D J I, • ! 1 n' >, f I ) " ' If I '; '■ r; ^ I:, 5", l^'L.co, Srom f ^e feiBrari? of Q5equeaf 3^b 6g ^tm to f ^e feifirarg of gprinceton C^eofo^icaf ^eminarg DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE COMPRISING ITS ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NATURAL HISTORY. EDITE By WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D., EDITOR 01' THE DICTIONARIES OP "GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES." "BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY, AND "GEOGirAI'tn." IN THEEE VOLUMES.— Vol. II. KABZEEL— RED-HEIFER. BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. 1863. DIRECTIONS TO BINDER. Plate I., Specimens of Greek MSS. from the 1st to the Vlth century, to be placed between pages 516 and 517. Plate II., Specimens of Greek MSS. from the Xth to the XIV th century, to be placed between pages 518 and 519. LIST* OF WRITEES. H. A. Very Eev. Henry Alfoed, D.D., Dean of Canterbury. H. B. Eev. Henry Bailey, B.D., Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury ; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. H. B. Eev. HoRATius Bonar, D.D., Kelso, N. B. ; Author of 'The Land of Promise.' QThe geographical articles, signed H. B., are written by Dr. Bonar: those on other subjects, signed H. B., are written by Mr. Bailey.] A. B. Eev. Alfred Barry, B.D., Principal of Cheltenham College ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. W. L. B. Eev. William Latham Bevan, M.A., Vicar of Hay, Brecknockshire. J. W. B. Eev. Joseph Williams Blakesley, B.D., Canon of Canterbury ; Vicar of Ware ; late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. T. E. B. Eev. Thomas Edward Brown, M.A., Vice-Principal of King William's College, Isle of Man ; late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. E. W. B. Ven. Egbert William Browne, M.A., Archdeacon of Bath ; Canon of Wells ; Eector of Weston- super-Mare ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Bath and Wells , Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces. E. H. B. Eev. Edward Harold Browne, B.D., Norrisian Professor of Divinity, Cambridge ; Canon of Exeter. W. T. B. Eev. William Thomas Bullock, M.A., Assistant Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. S. C. Eev. Samuel Clark, M.A., Vicar of Bredwardine with Brobtiry, Herefordshire. F. C. C. Eev. F. C. Cook, M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen ; one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools ; Preacher to the Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Lincoln. G. E. L. C. Eight Eev. George Edward Lynch Cotton, D.D., Lord Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India. J, LI. D. Eev. John Llewelyn Davies, M.A., Eector of Christ Church, Marylebone ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. iv LIST OF WRITERS. INITIALS. NAMES. E. D. Emanuel Deutsch, M.E.A.S., British Museum. G. E. D. Eev. G. E. Day, D.D., Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio. W. D. Eev. William Drake, M.A,, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen ; Hon. Canon of ^Yorcester ; Rural Dean ; Vicar of Holy Trinity, Coventry E. P. E. Eev. Edward Paroissien Eddrup, ]\I.A., Prebendary of Salisbury ; Principal of the Theological College, Salisbury. C. J. E. Eight Eev. Charles James Ellicott, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. F. W. F. Eev. Frederick "William Farrar, M.A., Assistant Master of Harrow School ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J. F. James Fergusson, F.E.S., F.E.A.S., Fellow of the Eoyal Institute of British Architects. E. S. Ff. Edward S. Ffoulkes, M.A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford W. F. Eight Eev. William Fitzgerald, D.D., Lord Bishop of Killaloe. , F, G. Eev. Francis Garden, M.A., Subdean of Her Majesty's Chapels Eoyal. F. W. G. Eev. William Gotch, LL.D., late Hebrew Examiner in the L^niversity of London. G. George Grove, Crystal Palace, Sydenham. H. B. H. Eev. H. B. Hackett, D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature, Newton, Massachusetts. E. H — s. Eev. Ernest Hawkins, B.D., Prebendary of St. Paul's ; Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. H. H. Eev. Henry Hayman, B.D., Head Master of the Grammar School, Cheltenham ; late Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford. A. C. H. Ven. Lord Arthur C. Hervey, M.A., Archdeacon of Sudbury, and Eector of Ickworth. J. A. H. Rev. James Augustus Hessey, D.C.L., Head Master of Merchant Taylors' School ; Preacher to the Hon. Society of Gray's Inn ; Prebendary of St. Paul's ; Bampton Lecturer for 1860. J. D. H. Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., F.E.S., Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. LIST OF WRITERS. V INITIALS. NAMES. • J. J. H. Eev. James John Hornby, M.A., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford ; Principal of Bishop Cosin's Hall ; Tutor in the University of Durham. W. H. Kev. William Houghton, M.A., F.L.S., Eector of Preston on the Weald Moors, Salop. J. S. H. Eev. John Saul Howson, D.D., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool ; Hulseau Lecturer for I860. E. H. Eev. Edgar Huxtable, M.A., Subdean of Wells. W. B. J. Eev. William Basil Jones, M.A., Prebendary of York and of St. David's ; late Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford ; Examining Chaplain to the Archbishop of York. A. H. L. Austen Henry Layard, D.C.L., M.P. S. L. Eev. Stanley Leathes, M.A., M.E.S.L., Hebrew Lecturer in King's College, London. J. B. L. Eev. Joseph Barber Lightfoot, M.A., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge ; Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of London. D. W. M. Eev. D W. Marks, Professor of Hebrew in University College, London. F. M. Eev. Frederick Meyrick, M.A., One of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools ; late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford. Oppert. Professor Oppert, of Paris. E. E, 0. Eev. Edward Eedman Orger, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St. Augustine's College, Canterbuiy. T. J. 0. Veil, Thomas Johnson Ormerod, M.A., Archdeacon of Suftblk ; late Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. J. J. S. P. Eev. John James Stewart Perowne, B.D., Vice-Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich. T. T, p. Eev. Thomas Thomason