NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY EVANSTON, ILLINOIS ïïlffïCiEl&EOIE TÏEIIS IHEA2MLV Publislied. Ja.ii^'L^.^i838,'bv CTüt.Fleet St"!- ScJ Lc Kcux.irarmoiidsvvorÛi- LE KEEX álo 41 ^MEilidOn TP T^i^rnw Ck} 1/1/ T,^ [[lUOki "[^ (5(ô)L[L[E(3[£S â®Ti}{][|[S lEUDLl ®iF tL© [D)D[f^©S (TX T®Lo lo ¿/a'^4cn ]L OHB TILT & BOGUE, FLEET STREET; J. AND J.J.DEIGHTOlSr, AND T. STEVENSON, CAMBRIDO:/. J.H. PARKER, OXFORD. 1841, ^níbersítíes» LE KEUX'S MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE: A SERIES OF VIEWS OF THE COLLEGES, HALLS, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ENGRAVED BY J. LE KEUX; WITH liötoriral anîr ffleörn'ptiöe acrountö BY THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A.,F.S.A.,&c. OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; AND The Rev. H. LONGUEVILLE JONES, M.A.,F.S.A. LATE FELLOW OF MAGDALENE COLLEGE. in two volumes, VOL. I. LONDON : TILT AND BOGUE, FLEET STREET; WEALE, ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, HIGH HOLBORN ; J. AND J. J, DEIGHTON, AND T. STEVENSON, CAMBRIDGE; J. H, PARKER, OXFORD. M.DCCC.XLI, printed by w. hüghes, king's head court, GOUGH sauare. TO THE MOST NOBLE HUGH DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY, CI)IS 029oris IS most respectfully inscribed BY his grace's most obedient and humble servant, JOHN LE KEUX. vol. í. a CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. TRINITY founded Halls and hosties which originally occupied the site of Trinity Coll. j9.2 King's Hall Its position and buildings Its distinguished men ih. 6 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 ih. 18 ih. 19 ih. Michael House Its site, &c Its distinguished men . Oving's Inn .... Gerard's Hostle . St. Gregory's Hostle Newmarket Hostle . St. Margaret's Hostle Tyled Hostle . St. Catherine's Hostle Phiswick Hostle . Ancient appearance of the part of the town occupied by these hosties 20 Foundation of Trinity College 21 Religious disputes 23 Whitgift 24 Cartwright 25 Progress of the College buildings 26 Account of old plans of Cambridge 27 Nevile's Court 29 Inclosure of the walks .... 30 COLLEGE. IN 1546. Royal visits to Cambridge . . /?. 31 Performance of plays in Colleges 32 Trinity College under the Com¬ monwealth 39 John Hacket—The Bishop's Hostle 40 Dr. North—The Library ... 41 Dr. Barrow 42 Dr. Bentley—The Chapel ... 43 College disputes under Bentley . 46 Queen Anne's visit 47 Visits by George I. and II. . . 48 The New Court 49 Buildings 50 Plan of the College—Great Court 51 The Chapel 54 The Hall 56 Combination-Rooms . . . .57 Master's Lodge—Nevile's Court 58 The Library 59 The King's or New Court ... 64 The walks 65 Eminent Men. Earl of Essex . 66 Other eminent men. Theologians 74 Bishops 78 Benefactors ih. Government of the College . .79 Patronage 80 CHRISTES COLLEGE. founded in 1505. Plate given by Lady Margaret Puritanism of this College . Buildings 1 3 4 5 7 Library—Garden—Milton's tree . 9 Celebrated Men 10 Milton 11 Benefactors 14 Patronage 15 iv CONTENTS ST. JOHN'S founded St. John's Hospital . . . p. \ Hugh de Balsham's Ely scholars 2 Corruptions among the monks . 4 Dissolution of the Hospital, and foundation of St. John's Coll. 5 Progress of the buildings . . 6, 7 Hugh Ashton 8, 9 First statutes 9 Dr. Lever—Picture of College Life at the time of the Re¬ formation 10, 11 Puritanism in St. John's College 12 Dr. Pilkington 14 Letters relating to the deprivation of Dr. Shepherd .... 16-20 Dr. Whitaker 21 Enlargement of the Coll. buildings 27 COLLEGE. in 1511. Visit of the Prince of Wales . p. 28 New Library ih. The Civil War 29 Buildings 30 The Chapel 32 Thomas Baker 34 The Hall and Master's Lodge 35 The Library 36 Bishop Fisher's Library . . .37 Benefactors 39 Eminent Men 41 Lord Burghley at College ... 43 Dr. John Dee 44 Sir John Cheke 46 Roger Ascham, and other literary characters 47 Patronage ih. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. founded in 1351. Gild of Corpus Christi . Grandprocession on Corpus Christi day Gild of St. Mary .... Foundation of Corpus Christi College ' Union of the Gilds .... Earlier benefactors .... The great riot of 1381 . Progress of building . . . 1 ih. 4 5 6 7 8 The Pensionary 8 Dr. Cosyn 9 Ancient cups and drinking horn . 10 Matthew Parker 11 The College rebuilt in 1823 . .12 College Buildings .... ih. The Library 14 • Learned Men 15 Benefactors 16 College Patronage .... ih. TRINITY HALL. founded in 1350. Ely Hostle 1 The Hall, Combination-Room, Bishop Bateman .... , . 2 and Master's Lodge . . . 10 Foundation of Trinity Hall . 3 Eminent Men 11 Early benefactors . . . . . 4 Thomas Tusser the poet . . . 12 Study of the Canon Law . . . 5 Benefactors 14 Progress of the buildings . . . 6 Anecdote of Dr. Henry Harvey . 15 College plate . . 7 Fellowships and scholarships . . ih. Sir Nathaniel Lloyd . . . . 8 Patronage 16 Buildings—The Chapel . . ih. CONTENTS. v GONVILLE AND founded in 1348 Edmund Gonville . . . . p. \ Gonville Hall 2 Bishop Bateman 3 Benefactors—^William Phiswick— Phiswick Hostie 4 Buildings of Gonville Hall. . . 5 John Colton, and other masters of this house 6 Dr. Bokenham—Cromwell's visi¬ tation 7 John Caius 8 Foundation of Gonville and Caius College 11 Dr. Caius's benefactions . . .12 Disputes in the College . . .15 Charges against Dr. Caius . .16 CAIUS COLLEGE. repounded in 1558. Queen Elizabeth's visit to Cam¬ bridge ^.18 Benefactors to the College . .19 Dr. Perse's charities .... 20 State of the College in the seven¬ teenth century . . * . .21 Other benefactors 22 Tancred scholarships .... 23 Buildings 24 Expenses of Dr. Caius's buildings 27 Style of architecture . . . .28 Tree Court 29 Chapel—Monument of Caius . ih. Eminent Men—Dr. Harvey . . 30 Dr. Wollaston 32 Patronage ib. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. founded in 1343. Mary de Valencia, countess of Bishop Wren's will .... 7, 8 Pembroke 1 The cup of Mary de Valencia. . 9 She founds Pembroke College . 2 Buildings—^The Library and Hall 10 Early benefactors 3 The Chapel and Lodge—Roger Eminent men, masters of this Long 11 College 4 Eminent Men 12 State of this College in former The poet Gray 14 times 5 Benefactors 15 Bishop Wren founds a new chapel 6 Patronage 16 ST. PETERAS COLLEGE. founded in 1257. The Hosties of St. John and the Progress of the buildings . 7 Brothers de Pœnitentia Jesu . 1 Puritanical devastations . . . 8 Hugh de Balsham—his Ely scholars 2 Buildings—The Chapel . 10 Foundation of St. Peter's Coll. 3 The Library and Hall .... 11 Commemoration of Hugh de Bal¬ The Stone Parlour, and its ancient sham 4 pictures ih Early benefactors to his College . ih. The Master's Lodge, and Gisborne Obscurity in the early history of Court 12 this College 5 Eminent Men ih. Ancient books in the Library . 5, 6 Bensfactors 14 John Holbrooke 6 Scholarships and exhibitions . . 15 John Warkworth Patronage 16 vi CONTENTS. QUEEN^S COLLEGE. founded in 1446. Andrew Dockett p. \ Queen Margaret founds Queen's College 2 Services rendered to the College by Dockett 3 Early benefactors .... 4,5 Bishop Fisher 6 Erasmus at Queen's College . . 7 State of Cambridge in the time of Erasmus 8-11 College ale 12 Advance of learning in the Uni¬ versity 13 Erasmus's Walk 14 Earlier masters of Queen's College 15 John Stokys 16 Humphrey Tyndall ih. JESUS COLLEGE. Dr. George Mountaine > . . j». 17 Changes in the Civil War . . .18 Buildings 19 The Chapel ih. Old monuments 21 Epitaphs on Dr. James and Dr. Davies 24 The Hall ih. The President's Lodge ... 26 The Library ih. The walks 27 Eminent Men 28 Benefactors 30 Sir Thomas Smith 31 Arms of the College . . . .32 Patronage ih. founded Nunnery of St. Rhadegund . 1 Benefactors, &c. to the Nunnery . 2 List of Prioresses 4 Decline of the Nunnery ... 5 Dissolution of the Nunnery by Bishop Alcock, and foundation of the College 6 Extracts from the old College books 7 CLARE founded Richard de Badew 1 University Hall ih. Foundation of Clare Hall . . 2 Chaucer—Soler Hall—The Miller of Trumpington .... 2, 3 William Bingham 3 God's House 4,5 Richard HI. a benefactor to Clare Hall 5 Progress of the buildings ... 6 Chapel long unconsecrated . . 7 Changes in the mastership of this house at the Reformation . . ih. IN 1496. The Commonwealth visitation— Dr. Sterne 9, 10 Buildings 10 The Chapel 11 Old monuments 12 The Hall and Library . . .13 Eminent Men 14 Benefactors 15 Patronage 16 HALL. IN 1326. Custom of acting plays—Club- Law 8 Play of Ignoramus 9 Further progress of the building ih. Erection of a new chapel . . .10 Buildings 11 The Chapel and Hall . . . .12 The Library and Master's Lodge 13 Eminent Men ih. Benefactors 15 Patronage 16 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. [Those marked ♦ are engraved on Steel, and are to be placed opposite the pages mentioned.] TRINITY * The Interior of the Hall, Trinity College {frontispiece) * Engraved Title.—The Entrance to the Botanical Garden. Cycloidal Bridge in the Grounds of Trinity CoUege . . . p. \ * Plan of the University and Town of Cambridge ib. * The Great Court, Trinity Col¬ lege 9 Statue of Edward III. on the Gate¬ way Tower ....... ib. Nevile's Gate, Entrance to the College Stables 17 * The Entrance Gateway . . . ib. Trinity College in 1574, from Archbishop Parker's Map . .27 * The Library ib. The Cloisters under the Library . 33 COLLEGE. * The New Court . . . . p. 33 The Bishop's Hostie . . . .40 * The Chapel ib. Statue of Henry VIH. on the grand Entrance Tower ... 49 * View from St. John's College Old Bridge 51 Plan of Trinity. College, chiefly from Loggan ib. * The Second Court, showing the Hall 57 The Hall andCornbination-Rooms, from Loggan 65 * Statue of Sir Isaac Newton in the Antechapel ib. Gateway of the New Court leading to the Grounds 73 * View from the S. E. angle of the Cloisters ib. CHRISTES COLLEGE. Milton's Mulberry Tree 1 * The Second Court .... 9 * The College from the Street ib. The Summer House in the Garden ib. ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. * New Buildings from the Gardens 1 Gateway to St. John's Lane . 24 The Old Bridge ib. * Interior of the Chapel 33 * Entrance Gateway .... 9 Interior of the Gateway to the Monument of Hugh Ashton . . ib. New Court The New Bridge 17 * The Second Court .... 41 Interior of Do ib. AppKoach to the New Bridge from * Part of the New Buildings within the Third Court the Cloisters 24 viii ILLUSTRATIONS. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. * Front of the College The Entrance Gateway p. 1 . ib. * The Quadrangle . . Window of the Old Hall p. 9 . ib. TRINITY HALL. * Entrance to the Second Court . 1 Entrance to the Hall . . . . ib. * Trinity Hall from the Gardens . 9 Centre Compartment of the Hall over the Fellows' Table . . . ib. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. * The Gate of Honour .... 1 The Gate of Humility . . . . ib. * The College from the Fellows' Gardens 9 The Gate of Virtue ib. PEMBROKE * Pembroke Col. from the Street 1 Part of the Old Court . . . . ib. * The College from the Street . 17 Monument of Dr. Caius . . . ib. * Interior of the Chapel ... 25 View through the Gate of Virtue ib. COLLEGE. * The Interior of the Hall Portion of the Hall . ib. ST. PETER'S COLLEGE. * St. Peter's College, showing the Chapel, &c 1 Front of St. Peter's College . . ib. * Gisborne Court 9 The East end of the Chapel . . ib. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. * The Second Court .... 1 The College from Newnham Mills ib. * The Hall 9 The Cloisters, showing Erasmus's Tower at A ib. * Queen's College 17 The Hall and Chapel .... ib. * The Entrance Gateway, as taken in 1837 25 Part of the Second Court . . . ib. JESUS COLLEGE. * The Entrance Gateway ... 1 Piscina and Sedilia in the Chapel ib. * Jesus College from the Meadows 9 Interior of the Tower of the Chapel ib. CLARE HALL. * Clare Hall from the Gardens . 1 | * Clare Hall Quadrangle Clare Hall ' ADDRESS. Having now completed the first volume of the Cambridge Memorials/^ and thus to a certain extent redeemed my pledge of proceeding with this Work, I feel it a duty I owe to myself to assure the Subscribers most unequivocally, that the second volume will appear in the regular routine of monthly publi¬ cation, until its final completion. During my long and protracted illness, my thoughts were constantly devoted to this object, and in the hours of convalescence I have been employed in its gradual accomplishment ; and though, during such period, slow progress was making, yet the time has afforded me the opportunity of finishing the Plates with the greatest care ; and of the thirty-eight now required to bring the Work to a conclusion, I am happy to announce that thirty are ready for publication. The flattering notices with which my humble exertions have been received by the various journals devoted to Literature and the Arts, have stimulated me to render the " Cambridge Memorials acceptable to the Public, and more particularly so to the University,—expense or pains have been minor considerations. The approbation of those whose judgment and discernment alone qualify them to form an impartial esti¬ mate of this Work will be my most acceptable reward; and I trust that the literary portion will be found equally valuable for the truth of its historical record and the extent of research with which it has been accomplished. I have attempted to give representations of the various Colleges under fair and attractive forms, and thus to further the laudable zeal of the Members of the University, by showing their just claims of iv ADDRESS. competition in the Architectural beauties with which Cambridge abounds; and I hope I may be allowed to look forward for supporti, not only from the Heads of the various Colleges but also from the Members of the University and the Public. John Le Keux. Frederick Street, Gray's Inn Road, London. Mcœi Tùnc it Cambri/Lje O 28 S before Gre mvich. turnj>t"kç w ^ßSrir/c Jiihis ^oeit Hottes the tvbbey the 'ilífíveb-sítx fuutiied "tc'Tlace ytaids cau sewax bnut^ei 1 1 a. st peters college a (r^ó-doni^ Chapel^QMcista:slod^G Flmnded b. clare hall L.christs college fou/idtui lóOS. m. s'^johns college foLUlded. tSJl. a First Court-\i Secoiui tbiui cI7w-ii(iwt tíFeivFrid^e e Fe\ 1 'Buildings. n. Founded Foiuided n. magdalene college —« Fotuxded Founded o. tri nity college a Gl eat Count Jn Chapel-cffaû d Z ibt •ary^GNeiiles Cowl f JVewtourt. ^BishopsIZostel. e.g0nvile8ccaius college a GateoC/fianiJi^'Jn oCVOiue-C oCJIonor. T£LXTÙ'Vrt^. 1 County trauol 20 Free dohool hFitzwC^ZhuCZi 2 Ne^e County Courts 21 LittG Sf Marys Church 3 Sf Peters Chiwch 22 Addenbrookes Hospital 4 Pifthaqoras 'School 23 Police Station 5 S^ GiGs's Church 24 Barnwdl Hew Ch. 6 si Clements^luuxh 25 IFlhith.lS^AidrcwstheGrF 7 EobeSepidcIu'c Church 26 TlwcUrc 8 All Saints Cluirch 27 Eden Chapel 9 SbSlichaeLs 28 jvwi' Gaol 30 Holy Trinity Clutrch 29 SfFaids Hen' thiirch h GreatSlMarys Church 30 Philosophical Society 32 Hobsons ' Conduit 31 Town Gaol 'l3 Town Hall 32 Post Office 14 StXdwàrds Church 33 SlJUtadeyundsSIanorHo. 15 Saiiit Andrews Church 34 tharity Schools ig Heiv Corn Market 35 Alms Houses 17 Amitenmcal óchool 36 Wesleyan t'hapels 38 StBenedicts Church 37 Baptist (hapels 19 SlBotolphs Church 38 Independent C/uipels Founded f. corpus christi college Founded vrJioni g. kings college a Chapel -b HalFc ZilTory Founded Founded R.downing college S.SENATE HOUSE t. NEW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY V BOTAN\C GARDENS. W. PITT PRESS U.FITZWILUAM MUSEUM. Fcunded st katharines hall 6oo yards scale 144ö00 antiud. area TLA'M OTTHE ÛNÏYIRSÏTYand Ï MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE. CYCLOIDAL BRIDGE IN TRINITY COLLEGE GROUNDS. TRINITY COLLEGE. From the circumstance of its front being encumbered with houses. Trinity College, though much more ex¬ tensive than any other college in either University, does not, to the passing observer, form an important feature of the town. When we enter Cambridge by the London road, the handsome front of Corpus College, King's, and its superb chapel, grouped with the Library, the Senate House and St. Mary's Church, all previously viewed, diminish much the effect of the venerable gate¬ way tower at Trinity. From the grounds, however, the approach over the bridge by the noble avenue of lime- b 2 KING'S HALL. trees, with the buildings of the New Court on the right and the Library on the left, is very imposing. Like many other great institutions. Trinity College was formed by the incorporation of several smaller ones, its site having been originally occupied by two colleges and numerous hosties. King's Hall. — Of these, the most important and the best endowed was King's Hall, as it was named by its founder, Edward HI. Edward IT. had maintained at Cambridge thirty-two scholars,_who were called the King's Scholars (Scholares Regis), but he did not live to build a hall for their residence. His continual wars hindered Edward HI. from completing immediately the design of his father, but he continued to maintain the master and scholars, whose salary seems to have been paid by the sheriff of the county, " de exitibus ballivse suae." In the beginning of the ninth year of his reign (26th Jan. 1335), we find an order upon the exchequer for forty pounds to be paid to the then master, Thomas Powis, for the salary of himself and the scholars, because the sheriff was unable to furnish the money. In the eleventh year of his reign, by a charter dated the 7th October (1337), he founded for the aforesaid scholars, in honour of God, the blessed Virgin, and all saints, and for the souls of King Edward, his father, himself, and his queen Phi- lippa, a college, and gave them for their residence his manse, near the hostie of St. John, in the parish of All Saints, which he had bought of Master Robert de Croy- land ; this manse to be henceforth called the King's Hall. The salary of the master and scholars was then fixed at 103/. 8s. 4d, of which 53/. 6s. 8d. was to be paid by the exchequer; 11. 10^. 8d. by the Abbey of Waltham; 22/. lis. by the burgesses of Scarborough; KING'S HALL. 3 and 20/. by the sheriff of Bedford and Bucks.* The master, keeper, or warden (for so he is called in dif¬ ferent deeds), was to have for his stipend four-pence a- day, and each of the scholars two-pence ; and yearly, at the festival of the nativity, to the master and each of his scholars were to be delivered by the keeper of the king's wardrobe two robes, the one clerical, the other fitting to his degree (gradui competenter).f The manse given by the king was soon found to be too small for the accommodation of his scholars. Ac¬ cordingly, on the 10th of May, 1339, Edward III. (then at Berkhamstede) gave orders to the sheriff of Cam¬ bridge and Huntingdon, to cut down and carry to Thomas Powis, the master of King's Hall, for building and repairing certain houses for his scholars, six oaks, given by his queen Philippa, from her forest of Sappele, near Huntingdon, and four oaks given by Elizabeth de Burgh, from her park of Hundone. Early in the following year the king granted to the master and scholars of his hall various tenements and places, which he had pur¬ chased, particularly in Damenicoleshethe (Dame Nicole's Hithe), and part of a lane between the garden of St. * The money paid from the exchequer seems to have been the original endowment of Edw. XL, which had formerly been paid im¬ mediately by the Sheriff of Cambridgeshire. In the pell-roll of 44 Edw. III. (a.D. 1370), edited by Devon, is the following entry of a half-year's payment:—"May 1. To Master Nicholas de Roos, keeper of King's Hall, Cambridge, by a tally raised on this day out of the farm of the town of Cambridge, paid to the said Nicholas, by his own hands, for the support of the scholars dwelling in the same hall, by writ of great seal, among the mandates of this term, 26/. Ids. 4d." f These robes were to be " una cum pellura, altera cum linura." 4 KING'S HALL. John's hostie and the tenement of the Prior of St. Ed¬ munds, extending from the hostie of the said prior, opposite All Saint's Church to its end towards Corne- hetne, and also an open place in the Cornhethe, two hundred feet long and fourteen broad.* About this time the number of the scholars seems to have been at least temporarily increased ; for, in the close-roll of 13th Edward III. they are said to be thirty-six, and in the patent-roll of the next year, thirty-four. The ecclesiastical endowment of King's Hall was, at first, very small, consisting only of the' advowson of St. Peter's, in Northampton, which was given by the deed of foundation. A few years later were added those of Felmersham, in Bedfordshire ; Hintlesham, in Suffolk; Grendon, in Northamptonshire; and Great St. Mary's, in the town of Cambridge. In 1342 (16 Edw. Ill .) certain persons were appointed, by letters patent, to order and establish the foundation of the King's Hall, and its endowment was then settled. On the 18th October of the next year, the Bishop of Ely confirmed the king's foundation; and on the 19th of the same month, in consideration that his wars had hindered the king from endowing his hall and scholars so amply as he intended, and that their revenues were so mean that unless they were otherwise better provided for, they must desist from their studies, the bishop, at the king's desire, appropriated to them the church of St. * Pat. roll of 14 Ed. III. By the king's desire, the town made over to King's Hall certain parcels of waste ground, for the annual rent of a red rose. By the hundred rolls of the beginning of the reign of Edw. I., it appears that a rose, a chaplet of roses, and sometimes a grain of pepper, were very common tenures in Cambridge. KING'S HALL. 5 Mary's, in which church they were to provide and maintain a priest, and out of its revenues to pay, yearly, four shillings to the archdeacons of Ely. In succeeding reigns the foundation of Edward III. was a peculiar object of royal munificence. Richard II. gave to the scholars of King's Hall their statutes. He gave them 20A from the manor of Chesterton, and 33/. 65. 8d. out of the revenues of the abbey of Sautrey, instead of the 53/. 65. 8d. which they had previously received from the exchequer, in order to obviate the difficulties and delays which they had often experienced in obtaining its payment. He added to their revenues 70/. from the pensions of the abbeys; and, in the seventeenth year of his reign, he gave them eighty- five marks sterling, to be paid from the Carthusian con¬ vent of St. Anne, near Coventry. Henry IV. revised and increased the statutes ; and, as the scholars of King's Hall were at that time reported to live extra¬ vagantly, he added a clause limiting them to eighteen- pence a week each for their diet, or at most to twenty- pence, and that only in times of scarcity or festivity. He also gave them leave to pull down the hall of Cambridge Castle for materials to build their chapel. Henry VI., among other benefactions, gave, in 1444, one hundred and twenty volumes of books to the library of King's Hall; and in 1449 settled on the hall the advowson of Chesterton, an acre of land in Hinton, and two messuages in the parish of All Saints. He also freed this college from all accounts in the exche¬ quer. Edward IV. gave the scholars eight marks for buying their robes, to be paid by the Sheriff of Cam¬ bridge and Huntingdon ; and so delivered them from the delays and inconveniences which attended their 6 KING'S HALL. application to the wardrobe. By such numerous bene¬ factions, the revenues of King's Hall were so much aug¬ mented, that at the time of its delivery to Henry VIH. they amounted in all to 214/. O5. 3i/. The regular ex¬ penditure of the society at that time is stated to have been — the master, 6/. 65. 8d. ; thirty-two scholars, each 2/. 3s, 4id. ; seven under-graduates, each 1/. 18^. éd. ; commons, each per week. Is. 2d. ; salaries of the butler, barber, baker, pandoxator, washerwoman, and cook, each 1/. 6ä. 8d. A list of the hosties in Cambridge, written about the middle of the sixteenth century, and preserved among the MSS. of Corpus Christi College, informs us that the King's Hall " stood where Trinity College standeth ; " by which we are to understand that it occu¬ pied a great part of what then constituted Trinity College, and of what at present is called the Great Court. The first buildings given by Edward HI. occu¬ pied, probably, the north-east corner. His later grant, particularly the ground and buildings in Dame Nicole's Hithe and Corn Hithe, seem to have carried its site down to the river-side, through the garden and out-houses now attached to the master's lodge. It was divided from St. John's Hostie by a lane, apparently the same which now separates the two colleges. In the reign of Richard IL, who held a parliament in Cambridge, the buildings of King's Hall were already extensive; and there were then made to it such further additions as were neces¬ sary for the temporary accommodation of the court. The king used the College kitchen ; and to give him access to it, without interfering with the scholars, they obtained of the master and brother of St. John's Hostie, for a certain annual rent, another entrance to the KING'S HALL. 7 kitchen, through their ground, by a path seven feet broad and fifteen long.* The reign of Henry VI. was the period at which the -master and scholars of King's Hall seem to have made the greatest additions to their buildings. In 1433, they obtained from the town a further grant of part of the lane adjacent to St. John's Hostie, for the enlargement of their manse.f The bounds between King's Hall and St. John's Hostie were long a subject of dispute, there being a piece of ground and a wall between them to which they could not easily determine each other's right. The wall was the boundary of King's Hall, but it stood upon ground claimed by the hostie, and the hall could not keep their wall in repair without continually committing trespass. The master and scholars had, accordingly, been in the habit of pay¬ ing to the hostie five shillings a-year for being allowed to repair their wall; but at last, early in the reign of Henry VIIL, they agreed to divide the ground between them, and to raise a partition wall of brick, at their joint expense, the ground on the south side of this new wall to belong to King's Hall, and that on the north to St. John's Hostie, for ever, and the rent of five shillings to be discontinued : the wall to be kept in repair by the hostie. The ground thus given up to King's Hall, is said in the deed, which is still preserved among the muniments of Trinity College, to be on the * Jo. Caius, Hist. Cantabrigiensis Acad. 1574, p. 66. -j- " Partem venellas jacentem in paroehia Omnium Sanctorum in Judaismo juxta Aulam dictam ex parte australi,et ten. quondam prioris et conventos de Chicksand et ten. quondam prioris capellae S. Edmundi ex parte boreali, et extendit se in longitud, a via regia quae ducit a praedicta Aula versus collegium S. Michaelis ad caput occidentale usque in viam regiam vocat. le Hyestrete versus orientem." The deed is endorsed " For the back lane to Physivic Hostie ward." 8 KING'S HALL. north side of the chapel of King's Hall, and to be at the east end, between the wall and the chapel, 32 feet broad ; at the middle of the wall, 22 feet broad ; and at the west end of the wall, between it and King's Hall kitchen, 44 feet broad; the whole length of the wall, from the street to the said kitchen, being feet. From this deed it appears that the chapel of King's Hall occupied the same site as the chapel of Trinity College ; that the buildings of the north side of the King's Hall must have coincided very nearly with the north side of the great court. The kitchen appears to have stood on or near the site of the northern part of the present master's lodge. The library of King's Hall seems to have been built at the beginning of the reign of Henry VI., and probably was the same as the old library of Trinity College, occupying the upper part of the building between the chapel and the master's lodge. Richard Holmes, canon of York and Salisbury, "who was master of King's Hall in 1422, gave " a great sum of money" towards its erection, and many books to be deposited in it, which were increased by the rich contribution of the king, in 1444. On the eastern side was the chief entrance of King's Hall towards the town, where, about a.d. 1531 or 1532, the scholars, at an expense of a hundred and four pounds, built the present gateway tower. On the south. King's Hall was separated perhaps only by a wall from Physwick's and other smaller hosties. On the west it was separated from Michael House and Gregory's Hostie by the Mill Street, which then ran in a con¬ tinued line from the mills on the river beyond Queen's College, by that college and through the site of King's College, till it ended somewhere near the entrance of J.A.Bell. J.Le Keirc. THE 'fÜ-BJEAT ©©TDTET, TIMETITTîr Pulilislied July 1^1067, "by C.'Hlt.Londan; & J. T.e JCeux.Haxmondswortli. KING'S HALL. 9 the present master's lodge of Trinity College, from whence a lane, apparently that called Foule-lane in old deeds, proceeded by King's Hall to the river. At the corner formed by this lane and Mill Street, was the back entrance to King's Hall. STATUE OF EDWARD III. ON GATEWAY TOWER, TRIN. COLL. The period during which King's Hall flourished, was not, in England, a very literary period. Amongst its distinguished men are reckoned six bishops,— Robert Fitz-Hugh, bishop of London in 1431 ; Richard Scrope, bishop of Carlisle ; John Ely the, bishop of Sarum in 1493 ; Geoffrey Blythe, bishop of Lichfield and Co¬ ventry, and lord president of Wales; William Rokeby, archbishop of Dublin, and lord chancellor; and the celebrated Cuthbert Tonstall, bishop of Durham. Of these, the first four were masters of King's Hall. Among its distinguished scholars, besides Bishop Ton- 10 MICHAEL HOUSE. stall, must be named Gunthorpe ; Angel (afterwards chaplain to Queen Mary) ; Lancelot Ridley, the com¬ mentator on St. Paul's epistles; Ritwyse, master of St. Paul's School in London ; and Redman, its last master, and the first master of Trinity College. Caius tells us, that King's Hall, for the gravity and wisdom of its fellows, was the ornament of the university. The seal of King's Hall, if we may judge of it hy a rude drawing made hy Cole, from a deed of the reign of Henry VIL, was very rich ; it was " large and round, most elegantly cut, representing a person sitting under a beautiful gothic canopy, with another person kneeling and presenting something [a hook, apparently] ; under their feet are five Gothic arches, the middle one occu¬ pied hy a figure in front, and on each side two figures, all in praying attitudes. On one side are the three lions of England in a shield hanging on a tree, and on the other France semée de fleurs-de-lis and England quar¬ tered, hanging as before. Round it is this legend — " sigillum commune custodis et scolarium aule regis cantebrigie."* Michael House. — King's Hall, though the largest, was not the earliest of the foundations which occupied formerly the site of Trinity College. On the opposite side of Mill Street stood the College of St. Michael, or, as it is more commonly called, Michael House. Of the life of its founder, Hervy de Stanton, we know very little. His family name was Aungier, or Aunger, and he is said to have been a native of Suf- folk.f He was rector of East Dereham and North * Cole's MSS. Vol. XLV. p. 80. f There was an old family of the name of Aunger residing at Cam¬ bridge in the thirteenth century. We find in the hundred-rolls of the MICHAEL HOUSE. 11 Creake, in Norfolk, a canon of York and Wells, and chancellor of the exchequer to Edward II. His riches and munificence are sufficiently proved by his founda¬ tion at Cambridge. He was also a benefactor to the Hospital of St. Nicholas, at Bury St. Edmunds. Hervy de Stanton died at York, in 1337, and his body was brought, in great state, to Cambridge, " to be buried in the midst of his scholars," as he expressed it, in the great chancel of St. Michael's Church. When his heirs complained of the lavish expense of his funeral, the executors replied, that they had only buried him ac¬ cording to his condition, more magnatum Angliœ, Yet, though he was interred with so much magnificence, there is now remaining in the church no memorial of him, except in the west window, where are seen the old arms of Michael House, and probably those of its founder, namely,—vairy, argent and sable. We learn from the original deeds, preserved among the muniments of Trinity College, that Hervy de Stan¬ ton bought the site and buildings of his new founda¬ tion of Roger, the son of Sir Guy Butetourt (or Bute- court), for a hundred marks of silver. The house stood on the west side of Mill Street, on the spot now occu¬ pied by the southern part of the buildings of the west side of the great court of Trinity College, and extended thence towards the river-side. The charter of found¬ ation is dated the 27th September, 1324 (18 Edw. H.) ; 4th and 7th Edward 1. (a.d. 1276 and 1279), are entries of many houses, &c. in the town held by Robert Aunger. The name, however, was naturally a common one. Aunger was properly a name of bap¬ tism, like Edgar or John. Robert Aunger of Cambridge, was the son of Aunger le Rus, or Aunger the Red, and in one entry of the roll he is called Robertus filius Aungeri le Rus. 12 MICHAEL HOUSE. it was confirmed the same year by the bishop, and the prior and convent of Ely ; and the founder gave to his college, which was dedicated to the Holy and undivided Trinity, the blessed Virgin Mary, and St. Michael the Archangel, the advowson of the church of St. Michael, in Cambridge, which was to be their ordinary place of attending divine service. During the reign of Ed¬ ward XL, we find another license of buying houses given to Hervy de Stanton, for the purpose of enlarging his college. At a later period he added Barington to his other endowments. After the death of the founder, the college was considerably enriched by the liberality of one of his executors, John Illeigh, rector of Ickling- ham and Barington, who, in 1345, gave the manor of Icklington, and endowed a priest and two scholars. Sir Alexander Waltham, knight, nephew and heir of the founder, and one of his executors, added also to the original endowment. Edward III. freed the college from all taxes and services. The buildings and possessions of Michael House were gradually increased by the munificence and grati¬ tude of its members. In 1365, William de Gotham, master of this college, gave to it a considerable number of books, a sum of money, and a house sufficiently large for three scholars. He expended 130/. in building twelve chambers and a kitchen. To this master's exertions, the college owed, in 1385, the recovery of some of its lands, which had been wrested from it by the unruly barons of that unsettled time. In 1391, with the king's license, Henry de Granby, also master of the college, bought the hostie of St. Margaret, on ttie east side of Mill Street. In 1415, John Türke endowed two scholars. Besides the hostie of St. Mar- MICHAEL HOUSE. 13 garet, St. Margaret's School, in School's Lane, was given to this college by Juliana Bradell. The posses¬ sions of the college, in School's Lane, the site of the present public schools, were afterwards exchanged for the priory of Wynghale, in Lincolnshire. It is more difficult to trace the exact site of the buildings of Michael House, than it was in the case of King's Hall. Towards the west the garden was bounded by a ditch, at some cfistance from the river, to which, however, it would seem to have made a nearer approach by its garden, on the south-western side. In the second year of Henry VI. (a.d. 1424), John Otteringham, then master, obtained a license from the town to make, at the expense of the college, a ditch, twelve feet broad, reaching from the common ditch, on the west side of the college garden, to the bank of the river (ad altam ripam domini regis). At the end of this ditch was to be a bridge, three feet broad, with a ' leynyngtre ' on one side of the bridge, and a ford for the passage of cattle and beasts. This ditch was eighty feet distant from the nearest part of the wall of King's Hall. Several pieces of common land were added to the possessions of the college during this reign, for the purpose of in¬ creasing its buildings. They were carried to the lane, that led by King's Hall to the river, by the acquisition of a piece of ground called the Milnestones, which lay behind a hostie called Newmarket Hostie, to the north of Michael House gardens, and was separated from the river by an open place belonging to the town, called " Mylnestones Hyll." " The Milnestones " was taken of the town by a lease, for a sum of twenty-pence annually, so early as the 15th Henry VI. ; and in 1541 (33 Hen. VHL), it was finally made,over to the col- 14 MICHAEL HOUSE. lege, in exchange for certain lands belonging to the latter, lying in Granchester field. In 1448, Henry VI. gave, by letters patent, part of a garden, called Hen- abbey, adjoining the college garden, and at one end abutting on Mill Street, at the other on the " King's Foss" (super fossam regiam). Soon after the year 1500, John Fisher, then master, expended a hundred pounds on buildings and repairs. His successor, John Fothede, bought much land in the name of the college ; and at some period between the latter part of the fifteenth century and the year 1541, the garden called New¬ market Hostie, and perhaps, also, Gregory's Hostie, was bought, by which the site of Michael House would be extended to the corner made by Mill Street and the lane running down to the river. John Yotton, who preceded Fisher in the mastership, gave to the college two hundred books and a gilt cup, besides a consider¬ able sum of money. At its surrender, in 1546, the patronage of Michael House consisted of St. Michael's Church, in Cambridge, Harrington and Orwell, in Cambridgeshire, and Grundis- burgh, in Suffolk, which latter had been given by Walter de Waney. Its revenue was then rated at 144/. 35. Id. The scholars of this college were often distinguished from those of King's Hall by the title of Fellows. In the Ely registers, a.d. 1343, we find mention of a per¬ petual scholar of this house. Cole has given a drawing of the seal of Michael House, from the lease of The Millstones, where, though it is much defaced, we see St. Michael trampling on the dragon, with the arms of the college apparently on his shield. All that can be traced of the legend is .... scolar Among the distinguished men who were educated at HOSTLES.—OVING'S INN. 15 Michael House, are reckoned three bishops, Ayscough 0É. Öarum, the confessor of Henry VI., who was mur¬ dered in Cade's insurrection, in 1450 ; Story, of Chi¬ chester ; and the celebrated Cardinal Fisher, bishop of Rochester. Francis Mallet, the last master, is known as the translator of Erasmus's Paraphrase on St. John; he was chaplain to the Lady Mary, canon of Windsor, and dean of Lincoln. Hostles.—At an early period the site now occupied by Trinity College was covered with numerous hostles of scholars, which, after the foundation of Michael House and King's Hall, were gradually absorbed in these two greater institutions. Of most of these hostles it is now impossible to ascertain the origin or history, and of some it is probable that even the names are lost. Yet the indications given by those who wrote when these smaller buildings were still in people's memory, and in some cases the deeds of the greater colleges, enable us to fix the situation of those whose site is in¬ cluded in that of Trinity College, but which did not form part of the original possessions of King's Hall and Michael House. On the south side of Michael House stood Gerard's (corrupted into Garret) Hostle, and Oving's (or Ho- ving's) Inn. There is still preserved an original deed, apparently as old as the middle of the thirteenth century, whereby Richard Swete grants to Peter Fitz-Mabille a house and land by the river-side, and on the back of which, in a very old hand, is written " Omngge¡ whence Cole conjectures that it was part of the ground of Oving's Inn.* If this conjecture be right, the house * Cole's MSS. in Brit. Mus. Vol. XLV. p. 78. 16 GERARD'S HOSTLE. and land granted to Fitz-Mabille must have been given afterwards to the nuns of St. Radegund; for John Caius informs us that this inn received its name from one John Ovings, clerk, who bought its site, then a vacant place, of the prioress and convent of St. Rade¬ gund, in the reign of Edward II. a.d. 1316. According to the deed, which in Caius's time was preserved among the archives of Michael House, to which college this inn then belonged, it was situated in Henny, in the parish of St. Michael, on a spot then called Flaxhythe.