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PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 L P, Stone Lectures for 1819, 
 
 First Freshyterian Church, 
 
 REV. R. S. STORRS, D.D 
 
 BERMARD OF CLAIRVAUX: THE TIMES, 
 TEE MAJV, AjYD HIS WORK. 
 
 1. The Tknth Century: the day of darkness. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, February 17th. 
 
 2. The Eleventh Century: the reviving life and promkse. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, February iStIv 
 
 3. Bernard, in his personal characteristics. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, February 24th. 
 
 4. Bernard, in his monastic life. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, February 25tli. 
 
 5. Bernard, as a Theologian. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, March 3rd. 
 
 6. Bernard, as a Preacher. 
 
 12 M,, Tuesday, March 4th. 
 
 7. Bernard in his Controversy with Abelard, and the 
 
 Scholastic Philosophy. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, March loth. 
 
 8. Bernard in his relation to the public affairs of 
 
 Europe, and his general influence. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, March nth. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 I, R Stohe Legtores foi| 188 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Fii'.st Presbyterian Church, 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. W. M. TAYLOR, D.D. 
 
 THE GOSPEL MIRACLES IJV THEIR RELA- 
 TlOX TO CHRIST AMD CHRISTIAJVITY. 
 
 1. The nature and possibility of miracles. 
 
 7:30 P M., Monday. February gth. 
 
 2. The Supernatural in Christ. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, February loth. 
 
 3. The Credibility of the miracles as affected by the 
 
 arguments of Hume, Renan and Huxley. 
 
 yy\ P, M., Tuesday, February 17th. 
 
 4. The Testimony in behalf of the Gospel miracles. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, February 23rd. 
 
 5. The Mythical Theory. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, February, 24th. 
 
 6. The Evidential value of the miracles. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Monday, March ist. 
 
 7. The Spiritual Significance of the miracles. 
 
 12 M., Tuesday, March 2nd. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 L P, Stop Lectu[|_es foi[ 1880-81 
 
 First Presbyterian Church, 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. ROBERT FLINT, D.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 MODERN AGNOSTICISM. 
 
 1. Nature of Agnosticism. 
 
 7:30 P. M , Tuesday, September 21st 
 
 2. Earliest Representatives of Modern Agnosticism. 
 
 7:30 P. M , Wednesday, September 22nd. 
 
 3. Philosophical Agnosticism of Hume. 
 
 7:30 P.M., Monday, October 4th. 
 
 4. Religious Agnosticism of Hume. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Tuesday, October 5th. 
 
 5. Agnosticism of Kant as to sense and understanding 
 
 7:30 P. M., Wednesday, October 6th 
 
 6. Agnosticism of Kant as to reason and religion. 
 
 7:30 P. M., Thursday, October 7th. 
 
 Keep this to the close of the Course. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 L P, Stop Lectu[[es ^ 188 
 
 IN THK 
 
 F/'7\s't Pi'eshytericul Church, 
 
 BY 
 
 Rev. Samuel C. B art let f, D. D.,LL. D., 
 
 I'RESIDEiNT OF DARTMOUTFl COLLEGE. 
 
 SOURCES OF HISTORY IN THE PENTATEUCH. 
 
 Lect. I. Wednesday, Feb. 15th, 8 p. m. 
 
 The Farliest Cosmogony. 
 
 Lect. II. Thursday, Feb. i6tfi, 12 m. 
 
 Primitive and Primeval Man. 
 
 Lect. IIP Wednesday, Feb. 22nd, 8 p. m. 
 The Early Arts. 
 
 Lect. IV. Thursday, Feb. 23rd, 12 m. 
 
 The Pearly Consanguinities. 
 
 Lect. V. Wednesday, March ist, 8 p. m. 
 
 The Early National Movements. 
 
 Lect. VL Thursday, March 2nd, 12 m. 
 
 The Early Documents. 
 
 Keep this until the end of the Course. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 L P. Stone Lectures, March, 1883, 
 
 FIRST PRESBYTKRIAN CHURCH, 
 
 Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D., LL. D. 
 
 THE SCRIPTURAL IDEA OF MAN. 
 
 I. Man Created. 
 
 Wednesday, March 7th, 12 M. 
 
 n. Man in the Image of God ; Knowledge. 
 Friday, March 9th, 12 M. 
 
 III. Man in the Image of God; Knowledge, Freedom. 
 
 Causation. 
 
 Tuesday, March 13th, 12 M. 
 
 IV. Man in the Image of God; the Moral Nature. 
 
 Friday, March i6th, 12 M. 
 
 V. Man in the Image of God ; Dominion, Man, Male and 
 
 Female. 
 
 Tuesday, March 20th, 12 M. 
 
 VI. Man in his Present State ; the Man Christ Jesus. 
 
 Friday, March 23d, 12 M. 
 
 Keep this until the end of the Course. 
 
PRINCETON THinOLCC^ICAL SEMINARY 
 L. P. STONE LECTURES, 1884 
 - by - 
 Pres. D. S. Gregory, D. D. , 
 of Lake Forest University 
 
 THE TEST OF PHILOSOPHIC SYSTEMS 
 Postponed to 1895 
 
\ 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 ^IL. P, STONE LECTURES, 1885.1^ 
 
 — 15Y — 
 
 -iPRES. B, S. GREGORY, D. D..>- 
 
 Of Lake Forest University. 
 
 THH TESTING OF PHILOSOlTilC SYSTEMS- 
 
 1. The Xaturl;, Method, and Sphere of Philusoimiy. 
 
 2. The Tests of Philosophic Knowledge. 
 
 3. The Psycho-Piivsical Problem of Man, and the 
 Supremacy of Spirit. 
 
 4. The Psycjucal Probj.em of Man, and the Suprem- 
 a<'y of Will. 
 
 5. The Ethical and Religious Problem of Man, and 
 
 THE SuPRExMACY OF RkUITEOUSNESS. 
 
 G. The Problems of the Cosmos and the First 
 Cause, and their Solution in. God. 
 
 7. "The Modern Aristotle,'* John Stuart Mill, 
 versus a First Cause. 
 
 8. Herbert Spencer, versus the known (Jod. 
 
 The first lecture will be delivered in tlie Fihst Pki:si-.ytkui.\n 
 Chuhch, on FuiDAY, IMarch 27, at 12 m. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 L, P, Stone Lectures, 1886 
 
 BY 
 
 REV, JAMES F, M'CURDY, Ph.D. 
 
 OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TORONTO. 
 
 The Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions witli 
 special reference to the Old Testament. 
 
 I. WEDNESDAY, Feb. 24, at 12 m. 
 
 Peoples, Countries and Cities of the Old Testament, and the Movv- 
 ments : to illustrate chiefly Geu. x. 
 
 II. THURSDAY, Feb. 25, at 12 m. 
 
 General Sketch of Babylonian and Assyrian History. 
 
 III. FRIDAY, Fob. 26, at 7 p. m. 
 
 Civilization, Art, Language and Literature of Assyria and Babylonia; 
 Biblical parallels : illustrating chiefly the opening chapters of 
 Grenesis. 
 
 IV. MONDAY, March 1, at 12 m. 
 
 Old Testament History and Prophecy and the Monuments. Abraham : 
 the kingdom of Israel : to illustrate Greu. xii, xiv : I Kings xv — 
 II Kings xviii, 12 ; Hosea ; Amos ; Micah i-v ; Isaiah vii~ix. 
 
 xv-xvii, xxviii. 
 
 V. WEDNESDAY, March 3, at 12 m. 
 
 Old Testament History, etc. The Kingdom <f Judah to the Retreat 
 of Sennacherib : II Kings xv xx ; II Chron. xxvi xxxii ; Isaiah 
 i-x, XX, xxii, xxix-xxxii, xxxvi-xxxix. 
 
 VI. FRIDAY, March 5, at 12 m. 
 
 Old Testament History, etc., to the end of the Babylonish Exile. II 
 Kings xxi-xxv ; II Chron. xxxiii-Ezra i ; Isaiah xiii, xiv, xviii. 
 xix, xxi, xxiii, xl-xlviii ; Jeremiah xxi xl, xlvi Hi ; Ezekiel 
 xxvi — xxxii ; Daniel i-vi ; Nahum ; Zephauiah. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Chapel of the Seminary. 
 
 'Keep this until the end of the course. 
 
Syllabus 
 
 of the 
 
 Ledures for 1887 
 
 on the 
 
 "L. P. Stone Foundation" 
 
 in the 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminary 
 
 by 
 
 Rev. Alfred H. Kello^a D.D. 
 
Abraham, Joseph and Moses 
 in Egypt 
 
 In the first two lectures, the attempt is made to ascertahi the 
 Egyptian and the Hebrew chronologies of the period under review. 
 In the remaining lectures, a comparison is instituted between the two, 
 in order to ascertain the points of contact of the two histories. 
 
 I. (Thursday, February 17.) 
 
 The monumental chronology of the period covered by 
 Dynasties XII. to XX. 
 
 II. (Friday, February 18.) 
 
 The chronology of the corresponding period in the 
 Hebrew tradition. 
 
 III. (Thursday, February 24.) 
 
 Points of contact of the two chronologies : 
 Part I., the era of Joseph. 
 
 IV. (Friday, February 25.) 
 
 Part II., the eras of Abraham and Moses. 
 
 V. (Thursday, March 3.) 
 
 Part III., the Anarchy ai the close of Dynasty XIX., and 
 the Exodus. 
 
 VI. (Friday, March 4.) 
 
 Part IV., the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 
 
SYLLABUS 
 
 Le6lure I. Sources for reconstructing the Egyptian chronology — 
 their relative value. 
 
 A : — Dynasty XII. — its eight Pharaohs — its collapse — its 
 period. 
 
 B : — Dynasty XVIII. — the Manetho lists — the monumental 
 history, with regnal periods. 
 
 C: — Dynasty XIX. — confusion of Manetho lists — monu- 
 mental reconstruction. 
 
 D : — Dynasties XIII. to XVII. — an obscure section — monu- 
 mental light only at its beginning and enil — Manetho 
 lists contradictory — necessity of reconstructing these, 
 particularly ^ose of the Shepherd Dynasties (XV., 
 XVI. and XVII.)— a possible basis for the reconstruc- 
 tion to be found in two suppositions, viz. : (i) a con- 
 tinuous native line throughout the section — (2) that 
 the Dynastic divisions simply mark crises in its history 
 — supposed outline of the original Manetho story — 
 contradictions of the abbreviators explained thereby 
 — in harmony with monumental and historic hints. 
 
The Chronology : The length of the Shepherd era 
 — a ckie derived from the position of the names of 
 Shepherd Kings in the Manetho lists — corroborated 
 by the " Set Era " of the Tanis tablet — place of the 
 "Set Era" in Egypt's history — bearing of Numbers 
 13: 22. 
 
 Lecture II. The Scripture time-indications of the period two- 
 fold, viz. : genealogical and a definite time-period — 
 their relative value. The four forms of the Hebrew 
 time-period, (i) What is the period ? The view of 
 the LXX. — Lepsius and the number 430 — St. Paul's 
 view — limitations of the Hebrew registers — solution 
 to be found in the Genesis prediction, which regards 
 Abraham in his representative character — Abram and 
 his "seed " one. (2) How is the time-period to be 
 measured ? Its initial year — the calling of Abram 
 a strategic point in the Hebrew tradition. 
 
 Lecture III. The certain and uncertain time-elements in the two 
 chronologies indicated in the chart of comparative 
 chronology. — Why five Egyptian registers are fur- 
 nished for comparison — Joseph's fourteen-year period 
 in the five — the last three Registers discarded^the 
 Reg. I. presents a shorter chronology than Reg. H. — 
 Either could be adjusted to the Hebrew story — the 
 date of Jacob's death in each — the rise and progi-ess 
 of the religious revolution of Dynasty XVH. — 
 Joseph's probable connection therewith — Joseph and 
 Heliopoiis — the influence of the Heliopolite dogma 
 on the Hebrews — Joseph's Pharaoh a native sover- 
 eign — his elevation explicable — is there any monu- 
 mental reference to Joseph or his famine in either of 
 the reigns indicated by the two Registers ? 
 
Lecture IV. A: — Abram's Pharaoh a Shepherd King — favored 
 by the Hebrew story — who may he have been ? — why 
 was Isaac forbidden to go to Egypt ? (Gen. 26 : 1,2) 
 — corroborative evidence that Abram's Pharaoh was 
 a Shepherd furnished by the presence of Hittites in 
 S. Palestine as early as his day — also supported by 
 the " Set Era " of the Tanis tablet. 
 
 B : — Hints of the Heb. .story as to the status of the 
 Hebrews as long as "Joseph's generation" survived 
 
 and of a change soon thereafter — the " new king " 
 
 his "knowing not Joseph" — Raineses H. and the 
 Hebrews (the store-city Pithom). 
 
 C : — The Pharaoh of Moses' Inrth (" Pharaoh's daughter " j 
 
 — the Pharaoh of Moses' flight — of his 80th year 
 
 the Pharaoh who " died in the process of time," not 
 Rameses H., and consecjuently his successor not 
 Mineptah — the general harmony of the two stories. 
 
 Lecture V. Dyna.sty XIX. ended in disaster, and anarchy ensued 
 — testimony of the " Great Harris Papyrus of Rame- 
 ses HI." — translations by Eisenlohr, Brugsch and 
 Chabas of a passage in the historical part of the 
 papyrus — a veritable reference to the Hebrew Exodus 
 — this view supported (i) on philological grounds 
 (2) by historical reasons, viz.: in accord with the 
 Hebrew chronology and history ; no known Egyptian 
 "emigration" of that or any other era; the history 
 of the reign of Rameses HI. (his 8th year an im- 
 portant factor). 
 Maspero's view of the papyrus story criticised. 
 
Lefture VI. The Dynasty of the Exodus Pharaoh settled by 
 M. Naville's discoveries — the inquiry is, virtually, 
 who was the last Pharaoh of Dynasty XIX. ? Egypt- 
 ologists divided as to the order of the last three 
 reigns and why — Champollion and the perplexing 
 fragments in Siptah's tomb — Chabas' view — Dr. 
 Eisenlohr's — Lefebure's — All monumental indica- 
 tions other than the tomb-fragments, are in opposi- 
 tion to Champollion's interpretation of them, and 
 support the order of the Manetho lists. A solution 
 of the perplexing problem suggested by the relations 
 of the parties concerned — who Queen Tauser prob- 
 ably was, and who Siptah, Amenmes and the " Seti, 
 Prince of Cush " — whichever of the two Pharaohs 
 concerned may have been the last Pharaoh of the 
 Dynasty, he would answer to the indications of the 
 Hebrew story — Setnekht's curious usurpation of 
 the tomb suggestive. 
 
NOTICE 
 
 It is respectfully intimated that Messrs. A. D. F. RANDOLPH & CO., 
 of New York, have undertaken the publication of this Course of Lec- 
 tures. It is expected that the volume will be read}' by the end of March. 
 The volume will contain, besides the six lectures, numerou.s 
 references and notes and some historical charts, also a special essay on 
 the question whether the original for the proper name " Hebrews," is 
 to be identified with the monumental proper name " Aperiu." 
 
COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGV of Hebrew/ .m) EgVPTIAN Resisters, 
 
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L. P. STONE FOUNDATION 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1888 
 
 Rev. George TyboLit Purves, A. M, 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminary 
 
SUBJECT. 
 
 The Testimony of Justin Martyr 
 
 to Early Christianity. 
 
 SYLLABUS. 
 
 Lecture 1. — Tuesday, March 6, at 7 P. M. 
 
 The Importance of Justin's Testimony for the 
 History of Early Christianity. 
 
 Importance of the study of the first three-quarters of the second 
 century ; — rationalistic theories of the origin of Christianity ; 
 — the Canon of the New Testament; — the origin of the 
 Christian ministry ; — the nature of the Church. Justin and iiis 
 genuine writings ; — his importance as a witness for this age ; 
 — the character of his books ; — variety of opinions concerning 
 his position in the early Church. 
 
 Lecture II. — Thursday, March 8, at 7 P. M. 
 
 Justin's Testimony to the Civil and Social Rela- 
 tions of Early Christianity. 
 
 Popular and legal objections to the early Christians; — atti- 
 tude of the government to Christianity during the second 
 century ; — line of defence taken by Justin ; — the more success- 
 ful plea of the moral power of Christianity itself. 
 
Lecture III — Tuesday, March 13, at 7 P. M. 
 
 Justin's Testimony to the relations of Gentile and 
 Jewish Christianity. 
 
 Importance of this testimony ; — review of the critical theories 
 of the Apostolic and Post-Apostolic periods. Justin's use of 
 llie Old Testament; — his altitude towards Judaism and Jewish 
 Christianity; — his alleged Anti-Paulinism. 
 
 Lecture IV — Friday, March 16, at 7 P. M. 
 
 Justin's Testimony to the Influence of Philosophy 
 on Christianity. 
 
 Contact of Philosophy and Christianity ; — Justin's theology 
 and the influence of Philosopliy upon it ; — forces which modi- 
 fied Gentile Christianity in this age. 
 
 Lecture V — Monday, March 19, at 7 P. M. 
 Justin's Testimony to the New Testament. 
 
 His testimony to the Gospels ; — recent discovery and criticism ; 
 his testimony to the existence and limits of a New Testament 
 Canon. 
 
 Lecture VI — Tuesday. March 20, at 12 M. 
 
 Justin's Testimony to the Faith and Origin of 
 the Church. 
 
 His testimony to the usages of the church ; — to its belief ; — 
 to its unity. Nature of the preceding period ; — source of 
 power in early Christianity. 
 
Lecture I. Tuesday, March d—'j P. M. 
 
 Lecture IL Thursday, March 8 — 7 P. M. 
 
 Lecture IIL Tuesday, March 13 — 7 P. M. 
 
 Lecture IV. Friday, March 16 — 7 P. M. 
 
 Lecture V. Monday, March 19 — 7 P. M. 
 
 Lecture VI. Tuesday, March 20 — 12 M. 
 
L. P. STONE FOUNDATION. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1889, 
 
 Rev. Charles Marsh Mead, 1^1.1)., D.I). 
 
 PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
SUP. IE 
 
 Supernatural Revelation 
 
 Lect. I. — Monday, February 25th. 
 
 The Premises of Revelation. 
 
 Theism. Origin of the theistic iielief. Tlie belief as; trans- 
 mitted. General conditions of knowledge. Grounds of the 
 theistic belief. Theistic impulses. Theories of the origin- 
 al ground of Theism. Atheism tested by its logical result. 
 Aimlessness and meaninglessness of the world on the 
 atheistic hypothesis. 
 
 Lect. II. — Tuesday, February 26th. 
 
 The Province of B,ev elation. 
 
 A contirmation of Theistic tendencies. Analogy of testi- 
 mony in relation to ordinary cognition. The question of 
 a primeval revelation. Dr. Fairbairn's and Prof. Pflei- 
 derer's objections. The objections equally good against 
 any revelation. 
 
 Lect. III. — Wednesday, February 27th. 
 
 The Marks of Bevelation. 
 
 Revelation limited in time and place. Koquires us to trust 
 individuals. Involves the supernatural. Miracles defined. 
 Overstatements in the definitions. Understatements. The 
 explanation of miracles as acceleration of natural processes, 
 or as wrought through natural forces. Absolute and rela- 
 tive miracles. 
 
Lect. IV. — Thursday, February 28th. 
 
 The Marks of Revelation. 
 
 Evidentiiil value of miracles. General statement. Skepti- 
 i;al attitude res})ecting the use of miracles. Keply. Denial 
 of the use of miracles hjgically leads to a denial of Christian- 
 ity as a special revelation. Miracles not evidential apart 
 from the character of the revelation and the organs of it. 
 
 Lect. V — Friday, February 29th. 
 
 The Record of Revelation. 
 
 Inspiration. Relative importance of inspiration and reve- 
 lation. Proofs of inspiration. Authority of the Bible. 
 Alleged conflict between the Bible and the " Christian 
 consciousness." In what sense the Bible is perfect. 
 
 Lect. VI. — Saturday, February 30th. 
 
 The Record of Revelation. 
 
 lleiiition of criticism to the Bible. Prepossessions una- 
 voidable. Religious belief must affect one's view of the 
 Bible. Critici.sm and the canon. Certain critical judg- 
 ments to be a priori rejected. 
 
 The lectures will be delivered iu the Oratory in Stuart 
 Hall, at 5 P. M., except the oue on Saturday, which will 
 be delivered at 9.30 A. M. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 
 L p. stone foundation. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1890 
 
 Rev. Henry J. Van Dyke, D.D, 
 
SUBJECT; 
 
 THE MINISTRY AND THE SACRAMENTS OF THE 
 CHURCH. 
 
 Lecture I. — Wednesday, Fee. 2(3, at 5 P. M. 
 The Church, invisible and visible. 
 
 Etymology in the exposition of Scripture. No oi:e definilion can 
 cover all the facts. Doctrine of the AVestminster Confession. 
 The "vegetable theory." The Church of the first-horn written 
 in Heaven. The extraordinary possibilities of salvation. The 
 salvation of infants. The cosmic relations of Christ. The 
 visible Church a reality ; what it includes. The doctrine of 
 the Apostles' Creed. The visible Church the true Church. Its 
 inauguration. Christ's promise to Peter. The visible Church, the 
 Jerusalem above, " which is the Mother of us all." 
 
 Lecture II. — Thursday, Feb. 27, at 5 P. M. 
 The visible Church is the Kingdom of Christ. 
 
 Its independence of all human governments. Its inclusion of all 
 who profess the true religion together with their children. The 
 testimony of Christ and his Forerunner. The parable. The 
 kingship of Christ. The Church and the kingdom of Christ. 
 Church and State. The moral influence theory. The theory 
 of anticipation. The Millenarian theory. The identity of the 
 Church and the Kinsrdom. How demonstrated and realized. 
 
Lecture III. — Friday, Feb. 28, at o P. M. 
 The Unity of the visible Churcli. 
 
 Vague and false theories on the subject. Paul's definition and 
 defence of Church unity in First Corinthians. The visible Church 
 the body of Christ. Exposition of Ephesians iv. 4-12. Christ's 
 prayer in John xvii. 21. The unity of the visible Church does 
 not depend upon human creeds, forms of government or modes of 
 worship. Its essential conditions the confession of Ciirist, tho 
 living ministr}', the preaching of the gospel and the administra- 
 tion of the Sacraments. The divisions of Christendom. Re- 
 sponsibility of the Eoman Catholic Church. Her anathemas. 
 She is only one denomination. The-evils of denoniinationalism. 
 The desire for union. The Episcopal overtures. The obstacles. 
 The practical remedies. Recognition. Co-operation. Federa- 
 tion. Unity must grow, it cannot be manufactured. Anticipa- 
 tions of " the good time coming." 
 
 Lecture IV. — Monday, March 3, at 5 P. M. 
 The Church-raeinbei'ship of Infants. 
 
 Baptism based on Church-membership, and the presumption of 
 Regeneration. The identit}' and perpetuity of the Church under 
 all dispensations. The Covenant with Abraham the perpetual 
 charter of the Church. The Church-membership of Infants an 
 essential element of the covenant. Baptism identical with cir- 
 cumcision. The Lord's Supper the antitype of the Pa.ssover. 
 The great commission. The Baptism of Households by the 
 Apostles. The incarnation of Christ in its relation to infancy. 
 What profit is there in the Baptism of infants? 
 
 Lecture V. — Tuesday, March 4, at 5 P. M, 
 Ordination to the Christian Ministry. 
 
 Apostolic succession ; in what sense we believe in it. What is 
 ordination? Its Scripture authority, and what it confesses. The 
 outward form of ordination. What is essential to its validity? 
 Who have a right to ordain? The precise point of difference be- 
 
tweon Episcopalians and other denominations. The /»?'f'historic' 
 Episcopate. No Scripture warrant for the existence of Diocesan 
 Bishops as a distinct order. The consensus of modern scholars on 
 this point. No proof that the Apostles claimed the exclusive 
 right to ordain, or that they transmitted it to successors in the 
 apostolic office. The only Bishops recognized in Scripture are 
 Presbyters. The doctrine of exclusive Episcopal ordination a 
 modern dogma even iu the Episcopal Church. Hopes of a return 
 to the teaching and practice of the Reformers. 
 
 Lecture VI. — Wednesday, March 5, at 5 P. M. 
 
 Tlie Lord's Supper. 
 
 A wide-spread defection from the doctrine of the Refurmers. 
 Need of a Revival. The four theories of the Lord's Supper : 
 Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinistic. The 
 Zwinglian theory rationalistic. Rejected b}' all Reformed Con- 
 fessions. Agreement of the Westminster Standards with the 
 Thirt}--ninu Articles and the Episcopal Prayer Book. The Cal- 
 vinistic theory. The real presence; what believei-s receive ; and 
 in what sense we feed upon the body and blood of Christ. 
 
 Lecture VIL — Thursday, March 6, at 5 1*. M. 
 The Administration of the Sacraments. 
 
 The necessity for outward forms. Definition of u Sacrament. 
 Only two. Their univei-sal obligation. In the same category 
 with Prayer and the Word of God. Neither of them " to be dis- 
 pensed by any but a minister of the Word lawfully ordained." 
 The mode of Baptism. Immei'sion not necessary. Forms and 
 ceremonies in the Lord's Supper left to Christian discretion. 
 The use of wine at the Lord's Supper. Admission to sealing 
 ordinances. Regeneration always to be assumed — never author- 
 itatively declared. The education of baptized children. Their 
 admission to the Lord's table. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE 
 STUART HALL ORATORY. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 
 L. p. STONE foundation. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1891 
 
 Rev. Robert E. Thompson, D.D, 
 
 Professor of History and English Literature 
 in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY IN THE LIGHT OF THE BIBLE. 
 
 Lecture L — Monday, Feb. 16. 
 
 Introductory. Present pressure of social problems. The Bible a 
 sociological book. The reaction against mere Individualism in 
 religion. The theocratic convictions of the early Keformed 
 Church. Contrast of Christian with Agnostic sociology. 
 
 Lecture IL— Tuesday, Feb. 17. 
 
 The Family "the Institute of the affections. " A primitive institu- 
 tion. Monogamy. The Family in Pagan, Jewish, Moslem and 
 Christian society. Its Christian ideal connected with divine 
 relations. The exaltation of celibacy and its evil etfects. The 
 teachings of the Reformers. 
 
 Lecture III. — Monday, Feb. 23. 
 
 Materialist theories of the Family. The place and influence of 
 Heredity. Fathers and Children. Brothers and Sisters. Family 
 discipline and education. The Family in the Church. Divorce 
 laws and the Family. Orphan Asylums. 
 
 The Ti-ibe, or the Family trying to be a State. 
 
Lecture 1Y. — Friday, Feb. 27. 
 
 The Nation "the institute uf the rights." Its historic fn-igination. 
 Its foundation in the Divine Will and in human nature. Its 
 moral personality and responsibility. " In covenant with God." 
 The ancient and modern forms of the State. Teutonic loj-alty to 
 leaders the basis of representation. Jural development. The 
 lex ialionis the true basis of punishment. The divine sanction of 
 law. The meaning and permanence of Theocracy. 
 
 Lecture V. — Monday, March 2. 
 
 Thk Nation as defined by Mazzini. " The will to be one " and its 
 cause. The sacraments ot national life. The throne. The divine 
 guarantee of liberty. Agnosticism and Materialism the enemies 
 of liberty. The authority of the Nation delegated and therefore 
 limited. National responsibility to God for the realization of 
 rights, especially of liberty and person. The rights of property 
 and their Socialist and other critics. The conflict of labor with 
 capital. Public education and other problems. 
 
 Lecture VL — Friday, March 6. 
 
 The School. Jewish, Spartan and Athenian education. Historic 
 origination of our present system. Its earlier American history. 
 Its present problems. Church or State ? Secular or Religious ? 
 The Bible in the School. Compulsory or voluntary ? The assim- 
 ilation of foreigners by education. Education of adults. 
 
 Lecture VIL— Monday, March 9. 
 
 The Church "the institute of humanity." The Empire, or the 
 State trying to be the Church. Other substitutes. Church versus 
 sect. Our American situation and its outlook. The threefoldness 
 of Church life. The activities of the Church. Worship, word 
 and doctrine. The care of the poor. Woman's work in the 
 Church. Excessive organization of parallel societies. 
 
Lecture VIII. — Friday, March 13. 
 
 The Church and its social problems. Relations to the Family and 
 the State. Relations to education. A social mediator between 
 conflicting classes and interests. The consummation of the 
 Church. The social character of the future life. InOuence of 
 this ideal on earthly conditions. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE SEMIN- 
 ARY CHAPEL AT 7 P. M UPON THE DAYS INDI- 
 CATED, SUBJECT TO CHANGE OF DATE AS 
 TO THE LAST FOUR LECTURES. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary 
 
 L. p. STONE FOUNDATION 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1892 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. S. H. Kellogg, D.D 
 
 Pastor of St. James' Sq. Pi-esbyterian Clmrcli, 
 Toronto, Canada. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 MODERN THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOP- 
 MENT OF RELIGION. 
 
 Lecture I. — Tuesday, Feb. 9, 5 p. m. 
 
 "What is Religion? Origin and growth of religion. Definition; 
 must include atheistic faiths, Buddhism, &c. Definitions of 
 Spinoza, Kant, Fichte, Reville, Flint; of Feuerhach, Gruppe. 
 Definitions grounding religion in feeling: Goethe, Teichmiiller, 
 Schleiermacher. Religion not merel}' a sense of dependence. 
 Definitions centering religion in the will: Hegel, Caird, Max 
 Miiller. Definition in these lectures; relates religion to the 
 intellect, the emotions, and the will. 
 
 Lecture II — Wednesday, Feb. 10, 5 p. m. 
 
 Religion and "Natural Descent:" Fetichism and Animism. 
 Naturalistic theoi-ies deny primitive monotheism, assuming 
 " natural descent." Testimony of Yirchow ; of A. R. Wallace. 
 Fetichism and animism. Tide's theory. His argument for 
 primitive animism. Low intellectual capacity of primitive man 
 unproved. Modern savages not primitive types. Proof from their 
 language ; Kongo, Enga, Santali. Admissions of Max Miiller ; 
 Herbert Spencer. Belief in personal God coexists with animism 
 and fetichism. Sir John Lubbock's mistake. African fetichism. 
 Fetichism and animism not most common among most ancient 
 peoples. Ideas of God, responsibility, sin, unaccounted for. 
 
 Lecture IlL — Thursday, Feb. 11, 5 p. m. 
 
 Mr. Herbert Spencer's Ghost Theory. Ancestor worship, the 
 earliest form of religion. Spencer's explanation of belief in 
 spirit and in its survival after death. Idea of God evolved from 
 the idea of a ghost. Theory applied to fetich-worship; to nature- 
 worship. Spencer's admission. A dilemma. Mr. Spencer's a 
 priori primitive man ; a petitio principii. Theory denies innate 
 ideas ; does not account for phenomena c»f sin ; or whole content 
 of idea of God. Primitive ancestor worship not most common 
 among lowest people. Idea of God coexists with ancestor wor- 
 ship. Spencer's argument from names of God. His appeal to 
 the Old Testament. 
 
Lecture IV. — Friday, Fkb. 12, 5 p. m. 
 
 Max JNIuller on the Okigin of Rkligion. Attitude toward 
 Cliristianity and its records. Religion began with sense-percep- 
 tion of the infinite. Classification of sense percepts; "tangible, 
 semi-tangible, intangible." Primitive Indo-Aryan religion ; prog- 
 ress from henotheism to monotheism. Origin of religion ex- 
 plained by origin of language. Erroneous definition of the 
 infinite; sensationalism assumed. Argument from Indo-Aryan 
 religion. Religious development in India. Its terminus panthe- 
 ism. Hindoo appreciation of Max Miiller's views. 
 
 Lecture V. — Saturday, Feb. 13, 8:30 a. m. 
 
 The Trle Genesis of Religion. Two factors. Subjectice fac- 
 tor: the constitution of man's nature. Universality of religion. 
 Dependence on a superior invisible Power. The laws of thought 
 constrain belief in such a Being ; conditioned being, implies a 
 Being unconditioned, and conditioning. Conscience. Craving 
 for fellowship with the unseen Power. Universality of these 
 facts. Objections : Many races without religion ; Individual 
 cases of atheism. Objective factor : Revelation ; else religious 
 beliefs not so spontaneous, universal, strong and persistent. Buddh- 
 ism. Denial of revelation involves denial of the possibility of 
 knowledge. Revelation of God in conscience ; in the mind ; in 
 the universe of matter and force. Admission of Reville. Recap- 
 itulation. 
 
 Lecture VI — Monday, Feb. 15, 5 p. m. 
 
 Development of Religion : Sin as a Factor. Development 
 not inconsistent with supernaturalism. Primitive religion ele- 
 mentary. Eeville's misunderstanding. The elementary not 
 necessarily erroneous. Order of development. Monotheism its 
 beginning or termination? Reville: "polytheism original." 
 Order not ascertainable historically. Argument from antecedent 
 probability. Phenomena of sin; involves degradation of man's 
 conceptions of Deity ; predisposition towai-d atheism, agnosticism, 
 and pantheism, etc. Polytheism, as pantheism, lowers ideal of 
 the Divine character. No tendency in sin to self-improvement 
 
Lecture VII. — Tuesday, Feb. 16, 5 p. m. 
 
 Order or Religious Development : Historic Facts. Coexist" 
 ent polytheism and monotheism of Egypt. Testimony of Rouge 
 and Renoiif. India. Earliest deities of Indo-Aryans. Heno- 
 theism. Vedic monotheism. Development of pantheism : The 
 Upanishads; the "Six Systems;" triumph of the pantheism of 
 the Vedanta; modern Puranic Hindooism. Zoroastrianism. Dual- 
 ism of the Zendavosta. Monotheism of the Gathas. Parsee 
 dualism. Modern Pai-see monotheism. Babylonians. Animism 
 of "the Magical Texts." " The Penitential Psalms." Nature- 
 worship. No tendency to monotheism in ancient Babylonia. 
 China. Worship of Heaven and earth ; of ancestors. Professor 
 Legge. Confucius ; Lao Tze. Beliefs of savage tribes : Santals ; 
 Kolhs ; Aimares ; West African negroes ; American Indians. 
 Conclusion : No Indo-Germanic or Turanian people has ever 
 shown a monotheistic tendency. Inference as to primitive religious 
 faith. 
 
 Lecture VIII. — Wednesday, Feb. 17, 5 p. m. 
 
 Shemitic Monotheism : Conclusion. Religious degeneration. 
 Asserted exception ; the Shemitic race. Renan. Monotheism of 
 Shemitic origin. Shemitic conceptions of Deity. Egyptians ; 
 Bactrians. Tendency to decline from monotheism. The Euphrates 
 Shemites. Primitive Arabian Sabaism. Worship of trees and 
 stones. Arabian tendency downward. Mohammedan conces- 
 sions. Alleged natural evolution of monotheism by the Hebrews ; 
 not according to historic facts. Patriarchal times ; Israel in 
 Egypt ; in the wilderness ; under the Judges ; the kings ; total 
 lapse of the ten tribes, Hebrew monotheism since, in spite of 
 nature. Recapitulation. Facts irreconcilable with gradual evo- 
 lution of theism from low form of primitive faith. Relation of 
 historical monotheism to supernatural revelation. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE 
 ORATORY IN STUART HALL. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary 
 
 L p. STONE FOUNDATION 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURES FOR 1892-93 
 
 Rev James O. Murray. D D., LL.D 
 
 Dean of Princeton College, 
 
SUBJECT; 
 
 SKEPTICISM IN LITERATURE. 
 
