UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM ECKLEY B. COXE JUNIOR EXPEDITION TO NUBIA: VOL. VI KARANOG THE MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS OF SHABLUL AND KARANOG BY * ;^ F. Ll. GRIFFITH READER IN EGYPTOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD DT ~65 v.6 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PHILADELPHIA M CM XI Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/karanogmeroiticiOOgrif KARANOG THE MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS OF SHABLUL AND KARANOG OXFORD LETTERPRESS AND PLATES PRINTED BY HORACE HART AT THE UNTVERSITV PRESS UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM ECKLEY B. COXE JUNIOR EXPEDITION TO NUBIA: VOL. VI KARANOG THE MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS OF SHABLUL AND KARANOG BY F. Ll. GRIFFITH READER IN EGYPTOLOGY IN THE UNIYERSITY OF OXFORD PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PHILADELPHIA MCMXI IN THE SAME SERIES Vol. I. AREIKA. By D. Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley. Price $5. Vol. II. CHURCHES IN LOWER NUBIA. By G. S. Mileham. Edited by D. Randall-MacIver. Price $5. Vols. Ill & IV. KARANOG: THE ROMANO-NUBIAN CEMETERY. By C. Leonard Woolley and D. Randall-MacIver. Price $20. Vol. V. KARANOG: THE TOWN. By C. Leonard Woolley. Price $5. Vol. VI. THE MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS OF SHAB- LUL AND KARANOG. By F. Ll. Griffith. Price $10. Vols. VII & VIII. BUHEN. By D. Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley. PREFACE In this volume will be found not only the edition of the inscriptions announced on the title-page, but also an Introduction in which proofs are given for the readings and decipherment of Meroitic writing so far as they have proceeded to the present time, together with some evidence of the age of the inscriptions and the nature of the Meroitic language. This Introduction is the outcome of more than four years' special research. In 1907 I began to pay attention to the Meroitic texts published by Lepsius, hoping" to find some connexion with Egyptian demotic on the one hand and with Christian Nubian (as deciphered by Heinrich Schafer) on the other. The vast accession of material since then, and the encouragement of friends and scholars, have made these researches more fruitful than at first seemed likely. It was early in 1907 that Dr. Randall-Maclver began his excavations in Nubia. His invitation to me to work upon the inscriptions from Shablul was quickly followed by the great discoveries of altars and stelae at Kara nog which were also put into my hands. 1 In 1909 a commission from the Egypt Exploration Fund to collect Meroitic inscriptions from all available sources enabled me to explore the rich treasures in originals and copies at Berlin, and to visit the inscribed temples and pyramids of Naga and Meroe. Lastly, in 1910, Professor Garstang's important finds of inscriptions at Meroe were entrusted to me for editing. All these masses of material, together with a few miscellaneous texts communicated by scientific colleagues or otherwise collected for the memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund, have kept me occupied with Meroitic from year to year until now. In other publications since Areika I give readings for the most part without proofs, reserving the latter for this volume. It may help the reader to realize the drift of the long discussions and analyses which follow, if the steps in the progress of the decipherment are first briefly recorded. A clear starting-point was furnished by the bilingual hieroglyphic cartouches of King Natakamani and Queen Amanitere. and by the name of Ammon accompanying the figure of the god in the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Naga.- The importance of these had long ago been recognized by Lepsius ; they indicated the sounds of seven or eight letters, and proved that the values of the Meroitic hieroglyphs were in part taken from Egyptian. But the poverty of the hieroglyphic inscriptions seemed to bar further progress in this direction until the comparatively numerous ' cursive ' or ' demotic ' inscriptions could be correlated with the former. The discovery at Berlin, in 1908, of a funerary text in Meroite hieroglyphic {Inscr. 60), parallel to those in demotic, gave several exact equations, letter for letter, between the hieroglyphic and the demotic signs. Unfortunately, the hiero- glyphic text was so badly engraved that it could be accepted as authoritative for only a dozen different signs, 3 although much study eventually 4 revealed almost every character the engraver had tried to cut upon the hard and pebbly stone with 1 The two collections together fully equal in 2 See below, p. 6. extent the whole of the Meroitic inscriptions known 3 Areika, pp. 46, 48, 49. outside them. 4 Zei/s.f. aeg. Spr., 48/67 (191 1). vi PREFACE inadequate tools. It was recognized also that, contrary to the rule in Egyptian, Meroite hieroglyphic was always to be read in the direction towards which the signs faced 1 ; this observation fixed more closely the reading of the bilingual cartouches. 2 The equations between hieroglyphic and demotic were confirmed and extended by a demotic inscription (/user. 126 communicated to me by Professor Golenischeff) naming Natakamani and Amanitere, and by various convincing coincidences. Close comparison and analysis of the texts from Karanog showed of what sentences or phrases the funerary inscriptions were composed, and established the position of proper names and filiations and the different phrases of description in them. :j After examination of many inscriptions, originals, photographs, and squeezes, it appeared that the hieroglyphic and demotic alphabets each consisted of twenty-three characters, 4 and it became evident from the recorded Ethiopian pronunciation of the name of Amnion and the orthographic grouping that four of the letters in the alphabet were vocalic. 5 Next, among the treasures found by Garstang at Meroe, a demotic inscription accompanying the figure of the lion-god (Meroe 1) provided equations with hieroglyphic inscriptions on the temple of the lion-god at Naga, and quickly led to complete correlation of the two alphabets ; upon which another of Garstang's texts {Meroe 7) was made to speak clearly ; though at first it only named ' Isis in Philae ' with Osiris and Horus, its utterance was enlarged G on bringing into comparison with it the Meroitic graffiti from Philae itself, where parallels with Egyptian demotic graffiti at once became apparent. Such was approximately the course of the decipherment down to the autumn of 1 9 10. It is still in an early stage. Even in the alphabet the vowels are extremely obscure, and, among the consonants, the value attributed to the letter may be more or less wide of the mark ; while of the Meroitic vocabulary, apart from personal names, place-names, and words borrowed from Egyptian, almost nothing- is known. But it is hoped that the material here provided has been so far verified, classified, and dealt with that any further spark of light will quickly spread its illumination. If new eyes, whether of trained decipherers or of scholars expert in North African philology, will exert themselves upon it, the secrets of Meroitic should soon be yielded up. In conclusion, I beg to thank Mr. Eckley B. Coxe for the liberality which has made it possible to publish all the Shablul and Karanog inscriptions together in a form corresponding to their importance ; Dr. Randall-Maclver and his assistant Mr. C. L. Woolley for the help and encouragement which they have given me in carrying out their proposition ; Sir G. Maspero and M. Daressy for facilitating my study of the original inscriptions in the Cairo Museum ; E. Brugsch-Pasha for admir- able photographs ; the staff of the Clarendon Press for excellent and careful printing ; and last, not least, my wife for making nearly all the drawings for the volume. 1 Areika, pp. 49-50. 6 Meroe, pp. 65-7. The year that has elapsed 2 lb., pp. 51-52. since the chapter was written on Garstang's inscrip- 8 Below, pp. 32 et seqq. (Chapters II- V). tions has not brought any substantial improvement 1 Cf. pp. 3. 4. in their interpretation, though many points have 5 p. 7. become clearer in other directions. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: THE MEROITIC WRITING AND LANGUAGE CHAPTER I PAGE The Meroitic Alphabet 3 The Equivalence of the Hieroglyphic and Demotic Alphabets ... 4 The Phonetic Values of the Signs 5 CHAPTER II The Age and Succession of Styles of Meroitic Writing . . . . 17 CHAPTER III The Meroitic Language . . . . . . 22 Phonology, Vocabulary 22 Inflexion, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gender and Number 25 MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS FROM SHABLUL AND KARANOG CHAPTER I The Inscribed Funerary Monuments 29 CHAPTER II The Scheme of the Inscriptions 32 CHAPTER III The Initial Words or Invocation 33 CHAPTER IV The Name and Description of the Person commemorated 35 The phrase naming the deceased ......... 35 The phrases of the parentage (B and C names) 36 The parentage on the mother's side ......... 37 The parentage on the father's side . . . . . . . . . 37 Other descriptive phrases 38 The meaning of the titles and phrases describing the deceased 39 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER V The Terminal Formulae oi Formula A B C D E F G H I J Special Stele-text Benedic TIONS AGE 42 43 46 49 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 CHAPTER VI Catalogue of the Funerary Inscriptions Karanog 1-132 ...... Shablul 1-20 CHAPTER VII The Ostraca and Jar Graffiti .... CHAPTER VIII General Results 81 TABLES AND INDICES Table of Names and Parentage 87 Index A. Titles and Descriptive Phrases in the order of the Initial Words 95 Index B. Titles and Descriptive Phrases in the order of the Final Words . 102 Index C. Meroitic Words and Groups j 10 Index D. The Funerary Monuments in the order of the Tomb Numbers . 123 Index E. The Funerary Monuments in the order of Museum Numbers, &c. 124 HAND COPIES OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS Inscriptions of Karan&g 1-132 129 „ Shablul 1- 1 9 . . . .... ... . . . 175 54 54 75 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Palaeographical Tables pp. 18, 19 Hand Copies of the Funerary Inscriptions pp. 127-181 Photographs of Funerary Inscriptions Pis. I-XXIX Photographs of Ostraca PI. XXX ABBREVIATIONS Areika. Randall-MacIver and Woolley, Areika. AZ. Zcitschrift fur Aegyptische Sprache. Inscr. Griffith, Meroitic Inscriptions, Parts I, II, vols, xix and xx of the 'Archaeological Survey' of the Kgypt Exploration Fund. Individual inscriptions are quoted by their numbers as Inscr. 29. Kar. = the present volume of Karanbg : individual inscriptions are quoted by numbers as Kar. 1, Sh. 1, &c, according as they come from Karanog or Shablul. K.C., Karanbg Cem., Karanbg Cemetery. Woolley and Randall-MacIver, Karanbg. the Romano-Nubian Cemetery. Menas. Old Nubian MS. published in Budge, Texts relating to Saint Meua of Egypt. Meroc. Garstang, Sayce, and Griffith, Meroe, the City of the Ethiopians. Sh. i. e. Shablul, see Kar. In the course of passing this memoir through the press concurrently with the volumes of Meroitic Inscriptions of the Egypt Exploration Fund, new facts have appeared necessitating frequent modifications of reading or view. It is to be feared that, in spite of the patience of printers and frequent revision, sundry unexplained contradictions and other oversights must remain in the copies, discussions, and indices. INTRODUCTION THE MEROITIC WRITING AND LANGUAGE CHAPTER I THE MEROITIC ALPHABET The alphabet has two principal forms, hieroglyphic, used for monumental purposes, in which each sign is a picture of some object, and demotic, in which the picture signs are conventionalized by the pen for ordinary writing. In the known examples of the latter, the signs are always spaced apart, except V, so that the term 'cursive' is hardly appropriate. In Areika, pp. 49-50, it was shown that Meroite hieroglyphic is usually written from right to left, like the demotic, and that whichever way it may be written, it must be read in the direction towards which the figures face. On p. 48 were enumerated the hieroglyphic signs which could be gathered from the published documents; thirty-one (with variants) were distinguished, but it was anticipated that a further reduction of the number would be made. Subsequent study and comparison of a certain number of originals have shown how this is to be done. Sharply engraved and well-preserved hieroglyphs are seldom met with on Meroitic monuments. Some are to be seen on the ram of Soba and in the inscriptions of the temple of Ammon at Naga, but for the most part, even if well preserved, the hieroglyphs are ill designed and wretchedly executed. In copying and to some extent standardizing or conventionalizing such, errors may easily occur: Lepsius's draughtsmen, on whom we had to depend for our knowledge of the inscriptions, conventionalized the signs. It appeared, for instance, that whereas the ram occurs in well-engraved texts, the bull *>£gl took its place only in copies of the worst texts, such as those of the lion-temple at Naga. From the original I was able in some cases to recognize the 3r3» as intended where Lepsius gives *>?5l, and in others where the original too suggested ^SfJl it was quite possible to interpret it as a bad rendering of 7 fc$ with the horns in a simple crescent. It is indeed difficult to decide what is the standard and correct form of hieroglyphs where all the texts are of such rough execution and admit so much variety of shape. The hieroglyphic alphabet now appears to consist of the following signs, here arranged according to their pictorial significance. (1) sometimes^ 7 , and in bad writing (n) P» confused with ^, and miscopied as \, &c. M HQ. (i 3 ) m. (3) ^5?» m inferior writing it sometimes resembles 'y^, see above. (15) r=] , in later writing •□, perhaps as (4) Sa. 4 INTRODUCTION Besides these there is the mark of division j. rarely : or . ; T or ffl occasionally occurs, and other Egyptian signs iQj, S3, &c , are written over the cartouches in royal titles. The list of captive countries at Meroe (Meroe i) tends to Egyptian forms of letters and contains The demotic alphabet, classified according to the forms, is as follows: — (I) / (13) ^ (2) ///, (//) (14) 13 (3) M (•5) 3 (4) W (16) 9^ (5) r (6) Ji (7) A (8J 4 07) C (18) ^ (19) ^ ^2o) /«- (21) < (9) 5 (IO) 7 in) J (22) ^ (™) ) (23) y There are also the mark of division .". rarely .*, and various rare signs which appear to be numerical. A sign // was admitted into the alphabetic table in Arcika. // occurs commonly in the group / 13- but this is to be divided into /_? and /; in the rare cases where it is found otherwise it is a variant of /// . On the other hand, a sign is included above, which in Arcika was taken to be only a ligature of / with ^ or with according to the form. The writing is often careless and there may be considerable difficulty in distinguishing accurately between J and }. } and J, and / ) and /_? even in good texts. ^ and 9 too are often ill differentiated, and when the dot is omitted from ^ it may sometimes be confused with ^. The forms of some of the signs vary considerably in inscriptions of different ages : the parallel texts of the funerary inscriptions make it an easy matter to identify varieties of the same sign. The earlier ones can be distinguished by their greater resemblance to the hieroglyphs as well as by the style of the monuments on which they occur. The Equivalence of the Hieroglyphic and Demotic Alphabet. 1 -. 1. : The funerary formula on altars and stelae usually begins with the two groups .'^//9U//J/y^/3 (see below, p. 33); the hieroglyphic altar from Meroe, Inscr. 60. begins with I 1 (j (J [j p b ^LU j $LLJ^-|fV The equivalence is obvious and gives equations for seven distinct signs. 2. The equations are confirmed and extended by two other groups which are found towards the middle of the great majority of funerary texts, separated by one or more groups, namely : l H/ t j < 7< JL/*-: and y^/^9 ^Wa/A- (see below, p. 36). They are recognizable in the fifth and seventh groups of Inscr. 60 as \ '\ s^z. P o> ^ frj : an d j "\ §\ [25] 2^ P ^. $ r=] fjj \ giving five new equations, namely for , [=□, and and indicating that fri corresponds to the double sign /*$-. 1 See the collection of forms on pp. iS, 19, in which this list is represented by col. 8. THE ALPHABET, HIEROGLYPHIC AND DEMOTIC 5 3. A variable group following the two words of 1 and separated by one or more groups from one of the two groups in a almost always ends with the signs 13 (see below, p. 35) ; on the hieroglyphic altar from Meroe the third group ends with • A. //_? is a very common combination like the hieroglyphic A, to which it thus corresponds. 