayne
104,500
4.07
225,050
8.76
215
97
White
190,000
8.24
422,800
18.34
222
98
Whiteside....
1,013,985
29.38
1,298,600
37.63
128
382 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 8.—Second Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscbiptions, State of Illinois—Concluded
CorNTT
Qdota
SrBSCBIPTIONS
.\mount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
99 Will
100 Williamson
101 Winnebago
102 Woodford ..
Total
2,384,235
535,000
1,890,945
493,290
28.26
11.86
29.94
24.06
3,839,350
976,400
2,740,000
597,650
45.50
21.65
43.39
29.14
161
183
145
121
$177,818,500
$31.54
$273,203,350
$48.45
154
'Compiled from figures furnished by the Chicago and St. Louis federal
reserve banks. The second liberty loan campaign covered the period October
1-27, 1917. Bonds were dated November 15, 1917 and bore 4 per cent Interest.
APPENDIX 383
Table No, 9.—Third Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois'
County
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
1
Adams
$ 1,854,600
$28.71
$ 3,175,700
$49.17
171
2
Alexander ..
486,250
21.38
643,800
28.31
132
3
Bond
172,250
10.09
361,750
21.18
210
4
Boone
356,400
23.02
627,650
40.54
176
5
Brown
168,300
16.19
264,050
25.39
157
6
Bureau
1,034,880
23.53
1,749,700
39.79
169
7
Calhoun
150,050
17.43
304,000
35.31
203
8
Carroll
464,640
25.76
753,350
41.77
162
9
Cass
509,520
29.33
644,950
37.12
126
10
Champaign..
1,277,760
24.65
2,004,500
38.67
157
11
Christian ....
902,880
26.10
1,139,700
32.94
126
12
Clark
498,960
21.22
663,600
28.22
133
13
Clay
167,400
8.95
274,600
14.71
164
14
Clinton
269,700
11.81
452,600
19.82
168
15
Coles
778,800
22.56
1,057,100
30.62
136
16
Cook
126,180,000
52.46
165,694,300
68.89
131
17
Crawford ....
432,350
16.45
743,150
28.28
172
18
Cumberland..
234,960
16.45
254,450
17.82
108
19
DeKalb
863,280
25.80
1,224,200
36.59
142
20
De Witt
467,280
24.72
638,900
33.79
137
21
Douglas
480,480
24.52
658,000
33.59
137
22
DuPage
810,480
24.24
1,387,850
41.51
171
23
Edgar
641,520
23.47
870,150
31.83
136
24
Edwards ....
92,050
9.16
191,700
19.08
208
25
Effingham
226,050
11.27
392,900
19.59
174
26
Fayette .
253,850
9.04
371,850
13.24
146
27
Ford
409,200
23.94
657,000
38.43
160
28
Franklin ....
369,050
14.22
733,050
28.26
199
29
Pulton
1,151,040
23.23
2,114,450
42.67
184
30
Gallatin
124,500
8.51
269,350
18.41
216
31
Greene
495,600
22.16
736,350
32.93
149
32
Grundy
554,400
22.94
752,000
31.12
136
33
Hamilton
127,250
6.98
246,600
13.53
194
34
Hancock
802,560
26.19
1,257,150
41.03
157
35
Hardin
36,400
5.19
133,700
19.06
367
36
Henderson....
237,600
24.43
358,300
36.85
151
37
Henry
1,288,320
30.87
1,963,450
47.04
152
38
Iroquois
609,840
17.16
1,080,050
30.39
177
39
Jackson
380,250
10.82
761,450
21.67
200
40
Jasper
120,300
6.62
211,000
11.62
174
41
Jefferson
235,000
8.07
308,450
10.59
131
42
Jersey
193,550
13.81
291,850
20.91
151
43
Jo Daviess..
591,360
26.10
1,045,650
46.15
177
44
Johnson
94,450
6.59
124,656
8.70
132
45
Kane
2,325,840
25.32
3,270,650
35.60
141
46
Kankakee
1,056,000
25.91
1,208,500
29.65
114
47
Kendall
213,840
19.84
318,400
29.54
149
48
Knox
1,256,640
27.22
2,163,450
46.87
172
49
Lake
1,415,040
25.70
2,358,050
42.83
167
384 ir AR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 9.—Thibb Libebtt Loax
Axaltsis of Quotas axd Subsckiptioxs, State of Tt.t.txois—Continued
cocktt
Quota
SmscniPTioss
Amount Amount
Inrited Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
60
LaSalle
2.331,120
25.86
4,165,650
46.22
179
51
Lawrence
452.950
19.99
808,200
35.66
178
52
Lee
660.000
23.78
1,053,200
37.95
159
53
Liringston
942,480
23.29
1,372,750
33.92
146
54
Logan ____
871,200
28.83
1,153,400
38.17
132
55
McDonougli_
662,640
24.64
1,165.250
43.34
176
66
McHenry
762,960
23.47
1,042.950
32.08
137
67
McLean
1.782.000
26.20
2,997,550
44.08
168
58
Macon
1,465.200
27.04
2,149.650
39.67
147
59
Macoupin
741.100
14.62
1,674.800
33.04
226
60
Madison
1.848.950
20.59
3,802,600
42.32
206
61
Marion
392,300
11.18
712.300
20.29
181
62
Marshall
385,440
24.58
613,200
39.10
159
63
Mason
446,160
25.67
621,800
35.78
139
64
Massac
128.000
9.01
255.100
17.96
199
65
Menard
314,160
24.55
478,450
37.39
153
66
Mercer
506,880
25.70
646,950
32.80
128
67
Monroe
150,000
ILIO
318,650
23.59
212
68
Montgome^
701,500
19.87
1,318,600
37.34
188
69
Morgan
773,250
22.46
954.000
27.72
123
70
Moultrie
311,520
2L29
380,650
26.02
122
71
Ogle .
665,280
23.87
1,062,250
38.12
160
72
Peoria
3,107.280
30.99
5,490,350
54.76
177
73
Perry-
316,550
14.33
368,750
16.69
116
74
Piatt
440.880
26.92
605,800
36.99
137
75
Pike
426,850
14.91
745,300
26.04
175
76
Pope
74.000
6.60
91,750
8.18
124
77
Pulaski
99.900
6.38
184,700
11.80
185
78
Putnam
163,680
21.65
189,500
25.06
116
79
Randolph
338,700
11.63
1,019.350
35.00
301
80
Richland
137,850
8.63
280,250
17.55
203
81
Rock Island
2,439,360
34.65
3,873,900
55.02
159
82
St. Clair
3,037,150
25.34
4,253,700
35.49
140
83
Saline
336,900
1L15
764,550
25.31
227
84
Sangamon
2,579,280
28.34
3,691,350
40.55
143
85
Schuyler
245,520
16.53
358,100
24.11
146
86
Scott
134,400
13.35
264,800
26.30
197
87
Shelby
652,080 i
20.57
916,150
28.91
140
88
Stark
234.960
23.27
487,600
48.29
207
89
Stephenson _
963,600 '
26.17
1,957,500
53.16
203
90
Tazewell
836,880
24.59
1,492,900
43.87
178
91
rininn
181,900
8.32
409,100
18.72
225
92
V ermilion
1,766.160
22.64
2.327,C50
29.83
132
93
Wabash
216.000
14.48
349.450
23.43
162
94
Warren
702,240
30.12
982,250
42.13
140
95
W ashlngton_
209.100
11.14
402.100
21.43
192
96
Wayne
137,800
5.36
193,550
7.53
140
97
White
253 250
10.98
427,900
18.56
169
98
Whiteside
918.720
26.62
1.444,900
41.87
157
APPENDIX
385
Table No. 9.—Third Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Concluded
County
Quota
subscbiptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
99 Will
100 Williamson
101 Winnebago
102 Woodford ..
Total
1,993,200
620,450
1,887,600
528,000
23.62
13.75
29.89
25.75
2,854,700
1,041,550
3,229,950
941,050
33.83
23.09
51.14
45.89
143
168
171
178
$197,138,050
$34.96
$279,295,850'
$49.53
142
'Compiled from figures furnished by the Chicago and St. Louis federal
reserve banks. The sales campaign for the third liberty loan extended from
April 6 to May 4, 1918. Bonds were dated May 9, 1918 and bore 4% per cent
interest.
'While the final page proof of this volume was being read, Information was
received from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank that the total of the figures
formerly furnished by it on the subscriptions to the third loan made by the
Illinois counties lying In the eighth district was too large by $587,850. Revised
data as to the subscriptions made by these counties Is not available, conse¬
quently the table compiled on the basis of the earlier figures has been allowed
to stand. The total Illinois subscription as here given is therefore too large by
the amount above indicated, and the accuracy of the subscriptions for the fol¬
lowing counties cannot be guaranteed : Adams, Alexander, Bond, Brown, Cal¬
houn, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, BflBngham, Fayette, Franklin, Gallatin,
Greene, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Law¬
rence, Macoupin, Madison, Marlon, Massac, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Perry,
Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Saline, Scott, St. Clair, Union, Wabash,
Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson.
386 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 10.—Foueth Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois'
coonty
Quota
SUBSCaiPTIONS
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
1
Adams
$ 3,558,000
$55.09
$ 3,662,750
$56.71
103
2
Alexander....
932,000
40.98
1,014,250
44.60
109
3
Bond
402,000
23.54
493,500
28.90
123
4
Boone
765,700
49.46
777,200
50.20
101
5
Brown
351,000
33.76
375,650
36.13
107
6
Bureau
2,128,500
48.40
2,826,600
64.28
133
7
Calhoun
313,000
36.35
322,050
37.40
103
8
Carroll
1,001,500
55.53
1,146,400
63.56
114
9
Cass
1,093,100
62.92
1,096,000
63.09
100
10
Champaign..
2,843,900
54.87
3,247,000
62.65
114
11
Christian ....
1,989,400
57.51
2,119,350
61.26
106
12
Clark
810,900
34.48
901,050
38.31
111
13
Clay
330,000
17.68
403,250
21.61
122
14
Clinton
724,000
31.71
686,850
30.08
95
15
Coles
1,662,600
48.17
2,088,550
60.51
126
16
Cook
252,300,000
104.89
296,752,600
123.38
118
17
Crawford ....
1,004,000
38.20
1,098,600
41.80
109
18
Cumberland..
468,800
32.83
362,700
25.40
77
19
DeKalb
1,888,200
56.44
1,907,250
57.01
101
20
DeWitt
995,800
52.67
1,038,600
54.93
104
21
Douglas
1,025,800
52.36
1,065,650
54.39
104
22
DuPage
1,676,100
50.13
2,034,550
60.86
121
23
Edgar
1,374,200
50.27
1,500,300
54.88
109
24
Edwards ....
204,000
20.30
245,900
24.47
120
25
Effingham
504,000
25.16
474,900
23.68
94
26
Fayette
603,000
21.48
630,600
22.46
104
27
Ford
842,000
49.25
1,026,100
60.02
122
28
Franklin
980,000
37.77
1,044,350
40.25
106
29
Fulton
2,420,900
48.86
2,579,350
52.06
106
30
Gallatin
254,000
17.36
322,850
22.07
127
31
Greene
1,290,000
57.68
1,339,450
59.89
104
32
Grundy
1,166,600
48.28
1,211,200
50.13
104
33
Hamilton ....
237,000
13.00
302,800
16.61
128
34
Hancock ....
1,767,800
57.70
1,864,500
60.85
105
35
Hardin
92,000
13.11
131,400
18.73
143
36
Henderson....
529,900
54.49
624,450
64.22
118
37
Henry
2,698,000
64.64
3,129,950
74.99
116
38
Iroquois
1,741,700
49.00
1,828,300
51.44
105
39
Jackson
802,000
22.82
1,006,300
28.63
125
40
Jasper
249,000
13.71
274,300
15.11
110
41
Jefferson ....
486,000
16.69
458,800
15.76
94
42
Jersey
450,000
32.25
502,300
36.00
112
43
Jo Daviess..
1,185,900
52.34
1,252,150
55.26
106
44
Johnson
190,000
13.26
199,400
13.91
105
45
Kane
5,049,300
54.96
5,441,600
59.24
108
46
Kankakee
2,155,100
52.88
2,299,500
56.43
107
47
Kendall
452,400
41.98
469,900
43.60
104
48
Knox
2,506,900
54.31
2,750,850
59.59
110
49
Lake
3,063,300
55.64
3,523,900
64.00
115
APPENDIX 387
Table No. 10.—Foubth Libebty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subsceiptions, State of Illinois—Continued
County
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
50
LaSalle
4,973,600
55.18
6,354,850
70.51
128
51
Lawrence ....
996,000
43.95
1,185,350
52.31
119
52
Lee
1,444,300
52.05
1,718,600
61.93
119
53
Livingston....
1,983,200
49.01
2,329,450
57.57
117
54
Logan
1,785,300
59.08
2,038,800
67.47
114
55
McDonough..
1,392,300
51.78
1,578,400
58.70
113
56
McHenry ....
1,665,400
51.23
1,766,650
54.34
106
57
McLean ,
3,767,900
55.40
3,809,450
56.01
101
58
Macon
3,218,800
59.40
3,792,500
69.99
118
59
Macoupin ....
1,903,000
37.5t
2,079,050
41.02
109
60
Madison
4,351,000
48.43
5,044,200
56.14
116
61
Marion
778,000
22.17
982,500
28.00
126
62
Marshall ....
878,200
56.01
914,100
58.30
104
63
Mason
947,200
54.51
1,039,250
59.81
110
64
Massac .
256,000
18.03
296,700
20.89
116
65
Menard
667,300
52.15
729,500
57.01
109
66
Mercer
1,030,300
• 52.24
1,095,700
55.55
106
67
Monroe
457,000
33.83
498,700
36.92
109
68
Montgomery
1,565,000
44.32
1,798,650
50.94
115
69
Morgan
1,746,000
50.73
1,794,050
52.12
103
70
Moultrie
635,600
43.44
942,400
64.41
148
71
Ogle
1,433,000
51.43
1,568,700
56.30
109
72
Peoria
6,596,600
65.80
6,841,250
68.24
104
73
Perry
712,000
32.23
742,300
33.60
104
74
Piatt
960,800
58.67
1,094,750
66.85
114
75
Pike
943,000
32.95
1,068,050
37.31
113
76
Pope
143,000
12.75
130,550
11.64
91
77
Pulaski
231,000
14.76
269,750
17.24
117
78
Putnam
360,800
47.72
399,250
52.80
111
79
Randolph ....
870,000
29.88
942,300
32.36
108
80
Richland ....
276,000
17.28
311,600
19.51
113
81
Rock Island
5,298,200
75.25
6,976,450
99.09
132
82
St. Clair
6,891,000
57.48
6,891,600
57.49
100
83
Saline
815,000
26.98
882,700
29.22
108
84
Sangamon ....
5,424,300
59.59
6,213,100
68.26
114
85
Schuyler ....
551,900
37.16
567,150
38.19
103
86
Scott
386,000
38.34
339,300
33.70
88
87
Shelby
1,373,600
43.34
1,398,650
44.13
102
88
Stark
621,500
61.55
763,200
75.58
123
89
Stephenson..
2,010,400
54.60
1,999,600
54.30
99
90
Tazewell ....
1,921,600
56.47
2,103,550
61.82
109
91
Union
360,000
16.47
418,550
19.15
116
92
Vermilion....
3,846,000
49.31
4,045,450
51.87
105
93
Wabash
423,000
28.36
487,750
32.71
115
94
Warren
1,521,800
65.28
1,723,400
73.92
113
95
Washington..
526,000
28.04
496,300
26.46
94
96
Wayne
268,000
10.43
311,550
12.12
116
97
White
518,000
22.47
592,150
25.69
114
98
Whiteside .—
2,095,700
60.73
2,232,750
64.70
106
388 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 10.—Fourth Liberty Loah
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Concluded
County
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
99 Will
100 Williamson
101 Winnebago
102 Woodford ..
Total
4,280,300
1,558,000
4,036,500
1,073,300
50.73
! 34.55
63.92
52.34
4,774,900
1,742,650
5,236,150
1,198,500
56.58
38.64
82.91
58.45
111
112
130
112
$406,327,000
$72.06
$468,408,550»
$83.07
115
'Complied from figures furnished by Chicago and St. Louis federal reserve
banks. The campaign period for the fourth liberty loan extended from Sep¬
tember 28 to October 19, 1918. Bonds were dated October 24, 1918 and bore
4% per cent Interest.
'While the final page proof of this volume was being read information was
received from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank that the total of the figures
formerly furnished by It on the subscriptions to the fourth loan made by the
Illinois counties lying In the eighth district was too great by $1,710,000. Re¬
vised data as to the subscriptions made by these counties Is not available,
consequently the table complied on the basis of the earlier figures has been
allowed to stand. The total Illinois subscription as here given Is therefore too •
large by the amount above Indicated, and the accuracy of the figures for the
southern forty-four Illinois counties cannot be guaranteed. See note 2, Table 9.
APPENDIX 389
Table No. 11.—Victoey Libebtt Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subsceiptions, State of Illinois'
Codntt
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
1
Adams
$ 2,387,200
$36.96
$ 2,807,050
$43.46
117
2
Alexander....
697,150
30.66
710,250
31.23
102
3
Bond
299,250
17.52
319,850
18.73
107
4
Boone
563,300
36.39
599,400
38.72
106
5
Brown
293,900
28.27
304,000
29.24
103
6
Bureau
1,597,350
36.32
1,965,000
44.68
123
7
Calhoun
168,750
19.60
239,500
27.80
142
8
Carroll
770,200
42.70
938,850
52.06
122
9
Cass
864,350
49.75
842,850
48.52
97
10
Champaign..
2,145,300
41.39
2,568,650
49.56
120
11
Christian ....
1,507,350
43.57
1,363,250
39.40
90
12
Clark
598,600
25.45
578,750
24.61
97
13
Clay
254,500
13.64
268,350
14.38
105
14
Clinton
494,050
21.64
503,950
22.07
102
15
Coles
1,300,100
37.66
1,391,300
40.31
107
16
Cook
189,225,000
78.67
239,080,550
99.40
126
17
Crawford ....
667,600
25.40
739,850
28.15
111
18
Cumberland
371,800
26.03
215,550
15.09
58
19
DeKalb
1,341,500
40.10
1,497,450
44.76
112
20
DeWitt
733,500
38.80
801,600
42.40
109
21
Douglas
738,050
37.67
834,450
42.59
113
22
DuPage
1,246,350
37.28
1,355,850
40.55
109
23
Edgar
1,041,550
38.10
1,026,350
37.54
98
24
Edwards
143,800
14.31
176,700
17.58
123
25
Effingham
382,650
19.08
434,100
21.64
113
26
Payette
456,900
16.27
459,950
16.38
101
27
Ford
699,700
40.93
823,650
48.18
118
28
Franklin
708,350
27.30
721,400
27.81
102
29
Fulton
1,793,100
36.19
2,093,950
42.26
117
30
Gallatin
202,050
13.81
210,200
14.37
104
31
Greene
865,700
38.71
863,500
38.61
99
32
Grundy
878,000
36.34
864,800
35.79
98
33
Hamilton
215,550
11.82
212,100
11.64
98
34
Hancock
1,315,700
42.94
1,319,100
43.05
100
35
Hardin
58,350
8.32
75,000
10.69
128
36
Henderson
386,400
39.73
411,750
42.34
106
37
Henry
1,947,250
46.66
2,035,150
48.76
104
38
Iroquois
1,267,950
35.67
1,545,300
43.47
122
39
Jackson
592,000
16.84
658,400
18.73
111
40
Jasper
213,350
11.75
241,900
13.32
113
41
Jefferson ....
378,650
13.01
406,350
13.96
107
42
Jersey
364,100
26.09
376,550
26.98
103
43
Jo Daviess..
905,150
39.95
914,400
40.36
101
44
Johnson
135,000
9.42
148,100
10.33
110
45
Kane
3,728,300
40.58
4,064,450
44.24
109
46
Kankakee ..
1,585,400
38.90
1,545,400
37.92
97
47
Kendall
340,500
31.59
362,650
33.65
106
48
Knox
1,958,450
42.43
2,237,750
48.48
114
49
Lake
2,277,900
41.37
2,407,500
43.73
106
390 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 11.—Victobt Liberty Loaw
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Continued
County
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
50
LaSalle
3,713,400
41.20
4,484,850
49.76
121
51
Lawrence ....
676,100
29.83
947,650
41.82
140
52
Lee
1,032,300
37.20
1,357,050
48.90
131
53
Livingston....
1,562,150
38.60
1,917,900
47.40
123
54
Logan
1,447,900
47.92
1,560,150
51.63
108
55
McDonough..
1,069,900
39.79
1,301,700
48.41
122
56
McHenry ....
1,209,250
37.20
1,377,100
42.36
114
57
McLean .
2,866,900
42.15
3,143,800
46.23
110
58
Macon
2,480,900
45.78
2,617,050
48.30
105
59
Macoupin
1,432,200
28.26
1,507,800
29.75
105
60
Madison
3,406,850
37.92
3,983,900
44.34
117
61
Marion
613,750
17.49
709,400
20.21
116
62
Marshall ....
623,900
39.79
678,350
43.26
109
63
Mason
715,400
41.17
784,700
45.Ï6
110
64
Massac
152,650
10.75
224,300
15.79
147
65
Menard
516,850
40.39
569,750
44.52
110
66
Mercer
826,050
41.88
868,350
44.03
105
67
Monroe
327,700
24.26
402,600
29.80
123
68
Montgomery
1,202,950
34.07
1,336,850
37.86
110
69
Morgan
1,365,900
39.68
1,670,850
48.54
122
70
Moultrie
505,550
34.55
475,650
32.51
94
71
Ogle
1,037,900
37.25
1,209,450
43.40
116
72
Peoria
4,877,200
48.65
5,370,150
53.56
110
73
Perry
550,700
24.93
520,050
23.54
94
74
Piatt
728,750
44.50
830,600
50.72
114
75
Pike
733,150
25.61
880,550
30.76
120
76
Pope
99,800
8.90
84,200
7.51
84
77
Pulaski
168,700
10.78
186,750
11.93
111
78
Putnam
241,400
31.92
266,850
35.29
110
79
Randolph ....
615,000
21.12
754,600
25.91
123
80
Richland ....
195,450
12.24
233,100
14.60
119
81
Rock Island
4,006,200
56.90
4,399,550
62.49
110
82
St. Clair
5,265,350
43.92
5,463,400
45.58
104
83
Saline
612,550
20.28
633,150
20.96
103
84
Sangamon
4,098,150
45.02
4,149,350
45.58
101
85
Schuyler
387,050
26.06
461,300
31.06
119
86
Scott
274,000
27.22
284,400
28.25
104
87
Shelby
1,066,950
33.66
1,107,900
34.96
104
88
Stark
457,450
45.30
490,400
48.56
107
89
Stephenson..
1,482,050
40.25
1,455,500
39.53
98
90
Tazewell ....
1,476,300
43.39
1,673,100
49.17
113
91
Union
278,100
12.72
328,750
15.04
118
92
Vermilion
2,871,850
36.82
2,680,050
34.36
93
93
Wabash
335,250
22.48
362,350
24.30
108
94
Warren
1,129,700
48.46
1,155,150
49.55
102
95
Washington
357150
19.04
390,900
20.84
109
96
Wayne
189,150
7.37
236,800
9.21
125
97
White
413,350
17.93
456,200
19.79
110
98
Whiteside ..
1,434,900
41.58
1,595,750
46.24
111
APPENDIX 391
Table No. 11.—Victory Liberty Loan
Analysis of Quotas and Subscriptions, State of Illinois—Concluded
codntt
Quota
Subscriptions
Amount
Invited
Amount
Per Capita
Total
Subscriptions
Per Capita
Sub¬
scriptions
Per
Cent
Quota
99 Will
3,204,800
1,122,000
3,010,500
840,300
37.98
24.88
47.67
40.98
3,928,500
1,164,350
3,741,350
986,150
46.56
25.82
59.24
48.09
122
104
124
117
100 Williamson
101 Winnebago
102 Woodford ....
Total
$304,416,650
$53.99
$365,963,150
$64.87
120
'Compiled from figures supplied by the Chicago and St. Louis federal
reserve hanks. The Victory loan campaign covered the period April 21 to May
10, 1918. Bonds were dated May 20, 1919 and bore 3% and 4% per cent
Interest.
*
392 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 12.—Wak Savings Stamps (1918 Issue)
County
Total Sales
Quota for Period
1
Adams -
$1,404,000.25
$1,291,760
2
Alexander
282,083.25
503,820
3
Bond
250,894.00
356,020
4
Boone
177,313.50
309,620
5
Brown
311,397.00
207,940
6
Bureau
650,223.25
921,260
7
Calhoun
85,568.25
172,200
8
Carroll
365,801.25
360,700
9
Cass
208,213.50
349,600
10
Champaign
884,816.75
1,098,000
11
Christian
611,897.50
718,180
12
Clark
352,998.25
470,340
13
Clay
191,219.25
373,220
14
Clinton
128,444.00
500,520
15
Coles
625,550.75
695,740
16
Cook
26,909,369.00
56,375,020
17
Crawford
529,749.00
628,420
18
Cumberland
97,677.50
285,620
19
DeKalb
709,375.50
693,940
20
DeWitt
388,031.25
378,120
21
Douglas
368,805.00
399,020
22
DuPage
405,073.50
745,040
23
Edgar
461,688.75
546,720
24
Edwards
193,515.25
200,980
25
Effingham
330,930.75
401,100
26
Payette
277,612.00
561,640
27
Ford
370,524.25
341,920
28
Franklin
468,858.00
610,340
29
Fulton
874,742.00
1,039,860
30
Gallatin
61,010.00
292,560
31
Greene
480,897.50
447,260
32
Grundy
384,277.25
483,600
33
Hamilton
58,262.00
364,540
34
Hancock
580,724.50
612,760
35
Hardin
46,720.00
140,300
36
Henderson
191,401.25
194,480
37
Henry
489,413.25
858,360
38
Iroquois
588,881.00
710,860
39
Jackson
641,045.00
721,420
40
Jasper
238,160.00
363,140
41
Jefferson
355,028.00
596,500
42
Jersey
236,936.25
279,080
43
Jo Daviess
403,098.75
453,140
44
Johnson
180,954.75
286,620
45
Kane
1,313,033.25
2,028,040
46
Kankakee
389,140.50
- 867,520
47
Kendall
140,580.25
215,540
48
Knox
369,460.25
960,360
49
Lake
822,164.75
1,401,200
50
LaSalle
1,544,401.50
1,837,020
51
Lawrence
562,506.75
542,820
52
Lee
606,309.25
555,000
53
Livingston
758,851.75
809,300
APPENDIX 393
Table No. 12.—Wae Savings Stamps (1918 Issue)—Concluded
codntz
Total Sales
Quota for Period
54
Logaa
507,513.50
626,700
55
McDonough
346,142.75
537,740
56
McHenry
437,582.25
690,300
57
McLean
1,324,683.75
1,362,540
58
Macon
1,429,966.00
1,232,360
59
Macoupin
1,128,778.00
1,136,740
60
Madison
1,217,230.00
2,164,140
61
Marion
566,099.00
769,700
62
Marshall
361,988.25
313,580
63
Mason
341,088.50
347,540
64
Massac
123,925.50
299,880
65
Menard
330,411.50
255,920
66
Mercer
413,679.50
394,460
67
Monroe
144,723.50
270,160
68
Montgomery
777,888.25
771,520
69
Morgan
1,182,509.50
688,400
70
Moultrie
309,111.25
292,600
71
Ogle
674,806.00
557,280
72
Peoria
1,001,672.75
2,175,120
73
Ferry
540,963.00
474,700
74
Piatt
340,067.25
327,520
75
Pike
645,023.00
572,440
76
Pope
81,537.00
224,300
77
Pulaski
101,557.75
329,000
78
Putnam
104,168.75
192,300
79
Randolph
625,805.00
598,700
80
Richland
325,632.00
319,400
81
Rock Island
776,739.25
1,629,320
82
St. Clair
1,291,051.75
2,881,840
83
Saline
424,785.25
728,440
84
Sangamon
1,135,419.50
2,104,120
85
Schuyler
163,139.75
297,040
86
Scott
227,060.75
201,340
87
Shelby
471,991.50
633,860
88
Stark
64,632.00
201,960
89
Stephenson
716,421.75
763,960
90
Tazewell
805,785.50
692,280
91
Union
358,119.75
437,120
92
Vermilion
1,603,256.50
1,740,360
93
Wabash
247,135.75
332,260
94
Warren
221,759.75
468,420
95
Washington
354,462.50
375,180
96
Wayne
262,179.75
513,940
97
White
473,249.25
461,040
98
Whiteside
606,986.50
690,140
99
Will
1,184,814.25
1,827,660
100
Williamson
314,019.00
1,154,540
101
Winnebago
661,161.50
1,486,520
102
Woodford
520,638.25
410,120
Totals
'$78,629,093.50
$125,515,580
'This total includes sales of war savings and thrift stamps. The conversion
of thrift stamps into war savings stamps amounted to $5,500,000, which made a
net sale of $73,129,093.50.
Table No. 14.—Pboduction of Cobn in Iixinois, 1914-1918'
Year
Annual yield
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914
1915
1916 -
1917
1918
300,034,000
374,400,000
300,900,000
418,000,000
344,350,000
6.33 (i)
24.78 (I)
19.63 (d)
38.91 (i)
17.61 (d)
10,346,000
10,400,000
10,200,000
11,000,000
9,700,000
29
36
29.5
38
35.5
? .61
.54
.84
1.10
1.20
$17.69
19.44
24.78
41.80
42.60
$183,021,000
202,176,000
252,756,000
459,800,000
413,220,000
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the D. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report.
Table No. 15.—Production of Winter Wheat in Illinois, 1914-1918'
Year
Production
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acreage
harvested
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
46,250,000
53,200,000
16,775,000
29,600,000
55,900,000
10.41 (i)
15.02 (i)
68.46 (d)
76.45 (i)
88.85 (I)
2,500,000
2,800,000
1,525,000
1,600,000
2,600,000
18.5
19
11
18.5
21.5
$1.01
1.00
1.65
2.01
2.08
$18,685
19.00
18.15
37.185
44.72
$46,712,000
53,200,000
27,679,000
59,496,000
116,272,000
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report. ^
Table No. 16.—Production of Spring Wheat in Illinois, 1917-1918' * oo
Year
Production
(bushels)
Increase
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1917
1,250,000
8,070,000
50,000
300,000
26
26.9
$2.01
2.08
$50.25
55.952
$2,512,000
16,786,000
1918
545.6 (1)
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report. The acreage of spring fit
wheat in Illinois in 1914, 1916 and 1916 was not recorded by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
O
Ci
N
Table No. 17.—Production of Oats in Illinois, 1914-1918' H
O
Total value
O
155,436,000 ^
68,402,000
87,768,000 ^
155,480,000 ^
132,896,000
Year
Production
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec, 1 price)
Value
per acre
1914
125,990,000
20.99 (1)
4,300,000
29.3
$ .44
$12.892
1915
195,435,000
55.11 (i)
4,343,000
45
.35
15.75
1916
172,095,000
11.94 (d)
4,470,000
38.5
.61
19.635
1917
239,200,000
38.99 (1)
4,600,000
52
.65
33.80
1918
198,352,000
17.07 (d)
4,508,000
44
.67
29.48
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report,
Table No. 18.—Peoduotion of Babley in Illinois, 1914-1918'
Yeae
Production
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1,622,000
1,836,000
1,920,000
4,875,000
9,000,000
15.52 (I)
13.19 (i)
4.57 (i)
153.9 (i)
84.61 (i)
55,000
54,000
60,000
130,000
250,000
29.5
34
32
37.5
36
1 .61
.57
1.03
1.21
.90
$18.00
19.38
32.96
45.375
32.40
$989,000
1,047,000
1,978,000
5,899,000
8,100,000
'Compiled from the Y'earbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report.