 Lecture I. — Wednesday, Dec. 7. 
 
 Skepticism in Classical Literature. Lucretius. Differing 
 forms of skeptical attack. Three modes of discussing the subject. 
 Two main currents of thought in classical antiquity as to truths of 
 natural religion. Period of Lucretius. Scanty records of his life. 
 Object of his poem, De Rerum Naha^a. Its main topics. His 
 atomic theory. Motive leading to its composition. Its negations 
 of Final Cause and of Immortality. Contrasted with the beliefs 
 of Cicero. Some of the moral teachings in Lucretius considered. 
 
 References: Munro's Lvicretius. Sellar's Koiuan Poets of the Re- 
 public. Masson's Atomic Theory of Lucretius Veitch's Lucretius 
 and the Atomic Theory. Sinico.^'s History of Latin Literature. 
 Mayor's Ancient Philosophy, Mayor's Ed. of De Natiira Deoruni. 
 Lange's History of Materialism. Papers of Fleeniing Jenkin, Vol. 1. 
 Martha's La Poeme de Lucrece. Ueberweg's History of Philosophy. 
 
 Lecture II. — Thursday, Dec. 8. 
 
 Skepticism IN French Literature. Montaigne. Bayle. Vol- 
 taire. Rabelais and Montaigne, disciples of the Eenaissance. 
 Period of Montaigne. His Essays. Their characteristics. Type 
 of his Skepticism. Montaigne as a progenitor of Skepticism in 
 French Literature. Bayle's Critical Dictionai'y . Influenced by 
 Montaigne. His Pyrrhonism. Bayle — the connecting link be- 
 tween the earlier and later Skepticism in French Literature. 
 Voltaire's early career. His Skepticism derived from Boling- 
 broke. His place in French Literature. His Skepticism intensi- 
 fied by cei'tain outward causes. Main objects of his attack. 
 Voltaire's great weapon, mockery. 
 
 References: Montaigne's Essays. Besant's French Humorists. 
 Hallam's Literary History of Europe. Buckle's Histoi'y of Civil- 
 ization. Henri Martin's History of France. Bayle's Critical Dic- 
 tionary. Vinet's History of French Literature, Parton's Life of 
 Voltaire. Morley's Life of Voltaire. Taine's Ancient Regime. 
 Carlyle's Essays. 
 
Lecture III. — Friday, Dec. 9. 
 
 SKErxicisM IN French Literaturk. —Continued. Rousseau and 
 Diderot. Three-fold type of Skepticism in French Literature, 
 liousseau's early life. Personal characteristics. Political Dis- 
 c.oursefi. His Sentimental Deism. His Savoyard Vicar's Con- 
 fession of Faith, found in the Emile. Diderot's relation to Shaftes- 
 bury. His P/iilosopfiical Thoiiffhts. Letter 07i the Blind. The 
 Encyclopedia. Mode of its attack on religion. Power of the 
 attack. Diderot as the leader of the Encyclopedists. 
 
 References: Morley's Kousseaa. Rousseau's Confession.s. His 
 EmiJe ; Social Contract. Sir James Stephens' Lectures on History 
 of Franct. Pressense's Church in the Heign of Terror. Henri Mar- 
 tin's History of Decline of French Monarchy. Morley's Diderot. 
 Scherer's Diderot. Maurice's History of Moral Philosophy. Saiuts- 
 bury's French Literature. 
 
 Lecture IV. — Wednesday, Dec. 14. 
 
 Skepticism in English Literature ; Eighteenth Century. 
 BoLiNGBROKE. PoPE. GiBBON. Risc of English Deism. 
 Bolinghroke's position as a man of letters. Concealment of his 
 Skepticism. His Deistical views. Marks transition to the critical 
 method of attack on Christianity. Pope influenced by Bolingbroke. 
 The Essay on Man. His Deism as set forth in the poem. Gib- 
 bon's use of History in the service of Skepticism. Origin of his 
 Skepticism. Aim of his attack on Christianity. Method of liis 
 Assaults. 
 
 References: Collins' Life of Bolinghroke. Farrav's Histoi'y of 
 Free Thought. El win's Edition of Pope's Works. Bagehofs 
 Essays. St. Beuve's Causeries du Lundl. Morrison's Life of Gib- 
 bon Calrd's Unbelief in Eighteenth Century. Collins' Life of 
 Bishop Butler. 
 
 Lecture V. — Thursday, Dec. 15, 
 
 Skepticism in German Literature. Goethe. Heine. Goethe's 
 Position in Literature. Periods in his Literary Career. His 
 Religious History. The Weimar Residence. His Religious Be. 
 lief. What is meant by his Paganism. Influence of Spinoza on 
 Goethe. Heine's tragic history. His residence in Paris. His 
 literary position. His shifting skeptical tendencies. Renuncia- 
 tion of Pantheism. His change of religious views. 
 
References: Grimm's Life of Goethie. Lewes' Life of Goethe. 
 Blackie's Wit and Wisdom of Goetlie. Boyesen's Essays. Goethe's 
 Conversations with Eekerinann. Wilhelm Meister. VVahrheii 
 und Dichtiing. Carlyle's Essays. Seelej-'s Essays in Contemporary 
 Keview, Vol. 46. Stigand's Life of Heine. Evans' Life of Heine. 
 Sharp's Life of Heine. Matthew Arnold's Critical Essays 
 
 Lecture VI. — Friday, Dec. 16. 
 
 Skepticism in English Literature; Nineteenth Century. 
 Shelley. Carly'le. Arnold. Shelley's Pamphlet on the 
 Necessity of Atheism. The Atheism in Queen Mab. Changes 
 in Shelley's philosophical belief. His nature-worship. Carlyle's 
 relation to Goethe. Changes in his attitude on religious questions. 
 His rejection of Christianity. His protests against materialism. 
 Belief in immortality. Carlyle as a moral teacher. Reaction 
 from the Oxford movement in Arthur Clough and Matthew 
 Arnold. Type of Arnold's Skepticism. In part agnostic, in 
 part rationalistic. Its type seen in Literature and Dogma and 
 in his poems. His power seen in literary, not biblical nor theo- 
 logical criticism. 
 
 References: Dowden's Life of Shelley. Sy mend's Life of Shelley. 
 Shairp's Aspects of Poetry. Bayne's Essays. Fronde's Life of Car- 
 lyle. Nichol's Life of Carlyle. Tullock's Movements of Modern 
 Thought. Essay of J. Lewellyn Davis in Contemporary Kev., Vol. 
 XXI. Hutton's Literary and Theological Essays. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE 
 SEMINARY CHAPEL AT 5 P. M. 
 
SYLT.ABUS 
 
 OF A COURSE OF LECTURES, ON THE L. P. 
 STONE FOUNDATION, BEFORE THE STUDENTS 
 OF PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, AT 
 5 P. M. IN THE CHAPEL, COMMENCING TUES- 
 DAY, MARCH 6, 1894. 
 
 THE CHURCH AND THE WORLD, 
 
 SOME THOUGHTS OF CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY 
 
 REV. FREDERICK HOWARD WINES, 
 
 Ex-Secretary of the Illinois Stale Board of Public Charities, and Expert 
 
 Special Agent of the Tenth and Eleventh United States Censuses 
 
 for the collection of statistics of the defective, dependent and 
 
 delinquent classes, and of crime, panperis/n and betici>olence. 
 
Parallelism between the study of nature and of mankind. - Identity of 
 substance under variety of form. Structural and functional alterations ; an- 
 alysis and sj-iithesis ; statics and dynamics; atoms and cells. Heredity and 
 environment as factors in the production of.the individual. Transmissibility 
 of acquired characters by inheritance. The Neolamarckians and the Neodar- 
 winians. A-tavisra. Heredity and the reproductive system. Physical, in- 
 tellectual and moral elements in environment. Influence of nature upon man, 
 and of social surroundings upon the individual. Conservative and progres- 
 sive elements in the formation of character. Isolation and association ; town 
 and countrv life. A third factor in the evolution of the individual : habit. 
 
 Three-fold relation of the individual : to nature, to mankind, and to God. 
 The three departments of human activity. The three great temptations, 
 learned professions, bi-anches of knowledge, aims of education, etc. Balance 
 of faculties and activities. Preservation of this balance by the influence of 
 social institutions. Development of the power of self-control the inherent aim 
 of institutions and the test of progress. 
 
 The people and the land. Forms of attachment to the soil. Man's works 
 an integral part of the social organism. 
 
 Relation between the sexes. . Marriage. The institution of the family. 
 Kinship. Various modes of reckoning kinship. The "matriarchal" age. 
 The tribe founded upon community of blood, and an extension of the family. 
 Persistence of racial affinities, and subsidence of the sense of near relationship. 
 Adoption. Territorial contiguity and its eftect in the transformation of a 
 race into a nation. 
 
 Evolution of the nation from the tribe. Patria potestas. Common prop- 
 erty in land. Subordination of the wife and children. Status of woman in 
 primitive and savage communities. Origin of the conception of private prop- 
 erty by tribal war. Dawn of the conception of government. Relatic-n of law 
 to progress. Law is the imposition upon any being of a determination objec- 
 tive to itself. Natural, human and divine law. Law and freedom. Institu- 
 tion of the council. Eldership. 
 
 Primitive superstitions. The priesthood and its influences as a check on 
 tyranny. The priests the first observers of nature and repositories of knowl- 
 edge. The priesthood and the church. Church and State as ethical institu- 
 tions. 
 
 Evolution of the State. Substitution of self-control for control ab extra. 
 Substitution of principle for passion and self-interest as governing forces. In- 
 debtedness of the world to the legal profession. Experimental nature of much 
 legislation. Equity. Eights and obligations. Liberty. War as a factor in 
 social evolution. Subordination in social organization. Factions and parties. 
 Modification of the struggle for existence, bv the introduction of the element 
 
of freedom of choice by sentient, intelligent beings. "What war means. 
 Human slavery as a factor in social evolution. Origin of slavery. Slavery as 
 a substitute for cannibaltsin and human sacrifice. Influence of slavery upon 
 the development of private property and of law. Pride of citizenship. 
 Serfdom. Peonage. The feudal system. Change from condition of status 
 to one of contract. Separation of legislative, executive, and judicial func- 
 tions. Riirc of representative government. The ballot. Freedom, peace and 
 prosperity. Advanced position of the United States in history. Distinction 
 between the nation and the state. The constitution : its growth and progres- 
 sive alteration the result of enlarged experience. Its conservative power. 
 Kevolutioii. 
 
 Politics. Statesma^hip. Practical politics. The caucus and the con- 
 vention. Necessity for a wise selection of public officials. The remedy for 
 the corruption of politics lies in the elevation, of the moral tone of the com- 
 munity and in the more general interest in politics on the part of good citi- 
 zens. Politics of the Bible. The Bible and its sociological teaching. Mr. 
 Spencer's mythological theories. Zootheism, physitheism, and psychotheism. 
 Theocratic and democratic principles of the Word of God. The brotherhood 
 of man ; the kingdom of God ; love and justice ; the perfect law of liberty ; 
 progress in righteousness ; the ideal of life. 
 
 Lecture Y. — Social Evils. 
 
 The normal and the abnormal in nature and in life. The nature of evil. 
 Not simple limitation, nor the elimination of eflete organic elements. Evil a 
 relative term. It involves the abnormal. The normal and the abnormal 
 defined. The unusual may be abnormal. The abnormal is not necessarily 
 evil. Physiological illustrations. Evil involves pain or loss. Evil is such a 
 disturbance of the correlation between the parts of an organism as to threaten 
 the continuance of organic life or seriously to impair the performance of the 
 functions essential to organic health and the fulfillment of the specific purpose 
 of the existence of any organic being. 
 
 What are social evils? Dangers to public health. Hindrances to the 
 advancement and diffusion of knowledge. Vice and immorality. Assaults 
 upon established institutions. Upon marriage, the family and the home. 
 Upon government. Upon property. Povertj- and wealth. Commonly ac- 
 cepted list of sccial evils. Absence of any clear line of demarcation between 
 evils, or between evil and good. Evil by excess and by defect. Want of 
 balance and of self-control. Subordination of the lower to the higher element 
 in human nature. Relativity of natural law. Accidents. Self-limitation of 
 evil. Sin the greatest of all social evils. Unscientific character of the soci- 
 
ology which would ignore it. Proof of human depravity. Moral unconsci- 
 ousness of its victims. Sin, crime and insanity. 
 
 The amelioration of social evils. Reforms and reformers. Causes of evil ; 
 their complications, and the impossibility of controlling them. Social sciolism 
 and quackery. Social therapeutics. The heroic and expectant treatment. 
 Remedial treatment by opposites. Persistence of evil. Pessimism, optimism, 
 and fatalism. Meliorism. The Christian view. Eden and Paradise. Hu- 
 manitarianism and philanthropy. 
 
 Lecture VI. — Public and Private Charity. 
 
 The nature of charity. The love of complacency and of benevolence. 
 Love as a natural and a gracious sentiment. Position of love among the graces. 
 Love manifested in sacrifice. Influence of Christianity upon the development 
 of charity. Liberality not charity. Absence of love in the ancient heathen 
 world. Public relief in Athens and in Rome. The annona; the congiaria ; 
 the Roman colonies ; the clientela ; the alimentationes ; the collegia; the stips. 
 Vanity, bribery and political ambition as motives. Saj'ings of Aristotle and 
 Seneca contrasted with those of Christ and Paul. Scientific charity, and its 
 resemblance to heathenism. 
 
 The objects of charity. Distress and dependence. Forms of suffering. 
 (1 ) Physical : the sick or maimed or lame ; the blind ; the deaf; the homeless, 
 destitute and starving ; captives and prisoners ; the bereaved ; the burial of 
 the dead. (2) Mental : the insane and idiotic. (Z) Moral : the victims of intem- 
 perance, vice, and crime. The worthy and the unworthy. Classification as 
 defective, dependent, and delinquent. Comparative claims of different classes, 
 and how estimated. The helpless ; children; the aged and infirm. 
 
 The agencies of charity. Illustrated by the hi.story of charity in the earl}^ 
 Christian centuries. Christian communism in the primitive church. Con- 
 gregational giving, and almsgiving as an act of worship. The corbaii. 
 Breadth o2 early Christion charity. Its organization ; the bishops and the 
 deacons. The apostolical constitutions. Julian and the xenodochia. Iirup- 
 tion of the barbarians. Wholesale pauperism and almsgiving. Institutional 
 charity. Private benevolence, the charity of the church, and state aid and 
 relief Advantages and di.sadvantages of each. Private charity most natural, 
 kindly and sympathetic; but inadequate, unsystematic, and liable to breed 
 imposture. Almsgiving in the Middle Ages, and the monastic spirit ; evils 
 growing out of the monastic system. Modern state or public charity. Its 
 justification. Its proper limits. Not a substitute for private and individual 
 benevolence. The combination of dilferent forms of charity. 
 
 Principles and methods of charity. Forms of relief: peouniary, in kind, 
 employment, and in institutions. Indoor and outdoor relief. Classification of 
 
institutions: the almshouse ; the hibor colony; hospitals; educational insti- 
 tutions; refuges. Investigation. The labor test. Registration. Relief must 
 be adequate. The preservation of self respect in the recipient. Prevention 
 better than relief. 
 
 Limitations of charit}'. Help and self-help. Encouragement of beggary 
 and imposture by street almsgiving. The suppression of beggary. Simplicity 
 and economy in charitable work. 
 
 The organization of charity. Its necessity. It does not destroy the in- 
 dividual character of charity. Evil of too great multiplication of charitable 
 agencies. Mixed motives in their founders. State aid to private charities. 
 Cooperation. Central supervision. 3Iulual acquaintance and conference. 
 Central registration. The friendly visitor. The slums and charity or college 
 settlements. State and national organizations. Education of the public. 
 Value of organization in emergencies. 
 
 Charity in its application to the treatment of crime and the criminal. 
 
 Lecture VII. — The Labor Question. 
 
 Ownership by conquest contrasted with ownership by creation. Labor as 
 a factor in social evolution. The division of labor. Cain and Abel ; Jabal ; 
 Nimrod and Asshur. The religious obligation of labor. 
 
 Political economy in relation to the labor question. Economics, sociol- 
 ogy, and ethics. Pulitical economy in the pulpit. 
 
 Conflict with nature the essential nature of all labor. Skilled and un- 
 skilled labor. Solitary and in association. Simplicity of labor under primi- 
 tive conditions. Increase of population the condition of industrial progress. 
 Connection between the increase of the food supply, the evolution of tools and 
 the development of skill in their use and the further growth of inventions. 
 Industrial history of the world. Political ditierences consist largely in dis- 
 agreements as to the distribution of the accumulated wealth of the world. 
 Combination of labor, of capital, and of labor and capital, to produce results. 
 Conscious and unconscious cooperation between scattered toilers. Schiller's 
 Bell. Wealth consists chiefly in the multiplication and accumulation of in- 
 struments for wresting nature's treasures. The capitalist and the laborer. In- 
 vention and machinery. Partnership. Corporations. Wealth a guaranty 
 of peace. 
 
 Industrial rivalry. Struggle between nations and individuals over the 
 distribution of earnings and profits. Illustrations from history : the American 
 and French revolutions ; the American Civil War. Present conflict between 
 employers and employed. Condition of slave labor one of status; that of free 
 labor one of contract. Necessary limitations of the doctrine of contract. 
 Equity in contracts. Commercial and moral honesty. Freedom of contract. 
 
The labor question stated. Opposing views of the parties to the dispute. 
 Unscrupulous nature of the contest. Causes of the present situation in the 
 invention of labor-saving machinery, the overgrowth of corporations, and the 
 tendency of labor to remove from rural localities to great industrial and man- 
 ufacturing centers. Advantages and disadvantages of labor-saving machinery. 
 Cheapening of products, multiplication of products, and advancement of civ- 
 ilization. Disappearance of trades, overthrow of the apprentice system, attach- 
 ment of the mechanic to a machine, and his imperfect development. Rise 
 and progress of the factory system. Its connection with the growth of the 
 transportation system. Enormous aggregation of capital required. Its col- 
 lection by the agency of corporations. Necessity for corporations, and bene- 
 fits derived from their creation. Evils attending and springing out of this 
 systen). The first corner in grain and the establishment of the Pharaonic 
 dynasty. A warning, in the interest of popular freedom. The factory system 
 in its relation to the home. Assimilation of rural and town life. 
 
 The workingman's grievance and complaint. Rent. Interest. Taxation. 
 Wages. Charges for transportation. Necessity for a settlement of the dis- 
 pute. Right of both parties to a fair hearing and fair pla^^ Labor unions, 
 strikes and lockouts, and combinations to keep up the price of labor and of 
 commodities. Socialism. Its historic insight, destructive criticism, and lack 
 of constructive ability. Its opposition to theoretical, and tendency in the 
 direction of practical, anarchy. Resistance to the tyranny of wealth. 
 
 Transitional character of the present industrial system. Prolmble decline 
 of the corporation and overthrow of the wage system. Profit-sharing, and the 
 sharing of commercial losses. Need of a bettor mutual understanding, coop- 
 eration between labor and capital, and the cessation of the present struggle. 
 Dangers growing from selfishness and greed on both sides. Competition and 
 monopoly. The workingman's demand for justice and not for charity. 
 
 Lecture YIII. — The Church and its Social Obligations. 
 
 The Kingdom of God in its relation to Christian civilization. The church 
 an organism. Antiquity of the church. The old and the new dispensations. 
 The pillar and ground of the truth. "Witnessing to the truth. The gospel 
 the remedy for social ills. Lo\'e the principle of the gospel. The church an 
 ethical teacher. Ethics and sociology. Sociological teaching of Christ and 
 the apostles. National sins and national repentance. The sphere of the 
 Christian ministry. The church and charity. The church and the social 
 question. Attitude toward plutocracy and socialism. External relations of 
 the church : to the state; to ecclesiastical aggression. Signs of peril. Internal 
 relations of the church : its unity. Promise of the future. The church's 
 highest function and duty. Conclusion. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary 
 
 L p. STONE FOUNDATION 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LFXTURES FOR 1894-95 
 
 BV THE 
 
 Rev. James O. Murray, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 Dean of Princeton College. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 RELIGION IN LITERATURE. 
 
 Lecture I. — Thursday, Dec. 6. 
 
 Keligion in Greek Literature, Homeric Poems, Greek 
 Drama, Plato. Religion appears in literature under three 
 categories, (1) As mixed with the errors of polytheism or philos- 
 ophy. (2) As an imperfect and distorted Christianity. (3) As 
 Christianity in its true form and spirit. The Vedic Hymns. 
 The religious spirit and religious ideas of the Homeric Poems. 
 Two extremes as to the religious truths they embody. The 
 Athenian drama as a religious teacher. " ^Eschylus, the prophet 
 of Greek tragedy." Depth and solemnity of his religious teach- 
 ing. Its influence. Substantial unity in that of the three, 
 u^Sschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Plato belongs to literature 
 as much as to philosophy. Contrast between Plato's teaching 
 on immortality and that of the dramatists. The Platonic myths, 
 and truths they contain. The extent to which literature has 
 been influenced by Plato. 
 
 Lecture II. — Friday, Dec. 7. 
 
 Religion in Roman Literature. Vergil, Cicero, Seneca. 
 Reverence felt for Vergil by the Early Church. Its foundation in 
 his Fourth Eclogue. Religious ideas undeiiying the ^Eneid. Ver- 
 gil's belief in the Supernatural. His faith in immortality. His 
 religious spirit. Introduction of religious ideas to Rome through 
 the Stoic philosophy. Seeming resemblance between Stoicism and 
 Christianity. Cicero, as an exponent of the religious ideas in 
 Stoicism. Strength of his faith in immortality. The testimony 
 of Erasmus to the worth of the religious element in Cicero. 
 Character of Seneca. Parallel between Seneca's teachings and 
 those of Christianity. Seneca and St. Paul. The true signifi- 
 cance of this parallelism. Seneca, a literary rather than a philo- 
 sophic mind. Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Importance of 
 recognizing to the ful*l whatever religious truth is found in 
 Pagan literature. 
 
Lecture III. — Monday, Dec. 10 
 
 Rkligion in Italian Literature. Dante. The barrenness of 
 literature in the early Christian centuries. How literature took 
 on a Christian element. Leading facts in the career of Dante. 
 His years of exile. Beginning of the Divine Comedy. The 
 main design of the poem. Its religious spirit characterized. 
 Special religious elements discussed. Dante's exaltatiim of the 
 spiritual over the commercial. His treatment of sin and holiness 
 in human character. His celebration of the triumph of Christ- 
 ianity. 
 
 Lecture IV.— Tuesday, Dec. 11. 
 
 Kelioion in English Literature. The Elizabethan Period. 
 SrENCER AND Shakespeare. Traces of Christianity in the 
 early literature of England. The Puritanism of Spencer in his 
 poems. Main purpose of the Faery (luein. Nature of its alle- 
 gory. Keligious ideas embodied in it. Ruskin's exposition. 
 Influence of the poem. 
 
 Attempt to class Shakespeare with modern skeptics. View 
 of Mr. J. K. Green considered. Scanty knowledge of Shake- 
 speare's life. The opening clause of his will. Shakespeare's 
 great familiarity with the English Bible. Wide range of 
 references to Scriptural facts or statements in his plays. Specitic 
 Christian teachings found in them. Shakespeare's views on im- 
 mortality, on the moral government of the world, attractive 
 power of goodness as there presented. 
 
 Lecture V. — Wednesday, Dec. 12. 
 
 Rkligion in English Literature Period of thk Restora- 
 tion. Milton and Bunyan. Some characteristics of the age 
 of Milton. His religious spirit. Its connection with his view of 
 the poet's mission. The two periods of his poetic work. Christian 
 element in the poetry of the first period. Differing views of 
 the fitness of the theme in Paradise Lost as to its poetic capa- 
 bility and worth. Elements of religion developed in Paradise 
 Lost. The lyrical elements in the poem. Its alleged "cold- 
 ness." 
 
 Bunyan and Milton as representing the Puritan element in 
 our literature. The training of Bunyan for his work as an alle- 
 
gofist. The three works, which belong t(.> literature. The Pil- 
 ffrim's Progress, Life and death of Mr. Badmnn, The Holy War. 
 The diversity of power in his allegory. The difference of con- 
 ception in the PUr/rim^s Progress and The Holy War. 
 
 Lecture VI. — Thursday, Dec. 13. 
 
 Keligion in English Literature. The Victorian Period. 
 Wordsworth, Tennyson, Browning. The spiritual crisis in 
 Wordsworth's life. The poetic treatment of the Divine Life in 
 Nature — a main feature in his poetry. His alleged Pantheism. 
 The Christian element in his view of human life. Religious 
 influence of his poetry. 
 
 " Tennyson as prophet " Influence of the Bible in his 
 poetry. His "higher Pantheism." The Christian element in 
 his view of human life. Diflerences between the religious ele- 
 ment in his earlier and later poems. 
 
 Browning's Theism. Views of the human soul. His doc- 
 trine of immortality. Of life as a moral discipline. His view of 
 Christ as a personal Saviour. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE 
 SEMINARY CHAPEL AT 5 P. M. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary, 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P, Stone Foundation 
 For 1896 
 
 REV, HUGH M, SCOTT, D.D., 
 
 Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago 
 Theological Seminary. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 The Origin and Development of the Nieene 
 Theology ; with some reference to the 
 Ritsehlian vieAv of Theology and History 
 of Doctrine, 
 
 Lecture I. — Monday, Jan. 20. 
 
 Critical and Biblical Prolegombna to the Development of 
 THE NicENE Theology of the Divine Christ. What 
 Christianity is. The issues involved in the Nieene Theology. 
 Monistic and Ritschl Schools. Divine Christ central. Historical 
 argument. Deism and the Neo-Kantian theology. Christ's 
 consciousness of Himself. Various estimates of the same. 
 Titles of Christ, Christ and the Kosmos Christ and the King- 
 dom. Christ and final judgment. Christ and Missions. The 
 Apostles and Christ. Worship of Christ. The Apostles and 
 Revelation of Christ. 
 
 Lecture IL — Tuesday, Jan. 21. 
 
 Laying the Foundations or the Nicene Theology, center- 
 ing IN THE Divine Christ, and in opposition to pagan 
 
 CULTURE represented BY GnO.STICISM, UNTIL THE FaITH OF 
 
 THE Church wa.s settled by the Anti-Gnostic Theologi- 
 ans upon a New Testament basis, Christ and the Fullness 
 of time. Christian philosophy of history. Christianity and 
 Natural Theology. Jewish and Gentile Christianity. Hellen- 
 istic Judaism. Early Christian literature. New Testament 
 theology and History of Doctrine. Theology of the Apostolic 
 Fathers. Conflict with Gnosticism. Errors of Gnosticism. 
 Irenaeus and Tertullian. Results of Gnosticism. The Church 
 and the Rule of Faith. The Church and the New Testament 
 Scriptures. 
 
Lecture III. — Wednesday, Jan. 22. 
 
 Devklopmknt of the doctrine of the Divine Christ upon 
 
 THE GROUND OF THE CHRISTIAN TRADITION, UsE OF THE OlD 
 
 Testament, Contact with Greek Thought, Appeal to 
 THE Collected New Testament, and Opposition to 
 Heresy. Christology and Judaism. Mystery of the Incarna- 
 tion. Expectation of a Mediator among Jews and Greeks. The 
 Memra and the Logos. The Christian Logos idea. Christianity 
 of the Apostolic Fathers. "Adoption " and " Pneumatic " Christ- 
 ology. Logos doctrine of the Apologists, of Irenaeus, of the Mon- 
 archians. The Christology of the Alexandrian School Arianism. 
 
 Lecture IV. — Thursday, Jan. 23. 
 
 Imperfect Apprehension of the Divine Christ in His Work 
 OF Salvation, and, connected therewith, an inadequate 
 
 VIEW OF SIN, A defective THEORY OF FREE-WILL, AND THE 
 CONSEQUENT GROWTH OF LEGALISM, SACERDOTALISM AND 
 
 Asceticism in the Early Catholic Church. Soteriology of 
 the Greek Church chiefly Johannic, Baptismal Regeneration. 
 Consequent Legalism. Loss of Pauline view of Justitication by 
 faith. Reason of this. Greek view of sin. Its relation to free- 
 will, to Adam. Its ignorance and weakness. Views of Origen 
 and Athanasius. Fatalism and free-will. Human ability. Non- 
 reality of evil. Reference of sin to Satan. Christology and 
 views of guilt. The Apologists and the doctrine of Redemption. 
 Salvation according to Irenaeus, Origen and Athanasius. Influ- 
 ence of Athanasius. Hindrance of the Church System, of Sacra- 
 ments, of gnostic and ascetic ideas. 
 
 Lecture V. — Friday, Jan. 24. 
 
 The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit and the Trinity as neces- 
 sarily INVOLVED IN that OF GOD AND THE DiVINE CHRIST. 
 
 The Apostolic Church of the Holy Ghost. What this meant. 
 Rilschl view of the Spirit. Monist doctrine of the Spirit. The 
 Spirit in history of doctrine. Deposit of this doctrine received 
 from New Testament Church. Change in the view of the Spirit 
 right. The Apostolic Fathers and the Spirit. The Spirit and 
 the Incarnation. The Apologists and the Spirit. Effects of 
 controversies upon the doctrine of the Spirit. Ebionites and 
 
Gnostics. The Fourth Gospel and the Spirit. Montanisn^, 
 Monarchianism and the Spirit. The Spirit and Trinity in the 
 anti-Gnostic Fathers, in Origen and Athanasius. Eeasons for 
 the incidental references to the Spirit in the theology of the first 
 three centuries. Conception of Christ by the Spirit and Person- 
 ality of the Spirit as found in the earliest Creed. Elaboration of 
 the doctrine of the Spirit by Nicene and post-Nicene theologians. 
 This doctrine not a product of Hellenism. 
 
 Lecture VI. — Monday, Jan. 27. 
 
 Thk Doctrine of the Divine Christ in its relation to the 
 Rule of Faith and to Dogma. Christ and the baptismal 
 formula. "What this formula was. Its history. First baptismal 
 confession. Its contents. Testimony of the Apostolic Fathers. 
 The first Creed. Harnack's view of "only begotten " Son and 
 " Father " in this Creed. Apologists and the Creed. Irenaeus, 
 Tertullian and the " Eule of Faith." The Creed and the Scrip- 
 tures. Theological exposition of the Rule of Faith. Letter of 
 the Bishop of Jerusalem, The Creed not Hellenised. Council 
 of Nicsea and Christology. Ritschl criticism of Logos Christ- 
 ology. Reply. Test of doctrinal truth. Faith and knowledge. 
 Christ and Christology, doctrine and life inseparable. Reasons 
 for a dogmatic statement at Nicjea. Two views of dogma — both 
 defective. False alternative set by Hatch. Conclusion. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN THE 
 SEMINARY CHAPEL AT 5 P. M. 
 
SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Stone Lectures for 1897. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L* i ♦ Otone Foundation 
 For 1897 
 
 I 
 
 WALTER W. MOORE, 
 
 Professor of the Hebrew Langfuage and Literature in 
 Union Theological Seminary, Hampden-Sidney, Va. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Seminary Chapel at 5 o'clock p. m. 
 
SUBJECT: 
 
 The Beginning of Hebrew History 
 
 In the Light of Recent Archaeological Research. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 Introductory. 
 The Inspiration of the Scriptures the pre-eminent theological ques- 
 tion of the day. — In what sense a new question. — Skeptical appeal to 
 recent developments in Comparative Religion, Physical Science and His- 
 torical Criticism. — Our chief concern with the last. — The real question. — 
 Have we in the Old Testament a true history, or a farrago of myth?, 
 legends and forged codes of law? — Importance of the question, the divine 
 authority of the Bible bound up with its historical truth. — True of Old 
 Testament as well as New. — Yet it is the most fundamental portion of 
 the Old Testament to which the negative critics most strenuously deny 
 the character of true history. —The period from Abraham to Moses, 
 which the Biblical writers describe as the genetic period of Hebrew his- 
 tory, and to which they refer the great ideas and institutions of the 
 Hebrew race, is the period which the negative critics pronounce to be 
 practically a blank so far as Israel's literature and religion are concerned. 
 — Sketch of the Biblical Theory. — Sketch of the Modern Theory. — The 
 two most pronounced and significant differences between them : (i) 
 The tendency of the latter to bring the beginnings of Hebrew history, 
 literature and religion down to much later dates than those to which they 
 are assigned by the former, and (2) The tendency of the latter to eliminate 
 from that history, literature and religion the supernatural element to 
 which the former attaches supreme importance. — As to the first, it is 
 evident that a full knowledge of the era comprising the alleged migra- 
 tion sof the patiiarchs and the alleged sojourn and exode of Israel would 
 settle the question. — But, as both theories appeal to the same Scriptures 
 (though with a difference), the testimony of an extra-Biblical witness has 
 been a desideratum. — Now supplied by the science of Oriental Archeology. 
 —Testimony not so full as we could wish, but conclusive as to the 
 general character of the age, and its literary attainments and political 
 conditions. — Before considering it, note two facts already established by 
 Archeology, which raise a presumption in favor of the traditional theory. 
 
(a) the trustworthiness of that portion of the Biblical records which 
 extends from the Disruption to the end of the Exile, and the general 
 correctness of the Biblical representation of the patriarchal age, and (d) 
 the antiquity of the art of writing and of historical records — Parallel 
 between the criticism of Homer and that of the Pentateuch. 
 
 The tendency of modern criticism to bring down the beginnings of 
 Hebrew history, literature and religion to late periods really determined 
 by a theory of natural evolution. — The second main difference between 
 the two theories, viz. : the tendency of one to eliminate the super- 
 natural—Discredited {a) by the failure of all the naturalistic theories to 
 account for the beginnings of religious faith, (/') by the unique character 
 and influence of the religion of Israel, (tr) by the predictive prophecies 
 of the Old Testament. — One of these (Gen. xv. 13-16) fixes the Exodus 
 as the first goal of Hebrew history. — If we could show by contemporaiy 
 extra-Biblical records, not only that the period from Abraham to Moses 
 was such a period in point of civilization and literary attainments as the 
 Biblical theory implies, but also that there was such an adjustment of 
 the nations as to promote and secure the fulfilment of that prophecy, it 
 would go far towards proving both the trustworthiness of the Hebrew 
 records and the divine direction of all the interplay of the contemporary 
 nations. — This the aim of these lectures. 
 
 LECTURE n. 
 The Babylonian Origin of the Hebrews. 
 The mythical Abraham of Goldziher — The legendary Abraham of 
 Wellhausen, Kuenen, Meinhold, and Stade. — Their arguments rest ui on 
 the two assumptions referred to in Lect. I., viz. : the impossibility of 
 direct revelation and the late origin of all national records. — A theory 
 which makes the patriarchs to be merely personifications of the con- 
 stituent clans of Israel is irreconcilable with the character of the narrative 
 itself and with the conditions of that "later age" which is said to have 
 invented these figures — Ewald, "solid background offset" to the primi- 
 tive histories. — 'Their accuracy of detail. — Their representation of Baby- 
 lonia as the birth-place of human civilization. — Babylonian civilization 
 older than Egyptian. — Its beginnings thrown back to an enormously re- 
 mote antiquity by the discoveries of the last fifteen years. — Cylinder of 
 Nabonidus, 550 B. C. — Sargon I., 3800 B. C. — Hilprecht says earliest 
 
ruins at Nippur not of later date than 6000 B. C. — Beaiing of assured 
 results upon the Biblical representation. — Babylonia the original home 
 of the Hebrews, affirmed by Scripture, denied by Meinhold and others. 
 — Archaeology confirms Scripture (i) By showing that the Babylonians 
 and the Hebrews have the same traditions, (2) By showing, from Hebrew 
 names on Babylonian contract tablets of the time of Abraham, that 
 Hebrews were then living there, (2) By showing that the names of the 
 kings of the Amraphel dynasty are South Arabian and Hebrew. — In- 
 ference, the South Arabians and Hebrews had a common ancestor 
 
 Gen. X. 25 says they had. — Eber was the father of Peleg, the ancestor 
 of the Hebrews, and of Joktan, the ancestor of the South Arabians. — 
 Other features of Gen. x. incompatible with the modern theory, e. g. 
 Canaan was a younger brother (/. e. a political dependency) of Mizraim 
 (Gen. X. 6), in the age of Moses, but not in any later age. — Elam had 
 the political supremacy in Babylonia (Gen. x. 22) in the age of Moses. 
 — But apart from the date of Gen. x., the Biblical statement of the 
 Babylonian origin of the Hebrews is vindicated. — The call of Abraham 
 fits the time of the Amraphel dynasty. 
 