4. On the columns of Amara and Naga (/user. 34, 84) between the cartouches of the queen and the prince we find two groups ° 5^ tt ^ f^. • ^ ^ [=□ $ C3 ^5 ; in the great inscription of Kalabsha (I user. 94) the third and fourth groups are .'J'5/l/''^A/^"W^5^. The identifications already made prove the equivalence ; only the final s^&> is absent, a termina- tion which is dropped also in other cases. We thus learn the equivalents of u, and ^1. The last in demotic is 93^, which like £ constantly occurs at the beginning of groups. 5. The name of Amnion, the god of Napata and Meroe and the representative god of Ethiopia, is very common in the temple inscriptions and in the cartouches, both in Egyptian and in Meroite hieroglyphic. Its form in the latter was recognized by Lcpsius and others to be • $ £S ^ or • $ £S f^. ^ (see Areika, p. Ji). The alone has not been shown in the foregoing equations of hieroglyphic and demotic: the only group in the demotic inscriptions from Meroe which can correspond to the hieroglyphic name is Wi^J , ¥V{J 9 e.g. tnscr. 49, 59. Meroe 8/j. 6. The demotic form of the name of Amnion is well illustrated by another equation. On many monuments a king and queen are found named respectively j^f Zd §^ ^» > ZZ^J and $ Zd On the granite stela of the Golenischeff collection at Moscow (/user. 126) the groups remaining in the first two lines are (1) > ^J£J/l^, (2) Wr-WI^S- These, which may safely be restored as (1) / Wl^J £j (2) add two valuable equivalents : ^ = > and 4- = ^ . 7. The central line of the legend attached to the triple-headed lion-god at Naga, /user. 18. consists of the group ^ Vl^. P ^2 P EE . This occurs on the plaque of the lion-god. Meroe 5, and other inscriptions from the same temple at Meroe, as 9/0 9 ^9 8. The equation of ^ with ihb is confirmed by the group ° fTJ^o^ffl °, common with the divine figures at Naga, /user. 7, 13. 15, 16, &c, occurring on the plaque of the lion-god as :/£s) and only unimportant variants a variant on a pyramid substituting are found elsewhere : in the Egyptian it is f [| 3 for ^zps. The two letters S and ,; ^=^ frequently interchange in base Egyptian and demotic spelling. The name is thus Ntk-^Mn, the second element being the name of the god Ammon, piously written first in the Egyptian. In Diodorus (iii. 6) we hear of an Ethiopian king 'Epya/m'?js of the third century B. C. ; his name has long since been recognized in the Egyptian cartouche (J ^[ ^Rq-^Mn on buildings at Dakka and Philae. In this cartouche likewise appears ^Mn, the name of Ammon, the god of Napata and Meroe, and its Greek equivalent would imply some pronunciation like Amene or Amene for it. But it seems at first sight doubtful whether 'E/)y-ajuei»/9, which is in fact a pure Hellenic name 'E/>ya-p./i/?j9, has fairly represented this name of Ammon, in Egyptian Araon, Amun. Precisely the same pro- nunciation, however, is indicated by an Assyrian transcription dating from the seventh century 15. C. : Urd-amanc, 1 the name of the son of Shabako and nephew of Taracus (compare the Egyptian cartouche Tmvt-^Mn of Taracus' successor), gives Amane as the equivalent of ^Mn. From these two transcriptions we gather that the name of Ammon was pronounced Amane or Amene in official Ethiopian down to the Ptolemaic age. 'Epya/xe'^s indeed may probably be counted as a Meroite king; hence in the Meroitic j^'jf |^ ^ > the last element is probably to be read somewhat like Amane. 2 The initial vowel is not represented in the writing, nor the medial vowel, but $ appears to mark the terminal vowel. = n (Eg. ^), > = t (Eg. g — >), m (Eg. are obviously from Egyptian values ; moreover =g, k can be explained as acrophonic from Eg. J = G6, Kb, Ktj/3, and $ = c (?) from $ = hi in Old Coptic. 3 The queen's Meroitic cartouche on the stand is |^P r=] '$ also with unimportant In the Egyptian it is Q. variants elsewhere. AAAA HqM- Some imperfect Egyptian cartouches of this queen copied by Lepsius from a temple at Gebel Barkal seem to agree with this. [|^ is again rendered in the Meroitic $ i.e. Amani. though in this case it is to be read at the beginning of the name. The rest is not without difficulty. ^ is merely determinative of meaning and has no phonetic significance, being the customary addition to names of females in the Hellenistic age. There remain the signs (reading from left to right m— >) equivalent to P r=) <=? (reading from right to left *—m). The group is quite clear on the original. Strictly Pw'i in the early ages of Egyptian writing, 4 it might here represent t alone, especially as a Barkal cartouche appears to substitute for it the single <== (equivalent to Coptic to), a sign frequently used in the Egyptian of the earlier Ethiopian inscriptions for / in cartouches and other names. 5 In that case we obtain = /, r=i = <=> r or /, P = \ \ y or the like. The Meroitic alphabet as above given 6 consists of twenty-three characters. It is perhaps conceivable that one or two other signs might be distinguished in course of time ; but at any 1 Ranke, Keilschriftliches Material z. altagypt. Vokalisation , p. 36, disallows the reading Tandamane which would admit of identification with T-n-wt-^Mn. 2 Hereafter transcribed conventionally Amani. 3 Griffith and Thompson, Demotic Magical Papyrus, Indices, p. [4]. 4 Appearing in the Greek endings -to, -6vf, -8evs, -8t}s of proper names, Griffith, Cat. of Demotic Pap. Ry lands, III, p. 191. 5 Pyr. A. 20 at Meroe substitutes ^ — u, i.e. c—=^ , {, for ; see hiscr. I, p. 79. 6 PP- 3, 4- THE VOWEL SIGNS 7 rate we can assume that the demotic alphabet is so small as to exclude the idea of word-signs, diphthongs, determinatives or the like forming a considerable part of it. 1 The question whether it represented vowels as well as consonants is not so easily answered. The spelling of the name of Amnion 2 seems to show that in Meroitic writing initial alif can be represented, but also may be neglected, and yet that a terminal vowel can be marked, and it further suggests that a short vowel in the middle of a word (between the m and ;/ of the name of Ammon) was neglected in writing. Some instructive facts with regard to the uses of the signs appear also on inspection of the numerous word-groups in the indices attached to Meroe, Inscr., and the present memoir. First taking 9 2^, which seems to represent the initial vowel or alif in Amane, we find it to be solely initial ; and it is followed by every letter of the alphabet except /, A; 9, ¥ • Next taking y, which appears to represent the terminal vowel in the same word, we find it following all letters except /, J//, y\, 9, 9 2^, and y, and followed by all letters except /, 9, 93^, ¥■ (see especially the groups under 9$, £). The excepted letters tally closely in these three lists, so that it appears as if we had in them sounds which could not well be associated closely in the Meroitic language with the vowel sounds 9Z^ and y. It is natural to conclude that the signs common to all these lists, namely /, 9, 5^ and y all represent vowel sounds. They are amongst the commonest signs of the alphabet. 9^ is always initial, but / and 9 are almost precisely parallel to y ; these three — /, 9, and y — never (except in special and very rare cases) precede or follow each other or 9^ immediately; they interchange in careless and even in good writing :! ; none of them is doubled, and none of them is properly initial. / is never initial, and 9 and y are initial only when they are equivalent to 9/// and . Having now in all probability distinguished the vowel signs from the consonantal, ascertained the values of six of the consonantal signs, and recognized that the values in many cases are more or less derived from the Egyptian, it is time to proceed to the quest of place- names and other names or words which may well be found alike, or nearly so, in Egyptian. Greek, and Meroitic documents. We are first struck by the fact that the word [9-)J/3 which heads the funerary inscriptions, and is found thrice on a group of Isis nursing Horus (Inscr. 75), occurs somewhat commonly at Philae, where the graffiti in Greek and Egyptian demotic are mostly in honour of ' Isis in Philae '. In the Meroitic graffiti we find especially the combination W^-9 /39 £ 7 t t~%^3/ 5, which in hieroglyphic would be written $ Sx> rQ [I A f sa^ fflLU^ £[■ EE is more like H p than any other Egyptian alphabetic letter, and f or presumably b, varies with it occasionally ; 2a is r or / in Egyptian and A is clearly shaped A, Eg. q, in the inscription Meroe 1, which retains Egyptian forms for several Meroitic letters. Hence the word following J/ 3 may well read P-l-q? resembling the Egyptian P-i-/q, Coptic ni*\&.K the name of Philae. Thus the whole group probably means 1 Isis in Philae '. In a similar phrase we find ' Osiris in Philae ', the name of Osiris being represented by the group y-U//J9^., the word that always accompanies ¥6/5, i«e. Isis in the funerary texts; and similarly ' Horus (Ia/9Z^) in Philae ' occurs along with ' Isis in Philae ' on the stela Meroe 7. Then other place-names, some known, some unknown, reveal themselves by the locative termination attached to the name of Philae in the above ; the analysis of the funerary inscriptions shows how the names and descriptions of persons may be recognized, and several descriptive words turn out to be Egyptian titles in Meroitic spelling ; lastly, the initial word of many of the Meroitic graffiti at Philae agrees letter for letter with the first word in the graffiti in Egyptian demotic. The following is a list of the principal equations by which the phonetic values of the Meroitic alphabet can be fixed : — (a) ( * - K V > ^ Mjgjgi OE^. ] [Transcribed (*) [ P-° e/ *-S0 = Q5= <> 1glfl ' Ql 5 ^ » g ] [Transcribed Amanita^ (c) £E ]y^- (?). [Transcribed Pa/iaras.] (n) 9/// J Inscr. 129., Kar. 68, 9/// 96 Inscr. 97 = Eg. UJ S*.i (pronounced Sha^i), Coptic ^&.H, modern Sai. [Transcribed tiaye.] Excluding for the present the names of Isis and Osiris (Nos. 4 and 5), which have evidently been modified, the following are the first results with regard to the consonants :— qq. /// = y (*) (») = x ("0 fi> ^ = w (f) «, y// = s{m), s(t) E, ^ = p (ri 0) (*) (»/) in, J = § (7) («) k> ' = m («) (*) (,) (/) = k, g W AAA /> AAA ) = n (a) (b) (c) A, 13 = q (*) (/) = ny (/) >, 1 = t (0) (//), t (i) r=], u/ = r (b) (f) (k) (I) (m) ra, = t (0, t (£) = 1 U) U) ^, = t (*) That both J// and J represent i is remarkable, but considering that the two letters frequently interchange and the two sounds s and 8 are confused in many languages, it is not surprising. It is fairly clear that •) , and <=? all represent the same consonant /, but that and <=? have special vocalization. For the vowels, we note the Egyptian masculine article n(e) rendered by 5 ^ {j, k), while the feminine T(e) is rendered by As the vocalization was the same in the masculine and feminine, this points to having the vowel 5, a conclusion reached also on other grounds. 1 Further / corresponds to H (/): at Kalabsha it replaces 9 as terminal vowel (g), but this may be for grammatical reasons. [Transcribed as c.] 9- corresponds to 1 (g), e (c), e (//). a or e (z) (n). In early writing y stands for ty// • [Transcribed z.] 9 corresponds to ^ ( g), e (h). In (j), (k) it is the vowel of the Egyptian definite article, which in Coptic is almost or quite vowelless, and in (g) it terminates the name of Philae, which in Coptic has no terminal vowel. 9 for is omitted in variants of (g). It stands for 9 /// in early writing but is evidently a very weak vowel. [Transcribed e.] 9Z^ corresponds to in (h) and to gu> (or £*>.?) in (/), to a in (c). It seems possible that 9 ^ is really an initial vowel with aspirate, but, except in some Latin versions, the name 1 See below, p. 38. C IO INTRODUCTION of Amnion is without aspirate, and the frequent omission of 5 ^ in writing is against the idea of its being a real consonant. It may be observed that Nubian very rarely shows an aspirate in native words, and Meroitic may have dropped the h in (/) and (k). Whether the vowels o, u existed in Meroitic, or how they were expressed, is not yet seen. No vowel is written in (m), where a. to a>. are given by the Greek-Coptic spelling. 1 3/3 (3V-i) and ¥ V ?) : , Inscr. 4, probably = = KavbaKT]. [Transcribed K a take] (s) Kar. 77, &c. = ndJfievT*, Eg. Npt (and Np.t). [Transcribed Napate.~\ (1) Kar. Eg. wr-fhn. [Transcribed war-tahan.] (//) 9i 2, Inscr. 15 —Ht-kr, £&.ewp. [Transcribed Atari]. Cf. Amani = iJULOya. The full writing would have been *]b^!>|. {u) was only observed after the above remarks on the vowels had been sent to the printers. It furnishes a second equation with co in the borrowed word, cf. (in), but by no means clears up the value of /, or the question of the o and u vowels in Meroitic. From the Ethiopian and Meroite names written in Egyptian we may get some hints as to the sounds likely to be represented in the Meroitic alphabet. The earlier Ethiopian monuments give the following : — (1) ^ and (] = :>. (a) m*=* (3) fl "k and fl = w - (4) ^) and J = b. (5) &\*n*0=P- (6) and $^ = m. (7) W> \ and a~v»= 11. (8) and <=> = r, /. (9) and m = h. (10) I and ® = h. 1 See also the group (it) below. (11) \\ and(l, — = s. (12) LU and CD — s (only in family of Dyn. XXV). (13) ffl ^ and = k. (14) A \ and A = q. ( ! 5) U I —k (or q as usually in Eg.demotic). (16) J and o = t. (17) s= = l- (18) ^,^ = d,dy{}). (19) — = /. 2 Ranke, AVrft. A/a/., p. 26. THE ALPHABET: SOUNDS The name of the Ptolemaic-Ethiopian prince at Dakka gives also o— and Jj, two signs otherwise unknown in writing Ethiopian names : but « — may be = ^ and | = s=>. The few later Meroite names from the south written in Egyptian hieroglyphs give : — (), e(© 0, <=», 0, f , P, a> a, A, Q> — . t=- Non-Egyptian names, presumably Meroitic, in Egyptian demotic from the north (Philae to Maharraqa) give : — y, w, b, p, m, n, r, I, A(?), h, s, §(?)", k, q, t. It is far from certain that all these names are really Meroitic. Egyptian names are numerous in the Egyptian hieroglyphic and demotic texts amongst the officers of the Ethiopians and Meroites. Probably there were many other nationalities, Blemmyes, Nubians, &c, represented in the names from Nubia. The * seems almost to be confined to the Shabako- Kashta kings, and other peculiarities can be observed. The names, probably taken from several languages, are no doubt imperfectly represented in the Egyptian, so that even if we could say definitely which are Meroitic, we could not construct a reliable alphabet from them. Something, however, could be argued from such facts as the presence of IT] h and the absence of $ h. The following is a list of the Meroitic alphabet in order according to the values of the signs. The evidence for the values given will be found in the detailed discussion of the signs below : — (*) I 5^ initial a or alif. (2) P 5 vowel e (earlier sometimes ye). (3) 35 / vowel c. (4) $ y- vowel i (earlier sometimes yi). (5) | ( /// J'- (6) f[ 3 w. (7) ^ U) C b. (8) SB A (9) k / ™- (10) ~s («m) n. (11) \\ A n{i) older (12) -CD (A/ (13) $ /, older (14) <==>. <£> < h. M 15 ) h. (16) n (-*-) J// s(e). (17) UJ J * (18) (19) A (a) /3 g, older *9,/$. (20) > (z=>) ■} t{i). (21) rt] older"?-,/?-. (22) a . (23) ^ *(?), older The hieroglyphic letters in brackets are forms occurring in the inscription Mero'e 1 and sometimes elsewhere. The above scheme of the alphabet shows a close connexion with Egyptian values for the signs, n like appears to be a reduplication of the corresponding Egyptian sign. <3 for h and r=] for r seem to be the only signs devoid of any probable explanation from the Egyptian side : and the value of ^ is as yet only guessed. The demotic letters, 5 ///, 9 /, 16 J// , 17 J, resemble the Egyptian demotic signs. The rest show no such resemblance, but may have been derived by a long process from some form of hieratic, or more directly from the hieroglyphic. C 2 I 2 INTRODUCTION In the earliest examples from Meroe many signs show a close relationship to the hieroglyphs, but others, such as ^for EB, are not easily explained. It is perhaps worth while here to recall the statement of Diodorus, when deriving Egyptian hieroglyphics and many religious matters from Aethiopia (III. 3), that whereas in Egypt the priests alone knew hieroglyphic writing, amongst the Ethiopians all used that kind of script. This may have been true a century before he wrote (though perhaps not in the sense which he intended), for the small hieroglyphic alphabet of the Meroites would have been easy to learn. In the following pages each sign of the alphabet is separately dealt with, references being given to the list of equations between the hieroglyphic and demotic forms on pp. 4-5, and to that other list of words which throw light on the pronunciation, on pp. firj (group //). 