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 Lambuth, Walter Russell, 
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 Medical missions 
 
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MEDICAL MISSIONS: 
 THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 

 
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Operating Room in Presbyterian Hospital, Miraj, India. Dr. Vail Operating — See page 128 
 
MEDICAL MISSIONS: 
 THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 / 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER R. LAMBUTH, M. D., F. R. G. S. 
 
 FOURTEEN YEARS MISSIONARY TO CHINA AND JAPAN 
 EIGHTEEN YEARS MISSIONARY SECRETARY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 1920 
 
Copyright, 1920, by 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
To 
 
 Ms. and Mss. William C. Ivey 
 Whose 
 
 Interest, Gifts, and Intercession 
 Have Promoted 
 
 The Cause of Missions in Many Lands 
 and 
 
 To the Heroic Medical Missionaries 
 Who Have Devoted 
 Their Lives 
 To the Twofold Task 
 

 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The endeavor in this book has been to place the 
 medical missionary and his work on the high level 
 where he belongs. His is no mere profession — it is a 
 vocation. He goes to the ends of the earth to relieve 
 suffering, to raise the standards of health, to restore 
 shrunken capacity, to increase the producing power of 
 man, to bridge the chasm between the religious and 
 the secular, and to teach that while at the present 
 there is “no field of knowledge which has not been 
 invaded by the scientific spirit’’, in the future there 
 shall be no field of need which shall not be cultivated 
 by a sympathetic ministry to the body and the soul 
 of man. 
 
 The book has been written under the constant pres- 
 sure of administrative duties. The writer feels much 
 diffidence in sending it out, but it has been a labor of 
 love. It goes on its mission with an earnest prayer 
 that it may be used of God to convince many young 
 men and women of the need, the opportunity and the 
 joy open to a life lived out in the presence and by the 
 power of the Great Physician who came to seek and 
 to save the lost. 
 
 W. R. L. 
 

 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 by 
 
 William H. Welch, M. D., LL. D. 
 
 The request to write a few introductory words to 
 Bishop Lambuth’s book on “ Medical Missions ” af- 
 fords me a welcome opportunity to express apprecia- 
 tion of the great and much-needed service which he 
 has rendered by presenting in the following pages so 
 fully and clearly and in so interesting a manner the 
 needs, the aims and the results of medical missions 
 and the qualifications to be desired in the medical mis- 
 sionary. I am glad also to bear my personal testimony, 
 based upon observations made in China in 1915, to 
 the vast importance of the work of the medical mis- 
 sionary. This work has demonstrated not only its 
 power to further most effectively the ultimate end of 
 all Christian missionary effort, but also its influence 
 in leading the people into the paths of Western edu- 
 cation, science and civilization and thereby promoting 
 the advancement and the welfare of the countries 
 where the missionary works. 
 
 No intelligent and sympathetic observer who has 
 had opportunity to come into close personal contact 
 with medical missionaries in their fields of work can 
 fail to be stirred by the spirit and character of these 
 devoted men and women and to be impressed with the 
 development through the demands of their professional 
 and missionary work of the finest traits of heart and 
 mind, with the large service which they are rendering 
 to their fellow-men and with their joy in this service. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 I desire to endorse most emphatically Bishop 
 Lambuth’s earnest plea for better equipment of medi- 
 cal missions and for the best and most thorough pro- 
 fessional training, in addition to other qualifications 
 which he describes, of those who enter the medical 
 missionary field. “ It were better,” he says, “ to re- 
 duce the number of medical missionaries and hospitals, 
 much as they are needed, than to discount the science 
 of medicine and lower the standards of efficiency . . . 
 the highest standards must be maintained, and honest, 
 thorough-going methods characterize the work in every 
 department. To do less, is to write ultimate failure 
 across the face of the enterprise.” 
 
 The need of providing better opportunities for med- 
 ical education in their own land for native young men 
 and women is also urged with great force by the 
 author of this useful work, for, as he says, “ ultimately 
 the physical and spiritual redemption of every mission 
 land will rest with her own sons and daughters, rather 
 than with foreigners; and in these years of upheaval 
 and rapid change in the nations of the East no more 
 alluring invitation comes to the Christian West than 
 that of calling out and training large numbers of 
 gifted, devoted young men and women who will be 
 the leaders of the Christian Church in those lands. 
 A special encouragment along this line comes to medical 
 work.” 
 
 Especially interesting is the author’s presentation 
 of the “The Challenge of the Various Fields” for 
 medical missions. In speaking of China he says that 
 this country “ is a challenge to the largest investment 
 of faith and life. She is a giant in bulk, but no less 
 great in masterful qualities which make for constitu- 
 tional and racial perpetuity. Though hoary with age, 
 she is no spent force.” 
 
 Bishop Lambuth has made a most valuable and 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 timely contribution to the literature of medical mis- 
 sions and thereby earned the gratitude of all who are 
 interested in this important subject, — and it may be 
 confidently predicted that the number of those actively 
 interested will be largely increased by the publication 
 of this work. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I. The Need 3 
 
 II. The Missionary Himself 33 
 
 III. The Aim and Scope 53 
 
 IV. From Candidate to Missionary 77 
 
 V. Master Workmen and Their Implements . . 107 
 
 VI. Woman’s Work for Woman 135 
 
 VII. The Challenge 163 
 
 VIII. The Secret of Power 193 
 
 appendices 
 
 A. Some Important Questions Answered . 221 
 
 B. World Statistics of Medical Missions . 225 
 
 C. Findings of the Medical Conference of 
 
 the World Missionary Conference . . 229 
 
 D. Important Recommendations From the 
 
 Mission Field Regarding Medical 
 Work 
 
 Recommendations of the Medical Mis- 
 sionary Association of China . . . 236 
 
 E. Christian Health Education in China . 242 
 
 F. Medical Missionary Societies .... 247 
 
 G. Legal Regulations Regarding the Prac- 
 
 tice of Medicine in Various Mission 
 Lands 248 
 
 H. Bibliography . 253 
 
 INDEX 259 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Modern Operating Room of a Medical Mis- 
 sionary Frontispiece 
 
 FACING 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cases Familiar to the Missionary Doctor .... 7 
 
 Manikin of Old School of Chinese Doctors ... 14 
 
 Inoculation Against Bubonic Plague, India .... 24 
 
 Blind Men Going to Hospital 35 
 
 A Chinese Ambulance 39 
 
 Fighting Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria .... 54 
 
 A Public Health Exhibit in China 71 
 
 Outdoor Surgery in Africa 94 
 
 A Typical Dispensary Crowd, India 121 
 
 Church General Hospital, Wuchang 127 
 
 Maternity Ward, McLeod Plospital, Ceylon .... 144 
 
 Dr. Mary Stone Operating 150 
 
 Korean Nurses and Patient 157 
 
 Laboratory in Severance Union Medical College, Seoul . 170 
 
 A Missionary Doctor and His African Competitor . 177 
 
THE NEED 
 
“ Our hope is that to not a few, the vision of opportunity 
 will become the call to service.” 
 
 Dr. R. Fletcher Moorshead. 
 
 “ Pray ye the Lord of the harvest to send forth laborers 
 . . . the fields are whne unto the harvest.” 
 
MEDICAL MISSIONS: 
 
 THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 i 
 
 THE NEED 
 
 A low caravansary lies before us in a rude village 
 of Asia minor. In the dim light of a sputtering 
 candle two figures are silhouetted bending over a third. 
 The first is Dr. Henry S. West, of Yale, missionary of 
 the American Board, passing through the village after 
 a hard day’s journey on horseback; the second, a 
 frightened servant ready to faint at the sight of blood; 
 the third, a poor stranger, in the same inn, exhausted 
 and ready to die from the anguish of a strangulated 
 hernia. 
 
 Was there any hesitation? The light was miserably 
 poor, the assistant was incompetent, no anesthetic was 
 at hand and there was every chance of sepsis develop- 
 ing. The doctor could not speak the language — it 
 was his first year — and if the patient died who could 
 explain the odds to the dark visaged, scowling Turks 
 standing back there in the shadow? But West had 
 come under Divine orders. Moreover, he was a Yale 
 man and Yale sees it through. And, finally, was not 
 this a fellow-creature suffering unto death? There 
 was no hesitation. An incision, a swift dissection, a 
 release of the strangulated viscus, a compress wrung 
 out of hot water, a few stitches, a simple dressing, and 
 the work was done. 
 
 Eighteen years of service followed. Nineteen young 
 3 
 
4 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 physicians were educated under his hand. So thor- 
 oughly was the work done that after they had been 
 examined by the medical faculty, an unfriendly 
 government was compelled to acknowledge its indebt- 
 edness. Many difficult and hazardous journeys on 
 horseback were made. Patients thronged his clinics 
 from the table lands and remote mountain regions. 
 He performed 1,400 operations on the eye, and 150 
 laparotomies. Large gifts and fees were often paid, 
 though not one cent found its way to the doctor’s 
 private purse. Such a life is a convincing apologetic 
 of Christianity, a credit to the medical profession, and 
 an honor to one’s country. 
 
 A large and distinguished company of college men 
 and women have chosen life careers like that of Henry 
 West, Little imagination is called for to understand 
 the rich and strategic value of such service. It is 
 Christian humanitarianism raised to the nth power. 
 It is a phase of the world work of Christianity that is 
 today receiving a new recognition. One cannot wonder 
 that many of the finest Christian students in North 
 America are seeking information in regard to the 
 opportunity it presents for a life investment, the quali- 
 fications and training required, the facilities, the gen- 
 eral conditions under which the work is done, the 
 relation of this sendee to other branches of foreign 
 missionary effort, and many other questions. It is the 
 aim of this book to answer a wide range of such 
 queries and to give a frank and intelligible presentation 
 of medical missionary work as it is today. In this 
 introductory chapter we shall try to estimate the need 
 for such work. 
 
 I. Human Misery at its Depths 
 
 Medical missions is the Great Adventure into a 
 world of desperate need. The distinct command to 
 
THE NEED 
 
 o 
 
 the twelve, to the seventy, and to us has been “ to heal 
 the sick.” It is also one of the credentials of Chris- 
 tianity. Ours is a missionary religion and one of 
 mercy. It sends its messengers to the ends of the earth 
 on errands of healing and help. Its spirit prompts 
 them to go where the burdens are heaviest and the 
 need is greatest. Medical missions, therefore, in its 
 efforts in behalf of the individual, the community and 
 the race, does its work in regions where humanity is 
 found at its deepest depths of misery, and where the 
 people suffer and die from sheer neglect. 
 
 Those who stand in greatest need of medical aid 
 are found in all the non-Christian lands, but especially 
 in tropical and sub-tropical areas. This is true of 
 Syria, Arabia, Persia, India, Siam, Burmah, China, 
 Korea, the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 
 the larger part of Africa, tropical Mexico, Central 
 America and the interior of South America. Most of 
 these areas are subject to the ravages of such diseases 
 as cholera, smallpox, plague, leprosy, malaria, dysen- 
 tery, sleeping sickness and yellow fever. There is at 
 the same time a disproportionate supply of qualified 
 physicians, lack of intelligent care of the sick and an 
 absence of means for the prevention of disease. In 
 no section of the habitable globe are sanitation and 
 preventive medical work more needed, and nowhere 
 will intelligent effort bring larger and richer results. 
 
 Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop wrote, after four years of 
 travel and observation : “ The alleviations which in 
 Christian countries mitigate the suffering of the dying, 
 are unknown to the heathen and they regard death as 
 the triumph of the supposed demon. Amidst beatings 
 of gongs, drummings, shoutings, and incantations, with 
 their dying thirst unassuaged, and with their nostrils 
 plugged with a mixture of aromatic herbs and clay, 
 or with mud of sacred streams, our heathen brothers 
 
6 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 and sisters are passing in an unending, ghastly, re- 
 proachful procession into Christless graves.” 
 
 The mortality in non-Christian lands would depopu- 
 late France in a year, Germany in two years, and the 
 United States in less than three years. While much of 
 this is due to natural causes, we cannot forget that pain 
 has no alleviation, sickness is in the midst of every 
 discomfort, and death too often takes place under the 
 most harrowing conditions. 
 
 And this is not all. We cannot forget that 
 for all of this misery there is among non-Christian 
 peoples a surprising lack of sympathetic concern or 
 attempt at alleviation. After years of personal ob- 
 servation and contact with the natives, Joh. Warneck 
 remarks of animistic peoples: “You may go through 
 heathendom anywhere, in the Indian archipelago, in 
 New Guinea, in the South Seas, and in Africa, and 
 you will nowhere find humanity, mercy, kindness and 
 love.” 
 
 Take one example from the writer’s observation. 
 Heathenism along the stretches of the Aruwimi, 
 which empties into the Congo at its great 'bend north- 
 westward, is dark, despairing and degraded beyond 
 description. I found the sick neglected, the weak op- 
 pressed, the unfortunate ridiculed, and the aged looked 
 upon as an intolerable burden. In the depths of those 
 almost impenetrable forests the old people are put to 
 death when they become helpless, partly to save them 
 from the cruel bite of the driver ants, which may 
 come in the absence of the men who are on the hunt 
 for game and of the women who are tilling the fields, 
 and partly to relieve the living of their care. 
 
 The lack of vigor and vitality upon the part of native 
 peoples who live within the tropics is not altogether 
 accounted for by climate. They suffer from diseases, 
 unrelieved by medical or surgical help, which reduce 
 
Elephantiasis 
 Neglected Tumor 
 
 Group of Lepers 
 Double Amputation 
 
 Cases Familiar to the Missionary Doctor 
 
THE NEED 
 
 7 
 
 resisting power. For the most part, they lack even an 
 elementary knowledge of sanitation, hygiene and diet 
 values. They are preyed upon by fear, which saps 
 vital force even more than does physical pain. The 
 gospel of “ good cheer,” called the “ happy sound ” 
 by the Chinese, does not simply bring joy, but, with 
 its hopefulness, brings increased vitality, and a 
 stronger hold upon those forces which make for 
 sounder health and higher life. We have come to 
 recognize the truth that the work of the missionary 
 physician in restoring people to good health, as a basis 
 for sound morals and religious life, is as necessary as 
 that of the engineer in draining swamps, building 
 sewers, surveying roads, constructing bridges, and fur- 
 nishing many other material essentials of modern 
 civilization. 
 
 II. The Diseases of the Non-Christian World 
 
 Some of the diseases peculiar to mission fields are 
 cholera in China, India, and Arabia, which carries off 
 hundreds of thousands; beriberi in Japan, China, and 
 on the upper Amazon ; sleeping sickness, which in 
 Central Africa and in Uganda has decimated the popu- 
 lation ; hemorrhagic and other deadly fevers along the 
 tributaries of the Congo, Niger and Zambesi; and 
 amoebic dysentery in the alluvial valleys of the Yangtse 
 and all the rivers mentioned. To these we may add 
 pernicious anemia, hook-worm, ophthalmia (ptery- 
 gium), diseases of the lymphatics and of the blood 
 caused by various forms of filiaria and leprosy, which 
 prevails in almost every country which has been named. 
 Added to this list are indolent ulcers of the most 
 stubborn character, tumors grown to large size and 
 many deformities. None of these can be relieved by 
 native doctors. They offer a wide field for study, 
 
8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 investigation and treatment by the physician or sur- 
 geon, and for care by the trained nurse who wishes to 
 cooperate in relieving pain, alleviating misery and 
 saving life. In addition to the special diseases that 
 have been mentioned, all the ordinary diseases of our 
 own lands are very prevalent. And it is in those very 
 regions, moreover, that men and women are most in 
 need of ministry to the soul, as well as to the body. 
 
 In a closer study of the fields under review, from 
 the standpoint of a medical missionary, it will be in- 
 teresting to note some of the predominating diseases 
 in the larger areas such as China, India and Africa. 
 It is the opinion of Dr. J. R. McDill, who has devoted 
 years in the Orient to careful investigation, that those 
 which predominate in China are tuberculosis, syphilis 
 and intestinal parasites, and that these affect three- 
 fourths of the population. He thinks that when 
 statistics are available, malaria will also be found in 
 this group. Intestinal parasites are probably as 
 common in China as in India or Africa. Dr. W. H. 
 Park found men of twenty-five with hook-worm, who 
 had the stature and voice of boys of twelve. 
 
 The filiaria loa, which travels over the eyeball under 
 the conjunctiva, is not confined to Africa. In the eye 
 clinic of the Union Medical College Hospital, Peking, 
 a patient produced a small bottle containing one of 
 these worms which he had removed with a needle from 
 his own eye two days before. 
 
 In sections of all three of the countries mentioned, 
 malarial fevers prevail, dysentery causes great mor- 
 tality, diseases of the eye are very common, typhus 
 and typhoid fevers scourge the country and leprosy is 
 endemic. One of the pupils of Confucius, five hun- 
 dred years before Christ, was a leper. Other affec- 
 tions, quite common in certain districts, are enlarge- 
 ment of the spleen, pernicious anemia, stricture of the 
 
THE NEED 
 
 9 
 
 oesophagus, and goitre. The writer had a singular 
 experience in North China while travelling in a mule 
 cart along the Great Wall. It was growing dark when 
 he came to a small village, where, according to custom, 
 a majority of the people were eating their supper out 
 of doors, bowl and chopsticks in hand. Each adult 
 person appeared to have two heads. The whole scene 
 was so ghoulish and weird that he was inclined to 
 doubt his owrn senses. Springing to the ground, he 
 went up to one of the men, felt his head, and found 
 he had a goitre under the chin so large and protuberant 
 that it had given rise to the illusion. 
 
 Dr. George L. Mackay speaks of malarial fever on 
 the island of Formosa as man’s deadliest foe. It 
 works terrible havoc among the inhabitants. Many 
 cases under his observation succumbed during the hot 
 season within a few hours after the attack began. The 
 superstitious natives “ suppose the disease to be caused 
 by the patient unluckily treading on mock-money put 
 in the street, or on the roadside by priest or sorcerer ; 
 or by a conflict between the hot and cold principles in 
 nature ; or by two devils, one belonging to the negative 
 principle in nature fanning the patient, thus causing 
 the chills, and the other belonging to the positive prin- 
 ciple, blowing a furnace and producing heat and fever. 
 But to mention the names of these devils would be to 
 incur their displeasure, and so the people never use 
 the name * chills and fever,’ but call it * devils fever, 
 beggars fever/ or some other harmless name. ... It 
 is not an uncommon thing in Formosa to find half the 
 inhabitants of a town prostrated by malarial fever at 
 once. I have seen households of twenty or thirty with 
 not one able to do any work. In such circumstances 
 the native preachers, living in the midst of the suf- 
 ferers and knowing their life, are able, by means of 
 foreign medicine, in the use of which they have been 
 
10 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 trained, to do incalculable service to afflicted humanity 
 and so to commend the gospel of their Master .” 1 
 
 Reference should be made to certain groups in non- 
 Christian lands whose needs are especially appealing. 
 Such a group are the helplessly insane. In some 
 countries they enjoy special privileges as being favored 
 of the gods and possessed of the spirit of divination. 
 This is true of the North American Indians and of 
 certain African tribes, but it is the exception. In 
 China, the writer was called to attend a young Con- 
 fucian scholar who in a fit of mental aberration had 
 attempted suicide. After the gaping wound in his 
 throat had been sewed up, the family were given in- 
 structions about his nourishment. Returning the fol- 
 lowing day, the missionary doctor was refused ad- 
 mittance. The patient was starved to death by his 
 own people who, being Buddhists, would probably 
 have cared for a cow, but were willing that a demented 
 brother should be brought to death by slow starvation. 
 
 “ The usual method of dealing with lunatics in 
 Mosul, Mesopotamia,” writes Dr. A. Hume-Griffith, 
 “ is, if they are apparently harmless, that they are 
 allowed to wander about freely and are treated kindly, 
 but once they develop symptoms of mania, they are 
 treated as wild beasts, put in a dark room, and chained 
 to the wall. But we possess a specialist in mental 
 diseases in Mosul, belonging to an old Mohammedan 
 family, who has a great reputation for the treatment of 
 lunatics. In the court-yard of his house he has dug 
 several deep wells, and beside each well is placed a 
 large tub, having a hole in the bottom which communi- 
 cates with the well. The poor madman is made to 
 work from sunrise to sunset, drawing water from the 
 
 1 Mackay, "From Far Formosa,” pp. 312-314. 
 
THE NEED 
 
 ii 
 
 well and pouring it into the perforated tub, being told 
 that he may leave off when he has filled the tub.” 2 
 
 The leper is perhaps the most appealing figure in 
 the non-Christian world. At one time in the Telugu 
 country, with a population of thirty million, there 
 was not a place of refuge for the hundreds of lepers ; 
 the nearest point where they could be cared for was 
 Madras, 350 miles away. The latest census in India 
 gives the number of lepers as 135,000, a decided in- 
 crease. In 1909 the Imperial Medical Department at 
 Tokyo stated that there were 28,000 families in Japan 
 in which the disease was known to exist. While there 
 are no accurate returns for China it is probable that 
 the proportionate number is as great, or nearly 200,000. 
 Among the factors favorable to the spread of leprosy 
 are poor food, crowding, filth, a moist climate and 
 failure to isolate the lepers. 
 
 The treatment of the unfortunate leper is often 
 cruel and summary. While he is tolerated in some 
 sections, in others drastic measures have 'been applied. 
 A number of years ago the mandarin of a certain dis- 
 trict in China made a feast and invited the lepers for 
 miles around. Attracted by such hospitality the un- 
 suspecting victims gathered in large numbers. In the 
 midst of the meal the building was set on fire and those 
 who escaped the flames were shot down by soldiers on 
 the outside. Dr. Horder of Pakhoi, South China, is 
 responsible for the statement that an official in that 
 section put three hundred lepers to death during his 
 residence of two years. On the other hand, several 
 institutions have been established by the Japanese gov- 
 ernment for the care of the most helpless victims of 
 this disease, a fact that reflects much credit upon the 
 progress in civilization of that country. 
 
 In Cuba, at the close of our war with Spain, I found 
 
 2 Behind the Veil in Persia and Turkish Arabia, p. 326. 
 
i2 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 five Chinese lepers huddled together in what seemed 
 to be an outhouse connected with a hospital near Cien- 
 fuegos. It turned out to be an abandoned oven for 
 baking bread, on the floor of which and in the midst 
 of ashes, the poor wretches were gathered, far from 
 home and awaiting death. One thinks of the descrip- 
 tion of Dr. Irvin of Fusan, Korea, where in response 
 to his appeal, an asylum was established. “ In cold 
 weather they crawl into the fireplaces after they are 
 sufficiently cool, and the accumulation of filth does not 
 add to their health, their comfort or their appearance. 
 They are badly clothed, if clothed you can call it. They 
 are truly outcasts, despised and shunned of all men.” 
 
 As if the disease itself were not enough, the Chinese 
 have fallen upon the following repugnant remedy: 
 “An arsenical pill is prepared by placing the crude 
 Chinese arsenious acid into the opened abdomen of a 
 frog. After stitching the wound, the frog is enclosed 
 in a clay ball molded tight. The ball is placed in 
 burning red-hot charcoal, when the frog inside the ball 
 is reduced to ash with the arsenic.” The residuum is 
 made into pills, several hundred of which must be 
 taken as prescribed. 
 
 The blind, the deaf-mutes and all afflicted groups in 
 non-Christian lands are in an equally pitiable condition 
 of neglect. 
 
 III. The Lack of Native Resources for Relief 
 
 The catalogue of diseases given above is distressing 
 enough, but the situation is rendered yet more pathetic 
 by the appalling lack of native resources with which to 
 deal with sickness or injur}'. 
 
 Ignorance of the principles and practice of surgery 
 and the almost utter helplessness of the native practi- 
 tioner in non-Christian lands, when brought face to 
 face with emergencies, are notable. He has no 
 
THE NEED 
 
 13 
 
 anesthetic with which to deaden pain and prevent 
 shock, and no knowledge of checking hemorrhage by 
 the tourniquet or by the ligation of arteries. The only 
 thing he can do in such a case is to apply the actual 
 cautery — red hot iron — or plaster the wound with 
 substances which cause inflammation and even gan- 
 grene. He has no antiseptic for dressing wounds, nor 
 is there any adequate idea of setting a fractured bone 
 or of preparing splints with which to keep the limb 
 immovable. Without a knowledge of anatomy, he 
 allows the fractured ends to reunite as best they can, 
 often resulting in a crooked or shortened limb. As 
 to dislocations they frequently become ankylosed. 
 Tumors continue to grow without removal, causing 
 much suffering and ultimately death. I knew a Chinese 
 who had so large a tumor growing from the small of 
 his back that it had to be carried in a basket, the 
 handle of which was fastened to a strap running over 
 his shoulder. Where “ in the field of surgery the bar- 
 ber is still the great practitioner,” what relief can be 
 expected, especially in those cases in which expert 
 knowledge and skill in the use of the most scientifically 
 devised instruments are required? 
 
 A typical instance of the ignorance of the native 
 “ doctor ” is reported from China. The Chinese suffer 
 much from indigestion, partly because of bolting their 
 food and from mixing tea and rice, which causes fer- 
 mentation. After the remedy for leprosy just men- 
 tioned one might expect almost anything for indiges- 
 tion. A patient was advised by his doctor, to eat 
 powdered millstone for this ailment, on the theory of 
 gravel in the gizzard of a chicken being an aid to 
 digestion. He ate sixty pounds, got no better, and 
 gave it up. He was then advised by another wiseacre 
 to eat cinnamon bark and finished forty pounds of 
 that before he quit in disgust. There can be little 
 
14 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 question concerning the patience of the Chinese and 
 the strength of his stomach. 
 
 The uttter absence of a knowledge of nursing and 
 of preparation of food for the sick, reduces the prob- 
 ability of recovery. Insomnia and nervousness cannot 
 be overcome and lack of the comforts found in the 
 smallest hospital in a Christian land results in the 
 lowering of vitality and the loss of life. 
 
 When to the foregoing conditions we add the vague 
 theories concerning the causation and treatment of 
 disease, it is not surprising that the native practitioner 
 is at sea. He may have some knowledge of symptoms, 
 but he has little or none in regard to scientific diagnosis, 
 methods of prevention and means of cure. This ex- 
 plains the timidity which prevails in making any attempt 
 at surgical operations. On the other hand, the use of 
 acupuncture by the Chinese and the Koreans is an 
 exemplification of the old adage, “ Fools rush in where 
 angels fear to tread.” This sometimes results fatally, 
 or is followed by infection and aggravated suffering 
 through the insertion of long iron needles into the 
 joints, the abdomen and other vulnerable parts of the 
 body. Finally, there is the lack of means for com- 
 batting disease on account of ignorance of pathological 
 processes. Native practitioners are devoid of any 
 equipment for studying bacteriology and indeed of 
 any ideas on the subject. 
 
 The Oriental system of medicine, if one may call it 
 a system, is based upon a philosophy which is more 
 antiquated than practical. According to the ideas of 
 the Chinese medical faculty, “ a dual system of heat 
 and cold pervades the human frame, and when one of 
 these constituents is in excess, illness supervenes. The 
 heart is the husband and the lungs are the wife, and 
 if these two main organs cannot be brought to act in 
 harmony evil at once arises.” Dr. Mackay in writing 
 
Manikin Used by Chinese Doctors of the Old School 
 
 Needles Show Where Punctures Would Not Be Fatal 
 

THE NEED 
 
 15 
 
 from Formosa, indicates that the heart and liver are 
 supposed to produce the different states of the pulse, 
 and that it is believed by the native physicians that 
 “ the heart has seven openings through which wind 
 and an evil principle enter, causing these changes in 
 the pulse. Diseases differ according to the seasons of 
 the year. Those of the spring are supposed to be 
 caused by the liver, those of the summer by the heart, 
 those of the autumn by the lungs, and those of the 
 winter by the kidneys.” 
 
 How can the health of non-Christian lands be im- 
 proved through practitioners possessed of such theo- 
 ries? They are credulous, because the very absence 
 of faith opens the way to believe in anything, however 
 absurd. They are childish in their thinking and fail 
 to recognize the sequence of cause and effect. Their 
 fear of evil spirits, rooted as it is in animism, results 
 in mental paralysis and fatalism. Their perversion of 
 the truth comes from ignorance and from the very 
 inversion of the order of nature, with the consequence 
 that all that is marvelous is magnified, and all that is 
 real is minified. 
 
 Upon the other hand, after all that has been said 
 about the crude notions and practice of those living 
 under a different order of civilization from our own, 
 one must have a respect for a people who began their 
 medical studies in remote antiquity. “ The Chinese 
 began 2700 years B. C.,” writes Dr. I. T. Headland, “ to 
 experiment with herbs in the treatment of disease, and 
 have discovered and used for centuries, many of the 
 common physics, astringents and other household 
 remedies which cur mothers and grandmothers used. 
 Chinese medicine is still what our medicine would be 
 without medical colleges or systematic instruction.” 
 
 Their failure to be abreast of the times is not due 
 so much to a lack of intelligence as to the effect of 
 
16 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 their system of philosophy, the nature of their re- 
 ligious belief, and to the absence of the liberalizing 
 influence of Christianity. Had Bacon, Harvey, and 
 their methods of reasoning and experimentation been 
 known in China the results might have been very dif- 
 ferent. As it is, it is recorded of Wha-to, a Chinese 
 surgeon who lived about the twelfth century, that he 
 was a bold and successful practitioner. His works 
 were burned and he was put to death because he pro- 
 posed to relieve the Emperor by performing the opera- 
 tion of trephining the cranium. 
 
 /'Dr. Headland remarks in “China’s New Day”: 
 “ We found many works on all phases of medical prac- 
 tice, from the eye, ear, nose, throat, and teeth, to the 
 treatment of infantile maladies, as well as the diseases 
 of camels, oxen and buffaloes. Some of these works 
 are veritable encyclopedias. One, prepared by a prince 
 about five hundred years ago, is in 168 books, has 1.960 
 discourses on 2,175 different subjects, with 778 rules, 
 231 diagrams, and 21,739 prescriptions.” And Dr. 
 Headland adds: “ Prescriptions enough to cure all the 
 ills of life; but when a Chinese has a headache he 
 pastes turnip skins on the temples to bring the ache 
 out. When he has a sore throat he pinches it up and 
 down the two sides and the center until it is black and 
 blue, in order that by counter irritation he may cure 
 the pain within. He still has a sore throat — but it is 
 on the outside.” 1 
 
 The world cannot be too grateful for the discovery 
 and practical application of drugs for the prevention 
 and relief of pain in surgery. While chloroform as 
 a chemical substance was known on both sides of the 
 Atlantic, it was experimented upon and used for the 
 first time as an anesthetic by Sir James W. Simpson, 
 
 ‘Isaac Headland, "China’s New Day,” p. 181. 
 
THE NEED 
 
 1 / 
 
 who is styled the “ father of anesthetics,” and who 
 came near to losing his life while making tests in the 
 laboratory which he had fitted up in his own residence 
 in Edinburgh. Charles Darwin attended two severe 
 operations in the same city, one of them upon a child, 
 and suddenly disappeared. “ Nor did I ever attend 
 again,” he writes, “ for hardly any inducement would 
 have been strong enough to make me do so ; this being 
 long before the blessed day of chloroform. The two 
 cases fairly haunted me for many a long year .” 2 
 But there were forerunners of Simpson long before 
 his day. The Egyptian physicians had a method of 
 benumbing their patients before operations. They 
 probably used a preparation of Indian hemp. It is 
 more than likely that such a preparation was given 
 Ulysses of Homeric fame to assuage his grief. In 
 Chinese annals there is a record of a doctor in the third 
 century, who produced anesthesia in his patients with 
 ma-yo, probably the same drug. A Chinese doctor 
 came to our Soochow hospital one day for the removal 
 of a tumor, the size of a small cabbage, growing from 
 the breast. He anxiously inquired if I had anything 
 with which to relieve pain, and remarked that he could 
 tell me of a local anesthetic which he had used with 
 some success. We gave him ether, but after the opera- 
 tion and recovery, he sent for the ingredients which 
 consisted of an amber colored cake of “ frogs-eye- 
 juice,” said to be made from the inspissated juice of 
 hundreds of eyes taken from frogs. This was dis- 
 solved in a quart of water with several white ex- 
 crescenses taken from the root of a certain tree. The 
 index finger held for five minutes in the solution be- 
 came so numb that it could be pierced with a needle 
 without pain. It was probably a secretion from the 
 
 a Victor Robinson, “ Pathfinders in Medicine.” 
 
j8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 frog itself for the purpose of benumbing insects which 
 it captures for food, but it was none the less remark- 
 able that the Chinese should have hit upon it. The 
 demonstration was impressive, but I concluded that 
 cocaine, which had just been discovered, was more 
 convenient and decidedly more cleanly. 
 
 Before turning from our consideration of the ab- 
 sence of native resources for dealing with sickness and 
 pain a word should be said with regard to dentistry. 
 This branch of medical science is desperately needed 
 throughout the areas under review. In all tropical 
 Africa, for example, dentistry is absolutely unknown. 
 While the African has the reputation of having excel- 
 lent teeth because of their apparent whiteness, the idea 
 is due mainly to the contrast with the ebony hue of the 
 skin. The fact is they suffer much from toothache, 
 and other consequences of carious teeth. Our first 
 patient at Wembo Niama, the morning after our ar- 
 rival, was the wife of the chief who had been in agony 
 for days from an exposed nerve. She was far more 
 sensible than her Chinese sister whom I found with an 
 aching tooth during a visit to the walled city of 
 Kading. The husband of this Chinese woman asked 
 if I could do anything for her. A left molar was so 
 far gone that it needed to be extracted. Catching sight 
 of the forceps, she declared that such an instrument 
 of torture should never enter her mouth, and putting 
 both hands over her face she ran out into the back 
 yard. I returned two weeks later and asked my 
 friend about his wife. He replied, with a twinkle 
 in his eye, that she claimed to be well. She was 
 embarrassed when I asked what the hole in her 
 cheek meant. He explained. After I had gone, a 
 quack doctor from the street was called in, examined 
 her tooth, and gravely informed her there was a 
 worm in it. The wriggling of the w'orm had caused 
 
THE NEED 
 
 19 
 
 the pain. She submitted to his thrusting a long iron 
 needle, the size of a hat pin, through her cheek, 
 and having it driven into the root of the tooth. He 
 then placed a bit of cotton saturated with oil on the 
 end of the needle, and set it on fire. The red hot 
 needle killed the worm, for it had not wriggled for 
 a week. Native art in that case was counted superior 
 to foreign dentistry. 
 
 Dr. G. L. McKay, who spent so many years in For- 
 mosa, was not a dentist, but finding much acute suffer- 
 ing from neglected teeth it was his invariable custom 
 to take his dental instruments with him when he 
 itinerated. He would not infrequently arrive in a vil- 
 lage with Bible in one hand and forceps in the other. 
 Having lined up the patients who sought relief, for 
 they had come to have great confidence in his skill, 
 he and his native assistants would extract the teeth to 
 the number of forty or fifty and then invite the dental 
 congregation to hear the gospel. This they did to his 
 eminent satisfaction since their attention was now 
 diverted from the forceps to the Book. 
 
 It is not for the natives alone that the dental mis- 
 sionary is needed on the field. His services are much 
 in demand by the missionaries themselves who are re- 
 mote from the coast. More than one missionary has 
 been obliged to return home because of decayed teeth 
 or abscesses which have led to rheumatism, indigestion, 
 nervous troubles and auto-intoxication. 
 
 IV. Fields Unoccupied by Medical Missions 
 
 Commission one of the Edinburgh World Missionary 
 Conference, 1910, reported that there were vast 
 populations totaling 122,000,000 in the lands which 
 have not yet been entered by Christian missions and 
 other populations — not computed, but vastly greater 
 — which are in those areas of “ occupied fields ” 
 
20 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 which have not been pioneered by the Christian mis- 
 sionary and for whose occupation no present mis- 
 sionary plans have provided. For all those suffer- 
 ing multitudes there is naturally no medical relief. 
 Into some of the countries the evangelistic missionary 
 might find it difficult to enter and in most of them he 
 would find himself confronted by suspicion and op- 
 position. But what a challenge they offer to the doctor 
 to break open the doors of access for the Christian 
 message ! Moreover, many sections of non-Chris- 
 tian lands that are regarded as occupied by Christian 
 missions are unoccupied from the standpoint of medi- 
 cal missions. 
 