 LECTURE HI. 
 The Age of Abraham. 
 Ur, gulf port, border of Semitic Arabia. — Significance of the fact 
 that the Biblical forms of " Ur," " Chaldees " and " Shinar " are older 
 than those on the Assyrian tablets. — Connection between Ur and Harran. 
 — Babylonian domination of the West — Gen. xiv. not a projection into the 
 past of the campiigns of Assyrian kings. — Western Asia subjugated by 
 Babylonians centuries before Abraham : Lugal-zag-gi-si {c. 4c 00 B. C.) ; 
 Sargon I. {c. 3800 B. C); Gudea {c. 3000 B. C. ) imported building 
 materials from Syria ; Int-Sin (r. 2500 B. C. ) — As to Gen. xiv. extraordi- 
 nary concurrence of proofs — Names of all four of the Eastern kings found 
 in Babylonian inscriptions. — Eri Aku of Larsa=Arioch of Ellasar ; 
 Kudur-Lagamar=:Chedorlaomer ; Khammurabi ^Amraphel ; Tudghul of 
 Gutium=Tidal of Q'^T^ — Dominaiion of Elam proved — Why "in the 
 days of .Imraphcl'''' rather than Chedarlaomer ? — Proof of accuracy com- 
 plete. — Desperate hypothesis of Meyer. — Unavailing. — Antiquity of the 
 material stamped upon the face of the narrative. — Abraham's attitude 
 towards Chedorlaomer, towards Khammurabi. — Topographical accuracy 
 of the narrative {e. g. cities of the Plain) inexplicable by modern theory. 
 — Intimate relations between Babylonia and Canaan. — Culture. — Is 
 "Nomadic Abraham inconceivable" in a country so highly civilized as 
 Canaan then was ? 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 The Connection Between Egypt and Palestine During The 
 
 Sojourn, 
 Political adjustments in relation to the fortunes of Israel. —Ap- 
 parently overruled to secure fulfilment of prediction in Gen. xv. 13-16. 
 
 1. Hyksos conquest prepared the way for the first step, viz.: settle- 
 ment in an alien land. — By no other Pharaohs save the Shepherd Princes 
 would the Shepherd sons of Jacob have been so received. — Every 
 shepherd an abomination to the native "Egyptians." — This prevented 
 Israel's being sent up the country, and cut off from communication with 
 Canaan. 
 
 2. Israel kept in an expectant attitude towards Canaan. — Jacob 
 buried there, but not Joseph. — Way blocked temporarily by expulsion of 
 Hyksos (;". 1580 B. C) — Way reopened and Palestine made an Egyptian 
 province by i8th Dynasty. — Monumental and Scriptural intimations of 
 an Israelitish sense of proprietorship in Canaan, and of premature at- 
 tempts to make settlements there. ^ — i Chron. vii. 20-24. — Prof. Ben- 
 nett's interpretation impossible. 
 
 3. The land prepared for Israel. — Necessary to God's plan that 
 Egypt should succeed Babylonia in the domination of the Land of Pro- 
 mise, yet so as that neither great antagonist should retain permanent 
 possession of it. — Balancing of the powers (Babylon, Egvpt, Mitanni, 
 Hittites) so as to reserve and prepare Canaan for occupancy by Israel. — 
 Marriage of Asiatic princesses by the Pharaohs.— Queen Taia — Her son, 
 Amenophis IV., or A'huenaten, "the heretic king. — His religious re- 
 formation. — Removal of capital from Thebes to site now called Tel el- 
 Amarna. — Cuneiform tablets found there in 1887 — Diplomatic corres- 
 pondence : Egypt and Babylonia, Egypt and Mitanni. — Letters from 
 Egyptian viceroys in Syria and Palestine. — Results : (i) This use of the 
 Babylonian language implies that the Babylonians had once occupied all 
 Southwestern Asia ; (2) This use of the Babylonian script implies general 
 acquaintance with the art of writing in Syria a century or so before 
 Moses ; (3) The Hebrews of the Exodus not barbarians, incapable of 
 skilled workmanship in textile fabrics, metals and precious stones ; (4) 
 Free intercourse between these ancient peoples ; (5) The account of 
 Othniel's campaign against a king of Mesopotamia does not "involve too 
 wide an outlook"; (6) Khuenaten's reformation produced confusion and 
 strife at home, disorganization and weakness in the provinces ; Egypt's 
 hold upon Canaan loosened ; native princes revolting and fighting one 
 another ; way paved for Israel. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 RAMESES II. AND THE OPPRESSION. 
 
 As the time appointed for the Exodus approached, necessity arose 
 for the reversal of the pro-Semitic policy of i8th Dynasty. — Accordingly, 
 19th Dynasty anti-Semitic. — "Knew not Joseph." — Oppression of Israel 
 culminated under Rameses II. — Naville's discovery of Pithom in 1S83. 
 — Store-chambers. — Inscriptions give the place three names: Pithom, 
 Succoth, Heroopolis. — Route of the Exodus determined 7>s. the anti- 
 Scriptural theory of Brugsch. — Red Sea extended fifty miles farther North 
 then than now^, place of crossing — Mummy of Rameses II. — Central 
 figure of 19th Dynasty. — Three prominent features of that Dynasty : 
 (i) Shifting of Egypt's centre of gravity from the Thebaid to the Delta, 
 
 (2) Temporary re-establishment of Egyptian suzerainty over Palestine, 
 
 (3) Protracted but indecisive conflict with Hillites in North Syria. — 
 All three support our contention that Providence was shaping the poli- 
 tical movements of the time to one end, viz. : the Exodus of the Israelites 
 and their settlement in Canaan. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 
 MERNEPTAH II. AND THE EXODUS. 
 
 Merneptah, generally regarded as the Pharaoh of the Exodus — An 
 inscription concerning his repulse of the Libyan invasion of his fifth 
 year discovered in 1896 — Closing paragraph, describing certain conse- 
 quences of this victory, contains an incidental reference to Israel — 
 "The chiefs bow down, making their salutations of 'peace,' 
 Not one of the peoples of the bow (/. c, hostile foreigners,) lifts up 
 its head : 
 The Libyans are vanquished ; 
 The Hittites keep peace ; 
 
 Ravaged is Pa-Kanana (in Southern Palestine) with all violence; 
 Carried away is Ashkelon (on the Philistine coast) ; 
 Seized upon is Gezer (in North Philistia) ; 
 Yenuam (near Tyre) is brought to naught ; 
 
 The people of Isiraal are spoiled, they have no grain (or seed) ; 
 Khar (/. t. , Southern Palestine,) has become as helpless widows 
 before Egypt. 
 All lands together are in peace, 
 Every one that was rebellious is subdued by the King Merneptah.' 
 
Seven possible interpretations of the statement concerning Israel : 
 I. 'yezreel not Israel. Disproved by orthography and by determinative 
 for "people." 
 
 2. A subjugation of Israel in Palestine by Egyptians, out of which Bibli- 
 
 cal writers spun the legend of a bondage in tgypt, no actual sojourn 
 having ever occurred. Impossible that a purely mythical occurrence 
 should have given the key-nole lo the whole national life. 
 
 3. Destruction of male children described in Ex. i. Three objections : 
 
 (i), This policy was inaugurated nearly a century before Merneptah's 
 fifth year; (2), Mention of Israel between two places in Palestme 
 shows that Israel was there too — Answer; (3). The last word in the 
 line cannot here mean ' 'offspring," but "grain." 
 
 4. A conquest of the twelve tribes after settlement in Canaan — Habiri, 
 
 Jacob-el, Joseph-el — Inadmissible because no Biblical mention of 
 subsequent Egyptian invasions — Argument from silence valid in 
 this case for two reasons. 
 
 5. A defeat inflicted upon 2i portion of the Israelites who were in Canaan 
 
 before Joshua's invasion. Rejected because inconsistent with Bibli- 
 cal indications. 
 
 6. A suppression of an incipient revolt of Israel in Goshen before the 
 
 Exodus. 
 
 7. A disaster which befell Israel within a year or two after the Exodus — 
 
 Deut. i. 44 ? — Two objections : (i), Israel had no stores of grtin in 
 the wildernf^ss ; (2), Merneptah was drowned at Red Sea — Answers. 
 
 Troubles in Egypt and Palestine during Israel's wandering. Hit- 
 tite power broken by northern invaders — Rameses III. — Egypt's final 
 withdrawal from Palestine — Philistines, Amos ix. 7. —Canaan — No 
 combined opposition to invasion of Israel. 
 
 Conclusion : The prophecy (Gen. xv. 13-16) and the historical 
 adjustments which secured its fulfilment fit one another like lock and 
 key — Those adjustments extend over a period of five hundred years, and 
 involve the movements of various great nations — Accidental or designed? 
 Recapitulation. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L, P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For J 897-98 
 
 Rev. Melancthon Williams Jacobus, D.D., 
 
 Hosmer Professor of New Testament Exegesis 
 in Hartford Theological Seminary. 
 
subject: 
 
 Present Day Problems in Ne^v Testament 
 Criticism. 
 
 Lecture I. — Moniay, Dec. 6. 
 
 Introductory. — New Testament not likely to be chosen for Course 
 of Lectures. Other departments possessed of so many problems. 
 And such vital ones. Old Testament Criticism. Historical 
 Criticism. Systematic Theology. Apologetics. Sociology. Pre- 
 sence however of problems in New Testament Criticism. Syn- 
 optic Problem. Problem of Fourth Gospel. Problem of Apo- 
 calypse. Problem of II Peter. Problem of Epistle to Hebrews. 
 Recent problem of Acts. Of Pauline Epistles. Larger problems 
 beyond these. Formation of New Testament Canon. Relation 
 of Apostles to Christ. Lectures to be in direction of latter 
 problem. Significance of philosophical element in problem. 
 Task remaining for Criticism. 
 
 Lecture IL — Tuesday, Dec. 7. 
 
 Problem of the Method. Reason for placing this problem at front. 
 Naturally introductory. Brings out spirit of work. Significance 
 of Scientific method. Meaning of term. Plea for such method. 
 Review of development. General Introduction. Home. Ger- 
 man reaction. Special Introduction. Before Tubingen. Tub- 
 ingen's position. After Tubingen. Criticism of present methods. 
 Holtzmann. Godet. Jiilicher. Weiss. Salmon. Review of 
 faults. Plea for right method justified. How to be supplied. 
 General Introduction. Special Introduction. Four principles. 
 Discussion. 
 
Lecture III. — Wednesday, Dec. 8. 
 
 Problem ofthePhii-OSOPHy. Imporbince of its discussion. Because 
 
 (a) Philosophy conditions results of Criticism, (by Criticism of 
 • to-day influenced bj' philosophy in special way. Review of phil- 
 osophic development as affecting Criticism. Reformation period. 
 Succeeding Rationalism. Kant. Schleiermacher. Fichte. Hegel. 
 Modern Criticism. The philosophy standing behind it. Review 
 of modern philosophic tendency in Germany. In England. 
 Result as explaining modern Criticism. How far is this phil- 
 osophy to be adopted ? No a priori reason against development 
 in thought and life of Apostolic Church. 
 
 Evident fact of it (a) In life of Church — as given in Acts. 
 
 (b) In thought of Church — as given in Paul's Epistles. Ques- 
 tions involved. Statement of position. 
 
 Lecture IV. — Thursday, Dec. 9. 
 
 Relation of Apostolic Teachikg to that of Jesus. Claim of 
 modern critics. Basis of discussing claim. Consideration of a com- 
 parison of the teaching of Paul with that of Jesus. Principles 
 ruling in the consideration. (1) Doctrine of Relation of Man to 
 God. Jesus teaches relation one of nature. Paul, one of law. 
 Discussion of passages. Explanation of difference in teachings. 
 
 (2) Doctrine of Condition of Salvation. Jesus teaches condition 
 one of failh in Himself as Revealer. Paul, one of faith in Christ 
 crucified and raised from the dead. Discussion of passages. Cause 
 for ditference in teachings. 
 
 Lecture V. — Friday, Dec. 10, 
 
 Relation of Apostolic Teaching to that of Jesus. — Continued. 
 
 (3) Doctrine of Person of Christ. Jesus and Paul hold essentially 
 same view, (a) As to Humanity (b) As to Divinity. Emphasis 
 however in Jesus' teaching upon fact of his Heavenly Origin. 
 Discussion of passages. Emphasis in Paul's teaching upon fact 
 of Resurrection, Ascension and Session in Glory. Discussion of 
 passages. Explanation of diSerences. Review of position taken 
 in lectures. Question raised as to how the facts can be limited 
 to those assured in the position. Answer given in peculiar char- 
 acter of facts. Question raised as to why authoritative interpre- 
 tation of these facts should be limited to Apostolic Age. Answer 
 given in peculiar relation of Apostles to Christ. 
 
Lecture VI. — Monday, Dec. 13. 
 
 Development of Paul's Doctrine of Christian Unity. Belongs 
 to teaching outside fundamental teaching of Christianity. Discus- 
 sion of development in Apostolic teaching. Extreme view. Posi- 
 tion taken. Situation at close of Paul's work in East. Success of 
 struggle against Judaizing Party. Consequences. In East. In 
 West. How aiFected motive of Epistle to Rome. Condition of 
 Church at Rome. How affected Paul's idea of Christian Unity. 
 Comparison between passages in Thessalonians and in Corin- 
 thians. Comparison of these with passages in Romans. Results. 
 Paul's history after writing Romans. Troubles in Asia Minor 
 Churches. Colossian and Ephesian Epistles. Relation of therne 
 of Colossians to that of Ephesians. Advance in idea of Christian 
 Unitv from Romans. Resume. 
 
 THE LECTURES WILL BE DELIVERED IN MILLER 
 CHAPEL AT 4.30 P. M. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminairv. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF TUB 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For J 898-99 
 
 Reverend a. Kuyper, d.D., 
 
 Professor in th^ Free University, Amsterdam. 
 Memljer of the States General, Hblland, 
 
subject: CALVINISM, 
 
 Le<ture I. — Monday, 0(:tobp:r 10. 
 
 Calvinism in Histouy. 
 
 ISTBODTTCTiojf. — Why Ciilvinism is to be the subject of tht*e lectures. 
 Division of tht.' general subject into six lectures. What is to 
 be understood bj' Calvinism ; what not. Sectarian, ci>nfegsi(Mial, 
 and denomitnational use of the word. Its strictly scientific 
 meaning. TLe domain of Calvinism, its centre and circumfer- 
 ence. Calvinism as a general system, a life and a wt)rkl-view, 
 on aline with Paganism, Islamisra, and Romanism. Why this 
 albembracing character of Calvinism is so little understood. The 
 three condition? of a general life-system. .First, a peculiar in- 
 sight into- our fundamental relations to God. This relntion in 
 Paganism, in Islamism, and in Romanism, and the Same in 
 Calvinism. Why not attributed to Protestantism in general. 
 Luther and Calvin. The ptisition of Modernism in this first rela- 
 tion. The fundamenUil thought of Calvinism, due to the work of 
 God. SeacmcL, a peculiar conception of our reliction, as man, to 
 man. Paganism, Islamism, Romanism, Modernism, and over 
 against all these, Calvinism. Thh'd, a peculiar conception of our 
 relation to the world. Antithesis between the Christian and the 
 world. Th« theory of Rome. Common Grace. Calviniitic 
 Theory. Antithesis to Anabaptism. Conclusion. Calvinism, 
 a stage in the development of the human race, and a higher 
 stage. Its development in America. The significance of the 
 commingling of blood in all preceding phases of human develop- 
 ment. Tbe^ same in Calvinism. Calvinism, the general life- 
 system for mankind, having arrived at maturity. Historical 
 nroof that Calvinism really brought about.such a general change. 
 
Lkcturk II. — Tuesday, Octdbek 11. 
 
 CALvrxrsM and Relkuon. 
 
 Conclusions drawn from first lecture. Great energy of Calvinism 
 in producing a new religious standpoint, and realizing it in a 
 new Church life. Comparison with the religious lethargy of 
 Modernism. Divisions of this lecture. First, Calvinistic con- 
 ceptiiin of Religion as such. Here four questit)ns arise: 1. Does 
 Religion exist for the sake of God, or for nuinf Modern v:ew 
 of the origin of Religion. Paganism. Fatal issue of egoistic 
 religion. Calvinistic view. Religion impressed on the whole 
 cosmos. Religion in man, fruit of the " Sensus Divinitatis " 
 God wrought in him. The Lord's Prayer. 2. Is Religion 
 (iii'ect or mediate ? No Church religion. Rome. Lutheran 
 Church Calvinistic view. No mediat')r>hip of the creature. 
 Dogma of Election. 3. Is Religion partial or universal, as to its 
 organ; its sphere ; its group f Rome's view. Protestant opposi- 
 tifin Full development under Calvinism. Particular and Com- 
 mon Grace. 4. Must Religion be normal or soter io logical ? The 
 present prevailing idea. An unconscious Religion. Religion 
 developing itself from the lower to the higher stage. The Cal- 
 vinistic idea. Degeneration by sin. Regeneration and revela- 
 tion postulated. The authority of the Holy Scriptures. The 
 "Testimonium Spiritus Sancti." Summing up of these four 
 points. Second, Calvinism and the Church. 1. The essence of 
 the Church. This essence is in Heaven. Rome's view, placing 
 the real Sanctuary on earth. Sacerdotium and sacerdotalism. 
 Mystical communion with the Church in Heaven, by means of 
 the Spirit. 2. The Manifestation of the Church on earth. Insti- 
 tute or congregation of believers. Form of Church Government. 
 Presbyterian. Fynodical. Multiformity of the Churches. 
 Principle of liberty thereby guaranteed. The children of 
 believers. Church and Covenant ; oecumenical and national. 
 •3. The purpose of the Church . Not the sanctification of men, 
 but the manifestation of eternal life and light to God's glory. 
 Communion of saints. Spiritual cultus. Church discipline. 
 The Diaconate. Third, The fruit in practical life. Antinomy 
 between predestination and morality. Antinomianism. Reli- 
 gion outside the Church. God's ordinance for the whole cosmos 
 and for the moral world-order. Willingness to follow these 
 
ordinances. No Anabapti'stical avoidance. Vocation in the 
 world, for humanity and for nature. Threefold barrier: card- 
 playing; theatre; dancing. ' Moral loquacity of our times, but 
 lack of moral fixedness. The oundations of moral life are now 
 giving way. Comparison of what Calvinism achieved in the cor- 
 rupt "milieu" in which it made its appearance. 
 
 Lkcture III. — Friday, October 14. 
 
 Calvinism and Politics. 
 
 Calvinism not only a religious, but also a political force. Source of 
 liberty in Holland, England and America. Source and warrant 
 of constitutional rights. A threefold sovereignty. 1. Sovereignty 
 in the sphere of the State. Organic creation marred by ^in, hence 
 world-empire an impossibility. Institution of magistrates neces- 
 sitated by sin Battle of the ages between authority and liberty. 
 Dark side of state life. Mechanical authority easily degenerates 
 into despotism Bright side. State order preservative. The 
 Cosmos created for God's good pleasure. No authority except 
 by divine institution. God alone the supreme authority. The 
 magistrate an instrument of common grace. Calvin's views on 
 government. Highest result attained when the people themselves 
 choose their own magistrates Atheistic popular sovereignty of 
 France, and pantheistic state sovereignty of Germany, contrasted 
 with Calvinistic conception. Sooereignty in the sphere of social 
 life. Business; Science; Art; Agriculture; Industry; etc., all 
 have their own existence, independent of the State. Personal 
 sovereignty of genius, not mechanical. Sovereignty of the Acad- 
 emy in the domain of Art ; of the University in the realm of 
 Science; of Guilds in the technical domain; of trades-unions 
 in the sphere of labor; of parental authority in family life. All 
 these " kingships " organic. Autonomous social existenceof cities 
 and villages. Limitation of the power of the State. Social rights 
 may not be ceded to the government. Law combines both 
 authorities. Absolute sovereignty of God. 3. Sovereignty in the 
 sphere of the Church. Difficulty of the problem. Restrictions of 
 liberty. " Civil disabilities.'" Ancient duty of the State to pro- 
 tect the Church from idolatry, not immediatel}^ abolished by 
 Calvinism. Ancient unity of Church life. Multiplicity of 
 Church formations the result of Calvinism. Free Church only 
 found in Calvinistic countries. Calvinistic Holland, a refuge for 
 
the persecuted. A defence of tolerance, and liberty of conscience, 
 in opposition to Home's system of Church unity. Calvinistic 
 conception of the duty of the magistrate, in things spiritual. (1) 
 Toward God. To govern the State in accordance with His ordi- 
 nances ; no subjection to the Church. (3) Toward the visible 
 Church. To tolerate the multiform complexity of denominations. 
 To maintain the freedom of the Church in matters of religion. 
 To control the Church in civil (4uestions. Sovereignty of Church 
 and State partillel. (8) As regards the sovereignty of the indi- 
 vidual. The State must respect liberty of conscience as the fruit 
 of mature development. This conception not always maintained 
 by Calviiiistic Fathers. Liberty of conscience first established in 
 the Calvinistic Netherlands. Liberty of the French Revolution, 
 emancipating from God, and bringing man under man's yoke. 
 Calvinistic liberty, allowing freedom under God, and thereby 
 securing independence of man from man. 
 
 Lkctuki-: IV. — Wkdnksday, October 19. 
 
 CaLVI.NISM and SinKNC'E. 
 
 Cuhinhrn fostered love for Science. The University of Sciences 
 granted to Leyden in 1573, as the reward, of its heroic defence 
 against the Spaniards. How this University promoted the 
 sciences, in every way. What is to be understood by Science ? 
 Not mere empiricism. The ascent from the phenomena to the 
 law by which they are ruled, and from that law to the principle 
 or idea embodied in the phenomena. Reduction of these various 
 principles to one root-principle ; hence the incredible progress of 
 the idea of evolution. The conception of the unity of the Cos- 
 mos and predestination. Almost all modern philosophical sys- 
 tems in favor of Calvin's monism, against Pelagian atomism. 
 Calvinism proclaims unity, stability, and fixed order in all 
 things. In this soil Science flourished. The comprehensive 
 view of life imparted by Calvinism to its adhei'ents, even among 
 the lower classes of society. Calvinism restored to Science its 
 domain. The Grst-co- Roman conception of Science. The clas- 
 sical world, and the Roman-Catholic views upon nature, history, 
 and life. The Islamistic view. Calvinism changed the ^reMerai 
 opinion by its dogma of Common Grace. The dualistic concep- 
 tion of grace and nature opposed. This dualism at the bar of 
 the Bible. Cardinal Borromeo and Calvin in the time of the 
 
Plague. Plancius, minister of the Gospel, and at the same time 
 first geographer of his age. The theory of Common Grace ex- 
 pounded. Rome's theory of the " Pura naturalia." Deep 
 consciousness of sin, nevertheless, placing a just estimate on 
 this sinful world and its history. How practical life, in 
 accordance with these principles, claimed a knowledge of history, 
 nature, and economics, and thereby encouraged the sciences. 
 Calvinism, the jirotnotei' of the liberty of Science. Liberty is not 
 license. The free origin of the university in the Middle Ages. 
 The " Respublica litterarum." These universities, in their con- 
 nection with Church and State. The encroachment of the papal 
 power. Luther handed over the universities to the magistrate. 
 Calvinism, alone, took an independent stand. Liberty of 
 Science impaired by criminal laws. Deiidly endeavor of the 
 conservatives to keep Science fettered. Des Cartes fled from 
 rationalistic France to the Calvinistic Netherlands. One-sided 
 spiritual conception of life antagonized by Calvinism. '1 he con- 
 flict of principles ; how to be solved in the scientific domain. 
 The meaning of this conflict. Every Science built on faith. 
 All real faith must lead to Science. The Normalists, over against 
 the Abnormalists. The fundamental point of departure for both. 
 Two scientific systems, each comprehending the whole of Science. 
 In former ages, the Abnormalists masters of the situation. 
 Now, on the contrarj', the Normalists. Fruitless endeavours to 
 unite both systems in a medial conception. The standpoint of 
 Calvin in this conflict. A twofold consciousness. Cannot agree. 
 Hence, a twofold science, on the basis of complete liberty. Need 
 of a separate university life for Normalists and Abnormalists. 
 The world-conception of the State, of the Church, and of Science. 
 Calvinism broke with all these. Politics perplexed by the multi- 
 formity of Science. Religion by the multiformity of denomina- 
 tions. 
 
 Lecture V. — Thtr.sday, October 20, 
 
 Calvinism and Art. 
 
 The democratizing of Art in our days. Its bright and its dark side. 
 The mystical significance of Art. Want of originality in our 
 century. Prejudice against Calvinism. Calvin's personal want 
 of artistic talent. Calvin and Luther. The Apostles. The 
 
Greek ieonoclasts. Islamism. Natural and climatic differences. 
 1. Calvinifnn n(>t allowed to deoelop an art-stijle of its own. 
 Central realization of all former art-styles in the sanctuary, 
 temple, cathedral, mosque. Connection between . worship and 
 Art.' Denominational multiplicity. Symbolical worship. 
 Israel. Connection between lieligioii and Art. Higher stage in 
 this relatron inaugurated by Calvini.sm. SjTnbolic worship 
 «xcladed from this higher stage. Could a secular art-style 
 'develop itself? Kuinan Empire. Renaissance. No art-style 
 conceivable but in direct connection, with the root of all humjin 
 life in God. 2. What interpretation of the nature of Art 
 fiowsfrom .its pr'mcipU f Calvin's declaration about Art and the 
 Beautiful. This opinion in accordance with the Ca4vinistic 
 principle. Art rw) mimesis, but the manifestation of. a higher 
 reality. God's sovereignty- and the Beautiful. Our artistic 
 perception, a trait of the image of God. 3. How Caltnnis7>i en- 
 couraged and advanced Art. It put an end to the tutelage of the 
 Church. The guardianship of the olprg}' indispensable in the 
 fij'St centuries of the Clirisliun w^rld ; superfluous and noxious, 
 a? the goal of majoiMty was reached. Eour powers eager to 
 emancipate themselves. Renaissance in the domain of Art ; 
 Republicanism in "Italian politics; Humanism in Science, and 
 Reformation In Religion. . Co-operation of those four powers, but 
 within certain |imit,s only. -The Renaissance alone did not suc- 
 ceed, Rome . iwcepting the classical rule. Luther wanted 
 thoroughness, Calvin, first of-all, broke the fetters. Calvinism 
 reduced to so resolute a standpoint by its doctrine of Common 
 Grace. Art and Common Grace. The classical school. The 
 actual advancement of Art by Calvinism, 8ho^vn in poetry, in 
 painting, and in music. Why not in architecture, and in 
 sculpture. Dutch school of painting. Its riehjiess and world-wide 
 fame. Its chViracteristics. Its Calvinistic origin. Predestina- 
 tion. The inerits of Calvinism in music discovered by Douon. 
 The Gregorian chant and the popular song. Secularizing of 
 music. Bouiweois' important innovations. Goudimel, Pales- 
 trina's teacher, of no less importance than Bouigeois. The origin 
 of the uiodorn development of music in Geneva. Afterwards 
 an anabaptistical dualism lowered the influence of Calvinism. 
 Goudimel mur^ler^jd in the mas-sacre i)f St. Bartholomew. 
 
Lecture VI.— Friday, October 21. 
 
 Calvinism and the Future. 
 
 Rkcapitulation.— Sad prospect for fte future. Material pt'ogreas 
 and spread of intellectual knowledge, but instability Of moral 
 social ordSr. Complaints of approaoliing decadence from all 
 sides. The quSstion whether further evolution can warrant a 
 higher development from the present decline. Two exceptional 
 cures in the pa:st. A1itk>s4 total absence of receptivity of the 
 Gospel. Diagnofis of tire case. Spiritual degeneracy, in the 
 second half ofth^ Tast tentury. Attempt of the Deists in Rng^ 
 land, and of the Encyclo);5n?dists in France, to establis^h i\ new 
 moral and social order. The reverse of the medal. Sad re^ilt of 
 the attempt in Fran6e. German evolution of the same tendency. 
 Modern life in a twofold form, in its ideal form in learned and 
 artistic circles, and in its ruder shape among the masses. 
 Nietzsche. Dnalistic side-current traced in Altruism, Mysticism 
 and the Mediating Theology. Weakening of the Christian ele- 
 ment, even in orthodox tlfe^logy. Comparison with the Apostolic 
 Creed. The position of Rftme. The points of confroversj' with 
 Rome, in the days of the Ke-fofmation, remain on both sldee what 
 they were, but aro riot now at stake*. Th©' Attack of modernism is 
 directed against the common ground of all denominations, Rome 
 included. Rome's scientific and soei«l endeavours. Rome, 
 therefore, a note-worthy ally, but not to be relfed upon for final 
 victory. The pi-esent political, social and moral conditions in 
 the Roman-UatfeQH<i states of South America^ and Southern 
 Europe. The balance of power coiitinualty changing to the 
 detriment of the Roman-OatlioTic inffuenca. Moreover, restora- 
 tion of Roman-Catholi(* Hegftfdofiy would Ti>6 a st^ backward m 
 histofj'. The Protestant line Tb» doctrinal standpoint <if ciwi- 
 fessional Churches not io be abandoned for the practical and 
 mystical. Trilemftia. Liitheranism. The pfosent German 
 Emperor. Calvinism alone leads m a safe way. I.* this to be 
 understood as a declaration fhat every Church should joia the 
 Calvinistic Churches ? Calvinism no looger to be i'g*ilor^d., but 
 rather retraced. Demands sciefltiflc exposftion. AeH« applica- 
 cation of its principtes to every department of Science:. Claims 
 that Calvinistic Churches shohld cease being ashanved of their 
 confession. The antithesis between election and selection. 
 The problem of all probfems in Science. Chvistianiliy and 
 Paganism. God and idols. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel 
 at 4 I». U. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L, P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For 1899-1900 
 
 REV. FRANK HUGH FOSTER, Ph. D., D. D., 
 
 Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology in 
 Pacific Theological Seminary. 
 
The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel at 4.30 
 
 P. M., except Lecture VI» which will be delivered 
 
 in the same place at 9.30 A. M. 
 
 (.5* t^* ^^ <^* )^" 
 
 Professor Foster will preach in Miller Chapel on Sunday, 
 
 March 18, at U A. M., and will speak at the 
 
 Conference on the same day in 
 
 Stuart Hall, at 4 P. M. 
 
SUBJECT: 
 
 THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIAN EXPERIENCE TO 
 THE SYSTEM OF EVANGELICAL DOCTRINE. 
 
 Lecture I. — Monday, March 12. 
 
 The Theme Defined. 
 
 To be considered what experience can contribute, rather than what 
 it has, the object of the course being constructive rather than 
 historicaL A review of the history of etl'orts at estimating the 
 value and contribution of experience since Schleiermacher. 
 
 What principle shall be taken as the basis of the investigation ? It 
 must be some fact of consciousness. The value of consciousness, 
 and the likeness of the consciousness of the Christian to that of 
 every other man. The dilference of the contents of his conscious- 
 ness. The principle found in the ultimate fact of the Christian 
 life, in faith, which on its subjective side is the ultimate choice 
 of duty as such. Analysis of this fact. Supremacy of con- 
 science. Kesponsibility, sin, its prevalence in the world. The 
 Christian view of the world. The kingdom of evil. Sum- 
 maries. 
 
 Lecture IL — Tuesday, March 13. 
 
 The Originating Source of the New Birth. 
 
 Strangeness of such a fact as the New Birth in its actual surround- 
 ings. Its source not in the mere power of choice, or in the 
 world, or in the course of evolution, or in the sinner himself. 
 The power was exerted through finite agencies, but their combi- 
 nation infers a plan ; hence a person, known by contact, holy 
 and infinite. This doctrine, that of God, the first contribution of 
 
experience to the system of theology. Further doctrines imme- 
 diately following from the character of the proof, Justification by 
 Faith, Prevenient Grace. 
 
 Examination of the Theory of Knowledge presented by Kaftan, by 
 which he would invalidate our whole effort. This theory sub- 
 .stantially the exploded theory of J. S. Mill. 
 
 Summary. The main doctrines of the evangelical system already 
 gained. 
 
 Lecture III. — Wednesday, March 14. 
 Source of Christian Experience outside of the 
 Individual. 
 
 The experience of the original group of apostles and their associates 
 recorded in the New Testament. Ritschl's canon as to the 
 normative character of the original documents of an historical 
 movement. Its insufficiency. Has the Bible authority ? The 
 ciitical attitude of Ritschl's school. Yet, Ritschl a theologian 
 of revelation. A sounder foundation for revelation needed than 
 this school gives. Can experience add anything to its proof? 
 The argument known as "the testimony of the Spirit." Critical 
 objections to this argument. 
 
 History of Christian doctrine also a source of Christian experience. 
 The fact of a development of doctrine in the church. Criteria of 
 a sound development. The nature and limits of an argument 
 drawn from history of a doctrine. The Ritschlian objections. 
 Kaftan objects to the system of doctrine as developed in its 
 details, but acknowledges the presence of the divine Spirit in the 
 history. Outcome of the objection. 
 
 Lecture IV. — Thursday, March 15. 
 
 The Person of Christ. 
 
 Christian preaching is preaching of Christ. Retracing the argument 
 from experience for God, we and the motives there considered to 
 come from Christ, divine gifts there received to be given by him, 
 and divine attributes manifested by him. The argument there- 
 fore also proves that Christ is God. The confirmation of this 
 deliverance of experience by the New Testament. A second 
 confirmation from Christian history. The development through 
 the earliest writers, and the apologists to Nice. Elements given 
 to this development by experience. The Trinity. Ritschl's 
 objection that these matters are of no "interest." Failure to 
 understand Christian piety. Kaftan's great advance upon 
 Ritschl. 
 
Lecture V. — Friday, March 16. 
 
 The Work of Christ. 
 
 Christ's work of revelation. The completion of the argument fur 
 biblical authority. Limitations upon the argument. Authority 
 not mere authority. Not of matters without " interest." 
 
 Christ's work of atonement. Paradox involved in forgiveness of sins. 
 Christ the Lamb of Calvary. The cross the centre of Christian 
 worship. Christ's work effects for us something which we could 
 not effect for ourselves. Not a mere martyr. What experience 
 sees in the sacrificial death. The magnitude of the guilt of sin. 
 Intensification of self-condemnaiion. Ends of the law answered. 
 The actual experiential facts, all theories aside. The biblical 
 argument for an objective atonement. The argument from his- 
 tory. Is it Christian experience to-day that an objective atone- 
 ment is necessary? Kaftan's theory. The alternative of the 
 objective theor}'. Not normally experiential. Spiritual elements 
 of the doctrine. 
 