Perowne, B.D., Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich. H. W. P. Eev. Henry Wright Phillott, M.A., Eector of Staunton-on-Wye, Herefordshire ; Eural Dean ; late Student of Christ Church, Oxford. E. H. P. Eev. Edward Hayes Plumptee, M.A., Professor of Divinity in King's College, London ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. E. S. P. Edward Stanley Poole, M.E.A.S., South Kensington Museum. Yi LIST OF WRITEES. INITIALS. NAMES. E. S, P. Eeginald Stuakt Poole, British Museum. J. L. P. Eev. J. L. Porter, M.A., Author of ' Handbook of Syria and Palestine,' and ' Fi^-e Years in Damascus.' C. P. Eev. Charles Pritchard, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. Secretary of the Eoyal Astronomical Society ; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. G. E. Eev. George Eawlinson, M,A,, Camden Professor of Ancient History, Oxford ; Bampton Lecturer for 1859. H. J. E. Eev. Henry John Eose, B.D., Eural Dean, and Eector of Houghton Conquest, Bedfordshire. ^V. S. Eev. William Selwtn, D.D., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen ; Lady Margaret's Pro- fessor of Divinity, Cambridge ; Canon of Ely. A. P. S. Eev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Eegins Professor of Ecclesiastical History, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford; Deputy Clerk of the Closet; Chaplain to His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of London. C. E. S. Eev. Calvin E. Stowe, D.D., Professor of Sacred Literature, Andover, Massachusetts. J. P. T. Eev. J. P. Thompson, D.D., New York. W. T. Most Eev. William Thomson, D.D., Lord Archbishop of York. S. P. T. S. P. Tregelles, LL.D., Author of ' An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek Xew Testament.' H. B. T. Eev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., F.L.S., Master of Greatham Hospital. J. F. T. Eev. Joseph Francis Thrupp, M.A., Vicar of Barrington ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Camb. E. T. Hon. Edward T. B. Twisleton, M.A., Late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. E. V. . Eev. Edmund Venables, M.A., Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. B. F. W. Eev. Brooke Foss Westcott, M.A., Assistant Master of Harrow School ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. C. W. Eev. Christopher Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster. \V. A. W. William Aldis Wright, M.A., Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Hebrew Examiner in the University of London. DICTIONAEY OF BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRiVPHY, GEOGKAPHY, AND NATURAL HISTORY. K KABZEE'L c'?!!?V?i? '■ ^aiaeKeiiX, KajSetreijA., Koj3a(ra7)A ; Alex. Ka(r0ei)\ : Cabseel, Gapsad), one of the " cities " of the tribe of Judah ; the first named in the enumeration of those next Edom, and apparently the farthest south (Josh. xv. 21). Taken as Hebrew, the word signifies " collected by God," and may be compared with Joktiieel, the name bestowed by the Jews on an Edomite city. Kabzeel is memorable as the native place of the great hero BENAiAil-ben-Jehoiada, in connexion with whom it is twice mentioned (2 Sam. xxiii. 20 ; 1 Chr. xi. 22). After the captivity it was rein- habitrd by the Jews, and appears as Jekabzeel. It is twice mentioned in the Ouomasticon — as Ka^aeiiX and Orpseel ; the fii'st time by Eusebius only, and apparently confounded with Carmel, un- less the conjecture of Le Clerc in his notes on the p;vssao;e be accepted, which would identify it with the site of Elijah's sleep and vision, between Beer- sheba and Horeb. No trace of it appears to have been discovered in modern times. [^'0 KA'DESH, KA'DESH BAR'NEA {^"IJ), pis V~\\> : KaSTjs, KoStjs Bap;/?], Ki£5r/J tov Bapvri). This place, the scene of Miriam's death, was the farthest point to which the Israelites reached in their direct road to Canaan ; it was also that whence the spies were sent, and where, on their return., the people broke out into murmuring, upon which their strictly penal tei'm of wandering began (Num. xiii. ?,, 26, xiv. 29-33, xx. 1 ; Deut. ii. 14). It is pro- bable that the term " Kadesh," though applied to signify a " city," yet had also a. wider application to a region, in which Kadesh-Meribah certainly, and Kadesh-Barnea probably, indicates a precise spot. Thus Kadesh appears as a limit eastward of the same tract which was limited westward by Shur (Gen. xx. 1). Shur is possibly the same as Sihor, "which is before Egypt" (xxv. 18 ; Josh, xiii. o ; Jer. ii. 18), and was the first portion of the wilderness on which the people emerged from the passage of the Red Sea. [SiiUR.] " Between Ka- desh and Bered " is another indication of the site of Kadesh as an eastern limit (Gen. xvi. 14), for the point ijo fixed is " the fountain on the way to Shur" V. 7), and the range of limits is nan owed by se- lecting the western one not so far to the west, while the eastern one, Kadesh, is unchanged. Again, we tj have Kadesh as the point to which the foray of S^ VOL n. KADESH Chedorlaomer " returned " — a word which does not imply that they had previously visited it, but that it lay in the direction, as viewed from Mount Seir and Paran mentioned next before it, which was that of the point from which Chedorlaomer had come, viz. the North. Chedorlaomer, it seems, coming down by the eastern shore of the Dead Sea smote the Zuzims (Ammon, Gen. xiv. 5 ; Deut. ii. 20), and the Emims (Moab, Deut. ii. 11), and the Horites in Mount Seir, to the south of that sea, unto " El-Paran that is by the wilderness." He drove these Horites over the Aiabah into the Et- Tth region. Then " returned," i. e. went north- ward to Kadesh and Hazazon Tamar, or Engedi (comp. Gen. xiv. 7 ; 2 Chr. xx. 2). lu Gen. xiv. 7 Kadesh is identified with En-Mishpat, the " foun- tain of judgment," and is connected with Tamar, or Hazazon Tamar, just as we find these two in the comparatively late book of Ezekiel, as designed to mark the southern border of Judah, drawn through them and terminating seaward at the " River to," or " toward the Great Sea." Precisely thus stands Kadesh-Barnea in the books of Numbers and Joshua (comp. Ezek. xlvii. 19, xlviii. 28 ; Num. xxxiv. 