 Let us look at a few of the most neglected fields. 
 Mongolia, as described by Dr. G. H. Bonfield, is six 
 times the size of Germany, with a population of 
 5,000,000, both ignorant and degraded. There are only 
 ten missionaries in all that field. To the east lies 
 Manchuria, and to the west Chinese Turkestan and 
 Sungaria, while Siberia extends for 2,000 miles along 
 its northern frontier. It was from this portion of 
 Asia, over 1,000,000 square miles in area, that Kublai 
 Khan, the greatest general of his age, extended his 
 conquests until China was brought under the Mongol 
 Dynasty, A. D. 1280-1368. His successors “ held sway 
 over a vast and populous empire, embracing many 
 races and tongues, and stretching from the Pacific 
 Ocean westward to Poland and Hungary, and from 
 Siberia southward to the Indian Ocean. 
 
 There is raw stuff in this race out of which strong 
 men are made, but Lamaism has ruined the people, de- 
 graded womanhood, poisoned family life, and fastened 
 upon them an unscrupulous priesthood. The number 
 of Lamas is said to be over sixty per cent of the male 
 population. While under vows of celibacy they make 
 no pretense of chastity. Their power must be broken 
 
THE NEED 
 
 21 
 
 or the nation is lost. The country is an open field for 
 the medical missionary, not one being found in the 
 whole of outer, or eastern Mongolia, though the 
 country is accessible. As to China proper, it is said 
 that all the doctors in Great Britain and Ireland, in- 
 cluding the military, could be used in the one province 
 of Szechwan, so vast is the area and so dense the 
 population. 
 
 The need of medical missionaries in Armenia and 
 in the great stretch of territory through Mesopotamia, 
 and beyond, is more acute today than it was four years 
 ago. Doctors and nurses have died of exhaustion, 
 dysentery and typhus and even by violence. In refer- 
 ring to this need, especially in Armenia, Dr. Clarence 
 D. Ussher, whose wife succumbed, and who came near 
 to losing his own life, writes: “When my hospital 
 was built it was the only civil hospital in a district as 
 large as the whole of New England, New York, Penn- 
 sylvania and New Jersey combined. It is now in 
 ruins, and four times that area is without a civil 
 hospital or an American physician. Most of the Ar- 
 menian and many of the Turkish physicians have died. 
 There ought to be at least one American physician and 
 hospital every two hundred miles, and one at large 
 who could visit the district and send needy cases to 
 the hospital. Every physician in charge of a hospital 
 should have an associate for counsel and assistance.” 
 With the new conditions that prevail since the close of 
 the Great War, there is every prospect of enlarged 
 and wide open fields in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Syria, 
 and Arabia. 
 
 Persia has an area equal to that of France, Spain 
 and Italy, with half of Austria-Hungary added, and 
 yet there are not more than twenty-five medical mis- 
 sionaries representing both American and British So- 
 cieties. Twenty-five doctors for a population of nine 
 
22 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 and a half millions! The absence of hospitals or 
 asylums for the insane, leaves in a helpless condition 
 the poor unfortunates who are mentally diseased. 
 Happy are they if they escape being chained, thrown 
 into stocks, or beaten, upon the theory that the evil 
 spirit must be driven out. It was for this field that 
 Dr. Asahel Grant and his wife sailed from Boston in 
 1833. They penetrated the mountain fastnesses held 
 by the warlike Kurds, had no cover save a tent, and 
 at night fortified themselves with boxes and bales. 
 This devoted couple wrought, endured, and laid foun- 
 dations upon which other heroic workers have built, 
 but all too few for so great a field. 
 
 Turning to Africa, let us glance at Northern Nigeria, 
 an unoccupied medical mission field. Udi, in the 
 upper Niger region, famous for its outlying coal fields, 
 stands on a plateau some 1,200 feet above sea level 
 with a wonderful view of the surrounding country, 
 and is in the center of a great population. “ It was 
 a most heart stirring experience,” Bishop Tugwell 
 writes, “ to stand upon the brow of a cliff and look 
 upon the vast expanse of country, thickly populated, 
 and to realize that throughout that region not a ray 
 of light has as yet penetrated the darkness which for 
 centuries has brooded over the land. I was con- 
 strained to cable to the Church Missionary Society, 
 ‘Immediate expansion, Udi urgent.’” This field of 
 The Niger mission having a population of 3,000,000 
 largely unevangelized, is everywhere open. The mis- 
 sionaries have the ear of the people. The results have 
 been speedy and substantial. But a dark cloud 
 threatenens from the north. It is the Mohammedan 
 advance. “ The unique opportunity so evidently given 
 us by God,” says Archdeacon Dennis, “ should be 
 bought up without delay. For it is passing, and delay 
 is perilous.” 
 
THE NEED 
 
 23 
 
 Dr. Karl Kunim, Secretary of the Sudan United 
 Mission, reinforces this statement by adding that with 
 the exception of a government doctor at Udi, no phy- 
 sician is to be found in all northern Nigeria south of 
 the Denue. Straight across the continent, along that 
 zone of three thousand miles with its scores of strong 
 and independent tribes, there are no missionaries of 
 any kind. Coming further south, there is a tragic 
 absence of medical missionaries in French Equatorial 
 Africa, where there are millions of unreached people ; 
 in British and German East Africa, with hundreds 
 of tribes untouched, and even in the Belgian Congo, 
 the force is pitifully meager, when its fifteen millions 
 are taken into account. In the territory northwest 
 of Lake Albert a vast region is almost wholly un- 
 evangelized. The Africa Inland Mission has estab- 
 lished eight stations here, but they are scarcely in sup- 
 porting distance of each other, and the medical mis- 
 sionary is notable for his absence. 
 
 Little comment has been made upon India and its 
 need, because of the admirable administration of the 
 British government, the existence of the Lady Dufferin 
 System of Hospitals, and the comparatively large 
 number of medical missionaries, men and women, at 
 work in that field. But despite all these factors, we 
 have a frightful mortality among children, a constant 
 recurrence of plague and outbreaks of Asiatic cholera, 
 and a large percentage of the population absolutely 
 unreached by medical aid. This is especially true of 
 the forty million women who are “ behind the purdah,” 
 and inmates of the zenanas. Isolation and ignorance, 
 immorality and disease have worked terrible havoc. 
 Only seven in every thousand women in India can 
 read and write. In commenting upon the situation, 
 Rudyard Kipling says, “ You cannot gather figs from 
 thistles, and so long as the system of infant marriage, 
 
24 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the prohibition of the re-marriage of widows, the life- 
 long imprisonment of wives in a worse than penal 
 confinement, and the withholding from them of any 
 kind of education as rational beings continues, the 
 country cannot advance a step. The foundations of 
 life are rotten, utterly rotten, and beastly rotten. The 
 men talk of their rights and privileges. I have seen 
 the women that bear these men. May God forgive 
 the men.” 
 
 It is the cheapening of human life that we see, and 
 the degradation of womanhood, upon whose elevation 
 and purity the welfare of the country depends. It is 
 life “ spent in grinding poverty and bitter toil,” until 
 the burden of maintaining life becomes too great and 
 disease or death supervenes. These conditions lead to 
 the loss of all recuperative power and when epidemic 
 stalks over the land, the power of resistence is gone. 
 Mr. S. K. Datta is quoted by Sherwood Eddy as say- 
 ing of his own country, “ Villages are blotted out by 
 famine and pestilence and yet the people do not pause to 
 inquire whether such a tragedy is preventable. In the 
 plague areas, when the disease is at its height, some 
 may attempt to escape, but the bulk of the population 
 quietly awaits its doom. The villagers look into the 
 faces of their companions and wonder which of them 
 will be next struck down. There are thousands of 
 children to whom the opportunity of life is never 
 given ; hundreds of women who perish prematurely, 
 worn out with their toil, whom early marriage, neglect, 
 and unhygienic surroundings have killed. Not one of 
 us who believes in the eternal value of the individual 
 soul can view with unconcern this wastage of human 
 life.” 
 
 V. A Typical Field for Medical Missions 
 
 We may take Central Africa as a typical field in its 
 need for medical missions. Sharing in general all 
 
 
Inoculation Against Bubonic Plague in India 
 
THE NEED 
 
 25 
 
 the need that has been mentioned in this chapter, there 
 are three great havoc-working factors operating in 
 this area, and it is difficult to determine which of the 
 three is the most destructive — the witch doctor, sleep- 
 ing sickness and intoxicating liquors. The witch doc- 
 tor is the cause of almost infinite suffering, physical 
 and mental. He is crafty and yet bold, secretive and 
 yet unscrupulous. He seems in his cunning almost 
 to be the special agent of the evil one himself. He 
 loves darkness because his deeds are evil. Like the 
 African spider in the jungle, he sets a snare for the 
 unwary, and entraps those who are ignorant and credu- 
 lous. He deliberately perverts the truth, discovers 
 the weak points of his victim and preys upon their fear 
 of evil spirits. The mukanda, or book, of the white 
 man, is greatly reverenced by the untutored native. 
 To him it is clothed with mystery. He thinks that 
 to the white man it has a voice, but to him who can- 
 not hear the voice, it is possessed of a spirit. I once 
 found a Presbyterian hymn book suspended by a grass 
 string from the ridge pole of a witch doctor’s house. 
 He claimed that it was his biggest medicine. 
 
 Fetishism and witchcraft, according to Dr. Nassau, 
 who speaks with great authority after forty years on 
 the West Coast, are responsible for the death annually 
 of thousands of natives. There is no man in all Africa 
 who can break the spell and overthrow the power of 
 the ngangabuka, or witch doctor, more swiftly or more 
 surely than the medical missionary who is scientific, 
 sympathetic and spiritual. 
 
 Sleeping sickness claims its tens of thousands, where 
 witch-craft claims its thousands. Livngstone gives an 
 interesting description in his Journal of the tsetse fly, 
 or glossina morsitans. “ It is not much larger than 
 the common house fly and is nearly of the same brown 
 color as the honey bee. The after part of the body 
 
26 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 has three or four yellow bars across it; the wings 
 project beyond this part consderably, and it is remark- 
 ably alert, avoiding most dexterously all attempts to 
 capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In 
 the cool of the morning and evening it is less agile. 
 . . . In this journey, though we were not aware of 
 any great number having at any time lighted on our 
 cattle, we lost forty-three fine oxen by its bite.” 
 
 This was several )^ears before the terrible havoc 
 made among human beings by the glossina palpalis. 
 This species has not so wide a range as the morsitans, 
 being found usually in “ fly belts ” along the streams, 
 and requires for its living “ the presence of open water, 
 a wooded district, and a loose soil.” It is remarkable 
 for its cunning ways. It attacks in short, sharp curves 
 and seeks an exposed part, plunging its lance-like 
 proboscis into the skin. Its bite is less irritating than 
 that of the mosquito, but may be deadly to the victim 
 if it happens to be the host of the trypanosome, which 
 is transmitted through the blood and may finally reach 
 the fluid in the canal around the spinal cord. Sir 
 Patrick Manson states that while the tsetse fly is not 
 commonly found in the veldt, and at an elevation of 
 3,000 feet, it has spread down the west coast from 
 Senegambia and has traveled up the water courses 
 of the Congo basin and over the lake region of Uganda, 
 where it has been introduced in recent years. “ Death 
 is believed to be inevitable,” he remarks, “ after the 
 stage of sleeping sickness. . . . The population of 
 the implicated districts of Uganda, originally about 
 300,000, has been reduced in six years to 100,000 by 
 sleeping sickness.” 1 
 
 The importation of alcoholic spirits into Africa, if it 
 has not resulted in a greater mortality than witch- 
 
 1 Sir Patrick Manson, "Tropical Diseases,” p. 163. 
 
THE NEED 
 
 27 
 
 craft or the bite of the tsetse fly, is more demoralizing 
 than the first and more deadly than the second when 
 one considers the range of its pernicious influence in 
 the moral as well as the physical nature. Wherever 
 absinthe and rum have gone they have literally de- 
 stroyed the people soul and body. I paced the deck 
 of a Belgian steamer one day with a French Governor 
 who was returning from Dakar where the Governor 
 General of the French colonies, on the west coast, had 
 called a meeting of administrators. The principal sub- 
 ject under discussion was the evil influence of in- 
 toxicating liquors upon the native African, and it was 
 resolved that there should be a stop put to the use of 
 absinthe, a thing which had been done by the Belgian 
 officials several years before. When it came to rum, 
 my friend, the Governor, shrugged his shoulders and 
 said, “ What can we do as long as you Americans 
 practice its importation? If we prohibit the use of 
 spirits it will be carried into other colonies along the 
 coast and gradually filter into ours.” To convince me 
 of the deadly effects of rum, five cents worth of which 
 would make a native drunk, he took me to the port 
 side of the steamer, pointed to the coast two miles 
 away and inquired with a flash of his eye, “ Do you 
 see that village off there? Ten years ago it had 
 8,000 people ; today there are only 600 ! ” “ Sleeping 
 sickness?” I asked. “No,” he emphatically replied, 
 “Rum!” And then followed an awful statement of 
 debauchery, disease and death brought about by the 
 white man’s curse. 
 
 Dr. C. H. Patton, in the “ Lure of Africa,” perti- 
 nently remarks, “ No race is so quickly and so utterly 
 demoralized by strong drink as the African. Self 
 interest alone on the part of the Colonial Governments 
 dictates that the traffic be suppressed. Yet a faltering 
 course is followed. . , . Colonial Governors realize 
 
28 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the destructive effects of alcohol upon native character 
 and health, and would gladly be rid of the traffic ; but 
 financial considerations stand in the way. In Southern 
 Nigeria the importation of spirits has furnished fifty 
 per cent of the revenues. Rum pays a duty of 200 
 per cent, and gin a duty of 300 per cent ; and yet these 
 deadly liquors are shipped into the country in almost 
 unbelievable amounts.” Then the author adds that 
 Holland, Germany, Great Britain and the United 
 States are the nations that sin the most in the nefarious 
 traffic. It was reported during the year ending April, 
 1916, by the British Board of Trade, that 3,815,000 
 gallons of spirts were imported into British West 
 Africa. During the previous year, there were shipped 
 to the west coast of Africa from the port of Boston, 
 1,571,353 gallons of rum. The Doctor is correct in 
 speaking of the evil as being one of colossal magnitude 
 — threatening the very existence of the west coast 
 tribes. It should have the attention of the entire mis- 
 sionary body, the civil administrative force, and also 
 that of the American government, which, while passing 
 a Constitutional Amendment in favor of prohibition, 
 within its own borders, should take the same high 
 ground in its treatment of the weaker and dependent 
 races, to whom we are sending missionaries to render 
 medical help. 
 
 The world fields and their needs lie before us. It 
 is a vast expanse and an abysmal depth. It is a call 
 with the cry of humanity behind it, on the one hand, 
 and the voice of God above it, on the other. It was 
 Ion Keith Falconer who said, “A call is a need made 
 known and the power to meet that need.” Has not 
 our blessing of health and of the gospel made us 
 debtors to the race ? Has it not rolled a burden upon 
 us — the burden of broken bodies among less favored 
 peoples and the possibility of new and larger life for 
 
THE NEED 
 
 29 
 
 them? With this comes another burden : “ The burden 
 of the proof to show that the circumstances in which 
 God has placed you were meant by Him to keep you 
 out of the foreign field.” 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 “ Heal the Sick.” 
 
 “ I have no hesitation in expressing it as ray solemn con- 
 viction that, as yet, no medium of contact and of bringing the 
 people unto the sound of the Gospel and within the influence 
 of other means of grace can compare with the facilities 
 afforded by Medical Missionary operations.” 
 
 Dr. Peter Parker. 
 
 32 
 
II 
 
 THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 I. The Medical Missionary as Roadbreaker 
 We recognize him at once as a great pioneer of 
 Christianity. Even where he is not the first Christian 
 worker to enter a new territory it is his work that most 
 powerfully opens doors of entrance for the Christian 
 message. It removes prejudice, allays suspicion and 
 interprets the true spirit of Christianity. Take the 
 case of Dr. George E. Post, of Syria. By his integrity 
 and skill he won the confidence of some of the most 
 bigoted and intolerant Moslems. A Bedouin from 
 Palmyra was shot in a blood feud. The hakim, or 
 native doctor, attempted to drain the wound in his 
 side by inserting a rag. It slipped in. The next day 
 he inserted another with the same result. He con- 
 tinued this performance until a mass of rags had 
 accumulated as big as his fist. Profuse suppuration 
 followed, until the lungs and even the spinal column 
 were exposed. He was cured by the missionary, who 
 to the natives seemed to have performed a miracle. 
 But with the modesty characteristic of all these great 
 workers, the doctor said, “ It was not a miracle of 
 mine, only a miracle of modern science, and modern 
 science is a miracle of Christianity.” 
 
 Or take the case of the Christian lady traveler who 
 met a company of Persians on a long journey over the 
 desert. Some were sick and in pain. When she had 
 relieved them by simple remedies from her medicine 
 chest, they gratefully acknowledged, “ We have no 
 
 33 
 
34 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 hakim in the likeness of Jesus.” And many doors of 
 access were opened to Moslem hearts that day. 
 
 The missionaries who stand upon the fringes of 
 great outlying empires, lion-hearted and unafraid, yet 
 tender-souled and full of compassion — these are the 
 men and women who are quietly but steadily winning 
 their way to the very citadels of the non-Christian 
 world. “As I have witnessed the relief of hitherto 
 helpless suffering,” writes Dr. W. J. Elmslie, “ and 
 seen their grateful attempts to kiss my feet, and my 
 very shoes at the door, both of which they would 
 literally bathe with tears — especially as I have seen 
 the haughty Moolah stoop to kiss the boarder of the 
 garment of the despised Christian, thanking God that 
 I would not refuse medicine to a Moslem, and others 
 saying that in every prayer they thanked God for my 
 coming. ... I have wished that more of my pro- 
 fessional brethren might share the luxury of doing 
 such work for Christ.” Elmslie was sent to Kashmir 
 by the Church Missionary Society to open the door to 
 Christian effort. Twice the evangelistic missionaries 
 had been driven out by the fanatical natives. But he 
 secured a foothold and an entrance for the gospel into 
 one of the “ greatest strongholds of heathenism in 
 India.” 
 
 “As a traveler,” wrote Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop 
 some years ago, “ I desire to bear the very strongest 
 testimony that can be borne to the blessings of medical 
 missions w r herever they can be carried on as they ought 
 to be. On the western frontier of China, I should say 
 that a single medical missionary might do more than 
 twenty evangelical missionaries at the present time, 
 and that there is room, I was going to say, for fifty 
 medical missionaries in the world where there is but 
 one now; and not only room for them, but a claim 
 for them.” 
 
Man Cured of Blindness Leads Blind Friends to Hospital 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 35 
 
 Nowhere in the Oriental world has the medical mis- 
 sionary found a larger, more fruitful sphere of service 
 than in China. He has been the dissipator of preju- 
 duce, the roadbreaker, the foundation layer in many 
 a city, and in many a human heart. The immeasurable 
 need and opportunity of China has drawn to it some 
 of the choicest spirits, men and women imbued with 
 the spirit of the Great Physician, such as Dr. Noyes 
 of Canton, David Grant of Chinchow, Arthur Jackson 
 of Moukden, and Lucy Gaynor of Nanking. They had 
 learned that the “ candle of truth ” is a “ candlestick of 
 mercy,” and that of all forms of mercy, medical mercy 
 is the one most needed and least likely to be abused 
 in heathen lands . 1 
 
 Henry M. Stanley cleared a way for a road from the 
 Lower Congo to Stanley Pool through granite rock, 
 matted jungle, and dense forest under an equatorial 
 sun ; and the natives of the Belgian Congo called him 
 “ Bulu Matadi,” the Rockbreaker. So might the medi- 
 cal missionary be named. 
 
 Ignorance, selfishness, uncompromising prejudice, 
 social customs hoary with age, religious fanaticism 
 and racial antagonism running into hostility are bar- 
 riers which in some countries have constituted ada- 
 mantine walls. But they have been breached, smashed, 
 leveled to the ground and, with the dispelling of igno- 
 rance and prejudice and the transformation of hostility 
 into profound respect and permanent friendship, a 
 new order of life in the midst of non-Christian sur- 
 roundings has been built up. 
 
 II. His Standing 
 
 What of the professional standing of these mission- 
 ary men and women who represent the leading insti- 
 tutions of the West? I unhesitatingly reply that they 
 
 1 Elliott I. Osgood, " Breaking Down Chinese Walls.’’ 
 
36 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 are the peers of the members of the medical profes- 
 sion the world over. Dr. John G. Kerr, for years 
 in charge of the Presbyterian Hospital in Canton, 
 “ stood second only to Sir William Thompson in the 
 number of times he had operated for urinary calculus 
 — one thousand three hundred times.” The fee of 
 many surgeons in the United States for one of these 
 operations would have more than paid Dr. Kerr’s 
 salary for a year as a missionary, but most of this 
 surgery was done gratuitously and if a gift was made 
 it went toward the upkeep of the institution. 
 
 Dr. George E. Post, of New York, who became 
 professor of surgery in the Beirut Medical College 1 
 in Syria, was one of the greatest surgeons in any land. 
 Intelligent, skilled, devout, he was a tower of strength 
 to all missionaries along the Mediterranean coast. In 
 addition to his work in hospital and college, he wrote 
 a number of books in the Arabic, such as a treatise 
 on the flora of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, text-books 
 on birds, botany, surgery, materia medica, and a Con- 
 cordance of the Bible. 
 
 Dr. Mary Pierson Eddy returned to Turkey in Asia 
 as a medical missionary in 1893, with six diplomas. 
 The government at first refused a permit. She reso- 
 lutely held on for nearly a year, succeeded, and 
 thereby opened the door for others. In three weeks, 
 at Baalbek, her only helper being a native Bible 
 woman, she performed over forty operations on the 
 eye and treated five hundred new patients. In her 
 journeys waiting crowds surrounded her tent, exclaim- 
 ing, before five in the morning, “ Why, the hakim 
 sleeps so late ! ” 
 
 It is not surprising that men and women of such 
 ability should possess exceptional influence in the com- 
 
 1 Dr. John R. Mott has said of this Medical College that it has 
 practically created the medical profession in the Levant. 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 37 
 
 munities and in some cases throughout the nations to 
 which they go. Three times the Shah of Persia urged 
 Dr. G. W. Holmes, of Hamadan, to become his per- 
 sonal physician. He was invested with the insignia 
 of the Order of the Lion and the Sun, the highest 
 in the power of the Prince. Dr. Wm. S. Vanneman 
 was “ called on medically by almost every person of 
 prominence, the Crown Prince, the Governor, and the 
 nobility,” but the helpless poor of Tabriz always had 
 the preference, and the rich were often declined from 
 lack of time. There are many missionary physicians 
 and surgeons today in India, Africa and other lands 
 to whose hospitals native princess and statesmen come 
 long distances for treatment and whose personal in- 
 fluence is recognized near and far. 
 
 Dr. Speer in speaking of his journey through Persia 
 says it was “ one long testimony to Dr. [Joseph] 
 Cochran’s power. He was our passport and defense.” 
 The chief of a band of robbers walked in one day to 
 see the doctor. The quiet little man looked the chief 
 squarely in the eye and said, * So you are the rascal 
 who commits these outrages? I have heard of you. 
 Your name is a stench in the country. Would it not 
 be well to stop?’ The man’s face turned pale, and 
 he soon went out very quietly.” 
 
 These fearless, heroic toilers in the Near East and 
 the Far East, in the centers of population and the 
 waste places of the earth, men and women who are 
 opening the door for Christianity and for a higher 
 civilization everywhere, would be a credit to their pro- 
 fession in any land. 
 
 Of course their skill is rapidly developed by the 
 very nature of their work. Whatever latent abilities 
 are in the missionary doctor are certain to be brought 
 forth by emergencies. He is continually being faced 
 by the unexpected and is driven to call upon every 
 
38 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 resource that is in him. Many a medical missionary, 
 with no trained assistant beside him and with almost 
 none of the facilities which if he were practising in 
 the homeland he would regard as indispensable, has 
 found himself sudednly called upon to attend to an 
 emergency case. In the lives of some of them this is 
 of almost everyday occurrence and it is an expanding 
 element in their development. 
 
 Resourcefulness, the talent of meeting the unex- 
 pected and doing the right thing, is one of the chief 
 qualifications required in all foreign missionary 
 workers and in the exercise of it they become greater 
 men and women. Often missionaries who have had 
 no medical training whatever are called upon to render 
 medical assistance and the degree of self-reliance and 
 ingenuity and aptitude they exhibit in these emer- 
 gencies is at times surprising. A messenger came one 
 night to Rev. W. G. Cram, of Korea, in breathless 
 haste, urging that he save the life of a woman stabbed 
 in a brawl. He declined on the ground of his not be- 
 ing a surgeon. The messenger would not be put off, 
 saying that if she died, other lives might be lost in 
 retaliation. He reluctantly followed, and, upon enter- 
 ing the house, found the woman with a terrible slash 
 in her right side, the intestines protruding through the 
 gaping wound. For the moment he fell back aghast 
 and declared his inability to do anything. Her friends 
 urged the necessity of the case. He bethought him- 
 self of the needle and thread and clean towels his 
 wife might provide, and a bottle of carbolic acid. 
 Ordering water to be boiled, he went to his home, 
 returned with these articles, soaked needle and thread 
 in the antiseptic, disinfected his hands, wrung the 
 towels out of hot water, washed the viscera, replaced 
 them carefully, sewed up the wound and dressed it to 
 the best of his ability. The woman made a good re- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ambulance Patented by 'Dr. PIenry W. Boone of St. Luke’s Hospital, Shanghai 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 39 
 
 covery, and to his embarrassment Mr. Cram’s fame 
 traveled through all that country. With grit and 
 gumption of that sort, that man would have made a 
 successful medical missionary. 
 
 It is the general testimony of scientific and other 
 travelers in mission lands that medical missionaries 
 in general rank high and that a strikingly large pro- 
 portion of them are to be classed among the elite of 
 the profession. This high standing is due in part to 
 the standards of talent and training by which they are 
 selected, in part to the developing nature of their work 
 and in part to the spirit that drives them and gives 
 quality to all that they do. 
 
 But of missionaries as of others it is true that real 
 greatness lies in deeds, not in words, nor in name. 
 It is embedded in the life, in character, in purpose and 
 in motive. It is unconscious of itself. To be sure, 
 every man should be able to take the measure of his 
 powers, as well as to understand his limitations. Self- 
 respect is quite compatible with humility. But when 
 pride of greatness comes, greatness disappears. “ The 
 most subtle device of Satan for the undoing of a 
 man’s soul is to tempt him to use opportunities of 
 public service for the pursuit of selfish ends,” says 
 an English writer, and adds, “ There is no prayer 
 which should be oftener on the lips of a public man 
 than a clause in the Moravian liturgy: ‘From the 
 
 unhappy desire of being great, Good Lord, deliver 
 us ! ”’ It is right to pray to be good, to be true, and 
 to be useful to the highest point of efficiency, but men 
 are never great when they seek to achieve greatness 
 for its own sake. Neither do men become great by a 
 single stroke ; they grow into it by heroic mastery of 
 themselves, and by moral and spiritual forces which 
 work as silently but as surely as gravitation. 
 
 The outstanding figures in the history of medical 
 
40 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 missions have been men and women of deep humility. 
 Indeed one of the most beautiful characteristics of 
 such medical missionaries as Post of Syria and Kerr 
 of China, is the moderate estimate which they put upon 
 their abilities and work. Such men have realized that, 
 after all, it was not their own achievement, but God 
 in His mighty power working through them. And 
 it has been this very modesty and simplicity of faith 
 which have commended them to those to whom they 
 have been sent. “ In judging of my own character and 
 abilities,” writes one of the most eminent, “ I may 
 say that I am only a plodder of average talents, and 
 of plain common sense. If remarkable for anything 
 it has been for industry and perseverance, working 
 steadily on one line and toward one object.” Dr. 
 Harold Schofield had said of him by a friend, in re- 
 ferring to the wonderful success and distinction he 
 achieved at Oxford University and elsewhere, “ The 
 humility which others have to learn by failure, he 
 seemed to learn by success.” He won distinction in 
 almost every department of effort. Several scholar- 
 ships were assigned him, covering from one to three 
 years each and amounting in the aggregate to $7,000. 
 These included a Greek Testament prize, one in 
 Zoology, and another in Geology. But through it all, 
 he remained humble, trustful and open-minded. 
 
 How unconsciously and how truly great was Dr. 
 J. C. Hepburn! Though too timid at times to lift up 
 his voice in public, yet he wrought himself into the 
 life of the Japanese nation, laid the foundations for 
 righteousness by his superb translation of the Scrip- 
 tures, received a decoration at the hands of the Em- 
 peror, and enshrined himself as “ the good physician ” 
 in the hearts of the common people to whom he minis- 
 tered for nearly half a century. This humble mission- 
 ary was, in a sense, “ the father of modern medicine 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 41 
 
 in Japan.” Neither he nor Dr. Bethune McCartee, also 
 of the Presbyterian Board, who came over from 
 Ningpo, China, and was one of the first professors of 
 the Imperial University, realized whereunto it would 
 all grow. They contented themselves with laying the 
 foundations, deep and out of sight; others built the 
 superstructure, and the world marvels at it all ! Dr. 
 John R. McDill of Chicago, surgeon for years in the 
 Philippines, and author of “ Tropical Surgery,” admits 
 that the Japanese Medical Corps at Peking during the 
 Boxer Movement in 1900 was “ superior to that of any 
 other nation.” 1 This record was due to the study of 
 Western medicine by the Japanese, and so was in- 
 directly a result of medical missionary work. 
 
 III. His Supreme Contribution 
 
 Men like these remind us that a great life is one that 
 is constrained by a great love — a love that has spring 
 in it, impulsion, and a sense of high privilege. To 
 such a life there must always come a sense of duty, 
 but reaching far above and beyond is the higher sense 
 of privilege which gives vision, altitude, and a realiza- 
 tion of a Christly mission. 
 
 It is this sense of a Christly mission that makes 
 possible the greatest contribution of the medical mis- 
 sionary to the life of the people he serves. His su- 
 preme contribution is the exemplification of the spirit 
 of Jesus Christ. And who more than the medical 
 missionary is in a position to exemplify that spirit? 
 However talented and highly trained a missionary 
 
 1 From another source I quote the following: 44 The statistics taken 
 
 from General Oku’s army of 75,990 men during the Russo-Japa.iese 
 War had but 18 7 typhoid cases. They reduced their dysentery cases 
 from over 12,000 in the Chinese War to 6,624 in the Russian War; 
 their cholera cases from over 7,000 to none; and their malaria fever 
 cases from 41,734 to 1,257. This was in spite of the fact that their 
 army in the Russian War was three times the size of that employed 
 in the Chinese War.” 
 
42 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 may be, it is the degree in which he incarnates the 
 loving, serviceable spirit of the Redeemer of all life 
 that is the measure of his power, J 
 
 It takes a Christly man to reveal a Christlike God. 
 The non-Christian believes there is a God, but does 
 not know Him — He seems too vague and far off. 
 The Christian knows there is a God, but too often does 
 not believe and obey Him because He seems unreal. 
 Jesus Christ came to reveal God as Father and make 
 Him real. The missionary, if he really incarnates 
 the spirit of Jesus, reveals the Christ as the Great 
 Brother of humanity who, by His life in the flesh, 
 gives to truth a new setting and to service a new 
 power. Even the preaching of the Gospel to the many 
 and the few, in season and out of season, carries less 
 emphasis with the non-Christian than the power of 
 Christ finding expression in human personality. Dr. 
 Robert E. Speer, in his life of Dr. Joseph Cochran, 
 says of this splendid medical missionary to the Per- 
 sians, “ Every one who came into any kind of close 
 personal relations with him, felt and recognized the 
 stimulus of his personality and was made stronger 
 by it. Much as he was to the people, he was more to 
 his fellow-workers, for all that he did was of minor 
 importance compared to what he was. For it was the 
 Spirit of Christ that was his own inspiration ; it was 
 the love of Christ that constrained him, and made him 
 a lover of his kind.” 
 
 Is this not an illustration of the truth of the saying, 
 “ If you want to convince a man, let loose a life at 
 him?” Talk is cheap but the logic of a life is irre- 
 sistible. Thought must be followed by action, high 
 purpose by noble deeds, renewal of ideals by a yet 
 higher life, or all will be a miserable failure. It was 
 the sense of duty and the ever-present consciousness 
 of higher things that constrained the biographer of 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 43 
 
 the first medical missionary to Japan, to say of him 
 that he was “ ever seeking his life out of himself in 
 God. . . . With the ignorant, conceited, or im- 
 
 petuous, instead of magisterial haughtiness, he held 
 rather the attitude of a discerning physician of souls. 
 . . . With Hephurn, life was ‘ the energy of 
 
 Love.’ ” 1 The supreme contribution of the medical 
 missionary is the measure of his incarnating of the 
 love of God. 
 
 IV. His Double Errand 
 
 The glory of Christianity lies in its mission to lost 
 men. The Great Master of us all said, “ The Son of 
 Man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.” 
 Sin drags man down to his worst. Christ would bring 
 man up to his best. If there is no best in him, He 
 creates desires, aspirations, ideals and loves, which 
 change an empty life into an overflowing life, and an 
 incomplete life into one like unto that of the Son of 
 God. 
 
 The world’s greatest need today is a ministry that 
 will take both body and soul into the count. Chris- 
 tianity places a large emphasis upon the health and 
 soundness of the body, which it holds is the temple for 
 the abode of the Spirit of the living God. Men may 
 not be conscious of their birthright, but they were 
 created in the image of God, and are to be restored 
 to a realization of Sonship. The world needs big- 
 hearted men, courageous and high-souled, whose sym- 
 pathy can overleap every boundary, whose love can 
 lavish itself upon those for whom Christ died, however 
 remote and however depraved — men with medicine 
 for the body and medicine for the soul, men who are 
 expert to prevent and repair physical loss and who 
 can repeat with loving authority, “ Though your sins 
 
 1 W. E. Griffis, "Life of J. C. Hepburn.” pp. 9, 10, 
 
44 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though 
 they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.” 
 
 The work and the worker must ever find their high 
 type in Jesus Christ, the first Medical Missionary. 
 “And Jesus went about in all Galilee teaching in the 
 synagogues and preaching the Gospel of the Kingdom, 
 and healing all manner of disease and all manner of 
 sickness among the people .” 1 His was a mission to 
 diseased human nature as well as to the halt, the 
 maimed, the deaf and the blind. He could restore the 
 soul of man, and rehabilitate his body. How wonder- 
 ful those words at the very opening of His ministry 
 at Nazareth: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, 
 because He hath anointed me to preach the Gospel to 
 the poor ; He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, 
 to preach deliverance to the captives and recovery 
 of sight to the blind ; to set at liberty them that are 
 bruised, and to preach the acceptable year of the 
 Lord .” 2 He did not simply heal disease, He restored 
 shrunken capacity. He preached a Gospel to the 
 whole man, and sought to make man whole through 
 the Gospel that He preached. The physician, teacher 
 and preacher were in Him so beautifully intertwined 
 that they became a trinity of life-giving service. The 
 body, through His magic touch, becomes the temple 
 of the Holy Spirit, the mind the organ of God’s 
 thought, and the soul of man the candle of the Lord, 
 burning, and shining as it burns. 
 
 Jesus did not go out of His way to prove His di- 
 vinity by His miracles, though they unquestionably 
 attested His divine nature and power. He did not 
 attempt to prove anything. He came to reveal the 
 Father and to live a life. In the living of that life 
 of compassion, He gave the fullest proof of His true 
 
 1 Matt. 4:23. 
 
 • Luke 4:18,19. 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 45 
 
 nature and mission. His miracles of healing were 
 wrought out of His sympathy and love for man. They 
 seemed almost to burst forth into light wherever He 
 touched human bodies and met human needs. 
 