9 P teems to replace a vowelless initial w in the name of Osiris and the word wpt (ib.). :; In group (r) to 0 IJ, rj. THE MEROITIC ALPHABET 13 (3) / (equations 1, 2, 3, 9). This is the only sign in the alphabet that is purely vocalic and never begins a group or syllable. It represents h in group (j) and varies - with y-, cf. J/3: / $¥49 f, and more rarely with 9, but / is rarely omitted in variants of a word, as in *r) for $/)%^. $ / ) tnc second word of formula C. 3 It neither precedes nor follows the vowel signs, nor does it follow /\> J// , $ . ^- (see below) contains the vowel represented by /. There is no alphabetic sign like %j in Egyptian ; but in the syllabary £? is an abbreviation for ~>h 1 ox ', Copt, e^e. 4 In the Egyptian inscriptions of the earlier Ethiopian kings, sy, & is used in the spelling of names ; SCHAEFER, Die dthiopisclie Kouigsinschrift, p. 59, suggests that it may there stand for h, being substituted for ^ (ib., J 08). The simplifying of £5 to an oblique stroke / in demotic is quite intelligible, though it has no parallel in Egyptian hieratic or demotic. In Egyptian demotic there are two signs of this form, a full stroke / has the value r, a short stroke / is a (Coptic e-). The two groups /J and correspond to single signs A and fg respectively, and the stroke here has nothing to do with the vowel /. (4) ¥ (equations 1-9). The form ^ is later. $ is used in late Egyptian texts for the exclamation ">y, hi, but the forms of the hieratic and demotic equivalents are not suggestive of In archaic texts commonly, but seldom in late, ¥ niay be written as initial where later texts give yj// , and occasionally a similar employment of ¥ is seen later in the word, as in for ¥/// 9 W / J S Here ¥ seems to have a consonantal value yi, just as 9 (q. v.) has a consonantal value ye. ¥ corresponds to the vowel i in the group (g), to e in (a) (h), to a or e in (/). It does not precede or follow the vowel signs, nor follow J// , A> but commonly follows }. y\ is found to vary with ¥/l^- ¥ is often substituted for /, and is often omitted in variants of words. 5. ///. Equation 1 gives (] (j Ij : elsewhere $ 0 (j is the equivalent of ¥/// • The Egyptian demotic /// is derived from (j Ij <2, but is equivalent to hieroglyphic I) [j , and has the value of j, and sometimes of vocalic i. ty/ is sometimes written for yj// . The combinations 9 III and tyj/l are very common, 9 and ¥ being usually substituted for them in early texts. ///I occurs, but is rare. 11/ is seldom final. The value y is assured by the groups (//), {n). 6. 3 (equations 1, 2, 3, 8). The Egyptian ^\ is w, and the same value is shown in Meroitic by the groups (/), {t). 3 looks as though it were derived from an original facing to the left like the Egyptian, but it does not bear much resemblance to Egyptian hieratic or demotic forms. 7- "fe?: f • The equivalence of the hieroglyphic and demotic signs rests on little proof beyond the process of elimination. Of the two signs not fixed by the equations already given, there is sufficient proof that y is ). 7 fc$ occurs in very few hieroglyphic groups, namely in m ^ ra "S* ra QQ. $LXJ^?~k^> ra & SB P %3 k' 3^} and the broken group ? <==• ^ > , all in I user, f also is a scarce 1 to in («). 3 Below, p. 50. 2 The vowels 9, ¥, / seem to vary with each 4 This may be the origin of the Meroitic value, other in the spelling of the element 9-U/9&, 9l*S¥$, which would naturally drop the g. /U//3, 9U/93 in propernames ; see thedescrip- ' Both are seen in ^r. 116, 125 which are written tion of Kar. 89, below, p. 68. ln ;m earl y var,et y of the late style of wnt,ng ' 14 INTRODUCTION letter in demotic, and unfortunately no clear equations can be found for any of the above groups ; but the occurrence of the group j=g <=> ^ appears significant when we remember that f- is a frequent plural ending in the funerary formulae. 1 As to the value, being probably a false rendering of the sign (see above 2 ), is the only hieroglyphic form to be considered. This is used for b in the Egyptian cartouche of the Ethiopian Sabacon, as well as in other late writing of Egyptian. As b occurs in Ethiopian and Meroitic names and J in the peculiar inscription Meroe r, and there is no other sign in the alphabet that can well have this value, it seems likely that this is the value of the Meroitic letter. A confirmation of the proposed value b may be found in the fact that f appears to replace J m in ^/^/^CT, Kar. 77, for the usual *j / *j J < of the funerary formula C, :; and to replace ^ p in the funerary formulae A, B, where If is found, e.g. in Kar. 1 and 99 a, for the usual J^/ Finally corresponds to b in group (0). : the corresponding demotic formulae of Inscr. 59 do not show the < ; the name P <=> ^ ^2> EEB Z£ (ib.) seems to contain the same word as U/ < Ji ^ and in the funerary formulae C, &c, *j I ) varies with 9. } (equations 4-7). Its demotic forms agree with the Egyptian hieratic and demotic forms of m, although the latter are derived from the figure facing to the right M. • The Meroitic value m is shown by the groups a-c,j, &c. 10. /^(equations ,5, 6). In Egyptian is u, and ;/ is the value of (groups a-c). The original ^ must have been doubled for aesthetic reasons to increase the height in the line (cf. XX from -»-), because the letters were to be written to succeed each other horizontally sign by sign. has no resemblance to the hieratic or demotic forms. A^, Wl^ and //^ vary with A q v. 9 never follows In 9/LJ/lJ, 9JiJ/l9///, /} varies with ^, showing perhaps a peculiar pronunciation of the dental: especially as n before t is apt to disappear: is a rare variant of } 1^9 Kar. 49, 59, /*S-^5U/9^= Eg. dem. Hr-nt-yt-f, 'ApfvhcoTijs, and P V 5> V Inscr. 4 = Kntky, KavbaKi], see groups (q), (r). In variants of proper names Wl^ are often omitted: /L /L tjt 3jr 3^.= Inscr. 92, 93 : cf. Arikakharer and Arikanakharer, Inscr. I, p. 79. ii- \% A (equation 4). Sciiaefer, AZ. 33/113 has shown that originally nu, was employed in Egyptian inscriptions of the earlier Ethiopian kings as a variant of u in spelling Ethiopian names. It does not occur in Egyptian demotic, and the known hieratic forms do not explain the form A- A is never followed by a vowel sign: it replaces // in /i-AJ', 5 fi, J A 3 (Kar.); Wl^ in )}AJ/5 Inscr.; and //^(?) in A^///A? 93 Kar. 76, Inscr. 133, and is transcribed ny in Egyptian demotic (group /). Probably, therefore, A represents that particular Nubian 11 which most closely resembles ni and may be represented by ii ; in Christian Nubian this is written Y : there can be little doubt therefore that Y iS derived from the Meroitic A- A like Wl^ seems negligable in proper names: ^A^^U/^ Kar. 6 is apparently the same as }i//s9UO } Kar. 23. 1 JBelow, p. 25. 2 p. 1. 3 See p. 50. 4 See pp. 45, 48. THE MEROITIC ALPHABET i5 12. eed, •<=>, u/ (equations i, 2, 4, 6, ( S, 9). It is transcribed by r, Egyptian <=> (gr. /;,/, /, m). Like p in old Nubian, and r in modern Nubian, (a/ is exceedingly rarely, if ever, initial ; but it very commonly follows 9 It is difficult to suggest any Egyptian origin for E3 a tank (?) as symbol for r, though U/ may be compared with the Eg. demotic equivalent of |<=>. 13. Sai, *i (equations 2, 4). In late Egyptian is frequent for r, I ; the value / is shown by gr. (g), ( j). It is not uncommon as initial, whereas X, / are very rarely so in Nubian. 14. <=>. <3c>, <. (equations 2, 6). It commonly varies with ) q. v. The hieroglyphic forms seem like versions of o— , in Egyptian //, representing the teats and sexual parts of an animal ; the Egyptian sign is found in the name of the Ptolemaic-Egyptian king Q | [J ^ J at Dakka. But they may lead back to © A, which occurs in Egyptian writing of Ethiopian and Meroitic names, and is the equivalent of CT in group (/). <. is closely like the Christian Nubian sign for h (pronounced ng) corresponding to modern n, n and g, and this can hardly be accidental. But its sound as given by group (/) is h, and in group (q) it seems to vary with 5 ^ as representing the initial h of the name of Horus. l 5- 0> )• The distinction between ) and J 111 would probably have escaped me in making the list in Areika if the two signs had not been juxtaposed in the common word 9 ) J , so that the difference was emphasized. The equivalence with O is seen in the parallel phrases quoted in the discussion of Iuscr. 60, and is suggested by the apparent identity of •)*t' with { O I (Iuscr. 24, 65). ) corresponds to x in Uax^pas (gr. 111). It varies with < in the word :9 ) J '•* of the funerary formulae A, B, 1 and frequently elsewhere. 2 It may therefore have the sound of h or //. 16. n, J// (equations 4, 9). The value s is given by the group (z), s by (m). It is often substituted for J in 't-J?^ and similar words. It occurs as initial but is never followed by a vowel sign, and therefore may have contained an inherent vowel. The demotic form resembles the Egyptian demotic < 11 = I [^) s, and the sign ft can be explained as a doubling of the Egyptian hieroglyph = s (cf. In the inscr. Mero'e I, -*- appears to take the place of XX. Thus its value is probably s followed by a vowel. I 7- LLJ» J (equations 1, 9). The value of Egyptian LLJ is S, and its demotic derivative is closely like the Meroitic sign. Groups (j), (n) give § also as its Meroitic value. It varies with J// q.v., and the s of the names of Osiris and Isis (groups d, e) are both written with J probably owing to a change of sounds. V> ^ (equations 2, 6, 7). , ^=>i are the Egyptian equivalents given by groups (a),(o), (r) : in the Ptolemaic period these letters probably had a value approaching the Coptic G, *s, rather than a pure k. This value for ^. may be derived acrophonically from = Gb, Kr;/3, in the group 19* A, a, 13 (equations 3, 9). The stroke of 13 is often attached to the other component in early writing; in a few cases, e.g. 92 } , Kar. 94, 3 alone is written for 13? The form A is not uncommon, agreeing with the Egyptian alphabetic sign for q. q is also the Meroitic value given by the groups (g), (I). 1 See pp. 45, 43- , 9ga for the nornml both in 2 E.g. <. / J ^ occurs in Kar. 72 for the formula A, see below, pp. 25, 45. usual /*- ) / J^, and /S- }/ // '9 ) '/ f J^ Kar. 3 Also quite late in Inscr. 117. i6 INTRODUCTION 20. >, •) (equation 6). The form g 1 is not uncommon, agreeing with the Egyptian alphabetic sign for /, which often stands for t in and after the New Kingdom, o /, / are the equivalents given by the groups (b), (h), (*), (^). ^ is often followed by y . but not by /. 9 except in the abnormal inscription Meroe 1. It is replaced by /$- in ¥i> / ^ 9 ^ J 9 /// , Kar. ice, and curiously enough by (which may point to a d sound rather than t\ in /L J /19 /// ■ and perhaps varies with v. 21. j=g, /$- (equations 2. 4, 8). The oblique stroke of /, the Egyptian determinative of land, used here to represent /. TO : land ', as MASPERO has suggested in reviewing Areika in the Rev. Critique, 1899. 23. /C (equations 2. 4. 7). the sacred eye of Horus is a very common amulet, but a rare hieroglyph in Egyptian, and then only represents its own name ovanov {Dan. Mag. Pap., I. p. 64), i.e. icagi, and has no demotic form. There is little to fix its value as a consonant: it replaces } in the name /, Ji J , Kar. 124, for } Jifp J and in 9 /LJ /L9 Kar. 125, apparently for 9 /C ) 9 ///■ It should thus be a dental of some kind, and as there is a kind of 8 ( A s s=>) in Egyptian spelling of Ethiopian and Meroitic proper names, the value .z may be attributed provisionally to it. By elimination too, the values of the other letters being approximately fixed by good evidence ft, remains as the only probable equivalent for the above mentioned sound of I, s=. In transcribing Meroitic names I have frequently supplied the vowel a where no vowel is marked : to some extent this is justified by the spelling of Ha-arci, KcuSa/o}. Amani, Ua\u>pas, Aieu£»e, &c. It is of course impossible to decide in most cases where a vowel is to be inserted, and some other vowel than a may often be required. 1 See pp. 9, 3S. 2 See p. 45. 3 See p. 38. CHAPTER II THE AGE AND SUCCESSION OF STYLES OF MEROITIC WRITING An indication of the relative age of any Meroitic writing may be sought for in the degree to which the Meroitic had overpowered the Egyptian at the time. The early Ethiopian kings borrowed the Egyptian language and writing for monumental records ; this borrowed system rapidly deteriorated when the fall of Dynasty XXV put an end for a long time to intercourse with Egypt. With Ergamenes in the third century B. c. we conjecture that a new era of freedom, prosperity, and general culture commenced under Hellenistic and fresh Egyptian influences. The inscriptions of Ergamenes and Azakheramani in the Dodecaschoenus on the borders of Egypt, at Philae Tafa and Dakka, are in good early Ptolemaic style ; but it was perhaps then that nearer home first their proper names and then the native language of the Meroites began to be spelt in a special alphabet founded on the Egyptian alphabetic characters. The hieroglyphic inscriptions in some of the pyramids of Meroe are in debased Egyptian throughout, in others the personal name of the royalty is written in Meroitic while all else is Egyptian, in others again the royalty is without even a prenomen in Egyptian, and the whole of the inscriptions are in Meroitic. But as yet the absence of independent information as to the succession of the kings, and the possibility of re-use of the pyramids and their shrines, leave us without satisfactory means of testing the theory. I. The Meroite texts in Egyptian hieroglyphic include, outside the pyramids, the inscriptions Meroe 4, unfortunately without a cartouche, and the famous bilingual of Natakamani and Amanitere from Wad Benaga, Inscr. 41 ; with the latter we can group Meroe 19 and the inscriptions from temple C at Barkal (L. D. V, Bl. 15 e-m) which give the same cartouches, perhaps associated with that of the prince Arakakhatani of the Ammon temple of Naga. 1 II. The known texts in Meroite hieroglyphic, mostly very brief or fragmentary, are: — Soba, Inscr. 1. Gebel Qeli, Inscr. 2. Naga, Inscr. 3-20, 23-38, 39. Wad Benaga, Inscr. 40, 4 1 . Ba'sa, Inscr. 46. Meroe, Inscr. 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 73 c ; Meroe, 1, 2, 15, 16, 17, 21. Barkal, Inscr. 77 a. Amara, Inscr. 84 (from Lepsius's copies only, the original being entirely destroyed). Of these Meroe 1 (column 8 on the table) shows some unusual forms agreeing with Egyptian hieroglyphic. III. The demotic inscriptions vary considerably in style, and it is not difficult to distinguish the earlier from the later. (1) Archaic (see columns 10-13). The earliest inscriptions not uncommonly tend to upright forms, in some signs closely following portions of the outlines in the corresponding hieroglyphs, e.g. Meroe 5 a, 36/2 ; contemporary with these however, and much intermingled with them, e.g. 1 Inscr. II, s. v. Napata. D 18 INTRODUCTION I. SOBA Lion t. if. Amnion L 1 MER.OE 1 Jrvitr 60 66 S3 k 9*. 2. 1 \ J \ V % * if 23 M t> / A- * I ) > 1> 51 5- H 0 /// 6. a 3 3 7' J A' 8. n 1 1 ^ [Ml Effl SB ffl t= =i 9- k & & ft IO. MA /vw/^ /WW /v/v\ /<-^\ AA/V\ AW /VV\ II. H A 1 2. t=] a 0 • 4^ •a u/ L3- 3» 14. <3> • JO A, 10 11 12 13 14 J 5 ' 16 THE DEMOTIC ALPHABET. D 2 20 INTRODUCTION Meroe $b, 36/1, there is a less stiff series. 1 The archaic inscriptions are found on stelae, &c, and as graffiti at Mesauwarat (Inscr. 42, 43) ; at Umm Soda {Inscr. 45) ; at Meroe (Meroe 5, 6, 12. Inscr. 47, 49, 51-4, 61); at Barkal (Inscr. 76-8); at Soleb (Inscr. 79); at Sai (Inscr. 83) ; at Haifa (Inscr. 86) ; and at Dakka (Inscr. 91-3). The style is hardly to be found on funerary altars or stelae except at Meroe (Meroe 25, 27-30, 34-6, 41, 43, 45, 49). From Karanog the only examples that approach it are Kar. 58, 80, and 126. (2) Transitional (see columns 14, 15). The style occurs on funerary stelae and altars as far north as Karanog, but is entirely absent from the Dodecaschoenus. It is found at Naga (Inscr. 22); Meroe (Meroe, Nos. 23, 24, 26, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, Inscr. 64, 70); Dangel (Inscr. 74); Karanog (Kar. 13, 34, 44, 61, 62, 94, 95, 100, 103, 107, 110, 123, 126-8); and Shablul (the fragment Ph. 51 12 figured in Areika PI. 35). A granite stela of this style, Inscr. 126, of unknown provenance, is dedicated in the names of one of the Natakamani- Amauitere-Candace groups of kings. (3) Late (see column 16 for the extreme variety; the forms of the letters generally agree with the printing types used in this memoir). None of these late inscriptions are found on granite or any other kind of hard stone; they occur throughout the Meroitic region, namely, at Naga (Inscr. 21); Mesauwarat (Inscr. 44); Meroe (Meroe 7-10, 14, 51. Inscr. 48, 5°> 57 > 59) 6 5» 68 » 6 9> 7 J > 73 a > ^ e ) > Sedenga (Inscr. 80, 81) ; Amara (Inscr. 85) ; Faras (Inscr. 129); Karanog (passim); Shablul (passim); Wadi Sabu' (Inscr. 87); Aqeba (Inscr. 88-89) ! Alaqi (Inscr. 90) ; and are very common in the graffiti, &c, of the Dodecaschoenus. The latest or most developed style of all is seen in the great inscription of Kalabsha (Inscr. 94, cf. 130), and the inscriptions of the Ethiopian chamber at Philae (Inscr. 97-1 11) are written in almost the same hand, while the graffiti of Philae (Inscr. 95, 96, 112-25) generally are of a more central type. It is this late style of writing which occurred on imported amphorae at Karanog along with Greek inscriptions of Roman age and Egyptian demotic. 