4 ; Josh. x-v. 3). Unless then we are prepared to make a double Kadesh for the book of Genesis, it seems idle with Reland {Palestma, p. 114-7) to distinguish the " En-Mishpat, which is Kadesh," from that to which the spies returned. For there is an identity about all the connexions of the two. which, if not conclusive, will compel us to abandon all possible inquiries. This holds especially as regards Paran and Tamar, and in respect of its being the eastern limit of a region, and also of being the first point of impoi'tance found by Chedorlaomer on passing round the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. In a strik- ingly similar manner we have the limits of a route, apparently a well-known one at the time, indicated by three points, Horeb, Mount Seir, Kadesh-Barnea, in Deut. i. 2, the distance between the extremes being fi.\ed at "11 days' journey," or about 165 miles, allowing 15 miles to an average day's journey. This is one element for determining the site of Kadesh, assuming of course the position of Horeb ascertained. The name of the place to which the spies returned is " Kadesh" simply, in Num. xiii. 26, and is there closely connected with the "wilderness of Paran;" yet the "wilderness of Zin" stands in near conjunction, as the point whence the " search " of the spies commenced (ver. 2n Aeain, in Num. xxxii. 8, we find that it was J 5 g 2 KADESH from Kadesh-Bai-nea that the mission of the spies commenced, and in the rehearsed narrative of the same event in Dout. i. 19, and ix. 23, the name " Barnea" is also added. Thus far there seems no reasonable doubt of the identity of this Kadesh with that of Genesis. Again, in Num. xx., we find the people encamped in Kadesh after reaching the wil- derness of Zin. For the question whether this was a second visit (supposing the Kadesh identical with that of the spies), or a continued occupanc}', see Wilderness of Wandering. The mention of the " wildeniess of Zin " is in favour of the identity of this place with that of Num. xiii. The reasons which seem to have fostered a contrary opinion are the absence of water (ver. 2) and the position as- signed— "in the uttermost of" the "border" of Edom. Yet the murmuring seems to have arisen, or to have been more intense on account of their having encamped there in the expectation of finding water ; which aflbrds again a presumption of iden- tity. Further, "the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom " (Num. xxxiv. 3 ; Josh, xv.) destroys any presumption to the contrary arising from that position. Jeiome clearly knows of but one and tlie same Kadesh — " where Moses smote the rock," where " Miriam's monument," he says, " was still shown, and where Chedorlaomer smote the rulers of Amalek." It is true Jerome gives a dis- tinct article on KoSStjs, evda t] i77)yr\ t^s Kpi- ffites, i.e. En-mishpat," but only perhaps in order to record the fountain as a distinct local fact. The apparent ambiguity of the position, first, in the wilderness of Paran, or in Paran ; and secondly in that of Zin, is no real increase to the dilficulty. For whether these tracts were contiguous, and Ka- desh on their common border, or ran into each other, and embraced a common territory, to which the name " Kadesh," in an extended sense, might be given, is comparatively unimportant. It may, however, be observed, that the wilderness of Paran commences. Num. x. 12, where that of Sinai ends, and that it extends to the point, whence in ch. xiii. the spies set out, though the only positive identifi- cation of Kadesh with it is that in xiii. 26, when on their rctui'n to lejoin JMoses they come "to the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh." Paran then was evidently the general name of the great tract south of Palestine, commencing soon after Sinai, as the people advanced northwards, — that perhaps now known as the desert Et- Tih. Hence, when the spies are returning southwards they return to Kadesh, viewed as in the wilderness of Paran ; though, in the same chapter, when starting northwards on their journey, they commence from that of Zin. It seems almost to follow that the wilderness of Zin must have overlapped that of Paran on the north side; or must, if they were parallel and lay respectively east and west, have had a further extension northwards than this latter. In the designation of the southern border of the Israelites also, it is observable that the wilderness of Zin is mentioned as a limit, but nowhere that of Paran i" (Num. xxxiv. 3 ; Josh. xv. KADESH 1), unless the dwelling of Ishmael "in the wilder- ness of Paran" (Gen. xxi. 21) indicates that, on the western portion of the southern border, which the story of Hagar indicates as his dwelling-place, the Paran nomenclature prevailed. If it be allowed, in the dearth of positive test'- . mony, to follow great natural boundaries in suggest- ing an answer to the question of the situation of these adjacent or perhaps overlapping wildernesses, it will be seen, on retierence to Kiepert's map (in Pobin- son, vol. i. ; see also Russeger's map of the same region), that the Ai abah itself and the plateau west^ ward of it are, when we leave out the commonly so-called Sinaitic peninsula (here considered as cor- responding in its wider or northerly portion to " the wilderness of Sinai"), the two parts of the whole I'egion most sti ongly partitioned off fi'om and con- trasted with one another. On this western plateau is indeed superimposed another, no less clearly marked out, to judge from the map, as distinct from the former as this from the Arabah ; but this higher ground, it will be further seen, pi'obably cori-esponds with " the mountain of the Amoiites." The Arabah, and its limiting barrier of high ground •■ on the western side, differ by about 400 or 500 feet in elevation at the part where Robinson, advancing firom Petra towards Hebron, ascended that barrier by the pass el Khurdr. At the N.W. angle of the Arabah the regularity of this bari'ier is much brol;en by the great wadys which converge thither ; but from its edge at cl Khurdr the great floor stretches westward, with no great interruption of elevation, if we omit the s\tperimposed plateau, to the Egyp- tian frontier, and northward to Khinocolura and Gaza. Speaking of it apparently from the point of view at el Khurdr, Robinson (ii. 58(3-7) saj's it is "not exactly a table-land, but a higher tract of country, forming the first of the several steps or offsets into which the ascent of the mountains in this part is divided." It is now