 Lecture VL — Saturday, March 17. 
 The Church. 
 
 The experience of sanctification. Referred to the Holy Spirit. The 
 same argument supports the personal divine activity here as in 
 the New Birth. The Church the sphere of sanctification. It 
 sprang naturally from experience. "Where the Spirit is, there 
 is the Church." The primitive Church a ' ' fellowship of believers." 
 Change by which it became an "institution to effect salvstion." 
 Sacerdotalism and sacramentarianism. An example of "degen- 
 eration." Roman Catholic conception of the Church roots in a 
 false experience. Definitions of the Church in the Reformation 
 creeds. Protestant conception roots in its peculiar experience. 
 The spirit is truly in this Protestant Church because it has the 
 experience of sanctification. Exclusive claims of Rome have 
 thus experience against them. Not less every form of the doc- 
 trine of " apostolical succession." The Reformation creeds silent 
 upon bishops. The Anglican articles. Non-episcopal churches 
 have the Spirit and thus have the Church. Laud and Puritans. 
 The Wesleyan revival. The " Great Awakening " in America. 
 Present evidence of the presence of the Spirit in non-prelatical 
 churches. Essential absurdity of the sacerdotal position. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P, Stone Foundation 
 
 For 1900— I90J 
 
 Rev. Professor Edward H. Griffin, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 Dean of Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 The Lectofcs will he. ^eliverecJ in Miller Chapel at 5 P. M. 
 
SUBJECT: 
 
 ASPECTS OF CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 LECTURt; L — AVedxesday, Feb. 6. 
 
 Fact(^, Doctrines and Ideals. 
 
 Philosophy and thci ill. yy closely i elated ; their problems to a great 
 extent identical. Philosophy unlike science in that its results 
 are probable and approximate rather than definitive. The 
 thought of the past as an aid in the solution of present questions. 
 Coherent development discernible both in ancient and in modern 
 speculation. 
 
 Three fundamental philosophic methods — the empirical, the rational- 
 istic, the ethical. The importance of allowing due weight to the 
 truth represented by each of these ; Spinoza, Hume, Kant, as 
 illustrating errors involved in undue emphasis of any one. 
 
 Theologj- should guard against (a) over emphasis of deductive method, 
 to the neglect of empirical knowledge ; supernatural conception 
 of the world not invalidated by scientific explanation, which has 
 to do with the order of phenomena, not with their Ground and 
 Cause : (b) depreciation of doctrine, on the plea that Christianity 
 is a fact revelation : the distinction of facts and truths unreal — 
 the facts of Christianity are doctrines : (c) neglect of the aesthetic 
 and ethical aspects of experience, and also exaggeration of them, 
 in disregard of the historical and of the dogmatic elements of 
 religion ; the authority of revelation undermined by this mystical 
 idealism. 
 
 A threefold synthesis requisite botli to philosophy and to theology. 
 
Lecture II. — Thursday, Feb. 7. 
 
 Psychology as a Natural Science. 
 
 Can psychology be treated as a descriptive science, all metaphysical 
 and episteniological questions being eliminated? Analogy ol 
 other natural sciences incomplete, since they disregard presenta- 
 tion in consciousness. Questions with which the phj'sicist or the 
 chemist has no concern are obtruded upon the psychologist in his 
 consideration of perception, reasoning, memory, the will. The 
 will analyzed by the psychologist is not, it is said, the real will, 
 but an abstraction from it containing only the sensational ele- 
 ments ; is an abstraction so misleading justifiable? 
 
 The postulate most objected to is that of the self, conceived as some- 
 thing implied in, and more than, the states through which it is 
 manifested. Belief in the self does not preclude analysis of the 
 idea, or the tracing of its evolution in the individual or in the 
 race; it does not involve any crude notion like Locke's "Sub- 
 stance"; it does not, as Hume assumed, imply that the self 
 appears as a separate distinguishable element of consciousness. 
 The difficulty urged by Kant — that what is conditional for ob- 
 jects cannot itself be an object — tmxy be met by distinguishing 
 two forms or grounds of knowledge ; it is an arbitrary limitation 
 of reality to restrict it to that known under the categories of cog- 
 nition. Objections that the concept of the self is mystical, un- 
 necessary, inadequate, etc. 
 
 The exclusion of ultimate questions from psychology is, within cer- 
 tain limits, desirable, but the ontological implications or experi- 
 ence must be acknowledged by the psychologist as soon as he 
 passes beyond the merely sensational life. 
 
 Lecture III. — Friday, Feb. 8. 
 
 Two Types of Naturalism. 
 
 Between the ''Synthetical rhilos()i)hy " of Herbert Spencer and 
 
 Spinoza's " Ethics " important resemblances and diflerences may 
 
 be observed. 
 1. Both follow a deductive method, the system which builds on the 
 
 date of empiricism no less than that which starts from Cartesian 
 
 postulates. 
 
2. A rel-gious element, or motive, is present in the " Ethics," which 
 
 has no parallel in the other work. 
 
 3. The Unknowableness of the Absolute — the rejection of all con- 
 
 cepts and analogies borrowed from human personality — is common 
 to both. 
 
 4. Each fails to account for the finite universe — the one because con- 
 
 strained to discard the explanatory idea of creation, the other for 
 the additional reason that a principle taken from matter and 
 motion is incomplete to account for life and mind and conscience. 
 
 5. The doctrine of psycho-physical parallelism is taught by both, with 
 
 predominance given to mind by one, and to matter by the other. 
 
 6. Ethics interpreted by one in terms of knowledge, by the other in 
 
 terms of sense feeling. 
 
 7. The great Christian ideas equally unacceptable to both— one hav- 
 
 ing, however, potentialities of emotional experience not possessed 
 by the other. 
 
 8. The correspondence extends even to minute details of phraseology. 
 These systems represent two types of " naturalism." This may be 
 
 scientific, with an inclination toward materialism, or it may be 
 metaphysical, with an inclination toward idealism. 
 
 Lix'TURE r\^. — Wednesday, Feb. 13. 
 
 Belief as an Ethical Postulate. 
 
 The pre-Kantian systems naturalistic ; the opposite point of view 
 affirmed by Kant. The constructive part uf Kant's thought is 
 contained in his practical philosophy, which emphasizes the value 
 of the moral natuft as an organon of tiuth and a revelation of 
 being. The errors commingled with the truth of the Kantian 
 appeal from the cognitive to the morsil consciousness — under- 
 valuing of the sense side of experience, and undervaluing of 
 reflective thought — are always liable to attend upon exaggeration 
 of subjective grounds of conviction. 
 
 Disregard of the element of fact and of history exemplified in M- 
 Arnold, Fichte, Emerson, Carlyle, T. H. Green, etc. ; this trans- 
 forms religion into an abstract ethical idt.'alism. 
 
 Anti-dogmatic bias of the present day the product of many causes. 
 " Kant gave back to Christianity the practical faith which dis- 
 
tinguished it " (Kaftun). Reaction against the intellectualistic 
 tradition continued in Fichle, Jacobi, Rousseau, Schleiermacher. 
 Non-intellectual tendencies stimulated by Schopenhauer and 
 Hartmann, by psychological and sociological speculations which 
 lay stress upon impulse, instinct, "destiny," and other non-ra- 
 tional factors, by Lotzean and Ritschlian " value judgments," etc. 
 Substitution of aesthetic and ethical for logical grounds of belief in 
 part a wholesome tendency. Kant's emphasis of the ethical ego 
 an inestimable service. In every field of knowledge, we come 
 back, at last, to postulates which cannot be proved by reasoning- 
 But disregard of observation and reasoning, where these are 
 applicable, is unjustifiable. That which is accepted solely on 
 grounds of feeling cannot, since it lacks objective warrant, be 
 effectively presented to others, or accurately defined to oneself. 
 When the function of ethical postulates is unduly extended, a 
 deep seated intellectual scepticism ensues. 
 
 Lkctire V. — Thursday, Feb. 14. 
 
 The P]pisTEMOLo<JicAL Argument for Theism. 
 
 A modified Kantianism influential of recent years. It is commended 
 to many by the fact that it authenticates the concepts employed 
 in science, and also provides an independent basis for religion. 
 It emphasises, however, the sceptical side of Kant's doctrine, 
 and disparages the speculative reason. The Hegelian type of 
 thouuht — strongly in contrast with it — has also vigorously as- 
 serted itself. 
 
 Is any help to be had from Hegel toward the construction of a phil- 
 osophical theism ? This depends on the interpretation to be 
 placed on his philosophy. Is the " Logic " a derivation of the 
 Absolute, or only a thought-scheme of the world? The analy- 
 sis of self consciousness furnishes Hegel with his dialectic 
 method — thesis, antithesis, synthesis; the principle of contra- 
 diction, or negativity, an important one. Questionable features 
 of the Hegelian metaphysics mainly owing to undue prominence 
 given to purely cognitive aspects of experience. 
 
 The world, as known by finite mind, is obviously more than a system 
 of relations ; what right have we to conceive the Absolute after 
 analogy of thought alone? Only in an unusual sense of the 
 
word can " thought " be construed to include will. Professor 
 Royce's reply to charge of overlooking element of will not ex- 
 plicit in respect to freedom of the finite individual. Others — 
 the brothers Caird, and T. H. Green — still less satisfiictory as to 
 relation between God and ihe universe. The process of cogni- 
 tion is an inadequate analogy, because it suggests dependence of 
 God on the world. If, in order to guard against this, time predi- 
 cates are eliminated, as inapplicable to Absolute Being, nature 
 and history are rendered illusory. 
 
 From the standpoint of pure thought, it is impossible to understand 
 presence of evil in the world ; one is tempted to explain it away. 
 The conception of the supernatural not readily admitted. 
 
 Hegelian idealism has rendered important services, but its excessive 
 intellectualism involves serious dangers. The theory of knowl- 
 edge is not an adequate basis for metaphysics. 
 
 Lecture VL — Friday, Feb. 15. 
 Personality the Supreme Category of Philosophy. 
 
 The unsatisfactoriness of dualism as a philosophic doctrine exempli- 
 fied in Descartes, Locke, Kant. Religion furni.shes a practical 
 reconciliation of the antithesis of mind and nature — as is seen 
 in the Scottish " natural realism ' — but this does not supercede 
 the speculative problem. 
 
 Positivism, though adequate for the purposes of science, is unsatis- 
 factory to philosophy'. "Parallelism in a materialistic key", 
 which has replaced the old fashioned materialism, is open to 
 most of the objections which lie against that, and is not consist- 
 ently maintained by its advocates. Idealism, postulating a spir- 
 itual principle akin to the soul of man, secures to material things 
 the objectivity to which consciousness testifies, but does not at- 
 tribute an equal ontological validity to the subject knowing 
 and the object known. 
 
 Idealistic systems diflTer as respects the degree in which they attribute 
 to the Infinite Reason the attributes of self-c«nscious personality. 
 Analysis of the cognitive consciousness leads to recognition of a 
 higher unity, within which both nature and mind are compre- 
 hended, but this insight is incomplete, because rationality is not 
 the whole of spirit. The speculative conception of Absolute 
 Being is liable to neglect the emotional and volitional elements 
 
of consciousness ; hence the idea of God developed by philosophy, 
 and the idea of God realised in religious experience, often 
 diverge. Many philosophic thi niters refuse to attribute feeling, 
 will, design, self consciousness, to God; this endeavor after the 
 "Supra-personal" ends in a lower conception of God rather 
 than in a higher one. Professor Royce's reply to Mr. Bradley's 
 objection to the self as " too base to be Reality." "When phil- 
 osophy endows its Absolute with selfhood, it speaks the language 
 religion. 
 Philosophy tenils, in our day, to an idealistic interpretation of the 
 world. The thought function, however, is not an adequate ana- 
 logue ; personality is a higher category than rationality, and 
 nothing short of this can serve as the basis of a Christian, or 
 even a completely theistic, world view. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P, Stone Foundation 
 
 For J90J— J902 
 
 Rev, Professor Henry Collin Minton, D^D,, 
 
 Of San Francisco Theolog^tcal Seminary. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel 
 Oct. 3J— Nov. 8, J90t. 
 
SUBJECT: 
 
 THE COSMOS AND THE LOGOS. 
 
 Lecture I. — Thursday, Oct. 31, 4.45 p. m. 
 The Unity of Truth. 
 
 I. Unity: An Assumption, necessary and significant; — yet some- 
 times challenged. The whole, an Organic Unit — a C/'m-verse ; 
 — the Theocosm. Contemporaneity and Continuity. The latter 
 distinguished from Evolution. 
 II. Truth: In the Thing? or in the Thought? Kenascence of Idealism. 
 Kealism. Both easily proven and disproven. Theological In- 
 terest in the Conflict vital, though limited. "Idealism," an 
 overloaded term. A True Idealism. Truth in the Thing as 
 Expression of the Thought. 
 
 All Truth is Thought. Comprehensive Unity of Truth answers to 
 Encyclopedic Impulse of Mind. This Impulse BaflBied ; — Why ? 
 
 Some Denials of Unity of Truth. Concerning Kant's Antinomies. 
 Genealogy of Modern Agnosticism. Kant (negative side), Ham- 
 ilton, Mansel, Spencer. Some Theological Counterparts ; — 
 Kitschlianism. Benjamin Kidd's " Ultra-rational Keligion." 
 Faith not Folly. 
 
 Science includes the sciences. Dividing lines imaginary. Notwith- 
 standing persistent Breaks, the Oneness of Truth is always 
 aeeumed. 
 
Lecture IT. — Friday, ISTov, 1, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Modes of Approaching the Cosmos. 
 
 Assumption of Preceding Lecture Involved in all World-study. De- 
 nied in Bradley's Appearance and Reality. World survives 
 Bradley. 
 
 Materialistic monopolization of the word "Science." Three reasons 
 for this : (1) Only the material yields to sensible tests; (2) It is 
 argued that only the material is " natural " ; (3) Evolutionary 
 philosophy makes cosmical programme all-comprehending. 
 Science means method, not material. 
 
 Two Methods of Approaching the Cosmos : The A priori and the 
 A posteriori. 
 I. The First is neither wholly out-of-date nor wholly wrong. Hegel, 
 Spinoza. The Science of the Arm-chair precarious. " Pure," 
 fact-ignoring Philosophy ; Coleridge. World-spinning a Harm- 
 less pastime. Philosophy may descend from World-making to 
 World-criticizing. Alphonso of Castile. Qualifications of the 
 World-critic. Leibnitz, Von Hartmann. 
 
 The World disappoints Ideals : why ? Two Reasons given : (1) God 
 Infinitely Free in Ordering His World-plain ; (2) World-critic 
 unequal to his Task. 
 II. Empirical World-study. Favorite Method in Modern Thought. 
 Empiricism not Self-based. Bare Empiricism Veiled Agnosti- 
 cism. Presuppositions Unavoidable. All Science really Intel- 
 lectual Intercourse. Professor Knight. Kinship of Divine and 
 Human. 
 
 Right World-knowing blends Inductive and Deductive. Something 
 Posited and that something read into the World. Mr. Fisk's 
 name " Cosmic " for his Philosophy Criticized. World-theories 
 not Predeterminable only by a priori " Must." 
 
 Lecture IlL — Saturday, Nov. 2, 9.30 a. m. 
 The Empirical Surprise. 
 
 Actual World Disappoints a priori ideals. Fault not altogether on 
 side of Ideals. World-ideas disenchanted by World-seeing. 
 Gravamen of Difficulty is sin. 
 
 Two Important Preliminary Considerations : (1) God must still be 
 God. J. S. Mill discussed. (2) Sin must still be Sin. Evolu- 
 
tionary theories discussed. Browning, Tennyson. But these 
 Considerations accentuate the DiflBculty. 
 I. If God is good, then a World He has made is good, also. 
 II. There is Sin in the World. To deny this is to helie Consciousness. 
 III. Solution must lie in Independence of the Creature; Miiller ; 
 
 Jowett's Remark. Functions of Personality. 
 IV. Man, the Person, is Free. Testimony of Consciousness. Three 
 mistakes in reading this testimony : It does not testify (1) that 
 we are free to do what we choose to do ; (2) Concerning a Plan 
 of which our Choice may be a Contributory Part ; (3) Nor that 
 we have power to choose other than we do choose any more than 
 we do do. Pluri-efficiency of Will an Inference at best. 
 V. Freedom involves Spontaneity and Rationality. Evil of Undue 
 
 Emphasis on former. 
 VI. Formally, Sin is non-compliance with the Divine Will. 
 VII. In First Instance, Power to Choose Involved Power to Choose 
 Wrongly. 
 VIII. Human Race, Constitutionally, an Organic Unit. 
 
 IX. In Virtue of Man's Organic Relations with the Cosmos, His Sin 
 Entailed Cosmical Disasters. 
 X. Therefore, the Actual World is not Ideally Rational or Moral. 
 Sin is Irrational, i. e., without a Possible Rationale. Hence Sin 
 is Everlasting Absurdity to Reason and Impertinence to Right- 
 eousness. 
 
 Lectuke IV. — Monday, Nov. 4, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Ethical Versions of the Cosmos. 
 
 The Wrongs in the World are Fault of the World, not of its Creator. 
 Three Hypotheses named in Evil and Evolution : (1) They are 
 a Part of God's Scheme ; (2) Undersigned and Unavoidable 
 Faults, Incident to it ; (3) An Enemy Hath Done This. First 
 and third not Mutually Exclusive. 
 
 Natural Science, as Exegesis of Cosmos, as Precarious as Biblical 
 Exegesis. Intelligence of Expert not needed for Jury-duty. 
 
 In Aiming at Correct Ethical Estimate of Cosmos, Two Methods Pos- 
 sible: (1) Posit the Cosmical and Work Up; (2) Posit the 
 Ethical and Work Down. The Former, John Fisk's Methods ; 
 the Second, Henry Drummond's. The Older Darwinism. Hux- 
 ley's " Evolution and Ethics," Suggestive of Paul's Nature and 
 Grace. 
 
 Theodicy of Dualism. Revived by Mr. Mill ; Ai^ued in Anony- 
 mous Evil and Evolution. 
 
Evolution Influential in Modern Thought. In Widest Sense, Evo- 
 lution Self-evident ; Le Conte. Influence of Evolution The- 
 ories upon Religion. Griffith- Jones' The Ascent Tlirough Christ. 
 Evolution often Claims too much. Some Severe Theological 
 Tests Named. (1) Sin. (2) Christianity; (a) Individual Re- 
 demption, (b) Historical Force. (3) Christ. Forest's Criticism 
 of Le Conte. Even if Evolution be a World-programme, not a 
 World-ra tionale. 
 
 Lecture V. — Tuesday, Nov. 5, 4.45 p. m. 
 Man as a Factor in Cosmos. 
 
 Twofold Relation of Man to the Cosmos : (1) He is in it, part of it ; 
 (2) He is above it, outside of it. 
 
 The Former, Theme of Fifth Lecture ; the Latter, Theme of Sixth. 
 Man's Composition Twofold : Spiritual and Material. Each has 
 been denied ; Hence, Materialism and Spiritualism. Pure Monist 
 is Indiflferent Which. 
 
 Man Viewed as a Final Product of Cosmical Evolution. Sin Natur- 
 alized and Normalized is Sin Abolished. 
 
 Christian Doctrines of Sin Determined by Scriptures. Man's Sin 
 Blights not only Himself, but also his Home, i. e., the Cosmos. 
 His Cosmical Relations not Destroyed but Disturbed. 
 
 Firsf Query : Does this not overthrow Natural Theology ? No, 
 For not the Cosmical Order but the Perfection of it has been 
 affected. 
 
 Second Query : Are Cosmical Laws Subject to or Contingent upon 
 Man's Obedience ? Empirical Science can never Prove the 
 Present Order Normal ; Many considerations Point to the Other 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Third Query : Is Death in the Cosmos Due to Sin ? Question has 
 twofold scope : (1) sub-human life ; (2) Man. Little reason to 
 believe that "Death" is to Brutes what it is to Man. Wallace, 
 Shaler. 
 
 With Man, Death apart from Sin something Different from what 
 sinful men know. Death not only conceivable Destiny of Mor- 
 tality. Translations. Death's Sting is Sin ; Sting is Extracted 
 when Sin is Removed. 
 
 Fourth Query: Must Natural Ethics go? Double sense of "Na- 
 ture." Nniuram Prosequi may be either good or bad motto. Dr. 
 James Kicid's Self-realization versus Self-gratiflcation. Realism 
 in Modern Literature. Christum Prosequi : Self-realization 
 reached through Self-abnegation. 
 
Lecture VI. — Wednesday, Nov. 6, 4.45 p. m. 
 Man as Spectator of the Cosmos. 
 
 Man only is fully Self-conscious ; Hence the only Knower, in fullest 
 sense. Man the only Terrestrial Scientist. All Knowledge, 
 Intercourse between Egos. This is Theism, Ready-made. But 
 is it also Pantheism ? That is to say, is the known Cosmos an 
 Alter Ego ? 
 
 Large Function of Symbols in all Knowledge. Recejac«e?'SMS Royce. 
 The Cosmos, a Symbol. Hence Related to a Logos. Common 
 Meaning of "Logos." Bigg, Purves. 
 
 But Granted Cosmos is a Symbol, Can we know it ? Advantages and 
 Disadvantages of Agnosticism in arguing in Self-defence. Being 
 and Seeming; Seeminij, always Seeming To Be. Value of Logic. 
 A Lie may be Logical ; John Burroughs ; Romanes ; C. Hodge. 
 
 Is God a Person, i. e.. Personal ? Spinoza's Objection that the In- 
 finite can not be Personal has given away to Lotze's that Only 
 the Infinite can be truly Personal. God's "Pale Copy." God 
 not limited nor dishonored by calling Him Personal. Supra- 
 personality, pedantic nonsense. D'Arcy's Conception of God as 
 Personal and Supra-personal Untenable. Hamilton's Regulative 
 Knowledge. Calvin. Spencerian Dread of Anthropomorphic 
 Theism, Gratuitous. Qualis Homo, Talis Deus. 
 
 Lecture VIL — Thursday, Nov. 7, 4.45 ?. m. 
 
 The Cosmos and Special Revelation. 
 
 Three elements in any Revelation: (1) Ego Revealing; (2) Ego 
 Addressed ; (3) Certain Relation Between the Two. This third 
 element, Sin has Disturbed; in two ways (1) Man's Powers 
 Vitiated. Edwards. (2) Cosmos out of Poise. Nature, especially 
 Including Man, is now C/^nature. 
 
 Revelation Succeeds, as such, only when it actually iZeveais. Natural 
 Revelation, thus tested, partially fails : i. e., if Natural Revela- 
 tion the only one. Revelation Fails. Man at best could have 
 only Incorrect and Misleading Conception of God. 
 
 Hence the (1) Occasion and (2) Need of Another Revelation. Va- 
 riously called Special, Supernatural, Gracious. The Salvable 
 unit is the Cosmos ; i. e., Man, the Race, Homo — in his Environ, 
 ment, which is the Cosmos. 
 
This Gracious Revelation, ipso facto, susceptible of human Cognition 
 and Experience. Philosophical Catagories and Formulas. 
 
 Four Conceivable Relations which Gracious Revelation sustains to 
 Cosmos. 
 I. Identity, Either Naturalism or Pantheism. 
 
 II. Mutual Antagonism. Two Cautions (1) World we see not Pure 
 
 Product of God ; (2) Neither is the Special Revelation which 
 we see. If this relation is a Finality, Skepticism, Goal of all 
 Rational Thought. 
 
 III. Gracious supplants the Natural. Ritschlianism. Lack of Con- 
 
 sistency; Debatable Merit. 
 
 IV. The Gracious Supplements, Interprets, Confirms the Natural. 
 
 Kuyper. True Rationale of Miracles. Christianity as a Book- 
 religion. Relation of Bible to Special Revelation. 
 Is Christianity Susceptible of Philosophical Formulation ? Edwards, 
 Hegel, Coleridge. 
 
 Lecture YIII. — Friday, ITov. 8, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 The Incarnation the Congruous Climax of all 
 Revelation. 
 
 Special Revelation Essentially Redemption. Yet has its Placement 
 in Cosmical History. Logos becomes cosmical. However, from 
 its very design, Immune against Sin. Martineau. Mysticism. 
 Inspiration. Christianity less than Itself if Inspiration lacking. 
 Inspiration and Reformed Theology. The Logos Immateriated 
 in Cosmos, Inscripturated in Scripture. A Marked Advance. 
 Not yet Complete. Presumptions, Metaphysical and Soteriolo- 
 gical, in favor of Incarnation of the Logos. Incarnation the 
 Inevitable, though Free, Culmination of Gracious Revelation, 
 Relation of the Logos Incarnate in Jesus Christ to the Logos 
 Inscripturate in the Scriptures. The Incarnation Free, Hence 
 Voluntary. 
 
 Soteriological Incarnation Harmonizes with Cosmical Scheme. 
 
 Does Gracious Revelation Accoir.plish its Purpose? Does it Redeem 
 the Cosmos? (1) As in Adam Race died, so in Christ the Race 
 is made alive. (2) The Saved are to the Lost as the Innumera- 
 ble Multitude of the Organic Unity of the Race, to a Scattering 
 Unorganized Few. Kuyper; Charles Hodge. (3) Old Problem 
 of Sin still Persists. " Eternity " of Sin does not deepen Mystery. 
 Concluding Reflections. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For 1902— 1903, 
 
 Rev. Professor Willis Judson Beecher, D.D,, 
 
 Of Auburn Theologfical Seminary. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel 
 Oct. 7 to JO and 14 to 17, at 4.45 P. M. 
 
SUBJECT: 
 
 THE PROPHETS AND THE PROMISE. 
 
 The Prophets of Israel.. 
 
 Lecture I. — Tuesday, Oct. 7. 
 
 The Prophet. A Citizen With a Message. 
 
 Preliminary matters. The scope of these lectures. Sources. Validity 
 of the Biblical testimony. The terms used. The history of the 
 prophets. 
 
 The external appearance of a prophet. Not a friar or an astrologer 
 or an oracle priest or a fetish man or a dervish. Was there a 
 prophetic garh ? Did the prophets rave ? The longevity of the 
 prophets. Outwardly the prophet was just a respectable citizen. 
 
 The prophetic organizations. In Samuel's time. The " sons of the 
 prophets" in the time of Elijah and Elisha. 
 
 The prophetic order. Were the priests and the prophets two orders 
 of Israelitish clergymen ? The succession of the prophets. Re- 
 lations of the prophet to the priesthood Was the prophet a 
 graduate? Was the prophet ordained? How one came to he 
 known as a prophet. A citizen with a message from deity. 
 
Lecture II. — Wednesday, Oct. 8. 
 
 The Functions of a Prophet — Naturalistic and 
 supernaturalistic. 
 
 The prophets not mere foretellers, hut forthtellers, the word prophet 
 indicating the function. The principal functions the same at all 
 dates. Summarily descrihed in Ex. vii. 1, Num. xii. G-8, Dcut. 
 xviii. 
 
 Naturalistic functions. The prophets were the puhlic men of their 
 times, were the reformers of their times, were preeminently evan- 
 gelistic preachers and organizers, were the literary men of Israel. 
 Primary and secondary prophets, true and false prophets, the 
 aims of the prophets both cosmopolitan and local. So far as 
 these functions go, the prophets have their counterparts in devout 
 men everywhere, and in the men whom God raises up for 
 especial missions, 
 
 Supernaturalistic functions. In these the prophets claim to be dif- 
 ferentiated from all other men. The working of miracles, the 
 revealing of secret things, the foretelling of the future, the bring- 
 ing of torah from Jehovah, the teaching of the messianic 
 doctrine. 
 
 Summed up, the work of the prophet, whether natural or supernat- 
 ural, is the giving of monotheism of a certain type to Israel and 
 mankind. 
 
 Lecture III. — Thursday, Oct. 9. 
 
 The Prophet's Message — How Given to Him, and 
 How Uttered by Him. 
 
 Inspiration by the Spirit of Jehovah. Dreams, picture-visions, 
 visions of insight, theophany. 
 
 Correspondence between the methods of revelation to the prophets 
 and their modes of utterance. Emblems and symbols. Proper 
 type and antitype. Alleged double sense. Manifold applica- 
 tion of prophecy. Generic prophecy. Successive or progressive 
 fulfillment. Enunciating the principles on which God deals 
 with men. 
 
Lecture IV. — Friday, Oct. 10. 
 
 The Prophet as a Giver of Torah and Writer 
 OF Scripture. 
 
 Torah, " law," is sometimes the Pentateuch and sometimes the Old 
 Testament. Our usage, that of Jewish scholars, 2 Esdras, Jose- 
 phus, the New Testament, the Apocrypha. 
 
 Old Testament use. Derived from yarah, to shoot or hurl. The idea 
 of giving and receiving orders. Torah and horah regularly used 
 of communications that are divine, authoritative, given and 
 administered through prophets, guarded and administered by 
 priests and civil rulers. Prophetic torah versus priestly torah. 
 The term used in the singular, in the plural, aggregatively, 
 abstractly. 
 
 The forms in which torah existed. Oral and written. Any particu- 
 lar message from God, an aggregate of such messages, the well 
 known aggregate known as " the law," " my law," etc. 
 
 The written torah. Not limited to the Pentateuch, even when 
 coupled with the name of Moses. On any critical theory a 
 growing aggregate, mentioned in the earliest Old Testament writ- 
 ings. Instances of a more restricted meaning. Five ^oraA-pro- 
 ducing periods, and in them all the law, the prophets and the 
 writings. 
 
 Prophetic authoritj^ in the written iorah. 
 
 II. 
 
 The Promise. Messianic Prophecy. 
 
 Lecture V. — Tuesday, Oct. 14. 
 
 The Promise Doctrine as Taught in the New 
 Testament. 
 
 The biblical formula versus those of theologians. The kingdom and 
 
 its anointed king. The promise and promises. 
 The men of the New Testament tind one messianic doctrine in the 
 
Old Testament (Luke xxiv. 27, 44). The one promise (Acts 
 xxvi. 6-7). This identified (Heb. vi. 13-15, 17; xi. 9, 39-40; 
 Kom. iv. 13-14, 16, 17, 20, etc.). Promises (Heb. vi. 12 ; vii. 
 6; xi. 17, 13; Kom. ix. 4; xv. 8, etc.). They trace the promise 
 through the Old Testament, and use the Old Testament phrase- 
 ology concerning it. 
 
 They preach this promise, emphasize its irrevocability, claim that 
 Christ is its culminating fulfillment, claim salvation under it for 
 the Gentiles, connect it with the great gospel doctrines, such as 
 the redemptive work of the Spirit, justification by faith, the 
 Christian eschatology. 
 
 This is the view of all the men of the New Testament, not that of 
 Paul and of the writer of Hebrews only. Messianic expectation 
 in the time of Jesus. 
 
 Lecture VI. — Wednesday, Oct, 15. 
 
 The Promise Doctrine as Taught in the Old 
 
 Testament. 
 
 The promise to mankind through Abraham. Greatly emphasized in 
 the narrative. Interpreted by the fact that it is for eternity. 
 These things from the standpoint of the Modern View. The 
 contemporary understanding of the promise to Abraham. 
 
 The promise through Israel, at the exodus. Continuative of that in 
 the earlier period. The interest of mankind in it distinct, 
 though not emphasized as in the earlier time. For eternity, 
 irrevocable even for sin. The Modern View. The contem- 
 porary interpretation. 
 
 The promise through David and his seed. Continuative of the 
 former. Eternal and irrevocable. "The torah of mankind." 
 Contemporary interpretation. 
 
 The promise as preached by the psalm-writers and other prophets 
 in and after David's time. A glimpse at the later fulfillments. 
 
 Lecture VII. — Thursday, Oct. 16. 
 
 Messianic Terms. 
 
 The rise of a vocabulary of technical terms. 
 
 Servant. In the New Testament and the Old, but especially in Isa. 
 xl-lxvi. National personality in the Hebrew. These chapters 
 
full of the promise to Abraham, Israel and David. The servant, 
 commonly and perhaps always is Israel, but Israel as the prom- 
 ise-people, and not merely as a political aggregation, and there- 
 fore Israel culminating in the personal Messiah. 
 
 The Son. The Chosen One. Tsemilhh. Netser. Hhasid. The 
 use of these terms. 
 
 The kingdom. Use of the term for David's time and earlier. Later 
 prophetic use. The kingdom in the New Testament. 
 
 Messiah. Uses of the term. The king of the kingdom. 
 
 The last days. The day of Jehovah. 
 
 Lecture VIII.— Friday, Oct. 17. 
 
 The Apologetic Value of the Prophecies. 
 
 Prophecy in the Apologetics of the past. 
 
 Eecapitulation of our sketch of the prophets and messianic prophecy. 
 
 The argument from historical verisimilitude. In the light of the 
 promise-doctrine, what the Scriptures say concerning the prophets 
 and the Messiah appears marked by consistency, reasonableness 
 and historical continuitjf. 
 
 That from the personality of the prophet. It is unique and worthy. 
 
 That from the national ideal. Chosen to be God's own people, for 
 purposes of blessing to mankind. Compare this with other 
 national ideals. It needs to be accounted for. 
 
 That from fulfilled prediction. The statement of the ideal is itself a 
 prediction. Its fulfillment in the secular career of Israel; in 
 the religion of Israel and in Christianity and Islam ; in the 
 spiritual experiences of men under these religions ; in the human 
 person of Jesus; in the person and work of Christ, provided tlie 
 doctrines of the incarnation and of immortality be true. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P, Stone Foundation 
 
 For J 903— 1904 
 
 Rev. Professor James Orr, M.A., D.D., 
 
 Of the Glasgow College of the United Free Church 
 of Scotland. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel 
 September 28th to October 3d, J 903. 
 
 ♦Dr. Orr will also preach in the Miller Chapel on Sept. a7th, at ii a. m. ; and 
 speak at the Conference in Stuart Hall at 4 p. m. the same day. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 GOD'S IMAGE IN MAN AND ITS DEFACEMENT, IN 
 THE LIGHT OF MODERN DENIALS. 
 
 Lecture L — Monday^ Sept. 28, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 The Conflict of Biblical and Modern Views of Man 
 AND Sin— The Issues Stated. 
 
 Aversion to Doctrines of the Gospel founded on altered views of 
 their Presuppositions. The Bibical Views of God, Man, and 
 Sin, met by a Counter-theory of the World and Man. Scientific 
 Monism (Haeckel, &c.) Change on Doctrine of God. On Doc- 
 trines of Man and Sin. Effect on Christianity. Lectures to 
 discuss Kelations of Doctrines of Man and Sin to Modern An- 
 thropological Theories. Extentof the Antagonism. Evolutionary 
 View of the Origin of Man (Haeckel, Fiske). Conflict with 
 Biblical Doctrine in respect : (1) of the Nature of Man; (2) of 
 the Original Integrity of Man ; (3) of the Origin, Nature, and 
 Eflfects of Sin. Idealistic Evolutionism. Incompatibility with 
 Christian View. Reply that while Ecclesiastical " Dogmas " 
 fall, the real Essence of Christianity is untouched. Fallacy of 
 this : (1) Not Ecclesiastical Christianity alone, but the Christian- 
 ity of the New Testament (Apostolic Gospel) falls ; (2) Christ's 
 own Teaching is Subverted. Essence of Apostolic Christianity 
 in Consciousness of Redemption through Jesus Christ. The 
 Infinite Value of the Soul in Christianity. Humanity as Recep- 
 tive of the Divine in Christianity. The Cross and Human Sin. 
 The opposing Views Irreconcilable. 
 