2 Thus the archaic style (1) is found markedly in the Dodecaschoenus at Dakka, the transitional style (2) is absent from it though belonging to the settled population of Karanog," and the late style (3) is found on the tombstones of the inhabitants northward to the south frontier of the Dodecaschoenus, and in inscriptions and graffiti, not only in the Dodecaschoenus, but even in the temple of Philae itself. The recorded history of this district may help to fix the age of the Meroitic inscriptions. The titles of the Meroite kings in Meroite hieroglyphic are modelled on those of the later Ptolemaic kings or the Roman emperors, and there is no probability that the alphabet was in use before the third century B.C. The rule of Ptolemaic kings down to Euergetes II is well represented in the Dodecaschoenus ; the pronaos of Dakka was built by the last-named king in his thirty-fifth year, 135 B.C., whereas the later Ptolemies troubled themselves little, if at all, about the country beyond the First Cataract, and it was not until after the invasion of Candace, about 23 B.C., that the Dodecaschoenus was occupied by the Roman troops. 4 Provisionally therefore we may attribute the archaic inscriptions of Dakka to the interval between the Ptolemaic and Roman occupations of the Dodecaschoenus. The revolts in Egypt in the reign of Marcus Aurelius may have given the Ethiopians a fresh opportunity of occupying the southern frontier district for a few years; but the Romans continued to hold the Dodecaschoenus, and the name of Septimius Severus is found upon the temple of Kalabsha. From the time of Gallienus, A.D. 260, onwards the Blemmyes must have had all Lower Nubia at their mercy until the reorganization of the empire under 1 Cf. Meroe, p. 58, classes (c), (d). 2 Karanbg Cemetery, pp. 78, 79. 3 The transitional style is seen in the graffito, Inscr. 22, upon the Roman kiosque at Naga which is, perhaps, of the second century A.D. 4 Milne, History of Egypt under Roman Rule, pp. 18-23. AGE AND SUCCESSION OF STYLES OF MEROITIC WRITING 21 Diocletian, c. A.D. 290, when the frontier was definitely drawn back to Philae, and Nobatae were invited to occupy the adjoining district as a shield against the Blemmyes. The later Meroitic inscriptions of the Dodecaschoenus and Philae were doubtless written between the middle of the third century and the Christianization of Nubia in the middle of the sixth century, and rather at the beginning than at the end of the period. An ' Agent of Isis ', a title familiar in late Meroitic inscriptions of the Dodecaschoenus, appears in Egyptian demotic as early as the reign of Nero. The barbarous title gSren of Isis, still more familiar in local Meroitic, occurs in many later inscriptions, one of them fortunately dated in the fourth year of Trebonius Gallus (a.d. 254) 1 ; while ' Bekemate the Akrere, son of Qeren, the strategus of the water ', mentioned in an undated but certainly late Egyptian demotic text at Philae, is probably identical with ' the krer Bekemate, begotten of the mate and strategus of the water who is shown in the drawings of the Ethiopian chamber in the great temple (/user. 98). It may even be that Diocletian's introduction of the Nobatae put an end to the writing and the precarious civilization of the Meroites and that their records should all be placed before A.D. 300. But more probably they lasted for something like a century longer. 2 The successive styles may therefore be dated provisionally as follows : — (1) Archaic before 25 B.C. (2) Transitional, between 25 B.C. and A.D. 250. (3) Late, A.D. 250 to A.D. 400. Mr. Crowfoot, however, argues for a much shorter range in the Meroitic monuments, viz. from the second century to the middle of the fourth century A. D. 3 1 The same inscription mentions a certain ' Akrer, the great envoy to Rome' from the Meroite king TRRMN. 2 Inscr. 124 is inscribed upon a gateway which is commonly ascribed to the re-fortification of Philae by Diocletian. Several of the Philae graffiti are upon walls that must be dated to the Roman age, and the unusual height at which they are placed indicates that the floors were deep in rubbish at the time. 3 The Island ofMero'e, pp. 37-41 (in the nineteenth memoir of the Archaeological Survey of Egypt, published by the Egypt Exploration Fund). Cor- roboration for this shorter chronology might be found in a comparison of Kar. 8 with Kar. 103, see below, p. 71. Woolley and Randall-Mac Iver suggest that the Karanog cemetery represents a period beginning near to a.d. 100 and continuing into the fifth century, Kar. Cem., p. 84. CHAPTER III THE MEROITIC LANGUAGE It would be premature to attempt to discuss the language revealed by the inscriptions at any length. But it seems worth while to gather together a few facts that are already ascertained. Without being at all decisive, the analogies to Nubian both in structure and vocabulary are sufficiently striking to be worth mention. The language appears to be agglutinative, without gender, the place of inflexions taken by post-positions and suffixes. Rut it is disconcerting to observe that of the few native words which are known, two mean respectively ' bear ' and ' beget ', while it seems that neither the modern Nubian dialects nor Christian Nubian possess distinct words for the two functions: in them the word cynucy, mine, serves for both ' bear ' and ' beget ' and has no resemblance to either of the Meroitic words. Phonology. Absence of the peculiarly Semitic consonants and a general simplicity in the sounds of the language seem certain. According to the old-fashioned classification of Lepsius, the alphabet appears to give Tenues Mediae Nasales Spirantes Liquidae Gutturals k g (q) h, h Palatals h s y Dentals t n s, zl r, I Labials p b m w As in modern and Christian Nubian ;- is never initial, and it is seldom that / is really initial, though it appears at the beginning of groups which are separated by from those which they follow and qualify. The notation of the vowels is puzzling, as the equations and other evidence obtainable point to varieties of e, a, i for the four signs : and although there are equations with Coptic which might give an o value, there is evidence that in these cases the vowel was changed to e or a. As yet no clear proof can be produced even for the existence of o and u in the Meroitic language. The writing indicates that the words consisted mainly of open syllables commencing with a consonant. There were also closed syllables, as is shown by the Greek transcriptions 'Epyanevrjs, KavbaKi] : but there is no evidence that two vowel sounds followed each other without a consonant between. Vocabulary. The few words that are at present intelligible comprise certain loan-words from Egyptian, proper names, and a few native words : — Loan-words: — ^Hj J// ¥£ tewisti, Eg. teivashti, 'the adoration'. J/ ) ^ 5 ^ pclamis, Eg. pclemes, ' the arpar-qyos ' / /3%^ 'kin of *paqar\ Kar. 59. b. 95 ^ 9/^ 4 Ia/ / /3 ^ ' she of the harim (?) of a paqar ', Kar. 127 et sim. c :/49/iJ)9///-/^^'Af9Jf9^ J//9W/I3 W /3f^ 'kin of the paqar of the king Atmetan-Tabe ', Kar. 47. d. :9i / 49 ^? ^9 ///: 4)4 ^ 9 ) ! / 9 l/l :w 13%^ 'kin of the /^ar Yetmet the elder', Kar. 17. e. 9i/4/*-A 9£9 3j*±39i^ ' peshte in Akin ', Kar. 78. f. t^c-i^ J(9)t^ 'of the harim (?) of the peshtc\ Kar. 79, &c. g- 95 I '495: 4^ 39 t^' brother of the peshte ', Kar. 50. h. 95 1 4 9 /C ) } 9 ///: 4 *r- 3 9 ^ ' kin of the peshte ', Kar. r,9, but / U/ }95 A 4r J// 9 93/ $9 JiJ )9 /// ' l: 9*7 i} /19 ^ ' brother of the prophet ', Kar. 118. r. 9i I 4 9 JL ) y 1 9 ///•• C 9 4 -)H^9 ^ ' kin of prophets ', Kar. 22. s. £a> n p ^ ^ • -£=^1, [=□ 1 E] ^1 'beloxed (?) of Ariten Inscr. 84, but Amni mczesl ' beloved (?) of Amani ', ib. t. 95/ ^9 £9-tAS 9/{/ 3 'begotten of a shini \ Kar. 108. The simple forms are seen when the title precedes its proper name, d, o, or a qualifying word c, e, p. For the genitives (4) J// 31 3 'of Isis', and J// t^/KJ 'of Amanap' furnish useful illustrations. u. /3W/3) W9/33/3 J//3/3 /*-9W9f^ J//3/3 A9(a///3 ' Mashtarq, qeren of Isis, agent of Isis and Isis- ....', Inscr. 11 1, see below, p. 40. v. :/49 / l) 7 -9///:}3/3 AW//3 ! /3/3 /*~9W 9 ^ ' kin of the agent of Isis and of the qiren of Isis Inscr. 122. w. 95/4J//3/3 '"/ /I9 2j9 £9 Z9)J// ' prophet of Isis', Kar. 126. x. 95*7-3/3:} HJr ^ ' prophet of Isis ', Kar. 1 5. y. 92/49 Z9-W 13 / /3:J//%JKJ: 3)43 'begotten of the s/hs of Amanap Qeqeli '. Kar. 6. z. 93 1 4 9 /C ) ) 9 /// •) tjlj ' 9 U*tth 9fS ' kin of the bclelcke of Amanap Kar. 30. a. 9i/49/iJ !/ 9 ///:///*- $JIJ ^/19Z^ 'kin of the prophets of Amanap', Kar. 15. 9i/ $ ) JII '"mjlj '•' ? 19?^ 'wife of the prophet of Amanap', Kar. 125. y. 95/4 J Jl/: } KAJ 3)43 ' wife of the Hks of Amanap ', Kar. 32. l^e-. tJKj' y" /19 ^ ' prophet of Amanap ', Kar. 21. f. 95I4J/I$JIJ 9ZJ4949/S ' belilcke of Amanap', Kar. 3. PLURAL FORMS 25 Gender and Number. There seems to be no distinction of gender on the stelae describing men and women respectively. The plural forms in the descriptive phrases of the funerary stelae (ct. p. 38) are of the simple form, fy*} leb of the ^, form likewise, fS9 ^ leb of the form, 9i3j^9 e , leb{a)k(a)wi of the genitive J// and •) , forms, y /4- tcb of the ¥i^r form, 3js teb{a)k(a)zvi. In all these the common feature is f9 eb. In the benedictions or terminal formulae there is a somewhat different series. The meaning of the phrases is so uncertain that one can only suggest that they may belong to the inflexions of verbs. They are characterized by a < (or ) ) following the f9. They seem confined to the forms with suffixed / cf. s///9Z9)¥3$^ Kar. 61, Sh. 5, 19. (cf. /±-9U3r Kar. 54). Cf. lAJ<)%^ &C f-U/C^^ ^ar. 22, 51, Sh. I. cf. 9 JJa/ <939%^ Sh. 13. cf. J//9JJa/<:93^ Kar. 61, Sh. 5, 19. / 2 1 3 I s are further examples. 58 and 85 must have had figures; 107 perhaps represented in a rude way Isis and Anubis with a vase between them and other accessories. Of plain stelae with inscriptions in horizontal lines, some are round topped, with straight sides, viz. the fine stela Kar. 17, 4 with 53, 97, 115 5 ; others taper upwards, 14, 92. Another fine stela, 47,° is rectangular. Less determinate shapes are 13, 31, 44, 65. 76, 106, no, 113, 118, 119, 129. A considerable number of tablets unite features of both classes of monuments, horizontal lines of writing with the altar shape or the sculptures of the offering tables. In 108 the altar predominates, a rude outline of an altar being engraved on the face, and four circular loaves outlined below the inscription. In 48 a central reservoir is hollowed and the outline of an altar hammered into the surface. On the rectangular stela 8 two amphorae are outlined. 36 seems to be nothing but a table of offerings without sculpture, and 12, 35, 73, 8i, 7 87, 89, 8 are altar-shaped with horizontal lines of inscription, and might be interpreted either as stelae or tables of offerings, n, 9 23, 10 and 61 11 are probably stelae, and in 29, 41, 12 36, 61, 11 68 the rectangular slab with its projection is elongated so as to give an entirely distinct character to it. 2t, 83, and 102 were stelae, but are too imperfect to be assigned to any group. The stelae generally have funerary texts of the same class as the altars : but some bear simply the names and descriptions of the deceased, Kar. 35, 106, 113, and the fine and long inscription 47. From Shablul 13 the altars include one (S/i. 1) 14 in which below the offerings two figures, perhaps frogs, perhaps anthropoid divinities, are crouching with a vessel between them, and one, No. 15, 15 with staircases to the reservoir (cf. Inscr. II, PI. XLIV). The mixed altar-stela type is commonest, Sh. 3-8, n, 14, 19. 16 1G and 18 17 are stelae with painted figures. 1 K. C, PI. 13, No. 70S5. 2 ib., PI. 12, No. 7076. 3 ib., PI. 12, No. 7086. 4 ib., PI. iS, No. 7101. 6 ib., PI. 20, No. 7107. 9 ib., PI. 19, No. 7103. 7 ib., PI. 19, No. 7106. 8 ib., PI. 18, No. 7099. 5 ib., PI. 18, No. 7102. 10 A". C, PI. 19, No. 7105. 11 ib., PI. 18, No. 7100. 12 ib., PI. 19, No. 7104. 13 All the Shablul inscriptions, except Sk. 19 here on PI. 29, are published in A ret far, Pis. 32-38. 14 Ar., PI. 32. 16 ib., PI. 36. " ! ib., PI. 37, No. s 1 16. 17 ib., PI. 38, No. 5121. CHAPTER II THE SCHEME OF THE INSCRIPTIONS APART from a few cases in which the beginning has been lost, all the inscriptions except seven begin with the same two words : 93 / d , in most cases in precisely this form, but sometimes varied. After this commencement, the remainder is less fixed in form, but there are many passages which recur with little variation. Let us to begin with compare three of the shortest inscriptions in the collection : — '9 ) J -)9lS /*-9 JJ 3%J9 ) J ^9^j9i/ 139 /// A-9 ) :ty/t 9 w / 3>' 93 / 3 Kar. 2 a • • }/3$J)J^9^9i/<79JJl*/)/ O qc(wi).. CH)/*, lc(wi), or(y^)^- te(wi). The phrase naming the deceased. The affix {¥%)/ 13 qe'u'i is confined to the name commemorated (the A name), and is a valuable indication of it; although, as has already been pointed out, yg/^ liwi is often substituted for qiwi. It not unfrequently happens that there is more than one A name on a tablet or altar, and sometimes accompanied by a separate filiation. Two or more A names, each marked by ¥-&/ /3, occur in Kar. 6, 8, 9, 23, 29, &c. The ¥$ may be dropped, leaving only //_?, Kar. 47, ic6, 123, 124, 131, but this form is much commoner in inscriptions from other localities. ¥£5 13 is an interesting variant in Kar. 3, 15 (twice), 35 (twice), 56, 100, &c. ; in Kar. 74 V-&/3 is written. The affix /J is marked oft" as a separate word in Kar. 5, Sh. 8, 9 ; and / 13 is written in Kar. 8;, Sli. 3. yg/^ is fairly frequent as the affix of the A name: Kar. 2 b, 7, 22, 31 a, b, 34, 38, &c. without the ¥2 does not occur in the present collection. When the affix ¥$/ ^ is employed, there may often be a difficulty in deciding whether a particular word is a name or descriptive. This difficulty is increased where there is no affix. The texts Kar. 28, 36 a, include name and description together in a phrase, the description with the affix following the name. Kar. 58 is confused and doubtful, and two instances in which an affix (9^)^ tfavi may be suspected for the name, viz. Kar. 53, 111, are also obscure. The expression ¥$/ /35 JL2>/*r- containing the A name of Kar. 37 is to be treated as a phrase consisting of the name which recurs as the BB name on the same stela, and the affix ¥i/ /3 \ so also with ¥$/ /35 fi, fpffrj A in Kar. 32 = B in Kar. 23, &c. F 2 36 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARA NOG AND SHABLOL Similarly, the rarer affix 9$/*j must be simply cut off to produce the bare proper name: as — 9£JJ9JL9$^ A in Kar. 52 of the same form as the B name 9 (ib.) and 9 9) 5 /, 9 £ B m Kar. 130. In each case we have the same ending etui with an intermediate element, in the one case g, in the other /. 13- ¥$9/3 qiwi, qewi are evidently only slight phonetic variants of each other, and the dropping of the ending in //_? seems to have no distinctive meaning. On the other hand Ifave contains a different element. Both of these affixes are attached to royal names in bare cartouches on temples at Naga and Meroe, where there is no context to govern them. 1 Their main function must be to complete the phrase with emphasis (see below). Between the invocation and the 9S/ /3 or 9$/$ there is usually only the A name itself; but occasionally one or more groups intervene which prove to be titles or descriptive. 2 / 13 is the commonest and is probably the same as the first element in 9i>l 13 ; J// Kar. 5 6, Kar. 1, ^ ^ J Kar. 105. 106, (?), J//9I3 9Ji^9/// Kar. 15, and a few others are found. The phrases of the Parentage (B and C Names). Beside the very short inscriptions enumerated above, there are a few other cases, Kar. *5, 5$, lUj 126-8, in which the filiation words, the B word ¥£ / *i 9 < /C S 99 (twice), 101, 103, 105, no, 117, 119, 124, Sh. 6. That the words preceding the filiation words are really names is apparent not only by their varying from text to text. The probabilities are satisfied in various ways. There are a few instances of two monuments appearing to belong to the same person with the same filiation, as the stela Kar. 19 and the altar 89, or to brothers as Kar. 17 and 23. A B name or a C name may recur as an A name, e.g. the deceased in 19 is the B parent in 20 ; in each of Kar. 37 and 55 a person A is commemorated with full filiation B C, and then appears a second time as B B in the filiation of a second person A A: i.e. parent and child are both commemorated on one stela ; and, further, the supposed names are seldom found in the other phrases. The next point to discover is which of the two filiation words represents the paternal relationship, and which the maternal. On reference to the table it will be seen that the ending (A/,r, occurs in the C column in seventeen separate names apart from repetition, but only once in the B column, namely, in the doubtful and somewhat strange little name U/, and that none of the recognizable names attached to female figures terminate in b or U/, it is quite clear that terminal U/ belongs to names of men, and that C therefore designates fathers, not mothers. The precedence accorded to the B names therefore belongs to the mother, and proves at least the genealogical importance of woman amongst the Meroites. The corresponding phrases in Egyptian demotic documents ' A son of B, and his mother C ', or 1 A son of B, born of C ', give precedence to the father. 