known as the wilderness Et- j Tih. A general descrijition of it occurs in Robinson (i. 261-2), together with a mention of the several travellers who' had then previously visited it: its configuration is given, ih. 294. If this Et- Tih region represent the wilderness of Paran, then the Arabah itself, including all tlie low ground at the southern and south-westein extremity of the Dead Sea, may stand for the wilderness of Zin. The superimposed plateau has an eastern border converging, towards the north, with that of the general elevated tract on which it stands, i. e. with the western barrier aforesaid of the Arabah, but losing towaids its higher or northern extremity its elevation and pieciseness, in proportion as the general tiact on which it stands appears to rise, till, neai- the S.W. curve of the » Another short article of Jerome's, apparently referred to by Stanley [S. ^ P. 93 note), as relating likewise to En-mishpat, should seem to mean some- thin? wholly different, viz., the well of Isaac and Abimclech in Gerar : (^peo-p KpCa-eios ei? en viv eVri KoifiT) BjjpSav (^puteus jildicis) KaAoufxeVr; cf TJj Fepa- " There is a remarkable interpolation in the LXX., or (as seems less probable) omission in the jn-esent Heb. text of Num. xxxiii. 36, where, in following the various stages of the march, we find respectively as follows : — Hebrew. K'ni^ N"in IV Greek. KaX airripav ix Tea^ioiv Td^ep Kal napeve^aXov ev Tfj ep-qfKi} 'StV, Kai arrripai' ck t^5 eprjiiov 2tV, KaX wapere- /SoAoir ci; TT71' eprjfjiov •I'apai'* aiir^ e<7Ti KaSrjs. The LXX. would make them approach the wilderness of Sin first, and that of Paran secondly, thus reversing the effect of the above observations. ■^ Culled, at least throughout a portion of its course, Jcbel cl Beydneh. KADESH Dead Sea, the higher plateau and the general tract appear to blend. The convergency in question arises fiom the general tract having, on its eastern side, I. c. where it is to the Arabah a western limit, a barrier running more nearly N. and ,S. than that ol the superimposed plateau, which runs about E.N.K. and W.S.W. This highest of the two steps on whicli this terrace stands is described by \Villiams {JIolu Citi/, i. 46o-4), who approached it from Hebron — the opposite direction to that in which Robinson, mounting towards Hebron by the higliei- p;iss Es-Sufdh,-^ came upon it— as "' a gigantic na- tural rampart of lotty mountains, which we could distinctly trace for many miles'^ E. and W. of the spot on which we stood, whose precipitous })romon- tories of naked rock, forming as it wei'e bastions of Cyclopean architecture, jutted forth in irregular masses from the mountain-barrier into the southern wilderness, a confused chaos of chalk." * Below the traveller lay the W(((l!/ Mnrre/i, running into that i;alled El-Fikreh, identifying the spot with that de- scribed by Robinson (ii-. 587) as " a formidable barrier supporting a third plateau " (reckoning ap- parently tlie Arabah as one), rising on the other, i. c. northern side of the Wady el-Fikreh. But the southern face of this highest plateau is a still more strongly defined wall of mountains. "The Israelites must probably have faced it, or wandered along it, at some period of their advance from the wildeiness of Sinai to the more northern desert of Paran. There is no such boldly-marked line of clifls north of the Et-Tik and El-Odjmcli ranges, exce))t perhaps Jlount Seir, the eastern limit of the Arabah. There is a strongly marked expression in Dent. i. 7, 19, 20, " the mountain of the Araorites," which besides those of Seir and Hor, is the only one men- tioned by name after Sinai, and which is there closely connected with Kadesh Barnea. The wilderness (that of Paran) "great and terrible," which they passed through after quitting Horeb (vers. 6, 7, 19), was " by the way of" this " mountain of the Amorites." " We came," says Moses, " to Kadesh Barnea ; and I said unto you, ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites." Also in ver. 7, the adjacent territories of this mountain-region seem not obscurely intimated ; we have the Shephelah ("plain") and the Arabah ("vale"), with the " hills" (" hill-country of Judah") between them ; and " the South" is added as that debateable out- lying region, in which the wilderness strives with the inroads of life and cidtm-e. There is no natural feature to correspond so well to this mountain of the Amorites as this smaller higher plateau super- imposed on Et-Tih, forming the watershed of the two great systems of wadys, those north-westward towards the great Wadii-el-Arish, and those north- eastward tovvards the Wadij Jerafeh and the great Wadij-el-Jeih. Indeed, in tliese converging wady- systems on either side of the " mouutain,"we have a desert-continuation of the same configuration of country, which the Shephelah and Arabah with their interposed watershedding highlands present further north. And even as the name Auabah is plainly continued from the Joidan valley, so as to mean the great arid trough between the Dead Sea and Elath ; so perhaps the Shefelah (" vale ") ^ There are three nearly parallel passes leading to the same level : this is the middle one of the three. Schubert [Reise, ii. 441-3) appears to have taken tlie same path ; Bcrtou that on the W. side. El Yemen. ' This is only the direction, or apparent direction, KADESH 3 might naturally be viewed as continued to the " river of Egypt." And thus the " mountain of the Amorites " would merely continue the mountain- mass of Judah and Ephraim, as forming ]iait of the land " which the Lord our God doth give unto us." The south-western angle of this higher plateau is well defined by the bluff peak of Jebel 'Aidif, standing in about 30° 22' N., by 34° 30' E. Assumuig the region from Wady Fciran to the Jehcl Moiisa as a general basis for the position of Horeb, nothing farther south than this Jabel 'Ardif appears to give the neces- sary distance from it for Kadesh, nor would any point on the west side of the western face of this mountain region suit, until we get quite high up towards Beersheba. Nor, if any site in tliis direc- tion is to be chosen, is it easy to accoimt for " the way of Mount Seir " being mentioned as it is, Deut. i. 2, apparently as the customary route " from Horeb" thither. But if, as further reasons will suggest, Kadesh lay probably near the