* Of Gerard's Hostlef we only know the site, which was on the north side of what has been from it called Gar¬ ret Hostie Lane. It also gave name to Garret Hostie Bridge ; and on the other side of the river was formerly Garret Hostie Green. Oving's Inn stood nearer to Michael House, and is said to have been opposite the back entrance of Caius College. Somewhere adjacent to these two hosties was a piece of ground called Hen- abbey, which adjoined the garden of Michael House on one side, and on another butted upon the Mill Street, and was given to Michael House by Henry VI. In an old ledger-book of Trinity College, quoted by Baker,J this site is named a hostie. On the north side of Michael House, between it and the western part of King's Hall, we meet with the names of two small hosties — if they be not one and the * Caius, Hist. Cantab. Acad. p. 48, where it is called " Ovingi diversorium." t It is termed by John Caius, " Divi Gerardi hospitium." :j: MS. Harl. 7047. " Multa erant circa situm et mansionem Domus Michaelis studentium Hospitia, viz. Hospitium D. Margarethe, Hqspitium Phiswick, Hospitium Ovethe, Hospitium Garret et Hen- abby, quorum nec fundatores nec redditus annuus usquam apparuit." r ilackeime J. Le Kciix. irmmET^ (C®ILILIE©IS ENTRANCE GATEWAY. Putäiähea.EebTi^lßSS.'by-CTilt,Heet Street.&rJXolieux.ïïarnionasworth_ ST GREGORY'S HOSTLE, &c. 17 NEVILE'S GATE, ENTRANCE TO THE COLLEGE STABLES. same — St. Gregory's Hüstle and Newmarket Hüstle. Gregory's Hostie seems to have formed the corner of Mill Street and the lane called Foul Lane, leading from it to the river, and to have been thus opposite the back entrance of King's Hall. In the time of Caius the old building had been demolished, and its site was occu¬ pied, as he tells us, by the " bed-room" of the master of Trinity College. According to Richard Parker, its site was occupied in his time (a.d. 1622) by " Trinity College Dove-house." I cannot ascertain if it were immediately adjacent to Michael House. Newmarket Hostie, which, if it be not another name for the same house, must have stood close beside it, is, as far as I have been able to discover, only mentioned in the deeds relating to " The Milnestones." By these deeds it appears to have stood between Foul Lane and Mi¬ chael House ; its garden being adjacent to the Milne- c 18 TYLED HOSTLE—ST. CATHERINE'S HOSTLE. stones. In the deed of 1541, it is called a late hostie, and had already become a part of Michael House. The space on the east of Mill Street, between King's Hall and Caius College (then called Gonvile Hall), was also occupied by several hosties. The west side of what was then called the High Street, between King's Hall and Gonvile Hall, was occupied by St. Marga¬ ret's Hostle, and perhaps by Tyler's or Tyled Hostle. The former of these hosties stood at the south-east corner of Trinity College, nearly opposite the church of St. Michael. It appears to have been a foundation of some antiquity and importance, and is mentioned several times in the registers of Ely. In 1339, a licence was given for a priest to say mass during one year in its chapel or oratory. In 1341, the society is mentioned under the title of the Master and Scholars of St. Mar¬ garet's Hostle. In 1351, a general licence was granted to any of the fellows of this house, who might be priests, to say mass in their chapel whenever they liked.* In 1391, St. Margaret's Hostle was sold to Michael House. The exact position of Tyled Hostle is not so easily ascertained. It seems to have stood behind and partly between the hosties of St. Margaret and St. Catherine, and to have had an entrance from the lane running then between Gonvile Hall and Phiswick Hostle. In Fuller's time, its site was said to be occupied by private houses prwatas œdes"). Caius says that it had for¬ merly belonged to one John Tyler, from whom it took its name. It was also said to have taken the name of * See the transcripts of the Ely Registers, in Cole's MSS. Brit. Mus. MS. addit. No. Ô876. PHISWICK HOSTLE. 19 Tyled Hostle, from the materials of which it was built. A little to the west of St. Margaret's Hostie, stood St. Catherine's Hostle, which also seems to have been a house of some antiquity, and whose site, according to Caius, was afterwards occupied by Phiswick Hostle Garden.* We come now to the last hostle on our list. The side of the lane running by the old northern entrance of Gonvile Hall, from St. Margaret's Hostle and Tyler's Hostle to Mill Street, was occupied by Phiswick Hostle, whose site is now occupied by a part of the build¬ ings forming the south side of the great quadrangle of Trinity College. This hostle was formerly the private residence of William Phiswick, Esquire, beadle of the university in the latter part of the fourteenth century. By his will, dated the 29th March, 1393, he gave his house to Gonvile Hall, and it was, after his death, raised into a kind of branch college, governed by two principals, one chosen from among its own scholars, the other from Gonvile Hall. The scholars of this hostle attended divine service and buried their dead in the chapel of the Hall. While Phiswick Hostle flourished thus as the dependant of Gonvile Hall, it was distin¬ guished by the number of learned men which it sent out into the world. It was much enlarged by William Renele, rector of Tichwell, in Norfolk. In 1546, King * Cole mentions a tradition extant in his time, that St. Catherines Hostle had occupied the site of some old houses, nearly opposite the end of Green Street, which, it is more probable, were part of the old hostle of St. Margaret. Caius seems to havè" ascertained the position of these hosties from old deeds preserved in his time among the muni¬ ments of Phiswick Hostle. 20 TRINITY COLLEGE. Henry VIII. obtained from the master and fellows of Gonvile Hall a grant of this hostie, in consideration of 3/. a-year, to be paid out of the exchequer, until a suffi¬ cient satisfaction should be made them, either by himself or his heirs. Before we proceed further, let us again cast our eyes over the site of Trinity College, occupied as it then was by hosties and streets. The lane between Trinity College stables and Caius College was at that time prolonged, under the general name of Mill Street, to a point which must have been near the site of the front door of the present master's lodge. From this point, a lane, probably at right angles to Mill Street, ran down to the river side, which, apparently from its dirtiness, was called Foule Lane. The larger part of the present great court of Trinity College was occupied by King's Hall, whose southern side seems to have run nearly opposite the entrance to the modern hall, and which was bounded on the west by St. John's Hostie (now St. John's College). The entrance from the town was by the present gateway of Trinity College. An¬ other chief entrance was at the corner of Mill Street and Foule Lane. The buildings and gardens of King's Hall were prolonged to the river side, occupying, in that direction, the ground between Foule Lane and St. John's Hostie. Immediately adjoining to the southern side of King's Hall, were the gardens of the different halls which fronted the lane that divided them from Gonvile Hall, and which now divides Trinity and Caius Colleges, then called Findsilver Lane. Of these, the most westerlv was Phiswick's Hostie, whose western end formed the corner of Mill Street. To the east, stood St. Catherine's Hostie, Tyled Hostie, and St. TRINITY COLLEGE. 21 Margaret's Hostie ; the latter, probably, occupying the site, or part of the site, of the mass of buildings which now conceal the front of the college from the street. On the west side- of Mill Street, opposite the end of Phiswick's Hostie, stood Michael House, whose gardens ran back towards the river. The west side of Mill Street, between Michael House and Foule Lane, was Gregory's Hostie ; and behind it, perhaps at an earlier period, Newmarket Hostie, with what was called Mill¬ stones Hill, a part of the common of the town, which seems to have run along the side of the river, on the west. On the south of Michael House were also two hosties: the first, Oving's Inn, occupying nearly the site of the present Bishop's Hostie; and the other, Gerard's, or Garret Hostie, standing between Oving's Inn and Garret Hostie Lane. The river, on which the gardens of King's Hall, Michael House, and these hosties bordered, did not run as at present. After passing Clare Hall, it branched out into two streams; of which the larger seems to have occupied its present bed, and the smaller passed under the site of the present library, and rejoined the other at the bridge of St. John's College. The space between the two branches of the river was called Garret Hostie Green ; and there was one bridge over the smaller stream at the end of Garret Hostie Lane, and a second behind the Garden of Michael House. Trinity College. — In the time of Henry VIIL, the two large foundations had obtained, by purchase or grant, nearly all the surrounding hosties ; and the whole property was represented by the names of King's Hall, Michael House, Oving's Inn, and Phiswick's Hostie, the latter belonging to Gonvile Hall. That 22 TRINITY COLLEGE. king caused all these foundations to be surrendered into his hands ; and, in settling them collectively on his new foundation, he added that part of Mill Street which lay between Findsilver Lane and the entrance of King's Hall, and the whole of Foule Lane, which he had obtained from the town« The charter of foundation of Trinity College is dated on the 19th of December, 1546. Very shortly after this period, the New College, by some means or other, had obtained possession of at least a part of Garret Hostie Green ; and this is pro¬ bably alluded to in a paper of complaints against the colleges for incroachments upon the town, preserved among Archbishop Parker's MSS., at Corpus College, and said to be of the middle of the sixteenth century, in which Trinity College is accused of having inclosed a common lane, leading to the river, and unto a common green ; " and of having " laid mucke upon the said common greene, and having builded a common jakes there." It does not appear that the king added much to the revenues of the old colleges, when he thus joined them in one ; but those revenues must have been verv con- siderable. His daughter. Queen Mary, however, added greatly to the endowments of her father's college ; and appointed salaries for the maintenance of twenty scholars, ten choristers, with their master, four chaplains, thirteen poor scholars, and two under-sizars. Twenty years after, at the time when Caius published his history, the college is said to have supported sixty-two fellows, seventy-one scholars, 138 pensioners, and 110 sizars and sub-sizars. The first master of Trinity College was John Redman, who had previously been master of King's TRINITY COLLEGE. 23 Hall. Redman, who appears to have been a good scholar, was chaplain to the king, and held several ecclesiastical benefices. In the list of the sixty fellows nominated in the charter of foundation, we see, among other distinguished names, that of the celebrated ma¬ gician and philosopher, John Dee. The second master was Dr. William Bill, who had previously been master of St. John's. He was deprived, by Mary, to make way for a more zealous Catholic, John Christopherson, one of the original fellows, who was also made, by that Queen, Bishop of Chichester. But he, in his turn, was deprived by Elizabeth, and Dr. Bill returned to his post. He was succeeded by Robert Beaumont, who was fol¬ lowed by the celebrated John Whitgift. At the period of the reformation in England, the sudden changes in the position of the Catholics and Protestants, and the violent hatred which the one party bore to the other, were the causes of much confusion and disorder. These were felt nowhere more than in the university of Cambridge, where were brought to¬ gether, within the same college, zealous supporters of the old superstitions of the church, as established by Edward VI. and Elizabeth ; of the extreme doctrines of the puritans ; and of many others, which were neither agreeable to the opinions of the catholics, churchmen, or puritans. This strong contrasting of various doc¬ trines with each other naturally enough bred licence of opinion, which was as naturally accompanied by licence of action, and the disorder was increased by the selfish behaviour of the catholics, who were now obliged to quit the high offices which they had held there under Queen Mary. The popish masters^ of colleges tried to exhaust and waste their revenues and property before 24 TRINITY COLLEGE. they left them, and it became a common thing to sell fellowships for money. At this period, however, more than at any other, the persons chosen for university and ecclesiastical preferment were severe and active men, and none of them more so than John Whitgift. He was brought to Trinity college from Pembroke Hall, where he had been master two or three months, and his first care, as master of the larger society, was to repress the extreme disorder which reigned there, and to enforce the statutes of the college, which seem to have been very much neglected. In some instances, perhaps, he interpreted them too strictly, but he would allow of no evasion ; and we soon find open war between the master and his fellows, to such a degree that the former was on the point of quitting his post. The following letter, which is preserved among the Lans- downe manuscripts, in the British Museum, was written to Lord Burghley, their chancellor, by the heads of the other colleges, in favour of the master of Trinity, and in deprecation of his retirement. " To the right honor able and owe very good Lor de the Lorde Treaswer geve these "Our humble duties unto your honorable Lordship re¬ membered. Whereas contention and trouble is moved of late by certen of Trinité College agaynst Mr. Doctor Wbigbtgifte tber master, for executing of statuts of that college, and so farre growen that some of them have ben impudently bold botbe openly and priuately to rayle upon bym, to despite and slander bym, to bis great grief and to the discoraging of bis contynuance in the government of that college, as we do, and ar sorry to perceyve : for as moche as we do well knowe, and thereof do assure your honor, that if be sbuld by suche meanes be brought to turne bis mynde from that bowse and to leave it, the bole body of the universitie should lament it : ffor be is well TRINITY COLLEGE. 25 known to be wyse, lerned, and holly bent to the execucion of good lawes and statuts, to the repressyng of insolency, and therwithe to the mayntenance of leming and well doing. Therefore, as we have thought it our part to advertise your honor hereof, so our humble sute is, for the love of the univer- sitie, that your lordship's countenance and fauor may so appere to contynue towards hym (as it hathe alwayes done hertofore), that close bytyng, and slanderous and false reports of hys ad¬ versaries beyng caryed abrode, be no further credited, than iust proif thereof can be made. And that the felowes of hys howse and others without just cause do not insult and triumphe over hym. And finally that he may be so used by your wisdom, as we do not lose hym whom we can not want. And thus with our harty prayers for the good preservation of your honorable estate, we commit the same to Almighty God. From Cam¬ bridge, the 28 of September, 1572. " Your Lorship's dayly orators to command, « ANDREW PERNE, HENRY HARVY, EDWARD HAWFORD, THOMAS ITHELL, WILLIAM CHADERTON, THOMAS BYNG." * The state of parties in the university was such, that it was not uncommon to hear college preachers support in the pulpit the most extreme doctrines of the puritans, and inveigh against prelacy as an inven¬ tion of the devil. Cartwright, a fellow of Trinity Col¬ lege, and then Margaret professor of divinity, delivered a course of lectures against the church government by bishops. The master of his college reprehended him ; and, though he had warm partisans in the college and university, he was finally deprived and expelled. But the heats which thus arose in Trinity College, * MS. Lansdowne, No. 15, art. 68. Perne, who was this year vice-chancellor, was master of Peter-House Hawford was master of Christ s College ; Chaderton, of Queen's ; Harvy, of Trinity Hall ; Ithell, of Jesus College ; and Byng, of Clare Hall. 26 TRINITY COLLEGE. spread throughout the university and the whole king¬ dom.^ Whitgift at last quitted his mastership, on being raised to the bishopric of Worcester, and was succeeded by John Still, who was afterwards created Bishop of Wells. For some time after the foundation of Trinity Col¬ lege, no attempt seems to have been made to change the face of the old buildings, but it long remained a great and irregular mass of houses and gardens. The present chapel was begun by Queen Mary, but at her death the walls were raised no higher than the windows.f Elizabeth, early in her reign, finished the chapel, and a new library, which also had been commenced in the preceding reign. It is asserted in the inscrip¬ tion to Loggan's view, that the chapel was finished, and the hall built, at the expense of the society, who also added some buildings to those which had been given to this college by Henry VIII. To the building of this library, as well as to the improvements of the master's lodge. Dr. Christopher is said to have contri¬ buted liberally. Sir Edward Stanhope, who had been * " On a Sunday (in Dr. Whitgift's absence), Mr. Cartwright, and two of his adherents, made three sermons in one day in the chapel, so vehemently inveighing against the ceremonies of the church, that at evening prayer all the scholars save three, viz. Dr. Leg, Mr. West, Whitaker's tutor, and the chaplain, cast off their surplices as an abo¬ minable relic of superstition."—Fuller. t " Sacellura patris sui monumento tam quoad caetera instructo regaliter per omnia compar cultui divino congruum extruere in animo habuit. Curam structurae viris ad opus gnavis demandavit, de impensis rationem inire jussit. Surgebant mœnia, sternebantur fenestrarum solia ; verum inter intentionem, et operis consummationem desideratis hoc lunîen nostrum diem clausit."—Ledger Book of Trinity Coll. ap. Baker. MS. Harl. 7047. The entry seems to have been made by a Catholic. J.A.BeïL. J.Le Keiax. TÏÏÎIÎE JLmmAIKT. TÏE^OTTY-e©:îL.ILlK^IEo - .p\iblTjah.©rib . TRINITY COLLEGE. 51 PLAN OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CHIEFLY FROM LOGGAN. 1. The Great Court, with Conduit in the middle. 2. Nevile's Court. 3. The New Court. 4. Entrance to the Bowling- green. 6. The Chapel. 6. The Hall. 7. The Library. 8. The grand Entrance Tower. 9. King Edward's Tower. 10. The Queen's Tower, lead¬ ing into the lane. 11. The Master's Lodge. 12. The Bishop's Hostia 13. The Stables. 14. Mass of Houses between the College and the Street. 15. The Vice-Master's Garden. 16. The Bowling-green, with the Master's Garden, &c. 17. The Lane between Trinity Coll. and St. John's Coll. 18. St. John's College Old Bridge. 19. Trinity College Bridge. 20. Garret Hostie Bridge. 21. Garret Hostie Lane. 22. Caius College. 23. Green Street. 24. TrinityJStreet. 25. The Brewhouses of Trinity College. 26. The Back Entrance to Caius Collega The Great Court, which, from the part that muni¬ ficent benefactor took in moulding it to its present form, might almost be called more justly Nevile's Court than its neighbour, forms a vast area, measuring west and east 334 feet by 325, and north and south 287 feet by 256. Whether we enter it by the gateway- tower from the street, or from Nevile's Court by the screens of the hall, the view of this great extent of buildings is very imposing, and the open space which they include is broken gracefully by the elegant con- 52 TRINITY COLLEGE. duit in the middle. When we take such a view, we cannot help feeling how much the broken outline caused by the irregularity of the buildings adds to the general effect, and how little real injury was done by the sash-windows in the lodge, which were so much cried down by Bentley's opponents. Had the buildings formed a regular and uniform line, they must neces¬ sarily have appeared low and insignificant in compa¬ rison with their extent. In its present state the Great Court of Trinity College presents no very remarkable feature of anti¬ quity, though it is probable that in parts, and parti¬ cularly at the south-east corner before very recent alterations, are concealed under a modern exterior some remains of the earlier hosties. The great En¬ trance Tower, on the east side of the court, built bv the scholars in the reign of Henry VIIL, preserves its original appearance ; and among its sculptured ornaments, facing the street, is the statue of that king, as represented in our cut at page 49, placed under a canopy, with the royal arms beneath, supported by two lions. On each side are three armorial bearings of different branches of that monarch's family. Under the mastership of Dr. Bentley, the summit of this tower was disfigured by an observatory, which may be seen in the views published between that time and the year 1797, when it was taken down.* The north side of the court is occupied partly by * Carter, in 1753, describes the observatory over the gateway, as " a noble and lofty room, both well situated, and furnished with a va¬ riety of instruments for observations." TRINITY COLLEGE. 53 the chapel, with a gateway-tower in the middle (at the west end of the chapel), known by the name of King Edward's Tower, from the statue of King Edward III. under the clock, a cut of which has been given at page 9. Underneath this statue is the simple, and, in this instance, very appropriate motto. Pugna pro patria. This tower, also, is of some antiquity, and is evidently represented in Matthew Parker's map, in 1574. The gateway leads to the fellows' bowling-green, and to some old buildings, containing apartments occupied by the fellows. In Loggan's map, at the latter end of the seventeenth century, we have here a kind of small court, running partly behind the chapel, which is there called the King's Hostie {Hospitium Regis), The buildings on this side of the great court, to the west of King Edward's Tower, formed in the seventeenth century the college library. Opposite King Edward's Tower, in the middle of the south side of the court, stands another gateway- tower, called the Queen's Tower, from the statue of Queen Elizabeth, in her robes of state, with which it is ornamented. This tower also seems to be repre¬ sented in the map of 1574. The west side of the court is occupied by the Master's Lodge, the Hall, and the Combination Rooms. The buildings on each side of the hall have been much altered since the time of Loggan, in w^hose view of the college the master's lodge and the part occupied by the combina¬ tion-rooms, have each a lofty oriel window. The south-west corner, through which there is now a pas¬ sage leading to the Bishop's Hostie, was then occupied by a turret, resembling exactly the one now seen in 54 TRINITY COLLEGE. the south-west corner of the same court. At that period, this noble court seems to have been much dis¬ figured by wooden railings round the grass-plots, a re¬ markable specimen of bad taste. The Chapel.—This handsome, though plain, build¬ ing was finished in the year 1564, the materials having been chiefly furnished from the ruins of the castle ; its site being that of the older chapel of the King's Hall. If we may judge from a comparison of the view by Loggan with the rude and diminutive sketch given in the map of 1574, it preserves externally its original ap¬ pearance. This, however, is not the case with the interior, which appears to have been entirely fitted up anew at the time of tfie erection of the organ, during the mastership of Bentley. The whole length of the interior is 204 feet, its breadth about 34, and its height about 44. The choir, which, as we enter it under the organ-gallery, is remarkably imposing, is paved with black and white marble, and wainscotted with carved oak, with stalls for the fellows and scholars, the carv¬ ings being from the hands of the famous Gibbons. The organ-gallery itself is large and handsomely built, of Norway oak ; and beneath it are, on one side of the entrance the seat of the master, and on the other that of the vice-master. The altar is surmounted by a lofty canopy, also of Norway oak, which blocks up entirely the great east window. On the sides of this canopy are two curious ancient paintings, one repre¬ senting Christ and St. John the Baptist, the other Mary and the Mother of St. John. There was a tradition that, during the civil troubles of the seventeenth cen¬ tury, this " altar-piece was so very curiously plastered TRINITY COLLEGE. 55 over, for fear of being destroyed by the reformers (as they called themselves) in Cromwell's time, that they discerned it not ; neither was it found out by the college till many years after, when it was discovered by the workmen employed to do some repairs there, it being supposed to have been privately done by the fellows, who were afterwards ejected, and never re¬ turned again to college."* The windows, being so fortunate as to have no painted glass in them, did not experience the mistaken zeal of the commissioners, which was chiefly wreaked upon four unfortunate che¬ rubim that they found in the chapel. The ceiling of the chapel, which was formerly worked in compart¬ ments of white and gold, and was much too delicate for the distance at which it was necessarilv viewed, was entirely renewed a few years ago, and is now of a much holder design. At the same time new pews were erected for the choristers, &c., which, though useful to the chapel service, tend somewhat to break the view. The ornament of the ante-chapel is the noble statue of the great philosopher, Newton, in white marble, the work of Rouhiliac, which has been so often celebrated in terms of admiration. Around the walls, in this part of the chapel, are the busts and monu¬ ments of various distinguished members of the college. Behind the statue of Newton, is a tablet to the memory of his contemporary, the famous mathematician, Roger Cotes, with the following simple and elegant inscrip¬ tion from the pen of Bentley, who himself lies buried here in the ante-chapel. * Carter's History, page 336. 66 TRINITY COLLEGE. H. S. E. ROGERUS ROBERTI FILIUS COTES, HÜJUS COLLEGII S. TRINITATIS SOCIÜS, ET ASTRONOMIiE ET EXPERIMENTALIS PHILOSOPHIiE PROFESSOR PLUMIANUS; QUI IMMATURA MORTE PRiEREPTUS, PAUCA QUIDEM INGENU SUI PIGNORA RELIQUIT, SED EGREGIA, SED ADMIRANDA, EX INTIMIS MATHESEOS PENETRALIBUS FELICI SOLERTIA TUM PRIM UM ERUTA ; POST MAGNUM ILLUM NEWTONUM SOCIETATIS HUJUS SPES ALTERA ET DECÜS GEMELLUM. The Hall.—The chief ornament of Trinity College, and one of the principal ornaments of the University, is its noble and spacious Gothic Hall. Externally it presents to us a lofty building, supported by light but¬ tresses, with a high-peaked Flemish roof, surmounted by an elegant lantern. Within, we have in the high table, or dais, elevated above the rest of the floor, the screen- work, the music - gallery above it, the butteries and kitchen adjacent, a perfect picture, on a large scale, of the arrangements of the old baronial halls of our forefathers. During the winter months the charcoal fire is still lit in the middle of the hall, beneath the louvre or lantern ; and on high festival days, when the bowl of ale is passed down the high table, with the elsewhere forgotten ceremonies of the olden time, we are strongly reminded of the scenes of festivity and jollity which the old feudal hospitality cherished, when the gallery above was wont to send forth the " bray of minstrelsy." The length of the hall in the interior is upwards of a hundred feet; in breadth it measures forty, and in I.A.Bell. . J-LeEeiox. T'iElIïMir ©iS)in,ILÎg, THE SECOND COURT SHEWING THE IIATJ., Puüislieä. Ma^cll'l*^lô38l't^7■C.Tilt î'Iect- St* &J.LeKeux,Tlamionâs\\*orLVx. TRINITY COLLEGE. 57 height about fifty. It is handsomely wainscotted with carved oak, and the roof is supported by open carved rafter work, of the same material. The grandeur of this spacious apartment is much heightened by the play of light which enters by the windows, filled with coats of arms of distinguished members of the college, in stained glass. At the upper end, immediately below the high table, there is on each side a deep and lofty oriel window. Around the walls, between the windows, are distributed large paintings, portraits of some of the great men who have been educated at this college. At the upper end, in the middle, over the high table, is the portrait of Newton, the pride of Trinity College, painted by Valentine Pitts. Amongst the others we have the poets, Cowley and Dryden ; the first by Ste¬ phen Slaughton, the other by J. Hudson ; the antiquary, Henry Spelman, by J. N. Home ; the naturalist, Ray; and the celebrated critic, Richard Bentley. On the other side of the passage, which leads by the screens from the Great Court into Nevile's Court, are the buttery, and the passage leading into the great and antiquated kitchen, which latter is looked upon as one of the wonders of Cambridge. A passage to the left of these leads, by a staircase, to the Combination- Rooms, where the fellows meet after dinner. This part of the court has been rebuilt within a few years, when it is said that there was a design of rebuilding the whole court, uniformly, after the same model. The exterior appearance of the Combination-Rooms, with the hall, and the turret in the corner, as they stood in the time of Loggan, will be seen in our cut on page 65. In the principal combination-room, besides an original portrait of Newton, are fine paintings of 58 TRINITY COLLEGE. Charles Duke of Somerset, by Danse ; the Marquess of Granby, by Sir Joshua Reynolds; the Duke of Glou¬ cester, by Opie ; the Duke of Sussex, by Lonsdale ; and the Marquess Camden, by Sir Thomas Lawrence. The Master's Lodge.—It would appear from the account given by Caius, in his history, that the original residence of the masters of Trinity College occupied partly the site of the present lodge, probably the southern end of it. At the beginning of the last century, as we have already had occasion to observe, it seems to have been in a very ruinous condition, and in Bentley's hands it underwent a thorough repair. More recently, under the mastership of Dr. Mansel, the interior was again newly fitted up, and the apartments, particularly the state rooms destined for the reception of the king, are very handsome and rich. They contain many valua¬ ble pictures, among which are an original portrait of Queen Elizabeth ; a curious old painting of Ed¬ ward III. ; a gigantic portrait of Henry VIIL, by Lucas de Heere ; and portraits of Edward VI. and Queen Mary, both well executed, and on board. We have also portraits of Sir Robert Cecil; Sir Walter Raleigh ; a half-length of Robert Earl of Essex, by Mark Garrard ; Dr. Nevile, to whose exertions and munificence the college owes so much of its buildings ; Sir Isaac Newton, by Vanderbank ; Scaliger, by Paul Veronese ; and several others. From the Great Court, we pass by the screens of the hall into the elegant court which, from its founder, is named Nevile's Court, although he did very little towards giving it its present form. In Fuller's map, made a few years after Dr. Nevile's death, we see simply two parallel rows of buildings, with piazzas TRINITY COLLEGE. 59 under them, running out, at right angles, to the north and south of the hall, and apparently extending not much more than half the length of the two sides of the present court. At the time of the building of the library these two buildings underwent repairs and alter¬ ations, and were continued uniformly to their present extent. At the same time Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of the library, erected a frontispiece against the hall, in the same style of architecture as his grand building, in order to break what he thought the too strong contrast between the different styles. The piazzas, continued under the library, and so round three sides of the court, are commonly known as the Cloisters, This court, which is nearly two hundred and thirty feet by between a hundred and forty and a hundred and fifty, possesses an air of quiet and secluded grandeur, which is shared neither by the gay Gothic of its neigh¬ bour, the New Court, or by the wide extent of the Old Court. The Library. — To judge by the gifts of books, &c. by different benefactors, the libraries of King's Hall and Michael House must have been both very respectable collections for that age, although Leland mentions but one or two manuscripts in the former, and takes no notice of the library of Michael House. After the foundation of Trinity College, the library of King's Hall appears to have become that of the college, which occupied the same building, or very nearly its site, till the time of Dr. Barrow, namely, the part of the north side of the old court to the west of the chapel, which, in Loggan's view, is still pointed out as the Old Library. The ground-work of the present collection was 60 TRINITY COLLEGE. formed by the private libraries of several distinguished persons who lived during the seventeenth century, par¬ ticularly the celebrated Greek Professor Duport, and Sir Henry Puckering, whose portrait is suspended in the present library. At the time when the new build¬ ing was projected, we learn, from one of Dr. Barrow's letters for subscriptions to the undertaking, that he was not only led to it by his zeal for the honour of his col¬ lege, but that the smallness of the old library rendered it in some measure necessary.—" To this enterprise," he says, " we, of the present society, were obliged by the great munificence and favour of the right reverend father in God John, late Lord Bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, our most worthy benefactor, who hath given us (by the building of the new hostell) fifty pounds a-year for ever, to be expended in buying books, which our present library (being already filled and over-bur¬ dened with those we have) can neither contain nor support." This edifice, one of the best works of Sir Chris¬ topher Wren, is a fine building, in the style of Italian antique, in which that great architect excelled. The elevation which looks towards the river, is simple and majestic : towards the court the front is more confined in extent, but enriched with a much greater profusion of ornament. Under the middle arch of the colonnade on which this front is supported, is a bas-relief repre¬ senting Ptolemy receiving the Greek version of the Bible from the hands of the seventy interpreters. Above it, on the stone balustrade which crowns the building, are raised four statues, representing Divinity, Law, Physics, and Mathematics, the work of Gabriel Cibber, the father of the celebrated Colley Cibber, TRINITY COLLEGE. 61 and whose name is so well known by the two figures of Raging and Melancholy Madness, which he also executed, on the gates of Old Bethlehem Hospital. From the cloisters beneath the library, we pass through a door at the north end, and, ascending a spacious stair-case of black marble, wainscotted with cedar, we enter one of the noblest rooms in Europe. In length this room measures no less than a hundred and ninety feet, by a breadth of forty feet ; the elevation being estimated at thirty-eight feet. At the southern extremity it is terminated by folding-doors, which open to a balcony from which we have a pleasant view of the college-walks and the river. The floor is paved with square slabs of black and white marble, placed diagonally; the door-ways at the two ends of the room, and the fronts of the numerous book-cases on each side, are adorned with a profusion of the most exquisite carvings, in lime-wood, which are some of the choicest specimens of the works of the celebrated Gibbons. Under these carvings at intervals stand, on pedestals, ten fine busts in marble, by Roubiliac. At the sides of the entrance-door are those of the two naturalists, Ray and Willoughby. Similarly placed, at the other end of the room, are those of the philoso¬ phers, Bacon and Newton. The others are Thomas Lord Trevor, and Charles Whitworth Lord Galway, Sir Edward Coke and Sir Robert Cotton, and Doctors Barrow and Bentley. Above, at the summit of the cases, are arranged, on each side of the room, a long series of smaller busts of some of the most eminent men of modern and ancient times. The last couple in this double series is Roger Cotes and Dr. Robert Smith, of whom we have so often had occasion to speak. 62 TRINITY COLLEGE. Among the portraits which are suspended on the walls of the library, besides that of Sir Henry Puckering, already mentioned, are those of Barrow, Nevile, Bishop Hacket, Monk Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Halifax, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, and a copy of Shakespeare, by Mark Garrard. The southern end of the library exhibits the only specimen of bad taste in this splendid room. It is a large window of painted glass, representing the great Newton in the act of being presented to King George the Third, with Bacon sitting in his robes of lord chancellor, below the throne, apparently registering in a book the reward which is to be bestowed upon him. The whole design is exceedingly absurd ; and, instead of the rich lights which are thrown through the old windows of stained glass, the effect here is a dirty mixture of colours that is certainly not agreeable. This window was painted by Peckitt, of York, and the expense, which amounted to five hundred pounds, was defrayed by a bequest left by Dr. Robert Smith for that purpose. The design, by Cipriani, cost a hundred guineas. After the Public Library, that of Trinity College is by much the finest collection in Cambridge. The bequests which were made to it during the seventeenth century, are very rich in the controversial pamphlets which were published so abundantly in that troubled age; and amongst them might be gathered a number of bibliographical treasures of extreme value, which at present lay neglected and concealed on the shelves. During the last century and the present, besides the continual increase arising from the funds which are regularly appropriated to the purchase of books, the TRINITY COLLEGE. 63 library has received many important accessions by the liberality of different benefactors. In one of the manu¬ script cases is locked up the curious collection of early and rare books illustrative of Shakespeare, given to the college by Capel, the editor of the works of the great dramatist. In another case are a few rare and fine volumes from the press of William Caxton. Amongst the later benefactions to this library are a thousand volumes selected from the library of Professor Dobree. Two lock-up cases at the south end of the room contain the old and valuable collection of manuscripts belonging to the college, which are catalogued in the folio Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliœ, &c. printed in 1697. They contain many precious illustrations of the early literature and history of England, and some of them are richly illuminated. But the two volumes which are most commonly shewn to visitors, are, one which con¬ tains much of the poetry of Milton, written in his own hand, and another, which is composed of mathematical papers, in the hand-writing of Newton. In another case, at the north end of the library, is deposited the very valuable collection of manuscripts, partly Oriental, which was made by the celebrated scholars, Thomas and Roger Gale, and which was given by the latter to the college. In 1654, when John Evelyn visited Cambridge, the manuscript in Trinity College which attracted most attention was a book of prophecies, in which it was said that the execution of Charles the First had been foretold. " There," says Evelyn, " they shewed us the prophetic manuscript of the famous Grebner, but the passage and emblem which they would apply to our 64 TRINITY COLLEGE. late king, is manifestly relating to the Swedish ; in truth, it seemes to be a meere fantastic rhapsody, however the title may bespeak strange revelations. There is an office in manuscript, with fine miniatures, and some other antiquities, given by the Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VIL, and the before- mentioned Archbishop Williams, when Bishop of Lin¬ coln. The library is pretty well stored."^ In the library are preserved a few curiosities, among which are some of the mathematical instruments which were used by Newton, with a lock of his hair. At the foot of the stairs are deposited a small but interesting collection of ancient monuments, composed chiefiy of the Roman remains collected in the north of England by Sir Robert Cotton, which were given to the college by his descendant. Sir John Cotton, in 1750 ; the famous Sigean inscription ; a Roman mile-stone, bearing the name of the Emperor Marcus Annius Florianus ; and some others. Adjoining to the south side of Nevile's Court, and entered from it by the Cloisters, is the modern building originally named King's Court, but now generally called the New Court. This court is nearly square, measuring a hundred and sixty-two feet in length, by a hundred and fifty in breadth. It was built after a design by Wilkins, in a light style of Gothic architec¬ ture. On the east and west sides are gateway towers ; that to the west leading into the grounds, and lying in the direct line of the principal walk. The other leads by the Bishop's Hostle, the old and unadorned build¬ ing of Bishop Hacket, into Trinity Lane. * Evelyn's Diary, vol. ii. p. 94. J. Le Kevx F Mackenzie. L^ICIE. ÏÏ^AA^"- IN TITEANTE CHAPEL. TRINTiT COLLEGE. PuklisTiecl Mar cli 1^1838; "by C Tilt .Fleet Street ; J.LeKeixx, Hamiondswoith. TRINITY COLLEGE. 