 What a noble catalogue might be written of those 
 men and women who as medical missionaries have fol- 
 lowed their great Exemplar on His double errand to 
 humanity ! Let us take for illustration Dr. U. H. 
 Nixon, who surrendered a lucrative practice in Texas, 
 sold his house, disposed of his effects and, taking his 
 family, went at the call of the Church to Monterey, 
 Mexico. Splendid fellow he was — a great Christian 
 and a great physician. Hundreds were treated in his 
 hospital wards, and thousands listened to his words 
 in the chapel. Then came Yellow Jack up from 
 Tampico. A weekly letter to the Secretary of the 
 Mission Board told of the ravages of the epidemic. 
 Nixon’s wife and children were smitten. His nurses 
 succumbed. Yellow fever had seized its victims in 
 almost every house. Then followed the telegram that 
 he himself was ill. Finally the last message — an 
 envelope containing a prescription blank on which was 
 penciled the farewell. True as steel, prompt and un- 
 flinching as the fellows who have served the military 
 hospitals in the Balkans and died of typhus, he an- 
 swered the call of duty. 
 
 Upon my way home one evening, in Nashville, Ten- 
 nessee, I passed the gate of a hospital. The house 
 surgeon was standing there for the moment and I 
 caught his eye. Seeing that something unusual had 
 happened, I stopped to hear the story. A brakeman 
 had been crushed under the wheels of a freight train. 
 The railroad surgeon was summoned, examined the 
 patient, turned from the bedside and said there was 
 no hope. “ But he is not a Christian. Are you not 
 going to tell him that he must die ? ” asked C. B. Han- 
 
46 MEDICAI MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 son, the young doctor. “ Tell him yourself, I cannot,” 
 was his reply, as he turned on his heel and left the 
 hospital. The house surgeon returned to his patient, 
 took him by the hand, looked him in the eye, and told 
 him that he had less than three hours to live. He must 
 make his preparation to die. The young brakeman 
 was at first incredulous, but grasping the truth, re- 
 quested Hanson to kneel by his side and pray, while 
 he confessed his sins and committed his soul to God. 
 Athwart the darkening shadows that settled rapidly 
 across the cot that afternoon, there fell a great light, 
 and a joy came into the hearts of two men, and of 
 the angels. The story, told so simply and so earnestly, 
 gripped me. I felt that a man with a soul like that 
 ought to be a medical missionary and told him so. He 
 went to Mexico. He took the place of Nixon who had 
 fallen, carried the work with marked ability, comforted 
 many hearts, led scores to Christ, was himself stricken 
 with pellagra, and laid down his life — a faithful soldier. 
 
 Is it any wonder that men and women who preach 
 and live this double gospel, whose errand is so closely 
 patterned on that of their Lord and whose work is so 
 accurate an obedience to His commission are filled 
 with exuberant hope? The missionary, as a rule, is 
 the most optimistic worker in all the world. His 
 cheerfulness is proverbial. It is the optimism of an 
 aggressive Christianity — a Christianity which does not 
 dig in, but takes the field, and in the fight with evil 
 is as terrible as an army with banners. It is a hope- 
 fulness that springs from humanity’s conquering faith 
 in the ultimate triumph of the right, in the unshakable 
 and ineradicable hope of immortality, and in the power 
 and persistence of the truth. Nay, it is rooted in the 
 very work and character of God. The great mission- 
 aries have always placed themselves in line with God’s 
 providence, resolved to do His will, however things 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 4 7 
 
 might come out. The results have been left with Him 
 “ When we are assured,” says Bishop Brent, “ that we 
 are called by God to a task and have His interest and 
 supervision, our sole responsibility is to commit our- 
 selves to the activities involved. Tire ultimate issue is 
 not the worker’s concern.” So it is with the medical 
 missionary. 
 
 Or is it any wonder that so many men and women 
 of vision, of heroism, of the spirit of service have 
 leaped to a task like this, that they have found their 
 imaginations captured, their devotion challenged, their 
 love for humanity compelled by so rich and sweeping 
 an opportunity to serve to the uttermost? 
 
 V. His Motive 
 
 For what, after all, has been the driving motive in 
 Henry West and Mary Pierson Eddy and Kenneth 
 McKenzie and all the other men and women who have 
 poured the strength of their lives into the abundant 
 service of medical missions ? What has been the cen- 
 tral, directing force? It is the divine love in the 
 missionary’s life, giving singleness and strength of 
 purpose. In the absence of such impelling love, any 
 man may well question the genuineness and the vitality 
 of his faith. David Livingstone, pioneer and medical 
 missionary in Africa, in referring to his conversion, 
 writes : “A sense of deep obligation to Him for His 
 mercy has influenced, in some small measure, my con- 
 duct ever since ... In the glow of love, which Chris- 
 tianity inspires, I soon resolved to devote my life to 
 the alleviation of human misery.” This dynamic is 
 central in the heart of the great Father of the race. 
 He loved and therefore gave. In giving, He withheld 
 nothing. He gave His best, and His beloved Son in 
 the spirit of infinite sacrifice withheld not Himself. 
 
 We lose sight of the other man when we have lost 
 
48 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 sight of God. Confucianism, with its agnostic teach- 
 ing, ignores God and deals only with the relations of 
 man. “Judaism had two coordinate points — God and 
 , man. These were the two foci of the curve. Chris- 
 / tianity has three — God, man and the other man. The 
 distinction of Christianity is that it puts man in his 
 own place, between God and his neighbor; and teaches 
 him that he may receive grace from the one, which he 
 may and must transmute into energy for the sendee of 
 the other .” 1 It is not because the other man is so far, 
 but because our selfish aim is so near. It obscures not 
 only the one man and his need, but all men with their 
 greater need. Are we willing to remain quietly at 
 home and see whole tribes and nations go down under 
 their burdens ? Are we willing, with our magnificent 
 heritage, to stand “ outside all the big hopes and all the 
 big fights of humanity?” A selfishness which ever 
 seeks its own good and looks not for the good of 
 another is deliberate moral and spiritual suicide. “ The 
 missionary enterprise of the Church, the momentous 
 social movements of our time, these are dragging be- 
 cause so many of us are spending on ourselves what 
 we were meant to spend upon the world. Selfishness 
 entails not only lost souls but a lost world.” But re- 
 member, when a world goes down, we go down with it. 
 
 VI. Who Follows ? 
 
 A thrill of joy comes to every man who can throw 
 himself into a life undertaking — one worth living for, 
 and equally worth dying for. A man is never so great 
 as when he has a sense of mission — never so invincible 
 as when he grips a great purpose. It springs him to 
 his best. It makes him immortal. But the purpose 
 must grip him. He must become possessed by it, if 
 
 1 Roberts, "The Renaissance of Faith.” p. ioo. 
 
THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 
 
 49 
 
 he would measure up to the highest demands of God 
 and humanity. It makes life count for something — 
 for the most possible. Such a man does not rest upon 
 the belief that the world owes him a living. He is 
 convinced that he owes the world a life and that that 
 life should be related to God’s plan. 
 
 The plan of God is built around the needs of men. 
 Every man who believes in God has a share in it. The 
 share may be very small, but it is very real. It may be 
 in an obscure corner of the earth, but it counts. Your 
 lot may be simply that of lifting your fellow-man off 
 the scrap-pile. That of another may be a mighty con- 
 structive effort for the uplift of humanity. The one 
 may be small in detail, the other, building in the large. 
 But it is all lending a hand, lifting a voice, living a 
 life, and offering a service of help and of good cheer. 
 
 It matters little where the plan of God leads us. 
 It matters muoh that our lives are rightly set down in 
 the work and in the place marked for them in the 
 divine plan. For Livingstone it meant the work of an 
 explorer and pioneer medical missionary in Africa. 
 He was on God’s errand and he knew it. To the 
 Directors of the London Missionary Society he wrote 
 from the remote interior of the Dark Continent saying 
 that he was at their disposal “ to go anywhere — 
 provided it be FO RIVARD.” The sense of mission 
 never left him. In it there were blended a heart of 
 tenderness and a will of iron. It was illustrated, on 
 the one hand, by a night ride against the entreaties of 
 his friends through a forest infested by wild beasts to 
 save a poor native who had been gored in the abdomen 
 by the thrust of a black rhinoceros. On the other hand, 
 it emerged in his reply when troubles multiplied, and 
 his brother Charles proposed he should give up the 
 difficult task and settle in America: “ I am a mission- 
 ary, heart and soul. God had an only Son, and He 
 
50 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 was a missionary and a physician. In this service I 
 hope to live ; in it I wish to die.” 
 
 There are times in the history of the world when 
 men and women must accept great tasks and make 
 great decisions. This is one of them. Never before 
 were demands for medical missionaries so imperative. 
 Never before was there such a rush of opportunity, 
 never such a pressure of responsibility growing out 
 of the march of events, the cumulative needs of hu- 
 manity, and the providence of God. 
 
 President Henry Churchill King speaks of “ the 
 natural birth-hours of great decisions,” and adds, 
 that “ they should not be allowed lightly to pass.” 
 There are indeed hours that come to every man when 
 deep-seated convictions are conceived and far-reaching 
 decisions are born. They may grow slowly from the 
 sense of one’s obligation to serve his fellowman. Or 
 they may come under the lightning-like flash of a 
 revelation of God’s will and of a world’s need. When 
 they do come, they are to be accepted as God’s way of 
 sweeping a man’s life out into a larger sphere of duty. 
 
 A call to fill the life with service is always God’s 
 call. It may be the inner voice of duty; but it is 
 His call. It may be an open door; that is the voice 
 of Providence. It may be the urgent need of a mis- 
 sionary doctor; that is the voice of the Church. It 
 may be the cry of humanity for help; that becomes an 
 imperious demand and must be obeyed. The call is 
 of God — the answer is by man. “ Here am I, send 
 me,” said David Livingstone. Just so have answered 
 a host of men and women who have fared forth to 
 serve as medical missionaries — physicians, surgeons, 
 nurses, sanitary engineers, athletic directors, medical 
 instructors — into the lands where the task of physical 
 reconstruction is so sorely and urgently needed. Who 
 follows in their train? 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE OF MEDICAL 
 MISSIONS 
 
“ Medical Missions are an expression of the whole message 
 of Jesus Christ to the individual, the healing of the body, 
 the enlightening of the mind, the redeeming of the soul.” 
 
 Dr. Henry T. Hodgkin. 
 
 “ Now, while all pursuits ought to be of the nature of 
 callings, there are two which may be said to be callings par 
 excellence, namely, the Christian ministry and the ministry 
 to the sick. In the ideal physician, as in his Lord, these 
 callings are blended.” 
 
 Dr. Howard A. Kelly. 
 
Ill 
 
 THE AIM AND SCOPE OF MEDICAL 
 MISSIONS 
 
 In this chapter, with some inevitable repitition, we 
 are to consider the objective and the range of the 
 medical missonary’s work. 
 
 1. The Aim and Scope Defined 
 
 The one great aim of medical missions is to present 
 Christ to suffering and sinful men. To undertake less 
 is to reduce a high calling to a secular profession, a 
 mere philanthropy, or to the art of healing as a science 
 pure and simple. In scope it is inclusive of every 
 legitimate and available means of curing dsease and 
 of allayng the suffering of the individual ; of minister- 
 ing to the sick in the home and in the hospital; of 
 guarding the health of the community and of the State, 
 and, through all of these channels, of making Christ 
 known whenever and wherever opportunity may offer. 
 The one supreme purpose of every missionary, whether 
 evangelistic, educational, industrial, literary or medi- 
 cal, is to present Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the 
 Saviour of the world, to preach His gospel by being 
 His witness, by proclaiming the truth, by a ministry 
 of mercy, by the daily life, and by every worthy and 
 effective means for the promotion of the brotherhood 
 of Christly men, and the extension of the Kingdom 
 of God. 
 
 “ Medical Missions,” says Dr. James L. Barton, 
 “ have not lost in the least degree their original aim 
 
 53 
 
54 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 and purpose. They represent the compassionate 
 Christ yearning over the suffering masses of His 
 ignorant children, to whom He stretches out His hands 
 in loving invitation. At the same time they are intro- 
 ducing among the people of the East a new profes- 
 sion, are making the modern medical school and hos- 
 pital indigenous to the Orient, and are constructing 
 barriers through which epidemics and scourges that 
 seem to breed in those countries may not break .” 1 
 Medical mission work is preventive, curative, re- 
 demptive and constructive. Initially the physician 
 bends every effort to heal diseased humanity; then he 
 must throw himself into the wider field of applying 
 modern medical science to prevent disease in the in- 
 dividual, and to check the ravages of epidemics, and 
 finally to eliminate them not only in the community 
 where he lives and 'works but in all the world. His 
 is a world task on this level. Beyond this, however, 
 and on a higher plane, he becomes an exponent of 
 spiritual forces set in motion for the redemption of 
 humanity from a life of sin and moral degeneration 
 to a life of personal purity and efficient service. Here 
 his constructive work begins. He is a builder of a 
 social order which is an integral part of the Kingdom 
 of God among men. It is not the Utopia of the 
 philosophers, nor heaven brought down to earth ac- 
 cording to the notion of the Jew, but the divine life, 
 and power to live that life, wrought into the conscious- 
 ness of men — a life which is meant to interpenetrate, 
 
 1 " Human Progress Through Missions,” p. 67. The truth of this 
 statement is reenforced by the fact that when the capital of Chnia 
 was threatened by the plague tnat was ravaging the Province of Man- 
 churia, the Missionary Medical College in Peking was agreed upon 
 by the Chinese officials as the most suitable place for planning the cam- 
 paign against the epidemic. Medical missionaries had large leadership 
 “ ,n organizing and carrying out preventive measures, and the students 
 in the Mission College were the mainstay of the Chinese Government 
 in the crisis.” 
 
Fighting the Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 
 A Search-party Going From House to House 
 

 
 
 
 ■» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 55 
 
 transform, and uplift, until men shall come to realize 
 that God is their Father, and that they may become 
 His restored and reinvigorated children. “ Every 
 civilizing influence that the missionary can bring to 
 bear upon the people, and that gives to Christianity 
 a practical aspect, every such form of missionary ef- 
 fort, when made to observe the one great purpose, 
 lies within the scope of the Divine commission and 
 should have its place in the missionary enterprise .” 1 
 No man is called upon so much as the medical mis- 
 sionary to combine the secular and religious, the ma- 
 terial and the spiritual, to bring them together, to 
 fuse and make their forces work to the same great 
 end. It is the function of Christianity constantly to 
 widen the sphere of religion and not to narrow it. It 
 is the genius of Christianity not to be divorced from 
 life but, like the leaven, which a woman took and hid 
 in three measures of meal, to permeate and work per- 
 sistently and powerfully until it is all leavened. “ Ye 
 are the salt of the earth.” Jesus would not pray that 
 His disciples should be taken from the world, but, 
 while they were to be held to their task, He besought 
 the Father that they might be kept from the evil one. 
 Sin and shame, disease and death are present in the 
 world — constantly present, and as widespread as 
 humanity. Man to be saved must be redeemed in 
 every part of his being. ( The medical missionary 
 moves among the dead and dying. He touches life on 
 ? every side ; he deals with material as well as spiritual 
 forces, but through it all he must be the light that 
 radiates, the leaven that permeates, and the salt that 
 preserves and becomes the savor of life unto life. '] 
 With him there is neither secular nor religious as 
 separated from each other. His reverence for human- 
 
 1 John Lowe, "Medical Missions: Their Place and Power.” 
 
56 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 ity lifts and transfigures his daily task into a divine 
 mission. 
 
 The gospel is revealed to us in world terms, and 
 is inclusive of nature and all of man, as well as of all 
 men. Canon Freemantle teaches that the world, lying 
 in the bondage of sin, is subject to redemption. 
 “ There was always the hope,” he writes, “ that at last 
 the creation itself would also be set free from the 
 thraldom of decay.” In the deliverance from such 
 bondage man is freed from the burden of a diseased 
 body and is given an opportunity to rise to the powers 
 of manhood restored to its pristine strength. Who 
 would not covet a share in bringing about such a 
 restoration ? How exalted such a mission ! 
 
 The conservation of energy is one of the great dis- 
 coveries of modern science. The redemption of nature 
 and of man is logically to be accompanied and followed 
 by the conservation of physical forces and moral ener- 
 gies — all to be turned into the channels of a re- 
 creative and constructive era. Any man may consider 
 it a high privilege to have a share in one or all of 
 these processes. The medical missionary is singularly 
 happy in that he lays one hand upon the material and 
 the other upon the spiritual forces which enter into 
 the divine scheme for the restoration of a universe. 
 He is called to the work of building manhood and 
 womanhood upon foundations wrought into the physi- 
 cal life, upon which the spiritual superstructure is to be 
 based. Sometimes it is a re-creation out of poor 
 human wreckage ; more often it is magnificent ma- 
 terial of latent powers he has to work upon. Were 
 men made out of any other stuff, it might be a hopeless 
 task. But the good work does not stop with the body. 
 The life of sense is superseded by the life of the spirit. 
 That which is seen yields to the unseen and that which 
 is mortal yields to immortality. 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 57 
 
 II. Medical Missions an Evangelizing Agency 
 
 The medical missionary is first a missionary and 
 second a doctor. His work is primarily spiritual rather 
 than humanitarian. After all, while there may be 
 many gifts, there is but one ministry of Christly ser- 
 vice through which the gospel is propagated, the truth 
 exemplified, and the life of the Church expressed. 
 “ The true Christian apologetic is the redemptive work 
 of the Church.” It is this ministry to men in the 
 name of Jesus Christ that wins the battles of the Chris- 
 tian faith, and winning, finds Him in the van through 
 whom we are more than conquerors. 
 
 Lest we are betrayed into undue emphasis and en- 
 thusiasm on the merely physical and material side, we 
 quote from an eminent missionary author : 
 
 If medical missions are to come to their own, in the mind 
 and heart of the Church on the mission field, their undoubted 
 service to the cause of humanity must never be allowed to 
 assume so large a place as to divert attention from their 
 supreme mission in making known by word, as well as by 
 deed, the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. Not that the work 
 of healing the sick is to be lowered in estimation and the 
 equally mistaken view supported that Christianity and phi- 
 lanthropy are spheres apart, but that medical missions by 
 declared aim and constant practice, by Board at home and 
 by medical missionary on the field, must present a sphere of 
 missionary activity in which the dominant note shall be the 
 setting forth of the evangel of Christ and the redemption of 
 the whole man for His glorious Kingdom. 
 
 Let no one imagine that medical missions are here classified 
 as a by-product. From the days of Christ until the present 
 hour the sacred art of healing has been one of the most 
 powerful means of winning an indifferent or an openly hostile 
 people to a recognition of the truth. The medical missionary 
 preaches by the silent practice of his profession as powerfully, 
 and, at times, even more eloquently than does the clerical 
 missionary speaking from the sacred desk. The medical mis- 
 sionary and his dispensary and hospital are not a by-product; 
 
58 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 they are among the most irersistible forces for the Chris- 
 tianization of the East. 1 
 
 The spiritual function of the medical missionary 
 is like that of the evangelist. He is as truly a mission- 
 ary as his ministerial brother. Both have offered and 
 been accepted for the great work of the redemption 
 of humanity, and they are equally unworthy of the 
 name they bear if they fail to make the work of repre- 
 senting Christ the grand aim and purpose of their 
 presence in the mission field. As for the extent and 
 reach of the spiritual influence of the medical mission- 
 ary there are no limitations save those of time and 
 strength. 
 
 Medical missions may not stand first, but they stand 
 a close second to evangelism in the work of redemp- 
 tion. They are a form of evangelism and have been 
 greatly used of God in saving men. They have passed 
 from the pioneering to the constructive stage. They 
 are related not only to the individual, but to the com- 
 munity as a whole. Medical missionaries have, as a 
 rule, been highly honored and influential in the com- 
 munities where they have lived and labored. They 
 have stood for education, sanitation, reform move- 
 ments and all that makes for progress in social and 
 civic life. Their work has been the best illustration 
 of Christianity adjusting itself to the needs of modern 
 men. It is Christianity at work. But neither educa- 
 tion nor reform, nor even healing, important as they 
 may be, should obscure the one great aim — the bring- 
 ing of men to know Christ. The doctor must re- 
 member too that his relations to his patients give him 
 exceptional opportunities, with a corresponding re- 
 sponsibility, to present Christ. The difficulty of the 
 evangelistic missionary in approaching men as indi- 
 
 1 James L. Barton, "Progress Through Missions,” p. 61. 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 59 
 
 viduals does not apply to him. They deal much with 
 men en masse, he comes into direct and personal con- 
 tact. The sense of hostility is removed and the barrier 
 of separation is broken down. The intimate relation- 
 ship of physician and patient creates a sense of con- 
 fidence, and seeds are sown which ripen into friend- 
 ship. Could there be a more open way of approach? 
 The doctor shares with the patient the divine gift of 
 friendship as well as that of healing. 
 
 Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie, writing from Tientsin, 
 March 4, 1887, gave the following reasons why the 
 medical missionary should be active in evangelistic 
 work : 
 
 First — He can best influence his own patients. 
 
 Second — His assistants will be, under God, largely 
 what he makes them. 
 
 Third — Unless he attends to it, the full value of the 
 medical missions as a Christianizing agency will not 
 be developed. 
 
 Fourth — His own spiritual life requires it. 
 
 It has already been pointed out that medical missions 
 have had more influence in disarming fanaticism than 
 any other department of the service. Dr. Pennell of 
 the Afghan frontier is a standing illustration of the 
 ability of the medical missionary to carry the influence 
 of Christianity into the crowded bazaar, the home of 
 the Moslem, and among hostile tribes of fanatical 
 Mohammedans. What happened when Dr. Joseph 
 Cochran was so ill in Persia that his life was despaired 
 of? Merchant and trader, official and soldier, and 
 even the wild Kurd from the hills, would stop the 
 Sahib’s servant on the road and anxiously inquire 
 concerning the doctor’s welfare. Men who had been 
 jealous for Mohammendanism and haters of Christian- 
 ity, inquired for him with tears, and one was heard to 
 say, “ Would that God would take us and spare him.” 
 
6o MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 There is nothing in human nature which can resist 
 such a ministry as that. Everything goes down before 
 it. Argument begets argument, as friction creates 
 sparks ; but love begets love as sunshine begets warmth, 
 and genuine sympathy softens the most obdurate 
 heart. 
 
 The influence of the mission hospital in blazing the 
 way for the Gospel has been as clearly demonstrated 
 in Persia as in any other field. “ No missionary 
 agency has been so influential in contact with uncivil- 
 ized or semi-civilized governments; none has played 
 so large a part in promoting peace and good-will, in 
 ameliorating social and economic conditions, in spread- 
 ing a knowledge of the simpler truths of the gospel 
 and embodying its spirit in action, and in generally 
 breaking down prejudice and opening the way for 
 advance. It is also a fact that in land after land — 
 the most notable instance is, perhaps, that of the 
 Church Missionary Society in Central Persia — the 
 nucleus of the first Christian Church has been gathered 
 through medical work, and clusters closely around 
 hospitals .” 1 The absence of hospitals, dispensaries, 
 asylums and homes for the blind and helpless in 
 Oriental lands has brought out in unmistakable terms 
 the beneficent work of medical missions. It is prob- 
 ably true that the wonderful opportunities in evangel- 
 istic and educational work, which presented themselves 
 in the Near East before the great war, were largely 
 the outcome of medical missionary work. 
 
 During the medical practice of nine years in China 
 the writer came to realize with his missionary col- 
 leagues the drawing power of the Christian hospital, 
 and the reach of the ministering hand into literally 
 thousands of villages untouched by any other agency. 
 
 1 International Review of Missions — April, 1912. 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 61 
 
 “ The influence of the medical work extends beyond 
 the bounds of all other missionary activities. No 
 evangelist with a corps of Chinese helpers can visit 
 as many towns as are represented by the patients who 
 come to a single dispensary. The work has no geo- 
 graphical bounds. The evangelist may be driven out of 
 a place by fanatical mobs, but no such power can stop 
 the sick in that place from entering the mission hos- 
 pital. . . . Consecrated evangelists have come 
 
 from the ranks of opium sots, saved from the toils 
 of the opium demon by the ministries of the doctor. 
 Thousands caught their first glimpse of the Christ 
 while in the hospital and are humbly following Him 
 today .” 1 
 
 Jahan Kahn, the son of a merchant, went down 
 with his father from Central Asia into Hindustan. 
 In Dr. Pennell’s Hospital at Bannu he first heard the 
 gospel story, but in the beginning he stopped his ears 
 lest he be defiled by the words of the infidel. His 
 father died, he came into the employment of the doc- 
 tor, and began to read the Scriptures. When the Mos- 
 lems heard that he was reading the forbidden book 
 they assaulted him. Dr. Pennell heard the cry, “ Oh, 
 Daktar Sahib ! Oh, Daktar Sahib ! ” Rushing out, 
 he found Jahan Kahn being beaten by two Mohamme- 
 dans who were trying to stifle his cries by twisting 
 his turban around his neck. This experience, however, 
 brought him to a decision and public confession of 
 Christ. Burning with a desire to tell his friends, he 
 revisited his home in Afghanistan, in the face of ter- 
 rible risks. He was arrested as a spy, having sewn 
 copies of the gospels in Pushtu and Persian inside his 
 baggy trousers. Finally he reached home, to the de- 
 light of his mother and brothers. Not attending pub- 
 
 1 Elliott I. Osgood, “ Breaking Down Chinese Walls.” 
 
62 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 lie prayers in the Mosque, he bravely told the vil- 
 lagers that he was a Christian. They then clamored 
 for his life. That night he escaped, returned to 
 Bannu and married a Christian girl, “ who had re- 
 ceived the training of a compounder and mid-wife in 
 one of the Zenana Missions.” A call having come for 
 helpers in a mission on the Persian Gulf, they re- 
 sponded and went as missionaries to a foreign country. 
 “ In addition to the great work Jahan Kahn has done 
 among the tribes in the region of Karak, he has built 
 a beautiful little church of rough hewn stone — The 
 Church of the Holy Name — as a memorial to his 
 friend, Dr. T. L. Pennell.” 
 
 The Pakhoi Leper Hospital is a marvelous illustra- 
 tion of the quickening and transforming power of the 
 gospel. The father of Ng Wanshaan was a farmer 
 and a leper. More than once a gang of thieves from 
 the leper colony attacked his home because he refused 
 to go and live with them. “ Subsequently he went and 
 dwelt alone in the neighboring mountains and there 
 passed away.” At seventeen the son was apprenticed 
 to a sorcerer, married, and had two daughters. Then 
 leprosy appeared. Again the lepers came from the 
 colony, seized him, demanded money, and threatened 
 to drag him to their loathesome village. All his money 
 and valuables were taken. He could not earn a living 
 and finally sold his daughters. Once more the lepers 
 came, stole what was left, discovered and dragged him 
 off to their den. His wife, in hunting for him, heard 
 of the missionary leper asylum at Pakhoi. She helped 
 him to escape and reach the haven of rest. 
 
 “ I, a foot-sore and weary leper, arrived one morn- 
 ing at the hospital gate,” he writes in an account of 
 his life, “ and on seeing the doctor besought him to 
 heal me. He had compassion on me and received me. 
 He gave me food, clothes, a bed, and a little money 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 63 
 
 to buy vegetables and fish, besides medicines, and every 
 day took great care of me. . . . Every day I heard 
 the word explained, and understood that I was a sin- 
 ner, and that I must believe in Jesus the Saviour of 
 the world. ... I gave up all the sorcery I had 
 learned, and yielded my heart to God. On my first 
 visit home I burned my ancestral tablet and idols, and 
 destroyed the bowl used for burning incense. My 
 nephew was very angry and cursed me, but I was not 
 afraid, and God gave me patience to bear with his 
 anger. . . . The Holy Scriptures enlightened me, 
 and led me to understand the truth. I thus learned to 
 love God with a hot heart.” His wife, under his in- 
 fluence and prayers, believed and walked twenty miles 
 every Sunday to attend the services. He became a 
 licensed lay reader and conducted services in the leper 
 village where he had been so much abused. He be- 
 came head master, and one of the most trusted inmates 
 of the Home. One leg had to be amputated, but he 
 managed to make short preaching tours, selling books 
 and receiving no pay beyond the usual allowance 
 of rice. His remaining foot became so bad from 
 the ravages of the disease that he could no longer 
 walk. When the day for the Holy Communion came, 
 the missionaries were deeply touched by seeing him 
 crawl to the table on his hands and knees to partake 
 of the Lord’s Supper. 
 
 In no land more than in Africa is the force of medi- 
 cal missions needed as a pioneering factor in the work 
 of evangelization. The Mohammedan advance in the 
 Dark Continent constitutes a direct menace to the mis- 
 sionary forces of Christendom. It is a standing men- 
 ace to Christian civilization, and will be wherever it 
 gets a foothold. The erstwhile Arab slave raider has 
 become the propagandist trader. That advance must 
 be more than met — it must be checked. The entire 
 
64 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 structure built upon error and fanaticism must be un- 
 determined. This can best be done by a counter move- 
 ment — a ministry to the sick and the incarnation of the 
 truth in the man who ministers. In the African field 
 where the advance is steadily southward, and whole 
 tribes are going over to Islam, the writer strongly 
 favors a chain of medical stations stretching across the 
 continent from South Nigeria through the French 
 Congo to Uganda. These should be not more than 
 two hundred and fifty miles apart, or within supporting 
 distance of each other. 
 
 All life in Central Africa is village life, and all mis- 
 sionaries in the remote interior dispense medicine 
 daily. They have no choice. Medical missionaries 
 are scarce and the native is in imperative need of help. 
 It was in the midst of such a ministry to body as well 
 as soul, that George Grenfell laid down his life. Like 
 Bishop Ilannington, on the upper reaches of the Nile, 
 he too died with his face toward Uganda. Grenfell’s 
 dream had been to throw a chain of stations toward 
 the northeast along the Aruwimi through pigmy land, 
 until his missionaries should strike hands with those 
 of the Church Missionary Society. From his grave 
 you can hear the lap of the great water-course at the 
 junction of the rivers and realize the genius of his 
 strategy and the grip of his purpose. Had he lived 
 and succeeded it might have served to check the Mo- 
 hammedan advance. His was a soul cast in an heroic 
 mould. He endured much, but in his suffering was 
 identified with his Lord. 
 
 Is not all true and essential Christian life an identi- 
 fication with Jesus Christ? We must enter into His 
 sacrificial spirit if we would interpret Him to the 
 world, and that interpretation must be in terms of a 
 sacrificial life. The sufferings of Christ wrought into 
 our lives and our faith become by some mysterious 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 65 
 
 process “ profoundly cooperative with His in the 
 ministry of salvation.” It is often through the deepest 
 experience of suffering and our fellowship with those 
 who suffer that we find the richest ministry of service. 
 
 III. The Ranqe and Relationship of Medical Mission 
 Work 
 
 It is the function of Christian missions to introduce 
 a new order of society among the peoples to whom 
 they go. In this exalted errand the medical missionary 
 has an important and distinctive part to play. 
 
 1. He exalts and conserves human personality. The 
 Christian order of society calls for efficient manhood 
 and womanhood and this is the alluring goal before 
 the medical missionary as he labors to redeem diseased 
 and broken human life. In speaking of Jesus Christ 
 and His mission, Professor E. I. Bosworth uses the 
 significant words,? “ Bringing to them His own eternal 
 health.”) It was the soundness of His health that 
 helped £0 make the sweetness of His soul, and the 
 wholesomeness of His spiritual life gave virtue and 
 power in the healing of men. He brought immortality 
 to light and bestowed the wealth of immortal life 
 which alone can be the guarantee of eternal health. 
 Who has a sublimer mission than the missionary who 
 introduces the Great Physician into the sick room 
 with all His tenderness, comfort, and strength. It was 
 in His own words of prayer that He said, “And this is 
 life eternal that they might know Thee, the only true 
 God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou has sent.” Eternal 
 life means eternal health. 
 
 In the comparative study of Christianity and other 
 faiths, we find that a constantly deepening relation 
 between human and divine personality is the highest 
 form of religion. Reverence for personality is the 
 strength and glory of Christianity. It is the truest 
 
66 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 I test of the Christian religion, Harnack says, “Jesus 
 Christ was the first to bring the value of every human 
 soul to light, and what He did no one can any more 
 undo.” It was a rediscovery of the individual and his 
 true place in the Kingdom of God and in the com- 
 munity of men that gave Jesus a unique place as a 
 teacher. Since His day those with the highest ideals 
 always reverence personality, and hold inviolate the 
 sanctity of womanhood and of the inner nature. 
 Failure at this point is failure not at the circumference 
 but at the center. A low and enfeebled conception of 
 God results in a depreciated estimate of personality. 
 This is true of paganism everywhere. In the war be- 
 tween France and China, a Chinese gunboat was sunk 
 in the river Min. The sailors sprang overboard and 
 endeavored to escape by swimming ashore, but were 
 driven back with poles and hoes in the hands of their 
 countrymen, and left to drown like rats because they 
 had the misfortune of being overwhelmed by defeat. 
 When Japan and China were at grips in Korea, thou- 
 sands of wounded Chinese soldiers were left upon the 
 battlefield to die and rot without medical care or at- 
 tention. Outside of Christianity the individual counts 
 for little or nothing, except where non-Christian 
 nations have been influenced by Christian ideals. 
 
 Christ discovered the individual. And in non- 
 Christian lands who more than the medical missionary 
 is a conservator of the discovery? 
 
 2. Fie illustrates and communicates the ideal of ser- 
 vice. This ideal is fundamental in the Christian con- 
 ception of society. Nature abhors a vacuum and so 
 does Christianity. To be saved from sin without an 
 objective and purpose, is to be saved to a life of selfish- 
 ness, with the consequence that man falls into sin 
 again. The Christian life must be filled with desire 
 for opportunities to serve and to save. All its prepara- 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 67 
 
 tion, and the purpose to utilize the opportunity when 
 it comes, is for a higher quality of service in this life, 
 as well as the life to come. The Kingdom of God 
 stands for the establishment of “ the Christian civiliza- 
 tion of brotherly men.” The Gospel has no signifi- 
 cance if it does not preach a real brotherhood, a 
 genuine desire to share our blessings and to help men 
 out of their pain, misery and disease. 
 
 “ It remains a part of the Church’s duty,” writes 
 Dr. P. L. McCall in The China Medical Journal, “ in 
 seeking to represent Christianity not to neglect the 
 exercise of a Christlike Christianity. It is indeed a 
 poor, maimed, un-Christlike Christianity that does no 
 benevolent deeds. When the Church takes no part in 
 philanthropic effort the world says, ‘ The Church talks 
 at men’s souls and lets their bodies rot away,’ the truth 
 being that one of the Christlike characteristics of 
 Christianity is gone; while, if we have hospitals and 
 asylums apart from Christianity, this is to pick the 
 fruit and reject the tree from which it grew. There 
 must be pari passu the verbal explanation of the 
 gospel truth, and a practical exhibition of it in the 
 form of loving care for the sick and destitute. The 
 two methods of showing the double scope of Chris- 
 tianity may not be omitted so long as the Church exists 
 and human need remains.” 
 
 It is the highest privilege of the missionary to have 
 a share in the unveiling of God the Father through 
 Jesus Christ. This evangel can be wrought out in 
 home and hospital the livelong day. And in his life the 
 medical missionary not only is serving but is planting 
 ideals of unselfish service among the people. Hon. 
 Charles Denby, former United States Minister at 
 Peking, after a personal visit to a number of stations, 
 has said: “In China the missionaries are the leaders 
 in every charitable work. They give to the natives 
 
68 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 largely out of their scanty earnings, and they honestly 
 administer the alms of others. When famine arrives 
 — and it comes every year — the missionary is the 
 first and last to give his time and labor to alleviate 
 suffering.” The 'work of the medical missionary 
 silently and powerfully makes its own argument. No 
 appeal in words is necesasry to produce conviction. 
 In addition to gifts of money, of time and of service, 
 especially in epidemics and in famine, there is the self- 
 giving in which even life is not withheld. Herein lies 
 its virtue, its power and its acceptance by all classes 
 of men. Its enemies may oppose Christianity as a 
 dogma and as a creed, but they accept it as a mission 
 of mercy, and in the glow as well as the shadow of 
 the Cross come to see the crucified One as the only 
 hope of the world. 
 