Table No. 19.—Production of Rye in Illinois, 1914-1918'
Yeae
Production
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
784,000
906,000
666,000
2,100,000
3,800,000
2.97 (d)
15.56 (i)
26.49 (d)
215.31 (i)
80.95 (1)
49,000
49,000
43,000
120,000
200,000
16
18.5
15.5
17.5
19
$ .85
.83
1.22
1.65
1.50
$13.60
15.355
18.91
28.875
28.50
$666,000
752,000
813,000
3,465,000
5,700,000
'Complied from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report. \0
Table No. 20.—Production of Buckwheat in Illinois, 1914-1918*
o
o
s
I
H
s
o
§
ts
•S
•-i
O
o
•-1
o
Co
Year
Production
(bushels)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(bushels)
Farm value
per bushel
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914..
1915..
1916..
1917..
1918..
71,000 4.41 (1)
i
68,000j 4.22 (d)
68,OOoj.
76,000, 11.76 (1)
89,000¡ 17.1 (i)
4,000
17.7
4,000
1
17
4,000
17
4,000
19
5,000
17.8
?.95
.901
1.30;
1.70
1.80'
$16.815
15.30
22.10
32.30
32.04
$67,000
61,000
88,000
129,000
160,000
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report.
Table No. 21.—Pkoduction of Hay in Illinois, 1914-1918'
Year
Production
(tons)
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Acres
Yield
per acre
(tons)
Farm value
per ton
(Dec. 1 price)
Value
per acre
Total value
1914
1,912,000
21.95 (d)
2,250,000
.85
$14.40
$12.24
$27,533,000
1915
3,850,000
101.35 (i)
2,500,000
1.54
10.80
16.632
41,580,000
1916
4,785,000
24.28 (i)
3,300,000
1.45
11.30
16.385
54,070,000
1917
3,671,000
23.28 (d)
2,937,000
1.25
20.00
25.00
73,420,000
1918
4,552,000
23.99 (1)
3,372,000
1.35
21.00
28.35
95,592,000
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Monthly Crop Report.
Table No. 22.—Cattle in Illinois, 1914-1918*
Milch Cows
Other Cattle
Y^ear
Number
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
Average price
per head
Jan. 1
Number
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
Average price
per head
Jan. 1
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1,017,000
1,007,000
1,047,000
1,057,000
1,050,000
.993 (I)
.983 (d)
3.97 (i)
.95 (i)
.662 (d)
$59,189,000
59,916,000
63,029,000
71,876,000
84,525,000
$58.20
59.50
60.20
68.00
80.50
1,216,000
1,180,000
1,239,000
1,251,000
1,314,000
.977 (d)
2.96 (d)
5.00 (i)
.97 (i)
5.03 (i)
$43,654,000
44,604,000
47,702,000
54,168,000
65,306,000
$35.90
37.80
38.50
43.30
49.70
g
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the Ü. S. Department of Agriculture.
Table No. 23.—Hogs in Illinois, 1914-1918*
Table No. 24.—Sheep in Illinois, 1914-1918*
Year
Number
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
.Average price
per head
1914
1915
4,358,000
4,358,000
4,489,000
4,444,000
5,111,000
.996 (i)
$47,066,000
44,887,000
40,401,000
60,883,000
112,442,000
$10.80
10.30
9.00
13.70
22.00
1916
3.005 (i)
1.002 (d)
15.009 (1)
1917
1918
Ybae
Number
1914,.
1915..
1916..
1917..
1918..
984,000
935,000
907,000
898,000
952,000
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
5.01 (d)
4.98 (d)
2.99 (d)
.992 (d)
6.01 (i)
$4,920,000
5,049,000
5,351,000
7,364,000
12,281,000
Average price
per head
$5.00
5.40
5.90
8.20
12.90
O
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
ê
to
Table No. 25.—Hoeses and Mules in Illinois, 1914-1918^
S
I
o
>3
O
Ni
ík.
H
•-<
O
O
'-q
t-H
►-H
O
►-S
Co
Horses
Mules
Year
Number
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
Average price
per head
Number
Increase or
decrease
(per cent)
Farm value
Jan. 1
Average price
per head
1914-
1915-
1916-
1917-
1918-
1,497,000
1,467,000
1,452,000
1,452,000
1,467,000
1.01 (i)
2.004 (d)
1.02 (d)
1.03 (i)
$169,161,000
$113
148,000
154,035,000
105
145,000
149,556,000
103
152,000
153,912,000
106
150,000
151,101,000
103
150,000
.671 (d)
2.02 (d)
4.83 (i)
1.31 (d)
$17,908,000
15,950,000
16,872,000
17,250,000
18,000,000
$121
110
111
115
120
'Compiled from the Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Table No. 26.—Receipts of Flour and Grain at Chicago, 1914-1918'
Year
Flour
(barrels)
Wheat
(bushels)
Corn
(bushels)
Oats
(bushels)
Rye
(bushels)
Barley
(bushels)
Total
(Flour reduced to
wheat bushels)
1914
9,709,000
99,290,000
106,600,000
138,400,000
3,432,000
25,460,000
416,872,500
1915
9,063,000
70,704,000
95,357,000
133,475,000
4,648,000
26,167,000
371,135,000
1916
9,353,000
74,944,000
102,376,000
161,244,000
5,601,000
34,526,000
420,780,000
1917
9,678,000
31,751,000
70,854,000
125,910,000
4,541,000
22,348,000
298,955,000
1918
8,914,000
69,610,000
100,409,000
137,072,000
4,480,000
18,534,000
370,218,000
'Compiled from reports of Chicago Board of Trade.
Table No. 27.—Shipments of Flour and Grain from Chicago, 1914-1918'
Year
Flour
(barrels)
Wheat
(bushels)
Corn
(bushels)
Oats
(bushels)
Rye
(bushels)
Barley
(bushels)
Total
(Flour reduced to
wheat bushels)
1914
7,443,000
85,468,000
65,259,000
122,756,000
2,240,000
7,077,000
316,293,500
1915
7,674,000
55,576,000
73,667,000
122,469,000
3,993,000
8,852,000
299,090,000
1916
8,332,000
61,187,000
61,782,000
116,875,000
4,436,000
11,416,000
293,190,000
1917
8,383,000
24,047,000
36,006,000
101,678,000
3,667,000
6,719,000
209,241,000
1918
6,436,000
49,948,000
39,877,000
86,738,000
2,616,000
4,650,000
212,827,000
'Compiled from reports of Chicago Board of Trade.
Table No. 28.—Pkoducïion of Coal in Illinois, 1917'
Coal Producing Counties op the State, Showing Number op District, Mines, Men and Tons,
All Mines, Shipping Mines, Local Mines
4^
O
County
All mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Shipping mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Local mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Bond
Bureau
Cass
Christian ..
Clinton
Franklin....
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hancock
Henry
Jackson ....
Jersey
Johnson
Knox
LaSalle
Livingston
Logan
Macon
Macoupin ..
Madison
Marion
Marshall....
McDonough
McLean
Menard
8
2
4
5
8
11
4
11
7
1
4
2
10
7
12
2
1
1
6
5
7
8
8
3
4
6
3
1
10
1
9
5
21
93
11
9
3
2
12
18
1
3
21
37
10
3
3
15
26
4
15
48
2
9
129
2,537
3
2,750
1,401
10,511
3,208
195
37
709
8
93
1,025
4
12
82
2,019
221
673
462
5,384
4,246
1,045
989
111
166
242
107,895
1,390,552
1,500
2,822,167
1,426,594
11,317,657
2,739,185
125,366
6,604
408,064
3,965
45,951
818,571
1,320
17,823
38,940
1,134,584
151,796
596,511
259,004
6,590,825
5,044,261
1,088,619
472,690
17,606
89,412
197,283
5
21
19
2
9
2
3
3
12
15
4
3
129
2,514
2,750
1,401
10,511
2,880
164
7Ö'3
977
1,617
98
673
462
5,362
4,194
1,045
958
166
157
107,895
1,383,175
2,822,167
1,426,594
11,317,657
2,548,722
116,145
406,264
798,080
885,774
65,398
596,511
259,004
6,578,833
5,012,787
1,088,619
466,184
89,412
155,878
74
9
9
1
2
12
12
1
3
21
28
8
3
11
12
48
23
3
328
31
37
6
8
93
48
4
12
82
402
123
22
52
31
111
7,377
1,500
190,463
9,221
6,604
1,800
3,965
45,951
20,491
1,320
17,823
38,940
248,810
86,398
11,992
31,474
6,506
17,606
85
41,405
Table No. 28.—Peoduotion of Coal in Illinois, 1917—Concluded
Coal Producing Counties of the State, Showing Number of District, Mines, Men and Ton.s,
All Mines, Shipping Mines, Local Mines
County
All mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Shipping mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Local mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Mercer
Montgomery
Morgan
Moultrie
Peoria
Perry
Putnam
Randolph
Rock Island .
Saline
Sangamon
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
St. Clair
Tazewell
Vermilion
Warren
Washington
White
Will
Williamson .
Woodford
Total..
2
7
4
5
3
10
3
10
2
11
6
4
4
5
2
9
3
5
2
10
11
1
12
3
13
9
2
1
60
19
2
16
10
39
29
32
7
6
10
63
9
33
5
4
1
2
44
2
810
381
3,576
6
200
1,700
2,551
1,177
1,275
99
4,817
6,762
88
18
215
66
5,360
519
3,232
23
650
95
195
9,294
332
80,893
264,452
3,641,676
1,000
239,818
1,553,455
2,477,561
712,535
1,162,468
57,727
4,530,903
6,948,648
24,154
2.940
95,682
18,257
5,755,650
455,880
3,299,419
7.941
759,999
105,645
85,072
9,666,302
201,598
78,983,527
1
11
11
2
9
18
26
2
1
47
5
13
3
1
1
35
2
324
315
3,576
200
1,404
2,502
1,177
1,227
4,745
6,739
179
19
5,227
483
3,039
645
95
150
9,241
332
78,056
237,292
3,641,676
239,818
1,352,321
2,450,336
712,535
1,133,134
4,496,034
6,938,083
89,032
7,552
5,652,416
430,340
3,137,051
756,950
105,645
70,462
9,634,680
201,595
77,412,054
10
49
8
7
10
21
3
32
7
4
9
16
4
20
5
1
486
66
296
49
48
99
72
23
88
18
36
47
133
36
193
23
5
45
53
27,160
1,000
2Öi"l34
27,225
29,334 [2
57,727 S
34,869 >
10,565 S
24,154 C;
2.940
6,650
10,705
103,234
25,540
162,368
7.941
3,049
"T4,6ÏÔ
31,622
2,837
1,571,473 4^
O
Ol
^Annual Coal Report of Illinois, 1917 [Department of Mines and Minerals] pp. 57-58.
Table No. 29.—Distribution of Illinois Coal, 1917'
Shiitino or Commercial Collieries—Distribution of Output by Counties—Also Local Mines for Entire State
O
ON
s
!»3
i
tq
O
>3
£
S
S
O
O
o
o3
County
Bond
Bureau
Christian ....
Clinton
Franklin ....
Fulton
Gallatin
Grundy
Jackson
LaSalle
Livingston ..
Logan
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall ....
McLean
Menard
Mercer
Montgomery
Moultrie
2
5
8
11
4
11
1
10
1
1
6
5
7
8
8
3
6
3
2
7
5
Number
of mines
1
5
9
5
21
19
2
2
6
9
2
3
3
12
15
4
3
2
1
3
9
1
Total output,
all grades,
tons
107,895
1,383,175
2,822,167
1,426,594
11,317,657
2,548,722
116,145
406,264
798,080
885,774
65,398
596,511
259,004
6,578,833
5,012,787
1,088,619
466,184
89,412
155,878
237,292
3,641,676
239,818
Disposition of output
Loaded on
cars for
shipment
79,882
611,021
2,070,510
1,062,925
9,907,951
1,758,112
111,265
349,530
628,492
469,594
23,408
475,238
95,427
697,662
4,442,262
763,254
175,856
12,313
99,547
81,224
2,619,457
224,517
Supplied to
locomotives
at mines
35,369
27,624
61,681
1,091
12,677
1,208
44,584
28,512
16,722
23,668
19,350
13,793
74^89
10,565
458
25
Sold to
railroad
companies
Sold to
local trade
Consumed
and wasted
at the mines
20,000
4,013
4,000
643,967
36,076
56,742
549,487
96,608
77,938
224,092
18,545
59,351
991,643
70,273
346,699
687,482
13,039
77,412
672
3,000
26,274
16,853
13,607
18,513
55,363
51,128
258,225
87,076
42,367
22,804
2,464
70,233
27,372
150,147
13,430
5,606,236
53,729
201,856
373,782
79,483
103,467
285,759
13,953
25,653
172,073
19,612
24,454
56,930
9,604
46,950
6,270
3,111
142,124
1,792
11,694
913,749
30,219
78,226
6,183
9,118
Table No. 29.—Distribution of Illinois Coal, 1917—Concluded
Shipping or Commercial Collieries—Distribution op Output by Counties—Also Local Mines for Entire State
County
Peoria
Perry
Putnam
Randolph
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon ..
Shelby
Stark
Tazewell ....
Vermilion ..
Washington
White
Will
Williamson
Woodford ..
Total, shipping mines..
Total, local mines
Total, all mines..
3
10
3
10
9
11
6
5
2
3
5
10
11
1
12
3
Number
of mines
11
11
2
9
47
18
26
2
1
5
13
3
1
1
35
2
324
486
810
Total output,
all grades,
tons
1,352,321
2,450,336
712,535
1,133,134
5,652,416
4,496,034
6,938,083
89,032
7,552
430,340
3,137,051
756,950
105,645
70,462
9,634,680
201,598
77,412,054
1,571,473
78,983,527
Disposition of output
Loaded on
cars for
shipment
1,126,864
1,585,612
540,773
718,870
4,739,783
4,054,925
4,145,708
69,596
3,327
343,954
2,177,762
717,851
51,394
62,702
5,926,349
90,911
53,115,828
53,115,828
Supplied to
locomotives
at mines
70,505
3,340
98,761
4,698
4,441
1,020
10,500
3,196
50,116
9,795
627,888
627,888
Sold to
railroad
companies
208,130
695,842
127,033
382,826
538,895
291,461
2,345,030
38,934
876,580
40,215
3,229,484
71,633
19,806,419
19,806,419
Sold to
local trade
2,835
27,112
15,690
5,176
112,439
42,332
286,276
11,627
3,475
41,849
33,873
10,380
7,644
4,160
44,146
18,329
1,577,216
1,304,940
2,882,156
Consumed
and wasted
at the mines
14,492
71,265
25,699
26,262
162,538
102,618
156,628
7,809
750
5,603
47,816
18,219
3,196
3,600
384,585
10,930
2,284,703
266,533
2,551,236
^Annual Coal Report of Illinois, 1911 [Department oí Mines and Minerals] pp. 58-60.
O
•vj
Table No. 30.—Pboduction of Coal in Illinois, 1918'
Coal Producing Counties op the State, Showing Number op District, Mines, Men and Tons,
County
Adams
Bond
Brown
Bureau
Cass
Christian .
Clinton
Franklin .
Fulton
Gallatin ...
Greene
Grundy
Hancock ...
Henry
Jackson ...
Jersey
Johnson ...
Knox
LaSalle
Livingston
Logan
Macon
Macoupin ...
Madison
Marion
Marshall ...
McDonough
McLean
Menard
3
7
3
1
0
5
8
10
3
11
6
1
3
1
9
6
12
3
1
1
4
5
6
7
7
2
3
2
4
All mines
Mines
2
1
4
11
3
10
5
24
142
17
9
4
4
13
20
1
4
33
42
10
3
3
16
25
4
11
48
2
9
Men
3
227
6
2,467
10
3,026
1,323
11,618
3,733
278
43
672
19
116
1,211
4
13
92
2,056
250
763
497
5,804
4,731
1,159
874
116
154
257
Tons
444
180,328
675
1,350,890
1,686
3,221,234
1,429,569
12,007,397
2,792,950
200,648
9,141
412,162
3,776
57,646
975,141
1,390
5,510
35,245
1,198,360
119,399
539,094
343,162
7,095,366
5,188,768
1,116,289
393,134
18,174
93,795
227,032
Shipping mines
Local mines
Mines
Men
Tons
Mines
Men
Tons
2
3
444
1
227
180,328
4
6
3
6
41
10
675
11,298
1,686
5
2,426
1,339,592
ÏÔ
5
24
29
3
3,026
1,323
11,618
3,370
239
3,221,234
1,429,569
12,007,397
2,659,174
188,737
113
14
9
2
4
13
12
1
4
33
32
9
363
39
43
14
19
116
56
4
13
92
407
186
133,776
11,911
9,141
3,918
3,776
57,646
23,705
1,390
5,510
35,245
257,831
74,199
2
658
408,244
Ï
1,155
951,436
ÏÔ
1
3
3
14
15
4
3
1,649
64
763
497
5,784
4,675
1,159
835
940,529
45,200
539,094
343,162
7,083,079
5,166,390
1,116,289
385,389
2
10
20
56
12,287
22,378
8
48
39
116
7,745
18,174
2
1
154
174
93,795
179,417
8
83
47,6Í5
4^
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Co
Table No. 30.—Production of Coal in Illinois, 1918—Concluded
Coal Pkoducing Counties of the State, Showing Number of District, Mines, Men and Tons,
All Mines. Shipping Mines, Local Mines
County
Mercer
Montgomery
Morgan
Moultrie
Peoria
Perry
Putnam
Randolph
Rock Island
Saline
Sangamon ...
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
St. Clair
Tazewell
Vermilion ...
Wabash
Warren
Washington
White
Will
Williamson .
Woodford
Total
1
6
4
5
2
9
1
9
1
11
4
3
4
5
2
8
2
6
11
3
9
11
1
12
2
Mines
16
9
1
1
74
19
2
16
11
40
31
25
9
6
11
68
13
66
1
5
4
1
2
54
2
967
All mines
Men
457
4,114
5
209
1,724
2,937
973
1,657
93
6,541
7,731
64
34
344
54
6,898
828
3,816
2
22
780
153
150
9,979
285
91,372
Tons
314,422
4,340,675
1,544
244,791
1,483,486
2,937,237
637,25
1,599,718
60,912
5,670,832
8,155,734
19,432
4,274
198,149
15,870
7,868,449
554,922
3,971,330
250
5,749
807,509
172,501
77,269
11,655,101
163,651
89,979,469
Shipping mines
Mines
1
11
14
2
10
23
27
53
7
15
3
1
1
42
2
370
Men
387
4,114
209
1,418
2,861
973
1,616
6,468
7,664
296
6,767
755
3,460
777
153
114
9,904
285
88,017
Tons
275,988
4,340,675
244,791
1,314,559
2,876,768
637,257
1,534,906
5,635,231
8,113,930
188,021
7,761,749
518,522
3,765,830
804,322
172,501
55,711
11,623,761
163,651
88,306,228
Local mines
Mines
12
63
5
6
11
17
4
25
9
4
11
15
6
51
1
5
1
1
12
597
Men
70
306
76
41
93
73
67
64
34
48
54
131
73
356
2
22
3
36
75
3,355
Tons
38,434
1,544
168,927
60,469
64,812
60,912
35,601
41,804
19,432
4,274
10,128
15,870
106,700
36,400
205,500
250
5,749
3,187
21,558
31,340
1,673,241
'VI
tq
^AnntKil Coal Report of Illinois, 1918 [Department of Mines and Minerals] p. 59.
4^
O
Table No. 31.—Disteibution of Illinois Coal, 1918*
Shipping or Commercial Collieries—Distribdtion op Output by Counties—Also Local Mines for Entire State
O
tu
>3
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•-<
00
County
Number
of mines
Total output,
all grades,
tons
Disposition of output
Loaded on
cars for
shipment
Supplied to
locomotives
at mines
Sold to
railroad
companies
Sold to
local trade
Consumed
and wasted
at the mines
3,920
4,573
7,097
778,955
38,772
57,010
1,009,429
116,338
89,535
650,575
26,110
50,674
2,132,684
92,116
292,531
716,390
69,361
78,611
101
2,139
8,248
7,486
14,257
49,120
24,326
43,038
58,757
175,955
97,118
46,042
15,276
2,443
30,045
84,081
28,325
1,389
181,916
20,174
5,770,588
64,365
153,676
1,225,563
109,437
117,822
518,348
19,729
30,741
120,607
23,414
25,773
54,697
16,746
54,600
8,521
3,015
143,258
3,637
12,873
1,308,878
54,617
76,007
Bond
Bureau
Christian ....
Clinton
Franklin ....
Fulton
Gallatin
Grundy
Jackson
LaSalle
Livingston
Logan
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall ....
McLean
Menard
Mercer
Montgomery
7
'I
8
10
3
11
1
9
1
1
4
5
6
7
7
2
2
4
1
6
1
5
10
5
24
29
3
2
8
10
1
3
3
14
15
4
o
0
2
1
4
9
180,328
1,339,592
3,221,234
1,429,569
12,007,397
2,659,174
188,737
408,244
951,436
940,529
45,200
539,094
343,162
7,083,079
5,166,390
1,116,289
385,389
93,795
179,417
275,988
4,340,675
164,535
426,953
1,991,718
645,355
9,424,707
1,766,114
175,849
337,247
767,778
585,663
27,071
365,958
139,683
1,070,920
3,697,694
547,471
148,046
22,352
113,281
115,678
2,902,536
37,902
11,630
56,855
2,928
14,557
2,400
57,137
35,751
26,423
20,828
15,874
67,549
469
55
Table No. 31.—Distribution of Illinois Coal, 1918—Concluded
Shipping on CoMMEnciAL Coi.lieriep—Distiubution op Output by Counties—Also Local Mines for Entire State
County
Numbor
of mines
Total output,
all frradcs,
tons
Disposition of output
Loaded on
ears for
shipment
Supplied to
locomotives
at mines
Sold to
railroad
companies
Sold to
local trade
Consumed
and wasted
at the mines
Moultrie
Peoria
Perry
Putnam
Randolph
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon ..
Shelby
Tazewell .....
Vermilion ..
Washington
White
Will
Williamson
Woodford ..
Total, shipping mines..
Total, local mines
Total, all mines..
5
2
9
1
9
8
11
4
5
2
5
9
11
1
12
2
1
11
14
2
10
53
23
27
2
7
15
3
1
1
42
2
370
597
967
244,791
1,314,559
2,876,768
637,257
1,534,906
7,761,749
5,635,231
8,113,930
188,021
518,522
3,765,830
804,322
172,501
55,711
11,623,761
163,651
88,306,228
1,673,241
89,979,469
226,318
911,740
1,655,278
96,451
867,533
4,884,505
2,940,100
4,653,548
156,408
232,560
2,328,362
256,912
73,580
47,344
6,954,685
69,012
51,790,945
51,790,945
732
78,475
3,019
79,351
878
7,747
2,383
10,800
6,121
1,485
10,023
551,372
19,620
570,992
356,887
987,002
499,673
617,883
2,430,172
2,489,213
2,967,646
247,678
1,339,299
455,070
75,239
4,181,105
50,960
31,370,924
31,370,924
9,146
20,263
30,373
11,404
8,703
167.524
61,259
316,740
21,085
28,889
53,474
52,485
10,045
3,967
70,567
22,532
2,011,968
1,416,276
3,428,244
9,327
22,812
80,437
26,710
40,787
193,288
138,002
166,968
10,461
7,012
44,303
27,055
4,865
4,400
329,468
10,976
2,342,091
237,345
2,579,436
'Annual Coal Report of Illinois, 1918 [Department of Mines and Minerals] pp. 60-62.
412 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 32.—Opebatio::t of Public Employment Offices
(State and Federal) in Illinois'
April,
1917
Offices
Kegistra-
Help
Referred
Placed
tion
Wanted
Chicago (federal) ..
2,777
3,370
. 2,575
2,375
Chicago (state)
15,996
14,327
15,138
12,189
East St. Louis (state). — ..
7471
854
728
701
Peoria (state)
1,078
1,423
1,049
1,044
Rock Island-Moline (state) —
839
1,282
377
648
Rockford (state) ..
913
1,181
858
808
Springfield (state)
629
675
594
553
Totals
22,979 ,
23,112
21,319
18,318
May,
1917
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
3,119
3,438
2,612
2,485
Chicago (state)
17,544
15,675
16,580
13,266
East St. Louis (state)
862
1,200
832
786
Peoria (state)
1,151
1,416
1,124
1,123
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
827
1,199
739
676
Rockford (state)
1,021
1,259
912
859
Springfield (state)
567
581
529
507
Totals
25,091
24,768
23,328
19,702
June, 1917
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
2,969
3,015
2,300
1.929
Chicago (state) ..
14,380
13,321
13,205
10,735
East St. Louis (state)
752
1,176
730
712
Peoria (state)
1,025
1,287
1,007
997
Rock Island-Moline (state)
860
1,181
760
701
Rockford (state)
1,121
1,311
924
860
Springfield (state)
528
571
490
465
Totals
21,635
21,862
19,416
16,399
July, 1917
Offices
Registra¬
Helo
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
2.203
2,708
1,907
1.716
Chicago (state)
14,626
13,317
13,814
11,012
East St. Louis (state)
960
2,069
930
879
Peoria (state)
1,125
1,521
1,069
1,050
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
893
1,198
826
756
Rockford (state)
1,044
1,532
857
791
Springfield (state)
842
681
670
624
Totals
21,693
23,026
20,073
16,828
»Figures for months. April. 1917 to August. 1918 Inclusive are from
Monthly Lahor Revieic, June, 1917-NoTember, 1918. Figures for September-
December. 1918 were secured from the General Superintendent. Illinois íYee
Employment offices.
APPENDIX 413
Table No. 32.—Opebation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Federal) in Illinois—Continued
Offices
August, 1917
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria (state)
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
2,795
14,672
1,235
1,156
1,056
936
787
2,989
18,549
1,194
1,805
1,521
1,368
784
2,407
13,821
1,207
1,143
952
816
666
2,216
11,186
1,088
1,136
857
748
558
22,637
28,210
21,012
17,789
Offices
September, 1917
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria (state)
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
3,063
13,430
990
1,125
1,508
902
819
3,305
14,662
1,325
1,535
2,143
1,427
841
2,741
13,128
987
1,112
1,452
762
770
2,525
10,812
926
1,099
1,336
678
582
21,837
25,238
20,952
17,958
Offices
October, 1917
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
2,611
14,489
1,168
1,504
2,213
1,088
1,063
2,399
14,031
1,399
1,815
3,048
1,401
1,176
2,135
14,089
1,159
1,476
2,087
893
1,029
1,872
11,210
1,099
1,470
1,934
796
792
24,136
25,269
22,868
19,173
Offices
November, 1917
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
2,077
14,529
977
1,265
2,329
1,257
843
1,944
14,729
1,045
1,508
3,739
1,216
1,032
1,599
14,011
969
1,245
2,235
868
776
1,434
11,553
932
1,234
2,081
755
599
23,277
25,213
21,703
18,588
414 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 32.—Opekation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Fedeeal) in Illinois—Continued
Offices
December, 1917
Eegistra-
tlon
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria
Rock Island-Moline (state) —
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
13,383
718
1,043
2,661
897
692
12,687
1,058
1,609
4,211
1,075
708
12,977
911
1,033
3,567
643
638
10,881
884
1,022
2,500
598
515
19,394
21,348
19,769
16,400
Offices
January, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria (state)
Rock Island-Moline (state)
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
10,870
15,229
896
1,142
2,191
887
1,061
11,487
14,135
933
1,424
2,893
1,010
788
10,356
14,428
879
1,127
2,125
650
690
8,435
11,999
827
1,120
2,072
591
577
32,276
32,670
30,255
25,621
Offices
February, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria (state)
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
7,283
9,359
784
839
1,822
897
736
6,735
7,652
1,025
944
2,523
951
529
7,260
8,515
789
833
1,759
665
498
5,853
6,666
769
827
1,680
615
399
21,720
20,359
20,319
16,809
Offices
March, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Bloomington (federal-state) ..
Chicago (federal)
Chicago (state)
Danville (federal-state)
Decatur (federal-state)
East St. Louis (state)
Peoria (state)
Rock Island-Moline (state)....
Rockford (state)
Springfield (state)
Totals
112
13,708
15,603
390
54
1,055
1,201
2,363
1,122
924
137
14,319
13,856
392
107
1,277
1,386
3,877
1,199
963
93
11,651
14,031
323
25
1,051
1,197
2,254
973
877
92
10,361
11,699
305
19
1,021
1,196
2,092
910
763
36,532
37,513
32,475
28,458
APPENDIX 415
Table No. 32.—Operation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Pbdebal) in Illinois—Continued
Offices
April, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
70
384
70
38
Aurora
367
350
246
190
Bloomlngton
223
277
202
132
Chicago (federal)
16,609
3,989
14,455
13,338
Chicago (state)
16,435
16,474
15,864
13,097
Danville
338
853
326
316
Decatur
157
272
135
111
East St. Louis
1,020
1,310
1,002
972
Galesburg
285
1,100
152
130
Joliet
263
401
225
159
Peoria
1,358
1,728
1,358
1,357
Quincy
81
202
19
11
Rock Island-Moline
2,681
4,721
2,629
2,381
Rockford
1,201
1,427
1,053
999
Springfield
874
1,281
827
713
Totals
41,962
34,769
38,563
33,944
May, 1918
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Aurora
430
644
372
297
RloomingtoTi .
261
313
261
186
Cairo
160
498
127
105
Chicago (state)
15,168
17,190
14,863
12,316
Danville
378
911
355
320
Decatur
219
388
189
167
East St. Louis
1,121
1,511
1,080
1,048
Galesburg
396
1,558
205
184
Joliet
371
441
524
294
Quincy
118
1,311
38
21
Rockford
1,320
1,536
1,171
1,095
Totals
19,942
26,301
19,185
16,033
June,
1918
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
267
641
215
132
Aurora
776
728
577
462
Bioomington
321
286
270
216
Cairo
416
616
392
256
Chicago (federal-state)
18,171
27,433
16,330
13,181
Danville
325
914
242
182
Decatur
313
377
217
182
East St. Louis
1,007
1,366
959
924
Galesburg
221
567
167
154
Joliet
716
664
558
534
Peoria
1,104
1,365
1,096
1,075
416 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 32.—Opeeation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Federal) in Illinois—Continued
Offices
June, 1918—Continued
Hegistra-
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Quincy
Rock Island-Molme
Rockford
Springfield
Totals
479
2,414
1,300
787
1,916
3,567
1,374
963
266
2,377
1,096
727
117
2,282
977
647
28,617
42,777
25,489
21,321
Offices
July, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
Aurora
Blooniington
Cairo
Chicago «..