S.W. curve of the Dead Sea, then " Mount Seir " will be with- in sight on the E. during all the latter part of the journey "from Horeb" thither. This mountain region is in Kiepert's map laid down as the territory of the Azaziineh, but is said to be so wild and rugged that the Bedouins of all other tribes avoid it, nor has any i-oad ever traversed it (Robinson, i. 186). Across this then there was no pass ; the choice of I'outes lay between the road which leading from Elath to Gaza and the Shephelah, passes to the west of it, and that which ascends trom the northern extremity of the Arabah by the Ma'aleh Akrabbim towards Hebron. The reasons for think- ing that the Israelites took this latter course are, that if they had taken the western, Beersheba would seem to have been the most natural route of their first attempted attack ( Robinson, i. 187). It- would also have brought them too near to the land of tlie Philistines, which it seems to have been the Divine purpose that they should avoid. But above all, the features of the country, scantily as they are noticed in Num., are in favour of the eastern route from the Arabah and Dead Sea. One site fixed on for Kadesh is the Ain es Shey- dbeh on the south side of this " mountain of the Amorites," and therefore too near Horeb to fulKl the conditions of Deut. i. 2. Messrs. Rowlands and Williams (Holy City, i. 463-8^ argue strongly in flivour of a site for Kadesh on the west side of this whole mountain region, towards Jebel Helal, where they found " a large single mass or small hill of solid rock, a spur of the mountain to the north of it, immediately rising above it, the only visible naked rock in the whole district." They found salient water rushing from this rock into a basin, but soon losing itself in the sand, and a grand space for the encampment of a host on the S.W. side of it. In favour of it they allege, 1, the name Kddes or KMes, pronounced in English Kddddse or Kudddsc, as being exactly the foim of the Hebrew name Kadesh ; 2, the position, in the line of the southern boundary of .Judah ; 3, the correspondence with the order of the places mentioned, especially the places Adar and Azmon, which these travellers re- cognize in Adeirat and Aseimch, otherwise (as in of the range at the spot, its general one being as above stated. See the maps. ' So Robinson, before ascending, remarks (ii. SS.'j) that the hills consisted of chalky stone and conglo- merate. B 2 L 4 KADESH Kiepert's map) Kadeirat and Kafteimch ; 4, its po- sition with regard to Jehcl d-Hahd, or Jehcl Ildal ; 5, its position witli regard to the mountain of the Amorites (which they seem to identify with the ivestern face of the plateau) ; 6, its situation with regard to the grand S.W. route to Palestine by Beer-lahai-roi from Egypt ; 7, its distance from Sinai, and the goo Iness of the way thither; 8, the accessi- bility of Mount Hor from this region. Of these, 2, 4, 5, and 8, seem of no weight ;g 1 is a good deal weakened by the fact that some such name seems to have a wide range'' in this region ; 3 is of con- siderable force, but seems overbalanced by the fact that the whole position seems too far west ; argu- ments 6 and 7 rather tend against than for the view in question, any westei'u route being unlikely (see text above), and the "goodness" of the road not being discoverable, but rather the reverse, from the Mosaic record. But, above all, how would this accord with " the way of Mount Seir " being that from Sinai to Kadesh Barnea? (Deut. i. 2.) In the map to Robinson's last edition, a Jebel el Kudeis is given on the authority of Abeken. But this spot would be too far to the west for the fixed point intended in Deut. i. 2 as Kadesh Barnea. Still, taken in connexion with the region endea- voured to be identified with the " mountain of the Amorites," it may be a general testimony to the prevalence of the name Kadesh within certain limits ; which is further supported by the names given below C"). ' The indications of locality strongly point to a site near where the mountain of the Amorites descends to the low region of the Arabah and Dead Sea. Tell Arad is perhaps as clear a local monument of the event of Num. xxi. 1, as we can expect to find. [Arad] . " The Canaanitish king of Arad " found that Israel was coming " by tlie way of the spies," and "fought against" and " took some of them prisoners." The subsequent defeat of this king is clearly connected with the pass Es-Sufn, between wliich and the Tell Arad a line drawn ought to give us the direction of loute intended by " by the way of the spie^ ;" accordingly, within a day's journey on either side of this line pro- duced towards tlie Arabah, Kadesh-Barnea should be sought for. [HouM a h] . Nearly the same ground appears to have been the scene of the pi'evious dis- comfiture of the Israelites rebelliously attempting to force their way by this pass to occupy the "mountain" wheie "the Amalekites and Amo- rites" were " befbi'e them" (Num. xiv. 45; Judg. i. 17); further, however, this defeat is said to have been "in Seir" (Deut. i. 44). Now, whether we admit or not with Stanley {S. t|- P. 94 note) that Edom had at this period no territoiy west of tlie Arabah, which is ])erhaps doubtful, vet there can be no room for doubt that " the mountain of the Amorites" must at any rate be taken as their R What is more disputable than the S. boundary line ? Jebel Helal derives its sole siprnificance from a passage not specified in Jercmiali. The "mountain of tlie Amorites," as sliown above, need not be that western face. Mt. Ilor is as accessible from elsewhere. ^ Seetzen's last map shows a Wijch ; beai-ing during part of its course the name of Wadi/ Kanah. But this, though perhaps sufficiently import;uit to serve as a boundary between two tribes, and tliough the I'etention of the name is in its favour, is surely too far south to have been the boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh. The conjecture of Schwarz (51) is more plausible — that it is a wady which commences west of and close to Kabltis, at Ain-el- Khass'ib, and falls into the sea as Nahr Falaik, and which bears also the name of Wcuhj al-Kliassab — the reedy stream. This has its more northerly position in its favour, and also tlie agreement in 3ignific;itioii of the names (Kanah meaning also KARTAH reedy). But it should not be forgotten that