 A vivid illustration of the influence of medical mis- 
 sions to implant the Christian conception of brotherly 
 service is related by Mr. Fred Paton, son of the 
 famous missionary, John G. Paton. In writing of the 
 leper settlement on the New Hebrides Islands, he says 
 that the women voluntarily elected to share the isola- 
 tion of their leprous husbands. “ The blessing of God 
 seemed to have rested on these self-sacrificing Tanna 
 women. In no single case did the wife contract the 
 disease. In every case, save one, the husband died. 
 . . . We have our communion next Sabbath. Two 
 old cannibals will join. Our collection will go to the 
 Relief Fund of the Belgians. We sold the nuts on 
 the mission land last week for 35 shillings, which is 
 a good start.” 
 
 The lepers’ camp, the heroic missionary, devoted 
 native women, converted cannibals, Belgian relief! 
 What a combination ! Where can it be duplicated save 
 on the mission field where wonders never cease? It 
 is unmistakable evidence of the mighty inward force 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 69 
 
 which impels the messenger to go, drives the message 
 home, and transforms humanity. What if it is far 
 away in the South Seas, where the keel of a vessel 
 seldom plows a furrow through the blue waters that 
 wash the coral reefs. The distance, the isolation, the 
 dread disease, and the savage lives make it the more 
 interesting and the more marvelous. 
 
 3. He promotes the physical well-being of the com- 
 munity. He is not content with his remedial work 
 in hospital and sick room; he aims at preventive 
 measures. He is concerned not only to bring a patient 
 back to health but to return him to an improved en- 
 vironment. He ministers to both individual and com- 
 munity health. 
 
 The promotion of public health education on the 
 mission fields, in an organized way, is a comparatively 
 recent development. It comes legitimately within the 
 scope of medical missionary work and bids fair to 
 yield most valuable results. The need is emphasized 
 by the crude ideas that prevail, by the ignorance of the 
 simplest laws of health, and by the habits of life which 
 have tended enormously to increase mortality. 
 
 The need of systematic health education is brought 
 out by such facts as that 48 per cent of the children un- 
 der two years of age die in some sections of China, and 
 60 per cent in Turkey. Dr. W. W. Keen, during his 
 visit to Burma, saw hundreds of pilgrims “ drinking 
 the green scum-covered water ” from temple tanks. 
 The ingestion and ravages of the spirillum are easily 
 accounted for in this way. The rise and spread of 
 epidemics of cholera, typhoid, plague and smallpox in 
 such countries as Korea, China and India are not 
 difficult to understand. Dr. C. D. Ussher, in referring 
 to the spread of typhus in such cities as Van and 
 Bitlis in Turkish Armenia, brings out the fact that 
 the military medical authorities were neglectful of 
 
70 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 their duties, and in their monumental conceit refused 
 to adopt the simplest precautions, until 2,800 out of a 
 garrison of 4,800 soldiers perished. Finally awaking 
 to the seriousness of the situation, the suggestions of 
 the missionary doctor were adopted and the epidemic 
 stamped out. 
 
 We were slow in the United States to learn the les- 
 son of alertness, investigation of causes and preven- 
 tion. The consequences were terrible. Ninety-five 
 times did the yellow fever invade our coasts, travel- 
 ing as far north as Philadelphia, in the days of the 
 celebrated Dr. Rush. These invasions have cost us 
 the lives of 100,000 victims and the single epidemic 
 of 1878 resulted in a loss of $100,000,000. It was not 
 until the splendid achievement wrought out by Dr. 
 Walter Reed, first in the laboratory of Johns Hopkins, 
 under Prof. William H. Welch, and afterwards in the 
 camp in Cuba, where the heroic Lazear laid down his 
 life, that the world recognized the possibility of stamp- 
 ing out yellow fever by the extermination of the mos- 
 quito. Dr. Howard A. Kelley, of Johns Hopkins, 
 has given in his life of Reed the outline of this mag- 
 nificent piece of work. He quotes General Leonard 
 Wood as saying: “ I know of no man who has done 
 so much for humanity as Major Reed. His discovery 
 results in the saving of more lives annually than were 
 lost in the Cuban War and saves the commercial in- 
 terests of the world a greater financial loss in each 
 year than the cost of the entire Cuban War.” 
 
 Such work puts the campaign of Dr. W. W. Peter, 
 in China, for health education, upon high ground. In 
 this campaign he has had the efficient cooperation of 
 Dr. Wu Lien Teh, President of the China National 
 Medical Association, and that of Dr. S.' P. Chen, of 
 Peking, a graduate of Cambridge University, and 
 prominent in the campaign against plague in Man- 
 
Part of Dr. W. W. Peter’s Public Health Exhibit 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 71 
 
 churia, two years ago. Under the auspices of the 
 Y. M. C. A., and with the hearty endorsement of the 
 body of medical missionaries in China, this work has 
 commended itself to the highest officials in the re- 
 public, who have given liberal sums of money and 
 devoted their time to committee work looking to the 
 organization of public health associations. Making a 
 splendid beginning in the capital, the campaign was 
 carried to the city of Hangchow, where Dr. Duncan 
 Main and the Commissioner of Police, the latter meet- 
 ing practically all expenses, secured an attendance of 
 7,000 people in the midst of pouring rain. The chief 
 Abbot of the famous Lin Yin Monastery furnished a 
 unique audience by the presence of one hundred 
 Buddhist priests at a special meeting. 
 
 The method pursued by this doctor is that of arous- 
 ing curiosity, establishing a point of contact, the use 
 of charts and object lessons, the distribution of anti- 
 tuberculosis calendars, and, finally, home thrusts in 
 the way of arguments. The exhibit itself weighs two 
 and a half tons, is distributed in 38 packages, and re- 
 quires 81 coolies to carry it. The audience, its atten- 
 tion having been caught by the pantomime enacted, 
 is held spellbound by the lecture which follows. The 
 announcement is made that 852,348 victims of tuber- 
 culosis die every year in the country. Figures like 
 this mean little, but when an illustration is given by 
 touching a button and having a constant procession 
 of little men, women and children walk out of a 
 miniature Chinese house, one for every eight seconds, 
 and falling into an open grave, as a bell tolls a funeral 
 knell, the impression is simply tremendous. Even the 
 phlegmatic Chinese feel a suppressed quiver of excite- 
 ment running through them, and resolve that they will 
 join in the preventive campaign for which their co- 
 operation is requested. 
 
?2 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 Mrs. D. L. Pierson, in an article in the Missionary 
 Review of the World, in commenting upon this work 
 remarks: “The health question in China is but one 
 of the many sides to the problem of China’s redemp- 
 tion. But this question affects not China alone, for the 
 close contact between the peoples of the world, makes 
 the health of one-fourth of the human race of vital 
 importance to the other three-fourths. Commerce may 
 carry communicable diseases as well as marketable 
 produce, and preventive measures at the source are 
 twice as effective as quarantine at ports of distribu- 
 tion.” 
 
 Dr. W. W. Peter, in impressing upon the Chinese 
 the relation between national health and national 
 strength is teaching a profound and much needed les- 
 son. But when he closes his lecture, or follows it on 
 Sunday, with the greater need of the gospel for man’s 
 higher nature, diseased and stricken by sin, the appli- 
 cation carries with it additional weight. Every medical 
 missionary in going to the foreign field should give 
 as much attention to the matter of public health and 
 preventive medicine as his time and his other duties 
 will permit. 
 
 These are distinctive ways in which the medical 
 missionary is quietly but effectively introducing the 
 leaven of a new order of society into non-Christian 
 lands. But all that he does should be correlated and 
 cooperative with the other branches of the missionary 
 service, for, as we have seen in an earlier part of this 
 chapter, their ultimate aim and his are identical. 
 
 A quiet, gracious, unselfish man of pervasive influence ; 
 missionary, administrator, peacemaker and diplomatist — 
 Joseph Plumb Cochran . . . went far towards attaining the 
 ideal of what a medical missionary should be. ... Notwith- 
 standing his high record of unsparing professional devotion, 
 both in the hospital and out of it, Dr. Cochran was in the 
 
THE AIM AND SCOPE 
 
 73 
 
 heart of the general administrative work of the mission, every 
 part of which was indebted to his far-sightedness and sym- 
 pathetic wisdom. . . . When supplies from home ran short 
 he was always ready to vote money to other agencies in the 
 mission as more needy than his own. It is impossible to 
 doubt that there are already other doctors who mean as much 
 to their missions as Dr. Cochran did to his. Yet those who, 
 like the writer, have some acquaintance with the work of 
 composite mission stations will admit that, speaking generally, 
 a closer incorporation on lines of mutual understanding would 
 result in better work . 1 
 
 The letters of Dr. Cochran throw a flood of light 
 upon the scope of his work and upon a life absolutely 
 given to the service of his fellowmen. There was no 
 reservation. From the health standpoint it might not 
 have been wise. It was an abandon of self. He lit- 
 erally emptied himself. He was often so busy that he 
 had to lock his doors while preparing for the mail. 
 His correspondence with the British officials, concern- 
 ing mission, church and civil affairs, growing out of 
 the opposition of the people, was very heavy. Even 
 on his mountain tours, in the midst of dispensing medi- 
 cine, the doctor’s services as a mediator between the 
 oppressed peasants and their task masters, whether 
 Turkish or Persian officials, were constantly in de- 
 mand. He writes, near the end of his first missionary 
 term, “If at home, unless I stay in bed, I have to see 
 or else refuse, which is often harder, a great many 
 sick and oppressed, while if I go to the village the 
 press, if possible, is greater and sick are brought along 
 the roadside, which they know I must pass. All our 
 circle here in the spring advised my going off with 
 my family, but I could not make up my mind that I 
 was not to rally, nor did I wish to leave my work, and 
 incur such great expense. It has been my hope and 
 prayer that I would have strength given me to con- 
 
 1 R. E. Speer, “ The Foreign Doctor.” 
 
74 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 tinue at this post at least for ten years without an 
 absence, but I am now obliged to admit that unless I 
 can soon get away from all places where I would be 
 beset by Persians, I must before very long give up 
 my work in toto.” 1 
 
 What is the ideal medical missionary? Is it not 
 the doctor who, while he holds himself true to the 
 highest aim, embraces within the scope and orientation 
 of his life all responsibility that grows out of his 
 relationship to his patients, the community, the mis- 
 sion and the Church ? 
 
 J R. E. Speer, "The Foreign Doctor,” p. 129. 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
The Hippocratic Oath 
 
 “With purity and holiness I will pass my life and practice 
 my art.” 
 
 Hippocrates — 460-357 B. C. 
 
 “ Plessed is he who has found his work, let him ask no 
 other blessedness. He has a work, a life-purpose. He has 
 found it, and will follow it.” 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
IV 
 
 FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 I. The Call 
 
 Carlyle has said, “ Blessed is the man that hath 
 found his work. Let him ask no other blessedness.” 
 The call to a life work on the foreign field — what 
 constitutes it? This question is perplexing the minds 
 of a large number of earnest men and women in 
 colleges, universities, theological seminaries and med- 
 ical schools. It is sheer mockery for any student to 
 look for an answer to the question who does not 
 genuinely purpose to live a life of the largest possible 
 usefulness. But where that purpose directs the ques- 
 tion, any honest seeker may learn whether or not he 
 is “ called ” to missionary service. What are the 
 factors in such a call? 
 
 The need constitutes one factor in the call. It is 
 the first thing that impresses a man who studies the 
 condition of the non-Christian world. It is the first 
 impression, the most lasting and the most urgent. One 
 cannot escape the appalling fact that millions of his 
 fellow beings are sick unto death, without medicine, 
 without surgery, without hospitals, without doctors, 
 without nurses, and, in addition, are deprived of the 
 gospel of good cheer. 
 
 The desire to meet the need is a second factor in 
 the call. The impulse is God-given. To realize the 
 need of suffering humanity is but to create an in- 
 sistent desire, in the heart of every true Christian, to 
 relieve that need. To do less is to be lacking in a sense 
 
 77 
 
78 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 of gratitude to God, and to be untrue to the obligation 
 to give our fellow men what we have ourselves received. 
 
 The judgment of those who know the candidate 
 best, his qualification and disqualification, together with 
 the demands of the field and of the service to be 
 rendered — all enter into the final decision. 
 
 A personal commitment to the will of God is the 
 most important factor in the call. God does not speak 
 to all men and women in equally clear and intelligible 
 terms concerning their life mission. But no one should 
 enter upon a life work without a sense of vocation. 
 Bishop Brent says, “ God's richest response comes to 
 us in his gift of vocation. We are called by Him, 
 and our consciousness becomes steeped in the power 
 of His call. The sense of vocation is the deepest 
 secret of the lives of the greatest leaders, early and 
 late. The call of a need and the call of the crowd are 
 both inspiring, but it is not until there is added to 
 them, or heard through them, the call of God that 
 the leader is fully equipped to achieve.” Such a call 
 involves a plan and it must be God’s plan. No man 
 can do his best work for humanity if he has no sense 
 of program larger than his own. He must come to 
 realize that his life is moving with perfect freedom 
 of initiative within the circumference of a larger life, 
 in line with forces that are infinite. 
 
 It was the growing conception of a divine program 
 for the world that made apostles of Galilean fishermen, 
 and gave to Paul and to the beloved physician, Luke, 
 the imperial vision of the Roman empire evangelized — 
 the prayer and the goal of their purpose. “ Most 
 superbly,” writes Griffis, in speaking of Dr. Hepburn, 
 “ does Providence fit men for their work and put each 
 into his niche.” This recognition of Providence in the 
 pull and the push of a man’s life work is not fatalism, 
 for fatalism is the negation of freedom. It is the 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 79 
 
 attitude of an intelligent and free man who realizes 
 that “ the will was made not only to use forces less 
 than itself, but forces greater than itself, and to be 
 used by them through vigorous cooperation.” In other 
 words, the voluntary yielding of the lower to the 
 higher, the human will to the divine, brings that tre- 
 mendous reenforcement which not only enables a man 
 to do his own greatest work, but to do it through other 
 lives than his own, and by forces far beyond his own — 
 a work made possible only through the union of the 
 human and the divine purpose. 
 
 When such a student as we have described becomes 
 conscious of a call to foreign missionary work, he need 
 not concern himself at first as to the specific place to 
 which he will go. Naturally he will desire to go 
 where he is needed most. David Livingstone, with 
 his usual directness, wrote, “ I would earnestly recom- 
 mend all young missionaries to go at once to the real 
 heathen and never to be content with what has been 
 made ready to their hands by men of greater enter- 
 prise.” With him it was to open a way, to prepare a 
 field, to sow the seed, to wrestle with a herculean task, 
 and to have a share in prizing a continent up into the 
 light. It may be that in the experienced judgment of 
 his Mission Board the candidate will be sent into one 
 of the regions where today heathenism is as raw and 
 life as primitive as in Livingstone’s time. But the 
 young missionary of this century is more apt to be 
 sent to build upon the foundations of others, and to 
 carry out plans already laid. If so, it should be done 
 with equal fidelity and an equal sense of privilege. 
 
 But whether it be to pioneer or established work that 
 he goes, the missionary candidate should face it with 
 an equal consciousness of answering that divine sum- 
 mons which he has heard in the call of the world’s 
 need. For the task is one and the resources that must 
 
So MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 be brought to bear on it are the same in either case. 
 It is not by well laid plans, substantial buildings and 
 costly equipment, nor by learned faculties in educa- 
 tional and medical work, nor by the evidences of 
 science and a higher civilization expressed by ma- 
 terial forces, that the nations are to be won. The 
 missionary is not sent out to evangelize the world 
 through his civilization. In confirmation of this, 
 Dr. John Lowe of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary 
 Society, says, “ The agency we employ may, to all 
 human appearance, be perfect, but without the ener- 
 gizing influence of God’s Holy Spirit it is nothing 
 more than a splendid machine without the motive 
 power.” The missionary does not proceed, therefore, 
 on the basis of having larger material resources than 
 the non-Christian, nor upon his representing a superior 
 order of society, neither is his chief reliance upon a 
 better organized religion and more intelligent leader- 
 ship. These are valuable in their place as auxiliary 
 factors, but they are secondary. Christ alone is the 
 true measure of our Christian civilization, and our 
 ability to help our fellow men. Leave Him out and 
 our civilization is no better than that of the Orient. 
 It is not worth while deluding ourselves. If He is 
 not in the personal experience and life of the medical 
 missionary who goes to present Him and His message 
 to needy men, then that missionary would better stay 
 at home. The strength of the missionary lies in the 
 consciousness that it is God's program in which he is 
 to share, God’s power in which he is to work, and 
 God’s call to which he is responding. 
 
 II. The Qualifications 
 
 The qualifications necessary to the making of a 
 medical missionary are of paramount interest to the 
 candidate. “ The qualities required in a missionary 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 81 
 
 leader,” writes Livingstone, the great pioneer to 
 Africa, “ are not of the common kind. He ought to 
 have physical and moral courage of the highest order, 
 and a considerable amount of cultivation and energy, 
 balanced by patient determination ; and above all these 
 are necessary a calm Christian zeal, and anxiety for 
 the main spiritual results of the work.” 
 
 First there are the physical qualifications. There is 
 no Christian worker who stands more in need of 
 robust health, toughness of fiber and good digestion. 
 It was Lord Kitchener who said, “An army travels 
 on its stomach.” A poor digestion, flabby muscles, 
 and inability to sleep will lose the battle for the 
 soldier; much more the physician when he has to play 
 the part of doctor, pharmacist and nurse. A strong 
 heart, a good stomach, ability to sleep under all con- 
 ditions and a cheerful disposition will carry the owner 
 over the roughest roads. Humboldt, the great trav- 
 eler and indefatigable student, maintained that he had 
 lived “ four working lives by retaining a working 
 power double the average, for double the average num- 
 ber of years.” 
 
 There are physical disqualifications which should 
 prevent the candidate from being accepted and which, 
 if they develop on the field, however well qualified the 
 missionary may otherwise be, will necessitate a return. 
 These are latent tuberculosis and malaria, chronic 
 nervous headaches, a predisposition to dysentery, and 
 a strain of insanity. Any or all of these should be 
 eliminated, since long and exhausting hours of work 
 in an unfriendly climate will always develop latent 
 tendencies. “ Few things,” says Flenry Churchill 
 King, “ are a severer test or better training of the will 
 power of a man than fidelity to this trust of his body. 
 To be truly temperate and fully to meet the require- 
 ments of health of body gives an ample field for will 
 
8.-2 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 training — an ampler field, it is to fie feared, than most 
 of us are cultivating.” 
 
 Intellectual qualifications make up another group. 
 A trained mind with disciplined powers of observation 
 must be brought to bear upon the task. With these 
 there should be mental alertness, a good memory, at 
 least a moderate capacity for languages, and a faculty 
 for impartation. Limited time and opportunity for 
 language study and research work will be such that 
 the doctor must bring to his or her task mental powers 
 that are trained, disciplined and under the control of 
 a masterful will. 
 
 The question of age is one which the candidate and 
 the Board must consider in looking forward to the 
 foreign field. It is the consensus of opinion that med- 
 ical missionaries, men or women, should not go out 
 to the field before they are twenty-five, and the prefer- 
 ence of many Secretaries is for a maturer age, thirty 
 being no barrier to acceptance. This is partly upon 
 physical grounds, but largely because of the time re- 
 quired for thorough collegiate and medical education, 
 with added hospital experience. Time in the end is 
 saved by it. It is true that Dr. Hepburn at twenty-six 
 was at work in Singapore and at twenty-eight in China, 
 but he began his best and most enduring work in Japan 
 at forty-four. The opinion of Dr. Joseph Cochran 
 is worthy of consideration at this point : “A mistake 
 is frequently made in sending persons to a foreign field 
 who are too young and immature. But few persons 
 under thirty are physically and mentally prepared for 
 the hard, anxious work which is to devolve upon them. 
 Married ladies should not be sent out under twenty- 
 two or twenty-four. Especially would I insist that no 
 single lady be sent out under twenty-four or twenty- 
 six. The strain which comes upon a single lady in 
 coming to and engaging in foreign work is much 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 83 
 
 greater than that which falls upon her married sister. 
 Again the mistake is made of sending out men whose 
 health has been very much impaired, seriously though 
 not permanently, from a course of hard study and 
 close confinement.” 
 
 Other qualifications may be classed as tempera- 
 mental. Calmness and self-control in times of emer- 
 gency are as important as resourcefulness. An un- 
 limited stock of patience, and an absence of hurry 
 while going steadily forward cannot be too strongly 
 emphasized. To worry is to lose time, waste strength, 
 and lower the level of efficiency. A happy combination 
 of dignity and genial friendliness brings masterful 
 poise, and yet leaves the way open to that spirit of 
 comradeship without which true leadership is impos- 
 sible. Another qualification is that enthusiasm which 
 gives zest for study and creates interest in the dryest 
 details. “ I am passionately fond of surgery,” Mac- 
 kenzie writes to his brother from China, “ and never 
 happier than when I am about to undertake some big 
 operation.” Not an easy optimism, but a wholesome 
 one gives a buoyancy of spirit with which the surgeon 
 is able to meet and overcome difficulties growing out 
 of the stupidity of patients and carelessness of helpers. 
 
 Cheerfulness under trying circumstances is a qualifi- 
 cation the young medical missionary may well covet. 
 Dr. Duncan Main, shortly after arrival at Hangchow, 
 found himself and his wife up against some serious 
 situations. Characteristically, he at once suggested, 
 “We must belong to the Cheer-up Society from this 
 day forth.” No missionary in China has exemplified 
 more than he, by his good humor and optimism, the 
 principles of such a society. It was not long before he 
 had his good nature tested. 
 
 “ Well,” began the Doctor to an old patient, “ so 
 your cough is no better.” 
 
84 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 “ No, Doctor,” replied the old man, coughing and 
 expectorating to show how bad it still was. 
 
 “ Do you take the medicine as I told you ? ” in- 
 quired the Doctor. 
 
 “ That was so,” replied the patient. 
 
 “ Tell me,” said the Doctor, looking up his note book 
 to see what he had prescribed and the directions he 
 had given, “ how did I tell you to take the medicine? ” 
 “ Yes, Doctor,” answered the old man, “ ate the fat. 
 It was not sufficiently strong, I think. And I rubbed 
 my knee with the lotion, but it did not raise any 
 blister or even make my leg warm.” 
 
 “ Oh,” said the Doctor, “ you may well not be bet- 
 ter. I gave you the sulphur ointment to rub on your 
 leg for the itch and the medicine for your cough.” 
 Result: Fresh instructions and fresh medicine, and 
 the patient departed. 
 
 The burdens of a heavy and exacting work are 
 greatly lightened by a sense of humor. The ability 
 to see the fun in a thing, if there be any, promotes a 
 spirit of cheerfulness and infectious mirth which helps 
 to make life endurable under the most exasperating 
 circumstances. “A merry heart doeth good like a 
 medicine, but a broken spirit drieth the bones.” Back 
 numbers of Punch were an unfailing source of quiet 
 amusement to Livingstone when under severe nervous 
 tension and far removed from civilization. Some one 
 has said, “ The lack of a sense of humor has turned 
 many a wise man into a fool.” Who could repress a 
 smile in seeing a dignified Presbyterian missionary 
 gesticulating violently and slapping his legs while in 
 the pulpit, in Central Africa, when an army of driver 
 ants were swarming up his trousers? Of course the 
 congregation laughed outright when he took to the 
 woods. No doubt the missionary himself had many a 
 laugh over the incident. 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 85 
 
 Supremely important are the spiritual qualifications 
 of the missionary candidate. An unshakeable faith in 
 God is an equipment which lies at the foundation of 
 all Christian character and work. It ensures per- 
 manence and success. It may recognize difficulties, but 
 never admits of discouragement or defeat. God never 
 gets discouraged. He cannot use a discouraged man 
 or woman. Discouragement is a leaden weight and 
 ends in paralysis of effort. There is no room in our 
 religion for pessimism. Christianity can meet the 
 largest need, support faith and stimulate every faculty 
 to noble efficiency. It is the high function of the 
 Christian physician to rekindle hope, and to restore 
 his patients to vigorous physical and spiritual life. 
 How important, therefore, that he himself should be 
 a man of large faith. 
 
 Love as a qualification and a motive must be the 
 perennial fountain from which all true and helpful 
 ministry proceeds. No candidate can be a true mis- 
 sionary whose heart is not constrained by the love of 
 Christ. This is the reinforcing point and the re- 
 inforcing power. Love’s labor is never lost under 
 such impulsion. It seeks, it finds, it conquers. Where 
 failure has been made by the medical missionary, it 
 has generally been at this point. No natural gifts, 
 however great, and no scientific training can substi- 
 tute the tender loving sympathy which lifts every man 
 into a real sense of brotherhood by bringing him to 
 God. “After all,” writes Dr. Mackenzie to a medical 
 friend in China, “ our great work lies in bringing 
 home the love of God to our patients. What a glori- 
 ous thing it is to be engaged in such a service ! ” 
 
 A prayerful spirit must not be overlooked, for it is 
 the secret of power with God and man. With the 
 medical missionary, prayer must become a habit, an 
 attitude, a working force. He must live and work in 
 
86 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the atmosphere of prayer which he creates. Prayer 
 with him is the key with which he unlocks the re- 
 sources of divine grace upon the one hand, while love 
 opens the door of the most obdurate heart upon the 
 other. A consciousness upon his part that he goes 
 to a divinely appointed task and works under the 
 commission of the Great Physician, generates that 
 spirit of faith and confidence which is the solution of 
 almost every problem of life. It -was said of Dr. 
 Harold Schofield by one who knew him intimately: 
 “ He carried on his work in the spirit of prayer. On 
 ordinary dispensary days he invariably sought the 
 Divine blessing before he saw the patients. I have 
 frequently been with him when performing surgical 
 operations, and he always besought God to make his 
 efforts to give relief effectual.” 
 
 In discussing the spiritual qualifications of the can- 
 didate, the Board of Missionary Preparation mentions 
 specifically these requirements: 
 
 1. “ The Bible — that he may be able to teach it. 
 
 2. Practical Christian work — that he may most tact- 
 fully lead men and women into a new spiritual life.” 
 
 It wisely adds that too much emphasis cannot be 
 placed upon the subject just mentioned. “As to the 
 Bible,” the statement continues, “ the missionary 
 should have a first hand acquaintance with it as a 
 source of power; an up-to-date knowledge of Bible in- 
 terpretation that will keep him far from too narrow or 
 too literal views; a broad knowledge of its relation to 
 modern thought that will help in bringing it to bear on 
 the characteristic problems of the present day; an 
 ability to teach the Bible effectively, which is not neces- 
 sarily involved in the most thorough scholarship and 
 which can be developed only through practice.” 
 
 In referring to practical Christian work, the Board 
 makes the comment that “ the physician may do very 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 87 
 
 little if any preaching; he may not engage in teaching, 
 but his chief justification for being a missionary is that 
 he is a representative of Jesus Christ. He cannot 
 properly represent Him unless he knows Him and he 
 cannot know Him without some knowledge of His 
 Word .” 1 
 
 III. The Preparation. 
 
 How should a candidate for medical mission work 
 prepare for a life career so exacting and so full of 
 immense possibility? 
 
 The educational preparation of the candidate should 
 not fall short of a full college course. The time was 
 when doctors were sent to the field without the advan- 
 tages of literary studies. But today the Foreign Mis- 
 sion Boards rarely accept candidates who have not this 
 educational qualification. The minimum pre-medical 
 preparation suggested by the Council of the American 
 Medical Association for students intending to practice 
 at home is “At least a four year high school education, 
 and in addition at least one year of college work, in- 
 cluding at least eight semester hours each of physics, 
 chemistry, biology, and German or French.” The 
 Board of Missionary Preparation, however, coincides 
 with the consensus of opinion that, for a medical mis- 
 sionary, a full college course should, if possible, be 
 taken before the medical begins. “If choice must be 
 made, a fifth hospital year would be preferable to the 
 last two years in college. The volunteer for medical 
 missionary service should realize the need for better 
 preparation than if he were planning to remain at 
 home .” 2 
 
 The physical and the psychical act and react upon 
 each other. Dr. Catherine L. Mabie, of the Belgian 
 Congo, in a recent paper on missionary health, lays 
 
 1 Board of Missionary Preparation — Third Report, p. 98. 
 
 2 Board of Missionary Preparation — - Third Report, p. 89. 
 
88 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 great stress upon a study of psycopathy as it relates 
 itself to mental conditions developing among those who 
 are remote from civilization or community centers. 
 The Chinese in the early centuries philosophized over 
 mental attitudes, and had the germ of the theory of 
 healing by suggestion. Aristotle expressed the opinion 
 that “ The philosopher should end with medicine — the 
 physician commence with philosophy.” One might or 
 might not be wise in following his advice in the light 
 of the experience of another ancient — Anaxagoras, 
 who said, “ To philosophy I owe my wordly ruin, and 
 my soul’s prosperity.” 
 
 Some of the foremost medical educationalists main- 
 tain that a medical course preceded by two years of aca- 
 demic study, with electives, and followed by two years 
 of post graduate study and practice including at least a 
 year as a hospital interne, is the preferable plan, espe- 
 cially in the case of students who begin medical study 
 after 22 years of age. 
 
 One modern language at least should be studied by 
 the candidate, in addition to the mother tongue, not 
 only for its value in medical training, but also in order 
 to give a knowledge of language structure and some 
 facility in the acquirement of the vernacular of the 
 people to whom he is sent. The medical missionary 
 will have less time for study than his evangelistic col- 
 league and should, therefore, at the outset be fully as 
 well drilled and quaified in a knowledge of the prin- 
 ciples which lie at the foundation of every language. 
 The first year’s work on the field should largely be 
 given to such study, and if possible the mission should 
 arrange for his entire time being devoted to it. At 
 least the first year of active service, and preferably two 
 years, should when possible be free from administra- 
 tive responsibility. 
 
 The medical preparation of the candidates cannot be 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 too thorough. A full course in a first class medical 
 school is an absolute requirement. Nothing short of 
 this can be considered for a moment. “ It is definitely 
 recommended that only graduates from Class A Plus 
 and Class A schools should be appointed medical mis- 
 sionaries. No one should be appointed to medical 
 missionary service who has not had at least four years 
 of professional training. The majority favor a course 
 of five years .” 1 The obligation to do carries with it 
 the responsibility to prepare. There is an Indian 
 proverb that runs : 
 
 “Half physician, peril of life; 
 
 Half priest, peril of faith.” 
 
 Inadequate preparation leads ultimately to dishonest 
 work — a sin against character and a crime against 
 humanity. 
 
 There are no half-way measures in this sort of work. 
 Too much is involved. More than the average time 
 should be given to such foundation studies as anatomy, 
 physiology, chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. It 
 is often the case that medical missionaries are at great 
 distances from their colleagues and consultation is 
 impossible. The candidate, therefore, cannot be too 
 thoroughly grounded in those branches that form the 
 basis of all successful medical and surgical practice. 
 
 Especial attention should be paid to obstetrics, dis- 
 eases of women and children, diseases of the eye and 
 ear, skin diseases and tropical medicine. He should be 
 proficient in the latest laboratory technique as related 
 to chemical tests of all the body discharges. Experi- 
 ence and skill in microscopical and the chemical meth- 
 ods of blood study will also be valuable. Bacteriologi- 
 cal skill and familiarity in the making of autogenous 
 vaccine will be of great aid. Many of our plants on 
 
 1 Board of Missionary Preparation — Third Report, p. 92. 
 
90 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the mission fields will be supplied with X-ray outfits 
 and in the future years these X-ray studies will play 
 a larger part than ever in diagnosis and treatment, so 
 it behooves the new workers to secure all the familiar- 
 ity possible to the technique of taking and developing 
 X-ray plates and in the interpretation of them. 
 
 In addition, such branches as preventive medicine, 
 hygiene and sanitation will qualify for rendering 
 effective service to the community in the department 
 of public health in such fields, especially, as China, 
 Korea, India, the Philippines, Mexico and South 
 America. A necessity for studying pharmacy grows 
 out of the doctor having to put up his own prescrip- 
 tions at first, to prepare drugs from crude materials, 
 and to train helpers as compounders and dispensers. 
 It is hardly worth while to go extensively into dentis- 
 try, though every medical missionary should be sup- 
 plied with a set of forceps, know how to use them, and 
 be able to treat an aching tooth. 
 
 After the four years’ medical course, at least one 
 year should be spent in a general hospital of recognized 
 standing. During that year the prospective missionary 
 should familiarize himself with the technique of sur- 
 gery and obstetrics, spending as much time in the 
 maternity and children’s wards as possible. He can- 
 not have too much experience here, for the very first 
 missionary case on the field may tax his skill to the 
 utmost. Several weeks given to first aid in some down- 
 town emergency hospital would be invaluable. In ad- 
 dition to this some practice should be had in filling 
 prescriptions and in the making of pills and tabloid 
 preparations. This can often be acquired during vaca- 
 tions before graduation. These may seem to be minute 
 details, but facility must be acquired before plunging 
 into the ceaseless activity which precludes all prepara- 
 tion after reaching the field. 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 9i 
 
 It is the opinion of an eminent medical missionary 
 in India that the young medical missionary upon ar- 
 rival should spend some time associated with, and 
 under the direction of, a more experienced worker 
 before being put in charge of a hospital. Since con- 
 ditions on the field are very different from those at 
 home, this is an excellent suggestion, but difficult to 
 comply with because of the almost invariable lack of 
 qualified workers. The young missionary almost im- 
 mediately finds heavy work thrust upon him and must 
 undertake an independent task. 
 
 As to postgraduate work, beyond one or two years 
 of hospital interneship following graduation, the writer 
 would advise its postponement until the medical mis- 
 sionary has returned on his first furlough. He will 
 then know definitely what he requires and will be able, 
 out of his experience, more satisfactorily to meet the 
 need. Three months of postgraduate study under 
 these conditions would be worth a year of preparation 
 before going to the field. If, however, the candidate 
 is under appointment to a tropical country, three 
 months of study in a school of tropical medicine after 
 completing a hospital interneship is most desirable. 
 
 At the expense of repetition, we recommend un- 
 compromising thoroughness as the watchword of the 
 medical missionary. In emergencies the surgeon may 
 be called upon to perform major operations and do 
 for a fellow missionary, or a native, what at home 
 could be done only by the head of the staff or by a 
 surgical specialist. He, therefore, cannot acquire too 
 much experience, within reasonable limits of time, be- 
 fore going out. Service as a house surgeon, or in- 
 terne, in a good hospital will have given directness, 
 accuracy, and confidence. He should not trust to 
 acquiring technique on the field. To do so would 
 place him at a disadvantage with both patients and 
 
92 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 helpers and might result disastrously. An inexperi- 
 enced doctor in China having undertaken, without ade- 
 quate help, a severe surgical operation upon a tumor 
 embedded in the tissues of the neck, allowed the 
 patient to come from under the anesthetic in the midst 
 of the operation. The native friends, hearing his 
 groans, rushed in. The sight of blood threw them 
 into a frenzy. The surgeon came near being mobbed, 
 and all that saved him was the presence of a steamer, 
 aboard which he took his patient to a hospital at the 
 nearest port, where the operation was completed. 
 