65 The Walks. — The college walks are remarkably fine. The Cam, after running close under the wall which bounds the master's garden, makes a graceful bend in front of the library and the New Court, leaving before them a green lawn, and quits the grounds on the southern side, near a building which is used as the college brewhouse. The walks, on the other side of the river, form nearly a rectangle, and are said to be about the third of a mile in circumference. The southern and western sides are bordered by rows of lofty lime-trees. The walk along the northern side is completely covered from the sun by a row of ex¬ ceedingly noble chestnut - trees, which have of late years suffered much from age and rough weather. The western gateway of the New Court leads over an elegant stone bridge, with cycloidal arches, the work of the well-known James Essex, along an avenue of lime-trees, whose branches, at a great elevation, inter¬ sect, and form, as it were, an arched Gothic roof. At the west end of this avenue is a gate-way of light, f 66 TRINITY COLLEGE. open iron-work, and in the distance is seen the steeple of the pleasant little village of Coton. It was the prospect along this walk that the witty critic. Per¬ son, compared to a college fellowship, which, he said, was a long, dreary road, with a church in the dis¬ tance. As we enter the walks from the road behind, the view of the gateway-tower of the New Court, seen down the avenue, is peculiarly grand. The walks are entirely surrounded by a wide and deep ditch. The space within is laid out as meádow land, and serves as pasture to sheep and cows. On the other side of the road, a very unpretending gateway leads to the fellows' garden. Eminent Men.—To give a brief account of all those who, having been educated at Trinity College, have afterwards distinguished themselves in the world, would require more space than we can here conveniently afford them. So early as Elizabeth's reign, it was already famous for the statesmen, the divines, and the scholars, whom it had bred. It then boasted amongst its mem¬ bers two of the first lawyers in England, Sir Edward Coke and the immortal Bacon, the latter more famous as a philosopher even than as a lawyer. Elizabeth's untoward favorite, Robert Earl of Essex, was also edu¬ cated at Trinity College. The name of this nobleman, famous for his romantic bravery, his love of popularity, and, above all, by his fate, but great in no sense of the word, will enable us to introduce here some papers which give a singularly curious illustration of college- life at that period. The Earl of Essex, in his youth, was Lord Burghley's ward, and among the Lansdowne Manuscripts are preserved several papers relating to his expenses in Cambridge, drawn up by his tutor, Mr. TRINITY COLLEGE. 67 Robert Wright, who was himself a fellow of the Col¬ lege.* The first of these papers relates to the furnishing of the earl's rooms, on his entrance into college. The parcells which my Lord of Essex bought at his entrance in his Chamber at Cambridge.-^ Inprimis, twenty yards of new grene brode sayes Ivj® Item, the frame of the South Window in the first chamber vj® 4*^ Item, for more glasse in the same iiij® Item, for 40 foote of quarters under the hang¬ ings ij® Item, payd to Mr. Bird, at my entrance, for parcells which appear in his proper bill and acquittance xxj® Item, two casements, with hingells in the south wyndow ij'' Item, new hangings in the study of painted cloth xvj® viij'^ Item, for paintinge both chamber and study overhead v® * Wright had been the earl's tutor from his childhood. " His scholemaster," says Sir Edward Waterhouse to Lord Burghley, " was carefully chosen by my Lord his father out of Cambridge ; the chief of the colledge, wherein he is a fellowe, have borne with his absence for the Earle's sake, and now I suppose he is not like to have anie longer tolleration, unlesse it proceed from your favor, or from your auctority as Chancellor of the University."—Queen Elizabeth and her Times (by the Author of the present work) vol. ii. p. 44. This shews how strictly the residence of the fellows was then enforced. Cole, absurdly enough, has controverted the opinion that the Earl of Essex was educated at Trinity College, and asserts that it was at Queen's, and that his tutor was Dr. Chaderton.-^ t MS. Lansdowne, vol. xxv. art. 46. 68 TRINITY COLLEGE. Item, shelves in the study Item, a conveyance to the bedchamber out of the study ij® vj'^ Item, a place makinge for the trindle bed to drawe through the waule * xvj'^ Item, for hordinge a place for fewell, and makinge a light into it vj® Item, a table in the study iij® 4*^ Item, for the furniture in the litle study xviij*^ Item, little irons to hould open the casements with viij"^ Item, my part of the dore betwixt Mr. Forcett and me iij® vj^ Item, for a crest at the chimnay 4:^ Item, for a footestoole at the window 4^^ Item, for two shelves mof in the frame of the study xij*^ Item, a locke and three keyes to the outward chamber dore iij® 4*^ Item, a table in the bedchamber ij® vj^ Summa totalis 7'' x'^ (Signed) GERVATIUS BABINGTON. The next document is an estimate of the earl's commons, for one week, during which he seems to have been travelling from London to Cambridge. Expences for my Lord of Essex' commons and his people for viij dayes.% Friday nighte. Inprimis, egges ij"^ Butter vj*^ I" Place vj'^ d * Wall. t More. ^ MS. Lansdowne, vol. xxv. art. 47. TRINITY COLLEGE. }- 'y ^ I'd Saturday dinner. Mutton Butter viij'^ Egges if . Mackerell - ^ Place v'' Cheken* vj'^ Saturday supper. Egges Mackerell Mutton xij"^ Rabbetts viij^ | Conger j Sunday dinner. Mutton xij*^ 1 Beef xij^ J y Sunday supper, Veale xvilj*^' Lambe xvj'' Pidgions xij^ Rabbetts viij*^ ^ vj cl' Munday dinner. Mutton ij® ) Lambe xiiij'^ ^ "j ^ Supper. Mutton Lambe xvj Tuesday dinner. I ii® Xyjd j J Viijd Beef... Mutton xl]" I "J" n' Supper, Mutton x"^ 1 Lambe xj^ j- Rabbetts x"^ f * Chicken. 70 TRINITY COLLEGE. xmj^ y J f I •" Wensdaj/ dinner. Mutton Egges iiij^ Mackerell iiij^ Butter iij<^ Supper. Mutton viij Place vj Thursday dinner. Mutton ii® Beef "y' Supper. Veale xvjM Mutton xxj'^ j J Friday dinner. Mutton 2® For the whole week. Bread vj® x'^ Brinke v® Goales v® viij*^ Wood xvj'^ Candells xj*^ xix® xj^ Given to our hostess v® Given to her maide xij'^ For the cariadge of our stuife from Cecill House to the Bull in By- shopsgates streate xij"^ For ij lyverie cloakes Ivj® ij'^ iiji' iij® if Summa v" xviij® ix*^ (Signed) R. WRIGHTE. In a letter from his tutor, Mr. Wright, to Mr. Richard Broughton, the former laments bitterly the neglect of some of his pupil's wants, and specifies the TRINITY COLLEGE. 71 articles of clothing, plate, &c. which were necessary for himself and his servant, Montgomery, who seems at the same time to have been a student in the college.* Mr. Broughton, my hartie commendations remembered, I neede not write unto you of my L. his extreme necessitie of apparrell, whereof you yourself was an eye witnesse. But this 1 say, as you knowe it, so other men marvayle that his grat want is not supplied, sith the time of the yeare, beside the consideration of his estate, doth require great chaunge. Therefore, as you tender his healthe, I pray you sollicite the matter to my L. Treasurer, for unlesse you do not only remember my L, but see his commandement put in execution, he shall not only be thrid-bare, but ragged. Ther pottes are looked for according to the manner. I pray you hartely see them dispached. I write earnestlie, not so much to stir up you, whom I knowe to be very forward in my L. his causes, but because his L. necessitie crieth out on us. Thus fare you well. From Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge, the 11th of June, 1577. Commend me, I pray you, to Mr. Burrell. Yours, R. WRIGHT. Ther wants my Lord ; A fine gown for holidaies : 2 dublets ; 3 paire of hose ; 2 paire of nether stocks ; a velvet cap ; a hatte. Sylver Plate. A basen and ewer ; pottes, or goblets ; spones ; plates ; a salte ; candlesticks ; pottes to be given to the Colledge ; hangings. Mongomery. A gown ; 2 paire of hose ; 2 dubletts ; 2 paire of nether stockes ; a cap. There is consideration to be had of him, sith he is to be maintayned as a gentleman, and the place doth require the same. * MS. Lansdowne, vol. xxv. art. 48. 72 TRINITY COLLEGE. My Lord hatli sollicited his owne cause to my Lord Trea- sorer by these letters. The last of these documents that we shall give, is a bill of miscellaneous expenses, illustrative equally of the habits and manners of a noble student of Trinity College in 1577. Mr. Wrightes hill of particulars procured for his pupil, the Earl of Essex, at Cambridge, since Midsummer, 1577.^ Defrayed for the Right Honorable th' Erie of Essex, from the feast of St. John Baptist, a°. Dñi. 1577. Inprimis, to Robert Wrighte for his quarter's wages due at Midsommer v'' Item, paid to Nicolas Hilliarte his wages .... 1® Item, paid to Edward Writington his wages.. xx® Item, for my Lord v paire of shoes v® Item, one paire of winter boots vj® Item, for Mr. Mungomery v paire of shoes.... v® Item, for my Lord at the saltinge, accordinge to the custome vij® Item, for Mr. Mungomery ij® Item, for arrowes for my Lord ij® Item, for iij frames of wainstcot for mapps for my Lord his use iiij® Item, for rushes and dressinge of the chambers iiij® Item, for horse-hire for those that attended on my Lord at severall tymes xix® Item, for their chardges in the way ........ xiij®. Item, for my Lord his commons for the quarter liiij® Item, for his Lordship's cisinge xxxv® Item, for his Lordship's breakefaste for the quarter xxiij® Item, for meate on fastinge nights and tymes extraordinario xxv® Item^ to the Laundres for his Lordship's wash- inge vj® viij*^ Ms. Lansdowne, vol. xxv. art. 50. J A Bell I'jrsr ©®EiILIE©IE o VIEW FROM THE S.E.ANGLE OF THE CLOISTERS. Published Dec''l'['l837,By C.Tilt, Fleet Stl & J.LeKeiix. HarmondswortlL. TRINITY COLLEGE. GATEWAY OF THE NEW COURT, LEADING TO THE WALKS. Item, for Mr. Miingomery iij® Item, for Mr. Mungomery his commons .... Ij® Item, for his cisinge viij® Item, for my Lord to the chief reader ij® Item, for Mr. Mungomery ij® Item, for Ramus' Logique, with a commentarie, xx^ Item, for Ramus on Tullie's Orations iiij® Item, for Sturmius De Elocutione iiij® Item, for Questiones Besse theologicse xx*^ Item, for Grimalius De optimo Senatore .... ij® iiij*^ Item, for Isocrates in Greeke iiij® Item, for a standinge deske for my Lord his Studie vj® Item, given for my Lord in reward, and where his Lordship hathe bene entertained .... xv® Item, for amendinge the glasse wind owes and casements iij® Item, to the barber for his Lordship's trimming ij® Item, for a broad ridinge hatte ... - viij® Item, for painted clothes to hange Mr. Mun- gomery's chamber xxvj® 74 TRINITY COLLEGE. Item, for Taffetta and makings of canions for his Lordship's hose vj® viij*^ Item, for the cariadge of his Lordship's tronke with his apparrell from London to Cam¬ bridge ij® iiij'^ Item, for ij dosen of trenchers ' Item, for a load of wood and the cuttinge of the same v® Item, for a loads of coales xviij® Item, to a footeman sent of his Lordship from Cambridge iij® Item, for inks and quilles Item, for the cariadge of my Lord his stuffe from Cambridge to Reiston ij® iiij^ Item, for a quarter's wages due to Robert Wright at Michaelmas Item, to N. Hilliart for his wages 1® Item, to E. Writington xx® Item, for the boord of his Lordship's too ser- vaunts in the towns for hälfe the years.. ix^* Summa totalis xlv'' x® ij*^ Contemporary with Essex, was Fulke Greville. Lord Brook, the friend of Sir Philip Sydney, celebrated both as a poet and as a historian. He founded the profes¬ sorship of history. Amongst the distinguished men of Elizabeth's reign who were fellows of this college, we ought not to omit Dr. Cousins, Dean of the Arches and Chancellor of Worcester ; and Adam Loftus, Arch¬ bishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The theologians who owed their education to Trinity Col¬ lege during this reign were very numerous, but many of them changed their colleges so frequently that it is difficult to say which should have the honour to claim them. Archbishop Whitgift was brought from Peter- TRINITY COLLEGE. 75 house to Pembroke, of which he was master, and he was removed thence to be master of Trinity. Cart- wright and Travers, the famous supporters of the puritan party, the opponents of Whitgift and Hooker, may be claimed with more justice, having both been fellows of the college, although of these the first had been brought from St. Johns. Dr. Whittaker, after¬ wards master of St. Johns, Dr. Sutcliife, the original founder of Chelsea College, and Dr. Babington, were also educated at Trinity College, which, during this reign, produced ten bishops, and at the opening of the seventeenth century numbered among its members at the same time the two primates of England, John Whit¬ gift, archbishop of Canterbury, and Matthew Hutton, archbishop of York. Trinity College was not less distinguished for its theologians during the two following reigns. From 1618 to the breaking out of the civil war, eight bishops were chosen from among its members, amongst whom was Godfrey Goodman, bishop of Gloucester, who after¬ wards turned papist, the only prelate since the Reform¬ ation who forsook the Church of England for that of Rome. Of the learned men employed on the translation of the Bible in the reign of James the First, and who produced what remains still the authorised version, this society furnished not less than nine, most of them fellows,— Dr. Richardson (who succeeded Nevile in the mastership) ; Edward Lively, the Hebrew professor ; Dr. John Layfield; Dr. Ratclyife; Thomas Harrison; William Dakins ; Robert Fighe ; Michael Rabbett ; and William Bedwell, vicar of Tottenham, and author of the history of that parish. The latter is said to have been a good scholar, and to have left a valuable 76 TRINITY COLLEGE. collection of Arabic manuscripts to the University library, with types which he had had made for printing them.* Among the famous men during the period of which we are now speaking, we may name Sir Robert Nann¬ ten, fellow, who was James's principal secretary of state, and author of the " Fragmenta Regalia ; " Sir Francis Nethersole, then public orator of the university, who was afterwards secretary to the Queen of Bohemia ; Sir Robert Cotton and Sir Henry Spelman, the anti¬ quaries ; Sir Robert Filmer, an able political writer ; the famous translator Philemon Holland ; the poets George Herbert, Giles Fletcher, Thomas Randolph, William Alabaster, and, in the latter part of the period, Cowley and Donne ; Sir Thomas Herbert, who attended Charles the First on the scaffold, and wrote the " Thre- nodia Carolina ; " Peachem, author of the " Compleat Gentleman," and many others. During the Commonwealth, as we have already observed, the Society of Trinity College was in a very flourishing state. Among the ejected royalists, who had most of them been concerned in sending the col¬ lege plate to the king, there were many good scholars ; but there were scholars nowise inferior among those who were introduced to their places. Two of the * In the History of Tottenham, Bedwell first printed the curious old ballad called the " Turnament of Tottenham," from a manuscript which he says he borrowed from the poet George Wither. This identical MS. has lately been discovered in the University library, and it may, therefore, have been a part of Bedwell's bequest. The above-mentioned ballad has been again more carefully printed from this manuscript by the author of the present work—(I2mo. Pickering, 1836), with a full account of the manuscript. TRINITY COLLEGE. 77 masters. Dr. Arrowsmith, who was regius professor of divinity, and the famous Dr. Wilkins, afterwards Bishop of Chester, were very able men. The latter married Robina, sister of Oliver Cromwell, and relict of Peter French, who had formerly been Canon of Christchurch. It must not be forgotten that the celebrated Dr. Barrow, afterwards master of the college, was educated there during the Commonwealth, and that in spite of his royalist principles he was esteemed for his talents and encouraged in his studies. Among the distinguished men of this period who belonged to Trinity College, were Cromwell's envoy to the Swiss Cantons, Dr. John Pell, a good scholar and an able mathematician ; one of his chaplains, Jeremiah White ; * and the poet An¬ drew Marvel. Between the Restoration and the end of the cen¬ tury, Trinity College produced nine bishops, amongst whom were Hacket, and Pearson, the famous divine. During this period it possessed its most eminent men. Among its theologians, besides the two just mentioned, we need only name Dr. Barrow : at the head of its poets stands John Dryden ; its great mathematician was Newton ; its naturalists were Ray and Willoughby ; * Cole, in his MS. Collections, has preserved a curious anecdote of Jeremiah White. He is said to have paid his court to one of the protector's daughters. One day Cromwell entered suddenly the room, when White was earnestly urging his suit on his knees. The pro¬ tector was naturally indignant ; but White, with a sudden presence of mind, said that he was seeking his daughter's intercession in his favour with the maid servant, whom he wished to marry. Cromwell pretended to give credit to his assertion, and observing, with the utmost coolness, that he had more authority with his servant than his daughter had, called her in, and, at the same time, sent for his other chaplain, and there, without delay, caused the marriage rites to be performed. 78 TRINITY COLLEGE. and among its best scholars we may justly name Dr. Thomas Gale. Amongst the bishops educated at this college during the last century, we may enumerate Fowler, bishop of Gloucester, who died in 1714; Zachary Pearce, bishop first of Bangor and afterwards of Rochester, the editor I of Cicero de Oratore and of Longinus ; Newton, raised to the bishopric of Bristol in 1761, the editor of Milton, and author of the Dissertation on the Prophecies ; John Hinchcliffe, bishop of Peterborough ; and the celebrated Watson, bishop of Llandaif. Along with them, as theo¬ logical writers, we should name the famous Bentley, and his contemporary Nelson, the author of the Com¬ panion for Festivals and Fasts. At the same time lived Roger Cotes, the mathematician ; Dr. Robert Smith, distinguished in the same paths of science ; with Bent- ley's opponent. Dr. Conyers Middleton. Among anti¬ quaries and historians, were Le Neve, Francis Peck, and Roger Gale. Among poets, stand the names of Charles Montague, earl of Halifax ; George Granville, the first Lord Lansdowne, who, on account of his precocious talent, was admitted at the age of ten years ; the elegant Latinist Vincent Bourne ; John Byrom ; and Dr. Francklin, the translator of Sophocles. George Stepney, the friend of Halifax, was distinguished both as a diplomatist and a poet. At the latter end of the last century and the beginning of the present, flourished the mathematicians George Atwood, who died in 1807, and Maskelyne, who died in 1811. To the present century belong the distinguished names of Porson, Dobree, and Lord Byron. Benefactors.—The benefactors to Trinity College have been, as might be expected, both from its magni- TRINITY COLLEGE. 79 tude and age, very numerous. To give a complete list of all the small bequests which, from time to time, have been made to the college, would take more space than they can justly lay claim to, and many of the larger benefactions have already been mentioned. In the reign of Elizabeth, one Thomas Allen, clerk, founded two ' students,' and gave lands to the value of 75/. per annum, for the maintenance of three grammar scholars and four poor students; Frances Jermyn, the daughter of Sir Ambrose Jermyn, founded a scholarship with a yearly salary of 7/. IO5. ; Lady Anne Bromley founded five scholarships ; Dr. Cousins founded two ; and Thomas White, citizen of London, founded one. The money left to the library by Sir Edward Stanhope was 700/., and not, as printed erroneously on a former occasion (p. 27) 900/. Among the masters, whose munificence has enriched or added to the beauty of their college, besides Ne vile. Hacket, and Barrow, occur, at an early period of its history, the names of Doctors Bill and Beaumont; and, in more modern times, that of Dr. Postlethwaite, who preceded Bishop Mansell, and who, on his death, left 2000/. to the college, with a valuable collection of books to the library. Within the present century the library has been enriched by several considerable gifts of books. The Government of the college is vested in the master and the eight senior fellows. The number of sixty fellowships established by the original charter remains still the same. The forty scholars established by Henry VIH. were increased by Queen Mary to sixty, and have since been raised, by different benefactors, to sixty-nine. The thirteen poor ^scholars, or sizars, founded by Mary, have been increased to sixteen. The 80 TRINITY COLLEGE. fellows are chosen from amongst the scholars, are in¬ eligible after the period when they are of sufficient standing to take the degree of M.A., and are all, except two, required to take priests' orders within seven years of that period. Patronage.—The college patronage is very large, extending throughout almost every part of the kingdom, and including (besides the three grammar schools of Stevenage, Stone, and Uttoxeter, with alternate present¬ ation to Westminster) the following ecclesiastical bene¬ fices : in Bedfordshire, Barford, Cardington, Eaton Bray, Felmersham, Keyshoe, Pavenham, Roxton, Shillington, and Shotfold ; in Buckinghamshire, Great Loughton and Mesworth ; in the town of Cambridge, the parishes of St. Mary the Great, and St. Michael ; in the county, Arrington, Barrington, Bottisham, Chesterton, Orwell, Over, Papworth Everard, Shudy Camps, and Trump- ington ; in Durham, Gainford ; in Essex, Bumpstead Helion ; Brading, in the Isle of Wight ; Hitchin, Great St. Ippolyts and Wymondly, Thundrich, Ware, in Hert¬ fordshire ; Wymeswould, in Leicestershire ; in Lincoln¬ shire, Little Cotes, East Randall, and Swineshead ; Enfield, in Middlesex ; in Norfolk, Dickleburgh, Fa- kenham, and North Runcton; in Northamptonshire, Grendon ; in Nottinghamshire, Blythe, Flintham, Ho¬ veringham, Langford, Thurgarton, Tuxford, and Wal¬ keringham ; Cheadley, in Staffordshire ; in Suffolk, Grundisburgh ; in Warwickshire, Kirby Monks, and Withybroke; in Westmoreland, Heversham, Kendall, and Kirkby Lonsdale; and in Yorkshire, Aysgarth, Darfield, Gilling, Kellington, Kirby Malzeard, Masham, Normanton, Pickhill, Sedbergh, and Whitkirk, with the third turn of presentation to the rectory of Guisley. J.LeKeii- I A.BelL. (S^Ed]LIESIEo Published Apnl l^^lSdS.hjC.Tilt.Fleet Street, fcJ.LôKeuz.Hamondsworûi. MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE, MILTON'S MULBERRY-TREE, CHRIST'S COLLEGE GARDEN. CHRIST'S COLLEGE. God's House.—In the reign of King Henry VI., a.d. 1442, William Bingham, parson of the church of St. John- Zachary, in London, in consideration of the low state to which grammatical learning was tlien reduced in Eng¬ land, gave a mansion, commonly known by the name b 2 GOD'S HOUSE. of God's House, and situated near Clare Hall, for the support of certain grammar scholars. Soon after, in the 26th year of the same reign, Bingham obtained of the king a license to found in the same building, then con¬ sisting of one tenement with three gardens adjoining, a college, composed of a priest, and twenty-five scholars, or thereabouts, under the name of the proctor (pro¬ curator) and scholars of God's House, who were to be instructed in grammatical science. The founder was himself the first proctor of the new college. When King Henry VI. founded King's College, it was thought convenient to take the smaller foundation of God's House into the projected site,* and Bingham's college was removed to the site of what is now called Christ's College, where the king gave them " two cot¬ tages, or a tenement, formerly belonging to the abbey of Tiltey, and a tenement adjoining, which had formerly belonged to the abbess of Denny, with gardens adja¬ cent." By his charter made to the house at this time, Henry gave to it various revenues from the monasteries of Monmouth, Totnes, Newstead, Sawtrey, and Caus- well in South Wales ; with the priory of Clipston, the * It is probable that the original site of God's House was taken into that of the Old Court of King's which has lately been taken down. Cole imagined that he recognised God's House in an old building in Trumpington Street, which was still standing in the latter half of the last century. " God's House, in Trumpington Street, is part of the house where Professor Russell Plumptre has lived for many years : the next house to him is very ancient, with a curious carved window-frame to the street, with David and his Harp, &c. ; and in the windows of the house, two old coats of Delapole and Wingfield quartered. It belongs to Mr. Kerridge of Norfolk, and stands opposite the Provost of King's Lo^ge on the other side of the street, and supposing that old lodge was demolished, opposite to the east end of the King's College Chapel." CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 3 priory and manor of Ikeham, and the advowsons of Fen Drayton^ and of Naumby, in Lincolnshire. In the thirty-third year of his reign, he added to these grants and confirmations an acre of land in Helpeston, in Northamptonshire, and the advowson of the church there. Edward IV. and after him Henry VII. con¬ firmed the charter of Henry VI. It appears from the registers of Ely, that Bishop Alcock, on the 20th of November, 1488, granted an indulgence of forty days to all supporters and repairers of the college at Cambridge called Goddys House. Christ's College. — It is said to have been the intention of Henry VI., when he removed God's House from its first position, to increase considerably its reve¬ nues, and the number of scholars maintained by them, had he not been hindered by the civil wars which en¬ sued. The completion of the work was reserved for his kinswoman, the celebrated Margaret countess of Rich¬ mond and Derby, and mother of Henry VIE, who is de¬ scribed by her contemporaries as one of the most pious ladies of her time. Baker copied from a register in the college archives, a letter of King Henry to his mother, setting forth that " by the persuasions and counsell of the sayd reverend father (the Bishop of Rochester) the sayd princess altered her mind from the foundations in the sayd monastery (of Westminster) to the foundation of Christ's College." The charter of foundation of Christ's College is dated in the year 1505, but the statutes were not given and the foundation entirely perfected till the following year. By this foundation, the society was made to consist of a master, twelve fellows, and forty-seven scholars. John Syclyng, the fifth proctor of God's House, was made the first master 4 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. house were now added the church of Moulton, Manerbier, in Pembrokeshire, and Burn ham St. Mary's, in Norfolk, with various other possessions. The college itself was rebuilt; and Fuller has preserved a story, how " once the I.rady Margaret came to Christ's College, to behold it when partly built, and, looking out of a window, saw the deane call a faulty scholar to correction ; to whom she said, lente, lente,—gently, gently, as accounting it better to mitigate his punishment than procure his pardon." * * Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, had in his possession a curious fragment of an inventory of the plate, &c. left to this College by Mar¬ garet of Richmond, which is here printed from a transcript by Baker :— This boke made the Id'*" daie of August in the first y ere of the Reigne of Kyng Harry the viij"*, by me Maister Edward Bothe of the Jewell House, with my Ladi's grace on the one partie, and Maister Doctor Tomson, Maister of Criste's Colege in Cambridge on the other partye, makying mention of all suche jewelles and plate as the foresaid Maister of Criste's Colege hathe recevid owte of the Jewell House of the said Ladie, by hir bequestes and by the commaundement of my Lord of Rochester, Maister Chaunceler, Maister Sent Johns. These parcelles hereafter folowing : First, a gret Crucifix gilt and inamyld with Mary and John, pondering cxvj une. price the unce iiij' .. xxiij" iiij' Item, one crucifix, with Mary and John gilt and in¬ amyld, pondering 47 une. di. price the unce iiij* ix" x* Item, a hole harnish for a crosstaf to be borne in pro¬ cession, that is to understood, iij long holow pipes and 4 gret knoppis, parte of them inamyled, and one of them having a gret crest with pynacles, all pondering cxviij une. price the unce iiij® xxiij'' xij* Item, one gilt foot for a crosse to rest in upon the auter, pondering xxiij une. price the unce iiij®.. iiij" xij* Item, a great chales with the patent gilt, ponsid with portculions, rosis, margarettes, the ymage of the Trinité inamyld, and ymage of the Crucifix in¬ amyld, with the patent in the foot, pond, xxiiij. ^ une. quart, price the unce iij* viij^ iiij" viij' xi^ Item, a chales, with the patent gilt, with this Scrip¬ ture, Calicem Salutar accipiam et nornen Dni invocabo, graven/ibowte the cup, of CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 5 In 1531, the society gave up to Henry VIll. the manor of Roydon, in exchange for which his successor granted to them the revenues of Bromwell Abbey. Ed¬ ward VI. gave them also, in the sixth year of his reign, the manor and church of Bourn, and at the same time another fellowship was founded, because the old esta¬ blishment of a master and tw^elve fellows was supposed to be a superstitious allusion to Christ and his disciples. The bishop of Ely's letters, concerning the exemp¬ tion from his visitation and the consecration of the chapel (termed there quandam decoram capellain), are dated on the 12th of December 1506. In July 1510, Bishop Fisher, as visitor of the college, gave certain injunctions to Thompson, the third master, chiefly con¬ cerning the goods, chest, accounts, kc. of the college, and urging among other things that the fellows and scholars should speak no language but Latin within the college gates, that they should not keep any dog for hunting (canem aliquem venaticum) in the college, that their robes should be all of one colour, &c. The suc¬ cessor of Thompson, John Watson, was the intimate friend of Erasmus. In the reign of Queen Mary, the master of Christ's College was the famous Cuthbert Scott, Bishop of Chester. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, Edward Haw- ford, a distinguished divine, was made master. In his time the puritans were already numerous in the college, and as they looked upon him as one that was too much inclined to the old religion and discipline, they made frequent and loud complaints against their master. He died in the Febru,— of 1582-3, and was buried in his college chapel; where, in Cole's time. 6 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. might be traced the following fragment of an inscription to his memory, on a brass plate on the floor :— . . . . GUI TOTA rUEUAT HJEC CÛRA DOMUS, EUM SEPULTUM PARVA PARS DOMUS TEGIT, QUO NEMO PRAISES EXTlTIT ERUGALIOR, HAWFORDUS IIIC EST OSSA SUNT, IS CUM DEO EST . . OBIIT FEB. 14, 1582, POST 24 ANNORUM MODERATIONEM. Hawford was succeeded by Edmund Harwell, a zealous puritan, under whom the religious differences and the disorders occasioned by them increased to such a degree, that, in the December of 1586, the vice-chan¬ cellor proceeded to make a visitation. He gave a series of injunctions, by which it appears that non-conformity was so prevalent in Christ's College, that the fellows seldom received the sacrament, and almost entirely neglected the form of prayer established by the statutes. Their discipline had become very lax, they no longer talked Latin in the college, they went commonly with¬ out their academical dress, and their time was chiefly occupied with disputes with one another. The visitation was prolonged during many months, and raised more violent heart-burnings than had been caused by the evils which it was intended to cure, so that at last the matter was set at rest by a simple agreement of the parties concerned to forget their quarrels, and live in future lovingly together. Harwell died about 1609, and was also buried in the chapel of his college.^ * Several letters concerning these disputes are preserved among the Lansdowne MSS., and others among Baker's Collections, in the Harleian Library. CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 7 Christ's College seems, at an early period, to have been famous for the acting of comedies and tragedies. We are told that so far back as 1544, was performed there a tragedy called Pammachius, translated by the celebrated John Bale. Somewhat later, about 1566, was first performed " in Christes Colledge " the singular old comedy of Gammer Gurton's Needle. At the time of the civil wars, the master of Christ's College, Dr. Baynbrigge, was again inclined to puritan- ism ; and accordingly, at the visitation of 1643, he was not ejected from his place. We pulled down," say the commissioners on that occasion, " divers pictures and angels, and the steps. Dr. Baynbrigge, the master, did promise to take down Orate pro Anima on the brazen eagle." Nine fellows were at this time ejected, and another, William Power, who was a Lady Margaret's preacher, was attacked and insulted by the soldiers in the market-place, as he was going to St. Mary's to deliver a Latin sermon ad clerum. Buildings.—From a comparison of Bishop Parker's map with that given in Fuller, Christ's College appears to have consisted, originally, of a small quadrangle, with some out-buildings of no great importance, with the exception of a pile of old buildings parallel to, and at a short distance from, the eastern side of the court. The new buildings were erected by subscription,* in 1642, after a design by Inigo Jones. In Loggan's time, at the end of this century, the old buildings just alluded to, were still preserved, and stood about half-way be¬ tween the older court and the new buildings, breaking * Or, as Loggan has it, " liberalis munificentia baronum, comi- tiim, militum, doctorum, generosorum plurimorum." 8 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. the space between them. These buildings were, pro¬ bably, part of the old tenements given to God's House, when it was removed from the neighbourhood of Clare Hall. They have since been taken down, and a range of buildings erected in continuation of the line of the southern side of the old court, so as to form, with the new buildings of Inigo Jones, a second court. The part of the college, facing St. Andrew's Church, with the gateway-tower, appears to be as old as the original foundation, but the front of the buildings is said to have been new cased by Dr. Thomas Dynford, pre¬ bend of Westminster, in the seventeenth centurv. Over the gateway are the arms of the foundress, surmounted by a beautiful canopy with turrets and pinnacles. The court within, which measures a hundred and forty feet by a hundred and twenty, has been externally repaired, but the buildings are substantially the same as those built by Margaret of Richmond. Opposite the entrance are the hall and the master's lodge, and at the north¬ east corner of the court stands the chapel. The hall is a neat room, chiefly remarkable for a flne old painting of the Lady Margaret, suspended over the fellows' table. There are other portraits of the foundress in the chapel and in the combination-room. The chapel is internally handsome, though small. It is floored with msÉble, and is about eighty-five feet long and thirty high. Its principal ornament is the beautiful monument, in white marble, erected to the memory of the munificent bene¬ factors of the college. Sir John Finch and Sir Thomas Baines, whose friendship was not separated in death, and whose ashes repose together in one tomb in this chapel. A simple tablet of white marble records the names of Mede, Cudworth, and More. The east window CHRIST'S COLLEGE 9 THE SUMMER-HOUSE, CHRIST'S COLLEGE GARDEN. has some good painted glass, representing portraits of the foundress, of her son, Henry VIE, and of some other members of her family- On the west side of the court, to the south of the gateway-tower, is the library, the contents of which are hy no means remarkable, with the exception of a cast said to have been taken from the face of Milton. It contains a few manuscripts, but of no great value. The chambers in Inigo Jones's building are chiefly occupied by the fellows. A gateway in the middle leads to the fellows' garden, the most celebrated in the uni¬ versity, both for its own picturesque beauty, and for its mulberry-tree, said to have been planted by the hand of Milton, while a student in the college. At the south-eastern corner of the garden is a bath, with an elegant summer-house, and by the water side two or 10 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. three pedestals, one of which supports a bust of the great poet, and the other an urn to the memory of Joseph Mede. The view towards the north-west corner, is one of the most picturesque that can be conceived. The trunk of the mulberry-tree, where it was decayed by age, has been carefully covered with lead, and the branches supported by props. Celebrated Men.—Christ's College, in proportion to its magnitude, is remarkable above all others for the number of eminent divines who have received their education within its walls. Among the most celebrated of the numerous bishops who were educated here, may be named Bishop Latimer, who suffered martyrdom along with Ridley, in 1555 ; Heath, archbishop of York in 1553 ; Cuthbert Scott, bishop of Chester ; Edmund Grindall, archbishop of Canterbury ; Still, bishop of Bath and Wells in the latter part of Elizabeth's reign; Archbishop Bancroft; John Sharp, archbishop of York in 1691 ; and, at a later period, Edmund Law, bishop of Carlisle, and John Law, bishop of Elphin ; and the famous Beilby Porteus, bishop of London. Among a numerous list of other divines mav be mentioned John More ; Hugh Broughton, the famous orientalist ; Dr. Willet-; William Parkins, who WTote all his works with his left hand ; Joseph Mede ; Ralph Cud worth ; Dr. Henry More, author of the Enchiridion Ethicum ; Bishop Rust ; Dr. Burnet, author of the Theory of the Earth ; Nicholas Grimbald, an eminent reformer, and chaplain to Latimer ; John Milner, author of the Church History of Palestine ; and the celebrated Paley. Dr. Chaderton, Dr. Richard Clarke, Dr. Seth Ward, and Francis Dillingham, were all employed in the translation of King James's Bible. Among the puritan CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 11 writers who were of this college, the most eminent were Edward Dering ; Arthur Hildersham ; William Ames, who spent the latter part of his life in Holland, where he took refuge from the troubles in England ; and John Howe, the domestic chaplain of Cromwell. Among statesmen shone Sir Walter Mildmay, the founder of Emmanuel College, Chancellor of the Exche¬ quer to Queen Elizabeth ; Sir John Finch, Ambassador to Constantinople ; Sir Robert Raymond, Lord Chief Justice in the reign of George 1. Leland, the antiquary, was of Christ's College, while that foundation was but in its infancy. John Major, the old Scottish historian, entered himself there with true Scottish feeling, because the college is situated in the parish of St. Andrew's, the patron saint of his own country. Another historian bred at Christ's was Dr. Lawrence Echard. its most celebrated mathematician was Dr. Nicholas Saunderson, Lucasian professor in 1711. Milton is here, of course, the genius of the place. He was entered in 1624, took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1628, and that of master of arts in 1632.^ The voice of calumny, in that age more than usually busy, charged Milton with having left his college with discredit. But we have his own assertion to the con- * The following is the entry of Milton's admission, in the college books : — " Johannes Milton Londinensis, filius Johannis, institutes fuit in literarum dementis sub Magistro Hill gymnasii Paulini prœfecto, ad- missus est pensionaries minor Feb. 12°, 1624, sub M''° Chappell, sol- vitque pro ingr. 0. 10'' Chapel was afterwards provost of Trinity College, Dublin, and bishop of Cork and Ross. In the university books are the entries of his degrees : — " Jo. Milton, Cell. Chr. Art. Bac. 1628. Art. M""- 1632." 