Leotitre II. — Ti^ESDAY, Sept. 29, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Scripture and Science on the Nature of Man — The 
 Image of God in Man. 
 
 Connection of Questions of Origin and Nature. Monistic View of 
 Human Nature (Haeckel). Biblical Doctrine: Man Made in 
 the Image of God. Creation Narrative in Gen. i. Agreement 
 of Bible and Science on Man's place in Creation. Man as Link 
 between Natural and Spiritual Worlds. The Second Creation 
 Narrative. Man as " Living Soul." Relation of terms ; Soul, 
 Spirit, Flesh. Man a Compound Being: Body and Soul. 
 Bearing on Doctrine of Death. Image of God in Man. Not in 
 Bodily Form. Essentiallj^ a Mental and Moral Image. Ration- 
 ality of Man. Moral Nature and Freedom of Man. Religious 
 Capacity of Man. Sovereignty over the Creatures. Opposition 
 of Modern Theories. Denial of Man's Distinction in Nature 
 from the Animals. This Distinction Qualitative, not simply in 
 Degree. Attack on Man's Nature of the older Materialism. 
 Change of Standpoint in Monism. The " Parallel Series " 
 Theory. Haeckel's Denial of the Soul, Freedom and Immor- 
 tality. Theory practically Materialistic. Absurdity of Haeckel's 
 Eternal " Substance." Stronghold of Monistic Theory : Depend- 
 ence of Mind on Brain. Fallacies in this : (1) " Parallel-Series " 
 untenable. (2) Erroneous to reason from Brain Conditions in 
 Disease to Brain Conditions in Health. (3) Ignoring of Coun- 
 ter-class of Facts : the Influence of Mind on Brain and Body. 
 The Biblical View unharmed. 
 
 Lecture III. — Wednesday, Sept. 30, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Scripture and Science on the Origin of Man — The 
 Image as a Creation. 
 
 I5il)lical View of Man's Origin. Counter-theory of Monistic Evolu- 
 tion (Haeckel). Present- Day Influence of the Doctrine of 
 Evolution. Extension.s and Ambiguities of the Doctrine. 
 Evolution and Creation. Evolution not necessarily Darwinism. 
 Sketch and Criticism ol Darwinian Theory. Fortuity invoked 
 to do the work of Mind. Change of Attitude of Evolutionists. 
 Inadequacy of Natural Selection to explain Evolution. Prin- 
 
cipal Objections. Kevised Evolutionary Theories. Evolution 
 and Involution. Evolution and Teleology ; Directive Intelli- 
 gence. Evolution not necessarily by Insensible Gradations. 
 Creative Cause involved in Founding of New Kingdoms. 
 " Enigmas " of Science (origin of Life, of Consciousness, of Man). 
 Bearing on the Doctrine of the Origin of Man. Failure of Evo- 
 lution to account for the mental and moral Differenticz of Man. 
 Unbridged Gulf between Man and the Lower Animals in a 
 physical respect. The Missing Links yet Undiscovered. Pithe- 
 canthropus Erectus. Kesult : Higher Cause implied in Man's 
 Origin, 
 
 Lecture IV. — Thursday, Oct. 1, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Scripture and Science on the Primitive Condition of 
 Man — The Image as Actual Moral Resemblance. 
 
 Evolution in its Bearing on Man's Mental and Moral Nature. Al- 
 leged gradual Development of Man's Mind from Animal Intel- 
 ligence (Darwin, Romanes, Fiske). Failure to explain true 
 Rationality in Man. Potentiality of Progress (Language, Edu- 
 cation, Science, &c.) in Man. Free-Will and Morality in Man 
 (Haeckel, Fiske, Huxley). Bearing on Origin of Body in Man. 
 Mind and Body necessarily rise together. Creative Cause ac- 
 cordingly implied in both. Creation of Man " male and female." 
 Unity of Race. Question of Man's Primitive Moral Condition. 
 Does Creation in the Divine Image imply actual Moral Resem- 
 blance ? Biblical View, and Contradiction of Evolutionary Phil- 
 osophy. Darwinian Picture of Primitive Man. Support sought 
 in Facts of Anthropology. (1) Argument from Existing Sav- 
 age Races ; fallacy of this. (2) Argument from Remote Anti- 
 quity of Man. Former Exaggerated Estimates of Man's 
 Antiquity. Revised Views. Post-Glacial Man. Physical Science 
 on Age of Earth (Kelvin, Tait, &c.) Recent Beginnings of 
 History (Babylonia, Egypt, &c.) (3) Paleontological Evi- 
 dence ; Cave Men, &c. High Character of Oldest Skulls. Civi- 
 lization has not Originated from Barbarism. Subject Viewed in 
 light of true Idea of Man. The Primitive Man of Evolution 
 not sitaply in a Non-Moral, but in an Immoral and Wrong 
 State. Contradiction of Divine Fatherhood. Destiny of Man 
 to Divine Sonship and to Immortality. These Ideas Contradic- 
 tory of Evolutionary Hypothesis. 
 
Lecture V.— Friday, Oct. 2, 4.45 p. m. 
 
 Scripture and Science on the Origin and Nature of 
 Sin — The Defacement of God's Image. 
 
 Defacement of God's Image Matter of Experience. If Man Created 
 pure, a " Fall " is presupposed. Idea of Sin as Apostacy from 
 God underlies all Scripture. Counter-theory that Man has not 
 Fallen but Risen. Objections to this View. On Evolutionary 
 Theory Sin loses its " Catastrophic " Character. Alleged neces- 
 sity of Sin (Fiske, Sabatier, &c.) Evolutionary theory robs Sin 
 of its Gravity. Eft'ect on Idea of Guilt. Insufficient to speak of 
 Realisation of Moral Ideal. Moral Law demands an Upright 
 Nature and Pure Atfections from the first. Biblical Doctrine of 
 Sin : that which absolutely Ought not to be. Contrast of Relig- 
 ious and Philosophical Ethics. Sin as violation of Duty to God. 
 Religion recognizes Duties to God as well as to Man. Inmost 
 Principle of Sin : Self- Will, Egoism. Sins graded on this Prin- 
 ciple. Narrative of Fall. Connection with Superhuman Evil. 
 Effects of Sin. (1) The Spiritual consequence of Sin is Deprava- 
 tion. Bond cut with God. Ascendency of Lower Impulses. 
 Sin as Anarchy and Bondage. (2) The Racial Consequences of 
 Sin. Organic Constitution of Race. Relation to Doctrine of 
 Heredity. " Ape and Tiger " Theory of Original Sin. Objection 
 to Doctrine from Non-transmissibility of Acquired Characters 
 (Weissmann). Effects of Ethical Volition on Mind and Body 
 are transmissible. Roman Catholic and Protestant Views of the 
 Hereditary Effects of the Fall. Meaning of " Total Depravity. ' ' 
 
 Lecture VI. — Saturday, Oct. 3, 9.30 a. m. 
 
 The Biblical Doctrine of Man and Sin in its Relation 
 TO the Christian Redemption — Restoration and 
 Perfecting of the Divine Image. 
 
 Still to be considered, (3) the Physical Consequence of Sin in Suffer- 
 ing and Death. Alleged Universality and Necessity of Death in 
 the Organic World (Man included). Biblical View connected : 
 (a) With its View of Man's Nature. Soul and Body not in- 
 tended to be Separated, (b) With its View of Man's Primitive 
 Condition. One of Moral Uprightness. Weissmann 's theory 
 
that Death is not a Necessity of Organisms. " Immortality of 
 the Protozoa." Kemarkable longevity in Animal World. 
 Man's case stands on separate footing. He founds a New King- 
 dom ; is destined for Immortality. Death a Contradiction of the 
 true Idea of Humanity. Posse non mori and non posse mori. 
 Harmony of previous Discussions with the Scripture Doctrine of 
 Redemption. The Doctrines of Man and Sin implied : (1) In 
 the Presuppositions of Redemption. The infinite Value of the 
 Soul. Man's Capacity for Redemption and Divine Sonship. 
 Man's Need of Redemption as a Sinner. (2) In the End of 
 Redemption. The Restoration and Perfecting of the Divine 
 Image. (3) In the Means and Method of Redemption, (a) In 
 the Doctrine of Incarnation. The Divine Image the Ground 
 of the Possibility of Incarnation. Christ the Perfect Realisation 
 of the Divine Image in Man. (b) In the Doctrine of Atone- 
 ment. Guilt the presupposition of Atonement. The Racial 
 Aspect of Sin has its Counterpart in Redemption. The First 
 and the Second Adams. The Penal Character of Death implied 
 in Christ's Death for our Sins, (c) In the Doctrines of Regen- 
 eration and Renewal. Conformity to Christ's Image, (d) In 
 the Doctrine of Resurrection and the Christian Hope of Immor- 
 tality. Christ's Resurrection and ours. The Immortality of 
 the Gospel, one in which the Body shares ; an Immortality of 
 the ivhole Person. Conclusion. 
 
L. P. STONE LECTURES FOR J904-t905 
 
 The Historical Character 
 
 of the 
 
 Old Testament 
 
 INTERPRETED AND SUPPORTED BY RECENT 
 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 
 
 ^ 
 
 BY GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT, D. D., LX.D. 
 
 Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation 
 
 Oberlin Theological Seminary 
 
 Miller Chapel* Princeton Theological Seminary 
 Beginning November Hth, at 4.45 P. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 Christianity pre-eminently an Historical Religion; this, one of its 
 chief excellences; the highest civilization, everywhere dependent upon 
 books; all sciences are co-operative; historical study the most impor- 
 tant intellectual stimulus ; the highest privilege of man is that of being 
 a co-worker with God; historical evidence may lead to a high degreip of 
 certainty; historical proof must not be confounded with mathematical 
 proof ; the historical evidences of Christianity lead to the highest 
 (legice of certainty; the New Testament a most important sponsor to 
 tlie Old ; tlie presumptions in favor of the historical character of the 
 Old Testament, arising from its indorsement by the New, are of the 
 higliest order; brief summary of the historical evidences of Christian- 
 ity: (1) the pervasiveness of Christian influences; (2) the manifest 
 l)eneficence of those influences; presumptions raised by the manifest 
 fruits of Christianity ; these supported by every variety of historical 
 evidence : the truth of the New Testament established by every line 
 of true inductive reasoning; Christianity a greater marvel if not true 
 tlum if true; the four Gospels, without any reasonable doubt, represent 
 the facts of Christ's life as they were understood and generally accepted 
 before the destruction of Jerusalem; summary of the indorsement given 
 to the Old Testament by the New. 
 
 LECTURE IT. 
 
 Old Testament History Subsequent to the Conquest of 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 More than one method of writing histoiy ; Stubbs and Macaulay, 
 both historians; every form of literature allowable in history; the 
 poetical books not without an historical and scientific substratum; 
 liistorical literature, like every other, must be interpreted; history, 
 like cartography, is permitted to exaggerate certain features for the 
 sake of giving them due perspective and prominence; condensed histor- 
 ical statements must be interpreted more liberally than elaborate ones 
 must be; the biblical history before the time of Abraham is extreniely 
 condensed; this illustrated by Professor Green's discussion of the primi- 
 tive chronology of the Bible; middle and later Jewish history more 
 elaborate, but still extremely fragmentary; ignorance of the contem- 
 porary history should make us cautious about imputing error to the 
 specific statements; brief retrospect of middle and later Jewish history; 
 tlie return from captivity a natural result of the change of policy 
 
introduced by Cyrus; the historical setting of the book of Daniel that 
 of the period assigned to him; some seeming discrepancies removed by 
 increasing knowledge of the period; these should greatly outweigh the 
 fact that there are still some unremoved; the disaster to Sennacherib's 
 army by no means an unlikely occurrence; the history of Ahab and 
 Eenhadad incidentally supported by recent discoveries; the significance 
 of the Moabite Stone; the expedition of Shishak, King of Egypt; the 
 book of Judges very fragmentary; the story of Israel in Egj'pt neither 
 mythical nor legendary. 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 New Light Upon the Earlier History of the Pentateuch. 
 
 The crossing of the Red Sea; the story so conforms to the natural 
 conditions that it cannot have been modified by lengendary accretions ; 
 geological evidence, however, cannot be expected to prove the truth of 
 the story directl}% but may suggest an interpretation of the facts which 
 is so simple as to be convincing; importance, in this connection, of a 
 proper definition of miracles; a miracle may consist in a supernatural 
 use of natural forces; man in a limited degree diverts natural forces, 
 and makes them accomplish special designs; it is God's prerogative to 
 use these forces in an unlimited degree ; events clearly brought about 
 in this way are called mediate iniracles : notice, however, how little is 
 said about the miraculous character of this event ; the simplicity of the 
 narrative marks it as by an eye-witness stating simple facts ; emphasis 
 laid upon the agency of the wind; known effects of wind upon water- 
 levels; the situation at the upper end of the Gulf of Suez; geological 
 evidence of a former extension of the Gulf to the Bitter Lakes ; a 
 depression of twenty-five feet 3000 years ago would produce exactly the 
 conditions implied in the narrative of Exodus ; probable place of the 
 crossing between the Bitter Lakes and Suez : conformity of the whole 
 situation to the narrative such as to stamp it historical ; objections 
 considered. 
 
 LEG run E IV. 
 
 Physical Preparation for Israel in Palestine. 
 
 God's prevenient care for man as important as that exercised by 
 his immediate agency; the adaptation of Palestine to the development 
 of Israel's history, a miracle of Providence; the history of Israel, how- 
 ever, not a mere natural product; physical isolation of Judea; signifi- 
 cance of the great fault of the Jordan valley and of the cross-fault 
 tlirough tlie valley of Esdraelon; Palestine as a sphere of military 
 operations; the two great miracles in the Jordan valley; higli-level 
 
water deposits around the Jordan valley; character of the alluvial 
 deposits in tlie Jordan valley; two natural ways in which the Jordan 
 could have been temporarily dried up opposite Gilgal: (1) a land slip; 
 (2) a gentle elevation by an earthquake across the lower part of tlie 
 valley; an analogous land slip in the Columbia river, Oregon; an analo- 
 gous elevation at New Madrid, Mo.; direct evidence of some such 
 temporary changes of level ; simplicity of the story of the destruction 
 of Sodom and Gomorrah; such a story could not have been invented; 
 comparison with conflagrations in various gas and oil districts; enor- 
 mous pressure of gas in American wells; incredible results of confla- 
 grations in the Russian oil-fields; the Dead Sea a played-out gas and 
 oil field ; absence of any probable legendary accretions to the story 
 found in Genesis. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 New Light Upon the Story op the Noachian Deluge. 
 
 Marked sobriety of the narrative in Genesis; points which negative 
 its legendary character : ( 1 ) the direction of the movement of the ark ; 
 
 ( 2 ) the assertion of the breaking up of the fountains of the great deep ; 
 
 ( 3 ) the natural dimensions of the ark ; it is due to the narrative, how- 
 ever, that it be properly interpreted; all the universality required is 
 tliat wliich covers the existence of the human race, or possibly the 
 chosen race; difficulties respecting the chronology of the Deluge 
 answered ; summary of Professor Green's argument, that there is no 
 proper biblical chronology previous to the time of Abraham; the linked 
 genealogies of Gen. v. and x. indicate lines of descent rather than 
 definite periods of time; there is no chronological difficulty, therefore, 
 in placing the flood before the rise of civilization in the valley of the 
 Euphrates; the Deluge admittedly a catastrophe; but catastrophes are 
 most natural and probable in geological evolution; absurdity of the 
 extreme views of Uniformitarians in geology ; some known catastrophes 
 in geological history; all geological movements are comparatively 
 slight; changes of level necessary to produce a deluge, while really 
 groat, are relatively almost infinitesimal ; cumulative evidence of the 
 recency of many extensive changes of the earth's land level ; the doc- 
 trine of Uniformitarianism no longer tenable, and no longer held by 
 any geologists. 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 Stautijng Changes in Recent Geological Theories/- 
 
 The recency of the glacial period; absurd notions of Lyell and 
 Darwin about geological time; modern method of estimating geological 
 time leads to most moderate views upon the subject; convincing evi- 
 
denco that the ghieial period did not close in North America until less 
 than 10,000 years ago; the whole literature of this subject of twenty- 
 five years ago is now worthless; difficulty of properly impressing the 
 scientific imagination with the magnitude of the facts connected with 
 the glacial period ; connection of this period with the early history of 
 man ; brief statement of the facts ; elevation of the continent at the 
 close of the Tertiary period ; 0,000,000 cubic miles of ice piled up over 
 the glaciated area ; an equal amount of water abstracted from the 
 ocean ; this would weigh twice as much as the North American conti- 
 nent does; this tremendous change of pressure from the ocean beds to 
 land surfaces capable of producing results out of all analogy to those 
 observed at the present time; facts about the plasticity of the earth's 
 crust; the accepted geological theory of Isostacy; when any portion of 
 the earth's surface is overloaded it will sink down into the serai-plastic 
 medium beneath ; positive evidences of both a depression and an eleva- 
 tion of northern continents during and after the glacial period, and 
 
 since man came into existence. 
 I 
 
 LECTURE VII. 
 
 Elaboration of the Direct Evidence. 
 
 Evidences of pre-glacial elevation in North America ; evidences of 
 a subsequent depression of land at the close of the period ; evidences of 
 an extensive destruction of species in North America in connection with 
 this period; recently discovered startling facts concerning annual gla- 
 cial floods, of 200 feet, in the lower Missouri valley; remains of man 
 underneath the deposits of this flood ; evidences of a general depression 
 in the whole Mississippi valley at the close of the glacial period ; 
 European evidence ; the Rubble-drift of southern England ; ossiferous 
 fissures filled with remains of extinct animals, including some of man ; 
 similar evidences in northern France; in Gibraltar; at Palermo; evi- 
 dence of land depression during the same period in the vicinity of the 
 Jersey islands ; evidence of similar depression in southern Ru-'sifi ; 
 remains of man under the loess at Kief; recent terraces about tlie 
 Black Sea, showing late subsidence of the land; direct evidenci^ of 
 depression throughout Turkestan ; recent climatic changes in central 
 and western Asia; ease with which the Noachian Deluge would iii into 
 these conditions ; this undesigned coincidence a strong argument sup- 
 porting the truth of the narrative. 
 
 Lecture VIII. 
 The Bmsltcal History of Creation. 
 
 The uniqueness of the first chapter of Genesis; the vastness of the 
 subjects treated; its importance in resisting tendencies to polytheism: 
 
the gradeur and ell'ectiveness of its ilietoric; the conformity of its 
 statements witli modern scientific theories ; the correct view of the 
 origin of the iniiverse; of the various stages of the world's development; 
 diliiciilty connected with tlie supposed creation of the lieavenly bodies; 
 tliis really one of the strongest evidences of inspiration; Huxley's 
 objections to harmonizing schemes, puerile ; relation of the first chapter 
 of Genesis to the second; the biblical account of the fall of man not 
 unscientific; important purpose served by these preliminary chapters: 
 conclusion; the extent of the incidental confirmations adduced is such 
 as to put to flight a host of negative objections ; the truthfiilness of 
 the Old Testament narrative to be admitted unless there is objection to 
 the contrary ; weight of the burden of proof resting upon objectors, 
 extremely great before, is vastly increased by every line of modern inves- 
 tigation; the Old Testament history so fits in to the discoveries of 
 archaeology and of natural science that it could not have been invented 
 or produced by dreamers. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Ol' THE 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For 1905— 1906, 
 
 The Function and Right of Anthropomorphism in 
 Religious Thought 
 
 liV THE 
 
 Rev* Daniel Edward Jenkins, Ph,D. 
 
 Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology 
 Omaha Theological Seminary 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Feb. 26, to Friday, March 2, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, March 3, at 9.30 A. M. 
 
SUBJECT : 
 
 The Function and Right of Anthropomorphism 
 in Religious Thought. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 Definition of Anthropomorphism. Discussion of its Origin and 
 Nature. Want of uniformity in usage of word Anthropomorphism. 
 Varying usage suggests presence of a common element in widely differ- 
 ent modes of thought. How characterized by H. Spencer. Scope and 
 aim of our inquiry. Different forms of Anth. Different phases of as 
 indicated by terms Anthropopathism, Anthropopoiesis, Anthropophysit- 
 ism. Assuming an " Anthropomorphic tendency, or rather necessity," 
 what is its origin and nature? Does it represent a fundamental function 
 of thought ? Inquiry a psychological one which grows metaphysical. 
 Empirical answer not adequate. Becomes evident when we recognize the 
 common element in all Anth. Presupposes question. What is essentially 
 anthropic ? We must answer by reference to self.conscious being and 
 agency, or personality. No need to ignore man's corporeal nature. 
 Personality gives man his distinctive place in the scale of existences. 
 That which he cannot by any effort of thought abstract away. Religion 
 as belief (1 J in personal God and (2) in immortal life, due to this peculiarity 
 of self-conscious thought. Anth. a particular phase of the ejective func- 
 tion of consciousness. Discussion of ejective function of thought. Clif- 
 ford, Romanes, Baldwin. Ejection and Anth. both manifestations of a 
 supreme personifying category of mind. Religion as a belief in a per- 
 sonal God a function of self-conscious thought. Has more than symboli- 
 cal signitiicance. Confirmed by views of Fraser, Seth, Flint, vs. Fiske. 
 How Deity-eject takes predicates of perfection, infinity and absoluteness 
 a separate problem. Ascription of personality to Deity necessarily an- 
 thropomorphic. Personality itself a principle of infinity. Summary : 
 Dream-personages presuppose the self-notion — Self-notion presupposes 
 mental ejection — Deity -eject therefore not derived from dream-ghost. 
 Metamorphosis of the spirit into a Deity presupposes the God-conscious- 
 ness. God-consciousness, psychologically speaking, the ejective-self ideal- 
 ized to the utmost. 
 
LECTURE II. 
 
 Universality op Anthromorphism in Religion. 
 
 Inquiry necessitates direct appeal to facts as ascertained by anthro- 
 pological and comparative lines of study. Involves some philosophical 
 considerations. Presupposes some idea ot religion but not necessarily a 
 formal definition. Necessitates an authoritative enumeration of religions. 
 Enumerations of Tiele adopted because it makes the presence or absence 
 of Anth. a principle of division. Highly authoritative and familiar and 
 professes to be morphological. Tide's classification of Ethical Religions 
 modified to suit present purpose. Anth. very distinct in highest nature- 
 religion. Therianthfopic religions involve mental ejection of psychical 
 attributes into animal deities. Animal worship does not originate entirely 
 in lowest stages of culture. May be product of artistic and poetic fancy. 
 When so, psychical attributes ascribed are highly anthropomorphic. 
 Further evidenced by study of spiritism. Spiritism acknowledged to per- 
 vade lowest nature-religions. Anth. in the vague monotheism of uncivi- 
 lized people. Lang's distinction between spiritism and Anth. critically dis- 
 cussed. Spiritism as a philosophy and religion is more than animistic- 
 It is anthropomorphic. Ethical Monotheism always anthropomorphic. 
 Anth. in Mazdaism, Taoism, Confucianism. Distinction between specu- 
 lative and distinctively religious aspects of Brahminism Buddhism, and 
 Jainism. As popular religions, these are full of crude Anth. Anth. 
 cannot be eradicated even from speculative aspects. 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 Attempted escape from Anthropomorphism. 
 
 Religious agnosticism. Can Anth. of popular religion be trans- 
 cended? An inquiry which inevitably arises when religion has reached 
 reflective stage. Exemplified in pagan, Jewish and Christian religious 
 philosophy. Rights of Theology as a distinct phase of philosophical 
 thought involved in answer. Attempts to escape Anth.: (1) religious 
 agnosticism, (2) denial of Divine personality, (3) denial that ascription 
 of personality to God is necessarily anthropomorphic. Third method dis- 
 carded in light of previous discussion. First and second methods of 
 escape closely related. Religious agnosticism tends to dogmatic denial 
 of Divine personality. Denial of Divine personality tends to mystic 
 nescience. Position the same whether reached by way of mystic 
 theology or positivistic theory of knowledge. Religious agnosticism 
 fails to satisfy rational and practical demands of religion. Either over- 
 comes or yields to a distinctively religious attitude. Logical and actual 
 historical tendency of religious agnosticism is toward skeptical atheism. 
 Logic of the tendency. Psychologically and epistomologically impossi- 
 
hie. Historical tcndencj' exemplified. Movement of thought from Kant 
 through Hamilton and Mansel to Spencer. Case of Romanes especially 
 relevant. Only alternatives to skeptical atheism, (1) religion without 
 worship and (2) religion divorced from reason. Doctrine of Symbolism. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 Attempted escape from Anthromorphism coxtixued. 
 Dexial of Divine Personality. 
 
 Results of denial of personality to God: (1) Attempt to conceive 
 Deity under some lower category than personality. Resort usually to 
 conceptions of "/orce " or '■'■substance.'^ These conceptions, however, 
 anthropomorphic. (2) Religious agnosticism. Skeptical atheism already 
 seen to be logical issue of religious agnosticism. Alternative to skeptical 
 atheism : (1) Religion without actual worship or communion with 
 Deity. Form without spirit. (2) Religion divorced from reason. Re- 
 ligious knowledge symbolical. Views of modern theology of Ritschlian 
 school. Symbolical Theism of John Fiske. Ancient doctrine of allegor- 
 ism. Exemplifies same mode of thought. Comparison of Gnosticism, 
 Neo-Platonism, Averroism. Negative theology, Neo-Kentianism. Im- 
 possibility of maintaining divorce of faith and knowledge by such a 
 device. Even if could be maintained, affords no escape from Anth. Apt 
 to result in unrestrained Anth. Exemplified in Gnostic allegorism, which 
 became rankly polytheistic. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 THEOLociicAL Anthropomorphism and Philosophy. 
 
 Necessarily anthropomorphic character of Theology exemplified in 
 Fiske's philosophizings. Fiske's abandonment of the principle of " De- 
 anthrophomorphization." Does anthropomorphic element in Theism 
 render it unpbilosophical ? Involves question whether Anth. is compati- 
 ble with philosophical thinking. Various answers according to prevailing 
 philosophical thought. Present day opposition to Anth. rooted in Em- 
 piricism. Fortified by Kant's Epistemological negativism. Empirical 
 hostility to Anth. exemplified in Hume, Mill, Comte, Lewes, Bain Spen- 
 cer, Huxley, etc. Fiske's arraignment of Anth. Less consistent than 
 Comte's and Strauss'. Comte follows to legitimate conclusion in phe- 
 nomenalism. Opposition of naturalistic numism exhibited in thinking of 
 Strauss and Haeckel. Similar opposition on part of a>istract idealism. 
 Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhaur, Hartman. Neo-Hegelianism a more 
 concrete form of spiritualistic philosophy. Element of Anth. in pro- 
 foundest philosophy of present day. Exemplified in Seth, Stirling, Caird, 
 Fraser, Green, Lotze, Harris, Royce, Ormond. " Helplessness of Empiri- 
 
cism." Refusal of reason to support its conclusions in phenomenalism 
 and naturalism. Superiority of spirit to matter a final " value-judgment." 
 Nature must be interpreted in terms of spirit. This is great lesson of 
 Hegel's philosophy. Matter has no hypostatic existence apart from mind. 
 Subject and object constitute a synthetic unity. Green's hysteron pro- 
 teron of materialism. Anth. of the very terms "matter " and " force " 
 n which naturalism renders its interpretations. 
 
 LECTURE VI. Omitted. 
 
 LECTURE VIL 
 
 Scripture Anthropology. 
 
 Presumption in favor of Anthropomorphism already established. 
 Eevealed religion satisfies and perfects the principle of Anth. inherent in 
 all religion. Instance of harmony of natural and revealed religion. 
 Fact of incarnation, final vindication and counterpart of the " anthropo- 
 morphic tendency " or "necessity." Scriptural Anth. satisfies ideal re- 
 quirements of ethics and philosophy. Contrast with Spencer's " Ideal- 
 ization of Humanity " in religion generally. Anthropomorphic tendency 
 not in itself /jer se an idealizing potency in the sense of being intellectually 
 and spiritually uplifting. Religious nature of man involved in perver- 
 sity. Necessity of purification of the anthropomorphic tendency by 
 Diyine agency. Progressiveness in rational and spiritual character of 
 scriptural Anth. Nowhere fails of ideal quality, but exhibits this quality 
 more fully with progress of revelation. Scriptural Anth. examined in 
 light of, (1) Scriptural formula of creation and re-creation of man in 
 " Divine image." Relation of ideas of God and man in Scripture. 
 Various interpretations of the formula. Underlying point of agreement. 
 (2) Scriptural Anth. in light of passages most definitive of God's nature. 
 Revelation of God as " I am." Involves personality as well as absolute- 
 ness. Does not render sufficiently explicit spirituality of God. Pure 
 spirituality of God taught by Christ's words, "God is Spirit." Relation 
 of Anth. and absolute elements in conception of Deity. Distinction be- 
 tween Christ's idea of God as spirit and all forms of abstract idealism. 
 
 LECTURE VIIL Omitted. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For J906— J907. 
 
 THE PSALMODY OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES 
 
 Rev* Louis F* Benson^ D.D* 
 
 Editor of '* The Hymnal'' 
 Author of " Studies of Familiar Hymns ** 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 Monday, Feb. H, to Friday, Feb. J5, at 5 P. M. 
 and Saturday, Feb. J 6, at U A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 The Psalmody of the Calvinistic Reformation. 
 
 The object of these lectures is to study the origin and follow 
 the practice of congregational song in the Reformed Churches. 
 In its origin neither a spontaneous, popular movement, nor a devel- 
 opment of Lutheran hymnody, but an element of the Calvinistic 
 cultus, and distinct in method and principle. 
 
 1. The Genevan Psalter. Calvin's endeavor to establish con- 
 gregational song at Geneva. Conception and development of a 
 metrical Psalter. First issue in 1539. Clement Marot's part in it. 
 La Forme des Prieres, 1542. Beza and the completed Psalter of 1562. 
 Its spread in France. 
 
 2. The Psalter Music, an essential feature. Pains taken with it. 
 Its popularity and great influence in spreading Psalm singing. The 
 Huguenot psalmody; and adaptation of the Genevan tunes to many 
 languages. 
 
 3. Calvin as the Founder of the Reformed Psalmody. His 
 personal leadership and work. His views {a) as to the subject mat- 
 ter of praise, (fc) as to the function of music in the cultus. His 
 views and example the determining influence in Reformed psalmody. 
 
 LECTURE IL 
 The Psalmody of the English Reformation. 
 
 I. Failure to introduce an English hymnody: (a) along Luth- 
 eran lines. Coverdale's Goostly Psalmes and Spiritual Songs; (b) 
 by way of Englishing the Latin Church hymns. The Primers and 
 Cranmer's efforts for vernacular hymnody. The Prayer Books of 
 Edward VI definitely establish English worship outside the area of 
 hymnody. 
 
2. The Calvinistic psalmody introduced into England. Stern- 
 hold imitates Marot : his Certayne Psalmes (1548-9), Edward's Act 
 of Uniformity (1549) as an authorization of metrical psalmody: 
 gives great impulse to production and use. The Scripture Para- 
 phrase. 
 
 3. Sternhold and Hopkins' Psalter. The work of the Marian 
 Exiles. Their One and F if tie Psalmes (1556), the basis of EngHsh 
 psalmody. Completion of Psalter (1562) under 'moderate' views. 
 The appendix of hymns. The period dominated by Puritan predi- 
 lection for psalms, but in time the appended hymns became a re- 
 source of the Puritans. The practice of psalmody : the tunes and 
 'lining the Psalm.' 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 The Psalmody of the Scottish Reformation. 
 
 1. Early (Lutheran) balladry and spiritual song. Ane Com- 
 pendious Booke. The Wedderburns of Dundee. Beginnings of 
 Scottish Psalm singing (1546). 
 
 2. The Scottish Reformation Psalter: based generically on 
 Sternhold and Hopkins, and specifically on the 1561 Edition of the 
 Genevan Exiles' Forme of Praiers. Completion of Psalter by General 
 Assembly and Uniformity Act (1564). The liturgical status of 
 psalmody in Scotland as contrasted with England. Principle of 
 Church control and its exercise. The controversy as to 'conclusions.' 
 
 3. The Psalmody of the Old Psalter Period (1564-1650). Con- 
 temporaneous descriptions. The song-schules, and decay of music. 
 'Proper' tunes, and rise of the "Common tunes." Efforts to Anglic- 
 anize Scottish worship : the Psalter of King James. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 The Psalmody of the Westminster Assembly. 
 
 Supremacy of Sternhold and Hopkins in England threatened in 
 time of James I (a) by the impatience of culture at separation of 
 poetry and devotion — e. g., Geo. Wither and his Hymns and Songs 
 of the Church, 1623; {b) by Puritan demand for a more literal 
 version. 
 
1. The Westminster Assembly. The Long Parliament and 
 psalmody reform. 'Praise' in the Directory for Worship. Rous' 
 Version as the proposed new Psalter. Barton's Version. Rivalry 
 of the two prevents parliamentary action. 
 
 2. The Westmmistier-P Salter period of Scottish Psalmody. 
 Detrimental effects of Directory and the new Psalter (revised by 
 General Assembly and printed without tunes in 1650). Two types 
 of Restoration psalmody: efforts to reconstruct parochial psalmody. 
 
 The absence of hymns and efforts to add them. Simeon's Spir- 
 itual Songs. Scottish Church becomes legislatively a hymn singing 
 church in 1708. New movement toward hymns in 1741, inspired by 
 Dr. Watts. Translations and Paraphrases, 1745, 1781. Enlargement 
 of psalmody effected, but with disturbance. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 The Reformed Psalmody in the American Colonies. 
 
 1. The Huguenot Psalmody, of Coligny's colonies, and of New 
 Amsterdam, connects American psalmody with the fountain head. 
 The Genevan Psalter in America. The barrier of language confines 
 it to narrow limits. 
 
 2. The Pilgrim Psalmody, at Plymouth and Salem. Ains- 
 worth's Booke of Psalmes set to the Genevan melodies. It merges 
 (1667,1692) in the Puritan psalmody. 
 
 3. The Puritan Psalmody (1629), an extension of that current 
 in Church of England. Sternhold and Hopkins. The Puritan yearn- 
 ing for "purity" brings about beginnings of an American psalmody. 
 The Bay Psalm Book, 1640: characteristics and Presbyterian use. 
 Musical rendering. 
 
 4. The Dutch Psalmody. The Colonists' Psalter (Dathen's) a 
 translation of Marot and Beza's with the original Genevan music. 
 Dutch characteristics. Attempt to preserve them in English Psalter 
 of 1767. The Psalms and Hymns of 1789. The "Rule of Dort" and 
 organization of R. P. D. Church as a hymn-singing church. 
 
 5. The Scotch-Irish Psalmody . Rous's Version. The meagre 
 musical equipment. Proportions of immigration elevate Rous into 
 commanding position. 
 
 The status of "the subject matter of praise" originally and under 
 the Adopting Act. 
 
LECTURE VI. 
 
 The Reformed Psalmody in the American Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 
 1. The Change in the type of Psalmody. Influence of the 
 Great Awakening on psalmody. Whitefield's part. Isaac Watts and 
 his work. Early use of his Psalms Imitated. New York Contro- 
 versy, 1744. Status as to (o) church control of psalmody; (&) sub- 
 ject matter of praise. The introduction of Watts slowly proceeding 
 and always supported by Synod. The Second Church of Philadel- 
 phia case. Synod's position. 
 
 2. The Psalmody a cause of division and controversy. Effects 
 of Revolution in worship: low estate of psalmody. Presbyterian 
 union and a proposed new version (1785). Barlow's Revision of 
 Watts, 1787. The question of hymns. The Psalmody Controversy: 
 in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky. 
 