 IV. Problems to be Faced 
 
 The difficulties a medical missionary may expect to 
 encounter are legion, but few of them are insuperable. 
 It is well enough, however, to look things squarely in 
 the face — forewarned, forearmed. Some of these diffi- 
 culties are as follows: 
 
 1. Acquirement of the language. This is to be done 
 with inadequate time for study, growing out of un- 
 expected responsibilities and possible exacting domes- 
 tic duties. A working knowledge of the language is 
 the key to the situation. The medical missionary may 
 rarely lay claim to a 'thorough mastery of it, but 
 familiarity for daily use is absolutely essential. To do 
 less is to fail at the point of personal contact, or to fall 
 back upon an interpreter. To depend upon the latter 
 is to lean on a broken reed, and to increase the prob- 
 ability of being misunderstood. In the face of every 
 difficulty the language must be acquired. 
 
 “ During his first year in India, China or elsewhere,” 
 writes Dr. Lowe, “ the medical missionary ought to 
 devote his chief time and attention to the acquisition 
 of the language. If possible he should reside during 
 that period with an experienced missionary at some 
 distance from the station where he expects eventually 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 93 
 
 to establish his medical mission, but where the same 
 language is spoken. Unless some such arrangement 
 is made, he will soon find himself burdened with the 
 anxieties of a large practice, which will sadly interfere 
 with his linguistic studies.” 
 
 This missionary administrator, after years of medi- 
 cal experience in India, is so emphatic that we quote 
 these additional words: “We attach so much im- 
 
 portance to the first year being kept almost entirely 
 free for the study of the language that we strongly 
 recommend that his full medical and surgical outfit 
 should not be supplied until he has passed his exam- 
 inations in the vernacular. Experience proves that if 
 at the close of the first year a good beginning has not 
 been made in the acquisition of the language, after- 
 progress is very slow, and the missionary’s usefulness 
 suffers irreparably during his whole future course.” 1 
 It was with a full appreciation of this very thing that 
 Harold Schofield threw himself, with all the intensity 
 of his purpose, into the task. Here is the record : 
 “After he had been a week in China, he set to work to 
 learn the language, with the determination by God’s 
 help to master it and not to ‘ play at Chinese.’ He felt 
 that being a missionary was ‘ a very real thing,’ and 
 that it was to be his ‘ life’s work.’ With him there 
 was no thought of turning back. He had made up his 
 mind that his whole life was to be spent among the 
 Chinese in seeking to win them to Jesus.” 
 
 2. Learning the native view point. The native and 
 the foreigner are at opposite poles in their thinking. 
 They represent different civilizations — the growth of 
 a thousand years of custom, folk lore, habits of 
 thought and of life. Mr. Dan Crawford has summed 
 it all up in the title of his book on Africa, “ Thinking 
 
 ’John Lowe, “Medical Missions: Their Place and Power,” p. 46. 
 
94 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 Black.” It might be illustrated by an experience of 
 the writer early in his practice in China. He had pre- 
 scribed crushed ice for a patient suffering from hemor- 
 rhage. To his amazement, on the following day, he 
 was shown a couple of ounces of pounded glass. The 
 glass was intended for the patient, but fortunately the 
 family had awaited the doctor’s return to ascertain the 
 exact dose. They were “ thinking yellow.” In Cen- 
 tral China, in those days, they would as readily have 
 thought of giving pounded glass as pounded ice, the 
 sound of the words being similar. Again, patients 
 under the native system have been in the habit of tak- 
 ing medicine a bowlful at a time. One soon learns the 
 danger of prescribing powerful medicines by the drop 
 or by the grain. Turn your back and all goes down 
 at a single dose. 
 
 3. Suspicion as to motive. It is almost impossible 
 for the non-Christian to realize and appreciate the 
 motive of the missionary. He may be looked upon as 
 an emissary of a foreign government — one seeking an 
 opportunity to further its political schemes. If even a 
 nominal amount is charged to make the hospital par- 
 tially self-sustaining, or to prevent pauperizing the 
 people, the doctor is accounted mercenary. He may 
 even be accused of accumulating funds with which to 
 support his family or native countrymen. In Africa 
 the doctor is not infrequently asked for a present in 
 return for taking bitter medicine. If a patient should 
 become delirious the medical missionary may be 
 charged with having bewitched him. 
 
 4. Inadequate equipment. This is often a severe 
 handicap. The absence of a hospital, though it be a 
 small one with only a few beds, the lack of sufficient 
 instruments, drugs, bandages, linen, bathing facilities 
 and apparatus for sterilizing purposes, is an embar- 
 rassment to the ambitious doctor eager to make the 
 
Outdoor Surgery in Africa 
 A Tubercular Absess Operation at Inliambane 
 

 
 
 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 95 
 
 best of the opportunity. If, in addition, he lacks the 
 assistance of an intelligent nurse or a staff of trained 
 helpers, his efforts are greatly handicapped. 
 
 5. The exacting demands of the work — who can de- 
 fine or measure them? The details of medical work, 
 whether in dispensary or hospital, are exhausting, es- 
 pecially where single-handed one must examine and 
 prescribe for fifty or a hundred patients daily. Ex- 
 planations have to be repeated endlessly, and even then, 
 assistants will commit blunders if left too much to 
 themselves. Heavy responsibility and many demands 
 fall upon the shoulders of the medical missionary. 
 “ He must be an executive,” writes Dr. Osgood, 
 “ handling assistants, cooks and coolies. He must 
 watch and instruct every assistant during the clinic, 
 operations and subsequent nursing of patients. The 
 buying of supplies, the preparation of dressings, the 
 paying out of monies and even the presenting of the 
 Gospel to the thousands of patients, must be under 
 his guidance.” In addition, the climate in certain 
 countries is trying, the hours of work long, and rest 
 by day or night constantly interrupted. There is no 
 time for thorough work, and with it all a gnawing 
 consciousness of insufficiency to meet its many and 
 varied demands. 
 
 6. Barriers of custom and belief. In Turkey, India 
 and China, women are so secluded through the sus- 
 picion and jealousy of their male relatives, and often 
 through their own pride and false modesty, that a 
 male physician if admitted at all may only be permitted 
 to ask questions of an attendant in an adjoining room 
 or on the outside of the curtain while the attendant or 
 patient on the inside makes reply. In China the pulse, 
 in some cases, is supposed to be felt through a red 
 cord tied round the patient’s wrist, and passed from 
 behind a screen, or out of the window. Happily, this 
 
96 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 method has now almost passed away. In India and in 
 Turkey, not infrequently, the patient’s tongue may be 
 seen only through a slit in the veil or in the bedcurtain. 
 Dr. V. Penrose is authority for the statement that “ a 
 patient who inadvertently saw and afterwards re- 
 marked on the size and color of the doctor’s hand, was 
 starved to death by her modest relatives.” 
 
 This is but an illustration of the triple-plated bar- 
 riers of alien prejudice, social custom and religious 
 caste, which are well nigh impenetrable to all ordinary 
 agencies. The language of eloquence in the presence 
 of such obstacles is as a sounding brass and a tinkling 
 cymbal. The utterance of a creed and the statement 
 of dogma — these count for little or nothing. But the 
 language of sympathy expressed in terms of devoted 
 and patient service, of willing and joyful sacrifice, 
 of the pouring out of one’s life in deeds upon the altar 
 of mercy for love’s sake, and for Christ’s sake — this 
 language speaks in unmistakable terms to the heart of 
 humanity. Nothing is finally proof against it. 
 
 V. Physical Efficiency on the Mission Field 
 The consideration of missionary health, that of the 
 mission staff and his own, should be a matter of first 
 importance to every medical missionary. There is a 
 close relationship between health and efficiency. Work- 
 ing power is measured in terms of health. Every mis- 
 sionary is necessarily an expensive agent. Years have 
 been spent in preparation for the field. He has gone 
 to large expense and, sometimes, the Board has made 
 an investment in his special equipment. Then there is 
 the matter of salary and the cost of travel to the field. 
 Added to these again is the amount appropriated for 
 rent or for building, and, in the case of teaching or 
 medical work, provision for equipment in books, ap- 
 paratus and instruments. 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 97 
 
 From the standpoint of economy alone it is import- 
 ant, therefore, to preserve the health of the mission- 
 ary. For the sake of his work, moreover, he must 
 make it a matter of conscience and take every reason- 
 able precaution. The longer the missionary remains 
 on the field, the stronger this emphasis becomes. He 
 has begun a life work that should be carried to com- 
 pletion. This may involve educational policies, evan- 
 gelistic work, translation, building, the training of 
 native helpers and the development of the native 
 church itself. He is also looked up to more and more 
 by the natives who have learned to respect and confide 
 in him as a counsellor and friend. 
 
 A break in the continuity of a constructive life and 
 work after eight or ten years on the field is hardly 
 short of a calamity to the mission. In some cases it is 
 irreparable. Men and women cannot be made to or- 
 der; they have to grow. Leadership is not a thing of 
 a day. It has to be forged upon the anvil with many 
 hard blows, for trying experiences are permitted in 
 order that body, mind and spirit may be tempered for 
 the strain of daily life. To sacrifice a missionary be- 
 cause of preventable conditions on the field is unpar- 
 donable. 
 
 Boards that have required close scrutiny of health 
 conditions in the candidate at home should demand at 
 the hands of the mission doctor equal carefulness in 
 the case of the missionary abroad. An annual physical 
 examination should be required. This would often 
 forestall troubles and save a return home before the 
 time for furlough comes. Frequent returns on account 
 of health, or from other causes, seriously break the 
 continuity of work and embarrass the Secretaries and 
 the Boards. Furloughs should be regular and long 
 enough for recuperation. The interval between, and 
 the length of time at home, depends upon the field and 
 
98 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the nature of the work. Missionaries in Central Africa 
 are permitted to return in three years. Merchants and 
 officials have even shorter terms. 
 
 The missionary while at home should not travel or 
 speak until he has had a few weeks of absolute rest. 
 To plunge into postgraduate study, if he be a medical 
 missionary, or into deputation work in the case of an 
 evangelistic missionary, and to keep it up until the 
 time for return to the field, leaves him fagged and in 
 worse condition than when he came. From too heavy 
 drafts upon his nerve force, he is in even greater 
 danger of breaking down during his second term on 
 the field than during the first. The initial three months 
 at home might well be spent in rest and light study, to 
 be followed by six months of travel and visitation, and 
 the last three in further preparation for the field. 
 
 The importance of wholesome food as related to the 
 health of the missionary on the field, cannot be over- 
 estimated. The too free use of canned goods should 
 be avoided. And yet in some fields, where native food 
 is indigestible and it is difficult to get the articles of 
 diet to which one has been accustomed at home, there 
 is little alternative. The best rule is to eat sparingly 
 of canned meat and rich food, and to utilize the few 
 things which can be grown by the natives, but to have 
 them cooked or otherwise sterilized. This applies 
 especially to fruits and certain vegetables. One should 
 guard against unripe and over-ripe fruit, particularly 
 in the tropics. 
 
 The natives in the interior of Argentina, Uruguay, 
 Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, and Mexico, eat large 
 quantities of jerked beef. Meat is sold in Uruguay 
 and Rio Grande “ by the yard,” having been dried in 
 the sun in long strips. Upon such a diet tape-worm 
 flourishes, and the “ tape-worm doctor ” carries on a 
 lucrative practice. In many mission fields it is not safe 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 
 
 99 
 
 to drink unboiled and unfiltered water. Every mis- 
 sionary should make a firm rule against the use of 
 unboiled water. In the home the supply of drinking 
 water should be under the immediate personal super- 
 vision of the missionary. No native servant should be 
 trusted with this detail. The Chinese for centuries 
 have been tea drinkers. The habit has doubtless saved 
 them from some of the ravages of typhoid fever and 
 dysentery. As it is, these and other diseases growing 
 out of unsanitary conditions claim their victims by the 
 tens of thousands. Shallow wells, frequently sunk 
 through the ruins of old cities, or in the neighborhood 
 of graves, with canals teeming with human and animal 
 life, as in Soochow, China, or in Osaka, Japan, make 
 in absolutely unsafe to use the water without boiling 
 it. This is true, as well, of the tropics. The smaller 
 streams in the forest sections of the Belgian Congo and 
 French Equatorial Africa, are sometimes a deep wine 
 color from organic matter. The writer has marched 
 days at a time in the tropics without drinking anything 
 but the insipid boiled water from his water bottle, or 
 a cup of coffee or tea. The only time he was put out 
 of commission was after drinking water from the 
 upper Congo, when the careless servant had failed to 
 boil it sufficiently. 
 
 Flies, dangerous in the homeland, are more deadly 
 in the Orient. Many missionaries have lost their lives, 
 or been invalided home, on account of various forms 
 of enteritis. Usually careful screening of the home — 
 especially the kitchen and dining room — and particular 
 care as to sterility of food and water, when itinerating, 
 will save this waste of life. 
 
 The most fatal months in the Northern Sub-Tropics 
 are August and September. With the opening of sum- 
 mer rigid rules should be established and well ob- 
 served. All raw food should be banished from the 
 
100 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 table except such small fruit and vegetables as are 
 raised directly under the eye of the missionary. Prac- 
 tically all native vegetables are fertilized with human 
 excreta and hence abound with the ova of intestinal 
 parasites, as well as with the active germ of dysentery 
 and cholera. 
 
 With care, however, and accurate supervision many 
 missionaries are able to furnish their tables safely 
 with raw lettuce, tomatoes, cabbage, etc. But the rule 
 to adopt is that they be banished from June 1st to 
 September 30th, unless they bring with them high class 
 credentials. 
 
 Keep the head cool, the feet dry, and the bowels 
 open, is a good rule for the mission field. A pith 
 helmet should be worn for the tropical sun and of 
 sufficient size to protect the nape of the neck. Colored 
 glasses will guard the eyes from the blazing light, and 
 in Syria, Egypt and Mexico, from the glare of streets 
 and blank walls. Where hematuric fever prevails, 
 clothing and bedding should be kept dry, — a very diffi- 
 cult thing in travelling, when perspiration is free and 
 rain a daily occurrence. Many Europeans have lost 
 their lives on long marches from becoming exhausted, 
 overheated, and then chilled in the shade. Attacks of 
 hematuric fever are more frequent with older resi- 
 dents and those who have had repeated attacks of 
 malarial fever without taking sufficient care to break 
 them. It was a marvel that Livingstone escaped, 
 especially after his medicine chest had been stolen. 
 Dr. George Grenfell of the Congo country and many 
 other pioneers have succumbed to this dangerous 
 malady. In nearly every case, however, it must be 
 said that attacks followed the violation of the basic 
 laws of health. 
 
 Sleep is nature’s restorer and is better than any 
 tonic. No time is to be gained on the mission field by 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY ioi 
 
 cutting off the hours that should be given to sleep. 
 The habit of working far into the night is pernicious, 
 and in most cases will shorten life or impair vitality. 
 In sections where the mosquito and the tsetse fly 
 abound, one should sleep under a net, whether by day 
 or by night. The fly appears in the morning and dis- 
 appears about five in the afternoon, when his place is 
 taken by the mosquito. 
 
 Work to the point of mental exhaustion should al- 
 ways be avoided. It produces brain fag. The mission- 
 ary should keep himself fit. To keep at the highest 
 possible state of efficiency is an aim to be conscien- 
 tiously attained as far as is possible. Cheerfulness is 
 a stimulus to activity and health. Moods should be 
 avoided. Pessimism sees the hole in the doughnut 
 while optimism “ takes the cake.” Sociability should 
 be cultivated. On the mission station, one evening a 
 month might well be devoted to a social gathering, 
 when matters in the outside world can be discussed, 
 yarns exchanged, music furnished and refreshments 
 served. It should be a time of complete “ let down.” 
 To talk shop under such circumstances would be un- 
 pardonable. Few men really know how to let go, but 
 all should practice the art. “ Physical relaxation is 
 necessary to sustained energy.” The strings of a 
 violin can be keyed up to the highest pitch, but if kept 
 tense they will inevitably snap. 
 
 The missionary on the station should take a little 
 time daily for recreation and exercise. Even the busy 
 doctor should aim at this. Pie should also have some 
 side study, such as botany, natural history, folk lore, 
 etc., which should be of sufficient interest to divert his 
 attention for a while from the regular routine. In 
 the tropics, it is the custom to knock off at midday 
 and have a siesta for at least a half hour after the 
 noon meal. It is the part of wisdom to observe this 
 
102 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 conscientiously, nervous energy and working force be- 
 ing conserved thereby. Prof. James in his “ Psychol- 
 ogy ” makes the striking observation that “ the great 
 thing, in all education, is to make our nervous system 
 our ally instead of our enemy. It is to fund and 
 capitalize our acquisitions, and live at ease upon the 
 interest of the fund.” 
 
 The medical missionary should take a personal in- 
 terest in the location of residences on the station with 
 a view to drainage, sunshine and prevailing winds. 
 There should be ample space underneath buildings for 
 ventilation. Ventilators should be large, floors well 
 above ground, and material used that will absorb the 
 least amount of moisture. “ No wall should be built 
 without an adequate damp course of some substance 
 impervious to water. This course should be laid in all 
 walls and placed about one foot above the ground level 
 and one foot or more below the first floor level. Good 
 heavy quality of tar roofing paper can be used if 
 granite or slate, or some other impervious stone, is 
 not available.” In tropical regions a double roof should 
 be put on with an intervening air space if the materials 
 and the appropriation will allow. This space should 
 be screened from snakes and bats, and the windows 
 from mosquitoes and flies. No better investment can 
 be made than in wire gauze for screening houses and 
 hospital wards. Thorough sewerage should be carried 
 out on the missionary premises, the surface drained, 
 accumulation of garbage and stagnant water avoided, 
 an ample supply of pure water provided for and a war 
 of extermination declared upon insects of all kinds, 
 and also rats and mice. Regular medical inspection 
 of all premises should be insisted upon by the home 
 Board. To exhort the natives about village, com- 
 munity and public health and at the same time to have 
 the mission compound in an unsanitary condition is to 
 
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 103 
 
 bring a serious reflection upon the sincerity and com- 
 mon honesty of the missionaries themselves, and espe- 
 cially upon the physician in charge. 
 
 Regular and periodical inspection of school build- 
 ings, dormitories and work shops upon the mission 
 premises should be made by a committee of three, one 
 being the doctor. If this were thoroughly carried out, 
 many an institution would be spared the too frequent 
 outbreaks of typhoid and malarial fevers, dysentery 
 and other troubles, the forestalling of which would 
 prevent suspension of work, loss of life and all the 
 accompanying demoralization and expense. 
 
 Great and useful missionaries, as a rule, have been 
 long-lived. This has not been due solely to the sur- 
 vival of the physically strongest. It has been the 
 result of a high purpose, regular habits, a simple diet 
 and sensible precautionary measures, learned by ex- 
 perience, which have enabled them to adjust them- 
 selves to the most unfavorable climates and conditions. 
 Illustrations of this will be found in the lives of 
 Moffat of Africa, Fidelia Fiske of the Near East, 
 Scudder of India, Kerr of China, Hepburn of Japan, 
 and Post of Syria. This discussion of missionary 
 health as it relates itself to the duties and work of the 
 medical missionary, has been made in detail because of 
 its tremendous importance in the safeguarding of the 
 lives, and the conservation of the vital forces of those 
 noble and heroic men and women, native and foreign, 
 upon whose shoulders rests the burden of the evan- 
 gelization of the non-Christian world. 
 
MASTER WORKMEN AND THEIR 
 IMPLEMENTS 
 
“ The secret of the finest and the largest work is to keep 
 persistently at one’s best.” 
 
 Henry Churchill King. 
 
 “ Medical Missions are indeed a grand weapon in the hand 
 of God for removing prejudice, winning the affections of the 
 people and at the same time of directing their minds to 
 Christ.” 
 
 Dr. Duncan Main. 
 
V 
 
 MASTER WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLE- 
 MENTS 
 
 At this point we turn to look at the achievements of 
 the medical missionary and the equipment with which 
 his work is done. 
 
 I. Achievements of Master Workmen 
 
 It has already been pointed out that the medical 
 missionary is essentially a pioneer. He is a pathfinder. 
 Like the Norseman with his pick, he finds a way or 
 makes one. There comes to him the joy of breaking 
 new ground, of sowing seed in virgin soil, and of 
 reaping harvests from fields where the gospel of 
 health and of good cheer has never been presented. It 
 is not the lure of romance that draws him, though the 
 facts are more wonderful than fiction. It is not the 
 “ Call of the Wild,” though in some fields he cannot 
 escape the thrill of pushing into unexplored regions, 
 of following the trail through jungle grass, of blazing 
 the way through dense forests, of mapping mountains 
 and charting rivers, reducing languages to writing, 
 recording strange diseases and the action of new drugs. 
 It is to open a way through the body to the soul of 
 humanity, and to the heart of the world. 
 
 It was Dr. Thomas, whose patient, Krishna Pal, 
 became William Carey’s first convert in India; Peter 
 Parker, who opened the Chinese Empire with his 
 lancet ; Livingstone, who explored the Dark Continent 
 and probed the open sore of the world; Sims, who 
 helped George Grenfell chart the tributaries of the 
 Congo and made them available for missionary work, 
 
 107 
 
xo8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 It was Grant, who with his medicine chest scaled the 
 tablelands of Kurdistan; Kerr, who established the 
 first insane asylum in the Far East; Osgood, who put 
 Gray’s Anatomy into Chinese ; Van Dyck, who trans- 
 lated the Bible into Arabic ; Allen, who opened Korea 
 to Protestant Missions ; Clara Swain, who penetrated 
 the zenanas of India; Howard King, who captured 
 the yamens of China ; Pennell, who tamed and won 
 the warlike Afghans, and Loftis, who climbed the roof 
 of Asia and laid down his life for Tibet. 
 
 Medical missions have been pioneered by such 
 spirits as these ; science built up, literature enriched, 
 museums filled with their contributions; while geo- 
 graphical societies and learned academies have honored 
 themselves by electing them to membership and be- 
 stowing upon them their medals. Decorations have 
 been conferred on them by kings and potentates partly 
 because of their achievements, but especially because 
 of their personal character and worth. They have 
 been a moral asset in every country where they have 
 lived and wrought. Millions have been made more 
 accessible through their efforts, by the solution of 
 geographical problems, by the breaking down of caste, 
 by the winning of confidence, and by the creation of 
 facilities for communicating truth. Whole nations 
 and tribes, have been brought, through their skill and 
 diplomacy, within reach of the Church and a Chris- 
 tian civilization, and best of all they have won in- 
 numerable trophies for their Lord. The hour has 
 struck for the Church to advance by taking advantage 
 of the achievements of these master workmen that 
 the Kingdom of God may be established in all the 
 earth. 
 
 Wherever medical missionaries have gone they have 
 been instrumental in the establishment of local and 
 national hospitals and dispensaries, emergency hos- 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 109 
 
 pitals at arsenals and in factory centers, institutes 
 for the deaf and dumlb and blind, camps for lepers 
 and refugees, more intelligent and effective quarantine, 
 better sewerage, co-operation in stamping out epi- 
 demics, relief for the sick poor, circulation of literature 
 and sanitation and health exhibits for the better edu- 
 cation both of the people and governing classes. Their 
 membership, irrespective of nationality or creed, in 
 municipal and provincial sanitary boards is a high 
 compliment to their intelligence and devotion. They 
 have made contributions of immense value to the 
 literature of medicine, especially with reference to 
 diseases in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Dr. 
 Barton makes this observation : “ In the Schools of 
 Tropical Medicine in London and Liverpool, the re- 
 ports of medical missionaries in Africa and their 
 observations of African diseases constitute the best 
 and most reliable data upon the subject.” 
 
 In other spheres they have shown equal intelligence 
 and ability and, being actuated by a distinterested pur- 
 pose, their influence has been almost unlimited. It was 
 the testimony of an influential Persian, who knew and 
 esteemed Dr. Cochran highly, that he was the greatest 
 diplomat who had ever come to Persia. No one had 
 the influence he exerted over princes and governors. 
 “ In all his career it has never been known, in any in- 
 stance, that his word or request was refused from the 
 Government side.” 
 
 The editor of the International Review of Missions 
 after going over several volumes, speaks emphatically 
 of medical missions as “ one of the largest assets of 
 the Church in her worldwide enterprise,” and raises 
 the question : “ Has the value of this missionary 
 
 agency been fully utilized, or are its resources still 
 in part unexplored?” Without hesitation we reply 
 that it is one of the most valuable assets ; that it has 
 
iio MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 not been fully utilized ; that its resources have never 
 been fully explored. It might be justly termed the 
 neglected arm of the missionary service. The number 
 of medical missionaries is pitifully inadequate. For 
 lack of equipment and trained help the missionary 
 doctor has not had more than half a chance. His 
 success in the face of this has been remarkable. What 
 might he not be able to accomplish in behalf of the 
 evangelization of the world if given a full opportunity, 
 especially in those regions where he is the most poten- 
 tial factor for the restoration and uplift of humanity? 
 
 II. Some Notable Examples 
 
 Let us now take a brief glance at the careers of a 
 few of these Master Workmen. 
 
 The first missionaries to India were Danes. They 
 had medical work at Tranquebar and Madras in 
 1730-32. Dr. John Thomas, at first a physician in 
 civil life, returned to England and urged the need of 
 a suffering people. He then went back to the field, 
 as medical missionary, with William Carey. For six 
 years Carey labored without a convert. Krishna Pal, 
 a carpenter, was hurt. He was cured by Dr. Thomas, 
 and became the first baptized convert of the English 
 Baptist Mission. 
 
 Dr. John Scudder, of New York City, College ol 
 Physicians and Surgeons, went out under the Ameri- 
 can Board in 1819, the call having come to him while 
 attending a woman patient, through the reading of a 
 tract, “ The Conversion of the World.” His first field 
 was the Island of Ceylon. He afterwards removed 
 to Madras on the mainland. Out of this home and 
 family there came seven sons, two daughters and four 
 grandchildren who gave themselves to work in India. 
 
 Gutzlaff was one of the most remarkable of medical 
 pioneers. While interpreter to the British Government 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS in 
 
 at Hong Kong he prosecuted his studies, extended his 
 practice and continued his explorations, making, from 
 1831 to 1835, seven journeys along the China coast, 
 at the peril of his life. In his enthusiasm “ he even 
 engaged himself as mate on a Chinese junk, and at 
 another time as cook, in order to visit places to which 
 no foreign vessels sailed, and obtain opportunities 
 for making known the truth as it is in Jesus.” 1 Dr. 
 Hudson Taylor frequently referred to him as “ The 
 grandfather of the China Inland Mission.” It was 
 through his representations that the idea of an inter- 
 denominational missionary societey for the interior of 
 China was lodged in Taylor’s mind. Though not, in 
 the technical sense, a missionary, Gutzlaff lived for 
 one thing only — the extension of the Kingdom of 
 God. To this he devoted his large income, his re- 
 markable powers of mind and body, and all his avail- 
 able time. He wrote and published eight works in no 
 fewer than eight languages, including a translation into 
 the Chinese of the Old and New Testament. 2 
 
 Eight years after Jenner made the discovery of vac- 
 cination in 1797, Dr. Alexander Pearson, surgeon of 
 the East India Company, introduced it into the Chinese 
 Empire. His leading assistant prepared a treatise of 
 100 pages on the subject and in thirty years vaccinated 
 more than a million patients. An ode in praise of the 
 discoverer was written by the Chinese Governor Gen- 
 eral. Dr. T. H. Colledge, also of the East India 
 Company, was the first to urge “ upon the various 
 missionary societies the desirableness of employing 
 medical missionaries.” 
 
 Dr. Peter Parker, who was sent out by the American 
 Board, had the honor of being the first regularly ap- 
 pointed medical missionary to any field under a Mis- 
 
 1 See Ball’s China, published in 1854, PP- 59 . 60. 
 
 * “ Hudson Taylor in Early Years,” pp. 88, 89. 
 
1 12 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 sionary Society. 1 He opened work in Canton in 1835 
 and treated over 50,000 patients. Through his in- 
 fluence, in 1838, the Medical Missionary Society of 
 China was organized. He visited Scotland, on his 
 way home, and was instrumental, in 1841, in the organ- 
 ization of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society. 
 Dr. John Lowe was its Secretary for years, a man 
 who has rendered an invaluable contribution, not only 
 through his writings, but also by stimulating the ex- 
 tension of the work in many lands. 
 
 The hospital which Dr. Parker established continues 
 to be supported by the Medical Missionary Society of 
 Canton, the evangelistic work being conducted under 
 the auspices of the American Presbyterian Mission. 
 Dr. J. G. Kerr, who became a recognized authority 
 upon surgery throughout the world, was in charge of 
 this hospital for many years. The value and influence 
 of his work in Canton, and throughout that section of 
 the Empire, has probably never been surpassed in any 
 land. Some 700,000 patients were treated by him, and 
 his associates, and over 48,000 operations performed. 
 Among these were some 1,300 operations for urinary 
 calculus — an operation which, in those days, was very 
 difficult and dangerous. In addition to all this, most 
 of the textbooks used in teaching his medical students 
 were prepared through his indefatigable energy. He 
 gave forty-four of his best years to service in China ; 
 labored for two years among the Chinese in California ; 
 trained some 200 medical students ; was for years 
 President of the Medical Missionary Society of Can- 
 ton, and in 1887 was unanimously elected first Presi- 
 dent of the Medical Missionary Association in China. 
 
 It is difficult to say which one admires most, the 
 simple childlike faith of the men and women in the van- 
 guard of a Christian civilization who have been hammer- 
 
 1 Dr. Scudder was not appointed as a medical missionary. 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 113 
 
 ing at the outworks of Mohammedanism, or the wonder- 
 ful ability with which the work has been prosecuted 
 under every disadvantage. Dr. Azariah Smith of 
 Yale, who laid down his life at Aintab, in 1851, after 
 great and successful labors in northern Syria, was a 
 man of wide and accurate scholarship and made many 
 valuable contributions to medical journals and to the 
 American Oriental Society. Yet he was a man of 
 humility and beautiful faith. His absolute trust in 
 God is described by a fellow missionary. “ If the Lord 
 should tell me,” said the doctor, “ to take a small ham- 
 mer and go out and pound with it a great granite rock, 
 I should have nothing to do but to go on till He bade 
 me stop ; nor would it belong to me to ask the reason 
 for the command, or to be anxious about results. My 
 whole duty would consist in doing as He required, 
 because He required it.” When Dr. Smith arrived at 
 Aintab he found the mind of the native populace 
 greatly inflamed against the Americans. He slowly 
 but surely gained a footing. It was said of him, 
 “ Wherever cholera appeared, there Dr. Smith also 
 appeared ; and in many a city in Asia Minor, Armenia 
 and Mesopotamia, Moslems and Christians learned to 
 bless the missionary who seemed miraculously to 
 heal.” He won their confidence and was considered 
 “ the principal instrument in establishing and giving 
 character to the Turkey Mission.” 
 
 One of the most distinguished pioneers of medical 
 missions was Dr. Asahel Grant, who penetrated hun- 
 dreds of miles into the interior of Asiatic Turkey and 
 Kurdistan where he was hourly in danger of death 
 by violence. His courage and unselfishness coupled 
 with wonderful skill as an operator, especially upon 
 cataract, won confidence on every side. A writer in 
 the British Quarterly has the following to say con- 
 cerning this intrepid man : “ He was continually 
 
H4 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 thronged with patients, both Moslems and Christian. 
 Children brought their aged parents, and mothers led 
 their little ones. Those blind with opthalmia were 
 led by the hand. Those relieved from pain kissed his 
 feet, or even his shoes at the door.” “Among his 
 patients,” adds Dr. Thomas Laurie in the Ely Volume, 
 “ were Kurdish chiefs, Georgian princes, Persian 
 nobles, and members of the royal family. In the great 
 peril of his first journey in Kurdistan his fame as a 
 physician had preceded him, and kept him in safety 
 where the life of another could not have been assured 
 for an hour.” 
 
 In the year 1838, Dr. Robert Reid Kalley, of the 
 Free Church of Scotland, was on his way to China. 
 Idis wife becoming seriously ill, they landed at Fun- 
 chal, on the island of Madeira, which had never been 
 occupied by Protestant missionaries. Led there by 
 Providence, the doctor resolved upon opening work. 
 A man of means, he was able to maintain such work 
 outside of his practice. A hospital was opened and 
 medical treatment given free, upon condition that all 
 patients were to be present at nine every morning, 
 when he read the Scriptures and pointed them to 
 Christ. Schools were established over the island, the 
 doctor employing the teachers and furnishing the 
 books. The majority of the Portuguese were illiterate. 
 The people flocked to these night schools. At one 
 time, eight hundred adults were in attendance. They 
 were teachable and grateful. He was everybody’s 
 friend, for he visited the prisoners and ministered to 
 the poor. As his reputation grew, the well-to-do 
 sought relief, and, “ the municipal authorities tendered 
 him a formal vote of thanks.” 
 
 One Sabbath morning, two Portuguese, having re- 
 nounced their former faith, communed at the little 
 Scotch Church. Persecution then broke loose. The 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 115 
 
 two believers were ex-communicated, the schools were 
 broken up and the teachers imprisoned. In defiance 
 of the treaty granting religious liberty, one of his 
 nurses was dragged to prison. Kalley was seized, 
 tried, condemned and incarcerated for five months 
 under an old law of the Inquisition which had not 
 been enforced for more than two hundred years. He 
 was finally released, but had to flee for his life, with 
 the loss of all his personal effects, including his books, 
 which were burned. 
 
 He returned to Scotland for a time, but later visited 
 the island of Malta and then went to Brazil. In both 
 places he started medical and evangelistic work. 
 
 His persecuted followers in Madeira, to the number 
 of two hundred and eleven, were driven from their 
 homes, and assembled near the seashore, where they 
 prayed for the coming of a British ship that might bear 
 them away. Their faith was honored. The ship came, 
 and on August 23d, 1846, they sailed away to the 
 island of Trinidad, off the mouth of the Orinoco River. 
 Others followed until nearly one thousand left Ma- 
 deira. Later there was a migration of some of them 
 from Trinidad to Jacksonville, Illinois, where, to this 
 day, they have a self-supporting church and their own 
 pastor. Their devoted friend and spiritual father 
 visited them there on his way to Brazil where he 
 opened work in Rio de Janeiro. The Emperor, Dom 
 Pedro, being attracted by his personality and medical 
 practice, called upon him in person. It was discussed 
 in the privy council, and determined that Dr. Kalley 
 should be permitted to remain and continue his work. 
 
 Out of this came a great central church in the city 
 of Rio, another across the bay, and a third in Per- 
 nambuco. One convert, who prospered greatly after 
 his acceptance of Christ, gave $10,000, to meet a like 
 sum from Dr. Kalley, toward building the first Church. 
 
ii6 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 In addition, the doctor supported a number of Bible 
 readers and their families out of his private purse. 
 For years this noble enterprise went on until it rooted 
 itself in the soil and could be cultivated by other hands. 
 Dr. Kalley was a master workman, approved of God 
 — one of the great pioneers of medical missions and 
 of evangelistic work. The American Presbyterian 
 Church, in 1859, entered the field which through him 
 had been so providentially opened, and now counts a 
 membership of 14,000 under a General Assembly. 
 This is not all Dr. Kalley’s work, but he blazed the 
 way. Who shall measure the potentiality of one man’s 
 devotion to Christ? Who is bold enough to question 
 the providence of God in raising up such a leader, 
 through whose prayers and life moral and spiritual 
 forces have been released for the blessing and uplift 
 of humanity on three islands and two continents? 
 
 III. Equipment of Master IV orkmen 
 1. If you should visit one of these master workmen 
 and ask to be shown over his “ plant,” he would prob- 
 ably take you first into his study. There you would 
 find his medical books and journals, and possibly a 
 microscope, and, if dissection is not permitted, some 
 anatomical models. On his table there are the best 
 dictionary and grammar available and a copy of the 
 Scriptures in the native language. The daily reading 
 of the Bible in the vernacular has been recommended 
 as an excellent exercise, and is the best preparation 
 for personal work and chapel service. Then there are 
 account books, ledgers, case records and the card file 
 to be systematically used for entering the names of 
 enquirers, patients, diseases, drugs, new medical terms, 
 proverbs and a growing vocabulary. This file will in 
 a few years contain invaluable information in the most 
 available form for the preparation of reports, articles, 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS n 7 
 
 and books; also names and addresses of those who 
 are to be followed up. Upon the walls of the study 
 or office, there will probably be found a few scrolls 
 containing the words of Christ and quotations from the 
 sages of the country. 
 