Danville
Decatur
Galesburg
Joliet
Quincy
Rockford
Springfield
Totals
199
949
421
411
34,849
272
391
225
555
276
1,922
807
560
1,017
366
498
59,449
230
485
574
549
1,410
1,879
872
186
846
367
399
27,893
219
314
150
485
324
1,691
736
209
685
296
336
22,320
191
254
95
454
148
1,494
655
41,277
67,889
33,610
27,137
Offices
August, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred Placed
Aurora
Bloomington
Cairo
Chicago
Danville
Decatur
East St. Louis
Elgin
Ereeport
Galesburg
Joliet
Kankakee
LaSalle
Peoria
Quincy
Rock Island-Moline
Rockford
Springfield
Waukegan
Totals
719
264
822
40,230
311
395
1,203
236
111
241
592
103
709
1,316
487
1,945
1,265
797
442
788
304
721
72,506
457
424
1,737
453
190
471
728
208
3,426
3,186
2,112
5,711
1,869
1,123
509
648
242
817
43,296
230
320
1,181
159
44
156
609
90
709
1,302
481
1,921
1,188
759
406
427
162
677
25,132
163
204
1,146
123
20
80
493
32
483
1,253
333
1,826
1,145
557
183
52,188
96,923 ' 54,558 ^ 34,439
APPENDIX
417
Table No. 32.—Operation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Fédérai,) in Illinois—Continued
September, 1918^
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
622
1,885
615
r 466
Aurora
658
844
514
355
Bloomington
306
331
275
258
Cairo
500
583
465
387
Centralia
156
200
82
37
Chicago
66,009
138,226
53,792
41,069
Danville
259
491
207
182
Decatur
474
492
453
263
East St. Louis
997
1,225
981
933
Elgin
284
389
131
111
Freeport
161
508
195
71
Galesburg
263
241
192
131
Joliet
962
635
794
580
Kankakee
300
190
251
203
LaSalle
800
905
372
635
Madison
148
327
117
54
Peoria
1,237
• 3,590
1,218
1,093
Quincy
514
1,171
461
303
Rock Island
1,842
4,319
1,820
1,719
Rockford
2,852
3,418
2,793
2,742
Springfield
812
644
732
490
Waukegan
387
248
411
239
Totals
80,543
160,862
66,871
52,321
October
1918
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
783
3,814
582
323
Aurora
757
1,038
637
469
Bloomington
507
591
435
346
Cairo
412
446
393
280
Centralia
239
170
312
187
Chicago
61,062
136,232
55,954
44,955
Danville
311
485
269
245
Decatur
618
4,645
621
359
East St. Louis
1,264
2,662
1,256
1,218
Elgin
286
320
208
194
Freeport
205
107
240
123
Galesburg
367
325
309
202
Joliet
875
819
877
569
Kankakee
279
227
182
173
LaSalle
708
904
263
632
Madison
183
282
172
89
Peoria
1,281
3,213
1,362
1,264
Quincy
463
1,326
507
384
Rock Island
1,143
8,119
1,511
1,512
Rockford
3,226
3,798
3,144
3,043
Springfield
550
908
875
620
Waukegan
274
394
386
190
Totals
75,793
170,825
70,495
57,377
418 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 32.—Operation of Public Employment Offices
(State and Federal) in Illinois—Concluded
Offices
November, 1918
Registra¬
tion
Help
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
487
1,185
484
239
Aurora
758
897
595
448
Bloomington
600
468
467
377
Cairo
349
377
365
165
Centralia
191
824
266
167
Chicago
54,032
95,330
50,426
40,551
Danville
298
438
251
224
Decatur
427
1,810
424
209,
East St. Louis
1,065
1,848
1,057
1,026
Elgin
301
307
226
200
Freeport
240
169
347
185
Galesburg
254
171
218
142
Joliet
635
2,448
619
374
Kankakee
197
109
203
181
LaSalle
585
1,263
329
431
Madison
96
678
44
45
Peoria
1,290
3,074
1,279
1,165
Quincy
342
1,213
428
271
Rock Island
919
2,597
1,593
1,525
Rockford
3,538
3,891
3,444
3,377
Springfield
462
607
782
622
Waukegan
150
127
190
104
Totals
67,216
119,831
64,037
52,028
December, 1918
Offices
Registra¬
Help
tion
Wanted
Referred
Placed
Alton
411
825
396
252
Aurora
993
665
547
381
Bloomington
490
399
430
371
Cairo
364
96
231
131
Centralia
464
116
352
317
Chicago
51,484
89,914
47,987
36,408
Danville
517
342
332
329
Decatur
477
567
393
221
East SL Louis
1,604
2,168
1,538
1,506
Elgin
374
342
291
231
Freeport
283
287
377
225
Galesburg
343
183
195
142
Joliet
663
704
627
418
Kankakee
299
79
257
213
LaSalle
616
507
235
328
Madison
100
11
97
43
Peoria
1,789
3,893
1,782
1,595
Quincy
519
346
415
259
Rock Island
1,593
2,311
1,647
1,561
Rockford
3,860
4,162
3,081
3,030
Springfield
353
571
562
446
Waukegan
119
252
112
54
Totals
67,715
108,740
61,884
48,461
^The Director of Planning and Statistics in a letter of May 24, 1921 gives
total figures for the State of Illinois for the months September—December' 191R
as follows c ' '
Registration Help Wanted Referred
September 76.080 164,792 63,035
October 65,916 217,071 69,679
November 80,216 143,747 76.125
December 62,566 lySr&tiw BT^toT
Placed
47,973
51.105
61.701
^,196
Table No. 33.—American Red Cross Campaigns in Illinois 1917-1918
Chapter
Adams County
Alexander County ...
Alton
Aurora
Beardstown
Bloomington
Bond County
Boone County
Brown County
Bureau County
Bushnell
Calhoun County
Carroll County
Centralia —
Champaign County...
Chicago
Christian County
Clark County
Clay County
Clinton County
Coles County
Collinsvllle
Crawford County
Cumberland County
DeKalb
DeKalb County
DeWitt County
Edgar County
Headquarters
1918 (December,
1917 Roll Call)
Quincy
Cairo
Alton
Aurora
Beardstown
Bloomington
Greenville
Belvidere
Mount Sterling
Princeton
Bushnell
Hardin
Savanna
Centralia
Champaign
Chicago
Taylorville
Marshall
Flora
arlyle
Charleston
Collinsvllle
Robinson
Toledo
DeKalb
Sycamore
Clinton
Paris
Membership Campaigns
1919 (December,
1918 Roll Call)
12,491
3,504
11,084
6,000
3,814
13,997
3,004
3,307
2,271
6,390
1,230
6,081
1,418
10,193
610,620
6,209
4,827
3,341
2,591
1,931
1,810
3,670
1,138
2,713
6,960
2,588
4,906
14,327
4,826
10,873
16,622
1,521
16,750
4,763
7,162
2,233
9,266
1,287
2,474
3,005
10,660
469,650
8,120
3,368
2,175
876
1,937
3,331
5,394
1,441
3,241
5,611
1,614
7,516
War-Fund Campaigns
First War Fund
(June, 1917)
? 15,733.34
24;673"()Ö
63,009.76
I7658.69
124.00
1,404.73
45,240.34
4,391,048.03
12,026.82
815.26
3,639.87
159.27
'37Í42"5()
6,000.00
3,699.37
7,105.08
Second War
Fund
(May, 1918)
83,469
20,000
54,557,
33,021
24,135
98,122
14,303
15,000
17,770
33,143
11,833
15,954,
22,040,
13,571
76,983
6,733,732
30,500
20,605,
12,055
18,293
10,079
4,854,
31,400,
10,248,
15,725
16,000,
25,646,
3,238
23
.00
,58
30
14
24
11
00
90
78
80
31
00 b
28 ^
76
00
52
37
11
24
11
77
69
61
00
13
73 i
— so
Table No. 33.—American Red Cross Campaigns in Illinois 1917-1918—Continued
Chapter
Edwards County
Effingham County
Elgin
Fayette County
Ford County
Fox River
Franklin County
Fulton County
Greene County
Grlggsville
Grundy County
Hamilton County
Hancock County
Hardin County
Henderson County
Henry County
Herrin
Iroquois County
Jackson County
Jasper County
Jefferson County
Jersey County
Jo Daviess County
Johnson County
Johnston City
Kankakee
Kendall County
Knox County
Headquarters
Ubion
Effingham
Elgin
Vandalia
Gibson City ....
Geneva
Benton
Canton
Carrollton
Griggsville
Morris
McLeansboro ..
Carthage
Rosiclare
Dquawka
Kewanee
Herrin
Watseka
Murphysboro ..
Newton
Mount Vernon
lerseyville
Galena
Vienna
Johnston City
Kankakee
Yorkville
Galesburg
Membership Campaigns
1918 (December,
1917 Roll Call)
1919 (December,
1918 Roll Call)
2,882
2,800
6,901
3,587
4,149
3,908
6,852
11,887
4,540
665
5,725
1.621
5.622
653
1,371
12,431
675
4,917
1,268
4,450
2,839
4,986
1,437
2,454
19,375
1,871
12,748
2,658
1,036
12,677
1,761
4,189
4,936
6,160
11,895
2,878
463
3,322
1,435
5,899
404
3,075
11,216
1,727
9,862
7,063
1,745
3,399
3,485
6,825
1,018
3,104
9,391
3,139
12,414
War-Fund Campaigns
First War Fund
(June, 1917)
Second War
Fund
(May, 1918)
10.00
11,819.35
1,000.00'
14.45'
105.00'
25,693.37
1,962.49
364.58
940.49
4,370.55
46,182.89
42"ÖÖÖ'ÖÖ
5,775.68
16,648.34
32,244.94
16,000.00
26,116.91
12,719.24
25,867.52
50,000.00
17,238.70
5,246.50
20,662.67
10,418.74
37,937.90
3,214.64
11.972.44
40,369.86
9,132.78
28,629.12
25,070.77
14,721.52
20,000.00
12,400.00
28,251.84
7,825.07
6,300.33
38,395.61
8,467.56
37.437.45
K)
o
i
ttl
o
í'a
Q
N
o
o
hi
O
Co
'Contribution from Piper City.
'Contribution from .Avon.
'Contribution from Stronghurst.
Table No. 33.—American Red Cross Campaigns in Illinois 1917-1918—Continued
Chapter
Lake County
LaSalle
Lawrence County
Lee County
Livingston County
Litchfield
Logan County
Macomb
Macon County
Macoupin County
Madison County
Marion County
Marshali County
Mason County
Massac County
Mattoon
McHenry County
Menard County
Mendota
Mercer County
Monroe County
Montgomery County —
Moline
Morgan County
Moultrie County
North Dougias County..
Ogle County
Ottawa
Headquarters
Libertyville ...
LaSalle
Lawrenceville
Dixon
Pontiac
Litchfield
Lincoln
Macomb
Decatur
Carlinville
Bdwardsvilie .
Salem
Lacon
Havana
Metropolis
Mattoon
Woodstock
Petersburg
Mendota
Aledo
Waterloo
Hillsboro
Moline
Jacksonville ...
Sullivan
Tuscola
Rochelle
Ottawa
Membership Campaigns
War-Fund
Campaigns
1918 (December,
1919 (December,
First War Fund
Second War
1917 noli Call)
1918 noil Call)
(June, 1917)
(May, 1918)
2,377
4,291
26,479.03
4,225
10,043
28,441.64
5,500
873
4,400.72
18,100.00
16,493
10,685
11,525.60
26,498.02
7,795
12,404
14,479.98
50,415.55
2,889
2,831
734.08
5,000.00
7,273
7,376
12,322.02
48,708.35
2,734
5,182
2,501.81
14,255.51
10,660
16,097
80,400.59
10,109
8,249
3,664.93
40,072.11
6,259
10,272
40,274.26
2,738
4,149
246.95
10,066.25
4,222
3,992
18,088.30
3,913
8,409
16,964.12
1,844
1,852
908.00
8,675.25
2,670
2,883
10,000.00
8,433
8,157
1,500.00
28,931.37
4,130
546
2,500.00
18,021.08
2,759
2,334
14,238.44
9,000
7,203
17,500.00
1,365
2,671
12,231.34
6,003
11,979
21,150.00
10,230
1,580
32,604.52
34,383.30
8,085
9,568
49,391.32
1,900
2,408
15,981.31
3,767
3,105
13,401.31
7,035
6,472
28,982.64
3,704
6,757
15,500.00
Table No. 33.—American Red Cross Campaigns in Illinois 1917-1918—Continued
to
to
I
H
S
O
ÍQ
Cl
N
o
o
>-n
o
►-1
Co
Chapter
IIeadqiiauïers
Membership Campaigns
1918 (December,
191T Koll Call)
1919 (December,
1918 Koll Call)
War-Pünd Campaigns
First War Fund
(June, 1917)
Second War
Fund
(May, 1918)
Peoria
Ferry County
Piatt County
Pike County
Piano
Pope County
Pulaski Comity
Putnam County
Randolph County
Richland County
Rock Island
St. Clair County
Saline County
Sandwich
Sangamon County
Scott County
Schuyler County
Shawneetown
Shelby County
South Douglas County....,
Stark County
Stephenson County
Sterling and Rock Falls,
Streator
Tazewell County
Tri City
Union County
Vermilion County
Peoria
DuQuoin
Monticello
PIttsfleld
Piano
Golconda
Mound City ..
Magnolia
Chester
Olney
Rock Island ..
Belleville
Harrisburg ....
Sandwich
Springfield ....
Winchester ....
Rushville
Shawneetown
Shelbyville
Areola
Toulon
Preeport
Sterling
Streator
Pekin
Granite City
Anna
Danville
30,000
5,470
4,654
4,284
714
1,900
1,037
6,111
2,589
15,831
8,033
2,289
2,809
30,556
1,756
3,502
869
4,603
2,104
3,108
7,735
2,063
6,425
11,672
5,389
2,799
26,983
26,750
6,401
2,356
6,981
544
288
1,181
1,261
9,040
3,090
12,259
111425
3,255
1,843
22,255
1,232
2,893
1,273
3,760
1,054
3,218
8,154
8,109
2,643
9,814
5,932
2,301
15,974
127,484.85
" 16r62Ö!32
949.00
19,446.60
10,185.75
513.60
50.00
78,728.26
101.63
5,318.77
11,273.24
18,329.85
15,436.31
2,091.42
29,609.03
177,650.80
22,040.71
23,595.80
25,284.33
2,550.15
7.262.68
7,500.17
7,323.20
24,403.87
12.232.52
41,435.31
46,940.07
15,000.00
6.347.69
133,445.04
11,536.00
11,126.80
16.901.53
21,021.62
9,060.75
13,059.56
35,000.00
33,981.51
22,063.74
35,350.28
40,213.86
10,571.12
72,930.48
Table No. 33.—Amebican Red Cross Campaigns in Illinois 1917-1918—Concluded
Chaptbr
IIeadqdarters
me.mbeuship campaign.s
1918 (December,
1917 Roll Call)
1919 (December,
1918 Roll Call)
War-Fund Campaigns
First War Fund
(June, 1917)
Second War
Fund
(May, 1918)
Vlrden
Virginia
Wabash County
Warren County
Washington County
Waukegan—North Chicago ...
Wayne County
West Frankfort
White County
Whiteside County
Will County
Williamson County
Winnebago County
Virden
Virginia
Mount Carmel
Monmouth
Nashville
Waukegan
Fairfield
West Frankfort..
Carmi
Morrison
Joliet
Marion
Rockford
1,611
1,882
2,250
5,461
1,161
5,200
2,664
Woodford County Eureka
3,924
5,922
19,030
2,942
17,108
4,857
Late Collections, various Cha,
Total.
jpters
2,090
1,660
3,376
7,495
4,016
7,678
3,246
2,529
4,573
27.782
1,889
18,993
4,272
2,951.61
2,691.15
7,063.15
1,059.09
2,565.58
484,273.54
6,939.20
10,807
20,000
10,132
39,460
16,544,
.87
.00
.78
56
60
15,000
16,657,
75,000,
16,744,
63,052,
22,157.
578,592.
00
64 ¡5
00 5
61 5
50 Ö
81 ^
21 ^
1,298,111
1,194,472 $ 5,638.074.59 $ 10,524,422.75
4^
K)
424 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Table No. 34.—United War Work Campaign in Illinois^
CODNTY
Adams
Alexander
Bond
Boone
Brown
Bureau
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Champaign
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Coles
Cook (Greater Chicago)
Crawford
Cumberland
DeKalb
De Witt
Douglas
DuPage
Edgar
Edwards
Effingham
Fayette
Ford
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hamiiton
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Henry
Iroquois
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jersey
Jo Daviess
Johnson
Kane
Kankakee
Kendall
Knox
Lake
LaSalle
Lawrence
Lee
Livingston
Qcota
Collections
112,600.00
$ 110,446.73
27,200.00
27,246.24
14,900.00
13,315.12
22,100.00
22,184.00
13,600.00
16,917.64
54,400.00
80,196.81
7,200.00
5,882.63
27,600.00
34,138.89
32,300.00
34,783.03
65,900.00
122,663.16
43,800.00
60,461.98
22,900.00
33,227.10
12,800.00
10,755.42
19,600.00
25,012.68
35,300.00
53,660.79
8,500,000.00
8,134,093.00
32,300.00
55,746.27
9,000.00
10,022.54
49,300.00
80,232.02
25,100.00
37,272.66
25,100.00
37,429.72
35,700.00
38,096.85
36,500.00
45,112.59
7,700.00
8,135.22
17,900.00
12,243.91
20,800.00
16,000.00
26,300.00
33,789.44
29,300.00
26,740.23
61,200.00
60,386.98
12,300.00
10,478.57
26,300.00
20,697.61
29,800.00
38,343.41
15,700.00
7,243.55
46,300.00
52,893.77
3,800.00
2,546.44
14,900.00
19,179.75
60,400.00
90,469.47
39,900.00
39,106.57
27,600.00
27,906.95
12,300.00
9,056.70
19,100.00
19,131.07
14,000.00
17,876.79
34,000.00
47,503.35
8,100.00
2,671.43
132,300.00
187,429.67
53.500.00
83,153.28
12,300.00
21,126.63
68,800.00
83,459.57
79,000.00
107,419.01
124,500.00
143,209.13
31,000.00
53,362.74
41,700.00
53,946.93
55,200.00
82,390.55
APPENDIX 425
Table No. 34.—United War Work Campaign in Illinois—Concluded
CODNTY
Quota
Collections
Logan
50,200.00
49,313.82
McDonough
38,200.00
37,873.21
McHenry
41,700.00
56,786.80
McLean
111,300.00
162,502.00
Macon
81,600.00
125,645.46
Macoupin
56,500.00
75,513.32
Madison
134,400.00
169,286.17
Marion
28,900.00
34,567.53
Marshall
22,100.00
21,803.14
Mason
22,500.00
31,874.44
Massac
10,200.00
7,240.80
Menard
17,900.00
32,683.08
Mercer
28,500.00
43,009.35
Monroe
12,800.00
14,997.93
Montgomery
41,700.00
62,629.82
Morgan
54,000.00
68,909.38
Moultrie
17,000.00
20,748.62
Ogle
40,800.00
43,569.46
Peoria
191,300.00
187,275.33
Perry
19,100.00
14,431.87
Piatt
26,300.00
38,872.23
Pike
35,300.00
54,444.65
Pope
7,800.00
2,690.11
Pulaski
9,400.00
10,070.55
Putnam
7,800.00
10,110.54
Randolph
28,400.00
25,990.32
Richland
12,700.00
17,104.07
Rock Island
122,400.00
140,095.34
St. Clair
174,300.00
165,139.22
Saline
25,000.00
25,000.00
Sangamon
136,000.00
150,367.26
Schuyler
23,800.00
17,251.43
Scott
11,100.00
13,678.66
Shelby
28,500.00
39,766.61
Stark
15,200.00
23,000.00
Stephenson
55,700.00
56,376.96
Tazewell
48,800.00
67,255.23
Union
12,800.00
15,618.31
Vermilion
87,500.00
99,683.00
Wabash
13,600.00
9,291.36
Warren
38,300.00
56,598.32
Washington
12,300.00
10,183.85
Wayne
14,500.00
5,460.33
White
28,500.00
26,077.12
Whiteside
54,400.00
92,298.39
Will
152,100.00
195,692.80
Williamson
37,800.00
21,447.30
Winnebago
99,000.00
100,178.22
Woodford
28,500.00
33,163.87
Total
$ 12,719,700.00
$ 13,250,364.17
'Collections to June 21, 1922.
BIBLIOGIRAPHY
BIBLIOGEAPHY
I
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[429]
430 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
431
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II
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432 tVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
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Annual Report of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1917-1919
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Annual Report of the Federal Reserve Board, 1917-1919 (Washing¬
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Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission, 1917, 1918 (Wash¬
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Annual Report of the Navy Department, 1917-1919 (Washington,
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Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor, 1918, 1919 (Washington,
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Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of
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Annual Report of the United States Food Administration, 1918
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Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board, 1917, 1918
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Annual Report of the War Finance Corporation, 1918-1920 (Wash¬
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
433
Book of Information, United States Grain Corporation, Issue of
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Boy Power, November 15, 1917-June 15, 1919, Washington [U. S.
Boys' Working Reserve, Department of Labor].
Bulletin, October 27, 1917-October 21, 1918 (Washington) [Com¬
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Bulletin of Information, June 8, 1918, Washington, 1918 [Alien
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434 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
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Final Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War
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How to Burn Soft Coal in Base Burner Heating Stoves and Kitchen
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[U. S. Fuel Administration for Illinois].
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Burning Soft Coal (Chicago, n.d.) [U. S. Fuel Administration
for Illinois].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
435
lilinoîs Legion, April 24, 26, 27, 29-May 1, 1918, St. Louis [Eighth
Federal Reserve District Liberty Loan Committee].
Illinois War Savings Bulletin, February 28, 1918-June 12, 1919,
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Interpretations of War Statutes (Washington, 1918-1919) [U. S.
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List of all Banks and Trust Companies in Federal Reserve District
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List of all Banks and Trust Companies in Federal Reserve District
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Ç, July 23, August 6, September 3, September 17 and October i,
IÇ18 . . . [St. Louis, 1918].
Monthly Crop Report, May 10, 1916-December, 1918, Washington
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[Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor].
Monthly Review of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, June, 1917—June,
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Navy Ordnance Activities—World War, IÇ17—IÇ18 (Washington,
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News Letter of the Woman's Committee, Council of National De¬
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Official Bulletin, May, 1917-February, 1919, Washington [Com¬
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An Outline of the Board's Origin, Functions, and Organization
(Washington, 1918) [War Industries Board].
Plan of Organization of the Chicago Liberty Loan Committee for
the Fourth Campaign (Chicago, 1918).
436 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Purpose and Policy of the U. S. Boys' W or king Reserve, U. S. Boys'
Working Reserve, Illinois Division, Bulletin No. 1 (Chicago
n.d.).
Quotas for the Third Liberty Loan in that part of Illinois located in
the Eighth Federal Reserve District (St. Louis, 1918).
The Railroads and the Car Shortage (Chicago, n.d.) [U. S. Fuel
Administration for Illinois].
Record of Subscriptions by the Banks of the Eighth Federal Reserve
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. . . issued in anticipation of the Victory Liberty Loan [St. Louis,
1919].
Registration of German Alien Enemies—General Rules and Regula¬
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(Washington, 1918).
Report of the Administrative Division igij-igig. Part I, Reports of
the Bureau of State Organizations and of the Federal Fuel Ad¬
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"Report of the Capital Issues Committee," House Documents No.
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[Chicago, 1917].
Report of the Distribution Division igiS-igig, Part I, The Distri¬
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Report of the Engineers Committee, igiS igig (Washington, 1919)
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(Washington, 1919).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
437
Report of the United States Housing Corporation, 2 vols. (Washing¬
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Report of the IVomans Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois—Third
Liberty Loan, April 6-May 4, IÇ18 (n.p., n.d.).
Report of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois—Fourth
Liberty Loan, September 28—October IQ, IÇ18 (n.p., n.d.).
Report of the Womans Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois—Fifth
Victory Liberty Loan, April 21-May 10, IÇ19 (n.p., n.d.).
Report, WOman's Liberty Loan Committee, Seventh Federal Reserve
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Resume of Orders for Cook County of the United States Fuel Ad¬
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Russell, A. L., Grain and Flour Statistics during the War (n.p.,
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Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of
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Statutes at Large of the United States of America, volumes 39-41
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Subscriptions to the Second Liberty Loan in that part of the State
of Illinois located in the Eighth Federal Reserve District (St.
Louis, n.d.).
Subscriptions to the Third Liberty Loan in that part of the State
of Illinois located in the Eighth Federal Reserve District (St.
Louis, n.d.).
Subscriptions to the Fourth Liberty Loan in the State of Illinois,
Eighth Federal Reserve District (St. Louis, n.d.).
Subscriptions to the Victory Liberty Loan in the State of Illinois,
Eighth Federal Reserve District (St. Louis, n.d.).
Suggestions on the Burning and Storing of Illinois and Indiana Coal
in Domestic Use (Chicago, n.d.) [U. S. Fuel Administration for
Illinois].
15
438- WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Suggestions to Assist in the Operation of Power Plants (Chicago,
n.d.) [U. S. Fuel Administration for Illinois].
Supplement to General Orders, Regulations and Rulings of the
United States Fuel Administration Containing all orders of a
general character entered January I, içiç—June 30, içiQt tvith
appendix containing orders from July 22, igiQ—March 20, JQ20
(Washington, 1920).
Supplementary Instructions and Regulations concerning Pass System
under Regulation IJ of the President's Proclamation of November
16, IÇ17 (Washington, 1918) [U. S. Department of Justice].
Third Liberty Loan—County Sales Plan, Eighth Federal Reserve
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Third Liberty Loan—Plan of Organization Eighth Federal Reserve
District [St. Louis, 1918].
Third Liberty Loan Speakers' Bulletin Nos. 1-11, 1918, Chicago
[Seventh Federal Reserve District Liberty Loan Committee].
Thrift (formerly The Savings Letter) May—September, 1919, Wash¬
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U. S. Employment Service Bulletin, March, 1918-February, 1919,
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Packing Concerns (Washington, 1919).
U. S. Food Administration Meat Division, Hog and Corn Ratios.
Report of Commission Appointed by the U. S. Food Administra¬
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U. S. Food Administration Meat Division, Price of Hogs, Statement
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U. S. Food Administration Meat Division, Rules and Regulations
relating to the Profits of Slaughtering and Meat Packing Con¬
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17. S. Loan and Savings News, August 23, 1919—February 1, 1920
[Seventh Federal Reserve District Liberty Loan Committee].
Victory Liberty Loan—County Sales Organization Plan Eighth
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Victory Liberty Loan—Plan of Organization Eighth Federal Re¬
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
439
Victory Reveille, April 1, 1919-May 31, 1919, Chicago [Seventh
Federal Reserve District Liberty Loan Committee].
War Department Annual Reports 1917, 1918, 1919 (Washington,
1918-1920).
War Expenditures—Hearings before the Select Committee on Ex¬
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Sixty-sixth Congress, First Session, on War Expenditures Serial
I, Part Ç War Contracts of $ioo,ooo and over (Washington,
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The War Saver, May-July, 1918, Washington [National War Sav¬
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Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1913-1919
(Washington, 1914-1920).
Ill
State Documents and Reports
Annual Coal Report of Illinois 1917, 1918, 1919 (Springfield, 1917-
1919) [Department of Mines and Minerals].
Annual Report, Illinois Farmers' Institute—A Handbook of Agricul¬
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Annual Report, Illinois Library Extension Commission January I,
igiJ-December 31, iQiS (Springfield, 1919).
Biennial Report of the Adjutant General 1916-1918, 1918-1920
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Biennial Report of the Auditor of Public Accounts to the Governor
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Biennial Report, igiJ-igiS Illinois Attorney General (Springfield,
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440 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Bowen, Louise DeKoven, The Work of the WOman's Committee,
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Camouflage Cook Book—27 Meatless Meat Recipes (Chicago, n.d.)
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Bulletins (Chicago, 1917-1918).
No.
1
Duties and General Instruction.
No.
2
Neighborhood Sub-committees.
No.
3
Second Liberty Loan.
No.
4
Instructing the County Auxiliary Committees to Assist
the Organization of the County Committee of the
Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee.
No.
5
Publicity.
No.
6
Industrial Labor.
No.
7
Requesting nominations for county food administrators.
No.
8
Loyalty.
No.
9
Meetings.
No.
10
Foreign Population Survey.
No.
11
Relations with District Fuel Administration Committee.
No.
12
Requesting Bi-weekly Reports.
No.
13
General County Organization.
No.
14
Requesting County Auxiliary Committees to provide
clerical assistance for the Local Draft Boards.
No.
15
Co-operative Delivery.
No.
16
Requesting the donation of spy glasses, binoculars and
telescopes for the use of the navy.
No.
17
Survey of Factory Waste.
No.
18
War Conference.
No.
18a
Supplementary instructions on war conference.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
441
No. 19 Railway car service.
No. 20 Enrollment Agents for United States Public Service
Reserve.
No. 21 Illinois Thrift Week, February Jrd to lOth.
No. 22 April 6th, "Illinois Flag Day."
No. 23 Assistance to Draft Boards.
No. 24 War Business Conference.
Farm Labor Administration—Its Plan and Purpose (Chicago, n.d.)
[State Council of Defense of Illinois].
Farming for Victory (Chicago, August, 1918) [Published by Illinois
State Council of Defense for the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve].
Feed Yourself—A War Garden will do it (n.p., n.d.) [State Council
of Defense of Illinois].
A Few Figures on the Work of the Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois (Chicago, 1918).
Final Report of the State Council of Defense of Illinois IQ17-IÇ18-
1QIÇ (Chicago, [1919]).
Final Report of Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois and Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense,
Illinois Division April, içij-luly, IQIQ (Chicago, 1919).
Fruits and Vegetables, Home Canning, Drying and Storing, Depart¬
ment of Household Science, Illinois Farmers' Institute Bulletin
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Grow More Wheat (n.p., n.d.) [Food Production and Conservation
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Service Department, Woman's Committee, State Council of De¬
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Illinois Bulletin (Chicago, n.d.) [Published by State Council of
Defense of Illinois in the interests of the U. S. Boys' Working
Reserve].
No. 1 The U. S. Reserve Volunteer, by Burridge D. Butler.
No. 2 U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, Department of Labor.
442 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
No. 3 The Loyal Farm Boy and the War, by Dean Eugene
Davenport.
No. 4 Training City Boys to be Farm Helpers by William J.
Bogan.