the name Ehassnb is borne by a large tract of the mari- time plain at this part '(Stanfey, S. ^- F. 260). Porter pronounces for N. Akhdar, close below Caesarea. [G.] KARE'AH (TTIp: Kaprje: Caree), the father of Johanan and Jonathan, who supported Gedaliah's authoritv and avenged his murder (Jer. xl. 8, 13, 15, 16, xli. 11, 13,'^14, 16, xlii. 1, 8, xlin. 2, 4, 5). He is elsewhere called C are ah. KARKA'A (with the def. article, yip")!?!] : KaSj] J, in both ]\ISS. ; Symm. translating, e^aipos : Carcaa), one of the landmarks on the south boun- dary of the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 3), and there- foie of the Holy Land itself. It lay between Addar and Azmon, Azmon being the next point to the Meditenanean ( Wady el-Arish'). Karkaa, however, is not found in the specification of the boundary in Num. xx.xiv., and it is worth notice that while in Joshua the line is said to make a detour (33D) to Karkaa, in Numbers it runs to Azmou. Nor does the name occur in the subsequent lists of the southern cities in Josh. xv. 21-32, or xix. 2-8, or in Neh. xi. 25, &c. Eusebius (^Onomasticon, 'PiKapKos) perhaps speaks of it as then e.xisting {kcciitj iffriv), but at any rate no subsequent traveller or geo- grapher appears to have mentioned it. [G.] KAR'KOR (with the def. article, "I'pniPn : KapKap ; Alex. Kap/ca : Vulg. translating, re- quic'scebant), the place in which the remnant of the host of Zebah and Zalmunna which had escaped the I'out of the Jordan valley were encamped, when Gideon burst upon and again dispersed them (Judg. viii. 10). It must have been on the east of the Jordan, beyond the district of the towns, in the open wastes inhabited by the nomad tribes — • " them that dwelt in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah " (ver. 11). But it is difiicult to believe that it can have been so tar to the south as it is placed by Eusebius and Jerome {Onomast. KapKd and " Carcar "), namely one day's journey (about 15 miles) north of Petra, where in their time stood the fortress of Carcaria, as in ours the castle of Kcrck cl-Shobak (Burckhardt, 19 Aug. 1812). The name is somewhat similar to that of Chauaca, or Chaiax, a place on the east of the Jordiui, mentioned once in the Maccabean history ; but there is nothing to be said either for or against the identification of the two. If Kimawat be Kenath, on which Nobah be- stowed his own name (with the usual tate of such innovations in Palestine), then we should look for Karkor in the desert to the east of that place ; which is quite far enough from the Jordan valley, the scene of the first encounter, to justify both Josephus's expression, 7r(5/3pcD ttoAu (^Ant. vii. 6, §5), and the careless " security " of the Midianites. But no traces of such a name have yet been disco- vered in that direction, or any other than that above mentioned. [G,] KAR'TAH (nn~!|5 : ^ KiSTjs ; Alex.Kopect: Chartha), a town of Zebulun, which with its " suburbs " was allotted to the Merarite Levites (,Tosh. xxi. 34). It is not mentioned either in the general list of the towns of this tribe (xix. 10-16), or in the parallel catalogue of Levitical cities in 1 Chr. vi., nor does it appear to have been recog- nised since. [G.] K ART AN KAR'TAN (|n"lp : Qeixfidv ; Alex, tio^fxixdiv : Carthan), a city of Naphtali, allotted with its "suburbs" to the Geishonite Levites (Josh. sxi. 32). In the parallel list of 1 Chr. vi. the name appeal's iu the more expanded form of KiRjA- TiiAiM (ver. 7G), of which Kartan may be either a piovincialism or a contraction. A similar change is observable in Dothan and Dothaim. The LXX. evidently had a diH'erent Hebrew text from the present. [G.] KATT'ATH (DtSp : Karavde ; Alex. KaTrdO : Cateth), one of the cities of the tribe of Zebuhin (Josh. xix. 15). It is not mentioned iu the Ouo- masticon. Schwarz (172) i-eports that in the Je- rusalem Me(]ilkih, Kattath " is said to be the mo- dern Katunilh," which he seeks to identify with Kaiia el-JelU, — most probably the Cana of Ga- lilee of the N. T. — 5 miles north of Seffurieh, partly on the ground that Cana is given iu the byriac as Katna, and partly for other but not veiy palpable leasons. [^0 KE'DAR ("inp, " black skin, black-skinned man," Ges. : KTjSap : Cedar"), the second in order of the sons of Ishmael ((!en. xxv. l.'i ; 1 Chr. i. 29), and the name of a great tribe of the Ai'abs, settled on the north-west of the peninsula and the coutines of Palestine. This tribe seems to have been, with Tenia, the chief representative of Ishmael's sons in the western portion of the land they originally peo- pled. The "glory of Kedar" is recorded by the prophet Isaiali (xxi. 13-17) in the burden upon Arabia ; and its importance may also be inferred from the " princes of Kedar," mentioned by Ez. (xxvii. 21), as well as the pastoral character of the tribe: " Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar, they occupied with thee iu lambs, and rams, and goats : in these [were they] thy merchants." But this characteristic is maintained in several other remark- able passages. In Cant. i. 5, the black tents of Kedar, black like the goat's or camel's-hair tents of the modern Bedawee, are forcibly mentioned, " 1 [am] black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jeru- salem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of So- lomon." In Is. Ix. 7, we find the " flocks of Kedar," together with the rams of Nebaioth ; and in Jer. xlix. 28, "concerning Kedar, and concerning the kingdoms of Hazou," it is written, " Arise ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the men of the East [the Bene-Kedejij. Their tents and their flocks shall they take away ; they shall take to themselves their tent-curtains, and all their vessels, and their camels " (2H, 29). They aj)pear also to have been, like the wandering tribes of the present day, "archers" and "mighty men" (Is. xxi. 17; comp. Ps.cxx.5). That they also settled in villages or towns, we find from that magnificent passage of Isaiah (xlii. 11 ), " Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lilt up [theii' voice], the villages [that] Kedar doth inhabit: let the iuhal.itants of the rock sing, let them shout from the tup of the mountains ;" — unless encamp- ments are here intended." But dwelling in more Ijerinaneiit habitations than tents is JList what we should expect from a