1 Inscr. 5, 17, 55. 2 That the proper name A is always the last of these groups is assured by the frequency with which it ends in 9 /L- 9///. which endings seem almost confined to personal names. PHRASES OF PARENTAGE 37 The Parentage on the Mother s side. The B word, expressing relationship to the mother, is normally (¥&)/ $9 < /L tczaliele(zvi). In one instance, Kar. 74, we seem to see 9 inserted after ; on the other hand the vowel 9 is omitted after the <1 in thirteen instances, and the final 9i in five. 1 ¥$1*1 in Sh. 15 must be a mistake. A slightly different spelling is seen in ¥&/^9< /if Kar. 1, 36, 68, Sh. 14 (twice), and a different prefix 9/// (common in the texts of Meroe) in Kar. 96, see below; while a shorter form, without prefix, is ¥&/ $9^ /, saheliwi, Kar. 44, 48. A reduplication of the word is by no means uncommon, occurring as .'^^C^/^ ¥-&/ *j9< Ji'*- Kar. 7, 18, 22, 25, 51, 57, 81, 84, Sh. 3, 5, 17, or with the terminal ¥ dropped in the first word :*r9< Kar. 52, 53; the spelling 9£ / ^ < /, : ¥h < /C /V- occurs sic in AV. 11, 71, 72, 75, 95, 114; ¥&/' 7 9< £/*-:¥& / ^9 < in if«r. 62 must be a blunder. Sh. 11 ends with / / i J 9<: ¥49 < /L9 /// ¥49 < 49 < in Kar. 96. One might have supposed that these reduplications indicated grandparents and further ancestors : but one cannot suppose in all these cases that a parent was ignored to make way for a grand- parent, or a great grandparent ; it is evident that the reduplications are genealogically equivalent to the single expression ; compare also the parentage of Kar. 72 (duplicated on both sides) with that of the brother or sister in Kar. 75, which is triplicated for the father. One can only conclude that the reduplication is intended to emphasize the reality of the parentage. 2 In Kar. 29 and 60, each showing two A names with one B and one C name, the form is :¥i ^J^9 i r9<- /L/'S- :¥49< JL/S- ; similarly, under the same circumstances, in Kar. 64 .■ 9i '9 *t <■ fl,/*- only. This form, substituting lebkawi for Iciui, is seen below to be plural (not dual). A title, or other descriptive word, ¥¥^9 ^Ji9 ^ seems to precede the mother's name in Kar. 28, as in Inscr. 13 1/2: it can hardly be a coincidence that in each of these cases the usual endings of the names commemorated have been omitted. Perhaps a few other titles may be traceable for the mother, but they are certainly rare. The Parentage 011 the Father's side. The forms of the C word of relationship run nearly parallel to those of the other. Normally it is .* 9H / $ 9 terikelfrwi: the vowel 9 is never omitted in this word after the ^, but V% is dropped in Kar. 12, 38, 82. y^/^y-U//*- in Sh. 13, 14 (CC) must be a blunder. •) for /"rt/*T-¥&^ 6 18 9i/*,S*-/*-/<,n^ 1 7 77/£" meaning of the Titles and Phrases describing the Deceased. It has been already remarked that groups expressing a title or qualification may be found preceding the names A, B, or C. As might be expected, titles are very rare with the names of the mothers (B), but not uncommon with the fathers' (C). With A names they are almost as rare as with B names, but that must be because they are usually added in special descriptive phrases after the parentage. The titles of C names often thus recur on other stelae with the phrase-ending {l)iwi. The great rarity of titles among females makes it probable that the epithets characteristic of females, viz. 9-& / *j J J// , 95*7-9/, ^, 9$/$/*- 3, are chiefly of relationship or the like, and mean 'wife', 'beloved', 'mother', 'sister', and it is almost obvious from the examples that 9-&f*i9 JiJ ?9///, which abounds in the descriptive texts, and is common to both men and women, is a vague word of relationship such as ' kinsman ' or ' friend '. The following example of the title of a C name recurring in descriptive phrases is instructive : — (a) 9i/$9 Z9-W/S, ' the Agent of Isis, the qireh of Isis.' This expression appears in / $9 /L J } 9 /// ■' } 3/3 AW//3 )3/3 ' kinsman (?) of the Agent of Isis and qerah of Isis,' Inscr. 122, and in J// 3/ 3 A9W / /3 9///:/3W}3J U/9/33/3 J//3/3 'the qereh of Isis, the Agent of Isis, sic the Isis-devotee (?) Mashtaraqye,' Inscr. ill. In Inscr. 109 the same person is 9///I/3W 1 } 3 J I ^jIa/9 13 3/ 3, ' Mashtaraqye, Isis-devotee (?) ' (this shows how a name maybe followed in a single phrase by its description, the latter taking the affix), and in Inscr. 99 he is ^3/3 /*r-V-W9i^/l39//l:l3wi}3?, 'Mashtaraqye, Agent of Isis.' The word in the genitive 3/3 follows its governing word and takes the suffix J// s when followed by the name; and this suffix is changed to ^ / when the complex J// 31 3 ¥-W 9 is governed by the further word following it / *j 9 /L J } 9 //I, and to {¥S) £ 7- tc(zvi) when it terminates an c(wi) phrase. It is thus evident that ¥£*r- is the ending of an $(wi) phrase of which the last element is in the genitive. ¥i^-3/3 'of Isis', 92 ^ ¥ j 7 £ t-J//9 $^ ' of the /^-prince', 'of Ammon ', ¥-i c r9-i/J I /3 ' of the king' occur with many others at Karanog. but whether all of this form are to be explained in the same way is of course not certain. The liwi form is also used with these genitive phrases : the / then follows the J/J ', as in Vi/tiM V-tA/ / /3 , t rt/ Kar. 78 means ' pestc-pr'mce in Akin ', 92/^9 W ji /L ^^19%^ Kar. 1 4, ' begotten of the pestc-pxvcicz Zazekr', but 9£ / *j 9 ^y-U/ / of ancient Egypt, or acope XP 7 ? 0 " 7 " 6 ' °f the Jewish monuments. 1 Descriptive phrases of the ordinary type but similarly separated from the rest by the terminal formulae in Kar. 25, 67, 98, 123, 124, 127, are no doubt on a different footing. The phrases descriptive of the deceased are all shown in the sequel, indexed in one table by the last words, and in the other by the initial words. As some consist of a single word, and the bulk of them of two words only, these two tables are sufficient to make reference easy in most cases. Certain words that precede the names, probably as titles, are also indexed along with the phrases, since they are evidently to be connected with them : these, however, are without the characteristic phrase-endings because they belong to the A, B, or C phrases respectively. In the list of epithets of the deceased, it is noted when they are attached to the name of a man o*, or woman ? . 1 / J 1/1/c is very common both independently and in composition. A meaning such as 'good', ' great ', ' strong ', ' plentiful ' would seem to suit the occurrences. G CHAPTER V THE TERMINAL FORMULAE OR BENEDICTIONS The formulae which are here designated as ' terminal ', occurring as they do at the end of the inscriptions in the great majority of cases, are those which normally end in /4-9), /' ^92 4 ^9 39) / 3t 9)J ^92 K yyj/f 9 w* — - 6 7 /'9 ) J IO • ^-9J9)/Jt 9,? 7 • ' II s*-9J9}/JZ 9) J • ' ^ 12 • ' \ I 3 ^9^ 14 /*-•')/ 3t >'9 ))> T C • 7 V. IO • 9 <^9 / /J / s 17 9 J9J¥3^:9}J ^92 18 '*-)W1l : 9)J 21 /^9 39)/ 3%J9)) 22 :<±9)l 3$J9< ) ' 2.3 J//9 19 / / • 39^ 40 *-)/3Zj9)J ^--^ 42 /'/*-9) i r3Zj9)) ^9^ «-)/3i^ 9) J ^9^ '*-)/3^ 9}J s*-9Z9)/3$J9)J:'r9Z^ /^9}/3Zj9)J ^9^ '*~9 1?)/3$J9)) ^9^ /*-?93Zj9?J:^9^ /^9 3J9)/3%J9}) ^9^ '*-}/3%^ 9)) ^9^ //3$^ 9)J 4-9^ '*-9l/s9)/3$^9[ ] '^)V3$^ 9)J:^9Z^ /*-)93*X-9)J ¥3ZJ9)J:^9^ 9}J:±-9Z* s*-)93iJ/}J ^9^ /*-3%J/ l>, J 3> 3 8 > 4 8 > 5 8 , 100, 101, 107, 127, 132 ; ) / J^Kar. 7, 9, 88, 93 ; 9 ) ¥3 ^ Kar. 78; pUhte, pHhte, pisihte thus seem to be the commonest vocalizations. *rr is substituted for /*r- in ^9} / 3£Kar. 22, 51, and in ^-9 } ¥3 f Kar. l. Of consonantal variants we have C for ) in /%^. This and some instances that look like /4r-)%^ rather than /9^ 24 /9^ 27 /*-9Zyj9^ 28 /9^ 31 1? *-9 1 Ia/9^ 51 ^iA/<¥3$^ 9) J ?9^ 53 /*-9Zy/ ? 93 *-9l9^ 95 /<*-9lW<3$^/ e ,) }9^ 96 /^-9^u/cr^9^ : -9 / ?/ ^9^ 97 /9^ 105 ly/<93^ 9) J >9^ 107 ia/<93*Xj9)J ^9^ 109 :iA/<93ij9?J. 110 (sk) :9)) }9ZJ 114 /S- 9 ^Ia/ C 93 9%^ 9 ) / )9<^ 116 ^U/ < 93 \J 9 ) J ■ ^9^ 117 z 8 *- <^u/ c: 3 ^ 9<- } ?9^ 118 /«- ^u/ cr y$ 9 / ■ ?9^ 119 <^u/ ^ 9 / / . ^9< 120 •>9^ 122 u/ ^ 9;/ 124 3iA/<93t :9)J- *^9^ 125 /«- ^U/ <93tj9)J >9Z 127 /4— 3 Iaj <1 9-\ 9-Z 9 3 J •>9 5 7 7 V. 128 *92 130 ^u/ c: . tj9)J ^9^ T 132 /«- ^u/ y^- *?) ) < ^9< Sh. 1 ^W<93fj9< J Sh. 2 '^<[3]^9}J Sh. 3 Iy/<93$J9)J ^9^ Sh. 4 /±-9JJa/<:¥3Z^ 9) J ?9^. Sh. 5 ^//93Ja/<93^ 9)) ^9^. Sh. 6 /^9 ZyJ<93%j9)J ?9^ Sh. 7 /*-9lw<93tS9)J ^9^ Sk. 8 /^-9ly^<: • $J9)J ^9^ 5//. 9 /, 62, 78, 117, /*r- lyj < 93%^Kar. 50, 79, 90, 105, 116, 118-20, 124, 125, lyj < 93 ¥-%JKar. 8 a, 38, ico, 127, 132, 9 £ja/ < J ^ Kar. 2, 6, io, 11, 18, 21, 24, 31 a, 33, 39 a, 40, 52, 59, 64 b, 66, 71-3, 75, 77, 82 b, 87, 88, 91, 95, 98, /939^Kar. 36, and /9Z^ three examples. Beyond these there is little to consider but the variant with for 9} ? • The B formula almost invariably follows A and runs parallel to it; and since A concerned the provision of water or liquids — the first necessity in a land so hot and dry — one may conjecture that B was for the provision of bread. •) 9 3^ at should therefore mean ' bread ' or 'food', and some support for this is found in the Old Nubian word agency = noeiK 'bread' on the Berlin ostracon published by Erman, AZ. 35/108, Key being perhaps a plural ending. Terminal Formula C. Of this formula there are over eighty examples. It occurs alone in Kar. 30, 46, and in two versions in Kar. 101 b, the second being very nearly D. A B C is normal, but A C and other arrangements are found. It occurs twice, in Kar. 18, E C A B C, and in 127, where C D A B are separated by the description from a final C. C is closely allied to D. 10 /*-93ji/) &4/4)< '*-9Z4/)ij4/4r< '4-914/?%: 4/4 X • • 9l4/}:4/4[/<] J//9Z4/):4I4)<: &-9ZJ,/ ):*,/<,;< s*-9 3j?/ ; 3%j4/// ;< '*-9lfi)tS t"*/)*^ 4/4X /*-9 Zh/ ):*,/<,}< **-9 14/ )3*J 4/4 J < *4-9l4/):4/4J< /*-9i4/)%^4/4?< '*- > < 14/ ):4I4)< /*-9 14/ ):4/4)< 14/ }:4/4)< 4/4)<. /4- [9 14]/} 93ZJ4/4J< *-9l4[/]?t. /*-9 If?/ )$J 4/4 J < sic sic s*-9U )ZS4)< sic ? 4)$^&4/4)< J//9l< ! t9///:4/4)< The first word is normally 4 / 4 } <. hmtil; 4/4f< Kar. 77 is an interesting variant. 44X is found in Kar. 67, i / J ,/4J'C in Kar. 38, 101 a, l\ c, 94/4X in Kar. 30, 68. &4/4J< is an extension in Kar. 76, Sh. 16; 4)< Sh. 15, 1 4 ) <. Kar. 105, and 4 /// X Kar. 88 are remarkable. This word is usually divided by dots .* from the other. The other word is variable, the initial element being 4/ ), 4/ )t^- (a) The shortest form is 4/ ) Kar. 30, 109, 116, Sh. 2, with 4 ) ^ Sh. 16, 4/ )%^Kar. 14 ; plural fS4/ ) ^ Kar. 92. (b) A form * £ r-4/)(tJ is probably to be seen in the plural 41) Kar. 67, /4-< //4/ )^Kar. 64a. (c) Adding J//9 3^to (a) we have J//914I) Kar. 61, 84, J// 9 ^ 4/) ^ Sh. 5. (d) Adding /*-9 ^ to {a), 14 ) Kar. 101 a, b, 10 j, 14 / ) Kar. 16, 18, 38, 39^ 50, 94 a, 117, 119, 122, 127 132, /4-92J,/) Kar. io, iX a, b, 21, 24, 25, 39 a, 46, 57, 59, 69, 70, 87, 96, izi, 123, 128, Sk. 6, s*-93jr)t^ Kar. 89, 14/) C Kar ' XI > 22 > 31 «, ,52, 64^ 72, 73, 75-7, 82, 98, Sh. 4, 7, 10, 13. /4-9 3J)i^ Sh. 15 is probably incorrect. Plural /*-9 £9 S*--iyt'S*-//L¥y// Kar. 27, 78, 100; plural /S- < f 9 /// V/s / /L y/// Kar. 99 a. Compare formula E. The chief types are therefore : — (a) 4/}(.KJ ^/^^ six instances. (b) (pi. **-4/}(*J e tl'i?< two instances. (c) J//9 ZJi/ )$^*t/ £ iJ< three instances. (d) , (e) (pi. /9) > '< Of these Kar. $6 begins with / )< , 127 with 9 ) J < , like / *j ) ^9^ 9)J ^9Z^ in A and the similar expression in B, and 78 writes briefly ) ) for (9))(J)), just as we find 9)^7-9^ in A. The compound ends with ¥ J 7 L r J 7, t r u 7 l i> and ^ //// in the three examples respectively. The final words have already been seen in C and D. It is clear that the formulae C and D are closely connected, and that their elements are almost interchangeable. Terminal Formula E. This occurs only nine times ABCDi E Kar. 61, A B Di E Kar. 79, A B C E Kar. 25, 72, 117, A B E Kar. 12.5, C A B E Kar. 119, A B E C Kar. 50, E C A B C Kar. 18. Kar. 18 Ak- l¥f,/' t i9l] fi,J//fl^ Kar. 125 Ah- ^V-'^/ £.'¥49 U A. The first word (y-) *,9 JL\////l^ occurs at Kalabsha, /user. 94/12. The second word 9^//C in /user. 129/20 appears as 3£9*r//i, much as in A'tfr. 72. It occurs also in the Kalabsha inscription, 1. 13, &c. The third word is of two types, both found also in C. (a) With typical of C ; in Kar. 50, 72, 79, 117, 119. (0) With ¥&Ak-//L¥/// ; in Kar. 16, 25, 61, 125. Terminal Formula F. This occurs only twice, in Kar. in A F G, Kar. 126 FA; also in /user. 137 G A F. ? Kar. 111 91^,96^)01/3 Kar. 126 hd-'^t^ J (see p. 74) Cf. /user. 137 .* < 5 fy// ' < J (a/ 3, Meroe45/5, 6 (?). This is evidently of the same class as A, B. In Meroe 9/5 : )9-Ia/<: heads a phrase parallel to ^-5^, and this suggests that U/ ) should be read for U/ J in all the above cases. Terminal Formula G. This occurs thrice, in Kar. 14 A C G, Kar. 111 A F G, Sh. 14 ABG; also in /user. 87 A G, 89 G, 137 G A F. Kar. 14 <}93$^*,/<,;: Wiritelite appears to mean 'belonging to the inhabitant of Wiri ' ; in Kar. 19 it is spelt ^^A-?U/^ with Wire, and 9 /// ¥4 / W / & Were-teliye in Kar. 20, 2i. Another variant of the initial group is probably seen in -9W?3 Were- (Kar. 35). With Tarcsa-tame cf. Amani-tame (/user. 85), Pezemeke-tame (Kar. 100), and the divine (?) name Tarat. The title shashir seems to be found only at Karanog. In Kar. 21 we have ' kin of the prophet Menetel ', and Meneteli is the father in i2o. :; Kar. 90. Rectangular altar with spout and a plain rounded projection opposite to it, perhaps taken from the disk and horns of Isis as on the Golenischeff stela (/user. 131). The sunk field sculptured with two ewers pouring water on to eight loaves, below which is a cartouche-shaped bowl with triangular handle at each end. Inscription of two lines round border terminating in the field. Philadelphia, No. 7090, numbered G. 222, 'to which it probably belongs'. Lettering late. Published Karanbg Cent., PI. 15 and p. 241. 1 See also the note to Kar. 32. 2 Meroe, Pyr. L>. 10, see Inscr. 1, p. S7. 3 For Mencte (or Amancte?), a name of Amnion, see Inscr. 94/4, 5. CATALOGUE OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS 69 ' Aqamakas, bom of Baleke-Witeke, begotten of Qelekhar, kin of a pesti, wife of an ate in Pezeme.' Formulae AB. A full sister of the deceased in Kar. 122. Kar. 91. Altar of rough whitish sandstone, 26 cm. x 24 and with spout 34 cm. Cairo, •> No. 40189, numbered G. 241, to which it probably belongs, having been found in the dromos. Lettering late and faulty. 'The masqercs of the king, Tamakhe (?), born of Arekikali. begotten of Makas-tame.' Formulae A B. Kar. 92. Stela of brownish sandstone, 55x31 cm. Cairo, No. 40132, numbered G. 251, to which it probably belongs, having been found in the 'dromos'. Lettering late. ' Lapatenake, arebctake in Shimale ; and the tanyia Weshapatakizc, chief (Lady) of Music of Mash.' Formulae ABC (singular). [For the titles, see p. 82.] Kar. 93. Altar of whitish sandstone, 26 cm. x 22 and with spout 31 cm. Cairo, No. 40141, numbered G. 256, having been found loose in the sand on the north of that tomb. Lettering late and faulty. 1 Apateye.' Formulae A B. Kar. 94. Rectangular altar with spout, the sunk field sculptured with two amphorae pouring water upon two -^--shaped objects ; two round loaves on either side. The border engraved with three to four lines of inscription. Philadelphia, No. 7091, numbered G. 258, 'found against the middle of the south wall of G. 158'. Lettering transitional. Published Karanbg Cent., PI. 16 and p. 241. Two deceased are commemorated, and both are male ; the first by the epithets, the second by the ending U/ of the name. 'Taytinali, born of Meqen, begotten of Atakelcl, taqi of Mash, nialeke of Mash, a qeren' Formulae ABC. ' O Isis, O Osiris.' ' Tanikar, zaske of Mash.' Formulae A B. Kar. 95. Altar of whitish sandstone, 28x27 cm., the spout broken oft". Cairo, No. 40241, numbered G. 284, and found between 284 and 254. Lettering transitional. ' Zalisaye, truly born of Natakili, begotten of Shakhanateli.' Formulae ABC. Kar. 96. Rectangular altar with spout, the sunk field sculptured with a representation of Isis (on the right) wearing disk and horns opposite Anubis on the left, one hand of each raised, the other holding an amphora upside down between them ; the mouth of the amphora appears to rest on a rectangular table. Inscription of two lines round the border. Philadelphia, No. 7097, marked G. 285, having been found near the approach. Lettering late. Published Karanbg Cent., PI. 17 and p. 241. 