12 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. trary. One of his opponents, alluding to his education in the university, accused him of having been " vomited out thence " for which commodious lie," says the poet, " I thank him ; for it hath given me an apt oc¬ casion to acknowledge publicly with all grateful mind, that more than ordinary favour and respect which I found above any of my equals at the hands of those courteous and learned men, the fellows of that college wherein I spent some years : who, at my parting, after I had taken two degrees, as the manner is, signified many ways, how much better it would content them that I should stay ; as by many letters full of kindness and loving respect, both before that time and long after, I was assured of their singular good affection towards me. Which being likewise propense to all such as were for their studious and civil life worthy of esteem, I could not wrong their judgments and upright intentions so much, as to think I had that regard from them for other cause, than that I might be still encouraged to proceed in the honest and laudable courses, of which they apprehended I had given good proof. And to those ingenuous and friendly men, who were ever the countenancers of virtuous and hopeful wits, I wish the best and happiest things, that friends in absence wish one another."* This same antagonist reproached him with his morning haunts : — " Those morning haunts," * An Apology for Smectymnuus, Works, Edit, of 1833, p. 79. In another work (the Defensio Secunda), Milton speaks with satis¬ faction of his college life ; — " Pater me Cantabrigiam misit ; illic disciplinis atque artibus' tradi solitis septennium studui, procul omni flagitio, bonis omnibus probatus, usquedum magistri quem vocant gEftdum cum laude etiam adeptus, sponte mea domum me contuli, meique etiam desiderium apud collegii plerosque socios, a quibus eram baud mediocritur cultus, reliqui." CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 13 he answered, " are where they should be, at home ; not sleeping, or concocting the surfeits of an irregular feast, but up and stirring, in winter often ere the sound of any bell awake men to labour, or to devotion ; in sum¬ mer as oft with the bird that first rouses, or not much tardier, to read good authors, or cause them to be read, till the attention be weary, or memory have its full fraught; then with useful and generous labours pre¬ serving the body's health and hardiness to render light¬ some, clear, and not lumpish obedience to the mind, to the cause of religion, and our country's liberty, when it shall require firm hearts in sound bodies to stand and cover their stations." A little further on Milton alludes to the comedies which he had often witnessed, as acted by his fellow students. " In the colleges," says he, " many of the young divines, and those in next aptitude to divinity, have been seen so often upon the stage, writhing and unboning their clergy limbs to all the antic and dishonest gestures of Trinculoes, buffoons, and bawds ; prostituting the shame of that ministry, which either they had, or were nigh having, to the eyes of courtiers and court ladies, with their grooms and made¬ moiselles. There, while they acted and overacted, among other young scholars I was a spectator; they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools ; they made sport, and I laughed ; they mispro¬ nounced, and I misliked ; and, to make up the atticism, they were out, and I hissed." Very similar reflections are made by Sir Simonds D'Ewes, in his inedited Me¬ moirs. When he, was at Cambridge during a royal visit, he absented himself from the idle comedy " with which the students of Trinity treated the king, because 14 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. the scholars acted female parts, and that in woman's clothing. Other poets bred in Christ's College, were the famous Francis Quarles ; Cleveland, afterwards fellow and tutor of St. John's College ; Sir John Harrington, the translator of Ariosto ; and Gabriel Harvey, the friend of Spenser. Grimbald, mentioned above, was also a poet. Benefactors.—Christ's College has been enriched, at different times, by numerous benefactors; and as these have consisted generally in the foundation of scholarships or exhibitions, there is no college in the university so advantageous for a student who is not rich. Edward VI., besides his fellowship, founded three scholarships. Two fellowships and two scholar¬ ships were afterwards founded by Sir John Finch and Sir Thomas Baines. Dr. Thomas Plume founded a scholarship; John Harvey, a scholarship; Christopher Clarke, archdeacon of Norwich and prebendary of Ely, a scholarship ; Christopher Tancred, a scholarship ; Sir William Petyt, two scholarships; Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury, six scholarships ; Robert Broad- banke, in the first year of Elizabeth's reign, a scholar¬ ship ; Richard Risley, a scholarship ; Richard Bunting, three scholarships ; Richard Carr, six scholarships for Giggles wick school; John Rudd, vicar of Shepall, in Hertfordshire, two scholarships.* Tancred also founded four divinity studentships, worth each a hundred and thirteen pounds a-year. Bunting, amongst his other * These ' scholarships ' are, of course, many of them, nothing more than exhibitions. CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 15 benefactions, gave " five pounds a-year toward the maintenance of the fire in the hall or parlour." Sir Walter Mildmay, in the reign of Elizabeth, founded a Greek lecture. Amongst other miscellaneous benefactions should be mentioned those of Bishop Fisher ; of Archbishop Grindall, who gave forty ounces of plate to the college ; of Dr. Thomas Thomson, who gave to the college, in the reign of Henry VIIL, the brazen George, in the parish of St. Andrew ; of Dr. Henry More, who gave the rec¬ tory of Ingoldsby ; of Thomas Otway, bishop of Ossory ; Dr. Hawford, master of the college in Elizabeth's reign ; Richard Risley ; Mr. Philip Rawlins ; Mr. Thomas Laughton ; Mr. Thomas Patterson ; Dr. Honeywood, dean of Lincoln ; Joseph Mede, amounting to about three hundred pounds ; Dr. Thomas Dynford, prebend of Westminster ; Dr. Cudworth ; Dr. Ralph Widdring- ton; Dr. Anthony Watson, bishop of Chichester; Sir John Wheeler, &c. Beilby Porteus, in 1807, gave three gold medals to be distributed amongst the students of this college ; one of fifteen guineas, for the best Latin dissertation on some evidence of Christianity ; another of the same value for the best English essay on some moral precept of the Gospel ; and one of ten guineas to the best reader in, and most regular attendant at, chapel. The Society now consists of a master, fifteen fel¬ lows, and fifty-four scholars, besides numerous exhibi¬ tioners. The visitors are the vice-chancellor and two senior doctors in divinity ; but if it chance that the vice-chancellor be of Christ's College, his place is to be supplied by the Provost of King's College. 16 CHRIST'S COLLEGE. The Patronage of Christ's College is large in pro¬ portion to the number of fellows ; it possesses in Cam¬ bridgeshire, Fen Drayton, one of the earliest endow¬ ments of the college ; the vicarage of Bourn, the gift of Edward VI. ; that of Caldecot, and the rectory of Toft. The others are the rectory of Little Canfield, in Essex ; that of Anstye, in Hertfordshire ; Kegworth, in Leicestershire ; the two rectories of Ingoldsby and Naumby, in Lincolnshire ; those of Brisley and Burn- ham St. Mary, the vicarages of Croxton All Saints, and Gately, and the perpetual curacy of Hapton, in Norfolk; the rectory of Clipston, and the vicarage of Helpeston, in Northamptonshire; the vicarage of Ma- nerbier, in Pembrokeshire ; and the rectory of Moulton, in Suffolk. W]í5W BOTJLBnSr©® ®F .3r®3HIW®—FR®M TKIK &^R:®3S3ffS. Published, for iil^e Proprietor. OctT r®^i840.'by" Tílt & tíogxie, P'leec Street. MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE. THE OLD BRIDGE. ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. Next in magnitude to Trinity College, and nearest to it in situation, is St. John's. As a collegiate foundation, this society does not rank among the most ancient houses in the university, but it was engrafted upon an older establishment, the foundation of which carries us back to the earliest period of authentic university history. St. John's Hospital.—The site of the modern col¬ lege was formerly occupied by a hospital of canons regular, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist. The origin of this fraternity is somewhat doubtful. It was long supposed that the founder was Nigellus, the second bishop of Ely ; but documents more recently brought to light show that the land on which the hospital and its chapel were built, and with which it was endowed, were b 2 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. given by Henry Frost, a burgess of Cambridge, in the reign of Henry II., and that Nigellus only granted certain privileges and immunities, as bishop of the diocese. It appears from the Hundred Rolls of the beginning of the reign of Edward I., which are the documents alluded to, that the presentation to the mastership, as well as other rights over this hospital, had been vested in the burgesses of the town ; hut that they had been afterwards usurped by the bishops of Ely, the first bishop who exercised these rights having been Hugh Norwald, who occupied the see from 1229 to 1254. The townsmen complained to the king's commissioners of this encroach¬ ment of the bishops, hut, as it appears, without effect ; and as early as 1257, Hugh de Balsham, then bishop, exerted his authority so far as to place in the hostie along with the brethren a society of scholars, which he had recently founded and endowed under the title of Ely Scholars. The revenues of this house seem to have been small at its commencement ; hut after it had been taken under the immediate patronage of the bishops of Ely, it was enriched by frequent grants of houses in Cambridge and tenements in the country, and by other benefactions of different kinds.The clerical brethren, jealous of the infiuence of the secular authorities, had probably thrown themselves into the hands of the bishops; and the friend¬ ship between them was close and lasting. Bishop Eustace, who acted so prominent a part in the events of the reign of John, had already been a great benefactor to St. John's * It appears from the Hundred Rolls, that in the beginning of the rei^n of Edward I. the hospital of St. John the Evangelist possessed many houses, &c. in and about Cambridge. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 3 Hospital, appropriating to it the rectory of Horningsea (reserving £5 per annum for a constant vicar, which he left in the patronage of the hishops,) and St. Peter's Church in Cambridge (now Little St. Mary's). He also gave them two ships or boats to carry w^ood or turf from Ely marshes, " to keep them warm and granted them various other privileges. Baker supposes that it was on account of the benefactions of this prelate, that the bishops of Ely afterwards set up a claim to be founders and patrons of the house. In 1281, as it appears from an entry on the Patent Rolls, Hugh de Balsham, then bishop of Ely, had taken measures for perverting entirely the object of Frost's foundation, and turning the hospital itself into a college for the support of his secular scholars, who were to be governed by the same laws as the Merton scholars then recently established at Oxford. But the monks and scholars seem to have disagreed from the beginning ; and the opposition of the former probably induced him to relinquish this project and to remove his scholars from the hospital to two hosties he had purchased for them in Trumpington Street, and he thus laid the foundation of Peter-house. In 1293 (21 Ed. I.) the king granted to this hospital the forfeitures of victuals of forestallers and regraters, towards the maintenance of " poor scholars and other infirm people." The bishops who succeeded Hugh de Balsham seem not to have been active in the affairs of the hospital of St. John until the time of John de Hotham or Hothun, who came to the see in 1316, and who gave the brethren a free right of electing their prior. His successor, Simon Montacute, occupied him- 4 ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. self diligently in carrying out the designs of Hugh de Balsham both here and at Peter-house. The last-men¬ tioned prelate had alienated from the hospital St. Peter's Church, which he had given to the secular scholars, and this had been a source of long dissensions between them and the brethren of the hospital. Bishop Montacute, to whose judgment the parties submitted themselves, put an end to the quarrel by confirming the scholars in the pos¬ session of the church, on condition of their paying an annual rent of twenty shillings to the former patrons. From this time the hospital continued to increase in riches ; and in the fifteenth century, when John Dunham was master or prior, the house was admitted into the body and society of the university, and was allowed to partake in its privileges. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the pro¬ spects of this old foundation were entirely changed. William Tomlyn had been elected master of the hostie in 1498. The inmates of the religious houses in a place like Cambridge were necessarily in danger of being gra¬ dually corrupted by their intercourse with the students of the university. A melancholy example had already been aflforded by the nuns of St. Rhadegund ; and we find other allusions which show that the manners of the Cambridge monks were not in general very pure. Tomlyn appears to have been a man of very dubious character, and the brethren of the house were not un¬ willing to join in his irregularities. They are represented as having given themselves up to all kinds of intemper¬ ance ; they pawned or sold the furniture, plate, and even the sacred utensils of their house, to administer to their V own extravagance ; and when these were swallowed up, ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. 5 they sold and mortgaged the lands ; so that at last the master was obliged to hide himself from the creditors ; and the four brethren, all that were left, wandered over the country, leading a scandalous life. The hospital itself was deserted, and the sale of all its possessions, as we are told, would hardly have produced money enough to satisfy the creditors.* St. John's College.—In this condition was the hos¬ pital of St. John the Evangelist, when the Lady Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby, who had recently founded Christ's College, and who was now contem¬ plating the foundation of a college at Oxford, was persuaded by Bishop Fisher " to turn her thoughts back upon Cambridge." The licence of the king (who was her own son), and the consent of the bishop of Ely (who was her son-in-law), for the suppression of the hospital, were easily obtained, and preparations were already made for the endowment of a college on its site ; hut the foundation was temporarily suspended by the deaths of the king and foundress, occurring within a few months of each other. The Lady Margaret, by her will, had how¬ ever provided for the completion of this her last great * In the original recital of the foundation, in the register of the college, printed in Mr. Hymers's edition of the Funeral Sermon of the Lady Margaret, it is stated that Bishop Fisher " exponit miseree domus miseram ruinam ; ostendit (ut re vera erat) prsedia divendita, terras luxu gulaque ahsumptas, ornamenta expósita, suppellectilem prorsus corrosam, et ne sacris quidem parcitum, divina officia intermissa, hos- pitalitatem celebrari nullam, prsepositum domus créditons metu latitari, confratres paucos, plus minus quatuor, modo per urhem, modo per rura divagari, in maximam suee religionis infamiam atque scandalum ; hos- pitale ipsum prope desertum, sed ita alieno eere oppressum, ut ne omnia quidem preedia, si integra mansissent, debita îHius magnitudinis vendita persolvissent." 6 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. act of charity, and had appointed eight executors for that purpose, of whom the most active was her confessor. Bishop Fisher. In carrying her intentions into effect, the executors had to contend with many difficulties and much opposition ; they had to obtain another licence from the new king, and the bishop of Ely was no longer willing to consent to the dissolution of the hospital. But every difficulty was at length overcome by the persevering labours of Bishop Fisher, and the old hospital was dissolved on the 20th of January, 1510, and formally delivered into their hands. The charter of foundation of St. John's College is dated April 9th, 1511 ; the society was to consist of a master, and fifty fellows and scholars ; and the charter appoints Robert Shorten to be first master. The revenue of the college was, by the king's licence of mortmain, limited to £50 a year besides the lands and revenues of the house, which latter amounted to somewhat more than £80. The debts of the old house had been already paid by the direction of the Lady Margaret's will. Robert Shorten, an active and learned man, superintended the building, which was finished in 1515, and the college was solemnly opened, in the presence of Bishop Fisher, in the year following. The buildings of the college, like its revenues, must have been at first not very large, consisting chiefly of what forms now the first court ; though the expense is said to have exceeded four thousand pounds. The hospital, at the time of its dissolution, is said to have been much dilapidated ; but it was, at the most, only partially taken down, for Cains tells us that at the time when he wrote (1574), parts of the old edifice still remained (cujus ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. 7 monumenta quœdam adhuc supersunt integra). The builders began by enlarging or new-building the chapel, which had previously been of small dimensions. When finished, the foundation of Lady Margaret presented pro¬ bably the appearance which it has in Caius's map : a square court, opening into the street, with the chapel on the north side, and at the south-west corner some out¬ buildings, probably connected with the kitchen and other offices. The same lane which now exists, ran down to the river, which was separated from the college by an open lawn or garden, and was passed by means of a wooden bridge. A few traces of the ancient buildings are still visible in some parts of the college, particularly in that part which now bears the name of the Labyrinth, adjacent to the first court and to St. John's back lane, at the termination of which is an old archway in the wall. The wall itself appears either to have been a part of, or to have been erected with the materials of, the hospital. The piece of ground now occupied by the stables of the college formed the burial-ground of the older institution, and human remains have been frequently turned up in it. As has just been observed, the college was not rich at first. The king, as heir at law to the Lady Margaret, had seized upon a large portion of her personal estate with which she had endowed the college, and only gave the society in return the dissolved hospital at Ospring in Kent, and an uncertain payment out of the lands of which they were deprived. Yet the college was soon enlarged by private benefactions. Shorton quitted his mastership as soon as the buildings were finished ; and Alan Percy, third son of the earl of Northumberland 8 ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE. who was killed in an insurrection in Yorkshire in 1489, was appointed to succeed him by Bishop Fisher and Dr. Hornby, when they opened the college in 1516. Shorton was one of the earliest private benefactors, having given ten pounds towards paving the hall, and leaving by his will a hundred marks for an obit. Percy also resigned the mastership, two years after his appoint¬ ment, and was succeeded (a.d. 1518) by Nicholas Met¬ calfe, a man in every respect well fitted for the office. He found the college in a low condition, and by his prudence and exertions, aided by numerous private bene¬ factions which were made to it in his time, he cleared it of its worst incumbrances, and raised it to a very prominent place in the university. " He found the college spending scarce two hundred marks a year," says Roger Ascham, who was a member of it, " and he left it spending a thousand and more." In the last year of Metcalfe's mastership, the college lost its best friend. Bishop Fisher, but not till he had obtained for it grants of the two nunneries of Higham near Rochester and Bromehall in Berkshire, which had been both dissolved on account of the extravagance and incontinence of their inmates. Fisher himself was a considerable benefactor; he gave to the college money, lands, and books, and founded four fellowships and two scholarships. Among the earliest benefactors and steadiest friends to St. John's College we must not omit the name of Hugh Ashton, a native of Lancashire, comptroller of the household to the Lady Margaret, and one of her ex¬ ecutors. He founded four fellowships and four scholar¬ ships. Ashton died archdeacon of York in 1522, and was buried in the cathedral. A monument was erected F.Mackenzi e. lamnRAMCT catiewait ST JTOMETS PulJialieâ.For the I^oprLctor Octí 184.0 ,lTy-lilt & Boçue , Fleet Street ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 9 MONUMENT OF HUGH ASHTON. to his memory in the chapel of St. John's College, which has been carefully preserved, and remains a good speci¬ men of the monumental sculpture and taste of the age in which it was executed. On a table supported by four pillars, Hugh Ashton is represented in a recumbent posture, and in an attitude of prayer ; beneath this table is exhibited a skeleton in the same posture. A brass bears the following inscription : HIC SITUS HUGO ASHETON ARCHIDIACONUS EBORACENSIS, QUI AD CHRISTIAN.E RELIGIONIS AUGMENTUM SOCIOS DUOS EX LANCASTRIA, TOTIDEMQUE SCHOLARES, SOCIUM ET SCHOLAREM EBOR. COM. SOCIUM- QUE ET SCHOLAREM DUNELM. DIOC. ORIUND. SUIS IMPENSIS PIE IN- STITUIT, ATQUE SINGULIS A SE INSTITUTIS SOCIIS CONSUETUM SOCIORUM STIPENDIUM SOLIDIS 40 ANNUIS ADAUXIT, OBIJT NO. CALEND. DE- CEMBR. AN. 1522. The first statutes were given to the college while Alan 10 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. Percy was master, and were founded upon those of Margaret's earlier foundation of Christ's College. They fixed the number of fellows at twenty-eight, hut specified no limit for the number of scholars. But by new statutes, given in 1530, it was directed that there should he twenty-two scholars. By the original statutes it was ordered that at least half of the fellows should be taken from the nine northern counties, and they assigned 12d. a week for the commons of a fellow, and only 7 d. for those of a scholar, being less than the allowance in the older foundation of King's Hall.* In 1546, according to the report of the king's commissioners, the sti¬ pend, commons, &c. of the master amounted together to £18 4s.; and the whole expenditure of the college was £607 19«. Baker has given an extract from one of the sermons of Dr. Lever, master of the college in the reign of Edward VI., which presents a singular picture of the manner of living in the university at this time. After speaking of the bounty of King Henry VIII. in giving two hundred pounds yearly, towards the exhibition of five learned men, to read and teach Divinity, Law, Physic, Greek, and Hebrew, and of his munificence in founding Trinity College, he proceeds : " Howbeit all they that have known the universitye at Cambryge sence that tyme that it dyd fyrst begynne to receive these greate and manye- folde benefytes from the kynges majestye, at youre bandes, have juste occasion to suspecte, that you have deceyved boeth the kynge and universitie, to enryche youreselves. For before that you dyd hegynne to he the * See our account of Trinity College, p. 6. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 11 disposers of the kynges lyberalitye towardes learnynge and poverty, ther was in houses helongynge to the universitye of Cambryge two hundred students of dyvynyte, many verye well learned, whiche he nowe all clene gone, house and manne, younge towarde scholers and old fatherlye doctors, not one of them lefte. One hundred also of an other sorte, that havynge riche frends, or beyng bene- fyced men, dyd lyve of theymselves in ostles and innes, he eyther gon awaye, or else fayne to crepe into colleges, and put poore men from hare lyvynges. Those bothe he all gone, and a small number of poore godly dylygent students now remaynynge, only in colleges, he not able to tary and contynue their studye in the universitye for lacke of exhibition and healpe. " There be dyverse ther, whiche ryse dayly betwixt foure and fyve of the clocke in the mornynge, and from fyve untill syxe of the clocke, use commen prayer, wyth an exhortation of God's worde, in a common chappell, and from sixe unto ten of the clocke use ever eyther private study, or commune lectures. At tenne of the clocke they goe to dynner, where as they be contente wyth a penye pyece of hiefe amongst foure, havynge a fewe porage made of the brothe of the same byefe wythe salte and otemel, and nothynge else, &c. After thy s slender dynner, they go either teachynge or learnynge untyll fyve of the clocke in the evening, when as they have a supper not much better than their diner ; immedyatelye after the whyche, they go either to rea- sonynge in problèmes, or into some other studye, untyl it be nyne or tenne of the clocke, and there beyng wythout fyre are fayne to walke,\)r runne up and downe 12 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. hälfe an houre to gette a heate on their feete whan they go to hed." St. John's College came into heing at a difficult period. The first dawn of the reformation in religion was felt nowhere more strongly than in the university ; and, itself partly the result of a general intellectual improvement, it brought with it new systems of learning and teaching. In a new foundation, it is not to be wondered at if these innovations were taken up more warmly than in the old establishments, and they were the cause of continual disputes between the master and a large portion of his fellows. Dr. Metcalfe was an old man, and had been formed in the ancient mode of education ; and, in spite of all the benefits he had conferred upon the college, he was made so uneasy in his place, that he re¬ signed the mastership on the 4th of July, 1537. He was succeeded by George Daye, or Deye, a friend of Leland the antiquary, and a man of influence at court, by which he obtained the appointment. The college on this occasion excited the king's anger by proceeding to the election of another person. In the same year in which he was ap¬ pointed, Daye was removed to he made provost of King's College, and was succeeded in the mastership of St. John's by John Tayler. The dissensions in the college now rose to such a height, as to bring on a visitation by the bishop of Ely in 1542, who succeeded in making a compromise between the two parties, and producing a temporary peace. But the heats soon broke out more fiercely than before, and Tayler was obliged to resign in 1546. The mastership was then given to William Bill, who,^as a warm reformer, was more acceptable to the ST. JOHN^S COLLEGE, 13 inmates of the college, and they now gave loose to their zeal in destroying all the remnants of popery. Dr. Bill was removed to Trinity College in 1551, and was sue- • needed by the celebrated Thomas Lever. The reforming zeal of the fellows of St. John's was not likely to be very palatable to the governing powers in the days of Queen Mary ; and it has been observed, that at her accession there was a more general and severe expulsion of its members than at any other college. The dis¬ comfited reformers sought shelter on the continent, many of them at Geneva, where their puritanical feelings, already sharpened against the papists by the temporary triumph of the latter at home, were fostered and in¬ creased by the rigid Calvinism of their brother protestants abroad. On the accession of Elizabeth to the throne, they returned to England full of expectations, and, in their triumph over the catholics, determined to set no bounds to their reforms. But the maxims of Elizabeth's government were moderation and cautiousness : the pro¬ testant church establishment in England only went a part of the way in the innovations which the German Cal- vinists had made ; and the opposition of the dissatisfied puritans in Cambridge, where this spirit of discontent was exhibited most strongly, continued to agitate the uni¬ versity during the whole of Elizabeth's long reign. St. John's College, of which Cecil, Lord Burghley, (the chief prop of the moderate party, and the chancellor of the university,) was a member, was conspicuous above all the others for the part taken by its fellows in these dissensions. When the ejected fellows of St>John's returned from the continent, bringing with them, as Baker complains, 14 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. the " Geneva psalters," their former master, Lever, received some church preferment, instead of being re¬ stored to his mastership, which was conferred upon James Pilkington, a learned and pious man, the friend of Bale and Bullinger. The new master, with his brother Leonard Pilkington, one of the senior fellows, occupied themselves zealously in rooting out the superstitions of the preceding reign ; they pulled down the altar in the chapel, as well as those in the private chapels, and ex¬ changed the missals and breviaries for service-books from Geneva. But even their zeal was not sufficient to satisfy many of their fellows; James Pilkington, in 1561, ex¬ changed his mastership for the bishopric of Durham, and was succeeded in the former by his brother, who, after three years of continual disputes, also retired from his post to become prebend of Durham, leaving his college in great disorder, so much that, according to the report of the master of Trinity in the same year, " sundry in St. Johns will be very hardly brought to weare sur¬ passes." Leonard Pilkington was driven from the college by the fellows ; and it appears from the fol¬ lowing letter (preserved among the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, No. 6, art. 67), addressed to Cecil by the bishop of Ely (Richard Cox), that they had carried their opposition so far as to declare he had forfeited the mastership, and to elect another in his place, a year before he quitted his post. Sq accordinge to your request, and apon the same accordinge to the request also of the most parte of the ifellowes of St. Johans, I have travayled to pacifie the contention lately risen in thcvhowse. And by conference bothe parties, I fynde that their ellection is utterly frustrate, bothe because the mastershipe ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 15 is not yet voyed neyther by forfayture nor by resignation, and also because they have made a certayne ellection contrarye to the forme and ordre of their statute. They are all blame worthye, as I tolde them, because they wolde proceade so rashely and disorderly. I have signifyed unto them that theire ellection is of no force nor eifecte, and therfore I willed them in the meane season to be quyet, and when the rome of the m^shipe shalbe clerely voyed, than to procede to a newe ellection, accordinge to the tenour of their statutes, wherin I wolde not wisshe them to be interrupted by letters, onlesse they were wilfully bent to chuse a man utterly unmete. Yet for as muche as ye bear suche a good zeale to the howse, and have sumwhat travayled in this matter, I wolde wish© ye shulde geve them an earnest monition, that whan the mastershipe shalbe voyed, they chose a man bothe of sincere religion and also prudent and politick for governemente. Ffurther I have sent you up a perfecte certificate of all the howse holders w^^in Cambrige Shyre and the Isle. Dominus Jesus te nobis diutissime servet incolumem. Ffrom my cottage of Ffenne Staunton, in the confines of Cambrige Shyre, the xv'^. of August, 1563. Your assured Richarde Ely. The " prudent and politick man for governemente " whom they did elect on Pilkington's resignation in 1564, was Richard Longworth, who continued the work of clearing out the remnants of popery. But he did little towards calming the disorders that had heen growing under the rule of his predecessors. The puritanical incUnations of the fellows were far from heing dimin¬ ished ; many of them had become warm partizans of Cartwright of Trinity, particularly Mr. Fulke, who suf¬ fered a temporary expulsion for iiis opposition to the church discipline. Longworth was also obliged to quit 16 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. the mastership in 1569, and was succeeded hy Nicholas Shepherd, vice-master of Trinity College, who was elected in opposition to Dr. Kelk and Mr. Fulke, in order to check the growth of puritanism. Baker says that he discontinued the " Geneva psalters," and substituted in their place the Bishops' hible, then newly published. But Dr. Shepherd was also found wanting : in the latter part of 1573, or early in 1574, he was deprived for non- residence and other irregularities ; but among the faults laid to his charge was his encouragement of the puri¬ tanical party. The following original letters (from MS. Lansdowne, No. 17, arts. 78 and 79) relating to this event, will help to illustrate the state of feeling in St. John's College in the latter half of the sixteenth century. The first was written by the vice-chancellor, then Thomas Byng, master of Clare Hall. My duetie most humbly premised, may it please your Lord¬ ship, upon the receipt of your L®® concerning the quieting of certaine troubles lately movid in St. Johns College, I conferrid those heddes of houses who weare then at home ; their opinion was, that forasmuche as among many other griefes and quereles of that college, namely, that also concerning the vacation of the m^'shipp was offred to the hearing and consideración of my L. of Ely, and that by consent of either partie, as it seemid ; and for that the sayd bishop had allreadie begoonne his visitación there by ordinary auctoritie graunted him by the statutes of that house, I should doo best to absteyn from entremedling in that cauce untill I weare fully advertised whether my L. of Ely purposid to procede or desist from further dealing therin. Wherfore I gave his chauncello'' intel¬ ligence, expecting his aunswer till the 19^^ of this Septembre, at what time I understood that y® bishop ment to be personally present the Monday following, to goo forward w*^ his visitación TME Ï5I-:ew 3smj£]ö)lís'hr'd for dio Proprietor Au^;Vi"i6¿p.,"by Tólt Sc Rogue, ï'ieeL Street,LoticIoti MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE. GATE OF HUMANITY. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. This college has had a double, or, according to some of its historians, a triple foundation. It first took its origin in Gonville Hall, founded by Edmund Gonville, rector of Terrington, or Tyrrington, and Rushworth in Norfolk, and younger brother to Sir Nicholas Gonville, of Rushworth. This munificent ecclesiastic, who had established a small college of canons in his parish,* N * Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 192, says, " Sir b 2 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. determined on founding a house of education in Cam¬ bridge ; and having obtained license from Edward III. in A.D. 1347, through the influence of Sir Walter Manny, inaugurated his foundation on the 12th of June, 1348, by the name of Gonville Hall, dedicated to the Honour of the Blessed Virgin. This house was situated in what is now termed Free School Lane, but was then known by the name of Luthburne, Lith- burn, or Luttburne Lane, and occupied the site of part of the present garden and premises of the master of Corpus Christi College, to the north-east of St. Botolph's Church.f The foundation ^was for a warden or master, and four fellows, only one of which society Edm. Gonvile, priest, was founder of Rushworth College, of Gonvile HaU, in Cambridge, and (as some say) of the Friers in Thetford, and of St. John's Hospital at Lynn : he was first rector of Thelvetham, or Feltham, Suffolk, instituted Dec. 4th, 1320, by Adam de Tyryngtone, rector of Hopton, his proxy, he being then in priest's orders. He resigned this for Rushworth rectory, in 1326, and after he had esta¬ blished it a collegiate church, in 1342 he was instituted to Terryngton, of which he died rector in 1350." The title of " Sir " is probably only a translation of " Dominus," then the common appellation of graduates in orders. * From the Cambridge Portfolio, which contains many interesting particulars relative to this college, we leam that the orthography of its name was by no means constant ; being found in various ancient docu¬ ments as Gonville, Gonevile, Goniville, Gonnevil, Gonvile, Gunwell, and Gunvill ; the first is by far the most probable, and is the name now adopted. The college annals, in mentioning the primitive foundation, say, " Die Jovis in Septimana Pentecostés, Ano. Dni. 1348, et regni Regis Edvardi (3^") 23°, in honorem Annunciationis beatse Mariœ Virginis." Annales, p. 1. The king's letters patent were dated from Westminster, Jan. 28th, 1347- Thomas de Grantchester was chan¬ cellor of the University at the time of the foundation. t Archbishop Parker's map of Cambridge gives "Luttburne." See Corpus Christi College, p. 4. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 3 was required to be in holy orders, and John Colton was the first person named to preside over the new society. It had been the founder's intention, as the original statutes show, to have added twenty scholarships to this house, hut he died in 1350,* before his purpose could he accomplished, and left a considerable sum to he expended by William Bateman, bishop of Ely, in completing his foundation. This prelate was at that time occupied in founding Trinity Hall, and this was probably the reason, as Fuller hints, of his removing Gonville Hall to a site in the immediate vicinity of his own college. An exchange was made for some mes¬ suages to the west of St. Michael's church belonging to the united gild of Corpus Christi and St. Mary the Virgin ; and the original site of Gonville Hall, when this gild founded Corpus Christi College, became the property of that society, and was subsequently converted into the fellows' garden, the old Tennis Court, and St. Botolph's Workhouse. This exchange was effected in a. n. 1353, and from that period up to the time of the Reforma¬ tion the hall continued to increase and flourish. Bishop Bateman conferred on it the rectorial tithes of Foulden and Wilton in Norfolk, and of Mutford in Suffolk; and about 1396 those of Mattishall in Norfolk were also be¬ stowed on the house, on the application of the master and fellows, by the special permission of Pope Boniface IX. Another pontiff, one of the most eminent that have filled the papal chair, Sixtus IV.,t allowed all Benedictine monks of the diocese of Norwich to study in this hall, * He died and was buried at Terrington. Carter, p. 110. t A beautiful portrait of this pope ^is published in Mr. Shaw's Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, No. 10. 4 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. notwithstanding the decree of Benedict IX., that the members of this order frequenting the University of Cambridge should study in University Hall, opposite St. Mary's church. A third pope at a much later period, 1502, Alexander VL, the infamous Borgia,* allowed this hall to send out two of its members every year to preach in any part of England with full freedom from control. Gonville Hall had numerous benefactors, and its number of endowed members was considerably increased, principally by persons connected with the county of Norfolk. Carter enumerates them at above one hundred, and says that seven fellows and eleven scholars were added to the original foundation. Among the most generous friends of the house was William Phiswick or Fishwick, esquire bedell to the university, who joined to the hall a subordinate house, his own residence, afterwards called Phiswick's Hostie, and situated where part of the south-eastern corner of the great court of Trinity College now stands. Fuller, in his honest cham¬ pionship of the claims of Cambridge to academic su¬ periority, declares that " Fishwick's Hostie (though vrorse than a Cambridge) was better than any Oxford hall'; as partly endowed by the bounty of William Revell, rector of Titchwell in Norfolk, who in his own benefice built several chambers and lodgings, whither the Fishwickians might retire, either for pleasure in summer or safety in sickness. Above fourscore commoners have lived at once in this hostie, repairing for prayers to Gonvil Chapel, and, if dying, interred therein. Since, it is * Carter calls this pope a member of Gonville Hall ; but if so, he could only have been an honorary one. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 5 assumed into Trinity College." In this hostie, which had a Principal separate from Gonville Hall, Walter Lyhert, hishop of Norwich, maintained twelve students during his life. Carter adds that four hundred students, which is no douht an exaggeration upon the number given above by Fuller, have studied at the same time in this hostie, and says that when the building was added to Trinity College by Henry VIII., under pretence of an improvement, the king promised a compensation to GonviUe Hall of three pounds a year ; " hut how long they enjoyed the payment," he observes, " or what satis¬ faction thev had for the same, I nowhere find." Other generous benefactors to the hall were. Lady Mary Pakenham, Lady Elizabeth Clare (Fuller calls her name "Cleere"), who built part of the east side of Gonville Hall, besides founding a fellowship in 1480 ; and Lady Anne Scroope, a descendant of the founder. This lady, who had been married three times wfithout issue, enlarged the College of Canons at Rushbrook, bestowing on that establishment the ancient lordship of the Gonville family, and also conveyed to Gonville Hall the manor of Mortimer in Cambridge, for the maintenance of a fellow. The buildings of Gonville Hall- occupied the site of what is now called the Gonville Court, and the other portions of the edifice opposite Bishop's Hostie and Queen Mary's Gate in Trinity Lane ; hut they have been so much altered at subsequent periods that their original character cannot now he ascertained. The house, how¬ ever, was one of considerable size compared with its academic contemporaries, and if its lists of benefactors, and of thei eminent men educated within its walls, he 6 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. taken into account, must always have held a respectable place in the University. The first master, John Colton, was a personage of no small distinction. He was born at Terrington in Norfolk, and graduated in the canon law in this Univer¬ sity. When selected for the office of warden or master, he was chaplain to Bishop Bateman, but he resigned in 1353, at the period of the hall being transferred to its new site, and was appointed archdeacon of Dublin. He was afterwards made dean of St. Patrick's, lord chan¬ cellor and lord justice of Ireland, and ultimately arch¬ bishop of Armagh. He was sent as ambassador to the Holy See in the reign of Richard XL, and died on the 27th of April, 1404, being buried in St. Peter's church at Drogheda.* John le Ufiford was one of the first members of Edmund Gonville's foundation, and was selected for the metropolitan see of Canterbury in 1348; but he died the following year in possession of the temporalities of the see, without, however, having been consecrated. John Rickingale, who was master from 1423 to 1426, had previously been chancellor of the University from 1415. He was chancellor of York, dean of St. Mark's College in Norwich, and afterwards bishop of Chichester. Thomas Atwood, his successor, was a considerable benefactor to the hall in buildings, &c. Dr. Sherifie, who was elected master in 1472, distin¬ guished the three years of his administration by carefully attending to the property of the house, of which he had new and accurate accounts made out and duly enregis- tered. He was a prebendary of Lincoln and archdeacon of * Two treatises were written by this prelate. De causis et remediis schismatis inter Papas Urbanum VI. et dementem VII. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 7 Stowe. Dr. Bokenham became head of the house in 1514, and resigned his office in 1536 on account of his age, eighty years, and his increasing infirmities. His brother, Nicholas Bokenham, was a considerable bene¬ factor to Gonville Hall, building the southern part of that edifice, and bestowing on it lands at Haddenham in the Isle of Ely. The next master was Dr. Skippe, one of the compilers of the Liturgy, who was afterwards made bishop of Hereford ; and he was succeeded in 1540 by John Sturmin, archdeacon of the same diocese. Among the bishops educated at Gonville Hall were, William Lynwood, bishop of St. David's in 1442, a learned writer ; Nicholas Shaxton, bishop of Salisbury in 1535; and William Reppes, bishop of Norwich in 1536.* One of the most eminent men connected with this early period of the college was Walter de Aveden, precentor of Hereford, and a noted astronomer. During the mastership of Dr. Bokenham, or Bucken- ham, Henry VIII. gave authority, in 1535, to Cromwell to visit the University of Cambridge with a view to the great change then taking place in the national religion, and probably with the secret intention of adding to the spoils of the confiscated monasteries no small portion of the property of the colleges. Cromwell's surrogate or deputy on this occasion was Thomas Legh, doctor of laws, and he issued a set of injunctions to the Uni¬ versity on the 22nd of October. Fuller, in his History * The following notice of this master, not much to his credit, is given by Carter in his History of Cambridge, p. 116. " After he had alienated the manors and nearly ruined the see, at the king's request, he resigned, upon condition to be allowed £200 a year for life by his successor." 8 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. of the University, informs us that three days after these injunctions had been promulgated the colleges solemnly adhered to them and gave in their subscriptions. The historian quotes at full length the document to this effect transmitted to Dr. Legh by the master and fellows of Gonville Hall, and it forms at once a curious and important paper, illustrative of the ecclesiastical history of those times. This paper is signed by the following personages : Willimus Buckenham, as master ; and then by Rogerus Overey, Johannes Styrmin, Lau¬ rentius Map tit, Andrew Dew, Johannes Caius, and Wilhmus Barker. The last name but one on this list is that of the illustrious physician who was the principal benefactor and last founder of the college as it now exists ; and this occurrence of his signature as fellow of the hall leads us to give an account of his life and connexion with this society.* John Caius, or Kaye, was born in 1510 at Norwich, and was the son of Robert Caius, a native of Yorkshire, according to the usually received accounts, or, as Carter states, of a family which with others of the same name had settled in Norwich and different parts of the county of Norfolk long before. John Caius received his first education at Norwich, and was sent in 1529 to Conville Hall, where he was elected fellow in 1533, and graduated * There are numerous materials for a life of Caius : they are to be found in the college annals ; in Fuller's History of the University of Cambridge, and in his Worthies of England ; in Bale, De illust. Script. Mag. Brit.; in Pitseus, De illust. Angl. Script.; Niceron, Mémoires des Hommes illustres, tom. xi. ; Chauffepied's learned supplement to Bayle's Biographical Dictionary ; Strype's Annals ; Nicholson's English His¬ torical Library ; and in the interesting memoir published in the Cam¬ bridge Portfolio, No. II. ©AHWS ©®ILE.IS©I1 from the fellows gard eft s LohcLou.Publislied Aug? 1"iSiL.liy lilt &Bogae,ileet Str GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, 9 in medicine. He continued fellow till 1539, when he left England and went to study in the celebrated University of Padua, under John Baptist Montanus of Verona, one of the greatest medical scholars of that day. It is said that before leaving his own country he had written several works, none of which are, however, preserved, and had otherwise given proofs of distinguished abilities : it is certain that he made remarkable progress at Padua, and that he read Greek lectures there, which were highly esteemed. The precise year of his return to England is not known, but he was still on the continent in 1544, and he afterwards settled at Norwich, where he practised medicine with great success, and in 1551 distinguished 10 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. himself by his mode of treating the sweating sickness, upon which he published a treatise, De Ephemerâ Britan- nicâ, in 1556.=^ Gains, who had taken the degree of * The following is a list of the works written by Dr. Cains : De medendi methodo ex CI. Galeni et Joannis Baptisti Montani Veronensis, principwn Medicorum, sententia, libri duo. Basle, 1544, in 8vo. Louvain, 1556, in 8vo., and Basle, 1558, in 8vo., with the Opuscula of Montanus. This work he composed in 1542, while still in Italy.—CL Galeni Pergameni libri aliquot Grœci partim hactenus non visi, partim a mendis quibus scatebant innumeris ad vetustissimos codices repurgati et integritati suœ restituti, annotationibusque illustrati. Basle, 1544, in 4to. These works he revised while in Italy, and reprinted on his return to England. His notes on Galen were copied into an edition of that author published at Lyons in 1551.— Galeni liber de sanitate tuendd. Basle, 1549, in 12mo. Caius sent a commentary to this book to be printed at Basle in 1563, but it was never done.—De Ephemerd Britannicd liber. London, 1551, in 12mo. This was re¬ printed in 1721, in 8vo.— Opera aliquot et versiones, videlicet: De medendi methodo libri duo : De Ephemerd Britannicd : Galenus de libris suis et lïbrorum ordine libri duo : De ratione victus Hippocratis in morbis acutis : De placitis Hippocratis et Piatonis. Louvain, 1556, in 8vo. —Galeni libri de ossibus, de ptyssana, Sçc. Basle, 1557, in 8vo.—De canibus Britannicis liber unus. De rariorum animalium et stirpium historia liber unus. De libris propriis liber unus. London, 1570, in 12mo. The treatise. De canibus Britannicis, has been reprinted together with Christiani Francisci Pauliini cynographia curiosa, seu canis descriptio, at Nuremberg, in 1685, in 4to., as well as among the Rei venática scriptores, Leyden, 1728, in 4to.—De Antiquitate Academia Cantabrigi- ensis libri duo, London, 1568, in 8vo. and 1574, in 4to.—Historia Cantabrigiensis Academia, ab urbe conditd, duobus libris, London, 1574, in 4to.—De pronunciatione Graca et Latina lingua, cum scriptione nova. London, 1574, in 4to. Pitseus states that Caius composed numerous other works, that he corrected a corrupt edition of Celsus and added notes, and also that he wrote a treatise on the waters of Bath, entitled De thermis Bathoniensibus. A rumour that he had written something on the antiquities of Norwich seems to be without foundation. For a further account of some of these works, and the books which Caius left to the college library, the reader is referred to the Cambridge Port¬ folio, No. 11. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 11 doctor of medicine at Padua, was admitted ad eundem at Cambridge on revisiting his old house : we find also that in 1557 he was physician to Queen Mary.* It was at this period that he succeeded in obtaining a favour from his sovereign, which no doubt he had long coveted,— that of enlarging Gonville Hall, and of so far augmenting it by his property as to make it a regular college. It appears that he stood high in the favour of her majesty, and that he obtained from Philip and Mary, without much difficulty, a charter, which was not only one of foundation and incorporation, but also of confirmation, since the property of Gonville Hall was held only by royal license to possess it in mortmain, without having any letters patent to adduce in behalf of the right. The petition was addressed to the throne at the recommenda¬ tion of the master and fellows ; and full power was given by it to Dr. Caius not only to bestow property on the house, but also to frame a new set of statutes for its better government, and to give it the title of Gonville and Caius College. It was on the festival of the Annun¬ ciation in 1558 that the re-dedication of the college to the Virgin Mary took place ; and it may therefore be looked on as the last of the houses in either University,, (forming the majority in each institution,) for which wo are indebted to the pious liberality of catholic times. The form of words used in the college at the present day on Dr. Caius' commemoration states that he be¬ stowed on the society " the manors of Croxley at Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire, and of Runcton and Burnham in Norfolk, for the increase of the stipend of * He had been previously physician tç Edward VI. and was after¬ wards physician to Queen Elizabeth. 12 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. the master and for the stipends of three fellows and twenty scholars;" as also that he gave "his lands and tenements in Caxton in Cambridgeshire for the charge of a common fire, the porter's stipend, and other uses : and lastly, for the enlarging and improving the site of the college he purchased four tenements of the master and fellows of Trinity College, called Ansel's, Houghton's, Talbot's, and Smith's, over against St. Michael's church¬ yard, whereon Dr. Legge's building now stands." Carter informs us that the value of the manor of Croxley was at that time £23 Is. 7\d. per annum, and that it had formerly belonged to the abbey of St. Alban's. Runcton manor had belonged, he further states, to the great monastery of Bury St. Edmund's, and was valued at £ 22 5s. per annum ; while that of Burnham, which had been held by the monastery at Wymondham, was valued at £ 6 per annum. Carter says he added the patronages of Holme and Hallington in Norfolk to that of Burnham; but that these three livings having been previously conveyed to Sir Edward Fynes, Lord Clinton and Say, high admiral of England, and Henry Herdsdon, of London, by King Edward VI., and Caius having ob¬ tained them by purchase from Queen Mary, the title to them was found defective, and the college has lost them. The account of Dr. Caius' benefactions given by Fuller in his History of the University^ is too quaint to be passed over. " He bestowed a five-fold favour," says that worthy writer, " on this his foundation. First, land to a great proportion, . . . the demesnes of Crokesly in Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire ; Bincomb manor in * Fuller, pp. 253, !254. Prickett and Wright's edition. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 13 Dorsetshire (with the advowson of the parsonage), Rung- ton and Burnham's-Thorp in Norfolk; the manor of Swansly at Caxton in Cambridgeshire. " Secondly, building. Adding a new court of his own charge, and therein three gates of remark : the gate of humility, low and little, opening into the street over against St. Michael's church. The gate of virtue, (one of the best pieces of architecture in England :) in the midst of the college. Thirdly, the gate of honour, leading to the schools. Thus the gates may read a good lecture of morality to such who go in and out thereat. He ordered also that no new windows be made in their college, new lights causing the decay of old structures. " Thirdly, he bestowed on them cordial statutes (as I may call them) for the preserving of the college in good health ; being so prudent and frugal, it must needs thrive (in its own defence) if hut deserving the same ; thence it is, this society hath always been on the pur¬ chasing hand (having a fair proportion annually depo¬ sited in stock), and indeed oweth its plenty under God unto its own providence, rather than the bounty of any eminent benefactor, the masters only excepted, who for so many successions have been bountiful unto it that the college (in a manner) may now prescribe for their bene¬ faction. " Fourthly, he gave it a new name, to be called Gonville and Cains College. But, as in the conjunction of two Roman consuls, Bihulus and Cains Julius Caesar, the former was eclipsed by the lustre of the latter, so this his namesake Cains hath in some sort obscured his partner, carrying away the name of the college in common discourse. " Lastly, he procured a coat of arms for the college, 14 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. to bear it empaled with that of Gonville. Indeed, they are better hieroglyphics than heraldry, fitter to he re¬ ported than blazoned, and betwixt both we dare ad¬ venture on them. Namely,/in the field, or, bescattered with purple ears of amarinth, two serpents erected, azure, with their tails nowed or knotted together, upon a pedestal of marble {vert), having a branch of ' semper vivum ' proper betwixt their heads, and a book, sable, with golden buttons, betwixt their bodies ; wherein, not to descend to particulars, wisdom is designed in a stable posture by the embracing of learning, to attain to un- corrupted immortality, or, to take the words of the patent, ' ex prudentia, et Uteris, virtutis petra firmatis, immortalitas.' " Dr. Gains, on completing his new foundation, placed the existing master of GonviUe HaU, Thomas Bacon, B.D., at the head of the society: that gentleman, how¬ ever, appears to have been deficient in firmness of character, for we find that the college annals style him as " Homo certe gravis, mitis, et amabilis, sech-custos inutilis et negligens ; " ^ and in 1559 Dr. Gains himself was made master of the college at the unanimous request of the fellows. In this office he remained, with the greatest honour to himself and advantage to the house over which he presided, until 1573, when he resigned in favour of Dr. Thomas Legge, a native of Norwich, who had been fellow of Trinity and Jesus GoUeges, and after¬ wards regius professor of civil law in this University. During all this period, as we are informed by a fellow of the society,! Dr. Gains refused to accept any salary * Annales, p. 30. See Cambridge Portfolio, No. II. p. 58. t The author of the able paper on Dr. Caius in the Cambridge Portfolio, No. II. D. 58. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 15 as master from the house of which he had been the founder, and, as .we gather from various sources, was continually enriching the college with gifts of plate and valuable books. The latter part of the life of this eminent man was not free from the effects of petty persecution, which characterized the earlier portion of Elizabeth's reign, against those who had remained faith¬ ful to the religion of their ancestors. Dr. Caius was suspected of being better inclined to the catholic than to the reformed church by some, and by others was inconsistently accused of having no religious principles whatever. Though perhaps his mind, which was of no common stamp, may have raised him to a great degree above the influence of such minor troubles, yet since they came to their height in 1572, the year before his decease, and because they were embittered by their having originated with some fellows of his own college, it is not altogether improbable that they may have hastened the termination of so useful and honourable an existence. Strype, in the Life of Archbishop Parker,"^ states that in December, 1565, there was brought before the arch¬ bishop a dispute between Dr. Caius and some fellows of his college. The founder and master had, as Strype says, in a movement of ahger against three members of the foundation, named Dethick, Spencer, and Clerk, expelled them from the college for having infringed the statutes, and for having, as he considered, thereby com¬ mitted perjury. They appealed to the archbishop of Canterbury, but their application could not be received on account of some informalities in the mode of drawing * Book III. c. iv. p. 199, &c., London, 1711, folio. Strype is, on the whole, hostile to Caius. 16 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. it up. The prelate, however, perceiving that there had been a little hastiness on both sides, expressed his censure of the conduct of the fellows as well as the master, in a severer manner, however, for the latter than for the former. Dr. Caius, with great good sense and a desire for peace, submitted without delay to have the affair finally settled by His Grace of Canterbury, but the expelled fellows, with no small inconsistency, now refused to agree to this decision, and made a further appeal to Lord Burghley, chancellor of thè University. They drew up a memorial against Dr. Caius, which was submitted by the chancellor to the archbishop, upon whom, as Strype asserts, some of the articles it contained made a deep impression, not only because they indicated one who was favourable to atheism, but who was altogether an atheist, " and besides badly disposed towards such as believed in the gospels." The archbishop told the chancellor that if such a charge as this could be proved, he should con¬ sider Dr. Caius " tanquam ethnicum et publicanum," and that he should be anxious to see another master of the college appointed in his stead. Strype observes that Caius, in order probably to excuse the inconsistency he had shown in matters of religion,* had let out casual observations which showed that he was not particularly attached to any form of religion ; or else that his great aim was to conceal a secret inclination for Catholicism. As a proof of the latter supposition he adduces the fact of Dr. Caius having kept by him a great number of vestments of the catholic clergy, sacred vessels, and other * Pitseus gives it as his opinion that Dr. Cains had no very de¬ terminate ideas in religion, and observes that he was always of the same religion as the reigning monarch. De illnst. Angl. Script, p. 756. I.A.B ell. (DAEHJg (S® >'K.OM THE STRKET. London. Pallislied. SeytT I84l."bv Tüt^cBogne.Heet Street. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 17 MONUMENT OF DR. CAIUS. ornaments of the altar, in order to save the college the cost of buying them again if it should please the sovereign to change the established religion and revert to the ancient creed of the country. This circumstance was discovered in 1572, when, on a commission to that effect issued by Dr. Edwin Sandys, bishop of London, Dr. Byng, master of Clare Hall, and vice-chancellor of the University, ordered a search to be made at the lodge of the master of Caius, and found there a con¬ siderable depot of articles such as those above alluded to. During the short interval that occurred between his resigning the mastership to Dr. Legge and his death, he resided in the rooms over the Gate of Virtue and c 18 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. Wisdom. He died in London, whither he had gone on business, July 29th, 1573. The executors of Dr. Caius were ordered to lay out £100 in the purchase of lands to be settled on the college, and he left instructions in his will that his fellowships and scholarships should be appropriated to the diocese and city of Norwich. According to his will, his body was deposited in a vault made by his desire about two months before his decease, on the northern side of the chapel towards the east end, and under the altar of the Virgin Mary; hut in 1637, when the chapel was enlarged, the tomb was placed high up in the northern wall, where it is now fixed.* The inscription is at once worthy of the man, and ex¬ pressive of the dignified simplicity of his fife : " Fui Caius." The words " vivit post fuñera virtus " run round the canopy of the tomb. During the period that Dr. Caius was master of this college. Queen Elizabeth, with all her court, came to visit the University in 1564. Her majesty lodged at King's College, and her maids of honour and physicians at Caius College. About this period, too, Caius obtained from the crown a privilege for his college of taking every year the bodies of two malefactors for purposes of dissection, and without any control ; and he left the annual sum of £1 Ss. Qd. for the expenses of their dissection. Whether this privilege was ever acted on to any great extent is very doubtfiil. Dr. Caius, and Dr. Perne, * When his vault was opened in 1719, the remains of this eminent man were found in an unusually good state of preservation, and, according to a college tradition, a picture was taken of the body at that period, which is now in the combination room. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 19 master of Peterhouse, were the only two heads of houses not ejected at the accession of Elizabeth. Dr. Caius probably owed this favour to the powerful friends he had about the court. The work which he has left on the History and Antiquity of the University is full of valuable information, to which Fuller and later historians have been under considerable obligations. A contemporary of Dr. Caius, and a benefactor to this college, of which he was fellow and president, was Dr. Thomas Wendie, or Wendy, who, like the founder, had the honour of being one of the physicians of the crown under Henry VIII. and the three succeeding monarchs. He was one of the visitors of the Univer¬ sity under Edward VI. and also under Queen Elizabeth. He left funds for founding a fellowship, and his name shed much lustre on the society as long as he lived. Another benefactor to the house was also a contem¬ porary and friend of Caius and Wendie, Dr. Legge, who succeeded the former in the government of the college. At his death he bequeathed property for building the eastern side of the court in front of St. Michael's Church, or the portion of the college visible in Trinity Street. A lady, named Frankland, whose parents had already founded four scholarships in this college, gave to the society, soon after this period, several houses in London, besides plate, and £1600 in ready money, a large sum in those days. With this a landed estate in Cambridge¬ shire was purchased, and the income arising from it was devoted to the maintenance of six fellows, twelve scholars, a Hebrew lecturer, and a chaplain. Dr. Branthwait, a fellow of Emmanuel College, and one of the translators 20 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. of the Bible, succeeded Dr. Legge in the mastership. At his death, in 1618, he left a valuable library to the society ; and, three years after, his executor conveyed to it some landed property at Wigenhall in Norfolk, then worth £26 13^. Ad. per annum, for founding four scholarships and for other minor purposes. While Dr. Branthwait was master, the senior fellow of the college, Stephen Perse, M.D., a man of singular munificence, died in 1615, and bequeathed £5000 to the house for various purposes. With this handsome legacy the college purchased the manor of Fratinghall in Bassing- bourn in the county of Cambridge, then the property of Sir Thomas Bendish. According to the donor's will there was founded with this money the Free School in Free School Lane, situated on the ground reserved to Gonville Hall, after the transferring of that society from its original to its new situation. A school-house was built large enough to hold a hundred boys, and to ac¬ commodate a master and usher.Adjoining the school- house were erected out of the same money the six alms¬ houses which still bear Perse's name. In the college itself six scholarships were founded, with preference to youths educated at the Free School, and six fellowships with preference to the scholars. Dr. Perse left a further sum of £ 500 for building the northern side of the court towards Trinity Street, adjoining the edifice erected by Dr. Legge's bequest. This munificent benefactor was buried in the college chapel, where there is a large monu¬ ment erected to his memory. Dr. Gostlin, who was next * When the splendid collections of Lord Fitzwilliam were left to the University, an arrangement was made with Cains College for placing them in the school-house until the museum should be built. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 21 master after Branthwait, and regius professor of physic in this University, left at his death houses and money for founding four scholarships ; and shortly after Mr. Matthew Stokys, senior fellow, who died in 1635, be¬ queathed to the college the rectories of Dilham and Horning in Norfolk, as we learn from Carter (p. 125), though it does not appear that the society are now in possession of them, for maintaining three scholars. About this period, 1684, as Fuller informs us, the college consisted of " one master, twenty-five fellows, one chaplain, sixty-nine scholars, besides officers and servants of the foundation, with other students, the whole number being two hundred and nine,"—an in¬ crease of a hundred and forty-seven, as the annotators of that historian remark, since the time of Dr. Gains. The troubles of the middle of the seventeenth century came heavily upon this college. The master. Dr. Batch- croft, who had been elected in the same year in which Charles I. ascended the throne, was subjected to the sequestration of much of his property before 1643, and is believed to have also had his salary as master placed under sequestration until 1649, when he was finally dispossessed of it by the Parliament. At the same period the following fellows of the house, some of whom were men of much distinction in the literary and scientific world, were also ejected : — Salter, M. A., Richard London, M.A., Francis Marsh, M.A., Richard Watson, M. A., Robert Sherringham, M. A., Charles Scar¬ borough, M.A., — Pickarell, M.A., Anthony Hallybur- ton, M.A., — Colehrand, M.A., and — Buxton, M.A. Dr. William Dell, who had been a fellow of Emmanuel College, and had afterwards served as a chaplain in the 22 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. parliamentarian forces, was appointed master in the room of Dr. Batchcroft ; but, as Carter states, he either died or resigned before the Restoration in 1660. The rightful owner, according to the same authority, was restored in that year, but almost immediately resigned, and retired to his native county, Suffolk, where his death ensued two years after. " He died," adds Carter, p. 136, "very rich, and designed to have made the college his heir, if it had not been for his ill-treatment by some of the fellows, and his ejectment from the mastership ; but, as it was, he left them a small estate of £ 9 a year."* In 1704, when Queen Anne visited the University, she bestowed the honour of knighthood on John Ellis, M.D., then master of Caius and vice-chancellor. He was a man of independent property, and died possessed of a good estate at Swaffham Priors, in the county of Cambridge. Four years after, J. Micklehurgh, M.A,, professor of chemistry, left property for the founding of a chemical scholarship, which is now worth £20 a year, and has been held by several distinguished men. Sir John Ellis was succeeded in the mastership by Dr. Gooche, afterwards bishop of Bristol, and successively translated to the sees of Norwich and Ely. The next master. Sir James Burrough, master from 1759 to 1766, was one of the ablest architects of his day: after his designs the Senate House, the fellows' building at St. Peter's College, Clare Hall chapel, the front of Emmanuel College, and the front of the master's lodge in Trinity College, were erected. However the question, whether the style of architecture adopted in these buildings be suitable to edifices of a collegiate nature, * He was buried at Wangford in SuiFolk. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 23 may be decided, it cannot be denied that the Senate House is sufficient to show that Sir James's taste was of the purest kind, this building being one of the best that were erected in England at that date, and one of the principal ornaments of the University. Previous to this period the foundation of the college had been aug¬ mented by the addition of three fellowships, by the liberality of Mr. Wortley, and of four valuable medical studentships founded by Mr. Tancred, who left similar tokens of munificence for divinity and law students to Christ's College in this University, and to Lincoln's Inn.^ Other benefactors of this society are commemorated in the college annals and in Carter's History of the University. Among them should not be omitted to be noticed Archbishop Parker, who left funds for the support of a medical scholar, with rooms rent free, to be appointed by the primate, or else by the chapter of Canterbury ; Sir Christopher Haydon, of Baconthorpe in Norfolk, who gave the advowson of the rectory of Pasley in that county ; Dr. William Harvey ; Sir William Paston Knight ; Dr. Gostlin, great nephew of the master of that name, who augmented the value of the four scholarships founded by his relative, and at his decease bequeathed to the college the advowson of Hetherset in Norfolk;! John Cosyn, bishop of Durham, and master of Peterhouse, who founded three scholar- * The present annual worth of these studentships is £113 8s. each. The electors are the masters of Caius and Christ's Colleges, the president of the College of Physicians, the treasurer of Lincoln's Inn, the master of the Charter House, and the governors of Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals. t Carter, p. 126. 24 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. ships ; the Rev. William Peters, fellow of the college, who gave an exhibition; Robert Mosse, D.D., dean of Ely; and in 1832, John Sayer, Esq., formerly fellow of the college, who founded two scholarships of £52 10^. each in favour of students from Harrow School. Buildings.—We have no remains of Gonville Hall of sufficient importance to enable us to form any notion of what the character of that edifice was. It stood where the inner court of the college now exists, and occupied the same ground ; but the new facings in the Itahan style, erected during the last century, have entirely removed aU traces of the primitive edifice. This is not the case with the portion of the coUege erected by the second founder, Gains, all of whose work remains intact, and from the precise date, cost, and other circumstances connected with the building of it, being authentically recorded, is of peculiar value to the architectural ex¬ aminer. A full account of the foundation and erection of this part of the college is preserved in the " Annales " possessed by the society, and is reprinted in the eighth number of the Cambridge Portfolio. The following are some of the more important particulars to be derived from these sources. Dr. Gains erected the southern court towards the Senate House, and built three gates, one called the Gate of HumiHty, fronting St. Michael's Church ; the second, the Gate of Virtue and Wisdom, on the eastern side of his court ; and the third, the Gate of Honour, leading, on the southern side of the same court, to the public schools. The principal gate of the three is the second, and its foundation is thus narrated in the Annales : " On the Sabbath, the 5th of May, in the year of our e^w^s ©©ilîlikbiIo London. Fiil^lisTiecL Sepl.^ lÖdl.Lv Tilt & Bo ^le. Fleet Street. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 25 VIEW THROUGH THE GATE OP VIRTUE. Lord 1565, at ten in the morning, after oiFering up prayers to God that our college might enjoy both a prosperous commencement and eventual success, and that all its members might prove men of integrity, lovers of literature, serviceable to the state, and fearing God, we laid the first and sacred stone of the foundation," &c. This stone bore the following inscription : 26 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. lO. CAIVS POSVIT SAPIENTI^, ANNO 1565. MENSE MAID. Complimentary verses were composed on the occasion by two members of the bouse, Thomas Hatcher, M.A., and Abraham Hartwell, B.A., and the works of this and the other portions of the new buildings proceeded rapidly under the personal inspection of the generous founder. The architect is said to have been John of Padua ; though there is some reason for believing that Theodore Have of Cleves was partly concerned in it. The Gate of Humility was built at the same period ; that of Honour much later, indeed not till the year following the decease of Dr. Caius. The account of this is thus handed down to us in the College Annals : " In the year 1574 the gate that is called the Gate of Honour and opens to the public schools was built of squared and hard stone, curiously worked to the exact model and pattern which Dr. Caius in his lifetime had dictated to the architect. And on the top is put a weathercock made in the shape of a serpent and dove, the expence of which amounted to £128 05. 8d. That tower also with a staircase that leads from the chapel to the treasury was finished, to wit, by the addition of the upper part ; as before that the erection was only as high as the bottom of the tiling : and on its top was placed a weathercock of the figure of Mercury." This Caius wished to be called from its situation the Sacred Tower. ..." In Dr. Caius' court a pillar was erected, and a stone (hexacontaedron tot solariis decoratum) of GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 27 exquisite and wonderful workmanship, bearing sixty dials (horologia), placed upon it, framed by Theodore Have of Cleves, an excellent artist and celebrated professor of architecture, and adorned with the arms of those gentlemen who were at that time resident in the college, and given by him to the college as a memorial of his good wishes towards it. On the top of this stone a weathercock was put up, made after the likeness of Pegasus.""^ * The Annales give the following curious table of the expenses of Dr. Cains' buildings : " A table summarie of all the expences of our founder's, Mr. Doctor Cains, huyldinge from the feste of Ester, 1564, untill the nativitie of St. John Baptist, 1573. £. 5. d. Imprimis, for trees bought of Sir Henrie Cromwell out of Warboys and Ramsey Woods in number 510 ........ 66 8 0 Item, for hewing, marking, felling, lopping, squaring. drawing, and carriage by land and water from thens to Cambridge ....... 46 4 8 Item, Rothesey and his men for their worke by daye from Midsomer 1566 untill Midsomer 1573 123 6 3 Item, for boardes bought and brought into the colledge ....... 29 15 10 Item, for staying tymber hurdles, lathes, lyne, cordes. and nayles ....... 31 16 6 Item, for Ramsey stone, free and ragge, culling, and carriage by land and water .... 254 19 8 Item, for freestone from Rynge Clyife and Wolden, digging, and carriage parte by lande, parte by water 101 19 2 Item, for whyte stone from Haslingfeld and Bar- rington, digging and carriage .... 92 3 5 Item, for stone from Barnewell, digging and carriage 6 5 2 Item, for lyme from Reche Hinten and otherwhere 54 10 I Item, for sande and claye, by Barnes, Thomson, and others . . . . . - . 11 6 6 Item, for iron worke for windowes, dores, &c. 24 8 10 28 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. The names of " Humility," " Virtue and Wisdom " and " Honour," given to these gates by Dr. Caius, are expressly stated, in the accounts of the time and in all subsequent histories of the college, to have been designed to convey a practical lesson in morahty to all passing under them, commencing from the easternmost by St. Michael's Church. The architectural character of these gateways, and of the other buildings erected by Dr. Caius, is that of the Italianized Gothic, universally adopted in England at the period of their foundation; and they constitute remarkably good specimens of that style. The Gate of Honour, which is the most orna¬ mented and the most carefully finished of the three, has its two stories of the Italianized Ionic and Corinthian orders, while the arch of the doorway is of the debased Tudor style with classic mouldings, and the whole is surmounted by a sohd cupola of much earlier character, though of course of the same date. This little gate, the workmanship of which is peculiarly good, forms, £. 5. d. Item, for leade, and to the plomer for casting and laying it ....... 46 15 7 Item, to free masons from Michaelmas 1564 untill Midsomer 1573 ...... 337 11 7 Item, to the carver . . . . . . 7 4 11 Item, to roughe masons . . . . . 97 8 2 Item, to laborers ...... 219 8 5 Item, to slatters for slatte, tyle, and the workmanshippe 161 8 6 The hole some of all their expences ordinarie and extraordinarie ...... 1834 4 2 Besyde the expence omytted by neglygence, and expences also yet to come for the perfection of the buyld5mge of the college and pavynge of the courts of the same." In this document the distinction between free masons and roughe masons and laborers will not escape the notice of the antiquary. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 29 with the fountain in the Great Court of Trinity College, the best example of the Elizabethan, or Renaissance, style which the University possesses ; but, notwith¬ standing the highly picturesque effect produced by the ivy which mantles over its summit, it is much to be regretted that, whether from atmospheric effects, or from wanton injury, the progress of decay is only too evident in all its parts. The Gate of Virtue and Wisdom is much larger and plainer, but of good workmanship and in much better preservation. The curious column with the sun-dials of Theodore Have had ceased to adorn the centre of the court long beyond the memory of the present age ; but, though the addition of such a monu¬ ment would be as effective here as it is at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the general appearance of this part of Caius College is not inferior in scholastic character to that of any court in the University. The buildings erected by Dr. Legge's and Dr. Perse's bequests retain the distinguishing features of the period when they were founded, but are not remarkable further than as forming part of what is called Tree Court, the retired and collegiate appearance of which strikes every visitor. The chapel has been rebuilt since the time of Dr. Caius, and has been decorated in the style of the latter part of the seventeenth century. Among several other mural monuments which it contains, that of Dr. Caius near the altar on the north wall is the most re¬ markable. The sarcophagus lies under a canopy sup¬ ported by Corinthian columns, and bears the simple inscription, FVI CAIVS- On the frieze of the canopy are the words 30 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. VIVIT POST FVNERA VIRTVS. And underneath is the legend -¿Etatis suae LXIII. ob*^. XXIX Julii, a.d. 1573. The tomb of Dr. Perse also adorns this chapel, which possesses the remains of many of the greatest men of the college, and in the ante-chapel a fine brass has been placed in memory of the late master. Dr. Davy. The hall is a capacious room of the same date as the facings of Gonville Court, and, like the combination room, is at once simple and elegant. The courteous hospitahty which is so constantly exercised in these apartments is sure to perpetuate their features in the recollection of numberless sons of Alma Mater.