 The true workman is honest and thorough in all 
 that he does. He holds that inferior work is dis- 
 honest work. Less than a man’s best, in any depart- 
 ment of education, science, philanthropy or medicine, 
 is hardly short of a sin. Every man who respects 
 himself and would transfer the integrity of his char- 
 acter and purpose to the material on which he works 
 must be true to the highest and best that is in him. 
 Failing in this, he misrepresents science, civilization 
 and Christianity itself, and with that failure the whole 
 fabric he has endeavored to weave will perish. A man 
 must never cheapen his profession or religious faith. 
 While the life of Dr. Hepburn was given most largely 
 to literary work because of his qualifications and the 
 demands of that period, he did not neglect his daily 
 clinic. And as for diligent and persistent effort con- 
 tinued through nearly half a century, we can find no 
 better description than the following by W. E. Griffis : 
 
 “ This tireless student rose every day at five o’clock 
 in the morning and in cold weather made his own fire. 
 He worked until breakfast time, which was between 
 seven and eight. Then followed family worship, after 
 which he took a short stroll, then he went into the dis- 
 pensary, usually for an hour, but sometimes for three 
 or four hours. In addition to the usually crowded 
 front room, there was another back of it, which, be- 
 sides chairs for the patients who were called in one 
 by one for treatment, was well provided with shelves 
 for medicines and Chinese Bibles and tracts. These 
 latter, in time, gave way to the same blessed messages 
 in easily read Japanese. Returning to his study, he 
 
i iS MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 worked on his dictionary, or his reading in Japanese 
 literature, and, in later days, on his translation or re- 
 vision of the Bible, until dinner time, at one o’clock. 
 In the afternoons he would take his exercise and at- 
 tend to the innumerable calls, medical, evangelistic, 
 social, or to multifarious public services. The even- 
 ing was usually spent in light work, or in fulfilling 
 social demands/' 
 
 Many of the great medical missionaries, like Dr. 
 Hepburn, have devoted a generous amount of time 
 to literary work. The creation of a literature and the 
 making of books is not primarily the work of the 
 medical missionary, but not unfrequently it has been 
 necessary to take this up as a skilled mechanic stops 
 to invent or fashion his own tools. Besides this, medi- 
 cal missionaries at times have shown such literary 
 ability, or the demand for certain kinds of literary 
 work has been so great, that the Boards have been 
 requested by the Missions to have these doctors set 
 apart for this special task. 
 
 Dr. C. V. A. Van Dyck was a graduate of Jefferson 
 Medical College, Philadelphia. Appointed to Syria 
 under the American Board, he mastered the Arabic, 
 wrote books for the schools, ministered to the wounded 
 in the wars of 1840-45, and traveled much with Dr. W. 
 M. Thompson who said that their “ station was on 
 horseback.” Van Dyck was providentially prepared 
 during seventeen years of study, travel, and medical 
 work for his masterpiece. “ He had, and mastered, a 
 whole library of Arabic books, poetry, grammar, 
 rhetoric, logic, history, geography and medicine ; had 
 published Arabic books on algebra, geometry, higher 
 mathematics, geography, logic, etc. In the colloquial 
 Arabic he was without an equal.” Upon the basis of 
 the work done by Dr. E. Smith, his predecessor, he 
 gave eight years to the translation of the Scriptures. 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 119 
 
 In addition he was professor in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the Syrian Protestant College, where twelve 
 medical classes graduated under him, worked in the 
 St. John’s and the Greek Hospitals and founded the 
 Astronomical Observatory. 
 
 Dr. J. C. Thompson, of Canton, has called attention 
 to a number of books and pamphlets on medicine and 
 surgery prepared in Chinese in the early years of 
 medical missionary work. These begin with a treatise 
 on the art of vaccination by Dr. Alexander Pearson, 
 in 1805, two years before Robert Morrison landed. 
 In 1841 a letter was addressed, by Dr. James Legge, 
 to Chinese residents of Malacca, on the subject of 
 cholera. Dr. B. Hobson did much valuable work, and 
 Dr. J. G. Kerr, with his hands already full, prepared 
 and published twenty-two volumes, a number of them 
 text books. One notable contribution was the transla- 
 tion of Gray’s Anatomy, published in 1878, by Dr. 
 D. W. Osgood of Foochow, the anatomical plates be- 
 ing cut on blocks of wood. 
 
 “ Dr. Mary PI. Fulton of Canton manages in some 
 mysterious way,” writes Dr. Isaac T. Headland, “ to 
 spend five hours a day in translation work. Three 
 books are in progress, two of which will soon be pub- 
 lished. She has translated: ‘Remarkable Answers to 
 Prayer,’ ‘ Diseases of Children,’ ‘ Nursing in Ab- 
 dominal Surgery,’ * Gynecology,’ etc.” Since that was 
 written, Dr. Fulton has been set free from other duties 
 for the work of medical translation. Drs. Edkins and 
 Dudgeon also made valuable contributions to this liter- 
 ature, and Dr. John Fryer, now professor of Chinese 
 in the University of California, prepared textbooks 
 on chemistry and physics. Of Dr. P. B. Cousland 
 it has been said that “ he was the leading spirit in the 
 largest translation work that has been done in China 
 during the last twenty-five years, and as President 
 
120 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 of the China Medical Missionary Association and later 
 chairman of its committee on translation he devoted 
 all his time and splendid ability to this work, being 
 set aside by his Board for translation work alone.” 
 In India this line of work has practically been dupli- 
 cated in the languages of that country, though English 
 is far more extensively used, thus opening a much 
 wider field for the study of medical and scientific 
 literature. 
 
 Sir Harry Johnston, who for many years represented 
 the British government in Africa, in emphasizing the 
 huge debt that philologists owe to the labors of mission- 
 aries there, reports that nearly two hundred languages 
 and dialects have been reduced to writing and for their 
 acquirement vocabularies, dictionaries and grammars 
 have been prepared. In this achievement medical mis- 
 sionaries have shared. Dr. Elias Riggs of Turkey, 
 mastered several languages, in order that he might 
 be the better able to reach the people. Dr. Sims, an 
 eminent man in his profession, who has worked for 
 many years in an unhealthy section of the Congo, has 
 not only acquired several African languages, but is 
 perfectly at home in French and Italian as well. 
 
 The mastery of the language with these great 
 workers has been the key to their knowledge of the 
 people, their viewpoint, social life, philosophy, religion, 
 superstitions and everything, in fact, that gives an in- 
 sight into human nature, habits and customs, both 
 individual and national. If a physician would seek the 
 deep-seated and obscure causes of disease, especially 
 the roots of nervous troubles, he would often find 
 them embedded in psychic phenomena, which baffle 
 ordinary diagnostic methods, and which can be dis- 
 covered only by a knowledge of the native tongue. 
 Then the medical missionary should so master the 
 written language as to familiarize himself, as far as 
 
Waiting Crowd in Front of Dispensary in Kodoli, India 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 121 
 
 possible, with native books on medicine, history, 
 biography, ethics, philosophy, and folk lore. 
 
 A veteran missionary out of his personal experience 
 writes : “ Were I a new missionary, I would do first 
 things first. I would soon find out that the first of 
 first things is language study ; that the Board had not 
 sent me out as a mission’s cousellor ; that I should not 
 waste energy in trying to correct all that I thought 
 wrong in missionary methods; that the greatest asset 
 of a missionary’s life is the gift of the Holy Spirit, 
 and the second is a mastery of the language.” All 
 of this effort, on the part of the medical missionary, 
 centers in his study. 
 
 2. The dispensary is another necessary part of the 
 missionary doctor’s equipment. It prepares the way 
 for the hospital by allaying suspicion and creating 
 confidence. The master workman cannot meet the 
 demand without the one or the other. The dispensary 
 is a means of introducing the gospel to hundreds of 
 villages. It is extensive in its work, while the hospital 
 is intensive. While it lacks continuity of treatment 
 and is not the most satisfactory agency, it ministers 
 to thousands who suffer and who would otherwise be 
 unreached. It attracts the common people and brings 
 them into touch with Christian influences, so that its 
 work is not unimportant and is not to be slurred over. 
 It helps to supply patients for the hospital wards and 
 attendance upon the chapel services during week days 
 and on Sundays. It furnishes a variety of clinical 
 material for the training of assistants and nurses and 
 reaches a class of patients who have not courage as 
 yet to enter a hospital ward. 
 
 3. The chapel, in connection with both dispensary 
 and hospital, is an essential part of the working equip- 
 ment. Here the patients assemble for hours before 
 the clinic begins. They should be made comfortable, 
 
122 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 and, if able to read, be given simple and interesting 
 illustrated literature, both to pass away the time and 
 to set them to thinking about health and religion. 
 Illuminated Scripture texts upon the wall and picture 
 scrolls, such as are used in the Sunday School, espe- 
 cially those bringing out the ministry of Jesus to the 
 sick and poor, help to a better understanding and ap- 
 preciation of Christianity. 
 
 A trained native helper for the men and a Bible 
 woman for the other sex, carefully selected for their 
 honesty, sympathy and reliability, can do much to 
 point the waiting patients to Christ. The physician in 
 charge should exercise great caution in the selection 
 of these workers. To employ in this sacred relation 
 those who are tactless, dictatorial or mercenary would 
 be injurious to the last degree and a travesty upon 
 the cause which the missionary represents. 
 
 Half an hour before the clinic begins, the doctor 
 may himself occupy the chapel platform and give a 
 simple, direct evangelistic talk, not over fifteen min- 
 utes, selecting by preference a parable or the story of 
 one of the miracles of healing. The doctor does not 
 pose as a preacher, but he does realize that he is sent 
 to minister. Like his Great Master he yearns over the 
 sick and suffering. His heart is filled with loving com- 
 passion. Men, women and children have come from 
 long distances to one who they believe can help them 
 in a time of need. They do not know Christ, but they 
 do know the doctor. He is touched by the appeal, and 
 is thrilled by the opportunity. Though he may not be 
 eloquent, his message goes home, and many a patient 
 coming from some humble hut in the country or dis- 
 tant village rejoices in the memory of the day when, 
 with the relief to the body, there came restoration of 
 soul. 
 
 4. Without a hospital no substantial and permanent 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 123 
 
 work can be done. It would be better not to begin 
 medical work, in most cases, if such provision cannot 
 ultimately be made. This does not mean that there 
 should necessarily be a large and expensive plant. 
 But, however small, it should be complete in every 
 essential detail. In fact, the missionary physician is 
 much better off to begin with a hospital with a few 
 beds in a temporary structure, or in a building which 
 will be one of several units in the hospital which is to 
 be established. The institution thus may grow with 
 the experience of the doctor who is then more able 
 wisely to direct and administer the work than if he 
 were to be burdened at the first with the heavy re- 
 sponsibility of a large and poorly planned equipment 
 and without an adequate native staff to assist him. 
 
 The writer would hardly be willing to repeat what 
 he did in his early medical experience. A Chinese 
 farmer came with an affection of the throat. His 
 wife explained that for two years she had fed him 
 through a small bamboo tube but that now he was 
 scarcely able to swallow. There being neither dis- 
 pensary nor hospital at the time, he was operated on 
 in the yard, seated upon one of our dining room chairs. 
 Another missionary held his head, and the patient to 
 steady himself grasped the rounds of the chair on 
 each side of him. The tumor, which was malignant, 
 was, after much difficulty, removed, the operation be- 
 ing followed by profuse hemorrhage. Cocaine had 
 not been discovered, no anesthetic could be adminis- 
 tered ; but the patient heroically held his seat and 
 went through the operation without a groan. He sur- 
 vived a couple of years, but it was his vitality and 
 powers of endurance rather than skilled work that 
 helped to his recovery, even for a time. The Board 
 made it possible a little later to erect a hospital for 
 forty beds. 
 
124 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 Dr. H. T. Hodgkin, in his admirable book on medical 
 missions, “ The Way of the Good Physician,” makes 
 a strong point when he states that “ the hospital be- 
 comes a far more vital item in the equipment of the 
 doctor abroad than at home.” One of the reasons 
 for this is that he encounters the most difficult cases 
 in medical and surgical practice. Patients are often 
 not brought to him until they are given up by the 
 family and the native doctor. In order to deal with 
 these cases, the medical missionary must have an ade- 
 quate equipment and a competent staff. He can keep 
 up the continuity of treatment in the hospital under 
 his own eye. Upon this much of his success depends. 
 The doctor, moreover, by placing his patients in a hos- 
 pital ward can ensure the three great essentials of 
 cleanliness, sunlight and fresh air — essentials not to 
 be found in the majority of homes in non-Christian 
 lands. He has a chance to study the case from the 
 standpoint of scientific diagnosis and treatment, physi- 
 cal and psychic. The hospital gives him his best and 
 only opportunity for the clinical training of a staff 
 of assistants and nurses. And, lastly, in the hospital 
 he does his best personal work in leading the patients 
 to Christ. 
 
 Not only is an adequate building necessary, but a 
 sufficient appropriation to meet the needs of urgent 
 cases. A shortage in contributions at home and a 
 cut in the appropriation compelled Dr. Joseph Cochran 
 at one time to close a part of his hospital. Here is 
 the note in his journal : “ Yesterday five Kurds arrived 
 from the region between Amadia and Mosul. The long 
 and perilous journey has been made, they have been 
 twenty-five days on the way and have reached here 
 with about two dollars in cash. Three of them are 
 very seriously ill. . . . They had heard that this 
 
 institution received people of all nationalities and 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 125 
 
 creeds, and that the poor could find treatment as well 
 as the rich. It requires a very stony heart to close 
 the doors to people from such a distance.” All he 
 could do was to find a place for them among the Kurds 
 in a neighboring villege, with the request to take them 
 into their mosque, let them beg for their bread from 
 door to door, and come to him for medicine which he 
 would give them free of charge. 
 
 We have already remarked that the mission hospitatl 
 is a powerful evangelizing agency, but the fact cannot 
 be too sharply emphasized. In a paper read by Dr. 
 Duncan Main before the China Medical Missionary 
 Association on the best method of presenting Christian 
 truth to patients, he was decidedly of the opinion that 
 it is in the hospital wards and by personal dealing with 
 the patients at the bedside, that the best opportunity 
 offers. He was convinced that this work should be 
 chiefly done by the native evangelists and colporteurs 
 who regularly and systematically visit the wards and 
 thus get in touch with the patients. “ The doctors 
 and their assistants, of course, drop a word in season 
 on their daily rounds. . . . but the actual teaching, 
 as a rule, is done by the evangelists, who can do it 
 much better than we can.” 
 
 Separate services in his hospital are held for men 
 and women, for maternity cases, for children, and for 
 lepers, conducted by different members of the staff. 
 These services are held every evening, except that on 
 Monday night all assemble in the same hall for a magic 
 lantern exhibition, and on Tuesday night for the 
 weekly prayer meeting attended by the members of 
 the staff and all the Christians on the compound. 
 “ This meeting,” he adds, “ I always keep in my own 
 hands. We vary it a good deal and there is nothing 
 stereotyped. The burden of this meeting is the power 
 of godly living, and the power of the Holy Ghost. 
 
u6 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 The meeting is short and as interesting as we can 
 make it.” 
 
 This position of Dr. Main’s, who has demonstrated 
 his ability as a surgeon and Christian leader, coincides 
 thoroughly with the attitude of Dr. W. J. Wanless, 
 of Miraj, India, who expressed himself recently before 
 the India Medical Missionary Association in almost 
 identical terms. “ The evangelistic work of mission 
 hospitals should as a rule be in charge of the medical 
 staff, all of whom should take a definite and active part 
 in the gospel work of the institution.” On account of 
 the immense number of villages within reach of large 
 mission hospitals in India he makes the suggestion that 
 an ordained missionary, in addition to the medical 
 staff, should be available for personal work in the 
 institution and for “ the visitation of villages within 
 the district from which patients have come, with whom 
 accjuaintance and even friendships have been estab- 
 lished while in the hospital.” He makes the further 
 admirable suggestion that there should be a small li- 
 brary of carefully selected books, and a reading and 
 prayer room, open to any of the patients who during 
 convalescence are able to make use of them. 
 
 Not the least important part of evangelistic work is 
 the following up of patients after they leave. It is a 
 most fruitful field, but the lack of workers in mission 
 stations has, as a rule, prevented this from being done 
 systematically. Now that mission churches are be- 
 coming well organized and self-supporting it ought to 
 be possible to secure the voluntary services of some 
 reliable and mature Christians, men and women, for 
 both are needed, to carry to the homes the lessons of 
 truth received in the hospital. This should be done in 
 addition to a letter of introduction to the nearest 
 pastor in behalf of every patient interested in the 
 gospel, a copy of the letter with the patient’s address 
 

Church General Hospital, Wuchang, China 
 Above — Entrance to Woman’s Hospital 
 Below — Woman’s Tubercular Ward 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 127 
 
 going to the pastor himself. Faithfully and system- 
 atically carried out, this would double the effectiveness 
 of the hospital as an evangelistic agency. The sugges- 
 tion comes from Dr. Main and is worthy of general 
 adoption. 
 
 It is remarkable at what a comparatively insignifi- 
 cant outlay medical missionary work is carried on. 
 The cost of maintaining the largest hospital at Canton 
 for an entire year has been the modest sum of $10,000. 
 Even the amount mentioned does not come from 
 home ; the budget is provided for by the Chinese Medi- 
 cal Missionary Society. In this hospital and its as- 
 sociated dispensaries, nearly 50,000 patients are treated 
 annually. While the average cost of a bed in a hospital 
 in New York, Kansas City, or San Francisco, is two 
 dollars a day, in Canton or Lucknow it is not more 
 than from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars a year, or 
 less than ten cents a day. 
 
 It is the consensus of opinion among medical mis- 
 sionaries that, if possible, something should be paid 
 by patients for treatment, even though it be an insig- 
 nificant amount. At the same time, it is the policy of 
 every mission hospital not to turn away any one who 
 is too poor to pay the fee. While the total of receipts 
 from out-patients and from those paying a small fee 
 within the wards may not come to much, it does 
 amount to a great deal in an enlarged appreciation 
 of the value of medical help, the creation of self- 
 respect, and the building of character. Patients are 
 often overheard to say that free medicine is poor 
 medicine. People appreciate what they pay for and 
 are then more ready to follow directions. The policy 
 of self-support is carried out in a number of hospitals 
 such as that of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South, at Soochow, China, under the administration 
 of Dr. W. H. Park. In addition to meeting its current 
 
128 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 expenses, it has repeatedly bought land for enlarge- 
 ment and put up several buildings for its staff and 
 departmental work. 
 
 The American Presbyterian hospital at Miraj, India, 
 under the administration of Dr. W. J. Wanless, is an 
 illustration, in the extent of its work, its growth in 
 self-support, and in the multiplication of its agencies, 
 of what can be accomplished under intelligent and 
 masterful leadership. It has 130 beds, treats over 
 2,000 in-patients and more than 40,000 out-patients 
 annually and has four branch dispensaries. In twenty- 
 four years, or to the close of 1916, 27,000 in-patients 
 were treated, with a total attendance of three-quarters 
 of a million and over 40,000 operations performed. It 
 has been conducted on such a sound basis that it has 
 been practically self-supporting from the beginning. 
 During the past six years, in addition to current ex- 
 penses, it has enlarged its plant to the amount of $40 r 
 000 from funds raised on the field — mainly the gifts 
 of patients. The work of three hospitals and seven 
 dispensaries in the Western India Mission, are all ex- 
 tensions of the Miraj work and cost the home Church, 
 exclusive of missionaries’ salaries, less than $4,000 
 annually. A physician and a nurse, both Americans, 
 are supported by the hospital. 
 
 In an article by Saint Nihal Singh, the Indian writer, 
 he states that “ within a radius of 250 miles of Miraj, 
 there are numerous hospitals maintained by the gov- 
 ernment, most of them under the charge of British 
 physicians; yet so famous is this missionary doctor, 
 that during a recent year he performed twice as many 
 as the total operations performed in all other hospitals 
 within this area.” It becomes a matter of both aston- 
 ishment and of admiration when we sum up in figures 
 alone the personal service rendered by this one medical 
 missionary in twenty-eight years. During that period 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 129 
 
 Dr. Wanless has performed more than 25,000 surgical 
 operations, of which over 6,000 were for cataract, 900 
 for stone in the bladder, and 1,800 abdominal opera- 
 tions, including 400 on the stomach, the largest number 
 of any one operator in India for gastric disorders. We 
 are not surprised to learn that “ his name has come 
 to be almost worshipped in Hindu and Moslem 
 homes.” 
 
 The mission hospital in the hands of these master 
 workmen has been a leveler of caste, a builder of 
 brotherhood, an illustration of Christianity in the con- 
 crete, a distributing center of good influences, a haven 
 of rest for helpless humanity and not infrequently a 
 bulwark of safety to the missionary or the foreign com- 
 munity in the midst of which it is located. It was 
 said of Dr. Kerr’s hospital in Canton, that in protection 
 to the community it was more powerful than a gun- 
 boat. 
 
 There is a consensus of opinion among experienced 
 medical missionaries that certain things are essential 
 to the efficiency of every mission hospital : 
 
 1. Two doctors and a staff of assistants. 
 
 2. A woman missionary superintendent who can 
 
 train nurses. 
 
 3. Buildings adapted in structure to ample light and 
 
 ventilation and in material to cleanliness. 
 
 4. An adequate up-to-date equipment. 
 
 5. Sufficient current expense funds. 
 
 6. High Christian ideals and policy for the home 
 
 Board and the hospital staff. 
 
 7. On the part of the physician in charge, a scientific 
 
 attitude that is alive to the latest and best things 
 in medicine and a spirit of tactful, Christlike 
 leadership over those associated with him in the 
 work of his hospital. 
 
 We could not better close this chapter than with a 
 
130 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 brief notice of yet another master workman, a 
 vigorous, masculine, red-blooded missionary, Dr. Theo- 
 dore L. Pennell, who lived, planned and wrought on 
 the Afghan frontier of India. He built up a medical 
 practice that extended along the mountain trails, into 
 the camps of wild tribes, among soldiers, and in not 
 a few frontier towns, where surgical operations had 
 to be performed in the midst of border forays or as 
 a result of bloody feuds. He established a hospital, 
 founded a boys’ school, ran a mission press, preached 
 constantly in the bazaars, where he was several times 
 beaten and stoned, and yet found time somehow to 
 learn Urdu and Pushtu thoroughly, and to acquire a 
 fair working knowledge of Arabic, Persian and Pun- 
 jabi. His medical activity was equalled by his interest 
 in athletic sports, through which he got a masterful 
 control over the Afghan boys. Cataract being his 
 speciality, he not unfrequently performed a dozen 
 operations during a single day while on the road, a 
 native assistant being left behind in each village to 
 care for the patients while he pushed on. “ Each tour 
 was an adventure from beginning to end — all kinds 
 of dangers from desert sands, swollen rivers, mountain 
 trails, warlike chiefs, fanatical Moors and lurking 
 diseases.” It was indeed a marvel that he should have 
 been able to maintain himself at such a pace, but he did 
 more than that. We could not more accurately sum up 
 the character and achievements of medical missionaries 
 than by quoting from the introduction to Pennell’s 
 life, written by none other than Field-Marshal Earl 
 Roberts himself. When so high an authority on In- 
 dian affairs — military, civil and missionary — gives 
 his deliberate opinion, it is well worth recording. 
 
 “ Dr. Pennell was a man of striking appearance, of 
 commanding personality, and of prepossessing man- 
 ner. Pie was quite fearless (he never carried a weapon 
 
WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 131 
 
 of any kind), and he was patient and determined. 
 His aim was to get to understand the people and to be 
 trusted by them ; and in this endeavor, living amongst 
 them and mixing freely and fearlessly with them, and 
 by the example of his frugal, self-denying life, he 
 achieved a remarkable measure of success. ... In 
 one year in the Bannu hospital alone, 34,000 individual 
 cases were dealt with, and 1,655 of these were ad- 
 mitted to the wards. Eighty-six thousand out-patients 
 were visited, and nearly three thousand operations 
 were performed. This enormous amount of work was 
 carried out by only four qualified medical men, two 
 British and two Indian, and one qualified medical 
 woman. These figures will give some idea of the 
 magnitude and importance of the work, for the organ- 
 ization and execution of which Dr. Pennell was mainly 
 responsible.” 
 
 In commenting upon the life of this eminent phy- 
 sician, who without seeking it, had won for himself 
 such distinction in the Public Service in India, and 
 through his compassionate ministry such a large place 
 in the hearts of the wild Afghans upon the Border, 
 Earl Roberts deems it impossible for any one to read 
 the pages of the book 1 “ without being convinced that 
 medical missions are a great power for good in the 
 land and, as to their spiritual influence, I can only 
 say from personal knowledge of their work, that I 
 heartily agree with the Bishop of Lahore who, after 
 a visit of inspection to Bannu, testified to their being 
 ‘ of immense service in breaking down opposition, soft- 
 ening hearts, making clear to the rough, untamed 
 people of these parts the real meaning and bearing 
 of the gospel message and so preparing the way for 
 its reception.’ ” 
 
 1,4 Pennell of the Afghan Frontier,” by Alice M. Pennell. 
 
132 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 True greatness is measured by integrity of charac- 
 ter, loftiness of ideals, heroism of spirit, and the 
 reach of influence as it affects the individual, the com- 
 munity, the nation, the civilization itself. From this 
 standpoint the master workmen whom we have had 
 under discussion have made and are making a wonder- 
 ful contribution to the world’s good. What college 
 man or woman desiring a highly productive career for 
 God’s glory and humanity’s gain would not rejoice to 
 be listed among such master workmen as these? The 
 roster is still in the making. 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
“ There is nothing in the universe that I fear but that I 
 shall not know all my duty, or shall fail to do it.” 
 
 Mary Lyon. 
 
 “ Oh, how could I serve in the wards if the hope of the world 
 were a lie? 
 
 How could I bear with the sights and the loathsome smells of 
 disease, 
 
 But that He said, “Ye do it to me when ye do it to these.” 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
VI. 
 
 WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 During a visit to the sacred island of Pu-du, off the 
 China coast, we passed a poor woman seeking a double 
 cure, that of a diseased body and a sin-smitten soul. 
 She was measuring her length along the stone pave- 
 ment from the landing to the most distant temple, 
 three miles and a half away. Seven miles in all, under 
 a blistering sun, before she could return to the boat 
 which brought her, and more than ten days consumed 
 under the self-inflicted penance and for the acquire- 
 ment of the merit which would make her whole. Alas, 
 for the simple-minded victim of a venal priesthood and 
 a religion of false promises. And that poor creature 
 was the personification of half the womanhood of the 
 world groping blindly for health and salvation. 
 
 A Door of Hope swung wide open ! A Christly 
 mission of mercy to suffering women and children ! 
 How better may one characterize the entrance of 
 women medical missionaries and nurses into the world 
 field of missions? Hope had been long deferred, and 
 “ hope deferred maketh the heart sick.” Neglected 
 womanhood, sitting in the valley of the shadow of 
 death, might have said, “ I water my couch with my 
 tears all the night.” True, but “ joy cometh in the 
 morning,” with the coming of Christ’s Gospel of life 
 and good cheer. The morning light is beginning to 
 break upon the darkened womanhood and childhood 
 of the non-Christian world. And some of the brightest 
 gleams of the dawn are rising out of the work of 
 Christian women doctors and nurses for their suffering 
 sisters of other races. 
 
 i35 
 
136 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 I. The Introduction of Women’s Medical Mission 
 Work 
 
 It was a romantic incident which made it possible to 
 open medical work for women in India. The Ma- 
 harani, or wife of a native prince, was nursed by Miss 
 Beilly. Upon recovering, the princess dismissed her 
 attendants and addressed her friend as follows: “ You 
 are going to London, and I want you to tell our Queen 
 and the Prince and Princess of Wales what the women 
 in the zenanas of India suffer when they are sick. 
 Will you promise me?” Taking a locket she placed 
 within it a slip of paper, upon which Miss Beilly had 
 written the message, and asked her to present it to 
 Queen Victoria. A prayer was offered by her friend 
 and nurse that the appeal might in some way reach 
 the Throne. The Queen heard of the incident, gave 
 the messenger an audience, and authorized the begin- 
 ning of a work which later on led to the establishment 
 by Lady Dufferin, wife of the Viceroy of India, of 
 the Dufferin system of hospitals. 
 
 Dr. Clara A. Swain, of the Women’s Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia, enjoys the distinction of being the 
 pioneer of woman’s medical missionary work in India, 
 and “ the first accredited woman physician ever sent 
 out by any missionary society.” She went out in 1869, 
 in company with Miss Isabella Thoburn, under the 
 auspices of the Woman’s Missionary Society of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, North. Stationed at 
 Bareilly, she began training a class of young Indian 
 women nurses who graduated in 1873, the forerunners 
 of what will one day prove to be a great host. In 
 direct answer to earnest prayer, which inspired the 
 beginnings of all this work, the Nawab of Rampore 
 gave an estate of forty acres adjoining the mission 
 premises, and valued at $50,000, for the establishment 
 of the first hospital for women in India. The Rajah 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 137 
 
 wrote in the Blue Book that this gift, invested for 
 suffering women, gave him more satisfaction than any- 
 thing else he had ever done. 
 
 To the women of the Chinese Empire, in 1872, came 
 their first medical missionary in the person of Dr. 
 Lucinda L. Combs, of Philadelphia, also sent out 
 under the Methodist Society. She was succeeded in 
 1877 by Dr. Leonore Howard, afterwards Mrs. King, 
 who was instrumental, with Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie, 
 in the recovery of Lady Li, wife of the great Viceroy, 
 Li Hung Chang. The cure having arrested the atten- 
 tion of the most powerful official in the empire and won 
 his gratitude, stirred officialdom, and gave medical 
 missions a prestige it had never known. The yamen 
 was thrown open and thousands of women and chil- 
 dren flocked to the doctor with the “ wonder-working 
 hand.” The mother of the Viceroy was also treated, 
 and made a gift of one thousand dollars for Christian 
 benevolence. A Buddhist temple was placed at the 
 disposal of the doctor for dispensing medicine. The 
 Viceroy’s mother would not let Dr. Howard out of 
 her sight. She desired her to live on the premises, 
 heaped costly presents upon her, had the doctor treat 
 her numerous retinue of attendants and put her in 
 medical charge of her regiment of seventy cats. 
 
 Dr. Fanny J. Butler, was the first woman medical 
 missionary from Great Britain to India. She went out 
 in 1880, after an examination in Kings and Queens 
 College of Physicians, Dublin, of such excellence that 
 she was informed by a member of the faculty that her 
 paper was the best he had ever had from any candi- 
 date. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop was inspired by her 
 work on the field to build a hospital. She afterwards 
 wrote : “ It was a terrible sight to see the way in 
 which the women pressed upon her at the dispensary 
 door, which was kept by two men outside and another 
 
138 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 inside. The crush was so great as sometimes to over- 
 power the men and precipitate the women bodily into 
 the consulting room.” The strain upon health and 
 nerves was too great and in nine years after she began 
 her noble work, the tender hearted doctor succumbed. 
 Her helpers begged the privilege of bearing her body 
 to the grave, saying, “ We have eaten her salt, and no 
 other arms must bear her.” 
 
 It does not require a second reading of the story 
 of the life and ministry of Jesus Christ to realize the 
 drain upon his sympathy and nerve force. It was 
 constant and exhausting. The throngs pressed upon 
 Him from morning until night, laying their sick at 
 His feet. Often He had not so much as leisure to eat. 
 The burden of afflicted and distressed humanity was 
 upon His heart and shoulders. “ Himself took our in- 
 firmities and bore our sicknesses.” Dr. Butler minister- 
 ing to the women of India followed the example of the 
 first Medical Missionary and entered into the fellow- 
 ship of His suffering and theirs. 
 
 Many other women medical missionaries have 
 pressed out into the needy fields and have added new 
 luster to the records of their predecessors. Among 
 them are Dr. Mary W. Niles and Dr. Mary H. Fulton 
 of the Woman’s Hospital at Canton, an institution 
 which not only is self-supporting, but in which students 
 and faculty are all earnest Christians. In 1890 Dr. 
 Niles opened the first school for blind girls, seventy 
 of them having been turned over to her by the Chinese 
 authorities. By her skill she had been the means of 
 saving the life of one of the wives of the Viceroy of 
 Canton province. To show his appreciation he placed 
 at her disposal a large sum of money with which to 
 begin the school. It is one of many proofs that the 
 Chinese are capable of the most generous impulses, 
 as well as of sincere gratitude. 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 139 
 
 Another out of many illustrious medical women 
 who might be mentioned as following in the path of 
 great pioneers like Doctors Swain and Combs was Dr. 
 Elizabeth Reifsnyder, of the Women’s Union Medical 
 Society of Philadelphia. She was perhaps the first 
 woman in Central China to operate upon an ovarian 
 tumor. It weighed fifty pounds, over half as much 
 as the patient. The following day, the Chinese paper 
 in Shanghai appeared with a long editorial in praise of 
 the surgeon and her skill. Accompanying it was a 
 picture, drawn from ' the imagination of the native 
 artist, which represented the patient as lying in state 
 upon a high and beautifully canopied bedstead. The 
 doctor stood by the bedside with one foot resting upon 
 a high stool, and in her right hand a sword which she 
 was waving aloft and with which, at one fell swoop, she 
 was to remove the tumor. It was some distance from 
 the actual facts, but the mind of the average native was 
 tremendously impressed, especially as the patient made 
 a good recovery. 
 
 II. The Claims of Medical Missionary Work for 
 Women 
 
 A work of this kind presents very commanding 
 claims. We mention three of these. 
 
 1. Because of the nature of the task. It comes 
 straight from God and is worthy of all one’s powers. 
 Going to such a task, therefore, the doctor or the nurse 
 may confidently expect the power of God. He has 
 promised it, and He is faithful. It keeps the sense 
 of vocation alive, for it is God’s call. That sense may 
 die out at home from the insidious influences of per- 
 sonal amhition, professionalism, and the commercial 
 spirit. On the field it deepens, grows, and becomes 
 the very soul of missions. The task which bids one 
 seek the place where suffering is greatest and in which 
 
140 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 the power to relieve grows into the obligation to serve, 
 appeals to the heroic and satisfies the noblest aspira- 
 tions. It impels the missionary doctor to tread in the 
 footsteps of the Great Healer, and in doing so touches 
 the springs of mercy, inspires the grace of confident 
 patience, leads to masterfulness of faith and deepens 
 that prayer life which brings an increasing sense of 
 the presence of God. 
 
 2. Because of the depth of the need. The need is 
 as deep and as acute as the sufferings of neglected 
 humanity can very well be. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, 
 the world traveler, began her journeys indifferent to, 
 and almost sceptical of, the utility and power of for- 
 eign missions. Dr. Arthur Smith, in “ Rex Christus,” 
 remarks that by being an eye witness of the ministries 
 and results of the medical missions she became “ an 
 ardent believer in their saving power, and was led to 
 build five hospitals and an orphanage in the East.” 
 How could she do otherwise when she had the oppor- 
 tunity to see and the ability to give ? While in China, 
 the more she frequented daily clinics in hospital and 
 dispensary, the more profound was her admiration 
 for the physician who left home and friends for 
 Christ’s sake. “ To her comes the little slave girl al- 
 most murdered, the childless wife whose husband is 
 about to discard her, the thirteen-year-old daughter-in- 
 law whose mother-in-law has beaten her eye out, and 
 the child with poor little crushed feet, inflamed and 
 suppurating with decaying bones, appealing to her 
 from the cruel bandages.” 
 