 3. The Church as a Hymn-singing Church. The Directory of 
 Worship, 1788. Reformed Psalmody passes over to the minor 
 Presbyterian bodies. Attempts to conserve metrical psalmody. The 
 first hymn books. Matter of Church control. Psalm singing prac- 
 tically banished. Efforts to restore it. Concluding reflections. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1908-1909 
 
 The Philosophy of Revelation 
 
 The Reverend Herman Bavinck, D.D. 
 
 Professor of Theology in the Free University 
 of Amsterdam 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Nov. 2, to Friday, Nov. 6, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, Nov. 7, at 11 A. M. 
 
T.ECTURE I. 
 
 The Idea of a Piiilosoi'Hy of Revelation. 
 
 Universality of the siipranaturalistic world-view among all 
 peoples in all ages and all religions, including Christianitj' and the 
 Reformation. Change in this respect in the XVIIIth century 
 through the "Enlightenment." The autonomy of the world and 
 humanity applied first by way of revolution, then by way of evolution. 
 Attempts at reconciliation in idealistic monism. The unsatisfactory 
 character of this and indispensableness of supernaturalism for all 
 religion. The idea of revelation and its psychological and historical 
 mediation. The philosophy of revelation thinks through its content 
 and correlates it with the thought and life of humanity as a whole. 
 
 LECTURE 11. 
 
 Re\"elat[(jn and PiiiiJ)S()riiv. 
 
 The present status of philosophy. Revival of the need of phil- 
 osophy and reappearance of old tendencies. Three types of philo- 
 sophical world-interpretation. Decline of naturalism and materialism. 
 Rise and growth of the pantheistic-monistic view in its various forms. 
 Criticism of monism and the formula of evolution. Reaction against 
 monism from the side of pragmatism. Pragmatism not merely a 
 new method but a peculiar conception regarding reality and truth. 
 The merit of pragmatism. Its unsatisfactoriness. Due to an in- 
 sufficiently empirical spirit and ignoring of the facts of reality. 
 Nominalistic character of pragmatism. Self-con.sciousness the point 
 of departure in all knowledge. Truth and error in idealism. Nature 
 of self-consciousness. Its content. Self-consciousness the basis of 
 religion and morality, science and philosophy, because it discloses to 
 man his own being, the reality of the world and the existence of 
 God. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 Revelation and Nature. 
 
 God, the world and man the threefold object of science and 
 philosophy. Restricted use of the EngHsh word '"science." Indepen- 
 dence and limitations of natural science. The conception of Nature. 
 Physics presupposes metaphysics. Its constant use of metaphysical 
 concepts. Its ignorance as to the origin, essence and movement of 
 things, inadequate view of the laws of nature, and silence as to the 
 final cause of the world. The world unexplainable without God. 
 Proof of this is the pantheistic deification of the creature and the 
 present revival of superstition in many circles. The importance of 
 Christianitv for natural science. 
 
 LECTURE TV. 
 
 Rk\'i;l.\tioi\ and IIistory, 
 
 History shows still more plainly the necessity and significance 
 of revelation. Present-day conceptions of history. The significance 
 of evolution in historj-. Historical facts too rich to be subsumed 
 under one formula. The same difficulty in the attempt to distin- 
 guish a succession of periods and to discover the laws of history. 
 The greatest diflficulty of all in the enquiry into the meaning and 
 purpose of history. An objective norm required for this. No 
 history without metaphysics, without belief in a divine wisdom and 
 power. Significance of Christianity for the study of history. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 Revelation and Religion. 
 
 Religion as the chief ground of the conviction that the world 
 rests on revelation. The existence of religion itself a decisive con- 
 sideration. Universality and necessity of religion. Origin of 
 religion. Impossibility of explaining its origin historically and 
 psychologically through study of primitive man and the child. The 
 construction of primitive man out of the data of animal life, life of 
 nature-peoples, child Hfe, a pure product of the imagination. Re- 
 vival of the idea of a religio insita. Enquiry into the essence of 
 religion leads to the same conclusions. No religion without reve- 
 lation. The attempt at classifying religions leads back to the old 
 division between true and false religions in a liew form. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 Revel.^tion and Christianity. 
 
 The religio-ethical development of humanity leads to belief in 
 the necessity and reality of revelation. The origins of the human race 
 unknown to science, partially disclosed in tradition. The signifi- 
 cance of tradition as estimated in previous ages and at the present 
 day. Its relative value shown in the history of primitive culture, 
 the study of Greek philosophy, the discoveries in Babylon and 
 Assyria. The "Volkeridee" of Bastian. The unity of the human 
 race well-nigh universally accepted at present. Unity includes com- 
 mon origin, common habitat and common tradition. Content of 
 tradition. The Old Testament attaches itself to the tradition of the 
 nations. Resemblance and peculiarity of Israel's religion as compared 
 with the religions of the nations. Fulfilment in Christianity. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 For 1909—1910. 
 
 THE HYMNODY OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKING CHURCHES 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. Louis F. Benson, D.D. 
 
 Editor of " The Hymnal " 
 
 Author of " Studies of Familiar Hymns " 
 
 Stone Lecturer in 1907 on 
 
 "The Psalmody of the Reformed Churches" 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Feb. 21, to Friday. Feb. 25, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, Feb. 26, at 11 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 The Development of the English Hymn. 
 I ntroductory. 
 
 Foundations of congregational song were laid, before Luther 
 and Calvin, by followers of Hus, with a vernacular hymnody, hymn 
 tunes and hymn books. 
 
 As developed by Luther and Calvin, congregational song as- 
 sumed two distinct types : ( i ) Luther conserved all available in the 
 old cultus, especially the metrical hymn; he filled the old hymn-form 
 with the new evangel. Hence the rich German Hymnody, the linial 
 successor of the Latin church hymns. (2) Calvin ignored the 
 church cultus, sought Scriptural authority, confined the singing to 
 Scriptural songs. Hence metrical Psalmody, the linial successor of 
 the old prose Church Psalmody. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYMN. 
 
 Lutheran influences aimed to establish the Hymn in England 
 (Coverdale, Goostly Psalmes and Sp. Songs, c. 153O ; and, more 
 successfully, in Scotland (the Wedderburns). But in both countries 
 Calvinistic influences established metrical Psalmody as the only 
 congregational song. 
 
 The small appendices of hjmns in the two Psalters : their prob- 
 lematical use. The Veni Creator and Luther's hj^mns therein a 
 reminiscence, and not a bond of connection with the Latin or Ger- 
 man Hymnody. which cease to affect English church song. For 
 any prophecy of English hymnody, we must turn rather to the para- 
 phrases therein. For the later Hymnody grew out of metrical 
 Psalmody, partly (i) as a development from it, partly (2) as a 
 substitute for it. 
 
 Three lines of development : 
 
 1. By zvay of iuiproznng literary character of Psalters, which 
 were rough, and were played upon by two influences: (A) Puritan: 
 demand for literalness (culminating in Bay Psalm Book, 1640; and 
 "Rous" 1650) but inefifective in England. (B) Literary culture. 
 Hence the long line of Psalters: (Sydney, Surrey, etc.) and attempt 
 to impose Wither's (1632) on England, King James's (1631) on 
 Scotland. In England movement culminated in Nezv Version of 
 Tate and Brady (1696). This "literary" Psalter helped to clear the 
 way. 
 
 2. By dilution of strictness of paraphrasing. Demand for selec- 
 tion of and evangelical interpretation of Psalms. J. Patrick {Cen- 
 tury 1679, complete 1691) the forerunner of Watts. 
 
 3. By extension, to include other Scriptural paraphrases. Cal- 
 vinistic, and began from earliest days, but renewed in middle of 
 17th century to fill felt deficiency. Scotland (1650) : Z. Boyd 
 is ordered to translate other Scripture songs. After the Revolution, 
 a like movement: failing from poverty of materials, etc. England: 
 W. Barton (1659-1688) : another forerunner of Watts. 
 
Apart from development, an independent impulse to write in 
 hymn-form shows at the Restoration. With Crosman (1644) and 
 Ken (1692) begins the succession of modern hymn writers. Baxter 
 (Fragments, 1681) at the center of a hymn movement. Mason's, 
 Spir. Songs (16S5) are free hymns: in its 8th edition when Watts 
 appeared. Watts not the "Father of the English hymn." 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 The Liturgical Use of English Hymns. 
 
 At the Restoration (1660), church reestablished, but a breach in 
 uniformity of worship; and so the church-song proceeds on denomi- 
 national lines. 
 
 1. Church of England. The old Psalmody {Sternhold and 
 Hopkins) resumed: Puritan dilapidations and indifference: no pro- 
 gress during the 17th century. 
 
 2. Presbyterians. Their high esteem of Psalmody. Its prac- 
 tice dwindles after Ejectment of 1662. After the adjustments of 
 the Revolution, "Rous" generally used in the new "meeting houses." 
 Pierce of Exeter refuses to sing the doxolog3% but denies Arianism. 
 The drift to the developed unitarianism of 18th century and the uni- 
 tarian Hymnody. 
 
 3. Separatists. 
 
 A. Friends. Favor song only under impulse of the Spirit. And 
 neglect of music renders congregational song impracticable. 
 
 B. General Baptists. Smyth (Se-Baptist) sets forth that sing- 
 ing must be spontaneous and without book. Followed by Grantham 
 in England. General Assembly of 1689 calls congregational song 
 "carnal formality." No change before middle of i8th century. 
 
 C. Particular Baptists. Broadmcad Records (1671-1685) show 
 singing. In one of the congregations declining it, Benjamin Keach 
 introduced (c. 1675) singing on Thanksgiving days, and (1690) 
 every Sunday. This was the singing of Hymns. Bitter "controv- 
 ersy as to singing." Upon interference of General Assembly (1692) 
 singing introduced by many congregations. Deeper issue subordi- 
 nates older controversy of Psalm vs. Hymn. Foundations of Baptist 
 Hymnody. Keach, Boyse (1693), Stennett (1697, 1712). Stennett 
 one of Watts' sources. 
 
 D. Independents. Many differences of opinion and "cases of 
 conscience." Cotton's (1647) and Ford's (1653) tracts. Psalmody 
 suffered under Conventicle act (1670) and recuperated slowly after 
 Revolution. Dissatisfaction with Psalms partly relieved by Patrick, 
 but led to occasional use of hymns in last decade of 17th century. 
 Beginnings of Independent Hymnody before Watts: M. Henry, 
 Family Hymns (1674), Baxter, Boyse's and Davis' Collections 
 (1694). The singing was by "lining" and with prolonged notes. 
 The Practical Discourses (1708) show effort to improve. This situ- 
 ation the background to Watts. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 Dr. Watts' "Renovation of Psalmody" ; and His School. 
 
 1. His schonc of an Evangelical Hymnody in two parts: (A) 
 Psalms: adapted freely to our state under Gospel and our civil con- 
 ditions : changed from "God's Word to us' to 'our word to God.' 
 (B) Hymns: free and evangelical, under our right to develop and 
 express spiritual gifts of preaching, prayer and praise. 
 
 2. His fuiaiment: begins with Horae Lyricae (Dec. 1705). It 
 embodies his distinction between poetry and hymns. Hymn must 
 be suited to plainest capacity and be in familiar speech. The mass 
 of his hymns in Hymns and Spiritual Songs in three books (1707, 
 revised 1709). His system complete in The Psalms of David imi- 
 tated in the language of the New Testament, and applied to the 
 Christian state and worship (1719). His Divine Songs (1715) the 
 fountain of children's hymnody. Further hymns in the Sermons 
 (1721, 1723, 1727). "Watts Entire." 
 
 3. Liturgical Use. Introduced with some hesitation, the 
 Hymns reached a sixth edition at date of Psalms imitated, which in 
 turn greatly helped the Hymns. Both attain extraordinary use, 
 which by last quarter of i8th century becomes a supremacy. S. 
 Brown's early supplement, 1720. Series of supplements, beginning 
 with Gibbons, 1769, and ending with J. Conder's Congregational 
 Hymn Book, 1833. Reaction from popularity. 
 
 4. Watts' Influence, (i) Upon the Hymn itself: not the in- 
 ventor of English hymns. Nothing essentially new in his hymn- 
 forms: he worked (to their advantage) in the old Psalm measures. 
 In contents the Hymn was lyrical expression of evangelical inter- 
 pretation of Scripture, appropriated. In theology and tone, Calvin- 
 istic. His greatness is in his excellence, not novelty. 
 
 (2). Upon Hymn production. Model and founder of a school. 
 School of Watts: (a) Independent. Doddridge, Gibbons (Pres. 
 Davies), &c. Tends to run into prose. As to J. Hart's Hymns 
 (1759)- (b) Baptist. Their golden age of hymn writing. Anne 
 Steele and her influence. Needham, Fellows, Fawcett, Burnham, 
 Medley. Baptist hymn books: Ash & Evans (1769). Rippon (1787)- 
 Rippon connects beginnings of Baptist hymnody with our own time 
 and with America, (c) Scottish. Watts brings a renewal of move- 
 ment to enlarge Psalmody. The Translations and Paraphrases 
 (174s, 1781) are of his school and the only characteristic Scottish 
 hymnody. 
 
 (3) Upon hymn singing. Founder of our modern ordinance of 
 Hymnody, raising and settling the issue of Psalm vs. Hymn; and 
 filling the gap he created with acceptable hymns. Of the three i8th 
 century forces in extending hymn singing (Watts, Wesley and 
 Evangelical Revival) Watts was first. His influence in America in 
 overthrowing Psalmody. The Watts Era among Presbyterians, 
 Congregationalists and Baptists. 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 The Hymnody of the Methodist Movement. 
 
 1. Its independence of that of Watts. John Wesley's American 
 hymn book, the Charleston Collection of 1737. Charles Wesley's 
 hymns begin with his conversion (1738) : first printed in Hymns 
 and Sacred Poems (1739) : and he becomes the poet of the move- 
 ment. The Collection of 1741 the first Methodist hymn book: other 
 collections, &c. The Hymn-Tracts : the controversial group, with 
 satire and invective. The occasional and festival group. Wesleyan 
 poetical publications number 61 ; Charles' hymns over 6,000. 
 
 After opening of City Road Chapel, John Wesley publishes 
 (1780) A Collection of Hymns for the people called Methodists, 
 almost exclusively written by the Wesleys, and the permanent 
 Methodist standard. 
 
 John Wesley's place as great editor and administrator. His 
 care for the music : Methodist tune-books : "Directions for singing." 
 The fervor of the song. The development of choirs and ensuing 
 controversy as to tunes and organs. 
 
 2. Place of the JVesleys in history of the Hymn. (The Hymn 
 becomes with them more than church song; and has part in the 
 history of religion). Practically the great bulk of C. W.'s hymns 
 narrows to limits of the Collection. Methodist indifference and 
 failure to print his works till 1868. John Wesley as a translator. 
 Charles now stands with Watts at the head of English Hymnody, 
 but this recognition long delayed. Much of Charles' work unavail- 
 able for general use and circumstances surrounding it unfavorable 
 to its diffusion : the reproach of Methodism. The slow progress of 
 Wesley's hymns into common use due to ignorance as well as preju- 
 dice. Instances showing extent of such ignorance. 
 
 3. Wesley's work as affecting the ideal of the Hymn . Change 
 of tone and atmosphere, (i) Evangelistic Hymn. (2) Hymn of 
 Christian experience becomes autobiographical : drawbacks. (3) 
 Metrical development. 
 
 4. Methodist Hymnody in America. Wesley's provision for a 
 liturgical church. Sunday Service and Psalms and Hymns (1784). 
 The situation and early hymn books: Pocket Hymn Book (1788). 
 The Collection of 1849 the best representative of Wesleyan Hymn- 
 ody. Methodist Hymnal (1878 and 1905) show merging of char- 
 acteristics in the general stream of modern Hymnody. 
 
 5. Revival Hymnody. Spiritual Songs of Early Methodism. 
 "Great Camp Meeting Revival" (1799). Early song books. Devel- 
 opment in Moody and Sankey movement. Its relations to and 
 effect on Church Hj'mnody. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 The Hymnody of the Evangelical Revival. 
 
 The congregational song of Church of England contemporaneous 
 with Watts and Wesley is still metrical Psalmody (at its worst). 
 
Method of its performance : i8th century hymn-tunes. Materials 
 of praise in majority of parishes through the century were the old 
 and new version. 
 
 Movements tozvard hymii-singing. i. On a small scale, by those 
 concerned with the New Version. Supplement to Tate and Brady- 
 Its little group of unauthorized hymns the nucleus of Church of 
 England Hymnody. 
 
 2. Distinctive movement came from spiritual forces outside 
 (Evangelical Revival). Relative positions of Hymn and Psalm at 
 beginning of Revival. The evangelical clergy the only advocates of 
 hymns. Exception as to Romaine. Whitefield and his hymn book, 
 his co-workers and influence with Evangelicals. The proprietary 
 chapels of Lady Huntington and others gave opportunity to intro- 
 duce hymns. 
 
 (A) Early group of Evangelical hymn books: Madan (1760), 
 Conyers (1767), De Courcy (1767), Toplady (1776) and his effort 
 at "elegance," Simpson (1776) and Hull (1776). These laid foun- 
 dations of Evangelical Hymnody : spiritual warmth, Calvinism and 
 low church views, with emphasis on Christian experience. 
 
 (B) The Olney Hymns (1779) closes Hymnody of Evangelical 
 Revival and fully represents its features. Its influence in introduc- 
 ing hymns, and in giving to English Hymn not only extreme in- 
 dividualism but a morbid touch. 
 
 (C) New Series of Evangelical Hymnals. They assume paro- 
 chial character, and to that end include "Psalms and Hymns" : 
 Cadogan (1785), Venn (1785), Woodd (1794). Represent spirit 
 of compromise. Woodd also contemplates adapting Hymnody to 
 Prayer Book System. 
 
 (D) Spread of Hymn Singing and opposition. Test question 
 as to lawfulness: Cotterill's Selection (1819). The York Settlement 
 practically gave Hymnody official status in Church of England. 
 
 (E) The Evangelical Hymnody in America. Episcopal 
 Church organized as Psalm-singing church. Tate and Brady 
 adopted 1789 with supplement of 27 hymns (30 added, 1808). Came 
 under evangelical influence, and its Hymns (1827) include Watts, 
 Doddridge, Steele, Newton. Wesley, &c. This served till the Ox- 
 ford influences intervened. 
 
 Baptists were free to use the new hymnody as early as 1792 
 through republication of Rippon. 
 
 CoNGREGATiONALisTS and PRESBYTERIANS much influenced by 
 Evangelical divines, but in their Hymnody prolonged the Watts era 
 undesirabl}', and turned people toward private collections. Nettle - 
 ton's evangelical Village Hymns (1824) ; Leavitt's Christian Lyre 
 (1830) : Hasting's and Mason's Spiritual Songs (1831). Of official 
 collections, the Connecticut Association's Psalms and Hymns (1845) 
 and Presbyterian Psalms and Hymns (1833) embody the evangelical 
 Hymnody. but two-fifths of the latter is still Watts. Dissatisfaction 
 with authorized books continues the opportunity for private collec- 
 tions. 
 
LECTURE VI. 
 
 The Liticrary Hymn, and the Hymnody of the Oxford 
 Movement. 
 
 1. The Literary Hymn. Heber's Hymns (1827) offers a new 
 standard of Hymnody. Accommodation to church year, restraint, 
 poetic grace and ornament. He writes to the melodies of the 
 Romantic poets and seeks official approval, and aid of eminent poets. 
 Great influence on development of the Hj^mn. His attitude pre- 
 cisely contrary to Watts, and goes far beyond Evangelicals; Thomas 
 Kelly (1802-1858) ; and even Montgomery, who is satisfied with a 
 refined edification. Criticism of Heber : who on the whole estab- 
 lished a new type. Henceforward a new school of poetic hymn 
 v/riters. Growth of the literary quality in modern hymn books. 
 
 2. Hymnody of Oxford Movement. Keble's Christian Year 
 (T827) throws glamour of poetry over feast and fast: thus pre- 
 pares the way. Palmer's Origines Liturgicae (1832) traces "Daily 
 Prayer" to the Breviary, but slights hymnic element. Newman re- 
 verts to Breviwy {Tract 75) as itself the "Catholic" model: trans- 
 lates some of its hymns. Translations of Paris Breviary hymns by 
 Williams (1839) and Chandler (1837). Mant's Ancient Hymns 
 (1837); Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae (1838). The Paris Breviary 
 and the search for things primitive : but the work of Oxford School 
 revealed the Latin hj'mn and acclimated it. 
 
 Work of Oxford movement was restoration, (i) In restoring 
 the ante-Reformation hj'mns. (2) In restoring the Liturgical type 
 of hymn : one dealing with the church season, and having its fixed 
 place in liturgical order. Breviary capable of private adoption, 
 hymnody free : therefore the Liturgical Hymn one of the first 
 definite products of Movement. 
 
 Early group of Tractarian hymnals (1837-1851) experimental; 
 show willingness to follow new leaders ; but not satisfactory. New 
 epoch with J. Mason Neale : his criticisms and proposals of 1850. 
 Mis accomplishments, researches and publications in Mediaeval 
 Hymnology. The sequence. He fills Tractarian needs, and gives 
 a new color to Protestant Hymnody. Neale's radical proposal to 
 abolish modern hymns and sing only versions of ancient hymns to 
 their plain-song melodies: embodied in Hymnal Noted (1851-54). 
 Still the ideal of some Anglicans. Neale's pioneer work in Greek 
 Hymnody : his successors. 
 
 Hymnals of decade '5i-'6i of various schools: provide for 
 evangelical succession and introduce the hymnal with tunes. But 
 general trend high-church: culminate in Hymns Ancient and Mod- 
 ern (1861), which settles basis of Anglican Hymnody up to the 
 present. The Anglican School of hymn writers and musicians. 
 
 Oxford movement a great influence in all the churches in Great 
 Britain and America. Protestant Episcopal Hymnal of 1872 and 
 
Britain and America. Protestant Episcopal Hymnal of 1872 and 
 1902. Presbyterian Hymnal of 1874. 
 
 3. Present day Hymnody. Our modern hymnody the Evan- 
 gelical Hymnody as modified by Literary and Liturgical movements, 
 and the tendency toward unification. The newest movement is 
 away from evangelical emphasis if not evangelical doctrine. Wide- 
 spread demand for "a new Hymnody"; specifically a "Hymnody of 
 the Kingdom" with emphasis on service and social amelioration. 
 Longfellow and Johnson: John Hunter's (Glasgow) Hymns of 
 Faith and Life: The Pilgrim Hymnal. Its affinities and prospects. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 FOR 
 
 1910-1911 
 
 Questions arising out of Paul's First 
 Epistle to the Corinthians 
 
 IJY 
 
 Sir William M. Ramsey, D.CL,, LL.D., L.H.D., D.D, 
 
 Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Oct. 31, to Friday, Nov. 4, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, Nov. 5, at 11 A. M. 
 
I. Considerations regarding the dating of the Epistles of Paul 
 and Hebrews : References to individuals, such as Epaphroditus, 
 Timothy, &c Exordia and final salutations. Lapse of time during 
 the composition of some Epistles. 
 
 II. Philosophy among the Corinthians: education: contrast of 
 word and force : Greek character. 
 
 III. Paul's views regarding the family: women: veiling: 
 marriage : celibacy and the life of divine service. 
 
 IV. Position of the early Christians in the Graeco-Roman 
 society: politics: magistracies: law courts: social gatherings and 
 social courtesies : participation in pagan feasts. 
 
 V. Relation of pagan feasts to the Christian Eucharist : 
 doctrine of Paul regarding the Eucharist: earlier history of the 
 rite : ceremonial : power that lay in the rite. 
 
 VI. Conception of power fundamental in Paulinism : the 
 world as the expression of force : sin as a force of degeneration : 
 religion as the law of right development: the force in development, 
 and the consununation of development (eschatological). 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 For 1911—1912 
 
 THE HIGHER GRITIGiSM: ITS FUNGTIONS AND PROBLEMS 
 
 Rev William M. McPheeters, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Old Testament Literature and Exegesis, 
 Columbia Theological Seminary, S. C. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Feb. 19, to Friday, Feb. 23, at 5 P. M., 
 
 and Saturday, Feb. 24, at 11 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 FrNCTION AND PkOBLKMS OF HiGHER CRITICISM NeED TO BE PrECISED. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Choice of subject. .\im, scope, and spirit of lectures. Wording 
 of theme. 
 
 R1-:.\S0NS FOR DISCUSSION. 
 
 I. Negative : 
 
 No serious attempt as j-et to determine specific function of this 
 discipHne ; nor have its problems been carefully analyzed, precised, 
 and stated. 
 
 1. Eichhorn, the reputed "father of the Higher Criticism," too 
 much absorbed in praxis of discipline to formulate a science. 
 
 2. Same true of those coming after him. Many mere obiter 
 dicta: but only two formal expositions. One by Dr. C. A. Briggs. 
 in 1883; the other by Dr. A. C. Zenos, in 1895. Both worthy of 
 fuller notice than these lectures permit. Merits and limitations of 
 each noted. 
 
 II. Positive: 
 
 1. Answers to the question: What is the Higher Criticism? 
 evidence confusion, and suited to beget confusion. Proof. 
 
 2. Nature and importance of discipline much misconceived. 
 Higher Criticism treated as merely an alternative name for (a) 
 Literary Study; (b) Literary Criticism; (c) Historical Criticism; 
 (d) Special Introduction. Cause of this confusion. Its Cure. 
 
 3. Nature, interdependence, and importance of its problems 
 also much misconceived. Cause, and cure same as before. Results : 
 (i) In practise minor problems have absorbed attention; (2) The 
 most remarkable claims and concessions have been made; (3) Funda- 
 mental problem for solution of which discipline exists rarely directly 
 faced in light of facts. 
 
 4. Implications of the first element in name almost univer- 
 sally denied. 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 An Attempt to Determine the Function of the 
 Higher Criticism. 
 
 I. definition. 
 
 The Higher Criticism is the science of the processes by which 
 we seek to determine the real or to test the alleged kind and degree 
 of religious value books, like those of the Old and New Testaments, 
 professing to be "source books" for religion, by setting the claims 
 made for such books in the light of their real as contrasted with 
 their alleged origin and literary form, so far as the former can be 
 determined in the u.se of circumstantial evidence. 
 
 N. B. — Definition indicates that discipline has limitations. 
 
ir. ANALYSIS OF DEFINITION. 
 
 i. The Higher Criticisms a science, ii. Concerned exclusively 
 with "source-books"' for religion, such as Sacred Scriptures. This 
 habitually denied. Reasons for denial. Evidence for correctness 
 of statement, iii. Origin of discipline: i. Same as that of other 
 sciences.- — Illustrated from Literary Criticism, &c. 2. Four facts 
 in which Higher Criticism has its origin: (i) A certain kind or 
 degree of rehgious value claimed for SS. These claims made (a) 
 by SS., and also (b) by others for them. These two sets of claims 
 are not necessarily coincident. (2) A certain origin and literary 
 form claimed for SS. These claims made (a) by SS. sometimes 
 explicitly, sometimes implicitly; and also (b) by others for SS. 
 These two sets of claims not always coincident. (3) Validity of 
 claims as to religious value hinge upon validity of claims as to 
 origin and literary form. Made so to hinge (b) by SS. themselves — 
 Evidence; (b) by others irrespective of school — Evidence; (c) 
 so hinge from inherent necessity of case — Evidence. (4) A body 
 of circumstantial evidence bearing upon validity or invalidity of 
 claims made as to origin and form of several books of SS. 4. These 
 facts demand a science and determine its function. 
 
 iv. Function of Higher Criticism: To ascertain and ex- 
 hibit the significance of the relation between the real and the alleged 
 origin and literary form of the several books of SS. for the real 
 or the alleged religious value of the books. Corollaries: i. Fact 
 that this is function of Higher Criticism makes it impossible to con- 
 found it with such disciplines as Literary Study, &c. 2. Shows 
 that Higher Criticism (i) is not (a) an interpetative discipline, like 
 Literary Study, or Special Introduction; nor (b) an apologetic dis- 
 cipline, like the Evidences; but (2) Strictly a "critical"' discipline. 
 Its character as such should be frankly recognized and its rights 
 respected. The terms "evangelical criticism", "rationalistic criti- 
 cism", "destructive criticism", "constructive criticism", however 
 common, are solecistic. True critical attitude defined by Dr. Willis J. 
 Beecher. 3. Justifies implications of term "Higher" in name of 
 discipline. It is superior in dignity and importance to (i) Literary 
 or Historical Criticism; (2) Textual Criticism. Proper conception 
 of latter discipline that of Prof. B. W. Bacon. 
 
 v. Foregoing account of function of Higher Criticism justified 
 and verified by actual history of praxis of discipline. 
 
 vi. Nor is it discredited by the fact that those holding contra- 
 dictory views as to origin and literary form of the several books 
 of SS. agree in extolling the religious value of these books. This 
 fact sufficiently explained — i. By bias that blinds one to conclusion 
 demanded by premises ; 2. By mental confusion that fails to grasp 
 relation between premises and conclusion ; 3. By radically different 
 views as to the nature of "rehgion." 
 
 vii. All discussion of (i) Processes, (2) data, (3) kind of 
 evidence relied upon in Higher Criticism must be omitted for lack 
 of time. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 T. Problem of Origin : General View. 
 II. Problem of Temporal Origin: Forms Assumed. 
 I. general view of problem of origin. 
 
 i. Term '"Origin": i. Reduces to unity all the questions 
 usually discussed in connection with (i) authorship; (2) time of 
 composition; and (3) place of composition of a given writing. 2. 
 Signalizes the genetic relation that these factors sustain to writing. 
 3. Signalizes the primacy of problem of Personal as compared with 
 those of Local and Temporal Origin. 4. Transfers attention from 
 author's name to core of problem of authorship. 5. Throws a 
 flood of light upon relation existing between the problems and the 
 processes of the Higher Criticism. 
 
 ii. In regard to problems grouped under this general term it 
 should be noted — i. That though closely related they are distinct 
 one from the other. 2. That in the Higher Criticism none of them 
 is treated for its own sake ; nor as an abstract problem : but always 
 and only for its bearing upon something else, and ultimately for its 
 bearings direct or indirect upon real or alleged religious value of 
 writing. 3. In Higher Criticism direct testimony as to Origin is 
 excluded. Its validity is being tested. 4. Nature of phenomena 
 giving rise to problem illustrated. 
 
 II. forms assumed by problem of temporal origin 
 
 i. Factors giving rise to problem of Tenif>oral Origin two: 
 I. The complex of influences summarized under the term "Zeitgeist" ; 
 and 2. Complex of influences summarized under term "Environ- 
 ment." Harnack and Dillmann on the nature and potency of these 
 factors. They furnish the occasion and determine the purpose of 
 a writing; they also determine media through which, and modes in 
 which this purpose finds expression. 
 
 ii. Forms Assumed : i. Was a given writing produced under 
 the influence of a single Zeitgeist and environment, or more than 
 one? and if under more than one, how many? 2. What were the 
 characteristics of the Zeitgeist and environment under which a given 
 writing, or this or that part of it was produced? 3. In what re- 
 spects and to what extent have the contents or the form of the 
 writing been affected by Zeitgeist or environment? 4. What is the 
 significance of any and all of the results of the foregoing investiga- 
 tion for the kind or degree of value possessed by the writing? 
 
 N. B. — The third of these questions constitutes the problem of 
 Temporal Origin Proper. The fourth indicates the purpose for 
 which the Higher Criticism concerns itself with the problem. 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 
 Bearing of the Several Forms of Problem of Temporal Origin. 
 
 I. problem of single or multiple temporal origin. 
 
 I. Primarilj- mereh- a means of enabling the investigator to 
 determine with how many and what problems of Single Temporal 
 Origin he is confronted ; and ultimately with how many and what 
 problems of Temporal Origin Proper. 2. Often bears on problem 
 of Single or Multiple Personal Origin. Need of caution here as to 
 inference to be drawn. 3. In every instance one object is to test 
 some claim — expressed or implied, made for the book or by it. 
 The outcome of such a test is always a matter of importance either 
 for the alleged, or for the real value of the book. 
 
 II. PROBLEM OF DATE SinipHcifei'. 
 
 May bear — i. On literary form of writing under examination. 
 Dillmann on Gen. i. 2. On its literary value. G. A. Smith on style 
 of Haggai, and prophets of Persian Period. 3. On historical value. 
 Testimony of Sir William Ramsay, and David Strauss. 4. On 
 religious through historical value. Luke i. 1-4, i Jo. i. 1-4. 5. On 
 authorship or problem of Personal Origin. 
 
 III. CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 1. It is a weakness of much that passes for Higher Criticism 
 that it permits its attention to be absorbed with problems of Single 
 or Multiple Temporal Origin, or Date simpUcitcr to entire exclusion 
 of problem of Temporal Origin Proper. 
 
 2. History of a literary production one thing; the higher criti- 
 ci.sm of it another and distinctly dififerent thing. Literary history of 
 a writing an indispensable starting point, but an impossible stopping 
 place for higher critic. The fundamental question for latter is 
 not — What has been the history of this writing? but — What is the 
 significance of such a history as that of this zvriting for its value? 
 
 3. Higher Criticism specially concerned with the Zeitgeist and 
 environment under which writing received its final form. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 Personal Origin: Forms and Bearings of Problem. 
 Usually called "Question of authorship". 
 
 Problem of Personal Origin preferable. Reveals core of prob- 
 lem. Sharply differentiates problem of Personal Origin Proper 
 from subsidiary forms. Throws light upon significance of subsidiary 
 problems; and upon their bearing upon one another and upon main 
 problem. 
 
I. PROBLEM 01-' PERSONAL ORIGIN PROPER. 
 
 i. Problem Stated : What significance for the vakie of a given 
 writing has the fact that it is from the pen of a person of such and 
 such gifts and qualifications? N. B. — The ver\' name of problem 
 assumes a genetic relation between a writer and the progeny of his 
 brain. Term genetic more fully defined. Assumption justified. 
 
 ii. Bearings of problem on value, i. Sometimes denied. 
 Denial due (i) Sometimes to a mistake as to real issue involved in 
 authorship; (2) Sometimes to mistaken notion that our Lord's 
 endorsement of the Old Testament imparts value. Expert testimony 
 changes no facts; imparts no new significance or value to facts. 
 Worth of the testimony itself liable to be judged by facts — once 
 they are clearly ascertained. 
 
 2. Bearing of Personal Origin on value of a given writing 
 varies— (i) with literary form of writing; (2) with purpose of 
 writing; (3) with nature of gifts and qualifications of writer. 
 Moral qualities and official qualifications most automatic in their 
 effects on value. 
 
 II. SUR.SIDI.ARV PROBLEM.S. 
 
 (I) Problem of Single or Multiple Personal Origin. 
 
 i. Problem stated: Is a given writing in its entirety from a 
 single pen, or were more pens than one concerned in its production? 
 
 ii. Object of inquiry to enable investigator to ascertain how 
 many and what problems confront him. 
 
 (II) Problem of Mutiple Personal Origin. 
 
 1. Every writing of multiple personal origin presents as many 
 separate problems of Personal Origin Proper as there were indi- 
 viduals concerned with composition of writing. 
 
 2. Ultimate problem will be : What significance for the value 
 of the writing as a whole has the fact that it is the resultant of the 
 activities of such and such persons, who severally employed such 
 and such methods, &c. The obvious intricacy of this problem in- 
 stead of warranting the summary method in which it is usuall\ 
 disposed of simply discredits the results reached by such a method. 
 Dr. Driver's account of the origin of Deut. a case in point. 
 