No. 5 The Call of the War to the Loyal Farmer, by Dean
Eugene Davenport.
No. 6 The Welfare of the Boy, by Burridge D. Butler.
Illinois Farmers' Institute Department of Household Science—Year
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Illinois Food Production Program Recommended by the Corn
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State Council of Defense War Conference (Chicago, 1918) [State
Council of Defense of Illinois].
Instructions to Volunteers (Chicago, n.d.) [Social Service Depart¬
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Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Illinois, 1917,
1919 (Springfield, 1917, 1919).
Journal of the Senate of the State of Illinois, 1917, 1919 (Springfield,
1917, 1919).
Laws of the State of Illinois, 1917, 1919 (Springfield, 1917, 1919).
Legal Rules for the Guidance of Soldiers and Sailors (Chicago,
November 1, 1917) [State Council of Defense of Illinois].
A Liberty Garden for Every Home—It's Patriotic (Springfield,
1918) [Illinois Farmers' Institute].
Liberty Songs for the Use of Liberty Choruses and Community Sing¬
ing (Boston, [1918]) [State Council of Defense of Illinois].
Loyalty Christmas Candy Recipes (Chicago, December, 1917) [Con¬
servation Department, Woman's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois].
Official Recipe Book—What to Eat, How to Cook it (Chicago,
1918) [State Council of Defense of Illinois].
Packard, Dorothy, What Women Are Doing in the Great War
(Chicago, January 24, 1918) [War Information Committee of
the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois
Division].
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443
Present War Work in Conservation (Chicago, n.d«) [Conservation
Department, Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense,
Illinois Division].
Register the Baby's Birth (Chicago, n.d.) [State Department of
Public Health and Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois].
Report to the Illinois State Council of Defense on the Race Riots
at East St. Louis by its Committee on Labor (Chicago, June 30,
1917).
Report for the Month of February [/prS] of the Woman's Com¬
mittee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division (Chicago,
March 1, 1918).
Report for the Month of March [/p/5] of the Woman's Committee,
Council of National Defense, Illinois Division and Woman's Com¬
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Report for the Month of April [ip/5] of the Woman's Committee,
Council of National Defense, Illinois Division and Woman's Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense (Chicago, May 1, 1918).
Report for the Month of March [rprp] of the Woman's Committee,
Council of National Defense, Illinois Division and Woman's Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense (April 1, 1919).
Report of the Directors of Departments under the Civil Administra¬
tive Code, 1918, 1919 (Springfield, 1919).
Report of the Illinois Centennial Commission. Compiled by Jessie
Palmer Weber (Springfield, 1920).
Report to the Illinois State Council of Defense on Coal Production
and Distribution by its Advisory Committee (Chicago, June 22,
1917).
Report of the Patriotic Food Show given under the auspices of the
Illinois State Council of Defense, Chicago, January 4-t3> tgiS.
Reprinted from The American Food Journal, Vol. XIII, No. 1
and 2, January and February [1918].
Report on the Work of the State Council of Defense of Illinois to
July I, igiS, State Council of Defense Information Document No.
9 (Chicago, November, 1918).
444 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Roster of Officers of the Illinois National Guard and Illinois Naval
Battalion April 6, 1917 (Springfield, 1917) [Military and Naval
Department].
Roster, Illinois National Guard and Reserve Militia—General
Orders No. 20, Military and Naval Department State of Illinois,
November 26, IÇ18 (Springfield, 1918).
Roster of Officials Engaged in the Administration of the Selective
Service Law, State of Illinois, IÇ18 (Springfield, 1918).
Salisbury, R. D. and H. H. Barrows, The Environment of Camp
Grant, State Geological Survey Bulletin No. 39 (Urbana, 1918).
Seed Corn—The Illinois Shortage and Measures Taken to Meet It
(n.p., n.d.) [State Council of Defense of Illinois].
The Simple Story of the State Conference Called by the Woman's
Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division March
4-5, 1919, Chicago (Chicago, 1919).
Standards of Industry for Government Contracts (Chicago, 1917)
[Department of Women and Children in Industry, Woman's
Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois].
State Council of Defense Bulletins (Chicago, 1918).
No. 1 County Finance Committees.
No. 2 Red Cross Membership Campaign.
No. 3 War Relief.
No. 4 Campaign for Salvation Army War Work.
No. 5 Income Tax Schedules.
No. 6 Official United States War Moving Pictures.
No. 7 War Garden Movement.
No. 8 Necessity for Complete County Organization.
No. 9 Third United States Government Liberty Loan.
No. 10 Legal Advisory Board.
No. 11 Tuberculosis War Problem.
No. 12 Illinois M''ar Savings Pledge Week.
No. 13 Education Week, May iith to i8th Inclusive.
No. 14 Red Cross Campaign May 20th to May 27th.
No. 15 Coal Week.
No. 16 Meetings for Drafted Men.
No. 17 Recruits for the U. S. Marine Corps.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
445
No. 18 Independence Day Celebration.
No. 19 National IVar Savings Day—June 28, iQiS.
No. 20 Curtailment of Unnecessary Enterprises'. Thrift and
Economy (May 6, 1918).
No. 21 Proposed War Conferences (August, 1918).
No. 22 Conservation of the Business Interests of the Men With
the Colors (August, 1918).
No. 23 Co-ordination (August 10, 1918).
No. 24 Alien Enemy Property (August, 1918).
No. 25 Commercial Economy Administration (August 15, 1918).
No. 26 Discouraging the Exchange of Liberty Bonds for Mer¬
chandise and Securities (September, 1918).
No. 27 Chautauquas (August 30, 1918).
No. 28 Registration Day (September 5, 1918).
No. 29 Notice of Organization of Non-War Construction Bureau
(September 17, 1918).
No. 30 Highways Transport Committee (September 18, 1918).
No. 31 The Development of Neighborhood Auxiliaries (October,
1918).
No. 32 United War Work Campaign—November ii-iS, iQiS
(October, 1918).
No. 33 Stay on the Job (November 7, 1918).
No. 34 War History Committee (November 22, 1918).
No. 35 Apprehension of Deserters (November 29, 1918).
No. 36 Honorable Discharge to County Committees.
The State Council of Defense of Illinois, What it is and what it
does. State Council of Defense Information Document No. 5
(Chicago, March, 1918).
State Council News, November 30, 1917—December 13, 1918, Chi¬
cago [State Council of Defense of Illinois].
Suggestions for Emergency War Work for Teachers (Chicago, n.d.)
[Committee on Courses of Instruction, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illinois].
Suggestive Outline for Neighborhood Meetings (Chicago, October
3, 1917) [Neighborhood Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois].
446 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Training the Boy to Win the War. Outline of a Plan for Principals
and Teachers Prepared by the Educational Committee of the State
Council of Defense for the Illinois Division U. S. Boys' Working
Reserve (Chicago, 1918).
Unified Bureau of Public Speakers Bulletin No. i. The Service of
the Bureau [Chicago, 1918] [State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois].
War Emergency Courses for Women (Chicago, 1918) [Committee
on Courses of Instruction, Woman's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois].
Ward Leaders' Committee (Chicago, n.d.) [Chicago Unit, Woman's
Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois].
White, E. A., The Farm Machinery Situation (n.p., n.d.) [Food,
Fuel and Conservation Committee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois].
Woman's Committee of Council of National DefensCj Illinois Divi¬
sion and Women's Organizations, the State Council of Defense
(Chicago, n.d.).
WOman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division
and Women's Organizations, State Council of Defense—Co-ordina¬
tion Department (Chicago, n.d.).
Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division
and Woman's Organizations, State Council of Defense—Co-ordin¬
ation Committee Plan of Organization (Chicago, 1918).
WOman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Divi¬
sion—Department of Allied Relief (Chicago, 1918).
WOman's Committee of Council of National Defense, Illinois Divi¬
sion and Women's Organizations, the State Council of Defense—
Department of Health and Recreation (Chicago, n.d.).
WOman's Committee of Council of National Defense, Illinois Divi¬
sion and Women's Organizations, the State Council of Defense—
Lecture Extension Committee (Chicago, n.d.).
WOman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Divi¬
sion—Recreation for Girls Department (Chicago, 1918).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
447
Wornan s Committee of Council of National Defense Illinois Divi¬
sion and JVOman s Organization of the State Council of Defense—
Program of Committee on Foreign Born Women in Industry
(Chicago, n.d.).
"Work or Fight" Official analysis and interpretation of federal law
and regulations on this subject by State Council of Defense Law
and Legislation Committee, State Council of Defense Information
Document No. 8 (Chicago, June, 1918).
IV.
Monographs, Transactions and Other Works.
Adams, Myron E., The Sick and Disabled Service Men of Illinois
(Chicago, 1921).
American Labor Year Book 1917-1918 (New York, 1918).
American Library Association Second Financial Campaign—Report
of the Library War Finance Committee iQiS—içiç (Brooklyn
[1919]).
American Red Cross, Chicago Chapter Annual Report IQ17—IQ1S
(Chicago, 1918).
American Red Cross, Chicago Chapter Annual Report of the Exec-
tive Secretary, igij (Chicago, n.d.).
The American Red Cross Chicago Chapter—Reports of Committees,
Bureaus and Departments 1917 (Chicago, n.d.).
American Red Cross Teaching Center Bulletin içiS—içiç (Chicago,
n.d.) [Chicago Chapter].
The American Year Book 1917, 1918 (New York, 1918, 1919).
Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Public
Library IÇ17-IÇ18 (Chicago, 1918).
Annual Reports of the Chicago Association of Commerce 1917, 1918
(Chicago, 1918, 1919).
Annual Report of Milton J. Foreman, Commander, The American
Legion, Department of Illinois for the period from October 16,
IÇ19 to September i, 1920 (Chicago, 1920).
448 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Baker, Charles Whiting, Government Control and Operation of In¬
dustries in Great Britain and the United States during the World
War, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Preliminary
Economic Studies of the War No. 18 (New York, 1921).
Bernhardt, Joshua, Government Control of the Sugar Industry in the
United States (New York, 1920).
The Bluejacket University—Nature of Courses and Educational
Value (Great Lakes, Illinois, n.d.) [Y. M. C. A.].
Bogart, E. L., Direct and Indirect Costs of the Great War, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace Preliminary Economic Studies
of the War No. 24 (New York, 1919).
Bogart, E. L., War Costs and their Financing (New York, 1921).
Bogart, E. L. and Mathews, J. M., The Modern Commonwealth
(Springfield, 1920) [Centennial History of Illinois, volume 5].
Building East St. Louis for Tomorrow—First Annual Report of the
War Civics Committee, East St. Louis, Illinois October I, iQiS—
September 30, içiQ (East St. Louis, 1919).
Bulletin of Loyola University (Chicago, April, 1919).
Buzzell, Francis, Great Lakes Naval Training Station—A History
(Boston, 1919).
Camp Grant, Rockford, Illinois (Rockford, 1917).
Cherrill, Dr. Katherine, A History of the Hancock County Chapter,
American Red Cross (Carthage, Illinois, May 1, 1919).
The Chicago Red Cross Shop of the Committee on Hospital Supplies
of the Chicago Chapter, (Chicago, n.d.).
Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy Special Bulletin Announc-
cing an Emergency Course in Industrial Service July 8—August
31, IÇ18 Special Bulletin (Chicago, June, 1918).
Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy—Special Courses in
Curative Occupations and Recreation . . . January 2 to June 7,
1918, Special Bulletin (Chicago, December, 1917).
City Plan for East St. Louis, Prepared for the War Civics Com¬
mittee by Harland Bartholomew, City Plan Engineer (n.p., 1920).
Commission for Relief in Belgium First Annual Report, November
I, 1914.—October 31, 1913—Part I—Provisioning Department
(London, n.d.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
449
Crowell, J. Franklin, Government IVar Contracts, Carnegie Endow¬
ment for International Peace Preliminary Economic Studies of the
War No. 25 (New York, 1920).
Currey, J. S., Illinois Activities in the World War, 3 volumes
(Chicago, 1921).
The Cycle, içiç (Chicago, 1919) [Yearbook of Armour Institute
of Technology].
DePaul Minerval, Commencement /p/p (Chicago, 1919) [Yearbook
of DePaul University, Chicago].
Directory of Illinois Manufacturers (Chicago, 1920) [Illinois Manu¬
facturers' Association].
Estill, Commissioner Thomas, Illinois in the World War—"At the
Front with the Salvation Army" (Chicago, n.d.).
Facts about the American Legion, Department of Illinois (Spring¬
field, 1920).
Fairlie, John A., "Illinois Administrative Code" American Political
Science Review, volnmt 11 (Baltimore, 1917).
The Fatherless Children of France—Annual Report, 1917, 1918
(New York, 1918, 1919).
The Fatherless Children of France—Instructions for Guidance of
Committees (New York, 1918).
Four Minute Men of Chicago, compiled by the History Committee
of the Four Minute Men of Chicago (Chicago, 1919).
Great Lakes Naval Training Station, U. S. Navy (n.p., n.d.).
Hayes, Dudley Grant, The Chicago Plan of High School Boys in
Agriculture (Chicago, 1917) [Chicago Board of Education].
The History and Achievements of the Fort Sheridan Officers' Train¬
ing Camps (n.p., 1920) [The Fort Sheridan Association].
History of the American Field Service in France, 3 volumes (Cam¬
bridge, 1920).
Hollander, J. H., War Borrowing—A Study of the Treasury Cer¬
tificates of Indebtedness of the United States (New York, 1919).
Hough, Emerson, The Web (Chicago, 1919).
Illinois County or City War Histories and rosters
Cass County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana, n.d.).
Christian County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana,
n.d.).
450 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Clark County Honor Roll. World War [broadside] (Greencastle,
Indiana, n.d.)-
East Peoria and the World War [East Peoria, 1919].
Edgar County World War Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle,
Indiana, n.d.).
Ford County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana, n.d.).
Franklin County, Illinois, War History, 1832—içiç, Harry L.
Frier and S. S. Baird, editor and compiler (n.p., n.d.).
Greene County's War Record (Carrollton, n.d.).
Haynes, Frederic M., Fayette County in the World War (Van¬
dalia, [1922]).
Herrick Frank E., The Khaki Hosts and other Verse of the War
[Contains roster of Wheaton, Illinois, service men] (n.p., n.d.).
The Honor Book, Sangamon County, Illinois, Jçiy—IQIQ, Nellie
Browne Duff, editor (Springfield, 1920).
Honor Roll, Boone County, Illinois, World War, içij—içiç.
Compiled by Woman's Committee, Council of Defense, Boone
County Unit (n.p., n.d.).
The Honor Roll of Bureau County, Clifford Trimble, editor
(Princeton, 1920).
The Honor Roll of Carroll County, Illinois, Vade E. Boyle, Glenn
S. Dille, editors (Galena, Illinois).
Honor Roll, DeKalb County, Illinois (DeKalb, n.d.).
Honor Roll of the Great War—Stephenson County, Igij—IQIQ,
(n.p., n.d.).
Honor Roll of Henry County, Illinois, edited by R. S. Anderson
(Rock Island, 1919).
Honor Roll of Woodford County, Illinois, [broadside] (n.p., n.d.).
Jersey County in the World War. Published by the Jersey Coun¬
ty War History Committee, J. W. Becker, editor (Jerseyville,
1919).
Jo Davies County Honor Roll (Galena, 1920).
Knox County, Illinois, The Honor Roll iQiy-iQiS-iQig (Gales-
burg, 1920).
Lee County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana, n.d.).
Livingston County Honor Roll [broadside] Greencastle, Indiana,
n.d.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
451
Livingston County, Illinois in the World War. Published by the
Board of Supervisors of Livingston County, Winnie Sparks,
editor ( Bloomington, [1922]).
Logan County World War Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle,
Indiana, n.d.).
McDonough County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indi¬
ana, n.d.).
McLean County, Illinois in the World War, IÇ17-1918, E. E.
Pierson and J. L. Hasbrouch, editors (Bloomington, n.d.).
Macoupin County Honor Roll, World War, [broadside] (Green¬
castle, Indiana, n.d.).
Memorial War Review of World War Patriotism realized at
Home and Abroad iQiy—içiQ. Sponsored by Hinsdale Post No.
250, American Legion (Hinsdale, 1920).
Ogle County, Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana,
n.d.).
Roll of Honor of the Boys in Khaki and in Blue, World War
igjy-igig [DuQuoin, Illinois^ [broadside] (DuQuoin, n.d.).
Shelby County, Illinois in the World War igiy—igig, edited by
D. Leslie Davis (Decatur, 1919).
War History of Lee County, Illinois, igiy—'iS—ig. Planned
under the direction of the Lee County Executive Committee of
the Auxiliary Committee, State Council of Defense, 1919; pub¬
lished by Dixon Post Number 12, The American Legion [Dixon,
1920].
Whiteside County Honor Roll [broadside] (Greencastle, Indiana,
n.d.).
With the Colors from Aurora igiy-igiS-igig, J. W. Greenaway,
editor (Aurora, 1920).
With the Colors from Macoupin County (Litchfield, 1920).
With the Colors from Pike County igiy—igi8—igig, W. M.
Hailey, editor (Barry, n.d.).
The Illinois Legionnaire [Springfield, 1921].
Illinois State Federation of Labor, Proceedings Thirty-fifth Annual
Convention, Joliet, Illinois October 15 to 20, igiy (Joliet, n.d.).
Illinois State Federation of Labor, Proceedings Thirty-sixth Annual
Convention, Bloomington, December 2-7, igiS (Chicago, n.d.).
452 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Important Announcement—American—British—French—Belgian Per¬
manent Blind Relief War Fund for Soldiers and Sailors (London,
August, 1917).
Index IQIQ (n.p., 1919) [Yearbook of Illinois State Normal Uni¬
versity] .
The Industrial Program of the War Work Council Industrial Cam¬
paign Series No. 1 (New York, September, 1918) [Y. W. C. A.].
Library Service for Soldiers and Sailors—The Story of the Million
Dollar Campaign of the American Library Association (n.p., n.d.).
Litman, Simon, Prices and Price Control in Great Britain and the
United States during the World War, Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace Preliminary Economics Studies of the War
No. 19 (New York, 1920).
Lombard College War Courses, Lombard. College Bulletin, June,
1918 [Galesburg].
Military Unit Publications
Ammunition of Co. D, 311th Ammunition Train (n.p., n.d.)
[86th Division].
Battery A, 332d Field Artillery (n.p., n.d.).
Battery A in France IÇ17—IÇ18, compiled by Warren J. Albert
(Danville [1919]) [149th Field Artillery].
The Black Hawk (Rockford, 1919) [Company F, 311th Am¬
munition Train].
F. A. C. O. T. S. The Story of the Field Artillery Central Officers'
Training School, Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky (New York,
1919).
Huidekoper, Frederic L., The History of the 33rd Division. Illi¬
nois State Historical Library Illinois in the World War, 3
volumes and portfolio (Danville, 1921).
Kilner, Frederic R., Battery L in France, 149th Field Artillery,
Rainbow (42d) Division (Chicago, 1919).
MacArthur, Charles G., A Bug's Eye View of the War (Pri¬
vately printed, 1919) [Battery F, 149th Field Artillery].
Overseas with an Aero Squadron (Belleville,n.d.) [86th Aero
Squadron].
Sanborn, Joseph Brown, The 131st U. S. Infantry (First Infantry,
Illinois National Guard) in the World War, Narrative, Opera-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
453
Hons, Statistics. General narrative by Col. Joseph B. Sanborn
. . . special narratives by officers commanding various units
and detachments, operations compiled by Capt. George N. Mal¬
strom . . . statistics by the personnel adjutant's office . . .
(Chicago, 1919).
States Publication Society, The Official History of the Eighty-
Sixth Division (Chicago, 1921).
The Story of the Thirty-Third Division—The Prairie Division
(Reprinted from the Chicago Daily News) [Chicago, 1919].
The Thirty-Third Division—Across No Mans Land, volume of
photographs compiled by Sgt. B. W. Harris, Pvt. O. J. Nelson
and V. C. Nickerson (Chicago, 1919).
The IÇ20 Gale (n.p., 1919) [Yearbook of Knox College].
Northwestern University Bulletin, The President's Report for IÇ17-
1919 (n.p., July 17, 1920).
President's Report, The University of Chicago, 1917—1919 (Chi¬
cago, 1919).
Proceedings of the Meeting of the War Industries Bureau of the
Illinois Manufacturers' Association at the Hotel LaSalle, Chicago,
May 24, 1918 (Chicago, 1918).
Report of Collections by Districts and Counties of the Illinois United
War Work Campaign to May 31, 1919 (Chicago, 1919).
Report of the French Committee of the Permanent Blind Relief War
Fund for Soldiers and Sailors (Paris, September 25, 1917).
Report of the National War Work Council of the Y. W. C. A. I9^7~
1919 (New York [1919]).
Report of Operations of The Fatherless Children of France from
October, 1915 to June J, 1916 (New York, 1916).
Report of the Second Annual Convention of the American Legion,
Department of Illinois September 2 and J, 1920 (Chicago, 1920).
Report of the Supreme Board of Directors, Knights of Columbus for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919—War Work Activities (Nev/
Haven, August 4, 1919).
Report of the Trade and Commerce of Chicago, 1917, 1918 (Chi¬
cago, Í918, 1919) [Chicago Board of Trade].
Report of the War Service Committee of the American Library
Association, 1918, 1919, 1920 (Albany, 1918—1920).
454 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Reveille to Taps 1919 (Monmouth, 1919) [Yearbook of Eureka
College, Eureka].
Scott Field Year Book 1918 (Belleville, 1918).
Second Financial Campaign, Report of the Library Finance Commit¬
tee 1918—1919, American Library Association (Brooklyn, 1919).
Soldiers' Shirt Pocket Handbook of Camp Grant and Rockford,
Illinois (n.p., n.d.).
Souvenir History U. S. Naval Training Station Great Lakes (Chi¬
cago, 1917).
States Publication Society, Illinois in the World War Vol. I (Chi¬
cago, 1920).
The Stroller, 1920, 1921 (n.p., 1919-1920) [Yearbook of Lombard
College, Galesburg].
United War Work Campaign November 11-18, 1918—Information
Organization and Quotas (Chicago, 1918).
The University of Chicago in 1921 (Chicago, 1921).
University of Chicago War Papers, Nos. 1-8, Chicago, 1918
No. 1 The Threat of German World Politics, by Harry Pratt
Judson.
No. 2 Americans and the World Crisis, by Albion W. Small.
No. 3 Democracy the Basis for World Order, by Frederick D.
Bramhall.
No. 4 Sixteen Causes of War, by Andrew C. McLaughlin.
No. 5 The War and Industrial Readjustments, by Harold Glenn
Moulton.
No. 6 England and America, by Conyers Read.
No. 7 Democracy and American Schools, by Charles H. Judd.
No. 8 Democracy and Social Progress in England, by Edith
Abbott.
University of Illinois Bulletins, Urbana, 1917-1919.
Volume XIV, 1916-1917.
42. E. E. S. No. 100 Percentage of extraction of Bituminous
Coal with Special Reference to Illinois Conditions, by
C. M. Young, June 18, 1917. ^
46. E. E. S. Circular No. 4 The Economical Purchase and
Use of Coal for Heating Homes with Special Reference
to Conditions in Illinois, July 16, 1917.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
455
51. E. E. S. Circular No. 5 The Utilization of Pyrite Oc¬
curring in Illinois Bituminous Coal, by E. A. Holbrook,
August 20, 1917.
52. Response of the University of Illinois to the Call of ¡Var_
August 27, 1917.
Volume XV, 1917-1918.
19. The War Committee of the University of Illinois, Januarj
7, 1918.
21. E. E. S. Circular No. 9 Storage of Coal, by H. H. Stock,
January 21, 1918.
22. Practical Suggestions for Food Conservation, by Isabel
Bevier, January 28, 1918 (War Committee Circular).
23. Municipal War Work, by R. E. Cushman (War Com¬
mittee Circular) February 4, 1918.
24. Wheat Saving, by Ruth Wheeler, February 11, 1918 (War
Committee Circular).
25. The War Garden, by J. W. Lloyd, February 18, 1918
(War Bulletin).
27. E. E. S. Circular No. 6 The Storage of Bituminous Coal
by H. H. Stock, March 4, 1918.
29. A Program in Food Production, by Eugene Davenport,
March 18, 1918 (War Circular).
31. E. E. S. Circular No. 7 Fuel Economy in the Operation
of Hand Fired Power Plants, by A. C. Willard, H. H.
Stock, O. A. Leutwiler, C. S. Sale, A. P. Kratz, April
1, 1918.
32. What Everyone Should Know about War Legislation, by
R. E. Cushman, April 8, 1918 (War Bulletin).
36. What the United States has Achieved in War Activities
and Moral Leadership, an address by President James
April 8, May 6, 1918 (War Circular).
42. Milk, by Ruth Wheeler, June 17, 1918 (War Bulletin).
43. Meat, by Lucille Wheeler, June 24, 1918 (War Bulletin).
47. Sugar in War Time, by Viola J. Anderson (War Bulletin)
July 22, 1918.
49. The German War Code, by J. W. Garner, August 5,
1918.
456 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
50. The College Man and the War, by E. J. James, Com¬
mencement Address, August 12, 1918 (War Bulletin).
51. The Responsibility for the Great War, by L. M. Larson,
August 19, 1918.
Volume XVI, 1918-1919.
2. E. E. S. Circular No. 8 The Economical Use of Coal in
Railway Locomotives, September 9, 1918, by J. M.
Snodgrass, Alaj. E. C. Schmidt, H. H. Stoek, S. W.
Parr, and C. S. Sale.
4. Announcement of Special War Courses offered by the
College of Agriculture and the College of Engineering,
September 23, 1918.
16. Italy and the Peace Conference, by P. V. B. Jones, Decem¬
ber 16, 1918.
17. The New Arab Kingdom and the Fate of the Muslim
World, by Albert Ten Eyck Olmstead, December 23,
1918.
18. Territorial Problems of the Baltic Basin, by L. M. Larson,
December 30, 1918.
21. The Republic of Ukraine, by Simon Litman, January 20,
1919.
27. The Conflict of Parties in the Russian Revolution, by J.
Zeitlin, March 3, 1919.
28. Asiatic Turkey—Its Problems and Resources, by F. H.
Newell, March 10, 1919.
32. The New Poland, by P. V. B. Jones, April 7, 1919.
University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences.
Volume VIII.
No. 3, 4 Labor problems and labor administration in the
United States during the World War, by Gordon
Watkins.
Volume IX.
No. 1, 2 War Powers of the executive in the United States,
by C. A. Berdahl.
University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Circulars.
198. Home Vegetable Gardening, by C. E. Durst, May, 1917,
Urbana.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 457
217. The Right Time to Plant Vegetables, by J. W. Lloyd,
March, 1918, Urbana.
University of Illinois, College of Agriculture Extension Circulars,
1917-1918.
13. War Bread Recipes, August, 1917.
20. The Use of Farm Labor During the War, by W. F. Hand-
schin and J. B. Andrews, March, 1918.
22. Protect the Wheat Crop—Eradicate the Common Barberry
from Illinois, April, 1918.
24. Grow More Wheat in Illinois, by W. L. Burlison and
W. F. Handschin, July, 1918.
25. War-time Suggestions for Home Economics Exhibits at
County or Community Fairs, by Mamie Bunch and Naomi
Newburn, July, 1918.
The Victory Ravelings, (n.p., 1918) [Yearbook of Monmouth Col¬
lege].
Volunteer—To the Boy or Girl who had not thought of College
Carthage College (Carthage, n.d.).
War Message of Carthage College (Carthage, August, 1918).
The War Work of the Chapter—Report to the Membership (Chi¬
cago, December 3, 1918) [Chicago Chapter, American Red Cross].
What We Have Done—Report of the American—British—French-
Belgian Permanent Blind Relief War Fund (n.p. May, 1917).
Willoughby, William F., Government Organization in War Time
and After (New York, 1919).
The Work of the American Red Cross during the War—A State¬
ment of finances and accomplishment for the p.riod July i, 1917-
February 28, içiQ (Washington, October, 1919).
INDEX
INDEX
Abbeville, 144, 147, 150.
Abbey, Maj. Henry Jr., 129.
Abbott, W. L., 276.
Accounting, Bureau of. Central
Division, American Red Cross,
325, 331.
Accounting Department, U. S. Food
Administration, Illinois Division,
225.
Accounting Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District, 202.
Accounting Section, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 140.
Accounts, Department of, U. S.
Fuel Administration, Illinois
Division, 270.
Adams, Alfred S., 233.
Adams, Dr. Charles, 331.
Adams, J. W., 267.
Adams, Mllward, 36, 48, 49.
Adamson, F. G., 348.
Adjutant General of Illinois, 4, 5,
8, 9, 15, 21, 22, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 109.
Adjutant General of the Army,
The, 106, 109, 176, 180.
Adklns, Charles, 12, 183, 246, 248,
253.
Administration, Board of. State of
Illinois, 16.
Administrative Committee, Liberty
Loan Committee of the Eighth
Federal Reserve District, 201.
Administrative Engineer, Depart¬
ment of, U. S. Fuel Administra¬
tion, Illinois Division, 269.
Administrative Staff Corps, Illinois
National Guard, 82.
Adriatic, transport, 164.
Advertising Committee, Liberty
Loan Committee of the Eighth
Federal Reserve District, 201.
Advertising Subcommittee, Public¬
ity Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 191.
Advisory Commission, Council of
National Defense, 290.
Advisory Committee, Illinois War
Savings Committee, 210.
Advisory Committee, U. S. Boys'
Working Reserve, 279.
Aero squadrons, stationed at Scott
Field, 128; stationed at Chanute
Field, 130.
After-Care and Personal Aid for
Blinded Soldiers, Bureau for.
Permanent Blind Relief War
Fund for Soldiers and Sailors of
the Allies, 357.
Agamemnon, transport, 145, 147,
148, 149, 150.
Agapenor, transport, 170.
Agent for the Visitation of Chil¬
dren, State of Illinois, 16.
Agricultural Advisory Board, State
of Illinois, 244.
Agricultural Committee, Sterling
Association of Commerce, 322.
Agricultural War Board, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
243, 247-248.
Agriculture, Board of. State of Illi¬
nois, 251; College of. University
of Illinois, 2, 242, 243, 245, 249-
250, 251, 252, 253, 280, 346; De¬
partment of. State of Illinois, 2,
8, 11-12, 243; U. S. Department
[461]
462 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
of, 97, 236, 241-242, 243, 245, 248,
254, 282, 285; U. S. Secretary of,
241, 243, 245.
Ahrens, Minnie H., 331.
Ahrweiler, 166.
Air Puffs, 130.
Aisne-Marne offensive, 166.
Aldis, Arthur T., 351.
Alien Property Custodian, 75-76.
Aliens, classification of, for select¬
ive service, 102-104; regulation
of enemy, 67-68, 73, 75-76, 111.
Allen, Miss Elizabeth, 250.
Allen, Col. Henry A., 81, 164.
Alliance Française, French Red
Cross, 58, 349.
Allied Relief Committee, Canadian
Division, 58.
Allied Relief Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 57-58.