 In India women suffer, if anything, even more than 
 in China. A large proportion of them live a confined 
 life by being kept in strict seclusion in zenana or harem. 
 The Hindu is convinced that woman has been created 
 inferior in nature to man. He believes “ in the sanctity 
 of the cow and in the depravity of woman.” She is. 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 141 
 
 according to his creed, made for man’s sole proprietor- 
 ship and enjoyment. In infancy she is neglected, if not 
 denied the right to live; in girlhood betrothed and mar- 
 ried without her will, or sold into a life of shame. If 
 fortunate enough to bear children, she not only suffers 
 the pangs of nature, but endures what is worse at the 
 hands of the ignorant and meddlesome midwife. If 
 widowed and childless she becomes a subject of con- 
 tempt and scorn, and throughout life is made a drudge. 
 If she falls ill, “ prejudices and custom banish medical 
 aid altogether. Woman is taught that she is unworthy 
 of confidence and a slave of passion, a great whirlpool 
 of suspicion, a dwelling place of vices, full of deceits, 
 a hindrance in the way of heaven, the very gate of 
 hell.” 
 
 The above description is, of course, not universally 
 true for many a Hindu wife is devotedly loved by her 
 husband ; but, alas, it is prevailingly true. 
 
 It was in India that I was brought to a sudden real- 
 ization of the ignoble place accorded to woman in non- 
 Christian lands. Our train had come to a standstill 
 at a wayside station. A tap at my window by the 
 British guard aroused me from sleep. In low but 
 excited tones he explained that a passenger was ill 
 and needed the assistance of a physician. Dressing 
 hastily, I followed him to the woman’s car and found 
 a half dozen native women in the far end gesticulating 
 wildly. Upon my left, stretched upon a hard bench, 
 was a mere child who had just become a mother, while 
 beside her, weeping hysterically, was her mother, who 
 seemed utterly helpless. 
 
 The nearest hospital was thirty miles away. Advis- 
 ing the guard to telegraph for help and to push on, 
 I turned my attention to the young mother and her 
 baby. Upon reaching our destination a stretcher had 
 been brought, but when the bearers discovered the sex 
 
142 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 of the patient, and that she was of a different caste, 
 they absolutely refused to touch her. In vain I ap- 
 pealed to them through my servant and interpreter. 
 They were men and she was a woman, they were high 
 caste and she was low. The appeal fell dead at the 
 feet of those tall swarthy turbaned fellows. I turned 
 to my interpreter. “You are a Mohammedan. You 
 surely will help me carry this woman to the platform.” 
 He drew himself up with great dignity and an unmis- 
 takable look of scorn and retorted, “True, I am a 
 Mohammedan, but if I touched her I would be unclean 
 for a month ! ” He was forthwith ordered out of the 
 car. The guard approached. I appealed to him as an 
 Englishman and a Christian. No argument was 
 needed. Cheerfully he slipped his strong arms under 
 the patient and helped to bear her to the cot. As the 
 locomotive whistled, the mother of the child-wife 
 threw herself upon her knees and tried to articulate 
 her thanks. We shot out into the night once more, and 
 I realized the failure of a man-made religion, and 
 caught a new vision of the beauty of Christianity 
 which teaches the mission of the strong to the weak, 
 makes sacred the very name of wife and mother, and 
 ennobles womanhood the world over. 
 
 The need in Latin America, too, is very great. Far 
 away in the mountains of Mexico southeast of the 
 section occupied by the fierce Yaquis, there lies a 
 beautiful valley — the home of the Terascan Indians. 
 We enter it on horseback, Dr. G. B. Winton and my- 
 self, after several days by rail, canoe and in the 
 saddle. Finding that one of the two visitors is a 
 doctor, the mothers gather about him with their chil- 
 dren. In all the years of their lives no physician has 
 come into their midst. Patiently and mutely they have 
 endured their suffering and carried their grief. From 
 morning until night they throng the enclosure. Their 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 143 
 
 gratitude is touching as they press upon us the little 
 silver trinkets they have fashioned with rude tools out 
 of native ore. Their appeal to return quickly takes the 
 heart out of us. Are they not ready, waiting and eager 
 for the message? One medical missionary with the 
 gospel story would be the key to that fair valley. Ten 
 years have come and gone, and still those Terascan 
 Indians wait. And many another section of the 
 southern republics is waiting too. 
 
 Up and down the vast dark stretches of Africa the 
 women and children are waiting. For all the pain and 
 sickness of the dark continent, the men doctors are 
 pitifully few, and the women doctors a mere handful. 
 Often missionaries with little or no medical training 
 are compelled to respond to an emergency call for a 
 doctor, for in Africa the unexpected always happens. 
 No field requires more initiative, courage and common 
 sense. There was a quiet little woman of sixty, who 
 had spent thirty years of missionary sendee in the Bel- 
 gian Congo. While travelling with her and her husband, 
 the writer stumbled upon the following incident in her 
 life. An elephant hunter had swung himself into a 
 tree to get a shot. His gun exploded, tearing off his 
 hand. Mud and leaves were plastered on the mutilated 
 wrist by his comrades, but within a week they brought 
 him to the station more dead than alive. Our heroine 
 was not even a trained nurse. She had some experi- 
 ence, however, in caring for the sick, and was blessed 
 with an abundance of grit and sense. She stripped 
 off the wrappings and found the forearm in a state of 
 gangrene. Her husband was informed that the arm 
 would have to be amputated. He replied in dismay 
 that he was no surgeon. She insisted that they must 
 jointly perform the operation, brought the carving 
 knife and wood saw, showed him where to cut the 
 tissues and how to make a flap. She tied the arteries, 
 
144 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 sprinkled the wound with iodoform and dressed it. 
 The man recovered and still hunts elephants. She had 
 the stuff for a medical missionary — initiative, courage 
 and self-reliance. Such material is abundant, but 
 awaits discovery. Add to these efficiency in service 
 which comes from training, and a sense of the urgency 
 of a God-given task, and many a modest woman will 
 be inspired to great deeds and a life of heroic service. 
 Woman has the capacity. What she needs is a realiza- 
 tion of duty, thorough training and a field. 
 
 Miserable, beyond the power of language to describe 
 it, is the physical condition of womanhood in Persia, 
 Egypt, Syria, Arabia and the other Mohammedan 
 lands of the world. Neglected, degraded, limited, 
 woman moves about in her little circle under the 
 tyranny of Islam and none can tell the horrors of what 
 she suffers from child-marriage, polygamy and un- 
 limited divorce. Disease among them is plenteous, but 
 the laborers are few. 
 
 So we might go from field to field through the 
 mission world and always it would be the same sad 
 story of desperate need. Nor would we find any native 
 sources of relief that can greatly mitigate the distress. 
 All that was said in an earlier chapter about the suffer- 
 ings resulting from native malpractice, quackery, 
 witchcraft, and superstition in reference to men ap- 
 plies with double force to women and little children. 
 Two illustrations may be given of these crude theories 
 and cruel practices, both of them relating to psycho- 
 pathic troubles. 
 
 Dr. Christie tells of a sad case in his experience in 
 Manchuria where “ madness, epilepsy, and extreme 
 hysteria are usually regarded as being caused by devil 
 possession. Without any inquiry into the origin of 
 the condition, most cruel methods are resorted to in 
 order to drive out the evil spirit, such as forcing the 
 
Maternity Ward of the McLeod Hospital, Inuvil, Ceylon 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 145 
 
 patient to stand on red hot iron, and there is always 
 a severe and merciless beating. A girl of seventeen 
 was brought to me, evidently a case of extreme hys- 
 teria. The witch doctors, after trying several cruel 
 methods without success, had finally thrust a red hot 
 poker down her throat to expel the demon. The girl 
 died shortly afterwards .” 1 
 
 The other illustration is also from China. During a 
 journey along the Great Wall, as it stretches its length 
 between China and Mongolia, I met two young men, 
 gun in hand, hunting a fox. They were deeply intent 
 upon the chase, and wore an air of grave anxiety. 
 Questions led to the explanation. Their mother had 
 suddenly lost her mind. Discovering this upon their 
 return from the field, they had reached the conclusion 
 that she had been bewitched. She claimed that she 
 had seen a fox upon the window sill. He must have 
 been there because a bowl of water standing in the 
 window had been overturned. With a single glance 
 he had woven a spell over her spirit. She could not 
 think clearly, nor go about her daily duties. Her sons 
 consulted a soothsayer. He advised them to catch the 
 particular fox, search for a red hair in the middle of 
 his forehead, pull it out, turn him loose and the mother 
 would recover. We endeavored to dispel their fears, 
 but without avail. They shouldered their guns and 
 resumed the search. 
 
 As accentuating the need of woman doctors through- 
 out the mission world, it should be borne in mind that 
 in many non-Christian lands such as China, India and 
 Mohammedan countries, men physicians have no ac- 
 cess whatever to the bedside of the majority of women 
 sufferers. 
 
 The women who are trying to relieve this acute and 
 
 ‘Christie, “Thirty Years in Moukden,” p. 38. 
 
146 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 stupendous need on the mission field are but a drop in 
 the bucket compared with the thousands of doctors and 
 nurses who remain at home. If, in addition, we throw 
 into the scale the desperate need of the millions who 
 are yet unreached, there can be no comparison between 
 the available sources of supply at home and abroad. 
 In all China — nay, in all Asia — there are fewer women 
 physicians than there are in New York City or in 
 London ; and as for nurses, the staff of one military 
 hospital in France during the war would outnumber 
 them all. 
 
 3. Because of the immense fruitage. Neither lan- 
 guage nor figures can set forth the results in suffering 
 relieved, lives repaired, communities made clean and 
 healthy. But greater still have been the religious fruits 
 from the ministry of healing. To all that has been 
 said above on this subject, it may be added that the 
 women have been even more responsive than the men. 
 
 The value of medical missions in breaking down 
 prejudice and opening the door for the Gospel has 
 often been demonstrated in the case of women patients. 
 Maliza, the Toro Princess, was reached in the early 
 days of the medical mission at Mengo, the capital of 
 Uganda, in Central Africa. She lived at the foot of 
 the snow-capped Ruwenzori. Captured by Moham- 
 medan slave raiders, she had regained her freedom 
 and w r as making the long journey home through Mengo 
 on foot. Having contracted an affection of the eyes, 
 she visited the Enyumba Yedagala (House of Medi- 
 cine). She recovered and resumed her journey, re- 
 turning to Toro, her native country. Here she was 
 received with great honor, but at once sought out the 
 missionary, told him of her treatment in Mengo, and 
 said, “ I want to learn about a religion which teaches 
 its followers to be as kind as that.” When years after- 
 wards Dr. Albert Cook was on a visit to Uganda, he 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 147 
 
 was told that the King of Toro was then on a visit 
 to the King of Bunyoro, and that his “ entourage in- 
 cluded this Christian princess. They found her visit- 
 ing the princesses of Bunyoro, teaching them and doing 
 the work of an evangelist.” Once again it happened 
 that the doctor was the hinge upon which the door of 
 opportunity turned. 
 
 Although the out-door clinic is not very satisfactory, 
 it gives a rare opportunity for seed-sowing, and is not 
 to be despised. Some of the best converts have been 
 won here. Sakineh, a bigoted Moslem, came repeat- 
 edly to get medicine for her aunt, but always tried to 
 leave before chapel was over. She heard enough, how- 
 ever, to touch her heart and began making ex- 
 cuses to return after her aunt had recovered. 
 The following year she was herself a patient hav- 
 ing been so abused by her husband that she fell 
 ill. He then divorced her. She was reported to 
 her father as an infidel, and she received a severe 
 beating. In spite of this she joined the Bible class, 
 regularly attended Sunday service, renounced her 
 faith in Islam, and declared her allegiance to Jesus 
 Christ. Systematic boycotting began. She persisted, 
 however, in telling “ the glad tidings.” She was pelted 
 with mud and stones, and hooted at in the streets as a 
 “ Christian dog.” “A night or two later she was 
 cruelly beaten by her uncle, and was much bruised and 
 cut, but she was not the least daunted.” A mob then 
 surrounded the house and threatened her life. Low- 
 ered over the village wall, she fled to the missionaries 
 for protection. Though unnerved she kept on repeat- 
 ing, “ I have not denied Christ. I want to live and die 
 a Christian.” The Governor demanded her and her 
 little boy. For two years she was not allowed to hold 
 communication with the Mission, but finally being re- 
 leased she had the joy of seeing her mother baptized. 
 
148 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 The answers to her prayers were so remarkable that 
 the Christian women were in the habit of saying that 
 when they wanted anything badly, “ we ask God to 
 give us one of Sakineh’s answers.” One such convert 
 is worth all the investment in medical missions. Nay, 
 more. It is a demonstration that Moslem women and 
 the Moslem world can be brought to Christ. 
 
 Apart from any words that may be spoken there is 
 always the opportunity in medical work to preach the 
 gospel of love in the concrete terms of friendly service. 
 It has an eloquence that elicits a sure response. The 
 gratitude that is awakened by the sympathetic ministry 
 of women doctors is often touching. At Guntur, India, 
 in connection with the magnificent Lutheran Hospital 
 under the charge of Dr. A. S. Krugler, there is a new 
 inn for the friends of the many patients. It was given 
 by the Rajah in gratitude for the life of his son. The 
 little prince was very ill, and the anxious doctor slept 
 for two weeks on the veranda near his cot. Early one 
 morning she heard footsteps. Listening she saw in 
 the dim light the Rajah bending over the boy and 
 heard the words, “ Our Father who art in Heaven.” 
 God gave the little son back to life, and the father 
 received it as a token of God’s love and yielded his 
 heart to Christ. It is but another illustration of the 
 love that makes it divine to give, and human to receive. 
 
 As showing the appreciation of a man for the woman 
 doctor’s attention to his wife, we quote two cases given 
 by Mr. Sherwood Eddy which also illustrate the 
 struggle a native Indian may have with the English 
 language. 
 
 No. 1 — Cured 
 
 “ Dear She, 
 
 My wife has returned from your hospital cured. Provided 
 males are allowed in your bungalow, T would like to do you 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 140 
 
 the honor of presenting myself there this afternoon. But I 
 will not try to repay you ; vengeance belongeth unto God. 
 
 Yours noticeably,” 
 
 No. 2 — Dead 
 “Dear and Fair Madam, 
 
 I have much pleasure to inform you that my dearly un- 
 fortunate wife will be no longer under your kind treatment, 
 she having left this world for the other on the night of the 
 27th ultimo. For your help in this matter I shall ever remain 
 grateful. 
 
 Yours reverently,” 
 
 III. The Training of Native Workers 
 
 The need for native women, trained and qualified 
 as physicians and nurses, in China and India, is im- 
 perative. We must remember that there are nearly 
 two hundred million women and children in China who 
 have no adequate care for their health, and no intelli- 
 gent ministry for either body or soul ; and in India, 
 notwithstanding the agencies of the British govern- 
 ment, the admirable Dutferin hospital system, and 
 missionary effort in all parts of the empire, there are 
 at least another million yet unreached. A more at- 
 tractive field for service, to be rendered by any Amer- 
 ican or English woman in the training of native women, 
 could hardly be found. 
 
 Dr. Arthur Smith quotes an editorial in the China 
 Mail as an unbiased testimony: “Among the present 
 day developments of mission work and general prog- 
 ress there is nothing of more importance than the 
 thorough training of Chinese women in western medi- 
 cine and surgery. The field for such when properly 
 qualified is practically limitless.” The first medical 
 college for women in China was established in 1902 
 in the city of Canton. In addition to an audience of 
 seven hundred, the Viceroy and other officials were 
 
ISO MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 present or represented by deputation. “A guard of 
 five hundred soldiers lined the streets in the neighbor- 
 hood to do honor to the occasion. The Woolston 
 Memorial Hospital at Foochow has had for years at 
 its head Dr. Hu King Eng, the daughter of a native 
 minister. She graduated at the Woman’s Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. In a single year she has treated 
 over 15,000 patients. In Kukiang, on the Yangtse 
 river, two other Chinese women doctors, Dr. Mary 
 Stone and Dr. Ida Kahn, of the second generation of 
 Christians, and graduates of the University of Michi- 
 gan, have been conducting eminently successful hos- 
 pital work. In the same section, and in the city of 
 Nanking, Dr. Tsao, the daughter of a Chinese minis- 
 ter and physician, herself a graduate of medicine from 
 Philadelphia, is carrying on with distinguished ability a 
 hospital under the auspices of the Friends. 
 
 Someone may ask the specific reasons for the train- 
 ing of native women on the mission field. They are : 
 
 1. The body of women medical missionaries and 
 nurses now on the field is inadequate to reach one in 
 a thousand of those who are in need of their help. 
 
 2. The enlisting and qualifying of native workers, 
 even in small numbers, would greatly relieve the al- 
 ready over-burdened medical missionaries. 
 
 3. The native woman doctor or nurse, including the 
 trained obstetrical nurse or mid-wife, frequently has 
 access where the foreigner is not welcome, or is not 
 admitted at all. 
 
 4. The few native women who have qualified in 
 England, in the United States, or in their own country, 
 have shown great skill in private practice and marked 
 ability in the superintendency of hospitals. They have 
 large capacity for leadership. Several of these are at 
 the head of important institutions under missionary 
 or government auspices. 
 
Dr. Mary Stone and Assistants in Operating Room of Her Hospital (Danforth Memorial), 
 
 Kiniciang, China 
 

 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 I5i 
 
 5. The heavy expense of sending students to Great 
 Britain, Canada or the United States and training them 
 there for five or six years, precludes the possibility of 
 any large number ever preparing in these countries for 
 medical work. 
 
 6. Education on the field also prevents that tendency 
 to denationalization which is so serious an objection to 
 students going too young and spending too much time 
 abroad. Postgraduate work abroad, for mature men 
 and women only, is, of course, not open to this ob- 
 jection. 
 
 7. If the Mission Boards and their representatives 
 do not undertake this training work, it will be taken 
 up at a later date by the native governments. It will 
 then be done under conditions unfavorable to the high- 
 est moral and religious ideals, and the Church will have 
 lost one of its greatest opportunities and most poten- 
 tial agencies for presenting Christianity in the concrete. 
 It is but just to say that the provision for the educa- 
 tion of women practitioners and nurses in India, 
 whether under missionary societies or the government 
 of the country, is forging ahead with rapid strides. A 
 number of the native princes have been very liberal 
 in gifts of lands, buildings, and funds for hospitals 
 and for medical education. The same is true of some 
 high officials in China. 
 
 IV. The Trained Nurse in the Mission Field 
 Florence Nightingale rediscovered the use of the 
 human hand. With her entry into the Crimean War, 
 in 1853, there came a new era in the ministry to the 
 body. After the first century, the hand seemed to have 
 lost its higher and diviner touch. She restored it to 
 its rightful place and mission. She created a new 
 sphere and a new calling for woman. With her estab- 
 lishment of the first Training School for Nurses at 
 
152 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 St. Thomas Hospital, London, this ministry was recog- 
 nized and put upon an enduring basis. The first 
 Nurses Training School in the United States was 
 opened in 1873, Linda Richards being the first grad- 
 uate and superintendent. 
 
 The world’s fingers have never been so gentle as now, be- 
 cause the world’s heart has never been so tender. Never have 
 there been so many millions of dollars expended in medicines 
 and comforts, and never has human genius put forth such 
 strenuous efforts to relieve pain, and bring half-dead men 
 back to life again. War beats men down into blood and mire, 
 it tears their flesh and splinters their bone, but the human 
 heart is infinitely pitiful, and what man has marred man also 
 labors to restore. Man is a great destroyer. He is a great 
 saviour too. He is a great hater — and likewise a great lover. 
 The deepest thing in him is his love. . . . The Red Cross is 
 the symbol of the new spirit. It is the prophecy of the world 
 that is to be. When you get sick at heart, pondering the 
 cruelty and heartlessness of the War, then look upon the 
 Red Cross, a flower of Paradise blooming on the field of 
 blood. 1 
 
 The introduction of the trained nurse into the Far 
 Fast was due to the medical missionary. Dr. John C. 
 Berry of the American Board, in addition to public 
 lectures and the circulation of literature on hygiene and 
 sanitation, began the systematic and scientific training 
 of Japanese women in Okayama and Kyoto, placing 
 great emphasis upon this arm of the service. While it 
 was a new departure, the idea, as Dr. Barton remarks, 
 met with such favor that a member of one of the 
 earlier groups under training was summoned to the 
 imperial palace to nurse the young prince. 
 
 With the growing number of patients, and the in- 
 creased willingness of native people to receive treat- 
 ment, the skilled help of nurses is urgently required in 
 mission lands. We may take two fields by way of il- 
 lustration. The demand in Persia is strongly empha- 
 
 1 Jefferson, “What the War is Teaching,” p. 85. 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 153 
 
 sized by Dr. White of that field who states that in his 
 own Society, under which there are ninety hospitals 
 and dispensaries and 87 doctors, there are only 67 
 nurses. Twenty fewer nurses than doctors ! At home 
 every doctor in charge of an institution must have a 
 staff of nurses. Here are twenty-three hospitals and 
 dispensaries without a nurse, and in a field of desperate 
 need. Who shall say how desperate since the begin- 
 ning of the war with its sick and overborne refugees, 
 its wounded, and the slaughter and mutilation of inno- 
 cents in Armenia and in Syria. Dr. White adds, “ The 
 nurse has an immense sphere of influence — all kinds 
 of men, from princes to brigands, coming to the hos- 
 pital, and the object lesson of the nurse’s life is often 
 the strongest proof to them of the love of God.” 
 
 The demand in Latin America for nurses is almost 
 as urgent as in the Eastern fields. There are skilled 
 physicians and surgeons in the great cities of Rio de 
 Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, and Santiago. These are the 
 peers of any in the profession — men educated in Paris, 
 Berlin and Vienna, but they are the few. The wealthy 
 and the well-to-do middle class have almost a monop- 
 oly of their services. The condition of the women of 
 the lowest classes is pitiful indeed. Disease and dirt, 
 neglect and misery abound, especially in the largos , or 
 enclosed courts in the city. They are preyed upon by 
 designing quacks and ignorant charlatans. Trained 
 nurses, who believe in their call to a life mission, could 
 do much to relieve this situation, but trained nurses 
 are scarcely to be found in those cities. The nursing 
 in the wards of the general hospitals is left to the Sis- 
 ters of Charity, who, unfortunately, lack training and 
 efficiency. And amid all the physical suffering of 
 women and children outside the great cities, trained 
 nurses are conspicuously absent. Of women practi- 
 tioners there are none. 
 
154 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 We have spoken of Persia and Latin America 
 merely as typical fields. The need for trained nurses 
 is quite as great in most of the mission areas of the 
 world. 
 
 What was said above of the appreciation and grati- 
 tude with which the work of women doctors is re- 
 ceived in non-Christian lands is equally true of nurses. 
 There are exceptions of course. Miss Barnes tells of 
 a poor woman suffering from pneumonia, who was 
 being carefully nursed in St. Mary’s hospital at Tarn 
 Taren. Before morning the mother-in-law, mad with 
 jealousy and declaring that the patient was being 
 poisoned, stole to the bedside of the sick woman. 
 Stripping off her clothing, she dragged her out and 
 dropped her by the tank to die, while she spread the 
 report that Sahiba, the woman doctor, had poisoned 
 her daughter-in-law. 
 
 But such cases are rare. A grateful response to the 
 ministry of the nurse is the rule. After the great 
 plague of 1897 in India, Miss Rachel Piggott received 
 a letter from the Indian authorities, which ran as fol- 
 lows: “ On behalf of the Hindu Panchayat, I beg to 
 tender you our warmest thanks for the voluntary help 
 you so freely rendered in nursing patients in the 
 Plague Hospital at a critical time and at great personal 
 risk. Such noble, unselfish work is always blessed and 
 it is a privilege to express our gratitude to you for 
 the important part you have taken in saving human 
 life.” 1 
 
 This statement recalls the terrible yellow fever epi- 
 demic in Brazil, a number of years ago, which ravaged 
 the towns in the interior and especially the city of 
 Ribeirao Preto on the fringe of the great coffee dis- 
 trict. Every house had its victim. There were no 
 
 •Irene II. Barnes, “Between Life and Death/’ p. 81. 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 155 
 
 nurses and the Brazilian doctors were unable to cope 
 with the situation without help. They came to Miss 
 Willie Bowman and Miss Ada Stewart of the Meth- 
 odist Mission, and asked if they would not take charge 
 of the hospital. While they were not immune and had 
 no experience as trained nurses, they felt it impossible 
 to deny the request. With their own hands they nursed 
 nearly one thousand patients, and came out of it un- 
 scathed. To this day, the memory of these two heroic 
 women is enshrined in the hearts of Roman Catholic 
 and Protestant people alike, and they have won for 
 Christianity of the sacrificial type an abiding place in 
 all that section of Brazil. 
 
 The personal qualifications of a trained nurse are 
 admirably set forth by a woman of large experience. 
 They are “ a sound, wholesome character, even dis- 
 position, and a genial, helpful spirit. Culture and re- 
 finement shown in dignity and courtesy of manner, 
 tasteful dress, correct speech, agreeable voice and 
 freedom from objectionable mannerisms; friendliness 
 and tact in dealing with people, combined with a 
 reasonable degree of firmness and decision, and a 
 healthy sense of humor; enthusiasm, vigor and re- 
 sourcefulness in planning and carrying on one’s work, 
 combined with systematic and orderly habits and good 
 staying qualities. A keen, well-balanced, well-ordered 
 mind combined with a real love for students and a 
 strong desire to help others to enjoy and profit by the 
 knowledge to be given .” 1 
 
 To the foregoing, which applies to missionary nurses 
 and nurse superintendents who are to train others, I 
 would add : a high purpose, a clean life, good health, 
 cheerfulness, obedience to authority, a willingness to 
 work and the fear of God. What more can we ask? 
 And yet, these are not impossible requirements. 
 
 1 Isabella Stewart, in the American Journal of Nursing, January, 1917. 
 
156 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 The trials of a trained nurse on the foreign field are 
 more numerous and annoying than at home. For ex- 
 ample, the inability to get patients to understand and 
 follow directions; constitutional objections to cleanli- 
 ness, as in those lands where a bath is “ an almost un- 
 known luxury or an annual ceremony”; the handling 
 of vermin infested cotton-padded clothing. Then there 
 is the fear of fresh air, sick rooms in India and in 
 China as a rule being kept close and stuffy. Even in 
 stifling equatorial heat the African will almost her- 
 metically seal up his hut and croon over the fire on 
 the dirt floor. Moreover, one often meets an aversion, 
 because of superstition or religious scruples, to using 
 certain articles of diet, such as beef or mutton broth, 
 cow's milk and eggs, and just as often a readiness to 
 eat the most indigestible substances, such as unripe 
 melons, hard pears and green plums. In most non- 
 Christian lands contagion is not feared, and the natives, 
 therefore, disregard the necessity of quarantine. Rest 
 and immobility for a broken limb are ignored, while 
 the presence of officious friends and relatives, with 
 their noisy talking, attempts at smoking in wards, and 
 the surreptitious introduction of prohibited articles of 
 food, increase the wear and tear upon one’s nerves. 
 
 The following is true to every day occurrence in 
 the experience of some missionary nurses : 
 
 The patients who have been supplied with new beds and 
 bedding are found in the morning to have moved on to the 
 floor, the medicine is taken by the wrong person, or applied 
 inwardly instead of outwardly, or several days’ supply is con- 
 sumed at one gulp. The bandage that has relieved pain on 
 a suppurating leg is removed, and applied in place of an 
 aseptic dressing to a clean wound, or even to the eye, causing 
 total blindness. The clinical thermometer is supposed to 
 have some curative value, and is crunched to powder and 
 swallowed; an emergency operation must be performed in the 
 midst of indescribable filth with men, women and children 
 

 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Korean Nurses and Patient 
 Before the Operation and Ten Days After 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 
 
 157 
 
 crowding around, not to mention dogs and cats and small 
 things innumerable . 1 
 
 The field of work is almost unlimited. In pagan 
 lands more than in Christian communities there is 
 deficient vitality, blindness, deafness, old ulcers, latent 
 tuberculosis, neurasthenia, and almost innumerable 
 troubles growing out of ignorance and secret vice and 
 the lack of care and nourishment, especially in regard 
 to children. The alert visiting nurse, and there should 
 be one for district work to every hospital, can be in- 
 valuable in the control of quarantine in epidemics, in 
 the education of the community, in the disinfection of 
 homes, in making reports to the hospital staff or to 
 local health boards, now beginning to be organized in 
 India and in China ; and in “ the follow up,” so essen- 
 tial to the complete success of dispensary and hospital 
 work. 
 
 The majority of cases of cholera infantum are said 
 to be directly due to the visit of the house fly from 
 the cesspool or garbage pile to the food of the children. 
 It is estimated that seventy-five per cent of those living 
 in Christian countries need instruction in ventilation, 
 dietetics, screening and drainage, and of the care of 
 milk and meat supply. If this is true of civilized 
 countries, how much more in those lands where illit- 
 eracy and ignorance are entrenched and where Chris- 
 tianity must make a stand for physical health as well 
 as for moral vigor, for the two are bound up together. 
 
 Surpassing all that has been said above of the great 
 service which the trained nurse may render in the 
 mission field is the opportunity that comes to many to 
 develop native nurses. It means nothing less in some 
 sections than the creating of the nursing profession 
 amid the suffering of a vast population. What better 
 
 1 Elma K. Paget, " The Claim of Suffering,” Chapter IV. 
 
158 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 chance is there anywhere for a trained devoted woman 
 to do an uplifting thing for humanity? 
 
 V. The Motive and the Call 
 
 What motive save that of love could be sufficient to 
 propel the life of a woman doctor or nurse into the 
 mission field and maintain it there through a long 
 stretch of trying years as a vigorous instrument of 
 Christian redemption? How dynamic and far-reaching 
 a motive it is! Who can measure its ingenuity and 
 resourcefulness? It concerns itself about one single 
 life and echoes the sentiment of Miss Laura Haygood 
 who left a great educational work in Atlanta, Georgia, 
 to spend herself in behalf of China’s women and chil- 
 dren — “ Wherever there is a soul without Christ there 
 is my mission field.” Or it lavishes its wealth upon 
 the heart of humanity with the spirit of Mary Lyon, of 
 Mount Holyoke, and sends out Christian teachers into 
 many fields, with the motto, “ Go where you are needed 
 most.” Such love as this knows no limitations, but 
 must have an objective. “ It is forever revealing new 
 powers and creating new situations,” and then it busies 
 itself finding ways and means to exercise those powers. 
 With love as an impelling force, “ the moral life of the 
 spiritual man has no terminus ; there is no known point 
 at which he can say, 0 1 have attained.’ ” It is here that 
 human life is reaching ever upward into the infinite 
 for grace and enthusiasm, and then, seeking its ob- 
 jective, begins, with divine compassion, to reach down- 
 ward to kindle the first of new and tender ministries 
 to the bodies and the souls of men. 
 
 The call to a life-work, whether that of a medical 
 missionary or trained nurse, is it only an urgent sense 
 of need, a desire to help, or a feeling of fitness or of 
 responsibility? It is not any one of these. It includes 
 them all but goes far beyond. It is a vocation — one 
 
WOMAN’S WORK FOR WOMAN 159 
 
 which comes through a sense of personal obligation for 
 a woman to place her life where God wills, and where 
 Christ can use it with all its powers. Such a life can 
 then “ sound forth the deep notes of self-fulfillment,” 
 for it is tuned to “ the unseen and the infinite by the 
 constant pressure of profound motive.” The most di- 
 rect way, therefore, of meeting the call and of achiev- 
 ing self-fulfillment is to give Christ an opportunity for 
 expression in the service of humanity. We are, in 
 other words, saved to serve. 
 
 If great artists and sculptors like Leonardo da Vinci 
 and Michael Angelo, have “ succeeded in idealizing the 
 human form as a vehicle of grace and truth, of noblest 
 thoughts and tenderest sympathies,” is there not a 
 larger and a nobler Christ to be discovered to men 
 and to be reincarnated in their lives? Jesus has been 
 spoken of as the greatest artist of living. Then shall 
 we not also be artists? Is this not our aim? Is this 
 not worth working for ? Surely the missionary doctor 
 and the nurse who would restore pristine health and 
 the true and the beautiful to the human body and to 
 the human life will find not men and women simply, 
 but what Christ represented — humanity and divinity — 
 the child of man and the child of God. 
 
 To sum up, why should a young woman who is free 
 to go abroad choose this work rather than a life work 
 at home? Because of the few who can go, because of 
 the bigness of the task, the depth of the need, the 
 abundance of the fruitage, and the obligation to help 
 those who need us most ; and not least of all, because 
 in ministering to those who suffer, one may minister 
 to Him who bore the burdens of humanity and was 
 acquainted with its griefs. 
 
 The demand, on account of the depletion of the 
 staff of medical practitioners during the years of the 
 great war, is now more than urgent — it is acute. The 
 
160 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 dictates of necessity and of wisdom require that prep- 
 aration be begun at once, since such preparation must 
 cover several years. The women of China and India 
 need you. Christ needs you in these and other fields 
 now. Will you volunteer? 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
“ The prayer that has been mine for twenty years, that I 
 might be permitted in some way or at some time to do some- 
 thing to alleviate human suffering, has been granted! ” 
 
 Dr. Walter Reed. 
 
 “Away with the faithless plea, which cannot abide the light: 
 Be wholly for Christ, and He will teach thee to speak aright, 
 His love shall supply the power, the measure, the mode, the 
 theme ; 
 
 Thou hast but the present hour, oh, spend every breath for 
 Him.” 
 
 Dr. Harold Schofield. 
 
VII 
 
 THE CHALLENGE 
 
 The field of medical missions is a challenge to noble 
 and unsparing endeavor. The life of the medical mis- 
 sionary when devoted to the extension of the Kingdom 
 of God, has, in a special manner, the divine approval. 
 The ministry of mercy was so wrought into the life 
 of Jesus Christ and his disciples that we must con- 
 clude it to be an integral part of the divine purpose and 
 program. Of all the agencies and methods employed 
 by the Church, in her endeavor to evangelize the world, 
 there is none more Christlike than this. Following 
 His example, it at once puts itself in sympathetic touch 
 with the body and carries restorative power to the soul. 
 
 Here is a challenge to the young men and women 
 of our schools and colleges — those who can throw 
 themselves with purpose and enthusiasm into a great 
 enterprise. It must appeal, and it does appeal, to 
 young life especially, because of its element of heroic 
 service, and because the students of this decade have 
 come to the hour when God and humanity need that 
 service most. It is an hour for diligent preparation, 
 efficiency, skill, and vigorous initiative to the limit of 
 strength and capacity. At no time in the history of 
 our race have the words of Carlyle been more appro- 
 priate : “ Produce 1 Produce ! Were it but the piti- 
 fulest, infinitesimal fraction of a problem, produce it, 
 in God’s name! ’Tis the utmost thou hast in these; 
 out with it then. Up ! Up ! ” 
 
 It is to the Christian physician that the challenge 
 comes to enter the world’s arena and grapple with the 
 
 163 
 
164 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 ills and misfortunes of humanity; to explore the fields 
 and to supply the forces which can remedy those ills ; 
 and to help his ministerial and educational colleagues 
 in creating a new social and religious order Let us 
 consider in this chapter the nature of this challenge 
 to medical missionary work, as it comes to us from 
 three lines of approach. 
 
 I. The Challenge of the Changing World Order 
 
 A changing world order constitutes a challenge to 
 Christian leadership. The medical missionary has had 
 a real share in the laying of foundations and in the 
 shaping of events in the past ; how much greater will 
 be his share in the reconstruction period of the future? 
 We are facing a situation the potentiality of which no 
 man can measure. With all Europe in the melting pot, 
 social and political turmoil in the Near East, industrial 
 and religious upheavals in the Far East, and with a 
 larger interpretation of life and of service, we are on 
 the threshold of a new era in the world’s history — one 
 which should prove a renascence of greater reach and 
 significance than that which preceded the Reformation. 
 It remains with us to make it such. If Paul and his 
 medical companion planned their journeys with the 
 outline of the Roman Empire and its provinces before 
 them, shall we not lay out our program with our eyes 
 upon the map of the world? 
 