* The master's lodge is the well arranged residence of a private gentleman, but possesses no architectural features worthy of notice. The gardens of the college, though small, are tastefully arranged, and add much to the general effect of the whole. Eminent Men.—Of the list that belongs under this head to Gonville Hall the most illustrious were, in ad¬ dition to those already mentioned. Dr. Colton, archbishop of Armagh ; John de UíFord ; Walter de Aveden, known in his day as an astronomer; John Skyppe, bishop of Hereford in 1539, and one of the compilers of the Liturgy ; Mr. George Estey, fellow of the hall, and after¬ wards minister of St. Mary's at Bury St. Edmund's. It was under his tuition that one of the greatest men of the new society, William Harvey, was entered on the * The butteries of Caius College, their well-stored cellars and cupboards, and the ever-ready attention of their worthy ** promus," cannot be unknown to any one who has been at Cambridge during the last quarter of a century. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 31 boards. Other eminent physicians were, Dr. Francis Glisson, a fellow of Cains College during the lifetime of Harvey, and afterwards regius professor of physic in the University, and president of the College of Phy¬ sicians ; Sir Charles Scarborough, M.D., a fellow of the house, and an ejected loyalist, an eminent mathematician and anatomist ; he assisted Harvey in the compilation of his work De Gener alione. Dr. Wendie in the time of Cains, Dr. Perse at a subsequent period, and Dr. Gostlin, the master, all physicians of high distinction, have been noticed before. The distinction of this college has not depended upon its physicians alone : it has also produced two of the most eminent divines of whom the University can boast. Dr. Jeremy Taylor, and Dr. Samuel Clarke. Dr. Jeremy Collier is another divine whose name confers great honour on Cains College. To complete the list of eminent divines belonging to this college we may add the names of Richard Fletcher, bishop of London, 1594; Francis White, bishop of Ely, 1631 ; John Cosyn, bishop of Durham, 1660; William Lucy, bishop of St. David's, 1660; Francis Marsh, archbishop of Dublin, 1667; John Harstrong, bishop of Ossory, 1693; Thomas Gooche, bishop of Ely, 1747 ; Edmund Keene, bishop of Chester, 1752; Dr. W. Watts, archdeacon of Wells, editor of Matthew Paris and an assistant of Sir H. Spelman in his Glossary ; Dr. Robert Sherringham, fellow, an eminent antiquary and orientalist ; Henry Wharton, the antiquary ; Richard Watson, master of Perse's school ; Sir William le Neve, clarencieux king at arms ; Richard Parker, formerly fellow, and author of thç Skeletos Cantahrigiœ ; Sir H. Chauncy, author of the Antiquities of Hertford- 32 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. shire ; Dr. Blorafield, author of the Topographical History of Norfolk ; and Mr. Hare, whose valuable collections of University records and muniments are of the greatest interest and authority. The celebrated Dutch critic and scholar, James Grüter, studied for some time at this college, being admitted in 1577. In later times, the scientific character of this society, both in the exact and in the applied sciences, as well as in the medical profession, has been maintained with an uninterrupted fiow of success rarely enjoyed by any college. The great name of Dr. Wollaston in the physico-mathematical sciences, and that of the late Pro¬ fessor Woodhouse in the astronomical and mathematical branches of knowledge, need only to be mentioned along with that of Dr. Brinkley, bishop of Cloy ne, to justify what has been said on this subject. The livings in the gift of this society are, the rectories of—Beauchampton, Bucks ; Bratton Fleming, Devon ; Bincombe, and Broadway, Dorset ; Ashdon, Essex ; Blofield, Denver, Foulden vicarage, Oxburgh, Hether- set, and Hockwold rectories, Wilton vicarage, Kirsted rectory, Mattishall vicarage, Pasley, Melton St. Mary, St. Michael Coslany at Norwich, St. Clement's on the Bridge at Norwich, Long Stratton, Weeting All Saints, Weeting St. Mary, and Wheatacre All Saints rectories, in the county of Norfolk ; Mutford vicarage, and Bar- naby and Lavenham rectories, in the county of Suflfolk. Carter mentions the united rectories of Rungton Holme and Wallington in Norfolk, and Melton Flotman in Norfolk, as being in his time in the patronage of this college. MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE, PART OF THE OLD COURT. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. One of the first colleges which meets our eye in entering Cambridge from the London road is Pembroke. It is one of the oldest and most venerable buildings in the University. Mary, countess of Pembroke, daughter of the earl of St. Paul, was the third wife of Audomer or Aylmer de Valencia, the last of his name who bore the title of earl of Pembroke. He had served with distinction in the Scottish wars of Edward L, and enjoyed so far that monarch's confidence, that, just before his death, he charged him to keep away from his weak son, Edward XL, his insidious favourite, Piers de Gaveston. It is therefore no wonder if he became obnoxious to Gaveston, who, b 2 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. from something characteristic in his appearance, was accustomed to call him Joseph the Jew. Yet, although he was one of the most active of the insurgent barons, and assisted at the siege of Scarborough Castle, the surrender of which led to Gaveston's death, he afterwards changed sides, and was one of the lords who sat in judgment on the patriotic earl of Lancaster. Some of the old writers represent the untimely end of the earl of Pembroke as a judgment for the part he acted on this occasion ; he attended Queen Isabel into France, where he was murdered on the twenty-seventh of June, 1323. His young widow, overcome with grief, retired from the world, and devoted herself to a religious life, expending her fortune on pious objects. Her first great foundation was Denny Abbey, near Cambridge, in which, after having richly endowed it, she placed a society of nuns, whom she had removed from Waterbeach. While occupied with this work, she had already conceived the idea of founding a college in the University, the fellows of which, as she enjoined, were to visit the nuns and give them ghostly counsel on just occasion ; who, as Fuller quaintly observes, " may be presumed (having not only a fair invitation, but a full injunction,) that they were not wanting both in their courteous and consciencious ad¬ dresses unto them."^ With a view to her collegiate foundation, she purchased (in 1343) of Henry Stanton, a messuage without Trumpington Gate ; and soon after¬ wards she obtained from the king (Edward III.) a license to found a college, to which she gave the name of the Hall of Mary de Valencia. King Edward's license is dated in 1347. To enlarge the site, she was afterwards * Fuller's History of the University of Cambridge, p. S3. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 3 obliged to purchase a house belonging to the University, and therefore called University Hostie, a building of great antiquity ; and she obtained in the same manner three " places," known as Knapton's Place, Bolton's Place, and Cousins' Place. The full intentions of the foundress can only be guessed from circumstances ; for although twenty-four fellows and six scholars are mentioned in the charter of incorporation, she only founded six fellowships and two scholarships. The hall or college of Mary de Valencia was soon en¬ riched by various benefactions. Ralph Stratford, Michael Northbrook, and Simon Sudbury, three successive bishops of London, gave to the college the vicarages of Saxthorp in Norfolk, Tilney in the same county, and Waresley in Huntingdonshire. The greatest benefactor to the college was King Henry VI., who is considered as its second founder. He conferred upon it the vicarage and manor of Soham in Cambridgeshire, the priory and rectory of Linton, and the chapel of St. Margaret at Isleham ; and he is said to have made its revenues three times as great as he found them. The celebrated Bishop Story added to the king's benefactions, gifts of lands in Long Stanton and Haslingford, and was followed by a numerous list of munificent benefactors, most of whom had been fellows of the college ; among whom may be named the two brothers, Gerrard and Nicholas Skipwith, Dr. William Atkinson, Sir William Hussey (lord chief justice), Bishop Booth, Roger Lestrange, William Smart (alder¬ man of Ipswich), Jane Coxe (widow of Richard Coxe, bishop of Ely), &c. Laurence. Bothe, archbishop of York in 1476, and lord chancellor of England, gave to 4 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. Pembroke Hall all the tenements between ' the college and the church of St. Botolph, including the two hosties of St. Botolph and St. Thomas, with the patronage of Orton Waterville in Huntingdonshire. Since the founda¬ tion of the college the number of fellowships has been increased to fourteen, of which one was founded by Archbishop Grindall, and two by Lancelot Andrews. There are also two hye-fellowships. Few colleges can boast of so great a number of eminent and influential men among its masters as Pembroke. The first master, Robert de Thorpe, was lord chief justice of the Common Pleas in the thirtieth year of the reign of Edward III., and, after holding that office thirteen years, he was made, in 1371, lord chan¬ cellor of England. He conferred many benefits on the University of Cambridge, and it was he who began the erection of the Public Schools. The seventh master, Lawrence Bothe, who was elected in 1450, was likewise lord chancellor of England, as well as lord privy seal, and died archbishop of York in 1480. His successor in the mastership of the college and in the archbishopric of York, Thomas Rotheram, was likewise lord privy seal and lord chancellor, besides being papal legate and secretary successively to four kings. The eleventh master (elected in 1507) was Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester, lord privy seal, and founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Bishop Fox was succeeded as master by Robert Shorten, chaplain to Cardinal Wolsey. The fifteenth master was Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, who perished at the stake in the reign of Queen Mary. When he was deprived, the mastership was given to a zealous papist, John Young, fellow of St. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 5 John's College, and said to have been, before the dis¬ solution of the monasteries, a monk of Ramsey. On the accession of Elizabeth, Young was turned out of his mastership, and committed to prison, where he died in 1579; the mastership of the college was given, in the first place, to the celebrated Edmund Grindall, who had been chaplain first to Ridley and then to King Henry VL, and who was made, by Queen Elizabeth, archbishop of Canterbury. The mastership of Pembroke College was next held in succession by the three bishops, Hutton, Whitgift, and Young, the latter being succeeded by a celebrated divine, William Fulke. He was followed by Lancelot Andrews, who was succeeded by Archbishop Harsnett. Among the later masters, besides several bishops, we may mention the names of Richard Vines and Sydrach Symson, eminent preachers and writers during the interregnum, and the mathematician, Roger Long. It would appear that, even before the benefactions of Henry VL, Pembroke College held a high place in the University. In King Henry's charter it is termed " a famous and eminent and most precious college, which shines and has ever shone (as we have been certainly informed) wonderfully among all the places of the Uni¬ versity, (notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium, quod inter omnia loca Universitatis (prout certitudinaliter informamur) mirabiliter splendit et semper resplenduit). When Elizabeth visited the University in 1566, this college, the buildings of which had probably undergone little change since the time of its foundress, attracted her attention by its venerable ak of antiquity, and she is said to have exclaimed in Latin, on passing it, " O 6 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. domus antiqua et religiosa ! "—" O ancient and religious house !" In the map which accompanies some copies of Dr. Caius's History of the University (a.d. 1574), the college appears as consisting simply of a square court, surrounded entirely with buildings. In Fuller's map, 1634, there are indications of buildings behind, forming what is now the second court. The original chapel formed the north side of the first court ; but, being found small and inconvenient, a new chapel was erected soon after the Restoration by Bishop Wren, after a design by his brother, the famous architect. Sir Christopher Wren, at an expense of four thousand pounds. This chapel was dedicated in 1665, and forms a small third court. The founder gave the manor of Hardwicke to the college, to keep his chapel in repair. The old chapel was trans¬ formed into a library room. The buildings of the college are now, from their antiquity, very incommodious, and will probably, before many years are passed by, give place to a new edifice. The front received a new facing of stone, about the year 1720. The old chapel of the college had suffered much from the iconoclastic zeal of the parliamentary reformers in 1643, who state, on the 26th of December, "In the presence of the fellows, Mr. Weedon, Mr. Maple toft, Mr. Sterne, Mr. Quartes, and Dr. Felton, we brake down 10 cherubims, and destroyed 80 superstitious pictures." It is probable that the dilapidation caused by this outrage rendered a new chapel necessary : the feelings which led to Bishop Wren's munificent found¬ ation will be best described in an extract from his will. After my funerals my next care and will is, that my debts whatsoever shall reasonably appear such (for very few I thank PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 1 God they are that I can remember now remaining, a bond for £ 500 to my da. Ann excepted) shall out of hand be discharged and paid all : but above all blessed evermore be God^s holy name for it, that whereas I bad bound myself by a secret promise in my prison unto the Almighty, that if ever it should please him to restore my an tient estate unto me, I would return unto him by some holy and pious employment, that summe and more, which by way of his gracious providence was unexpectedly conveyed in unto me during my 18 years cap¬ tivity in the Tower of London, (by the way of a most charitable relief for the preserving of me and mine from an extreme necessity,) from sundry noble and truly pious christians, some of them not yet knowen unto me as concerning this, but the good Lord will surely hear my prayers and reward them all. I have already, by God^s blessing, survived to assure unto the m^ and fello wes of that antient religious college of Mary de Valence, countesse of Pembroke, commonly called Pembroke Hall in Cambridge, in which out of the bounty of that holy lady the foundress I was (under my most sacred lord and spiritual father, Lancelot, late lord bp. of Winton) cheifly maintained at my academical studies from 1601 to 1625, the manour of Hardwick in the county of Cambridge, which by this my will I ordain to be as a yearly revenue for that new chapel at Pembroke Hall, built also by me for their daily service of Almighty God in it, not much distant in scite, and in sort no way inferior unto, if not someway surpassing the model and form of that neighbouring chapel, which by the blessing of God upon my meditations with sundry noble and pious friends and benefactors, I did obtain to be built, and which, at my humble suit to the lord bp. of Ely, my next predecessor, was, in 1632, dedicated unto God's service in St. Peter's College (whereof I was then the unworthy poor master), upon 17 of March, on which very day God of a suddain did most strangly free me from a long imprisonment out of the Tower of London, Anno 1659. " Now of this new chapel, having purposely caused the east 8 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. end to be so raysed, a§ that under the holy table there is a vault strongly enclosed, my will is that, if God so please, it shall be for myne owne sepulture, and'for the interring of the succeeding masters of the said college, if they shall have a mind thereto ; and of other special benefactors, who having procured to the college above the value of an £100 shall desire to have their bodies laid there ; as also of all such of mine own children now living, and of all the males in a right line descending from any of them, as shall at any time hereafter (defraying the necessary charges thereto requisite, that no detriment at all doe at any time befall the college) crave the founders privelege to be therein interred. And to this end, whereas I myself with my good friend and trustee, Sir George Cony, late of Gray^s Inn, kn*^, did convey unto Mart^ Frank and Edward Sterne (both then fellows of Pembroke Halle) and unto their heires and assigns for ever, all that my foresaid manour and lands in Hardwick, to be held by them to the uses in the said convey¬ ance expressed, see that God having since then taken away both my trustees, I have procured the heir of the survivour of them by his deed sufficient in law to enfeoffe the present masters Robert Mapletoft of Pembroke Halle, and D"". Joseph Beaumont of Peter House, and D^. Edmund Baldero of Jesus College, in the said manour and lands. My will now therefore is, that as often as any one of the said masters shall in any wise cease to be master of that college respectively, then he that succeedeth into that mastership shall within a week, if possibly it may be done so soon, after his admission be taken in and by a new enfeofment which the other 2 masters at the request of the fellows of Pembroke Hall shall be obliged to make, be conjoyned unto them, and so again ^ toties quoties ' at all times hereafter, and that these 3 masters from time to time shall hold the said manor and lands in such a condition and manner and to such pious uses, principally for the benefit and service of this new chapel, as by a codicil to be annexed to my will shall be more at large expressed by me, if God permit. " Further I doe also give and bequeath unto the m^ and rv'i I ^ í t îïiEffi MiiXE._ff:isírffi3a®KS C®ME©Bo lon-Bon-Published.ZebTi.*.*'i342.1^-!Blt iS:3oçuâ,TIeet Street,. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 9 PORTION OP THE HALL. fellows of Pembroke Hall, and unto the and fellows of Jesus College, all the furniture in every kind that now doth belong unto mine own chapel, or that at the time of my decease shall be found to belong unto it, as being parcells all dedicated formerly by me in the holy use thereof only for the service of God : and therefore as long as they shall well serve for it, not to be applied to any other secular use. The inventory of the several parcells whereof, together with that disposal of the same, which my mind and will is should be observed between those 2 colleges, shall also be annexed here¬ unto by a codicil. ©cw." Pembroke College has preserved two interesting memorials of its foundress and of one of its benefactors. Among the college plate there is a cup of silver gilt, which was presented by Mary de Valencia, countess of Pembroke, and which is still brought forth on festival 10 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. days. Around the bowl is the following inscription in Gothic characters : " Sayn Denes y* es me dere. For hes lof drenk and mak gud cher." About the stalk which supports the bowl are the following words : " M. V." {i. e. Mary de Valencia) " God help at ned." The other memorial to which we allude is also a cup of silver gilt, with a cover, given by Thomas Langton, bishop of Winchester, and has the following inscription : " Thomas Langton Winton. Episcopus, Aulae Pembrochianœ olim socius, dedit hanc tassiam coopertam eidem Aulae. 1497. Qui alienaret, anathema sit ! " Buildings.—The front of Pembroke College or Hall (for it has both names) is on the east side of Trumpington Street, nearly opposite St. Peter's College. The gateway leads into the first or old court, a quadrangular area of about ninety-five feet by fifty-five. On the north side of this court is the library ; on the east, the hall sepa¬ rates it from the second court, which is of nearly the same size, and is entered by the passage between the hall and the butteries. To the south of the old court, the chapel with the lodge and cloisters form another small court. The library, as we have already observed, was the old chapel ; it is tolerably rich in hooks, and contains a few manuscripts. Over the entrance is a tabular inscrip¬ tion, which belonged to the chapel. The hall, which contains some ancient carved wain¬ scoting, is about forty-two feet long by twenty-seven, and contains several portraits, including those of the PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 11 foundress, of the martyrs Ridley and Bradford, and of Nicholas Felton, hishop of Ely. In the combination- room, adjoining to the hall, are portraits of Spenser the poet, a copy by Wilson ; of Archbishop Grindall, on wood ; of Benjamin Laney, bishop of Ely ; of Dr. Roger Long, by B. Wilson ; and of William Pitt, when eighteen years of age, a full length by Haslow. The master's lodge contains also a portrait of Gray the poet, with one or two other interesting paintings. The chapel is a good building, of the Corinthian order, in Wren's general style, but ill-assorted with the rest of the college. The interior is about fifty-four feet long by twenty-four, and upwards of thirty feet high. Over the altar is a painting of the Burial of Christ, by Barroccio. In a vault at the east end is deposited the body of its founder, Matthew Wren, bishop of Ely, which was brought here on his death in 1667, and enclosed in a stone coifin. The lodge is situated at the south end of the hall, and is so much concealed by the buildings as to be rendered extremely gloomy in the interior. It and the adjoining gardens still preserve some memorials of the mastership of Roger Long, who was Lowndean professor of astronomy. Carter,"^ who wrote when Long was master, speaking of the Hall, says that it " hath several good apartments, some of which are stock'd with musical, and others with mathematical instruments ; and in a ground room he hath a printing press with the apparatus belonging thereto, wherein he is printing his astronomical works. But the chief beauty of this lodge is (in my opinion) the gardens, and therein the water- * Carter's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 77 12 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. works, contrived by the present master, (and here let me tell you, he is a very great mechanic,) which supplies a beautiful and large bason in the middle of the garden, and wherein he often diverts himself in a machine of his own contrivance, to go with the foot as he rides therein. The fellows' garden is a large spot of ground, wherein is a good bowling-green ; but what it is chiefly noted for is a long and fine gravel-walk, at the foot of a south wall, which is counted one of the warmest winter walks in the University. There are besides several other gardens, belonging to the apartments of particular fellows, in one of which is another small and simple, yet well contrived water-work, which is continually supplying a large cold- bath with fresh water ; the over-pluss of which runs through the second court, and so into the King's Ditch." But the most remarkable work of Dr. Long is con¬ tained in a detached brick building at the north-east corner of the inner court. It is a hollow sphere, eighteen feet in diameter, constructed by himself and an ingenious tin-plate worker of Cambridge named Jonathan Munns, to represent the appearance, relative situation, and motions of the heavenly bodies. It is entered by steps over the south pole, and thirty persons may be con¬ veniently seated in the interior. Eminent Men.—Pembroke College was in former times so celebrated from the numerous bishops who owed their education to it, that it frequently went by the name of collegium, episcopale, the episcopal college. Carter enumerates thirty-three bishops and archbishops who had been masters, fellows, or students of the college, previous to the close of the seventeenth century : William de Bottlesliam, made bishop of Rochester in 1386 ; PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 13 William Lyndwood, bishop of St. David's in 1434 ; John Langton, bishop of the same see in 1446 ; Lawrence Bothe, archbishop of York in 1476 ; Edward Story, bishop of Chichester in 1478 ; Thomas Rotheram, arch¬ bishop of York in 1480 ; Thomas Langton, bishop of Winchester in 1493 ; William Smith, bishop of Lincoln in 1495; Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester in 1500; Roger Leybourne, bishop of Carlisle in 1504; Charles Booth, bishop of Hereford in 1516; Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London in 1550; John Christopherson, bishop of Chichester in 1557 ; Richard Cheyney, bishop of Bristol in 1562; Edmund Grindall, archbishop of Canterbury in 1575 ; John Young, bishop of Rochester in 1577 ; John Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury in 1583; Matthew Hutton, archbishop of York in 1594; Anthony Watson, bishop of Chichester in 1596; Thomas Dove, bishop of Peterborough in 1600; John Bridges, bishop of Oxford in 1603 ; Roger Dodd, bishop of Meath (Ireland) in 1605; Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester in 1618; Nicholas Felton, bishop of Ely in 1618 ; Samuel Harsnett, archbishop of York in 1628 ; Randolph Barlow, archbishop of Tuam (Ireland) in 1629; Theophilus Field, bishop of Hereford in 1635; George Cooke, bishop of Bristol in 1636 ; Matthew Wren, bishop of Ely in 1638; Ralph Brownrigg, bishop of Exeter in 1642 ; Samuel Pullen, bishop of Tuam (Ireland) in 1660; Benjamin Laney, bishop of Ely in 1667 ; and John Hall, bishop of Bristol in 1691. Of the bishops above enumerated, William Lyndwood is well known as the author of the ' Provinciale ; ' and several of the others are namc§ of great celebrity for their piety or learning, or for their eminence as statesmen. William de Bottlesham (confessor to Richard IL) was 14 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. famous as a preacher. Among other divines and theo¬ logical writers of this college, we may mention John Rogers, the translator of the Bible ; William Turner, physician to the Protector Somerset, and dean of Wells, who wrote against the Romish church ; Dr. Fulke, one of the masters of the college, and author of the Confuta^ tion of the Rhemish Testament ; Dr. John Packington ; Dr. Richard Drake, who assisted in editing the Poly¬ glot ; and, among the dissenters, the celebrated Edmund Calamy, Richard Vines (a noted presbyterian preacher), and Samuel Clarke, the commentator on the Bible. John Rogers " the first," Ridley " the most learned," and John Bradford " the hardiest," of the martyrs under Queen Mary, were all of Pembroke. Dr. Turner, mentioned above, was an eminent naturalist, and in 1568 published an English Herbal. Among other physicians were Dr. William Somerset, physician to Henry VI., and Dr. Thomas Wharton, the discoverer of the ducts in the glandulse maxillares. Among statesmen who have received their education in Pembroke College, in addition to the prelates already mentioned as holding high political offices, it is only necessary to mention the name of William Pitt. This college has been scarcely less fertile in poets than theo¬ logians, for among others it can boast of the names of Edmund Spenser, Gabriel Harvey, Richard Crashaw, William Rowley, and, in later times. Mason and Gray. Gray was originally entered at Peter House, but he was driven thence by the pranks of his fellow students, who were less studious than himself, and who took advantage of the poet's nervous temperament. Several anecdotes of the vexations to which he was subjected at Peter House are still current in the University. It is said that PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 15 Gray was extremely fearful of fire, and that he had provided for his personal safety a rope ladder contrived in such a manner that he could easily let himself down with it from his window. This he always kept ready in his hed-room. After exhausting every other mode of tormenting their sensitive companion, the students of Peter House one night placed exactly under his bed¬ room window a large tub full of water, and then some who were in the plot raised a cry of " fire " at his door : Gray, terrified by the report of the calamity he most dreaded, rushed from his bed, threw himself hastily out of the window with his rope ladder, and descended exactly into the tub. This practical joke is said to have decided the poet in his design of leaving the college. Among the list of poets, we should perhaps include Thomas Stanley, best known by his History of Phi¬ losophy and by his edition of iEschylus. Among the literary men who have been members of Pembroke College, we may also name Dr. George Folbury, one of the masters, who enjoyed the title of Poet Laureat, and was celebrated as a rhetorician ; William Chubb, a writer on logic, who was removed hence to be made master of Jesus College ; Dr. John Thixtille (or Thistille), an eminent schoolman and disputant against the papists in the reign of Henry VIIL; and some others. Benefactors.—We have already had occasion to mention the chief benefactors of this college. The number of smaller benefactors, particularly of those who have given plate or books to the college, is very great. The scholarships have been considerably increased in number. Seven Greek scholarships were founded by Dr. Thomas Watts, archdeacon of Middlesex in the time of Queen Elizabeth : one of the first of these scholars ]ß PEMBROKE COLLEGE. was Lancelot Andrews. An eighth Greek scholarship was founded by Thomas James, Esq. These scholarships are of the yearly value of eight pounds each ; the six foundation scholarships are of twelve pounds. Six scho¬ larships of three pounds each were founded by William Smart, Esq. ; four, of four or five pounds, by Ralph Scrivener, Esq., with preference to Ipswich School; three of twelve pounds each, by Archbishop Grindall, for scholars from St. Begh's School. Serjeant Moses, master of the college under the protectorate, founded several exhibitions of fifty pounds a year, for scholars from Christ's Hospital, which are held along with others allowed by the governors of the school of sixty pounds each. An exhibition of the yearly value of seventy pounds, for a scholar from Blackrode School in Lan¬ cashire, was founded by Mr. John Holmes ; five of fifty pounds each for scholars from Merchant Taylors' School, and one of the same value for the school of Bowes in Yorkshire, were founded by Charles Parkinj rector of Oxburgh in Norfolk ; one of sixty pounds for a super¬ annuated scholar of Merchant Taylors' School, was founded by Dr. William Stuart ; and one of six pounds was founded by Dr. Roger Long, for a scholar appointed by the master to keep the key of the room in which the sphere is placed. Patronage.—There are only ten livings in the patronage of this college : Soham vicarage in Cambridge¬ shire ; Rawreth rectory in Essex ; Waresley vicarage and Orton Waterville rectory in Huntingdonshire ; Cawston and Sail rectories and Saxthorp and Tilney vicarages in Norfolk ; and Framlingham and Stonham Earl rectories in Suffolk. ç1M3IP IpÄfflBk ' uS5- -J ÂSqsîbî «if'Kiii» f K Mackenzie Î? <0(2)^^:É(^:ÏS^c Sl-TF.-WTN-G THE CHAP.EL &c. Lon.äon."Pubiisl3eç ^rl^ovs ivéyKas, ov yap e^ecrr aXXori Aóaecos apoiß^v evTeXea-rárrjs, yépas 'AleyiiTTOv aîrâ, öeoa-eßrj rfjv Kapbiav, Uaorâv ô' tma^ àp,apriâv iXevôépav. Tov 'Epácrp,ov. On the first of September following we find Erasmus in London ;* but he soon returned to his post to per- * Erasmi Epist. viii. 19. 10 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. severe in his favourite object of spreading the study of Greek in the University of Cambridge. He began by reading the grammar of Cbrysoloras, to a small number of auditors ; but in the middle of October be was pre¬ paring to begin that of Tbeodorus, with hopes of an increase in bis bearers, and to undertake a theological lecture.* He seems still to have met with but little encouragement. On the second of November be speaks of passing the winter in London ;t and at the end of the same month be still speaks as in an ill-bumour with the place, for on the 27tb of November, in sending bis Icaromenippus to bis friend, be complains that there was not a scribe in the University who could write mode¬ rately well.J And on the following day, Nov. 28, be complains of the solitude of the place, that every thing is dear, and that be derives no benefit from bis labours— ' ' many are absent from fear of the plague, although when they are all here, it is still a solitude. The expense is intolerable, the gain not a halfpenny. It is now hardly five months since I came, yet I have already spent sixty nobles (twenty pounds), while I have only received one noble from some of my auditors.He proceeds to say * Hactenus prselegimus Chrysolorse Grammaticen, sed paucis ; for- tassis frequentiori auditorio Theodori Grammaticam auspicabimur ; for- tassis et theologicam lectionem suscipiemus, nam id nunc agitur. Epist. viii. 3. f Nam hie sestivare malim, quam hybernare. Epist. viii. 7. This seems to show that he had passed a winter at Cambridge. Î Et hic (ô Academiam !) nullus inveniri potest, qui ullo precio vel mediocriter scribat. Epist. viii. 6. § Magna hie solitude : absunt pestilentise metu plerique, quanquam quum adsunt universi, tum quoque solitude est. Sumptus intolerabiles, lucrum ne teruncii quidem. Nondum quinqué menses sunt, quod hue me contuli, interim ad sexaginta nobiles insumpsi. Unum duntaxat ab QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 11 that he was determined to persevere, and do his utmost to plant a love of the Greek language in the University, in which he finally succeeded. The opposition to the study of Greek was much greater at Oxford, where a party was formed against it, who called themselves Tro¬ jans, taking individually the names of Priam, Hector, Paris, &c., and waging an uncompromising warfare against the other party in general. Erasmus's ill-humour against Cambridge at this period was increased by the miscarriage of parts of his correspondence with Ammonius, which had been in¬ trusted to the care of some of the townsmen, and even of portions of his wine, on one of which occasions he breaks out into the severe censure of the common people of the town,"^ which Fuller and others have wrongly interpreted as being a deliberate expression of his opinion. The theological lecture alluded to by Erasmus in the letter quoted above, was the divinity lecture founded by the Lady Margaret, to which he was appointed in the latter part of the year 1511. He continued to make Cambridge his chief residence till 1515 or 1516. In 1512, he was collated to the rectory of Aldington in Kent. From a letter dated at Cambridge, at the end of October, 1513, it appears that he had been that year in Paris.t In 1514, we find him still at Cambridge, finishing his book De Conscribendis Epistolis,l of which the first edition is said to have been printed by Sibert, auditoribus quibusdam accepi, eumque miütum deprecans ac recusans. Epist. viii. 18. * Nisi valgus Cantabrigiense inhospitales Britannos antecedit, qui cum summa rusticitate summam malitiam conjunxere. t Erasmi Epist. x. 18. + Epist. Erasmi, viii. 45. 12 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. the Cambridge printer;* but this seems very doubtful. The date of the final departure of Erasmus from Cam¬ bridge is not known : be appears to bave been still there on the 25tb of November, 1515, although be bad been driven away for a short time by the plague. On the day just mentioned Ammonius sent bim more wine, joking bim upon bis attachment to that liquor, and telbng bim that be bad beard of bis having been put to flight by the plague, but that be bad also been told that be bad taken shelter in a place where wine was scarce, and that, thinking this the greater plague of the two, be bad re¬ turned to bis own quarters.! Fuller appears to have felt the slight which Erasmus cast upon the ale of Cam¬ bridge : be says that from bis observations it appears that " (1). Ale in that age was the constant beverage of all the colleges before the innovation of beer (the child of bops) was brought into England : (2). Queen's Col¬ lege cervisia was not vis Cereris, but Ceres vitiata. In my time (when I was a member of that bouse) scholars continued Erasmus's complaint, whilst the brewers (having it seems prescription on their side for long time) little amended it." J It is but just to observe that this censure is by no means applicable to Queen's Col¬ lege at the present day. At a later period of bis life, Erasmus frequently spoke * Caius, Hist. Cantebr. Acad. p. 127- t Siquidem Cantabrigiensem pestem fugere te scripsisti, unus tao- dem Sixtinus mihi dixit, te quidem Cantabrigiam ob pestem reliquisse, et concessisse Descio quo, ubi cum vini penuria laborares, et eo carere peste gravius duceres, Cantabrigiam repetiisse, atque inibi te nunc esse. O fortem Bassarei commilitionem, qui in summo periculo ducem deserere nolueris ! Epist. viii. 40. I Fuller's Cambridge, p. 176. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 13 of the great change which had been eíFected in the Uni¬ versity system at Cambridge. Before he left England, on the last day of August, 1516, he wrote a letter to his friend Henry Bullock (to whom he gives the Latinized name of Bovillus), in answer to one in which Bullock had told him that his critical edition of the Greek Testa¬ ment was approved by many persons in the University. Erasmus tells his friend that he had been informed on good authority that many had condemned his interference with the text of the New Testament as it previously stood, insomuch that in one college the use of his edition had been publicly forbidden ; and after defending himself against these attacks, and showing that the text of the New Testament, like that of other works, needed to be cleared of corruptions, he proceeds to observe,—" about thirty years ago nothing was taught in the University of Cambridge except Alexander (the middle-age Latin poem of Walter de Castellio), the Parva Logicalia, as they called them, (a scholastic treatise written by Petrus Hispanus,) and those old dictates of Aristotle and questions of Scotus. In process of time there was an accession of good learning : a knowledge of mathematics was introduced: there came in a new, or at least a regenerated, Aristotle ; the knowledge of the Greek literature was added, with so many authors whose very names were not formerly known I pray what was the effect of this on your University ? In truth, it became so flourishing, that it may rival the first schools in the world : and has produced men in comparison with whom the old scholars seem to be the shadows of divines rather than divines.'"^ In other parts, of his correspondence, * Erasmi Epist. lib. ii. ep. 10. Quanquam narrarunt mihi quidam. 14 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. Erasmus gives the credit of all this improvement to his patron, Bishop Fisher. Of this great revolution in the University system. Queen's College, the residence of Erasmus, with Bishop Fisher for its president, may be considered as the foun¬ tain-head. The name of Erasmus was long remembered in the traditions of the place. Roger Ascham tells us, on the authority of a bookseller of Cambridge named Garret, that when Erasmus was fatigued with study, for lacke of better exercise, he would take his horse and ryde about the Market hill, and come again." In his own letters he frequently speaks of his horses and his rides. The college walk on the other side of the river has long been known by the name of Erasmus's Walk. The room in which he is said to have studied, " at the top of the south-west tower in the old court," has been also long known as Erasmus's study.