Allinson, Brent Dow, 270.
Allinson, H. M., 48.
Almert, Harold, 270.
Alschuler, Judge Samuel, 74, 281.
Alvord, Clarence W., 36.
Alvord and Bur dick, consulting
engineers, 117.
Ambarès-et-Lagrave, 174.
Ambulance companies. Nos. 3 and
9, American Red Cross, 327.
Ambulance Companies Nos. 1, 2,
3, and 4, Illinois National Guard,
79, 81, 82, 83, 164.
Ambulance Service, U. S. Army,
182.
America, transport, 155, 156, 157,
158, 165.
American Alliance for Labor and
Democracy, 288.
American Bankers' Association
Committee, Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of the Seventh Federal
Reserve District, 192.
American Bar Association, 98.
American - British - French - Belgian
Permanent Blind Fund, 58, 352,
356.
American Committee for Arme¬
nian and Syrian Relief, 355, 356.
American Committee for Relief in
the Near East, 356.
American Cutlery Company, Chi¬
cago, 308.
American Federation of Labor,
272, 287.
American Field Service, 181-182.
American Fund for French Wound¬
ed, 58, 349-350, 352.
American Institute of Architects,
Illinois chapter, 48.
American Legion, Department of
Illinois, 27, 184-186; highway,
25n.
American Library Association, 122,
127, 344-347, 348.
American Memorial Hospital,
Rheims, 350.
American Ordnance Base Depot
School, Rock Island Arsenal,
311.
American Protective League, 30,
68, 70, 76-77, 108-109.
American Red Cross, 7, 15, 16, 17,
30, 33, 43, 52, 56, 62, 64, 72, 233,
268, 325-331, 343, 346, 348, 354,
355, 357; campaigns in Illinois,
1917-1918, (Table No. 33) 419-
423.
American Refiners' Commission,
238.
American Shipbuilding Company,
Chicago, 318.
American Steel Foundries, Chica¬
go, 289.
Americanization, Committee on,
Chicago Association of Com¬
merce, 324.
Americanization Department,
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 57, 58.
INDEX
463
Amerson, Lieut. Col. George C.,
165.
Amiens sector, 144, 145, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 160, 162,
163.
Ancemont, 162.
Anderson, James, 268.
Andrew, A. Piatt, 181.
Andrews, Brig. Gen. L. C., 123, 171.
Andrus, Charles S., 284.
Ängsten, Peter J., 284.
Animal Husbandry, Division of.
Department of Agriculture, State
of Illinois, 11.
Antigone, transport, 172.
Anthracite Distribution, Depart¬
ment of, U. S. Fuel Administra¬
tion, Illinois Division, 266.
Apiaries, Division of. Department
of Agriculture, State of Illinois,
11; State Inspector of, 11.
Arbitration and Conciliation, Board
of. State of Illinois, 12, 283.
Arbitration Section, Division of
Industrial Commission, Depart¬
ment of Labor, State of Illinois,
283.
Architecture Division, Department
of Public Works and Buildings,
State of Illinois, 17.
Argonne sector, 167; see also
Meuse-Argonne.
Armed Guard School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141.
Armour and Company, Chicago,
289, 292.
Armour Institute of Technology,
Chicago, 115, 116, 117, 182, 319.
Armour, J. Ogden, 34, 244, 260;
Mrs. J. Ogden, 60.
Army, U. S., 3-4, 34-35, 36, 84, 91-
93, 99,100, 110, 113, 143-181, 182,
300, 301, 325, 330.
Army Medical Corps, American
Red Cross, 330.
Army Nurse Corps, 326.
Army and Navy Center, Highland
Park, 339.
Army and Navy Club, Chicago,
343-344.
Army and Navy Committee, Chi¬
cago Association of Commerce,
324.
Army and Navy General Hospital,
Hot Springs, Ark., 305.
Arnold, Bion J., 38.
Art Commission, State of Illinois,
17.
Association War Council, Chicago
Association of Commerce, 323.
Athletic Office, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 140, 142.
Attorney General of Illinois, 3, 6,
7, 9-10, 107n.
Attorney General, U. S., 67, 68, 69,
71.
Atwood, A. H. R., 283.
Auditing Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 29, 36.
Auditing and Accounting Commit¬
tee, Liberty Loan Committee of
the Eighth Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 201.
Auditor of Public Accounts, State
of Illinois, 9, 10.
Augustana College, Rock Island,
115.
Augustana Hospital, Chicago, 327.
Australians, Americans serve with,
145, 148, 149, 151, 152, 162, 165.
Austro-Hungarians, enemy alien,
regulation of, 73-74.
Automobile Service, French Army,
181.
Auxiliary Remount Depot No. 321,
121.
Aviation School, Great Lakes Na¬
val Training Station, 142.
464 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Baccarat sector, 166.
Bacon, Col. Franc, 88.
Baker, Judge Francis E., 74.
Baker, Newton D., Secretary of
War, 32.
Bakery Company No. 315, 120.
Bakery Division, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
226.
Ballon, Maj. Gen. C. H., 171.
Bancroft, Edgar A., 39, 91.
Bank Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 196.
Banking and Finance Committees,
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 194.
Barber Examiners, Board of. State
of Illinois, 18.
Bard, Ralph A., 331.
Barnes, Mrs. Cecil, 62.
Barnes, Clifford W., 341.
Barnes, Julius, 237.
Barry, Maj. Gen. Thomas H., 120,
123, 171.
Barth, Brig. Gen. C. H., 123.
Baruch, Bernard M., 296.
Base Hospital, Camp Grant, 117,
118-119, 121, 123.
Bassens, 171.
Bates and Rogers, contractors, 117.
Bauer, Mrs. Jacob, 209, 276.
Beach, Brig. Gen. William D., 175.
Beach, R. B., 48, 55, 247, 324.
Beasley, Dr. F. A., 327.
Beaurieux, Maj. H. de, 121.
"Beefless day," 233.
Behrendt, Capt. Eugene, 128-129.
Belfort, 174.
Belgian Food Relief Committee of
Chicago, 58, 350-351.
Belgian Mission, 33.
Bell, Maj. Gen. George Jr., 82, 123,
145.
Bell, R. L., 48.
Belleville Board of Trade, 322.
Bemis, Mrs. E. W., 58.
Bennett, E. H., 48, 117.
Benns, Maj. L. C., 121.
Benson, A. J., 210.
Berryman, John B., 262.
Berschbach, 158.
Bertrand, Capt. Georges, 121.
Besançon, 155.
Betts, Mrs. Ruth S., 268.
Betty, Harold J., 184.
Bevier, Miss Isabel, 233, 250.
Bielaski, Bruce, 68.
Billings, Dr. Frank, 34, 39, 41, 91,
285.
Bion, Captain, 121.
Bishop, R. C., 287.
Bispham, Col. William N., 126.
Bissen, 156.
Bittendorf, 148.
Bixby, W. K., 218.
Blackburn College, Carlinville, 250.
Black Hawk Division, see Eighty-
sixth Division.
Blair, Francis G., 11, 44, 183.
Blake, Mrs. Tiffany, 251.
Blanchard, Col. Robert M., 126.
Blech, Maj. G. M., 81.
Blercourt, 162.
Boatswain's Department, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
140.
Boite, Col. A. L., 87.
Bonus to Illinois service men, 25n.
Boor, J. G., 287.
Booth, Commander Evangeline,
344.
Bordonneau, Lieutenant, 122.
Botsford, Mrs. B. B., 354.
Bowe, Edward, 21.
Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T., 34, 42, 56,
57.
Boy Scouts Committee, Chicago
and Cook County Liberty Loan
I Committee, 196.
INDEX
465
Boyd, Charles J., 283, 287.
Boys' "Earn and Give" Division,
Illinois Committee, United War
Work Campaign, 347.
Boys, William H., 20, 183.
Boys' Working Reserve, Employ¬
ment Service, U. S. Department
of Labor, 30, 43, 44, 243, 248, 273,
275, 279-280, 286, 346.
Bradley, John J., 75.
Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peo¬
ria, 115, 116, 117, 333.
Branches and Auxiliaries, Bureau
of, Chicago Chapter, American
Red Cross, 327.
Brewster, Walter S., 35, 43, 44, 49,
50, 52; Mrs. Walter S., 62, 353.
Briggs, A. M., 76, 77.
British Army, service of American
units with, 144, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 154, 160, 162, 163,
164; officers, instruction by, 121,
124.
British Information Service, 65.
British Mission, 33.
British-Prench-Belgian Permanent
Blind Relief War Fund, 356.
Brooks, Maj. John B., 129.
Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen,
272.
Brown, James B., 216.
Brown, John H., 21.
Brownlee, W. A., 210.
Brundage, Edward J., attorney
general of Illinois, 10.
Buchanan, D. W., 260.
Budd, B. I., 48.
Budlong, Joseph, 247.
Bulletins on the Interpretation of
War Statutes, 68.
Bunn, John W., 21.
Burke and James, Inc., Chicago,
292.
Burkhardt, Col. Samuel Jr., 125.
Burley, C. A., 36.
Burnham, C. G., 260.
Burnham, D. H., 48.
Burnham, John, 210.
Burnside, James C., 75.
Burr, Col. George W., 311.
Busby, L. A., 48.
Bushnell, Carl, 53.
Butler, Burridge D., 280, 287.
Butler, Mrs. Herman, 354.
Butterworth, F. W., 43.
Butterworth, William, 21, 321.
Byers, Mrs. Emma F., 339.
Caldwell, Col. J. E., 88.
Camps :
Barry (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138, 336;
Bradley (Peoria, 111.), 115;
Custer (Mich.), 180, 303;
Decatur (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138, 336;
De Sougé, 167, 168, 178;
Dewey (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138;
Dodge (Des Moines, la.), 108,
143, 146, 148, 174, 175, 303;
Doniphan (Okla.), 305;
Farragut (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138, 336;
Grant (Rockford, 111.), 13, 15,
19, 108, 117-123, 143, 145, 146,
147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 172,
173, 178, 180, 181, 203, 276, 287,
303, 312, 313, 330, 332-333, 335-
336, 338, 342, 343, 345-346;
Greene (N. C.), 120, 169;
Funston (Kas.), 305;
Hancock (Ga.), 311;
Herrin (East Peoria, 111.), 15;
Hunt (France), 172, 173;
Lawrence (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138, 336;
Logan (Houston, Tex.), 82, 120,
466 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153-154, 155, 156, 157,
158, 159, 160, 161, 162,163, 164,
169;
Logan Rifle Range (Great Lakes
Naval Training Station), 332;
Luce (Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station), 138, 336;
Merritt (New Jersey), 144, 147,
154, 155, 156,157,158, 159, 163,
180;
Mills (New York), 148, 149, 150,
151, 153, 154, 155,156,157,158,
160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 169;
Paul Jones (Great Lakes Naval
Training Station), 138, 336;
Perry (Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station), 138, 336, 346;
Pike (Ark.), 120, 169, 305;
Robinson (Sparta, Wis.), 172,
173, 303;
Ross (Great Lakes Naval Train¬
ing Station), 138, 139;
Sherman (Ohio), 167, 168, 303;
Stanley (Texas), 176, 177;
Taylor (Louisville, Ky.), 108,
143, 146, 167, 168, 169, 305;
Travis (Texas), 177;
Upton (New York), 144, 146,
148,149, 150, 151,152,155,160;
The Camp Qrant Roll Call, 123.
Camp Welfare Committee, 142.
Campaign Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 192, 194,
196.
Canadian Mission, 33.
Canal Commissioners, State of Illi¬
nois, 17.
Cannon, J. C., 247.
Canteen Service, director of. Cen¬
tral Division, American Red
Cross, 326, 331.
• Cantonment Division, Quartermas¬
ter Corps, 311.
Capital Issues Committee, 215-219,
296; 7th Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, Subcommittee, 217; 8th
Federal Reserve District, Sub¬
committee, 218.
Capps, Rear Admiral W. L., 319.
Carlson, Miss Florence, 354.
Carlton, W. N. C., 36.
Carnegie Corporation, 122.
Carpenter, Judge George A., 74.
Carpenter, George Oliver Jr., 204.
Carter, Chief Justice Orrin N., 259,
262.
Carthage College, Carthage, 115.
Carty, Frank R., 356.
Castle, Col. Charles W., 123.
Centennial History of Illinois, 21.
Centennial Memorial Building, 21.
Centennial year, observance of, 7,
20-21.
Center, Charles D., Lieut. Col.,
160; Col., 162.
Central Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 200, 202.
Central Department, U. S. War De¬
partment, 111, 144, 153, 160, 311.
Central Department, Y. M. C. A.,
331-332.
Central Division, American Red
Cross, 325-331; Central Division
Bulletin, 325.
Central Field, Y. W. C. A., 337, 339.
Central Illinois Oil Conservation
Committee, 269.
Central Soldiers' and Sailors' Club,
Chicago, 143, 340.
Central-Southern Department,
Knights of Columbus, 335.
Certiflcates of indebtedness, see
Treasury Certiflcates of Indebt¬
edness.
Chaions-sur-Marne, France, 179.
Chamber of Commerce Committee,
Liberty Loan Committee of the
INDEX
467
Eighth Federal Reserve District, '
201.
Chamber of Commerce of the Unit¬
ed States, 295, 297, 319-320, 321.
Chamberlain, Col. Fred V. S., 181.
Champagne-Marne defensive, 166.
Chandler, H. P., 47.
Chandler, Miss Virginia G., 65.
Channon, Mrs. Harry, 349.
Chanute Field, Rantoul, Illinois,
15, 129-130, 303, 312, 313, 330,
333.
Charleston, transport, 160, 162.
Charnwood, Lord, 21.
Chicago and Cook County Commit¬
tee, Woman's Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee for Illinois, 207.
Chicago and Cook County Liberty
Loan Committee, 193, 195, 196,
197, 198.
Chicago Association of Commerce,
292, 322-324.
Chicago Board of Education, 116.
Chicago Board of Trade, 236-237,
253-255.
Chicago Branch, American Fund
for French Wounded, 349-350.
Chicago Chapter, American Red
Cross, 326-328, 354.
Chicago Clearing House, 191.
Chicago College of Dental Surgery,
40, 115.
Chicago Committee, Fatherless
Children of France, 353.
Chicago Committee on Illinois Cen¬
tennial, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 30.
Chicago Division, American Pro¬
tective League, 76, 77.
Chicago Free Employment Office,
Division of, Department of La¬
bor, State of Illinois, 13.
Chicago Free Employment Ofiice
(State), 283.
Chicago General Supply Depot,
U. S. War Department, 303-305.
Chicago Motor Boat Club, 134.
Chicago Ordnance District, U. S.
War Department, 306-309.
Chicago Public Library, 346.
Chicago School of Civics and Phil¬
anthropy, 40, 64.
Chicago Supply Committee, Chil¬
dren of the Frontier, 350, 352.
Chicago Theater Owners' Associa¬
tion, 340.
Chicago Veterinary College, 115.
Chicago Woman's Club, 339, 340.
Chicago Yachtsmen's Naval Aux¬
iliary, 134.
Chief Factory Inspector, State of
Illinois, 12.
Chief Inspector of Private Employ¬
ment Agencies, State of Illinois,
12; Division of. Department of
Labor, State of Illinois, 12.
Child Hygiene and Public Health
Nursing, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Public Health, State of
Illinois, 14.
Child Welfare Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 57, 58-59.
Children in Industry Committee,
Women and Children in Indus¬
try Department, Woman's Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 66.
Children of the Frontier, Chicago
Supply Committee, 58, 350, 352.
Children's Bureau, U. S. Depart¬
ment of Labor, 271.
Chipilly Ridge, 165.
Christian Science War Relief and
Camp Welfare Committee, 142.
Church Federation, 61.
Church Section, Four Minute Men,
46.
Circuit Court of Appeals for the
468 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
United States, Seventh Circuit,
69, 74.
Citizens' War Board of Chicago,
351.
City of Poona, transport, 154, 159.
Civic Industrial Committee, Chica¬
go Association of Commerce,
322-323.
Civic and Mutual Organizations
Committee, Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of the Eighth Federal Re¬
serve District, 201.
Civic Music Association, 50.
Civil Administrative Code, Illinois, '
8-9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24,
283.
Civil Division, Bureau of Ord¬
nance, U. S. Navy Department,
313.
Civil Service Commission, State of
Illinois, 8.
Civilian Insignia Service, U. S.
Department of Labor, 273, 307.
Civilian Personnel Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 30, 36.
Civilian Personnel Section, Ord¬
nance Department, U. S. War
Department, 36; Ordnance Dis¬
tricts, U. S. War Department,
307.
Civilian Relief, Bureau of. Central
Division, American Red Cross,
326, 331.
Civilian Relief, Department of,
Chicago Chapter, American Red
Cross, 327.
Clabaugh, Hinton G., 68, 70, 76.
Clamecy, 170.
Clancey, Maj. E. C., 164.
Clasby, Lieut. Col. John M., 160.
Classification, Board of. State of
Illinois, 16.
Clayton, Lieut. Col. E. P., 80.
Clearance Committee, General Mu¬
nitions Board, Council of Nation¬
al Defense, 293.
Clearance Office, Requirements Di¬
vision, War Industries Board,
297.
Clearing House and System Com¬
mittee, Chicago and Cook County
Liberty Loan Committee, 196.
Clermont-Ferrand, 174.
Cliffe, Adam C., 28.
Clinnin, Lieut. Col. John V., 148,
160, 162.
Clothing and Equipage Division,
General Supply Depots, U. S.
War Department, 303.
Clyne, Charles F., 75.
Coal Director, State, 2-3, 258, 259.
Coal for Public and Quasi-Public
Institutions, Advisory Commit¬
tee on. State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 260.
Coal Production, Committee on.
Council of National Defense, 257.
Coal Production and Distribution,
Advisory Committee on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
256, 260.
Coal Production and Distribution,
Committee on. State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 30.
Coal, production and distribution
of, in Illinois, 1917-1918, (Tables
No. 28-31) 404-411.
Coarse Grains Division, U. S. Food
Administration, 255.
Coast Guard, U. S., 137-138.
Coetquidan, 166.
Coffey, W. C., 253.
Cohen, Barney, 13, 183.
Collegiate Sections, Students'Army
Training Corps, 113, 115-116.
Colman, Mrs. Joseph G., 62.
Colored Women, Committee on,
Women and Children in Indus¬
try Department, Woman's Com-
INDEX
469
mittee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 66.
Colp, Leon A., 21.
Comforts and Knitting, Depart¬
ment of, Chicago Chapter, Amer¬
ican Red Cross, 328.
Commercial Club, Chicago, 135.
Commercial Economy Administra¬
tion, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 30, 32, 37.
Commissary Department, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
140.
Commission on Education and
Special Training, U. S. War De¬
partment, 183.
Commission for Relief in Belgium,
350-351.
Committee on Public Information,
32, 33, 45, 65.
Committee on Sanitation, Medicine
and Public Health, Advisory
Committee of. State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 30.
Commodity sections. War Indus¬
tries Board, 297.
Communicable Diseases, Division
of. Department of Public Health,
State of Illinois, 14.
Community Labor Boards, U. S.
Employment Service, 278.
Community Service, 341.
Compton, William R., 200, 201, 202,
218.
Conciliation, Division of, U. S. De¬
partment of Labor, 271-272, 294.
Conservation Association of Illi¬
nois, 20.
Conservation Department, U. S.
Fuel Administration, Illinois
Division, 261, 269-270.
Conservation Division, U. S. Food
Administration, Illinois Division,
233.
16
Conservation Division, War Indus¬
tries Board, 297.
Construction Division of the Army,
292, 293, 311-313.
Construction Division, U. S. Sig¬
nal Corps, 311.
Construction and Repair Division,
Quartermaster Corps, 312.
Contract Adjustment, Board of,
U. S. War Department, 295.
Cook County Auxiliary Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 41-42.
Cook County Auxiliary Committee
on Military Affairs, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 89, 91.
Cook County Committee, U. S.
Fuel Administration, Illinois Di¬
vision, 264.
Cook County License Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 50, 51.
Cook, Maj. Seth W., 129.
Cooke Adams, Mrs. George, 352.
Cooksey, George M., 215.
Cooley, Dr. E. G., 331.
Cooley, Mrs. H. W., 63.
Cooper-Monotah Hospital, 312, 313.
Cooperating Organizations, Depart¬
ment of, U. S. Food Administra¬
tion, Illinois Division, 233.
Cooperative League of Building
Trades and Industries, Chicago,
318.
Coordination of Societies Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 29, 42.
Copeland, Frederick K., 38.
Corbus, Dr. B. C., 40.
Corn Growers' and Stockmen's
Convention, 252.
Corwin, Miss Blanche, 251.
Cotton, J. P., 229.
Cotton, Capt. Walter A. S., 121.
Council of National Defense, 29,
470 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
49, 53, 65, 257, 271, 290-291, 293,
295-296, 302, 315, 320.
Counties Auxiliary Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 30, 42-44, 52.
Counties Auxiliary and Neighbor¬
hood Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 49, 50, 52.
Counties Auxiliary, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 277.
Countiss, Mrs. Frederick D., 68.
County executive committees. State
Council of Defense of Illinois, 30,
43, 52.
County finance committees. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
30, 43.
Courses of Instruction Department,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 57, 59.
Court of Appeals of the United
States for the Seventh Circuit,
74.
Courts, United States, in Illinois,
69-75.
Courts and Boards, Office of. Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
140.
Covington, transport, 145, 146.
Coxswain School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141.
Crabtree, E. E., 202, 203.
Crane Junior College, Chicago, 115.
Crawford, Mark L., 276.
Crebs, J. M., 246.
Crowder, Maj. Gen. Enoch H., 94,
109.
Cuban Producers' Commission, 238.
Culbertson, Maj. Albert L., 149.
Culbertson, Maj. William E., 149.
Culp, James A., 284.
Culver, William H., 36.
Cunningham, Secor, 41, 44, 52.
Custer, Omer N., 284.
Dairy Extension, Division of. De¬
partment of Agriculture, State
of Illinois, 11-12.
Dallman, Vincent Y., 75.
Daniels, Josephus, 21.
Daughters of the British Empire,
58, 351-352.
Davenport, Dean Eugene, 242, 253,
280.
Davies, P. B., 53.
Davis, Col. Abel, 153.
Davis, Col. Charles G., 80, 157.
Davis, Lieut. Col. George, 344.
Davis, J. F., 48.
Day Nurseries, Committee on.
Women and Children in Industry
Department, Woman's Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 66.
Dealer Distribution, Department
of, U. S. Fuel Administration,
Illinois Division, 265-266.
Dean, Mrs. George R., 51, 57.
DeArmond, Maj. George W., 128.
Deere and Company, Moline, 289,
292.
De Golyer, Mrs. Robert, 63, 65.
Deibler, F. S,, 283.
Delano, F. A., 216.
Denison, Col. Franklin A., 80, 167.
Denman, William, 319.
Densmore, John B., 276.
Dental Examiners, State Board of,
18.
Dental Officers' Reserve Corps, 40.
Dental School, Northwestern Uni¬
versity, 40.
Dental Surgery, Chicago College
of, 40.
Dentistry, Advisory Committee on.
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 30, 40.
Dentistry, College of. University
of Illinois, 40.
DePaul University, Chicago, 115.
INDEX
471
Deportation Agent, State of Illi¬
nois, 16.
Depot Organization, Illinois Re¬
serve Militia, 87, 88, 90, 91.
Dering, J. K., 260.
Detail Office, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 139.
Development, Bureau of. Central
Division, American Red Cross,
325, 331.
Deveneau, G. A., 234, 346.
Diagnostic Laboratories, Division
of. Department of Public Health,
State of Illinois, 14.
Dickey, Mrs. Roy, 63.
Dickinson, F. R., 229.
Dickson, Brig. Gen. Frank S., 22,
84.
Diekirch, 162, 163, 165.
Dillman, Joseph F-. 331.
The Director, 211-212.
Distribution, Committee on. Liber¬
ty Loan Committee of the Sev¬
enth Federal Reserve District,
192.
Distribution Division, General
Supply Depots, U. S. War De¬
partment, 303.
Distribution Subcommittee, Pub¬
licity Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 191.
Distribution of Supplies Commit¬
tee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District, 201.
District boards, selective service
organization, 4-5, 94, 95, 97-98,
105-106, 282, 298.
Dixon Chapter, American Red
Cross, 330.
Dixon, G. W., 48.
Dixon, Mrs. George, 339, 348.
Dixon, Miss Grace, 194, 208.
Dodson, Maj. John M., 95.
Doering, Dr. E. J., 41.
Dold, Charles, 276.
Domestic Consumer Department,
U. S. Fuel Administration, Illi¬
nois Division, 268-269.
Dorland, W. E., 247.
Douglas, Stephen A., 21.
Dow, Mrs. Frederick A., 57.
Draft Department, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 139.
Drake, Dr. C. St. Clair, 16.
Drake, T. R., 229.
Drill Office, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 139.
Druart, Lieut. Leon, 122.
Drum, John S., 216.
Duca d'Aosta, transport, 172.
Dunlap, H. M., 248; Mrs. H. M.,
249, 253.
Dunsworth, Maj. James L., 130.
Durham, Raymond E., 262, 264.
Eadie, Robert, 284.
Earle, Rear Admiral Ralph, 315.
East St. Louis Free Employment
Office, Division of. Department
of Labor, State of Illinois, 13.
East St. Louis riots, 5-6, 10, 28,
152, 284-285.
Eastern District Court, U. S., in
Illinois, 75.
Eaton, Mrs. Margaret S., 339.
Eberts Field, Arkansas, 305.
Echternach, 150.
Eckenfelder, Maj. C. E., 121.
Eckhardt, W. G., 246, 248.
Economic Investigation Division,
Department of Mines and Min¬
erals, State of Illinois, 14.
Edens, W. G., 48.
Edmunds, T. J., 331.
Education and Propaganda, Com¬
mittee on. Social Service Depart¬
ment, Woman's Committee, State
472 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Council of Defense of Illinois,
64.
Education and Special Training,
Committee on, U. S. War De¬
partment, 112, 116.
Education Section, Domestic Heat¬
ing, Conservation Department,
U. S. Fuel Administration, Illi¬
nois Division, 261.
Educational Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
11, 30, 44.
Eidlitz, Otto M., 317.
Eight hundred third Pioneer In¬
fantry (colored), 121, 180.
Eight hundred twelfth Pioneer In¬
fantry (colored), 121, 180-181.
Eighteenth Division, U. S. Army,
176-177.
Eighteenth Field Artillery Bri¬
gade, 18th Division, 177.
Eighteenth Trench Mortar Battery,
18th Division, 176.
Eighth Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
Liberty Loan Committee of the,
200-206; Subcommittee of the
Capital Issues Committee, 217,
218-219.
Eighth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 26n, 80-81, 82, 83, 167.
Eighth Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 88.
Eighty-eighth Division, IT. S. Army,
174-175.
Eighty-fifth Division, U. S. Army,
180.
Eighty-fourth Division, U. S. Army,
167-169.
Eighty-ninth Division, U. S. Army,
155, 156, 157, 158, 170.
Eighty-sixth Division, U. S. Army,
120, 169-174.
Electrical Industry, Advisory Com¬
mittee of the. State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 30, 34-35.
Eleventh Infantry, Illinois Nation¬
al Guard, 5, 22, 39, 84.
Eleventh Provisional Regiment,
First Ofilcers' Training Camp,
124.
Eleventh Regiment Infantry, Illi¬
nois National Guard, 22, 39, 84.
Elizabeth McCormick Memorial
Fund, 59.
Elliot, Robert, 358.
Elliott, Dr. Arthur R., 41.
Elting, Victor, 77.
Emergency Construction Commit¬
tee, General Munitions Board,
Council of National Defense, 312.
Emergency Drivers, Chicago, 68.
Emergency Fleet Corporation, U. S.
Shipping Board, 105, 317-319,
324.
Emmerson, Louis L., Secretary of
State of Illinois, 10.
Employment, Committee on, Chi¬
cago Association of Commerce,
324.
Employment Department, U. S.
Food Administration, Iliinois Di¬
vision, 225.
Employment Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 57, 60.
Employment Department, Woman's
Committee, U. S. Employment
Service, 60.
Employment Service, U. S. Depart¬
ment of Labor, 13, 36, 60, 273-
280, 283, 285, 287, 294, 298, 321,
335, 342, 346, (Table No. 32)
412-418.
Empress of Asia, transport, 171.
Empress of Russia, transport, 171,
172.
Enforcement, Department of, U. S.
INDEX
473
Fuel Administration, liiinois Di¬
vision, 267-268.
Enforcement and Investigation,
Bureau of, U. S. Food Adminis¬
tration, liiinois Division, 232-233.
Engineer Corps, U. S., 107.
Engineering Division, Department
of Public Works and Buildings,
State of liiinois, 17.
Engineering Division, Ordnance
Districts, U. S. War Department,
307.
Engineering and Educational Divi¬
sion, Chicago Free Employment
OfRce, 275.
Engineering and Inventions, Com¬
mittee on. State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 30, 37-38.
English Brothers, contractors.
Champaign, 129.
English, Judge W., 75.
Enlistments: army, 91-93, 100-
108; Illinois National Guard, 82 ;
Illinois Reserve Militia, 87-88;
U. S. Marine Corps, 42, 100-108,
137; U. S. Navy, 100-108, 131-
133, (Table No. 6) 375-377; Vol¬
unteer Training Corps, 91 ; U. S.
Guards, 111; U. S. Naval Re¬
serve Force, 136, (Table No. 6)
375-377.
Ennis, Royal W., 21.
Enrollment agents, U. S. Public
Service Reserve, 276-277, 278.
Ensign School, Municipal Pier,
Chicago, 116.
Entomologist, State, 11.
Ertsman, F. E., 47.
Esperance-Souain sector, 166.
Espionage Act, 68; violations of,
71-72, (Tables Nos. 1 and 2)
361-363.
Essey and Pannes sector, 166.
Essex, U. 8. 8., 131.
Estill, Commissioner Thomas, 344,
348.
Ettelbriick, 146, 147.
Eu, 162.
Eureka College, Eureka, 115.
Evans, Judge Evan A., 74.
Evans, Ray L., 230.
Evanston Committee, Fatherless
Children of France, 353.
Evanston Thrift House, 354.
Evanston Yacht Club, Chicago, 134.
Evers, Capt. E. A., 85, 136.
Examiners of Architects, Board of.
State of Illinois, 18.
Examiners of Horseshoers, Board
of. State of Illinois, 18.
Examiners of Structural Engi¬
neers, Board of. State of Illinois,
18.
Executive Committee, Agricultural
War Board, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 248.
Executive Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 195, 196.
Executive Committee, Illinois Lib¬
erty Loan Committee (8th Dis¬
trict) 200, 201, 202, 203.
Executive Committee, Illinois War
Savings Committee, 210.
Executive Committee, Liberty
Loan Committee of the Seventh
Federal Reserve District, 191,
192, 194, 196.
Executive Committee, Liberty
Loan Committee of the Eighth
Federal Reserve District, 200.
Executive Division, Department of
Public Health, State of Illinois,
14, 15.
Extension Service, College of Agri¬
culture, University of Illinois,
242, 249.