far-stretching tribe such as Kedar certainly was, covering in their pasture- lands and watering' places the great western desert, settling on the borders of Palestine, and penetrating " D^iyn. Comp. usa^c of Arabic, J^ ^, Karyeh. ^ Hence "lip \'\^h, Kabbin. use of the Arabic lauKUuge (Cics. Lejc. ciX. Tregellcs). KEDEMOTH 7 I into the Arabian peninsula, where they were to be ] the fathers of a great nation. The archers and warriors of this tribe were probably engaged in many of the wars which the " men of the East " (of whom Kedar most likely foimed a partj waged, in alliance with Midianites and others of the Bene-Kedem, with Israel (see M. Caussin de Perceval's Essai, i. 180-1, on the war of Gideon, &c.). The tribe seems to have been one of the most conspicuous of all the Ishmaelite tiibes, and hence the Rabbins call the Arabians universally by this name.'' In Is. xxi. 17, the descendants of Kedar are called the Bene-Kedar. As a link between Bible history and Mohammadan traditions, the tribe of Kedar is probably found in the people called the Cediei by Pliny, on the con- fines of Arabia Peti-aea fo the south {N. H. v. 11) ; but they have, since classical times, become mergecl into the Arab nation, of which so great a part must have sprung from them. In the Mohammadan tra- ditions, Kedar' is the ancestor of Mohammad ; and through him, although the genealogy is broken for many generations, the ancestry of the latter fi-oni Ishmael is carried. (See Caussin, Essai, i. 175, seqci.) The descent of the bulk of^ the Arabs from Islimael we have elsewhere shown to rest on in- disputable giouuds. [Ishmael.] [E. S. P.] KE'DEMAH (HOnp, i. e. "eastward :" KeS/xc^: Cedma), the youngest of the sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 15 ; 1 Chr. i. 31). KE'DEMOTII (in Deut. an.l Chron. niOlp ; in Josh. nbTp : KeSa^w^, BaK^S/xcce, 7] A€Kfj.(ii', 7) KaSfiwO ; Alex. Ked/xovd, KeSrificvd, KafxriSiiO, TiS(rd!>v : Ccdemoth, Gadcmotk), one of tlie towns in the district east of the Dead Sea allotted f o the tribe of Keuben (Josh. xiii. 18) ; given with its "suburbs" to the Merarite Levites (Josh. xxi. 37 ; 1 Chr. vi. 79 ; in the former of these passages the name, with the rest of verses 36 and 37, is omitted from the l.'ec. Hebrew Text, and from the Vulg.). It possibly conferred its name on the " wilderness, or imcultivated pasture land {Midhar), of Kede- moth," in which Israel was encami)ed when Moses asked permission of Sihon to pass through the country of the Amorites; although, if Kedemoth be treated as a Hebrew word, and translated " Eastern," the same circumstance may have given its name both to the city and the district. And this is moi-e probably the case, since " Aroer on the brink of the torrent Anion " is mentioned as the extreme (south) limit of Sihon's kingdom and of the territory of Reuben, and the north limit of Jloab, Kede- moth, Jahazah, Heshbon, and other towns, being apparently north of it (Josh. xiii. IG, Ike), while the wilderness of Kedemoth was certainly outside the territory of Sihon (Deut. ii. 20, 27, &c.), and therefore south of the Arnon. This is supported bv the terms of Num. xxi. 23, from which it would appear as if Sihon had come out of his territory info the wilderness ; although on the other hand, from the fact of Jahaz (or Jahazah) being said to be "in the wilderness" (Num. xxi. 23), it seems doubtful whether the towns named iu Josh. xiii. 16-21, were all north of Arnon. As in other cases we must await further investigation on the east of the Dead Sea. The place is but casually men- tioned in the Onoinasticon (" Cademoth"), but yet A'tv/(M»-, IjsaS- 8 KEDESH so as to imply a distinction between the town and the wilderness. No other traveller appears to have noticed it. (See Ewald, Gesch. ii. 271.) [Jahaz.] KE'DESH (P''}\>), the name borne by three cities in Palestine. 1. (KaSrjs; Alex. BeXe'0: Cedes') in the extreme south of Judah (.Josh. xv. 23). Whether this is identical -with Kadesh-Barnea, whicli was actually one of the points on the south boundary of the tribe (xv. .3 ; Num. xxxiv. 4), it is impossible to say. Against the identification is the dift'erence of the na°me, — hardly likely to be altered if the famous Kadesh was intended, , but iu 1 Sam. xxiii. 5, ri/iyp: KeeiAa/x, ?; Kei'Xci; Alex. Ke€tAa ; Joseph. K'lKKa, and the people ol KiWavoi and ol KiWlrat : Ceila : Luth. Kegila), a city of the Shefelah or lowland district of Judah, named, in company with Nezib and Mareshaii, in the next group to the Philistine cities (Josh. xv. 44). Its main interest consists in its connexion with David. He rescued it from an attack of the Philistines, who had fallen upon the town at the beginning of the harvest f Jos. Ant. vi. 13, §1), plundered the corn from its threshing-floor, and driven off the cattle (1 Sam. xxiii. 1). The prey was recovered by David (2-5), who then remained in the city till tlie comple- tion of the in-gathering. It was then a fortilied place,'' with walls, gates, and bars (1 Sam. xxiii. 7, and Joseph.). During this time the massacre of Nob was perpetrated, and Keilah became the re- pository of the sacred Ephod, which Abiathar the priest, the sole survivor, had carried off witli him (ver. 6). But it was not destined long to enjoy the presence of these brave and hallowed inmates, nor indeed was it worthy of such good fortune, for the inhabitants soon plotted David's betrayal to Saul, then on his road to besiege the place. Of this intention David was warned by Divine intimation. •He therefore left (1 Sam. xxiii. 