 3. Bearings of problem. May bear (i) On temporal origin of 
 writing; (2) its literary form; (3) its value. (4) Bearings upon 
 religious value illustrated. 
 
 111. I'ROHLEM OF OiNVMITV. 
 
 i. General View: i. Problem stated: What was the name 
 of the author of a given writing? 2. This obviously a different 
 question from — What manner of man was the author? 3. Former 
 question under certain circumstances decisive of latter. 4. Name 
 in and of itself alone never significant. 5. Always significant when 
 
person denoted by it is a "known" person. 6. Terms "known" and 
 "unknown" person defined. Illustrated by name "Moses." Same 
 conceivably true of "J", "E", &c. 
 
 ii. Forms Assumed: i. Is writing onymous, i. e., does it 
 bear a name? If so, (i) Is it autonymous? Is the person bearing 
 the name "known", or "unknown"? (2) Is it pseudonymous? If 
 so, (a) Is it so by error of transcriber or collector? or (b) by act 
 of the author himself? If the latter, What was the motive? (3) 
 Is it pseud-epigraphic? The motive? 
 
 2. Is writing anonymous? If so (a) is it so by accident? or 
 (b) by act of author? His motive? 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 Literary Form : Nature and Bearings of Problem. 
 
 I. PROBLEM OF literary FORM. 
 
 i. Circumstances giving rise to problem: i. Ancient methods 
 of book-making ; 2. Attitude of ancient author to matter of form ; 
 
 3. The Bible "the worst printed book in the world" (Moulton) : 
 
 4. All admit the presence in the Bible of a large variety of literary 
 forms : but the widest difference of opinion prevail as to the par- 
 ticular form found in this or that given book. 
 
 ii. As a problem of Literary Criticism: i. A question of fact: 
 (i) What is the form used in a given writing? (2) Is it used for 
 its natural purpose? If so, with what skill? (3) If not, then, — (a) 
 for what purpose has it been used? (b) with what skill has it been 
 used for that purpose? 
 
 iii. As a problem of Higher Criticism. What significance 
 for the value of a given writing has the literary form therein em- 
 ployed, as therein employed 1' 
 
 II. LITERARY FORMS. 
 
 I. Origin of literary forms. 2. Their differentiae (i) partly 
 external; (2) partly internal. The latter the more permanent and 
 essential. Illustrate from "prose" and "poetry"; "story" and "his- 
 tory." 3. Important Corollaries: (i) No two literary forms are 
 designed for or equally adapted to the same purpose; (2) No two 
 possess just the same kind of value; (3) The external characteristics 
 of one form may be superimposed upon the internal characteristics 
 of another. A man in woman's clothes is still a man. (4) The 
 value of a literary form is not a fixed quantity; but varies — (a) with 
 the use to which the form is put; (b) the purpose for which it is 
 so used; (c) the skill with which it is used for that purpose. 
 
 III. BEARINGS OF PROBLEM. 
 
 I. On temporal origin of writing; 2. On its personal origin? 
 3. On kinds of value claimed by or for it? 4. Degree of value pos- 
 sessed by it? 5. On kind and degree of religious value claimed by 
 or for it? 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 For 1912—1913 
 
 THE HOLY SPIRIT OF GOD 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. W. H. Griffith Thomas, D.D. 
 
 Professor of Old Testament Literature and Exegesis, 
 
 and of Ecclesiology, 
 
 WyclifFe College, Toronto, Cain. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, January 27, to Friday, January 31, at 5 P. M., 
 
 and Saturday, February 1, at 10.30 A. M, 
 
THE HOLY SPIRIT OF GOD. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 The Biblical Revelation (i). 
 
 INTRODUCTION THE OLD TESTAMENT — THE APOCRYPHA. 
 
 I. Introduction. 
 
 The supreme question of to-day. 
 
 The place given in the New Testament. 
 
 The unique fact and force in Christianity. 
 
 The attention given to the subject. 
 
 The spiritual importance to-day. 
 
 The plan of study. 
 
 II. The Old Testament. 
 
 1. The Source of the doctrine. 
 
 2. The place in the Old Testament. 
 
 3. The relation of Old Testament 
 
 doctrine. 
 
 4. The various books. 
 
 5. The terms used. 
 
 6. The main lines of teaching. 
 
 7. The question of development. 
 
 8. The doctrine summarized. 
 
 HI. The Apocrypha. 
 
 and New Testament 
 
 The Movement between Malachi and Matthew. 
 Palestinian Judaism. Angelology. 
 Alexandrian Judaism. Wisdom. 
 The chief contribution of this period. 
 The period summarized. 
 
LECTURE II. 
 
 The Biblical Revelation (ii). 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 1. The prominence. 
 
 2. The methods of approach. 
 
 I. First Stage. The Epistles of St. Paul. 
 
 1. The progress of thought. 
 
 2. The substance of teaching. 
 
 II. Second Stage. The Acts. 
 
 1. The Pentecostal gift. 
 
 2. The problem raised. 
 
 III. Third Stage. The Synoptic Gospels. 
 
 1. The Life of Christ. 
 
 2. The Ministry of Christ. 
 
 IV. Fourth Stage. The Fourth Gospel. 
 
 1. The developed teaching. 
 
 2. The special features. 
 
 V. Fifth Stage. Remainder of New Testament. 
 
 VI. Summary of the Biblic.\l Revelation. 
 
LECTURE IIT. 
 
 Historical Devklopment. 
 
 church history. 
 
 I. The Ante-Nicene Creed. 
 
 1. Its character. 
 
 2. Its chief names. 
 
 3. Its results. 
 
 II. NiCAEA TO ChALCEDON. 
 
 1. The Council. 
 
 2. The controversies. 
 
 3. Constantinople. 
 
 III. Chalceeon TO John of Damascus. 
 
 1. The settlement at Chalcedon. 
 
 2. The Filioque. 
 
 3. The position. 
 
 IV. The Middle Ages. 
 
 1. The rebound from Augustinianism. 
 
 2. The twelfth century. 
 
 3. Mysticism. 
 
 V. The Reformation. 
 
 1. The causes. 
 
 2. The character. 
 
 3. The consequences. 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 Theological Construction (i). 
 
 THE doctrine OF THE GODHEAD. 
 
 1. The meaning and place of Biblical Theology in relation to 
 
 Dogmatic Theology. 
 
 2. The expression of Dogmatic Theology in the Creed. 
 
 I. The Holy Spirit in Relation to the Godhead. 
 
 1. The Personality of the Spirit. 
 
 2. The Diety of the Spirit. 
 
 3. The bearing on the doctrine of the Trinity. 
 
 4. The true meaning of the Trinitarian doctrine. 
 
 II. The Holy Spirit in Relation to Christ. 
 
 1. The specific New Testament teaching. 
 
 2. The Spirit as the Revealer of Christ. 
 
 3. The dogmatic formulation. 
 
 III. The Holy Spirit and Divine Immanence. 
 
 1. The true doctrine of Immanence. 
 
 2. The relation of Immanence to the Incarnation. 
 
 3. The place of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 IV. The Holy Spirit and the Christ of History. 
 
 1. The redemptive Person and Work of Christ. 
 
 2. The Holy Spirit's application of Christ's redemption. 
 
 3. The problem of the relation of facts to faith. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 Theological Construction (ii). 
 
 THE DOCTRINE OF DIVINE REVELATION. 
 
 1. The Nicene Creed: "Who spake by the Prophets'. 
 
 2. The Holy Spirit and Holy Scripture. 
 
 I. The Holy Spirit in Relation to the Bible. 
 
 1. In Old Testament prophecy. 
 
 2. The witness of the New Testament. 
 
 3. The Holy Spirit in Apostolic and sub- Apostolic times. 
 
 H. The Holy Spirit and Development 
 
 1. The New Testament "deposit." 
 
 2. The development of doctrine. 
 
 3. The Modernist movement. 
 
 HI. The Holy Spirit and Mysticism. 
 
 1. The doctrine of "The Inner Light." 
 
 2. Mysticism and the Historic Christ. 
 
 3. The functions of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 IV. The Holy Spirit and Intellectualism. 
 
 1. The question of religious authority. 
 
 2. The place of the Reason. 
 
 3. The work of the Holy Spirit. 
 
LECTURE VI. 
 
 Spiritual Application. 
 
 the individual — the church ^ — the world. 
 
 I. The Individual Christian. 
 
 1. The Nicene Creed: "The Lord and Giver of Life." The 
 
 Spirit and behevers. 
 
 2. The special features of Christianity in relation to the 
 
 individual. 
 
 3. The work of the Hoh' Spirit. 
 
 4. The method of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 II. The Church. 
 
 1. The Church in the New Testament. 
 
 2. The Holy Spirit in the Church. 
 
 3. The two great problems: (a) Unity; (b) Libert}-. 
 
 [II. The World. 
 
 1. The cosmical relations of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 2. The Spirit's conviction of the world. 
 
 3. The Spirit in relation to evangelization. 
 
 CONCLUSION — REVIEW — THE CALL TO THE CHURCH TO-DAY. 
 
 VI. The Reaction and Revival. 
 
 1. Arminianism and Deism. 
 
 2. The Puritans. 
 
 3. The Methodist and Evangelical Revivals. 
 
 VII. The Nineteenth Century. 
 
 1. Germany. 
 
 2. England. 
 
 3. America. 
 
 Summary. — Review and Conclusions. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1913-1914- 
 
 The Christian Faith in the Light of Modern Knowledge 
 
 Rev. William Hallock Johnson, Ph. D. 
 
 Professor of Greek and New Testament Literature and Exegesis, 
 Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, February 9, to Friday, February 13, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, February 14, at 10:30 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 What is the Christian Faith? 
 
 Introduction : Unrest and doubt characteristic of our age. Symptoms 
 of religious unrest. Necessity in each age of readjustment. The 
 challenge of doubt. 
 
 What is the Christian Faith? Need of a definition. Is Christianity 
 in essence to be distinguished from Pauline Christianity? 
 
 I. Paul and Other New Testament Writers. 
 
 Identity in attitude toward the Passion, Resurrection and Person of 
 
 Christ. 
 
 II. Paul and the Primitive Apostles. 
 
 Lines of connection between them. 
 Paul's Christology not questioned by opponents. 
 
 Radical difference between Paul and other Apostles inconsistent with 
 his alleged pervasive influence in New Testament. 
 
 III. Jesus and Paul. 
 
 Harmony in ethical teaching. 
 
 Is doctrinal element in Paul's teaching foreign to Gospel of Jesus? 
 Harnack on Essence of Christianity. The passage Matt, xi : 2"]. 
 Harnack and Wellhausen on "Q" and Mark. Christology of the 
 
 Synoptic Gospels. 
 Von Dobschiitz on the Double Gospel. Harnack's later statements. 
 The Double Gospel and experience. 
 
 IV. Should Christianity free itself from dogma? 
 
 Alinimizing tendency of undogmatic Christianity. 
 
 Resulting dilemma. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
LECTURE II. 
 
 The Christian Faith and Modern Science. 
 
 Traditional opposition of science and religion. 
 
 Science regarded (i) as a friend to religion; (2) as a substitute for 
 
 religion; (3) as a foe to religion. 
 Two crises in the relations of science to Christianity: 
 
 1. The Copernican theory. Insignificance of the earth. What is 
 
 man? Adjustment of religious thought. 
 
 2. The Darwinian theory. Elements in Darwin's generalization. 
 
 Inferences unfavorable and favorable to Christianity. Dar- 
 winism and evolution. 
 
 PROBLEMS OF EVOLUTION TO-DAY. 
 
 I. The Scientific Problem : the Method of Evolution. 
 
 Neo-Darwinism ; neo-Lamarckism ; orthogenesis; mutationism. 
 Present state of opinion as to natural selection. 
 
 II. The Philosophical Problem: the Meaning of Evolution. 
 
 Mechanism and purpose. Fitness of the environment. 
 
 Can purpose be accidentally evolved? 
 
 Preformation and epigenesis : current use of evolution in latter sense. 
 
 Origin of life and of man. The individual and the race. 
 
 III. The Theological Problem: Religious Interpretation of Evolution. 
 
 Is a theistic interpretation possible? 
 Continuity and progress. 
 Review and conclusion. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 The Christian Faith and Psychology. 
 
 The psychology of religion— "made in America." Its precursors and 
 fomiders. 
 
 Practical maxims of general psychology: their agreement with Chris- 
 tian teaching. 
 
 The psychology of religion: complexity of its material, and differing 
 attitudes of its investigators. 
 
 I. The Psychology of Religious Experience. Points emphasized in the 
 
 discussion : 
 
 The normality of religion. 
 
 The power of religion in the individual and in society. 
 
 The need of salvation. 
 
 The way of salvation. 
 
 II. Metaphysical Implicates of Religious Experience. 
 
 I. The pathological explanation: religion abnormal. 
 . 2. The sexual explanation : religion an irradiation of the sexual 
 impulse. 
 
 3. The pscychological explanation : the sub-conscious the source of 
 
 the religious life. 
 
 4. The social explanation : religion an idealization of social standards. 
 
 5. The theistic inference (a) The Pragmatic argument: religion true 
 
 because good for the individual and for society, (b) The 
 argument from cause : God is real because He produces 
 real results. 
 
 Argument from Christian experience. 
 
 Importance of psychological study for the ministry. 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 
 The Christian Faith and Recent Philosophy. 
 
 General relations of philosophy to rehgion and to Christianity. 
 Leading representatives of present day philosophy. 
 
 L Bergson and Creative Evolution. 
 
 Creative evolution and Darwinism. 
 Criticism of mechanism and finalism. 
 Bergson's temporalism. Instinct and intelligence. 
 The vital impulse. Its possible interpretations. 
 Attitude toward theism. Is purpose excluded? 
 
 II. Eucken and the Truth of Religion. 
 
 His critique of Naturalism, of Pragmatism, and of Absolutism. 
 
 Universal religion and characteristic religion. 
 
 "Can we still be Christians?" 
 
 Bergson and Eucken as prophets of a new era. 
 
 III. Ward and the Realm of Ends. 
 
 His pampsychism. 
 
 Transition from pluralism to theism. 
 
 Character of his theism. 
 
 His argument for immortality. 
 
 IV. Royce and the Problem of Christianity. 
 
 Essential ideas of Christianity. The doctrines of the church, of sin, 
 
 and of atonement. 
 Royce's interpretation of the parables, and of the Pauline epistles. 
 His metaphysical construction. The will to interpret. 
 Historical basis of Christianity. The Incarnation. 
 Philosophical interest in Christianity and its significance. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 The Christian Faith and other Religions. 
 
 Growth of knowledge of the Ethnic Religions. 
 Reasons for interest in their study. 
 The religious-historical method. 
 
 I. Christianity and Primitive Religions. 
 
 The origin of religion. 
 Character of primitive religions. 
 
 II. Christianity and Ancient Religions. 
 
 1. The question of resemblance. 
 
 2. The question of genetic relation. 
 
 3. The question of interpretation. The early Fathers on the Virgin 
 
 Birth. 
 Christianity and the worship of the Emperor. 
 Paul and the Mystery Religions. Views of Reitzenstein. 
 Sources of Pauline Christianity. 
 Why did Christianity conquer the Roman world? 
 
 III. Christianity and Modern Religions. 
 
 The missionary propaganda. 
 
 Christianity as an universal religion. 
 
 Its fulfilment of the great religious ideas of the race. 
 
 Distinctive features of Christianity. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
LECTURE VI. 
 
 The Christian Faith and Biblical Criticism. 
 
 Remarks on Old Testament criticism. Relation between Old Testa- 
 ment and New Testament. 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. 
 
 T. The Pauline Epistles. The Tubingen view. Later Criticism, 
 n. Thess., Ephesians and the Pastorals. The Radical School. 
 
 IL The Acts. Tendencies of recent criticism. The questions involved: 
 (i) Authorship; (2) Integrity; (3) Historicity; (4) Date. Views of 
 Harnack and Koch on the date. Did Luke use Josephus? 
 
 III. The Synoptic Problem. The Two-Document theory. Modifications 
 of the Two-Document theory by the assumption (i) of an Ur-Marciis, 
 or (2) of the use of "Q" by Mark. Bearing of Harnack's early dating 
 of the Lukan writings. The Synoptic Problem and the historical 
 trustworthiness of the Gospels. 
 
 IV. The Johannine Problem, (i) Authorship. Evidence for apostolic 
 authorship. The Fourth Gospel and the First Epistle. Rejection of 
 apostolic authorship assuming (a) the Ephesian residence of the 
 Apostle John. The Presbyter John, (b) Denying Ephesian resi- 
 dence. The DeBoor fragment. (2) Historical value. Relation to 
 Synoptics : points of difference and of contact. 
 
 The value and significance of New Testament criticism. 
 Concluding remarks. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1914—1915 
 
 Sir Archibald Jolinston, Lord Wariston 
 
 D. Hay Fleming, LL.D. 
 
 Official Editor of the Register of 
 the Frivy Seal of Scotland 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, October 19, to Friday, October 23, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, October 24, at 10:30 A. M. 
 
SIR ARCHIBALD JOHNSTON. LORD WARISTON. 
 
 I. 19th October. 
 
 Born in 161 1. His kin. His delight in prayer. His Diary. 
 Early piety. Frequent communion. Courtship and marriage. Jean 
 Stewart. Her sudden death. His grief, desolation, despair. Assured 
 of God's love in bereavement. Choice of a profession. Hesitates 
 between the law and the ministry. Decides for the law. His reasons. 
 Admitted to the bar. Resolves to marry again. Difficulties in select- 
 ing a wife. Disappointment. Three ladies (Helen Hay, Catherine 
 Morison and Mariot Sinclair) recommended. Meets Helen Hay. 
 He forewarns her of his cankered temper. Their preliminary vow 
 and imprecation. They study Calvin's Catechism and pray together. 
 Their marriage. 
 
 II. 20th October, 
 
 He acquires the estate of Wariston. Is a successful advocate. 
 Reasons of his success. Spiritual ecstacies. Ecclesiastical troubles. 
 Laud's Liturgy. Wariston's opinion of it. Consulted regarding its 
 imposition. Its hot reception in Edinburgh. He prays for guidance 
 concerning it. Petitions the Privy Council against it. Studies the 
 question of the civil magistrate's power in things spiritual or ecclesi- 
 astical ; and also the question of the King's prerogative. Willing to 
 fight the church's battle, if God calls him thereto. The noblemen 
 ask him to advise them in their opposition to the .Service-Book. He 
 consents; but in this cause will have no client or rewarder except 
 the Lord. Throws himself eagerly and energetically into the work. 
 By royal proclamation the King takes entire responsibility for the 
 obnoxious book, and forbids active opposition to it under pain of 
 treason. Wariston protests against this proclamation at the Market 
 Cross of Edinburgh. He and Alexander Henderson draw up the 
 National Covenant. It is sworn and subscribed in the Greyfriars 
 Church, Edinburgh, on the 28th of February, 1638. 
 
 III. 21 St October. 
 
 The Covenant enthusiastically adopted throughout Scotland. 
 Causes of opposition to the hierarch}-. Loyalty of the Covenant. Its 
 bond for mutual defence in defence of religion. The King tem- 
 porises. He desires the Covenant to be given up. Wariston pre- 
 pares reasons why it should not. An expurgated royal proclamation. 
 Wariston protests against it. The King's Commissioner constrained 
 to tear up an unrecorded Act of Privy Council. The Covenanters 
 claim the right of calling and holding a General Assembly, and of 
 maintaining their religion, laws and liberty "against all persons what- 
 soever." Device to split the Covenanters. Wariston defeats it. 
 The King's concessions. His rival Covenant. Three proclamations. 
 Wariston's protest. His opinion of the King's Covenant. The 
 King's serpentine instructions. Wariston asserts and proves the 
 rights of ruling elders. His preparations for the famous Glasgow 
 Assembly. He is chosen clerk. Success of the Assembly largely 
 due to him. 
 
IV. 22(1 October. 
 
 Unsatisfactory condition of Wariston's pecimiar\- affairs. The 
 King's displeasure with the proceedings of Glasgow Assembly. The 
 Covenanters to be subdued. Wariston writes reasons for defence 
 and resistance. The Covenanters capture Edinburgh Castle, Dun- 
 barton Castle, Dalkeith, and the royal regalia. The King's Com- 
 missioner arrives with a fleet. His mother threatens to shoot him, if 
 he lands in a hostile manner. The King marches with an army 
 towards Scotland. The Covenanters march towards England. The 
 King consents to negotiate. He resents Wariston's plain speaking. 
 The treaty of Berwick. The Assembly of 1639. Wariston protests 
 against the prorogation of Parliament. Drastic procedure of the 
 Parliament of 1640. Wariston to attend the Committee of Estates. 
 He writes to Lord Savile. The Scots army enters England. Waris- 
 ton one of the Scottish Commissioners at Ripon and London. His 
 conduct approved by the King and Scots Parliament. Is made a 
 Lord of Session and is knighted. He takes a leading part in draw- 
 ing up the Solemn League and Covenant. Object of that Covenant. 
 Wariston sent as a commissioner to the Westminster Assembly; and 
 sent as a commissioner to England by the Scottish Convention of 
 Estates. The articles of peace mainly drawn up by him. He pleads 
 in London for the King's just power. Is appointed Lord Advocate. 
 
 V. 23d October. 
 
 Wariston's multifarious duties. Rewarded by Parliament. "The 
 Engagement." Wariston breaks the jaws of Malignants. The Acts 
 of Classes. Wariston drafts the Solemn Acknowledgment of Sins 
 and Engagement to Duties. Execution of Charles I., and proclama- 
 tion of Charles II. Capture of Montrose. Wariston examines him 
 in prison, and reads his sentence in Parliament. Charles II. sub- 
 scribes the National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant. 
 Wariston, as Lord Clerk Register, produces the document in Parlia- 
 ment. Cromwell invades Scotland. Wariston's opinion of him and 
 of the English army. The King urged by Wariston to sign Dun- 
 fermline Declaration. His share in purging the Scots army of 
 Malignants. Cromwell's victory at Dunbar. The King's unctuous 
 letter to the Commission of Assembly. The admission of "Engagers" 
 to the army. Lauderdale's repentance. Coronation of Charles IT. 
 Wariston and the "Humble Remonstrance." Edinburgh castle sur- 
 renders to Monk. Parliament instructs Wariston to convey the 
 national records to Stirling castle. Despite Cromwell's pass, the 
 English seize the records. Wariston's difficulties in recovering them. 
 His interviews with Cromwell. His integrity suspected by the Scots. 
 His house spoiled by the English soldiers. The Parliament's query 
 to the Commission of Assembly. The Commission's "Resolution." 
 The Act of Levies. The Church split. "Resolutioners" and "Pro- 
 testers." Wariston a leading Protester. 
 
VI. 24th October. 
 
 Parliament rescinds the Acts of Classes. Wariston's fears. 
 Ordered to join the King and army. Commission of Assembly 
 intercedes for him. General Assembly meets in St. Andrews. He 
 testifies by letter, etc., against defections. English defeat Scots at 
 Tnverkeithing. The Assembly hastily adjourns to Dundee. Samuel 
 Rutherfurd and others protest against its lawfulness. James Guthrie, 
 Patrick Gillespie and James Simson deposed. Remarkable coin- 
 cidences noted by Wariston. The Sectaries consume his drink. 
 Cromwell's "crowning mercy." Stirling castle surrenders to Monk. 
 Committee of Estates and leading members of Assembly captured. 
 Wariston prays for the King. Studies Hebrew. His family troubles. 
 Opposes the Assembly of 1652. The English break up the Assembly 
 of 1653, and a meeting of Protesters in 1654. Royalists threaten to 
 burn Wariston's house. He takes part in the conference of Reso- 
 lutioners and Protesters. Lord Broghill's report. Wariston is 
 restored by Cromwell to the office of Lord Clerk Register. At the 
 Restoration, Charles H. sends a special order for his arrest. He 
 escapes to the Continent. Reward offered for his apprehension. Is 
 forfaulted and declared a traitor. Is arrested at Rouen. His ap- 
 pearance before Parliament in Edinburgh. Is hanged at the Market 
 Cross of Edinburgh, on the 22d of July, 1663. Behavior on the 
 scaffold. His character. Parliament rescinds his forfaulturc on the 
 twenty-seventh anniversary of his execution. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1915—1916 
 
 THE PHARISEES AND JESUS 
 
 Archibald T. Robertson, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 Professor of New Testament Interpretation, 
 Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 Monday, February 21, to Wednesday, February 23, at 5 P. M. 
 
I. The Pharisaic Outlook on Doctrine and Life. 
 
 1. The Importance of Understanding the Pharisees. Theological 
 Controversy in the Twentieth Century and in the earthly Life of 
 
 Jesus. Pharisees interesting historical phenomenon. Part of the 
 atmosphere of Christ's earthly life. Fidelity of the picture in the 
 Gospels. 
 
 2. The Alleged Misrepresentation of the Pharisees. Treated un- 
 fairly in the New Testament? By Jesus? Reinvestigation 
 
 necessary. 
 
 3. The Possibility of Treating the Pharisees Fairly. Difficulties in 
 the way. Herford's claim about his work. The sources of our 
 
 knowledge. Josephus and the New Testament. Testament of the 
 Twelve Patriarchs. Psalms of Solomon. Second Esdras. The 
 Talmud and the Midrash. Letting the Pharisee speak for himself. 
 
 4. A Sketch of the History of the Pharisees. First mention. 
 Light from this incident in Josephus. Struggle with the Saddu- 
 
 cees for political and hierarchical leadership. Part played by 
 Antipater. Pitting Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II. Ups and 
 downs of ihe Pharisees with the Roman rivals for world power. 
 
 5. The Standing of the Pharisees in the First Century A. D. Win- 
 ning sympathy of the masses. Roots of Pharisaism. L^se of 
 
 synagogues. The Scribes. Sadducees and the priests. Pharisees 
 a brotherhood, hahhurim and perushhn. Representation in the 
 Sanhedrin. Essenes and Zealots offshoots of Pharisaism. Pride 
 of a religious aristocracy. Pharisaic restrictions. 
 
 6. The Seven Varieties of the Pharisees. Divisions among them- 
 selves. The "shoulder" Pharisee. The "wait-a-little" Pharisee. 
 
 The "bruised"' or "bleeding'' Pharisee. The "pestle" or "mortar" 
 Pharisee. The "ever-reckoning" or "compounding" Pharisee. The 
 "timid" or "fearing" Pharisee. The "God-loving" or "born" Phari- 
 see. 
 
 7. The Two Schools of Theology. Hillel and Shammai. General 
 line of cleavage. School of Hillel more friendly to Jesus. 
 
 8. The Two Methods of Pharisaic Teaching. The sayings of the 
 Fathers. The Torah. The Oral Law. Halachah. Haggadah. 
 
 Mishna and Gemara. Great rabbis. 
 
 9. The Chief Points in Pharisaic Theology. The later theology 
 and that in the first century A. D. Estimate of the study of the 
 
 Torah. Pharisees theological moderates. Divine sovereignty and 
 human free agency. The Oral Law and the Scriptures. The future 
 life. Messianic expectations. 
 
10. The Practice of Pharisaism in Life. Attitude of Paul and 
 Jesus. No initiative for the individual. Sphere of the cere- 
 monial law. Illustrations from the Talmudic teaching of life under 
 the law. Neighbors. 
 
 11. The Apocalyptists. More pleasing phase of Jewish teaching 
 and life. Not the main stream of Pharisaism. Reason for 
 
 apocalyptic type of teaching. Pseudonymous and why. Influence 
 on the Pharisees. On John the Baptist. On Jesus. The more 
 spiritual group at the birth of Jesus. Attitude of Pharisees towards 
 the Apocalyptists. 
 
 II. The Phakis.mc Resentment toward Jesus. 
 
 1. The Spirit of the Talmud toward Jesus. Proper place to begin. 
 Relation between Talmud and Gospels. The present Talmud an 
 
 expurgated edition so far as Jesus is concerned. Spirit of these 
 expurgated passages. 
 
 2. Jewish Hatred Shown in Early Christian Writings. Justin in 
 his Dialogue with Trypho and in his apology. Tertullian. Cel- 
 
 sus quoted by Origin. 
 
 3> The Picture in the Acts of the Apostles. The claim of Peter 
 and John the direct cause of hostility of the Sadducees. Stephen 
 stirs up the Pharisees. Paul's connection with Stephen and then 
 with Jesus. Paul's knowledge of Pharisaism. 
 
 4. The Story of Pharisaic Hate Common to all the Gospels. 
 Montefiore's warning about the use of the Gospels. The Gospel 
 
 of John. Luke's Gospel. Matthew's Gospel. Mark's Gospel. Q or 
 the Logia of Jesus. 
 
 5. Some Friendly Pharisees. The essential fairness of the Gospels 
 shown by the narration of this fact. Probably these from the 
 
 School of Hillel and individuals, and not the Pharisees as a class. 
 Division of opinion even towards the end among the Pharisees. 
 
 6. Presumption against Jesus because of John the Baptist. Attitude 
 of the Pharisees toward John. Instant attack upon Jesus. 
 
 7. Grounds of Pharisaic Dislike of Jesus. Assumption of Messi- 
 anic authority. Downright blasphemy. Intolerable association 
 
 with the publicans and sinners. Irreligious neglect of fasting. The 
 devil incarnate or in league with Beelzebub. A regular Sabbath- 
 breaker. Utterly inadequate signs in proof of his claims. Insolent 
 defiance of tradition. An ignorant impostor. Plotting to destroy 
 the temple. High treason against Caesar, 
 
IIT. The Condemnation of the Pharisees by Jesus. 
 
 1. Spiritual Blindness. Are the words of Jesus unduly harsh? 
 The gulf between Jesus and Nicodemus. Apocalyptic termin- 
 ology as a relief. Pharisees at the feast of Levi. The old wine and 
 the new. The look of Jesus. Parables as punishment. Uneasiness 
 of the disciples. The signs of the times. The lawyers to the rescue. 
 
 2. Formalism. Difference between Christ's idea of righteousness 
 and that of the Pharisees shown in the Sermon on the Mount. 
 
 Slaves of sin and of the law. The outside and the inside of the cup. 
 The chief seats. Lovers of money. The Pharisee and the Publican. 
 
 3. Traditionalism. Tradition above the law (Corban). Signifi- 
 cance of this incident for the future. 
 
 4. Hypocrisy. Admission of the Talmud. Use of the term hypo- 
 crite. Sense as applied to the Pharisees. Specific charges of 
 
 hypocrisy in the case of the Pharisees examined. 
 
 5. Prejudice. Jesus' contrast between John the Baptist and himself 
 shows the impossibility of pleasing the Pharisees. 
 
 6. Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. A tu quoque argument. 
 Precise nature of the unpardonable sin. Why unpardonable? 
 
 7. Rejection of God in Rejecting Jesus. Sadness of Jesus over the 
 attitude of the Pharisees. Charging the Pharisees with plotting 
 
 his death. Warning them of their alienation from God. Doom of 
 the Pharisees for rejecting Jesus. Moderation of modern feeling 
 about the Pharisees. Paul as an exponent of Pharisaism and of 
 Christ. Loyalty to Jesus with love for modern Jews. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1916-1917 
 
 PROTESTANTISM IN GERMANY 
 
 Kerr Duncan Macmillan, S.T.D. 
 
 President of Wells College 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, March 26, to Friday, March 30, at 5 P. M. 
 
 and Saturday, March 31, at 10:30 A. M. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1917-1918 
 
 Luther and His Influence on the 
 
 Social Revolution of the 
 
 Sixteenth Century 
 
 Ethelbert D. Warfield, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D. 
 
 President of Wilson College 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, October 29, to Friday, November 2, at 5 P. M., 
 
 and Saturday, November 3, at 10:30 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 The Old World and the New Ferment. 
 
 The sociological value of Luther's doctrine of Justification by Faith. 
 It operates as a social ferment. Augustine's Dc Civitatc Dei, the first 
 Christian Philosophy of History, a precursor of Luther's thought. The 
 substitution of the modern for the mediccval conception of man and 
 societ}^ Anticipations in Marsiglio of Padua, Occam, Wycliffe, and Huss. 
 The decentralization of Mediaeval Society. The Renaissance and the 
 Reformation, and their re-discovery of Antiquity and the Bible. The 
 failure of Empire and Papacy to meet the requirements of the new age. 
 The older Humanists and their dream of a reform of morals without a 
 change in the great institutions. Erasmus and the younger Humanists, 
 and their rationalistic culture. The thoroughgoing evangelical program 
 of Luther. 
 
 The general character of Luther. His broad humanity, representative 
 of his race and age. 
 
 LECTURE n. 
 
 FoRM.ATiVE Influences. 
 
 Luther, "the Germanest man in History" — but also a man sent from 
 God. His origin and the influences which shaped his career. The intel- 
 lectual dominance of the Church in the Middle Ages. The peasant, the 
 student, the monk. Shadows of forest and cloister. The call to preach. 
 The shining of a new light from the old gospel. Various experiences in 
 Luther's intellectual and spiritual development. The divine compulsion : 
 "God hurries me, drives me." The influence of religious knowledge and 
 conviction on social life. 
 
 LECTURE HI. 
 
 Reform in University and Church. 
 
 The 95 Theses and their meaning. Disputation in the scholastic 
 system and Luther's use of it. His rising fame and busy life. Reform 
 of the Theological Curriculum ; — the 97 theses. Origin and abuses con- 
 nected with the sale of indulgences. The rebuilding of St. Peter's at 
 Rome and the indulgences preached to raise money for it. Albert of 
 ]\Iayence and Tetzel. The 95 Theses and what flowed from them. 
 
LECTURE TV. 
 
 Reform in Nation. 
 
 Finding the heart of the people. "ReHgion the principal thing." The 
 social solvent in the doctrines of the priesthood of believers and the right 
 of private judgment. Church and State in Luther's thought. His lack 
 of system and the systematizing mind. The break with Rome. Letters 
 opening his mind and heart. He becomes the hope of all parties seeking 
 reforms. Difficulty of maintaining unity, arising from class discontents, 
 in any constructive movement. Luther's use of the printing press. His 
 enormous output of sermons, tracts, &c. The three great publications of 
 1520. The address to the German Nobility. The Babylonian Captivity of 
 the Church, and Christian Liberty. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 The Diet of Worms and the German Nation. 
 
 The birth hour of the Reformation? Luther's journey to Worms. 
 The Diet convenes on January 28, 1521. Its chief business to provide a 
 government for the Empire. The Middle Ages had no conception of the 
 State as a political organism uniting and coordinating social forces. Lack 
 a conception now needed. Struggle between reactionary ideas of auto- 
 cratic authority, represented by Charles, and oligarchy, represented by 
 the princes. Luther the champion of liberty. He becomes necessary to the 
 welfare of the people and an essential factor in the growth of a German 
 nation. 
 
 Charles' formal gains and essential failure. His long absences neut- 
 ralize his tactical gains. 
 
 Luther is placed under the ban of the empire and is carried off to the 
 Wartburg. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 
 The Resui.t.s. 
 
 Luther with the Bible as his source of authority carries on the work 
 of reform. His leadership refused and replaced in many quarters. The 
 new leaders Carlstadt and the radicals ; Zwingli. Luther leaves the Wart- 
 burg to check the radical excesses in Wittenberg. His reaction from 
 iconoclasm. His inclination to half measures. General Results. 
 
 Reforms in State, Church, the Home, the School, the business world. 
 
 The changed aspect of modern life due to Luther's reformation prin- 
 ciples. The Catholic reaction received its impulse from Luther. It has 
 an energy not possible to the philosophical ideal of the older Humanists. 
 