Faber, E. C., 261.
474 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Facilities Division, War Industries
Board, 296.
Factory Division, General Supply
Depots, U. S. War Department,
303.
Factory Inspection, Division of.
Department of Labor, State of
Illinois, 13.
Fair Price Publishing Committees,
U. S. Food Administration, lili-
nois Division, 230-231.
Fairbank, Kellogg, 262; Mrs. Kel¬
logg, 64.
Farm Labor Administration, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
2, 32, 243, 285-287.
Farm Labor Division, U. S. Em¬
ployment Service, 285.
Farm Labor Examining Board,
Farm Labor Administration,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 286-287.
Farm products, Illinois, 1914-1918,
(Tables Nos. 14-25) 397-402.
Farrington, Frank, 258, 264.
Fatherless Children of France, 58,
352-353.
Fechet, Lt. Col. James E., 128.
Federal Board for Vocational Edu¬
cation, 112, 126, 182-184.
Federal reserve banks, liberty loan
activities, (Chicago) 191-199, 208,
(St. Louis) 200-206, 208; War
Finance Corporation activities,
213; Capital Issues Committee,
217-218 (Chicago), 218-219 (St.
Louis).
Federal Reserve Board, U. S., 215.
Federal Reserve Board Capital
Issues Committee, 216.
Federal Trade Commission, 219,
256-257, 300.
Federated Council of Free Employ¬
ment Organizations in the State
of Illinois, 274.
Feeds Division, U. S. Food Admin¬
istration, Illinois Division, 227.
Fels-Larochette, 151.
Felt, D. E., 300.
Fenton, Howard W., 331.
Field Hospitals Nos. 1 and 2, Illi¬
nois National Guard, 81, 82, 83,
164; Nos. 3 and 4, 79, 81, 82, 83,
164.
Field Hospitals Nos. 129-132,108th
Sanitary Train, 33d Division,
164-165.
Field Museum, Chicago, 312, 313.
Field, Wentworth G., 331.
Fields:
Chanute (Rantoul, 111.), 15, 129-
130, 303, 312, 313, 333;
Eberts (Ark.), 305;
McCook (Ohio), 303;
Park (Tenu.), 305;
Post (Okla.), 305;
Scott (Belleville, 111.), 19, 127-
129, 305, 312, 313, 322, 333;
Selfridge (Mich.), 303;
Wilbur Wright (Ohio), 303.
Fifield, Mrs. E. R., 358.
Fifteenth Artillery Brigade, 15th
Division, 176.
Fifteenth Division, U. S. Army,
176.
Fifth Division, Illinois Naval Mili¬
tia, 85.
Fifth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 4, 78, 79, 82, 83, 145, 146,
147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 159, 160,
161, 163.
Fifth Limited Service Regiment,
121.
Fifth Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 87.
Fiftieth General Assembly, 10, 22-
25, 28, 50, 66, 86.
Fifty-eighth Field Artillery Bri¬
gade, 33d Division, 144, 154-160.
INDEX
475
Fifty-first General Assembly, 9,
23n, 25-28, 35.
Fifty-ninth Division, French Army,
167.
Fifty-second Field Artillery, ISth
Division, 176-177.
Fifty-second General Assembly, 25-
26n.
Fifty-third Field Artillery, 18th
Division, 176, 177.
Fifty-third General Assembly, 26n.
Fifty-third Machine Gun Battalion,
18th Division, 177.
Filing Department, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
225.
Finance Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 201.
Finance, Department of. State of
Illinois, 8, 9, 12.
Finance Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 57, 60.
Finance Division, Ordnance Dis¬
tricts, U. S. War Department,
306-307.
Finance, Subcommittee on. Home
Registration Service Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 48, 317.
Finished Products Division, War
Industries Board, 300.
Finnen, H. W., 321.
Fire Marshal, State, 19.
Fire Prevention, Division of. De¬
partment of Trade and Com¬
merce, State of Illinois, 19-20.
First Aid, Director of. Central
Division, American Red Cross,
326, 331.
First Army, American, 151, 159,
175.
First Cavalry, Illinois National
Guard, 6.
First Division, Illinois Naval Mili¬
tia, 85.
First Division, U. S. Army, 155,
156, 157, 158, 170.
First Field Artillery, Illinois Na¬
tional Guard, 81, 82, 83, 166.
First Illinois Cavalry, Illinois Na¬
tional Guard, 79.
First Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 4, 78, 79, 82, 83, 149, 151,
152.
First Infantry Brigade, Illinois
National Guard, 150; Headquar¬
ters, 79, 83.
First Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 87, 88, 90.
First Regiment Engineers, Illinois
National Guard, 79, 81, 82, 83,
163.
First Separate Battalion, Illinois
Reserve Militia, 88.
Fisher, Lieut. Col. Walter J., 160.
Fisheries, U. S. Bureau of, 248.
Fiske, W. M. L., 191.
Fitz Henry, Judge Louis, 75.
Five hundred third Engineer Regi¬
ment, 179.
Fleet Naval Reserve, Class 1, U. S.
Naval Reserve Force, 133, 134.
Fleming, Peter E., 36, 44, 49, 244,
246, 247, 248, 285, 287.
Flesh, Edward M., 235.
Flour Division, U. S. Food Admin¬
istration, Illinois Division, 227-
228.
Flour and Grain receipts and ship¬
ments at Chicago, (Tables Nos.
26-27) 403.
Flower, Henry C., 216.
Flying Squadron, 193, 195, 196.
Folds, C. W., 193, 195, 196, 262.
Food Administration, U. S., 2, 12,
30, 32, 33, 65, 72, 224, 229, 233,
234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243,
248, 250, 252, 255, 296, 301, 346;
476 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Illinois Division, 224-234, 243,
249.
Food Administrator, U. S., 224,
228, 234, 236, 239, 254; for Illi¬
nois, 224.
Food Commissioner, State of Illi¬
nois, 11.
Food Conservation Bureau, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, and U. S.
Food Administration, 249.
Food Department, State of Illinois,
11.
Food, Fuel and Conservation Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 29, 242, 256, 260.
Food and Fuel Control Act, en¬
forcement of, 3, 72-73, 224, 225-
226, 232, 258, 261-262, 268, 290.
Food for France and Allied Coun¬
tries Fund, 58.
Food Production Conference, 31;
Committee on, 243, 252-253.
Food Production and Conservation
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 2, 30, 32, 225,
242-244, 245, 246, 247, 252, 260,
285.
Food Production Department,
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 57, 249.
Foods and Dairies, Division of.
Department of Agriculture, State
of Illinois, 11, 12.
Forbes, Allan B., 216.
Forbes, Maj. Charles R., 163.
Foreign-Born Women, Committee
on. Women and Children in In¬
dustry Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 66.
Foreign Language Committee, Chi¬
cago and Cook County Liberty
Loan Committee, 196.
Foreign Language Committee,
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 192, 194.
Foreign Language Division, Illi¬
nois War Savings Committee,
210.
Foreign Language Newspapers
Subcommittee, Publicity Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Seventh Federal Reserve
District, 191.
Foreman, Col. Milton J., 81, 156,
186.
Forêt de la Reine, 155, 156, 157,
158, 159.
Forgan, David R., 353.
Forgan, J. B., 210.
Forts:
Benjamin Harrison (Ind.), 303;
Brady (Mich.), 303;
Des Moines (la.), 303;
Leavenworth (Kas.), 106, 305;
Logan H. Root (Ark.), 305;
Oglethorpe (Ga.), 74;
Reno (Okla.), 305;
Riley (Kas.), 305;
Sheridan (111.), 15, 30, 31, 40,
111, 113, 119, 123-127, 166, 303,
333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342,
357;
Sill (Okla.), 305;
Snelling (Minn.), 303;
Thomas Recruiting Depot
(Ohio), 303;
Wadsworth, 178;
Wayne (Mich.), 303.
Fort Massac Trustees, 17.
Fort Sheridan Association, 125.
Fort Sheridan General Hospital
No. 28, 312.
The Fort Sheridan Recall, 127.
The Fort Sheridan Reveille, 127.
Forty-eighth General Assembly, 20.
Forty-fourth Field Artillery Regi¬
ment, 15th Division, 176.
INDEX
477
Forty-second Division, U. S. Army,
82, 83, 166.
Forty-third Field Artillery, 15th
Division, 176.
Foster, Brig. Gen. David J., 150.
Foster, J. F., 247.
Foster, Maj. Payson O., 163.
Four hundred sixteenth Reserve
Service Battalion (colored), 121.
Four Minute Men, 30, 31, 44-47, 53,
191, 277.
Fourteenth Infantry, 121.
Fourth American Army Corps,
175.
Fourth Australian Brigade, 152.
Fourth British Army, 147, 148,
149, 151, 152, 162, 163.
Fourth Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Fourth Division, Ü. S. Army, 120,
166.
Fourth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 6, 80, 82, 83, 145, 147-148.
Fourth Provisional Regiment, 173,
174.
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Miiitia, 87, 88, 90.
Fowler, C. O., 265.
Fox, William A., 51.
Foy, Col. Robert C., 172.
France, treaty with, 103; war con¬
tracts with 289.
Franco-American Committee for
Corrective Surgical Appliances,
58, 353-354.
Franco-American Corrective Sur¬
gical Appliance Committee, 58.
Frankenthal, Mrs. Charles B., 60.
Frankfurter, Felix, 281.
Franklin, L. B., 187, 205.
Fraternal Section, Four Minute
Men, 46.
Frazier, Capt. Frank, 159.
Frederickson, Maj. Frederick 0.,
81.
17
Free Employment Offices, Division
of. Department of Labor, State
of Illinois, 13.
Freeman, C. S., 48.
Freeman, Mrs. Halstead, 352.
French army, officers, 121-122,124;
service of American units with,
156, 157, 159, 162, 166, 167, 174,
179, 181-182; work of American
Field Service with, 181-182.
French Mission, 23, 24, 33.
French Red Cross, 58, 349.
Frey, Charles Daniel, 77.
Fromerêville, 162.
Fuel Administration, U. S., 30, 32,
72, 261, 272, 296, 298, 301, 346;
Illinois Division, 3, 14, 260, 261-
270, 293.
Fuel Administrator, U. S., 3, 259,
261, 262, 263, 264, 272; for Illi¬
nois, 262, 263, 266, 270.
Fuel Control Act, see Food and
Fuel Control Act.
Fuel Conservation Department,
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 261.
Fuel Economies of Electric Rail¬
ways, Committee on. State Coun¬
cil of Defense of* Illinois, 260,
261.
Fuel for Electrical Industries,
Committee on. State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 30, 32, 34-35.
Fuel for Public and Quasi-Public
Institutions, Committee on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
30, 32.
Funk, Eugene, 246, 248, 253.
Game and Fish Commission, State
of Illinois, 11.
Game and Fish, Division of. De¬
partment of Agriculture, State
of Illinois, 11.
Gardner, H. C., 229, 230.
478 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Gardner, Henry A., 331.
Garfield, Dr. Harry A., U. S. Fuel
Administrator, 3, 259, 261.
Garrity, Col. John J., 80, 148, 153.
"Gasless Sundays," 269.
Gassette, Miss Grace, 354.
Gaston, Lieutenant, 122.
General Advisory Board of Free
Employment Offices, Division of.
Department of Labor, State of
Illinois, 13, 283.
General Advisory Committee, Lib¬
erty Loan Committee for the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 196.
General Assembly, Illinois, 1, 4, 8,
9, 10, 20, 22-28, 29, 31, 35, 39, 50,
66, 86, 95, 251, 288.
General Bankers' Committee, Lib¬
erty Loan Committee of the
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
201.
General Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 195.
General Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 201.
General Hospital No. 28, U. S., 123,
126, 127.
General Liberty Loan Committee
for Illinois, 192-193.
General Liberty Loan Committee
for the Seventh Federal Reserve
District, 191.
General Munitions Board, Council
of National Defense, 295, 312.
General Office Division, Depart¬
ment of Mines and Minerals,
State of Illinois, 14.
General Speakers' Committee, Lib¬
erty Loan Committee of the
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
201.
General Supplies Division, Gen- j
eral Supply Depot, U. S. War
Department, 303.
General Supply Depots, Quarter¬
master Corps, U. S. War Depart¬
ment, 301-310.
Geological Survey, State of Illi¬
nois, 18-19.
Geological Survey, U. S., 19.
George Washington, transport, 163.
Geringer, V. A., 210.
German aliens, registration of,
73-74.
Getsinger, Lieut.-(j. g.) B. C., 136.
Getty, Brig. Gen. R. N., 175.
Geweke, August, 247.
Gifford, Herman, 196.
Gilchrist, John F., 77, 260.
Gilkeson, Maj. Adlai H., 130.
Gillin, J. L., 331.
Girls' Division, Illinois Committee,
United War Work Campaign,
347.
Girls' Patriotic Service Leagues,
338.
Glass, Carter, 215.
Glenn, John M., 55, 321.
Gleury-sur-Aire, 179.
Goethals, Maj. Gen. G. W., 319.
Goff, Frederick H., 216.
Gondrecourt, 175.
Gopher, V. S. 8., 135,136.
Gorham, Mrs. Charles N., 353.
Goss Printing Press Company,
Chicago, 314.
Government appeal agents, selec¬
tive service organization, 94, 95,
96-97, 99.
Government War Exposition, U. S.,
32-33, 34, 50, 57, 250; committee
on. State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 30.
Governor of Illinois, 1-9, 15, 19,
21, 22, 23, 25n, 29, 33, 84, 85, 86,
88, 94, 95, 96, 99, 144, 147, 148,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
INDEX
479
160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 182,
196, 207, 210, 258, 286, 288.
Graicunas, Dr. A. L., 355.
Grain Corporation, U. S., 237.
Grain Corporation, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, 234-237, 248, 255.
Grain Exchanges, Council of, 253.
Grain Exchanges in Aid of Na¬
tional Defense, Committee on,
254.
Grain Inspection Department, State
of Illinois, 19.
Grain Inspection at Chicago, Divi¬
sion of. Department of Trade
and Commerce, State of Illinois,
19.
Grain Inspection at E. St. Louis,
Division of. Department of Trade
and Commerce, State of Illinois,
19.
Grant Park Auxiliary Naval Train¬
ing Station, 131.
Great Britain, treaty with, 103;
war contracts with, 289.
The Great Lakes Bulletin, 143.
Great Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 15, 30, 31,131,134,135,138-
143, 293, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335,
336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346,
357.
The Great Lakes Recruit, 143.
Greece, treaty with, 103.
Green, Col. Charles H., 80, 147.
Greenbaum, M. E., 343.
Greene, C. H., 80, 356.
Greene, Evarts B., 21.
Gregory, T. W., U. S. Attorney
General, 68.
Griffln, Joseph P., 255.
Group Service, Committee on. So¬
cial Service Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 64.
Guards, United States, 110-112,
125, 333.
Gulick, J. H., 51.
GuflBn, James T., 270.
Gunn, Robert A., 77.
Gunners' Mates School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
141.
Haas, Miss Margaret E., 270.
Hackett, Col. Horatio B., 158.
Hackett, Leroy, 337.
Hagedorn, Col. Charles B., 123.
Hahneman Medical School, Chi¬
cago, 115.
Haines, Maj. Frederick S., 161.
Hale, Maj. Gen. Harry C., 168.
Haley, Miss Margaret, 276.
Hall, William E., 279, 280.
HameJ, 151, 152, 162.
Hamlin, C. S., 216.
The Hand Grenade, 123.
Handschin, W. F., 242, 246, 253.
Handshy, C. F., 48.
Hannigan, Col. Henry A., 174.
Hanson, E. L., 53.
Harding, W. P. G., 215.
Hardy, E. K., 331.
Harrington, Joseph, 269.
Harris, B. F., 34, 244, 253, 260.
Harris, E. L., 197, 198.
Harris, Rear Admiral F. R., 319.
Harrisburg, transport, 164.
Harrison, John H., 34, 54, 285.
Hart, Mrs. Harry, 50.
Hart, L. E., 268.
Hart, Mrs. William, 208.
Hartwell, D. J., 21.
Harvard Radio School, 135.
Hastings, S. W., 55, 321.
Haute-Alsace 175.
Hawley, Maj. John B., 179.
Hawthorne Race Track Barracks.
312.
Hayes, Frank S., 252.
Health, Board of. State of Illinois,
14, 18.
480 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Health and Recreation Depart¬
ment, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
49, 62, 63.
Heard, Maj. J. W., 128.
Heath, W. A., 194, 217.
Hebb, R. D., 210.
Hedding College, Abingdon, 115.
Hedger, Dr. Caroline, 58.
Hedricb, Otto H., 269.
Hefferan, Mrs. William S., 59.
Heinemann, G. N., 226.
Hendrie, Maj. William, 161.
Hennessy, J. J., 47.
Henry B. Favill School of Occupa¬
tions, Chicago, 41.
Henry W. Horst Company, Rock
Island, 316.
Hericourt Training Area (Haute-
Saône), 174.
Hessler, Mrs. J. C., 252.
Hester, F. O., 48.
Hetzler, H. G., 48.
Heyworth, James 0., 134.
Hibbard, Angus S., 39, 91.
Hibbard, Frank, 331.
Hickox, Mrs. Charles V., 353.
Highway Commission, State of
Illinois, 17.
Highways, Division of, Depart¬
ment of Public Works and Build¬
ings, State of Illinois, 17.
Highways Division, Highways
Transport Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois, 48.
Highways Transport Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 30, 47—48.
Hill, Brig. Gen. Henry R., 146.
Hiller, J. A., 247.
Hillman, Col. L. T., 311.
Hilly, Mrs. Miles B., 65.
Hilton, Henry H., 210.
Hitchcock, F. B., 331.
Hobbs, L. C., 198.
Holbrook, Maj. Gen. W. A., 123.
Holden, Hale, 262.
Holden, P. G., 247.
Holt, Benjamin, 308.
Holt Manufacturing Company,
Peoria, 308, 312, 313.
Home Defense, see Illinois Nation¬
al Guard, Illinois Naval Militia,
State Council of Defense Volun¬
teer Training Corps.
Home Hospitality Bureau, War
Recreation Board, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 340.
Home Registration Service Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 30, 48, 317.
Home service bureaus, American
Red Cross chapters, 328.
Honnold, Dr. F. C., 260.
Hoover, Herbert, 224, 254, 351; see
also Food Administrator, U. S.
Hopkins, Cyril G., 253.
Hopkins, John P., 34, 36, 49.
Hoskins, William, 38.
Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141-142.
Hospital Supplies, Department of,
Chicago Chapter, American Red
Cross, 328.
Hospital Units, American Red
Cross, No. 11, St. Joseph's, St.
Mary's and Augustana Hospitals ;
No. 12, Northwestern Medical
School; No. 13, Presbyterian
Hospital; No. 14, St. Luke's and
Michael Reese Hospitals, 327.
Hostess Committee, War Recrea¬
tion Board, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 340.
Hostess houses, Y. W. C. A., 338.
Hotel and Lodging House Inspec¬
tion, Division of. Department of
Public Health, State of Illinois,
14.
Hotel and Restaurant Division,
INDEX
481
U. s. Food Administration, Illi¬
nois Division, 228-229.
Hough, Clarence A., 331.
Houlihan, Edward, 337, 348.
House of Representatives, U. S., 6.
Household Science, Department of.
College of Agriculture, Univer¬
sity of Illinois, 242.
Household Science Department,
Illinois Farmers' Institute, 61,
252.
Housing, Committee on. Council of
National Defense, 315.
Housing Corporation, U. S., 48,
292, 315, 317.
Housing and City Planning Com¬
mittee of the American Institute
of Architects, Home Registra¬
tion Service Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
48.
Houston, D. F., U. S. Secretary of
the Treasury, 215; U. S. Secre¬
tary of Agriculture, 242.
Howard, Col. N. L., 179.
Howland, Col. Charles R., 173.
Humane agents. State of Illinois,
11.
Humphrey, Judge J. Otis, 75.
Hunt, Robert W., 38.
Hunter, A. H., 48.
Hurley, Edward N., 319.
Hyac, Ü. 8. 8., 136.
Hydrographie Office, U. S. Navy,
Chicago, 135.
Ice Division, U. S. Food Adminis¬
tration, Illinois Division, 229.
Ickes, Harold L., 52.
Illinois Agricultural Association,
248.
Illinois associations of commerce,
321-324.
Illinois Centennial Commission,
20-21, 25, 62.
Illinois College, Jacksonville, 115.
Illinois Committee, Near East Re¬
lief, 356.
Illinois Congress of Mothers and
Parent-Teachers' Association, 339.
Illinois Farmers' Grain Dealers'
Association, 237.
Illinois Farmers' Institute, 2, 8,
61, 251-252.
Illinois Federation of Women's
Clubs, 61.
Illinois Free Employment Offices,
53, 273-276, 294, (Table No. 32)
412-418.
Illinois Free Employment Offices,
Department of Labor, State of
Illinois, 282-283, 294.
Illinois Home for the Rehabilita¬
tion of World War Veterans,
25n, 26n.
Illinois Manufacturers' Associa¬
tion, 55, 59, 292, 295, 320-321;
War Industries, Bureau of, 55.
Illinois-Michigan canal, 18.
Illinois Mine Workers, 258, 264.
Illinois Miners' and Mechanics'
Institutes, 14.
Illinois Motor Corps, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 57, 61.
Illinois National Guard, 4, 5, 6,
22, 23, 24, 26n, 31, 39, 78-84, 86,
88, 89, 91, 99, 143, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150-151, 152, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 176.
Illinois Naval Militia, 4, 24, 84-86.
Illinois Naval Reserve, 23.
Illinois Park Commission, 17.
Illinois Penitentiary Board, 16.
Illinois Reserve Militia, 5, 7, 8, 22,
24, 31, 39, 84, 86-88, 90, 91, 111,
321.
Illinois Seed Corn Administration,
State Council of Defense of Uli-
482 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
nois, 32, 38, 241, 242, 243, 244-
246.
Illinois Soldiers' Home, 25n.
Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home,
25n, 26n.
Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home,
25n.
Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors'
Home, 26n.
Illinois State Dairymen's Associ¬
ation, 251.
Illinois State Dental Society, 40.
Illinois State Federation of Labor,
287-288.
Illinois State Historical Library,
8, 35.
Illinois State Horticultural Soci¬
ety, 251.
Illinois State Library, 8.
Illinois State Penitentiary, 16, 17.
Illinois State Reformatory, 16, 17.
Illinois Tool Works, Chicago, 314.
Illinois Training Farm, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 57, 250.
Illinois War Savings Bulletin, 212.
Illinois War Savings Committee,
209-212.
Illinois Waterway Commission, 17.
Illinois Wesleyan University,
Bloomington, 115.
Imboden, J. G., 248, 253, 287.
Immigration, Bureau of, U. S. De¬
partment of Labor, 271, 273,
274.
Imperial Munitions Board, 289.
"Incoming detention," Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 140.
Indiana State Council of Defense,
258.
Industrial Advisers, selective serv¬
ice organization, 94, 97-98, 282,
298.
Industrial Board, State of Illinois,
13, 283.
Industrial Commission, Division
of. Department of Labor, State
of Illinois, 13, 283-284, 294.
Industrial Department, U. S. Fuel
Administration, Illinois Division,
265, 293.
Industrial Division, Bureau of
Ordnance, U. S. Navy Depart¬
ment, 313, 315.
Industrial Furlough Section, Ad¬
jutant General's Office, U. S.
War Department, 106.
Industrial Housing and Transpor¬
tation, Bureau of, U. S. Depart¬
ment of Labor, 273, 315, 317.
Industrial regions. War Industries
Board, 300, 323-324.
Industrial Service Section, Chi¬
cago Ordnance District, 309.
Industrial Standards, Committee
on. Women and Children in In¬
dustry Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 66.
Industrial Survey Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 29, 49.
Industrial Workers of the World,
70.
Infantry Replacement and Train¬
ing Troops, Camp Grant, 121.
Information Committee, Chicago
and Cook County Liberty Loan
Committee, 197.
Information and Education Serv¬
ice, U. S. Department of Labor,
273.
Ingledorff, 149.
Inland Traffic, Manager of. War
Industries Board, 299.
Inspection Division, Department
of Mines and Minerals, State of
Illinois, 14.
Inspection Division, Ordnance Dis-
INDEX
483
trlcts, U. S. War Department,
306.
Inspection Section, Industrial Di¬
vision, Bureau of Ordnance, U. S.
Navy Department, 315.
Inspector of Apiaries, State of
Illinois, 11.
Inspector of Automatic Couplers,
State of Illinois, 19.
Inspector of Masonry, State of Illi¬
nois, 17.
Instruction, boards of, selective
service organization, 94, 98.
Instruction Camp, Great Lakes
Navai Training Station, 141.
Instruction, Department of, Chi¬
cago Chapter, American Red
Cross, 327-328.
Insuli, Samuel, 32, 34, 134, 245,
257, 258, 358.
Insurance, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Trade and Commerce,
State of Illinois, 19.
Insurance Section, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 139.
Insurance Superintendent, State
of Illinofs, 19.
Intelligence Bureau, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 30, 49.
Internal Revenue Service, U. S.
Treasury Department, 68, 219-
223, (Table No. 13) 395.
International Harvester Company,
Chicago, 307-308.
International Live Stock Exposi¬
tion, 244.
International Register Company,
Chicago, 314-315.
International Sugar Committee,
238.
Interior, U. S. Secretary of, 256.
Inventions Division, Bureau of
Ordnance, U. S. Navy Depart¬
ment, 313.
Investigation, Bureau of, U. S. De¬
partment of Justice, 68, 70, 76.
Investigation and Inspection Serv¬
ice, U. S. Department of Labor,
273.
Investment Bankers' Committee,
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
201.
lowan, transport, 159.
Italian Mission, 33.
Italian Relief Auxiiiary, 58, 354.
Italy, treaty with, 103; war con¬
tracts with, 289.
Jackson, Howard B., 235.
Jackson, W. J., 260.
Jackson Park Yacht Ciub, Chica¬
go, 134.
Jacksonviile State Hospital, De¬
partment of Public Weif are.
State of Illinois, 17.
James, E. J., president. University
of Illinois, 11, 21.
James Millikin University, Deca¬
tur, 115-116.
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, 305.
Jernegan, Marcus W., 36.
Jewish Welfare Board, 122, 142,
341-343, 347, 348.
Joffre, Marshal, 23, 182.
Johannes, 1st Lieut. H. C., 81.
John, Evan D., 14.
Johnson, Jackson, 300.
Johnston, 1st Lieut. George F., 81.
Joint resolutions, relating to the
war, passed by 50th-53d General
Assemblies, 23-28.
Joliet Forge Company, 308.
Jolly Tars Club, Waukegan, 339.
Jones, Commander Horace W., 315.
Jones, G. R., 47.
Jones, Lieut. Col. Frederick M.,
130.
Judicial Districts, United States,
484 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
in Illinois, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74.
75, 97.
Judson, Harry Pratt, president.
University of Chicago, 21.
Junior Activities, Bureau of, Chi¬
cago Chapter, American Red
Cross, 328.
Junior Division, U. S. Employ¬
ment Service, 280.
Junior Membership, American
Red Cross, 326, 328-329, 331.
Junkersfeld, Peter, 38.
Justice, U. S. Department of, 49,
67-68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76-77, 108,
291.
Justus, Brother, 247.
Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, trans¬
port, 150, 151, 163.
Karch, Charles A., 75.
Kashmir, transport, 154, 155, 158.
Kaufman, S. R., 48.
Keesling, Col. Arthur L., 158.
Keller, C. J., 210.
Kelly, D. F., 39, 91.
Kelly, Maj. James, 163.
Kenna, Sergeant, 150.
Kennon, Brig. Gen. L. W. V., 120,
123, 171.
Kessler, Mr. and Mrs. George, 356.
Keyes, George E., 356.
Khaki and Blue Club, Chicago, 143,
340.
King, Brig. Gen. Henry R., 146.
Kirby, Maj. Maxwell, 130.
Kirkton, J. "W., 287.
Knight, Thomas H., 42.
Knights of Columbus, 43, 122, 127,
130, 142, 333, 335-337, 342, 347.
Knotts, Edward C., 75.
Knox College, Galesburg, 116, 182.
Kohlsaat, Judge Christian C., 74.
Kraft, Capt. Charles J., 159.
Krapf, Maj. George W., 130.
Kuhik, 1st Lieut. Charles S., 81.
Kutz, Col. C. W., 179.
Labor, Commissioners of. State of
Illinois, 12.
Labor, Department of. State of Illi¬
nois, 8, 12-13, 282-284; Depart¬
ment of, U. S., 36, 53, 66, 97, 236,
271-280, 282, 294, 315.
Labor, U. S. Secretary of, 271, 274,
276, 280.
Labor Adjustment Service, U. S.
Department of Labor, 272, 273,
294.
Labor Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 6, 29, 284-
285.
Labor Division, War Industries
Board, 296-297.
Labor Organizations Committee,
Chicago and Cook County Lib¬
erty Loan Committee, 196.
Labor Priorities Section, Priorities
Division, War Industries Board,
299.
Labor Section, Four Minute Men,
46.
Labor Statistics, Bureau of, U. S.
Department of Labor, 271, 272.
Labor Statistics, Division of. De¬
partment of Labor, State of Illi¬
nois, 13.
Laboratory, state, 11.
Labor's Loan Organization, Lib¬
erty Loan Committee of the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 192.
Lagney area, 175.
Lake Forest College, Lake Forest,
116, 182.
Lake Shore Drive Surgical Dress¬
ings Unit, 58, 354.
La Lorraine, transport, 145, 146.
Lambdin, Col. William McKendree,
172.
Landis, Judge K. M., 74.
INDEX
485
Lang, Col. Edward J., 148.
Langres, 170.
Langworthy, Mrs. B. F., 62.
Lapland, transport, 172.
Earned, S. J., 48.
Law Enforcement Committee,
Health and Recreation Depart¬
ment, Woman's Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois, 63.
Law and Legislation, Committee
on. State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 29, 38, 257.
Laws, enacted by the 50th-53d
General Assemblies, 23-28.
Le Cornean, 170, 172, 173.
Le Du, Capt. Georges, 121.
LeflBngwell, R. C., 187.
Legal advisory boards, selective
service organization, 38, 94, 98.
Legal Section, Division of Indus¬
trial Commission, Department of
Labor, State of Illinois, 283.
Legislative Reference Bureau, State
of Illinois, 8.
Legner, William J., 51.
Leicestershire, transport, 178.
Le Mans, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174.
Lempire, 162.
Lenape, transport, 160.
Lenfesty, R., 228.
Leonard, C. M., 215.
Leonard, Howard, 248.
Lever Act, see Food and Fuel Con¬
trol Act.
Leviathan, transport, 146, 147, 150,
151, 161, 162, 165.
Lewis, Dr. Dean D., 327.
Lewis Institute, Chicago, 115, 116,
135, 182.
Liberty Band, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 142-143.
Liberty Chorus and Community
Singing Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 49-50;
of the Woman's Committee, 57.
Liberty Loan Board of Review,
Chicago and Cook County Lib¬
erty Loan Committee, 197.
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 191-199, 207.
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
200-206.