'Amanilikhe, truly truly truly born of Natakili, truly begotten of Shaw . . li, kin of a s/ialeqcu, male- mars' P'ormulae CAB. The words of parentage are repeated to an extraordinary extent in this text. The mother is the same as in the last. Kar. 97. Stela of whitish sandstone, 34x28 cm. Cairo, No. 40184, marked G. 290, to which it probably belongs. Lettering late and very faint; it may be supposed that the stela had been coated with stucco which has fallen off. 70 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLUL ' Napatazale, begotten of Akheyantakc, born of Kaziqe\vil[e]li, truly (?) kin of (?) a paqar, kin of a pesti-krer (pcstc cadet?), kin of a kharpen in Pakharas, malc-mars in Nalcte.' Formulae A B. Perhaps ' kin of the kinsman of a paqar ' is the translation of the third phrase. Kar. 98. Altar of yellowish sandstone, 46 cm. x 37 and w ith spout 47 cm. Cairo, No. 40150, marked G. 301, to which it probably belongs. Lettering late. ' Nashayezakhete, born of Natakili, begotten of Aqayakar.' Formulae ABC. 'Kin of paqars, sister (?) of pcstcs, malc-mars in Nalcte.' It is interesting to find the last title applied to a woman. Kar. 99. Altar of sandstone, 39 cm. x 30 and with spout 39 cm. Cairo, No. 40126, marked G. 302, and perhaps belongs to G. 288. The inscription is carelessly written and engraved in the later style. ' Make[zeqe]li (?), begotten of Yilamenk, born of Ze . . kayc' Formulae A C (in the plural !). • Mczayeye, begotten of Nakali, born of Makezeqcli.' Formulae A H. The terminal phrase may be conjectured to read U/ J / ^ / malc-marscs, though my hand-copy hardly suggests it. Mother and son are here commemorated together : both are entitled malc-mars, a phrase which applies to women as well as men, see the last. The formulae attached to the first name are written in the plural, evidently by inadvertence. This is the only case in which plural forms occur with a single name : on the other hand, in inscriptions commemorating more than one person the formulae are not uncommonly written in the singular, see Kar. 6, 8, 9, 60, 92. Kar. 100. Altar of pale sandstone, 43 cm. x 30 and with spout 40 cm. Cairo, No. 40259, marked G. 318, to which it probably belongs, having been found 60 cm. from the SE. corner. Lettering transitional. ' Pezemeke-tame, kin of a paqar, brother of one belonging to a peshtc.' Formulae B A C. For the name compounded with that of Apezemak see the note to Kar. 89. Kar. 101. Altar of whitish sandstone, 37 cm. x 25 and with spout 36 cm. Cairo, No. 40244, marked G. 327, to which tomb it perhaps belongs, having been found just north of it. Lettering late transitional. 'Ten . . zakhite, begotten of Male-shakhili, born of Metcmanisali, wife of a kharpakli (?), wife of a pcstc, sister (?) of a shasha\ Formulae CAB. ' Zabetelite, male, begotten of Yetematar, born of Kazeyet (?)/ Formulae C C. It seems probable that written at the end of 1. 8 is falsely repeated at the beginning of 1. 9. Kar. 102. Four fragments, of which three have been joined, of a sandstone tablet with raised edges still visible on the left hand and lower sides, while the top and right-hand edges are lost ; portions of nine lines of inscription engraved between rules, and a rough rule cutting the lines down the middle. Philadelphia, Nos. 9090-4, marked G. 219. Lettering late. 1 This stela commemorated the same pair of brothers as the fragmentary altar Kar. 45 from the same tomb. The initial words and first name were lost at the beginning; in 11. 1-2 (originally 2-3?) restore %^[/l^J]9 ^^^l^] ' are of Amanap', followed by ' sheni of Ammon ', and ' malc\ The name of the second deceased Bak[ireze] is followed by a fragment ' Wil . . .' which must have belonged to the mother's name, having the B word (repeated) in the plural, 1 The photograph out of order on PI. 27. CATALOGUE OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS 71 occupying the gap in 11. 6-7; and thereafter the father's title ) /IJf ^ ' prophet ' seems traceable, and the ending of the C word in the plural as in Kar. 45. Finally, 1. 8 contained a short phrase ending with the masculine epithet 9^^J^9^ i ^3 in the plural 'brothers') 0 ), showing that both of the persons commemorated were men. Rut if. as is quite possible, a line were entirely missing between 5 and 6 this restoration could be greatly modified. With 'are of Amanap' compare ' are of Amnion' ^^-^7^/9^. in Kar. 58. Amanap, like Amani and the other derived names, is usually written without the initial vowel ; but after £ the vowel is more often preserved, as after belelcke in Kar. 46, see also 34. Kar. 103. Altar of whitish sandstone, 37 cm. x 26, and with spout 33 cm. Cairo, Xo. 40173, marked G. 359, having been found between that and 212. Lettering transitional. The deceased is a man by the ending Ia/ of his name. ' Tenazakhar, begotten of a peslitc. born of Nabeyareshakhi, sashe of Mash, shalkhash of Amanap.' Formulae A B. Although the father is here designated only by his title, Tenazakhar seems to be a brother of the woman in Kar. 8, which is in a later style of writing. Kar. 104. Fragment of rectangular altar comprising one corner and edge to the spout (which does not project), showing also the plain hollow of the field. The border engraved with two to three lines of inscription ; two characters are also seen in the field. Philadelphia, 9088 B, from Karanog cemetery. Lettering late. 1 This fragment is chiefly interesting for its plural forms. A portion of a descriptive phrase in the plural, and the terminal formulae A and B, also in the plural, are preserved. Kar. 105. Altar of whitish sandstone, 35 cm. x 22 and with spout 29 cm. Cairo, No. 40240, marked G. 363, and perhaps belongs to 379. Lettering transitional. 1 Shake-Ziye, meson of Ammon. mesi of Amanap. s/ialkh of Amanap, begotten of Masaye. born of Oeweli.' Formulae ABC. Kar. 106. Stela of red sandstone, 31 x 29 cm. Cairo, marked G. 363. Lettering late. ' The honourable Aretanaye, kin of pestes.' There is no invocation. Kar. 107. Stela of sandstone, 61x37 cm., with a vague painting in white below the inscription, possibly intended for a goddess and Anubis standing with a jar between them (cf. Karanog Cem., Pi. 17, No. 7097), and engraved line bounding the field below. Cairo, No. 40128, marked G. 363, and belonged perhaps to G. 379. The lettering is of transitional type, and employs **-[/ 'envoy of (ie. to?) Rome', cf. Inscr. 129/4. It might be presumed that the personage represented by this remarkable sculpture was of special importance. Kar. 113. Irregular slab of brownish sandstone, 45 x 39 cm., engraved on one face with a line of Egyptian demotic followed by a line of Meroitic. Cairo, No. 40186, marked G. 439. Egyptian inscription : P-§r-mr(?)sy P-a-tc^S ' Pshenw;-(?), son of Petesi '. From the style it is probably not earlier than the later Ptolemies and may be of Roman period. The father's name means 'Gift of Isis ' and is very common in Egypt; that of the deceased should mean ' Son of Mr ', but I do not know this divine name Mr elsewhere. Meroitic inscription: ' Samalze-lakh 'The elder (?) Samalze '. Undoubtedly contemporary with the Egyptian ; it may be the Meroitic name of the same man. The lettering is transitional. Kar. 114. Altar of pale sandstone, the central pit with two flights of steps, 43 cm. x 35 and with spout 40 cm. Cairo, No. 40256, marked G. 467. Writing late transitional. ' Shanashaye, truly born of Yetaremali, begotten of Tabikhekhaye.' Formulae ABC. ' O Isis, O Osiris.' Kar. 115. Stela with rounded top, engraved with an inscription ot five complete lines and two characters in a sixth line. A deep notch cut into each side at the fifth line subsequently. Philadelphia, No. 7107, marked G. 770, having been found in 'the dromos Lettering late. Published Karanbg Cem., PI. 20 and p. 241. ' The honourable Mapetawe.' Formulae A C. Kar. 116. Altar of pale sandstone, 33 cm. x 26 and with spout 34 cm., purple colour on the offerings, the inscription divided into compartments by engraved lines. Cairo, No. 40114, marked G. 641, and probably belongs to G. 665. Lettering late, but f for the usual ty/l '. The deceased is male by the ending U/ of his name; and is a full brother of those in Kar. 50 and 59. ' Tapetemakhcr, born of Yilakhamali, begotten of Shaweyibar, kin of a peste, kin of the beliUke (in) Napata, kin of the beliUke of Amanap,' Formulae A B C. 1 See the note on p. 47. CATALOGUE OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS 73 Kar. 117. Altar of whitish sandstone, 32 cm. x 27 and with spout 33 cm. Cairo, No. 40177, marked G. 650, having been found in its dromos. Lettering transitional. 1 Nalakiz, begotten of Temeyali, born of Kazipeleyi, kin of a prophet of Amanap, kin of a shante of Amanap, male-mars! Formulae A B C E. Kar. 118. Slab of brown sandstone, h. 40 cm., w. 23 cm. Cairo, No. 40182, marked G. 650. Lettering late. ' Saber, born of Sabezaman[i], begotten of Zekeli, brother of a prophet.' Formulae A B. Kar. 119. Stela of white sandstone, h. 28 cm., w. 27 cm. Cairo, No. 40298, marked G. 650. Lettering late. 'Ar . . qer, kin of a prophet of Amanap, begotten of Amewil (?), born of ShatakinayiV Formulae C A B E. Kar. 120. Altar of whitish sandstone, with disk and remains of horns (of Isis) projecting opposite the spout, 1 31-30 cm. x 3 and with projections 42 cm. Cairo, No. 401 55, marked G. 672, to which it probably belongs. Lettering late. ' Shatepenayi, born of Shamakas, begotten of Meneteli, kin of a peste.' Formulae A B. Kar. 121. Spout broken from an altar, inscribed with three lines on each border and one in the channel. Philadelphia, from Karanog cemetery. Lettering late. 2 This tantalizing fragment is of interest as preserving in 11. 7, 8 a parallel to a remarkable descriptive phrase on the important stela Kar. 47, and in 1. 14 a portion of a new descriptive phrase. Kar. 122. Altar of whitish sandstone, 38 cm. x 26 and with spout 36 cm. Cairo, No. 40147, marked G. 677, and probably belongs to G. 709. Lettering late. The deceased appears to be a man by the epithet A sister is commemorated in Kar. 90, and his mother in 125. 1 Meqenali, born of Baleke-Witeke, begotten of Oelekhar, beleleke of Amanap, kin of a peshte, brother (?) of a peshte, male-mars.' Formulae ABC. Kar. 123. Altar of sandstone, 37 cm. x 27 and with spout 32 cm. Cairo, No. 40166, marked G. 698. Lettering transitional. ' Maqeshalawaterer, shini of Amanap, sheni(?) of Amanap, shini of Amanap, male' Formula C. ' Born of Nakhali, begotten of a shalkhash.' The repetition of the descriptive phrase seems extraordinary ; it is perhaps for emphasis. 3 Kar. 124. Altar, unusually thick, of sandstone, 36 cm. x 35 and with spout 42 cm. Cairo, No. 40107, marked G. 699, having been found against its south wall. Lettering late. ' Kharmalemakas.' Formulae A B. ' Begotten of the cakarctri Makhizaz, born of Mali- Taraqize, wife of an amere of Amanap, kin of a peshte, sister (?) of a peshte, sister (?) of a belileki, {ma)le-mars, male, kin of a sham, sham, wife.' Her full brother and sister are commemorated in Kar. 78, 79. Kar. 125. Rectangular altar with spout, the sunk field sculptured with two ewers pouring water into a cartouche-shaped bowl; above are a pyramidal heap of fruit and four loaves, and on either side a lotus-flower between two buds, three lines of inscription engraved on border. Philadelphia, No. 7095, numbered G. 701, having been found 'virtually in position'. Lettering late. Published Karanog Can., PI. 17 and p. 241. 1 Cf. Inscr. 131, and 90 above. 2 The photograph shown on PI. 29. 3 Cf. the reduplications on p. 37. L 74 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SIIABLUL 1 Baleke-Witeke, born of Qenanaye, begotten of Zabeli, kin of a paqar, sister (?) of a peshte, sister (?) of a kharpkhan, sister (?) of a beleleke in Napata, mother of a peshte, belonging to the mothers of a beleleke in Napata and (of a beleleke) in Pezeme, wife of a prophet of Amanap, wale, male-mars! Formulae ABE. This fine monument is our principal source for the descriptive epithets of a woman. The lady commemorated was the mother in Kar. 90 and 122. Kar. 126. Altar of whitish sandstone, 37x33 cm. Cairo, No. 401 to, marked G. 701. Lettering archaic. The deceased person is evidently a man by his title and description. ' The shake Tamashakhazi, 1 samckeke and (?) prophet of Isis, sheni of Ammon, panqes of hv^moxi, pashe' Formulae FA. 2 Kar. 127. Altar of whitish sandstone, unusually thick, 27 cm. x 31 and with spout 40 cm. Cairo, No. 40263, marked G. 704, to which tomb it possibly belongs, having been found 1-50 m. north of its approach. Lettering transitional. The deceased must be a woman by the epithets. The phrase in 11. 13-15 seems to have been substituted for 9$ / ^ J// t^Wl^J (a/ /$- or something similar. There are several other mistakes and alterations. 'Bekhaye.' Formulae CD2AB. ' Sister (?) of a paqar, sister (?) of an are-tawte, mother of a peshte, mother of a kharpkhan, male, makalaiv male, qeri male, mother of (?) a maleivi, sister of (?) a malewi.' Formula C. Kar. 128. Altar of whitish sandstone, 32 cm. x 28 and with spout 32 cm. Cairo, No. 401 15, marked G. 704, having been found against its north wall. Lettering transitional. ' Khamakhar.' Formulae A B. ' Mashkhat of Ammon, sheni of Mash, mareperi in Shimale, shaikh in Nalete (?). O Isis, O Osiris ! ' Formula C. Kar. 129. Stela slab of greyish sandstone, h. 50, w. 33 cm. Cairo, No. 40188, marked G. 704, to which it probably belongs, having been found by its NW. corner. Lettering late transitional. ' Kazi-Qebatas, born of Bekheye, begotten of the zakaretari Makhewitar, kin of a peste! The deceased is evidently a woman, having apparently the title V/*^ preceding her name. She is full sister of the persons commemorated in Kar. 29 and 31, and her mother is commemorated in Kar. 127. Kar. 130. Altar of whitish sandstone, 27 cm. x 24 and with spout 34 cm. Cairo, No. 40156, marked G. 712, to which it belongs. Lettering late. ' Menatayz (?), born of Pezeme-zeke, begotten of the kharpkhan Tezeke, sister (?) of a peste.' Formulae A B. The deceased person is a woman by the descriptive phrase. The last letter is therefore not to be restored as u/. Kar. 131. Diminutive stela of sandstone. On one face is painted a standing figure in profile, with napkin (?) in the left hand, and above is an inscription of three lines written in ink. Philadelphia, No. 7086, from ' dromos ' of G. 178. Lettering late transitional. Published Karanbg Cem., PI. 12 and p. 240. ' The honourable Shelakhiye. O Isis, O Osiris ! bebaz.' 1 Compare the father's name in Kar. 44. 1 It seems as if 11. 8-10 are confused and A F intended :— ? otherwise there is an inexplicable J in 1. 8. CATALOGUE OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS 75 The invocation is not in its usual place at the beginning of the inscription, and the last group is puzzling. Kar. 132. Altar of whitish sandstone, 42 cm. x 33.5 and with spout 41 cm. In the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford ; found on the sheikh's tomb at Karanog 1 with others uninscribed or worn smooth. The inscription (late) is written round the edge in the reverse of the usual way, as if to be read from the outside instead of the inside' of the altar, and it ends on the field in five lines which succeed each other from bottom to top. A rough copy made on the spot shows some signs (in 11. 3 and 7) which were broken away from the spout in transit to England. These are inserted in the plate with dots round. ' Zem . . . tes, begotten of Zewitar, born of Ralaye, great (lady) of Music of Isis, wife of 2 a masqires in Shimale.' Formulae B A C. Sh. 1. Rectangular altar with spout ; the field outlined but not sunk, sculptured with two ewers pouring water, a vase between and above them, an oval basin below. Underneath, between this representation and the spout, is a vessel on a stand between two frogs (or kneeling figures). An inscription engraved in two lines on the border at the top is continued in eleven lines on each side of the representation in the field, crossing from side to side in half lines. The arrangement is thus like that of a stela, but with the projection below. Philadelphia, No. 5100, size 39 x34 cm., found behind tomb 23, immediately outside the SE. coiner. Published Areika, PI. 32 and p. 31. Lettering late. 'Talaye, born of Kizateliye, begotten of Takheye, kin of the shanamazes in Ten, tnali- mars in Ten.' Formulae A B C D. Sh. 2. Rectangular altar with spout, the sunk field sculptured with two ewers pouring water on to four round cakes, a cartouche-shaped bowl between them. Inscription in one to two lines round the border. Philadelphia, No. 5101, size 29x29 cm. Found in position (?) in front of tomb 25. Published Areika, PI. 32 and p. 31. Lettering late. ' Khawitan . . . . e, born of Takharelikaze, begotten of Oeremaye.' Formulae ABC. Sh. 3. Rectangular stela with projection at top, inscribed with eleven horizontal lines. Cairo, No. 39276, brownish sandstone, size 29 cm. x 29 and with projection 32 cm. Published as Ph. 5102 in Areika, PI. 33 and p. 31. Marked Shablul 22, having been found between tombs 22 and 12 ; it may therefore have belonged to 22. Lettering late. The name is probably that of a woman, from its composition, and the number of kinships claimed. ' O Isis, O Osiris, O Maklakh ! Beleleye, truly born of Akesaye, kin of the chief qereu in Bezewe Yesbekhe, kin of the chief envoy Zezewiye, kin of the chief envoy Natepeke, male-mars in Ten.' Formulae A B. Sh. 4. Rectangular stela, shaped like an altar, with projection at top, engraved with nine lines of inscription between rules. Philadelphia, No. 5103, size 42 x 30 cm. Found on tomb 14. Published Areika, PI. 33 and p. 32. Lettering late. The epithets, especially /^/U//U/ show that the deceased was a man. ' Yiwaletey, born of Arekaye, s/iiremareke-cadet, shamat-ca.de\., skebak/ie-cadet, ivale ke-c&dct, envoy of the king.' Formulae B A C. 1 Karanog Cem., PI. no. 2 Read probably L 3 76 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLUL Sh. 5. Altar-shaped stela with projection below, engraved with eight horizontal lines of inscriptions. Philadelphia, No. 5104, size 31x32 cm., found in front of tomb 14. Published Areika, PI. 33 and p. 32. Lettering late. The name ending in (a/ shows that the deceased was a man. 