7-13.) It will be observed tjiat the word Bauli is used by David to denote the inhabitants of Keilah, in this passage (ver. 11, 12; A.V. "men"); possibly pointing to the existence of Canaanites in the place [Baal, p. 1466]. We catch only one more glimpse of the town, in the times after the Captivity, when Hashabiah, the ruler of one half the district of Keilah (or whatever the word Pelec, A.V., "part" may mean), and Bavai beu-Henadad, ruler'of the other half, assisted Nehemiah in the repair of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 17, 18). Keilah appears to have been known to Eusebius and Jerome. They describe it in the Onumasticon as existing under the name K7jA.a, or Ceila, on the road from Eleutheropolis to Hebron, * The name may possibly be derived from n?np a congregation, with the local suffix H, which maiiy of these names carry. Compare the name of another place^of encampment, TwT\p1^, which appeirs to be fi'om the same root. ^ This is said by Gescnius and others to l)e the sig- nitication of Ihc name " Keilah." If this be so, there would almost ajjpear to be a reference to tliis and KENATH 9 at 8 •= miles distance from the fbi-mer. In the map of Lieut. Van de Veide (1858), the name Kila occurs attached to a site with ruins, on the lower road from Beit Jihrin to Hebron, at very nearly the right distance from B. Jihrin (almost certainly Eleu- theropolis), and in the neighbourhood of Beit Nusib (Nezib) and Maresa (Mareshaii). The name was only reported to Lieut. V. (see his Memoir, p. 328), but it has been since visited by the inde- fatigable Tobler, who completely confirms the iden- tification, merely remarking that Kila is placed a little too far south on the map. Thus another is added to the list of places wliich, though specified as in the " lowland," are yet actually found in the mountains : a puzzling fact in our present ignorance of the principles of the ancient boundaries. [Jii'H- tah ; Judah, p. 11566.] In the 4th century a tradition existed that the prophet Habbakuk was buried at Keilah (Onomas- ticon, " Ceila ;" Nicephorus, H. E. xii. 48 ; Cas- siodorus, in Sozomen, H. E. vii. 29) ; but an- other tradition gives that honour to HUKKOK. In 1 Chr. iv. 19, " Keilah the Garmite " is mentioned, apparently — though it is impossible to say with certainty — as a descendant of the great Caleb (ver. 15). But the passage is extremely ob- scure, and there is no ajiparent connexion with the town Keilah. [G.] KELAI'AH (n'''?i;5: KcoA/a; Alex. KcoAaa: Cod. Fred. Aug. KccAeia, and KwXUv: C'claiu) = Keltta (Ezr. X. 23). In the parallei list of 1 Esd. his name appears as COLIUS. KE'LITA (ND^^p: KoiAiras ; KaXirdv in Neh. X. 10 : Celita; Calita in Ezr. x. 23), one of the Levites who returned fiom the captivity with Ezra, and had intermarried with the people of the land (Ezr. x. 23). In company with the other Levites he assisted Ezra in expounding the law (Neh. viii. 7), and entered into a solemn league and covenant to follow the law of God, and separate from admixture with foreign nations (Neh. x. 10). He is also called Kelaiah, and in the parallel list of 1 Esdr. his name appears as CalitaS. KEM'UEL ('P5<-1JDiP : Ko/xourjA : Camuel). 1. The sou of Nahor by Milcah, and father of Aram, whom Ewald {Gcsch. i. 414, note) identifies with Ham of Job xxxii. 2, to whose family Elihu belonged (Gen. xxii. 21). 2. The son of Shiphtan, and prince of the tribe of Ephraim ; one of the twelve men appointed by Moses to divide the land of Canaan among the tribes (Num. xxxiv. 24). 3. A Levite, father of Hashabiah, prince of the tribe in the reign of David (1 Chr. xxvii. 17). KE'NAN (p''p : Kaivav : Cainan) = Cainan the son of Enos (1 Chr. i. 2), whose name is also correctly given in this form in the margin of Gen. v. 9. KEN'ATH (nj)P : 71 Kade ; Alex. 7? KaamO ; in Chron. both MSS. Kavdd : Chanath, CanatlC), one the contemporary circumstances of David's life, in Ps. xxxi. ; not only in the expression (ver. 21), "mar- vellous kindness in a strong city" ("11 YD "I'V), hut also in ver. 8, and in the general tenour of the Psalm. " This is Jerome's correction of Eusebius, who gives 17 — manifestly wrong, as the whole (iistuiice between Hebron and licit-Jihriii is not more than 15 Itoraau miles. 10 KENAZ of the cities on the east of Jordan, with its " daughter -to was" (A. V. " villages") taken pos- session of by a certain Nobah, who then called it by his own name (Num. xxxii. 42). At a later period these towns, with those of Jair, were recap- tured by Geshur and Aram (1 Chr. ii. 23*). In the days of Eusebiiis (Onom. "Canath") it was still called Kanatha, and he speaks of it as " a village of Arabia .... near Bozra." Its site has been recovered with tolerable certairiy in our own times at Kenawdt, a ruined town at the southern extremity of the Lcjah, about 20 miles N. of Busrah, which was Hist visited by Burckhardt in 1810 {Syria, 83-86), and more recently by Porter (Damascus, ii. 87-115; Handhk. 512-14), the latter of whom gives a lengthened description and identi- fication of the place. The suggestion that Kenawat was Kenath seems, however, to have been first made by Gesenius in his notes to Burckhardt ( a.d. 1823, p. 505). Another Kenawat is marked on Van de Velde's map, about 10 miles farther to the west. The name furnishes an interesting example of the permanence of an original appellation. Nobaii, though confeiTed by the conqueror, and apparently at one time the received name of the spot (Jiulg. viii. 11), has long since given way to the older title. Compare AcCHO, Kirjath-arba, &c. [G.] KENAZ (T^p: Kivi^: Cenez). 1. Son of Kliphaz, the son of Esau. He was one of the dukes of Edom, according to both lists, that in Gen. xxxvi. 15,42, and that in 1 Chr. i. 53, and the founder of a tribe or family, who were called from him Kenezites (Josh. xiv. 14, &c.). Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, and Othniel, were the two most re- markable of his descendants. [Caleb.] 2. One of the same famil}', a grandson of Caleb, according to 1 Chr. iv. 15, where, however, the Hel)rew text is corrupt. Another name has possibly fallen out before Kenaz. [A. C. H.] KE'NEZITE 1 written KENIZZITE, A. V. Gen. XV. 19 : "'•IJp : Kci/e^atos : Cenezaens'), an Edomitish tribe (Num. xxxii. 12; Josh. xiv. 6, 14). [Kenaz.] It is difficult to account for the Kenezites existing as a tribe so early as before the birth of Isaac, as they appear to have done from Gen. XV. 19. If this tribe really existed then, and the enumeration of tribes in ver. 19-21 formed a part of what the Lord said to Abram, it can only be said, with Bochart {Phaleg, iv. 36), that these Kenezites are mentioned here only, that they had ceased to exist in the time of Moses and Joshua, and that nothing whatever is known of their origin or place of abode. But it is worth consideration » This passage is erroneously translated in the A. v. It should be, " And Geshur and Aram took the Havvoth-Jair, with Kenath and her daughters, sixty cities." See Bcrtheau, Chronik ; Zunz's version ; Targum of Joseph, &c. &c. '' Josephus gives the name KeFertfie? [Ant. v. 5, §4) ; but in his notice of Saul's expedition (vi. 7, §3) he has TO TO)!/ 2t/