Liberty Loan Committee of Illi¬
nois, Woman's, 206-209.
Liberty Loan Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 57.
Liberty Theater, 122.
Libertyville Chapter, American
Red Cross, 327.
Libourne, 178.
Library Extension Commission,
Illinois, 345, 347.
Library Publicity Committee, 346.
Library Publicity Division, U. S.
Food Administration, Illinois
Division, 234.
License Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 30, 43, 50-
51.
License Division, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
226.
Lies, Eugene T., 341.
Lieutenant Governor, 28, 39, 88, 90,
91; see also Oglesby, John G.
"Lightless nights," 269.
Lincoln, Abraham, 21.
Lincoln Division; see Eighty-
fourth Division.
Lincoln Homestead Trustees, 17.
Lincoln Monument Commission¬
ers, 17.
Lincoln Park Yacht Club, Chicago,
134.
Lintgen, 157.
Lipschulch, Maj. G. W., 81.
486 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Lithuanian Aid Society, 355.
Litten, Brig. Gen. I. W., 313.
Little Lessons in Thrift, 212.
The Live Grenade, 123.
Live Stock Commissioners, Board
of. State of Illinois, 11.
Lloyd, E. W., 53.
Local boards, selective service or¬
ganization, 4-5, 23, 94, 95-97, 99,
109-110, 119.
Loewenstein, Sidney, 226.
Lombard College, Galesburg, 116.
Loomis, Frank D., 341.
Loosley, Maj. Milan A., 163.
Lorraine, 166.
Lovelace, Mrs. Thomas G., 333.
Lowden, Governor F. 0., 1, 21, 94,
144, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155,
156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165, 196, 207, 210, 253, 264;
Mrs. F. O., 207.
Loyal Order of Moose School,
Mooseheart, 116.
Loyola University, Chicago, 64,
115, 116, 182.
Lucas, Maj. John P., 163.
Ludwick, Capt. George W., 126.
Lunéville sector, 166.
Lutheran Brotherhood, 142.
Luxembourg, 144, 146, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165.
McAdoo, "W. G., U. S. Secretary of
the Treasury, 215; Mrs. "W. G.,
206.
McArthur, Dr. L. L., 327.
McCarty, Mrs. E. J., 60.
McCook Field, Ohio, 303.
McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus Hall, 57.
McCormick, Col. Robert R., 125.
McCrum, Col. L. G., 311.
McCutcheon, Franklin W., 215.
McDougall, J. B., 191, 217.
McGrew, Col. Milton L., 123.
McKeene, Mrs. H. A., 252.
McKendree College, Lebanon, 116.
McKinley, Maj. Joseph, 81.
McLean, Angus W., 215.
McLean County, Fuel Administra¬
tion for, 266-267.
McMurray, Mrs. J. H., 252.
McNamara, R. C., 331.
McNeal, Capt. Alvin H., 81.
Machine Gun School, Rock Island
Arsenal, 311.
Machinery and Engineering Ma¬
terials Division, General Supply
Depots, U. S. War Department,
303.
Mack, Judge Julian W., 74.
Mackay, Maj. Reginald J., 121.
Magill, Hugh S., Jr., 21.
Mailing Department, U. S. Food
Administration,Illinois Division,
225.
Mailing and Information Depart¬
ment, U. S. Fuel Administration,
Illinois Division, 270.
Makin, Major, 121.
Mann, F. I., 248, 253, 287.
March, G. P., 281.
Marine Company, Illinois Naval
Militia, 86.
Marine Corps, U. S., 42, 100-101,
137.
Marine Corps Reserve, U. S., 137.
Marine Hospital, U. S., 358.
Mark, Arne, 270.
Markham, C. H., 260.
Marshall, Maj. John R., 88.
Marshall, Brig. Gen. R. C. Jr., 313.
Marlin, D. M., 252.
Martin, Maj. Gen. Charles H., 120,
123, 171.
Martin, William McC., 218.
Marriott, A. R., 247.
Mason County, Food Administra¬
tion for, 231.
INDEX
487
Mason, J. P., 248, 287.
Mathews, Shailer, 210.
Mauff, John R., 255.
Mauretania, transport, 154.
Mayer, Levy, 34, 38.
Mayer, Oscar G., 283.
Maximum War Savings Clubs, 210,
211.
Mead, G. H., 48.
Meat Division, U. S. Pood Admin¬
istration, 229.
"Meatless day," 233.
Medernach, 164.
Mediation and Conciliation, Sec¬
tion on. Division of Industrial
Commission, Department of La¬
bor, State of Illinois, 283-284.
Medical advisory boards, selective
service organization, 94, 98.
Medical aide, selective service or¬
ganization, 95.
Medical Committee, Health and
Recreation Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 63.
Medical Corps, U. S., 107; at Camp
Grant, 118, 121.
Medical and Hospital Supplies Di¬
vision, General Supply Depots,
U. S. War Department, 303.
Medical Section, Division of Indus¬
trial Commission, Department of
Labor, State of Illinois, 283.
Medical Unit, State Council of De¬
fense Volunteer Training Corps,
91.
Medicine, College of. University of
Illinois, 114.
Megantic, transport, 173.
Melita, transport, 154, 157, 162.
Mental Hygiene, Advisory Com¬
mittee on, State Councii of De¬
fense of Illinois, 40-41.
Merrick, Harry H., 39, 91.
Mersbacb, H. W., 226.
Mersb, 161.
Messner, J. R., 348.
Metagama, transport, 173.
Meuse-Argonne offensive, 144, 146,
147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163,
164, 165, 166, 180.
Meyer, Eugene Jr., 215.
Meysembourg, 150.
Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago,
327.
'-Michel, Frederick J., 356.
Michelson, Lieut. Com. A. A., 315.
Miehle Printing Press and Manu¬
facturing Company, Chicago, 314.
Military Aeronautics, School of.
University of Illinois, 114^115,
333.
Miiitary Affairs for Cook County,
Auxiliary Committee on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
39.
Military Affairs, State and Local
Defense, Committee on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
29, 31, 38-39, 87, 88, 89, 90-91.
Military Intelligence Division, U. S.
War Department, 68, 77.
Military Relief, Bureau of. Central
Division, American Red Cross,
326, 327, 330, 331.
Military Relief, Bureau of, Chicago
Chapter, American Red Cross,
326, 327.
Military and Naval Affairs, Com¬
mittee on, Chicago Association
of Commerce, 323, 324.
Military and Naval Department,
State of Illinois, 8, 21-22.
Militia Bureau, U. S. War Depart¬
ment, Chief of. 111.
Miller, Hubert P., 324.
Milwaukee Council of Defense, 332.
Mimeograh Division, U. S. Food
488 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Administration, Iliinois Division,
225.
Minch, Capt. Sidney B., 121.
Mine Fire Fighting and Rescue
Commission, State of Illinois, 14.
Mine Inspectors, State of Illinois,
14.
Mine Rescue and First Aid Divi¬
sion, Department of Mines and
Minerals, State of Illinois, 14.
Miner, Miss Anne Parker, 355.
Miners' Examination Division, De¬
partment of Mines and Minerals,
State of Illinois, 14.
Miners' Examining Commission,
State of Illinois, 14.
Mines and Minerals, Department
of. State of Illinois, 8, 14.
Mining Board, State of Tllinois, 14.
Mitchell, Ernest I., 233.
Mitchie, Lieut. Col. H. C., 118.
Mobile Laboratory, 164.
Mobile Ordnance School, Peoria,
309, 312.
Moffett, Capt. W. A., 131, 134, 135,
143.
Moline Forge Company, 289.
Molliens-au-Bois, 162, 164.
Monmouth College, Monmouth, 116.
Monroe, Anna Hammill, 41.
Montfort, 173, 174.
Monthly Lahor Review, 272.
Montussan, 171.
Moore, Capt. Evert L., 130.
Moore, Miss Gertrude M., 268.
Morehead, F. B., 40.
Moriarity, Col. Daniel, 80.
Mergenthau, Ambassador Henry
W., 355.
Morris, Gardner, 331.
Moselle River, 151.
Mothers' World War Decoration
Commission, 25n.
Motion Picture Exhibitors' League
of America, 45.
Motor Instruction School, Rock
Island Arsenal, 309, 311.
Motor Transport School, Fort Sher¬
idan, 125.
Motors and Vehicles Division,
General Supply Depots, U. S.
War Department, 303.
Mount Vernon, transport, 150, 152,
153, 154, 160.
Moving Pictures Subcommittee,
Publicity Committee, Liberty
Loan Committee of the Seventh
Federal Reserve District, 191.
Moy, E. K., 287.
H. Mueller Manufacturing Com¬
pany, Decatur, 308.
Mueller, Richard, 51.
Mulder, Dr. Lenard, 40.
Mullaney, Bernard J., 35, 54, 247.
Mumford, H. W., 248, 253.
Municipal Pier, Chicago, 116, 134,
135, 179.
Munitions, Director of, 295.
Munitions Standards Board, Coun¬
cil of National Defense, 295.
Munroe, Charles A., 36, 48, 53, 276,
279, 287; Mrs. Charles A., 249.
Murdoch, C. T., 233.
Myer, Col. Edgar A., 147.
Myers, Albert, 343.
Myers, L. E., 35-36, 42, 49, 51, 52.
National Army, 38, 117, 119, 131.
143, 176, 178; see also Selective
Service; 84th, 86th, 88th Divi¬
sions; 310th Field Signal Bat¬
talion.
National Army Training Detach¬
ments, see Vocational Training
Detachments.
National Catholic War Council,
335, 347, 348.
National Defense Act, 4, 78.
National Guard, see Illinois Na¬
tional Guard.
INDEX
489
National Naval Volunteers, 85,
133.
National Naval Volunteers, U. S.
Marine Corps, 137.
National Security League, 30.
National Surgical Dressings Com¬
mittee, 58, 355.
National War Board, Salvation
Army, 343, 344.
National War Labor Board, 271,
272, 294, 309.
National War Savings Committee,
30, 43, 210, 211, 212.
National War Work Council, Sal¬
vation Army, 343.
National War Work Council,
Y. M. C. A., 123, 331, 334, 347.
National War Work Council,
Y. W. C. A., 337, 347.
National Waste Reclamation Sec¬
tion, Labor Division, War Indus¬
tries Board, 297.
National Woman's Liberty Loan
Committee, 194, 206; for the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 208; for the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 208.
Natural History Survey, State of
Illinois, 19.
Natural Resources and Conserva¬
tion, Board of. State of Illinois,
18-19.
Naturalization, Bureau of, U. S.
Department of Labor, 271.
Naval Auxiliary Reserve, Class 3,
U. S. Naval Reserve Force, 133,
134, 136.
Naval Auxiliary Reserve School,
U. S., Municipal Pier, Chicago,
116, 134-136.
Naval Coast Defense Reserve,
Class 4, U. S. Naval Reserve
Force, 133, 142.
Naval Communication Service, 137.
Naval Consulting Board, U. S., 38.
Naval Districts, 9th, 10th and 11th,
131, 134.
Naval Intelligence, Office of, 68.
Naval Militia, see Illinois Naval
Militia.
Naval Reserve, Class 2, U. S. Naval
Reserve Force, 133.
Naval Reserve Flying Corps, Class
6, U. S. Naval Reserve Force,
133.
Naval Reserve Force, U. S., 85,
116, 133-136, (Table No. 6) 375-
377.
Naval Volunteers, U. S., 84-86.
Navigation, Bureau of, U. S. Navy
Department, 142.
Navy, U. S., 3-4, 41, 84, 100-101,
110,131-133,135, 300, 325, (Table
No. 6) 375-377; Secretary of, 21,
85.
Navy Department, U. S., 105, 131-
143, 248, 292, 293, 313-315.
Navy Department Commission on
Training Camp Activities, 33,
339.
Navy Medical Corps, American
Red Cross, 330.
Navy Nurse Corps, 330.
Near East Relief, 355.
Neer, William A., 276.
Negro Economics, Division of, U.S.
Department of Labor, 273.
Negro regiments, 26n, 121, 167,
180; see also 8th Infantry, Illi¬
nois National Guard; 370th In¬
fantry, 93d Division; 803d Pio¬
neer Infantry Regiment; 812th
Pioneer Infantry Regiment.
Neighborhood Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
30, 43, 51-52.
Neuvic, 168.
Nevin, Arthur, 122.
New York Merchants' Association,
295.
490 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Nicholson, Col. William J., 124.
Niederfeulen, 160.
Niesz, Homer E., 35.
Ninth Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Ninth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 5, 6, 84.
Ninth Regiment, Illinois National
Guard, 22, 39, 84.
Ninety-first Division, IT. S. Army,
155, 156, 157, 158.
Ninety-third Division, U. S. Army,
26n, 82, 83.
Nissen, Col. August C., 169.
Nixon, Miss Mary, 354.
Non-War Construction Bureau,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 30, 32, 52-53.
Non-War Construction Section,
Priorities Division, War Indus¬
tries Board, 52, 299.
Normal School Board, State of
Illinois, 18.
Normal Schools, State of Illinois,
28, 44.
Northwestern Barb Wire Company,
Sterling, 289.
North-Western College, Naperville,
116.
Northwestern Medical School, 327.
Northwestern School of Music, 332.
Northwestern University, 40, 122,
123, 182, 327, 333; S. A. T. C.
unit, 114, 115, 116.
Nurse Examiners, Board of. State
of Illinois, 18.
Nurses, recruiting of, 57.
Nursing Service, Bureau of. Cen¬
tral Division, American Red
Cross, 326, 330, 331.
Occupational Department, Advis¬
ory Committee on Mental Hygi¬
ene, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 40, 41.
Oflicer Material School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
142; Pelham Bay, 136.
Officers' Training Camps, 119, 121,
122, 123, 124.
Official Bulletin, 291.
Oglesby, John G., lieutenant gov¬
ernor, 28, 34, 38, 39, 49, 90, 91.
Oil Division, U. S. Fuel Adminis¬
tration, Illinois Division, 269.
Oise-Aisne offensive, 167.
Olander, Victor A., 34, 49, 54, 288.
Older, Clifford, 48.
O'Leary, J. W., 55, 262, 324.
Olympic, transport, 170.
Omer, Capt. Lewis, 122-123.
One hundred eighth Ammunition
Train, 33d Division, 83, 144, 154,
155, 159-160.
One hundred eighth Engineer Reg¬
iment and 108th Engineer Train,
33d Division, 83, 144, 163-164.
One hundred eighth Field Signal
Battalion, 33d Division, 83, 144,
162-163.
One hundred eighth Sanitary
Train, 33d Division, 83,144,164-
165.
One hundred eighth Supply Train,
33d Division, 83,- 144, 161.
One hundred eighth Train Head
quarters and Military Police
33d Division, 83, 144, 161-162.
One hundred eighth Trench Mor
tar Battery, 33d Division, 83
144, 154, 155, 158-159.
One hundred eleventh Ordnance
Depot Co., 121, 123.
One hundred fifty-ninth Field Ar¬
tillery Brigade, 84th Division,
167, 168.
One hundred forty-ninth Field Ar¬
tillery, 42d Division, 27, 82, 83,
124, 166.
One hundred seventy-fifth Infan-
INDEX
491
try Brigade, 88th Division, 174,
175.
One hundred seventy-first Brigade,
86th Division, 169; Headquar¬
ters, 120.
One hundred seventy-second In¬
fantry Brigade, 86th Division,
169, 173; Headquarters, 120.
One hundred seventy-sixth Infan¬
try Brigade, 88th Division, 174.
One hundred sixty-eighth Infantry
Brigade, 84th Division, 167.
One hundred sixty-first Depot Bri¬
gade, 121.
One hundred sixty-first Field Ar¬
tillery Brigade, 86th Division,
169, 170, 172; Headquarters, 120.
One hundred sixty-seventh Infan¬
try Brigade, 84th Division, 167.
One hundred sixty-third Field Ar¬
tillery Brigade, 88th Division,
171, 174.
One hundred thirtieth Ambulance
Company, 108th Sanitary Train,
164, 165.
One hundred thirtieth Field Hos¬
pital, 108th Sanitary Train, 164,
165.
One hundred thirtieth Infantry,
33d Division, 83, 143, 145, 147-
148.
«
One hundred thirtieth Provision¬
al Field Ambulance, 165.
One hundred thirty-first Ambulance
Company, 108th Sanitary Train,
164.
One hundred thirty-first Field
Hospital, 108th Sanitary Train,
164.
One hundred thirty-first Infantry,
33d Division, 83, 143-144, 149,
151-152.
One hundred thirty-second Ambu¬
lance Company, 108th Sanitary
Train, 164.
One hundred thirty-second Field
Hospital, 108th Sanitary Train,
164.
One hundred thirty-second Infan¬
try, 33d Division, 83, 144, 149,
152-153.
One hundred twenty-eighth Divi¬
sion, French Army, 166.
One hundred twenty-fourth Field
Artillery, 33d Division, 83, 144,
154, 157-158.
One hundred twenty-fourth Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 33d Divi¬
sion, 83, 144, 149, 153-154.
One hundred twenty-ninth Ambu¬
lance Company, 108th Sanitary
Train, 33d Division, 164, 165.
One hundred twenty-ninth Field
Hospital, 108th Sanitary Train,
33d Division, 164, 165.
One hundred twenty-ninth Infan¬
try, 33d Division, 83, 143, 145,
146-147.
One hundred twenty-ninth Provi¬
sional Field Ambulance, 108th
Sanitary Train, 33d Division,
164-165.
One hundred twenty-second Field
Artillery, 33d Division, 83, 144,
154, 155-156.
One hundred twenty-second Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 33d Divi¬
sion, 83, 144, 160-161.
One hundred twenty-third Field
Artillery, 33d Division, 83, 144,
154, 156-157.
One hundred twenty-third Machine
Gun Battalion, 33d Division, 83,
143, 145, 149.
Optometry, Board of. State of lili-
nois, 18.
Ordnance, Bureau of, U. S. Navy
Department, 313-315.
Ordnance Cost Board, 314.
492 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Ordnance Department, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 140.
Ordnance Department, U. S. War
Department, 36, 118, 277, 293,
323; ordnance district, Chicago,
306-309; ordnance district, St
Louis, 309-310.
Ordnance Instruction Schools, Rock
Island Arsenal, 311.
Ordnance Maintenance and Repair
School, Raritan, New Jersey,
309.
Ordnance ofiicers. Central Depart¬
ment, War Department, 311.
Ordnance schools, Chicago Ord¬
nance District, 309.
Orduna, transport, 179.
Organization Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 57, 61.
Organization Division, Central
Committee, Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of the Eighth District,
202-203.
Organization and Ways and Means,
Committee on, Illinois Commit¬
tee, United War Work Campaign,
347.
Ornans-Valdahon area, 155, 158,
159.
Orr, Lieut. Col. Harry D., 164, 165.
Ottawa Chamber of Commerce, 322.
"Outgoing Detention," Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 138,141.
Packing House Products Branch,
Chicago General Supply Depot,
U. S. War Department, 303-304.
Packing House Products Branch,
Subsistence Division, Office of
the Quartermaster General, U. S.
War Department, 302, 303-305.
Page, Judge George T., 74.
Page, J. M., 48.
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 75-76.
Palmer, Ernest, 47.
Palmer, Dr. G. T., 40.
Pam, Judge Hugo, 348.
Pardons, Board of. State of Illi¬
nois, 16.
Pardons and Paroles, Division of.
Department of Public Welfare,
State of Illinois, 16.
Parent-Teachers' Association, Or¬
ganization Department, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
61.
Park Field, Tennessee, 305.
Parker, J. J., 227.
Parker, Lieut. Wilfred H., 121.
Parks, Division of. Department of
Public Works and Buildings,
State of Illinois, 17.
Pasfleld, George, Jr., 21.
Patriotic Business Girls' League,
Stage Women's War Relief, 357.
Patriotic Food Show, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 244,
250.
Patriotic Food Show Committee,
State Council of Defense, 30,243,
248.
Patriotic Service Leagues, 62, 63,
338.
Patterson, E. E., 203.
Paulman, Henry, 47.
Payen, Capt. Robert, 121.
Payne, T. D., 265.
Peabody, Mrs. Augustus, 247.
Pearson Formula, 232.
Pease, F. N., 266.
Pelham Bay, Officer Material
School, U. S. Navy, 136.
Pellet, Clarence S., 341, 348.
Pelouze, William N., 21.
Pense, C. A., 39, 91.
Peoria Committee, Fatherless Chil¬
dren of France, 353.
Peoria Free Employment Office, ■
Division of. Department of La¬
bor, State of Illinois, 13.
INDEX
493
Peoria State Hospital, Department
of Public Welfare, State of Illi¬
nois, 17.
Percy, Dr. N. M., 327.
Perkins, George W., 52.
Permanent Blind Relief War Fund
for Soldiers and Sailors of the
Allies, 356-357.
Permanent Depot Warehouse, Chi¬
cago, 312.
Persian War Relief Fund, 355.
Personnel Bureau, Central Divi¬
sion, American Red Cross, 325,
331.
Pflaum, W. K., 210.
Pharmacy, Board of. State of Illi¬
nois, 18.
Phelps, Nelson G., 269.
Photographic Sections, 30th and
75th, 130.
Physical Reconstruction, Depart¬
ment of, U. S. General Hospital
No. 28, 126.
Pierregot, 151, 165.
Piez, Charles, 319.
Plant Industry, Division of. De¬
partment of Agriculture, State
of Illinois, 11. •
Playground Association of Amer¬
ica, 339.
Plummer, Maj. Gen. E. H., 123,175.
Pond, Allan B., 262, 265.
Pont-de-Gennes, 173, 174.
Pontiac Chamber of Commerce,
321.
Poorman, A. J., 21.
"Porkless Saturday," 233.
Posters Subcommittee, Publicity
Committee, Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of the Seventh Federal
Reserve District, 191.
Post Field, Oklahoma, 305.
Post Hospital, Fort Sheridan, 126.
Post Office Department, U. S., 68,
211.
Pouilly, 180.
Praeger, Robert, lynching of, 6-7,
10.
Prairie Division, see Thirty-third
Division.
Prather, J. F., 246.
Prentiss, Dr. F. L., 48.
Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago,
327.
President of the United States, 1,
3, 4, 9, 23, 32, 34, 67, 68, 73, 75,
79, 82, 85, 93, 95, 97, 101, 103,
107, 111, 131, 137, 216, 219, 224,
225, 235, 253, 259, 260, 261, 263,
271, 272, 275, 278, 280-281, 290,
296, 300, 317.
President Lincoln, transport, 145,
146.
President's Mediation Commission,
280-281, 294.
Press Subcommittee, Publicity
Committee, Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee of the Seventh Federal
Reserve District, 191.
Price, Miss Anna May, 347.
Price Department, U. S. Fuel Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
266-267.
Price Fixing Committee, 300-301.
Price Fixing Committee, Chicago
Board of Trade, 254.
Price Interpretation Committee,
U. S. Food Administration, Illi¬
nois Division, 229, 230-231.
Printing, Division of. Department
of Public Works and Buildings,
State of Illinois, 17.
Priorities Board, Priorities Divi¬
sion, War Industries Board, 298.
Priorities Committee, Priorities
Division, War Industries Board,
298-299.
Priorities Division, War Industries
Board, 52, 293, 298-299.
494 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Prison Industries, Board of, State
of Illinois, 16.
Prisoners, parole of, for war work,
16-17.
Proclamations, by Governor, list
of, 7-8.
Procurement Divisions, General
Supply Depots, U. S. War De¬
partment, 302.
Procurement Division, Ordnance
Districts, U. S. War Department,
307.
Production Division, Ordnance
Department, U. S. War Depart¬
ment, 306.
Production Section, Carriage Divi¬
sion, Ordnance Department,
U. S. War Department, 307.
"Profiteers," prosecution of, 73.
Property Division, Ordnance Dis¬
tricts, U. S. War Department,
307.
Prost, J. H., 247.
Provost Marshal General, U. S., 4,
5, 15, 94, 95, 99, 108, 109.
Provost Marshal's Office, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
139.
Proxmire, Maj. Theodore S., 126.
Public Health, Department of.
State of Illinois, 8, 14-16, 19.
Public Health Instruction, Divi¬
sion of. Department of Public
Health, State of Illinois, 14.
Public Service Reserve, U. S. De¬
partment of Labor, 53; subdivi¬
sion of U. S. Employment Serv¬
ice, 273, 275, 276-279.
Public Service Reserve Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 30, 36, 53.
Public Speakers, Division of. War
Loan Organization, U. S. Treas¬
ury Department, 187.
Public Speaking Committee, Chi¬
cago and Cook County Liberty
Loan Committee, 196.
Public Utilities, Division of, De¬
partment of Trade and Com¬
merce, State of Illinois, 19.
Public Utilities Commission, 19.
Public Welfare, Department of.
State of Illinois, 8, 16-17.
Public Works and Buildings, De¬
partment of. State of Illinois, 8,
17-18.
Publications, Committee on, Illi¬
nois Centennial Commission, 21.
Publications, Committee on. Wom¬
en and Children in Industry De¬
partment, Woman's Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 66.
Publicity, Bureau of. Central Divi¬
sion, American Red Cross, 325,
331.
Publicity Bureau, Woman's Liber¬
ty Loan Committee of Illinois,
207.
Publicity Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 196.
Publicity Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 191.
Publicity Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 201.
Publicity Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 29, 30.
Publicity Department, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 53-54,
57, 61-62.
Publicity Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth District, 203.
Publicity Division, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
233-234.
Publicity, Division of. War Loan
INDEX
495
Organization, U. S. Treasury
Department, 187.
Pullman Company, 292.
Purchase, Director of, 303.
Purchase and Storage, Director of,
303.
Purchase, Storage and Traffic, Di¬
rector of, 295.
Purchase, Storage and Traffic Di¬
vision, General Staff, U. S. War
Department, 291, 301, 303.
Purchase and Supplies Division,
Department of Public Works
and Buildings, State of Illinois,
17.
Purchasing Department, U. S.
Food Administration, Illinois Di¬
vision, 225.
Purchasing Supplies Committee,
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Eighth Federal Reserve District,
201.
Puterbaugh, Leslie D., 18.
Putnam, Maj. Floyd F., 154.
Quartermaster Corps, U. S. War
Department, 107, 118, 121, 301-
310.
Quartermaster General, Office of,
301, 302, 303-304.
Quartermaster Interior Storage
Depot, 312.
Quartermaster School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141.
Querrieu, 148.
Rader, Miss Lucile, 339.
Radio Detachment, 210th, 130.
Radio School, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 142.
Radio Station, Great Lakes Naval
Training Station, 293.
Railroad Administration, U. S.,
214, 293, 296, 298, 299.
Railroad Division, Chicago Free
Employment Office, 275.
Ramsay, Lieut. Col. Norman F.,
311.
Raritan Arsenal, New Jersey, 311.
Raw Materials Division, General
Supply Depots, U. S. War De¬
partment, 303.
Rawson, F. H., 347, 348.
Rearden, Maj. Frank L., 158.
Receiving Ship Disbursing Office,
Great Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 140.
Reconstruction and Replacement
Division, U. S. Department of
Labor, 276.
Reconstruction and Replacement
Division, II. S. Employment
Service, 276.
Recreation Committee, Health and
Recreation Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 63.
Recreation for Girls' Department,
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 57, 62,
63.
Recruiting Salesmen Committee,
Chicago and Cook County Lib¬
erty Loan Committee, 196.
Red Cross, see American Red
Cross.
Red League, 40.
Reed, Verner Z., 281.
Registration, under Selective Serv¬
ice Act, (Tables 3-5) 365-374;
first, 4, 5, 6, 70, 93-94, 110; sec¬
ond, 5, 101, 110; supplementary,
101; third, 5, 8, 93, 101, 110; of
enemy aliens, under president's
proclamation, 73-74.
Registration boards, selective serv¬
ice organization, 4, 94.
Registration Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
496 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
of Defense of Illinois, 57, 62-63,
65.
Registration and Education, De¬
partment of. State of Illinois, 8,
18-19.
Rehabilitation, Division of. Fed¬
eral Board for Vocational Edu¬
cation, 183.
Reichman, Col. Carl, 123.
Reilly, Col. Henry J., 81, 166.
Reinburg, Maj. George E. A., 128.
Requirements Division, War In¬
dustries Board, 296, 297.
Research and Trials Division,
Bureau of Ordnance, U. S. Navy
Department, 313.
Reserve Militia, see Illinois Re¬
serve Militia.
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
camp, 125, 336.
Resources and Conversion Sec¬
tion, Finished Products Division,
War Industries Board, 300, 322.
Rett, R. G., 320.
Returning Soldiers and Sailors,
Bureau for, 324, 342.
Reynolds, Dr. Arthur R., 41.
Reynolds, George M., 351.
Richer, H. F. J., 203.
Riley, H. B., 210, 351.
Riots, E. St. Louis, 5-6,10, 284-285.
Ripley, Allen B., 331.
Rivers and Lakes Commission,
State of Illinois, 17.
Robhins, Mrs. Henry S., 350.
Roberts, Col. Thomas A., 167.
Robins, Maj. Augustine W., 129.
Robins, Mrs. Raymond, 66, 283.
Rockford, anti-registration demon¬
stration at, 6.
Rockford Chapter, American Red
Cross, 330.
Rockford Committee, Fatherless
Children of France, 353.
Rockford Free Employment Office,
Division of. Department of La¬
bor, State of Blinois, 13.
Rock Island Arsenal, 16, 17, 276,
277, 303, 308, 309, 310-311, 312,
313, 316, 330, 334.
Rock Island Free Employment Of¬
fice, Division of. Department of
Labor, State of Illinois, 13.
Rogers, E. W., 210.
Rogers, Hopewell L., 39, 91.
Rogers, Maj. Joseph A., 158.
Rolampont, 166.
Rolf, George M., 240.
Roosevelt, Theodore, 21.
Root and Vandervoort Company,
E. Moline, 289, 314.
Ross, Rear Admiral Albert, 138.
Rostand, Maj. A. M., 121.
Rowe, Mrs. Louise O., 247.
Rules, Committee on. State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 29, 38.
Rushton, Joseph A., 192, 194.
Russel, Andrew, 10.
Russell, E. A., 307.
Russia, war contracts with, 289.
Rutherford, Col. Samuel McP., 176,
177.
Rutland Branch, Streator Chapter,
American Red Cross, 330.
Rutler, Lieut. Com. Lynn R., 136.
Ryan, Col. James A., 124, 125.
Ryerson, Donald M., 44, 46—47.
Ryerson, Martin A., 210.
Ryerson Laboratory, University
of Chicago. 315.
Ryman, Col. claude E., 84.
St. André de Cubzac, 170.
St. Astier (Dordogne), 169.
St Clair County Chapter, Ameri¬
can Red Cross, 328-329.
St. Ignatius College, Loyola Uni¬
versity, Chicago, 116.
St. Joseph's Hospital, Chicago, 327.
St. Loubès, 173.
INDEX
497
Sí. Louis, transport, 179.
St. Louis City Campaign Commit¬
tee, Liberty Loan Committee of
the Eighth Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 201.
St. Louis de Montferrand, 174.
St. Louis Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District, 202.