'Oemashkhar, truly born of Shaqehye, begotten of Mashmashemali, s/iashimetc of Mash, malc-mars in Ten.' Formulae A B C. Sh. 6. Rectangular stela with small projection at the top, inscribed with ten lines between rules. Cairo, No. 39275, brownish sandstone, size cm. x 23 and with projection 27 cm., marked Shablul 23, to which it probably belongs, having been found in front of it. Published . \reika, PI. 34 and p. 32 as Ph. 5105. Lettering late. ' The honourable Oereqcye, begotten of the mezi Tebazetemeyc, born of Nawi . ye, kin of the envoy Yisbekhe, wife of the marxsh Tanabelile." Formulae A B C. ' Malc-mars in Ten.' Sh. 7. Stela tapering slightly upward, with small dove-tail projection at top ; inscribed with eleven horizontal lines of inscription. Philadelphia, No. 5106, size 31x22 cm., found outside SW. corner of tomb 32. Published Areika, PI. 34 and p. 32. Lettering of the later style, with a peculiar form for the fr- seen also on the altar Sk. 17, belonging to the same person. ' Tcshaye, born of Takizaye, begotten of Shabareye.' Formulae A B C I. Sh. 8. Rectangular stela with dove-tailed projection at top and square drafted upon it, engraved with an inscription of ten horizontal lines. Philadelphia, No. 5107, size 42 x 29 cm. Found in the centre of tomb 34. Published Areika, PI. 34 and p. 32. Lettering late. ' Nashaye, mother of the chief envoy [Ta?]ni, born of Shiwe, begotten of the shashamari Peshilikar.' Formulae ABC. Sh. 9. Rectangular altar with spout, the field deeply hollowed, border engraved with one to two lines of inscription. Philadelphia, No. 5108, size 36 X35 cm. Either this or No. 12 was found on tomb 33. Published Areika, PI. 34 and p. 32. Lettering late. ' Shizckenaye, born of Nashaye, begotten of Khaqelawi.' Formulae A B. Sh. IO. Rectangular altar with spout, the field hollowed, border engraved with one or two lines of inscription. Philadelphia, No. 5109, size 36x31 cm. Found near tomb 33. Published Areika, PI. 35 and p. 32. Writing late. The deceased is evidently a woman by the beginning of her name, and she seems to be connected with a Karanog family by her mother's name. ' Kazibaye, born of Temey-kaziye, begotten of Azeqenak.' Formulae ABC. Sh. 11. Altar-shaped stela rudely shaped with projection above ; two lines of inscription engraved and horizontal rules drafted below. Philadelphia, No. 51 10, size 37x30 cm. Found midway between tombs 16 and 17, and therefore may have belonged to tomb 30. Published Areika, PI. 38 and p. 32. Writing late. ' Meke, truly (?) born of Arme . . zi.' Sh. 12. Rectangular altar with spout, the square centre deeply hollowed, with four circular loaves engraved above and below, two lines of inscription on the border. Philadelphia, No. 5111, size 33x34 cm. This or No. 9 was found over tomb 33. Published Areika, PI. 35 and p. 3a. Lettering late. CATALOGUE OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS ' Wikhiye (?)> born of Wikelele, begotten of Kesheteye; and Tctepemate, born of Miniye, begotten of the tnezi Maritelaye.' Formulae A B. 1 Sh. 13. Rectangular altar with spout, the sunk field sculptured with an amphora on a stand between four loaves, margin engraved with two lines of inscription. Philadelphia, No. ,5113, size 34x35 cm. Found outside XW. corner of tomb 11 to which it probably belongs. Published Areika, PI. 36 and p. 3a. Lettering late. ' Kelkhc, truly truly born of Shiteli (?), begotten of the shaleqen Kelqcli.' Formulae ABC. Sh. 14. Rectangular stela with dove-tail projection below, engraved with inscription of twelve lines. Philadelphia, Xo. 5114, size 35 x 44 cm. Found over vault of tomb 18. Published Arc/l'a, PI. 36 and p. 33. Lettering late. ' Oeremanaye, born of Xasha/.iye, begotten of Be .... ; and Shakelaye born of Akapaye, begotten of Temeyaye.' Formulae A B G (plural). ' O Patret (?) '. For the last word cf. Kar. 68. Sh. 15. Rectangular altar with spout, the centre sunk as a reservoir, with two staircases on opposite sides, inscription in two lines round border. Cairo, No. 39266, yellowish sandstone, size 32 cm. x 29 and with spout 38 cm., marked Shablul 28 E, having been found in the middle of that tomb below the vault. Published Areika, PI. 36 and p. 32 as Ph. 51 15. Writing late and incorrect. ! Terinaye, born of Pemimi (?), begotten of Wazakiz.' Formulae A B C. Sh. 16. Round-topped stela with traces of a scene in red paint, representing a man facing to the left with arm raised apparently in adoration to a figure occupying more space on the left. An inscription is engraved in fifteen lines between the figures above and below the hands. Philadelphia, No. 51 16, size 37 x 28 cm. Found over tomb 30 b. Published Areika, PI. 37 and p. 32. Lettering late. ' S . . m . . tashi, truly born of Lataye, truly begotten of Xashaqeye.' Formulae ABC. Sh. 17. Rectangular altar with spout, the field deeply sunk, inscription lightly engraved round border in two lines. Philadelphia, No. 5117, size 34x26 cm. Found over tomb 31. Published Areika, PI. 37 and p. 32. The lettering is of the later style, and uses the peculiar form of ^- which is found on No. 7, q.v. ' Teshaye, truly born of Takizeye, begotten of [Shabarajye.' Formulae A [. .] Sh. 18. Stela roughly shaped, 'painted with a full-length figure in red, executed in Egyptian style with apron in white ; a single line of inscription in black (?) along the top edge. Philadelphia, Xo. 5121, size 31 x 23 cm. Found at front end of 33 b. Published Areika, PI. 38 and p. 32. The inscription may consist of the name alone. ' Shaleyibezepemal (?).' Sh. 19. Rectangular stela shaped like an altar with spout at top, engraved with eleven lines of inscription between rules. Cairo, No. 39265, size 41 cm. x 40 and with projection 46 cm. Found at Shablul. Lettering late. 'Yinqe, born of Paqazaye, begotten of Weniye, kin of the strategus Taltabal, kin of the strategus Berakhil, kin of the envoy Wesh-takel, male-mars in TenV Formulae B A C J. 1 Both plural, L\/ C 93 ^ continues with ?:/*- . . • 3. . . /&:WJ*-l}¥-[ . . . 4. . . . Z?;¥**~9S[9/,]9ZS* J >*1. • • 5- • • • V^ZA}*/// [.]/-*-//*- . . . 6. ... /l?l?-lA/[.] :jjA<,f/:f} . • . 7- • • • t-9U" . . . The appearance inside and out suggests the above arrangement of the fragments, and the word in 1. 4 ' in Pezeme ' seems to confirm it. According to this the two fragments join at the corner. Kar. Ostr. 2. Marked ' 9047. G. N. end of cemetery '. Piece from a large vessel of buff ware with reddish surface decorated with a pale buff line edged with purple. The top and right-hand edges are perfect, the left-hand edge is probably incomplete. 3 1. :/ . 9Z?///:y///JSJ//J 2. : ./*- . ¥£? ///&:/// X 4- • < . . /'/// ■ • • :9 If, 8. ///... 1 Inscr. II, ad loc. 8 Jnscr. 90. 3 See PI. 30. So INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLUL Kar. Ostr. 3. Marked 9048, coarse red surface inside and out ; inscribed on front and back in white. Karanbg Cemetery, PI. 96, 89 54 n, b. Exterior . . . ? ? . . . lfS 1 •> 1 •> IJ9<,9I3 Interior **-9£? ^ I J/19 is Kar. Ostr. 4. Marked 9046, very coarse red fragment of a large vessel ; written in white ink. 1 1. :A9 1 ¥S//39///9)9?^ ? cf. 54 B ia Vi//39////*-9) (woman) 2 b ¥i/<,9 (man) 3 V39/39////^) ? cf. ioS A 4 9i//39/// •> 12 ¥i/ /39///^^¥^^ o* cf. 33 A, &c. 13 9*//3¥*)4//39^ o» 14 9S//3^/)3/3 15 **9/3WfWi/<, *i9l39t/l) ) 16 9i//39^3JH)) B 9 ///WW 3 9 t,[W3]w }{*&)) 78 B, 79 B, 124 B 9///V&1///9J/*- i8B, 32 B, .59 A 9 ///*?*! 81 B, 82 A, 86 B S/^^^iJ^B, 32A *}3/w //I9C A 103 B *?J//A9? ! l cf. 6 B 9/^/3^/^-9) 9///9J,*^d. r )4 c, &c. J//U^ 9////)lA/)/^ [?<& / 9W??] cf. 23 CC • • «T*9J*-$^cf. 9 C ¥4//3//3 17 C, 23 C, 49 C t1AVr9iA/} cf. 23 CC, 40 C l, of the mother impossit omposition and writing, meaning of the proper names is understood it is the signs. W3JH cf.52B (and 103 C) 9///¥^9)<9^. 4 C yrr3 cf. 9 A 9//tl/'ty// 9//// t 7? 9/11)3) 9////t<9^ 1 The name of the deceased is in A, of the mother impossible to fix the precise spellings owing to bad in B, of the father in C. Until the composition and writing, injury, and general ambiguity in the forms of 88 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLUL Kar A 17 93/&fJL**/tJ 6* brother of 23 A i« Vi//39fi"jt,*3J9d cf. S/i. 15 C 19 VS/O'rWt-flA/Vi 89 A, 20 B, 21 B 20 -¥ J 7/*-9(A/9W5Z^ 9i//3 cf. 21 A 21 -^A-[5u/5U/5^] y^//^ a* cf. 20 A 22 <&/<,////*-/<,; 23 ¥i//39///^¥^l^ 6 A, cf. 9 AA vi/ /3 9/39///9 £,}(/ /3) *rt9/39///9 1¥&91a/9& //3^¥^^ B 9 JL 1 ^ if 6 BB, 23 B, 32 A, cf. 27 B 9 /// ZJ// 9 J 4B, 32 B, 59 A 9///A//5^8 9 B 9 ///¥$/*- 19 A, 21 B, 89 A [5///y*/]Wu//3 sec the last *>9ts 9 }%!(•'////) 9t,*?ymJ) 6BB, j 7 B, 32 A 9///f"r cf. 6 B, 33 A 5,?/// cf. 29 B, 31 B, 127 A, 129 B %9t",}A9lW# 9/// 91)} cf. 17 B 9 /////, 5^ 9} 94 B ¥A$3J9I3*-) (?) 941 139) /) J// 99) 59 94 //3 9/// 9* JJ// 9J/+- 4 B, 18 B, 3a B 60 -^5^ / 1(. , (a/5(a/9^)| cf. 61 AA 941 13/19 f 99"^. > 61 - U/ C cf. 34 B, 65 B, ] 24 A 9////L/3J A 9+91/^*,) 57 B ^ Ift-Vi ) 56 B ^ £^ cf. 82 B w}39l *X W 9 94/^93 iA/f949 ll6C > % 9 116 B descr - 9 ///[.]^ ///S*-9l?*3 91/1/391,9^ (J W"*" 9^;^^// 49 B, 50 B, 59 B, ^^fU/;5U/^ cf. 64 C 116 B 9///*£u/9^ 9///9 ! }9/!/9fi,l^ 1 1JA//I9<9^ Ia/Z///[/]39^ UK9)} cf. 4 4C 127 *H9/39///)y cf. 129 B 128 t H//3^))< 129 }r90:V/, 3^ 130 Vi/*,jL///9/t9J 131 / !39///trzt,93 132 l rt//3J///^ ... J9fi, B zn^^rj// WAt3J3 J//3^J3 9l/^-9i(9l9^^) 9 o B, 125 A 9j,V/3 79 B 9///A^9/3 W///9J/*- cf. 23 A A and 4 B ^91J Ji cf. 52 B, 110B W /*-//{? J in descr. 21 ^)/ £ f 9/3 90C (J^^J title) 5^»W)3B, 7 8B, ^v?, 7 8C )79 C 79 B 5///5 / ?/^2 9 B,3iB, cf. 25 B, I W}¥$9)J 29C31C, 55 C 127 A 9 3Jt,9J9t,9$^ cf. 52 A, 9 3J^/<^d. 110B, 52 B 100 A <"}¥S9/, Sk. 1 *i//39 ///<,$ 2 *<33//_? 9 /Ov^C 3 Vi-'/ /3 9 ////*, /<,9r ? 4 W / 4J:/iA/9J9Z > . /^3/d „ V t H/ £ j\ t H 9///w}iA/t/ „ :^*9////9J9/i9Zs l¥^:&< 13 If „ 9*4- t/L' » Vi/49/,S99///:}ZJlJ „ W/4/'9< r „ 91a/9^ title of AA Kar. 6, v. J 9 ^ Kar. 78 (man) Sh. 6 ? Sli. 19 Sh. 4 Sh. 3 ? Sh. 3 ? Kar. 56 (man) S/i. 8 (woman) Kar. 124, v. ^5 3^ Kar. 47 cr 1 A'rtT. 21 A'#;\ 21 A'rtr. 15 (man) Kar. 21 o 71 Avrr. 47 0^, cf. 121 Kar. 87 /frtr. 21 o 71 A'ar. 117, 119 (man) Kar. 12.5 (woman) A'ar. 15 (man), cf. 21 a* A'rtr. 19-89 (woman) A'rtr. 21 A'<7r. 50, 69 title of A (man), Kar. 56, of C, A'rt;-. 60 Kar. 60 A'dr. 19-89 (woman) Kar. 118 (man) A'rtr. 22 Kar. 102 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLOL / J/ }/lfK Kaf 92 £ t-9A^ 4/4-9)//3}9Zj/3) }9Z^ Kar. 59 ? 92149 /L) 99111 911/1/3:9 /3):f9Z*. Kar. 49 °* y^/^-9^ title of C, A*rt/\ 22 i9S)/49JLJ99///-'/S9j,9Z/*-9Z. Kar - 2 7> 68 92/492:^941 ) » Kar. 87 o* 921 4) J//:/) „ Kar. 9° 9il49t,?$9//f:4*-J//ffi.X9-l3*-9K Kar. 56 (man) £^/*5- y^l? 3*7-93^ Kar. 67 92/4/4 J 4/£9Z^ Kar. 84 //// title (?) of B, ATar, 22 ^/// title (?) of A, Kar. 34 o*, 85 924-3) 9l/±-/W9l/l Kar.69^ 4-93 /4-9W9 13 J// III Kar. 41 ^ AJ, ) 9 II/// title (?) of A, Kar. 1 1 1 92/49^)^9/1/ 4/4-9): A}9) 99/// Kar. 17 o* J// 9 13 9 H ) 9 9 III title of A A, Kar. 1 .5 92/4/W/iA/ I J//9AJ l& Kar - 4 1 . 77 -?9/// 49-r94flA9-0j / A'flr. 7 2 - 7") 1 /4/4-A 9$9 ^ „ A^r. 47 °* I49JU99III 9//W I /3J//9//I Kar. 112 92*7-3/3 0<9^3 Kar. 132 ? 92*7-3) 0<99^3 Kar. 92 92I4IW/W ^ 919 43 Kar. 78 (man), 4 9214/^9) 9/i92 Kar.67 1 ^4. ending ^ becomes ^, see p. 23; so the title ivimanis + lah, 'great' becomes w£ A. DESCRIPTIONS IN ORDER OF FIRST WORDS 97 ^9^9^, 9£99/LJ}9/// r9J//: 124 ? 8 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG AND SHABLUL ¥i/49 IpM/*-:*,^ J9^ Kar. 10 3 9*/49j,J99///-'4} / i99J99///'-'f0i//3^Kar. 17 6*, 97 ¥i/49 }9///: „ Kar. 59 ? . 75, 7 8 o*. 79 ? ¥3/49 JL J S*~ 9/// » Kar. 100 ¥3149 Ji? fi,9:¥4 » Kar. 125 (woman) {¥&)/49 }9/// f94 „ Kar. 3 ? , 53, 54 ? , 73, 9 8 ? ¥3 ZJ/ 9 49 }i) */ 9 l/f f9 4 „ Kar. 23, 29 ¥3/49JLJ}9///:f'94'7-J//9$Jfi'94 „ Kar. 72 \9fi,?$9IU „ .. » ATar. »5 L¥3^9^/09Z^ t3<^¥j»lj4Wl 13%^ Kar. 127 r:/rf-'A99S}9Z:'Jiyvw//3:(A//3i^ Kar. 47 L¥3/49t,J}9/// f 1 •> 1 V*/* ?J/l:wls$l):ii9t,9S^Kar. 30 ? J//$JU title of A, Afar. 1 ? y-U/5^5U/; title of C, ATar. 53 ¥3/4'*-l4?¥l „ A'«r. J 7 o*. 49 o* „ „ ATor. 128 (man) ^ / title (?) of A, AVw. 32 ; of B, Kar. 3, 17 7 1 . 72. 75; of BB, Kar. 6 {¥3)14/4) v. index B ¥34rW )''I4) Kar. 27, 49 o*, 61 ? , 96, 117, 122 0*, 125 final in A'ar. 71, 72, 75 *fHJs/ 3 ? > 5 (man), 6 ? , 19 ¥3/49 JL) }9 ///? 4/4-9 ///¥}9^ J/////1 94) Kar. 56 c ^ /4/4-3-'¥3/4) Kar. 127 ? 4-¥AZj » Artn 127 ? ^ ; y A'«7'. 111 ^-¥4^J//9ijA4) Kar. 12 o* ¥3^3) '9 194) Kar. 37 (A 38 (man), 94 ¥3/493/OU9lj¥49)) Kar. 41 <)J!/ ) title of A, A' W< Kar. 127 i H e ^- l /^l^ %Ja/< Kar. 125 (woman) W,)J// 9///9<,//3 J//V+^J//9$^AW,< Kar.g ' Vi/^JJ// Kar. 64, 132 V4/W//3/& K5^HH 5 ^ A ^ ; - ^AJ// title of C, AT«r. 59 Vi/49/,J}9/// Kar. 27 *5/^Vf*l:^9^J//^J^9//l ! l9)¥ J 7 9^ /*r\///t^9-)/l/ „ three times Kar. 123 (man) (^)^r- J/ „ Kar. 44 128 t rt<^¥ J 7^J//9$^J//9 1,) OJ Kar. 49 o* cf. J//9^? ! /3 9S/<7/*-J:99jLJAJ Kar. 79 ? ti>/ i j l tf'ljJ//9/i) A3 Kar. 79 ? *H/ 53. IC A "5, -S*- 6 ? fift) y-u///^ ATrtf. 127 ? '9fi,9y:)<,A9wf/3 Sh. 3 ? L^/*5/C7?9/// l rt/9 }i: 9 *,) J//9W f 13 Kar. 47 l rtf'f9/h9ly-^/'5£y///, Kar. 94 £ (man), 103 (man) ¥S/4S*-J ///*i-t3ti^S//JJ „ Kar. 9 ^ ^/S- ^ /^J „ Aa*\ 37 V-tA/ £ 9 (a/ ^/C title of C, A'rtr. 29, 77, 78, 124, 129, cf. 62 C (apparently three distinct though related names ; in 79 one of the names occurs without the title) . • -]3 J/W[ ];f94*}/lA/ [ Kar. 121 t rtZ/"*-9JLJ:/^9/// 9riA///3y///9///[.]J94/lSi- Kar. 122 t T -¥ J r9 ) 9 ^ Aa;-. 1 1 2, cf. 7«.srr. 1 29 INDEX B TITLES AND DESCRIPTIVE PHRASES IN THE ORDER OE THE FINAL WORDS 1 Final 9 ^ /(a/ 9 A' 9^. title of A A, A'ar. 6 ¥$/*,/J/S9^ Kar. 78 (man) ^^-CJA^]?^ 51a/9[^] Kar. 102, see p. 70 Wr/!J9Z^ 9U/9^ ATar. 58 :9^/4/ Kar. 47 (man) < ilJ l l9///:9)/f/J//<£///:/±-/f/l9 ^ A'ar. 2 1 o* ••////^-9. 117, 119 o* ^ t/l/ Kar. 1 5 ^ : *i s*-f ) : } njl^Kar. 21 o* cf. 19 '9///nj)n^J//3J:^^ Kar. 60 (pi.), cf. A*;-, -j , C -'A ... [.'JKS3J?) ATar. 88 (or /W£5 3J :iA/^90 9 U/ 9^ Kar. 70 -'l t,3:W3 /*-9^ AW. 56 o* / >'*-9J:A)9J ' f 9/// Kar. 17 ^ 9f/w//3j//9//f )}WlS;/&}] Kar. 112 ^9^91/^/^,9^ Kar. 17 ^ U<,/<,9r Kar. 30 ?, 116^ f'*-%JIJ:9 3J',/',9fS Kar. 23 (pi.) AW. 116V -9^<-(^5^.-J/7^9^ 19 9f}9):3/J<,9$^ Sk. 19 ^(j)^5^Ak r 9 ?> 6 j ? , 64 (pi.), 9 o ?, 1x60^, 122 124 ? , 129 ? f9<,^(3)J//9$^Kar. 3, 17 d* 23 (pi.), 29 (pi.), 53, 54 ? , mV/'9/3;/*-3}lA/9^ Kar. 30 ? 9 /////J;} /3J)93^ Kar. 49 ^ '9///^iAjy:^-J//9%^Kar. 51 o* 52 io 4 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARAN6G AND SHABLUL Vi/*?* fi,J} ?/l?Zj9Z?Z?S*/// Kar. 126^ B. DESCRIPTIONS IN ORDER OF LAST WORDS 'H^ J/ 3-^/19^ Kar. 15 o* :/l<:}u/3 Kar. 132 t rt/ £ i9JL'rt 3)*,3 Kar. 10^ Final y (¥)9 I9S Kar. 120* -'J// 9/, J /{J Kar. 49 •V//5/C/^J ATar. 17 >' A9 /39*j 3 Kar. 83 ^////9)9^9^:iy^:d- ! }<3%) A^r. 128 o* '9<39£J Kar. 44 o* .•y^/J A'*r. 34 (?) o*, 45, 102 „ Kar. log, 110 / 12 5 0 y-U/9^9lW title of C, ATrtr. 53 title (?) of A, Kar. 32, of B, Kar. 3, 6, 1 7, 23, 71, 72, 73 ift/ij/ij) ("mal A'rt/\ ji o*, 21 o*, 27, 32. 73, 88; elsewhere Kar. 47 c*, 32, ioi, 102 o*, 123 o*, 124 ? . 123 ? ; 127 ? W93^ Kar. 47 „ J 9/CJ 9 c: •* 3 3 ^9 ^/ ^ Art/. -. 47 o* „ .•^^535/C.'5^; ( /// 5U///i Art/ -. 47 a* y<9 2J9/3/*-J:A/09J title (?), Art/-. 38 M9/CA*9^J Art/-. 124 ? +&/<,9jLJ v. 9i/<,9/iJ /L9 9i^-9 t,J:<7/*-9 Ji/ /C31A/9///-V//9 /C/ ?J A'rt/-. 27 9 /C 7.* lA/A"//// 9 3 J-' ^ *i A 3 Kar. 29 (pi.) /4S-'9l9fi . • • Kar. 104 (pi. 1 With this 'shashimete of Mash' cf. ' shashimete \ Amnion and Isis under ant, •waretakhan, makekhake, of Amnion' in laser. 85. and similar parallels with ' shcni,taqi. B. DESCRIPTIONS IN ORDER OF LAST WORDS Final *&/ e tS*-/*-Sj\^ 9 3J<,¥ J ?9f (altered) Kar. 77 & 'H / '$9 Zfr-ZAS J/l 'W J / * J Kar. 41 & :f i t/*-l e ,)n s :)',3 Kar. 1280* /^/^/l;'9l/J9^ Kar. 47 o* *3/4/*-/ i *-/4/1 : 's///< Kar. 9 ¥ J r<[-£jA/}<: Kar. iot ? A'flr. 54 ? sic ti>/ *,/<,? J// :'9 iy// £ Kar. 9 ? W^9/'^3:¥ J r/^9)9/,9ZS'& / *- / ^^' 9 U^'^^ Ka Final ^ 94/4/IA//W Kar. 41, 77 ^9^.9^3 A^r. 78 o*, 5^. 4 9/h? Kar. 127 ? „ .-^cr^u/c: A'rtr. 125 ? •* * 5 3/l 139 III ^- ^9 ^ n. A. ATar. 93 9///) 9^. n. B. ATar. 54 ^9i9J9^ n. C. ATar. 119 -7*3 ^- ^[/^.y ?]5 ^. ' of Amanap ' deity, descr. Kar. io2, v. Mnp and see p. 71 ¥*¥AJ9Z^ n. R. A'ar. 37 Wl l39<¥ J ?'Hij9^ n. A. ATar. 96 ^r- 9ZJo{ Ammon ', descr. Kar. 46, 58, v. Mni I W 9 ? 