* Fuller adds, " here his labour in mounting so many stairs (done perchance on purpose to exercise his body and prevent corpulency) was recompensed with a pleasant prospect irávv á^ióiTKTToi, unum apud vos esse collegium 6€o\oyiKu>TaTov, quod meros habet Areopagitas, qui gravi senatusconsulto caverint, ne quis id volumen equis, aut navibus, aut plaustris, aut bajulis, intra ejus col- legii pomœria inveberet. . . . Ante annos ferme triginta, nihil tradebatur in scbola Cantabrigiensi, prseter Alexandrum, Parva Logicalia, ut vocant, et Vetera ilia Aristotelis dictata, Scoticasque qusestiones. Progressa temporis accesserunt bonse literse : accessit matbeseos cognitio : accessit novus, aut certe novatus, Aristoteles ; accessit Graecarum literarum peritia : accesserunt autores tam multi, quorum olim ne nomina quidem tenebantur, nec a summatibus illis larcis. Quœso quid bisce ex rebus accidit Academiae vestrae } Nempe sic effloruit, ut cum primis bujus seculi scbolis certare possit : et tales habet viros, ad quod veteres illi collati umbrae tbeologorum videantur, non tbeologi. * This tower appears in the far corner of the buildings represented in the engravitíg on page 9. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 15 round about him." A view of what was considered as Erasmus's study in 1726 is given in Knight's Life of Erasmus, answering exactly to the part of the college represented in our wood-cut. Erasmus visited England for the last time in 1518: he was hindered from re¬ turning (as he intended) by other occupations, and he died in 1536, when he had nearly reached his seventy- first year. Bishop Fisher had resigned the mastership or presi¬ dency of Queen's College in 1508 ; and this great patron of learning was brought to the block in 1535 for his attachment to popery. He was succeeded as president of Queen's College by Robert Bekingshaw, who also resigned. In 1525, Thomas Forman was made president, a staunch adherent to the Reformation. He is said to have concealed the books of Luther, when they were proscribed in England and sought after for the purpose of being burnt ; and Fuller places his name in the list of learned writers of this college, under the pretence that " saving is as good as making of books." William Meye, the ninth president, was one of the compilers of the first edition of the Common Prayer in 1549, and one of the correctors of the third edition in 1559: he was deprived by Queen Mary, but was rewarded with the archbishopric of York by Elizabeth. William Glynne, who succeeded him, was evidently chosen for his staunch adherence to the papacy ; we learn from Fuller and others that he was the principal disputant against the protestants, on the subject of transubstantiation, in the reign of Edward VI. The queen, in 1555, in reward for his zeal, made him bishop of Bangor. Thomas Peacock, who succeeded Glynne, was deprived by Elizabeth, and 16 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. the mastership of the college was given to John Stokys, or Stokes, a very active man in the University, and a great benefactor to his college, in which he founded four scholarships. He died in 1568, and was buried ^n the chapel, under a monument of black marble, with the figure in brass of a person in a doctor's robes and cap, the lower half of which had been torn away before the time of Cole.* On the label round the stone is the following inscription, now not quite perfect : á'ítcre C]bc0l03tí Pr0feàë0r, ]^ujuá €01105(1 üla» Státer, 0ïittt I0nt M. v<=. Lxviii. ^prtïtô xxix°. câut quatmrr tftöctpul0ö fmtlíaíjít tn €01105(0 0Í ¿(050 0á Ï05atj(t tj: €00010001(0 0Í €0rr(á (0 í^cM0g, quaá àuïi 0100(0 00Ï t)aT0r00t ix'. xiij». iiij«'. tt multa íir00lara 2S000ftc(a (0 €01105(0 cuutuïït. On a brass plate at his feet is the following epitaph : Conditur hoc tristi Corpus (venerande) sepulchro, Lautaque jejunis vermibus esca manet. Ast animam Coelo suscepit Christus, et ülam Fidimus a dextris constituisse Patri. Nam tua vivacis Fidel argumenta fuerunt Facta ; dehinc omni concelebranda die. Funde preces, alios ut Christus semper in œvum Prseclara istius provocet acta sequi. The succeeding presidents were men of moderate reputation in their day. Several of them were noted for their puritanical principles. Humphrey Tyndall is said to have been allied by blood to the ancient royal family of Bohemia; and Fuller has preserved what he himself calls " an improbable tradition "—" That in the reign of Queen Elizabeth he was proffered by a protestant party in Bohemia to be made king thereof. Which he re- * Cole's MSS. vol. vii. p. 135. QUEEN^S COLLEGE. 17 THE HALL AND CHAPEL. fused, alleging, that he had rather be Queen Elizabeth's subject than a foreign prince."* On the death of Tyn- dall. Dr. George Mountaine, dean of Westminster, and afterwards archbishop of York, who had received his education in this college, was so desirous of becoming president in his room, that he was often heard to say, that he " would rather be master here than dean of Westminster." And in order to obtain the headship, he not only made great promises, but also gave a handsome piece of plate to the college, with this inscription on it, sic iNCiPio. But the election being carried in favour of Dr. John Davenant, he vowed it should be, sic desino. Yet, notwithstanding his resentment at that time, he * Fuller's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 163. c 18 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. was afterwards so far reconciled to the college, that he founded two scholarships. Dr. Davenant was one of the divines sent by King James to the Synod of Dort. At the breaking out of the civil war, Edward Martin was president, one of the persons most zealous and active in conveying college plate to the king, and one of those who subsequently suifered most from the party in power. The college was, on this occasion, so completely " re¬ formed," that not a single fellow or scholar escaped being ejected. The chapel suffered much, yet less in proportion than those of other colleges, as we may judge by the number of old monuments left. It is recorded by Dowsing, the zealous persecutor of superstitious stones and brasses, that, on December 26, 1643, "At Queens Colledg, we beat down about 110 superstitious pictures, besides cherubims, and ingravins. And ther, none of the fellowes would put on their hats all the time they were in the chappell ; and we digged up ther steps for three howres, and broake downe 10 or 12 apostles and saints pictures in ther hall." From the beginning of the sixteenth century to the time of which we are now speaking the buildings of this college seem to have undergone no great alterations. It appears in the map of the town made for Archbishop Parker in 1574, and in that accompanying the History of the University of Cambridge by Fuller, made in 1634, as consisting of two large courts. Many parts of the col¬ lege were repaired and modernized in the eighteenth century. In the time of Gains (1574) the whole number of resident members amounted to one hundred and twenty-two ; when Fuller wrote it had increased to one hundred and ninety ; but in the time of Carter (1753) it QUEEN^S COLLEGE. 19 had been so much diminished that it was only " usually about sixty." Buildings.—Queen's College, in its present state, consists of two principal courts, occupying the space between the lane at the back of St. Catherine's Hall (part of the ancient Mill Street) and the River Cam. The first court, which is built of brick and stone, and measures ninety-six feet by eighty-four feet, is entered from the lane by a lofty gateway tower. On the north it communicates with a smaller court, having a range of buildings on one side only, and commonly known by the name of Walnut-tree Court. The northern side of the first or principal court is formed partly by the chapel; the western side is formed by the hall and butteries. The passage behind the screens of the hall leads into the second or inner court, sometimes called the old court, which extends to the bank of the river. This second court is surrounded on three sides by cloisters, each being about eighty feet long. The north side is occupied by the president's lodge. The cloister on the south separates the chief court from a smaller court, called frequently Pump Court. A few years ago a handsome pile of buildings was erected on the bank of the river, which was intended to form the southern wing of a new river front. The Chapel.—The chapel, which occupies half of the north side of the principal court, is a plain modern¬ ized building, fifty-four feet long and twenty-one broad. The east window looks into the lane, opposite St. Cath¬ erine's Hall. At the west end of the chapel rises a small tower, with a clock placed ^there in the year 1733. Beneath is a large handsome sun-dial, which, according 20 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. to Carter, was made by Sir Isaac Newton. Internally, the chapel presents no remarkable features. The upper end is wainscoted with cedar ; and there are two ranges of stalls on each side. Among the plate is a fine basin of silver gilt, given by Dr. Edward Martin, the president who was ejected by the parliamentarians, and inscribed with the words DEO ET SACRIS REGINALIBUS CANTABR : EDW : MARTIN PRESID : Cole states that " The chapel in the spring of 1773 was entirely taken to pieces and new modelled, tho' it seemed to want it very little : in the middle was sunk a square vault of feet by , in the finest bed of gravel I ever saw. A few leaden cofiins were lit upon, but for whom, I believe, is not certainly known. The ceiling being altered from a cove to a flat one, the east window was forced to be lowered. All the monuments and stones were taken away, and those on the walls put in different positions to answer one another. The west end was enlarged, and a curious painted room, above the entrance to it, converted into a gallery for the master's family.'"^ In another place he gives the following account of this painted room. " In a room over the antichapel, which they are also fitting up for a gallery for the master's family, when the wainscot was pulled down, they found the sides all covered with coats of arms on the wall in water-colours, as I apprehend, for I did not much observe them, being the arms of all the sees in England and of all the colleges in both Universities, except Sidney College : Emmanuel was there, so I suppose it was painted between the years 1584 and 1596. Among * Coles's MSS. Collections, vol. ii. p. 12. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 21 them was the coat of Devereux, earl of Essex, and Sack- ville, earl of Dorset, ensigned with earl's coronets and single coats. The earl of Essex his coat is in a window of the lodge."^ No chapel in the University is more interesting for its monuments than that of Queen's College. Many of its once numerous brasses are damaged or destroyed; Cole has fortunately given a description of those which remain when they were in a more perfect state than at present. " Just helow the steps and under the organ-loft lies a handsome black marble, with the figure of a person on it compleat in brass, with an inscription at his feet and label all round it, with his arms above the label that comes out of his mouth. The figure represents a lay¬ man and M.A. in his proper habit at that time, which is very different from that of this age, and shows a compleat University beau of a hundred and fifty years since, and at the same time proves that the University, which at that time made several orders and regulations about the dress of its members, had reason for so doing. He is pourtrayed in a master's gown, with the lining of it turned back and finely flowered, so I suppose it was made of a rich silk, with short sieves, thro' which his arms came out at the bend, and laced at the bottom ; his air kemb'd backwards, with a small ruff about his neck. His doublet, or waistcoat, which is very sl^ort and comes no further than his hipps and there fring'd, is finely slashed and pinked, as are his sieves, which come close to his wrists. His breeches are very tight, and come just to the bend of the knee, as our modern beaux wear them at present, and are there fringed ; the V * Cole's MSS. vol. ii. p. 19. 22 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. stuff is the same, seemingly, as the turning up of his gown, heing curiously wrought and flowered. His shoes, or pumps, are without heels, and slashed also. I have been the more exact in describing this monument, as I don't remember to have seen any one of the sort before so nicely engraved. Out of his mouth comes a label with this in it : Lorde Jesu receve my sperit.''^ The inscription round the label of this monument, in Roman capitals, is as follows : + ROBERTUS WHALLEY GENEROSUS NOTTINGHAM- lENSIS SOCIUS QUONDAM HUJUS COLLEGII, OBIIT ANNO ^TATIS SU.^ VICESIMO OCTAVO XVIII. DIE AUGUSTI ANNO DOMINI 1591. Under his feet is the following epitaph : WhaUeyus cubat hie (fidum caput ille) Robertus, Hie Ciñeres hic et dulciter Ossa cubant. Ilium sydereo prudens Deus inscrit horto Vere senem nec enim serior ussit hyems. Mos erat auricomis vivo coUudere musis. Jam que novo angelicis certat honore choris. Felix planta tua tellus radice superbit. Ipsa sed aereis surgis in alta comis. Dulce cuba seternum constans et amabile pectus Musarum et charitum hoc in tumulo tumulus. At the head of this monument is the one of John Stokys, already described. Cole says of this latter, " Going into this chapel July 2, 1768, I observed all the brass of Dr. Stokes's monument reaved, as to his portrait, except a small piece of the upper part of the face and cap." Another stone of old grey marble, with a complete brass representing a priest in his robes, has lost its inscrip- * Cole, MSS. Collections, vol. ii. p. 15. QUEEN^S COLLEGE. 23 tions, with the exception of a fragment of the label from his mouth, which contains the following words : . . . . tis inopinate, . . , . t vigilate, et pro me q'so orate. Cole seems to have supposed this the tomb of Andrew Dockett; though he describes another much worn and without inscription, which was said to be the monument of the first president of Queen's College. A few other early monuments are too much worn to be identified.* Among the inscriptions in memory of presidents of the college buried in the chapel, the most remarkable are those for Dr. James and Dr. Davies. The following * " In the antichapel lie some grave-stones of antiquity. Under the N. wall lies a very old small marble which had formerly an inscrip¬ tion in a brass plate on it, which is now lost. Near this lies a stone with the effigies of a person on it in his doctor's habit in a small brass, but the inscription at his feet is now gone; so only can guess that it was designed for one of the presidents of this college since the Reformation by his having no tonsure ; at his head is this inscription, added not many years since by the character it is wrote in : Martin Dunstan servus M""' Andr. Dokett. Anno Domin. Below his feet is this inscription also added : Laur: Catelyn, S. T. B. Hujus Coll; Soc: obiit October 30th 1680. iEtat: 41i Directly in the middle of the antichapel, and close by this last, lies an old grey marble w^ith a small brass figure on it of a priest in a praying posture, but the inscription at his feet is torn away : this I have heard belong'd to Andrew Dockett the 1st president here, and who died in 1484. The figure is almost ^lain, being constantly trampled upon by the feet of those who go into the chapel."—Cole. 24 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. epitaph is on the monument of Dr. James, composed by Dr. Sedgwick, the twenty-sixth president of the college. H. S. E. Henricus James, S. T. P. In Agro Somersetensi, Patre Clerico natus. In Schola Etonensi Literis Humanioribus institutus, Hujus Collegii Alumnus, Socius, Et ultra XLI. Annos Praeses ; Cantuariensis et Eboraeensis Canonicus, Sacrae Theologiae Professor Regius : In Cathedra, Eruditus, Facundus, Acutus : Domi, Comis, Liberalis, Facetus ; Commodis et Dignitati Collegii, Quibus sedulo invigilaverat, Munifice prospexit moriens : Obiit Coelebs Martii XV®. A®. MDCCXVI. AETAT. LXXV. Praeses et Socii P. P. MDCCXXXIX. The following simpler epitaph preserves the name of the learned scholar, Dr. Davies : Hie sitae sunt Reliquiae Joannis Davies, LL. et S. T. D. Hujus Collegii Praesidis, Ac Eliensis Canonici. Natus est Londini Aprilis Die XXII. MDCLXXIX. Denatus in his Aedibus Martii die VII. MDCCXXXI. Plura dici noluit Vir optimus. The Hall.—The college hall likewise underwent ÄtSSI J. Le Keux. (ÇWJlffiKrS (S®K.3LIE©I1, THE ENTRAWCE GATEWAY AS TAKEN IN 1837- London.îublislvecL May 1''^ 1842,"bjfTilt fcBogne.FJeetStreet. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 25 PART OP THE SECOND COURT. extensive repairs and alterations in the first half of the last century. Over the entrance from the first court are the arms of the college ; and at the upper end of the room, over the fellows' tahle, are those of the foundress. The large oriel window is ornamented with the arms of the foundresses, masters, and other distinguished personages of the college, blazoned and stained in glass hy the late Charles Muss, enamel painter to the king. On the four side windows are the arms of the earl of Hardwicke, the earl of Stamford, Sir Henry Russell, and the college. At the upper end of the hall, behind the fellows' tahle, are portraits, hy Hudson, of Elizabeth Widvile, queen of Edward IV. and co-foundress of the college ; of Erasmus, 26 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. seated at a table, writing, and dressed in a fur cloak; and of Sir Thomas Smith, half-length, dressed in a fur cloak, and leaning on a globe. These pictures, which are very elegantly framed, were presented to the college by the three sons of Harrv, fourth earl of Stamford.* The combination-room, adjoining the hall, contains a fine portrait of Dr. Milner, president of the college and dean of Carlisle, painted by Harlow. The President's Lodge, in the second court, is large and convenient, and contains a considerable number of old and valuable pictures, especially in the gallery which runs over the north side of the cloister, and, with its picturesque windows, forms one of the most remarkable features of the college. Among these pictures may be noticed, an old painting, on board, of Queen Elizabeth Widvile; Daniel Wray, painted by Dance; Admiral Caleb Barnes, 1665; General Monk; Sir George Saville, Bart.; a fine portrait (unknown) by Reynolds; Erasmus, by Holbein; and a valuable and singularly curious altar-piece from the old chapel, painted on three panels, and representing three subjects, Judas betraying Christ, the Resurrection, and Christ appearing to the apostles after his resurrection. The Library is not in any way remarkable as a * "In the hall, about 1766, were put up against the three principal pannels of wainscot behind the fellows' table, the pictures of Queen Elizabeth Woodville, mother to Queen Elizabeth of York, who was mother to King Henry the VIII. It was copied from an old picture of her, on board, in the master's lodge. This was given by the present earl of Stamford. The two other pictures are of Sir Thomas Smith and Erasmus, both given by the earl's two brothers, and are copies from original pictures, and framed very richly." Cole's MSS. vol. ii. p. 12. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 27 building. It contains about thirty thousand volumes, of which a classed catalogue was made by the Rev. T. Hartwell Home, and published in two volumes, royal octavo. Amongst them are a collection of Greek and Latin books given by Sir Thomas Smith ; a fine copy of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible, given by Bishop Cha- derton, one of the presidents of the college ; about a hundred volumes given by Henry Hastings, earl of Huntingdon; nearly sixty folios given by Dr. Tyndall, dean of Ely ; about six hundred volumes bequeathed by the learned John Smith ; thirteen Persian and Turkish manuscripts, given by the Rev. Mr. Thompson ; two thousand volumes left by the Rev. David Hughes, vice- president of the college ; and about three thousand books bequeathed more recently by Dr. Milner. The walks belonging to Queen's College consist chiefiy of a fine terrace on the opposite bank of the river, shaded by lofty overhanging elms. The gardens lay behind the president's lodge. The communication between the second court and the walks on the other side of the river is by a curious wooden bridge of one arch. Carter, writing in 1753, soon after it was erected, says, " The bridge from the cloister to the stable, &c., which was wholly rebuilt a.d. 1746, may without flat¬ tery be esteemed one of the most curious pieces of carpentery of this kind in England ; it contains in length upwards of 50 foot, being of one arch, composed of timbers curiously joined together, and supported on abutments of rustic stone-work, between which is a passage for the Cam, 40 foot in the clear, and of such height, that the waters in a common flood cannot reach the lowest timbers thereof." 28 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. The public bridge over the river at the corner of this college, commonly known as Queen's Bridge, was erected early in the seventeenth century, according to an agreement between the college and the town. A bridge bad previously existed there. Eminent Men.—Queen's College is remarkable for the number of eminent men who have received their education within its walls. At the bead of its list of bishops stands Cardinal Fisher, bishop of Rochester in 1504 ; to whose name we may add those of Hugh Oldham, bishop of Exeter in the same year ; John Poynet, bishop of Winchester in 1550; John Tayler (afterwards master of St. John's College), bishop of Lin¬ coln in 1552; William Glynne (president), bishop of Bangor in 1555 ; Nicholas Robinson, bishop of the same see in 1566; John Whitgift (afterwards fellow of St. Peter's College and master of Pembroke Hall and of Trinity College), archbishop of Canterbury in 1583; Edmund Scambler, bishop of Norwich in 1584; William Chaderton (president), bishop of Lincoln in 1595; William Cotton, bishop of Exeter in 1598 ; John Jegon (afterwards master of Corpus Christi College), bishop of Norwich in 1602; Robert Townson, bishop of Salis¬ bury in 1621 ; Richard Milbourne, bishop of Carlisle in the same year; John Davenant (president), who succeeded Townson as bishop of Salisbury ; George Mountaine, archbishop of York in 1628; Wilham Roberts, bishop of Bangor in 1637 ; John Towers, bishop of Peterborough in 1638 ; Anthony Sparrow (president), bishop of Norwich in 1676; Simon Patrick, bishop of Ely in 1691 ; and one Irish bishop, John Rider, bishop of Killaloe in 1612, afterwards of Down QUEEN^S COLLEGE. 29 and Conner. Several of these prelates were able writers. Among other theologians we may mention the names of, Dr. Henry Bullock, the friend of Erasmus, an eminent linguist, who " was compelled by Wolsey to write against Luther, tho' his affections were inclined to the protestant party ; " Thomas Brightman, author of a commentary on the Book of Revelations ; Stephen Nettles ; Dr. William Covell ; Dr. John Preston, afterwards master of Emmanuel College ; the celebrated Thomas Fuller, author of the Church History, &c. ; John Smith, author of Select Discourses ; Thomas Cawton, an eminent puritan; Dr. Horton (president), also a learned pu¬ ritan ; Dr. William Johnson ; Dr. Thomas Rymer ; Dr. Thomas Brett; and Dr. John Warren. Among the earlier college worthies was Richard Whytford, who quitted his fellowship here to become a monk of Sion. Queen's College has produced several eminent anti¬ quaries, such as, the celebrated John Joscelyne, the secretary and assistant of Archbishop Parker ; and John Weever, author of the Funeral Monuments. Among its principal critics and classical scholars were. Dr. Bul¬ lock, already mentioned ; the famous Sir Thomas Smith, Queen Elizabeth's secretary of state ; Joseph Wasse, the editor of Sallust ; Dr. John Davies (master), the editor of several ancient writers. Simon Ockley, professor of Arabic in 1711, and author of the History of the Sara¬ cens, was also a member of Queen's College. Its chief mathematicians were, the celebrated Dr. John Wallis ; and Dr. Isaac Milner (president), Lucasian professor in 1798. Among writers of a more miscellaneous kind were, Thomas Cheek, a minor ,poet and the friend of Garth ; Thomas Newton, a Latin poet of some reputa- 30 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. tion ; Edmund Bohun, author of the Dictionarium Geographicum, &c. ; Dr. Peter Hausted, a religious poet of the seventeenth century ; Dr. James Windlett, a Latin poet and linguist. Benefactors.—Queen's College received its greatest benefactions during the period between its foundation and the beginning of the sixteenth century. Since that time the benefactors have been more numerous than rich. Fuller, writing in 1634, says that the benefactors to this college in the days of Dr. Caius (writing eighty years since) amounted to more than an hundred and forty- seven. Much increased at this day : indeed no house for the quantity is endowed with better land of manors and farms, and less of impropriations belonging there¬ unto." The following list of the principal " modern benefactors " was given by Carter in the middle of the last century, since which time the college has continued to experience the munificence of many friends ; Dr. Hugh Trotter, provost of Beverley, and treasurer of the church of York ; William Weld, canon of St. Paul's ; Sir Tho¬ mas Smith, knight, provost of Eton ; Henry Wilshaw ; Dr. Stokes, president of the college ; John Chetham ; Henry Hastings, earl of Huntingdon ; John Joscelyne, secretary to Archbishop Parker; Dr. Mountaine, arch¬ bishop of York, who founded two scholarships ; Dr. Davenant, president of the college, and bishop of Salis¬ bury ; Dr. Thomas Davyes, bishop of St. Asaph, who founded a scholarship ; Joseph Binkes, of London, to whom also the college is indebted for a scholarship ; Dr. Mapletoft ; Dr. George Bardsey ; Thomas Clarke ; Lady Rouse; James Stoddard, grocer, of London, who founded a scholarship ; William Roberts, bishop of Bangor, who QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 31 " gave a hundred pounds for purchasing an exhibition for a poor scholar of Bangor diocese, and the like at Jesus College, Oxford;" Dr. Henry James; and Ferdi¬ nande Smythes, " who gave fifteen hundred pounds to be appropriated to the use of three batchelors of arts, till the time of their taking their master's degree." John Joscelyne founded a Hebrew lecture. Sir Thomas Smith endowed two scholarships, and gave " a great globe of his own making, and all his Latin and Greek books to the library." " Sir Thomas Smith," as Fuller observes, " may be beheld not as a benefactor to this house alone, hut all colleges of literature in England. If Obadiah be so praised to all posterity for feeding an hundred of God's prophets, fifty in one cave, and fifty in another, with bread and water ; what reward shall this worthy knight receive, who for ever feeds all the sons of the prophets both in Cambridge and Oxford (members of any society) with rent corn, which he procured by statute in parliament? The aforesaid knight recurs again (who cannot too often be mentioned) in the list of learned writers. Eminent for two excellent works. The one, of the Commonwealth of England. The other, of a more compendious way of printing, as which would defalk a fifth part of the cost in paper, and ink, besides as much of the pains in composing, printing, and reading of books only, by discharging many super¬ fluous letters in spelling and accommodating the sounds of long and short vowels (to save terminating e's, and other needless additions of consonants) with distinct characters. However this design hath not hitherto met with general entertainment, chiefly on a suspicion that this modern way will render ancient books in a short 32 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. time unreadable to any save antiquaries ; which whether a just or causeless jealousy, let others determine."* It appears that this college has had at different times more than one coat of arms. Fuller says, " No college in England hath such exchange of coats of arms as this hath, giving sometimes the arms of Jerusalem (with many others quartered therewith) assigned by Queen Margaret, their first foundress. It giveth also another distinct coat, (viz.) a crosier, and pastoral staff saltire, piercing through a boar's head in the midst of the shield. This I humbly conceive bestowed upon them by Richard the Third (when undertaking the patronage of this founda¬ tion) in allusion to the boar which was his crest; and wherein those church implements disposed in saltire or in form of St. Andrew's cross, might in their device relate to Andrew Ducket so much meriting of this foundation. However, at this day the college waves the wearing of this coat, laying it up in her wardrobe, and makes use of the former only." Patronage.—The patronage of Queen's College consists of the rectories of Bow-brikhill in the county of Buckingham ; of those of Eversden Parva and St. Botolph's (Cambridge), and the vicarage of Oakington in Cambridgeshire ; and of the rectories of Sandon in Essex ; Seagrave in Leicestershire ; Grimston, Rock¬ land, and South Walsham, in Norfolk ; Hickling in the county of Nottingham; and Newton Toney in Wilt¬ shire. The church of St. Botolph in Cambridge (which was appropriated to the college by its first president, Andrew Dockett) remains in the gift of the president, who must nominate one of the eight senior divines. * Fuller's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 165. MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE, JESUS COLLEGE. This college, situated apart from all the other similar buildings in the University, sprung out of the only nunnery which ever existed in the town of Cambridge. The date of the foundation of this religious house, and the name of the original founder, are equally uncertain. John Sherman, fellow of Jesus College in the seventeenth century, and the author of a valuable history of the col¬ lege, written in Latin, and published recently from the original manuscript by Mr. Halliwell, adduces strong reasons for agreeing with Fuller in placing the foundation of the house of nuns at Cambridge (situated in the Greencroft, a name given to the tract of ground lying on the side of the river between the town and the priory of Barnwell) about the year 1133.=* From the * Shermanni Historia Collegii JesU^ Cantabrigiensis. Ed. J. O. Halliwell, 1840, pp. 6, 7. B 2 JESUS COLLEGE. old deeds preserved in the college archives, and quoted hy Sherman, it appears that William Monk, goldsmith, gave to the " nuns of Cambridge " certain lands at Shelford ; and that to the same "nuns of Cambridge" the Lady Constance, daughter of Louis the Fat of France, and wife of Eustace, the eldest son of King Stephen, gave " all the right of fishing which apper¬ tained to the borough of Cambridge." Both these gifts were confirmed by King Stephen, and therefore made before the year 1154, when that monarch died. Some time after this last-mentioned year the founda¬ tion was enlarged by the pious munificence of Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, who as earl of Huntingdon and Cambridge was lord of the town. Two charters of this prince, preserved in the archives of Jesus College, are without date. By the first of these charters, that prince gave to the nuns of Cambridge ten acres of land in the Greencroft to found their conventual church, in perpetual alms, at a rent of two shillings a year, to be paid at the altar of the said church. This charter was confirmed by Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, who died in 1160. Sherman thinks that the first charter of Malcolm was made in the year 1159. Until this tinie it appears that the nuns had not possessed a conventual church. It seems to have been a stipulation that the church should be dedicated to St. Rhadegund, or that the nuns should adopt her form of monastic life; and from this period they are called, not, as before, simply the nuns of Cam¬ bridge, but " the nuns of St. Mary the Virgin and of St. Rhadegund." In the second charter of Malcolm, the Scottish prince confirms the former grant, and relieves the nuns from the annual payment of two JESUS COLLEGE. 3 shillings, and from all other secular services whatever. Sherman thinks that this confirmation was made in 1164. Soon after this period the nunnery of St. Rhadegund was enriched by numerous benefactions. King Henry III. gave to the nuns a portion of land lying between the priory and the King's Ditch. Nigellus, bishop of Ely, the predecessor of Theobald, had already given them some lands in the same neighbourhood. John le Moine, knight, gave them fifty acres of land in Shelford. Stephen de Escallariis gave them (about the same period) lands in West-Wrating. The patronage of the rectory of All Saints in Cambridge was appropriated to the nunnery by Geoifrey, third bishop of Ely. The advowson of the rectory of St. Clement in Cambridge was given to the nuns in the time of Eustace, fifth bishop of Ely. The rectory of the parish church of St. Rhadegund was appropriated to them in 1291, with the reservation of an annual pension of forty shillings to be paid by the nuns to the vicar of All Saints ; at which time the two parishes of St. Rhadegund and All Saints, formerly distinct and separated by the King's Ditch, were united. To these benefactions many others were added during the thirteenth century, so that in the reign of Henry III. the houses and places in the town of Cambridge, belonging to the nuns of St. Rhadegund, were very numerous. From the circumstance that the greater part of the archives of this house were preserved along with Jesus College, we know more of its history than of that of the other religious foundations in Cambridge. It consisted of a prioress and eleven nuns, of the order of Black Nuns of St. Benedict. The prioress was elected by the nuns. 4 JESUS COLLEGE. Sherman discovered in the deeds of the nunnery the names of the following prioresses, with the dates in which they held office : Dera, in the 42nd Hen. III. Amicia le Chamberlavne, 7 Edw. I. ¥ * Helena, 21 Edw. I. Agnes Burgulun, 30 Edw. 1. Cecilia, 10 Edw. H. Mabilia Martyn, 6 Edw. HI. Alicia, 20 Edw. HI. Eva Wasteneis, 33 Edw. HI. Margarita Clarill, 44 Edw. III. Alicia Filet, 2 Rich. H. Isabella Sudbury, 2 Hen. IV. Margeria Harling, 9 Hen. IV. Agnes Seyntelow, 4 Hen. V. Joanna Lancaster, 8 Edw. IV. Eliz. Walton, 12 Edw. IV. Joanna de Cambridge, I Ric. HI. Joanna de Fulbume, 8 Hen. VH. Besides these, six other prioresses were found mentioned in deeds without date, named Elena, Letitia, Milesentia, Mabilea, Agnes, and Constantia. From the ancient character of the documents in which these names oc¬ curred, Sherman believed them to be those of the first superiors of this house. During the fourteenth century the priory of St. Rha- degund received various benefactions. Among other possessions of the nuns, was Ovyng's Hostie, in the parish of St. Michael, which was afterwards included in Trinity College. Among their greatest benefactors was King Henry VI. Sherman has given from the roUs of the nunnery the total sum of the yearly income of the house in three years of the reign of this monarch : in the JESUS COLLEGE. 29th Hen. VI. it was £24 Is. lOcZ.; in the 30th Hen. VI. £32 10s. 2d.\ in the 39th Hen. VI. £74 2s. Ad. The second of these estimates is supposed to have been about the average income of the nuns of St. Rhadegund. As we have observed, this house was the only nun¬ nery known to have existed in Cambridge. Such an establishment is inconsistent with the idea of a multitude of young students ; and it is probable that when the priory of St. Rhadegund was founded, there was no University at Cambridge, or at least the University was so small and unimportant that one foundation had no appearance of interfering with the other. The Nunnery and the University lived long together ; we have no information to show the gradual corruption of the former, although we have several notices of injuries of another kind. In 1277, the buildings of the nunnery fell suddenly into ruin. In 1344, they suffered consider¬ ably by fire. In 1376, they were again burnt, and the loss on this occasion was so great, that the nuns were obliged to beg for their subsistence, as it is said, or rather, perhaps, to collect money to rebuild their house. It was rebuilt; but in 1390, the greater part of the buildings were blown down by a violent tempest. In the reign of Edward IV. the society itself was going fast to decay ; until at last, in the reign of Henry VIL, it fell into irrevocable ruin. The nuns had been gradually corrupted by their intercourse with the students; they had been led into habits of extravagance and debauchery; and while they lost their own credit, they wasted the revenues and the property of the house, until it was utterly inadequate to their support. The nunnery of St. Rhadegund, in the earlier part of the reign of Henry 6 JESUS COLLEGE. VIL, was in such a state of desolation, that there were not more than one, or, according to some accounts, two resident members. John Alcock, bishop of Ely, scandalized with the dissolute conduct of the nuns, and conscious of the necessary influence of the University in corrupting such an establishment, seized the occasion of its momentary desertion by the sisterhood to obtain the permission of the king and the pope to convert the foundation into a college. It is said that when the bishop visited the nunnery he found but two resident sisters, one of whom was with child, and the other but a child herself. In the eleventh year of the reign of Henry VIL, Bishop Alcock began to repair the ruinous buildings of the old religious house ; and four years afterwards (in 1496), he placed in his new foundation a master, six fellows, and six scholars, having dedicated it to " the blessed virgin Mary, St. John the evangelist, and the glorious virgin St. Rhadegund." Succeeding bishops of Ely increased and amplified what Alcock had begun. James Stanley, tbe tbirtietb bisbop of that see, and brother of the first earl of Derby, in the twenty-second year of the reign of Henry VIL, impropri¬ ated to the use of the new college the rectory of Great Shelford in Cambridgeshire, for the foundation of a fellowship. To him the college owed its first set of statutes : his successor Nicholas revised them, and reduced them to their present form. The first master of Jesus College was Dr. William Chubbes. Other benefactors followed in the steps of these prelates, and increased the revenues or enlarged the buildings of Jesus College. The number of fellows was increased to seventeen, but has since been reduced to JESUS COLLEGE. 7 sixteen. Bishop Stanley had founded a grammar school in the college, with a master and usher, which was held in the buildings situated between the tower and the fellows' garden." These buildings were erected in the earlier half of the sixteenth century, chiefly by the muni¬ ficence of two ladies, Joane, wife of Sir Richard Hastings, and Catherine, widow of Sir Reginald Bray. The following notes from the old treasurer's accounts, gathered from the college books in the seventeenth century by Dr. Worthington, and preserved in MS. Harl. No. 7033, form an interesting illustration of the state and customs of Jesus College during the latter half of the sixteenth century. An. 1559. There were 13 fellows, of w'^^ 4 were masters in arts, the other 9 bachelors. There were then, a chaplain in the house, wha had quarterly 10s.; a schoolmaster who had £2 10s.; an usher who had 10s. An. 1562. Mr. Lakyn was then master of the college. Expended on Jesus day, £ 1 5s. 8d. Expended at the plays, £4 14s. 5d. Payd for the exchange of £ 12 18s. of Spanish money, 16s. 8d, An. 1563. Dr. Ithell was then master, doctor of law. Expended at y® acting of Adelphi, 10s. le?. Exp. at the playing of Curculio, 6s. 8d. An. 1564. Dr. Ithell the m' was bursar. Expended at y® playing of Eunuchus, 6s. For rushes at the Queen's coming. Is. 2d. For making a theater. Is. For a pound of candles in y® whiting of y® cloysters at y® Queen's coming in y® night, 2 oh. An. 1565. For two torches for the dialogue and shew in Christmas, Is. An. 1567.. For Christmas quarter payd to the schoolmaster and usher. Thence nothing payd to such afterwards. Expended at the plays, £ 12 15s. 8d. An. 1568. Exp. att the plays in the chappell, £4 6s. For mending after y® plays, &c. An. 1569. The hangings in the hall taken down at the Commencement, &c. An. 1570-1. For making clean the cloyster-yard and y® other yard, when my Burleigh with the counsell came to town. 8 JESUS COLLEGE, An. 1572-3. For mending the corner of the mud wall of y® master's close. An. 1573-4. For making clean coll. yard, at my Lord North's coming hither. Mention of our breaking up, &c. An. 1575-6. Expences in the chancell, south ile, & steeple, &c. An. 1577-8. Expences in the comedy acted in the hall, &c., 235. 