 Luther a man of peace. His life lived out before the conflict of 
 opinion led to war. The reactionary influence of the wars of religion. 
 
 Contlusion. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1918-1919 
 
 The Dutch Anabaptists 
 
 Henry E. Dosker, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Church History in the 
 Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Kentucky 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, March 10, to Friday, March 14, at 5 P. M., 
 
 and Saturday, March 15, at 10:30 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 Origin and Early Develdiaient. 
 
 1. Sources. 
 
 2. Pre-reformatory currents in Holland. 
 
 3. Were the Dutch Anabaptists Waldenses? 
 
 a. Late origin of the theory. 
 
 b. Early Anabaptist views. 
 
 4. General social conditions in the i6th century. 
 
 5. The Miinzer revolution. 
 
 6. The Swiss Anabaptists. 
 
 a. Leaders. 
 
 b. Determined position of Zwingli. 
 
 c. The dark page in Protestant history. 
 
 7. Dawn of Anabaptistism in Holland. 
 
 8. Swift spread of the movement. 
 
 9. Universally hated. 
 
 10. Constant touch with England. 
 
 LECTURE IL 
 The Radicals. 
 
 L Theological radicalism. 
 
 a. Melchior Hoffman. 
 
 b. David Joris. 
 
 c. Hendrick Niclaes. 
 
 d. Adam Pastdr. 
 
 e. Sabastian Franck. 
 /. John Matthysz. 
 
 n. Socialistic revolution. 
 
 a. The Miinster-tragedy. 
 
 b. Revolutionary attempts in Holland. 
 
 c. The menace of the name "Anabaptist," after Aliinster. 
 
 d. "Wederdoopers" and "Doopsgezinden." 
 
 LECTURE in. 
 The Conservatives. 
 
 1. Obbe Philipsz. 
 
 2. Derk Philipsz. 
 
 3. Menno Simons. 
 
 4. The era of schisms. 
 
 5. ■ Bitter sectarianism. 
 
 6. Their martyrs. 
 
 7. Strength of movement at the close of the i6th century. 
 
 8. Conditions under the nascent Republic. 
 
LECTURE IV. 
 The Tiif.ologv of tiik Anahai'Tists. 
 
 1. Their theology in general. 
 
 2. The holy Scriptures. 
 
 3. The doctrine of the Trinity. 
 
 4. The doctrine of Christ. 
 
 5. Original Sin. 
 
 6. Grace and free will. 
 
 7. The Sacraments. 
 
 Baptism. The Lord's Supper. 
 
 8. The Ban. 
 
 9. Conclusion. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 External Conditions and \'ie\vs of Life. 
 
 1. Defections. 
 
 2. Their view of life. 
 
 3. Anabaptist Confessions. 
 
 4. Their social standing and pure life. 
 
 5. Peculiar views. 
 
 6. Peculiar customs. 
 
 7. Their names. 
 
 8. An analytical sketch of their church-life in the i8th century. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 Later History. 
 
 1. Their strength in the t7th and i8th centuries. 
 
 2. Influence of Arminianism. 
 
 a. Arminian theology. 
 
 b. The Collegiants. 
 
 3. Influence of Socinianism. 
 
 4. Their growing importance. 
 
 5. Their benevolence. 
 
 6. Their rising scholarship. 
 
 7. Influence of the French Revolution. 
 
 8. Influence of Modernism. 
 
 9. Their institutions. 
 
 10. Final union efforts. 
 
 11. Their position to-day. 
 
 12. Their influence on ecclesiastical developments, especially in England. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR 
 1918 1919 
 
 Literary Aspects of the Bible 
 
 William Lyon Phelps 
 
 Lampson Professor of English Literature 
 at Yale University 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, 
 
 February 3 to 5, at 5 o'clock. 
 
I. 
 
 Reading the Bible. 
 
 11. 
 
 St. Paul as a Letter Writer. 
 
 III. 
 
 Short Stckies in the Bihle. 
 
 LECTURE L 
 
 Reading the Bible. 
 
 Experiences in childhood. Best books for children. Original 
 criticisms. Illustrations with the pencil. The Authorised Version. 
 Copies of the first edition. Superiority of the translation of lOii. 
 Other versions. Ignorance of the Bible among American boys and 
 girls. Knowledge of the Bible among modern authors. Three illus- 
 trations of this. Nearly every literary form in the Bible — humour, 
 passion, brotherly affection, friendship. Passion of paternity. .Style 
 in historical narrative. Saul, David, and Jonathan. Religious cour- 
 tesy. Pastoral literature. Dramatic power. The Spring song. 
 Browning's use of Job. The Psalms. Handel and Isaiah. Pessimism. 
 Political economy. Revelation of human nature. Practical wisdom. 
 The pursuit of truth. Pilate's famous question. 
 
LECTURE 11. 
 St. Paul as a Li;tti:r Wkitku. 
 
 Ignorance of New Testament interpretation. Paul's genera! reli- 
 gious influence. Known facts in his life. His education. His con- 
 version. His temperament. His travels. Last reports. His proplietic 
 mission. Colloquial style of bis letters. Similarity to twentieth cen- 
 tury correspondence. Revelation of the writer's character. Tlies- 
 salonians. The dark day. The picture of the apostolic churcli in the 
 letters to the Corinthians. Puzzling questions. Tlic word "charity." 
 The resurrection. Galatians. Object of this letter. Spiritual liberty. 
 Particular importance of this letter. Romans. Tlie composition more 
 formal. Development of the writer's ideas. F'hilipiiians. Cheerful- 
 ness of this letter. Colossians. Some metaphysics. Philemon. One 
 gentleman to anotlier. Ephesians. Profound ideas. Letters to 
 Timothy and Titus. Tlie ]jersonal allusions. A valediction forbidding 
 mourning. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 
 Short Stories in the Bible. 
 
 The particular form of the short story. Modern masters in 
 English — Stevenson, Kipling. The notable contributions of America 
 to this form — Irving, Hawthorne, Poe, Bret Harte, O'Henry. Im- 
 mense number of literary masterpieces in the Bible. Joseph and his 
 brethren. Balak and Balaam. Rahab. Gibeon and Gideon. Jcpthah's 
 daughter. Samson. Ahab, Jezebel, and Naboth. Naaman. Esther. 
 Daniel. The Apocrypha. Our Lord the supreme master of the art 
 of the short story. His amazing gift of condensation. Reality and 
 dramatic power of the parables. Absence of false sentiment. Love 
 of paradox. The virgins. The talents. The supper at Simon's house. 
 The prodigal son. How about the elder brother? Lazarus. The 
 other Lazarus. Dostoevski. The woman condemned by the mob. 
 Strange stories in the Book of Revelation. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1919— 1920 
 
 Light from Archaeology on 
 Pentateuchal Times 
 
 Melvin Grove Kyle, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 Professor of Biblical Theology and Biblical Archaeology 
 Xenia Theological Seminary, Xenia, Ohio 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel 
 Monday to Friday, November 10 — 14, 
 and Monday, November 17, at 5 P. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 Light on Peculiar Words, Phrases and Narratives in the 
 
 Pentateuch. 
 Intro : — Walking in the Light. 
 
 I. Significant Hebrew words of the Pentateuch found in the Egyp- 
 tian language. 
 
 1. Ohcl, the Hebrew word for "tent". 
 
 2. Adon, the Hebrew word for "lord" or "master". 
 
 H. Hebrew translation of Egyptian words, and Hebrew account of 
 Egyptian narrative, in the Pentateuch. 
 
 1. Anbu, the Egyptian word for "wall". 
 
 2. Aat, the Egyptian word for "abomination". 
 HI. Egyptian words in the Pentateuch. 
 
 1. Ab, Hebrew word for "father" and Egyptian word for 
 
 "Grand Vizier". 
 
 2. Abrck, the cry raised before Joseph's chariot. 
 
 3. Three Egyptian descriptive words; akhu, "meadow", shcsh. 
 
 "linen", and yeor, "stream". 
 
 LECTURE n. 
 Light on the Literary Characteristics of the Books of 
 
 the Law. 
 
 Intro : — Similiarity between philological and literary characteristics. 
 
 I. Literary allusions in the Books of the law to Egyptian customs 
 and idioms. 
 
 1. Mitsraim, the Hebrew name for "Egypt". 
 
 2. Mattch, the Egyptian word for "staff" or "baton". 
 II. Archaeology of the Books of the Law. 
 
 1. Description of the route of the Exodus. 
 
 2. Composition of the Books of the Law according to the 
 
 archaeology of the Pentateuch. 
 III. Resulting significance of the fundamental literary characteristics 
 of the Pentateuch. 
 
 LECTURE in. 
 
 Light on the History of Israel involved in tpie 
 Pentateuchal Discussions. 
 
 Intro : — Literary remains of antiquity. 
 
 1. Most literary remains of antiquity lost. 
 
 2. Some literary remains of antiquity never lost : Scriptures. 
 
 3. Some literary remains of antiquity found a long time ago : 
 
 Classics. 
 
 4. Some literary remains of antiquity being found now : 
 
 Archaeological discoveries. 
 
I. Historical allusions. 
 
 1. "An Egyptian". 
 
 2. "Up out of the land''. 
 
 3. "Shihor". 
 
 4. "As thou comest unto Zoar''. 
 II. Historical narratives. 
 
 1. The record of Ezekiel's prophecy concerning the doom of 
 
 Tyre. 
 
 2. The account of the finding of the Law in the days of Josiah. 
 
 3. The account of the Moses tradition in connection with the 
 
 promulgation of the Law in the days of Josiah. 
 HI. The Chronology of the Times. 
 
 1. Early Old Testament chronology. 
 
 2. Some synchronisms. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 Light on the Tabernacle and its Furniture and the 
 
 Vestments of the Priests. 
 
 Intro:- — Contrasting views of the Tabernacle narrative. 
 
 1. The view that accepts the narrative at its face value. 
 
 2. The view that regards the narrative as a romance to "put 
 
 the doctrine of unity of worship in historical form". 
 I. Was the pattern of the Tabernacle "showed in the mount" a 
 Babylonian pattern? 
 
 1. The critical view. 
 
 2. An examination of the facts. 
 
 II. Was the pattern "showed in the mount" an Egyptian pattern? 
 
 1. Egyptian architecture A The House. B The palace. 
 
 C The tomb. D The temple. 
 
 2. Egyptian furniture, decorations and vestments. 
 HI. Significance of the evidence. 
 
 1. Divineness of the pattern unaffected by its provenance. 
 
 2. The time and place of the Tabernacle narrative. 
 
 3. A pattern of "heavenly things". 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 Light on Questions of Eschatology in the Pentateuch. 
 
 Intro : — What was the doctrine of the Resurrection which Israel brought out 
 of Egypt, and what became of it? 
 
 1. No explicit doctrine of the resurrection in the Pentateuch. 
 
 2. A real difficulty in the way of accepting the times of the 
 
 Exodus as Pentateuchal Times. 
 I. The Doctrine of the Resurrection which Israel brought out of 
 Egypt; certainly the Egyptian doctrine. 
 
 1. The Egyptians believed in another world which they peopled 
 
 with "gods many and lords many". 
 
 2. The Egyptians believed in life after death. 
 
3. The Egyptians believed in immediate transition from this 
 
 world to the other world. 
 
 4. The Egyptians believed in a revival of the dead man. 
 
 5. The Egyptians had grossly materialistic ideas of the rising 
 
 from the dead and of the Hfe after death. 
 
 6. The Egyptian doctrine of the resurrection in reality a 
 
 doctrine of resuscitation. 
 II. What became of the doctrine of the resurrection which Israel 
 brought out of Egypt? 
 
 1. First things first with God : first things in the wilderness 
 
 teaching, spiritual ideas of God and his worship, and of 
 the other world. 
 
 2. Any mention of the doctrine of the resurrection in the 
 
 wilderness teaching at this time would have carried 
 over into Israel's religion the materialistic notions of 
 the Egyptians concerning the future life. 
 
 3. Israel's sojourn in Egypt not only is not a reason for the 
 
 doctrine of the resurrection in the Pentateuch, but the 
 best possible reason for its omission. 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 Light on the Mosaic System of Sacrifices. 
 
 Intro : — Thus far we have considered the literary expression of the divine 
 message in the Pentateuch ; in this last lecture we are 
 to consider the spiritual content. 
 I. Did the Mosaic system of sacrifices have a Babylonian 
 provenance? 
 
 1. The critical view. 
 
 2. The view of the Archaeologists. 
 
 3. An examination of the material evidence. 
 
 II. Did the Mosaic Sacrifices have an Egyptian provenance? 
 
 1. Materials of the Egyptian sacrifices. 
 
 2. Method of Egyptian sacrifices. 
 
 3. Meaning of Egyptian sacrifices. 
 
 III. The bearing of these facts upon theological and critical 
 questions; The great ideas of the Mosaic sacrifices entirelj- 
 wanting in the sacrifices of the Egyptians. 
 
 1. Substitution. 
 
 2. Redemption by the blood. 
 
 3. Dedication. 
 
 4. Fellowship. 
 
 Conclu: — i. The first five lectures identify Pentateuchal Times with 
 Egyptian times and Mosaic times. 
 2. The last lecture points distinctly to Pentateuchal Times not 
 as times of the climax of natural development, but as 
 times of special providential development and times of 
 objective revelation. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1920 — 1921 
 
 The Teaching of Paul concerning the 
 Holy Spirit 
 
 BY 
 
 Louis Burton Crane, D.D. 
 
 Pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church, 
 Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel 
 
 Wednesday to Friday, March 24, 
 
 and Monday to Wednesday, March 7 — 9, 
 
 at 5 P. M. 
 
THE TEACHING OF PAUL CONCERNING THE HOLY SPIRIT 
 ITS ROOTS AND DEVELOPMENT 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 Contribution of the Old Testament to P.\ul's Teaching 
 OF THE Holy Spirit. 
 
 Paul's conversion an experience of the Spirit. A well-known 
 conception. Whence came it? In the Acts it has a backward refer- 
 ence. In Gospels with no definition. Jewish church in possession of 
 the idea. From Old Testament. 
 
 Old Testament Conceptions. Spirit of God in creation and prov- 
 idence. References few but show advanced ideas of being and rela- 
 tions of God. No "primitive" crudity. 
 
 Spirit of Jehovah agent of Godhead in the preparation of Israel 
 for mission. Gen. 6:6 opening note. Patriarchs; Spirit in the Exodus; 
 the tabernacle; Joshua; Judges; the monarchy; Saul's prophetic 
 "ecstasy", its meaning; "the evil spirit from the Lord"; 'David; the 
 Spirit of prophecy; psychology of prophecy; schools of prophets; The 
 Spirit and the Messiah; the Spirit and the Messianic Age. 
 
 The Spirit and the Individual. Was a personal religious life, re- 
 quired and enjoyed. Need of pardon, enjoyment of God's favor. 
 Joshua, Balaam, Samson, Saul, their personal unfitness. Holy life 
 connected with Holy Spirit. 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 Contributions of Judaism and the Life of Jesus. 
 
 The Spirit in Judaism (the Jewish Church after close of Old 
 Testament). This was Judaism of scribes, of the Septuagint. What 
 did this period know of the Holy Spirit? Not a period of progress; 
 rather of spiritual dessication. 
 
 Two lines of historical and literary development. Pseudon^anity 
 in itself suspicious. 
 
 Palestinian references to the Spirit are few in number and gen- 
 erally dependent on canonical sources, often with fantastic additions, 
 due to uninspired reflection or results of oral repetition. 
 
 Alexandrine references more abundant. Efifect of Greek specu- 
 lation on Jews. Philo has no room for doctrine of Spirit. Wisdom 
 of Solomon develops "wisdom" idea of Proverbs. God and "wisdom" 
 practically identical. Likewise Holy Spirit and wisdom identified. 
 By over-emphasis on "wisdom" idea of Spirit is lost. 
 
 No real "development" of the doctrine in the inter-Testamentary 
 period. Not ,a middle ground. Literature is product of decadent 
 Judaism. Voice of prophecy dumb. Pious men looking backward, 
 or forward. 
 
 The Spirit in the Gospels. The Messiah; his birth; Zacharias; 
 Elizabeth; Mary; the baptism; the temptation; in Nazareth. The 
 Spirit's si>gns }iot limited to "ecstatic" utterances or acts. Holy living 
 already sure sign of Spirit. Equipment promised to the disciples. 
 All persons connected with God's salvation under power of Spirit. 
 
 Jesus' teaching about Spirit. Sin against the Spirit. Holy Spirit 
 and Christian living. Promise if the New Era rep(fated. What makes 
 it a "New Era"? Crucifixion, not ascension, emphatic moment in 
 work of Jesus. Spirit sent to bring to world benefits'^of Christ's death. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 The Spirit in tiik Early Church ; Paul's Conversion 
 
 AND EgUIl'MENT. 
 
 What took place at Pentecost? Gift of tongues, various theories. 
 The Spirit's testimony in Acts to the redemptive purpose of God. 
 As Gospels connect with Old Testament, so Acts connects with Gos- 
 pels. 
 
 Authority of the apostles. The Spirit and missionary activity. 
 Jerusalem and Judca; Samaria; Conversion of Saul of Tarsus; Peter 
 and Cornelius; Antioch; the "uttermost parts"; missionary journeys; 
 later chapters of Acts. 
 
 The Spirit watched over the Church and guided the moral and 
 spiritual development of individuals in these days. Were all believers 
 in possession of the Spirit in the early Church? 
 
 Saul of Tarsus one of chief figures in "early Church", as described 
 in Acts. Wihat were his presuppositions about Spirit? Same as con- 
 temporaries? Old Testament, Life of Christ, plus the manifestations 
 of his own time. Here were materials for his doctrine. 
 
 Our Sources' — Paul's exeperience in Acts and thirteen epistles. 
 Not necessary to vindicate authenticity for most of doctrine in ac- 
 cepted letters. 
 
 Paul's teaching occasional — also marks own growth. No defini- 
 tion of Holy Spirit in Paul. Was "Spirit" with or without article; 
 "Spirit of Jehovah", "Spirit of Clirist", "Holy Spirit of God" inter- 
 changeably. Also Spirit of power; and preeminently "Spirit of holi- 
 ness". No New Testament "pneumatic" could be an unholy person. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 The Epistles to the Thessalonians ; The " Salvation " 
 
 Epistles. 
 
 Character of letters of the first group. Classes of references to 
 Holy Spirit in them, (i) New Testament prophets and teachers are 
 inspired by Holy Spirit. (2) The Christian beginnings of these read- 
 ers are due to the Holy Spirit. (3) New ethical standards and motives 
 due to the possession of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 The Epistles of Salvation. In these letters Paul sets forth his 
 doctrine of a full salvation by grace alone and defends it against 
 those (i) who taught salvation by any other means, such as works of 
 the Law, (in Galatians and Romans), and (2) those who would be 
 satisfied with less than a full salvation, that is a salvation which docs 
 not issue in holy and orderly living, (Corinthians). The Jewish error; 
 the Hellenist error. 
 
 Abundant and valuable material is here for the construction of 
 Paul's doctrine of the Spirit. The three classes of references found in 
 former group well represented here. Any advance is rather in appre- 
 ciation of the truth; e. g., "Temple of God". Paul's Corinthian 
 readers in great need of this truth. 
 
 Advances on previous truth. The fourth class of passages, vindi- 
 cates' Paul's authority as in posses'sion of the Spirit. The fifth class 
 consists of most important references; The contrast between the Age 
 of the Law and the Age of the Spirit. 
 
 Paul's doctrine of justification; and adoption; connection with 
 Holy Spirit. Latter. disposes heart of man to receive salvation. Other 
 contrasts: Spirit and Flesh; Freedom and bondage. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 The Epistles of Salvation (Continued). 
 
 Sixth class of references. What docs the Holy Spirit do for the 
 Christian? Beginnings of the Christian life. "New life", "sons of 
 God", Paul's interpretation of Jesus' doctrine of regeneration. "New 
 creation" implied reference to Spirit in first creation. Assurance of 
 salvation; faith; union with Christ. 
 
 The "fruits of the Spirit": (i) so-called "charismatic", or tem- 
 porary, provisional gifts; tongues, interpretation, prophecy, apostle- 
 ship, miracles. W'hy were these necessary? Why withdrawn? How 
 prevalent and important were they while present? (2) Ordinary 
 efifects in the Christian's life of Spirit's presence; Knowledge, wis- 
 dom, teaching, steadfastness, assurance, love, joy, etc. Holy Spirit 
 is principle of the Divine life in man. The ad-vocate promised bj' 
 Jesus, who makes Christian living possible. Even proper prayer is 
 his gift. Progress in Christian life; Social efifects of possessing the 
 Spirit. 
 
 Other passages; the love of the Spirit. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 
 The Spirit in other Pauline Letters. The Value of this 
 Contribution of Paul to Christian Doctrine. 
 
 The Epistles of the First Imprisonment. Colossians, Epbesians, 
 Philemon, Philippians. 
 
 A new atmosphere; Incipient gnosticism. Why only one refer- 
 ence to the Spirit in Colossians? 
 
 Relation between Colossians and Ephesians analogous to that be- 
 tween Galatians and Romans. 
 
 Character and contents of Ephesians. Letter dominated by idea of 
 the Church. The epistle of the wondrous glory of the Church of Christ 
 through the ages. At first sight we sieem to be able to group all 
 references to the Spirit in Ephesians under the six captions used in 
 classifying the references froim other groups. But on closer examina- 
 tion they are seen to have an ecclesiastical bearing corresiponding to 
 the main theme of the letter. Each section of the contents has a 
 prominent reference to the S.pirit. Thus: the Spirit presided over the 
 appropriation of the Gospel by the Church, especially the Gentile 
 section; the Spirit presides over the advancing knowledge of the 
 united Church; the basisi of unity in the Church is the Spirit; the 
 Spirit used Paul and others to bring in the Gentiles; the primary gift 
 most needful in the united Church is strengthening through the Spirit. 
 Likewise in the hortatory part of the epistle. 
 
 The cosmic relations of the Churc'h superintended by the Spirit, 
 which is Spirit of the Cosmos as well as of the Church. 
 
 Philippians. Epistle not purposely doctrinal, so few references to 
 Spirit, generally to His presence and power in Christian life. 
 
 The Pastoral Epistles. The Spirit and the Ministry. 
 
 The Value of this great contribution of Paul to Christian doctrine. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1921 — 1922 
 
 The House of David 
 
 The Rev. J. Oscar Boyd, Ph.D., D.D, 
 
 Minister, Church of the Redeemer, Paterson, N. J. ; 
 Secretary-elect of American Bible Society at Cairo 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in Miller Chapel 
 
 Monday to Friday, October 10 — 14 
 
 at 5. P. M. 
 
LECTURE T. 
 Career of the Dynasty. 
 
 Introduction. "House of David": i) signification; 2) history. 
 Position: i) in the N. T. — consequent interest to all Christians; 2) in 
 the O. T. Division of its history into phases and periods. First Phase, the 
 dynastic, David to Jehoiachin — about four and a half centuries. Second 
 Phase, that of obscurity. Exile to Birth olf Christ — about five and a half 
 centuries. Third Phase, that of universal dominion, since the Birth of 
 Christ. 
 
 Our present suliject the Dynastic Phase of that history. Division: 
 i) Period of dominion over all Israel — approximately the first three 
 quarters of the loth cent. B. C. 2) Period of dominion over Judah alone — 
 from about 930 to 5S7 B. C. 3) Period of monarchy without dominion — 
 from 587 to about 560 B. C. Subdivision of second period: (a) revolt 
 of Jeroboam to assassination of Ahaziah — about 930-842, or about 88 years ; 
 (b) death of Ahaziah to fall of Samaria — 842-722, or 120 years: (c) fall 
 of Samaria to fall of Jerusalem — 722-587, or 135 years. 
 
 Careen best estimated by comparison with other dynasties, especially 
 those of the Northern Kingdom. Its length. Unchallenged title. Orderly 
 transmission. Purity of blood. Special measures to maintain and enlarge 
 the house. Association of heir-apparent in regency. Unchangeable capital. 
 
 Prestige of Davidic House in the Northern Kingdom. General policies 
 open to these kings : limited choice. Estimate of their ability. 
 
 LECTURE IL 
 
 Monarchy as an Institution in Israel. 
 
 Historical narrative of the origin of monarchy in Israel, i Samuei 
 chapters 8-12 : contents ; critical analysis. Inadequacy of reasons assigned 
 for analysis. Empirical and ideal in Hebrew life and institutions; in the 
 monarchy. Budde versus Wilke. 
 
 The Law of the King, Deuteronomy 17:14-20: its contents. It con- 
 templates both the actual and the ideal. Its testimony. Value if dated 
 late. 
 
 Opinion subsequent to Samuel : Hosea and the monarchy. Interpreta- 
 tion of Budde and others contradicted by all the facts. 
 
 The monarchy and democracy. Kent's exaggeration. The prophets 
 primarily spokesmen for God, not for the people ; illustrations. AlcCurdy's 
 summary of the royal prerogative in Israel. 1 Sam. 8:9-18, "the manner 
 of the king". Religion as a mitigation of despotism. Other minor 
 mitigations. Remarkable that any kings were just, kind and noble. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 "The Sure Mercies of David": tiii: Oracle. 
 
 Relation of what follows to what precedes. The phrase, "the sure 
 mercies of David" : its origin, meaning, reference. 
 
 The 7th chapter of 2 Samuel: contents and position. Analysis of 
 verses 1-17. Three separate attacks on its integrity. Relation of these 
 attacks to the problem of genuineness and date of the oracle of Nathan 
 
 i) Wellhausen, Budde ct al. reject ver. 13. Wellhausen's inconsistency. 
 Budde's exaggerated and mechanical interpretation, and his conclusion. 
 Klostenmann on the progress of the thought. "For ever". 
 
 2) Volz's presuppositions and general attitude. His division of this 
 chapter. Original oracle concerned only with the dynasty, and its back- 
 ground makes it later than '/22 but before 587 : Josiah's reign probable. 
 Later additions date from exile. Wherein Volz agrees and disagrees with 
 other members of Wellhausen school. Lack of all argument save weakness 
 of the Wellhausen position without this modification. H. P. Smith versus 
 Budde. 
 
 3) Gressmann and the principles of the school of the History of 
 Religion. Agreement with Wellhausen school here limited to rejection 
 of ver. 13. Analysis: vs. 1-7 a terse oracle, vs. 8-29 a prolix paraphrase 
 of two poems. Date of each part. How and why put together. Evolution 
 from Nathan's conservatism to Hosea's opposition to sanctuaries on 
 principle. A "temple chronicle." Our chapter as a whole belongs to time 
 of the united monarchy. 
 
 Significance of Grcssmann's conclusions. Positive arguments for 
 practical contemporaneity of chapter with events it records. Admission 
 that it belongs at the head of the stream of Messianic development. 
 
 LECTURE IV 
 "The Sure Mercies of D.wid" : Echoes of the Oracle. 
 
 The alternatives, if all references to Nathan's oracle in Hebrew 
 history, prophecy and psalmody are echoes of it : either every such echo 
 must be proved to date from the exile or later, or else the oracle must be 
 earlier than the earliest genuine pre-exilic echo. 
 
 Only a rehearsal of professedly pre-exilic echoes can give anj' just 
 idea of their number, distribution and variety. 
 
 Echoes in prophecy. In Northern Israel: .Amos, Hosea. In Judah 
 of the 7th century: Micah, Isaiah. In Judah at the approach of the exile 
 and in the exile : Jeremiah, Ezekiel. 
 
 Echoes in psalmody. Evidence obscure because of uncertainty of 
 date and authorship of psalms in the Psalter. But i) they parallel the 
 prophetic series of echoes: and 2) one representative poem, "Last Words 
 of David" (2 Sam. 23:1-7), is dated, not merely in a title but in tiie 
 substance of the poem, and admittedly refens to Nathan's oracle. "There 
 is no reason to be found for challenging the Davidic origin", Konig. 
 
 Echoes in history. Wellhausen on i Kings 5 :5. That is no isolated 
 instance, but simply one in a series of allusions and quotations completely 
 pervading Kings — not to say. Chronicles. Theory incredible that makes 
 2 Sam. 7 scarcely older than Kings (exile). 
 
 Which gives more scope for development, the Wellhausen school, o"" 
 the Biblical testimony? 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 "The Sure Mercies oe David": Fulfilment. 
 
 The "Messianic Idea". Orelli's summary correct, as judged by our 
 study of Nathan's oracle and its echoes. Was it only an idea, or did it 
 incorporate itself in life? 
 
 This divine "word" was also "made flesh". Justification of this answer 
 from the Bible: i) the God of revelation is also the God of redemption; 
 2) later revelation looks back, not only to an earlier revelation, but also 
 to past (as to current) history, which it construes as the "fulfilment" of 
 that revelation (Zech. 1:3-6). O. T. equivalents of "fulfilment". 
 
 When, how, and in whom did Nathan's oracle find fulfilment? 
 
 The "seed" of David; of Abraham. Collective units. Ideal and actual 
 individualization. Ver. 13 and individual fulfilment: Solomon and "a 
 greater than Solomon" — "for ever". Ver. 14: individual and collective 
 fulfilment. Limitation and suspension of dominion. Analogy of the exile. 
 
 Detachment of the Coming One. Firm historical basis in the past; 
 idealization of the past limited, of the future unlimited. Language of the 
 oracle stamps forever on its believing recipients the forward look. Hope 
 characteristic of O. T. piety ; the Messianic hope supplied its center. 
 
 Criticism of Volz's characterization of the Messianic expectation: 
 the Messiah fundamentally a religious rather than political figure. The 
 Messiah in Gressmann : value and weakness of the new school. Sellin's 
 modification of Gressmann. In the clash of the two critical schools of 
 today lies the essential vindication of the Biblical witness. 
 
 Jesus of Nazareth as interpreted by the N. T. the fulfilment of the 
 }ilessianic expectation of Israel: adequately, surprisingly, unsurpassably. 
 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Lectures on the L. P. Stone Foundation 
 
 1925—1926 
 
 CHRISTIAN HYMNODY 
 
 Rev. Louis F. Benson, D.D. 
 
 Editor of " The Hymnal " 
 
 Author of " Studies of Familiar Hymns " 
 
 and "The English Hymn" 
 
 The Lectures will be delivered in the Miller Chapel, 
 
 Monday, Feb. 22, to Friday, Feb. 26. at 5 P. M., 
 
 and Saturday, Feb. 27. at 10:20 A. M. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 The Apostolical Ideal of Hymnody. 
 
 The Hymn: in relation to Theology; in its varied definition; 
 in Comparative Religion. 
 
 1. Inauguration of Christian Song — as post-Communion; ritual; 
 
 responsive. "Post-Communion" in Presbj'-terianism. 
 
 2. Jewish-Christian Psalmody — as Eucharistic; freely composed. 
 
 3. Hymnody of the Gentile Churches — as free; as inspirational; 
 
 as a settled church ordinance. 
 
 4. St. Paul's Theory of Christian Song — as spiritual ; Eucharistic ; 
 
 (the Presbj'terian "Eucharist") ; edifying; individual. 
 
 .S. The Materials of the Song — The Apostolical hymn-book. 
 St. Paul as a hymn writer. Odes of Apocalypse. 
 
 LECTURE n. 
 
 The Relation of the Hymn to Holy Scripture. 
 
 A question : a matter of conscience, a centre of agitation, around 
 which the whole history of Hymnody turns. 
 
 The new hymns, whose freedom begets suspicion of all 
 "human composures." 
 
 1. The Greek Settlement of the Question: Laodicaea (363) : 
 
 "Psalms composed by private men must not be used." 
 The Congregation must not sing. 
 
 2. The Latin Settlement: The recitation of Psalms may be 
 
 accompanied by certain specified Hymns in metre. 
 
 3. The Lutheran Settlement: The Psalmody retained with an 
 
 untrammelled freedom of popular song. 
 
 4. The Calvinistic Settlement: Psalmody retained (but in metre) 
 
 as the popular song. Hymns excluded. 
 
 5. Dr. IVatts' Settlement: Evangelizes the metrical Psalm and 
 
 parallels it with original hymns. The present 
 disposition of the question. 
 
LECTURE III. 
 
 The Relation of the Hymn to Literature. 
 
 The Renaissance subjected it to literary criticism. 
 
 Calvin sought to ally Psalmody with poetry. 
 
 The English Psalmody had no relation to literature. 
 
 Early efforts at a literary hymnody. 
 
 Watts deliberately separated hymnody from literature. 
 
 The Wesleys contest his standard. Are the Wesleyan hymns poetry? 
 They prove (1) that beauty is no bar to edification; 
 (2) that a hymn ought to be a lyric (song). 
 
 The Lvrical Movement : its obstacles and limitations. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 The Contents of the Hymn. 
 
 Determined by the theory held as to Hj'mn's function : — 
 
 1. That it is specifically Praise: Unwarranted. 
 
 2. That it is for Edification of Singers: How far true? Hence 
 
 (1) Doctrinal Hymn, (2) Hymn of Spiritual Life; 
 Sermonic, Experiential, Prayer. 
 
 Bishop Wordsworth's exclusion of the "I" hymns. 
 The true tests of them: (1) Wholesomeness, 
 (2) Cheerfulness, (3) Reality. 
 
 3. That it is Churchly: Embodying the "Oxford" conception of 
 
 the solidarity of the Church. 
 
 The liturgical hymn of occasion : its success and 
 excess. 
 
 This Hymnody of the Christian year in the Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 
'■. LECTURE V. 
 
 The Text of our Hymns. 
 
 To the Puritan the text is everything. The Bay Psalm Book. 
 
 The literalness of the versions, the issue in the American "Psalm- 
 ody Controversy." 
 
 Text important when hj^mns were an object of suspicion. Sabbath 
 Hymn Book. 
 
 Original text of h3Tnns first corrupted and then lost; followed by 
 confusion. 
 
 Watts. Wesley. Montgomery. Palmer. 
 
 Textual principles of The Hymnal of 1895. 
 
 The latest menace to the text of our hymns. 
 
 LECTURE VL 
 Hymn Singing. 
 
 Not originally congregational in delivery. Spirituality and the 
 hymn tune. It should be (1) simple, (2) religious 
 in impression, (3) beautiful. 
 
 The Early Singing, Hebrew and Greek. The Gregorian hymn 
 melodies. 
 
 Reformation Song. The Lutheran Chorale ; the Calvinistic melodies ; 
 the English Psalm tunes. 
 
 The Eighteenth Century Hymn Tune (more florid). 
 
 American Song. Psalm tunes in New England. Billings' fugumg 
 tunes. Lowell Mason's work. The parlor-music 
 type. Revival of congregational singing (Beecher). 
 Adoption of the Oxford Revival hymn music. The 
 "Gospel Hymns"; and later degeneracy (cabaret). 
 
 The varied inheritance — its use and development. 
 
LECTURES ON THE L. P. STONE FOUNDATION 
 
 Paul and the Intellectuals or Gnostics 
 
 (Dealing with the Epistle to the Colossians) 
 By 
 
 The Rev. A. T. Robertson, D.D. 
 
 Professor of New Testament in 
 The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 
 
 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29th, to FRIDAY, DECEMBER 3rd 
 
 At 5 P.M. 
 In the CHAPEL of the PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 The subjects of the successive lectures will be: 
 
 I. The Headship of Christ Proven. 
 (Col. 1:1-20) 
 
 II. The Mystery of God in Christ Explained. 
 (Col. 1:21-2:5) 
 
 III. The Triumph of Christ on the Cross. 
 
 (Col. 2:6-19) 
 
 IV. The New Man in Christ Exalted. 
 
 (Col. 2:20-3:17) 
 
 V. The Social Obligation of the New Man in Christ. 
 (Col. 3:18-4:18)