9^ sac. title, descr. Kar. 124, v. /U/91^9^ 9 £/J9 2^ civil title, descr. Kar. 47, , r ,9 .W/S-i/?^ n. B. Kar. 112 ^ /19 ^ ' prophet ' (Eg.), descr. Kar. 15 (twice), 19 (thrice), 21 (five times), 47, 50, ",6, 60 (twice), 69, 87, 89 (thrice), 117, 119, 125, 126, cf. at and see p. 57 VrtA+pK. descr. Afar. 118 9*1*1 115 P^- descr. A'tf/-. 22 9 IV 9^ sac. title, descr. A'! l3<-r9< /C.'U/?u/9^. n. A. ATar. 60, cf. 61 l rtH3JJIljA W. 97. «», '• 2, 9. Later 64/23, 88/15, ty/t y-u/ 939 ^ad init. AT l^9 t j/^A^i9^ descr. Kar. 29, see p. 8 i t tt//39<7f¥ J r*i9^ n. A. Kar. 23 9 III V// '9 19^, n. B. Sh. 3 n. C. Kar. 98 ^ ^- 9f//3 9 ^ ' of ^ (?) ', descr. A'«/\ 25, cf. age 9i 1 13 J// U /i 9 ^ n. A. ATar. 90 Vt/*7///A/09^n. A. Kar. 30 ? ^ 9 /-? 9 ^ Kar. graff. 22 t rt//3¥ J r)*,/09^ n. A. A^r. 13 ^ ^- % 9 13 9 ^ descr. Kar. 23, cf. agebe } 9 ^ ' bread ' (?), in form B. passim, see p. 49 }9Z^ sac. title in at-Msc {=ant}) v. Msc, see p. 60 / r/*-9/// L r}9^ 'in Atiye ', pi. n. (Sedenga), descr. Kar. 56, see pp. 9, 82 ¥S//3/l9/s}9^n. A A. Kar. 60 A ? 5 J 9 ^ descr. A' rm C > A ' rt; '- 99 a, see pp. 51, 5 a /9 19*,^ n.A. A'rtr. 1 2.-; 9i//3¥^¥r^3Jr^9^9^ n. A. A'rtr. 107 9J/J9 3J&// n. C. A'rtr. 88 t H//3 t fV// A iai 3 'in Bezewe', pi. n. descr. .S7/. 3, 20, see p. 8 1 EES , .'///^ A'ar. 6tor. a/a /S-^yg^ in form A. A'^r. l 25, see p. 45 ^-9 c. Kar. 89, /^-9 ^frequent ; in form E. Kar. 72, see pp. 51, 52 ^x///9K^ civil title ' Kar - 4 "' -">'' "> 2 ' 77, S 3- /jt- j//<}i^ descr. A' 2 5, 2 9, 53. 54, 7a, 73. 98, 106, iai, ^^^5^ AT«r. 9, l H^r¥ J 7^J// < 7%^Kar. 12, 17, 49- 83, v.pestc, and see pp. 2^, 55 9 „j^r ^/ ^ in form B for < J ^ A'ar. 31 b, see p. 48 /J£_ in form A. Kar. 126, see p. 45 ^ 3 y^ £Jn form F. A'*/\ 1 26, ,? 9 3 ¥3 form B. AVjt. 36, see pp. 48, 52 y 1 3%^ in form A. ATar. 4.",, sec p. 4;, /$-i>^yy^ in form D 2, Art/% 78, see p. 52, /^-9 £ J %Jf3'f^ in form C. Art;\ 127 a, sec p. 5 1 y^ / tj I J ^ descr. A'rtr. 1 26 9 £$93^ in form F. A'rt/'. 11 1, see p. 52 u/ C. SA. 8 U/ <: J £Jn form B. Kar. 3, 5//. 2,i6,U/c:W^ Kar. 13, 69, 92, 103, 109, 122, SJi. 12, U/< 939-^Kar. 8 b, .-,8,94 a, 107, see p. 48 /^-9^9<://U/c:y^^ pi in form B. Kar. 28, 29, 42, 5.5, A '" r - 45- 64a, /^-^/^U/^^^A'rtr, 37, °7, . ar / ,///9^ A'rt/-. 61, Sh. 5, 19, /$- ^- J 9 ^civil title, descr. A' s e e P- 4 8 9i/!39^l$^ n. A. A*r. 30 U/ ^ title, Kar. 17,47,97, ^ (a/ A? ^ descr. 59, 75, 78, 79, 100, tjW/ 13 i^Kar. 127, ¥4lA//3t^ Kar. 125, f 9 4 Ia//3Z^ Kar. 3 , 2 3> 2 5, 29, 53, 54, 72, 73, 98, see pp. 24, 55 9////C/^^ n. B. 19 ^/U/^n. of deity(?), inv. final, A'ar. 68/10, 9-}/lA/}: 14/12, see p. 34 9 ^ ^ in form G. Kar. ill, see p. 52 J//9 l9 9i/ 139} 3/ '/3 9//I ) n. A A. Afar. 67 9i/ /39&)/$J n. A. A'a/-. 115 9Z9/39///JJ n A A. A'ar. 15 9-i/ /39 ^I9i>; ; n. A. Kar. 16 9/// 9919; n. BB. 5//. 12 J//%^fiJ 'of Amanap' Eg. Aar. 1, 6, 17, 19 (thrice), 23, 26, 89 (five times), / e t J//'iJKJ Kar. 123 (thrice), 9$/ ''iJ/lfJlJ Kar. 3, 'J'ZJIJ descr. Afar. 30, 32, 61 (twice), 109, 116, 117 (twice), 119, 124, l + i l%^JKj Kar. 125, f/ /±-%JlJ pi. Afar. 15 (cf. 21), 23, 9i>9 J 7flA99lJ n.(?) descr. Kar. 54 30J (?) Kar.grajf. 29 ¥99^l/U 11 • B - A ' rt; '- 10 J//99\J 'of Ammon', descr. Kar. 89 (twice), / t jJ//99\J Kar. 126, 9i / <, J/l '9AJ Kar. 126, ! }99$ S J Kar. 29, zi.Am.ani and Mnitiwi 9* /<,/,/// ■}/{?; n. A. A^/-. 130 *,/*-//l9; n. descr. A'«r. 21, ^ /*-//{?; n. C. Afrtr. 19, 89, 120, see p. 68 9-i^r/lJ ' of Ammon', descr. Kar. 44, 128, 9i^-9Aj Kar. 34, 45, 8 7, 102, 105, 109, 110 94" ; SL8(?), 12 V-tA/9 civil title, descr. A' 3 8 , 48, 55> 6 5, IO °> 11 7, ■S*. 1, 16, see pp. 45, 48 WfH>9)) Kar. 29, 129 in form A. Kar. 60, 98, 109: in form B. Kar. 81, 98 ; in form F. Afar. 126, / ) } in form A. Kar. 100, 102, in forms A, B, passim, see pp. 45, 48, 52 ¥i/^9l/K9); n. A. 72 ¥^9 ) ? descr. Kar. 41 n. C. Kar. 78, 79, fi,*} J n. C. Kar. 124 9///J//J n. C. ATar. 105 *i9 ? J// ) n. A. A';?/-. 38 (man figured), 9i//3fy// /+-9JJ//J n. AAA. Afar. 37 >'ty//3JJ//J Kar. Ostr. 2/1 /iy//9J sac. title, descr. ATar. 105 <)J/D title ATar. 1 (?), 6, A'«/-. 23 J///W/13J/I? civil title, descr. A'rf/-. 91, 132 1 3 J 'of Mash' in at-Mse, Kar. 34, 49, 59 = J/t 3) (?), see p. 60 9//D3) n. C. ATar. 14 ¥ J r)<,3J3J n. C. S/fc. 5 V$/OlA/<3J n. A. 5 3%J sac. title, descr. Afar. 128 J//3J 1 of Mash', AT /-. 71 ¥i/OJiA/^^9J n. A. /w?/. 62 91^}J 'of Mat' deity, descr. A'rt/-. 69, see p. 8a ¥i^}9? 'of Mit' deity, descr. Kar. 88, see p. 82 descr. /Tar. 23. cf. ////<■/ 139/// /*-9? woman A'rt/-. 2 9f /3, < n. A. /w?r. 47 W 139 /// fZ< n. A. A^/-. 108 (cf. 3 A) < 1 /',y< in form C. for Kar. 77, see p. ,5° *,///}< in form C. A'ar. 88 in form C. 5//. 15, / *j J < Kar. 103 ^^/^- JC 'of Khash', deity, descr. AT} 9-&C 93 n. C. Afar. 55, cf. /«.«r. 129/11 £ t9 3jA/y3 n. C. Afar. 26 5///9U///J n. C. .9//. 7, [17] / 139//1 30J n. A. A^;mi 4 94//39J}/lJr3 n. A. A^r. 44 /'S-Z^J sac. title, Afar. 28, 117, J/9*,/*-/{3 pi. ATar. fragm. <5on PI. 27, ;v^AJ descr. Kar. 29. v. .57?fc (a/ 3 in form F. A'r. 42 ^^J sac. title, descr. 34, 105, 110, 128 3)/\ 105, 126, Kar. Osir. 1/7 (?) 9 /// ^ n. C. A'^/-. 65, 9*fl39f/I t ,9 2J n. A. .SV/. 14 ^//i5///^.'^Jn. A. Acrr. 1 05 9/// A/ 03 n. B. S*. 5 93^9-1^/03 n. A(?) Kar.53 9 //1 1,133 n. BB. Art/. 5.5, 9%l 13 9 /// ^ 13 3 n. A. ib. 120 INSCRIPTIONS OF KA J//9JL) i l3 civil title Kar. 17, 21, 27, 56, 68, ?9/t/? J A7rr. 54, JLJ •} 3 Kar. 88, cf. sinuses n. descr. A7r/\ 17, $9 / 3 ib., ¥*9Z/{}/J n. C. Afar. 72, 75 l H/ £ i/)9< ! l3 n. A. ATar. 7 9/// A^J3 n. B. Afar. 88, ^/// A^iJ 3 Kar. 119 ¥£^9 3 descr. A'at. 4 l A9iyi-3 n. A. Afar. 120 9£^-9^/;-. 117 ANOCx AND SHABLUL ¥ J 7/lJ l &l^ n. B. ATar. 69, n . B. A'<7;-. 30 ¥-&/ 4 ' woman ' (?) descr. A'), A7?r. 61, see p. 64 /3¥&Z_n. B. Kar. 97 / "5, Sk. 5, 6 ¥4/3//3 n. B. ATar. 105 // 49^/13 Kar. 64 ^5/iU/^5U///i n. A. Kar. 56, -//3 ¥2//JtA/ ^}9W n. A A. Kar. 64 9££t-V-Ia///3 'of the king ' (?), descr. Sh. 4 / *> 19 & 9 IV / descr. AT or. 47 ¥49/3 Kar. 76, in invocation, see pp. 23, 33 9///9 4/Z3 n. descr. iSTar. 9 Ia/)/49/3 n. C. AT/ /39///¥r u 9 n. A. ATar. 33 *-&/ I39f//4 £ ^¥r u 9 n. A. ATar. 12 iAt< ) y 9 n. descr. Afar. 47 9//f)9<¥P9 n. C ATar. 114 ? ? ? ¥t i/lj// 9 <*/ } r } n. C. A' <7;-. 82 / /3 f 9 civil title, descr. AT/ 13^ JitJ/iJl n. A. Afar. 17, cf. Afar. 22 ¥&/ /3\A/9))S4-/fJt* n. A. Kar. 116 9111*1$ n. B. ATrtrr. 6, 9/////? ATar. 81, 86, ¥&//39////)9 n. A. AW. 82 4J//A9J9 n. B. ATar. 9 I I34J// 2J A9?9 n. A A. JST descr. SA. 19 /// V? ? ATar. Or//-. 3 (interior) 9j,l?f/tA/}} n. B. 2 9/// 4)9 n. C. 5//. 1 9/// 9 1)9 n. B. ATar. 27 ¥*/(a/)9U n.C. Kar. 67 9&//31A/U n. A. Afar. 49 9///JL*3J n. B. 7, 9////t, t tj Sh. 17 ¥/3 9 sac. title, descr. AT?/-. 94 a, 109, 913 s } Kar. no 9/1/1/3:9 n. descr. Afar. -19 94/139 n. C. Afar, no ¥S/4/l 13 /Zj y pi. A'rtv. 29, 42, 60, 64, -,?^4a//«- 'HWI ^ (sic) Kar. 91, see p. 37 9 ^9 ^ /S- A'tfr. ^r/ i >9<9 JL/*- Kar. 74, -9^9< Ji/l 13 J/1 • ]/9/C n. A. A'rtr. 132 t H/ descr - 7 ^ ?/ '- 9, 37, 94^, 103 t HII3 ! jl 1,(1/3) n. A. 27 /*-J S4-9JL Afar. O^r. 1/5 9lll'H9/LIJi n. descr. S//. 3 W £/ j,JL n. C. Kar. 8 9 //IX- -]5/L n- B. Kar. 99 Broken. 9$//39f,JJ[ n. A. Kar. 66 ¥*9 S /$<,}:[ n. A. Kar. 86 9 /C[ descr. A'rt;-. 104 11 • A ( ? ) Kar. 112 >'y9*j9 ) pi. descr. A'rt;-. 121 C. MEROITIC WORDS AND GROUPS Numerals. [23 : : : 4- A'rt;-. (2.s7;-. 3 (interior) I Kar. Ostr. 3 (interior) . : .ig A'rt;-. 3 (interior) f —? Kar. Ostr. 4 §//-? ATorr. 4 I. Kar. graff. 22 INDEX D MHMITMT7MTC T \T TUT? Iv I U In u M l\ In 1 0 1 IN 1 0 h. U K D n, K (J r tut 1 UM n i\ U 1V1 nr.. Kb G. 16 Kar. (3, see 127), 4(?). G 1 t 6 K ar r 8 G 178 Kar Til O T T7 nr A T v j» x x y ./ v tt / • -4 1 . V_J * I / y A If/ IT' G. 31 A'rt;-. 6(?). G 118 A'«r 18 O 1 So J\ nr 6l. G. 48 A' <77-. 8. Ct T T O K nr Al V J • v its t — L — , G 182 Kar 78 G ST K nr 0 TO^i 56 t ^ t K nr a '2 G. 183 A'rtr. 47- G c:'? K nr T T V_J . ) _ j\ lit . XX. (t T 0 £ 1\ HV OA A A G. 184 A'rtr. 26. G K q A' nr 7 T 2 fr T '7 7 T\nr o ( jfi^ G. 187 Kar. 77. 79, 80. G. 54 Kar. 13, T4 (both re- G. 133 Kar. 32. G. 191 A'rtr. 81. used). G. 134 Kar. 46. G. 193 Kar. 82. G. 57 A'rt;-. 15. G. 135 Kar. (47), 48. G. 203 Kar. 7«, 83. G. 60 Kar. 16. G. 136 Kar. 40, 49. G. 204 A'rtr. 84. G. 63 A'rtr. 17. G. 139 Kar. 31, 50. G. 205 Kar. 85. G. 65 A'&. 2. Ph. 5121 S//. 18. T)l, — r\Q rll. 7090 Kar. 64. (rll. 5 102 3.) Ph. 7076 Art/-. 5 1 . Ph. 7099 = A ar. tin 89. Ph. 5103 = Sh. 4. Ph. 7085 A' err. 38. 1 n. 7100 Kar. 01. Ph. ,5 io 4 SV&. 5. Ph. 7086 Kar. 131. PL ^ T _ T rn. 7 101 = A ar. (Ph. 5105 6.) Ph. 7087 Atfr. 79. rtl, 7 I02 A ar. 1 1. 7)1, _ , r ill. ,',100 = 5//. 7. Ph. 7088 A'rtr. 24. 1 n. 7 103 A ar. 47- Ph. 5 io 7 5//. 8. Ph. 7089 Kar. 59. 1 11. 7 io 4 A ar. 41. rll. j 1 00 = Sh. 9. Ph. 7090 A"/7/\ 90. Ph. 7 IO ,5 Kar. 23- Ph. 5 io 9 5//. 10. Ph. 7091 Kar. 94. Ph. 7106 Kar. 81. T ) T ^ rn. 51 10 — 11. Ph. 7092 Artr. 32. Ph. 7107 Kar. rll. 51 1 1 Sh. 12. Ph. 7093 A'/7;'. 26. Ph. 9078 Kar. 45- Ph. 51 13 Sh. 13. Ph. 7094 Kar. 75. Ph. 9088 B : = Kar. 104. Ph. 5114 Sh. 14. Ph. 7095 A"rtT. 12". Ph. 9090-9094 = Kar. 102. (Ph.5H5 15.) Ph. 7096 Kar. 88. Ph. G. = 121. Ph. 51 16 S7&. 16. Ashmolean Museum = Kar. 132. WEIGALL, Antiquities L. N., PI. LII = Sh. 20. HAND COPIES OF THE FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 1-152 OF SHABLOL, 1-19 Most of the hand copies were made in the first instance from photographs, verified and completed from the originals at Cairo in December, 1909, and again revised with photographs. For those of which the originals are at Philadelphia (comprising all but four from Shablul, and about twenty of those from Karanog) photographs alone have been available. 1 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 1-3 l2g sic i. Is"/} Itx ipouT Kar. 1. Altar A. before woman 7 6 5 B bffo»< ma.n ////?/////' ? C_ C J^*Z^ Kar. 2. Stela with man and woman {Kar. Cew., PI. rr, C. 40229) /%j : :y? Jz > , . in -field Kar. 3. Altar ISO INSCRIPTIONS OF KARAN6G, 4-7 Kar. 4. Altar Kar. 5. Altar TYv l irakc t A. r.f&/*5ij^ ^\wm?"? .^/^tX^^y 5> /> ^ ^ ^ Kar. 6. Altar Kar. 7. Altar 5 tic INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, S-io I3 , ^ /* < : ^ j /Las //\ Kar. 8. Stela Kar. 9. Altar Kar. 10. Altar i 3 2 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARA NOG, 11-13 J'/** 42$ 'j? :?///fi*f/'} ''*3S2 Kar. 11. Stela (Kar. dm., PI. 18, No. 7102) Kar. 12. Stela Kar. 13. Siela INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 14-16 fa //? f^/i W Kar. 14. Stela lb Kar. 15. Altar Kar. 16. Altar '34 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG. 17 :9~ZJ*>SA.j/w//'$fil^5J^ 9SS/ I. /£ /+- j - is// -vt- £s J <>^ "S> 11 Kar. 17. Stela (A'/r. Can., PL 18, No. 7101) INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 18-20 35 ^^/V^^^/i- 1 :5A V? ///V in f.«U ,1 Kar. 18. Altar Kar. 19. Altar I Kar. 20. Altar 136 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 21-22 Kar. 21. Stela V ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ ; s ^ \ \\ J iX>^ Kar. 22. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 23-24 137 n^/?? 51^^ ///s?3 V 3^ ^ Kar. 34. Altar Kar. 35. Slcla i 4 2 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 36-37 Kar. 36. Altar (?) ;y3 * Zj£w/f- :^97 /"rJK^// •>a ^ / //J 2^ ,5 11* Kar. 37. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 38-40 I43 yZ /$ <>? ^/O rt^/z y^/Z y^ /$ yy/t> y? •» <^/s) yg y?? .9 Kar. 38. Stela with male figure (Kar. Cem., PI. 13, No. 7085) //////// O-// ^SL<5> * ^ .^./z s i^/} c Kar. 39. Double Altar 9 sic 8 Kar. 40. Altar i 4 4 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 41-43 :*r* is/'//////*,) s+- :> $/* V><> \ S \£ '/ )^u)^«i> Kar. 41. Stela (11. 13-15 added). {Kar. Cem., PI. 19. No. 7104) : /6 92* Z^£fr- *7 : *H// -5 ^ / 3 " V? • ^3 /4 ^ ^ ^ /V : ///\;u Kar. 42. Altar ; "< W >+u ■ ' 5 ^ ' \ is )/ <-> 7 / 5 i^-x^ 5 ^ Kar. 43. Stela with male figure INSCRIPTIONS OF KARAN6G, 44-46 , 45 : //? s/ } SX^tJ : W $ <^/j : 'Z : 9Z ^7 j I V/^/ j ; ^ * r ~Cy±"/Jr ?A 9C J > Kar. 44. Stela / Kar. 45. Altar Kar. 46. Altar U 146 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 47-48 : /+- ys/? uy p Aci C^t-^^ Sf- S^) S '//> m> > : <-r /Z / 5 ><> •'/$ 'f 5/// ."s/"s J -)QfL. Kar. 49. Altar : turf /z Kar. 50. Altar '5- S^J f SS// ' S/// S \h <^ Kar. 51. Stela with bov (.fi^r. CVw., PI. 12, No. 7076) U 3 148 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARAN6G, 52-54 '^d/is ^*^> trims'//* c-3 '? * fpl : 92/ 2 5/^7^ &/ff : Sf'/ •v^<^^c^ -Vf-cr^*^ Kar. 67. Altar /imSt^'f^ ?/////f?<^S :<>/// <-r4& ■^S /I f ? ./J 9/0 y K^^z 7? /^s C }'5 ^ /*- y Kar. 68. Stela v^^i44> c ^c^-^/^v. -7/3 c^^; Kar. 69. Altar X i 54 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARA NOG, 70-72 -,^> ///////// iJW^/lr s7 /} *s" Wi Kar. 70. Altar Kar. 71. Altar Kar. 72. Altar with two spouts INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG. 73-75 155 :y^/^5l^u/ /^:5/Q^/^- -y-2> s^r- S///S*f4^$i^ — Kar. 73. Stela : //// ywVi 5 3 Kar. 74. Altar Kar. 75. Altar (A^/-. Cm., PI. 16. No. 7094) X 3 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 76-77 Kar. 76. Stela Kar. 77. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 78-79 t 57 :y-2> /4 /us /c sl/3>^<7 2^ .'/4/o^/l*s 1^ : /3 to; 5 -V* * < <^ .0~>^y^ :/ # (^j; ussy? Kar. 78. Altar {Kar. Cent., PI. 20, C. 40164) ^v^^^jj *a sis**}*/* ■■ * ij Kar. 79. Altar (jfor. Ow., PI. 15, No. 7087). •58 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 80-82 Kar. 80. Altar Kar. 81. Stela (A'ar. Cf/«. s PI. 19, No. 7106) Kar. 82. Altar. INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 83-85 J59 Kar. 83. Stela Kar. 84. Aliar Kar. 85. Stela with figure defaced i6o INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 86-88 2 »i Kar. 86. Altar Kar. 87. Stela-altar 1^ 1 3 Sit /5 Kar. 88. Altar (Art/-. CV/«., PI. 17, No. 7096) INSCRIPTIONS OF KARA NOG, 89-90 l6 i Kar. 89. Stela (iSTflr. C5* i ^ /}<> ? : 9-3 S c ^ / v- : 5 ^ //? <^as ^ •' ^ / ? 5 ^ 7 5///-" uj / uu LjW/S/f^r \"f S ^JJ cr ; 5^ 5; ; 5 2^ r / ^ S - 3 / ' 7> * < Kar. 97. Stela 1 64 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 98-99 Kar. 98. Altar 1 '8 Kar. 99. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 100-102 165 Kar. 100. Altar •.^ /f 5 */// : ^ ^l/l? / /\^ ^ Kar. 1 1 7. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 1 18-120 / ... J.'tU Kar. 120. Altar INSCRIPTIONS OF KARA NOG, 121-123 171 & 3 k/ ••^ ^ Kar. 121. Spout of Altar on PI. 29 Kar. 122. Altar r Kar. 123. Altar Z 2 INSCRIPTIONS OF KARANOG, 124-125 :'/J> is// \ ? /4J ^ /t 7 j Kar. 124. Altar ^// 5 w / ?5 ^>/4^°/^/<- 9/// ¥t/A-^y=l^ ^ ^ >f 5 /// $ / r- A/4- (/// P a Sh. 1. Altar {Areika, PI. 32, No. 5100) 5/ $? No - 5 [I 5) Sh. 16. Stela with defaced figures (Areika, PI. 37, No. 51 16) INSCRIPTIONS OF SHABLUL, 17-19 181 ¥54^^, /^r- ^ > /^ > ^ /// ///// ^4 Axs <«n more *7 Sh. 17. Altar (.^ra'&z, PI. 37, No. 51 17) Sh. 18. Stela with male figure (Areika, PI. 38, No. 51 21) ^ 5/// :> 5 <^ > -/J " y *" y ' s ^5*\ Sh. 19. Stela, PI. 29 PLATES karan6g, insceiptions PLATE 1 Kar. 1 Kar. 3 Kar. A KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 2 Kar. 8 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE Kar. 13 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 4 Kar. 18 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 5 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 6 Kar. 29 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 7 Kar. 34 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 8 Kar. 40 KARANOG. INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 9 Kar. 44 KARANOGr, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 10 Kar. 50 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 11 Kar. 53 Kar. 54 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 12 Kar. 58 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 13 Kar. 62 Kar. 63 Kar. 65 KAKANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 14 Kar. 68 Kar. 69 V KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 15 Kar. 72 Kar, 73 KABANOG. INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 16 Kar. 77 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 17 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 18 Kar. 91 Kar. 87 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 19 Kar. 95 Kar. 97 KARANOG. INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 20 Kar. 100 Kar. 101 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 21 Kar. 107 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 22 Kar. 110 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 23 Kar. 114 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 24 Kar. 120 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 25 Kar. 127 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 26 Kar. 128 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 27 Kar 102 KAKANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 29 Sh. 19 KARANOG, INSCRIPTIONS PLATE 30 0Tl35. N8P4v6 K -no g . th eMe r0 i t , cjnscrjptjonsof 1 1 012 00135 7161