2d. An. 1579-80. This year Mr. Marshall's scholership was founded. A fire in Mr. Murgetrode's chamber, between the master's lodgings and the chappell. Charges of the comedy Bacchides, £ 1 195. Id. An. 1580-1. In the east window of the ch. were the picture of Christ and y® picture of St. Peter. On the north side of the ch. the picture of Ignatius. An. 1582-3. Mention of the organs. To Mr. Stringer for him that begins the psalms, 35. 8d. An. 1585-6. Sea coal first brought into the kitchin, heretofore wood and coal. Sea coal and turf this year. 24 webbs of lead blown down in y® chappell. An. 1588-9. This year Dr. Duport was made master of y® coll. For hedging about the walnut-tree. For juniper to aire the chappel on St. Mark's day. An. 1590-1. For mending the mud wall in our m'' his close, &c. An. 1592-3. For mending glass blown down by the great winde, &c. An. 1593-4. The plague at Cambridge. To the glasier for new leading y® whole pane where the Founder is pictured. An. 1595-6. For beating down the wyndows in our m" green ch., and wainscot ch. An. 1596-7. For a bord for the founders and benefactors names to be sett in the library. The well in the fellows garden was made, and seats about y® walnutt tree. An. 1597-8. Communion cloth on y® table, long 3 yards, broad an ell, cost £ 10. For drawing our Founder's picture, £ 1 65. Sd. For a curtain of green sarcenet for it. Is. For a ladder to the pidpit. An. 1598-9. Charges of the comedy at Christmas, 1 lib. During the period to which the preceding notes refer, the number of students in Jesus College was rapidly increasing, until the buildings were found insufficient for their accommodation. Under the sixteenth master. Dr. r.l^a-ckenzle. j.leEeux- oi/IBSWS (D©SiIL2S©2S IfE.O'VI THE MEADOWS JESUS COLLEGE. 9 INTERIOR OF THE TOWER, JESUS COLLEGE CHAPEL. Richard Sterne, who was promoted to that office in the year 1633, it was considered necessary to erect a new building in the outer court. A subscription was raised for that purpose in 1637, the first stone of the new fabric was laid by the master in 1638, and the whole was finished about the year 1643, just at the moment when the University fell under the parliamentarian visitation. The ancient church of the nuns of St. Rhadegund, which had been preserved as the college chapel, furnished a plentiful harvest to the iconoclasts : it is recorded in a document frequently quoted in the present work, that, " Dec. 22, Mr. Bogleston, fellow, being present, w^e digged up the steps, and broke down of superstitious saints and angels 120 at least." Among the ejected royalists were the master. Dr. Sterne, and most of the fellows. Dr. Sterne was imprisoned and treated with considerable severity, on account of his activity in the 10 JESUS COLLEGE. service of the king ; * but, after the return of Charles IL to the throne, he was restored to the mastership of Jesus College, and subsequently promoted to the bishopric of Carlisle and to the archbishopric of York. Buildings.—Jesus College is very pleasantly situated near the banks of the Cam, at the eastern entrance to the town, apart from the rest of the University. Its retired * " Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was very active in sending the college plate to his majesty ; for which (together with Dr. Beale, master of St. John's, Dr. Martin, master of Queen's,) he was by Cromwell (who had with some parties of soldiers surrounded the several chapels, where the students were all at prayers) seiz'd and carried in triumph to London. In the villages as they passed from Cambridge to London the people were called out by some of their agents to abuse and revile them. They were also led leisurely thro' the midst of Bar¬ tholomew Fair; where they were entertain'd with exclamations, re¬ proaches, scorns, and curses. They had been near a year under restraint in several prisons, (where, by paying exorbitant fees, &c., they were reduced to the utmost extremity, having before been plunder'd of all they had,) when they were, by order of parliament, put on board a small ship, call'd the Prosperous Sailor, then lying at Wapping ; where they were no sooner come but they were instantly put under hatches ; the decks were so low, that they could not stand upright, and yet denied stools to sit on, or so much as straw to lie on. Into this little ease, they crouded no less than 80 prisoners of quality, and that they might stifle each another, having no more breath than what they suck'd from one another's mouths, most maliciously and (certainly) to a murtherous intent, they stop'd up all the small augur-holes, &c. that might relieve them with fresh air. In this condition they were more like gally-slaves than free-born subjects, tho' men of such quality and condition ; and had been so indeed, might some have had their wills, who were bar¬ gaining with some merchants to sell them to Algiers, or as bad a place, as hath been since notoriously known, upon no false or fraudulent information. After this Dr. Sterne was removed from the ship and kept confin'd in prison. At length, having lost all he had, and sufiered to the last degree for his loyalty, he was permitted to have his liberty. After which he lived obscurely till the Restoration."— Carter's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 220. JESUS COLLEGE. U situation attracted the attention of James L, who, when on a visit to Cambridge, expressed his opinion of the University in a saying which has since been frequently repeated, " That if he lived in the University, he would pray at King's, eat at Trinity, and study and sleep at Jesus." This college consists of two courts. The prin¬ cipal court (formerly distinguished as the outer court, and now generally called the first court) is a square of about a hundred and forty-one feet by a hundred and twenty feet, and is formed chiefly by the buildings erected during the mastership of Dr. Sterne. The western side is open to the meadow, from which it is divided only by iron palisades. The second (and smaller) court consists of the more ancient buildings, which formed originally the nunnery of St. Rhadegund, and is surrounded by a cloister. This is what in the notices from the college books is called the " cloyster-yard : " in it are the en¬ trances to the chapel, hall, and master's lodge. The front of the college consists of a line of buildings a hundred and eighty feet in length, with a gateway- tower over the entrance. The chapel, with its square tower, forms one of the most prominent features of the college, from whatever side we view it. Jesus College chapel, which, as we have already stated, was the ancient church of the nunnery, is in fact one of the most interesting buildings in Cambridge. It is in the form of a cross, having a transept, and a large square tower rising from arches at the intersection of the nave. The ante-chapel contains some interesting ex¬ amples of Anglo-Norman and early English ornament, although it has suffered much from the visitation of the puritan reformers of the days of Cromwell. The en- 12 JESUS COLLEGE. graving on the first page of this description represents the early piscina and sedilia which still remain. Of the ancient sepulchral monuments in which this chapel was once rich, only two have heen spared. One of them belonged to a sister of the nunnery, whose name probably was Rosabert, and appears to relate to a remote period : on it is inscribed the following Leonine verse : MORIBUS ORNATA JACET HIC BONA BERTA ROSATA. The second commemorates Prior John de Pykenham ; and we can only account for its being found here hy the supposition that it was transferred hither from the ruins of the neighbouring priory of Franciscans : it bears the inscription,— HIC JACET FRATBR JOHANNES HE PYKENHAM, MAGISTER SACR.E THEOLOGIZE, PRIOR HUJUS LOCI, CUJUS ANIMEE PROPITIETUR DEUS ! Among the more modern funeral monuments are those of several of the masters of the college, and of some of the benefactors. Among the latter may be mentioned a tablet in the north transept, with a medallion to the memory of Tobias Rustat, Esq., yeomen of the robes to Charles II. The celebrated traveller Dr. E. D. Clarke also lies buried in this chapel, as well as John Sherman, president of the college, to whom we owe the history of the society, written in Latin, and published by Mr. Halliwell. The tower of this edifice has a beautiful lantern story, once open to the nave, hut now excluded from view by a modern ceiling. The tower itself is supported by bold arches and pillars. The old oak ceiling of the chapel is concealed by a plain flat ceiling of plaster. On each ^ide are three flat-arched windows of three mullions, JESUS COLLEGE. 13 beyond which are a very beautiful series of lancet windows, and on the south side in the chancel, elegant pillared niches in the walls, under them. The wainscot of the seats is plain. The east window of the chancel is filled with portraits and armorial bearings in painted glass, given by William Hustler, Esq., fellow of this college and University registrar. Underneath this win¬ dow is a painting by Jouvenet (a French painter), repre¬ senting the Presentation in the Temple, given to the college by Dr. Pearce (then master) in 1796. In various parts of the chapel is seen the device of Bishop Alcock (the founder), consisting of a figure of a cock. The hall stands between the two courts, which com¬ municate by the passage separating the screen from the butteries. It is a fine room, fifty-four feet long, twenty-seven broad, and about thirty feet high, with a handsome timber roof, of which the arches rise alter¬ nately out of a cock as its corbel head. This, as we have already observed, was the device of Bishop Alcock, and is repeated in different parts of the college. The oriel window on the north side stands under a delicate roof of fan-work. Among the paintings in this hall are portraits of Archbishop Cranmer ; Dr. William Harvey ; Archbishop Sterne ; Tobias Rustat, Esq., painted by Sir Peter Lely; and a very curious old portrait of Henry VIII. In the master's lodge are portraits of Archbishops Cranmer and Bancroft, on board. The library contains some valuable books, and a considerable number of manuscripts, many of which appear to have belonged originally to the abbey of Rievaux. The gardens and meadows of Jesus College are re¬ markably picturesque and agreeable. u JESUS COLLEGE. Eminent Men.—Several of the greatest ornaments of the English church received their education in Jesus College. Among the most celebrated we may name the three archbishops, Cranmer, Bancroft, and Sterne. The other prelates bred here, were, Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely in 1534; the celebrated John Bale, bishop of Ossory in 1552; William Hughes, bishop of St. Asaph in 1573 ; Edmund Scambler, bishop of Norwich in 1584; Hugh Billet, bishop of Chester in 1595; George Lloyd, bishop of Chester in 1604; John Owen, bishop of St. Asaph in 1629; Griffith Williams, bishop of Ossory in 1641 ; Thomas Westfield, bishop of Bristol in 1641 ; Humphrey Henchman, bishop of London in 1663; Robert Morgan, bishop of Bangor in 1666; John Pearson, bishop of Chester in 1672 ; Thomas Herring, archbishop of Canterbury in 1747 ; Matthew Hutton, archbishop of York in 1747 ; Samuel Hallifax, bishop of St. Asaph in 1789 ; and Richard Beadon, bishop of Bath and Wells in 1802. Among theological writers who were not bishops, two masters, John Duport and Roger Andrews, were employed in the translation of the Bible ; Dr. William Chubbes, the first master, was a celebrated logician ; John Dodd, one of the fellows, was famous among the puritans for his skill in the Hebrew language ; Nathaniel Spinkes, Robert Marsden, and Dr. Richard Warren, were writers engaged in the controversy with Bishop Hoadley. Among other writers it is sufficient to mention the names of Dr. John Worthington, master of the college in 1657 ; Sir Richard Fenshaw and Elijah Fenton, poets; David Hartley, the philosopher; Laurence Sterne ; Gilbert Wakefield, the critic and editor of Lucre¬ tius ; Francis Fawkes, the translator of Anacreon ; John JESUS COLLEGE. 15 Flamstead, the astronomer; Dr. E. D. Clarke, the tra¬ veller ; Sir Thomas Elliot ; Dr. Thomas Legge, a writer of tragedies in the seventeenth century ; Christopher Lord Hatton; John Squire, the author of various tracts against the papists and dissenters ; Dr. John Nalson, author of the Historical Collections ; the Hon. Dr. John North and Roger North ; Dr. William Saywell ; John Killingbeck; John Hughes, the editor of Chrysostom. To these names of celebrated men we may add those of Dr. Robert Tyrwhitt, founder of the Hebrew scholarships ; Sir William Boswell, embassador of Charles 1. to Hol¬ land; and Sir Richard Hutton, judge of the Common Pleas. Benefactors.—The list of benefactors to Jesus Col¬ lege is tolerably extensive. Four fellowships were added to the original foundation by Dr. John Fuller, the seventh master, and by other persons the number was increased to sixteen. Of the forty-six scholarships, differing much in value, eleven were founded by Tobias Rustat, Esq., for clergymen's orphans of all counties in England and Wales ; several others are likewise appropriated to the sons of clergymen ; a few are restricted to particular counties or schools ; but the greater number are open. One fellowship, founded by James Stanley, bishop of Ely, is in the exclusive nomination and appointment of the bishops of that see. Among the other principal benefactors were. Dr. William Cooke and his three brothers; Christopher Lord Hatton ; Thomas Thirlby, bishop of Ely ; Dr. Duport; &c. Lord Hatton gave a hundred pounds towards the expenses of building the new court, and also granted the college the free use of his quarry to 16 JESUS COLLEGE. supply stone for that purpose. Sir William Boswèll and Sir Richard Hutton were also among the subscribers on that occasion. A list of the names of the principal con¬ tributors to the building of the new court is given by Sherman. " Sir Robert Read, of Bore Place in Kent, lord chief justice of England, gave that great hrewhouse by the bridge of the city of Cambridge, they paying yearly £ 4 to each of the professors of philosophy and logic."* Sherman t has given a hst of the earlier bene¬ factors to the library, among whom was William Fairfax, canon of York, brother of Ferdinand Lord Fairfax. The visitor of this college is the bishop of Ely, and the mastership is in his appointment. Patronage.—^The patronage of this college lies chiefly in Cambridgeshire, comprising the vicarages of All Saints and St. Clement in the town, and those of Comberton, Fordham, Guilden Morden, Hinxton, Swavesey, and Whittlesford, with the rectories of Graveley and Harl- ton, in the county. In addition to these, the college possesses the vicarage of Elmstead in Essex ; the rectory of Stanley Regius in the county of Gloucester ; that of Tewing in Hertfordshire ; and those of Cavendish and Whatfield in Suflblk, and the vicarage of Hundon in the county last mentioned. * Carter's History of Cambridge, p. 211. t Shermanni Historia Collegii Jesu Cantabrigiœ, ed. J. O. Halliwell, p. 33. MEMORIALS OF CAMBRIDGE, CLARE HALL BRIDGE. CLARE HALL. The first foundation of Clare Hall was laid by Richard de Badew, a gentleman of a good family which was settled at Great Badew, near Chelmsford in Essex. In 1326, (the 19 Edward II.) Richard de Badew, being then chancellor of the University, with the regents, bought of Nigellus (or Neil) de Thornton, a physician, two messuages and a piece of ground in Milnestrete, near the church of St. John Zachary, which they con¬ verted into a house of learning under the name of University Hall. Thi« foundation had no further endowment: Richard de Badew placed in it a principal and scholars, who were pensioners, living at their own expense, and receiving no revenue from their college. After having existed in this manner a few years, the b 2 CLARE HALL. buildings were reduced to ruin by a disastrous fire in 1338. The University now looked about for some powerful patron by whose munificence their loss might be re¬ paired. It is said that one of the members of the hall had considerable influence with the Lady Elizabeth de Clare, countess of Burgh, daughter and one of the co¬ heiresses of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, who acted so prominent a part in the baronial wars of the reign of Henry IIL, and, by her mother, grand-daughter of King Edward 1. This noble lady obtained of King Edward III. a license for the foundation of a college ; and, in 1340, the principal of University Hall having resigned it into her hands, she, with the consent of Richard de Badew, rebuilt and endowed it. The old principal of University Hall, Walter de Thaxted, was made first master of the new college, which, from its foundress, took the name of Clare Hall. Of the early history of this college we know little, for many of its archives appear to have perished in suc¬ cessive disasters. Although the design of Elizabeth de Clare was left imperfect at her death, Clare Hall appears at that time to have been one of the largest colleges in the University. Chaucer ^ has selected this college, as it has been supposed, for the scene of one of his most humorous tales, that of the Miller of Trompington, which gives a curious picture of college life at Cambridge in the fourteenth century. He calls it the Soler Hall, (a name which it is supposed to have taken from a soler, or open gallery,) and says that it was a large building : * Chaucer is stated by some to have been educated in Clare Hall ; but there appear to be no substantial grounds for such a statement. CLARE HALL. 3 " And namely ther was a gret college. Men clepe the Soler-hall at Cantebrege." This college sent their wheat and barley to the miller of Trompington to be ground into flour and malt : " And on a day it happed in a stound, Sike lay the manciple on a maladie. Men wenden wisly that he shulde die. For which this miller stale both mele and corn An hundred times more than befom." At last two of the scholars ask their warden to let them carry the college corn to the mill, that they might protect it against the miller's rapacity : they are described as merry playful fellows, and go armed with sword and buckler : " Than were ther yonge poure scoleres two. That dwelten in the halle of which I say ; Testif they were, and lusty for to play ; And only for hir mirth and revelrie Upon the wardein besily they crie. To yeve hem leve but a litel stound To gon to müle, and seen hir com y-ground : And hardily they dorsten lay hir necke. The miller shuld not stele hem half a pecke Of corn by sleighte, ne by force hem reve. And at the last the wardein yave hem leve. ***** Forth goth Alein the clerk, and also John, With good swerd and with bokeler by hir side." It appears that Clare Hall continued long to be known popularly by its original name of University Hall. In 1439, William Byngham, rector of St. John Zachary in London, having built a hostie near Clare Hall, which 4 CLARE HALL. he named God's House, petitioned King Henry VI. for a license to endow it for a priest, and twenty-four scholars, who were to commence in grammar, and to give it to, or rather place it under the protection of, the older founda¬ tion of Clare Hall. The king's license authorizes Byngham to found the said college for twenty-four scholars and a priest, to be subject to the master and fellows of Clare Hall, " vulgarly called University Hall." The site of this small foundation being soon afterwards required for the large foundation of King's College, the king removed the scholars of God's House to a hostie he had built near St. Andrew's Church, and at the beginning of the following century they were re-founded as Christ's College. The original petition of William Byngham,* written in English in the quaint language of the time, is a curious illustration of the state of learning in England in the first half of the fifteenth century : " Unto^the Kyng our Soverain Lord. " Besecheth ful mekely your poure preest and continuell bedeman William Byngham, person of Seint John Zacharie of London, unto your Soverain Grace to be remembred how that he hath diverse tymes sued unto your Highnesse shewyng and de[cla]ryng by bille how gretely the clergie of this youre reaume, by the which all wysdom, konnyng, and governaunce standeth, is like to be empeired and febled, by the defaute and lak of scolemaistres of gramer, in so moche that as your seyd poure besecher hath founde of late over the est partie of the wey ledyng from Hampton to Coventre and so forth no ferther north than Rypon Ixx. scoles voide or mo that weren occupied all at ones wfin 1. yeres passed, bicause that there is so grete scarstee of maistres of gramar, whereof as now ben almost non, * Copies of the petition, and of the king's license, are given in Cole's MSS. vol. ii. p. 2. CLARE HALL. 5 nor none mawen be hade in your Universitees over those that nedes most ben occupied still there : Wherefore please it unto your most Soverain Highnesse and plentevous grace to considre how that for all liberall sciences used in your seid Universitees certein lyflode is ordeyned and endued, savyng onely for gramer, the which is rote and grounde of all the seid other sciences, and thereupon graciously to graunte licence to your forseid besecher that he may y eve w^outen fyn or fee . . . mansion y-called Goddeshous, the which he hath made and edified in your towne of Cambrigge for the free herbigage of poure scolers of gramer, and also that he and whatsomevere other persone or persones to that wele willed and disposed mowen yeve also w^outen fyn and fee, lyflode, as londes, tenementes, rentes, and services such as is not holden of you immediately by knyght service, or advousons of churches, though thei ben holde of you, or of ony other by knyght service, to the value of 1. li. by yere, or elles to suche yerely value as may please unto your gode grace, unto the maister and scolers of Clare Hall in your Uni- versitee of Cambrigge and to their successeurs, and also to graunte licence to the same maister and scolers and their suc¬ cesseurs for to resceyve w^outen fyn and fee the same mansion, and the seid other londes, tenementes, rentes, and services, and advousons, to the seid value, after the forme of a cedule to this bille annexed, to yntent that the seid maister and scolers mowe fynde perpetually in the forseid mansion y-called Goddeshous xxiiii, scolers for to comense in gramer, and a preest to governe them, for reformacon of the seid defaute, for the love of God and in the wey of charitee.'^ Our account of the earlier benefactors of Clare Hall is very imperfect. It is said that King Richard III. claimed, on the ground of kindred, to be considered the representative of the foundress, and that he " increased the number of fellows and schölars, and ordained that there should be a master, twelve fellows, four scholars. 6 CLARE HALL. and six poor scholars, maintained on the revenues of the hall."* Fuller throws some douht upon the accuracy of this statement. The first notice relating to the buildings of Clare Hall occurs in 1525, when, on the morrow of St. Dennis, another fire burnt down great part of the master's lodge and treasury, with the archives. When these were rebuilt, a chapel was added to the college, which is said not to have previously possessed one, but to have used St. Edward's Church for that purpose. This appears somewhat uncertain : in the account of the visitation of the University in 1401, it is stated that the commis¬ sioners visited Clare Hall m its chapel {in capella ejusdem collegii). It is true that this may be understood as meaning simply the place used for the college chapeL The chapel built after the fire of 1525 remained in existence till the middle of the last century, and a rude sketch of it will be found among the collections of William Cole.f Cole there says, (alluding to the re¬ building of the lodge, &c., at the time of which we are now speaking,)—" I have seen a plan of the old college as it then stood, by the favour of my friend the Rev. Mr. Goddard, senior fellow of the college and vicar of Gransden in Huntingdonshire, in a statute book of the college, neatly painted, which is quite different from the present building, for as the whole stood much nearer to our college (King's) than it now does, viz., came to where the brick wall at the W. end of our chapel and run along and joyned to the porter's lodge behind their * Carter's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 52. t Cole's MSS. vol. ii. p. 2. It appears also in Loggan's view of the college. CLARE HALL. 7 own chapel ; so their refectory stood on the W. side of their quadrangle fronting the river, which had no bridge over it." The new chapel appears to have re¬ mained many years without consecration; for in Cardinal Pole's visitation of the University in 1557, when the visitors attended service in the chapel of Clare Hall, Nicholas Ormaneto (an Italian priest and the pope's datary), who was one of them, observing that there was no sacrament there, and inquiring the reason of Rowland Swinborne, was informed that the chapel had not yet been consecrated. The datary, we are told, " chided " the master very bitterly for this neglect. It was probably occasioned in part by the uncertainty in which the fate of the college had been involved during many years. At the beginning of the reign of Edward VL, the pro¬ tector had formed the design of joining Clare Hall and Trinity Hall, and forming them into a large college for the education of civilians, but he was thwarted by the obstinacy of the two masters, who were both soon after¬ wards ejected. Rowland Swinborne, who appears to have been strongly attached to the old religion, was succeeded in the mastership of Clare Hall by Dr. John Madew, who, as vice-chancellor, had distinguished him¬ self by his zeal in defending the right of the university against the town. On the accession of Queen Mary, Swinborne was restored, but he was again ejected at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, and Madew was replaced. The repeated interchanges between these two masters gave rise to a distich, which has been preserved by Fuller : " Swinbornum Madew sequitur, Madewque vicissim Swinbornus; sortes versât utrinque Deus." 8 CLARE HALL. In the latter part of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries, Clare Hall appears to have been prominently active in the then University custom of performing plays. King James frequently visited Cambridge in order to witness these performances. In the time of Elizabeth, the jealousies and disputes between the townsmen and the scholars ran high: the former seem to have supposed that amid the changes of the Reformation they were suddenly to become masters over the others, and they were disappointed to find that in this respect things were allowed to remain in the same state as before. In 1598, some of the students indulged their spleen in the composition of a satirical comedy, which was acted in Clare Hall, but unfortunately the original is not now known to exist. " Having gotten a discovery of some town privacies, from Miles Golds- borrough (one of their own corporation), they composed a merry (hut abusive) comedy, (which they called Cluh- LaWj) in English, as calculated for the capacities of such, whom they intended spectators thereof. Clare Hall was the place wherein it was acted, and the mayor, with his brethren, and their wives, were invited to behold it, or rather themselves abused therein. A convenient place was assigned to the townsfolk, (riveted in with scholars on all sides,) where they might see and he seen. Here they did behold themselves in their own best clothes (which the scholars had borrowed) so lively personated, their habits, gestures, language, lieger-jests, and expres¬ sions, that it was hard to decide which was the true townsman, whether he that sat by, or he who acted on the stage. Sit still they could not for chafing, go out they could not for crowding, hut impatiently patient CLARE HALL. 9 were fain to attend till dismissed at the end of the comedy."^ The towns-people made a complaint to the privy-council against this lihellous comedy, and the actors received a slight reprimand. Some years later a member of this college composed another satirical comedy (or rather adapted it from the Trapulario of the Italian writer Baptista Porta f), under the title of Ignoramus. This comedy, the object of which was to throw ridicule on the English common law, was acted in the hall of Trinity College before King James, on Thursday, the 8th of March, 1614-15; its author was George Ruggle, and from the circumstances attending its origin it has obtained an historical celebrity. King James made an ostentatious display of contempt for the English common law, and was gratified by this obse¬ quious flattery of his prejudices. The buildings of Clare Hall seem to have undergone no repairs since the fire of 1525, and at the beginning of the seventeenth century they had fallen into a state of alarming decay. In the maps attached to Caius and Fuller, this college appears as a single quadrangle, one side of which formed the side of the lane which was part of the ancient Milnestrete, and the entrance to which seems to have been at the south-east corner. Towards 1638, the old ruinous buildings were taken down, and the present edifice commenced by the aid of subscriptions added to the money which the college had saved for that purpose. But when about one-half of the work was done, the great civil war broke out, and * Fuller's History of Cambridge, p. 294. t A copy of the Italian play, witk Haggle's notes in the margin, is said to be still preserved in the library of Clare Hall. 10 CLARE HALL. it was left unfinished. On the 27th of December, 1643, the chapel was visited by the parliamentary commis¬ sioners: " we destroyed," says Dowsing, " in the presence of Mr. Gunning, fellow, 3 cheruhims, the 12 apostles, a cross, and 6 of the fathers in the windows, and ordered the steps to he levelled." Dr. Oley, who had been an active superintendent of the new buildings, was ejected, together with the master, and several other fellows. John Evelyn observes in 1654, " Clare Hall is of a new and noble designe, but not finish'd." Indeed no steps appear to have been taken for the completion of the new buildings until after the Restoration, when the college continued the works with its own funds, until it had incurred an expense of about two thousand pounds. A public subscription was then opened, and the whole was completed before the end of the century. A statement of their wants was published in 1685 (at the end of a sermon which had been preached by Dr. Vincent before King Charles at Newmarket in 1674), by which it appears that they had then completed about one-half of the part of the original design which had been left unbuilt at the breaking out of the civil war. About the middle of the last century the old chapel, which had not been touched when the new college was built, was found to he either inconvenient or ruinous, and it was determined to build a new chapel. The present edifice was designed by Sir James Burrough ; the first stone was laid on the 3rd of May, 1763, and the whole was completed in 1769, at an expense of upwards of seven thousand pounds. The following in¬ scription was placed on the foundation stone : CLARE HALL. 11 resurgentis collegii, 1638, sacelli, 1763, posuit P. S. Goddard, M. Maii 3. Buildings.—The buildings of Clare Hall, as they now stand, have no traits of antiquity to recommend them to our notice. It is a good specimen of the archi¬ tectural style of the beginning of the seventeenth century. The present site, which consists of one court, a hundred and fifty feet long by a hundred and eleven broad, occupies less ground than the original plan. Indeed the number of students appears to have diminished since the sixteenth century : in the time of Cains the number of resident members was a hundred and twenty-nine, whilst in that of Fuller it was only a hundred and six, and, when Carter wrote, " about a hundred." On the north side of the court are the library, hall, and combination- room; and on the west side, the master's lodge. The chapel stands without the college gate, which forms the entrance from the town. The buildings of Clare Hall are all distinguished by their elegance of design; but the chief beauty of the college is the front which it presents towards the river. It is built with Kelton stone, and is ornamented with two ranges of pilasters, the lower one of the Tuscan, and the upper of the Ionic order. Between these pilasters are three rows of sash windows ; the upper and lower ones being adorned with architraves, and the middle row with pediments. This fine front is finished with a cir¬ cular pediment, and ornamented with urns, an entabla¬ ture, and a handsome balustrade. The gateway leads 12 CLARE HALL. from the court over a very elegant stone bridge, agreeing in style with the building, into a broad walk planted with lime trees, which opens on what is termed Clare Hall Piece, a beautiful lawn at the hack of the college. The Chapel of Clare Hall is situated on the outside of the court, at the eastern front, in a small court-yard enclosed with iron palisades. The present chapel is, as has been already stated, of modern construction. The exterior is ornamented with Corinthian pilasters, rising from a rustic base, and supporting a handsome cornice, crowned with a balustrade. The ante-chapel, which is entered from the north-east corner of the court, is an octagon, lighted from a richly ornamented dome. The interior of the chapel is adorned with a handsome coved ceiling of stucco-work : the seats and wainscoting are of Norway oak, neatly carved, and the floor is of black and white marble. The altar-piece is a flne painting of the Salutation, by Cipriani. It does not appear that any corpse had been buried in the old chapel ; a circumstance which was explained by a tradition, current in the time of Cole, that the chapel had never been consecrated. The only monument it contained was an inscription to one of the later masters of the college. Dr. Samuel Blythe, who had been remark¬ ably active in promoting the new buildings and repairs during his mastership, and in other ways a benefactor to the college, and who died in 1713. The north side of the court is occupied by the hall, combination-room, and library, the hall occupying nearly one-half of its extent. The college Hall is a large and handsome room. CLARE HALL. 13 sixty-nine feet long, twenty-one broad, and twenty-five high. The Combination-Room is one of the best in the University. It contains portraits of Thomas Cecil, earl of Exeter, by Mirevelt ; of Archbishop Tillotson ; Bishop Moore ; the duke of Newcastle, chancellor of the University, a whole length ; and of the Lady Elizabeth de Clare, the foundress, a copy by Freeman. The Library extends from the combination-room to the master's lodge, and is elegantly fitted up and ornamented with columns and carvings of Norway oak. It is well stored with printed hooks, and contains a good collection of the Spanish and Italian writers. Among the valuable articles in this library is shown one of the folio Bibles of Pope Sixtus V., which were rigorously suppressed, and w^hich are therefore extremely rare. The manuscripts in this library are not numerous. The library of this college occupied originally a room over the old chapel. Until the time when the new chapel was erected, only the better and more valuable hooks were deposited in the new library, and even in the time of Cole the larger portion of the hooks remained in the library over the chapel. The old chapel and library are exhibited in Loggan's bird's-eye view of the college. The Master's Lodge occupies the northern half of the west side of the court, and possesses in itself no remarkable feature to attract our attention. It has a pleasant and tasteful garden in front, sloping down to the river. The fellows' gardens are on the opposite side of the river. Eminent Men.—The distinguished men educated in Clare Hall belong to almost Qvery class of literature and science. Its most remarkable prelates were, Nicholas 14 CLARE HALL. Heath, archbishop of York in 1553, and lord chancellor of England under the persecuting Mary; and John Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury in 1691. The former had been successively bishop of Rochester and Worcester, before his elevation to the see of Canterbury, and had been deprived by Edward VI. in 1551 : he was again deprived at the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Other bishops belonging to this college were, Augustin Lindseil, bishop of Hereford in 1633; Hum¬ phrey Henchman, bishop of London in 1663; Peter Gunning, master of St. John's College, and bishop of Ely in 1674; John Moore, bishop of Ely in 1707 ; and one Irish prelate, Josiah Hort, bishop of Ferns in 1721. Of these prelates, Tillotson, Lindsell, and Gunning, are well known as theological writers. Among other theolo¬ gians and men remarkable for their piety, we may mention the names of Dr. John Boyse, dean of Canterbury, author of the learned Postils in defence of the Litany, and of Bishop Andrews, against Belanus the Jesuit ; Ralph Cudworth, master of the college in 1644, the weU-known author of the " Intellectual System;" the eminently pious Nicholas Ferrar, who died in 1637 ; Henry Jollyife, dean of Bristol ; and, among the puritans and nonconformists, David Clarkson, Joseph Trueman, and Samuel Calvert. Among writers on philosophy were, Richard Tompson and Dr. Green. The celebrated William Whiston, fellow in 1693, and the unfortunate Dr. William Dodd, executed for forgery, were also of Clare Hall. Among the linguists and antiquaries of Clare Hall, we find the names of Abraham Wheelocke, the celebrated orientalist and Anglo-Saxon scholar, fellow in 1617 ; ihomas Phillipot, the historian of Kent, 1659 ; Dr. John CLARE HALL. 15 Langhorne, the translator of Plutarch, who died in 1779; John Parkhurst, the lexicographer, who died in 1797 ; and Edward King, F.R.S. and F.S.A., the celebrated antiquary and critic, who died in 1807. Among its poets are, George Ruggle, author of the comedy of Ignoramus, already mentioned ; and William Whitehead, poet laureate, 1757, a native of Cambridge. To these is frequently added the name of Geoffrey Chaucer, but apparently without any substantial grounds for supposing that he studied here. George Jollyflfe, M.D., who re¬ moved from Oxford to Clare Hall, was eminent as the discoverer of the vasa lymphatica. The only statesman of eminence educated here was Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle, chancellor of the University in 1748. Benefactors.—The endowments of this college have been considerably enlarged by numerous benefactions. The society consisted originally of a master, ten fellows, and ten scholars, which have now been increased to ten senior, nine junior, and three bye-fellows, and about fifty scholars and exhibitioners. " Master Cave " gave twelve pounds a year for the maintenance of two scholars. King Richard III. increased the number of fellows and scholars to twelve fellows, four scholars, and six poor scholars. Thomas Cecil, earl of Exeter, gave a hundred and eight pounds a year in good farms, for the mainte¬ nance of three fellows and eight scholars. John Freeman, Esq., of Great Billing, and William Butler of Ipswich, formerly honorary president of this hall, (our English Esculapius,) the most acceptable prime physician to the court, city, and commonalty ; resorting to him from all parts, to the eternal honour of his name, and the admi¬ ration of future ages : of wliich two, the latter not only 16 CLARE HALL. gave a chalice of solid gold for the communion-tahle, and a stately carpet to cover the same ; but also by his will, left the college two curious flaggons, the one of christal, the other serpentine, tipp'd with silver ; and all his books in folio.. The other gave two thousand pounds for the maintenance of two fellows and eight scholars." George Ruggle gave in money and plate four hundred pounds. Samuel Blythe, master, gave six thousand pounds in money to purchase advowsons and books. Joseph Diggins, Esq., gave one hundred and thirty pounds a year to augment the salary of the fellows and scholars. The list of minor benefactors is very numerous. Patronage.—^The livings in the gift of Clare Hall are, the vicarages of Duxford St. John and Litlington, in Cambridgeshire ; Birdbrooke rectory in Essex ; the rectory of Datchworth in Hertfordshire ; that of Brington cum Old Weston and By thorn, and Everton and Gransden Magna vicarages in Huntingdonshire; the vicarage of Wrawby cum Brig, in Lincolnshire ; Har^ dingham rectory in Norfolk ; Elmsett, Westley and Fornham, and Waldingfield Magna rectories in Suffolk ; Ockley rectory, and Rotherhithe, in Surrey ; and the rectories of Orcheston St. Mary, in Wiltshire, and Patrington, in Yorkshire.