St. Louis General Supply Depot,
U. S. War Department, 305-306.
St. Louis Ordnance District, U. S.
War Department, 309-310.
St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago, 327.
St. Mary's Hospital, Chicago, 327.
St. Mihiel offensive, 144, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 166, 180; sector,
167.
St. Nazaire, 168, 175.
St. Viator College, Bourbonnais,
116.
Sailor, J. C., 248.
Sales Department, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 192.
Sales Division, Central Commit¬
tee, Liberty Loan Committee of
the Eighth District, 203.
Sales, Division of. War Loan or¬
ganization, TJ. S. Treasury De¬
partment, 187.
Salvage Division, General Supply
Depots, U. S. War Department,
303.
Salvation Army, 117,122,233, 343-
344, 347, 348.
Sanborn, Col. Joseph B., 79, 152.
Sanitation, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Public Health, State of
Illinois, 14, 15.
Sanitation, Medicine and Public
Health, Commission on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
29, 30, 31, 39-41.
Savanna Proving Grounds, 310,
312-313.
The Savings Letter, 211.
Sawyer, Maj. D. H., 117.
Schee, Miss Florence, 60.
Schmidt, Dr. Otto L., 21, 36.
Schonfels, 153, 154, 155.
School Gardening Committee,
Sterling Association of Com¬
merce, 322.
Schools:
American Ordnance Base Depot
School, Rock Island Arsenal,
311;
Armed Guard School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 141;
Aviation School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 142;
Coxswain School, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141;
Ensign School, Municipal Pier,
Chicago, 116;
Gunners' Mates School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 141;
Harvard Radio School, 135;
Hospital Corps School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 141-142;
Instruction Camp, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 141;
Machine Gun School, Rock Is¬
land Arsenal, 311;
Mobile Ordnance School, Peoria,
309, 312;
Motor Instruction School, Rock
Island Arsenal, 309, 312;
Motor Transport School, Fort
Sheridan, 125;
National Army Training Detach¬
ments, see Vocational Train¬
ing Detachments;
Naval Auxiliary Reserve School,
498 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
U. S., Municipal Pier, Chicago,
116, 134-136;
Officer Material School, Great
Lakes, 142; Pelham Bay, 136;
Officers' Training Camps, 119,
121, 122, 123, 124;
Ordnance instruction schools.
Rock Island Arsenal, 311;
Ordnance Maintenance and Re¬
pair School, Raritan, N. J.,
309;
Ordnance schools, Chicago Dis¬
trict, 309;
Quartermaster School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 141;
Signal Yeoman School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Sta¬
tion, 141;
Students' Army Training Corps,
112-117, 125, 333, 336;
Students' Marine Training Corps,
116;
Students' Naval Training Corps,
116, 117;
Supply School, Rock Island, Ar¬
senal, 311;
Welding School, Chicago Ord¬
nance District, 309.
Schräder, A. C., 247.
Schwab, Charles M., 319.
Schwartz, L., 48.
Schwartz, S., 343.
Schweppe, C. H., 197.
Sconce, H. J., 246, 248.
Scotian, transport, 154, 156.
Scott Field, Belleville, Illinois, 19,
127-129, 305, 312, 313, 322, 333.
Scully, Thomas P., 21.
Second Army, A. E. P., 144.
Second Army Reserve, 175.
Second Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Second Division, U. S. Army, 166,
170.
Second Field Artillery, Illinois
National Guard, 6, 79, 81, 82, 83,
154, 155.
Second French Army, 179.
Second Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 6, 80, 82, 83, 149, 152,
153.
Second Infantry Brigade Head¬
quarters, Illinois National Guard,
79, 83.
Second Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 87, 88, 90.
Secretary of State of Illinois, 10.
Secretary of State, U. S., 103.
Security Section, Division of In¬
dustrial Commission, Depart¬
ment of Labor, State of Illinois,
283.
Seed Corn Administration, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
32, 38, 241-242, 244-246.
Seed Corn Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 244.
Seed Corn Show, International
Live Stock Exposition, 244.
Selective service organization in
Illinois, 4-5, 9, 15, 22, 23, 54,
92, 93-110, 131, (Tables No. 3-5)
365-374; enforcement of selec¬
tive service act, 10, 22, 69-71,
108-109, 113, (Tables Nos. 1-2)
361-363.
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 303.
Semur (Côte-d'Or), 174, 175.
Servia, war contracts with, 289.
Service Department, American
Legion, Department of Illinois,
185.
Service Recognition Board, State
of Illinois, 26n.
Seventeenth Engineer Regiment,
179.
Seventh Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Seventh Federal Reserve District,
INDEX
499
211, 212; Liberty Loan Commit¬
tee of the, 191-199, 207; sub¬
committee of Capital Issues
Committee, 216-217, 217-218.
Seventh French Army Corps, 166,
174.
Seventh Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 80, 82, 83, 149, 152, 154,
159, 160, 161, 176.
Seventh Regiment, Illinois Re¬
serve Militia, 87, 88.
Seventy-second Artillery, Coast
Artillery Corps, 178.
Shanahan, David E., 28, 34, 36, 38,
39, 91.
Shands, Maj. C. W., 171.
Sharp, Lieut. Col. John D., 344.
Shattuck Military Academy, 122.
Shelbyville Chamber of Commerce,
322.
Shepardson, Francis W., 19.
Sherman, L. K., 317.
Sherman, Roger, 55.
Shipbuilders, campaign for, 53.
Shipping Board, U. S., 33, 46, 105,
115, 292-293, 317-319.
Ships Stores Department, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
140.
Shoop, J. D., 247.
Shulein, Arthur E., 343.
Shumaker, K. A., 335.
Shurtleff College, Alton, 116.
Siboney, transport, 146, 148, 149,
170, 173.
Siedenburg, Frederic, 21.
Signal Corps, Illinois National
Guard, 81, 82, 83, 162.
Signal Corps, U. S., 34-35, 292, 311,
312.
Signal Yeoman School, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
141.
The Silver Chev, 123.
Simmons, Col. Benjamin L., 174.
Singleton, Marvin E., 310.
Six hundred second Engineer Reg¬
iment, 180.
Sixth Division, Illinois Naval
Militia, 85.
Sixth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 4, 78, 80, 82, 83, 154, 156,
158.
Sixth Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 87, 88.
Sixty-eighth Artillery, Coast Artil¬
lery Corps, 178.
Sixty-fifth Infantry Brigade, 33d
Division, 143, 145-149, 165;
Headquarters, 83, 146, 154.
Sixty-first Field Artillery Reg-
ment, 125.
Sixty-seventh Field Artillery Bri¬
gade, 42d Division, 166.
Sixth-sixth Infantry Brigade,, 33d
Division, 143, 149-154; Head¬
quarters, 83, 144.
Skinner, W. E., 248.
Skompa, Thomas, 247.
"Slacker drives," 70-71, 108-109.
Small, Len, state treasurer, 11.
Small Loans, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Trade and Commerce,
State of Illinois, 19.
Smith, Bruce D., 331.
Smith, Col. Clarke S., 171.
Smith, Col. F. W., 148.
Smith, Frederick H., 21.
Smith, Maj. Hal., 88.
Smith, Mrs. Harriet Dunlap, 64.
Smith, Maj. June C., 95.
Smith, Tom K., 200, 201, 204.
Social Hygiene, Advisory Commit¬
tee on. State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 40.
Social Hygiene Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
30.
Social Hygiene Department,
500 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 57, 63.
Social Hygiene, Division of. De¬
partment of Public Health, State
of Illinois, 14, 15.
Social Service Department,
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 57,
63-64.
Social Service and Field Work
Department, Advisory Commit¬
tee on Mental Hygiene, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
40.
Sociology, School of, Loyola Uni¬
versity, Chicago, 64.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Bureaus, U.
S. Employment Service, 275-276.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Relief De¬
partment, Salvation Army, Chi¬
cago, 344.
Somme offensive, 144, 145, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 160,
162, 163.
Sousa, John Philip, 143.
South Douglas County Chapter,
American Red Cross, 329-330.
South Shore Power Boat Club,
Chicago, 134.
Southern Illinois Penitentiary
Board, 16, 17.
Southwick, Maj. Mariano B., 161.
Spafford, Miss Jessie I., 61.
Spain, war contracts with, 289.
Spangier, Col. J. L., 281.
Spaulding, Vaughan, 331.
Speakers' Bureau, Central Divi¬
sion, American Red Cross, 325,
331.
Speakers' Bureau, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Seventh Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 192.
Speakers' Bureau, Neighborhood
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 51-52.
Speakers' Bureau, Woman's Lib¬
erty Loan Committee of Illinois,
207.
Speakers' Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 57, 64.
Speakers' Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District, 202.
Special Campaigns Committee,
Chicago and Cook County Lib¬
erty Loan Committee, 196.
Special Campaigns Committee.
Liberty Loan Committee of the
Seventh Federal Reserve Dis¬
trict, 192."
Speed, C. L., 210.
Spiritual and Moral Welfare Com¬
mittee, Health and Recreation
Department, Woman's Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 63.
Spoor, John A., 34, 49, 244, 260.
Springfield Commercial Associa¬
tion, 116, 322.
Springfield Committee, Fatherless
Children of France, 353.
Springfield Free Employment Of¬
fice, Division of. Department of
Labor, State of Illinois, 13.
Spyglasses, Binoculars and Tele¬
scopes, Committee on. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
30, 41.
Stage Women's War Relief of Chi¬
cago, 357-358.
Stallion Registration Board, State
of Illinois, 11.
Standards, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Trade and Commerce,
State of Illinois, 19.
Stanley, W. Edwin, 210.
State Advisory Board, U. S. Em¬
ployment Service, 275, 276.
INDEX
501
State Advisory Board, U. S. Fuel
Administration, Illinois Division»
262.
State Board of Vocational Educa¬
tion, 182-183.
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, 22,
23, 29-34, 87, 88-91, 225, 242-251,
252, 256-261, 277, 279, 284-287,
288, 291, 317, 321, 338, 340-341,
351; committees of, 34-66.
State Council of Defense Volun¬
teer Training Corps, 5, 31, 39,
86, 87, 88-91, 111, 321.
State Council News, 54, 62.
State Fair Board, State of lilinois,
11.
State License Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
50.
State Museum Advisers, Board of.
State of Illinois, 18.
State Organization Committee, U.
S. Employment Service, 275.
State Organization, Department of,
U. S. Fuel Administration, Illi¬
nois Division, 265.
State Requirements, Department
of, U. S. Fuel Administration,
lilinois Division, 265-266.
State Work, Committee on. Social
Service Department, Woman's
Committee, State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 63-64.
States Division, Central Commit¬
tee, Liberty Loan Committee of
the Eighth District, 203.
States Relation Service, U. S. De¬
partment of Agriculture, 241-
242.
Station Disbursing OfiQce, Great
Lakes Naval Training Station,
140.
Statistics, Department of, U. S.
Fuel Administration, Iliinois Di¬
vision, 268.
Steckel, Lieut. A. M., 135, 136.
Sterling Association of Commerce,
322.
Stevens, Lieut. L. R., 131.
Stevenson, Charles, 231.
Stevenson, J. V., 253.
Stevenson, Robert, Jr., 224.
Steward, Charles A., 331.
Steward, Brig. Gen. LeRoy T., 87.
Stockton, John T., 39, 47-48, 51,
91.
Stoek, H. H., 262.
Storage, Director of, 303.
Stout, Cooper, 75.
Streator Chapter, American Red
Cross, 329, 330.
Strohm, Miss Edna P., 57.
Strong, Col. Gordon, 81, 158.
Stuart, H. L., 194, 196.
Stuart, Col. James E., 84.
Students' Army Training Corps,
112-117, 125, 333, 336.
Students^' Division, Illinois Com¬
mittee, United War Work Cam¬
paign, 347.
Students' Marine Training Corps,
116.
Students' Naval Training Corps,
116, 117.
Stumer, Louis M., 37, 248.
Subscription Station and Booths
Committee, Chicagç and Cook
County Liberty Loan Commit¬
tee, 196.
Subscriptions Investigating Com¬
mittee, Chicago Association of
Commerce, 324.
Subsistence Division, General Sup¬
ply Depots, U. S. War Depart¬
ment, 302, 303.
Sugar Division, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration, Illinois Division,
231, 238, 239, 240.
502 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Sugar Equalization Board, U. S.,
225, 238-240.
Sugru, Harry, 53.
Sullivan, Boetius H., 76.
Suliivan, Roger C., 34, 36, 49.
Summers, Col. Charles P., 87.
Superintendent of Printing, State
of Illinois, 17.
Superintendent of Public Instruc¬
tion, State of Illinois, 11.
Supervising Engineer, State of
Illinois, 17.
Supplies, Bureau of. Central Divi¬
sion, American Red Cross, 326,
331.
Supplies Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 197.
Supplies Department, U. S. Food
Administration, Illinois Divi¬
sion, 225.
Supplies Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth District, 203.
Supplies Division, Office» of the
Quartermaster General, U. S.
War Department, 302.
Supply Companies, Illinois Re¬
serve Militia, 91.
Supply Department, Great Lakes
Naval Training Station, 140.
Supply School, Rock Island Ar¬
senal, 311.
Supreme Court of the United
States, 69, 73.
Surman, H. E., 48.
Survey of Available Housing, Sub¬
committee on. Home Registra¬
tion Service Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
48, 317.
Survey of Industries, Subcommit¬
tee on. Home Registration Serv¬
ice Committee, State Council of
Defense of Illinois, 48, 317.
Survey of Man Power Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 29, 54.
Surveys and Rural Hygiene, Divi¬
sion of. Department of Public
Health, State of Illinois, 14, 15.
Swaim, Lieut. Col. David R., 161.
Swift, Maj. William J., 81.
Swift and Company, Chicago, 292.
Switchmen's Union of America.
272.
Switzer, Col. E. H., 87.
Sylvester, Charles W., 184.
Symington Corporation, Chicago,
307.
Syrian-Palestine Relief Commit¬
tee, 355.
Taft, Ina M., 331.
Tahl, Mrs. Frederick, 357.
Tainter, Richard, 143.
Takada, transport, 178.
Talbot, A. N., 312.
Talcott, Mrs. Wait, 353.
Tariff Commission, U. S., 300.
Taxes, war, 219-223.
Taylor, Mrs. Edward H., 64.
Technical Division, Bureau of Ord¬
nance, U. S. Navy Department,
313.
Telephones Department, U. S. Food
Administration, Illinois Division,
225.
Tenth Division, Illinois Naval Mil¬
itia, 85-86.
Tenth Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 5, 6, 22, 39, 84.
Tenth Provisional Regiment, First
Officers' Training Camp, 124.
Terminal markets, U. S. Food Ad¬
ministration Grain Corporation,
235.
Teter, Lucius, 324.
Third Australian Corps, 165.
INDEX
503
Third Division, Illinois Naval Mil¬
itia, 85.
Third Engineers, National Army,
178.
Third Field Artillery, Illinois Na¬
tional Guard, 79, 81, 82, 83, 154,
157.
Third Infantry, Illinois National
Guard, 6, 80, 82, 83, 145, 146, 147.
Third Regiment, Illinois Reserve
Militia, 87, 90.
Third Reserve Engineers, 178.
Thirteenth Railway Engineer Reg¬
iment, 178-179.
Thirteenth Training Battalion, 121.
Thirtieth Division, U. S. Army,
145.
Thirty-eighth Division, French, 175.
Thirty-fifth Brigade, Coast Artil¬
lery Corps, 178.
Thirty-fifth Engineer Regiment,
121.
Thirty-fifth Infantry Brigade, 18th
Division, 177.
Thirty-second Division, U. S.
Army, 155, 156, 157, 158, 166,
170.
Thirty-second Engineer Regiment,
121.
Thirty-sixth Battalion, U. S. Guards,
125.
Thirty-sixth Brigade, Coast Artil¬
lery Corps, 178.
Thirty-sixth Engineer Regiment,
121.
Thirty-third Division, TJ. S. Army,
8, 27, 82, 83, 120, 143-165, 169.
Thomas, Capt. Howard J., 169.
Thompson, J. R., 229.
Thompson, 1st Lieut. Magnus P.,
164.
Thorne, Charles U., 17.
Threats against the President, 73.
Three hundred eleventh Ammuni¬
tion Train, 86th Division, 120.
Three hundred eleventh Engineer
Regiment, 86th Division, 120,
169, 170, 171.
Three hundred eleventh Engineer
Train, 120, 170.
Three hundred eleventh Field Sig¬
nal Battalion, 86th Division, 120,
169, 171.
Three hundred eleventh Mobile
Repair Shop, 86th Division, 120.
Three hundred eleventh Supply
Train, 86th Division, 120, 170.
Three hundred eleventh Train
Headquarters and Military Police,
86th Division, 120.
Three hundred eleventh Trench
Mortar Battery, 86th Division,
120, 169,
Three hundred fifth Cavalry, 82,
83, 176.
Three hundred fiftieth Infantry,
88th Division, 174.
Three hundred fifty-first Infantry,
88th Division, 174.
Three hundred fifty-second Infan¬
try, 88th Division, 174.
Three hundred forty-first Infantry,
86th Division, 120, 169.
Three hundred forty-fourth Infan¬
try, 86th Division, 120, 169, 173-
174.
Three hundred forty-ninth Infan¬
try, 88th Division, 174, 175.
Three hundred forty-second Infan¬
try, 86th Division, 120, 169.
Three hundred forty-third Infan¬
try, 86th Division, 120, 169, 170,
173, 174.
Three hundred fourth Cavalry, 82,
83.
Three hundred ninth Engineer
Regiment, 84th Division, 167,
168.
Three hundred ninth Field Signal
Battalion, 86th Division, 167.
504 fVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Three hundred ninth Trench Mor¬
tar Battery, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred seventieth Infan¬
try, 93d Division, 26n, 82, 83, 167.
Three hundred sixty-fifth Infantry,
121.
Three hundred tenth Field Signal
Battalion, 180.
Three hundred third Cavalry, 176,
177.
Three hundred thirteenth Engi¬
neer Regiment, 88th Division,
174.
Three hundred thirteenth Field
Signal Battalion, 88th Division,
174.
Three hundred thirteenth Trench
Mortar Battery, 88th Division,
174.
Three hundred thirty-eighth Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 88th Divi¬
sion, 174.
Three hundred thirty-eighth Field
Artillery, 88th Division, 174.
Three hundred thirty-fifth Infan¬
try, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred thirty-first Machine
Gun Battalion, 86th Division,
120, 169.
Three hundred thirty-first Field
Artillery, 86th Division, 120, 169,
171-172.
Three hundred thirty-fourth In¬
fantry, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred thirty-ninth Field
Artillery, 88th Division, 174.
Three hundred thirty-ninth Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 88th Divi¬
sion. 174.
Three hundred thirty-second Field
Artillery, 86th Division, 120, 169,
172.
Three hundred thirty-second Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 86th Divi¬
sion, 120, 169, 170.
Three hundred thirty-seventh Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 88th Divi¬
sion, 174.
Three hundred thirty-seventh Field
Artillery, 88th Division, 174.
Three hundred thirty-sixth Infan¬
try, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred thirty-third Field
Artillery, 86th Division, 120, 169,
172.
Three hundred thirty-third Infan¬
try, 84th Division, 167, 168-169.
Three hundred thirty-third Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 86th Divi¬
sion, 120, 169, 170.
Three hundred twenty-fifth Field
ArtUIery, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred twenty-fifth Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 84th Divi¬
sion, 167.
Three hundred twenty-seventh
Field Artillery, 84th Division.
167, 168.
Three hundred twenty-seventh Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 84th Divi¬
sion, 167. ■
Three hundred twenty-sixth Field
Artillery, 84th Division, 167.
Three hundred twenty-sixth Ma¬
chine Gun Battalion, 84th Divi¬
sion, 167.
Threshing Division, U. S. Food
Administration Grain Corpora¬
tion, 236.
Thrift. 211.
Thrift and Conservation Depart¬
ment, Woman's Committee. State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
57, 249-250.
Thrift stamps, 209-212.
Todd, Brig. Gen. Henry D., 155.
Tolman. Maj. Edgar B.. 95.
Toul sector, 151, 159, 180.
Trade and Commerce, Department
of. State of Illinois, 8, 19-20.
INDEX
505
Trades Advisory Board, Chicago
and Cook County Liberty Loan
Committee, 195, 196.
Training Camp Activities, U. S.
War Department Commission on,
122, 339, 344; Navy Department
Commission on, 339.
Training and Dilution Service,
U. S. Department of Labor, 273.
Training Farm Committee, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 250.
Transport Companies, State Coun¬
cil of Defense Volunteer Train¬
ing Corps, 91.
Transport Division, Highways
Transport Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
47-48.
Transportation Committee, Chica¬
go and Cook County Liberty
Loan Committee, 197.
Transportation, Subcommittee on.
Home Registration Service Com¬
mittee, State Council of Defense
of Illinois. 48, 317.
Treasurer, State of Illinois, 11.
Treasury certificates of indebted¬
ness, 190, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199,
201, 202, 204, 205, 206.
Treasury Department, U. S., 68,
137, 198, 206, 211, 212; Secre¬
tary of, 187, 188, 189, 190, 196,
197, 204, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214,
215, 216.
Treasury savings certificates, 212.
Trench and Camp, Camp Grant,
123.
Tronville, 162, 165.
Troyon sector, 144, 146, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 160, 162,
163, 164, 165.
Truesdell, Maj. Karl, 163.
Tuberculosis, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Public Health, 14, 15.
Tuberculosis War Problem, Com¬
mittee on. State Council of De¬
fense of Illinois, 40.
Tuesday Evening Working Wom¬
en's Dressmaking Class, Stage
Women's War Relief, 357.
Tunnicliff, Miss Sarah B., 261.
Tuntingen, 160.
Tuttle, Emerson B., 44, 52.
Tyson, Mrs. Russell, 58, 350.
Unified Bureau of Public Speak¬
ers, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 51-52, 54-55.
United Mine Workers, 257, 263,
272.
U. 8. Loan and Savings Netos, 212.
United War Work Campaign, 8,
335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 344, 346-
347, 347-348, (Table No. 34)
424-425; Executive Committee
of Illinois, 347-348.
University of Chicago, 65, 116, 122,
182, 315, 327; S. A. T. C. unit,
115, 116.
University of Illinois, 2, 11, 28, 40,
44, 122, 182, 232, 242, 243, 245,
249, 251, 252, 280, 312, 333, 346;
S. A. T. C. unit, 114, 116.
University of Wisconsin, 122.
Upham, Fred W., 34, 42.
Utting, William, 229.
Valdahon area, 155, 158, 159.
Vanderlip, Frank A., 210.
Vaughan, Leonard, 247.
Vauxillon area, 167.
Vennum, Thomas C., 18.
Verdun sector, 144, 145-146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 160,
163-164, 179.
Veterans of Foreign Wars of the
United States, 26n.
Veterinarian, State, 11.
Veterinary Corps, U. S., 304.
506 IVAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Veterinary Examiners, Board of,
State of Illinois, 18.
Villers-Bretonneaux section, 147.
Vital Statistics, Division of, De¬
partment of Public Health, State
of Illinois, 14.
Viviani, M. René, 23.
Vocational Education, Federal
Board for, 112.
Vocational sections, S. A. T. C.,
113, 115, 116.
Vocational Training detachments,
112, 113, 115, 183.
Volunteer Naval Reserve Force,
Class 5, U. S. Naval Reserve
Force, 133.
Volunteer Placement and Filing
Department, Woman's Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 57, 65.
Volunteer Service, Committee on.
Social Service Department, Wom¬
an's Committee, State Council
of Defense of Illinois, 64.
Volunteer Training Corps, see
State Council of Defense Volun¬
teer Training Corps.
Wacker, Charles H., 34, 54.
Wade, Miss Florence J., 208.
Walker, John H., 34, 36, 42, 262,
281, 283, 285, 288.
Waller, F. C., 331.
Walton, Mrs. Mark, 61.
War, Secretary of, U. S., 107-108,
178, 257, 302, 312.
War Activities, Committee on.
Knights of Columbus, 335.
War Aid and War Charity License
Bureau, State Council of Defense
of Illinois, 351.
War Board, Chicago, 68.
War Business Committee, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
55, 291-292, 321.
War Camp Community Service,
62, 122, 128, 130, 332, 333, 338,
339-341, 342, 347, 348.
War Council, Chicago Association
of Commerce, 323.
War Department, U. S., 19, 66, 77,
78, 79, 86, 91-130, 183, 248, 291,
292, 293, 295, 301-313.
War Department Claims Board,
U. S., 295.
War Department Commission on
Training Camp Activities, 33,
339.
War Emergency Division, U. S.
Department of Justice, 67.
War Finance Corporation, 213-215,
216.
War Garden Advisory Committee,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 243, 246-247.
War History, Advisory Committee
on. State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 35-36.
War Industries Board, TJ. S., 32,
52, 282, 291, 293, 295-301, 320,
322, 323-324.
War Industries Bureau, Illinois
Manufacturers' Association, 55,
320-321.
War Information Department,
State Council of Defense of Illi¬
nois, 57, 64, 65.
War Labor Conference Board, 271.
War Labor Policies Board, 271,
273, 294.
War Loan Organization, U. S.
Treasury Department, 33, 187-
223, 346.
War Minerals Committee, 19.
War Prison Labor Section, Labor
Division, War Industries Board,
297.
War Promotion Bureau, Chicago
Association of Commerce, 323.
INDEX
507
War Records Section, Illinois
State Historical Library, 35.
War Recreation Board, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 30,
340-341.
War Recreation Service, State
Council of Defense of Illinois,
339-340.
War Relief Club, 354.
War Reveille, 212.
War Risk Insurance, U. S. Bureau
of, 15.
The War Saver, 211.
War Savings Division, War Loan
Organization, U. S. Treasury
Department, 212.
War savings certificates, 209, 212.
War Savings Societies, 210, 211.
War savings stamps, 209-212,
(Table No. 12) 392-393.
War service committees, 297, 320.
War Service Committee, Ameri¬
can Library Association, 344,
345, 346.
War Shipbuilding Committee, Chi¬
cago Association of Commerce,
324.
Warburg, Paul M., 216.
Ward, E. J. E., 51.
Ward, Col. Philip R., 173.
Ward, Robert R., 202, 203.
Warehousing Division, General
Supply Depots, U. S. War De¬
partment, 303.
Warn, Capt. William A., 159.
Water Survey, State of Illinois, 18.
Waterways, Division of. Depart¬
ment of Public Works and Build¬
ings, 17-18.
Watson, Lieut. Col. Henry L., 130.
Watts, P. O., 218.
Waukegan Chapter, American Red
Cross, 327.
Ways and Means Committee, Chi¬
cago Association of Commerce,
322.
Ways and Means Committee, Chi¬
cago and Cook County Liberty
Loan Committee, 196.
Webb, Thomas J., 247.
Weber, Mrs. Jessie Palmer, 21, 36.
Weed, George L., 135.
Weigel, Maj. Gen. William, 175.
Welding school, Chicago Ordnance
District, 309.
Wells, Brig. Gen. Frank P., 87.
Wells, Rolla, 200, 201, 218.
Wentworth Institute, Boston, 112.
West Périgeux Area (Dordogne),
167.
Western Cartridge Company, East
Alton, 289, 292, 309-310, 313, 316,
334, 338.
Western Military Academy, Alton,
122.
Western Relief Fund, 358.
Wheat Committee, Illinois Farm¬
ers' Institute, 251.
Wheat director, 234, 237.
Wheat Export Company, 254.
"Wheatless day," 233.
Wheaton College, Wheaton, 116.
Wheeler, Harry A., 224, 247, 320,
351; see also Food Administra¬
tor, U. S., for Illinois.
White, A. Stamford, 255.
Whiting, Lieut. Col. C. L., 179.
Wier, Miller, 203.
Wiggins, Louis N., 331.
Wilbourn, Maj. Arthur E., 130.
Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio, 303.
Wilder, Brig. Gen. Wilber E., 168.
Wilder, John E., 348.
Wilhelmina. transport, 169, 170.
Williams, J. S., 216.
Williams, John E., 262, 264, 281.
Williams, William E., 262.
Willson, Mrs. Howard T., 194, 208,
210.
508 WAR-TIME ORGANIZATION OF ILLINOIS
Wilson, Mrs. J. Gordon, 349-350.
Wilson, Col. Joseph C., 87.
Wilson, R. E., 116.
Wilson, Walter H., 42.
Wilson, William B., 273, 281.
Wilson, Woodrow, 331.
Wilvers, Lieut. A. E., 131.
Windsor, P. L., 346.
Wing, J. E., 51.
Winterbotham, J. H., 48.
Woevre, 166.
Wolf, Brig. Gen. Paul A., 150.
Won, Matthew, 262.
Woman's Bureau, Central Division,
American Red Cross, 325-326,
331.
Woman's Committee, Chicago and
Cook County Liberty Loan Com¬
mittee, 196, 197.
Woman's Committee, Council of
National Defense, Illinois Divi¬
sion, 56.
Woman's Committee, Illinois War
Savings Committee, 210.
Woman's Committee, Liberty Loan
Committee of the Eighth Fed¬
eral Reserve District, 201.
Woman's Committee, State Coun¬
cil of Defense of Illinois, 30, 49,
50, 56-57, 338; committees of,
57-66, 249-251, 261.
Woman's Division, Central Com¬
mittee, Liberty Loan Committee
of the Eighth Federal Reserve
District, 202.
Woman's Land Army, Illinois Di¬
vision, 250-251.
Woman's Liberty Loan Committee
of Illinois, 194, 202, 203, 206-209.
Women and Children in Industry
Department, Woman's Commit¬
tee, State Council of Defense of
Illinois, 57, 66.
Women in Industry Service, U. S.
Department of Labor, 66, 273.
Women's Auxiliary of the Veter¬
ans of Foreign Wars of the
United States, 26n.
Women's Division, Illinois Com¬
mittee, United War Work Cam¬
paign, 347.
Wood, Col. Frank S., 79, 148.
Wood, Mrs. Ira Couch, 59.
Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, 90, 144,
148, 153, 154, 161.
Wood, Mrs. Willis, 57.
Woodford, Miss Jessie, 234.
Woolner, W. B., 343.
Working Conditions Service, U. S.
Department of Labor, 273.
Worth, W. E., 276.
Wright, Judge Francis M., 75.
Wright, Omar H., 12.
Yacht Owners' Association of Chi¬
cago, 134.
Yantic. U. 8. 8., 131.
Yards, Plants and Stations Divi¬
sion, Bureau of Ordnance, U. S.
Navy Department, 313.
Yarros, Dr. Rachelle, 63.
Yeager, Col. Oscar P., 84.
Yeomen (F), from Illinois, 133,
(Table No. 6) 375-377.
Young, Maj. Gen. E. C., 39, 87, 91.
Young, H. E., 252.
Young, H. W., 287.
Young Men's Christian Associa¬
tion, 43, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130,
142, 233, 331-335, 342, 345, 346,
348, 358; college, 116.
Young Women's Christian Associ¬
ation, 122, 142, 233, 337-339, 348.
Yvrac, 171.
Zabriskie, George A., 240.
Zeelandia, transport, 170.