 With the discovery of the individual — a discovery of 
 Christianity — there has been a steady growth not only 
 in the spirit of nationalism but also in a world con- 
 sciousness which tends to a realization of the brother- 
 hood of the race. Neighborhood already has come as 
 between all regions wherein men dwell. Distance is 
 disappearing. And brotherhood should follow after 
 neighborhood. But the sense of brotherhood does not 
 prevail till the spirit of Christ is felt in the neighbor- 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 165 
 
 hood. The barriers of custom and caste give way- 
 before that spirit ; but without it there will be neigh- 
 borhood without neighborliness and friction and strife 
 will multiply. It is a time, therefore, for a new effort 
 on the part of all Christians to interpret Christ to the 
 nations in terms of unselfish brotherly service. And 
 in no way can this interpretation more adequately be 
 made than through the medium of medical missions. 
 
 As indicating the significance of the rapid changes in 
 the world situation which now challenges the full 
 strength of Christianity, we may point out the new 
 accessibility of many parts of the world to missionary 
 effort. The development of means of communication 
 is not the main reason for this, as religious bigotry 
 and governmental restrictions have been greater bar- 
 riers than physical difficulties in the pioneering of new 
 mission fields. But these barriers are giving way. 
 Peru has been granted religious liberty and in other 
 parts of Latin America there are many recent signs 
 of similar freedom being granted. The Mohammedan 
 populations of the world, yesterday so bigoted and so 
 fiercely intolerant of Christian efforts among them, are 
 now showing an interest in the Christian message that 
 is truly remarkable. The European governments in 
 control of Africa will probably be more tolerant of 
 aggressive Christian work than they were before the 
 war. It is highly significant that international labor 
 has taken its stand before the Peace Conference as 
 favoring full religious liberty in every land. So far 
 as medical missions are concerned, it is doubtless to 
 them that the hand of welcome will first be extended. 
 
 Coupled with these significant facts is the possibility 
 of new centers of missionary strategy being added to 
 those already occupied. Bagdad, on the Tigris, the 
 key to Mesopotamia and the region from the Persian 
 Gulf to the Black Sea, already a center for medical 
 
1 66 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 missionary work, may well become a reinforcing point 
 for an advance in the near future. Moscow, the heart 
 and religious center of all the Russias, may be the 
 point of departure for a leavening process east and 
 west of the Ural Mountains in the Trans-Caspian re- 
 gion, and on until the nomadic hordes, that wander 
 upon the roof of Asia, are reached. Jerusalem, the 
 religious Mecca of the world, where Cross and Crescent 
 meet, bisecting a base line running along the Medi- 
 terranean from Egypt upon the south to Asia Minor 
 upon the north, and the geographical and distributing 
 center of Syria, Armenia, and the Near East, will 
 doubtless become the headquarters of the Christian 
 evangelistic forces, philanthropic agencies and medical 
 relief in all that quarter of the globe. 
 
 A peculiar challenge rises out of the enhanced pos- 
 sibility of securing in the lands of the East a strong 
 native leadership for its Christian life. The wide 
 spread of education, the emancipation of woman in all 
 the Orient and the great evangelistic movements 
 among the educated classes in China, Japan and India 
 where thousands have indicated their willingness to 
 accept Jesus Christ are factors which enter into this 
 opportunity, an opportunity which is, to say the least, 
 as true of medical as of evangelistic or educational 
 work. Ultimately the physical and spiritual redemp- 
 tion of every mission land will rest with her own sons 
 and daughters rather than with foreigners ; and in 
 these years of upheaval and rapid change in the na- 
 tions of the East no more alluring invitation comes to 
 the Christian West than that of calling out and train- 
 ing large numbers of gifted, devoted young men and 
 women who will be the leaders of the Christian Church 
 in those lands. A special encouragement along this 
 line comes to medical work, because the government 
 recognition of mission hospitals and medical schools 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 167 
 
 in Japan, India and other countries, accompanied by 
 princely gifts to their work. 
 
 Lack of space forbids our surveying the profound 
 and significant changes of a social and economic char- 
 acter that offer a striking challenge to Christian loyalty 
 and service. These are the days of plasticity. The 
 new standards and ideals and institutions that will de- 
 termine the physical health and opportunity and the 
 whole manner of life of great nations in days to come 
 are now in process of formation. How important that 
 the liberating, transforming touch of Christ should 
 be laid upon them ! 
 
 Mention may be made, however, of the rapid indus- 
 trial developments now in process in the countries of 
 the Orient. Of this Japan offers the most conspicuous 
 illustration. While the population of Japan increased 
 twenty-five per cent between 1880 and 1916, the popu- 
 lation of her five large industrial centers increased 
 325 per cent. In thirteen years the population of 
 Tokyo increased twenty-nine per cent, but its suburbs, 
 occupied by factories, increased 415 per cent during 
 that period. In 1883, there were only 125 factories in 
 the whole empire, with a total of 15,000 operatives. 
 By the year 1916, these had grown to 20,000, with 
 1,000,000 operatives. The Japan Weekly Mail is re- 
 sponsible for the statement that in 1914 there were 
 471,877 women and children employed in these fac- 
 tories, 22 per cent of the latter being under fourteen. 
 Many were working fifteen hours a day. The majority 
 of these came from the agricultural class, as in other 
 lands. The consequences have been detachment from 
 home, weakening of moral restraints, child labor, un- 
 sanitary conditions, physical deterioration, tubercu- 
 losis and immorality. 1 Government regulations, if 
 
 1 Although the new industrial conditions are only one contributing 
 factor, the social evil in Japan has assumed alarming proportions. It 
 
1 68 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 carried out, would in a measure safeguard the factory 
 women and children, and while, on account of the 
 high state of medical education in the empire, there 
 is little place for medical missionary work in Japan, 
 there is a field for the creation and circulation of 
 literature on public health and morals, and especially 
 the social evil, which from the Christian standpoint 
 should be made a part of an organized propaganda. 
 This should, of course, be in sympathetic cooperation 
 with the efforts of the Japanese Church and largely 
 under its leadership. Japan is fortunate in having in 
 Dr. S. H. Wainright, as Executive Secretary of the 
 Christian Literature Society, amissionary who has had 
 medical training. 
 
 As the other nations of the Orient follow Japan’s 
 lead in industrial development, they are entering into 
 problems which are similar to those just described and 
 which cannot be solved without medical assistance, 
 both preventive and remedial. 
 
 II. The Challenge of the Various Fields 
 
 Two-thirds of the human race is in need of medical 
 relief. Much has been said in the preceding pages 
 about this need as it exists today in various countries. 
 Let us now take a swift glance at a few of the great 
 mission fields as presenting a challenge to medical 
 missions. 
 
 Japan proper, as has already been said, has a good 
 system of medical education and foreign doctors are 
 not called for in the older part of that empire. But to 
 Formosa and Chosen, or Korea, now parts of Japan, 
 this does not apply. Chosen has from the beginning 
 been a rare field for medical missions. While the 
 
 is said that over forty million yen was spent in one year by the guests 
 numbering 16,212,669. Who knows how much was spent in clandestine 
 prostitution? — Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire, 1917, P- 3 J o. 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 169 
 
 United States was instrumental in opening the Hermit 
 Kingdom, from a political standpoint, to the outside 
 world, it was through the initiative of a medical mis- 
 sionary that Protestant missionaries were introduced 
 into Korea. General Foote was made our Minister 
 Plenipotentiary in 1884. The year following. Dr. H. 
 N. Allen, of the Presbyterian Board, having been 
 providentially detained in Shanghai, was transferred 
 from China to that field and became physician to the 
 Legation. Not long after his arrival in Seoul, Prince 
 Min Yong Ik, a nephew of the Queen, was cut down 
 at a banquet under the swords of assassins employed 
 to kill him. Melted wax was poured into the wounds 
 by the Korean doctor. The Prince was about to die 
 from hemorrhage. Dr. Allen was summoned, ligated 
 the arteries, saved his life and won the gratitude of 
 the King and Queen. This opened a land, hitherto 
 hermetically sealed, to the entrance of missionaries, 
 evangelistic and educational, as well as medical. 
 
 Several months afterward, one dark, rainy night, 
 in Tientsin, China, while the writer was on a visit to 
 Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie, a mysterious messenger 
 knocked at the door and requested my professional 
 services in the native city. I responded at once, though 
 the messenger would not reveal his identity. Entering 
 the gate of the walled city in a sedan chair, we 
 threaded the narrow streets, turned into a large outer 
 court, then entered another, alighted and were shown 
 into a reception room where I found myself in the 
 presence of Prince Min. His wounds, the scars of 
 which were all over his back and neck and arms, one 
 reaching from the helix of the ear to the opposite hip, 
 looked red and angry. He felt anxious lest they might 
 break out again. I had the pleasure of assuring him 
 that his fears were groundless. Dr. Allen had done 
 his work well, so well in fact that the King had placed 
 
170 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 him at the head of the Government Hospital, and 
 though he afterwards went into diplomatic service, 
 the fact remains that it was through his instrumentality 
 that the country was opened to Protestant missions. 
 
 Through that open door other medical missionaries 
 have entered. Dr. O. R. Avison of the Presbyterian 
 Board, and his staff, in charge of the Severance Hos- 
 pital and of the Union Medical School in Seoul, are 
 doing a great work, the creation of a medical litera- 
 ture being not the least valuable product of this school. 
 Sixty miles to the north, on the great highway, is 
 Songdo, the ancient capital where on the crest of a hill 
 stands the Ivey Methodist Hospital, under the super- 
 intendency of Dr. Wightman Reid. It is one of those 
 unique institutions which not only commands a large 
 patronage in the city itself, but draws from hundreds 
 of villages in all the outlying districts, and through the 
 patients, as they return to their homes, extends its 
 beneficent influence in every direction. These are two 
 samples of the excellent medical missionary work now 
 being done in Chosen. 
 
 But the needs of that country are still very great. 
 Smallpox and typhoid fever, cholera and tuberculosis, 
 venereal diseases, intestinal troubles and diseases of 
 the eye are prevalent. The native practitioner only 
 adds to the problem. The sorcerer in Korea is as 
 much a manipulator of evil spirits as is the witch 
 doctor in Africa. He conjures with a stone upon 
 which he spits, or with a rag or old straw sandal hung 
 upon a tree. With sticks driven in the ground here 
 and there, and by the use of his drum, he professes to 
 guide and control the forces of the animistic world. 
 This man is one of the greatest obstacles to Chris- 
 tianity, but his spell is being dissipated as surely by 
 education and medical science as are the damp mias- 
 matic vapors of the tropics before the rising sun. 
 
Anatomical Laboratory, with Prof. K. S. Oti and Students 
 Severance Union Medical College, Seoul, Ci-iosen 
 

THE CHALLENGE 
 
 171 
 
 The body of medical missionaries needs reinforce- 
 ment . 1 During the past year two hospitals were with- 
 out doctors in one section, and in another, three medi- 
 cal missionaries were trying to run five hospitals. 
 
 // China is a challenge to the largest investment of 
 Laith and of life. She is a giant in bulk, but no less 
 great in masterful qualities which make for constitu- 
 tional and racial perpetuity. Though hoary with age, 
 she is no spent force. She has been overrun alter- 
 nately by Mongol and Manchu hordes, devastated by 
 epidemic and plague, but seems to be as virile as she 
 was two thousand years ago. She has repeatedly ab- 
 sorbed her conquerors — her national digestion always 
 being equal to the job — has survived both floods and 
 famines, which have swept away their millions, and is 
 a nation with a destiny, having preserved an ethical 
 basis for her educational system. She has honored 
 parents and reverenced old age, and has loved the arts 
 of peace more than the weapons of war. The words of 
 a Chinese professor, quoted by Robert W. Wilder, are 
 worth pondering : “ China seems to be at the parting 
 of the ways. Shall she choose materialism or Christ? 
 . . . China is today in pressing need of men, men who 
 are willing to sacrifice their lives for a good cause. 
 China needs a true religion that teaches men to honor 
 the Supreme Intellect, and to minister, but not to be; 
 ministered unto. . . . The men who possess the quali-/ 
 fications to minister can only be found in the schooj 
 of Christ.” And, we might add, none possess greatet 
 
 1 The fear that, under the recent regulations of the Government 
 General, physicians of foreign countries might be shut out of Korea 
 has proven to be unfounded. The Government has merely enacted 
 that physicians coming from countries which have not arranged for 
 medical reciprocity with Japan shall pass an examination in Japan 
 before receiving a licence to practise as Japanese physicians would 
 have to do in going to those countries. The examinations are given 
 at Tokyo in English, 
 
172 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 qualifications of this sort than the Christian doctor 
 who has studied at the feet of the Great Physician. 
 
 We have spoken in a previous chapter of the physi- 
 cal suffering and handicap in China. Her native re- 
 sources to meet the situation are very meagre. The 
 quack doctor and the fortune teller reap a rich harvest. 
 The fortune teller like his confrere, desires to profit 
 at the expense of his too trustful patron. He does 
 not aspire to be a physician, but he dabbles in medicine 
 and magic. One such sat in his little tent near our 
 front gate in Shanghai for several years. A wise look, 
 a heavy mustache and long beard, giving him the ap- 
 pearance of a modern Confucius, a few scrolls hung 
 at his back with proverbial sayings, a family pedigree 
 as long as his arm, a little camp table in front of his 
 chair, with a piece of polished tin on which he wrote 
 with India ink and a camel hair brush, a few tiger’s 
 bones and tiny bundles of herbs — these were his outfit. 
 Several dozen closely rolled slips of paper, the size 
 of a cigarette, were kept in an open box by the side of 
 his writing pad. A lucky number found on the roll 
 by the patient, a sentence written by the wiseacre on 
 the sheet of tin, followed by sage advice as to the 
 origin of the patient’s toothache, rheumatism, fever 
 or bad luck, with directions as to the best procedure, 
 always seemed to satisfy the simple-hearted victim, 
 whether peasant from the country, or resident of the 
 city. They got the experience, he got the money. 
 
 Lest we should be undully exalted over the achieve- 
 ments of western civilization as compared with some 
 of the crude theories of non-Christian lands, we may 
 digress for a moment to remind ourselves of the ab- 
 surd practices which were in vogue in Europe at a 
 comparatively recent date. Mayerne, who was the 
 most prominent doctor of his day, wrote a treatise on 
 gout, and had for his patients two French and three 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 173 
 
 English sovereigns. He was given to prescribing pul- 
 verized human bones, and the principal ingredient in 
 his gout-pad was “ raspings of a human skull un- 
 buried.” Balsam of bats he strongly recommended for 
 hypochondriacs. It was composed of “ adders, bats, 
 sucking whelps, earth worms, hog’s grease, the marrow 
 of a stag and the thigh bone of an ox.” 
 
 William Bulleyn, an eminent physician of the Eliza- 
 bethan era, received his preliminary education at Cam- 
 bridge University and “ enlarged his mind by extended 
 travel, spending much time in Germany and Scotland.” 
 He left the following remedy for a nervous malady in 
 a child, “ a small young mouse roasted.” One would 
 hardly recommend such heroic treatment, but the 
 famous Desault secured excellent results with a young 
 patient by using “ club tincture.” In England as well 
 as in France, in the early days of medical practice, the 
 doctor’s cane was occasionally employed for physical 
 infirmities as well as moral failings, and a beating was 
 prescribed for ague as well as for stealing. “Antinius 
 Musa, one of the ancients, employed this remedy to 
 cure Octavious Augustus of sciatica, and Gordonius 
 prescribed it in certain cases of nervous irritability — • 
 ‘si sit juvenus, et non vult obedire, flagellitur fre- 
 quenter et fortiter.’” A Chinese mother brought her 
 son to me one day with the request that he be given a 
 beating. She knew nothing about the practice of the 
 Romans, but had evidently reached the same conclu- 
 sion and was prepared to go in for heroic measures. 
 Upon asking her the trouble she replied, “ Elis heart 
 is turned to one side ; he no longer obeys me. A sound 
 thrashing might turn it back.” Ele got his thrashing 
 and improved at once. 
 
 There before us, wide open to our ministries of 
 healing and physical reconstruction, lies China, with 
 one quarter of the human family acutely suffering and 
 
174 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 pitifully limited in her physical life. Children need a 
 fighting chance, lives need prolonging, agonies need 
 relief, communities need wholesome conditions. And 
 whereas in the United States and Canada we have a 
 qualified physician for every 625 of the population, 
 the number of medical missionaries in China (1917) 
 is but one to every 644,760 . ^ 
 
 India is a challenge to devoted efifort and to Chris- 
 tian statesmanship. The triple problem of impotent 
 religion, of inexorable caste, and of grinding poverty 
 is there. While both extremes of society and of in- 
 tellectual life are to be held steadily in view, it is not 
 so much from the top as from the bottom, where 
 myriads of ignorant, diseased and poverty stricken 
 human beings are to be found, that the redemption of 
 the individual and of the nation must begin and be 
 carried forward. It has ever been thus. 
 
 Mr. Sherwood Eddy remarks, in “ India Awaken- 
 ing,” that “ the most powerful apologetic in India will 
 not be a few converted Brahmins nor the arguments 
 of the missionary, but the mighty uplift of whole com- 
 munities, once debased and degraded, for whom Hin- 
 duism has no message, and who were without hope and 
 without God in the world.’ 1 Is Christianity equal to 
 the task? It is not only hypothetically or potentially 
 able to do the work; it is actually doing it through the 
 gospel, social service, primary schools and a system of 
 hospitals and dispensaries which is carrying medical 
 relief to millions. 
 
 Mr. Eddy tells of the lowest human being he had 
 ever seen — a pariah who could count up to ten, pain- 
 fully and slowly, if he could look at his ten fingers or 
 toes, but not beyond it. When asked how many 
 children he had, he scratched his head and replied with 
 some hesitation that he had twelve. His wife said they 
 had ten, the missionary estimated the number at eleven. 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 175 
 
 “ That man has three sons in college,” adds Mr. Eddy, 
 “ one who will go out as a preacher, one perchance as 
 a Christian doctor, and one perhaps in the government 
 employ to compete with the Brahmin who has had a 
 monopoly of culture and religion for more than a 
 thousand years — ‘It is not yet made manifest what 
 they shall be.’ ” Is there a young Christian doctor, 
 man or woman, at liberty to do so, who would hesitate 
 to share with Christ and the missionary body in India 
 in the miracle working task of transforming the “ fifty 
 million untouchable outcastes,” yet unreached, into the 
 foundation stones of the Church that is to be in India ? 
 
 Sir Andrew Fraser, in his introduction to “ The 
 Appeal of Medical Missions,” writes, “ I desire to give 
 my strongest testimony — the testimony of a man whose 
 experience gives him a claim to be heard — in favor of 
 the urgency of the call made on the churches at home 
 for medical missionaries.” Thirty-seven years of dis- 
 tinguished service under the Crown, in India, entitles 
 this eminent Christian statesman to speak with author- 
 ity. In the presentation of the need of medical mis- 
 sions, Dr. Moorshead brings out the fact that while 
 the Indian Government has put forth generous and 
 praiseworthy efforts to reach the people in densely 
 populated village areas, it was estimated some years 
 ago by Sir William Moor that, “ not five per cent of 
 the population is reached by the present system of 
 medical aid.” 1 He quotes Dr. W. J. Wanless’ state- 
 ment in the International Review of Missions, that 
 6,000 die annually in Calcutta, the largest medical cen- 
 ter in India, without competent medical aid. As for 
 those dying in the outlying villages in India, Dr. Wan- 
 less estimates that 98 out of every 100 die unattended 
 in their last illness by an educated physician. 
 
 1 R. F. Moorrtiead, “ The Appeal of Medical Missions,” p. 59. 
 
176 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 It is estimated that during the past twenty-two years 
 between eight and ten millions of people have died of 
 plague in India. One of the chief obstacles in com- 
 bating this terrible scourge is religious prejudice, for 
 Hinduism refuses to destroy the rats, the carriers of 
 the disease. 
 
 Medical missionaries are needed for every part of 
 Africa, and especially those who will volunteer for a 
 plunge into the remote interior. They must be mis- 
 sionaries who can drive an entering wedge with master 
 strokes into that dark mass of heathenism that the 
 light of civilization and of the gospel may filter 
 through. Aside from remoteness and isolation these 
 districts are not objectionable. They are more healthy, 
 as a rule, than the coast, and the people more open to 
 approach. Missionary effort in the past has been too 
 much confined to the rim of the continent. There has 
 been a dearth of doctors in the hinterland. It might 
 have been necessary fifty years ago to cling to the 
 fringes of Africa, but the way is now open along a 
 thousand trails and all the great rivers to reach villages 
 and tribes hitherto inaccessible. 
 
 The call is urgent for a large force of medical mis- 
 sionaries at once. The need is more than urgent — it 
 is desperate. One hundred doctors would not meet 
 the present demand. One thousand would not meet 
 the need. Are they forthcoming? France, “bled 
 white,” sent eighty doctors to the aid of Roumania, to 
 minister to her wounded and to fight the dreaded 
 typhus ; and she gave one thousand of her officers to 
 train the soldiers of her ally. What would the going 
 forth of one hundred medical missionaries for Africa 
 mean for all Christendom with its hosts of young men 
 and women? They could easily be spared. But what 
 would they mean for Africa? We need to adopt an 
 initiative which will carry our standards into the re- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 • ' -N 
 
 - ' >• 
 
 i •. v- 
 
 
An American Missionary Doctor and IIis African Competitor 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 177 
 
 cesses of the forests, along the rivers, out into the open 
 veldts and on to the spreading table lands of Angola 
 and the southern Belgian Congo, on the one hand, and, 
 on the other, to the mid-continental area where the peo- 
 ple have never heard of Christ, have never been healed 
 of their sicknesses of body or soul. In the absence of 
 qualified physicians, trained nurses here and there have 
 been compelled from sheer necessity to hold the 
 ground. One of these, Miss E. M. Fair of the 
 Southern Presbyterian Church, we found at mission 
 headquarters at Luebo, treating the sick, binding up 
 the wounded from a recent village fight, and having- 
 oversight of the health of the missionaries during the 
 enforced absence of the station doctor. Invaluable? 
 Such women are simply indispensable. Yet for most 
 of the people of Africa there is not available even the 
 help of a nurse. 
 
 At the present time there is no more urgent demand 
 from any field for medical missionaries, unless it be 
 from Syria and Armenia. In British East Africa, a 
 number of large tribes without a missionary are re- 
 ported and forty workers are required. In German East 
 Africa, there is an immense district with an insistent 
 call for fifty missionaries, and at least one in ten 
 should be medical. To the northwest of Lake Albert, 
 in the Welle district of the Belgian Congo, a report 
 comes through the Africa Inland Mission of “ one 
 tribe alone, the Azandi, thought to number nearly five 
 millions of people. Access to all of these districts is 
 reasonably convenient. Large ocean steamers stop at 
 Mombasa. The Uganda railway runs from there to 
 port Florence on Lake Victoria. Motor roads are 
 being built in the interior; and the great, almost un- 
 touched part of Africa with its perishing millions is 
 at our door .” 1 
 
 1 Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin, January, 1916, p. 41. 
 
178 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 So we might pass in review the Mohammedan 
 countries and all the other sections of the non-Chris- 
 tian world, and especially the unoccupied mission 
 fields, finding in each one a burning challenge for 
 medical missionary work. 
 
 If in any survey we may make of various fields we 
 can hear the call of suffering human life, we cannot 
 fail to catch in it the special cry of womanhood. The 
 condition of woman in all non-Christian lands consti- 
 tutes a powerful appeal as well as a challenge to the 
 women of Christendom. In point of need, their con- 
 dition in the twentieth century does not differ ma- 
 terially from that of the first. Dynasties rise and fall, 
 civilizations flourish and decay, but humanity remains 
 the same. It has its perennial needs, its sicknesses, its 
 sorrows, and, at the root of all, its sins. Disease roots 
 itself in the tenderest organs of the body, while sin 
 strikes its fangs into the deepest tissues of the soul, 
 injects and leaves its virus there. The women of non- 
 Christian lands bear the cumulative ills of flesh — the 
 unrelieved anguish of childbirth, the awful sense of 
 loneliness and neglect, and too often the consciousness 
 of suspicion and hate instead of tender, watchful love. 
 
 There is an indescribably pathetic touch in what 
 occurred in China during the Anti-Opium Crusade in 
 connection with a petition to the Throne. “After the 
 demi-monde had heard of the movement, they wrote 
 an appeal asking that their names be sent — not in the 
 same list — they could not ask for that, but in a sep- 
 arate list, saying that most of them had been sold into 
 this life of shame by opium smoking fathers, or 
 brothers, or husbands, saying also: ‘We are in a 
 shoreless sea. There is no possibility of helping us, 
 but it may save others from a similar fate. There are 
 those who think we are flippant and enjoy this life. 
 They do not know how often we must smile upon 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 179 
 
 guests we despise. We beat our breasts and cry 
 aloud, but there is no help for us. We feared to 
 write this lest it should soil your eyes.’ ” 1 
 
 It was the Christ who had compassion upon a poor 
 wretched woman whom others would have stoned, it 
 was He who never turned his back upon one who 
 sought to be healed, and through his ministry the 
 world has discovered the grace, the loyalty and the 
 power of love in all true womanhood. Wipe out at 
 one stroke our Christian homes and hospitals, our 
 physicians and nurses, our maternity wards and in- 
 firmaries, our ether and cocaine, the tender care of 
 husband and friend, and our civilization would suffer 
 an immediate eclipse. But dark as this would be, the 
 condition of the non-Christian land is darker still. 
 At the beginning of life we have the Arabian proverb, 
 “ The threshold weeps forty days, whenever a girl 
 baby is born”; and near the end of life the reply of 
 a man in India when an operation was proposed to 
 save his wife: “Better let her die than see a man; 
 it is easy enough to get another wife.” 
 
 The physical needs of womanhood run throughout 
 all non-Christian lands and on all levels of society. 
 The pariah in India has no monopoly of suffering and 
 neglect. Miss Irene H. Barnes tells of an Indian 
 princess of the highest caste who was approaching 
 her confinement . 2 Isolated from the family, she was 
 thrust into a thatched hut about six feet square, with 
 mud floor, and almost unbearable heat from the fire 
 burning day and night to keep out evil spirits. “ I 
 screamed for help,” she afterwards told, “ but no one 
 would come near me. I lay on the damp clay with an 
 old mat under me and except for some water thrown 
 on the floor to wash it by the nurse, an old woman, 
 
 1 Mrs. Chauncey Goodrich in China’s New Day, p. 64. 
 
 2 “ Between Life and Death.” 
 
180 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 nothing was done for me. Through her carelessness; 
 I was at death’s door. Oh, how I did cry to the one 
 great God to hear me, to save me. With all my 
 strength I called on Him and He did answer me and 
 I knew there was a God.” 
 
 At the other extreme of life is an incident given 
 by Dr. Cochran when commenting upon the high death 
 rate in Persia, especially among children. A woman, 
 very poor, came from a distance, leaving her husband 
 and three small children sick, and in a pitiable con- 
 dition. “ The morning she left she covered the chil- 
 dren in the stable with the dried manure used to bed 
 the animals, and came away, as she expressed it, with 
 ‘ only heaven above them, hell under them, and their 
 stomachs empty.’ ” With such conditions it would 
 seem as though every young woman in Christian lands, 
 if free to go and not disqualified for such work, would 
 volunteer for service. But the Woman’s Boards have 
 had the greatest difficulty in securing physicians and 
 nurses, and the force on all these fields falls far short 
 of the demand. 
 
 As if to cover the reproach of delay and neglect 
 upon the part of their sisters in the West, the women 
 of the Orient are themselves beginning to respond. 
 We have already referred to the able Chinese women 
 at the head of large hospitals. In Japan they are 
 taking an active part in social and reform movements, 
 and in India they are studying medicine and are as- 
 suming their share of war relief which bids fair to 
 initiate a new stage of development. Just as the war 
 broke out, the Turkish government was beginning to 
 send women abroad for study — two hundred of them 
 being destined to enter institutions in Switzerland. 
 For the first time, a Moslem woman had been per- 
 mitted to qualify as a lawyer in Petrograd ; a number 
 were attending the universities there, and some were 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 181 
 
 already practicing medicine. 1 At the same time the 
 higher education of women was being promoted under 
 the patronage of the mother of the Khedive of Egypt, 
 and special lectures for them were being delivered in 
 the Universitie Egyptienne. 
 
 We hear the challenge from all the mission fields. 
 Where are the men? Who are the women? Is there 
 a slacker in all our ranks? Not if the spirit of the 
 soldiers who went to the front, ready to lay down their 
 lives, is the spirit of the modern Church. If it is not, 
 then the Church must reform or decay. It is not then 
 so much a question of the non-Christian world perish- 
 ing without the gospel, as it is a question of our sur- 
 vival if we fail to give them the gospel. “If thou 
 forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, 
 and those that are ready to be slain ; if thou sayest, 
 Behold we knew it not ; doth not He that pondereth 
 the heart consider it? And He that keepeth thy soul, 
 doth not he know it? And shall He not render to 
 every man according to his works ? ” 2 Who will go ? 
 
 III. The Challenge of Pressing Problems 
 
 In a work of such proportions there are bound to 
 be many difficult problems. Before closing the chapter 
 let us consider some which now challenge earnest and 
 expert attention. 
 
 1. There is a challenge at the home base which is 
 second only to that on the field. An apathetic Church 
 is to be aroused from its indifference, slackness of 
 zeal, and poverty of faith. A missionary conscience 
 must be quickened, if not actually created; enthusiasm 
 generated, mission study promoted, volunteers secured, 
 candidates qualified, the work financed and the spirit 
 of intercession fostered. 
 
 1 International Review of Missions, January, 1915, p. 39. 
 
 2 Proverbs 24 :i 1-12. 
 
1 82 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 2. Turing from the home base to the mission field, 1 
 we are faced by the problem of inadequate equipment. 
 While rigid economy should be practiced at the home 
 base by the Boards, and on the field by the mission- 
 aries, there are limitations in equipment which may 
 mean superficial work, patients slighted, the doctor 
 disheartened, medical science brought into disrepute 
 and Christianity cheapened. It were better to reduce 
 the number of medical missionaries and hospitals, 
 much as they are needed, than to discount the 
 science of medicine and lower the standards of effi- 
 ciency. In the presentation of any phase of Chris- 
 tianity, the highest standards must be maintained, and 
 honest, thoroughgoing methods characterize the work 
 in every department. To do less, is to write ultimate 
 failure across the face of the enterprise. 
 
 3. An inadequate staff is as serious a limitation as 
 inadequate equipment. The findings of the Medical 
 Missionary Association of India urge the necessity 
 of two qualified doctors on the staff of every medical 
 mission station, in order that furlough or illness shall 
 not break the continuity of the work and that in per- 
 forming serious operations consultation shall be had 
 and responsibility shared. In regard to wastage of 
 evangelistic opportunity. Dr. Moorshead refers to a 
 brochure of Dr. Harold Balme of China, in which he 
 urges that the mission hospital be so staffed as to 
 permit the medical missionaries in turn to spend a 
 portion of the day in personal work among the patients, 
 and that there should be, if possible, one non-medical 
 
 1 Dr. Moorshead sums up the possibility of failure of medical missions 
 under six heads: “ Insufficiency of the medical and nursing staff; in- 
 
 adequacy of medical plant; wastage of evangelistic opportunities; 
 opening too many medical stations; designating new medical missionaries 
 to responsible positions; and sending out new medical missionaries 
 without a sufficient amount of post graduate work.” — [R. F. Moorshead, 
 “The Appeal of Medical Missions,” p. 160.I He would avoid making 
 the impression that there has been failure, but is rightly opposed to 
 inferior work and argues for the best professional results possible. 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 183 
 
 missionary on the staff whose entire time could be 
 given to evangelistic work. Reference is made to a 
 missionary in India who, in the follow-up of his sister’s 
 medical work, had in seventeen years secured a foot- 
 ing in one hundred villages and baptized more than 
 three thousand converts. 
 
 4. Another problem relates to the use of the time 
 and energy of the medical missionary on furlough. 
 On the one hand, opportunity should be furnished 
 him for rest, for study and for visits to hospitals. 
 On the other hand, his services should be utilized to 
 stimulate the missionary interest of the public. He 
 can render invaluable service by furnishing occasional 
 articles to the medical journals, to the missionary 
 magazines and denominational papers, presenting per- 
 sonal experiences, difficulties, successes, the needs of the 
 people to whom he has been ministering and the power 
 of the gospel to meet that need. He can go further 
 by making a systematic effort to reach the medical 
 constituency of his church — a great reserve force 
 as yet undeveloped. This may be done through corre- 
 spondence and personal visits in the homes of Christian 
 medical men and women, by delivering addresses be- 
 fore medical societies and colleges, by visiting Volun- 
 teer Rands and by attending student conferences where 
 personal work can be done in counseling with students 
 in the determining of their life work. The returned 
 medical missionary, moreover, ought to be able to 
 do more than any other in enlisting liberal givers in 
 the support of individual missionaries or nurses, and 
 in the maintenance of beds or wards and the erection 
 of hospitals, where the Boards have authorized such 
 efforts. 
 
 5. The problem of cooperation is ever present in 
 missionary administration. Medical Missionary As 
 sociations upon the larger fields are recommending 
 
184 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 close cooperation by the Boards, especially in medical 
 education on the field and in the preparation of much 
 needed textbooks in the development of a medical 
 literature. Dr. Robert C. Beebe, as executive secretary 
 of the China Medical Missionary Association, is de- 
 voting his entire time to the work of coordinating 
 educational work carried on at different centers, to 
 securing help from the Boards, missionary and finan- 
 cial, to the development of a literature, and to aiding 
 the campaign on behalf of public health carried on 
 by Dr. W. W. Peter and his staff under the auspices 
 of the Y. M. C. A. A beginning was made by the 
 earlier medical missionaries, but they were hampered 
 by insufficient knowledge of the written language and 
 by the lack of dictionaries and of a technical and 
 scientific terminology. It is very important that a 
 literature should be developed under Christian aus- 
 pices, thus preempting the ground from that prepared 
 from a grossly materialistic standpoint. 
 
 6. A most pressing problem is that of missionary 
 medical education. On all the mission fields, but 
 especially in China, this branch of education requires 
 to be considered in the light of the scientific demands 
 of our age, and in view of the establishment of com- 
 peting government institutions. In the case of China, 
 there is the added factor of the insidious agnostic 
 and even atheistic influences from Japan where such 
 ideas are rife in the medical departments of her uni- 
 versities. This is the more significant in view of 
 Japan’s absorption of Korea and her foothold upon 
 the continent. Dr. Thomas Cochran, in a recent article, 
 calls attention to the Japanese medical college in 
 Moukden, established by the South Manchurian Rail- 
 way Company. “ They have an ample staff, and 
 perhaps the best building and equipment of any school 
 in Giina. The teaching is in Japanese.” 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 185 
 
 The visit in 1914 of the Commissioners representing 
 the Rockefeller Foundation, and the subsequent estab- 
 lishment of the China Medical Board, with the pur- 
 pose of promoting medical education bids fair to cre- 
 ate a new era in scientific education and in research 
 work. The decision to establish two medical centers, 
 the one at Peking and the other at Shanghai, will lay 
 a base line along the coast from which other centers 
 may be established at a later date under the auspices 
 of the Foundation, through missionary initiative or 
 as government enterprises. The article by Dr. Cochran 
 speaks of the inevitable conclusion that there has been 
 “ a very real danger of a sacrifice of scientific effi- 
 ciency in the diffusion of effort which characterizes 
 the work of missionary societies.” Dr. McDill of 
 Chicago in his discussion of missionary medical work, 
 while giving the missionaries themselves a high meed 
 of praise for their efficiency and self-sacrifice, reached 
 the same conclusion — that much of the medical edu- 
 cational work as conducted under the auspices of the 
 Missionary Boards is inefficient and therefore unsatis- 
 factory. 
 
 The Commisioners referred to are quoted as saying 
 in effect to missionary educators, “ We are thinking 
 of the interests of China as a whole and are viewing 
 the situation dispassionately. We are determined to 
 secure efficiency if it should cost us millions. Will 
 you join us and make a happy combination, and be 
 as keen on Christianity as we are on medical science? ” 
 What is this but a tremendous challenge to the most 
 virile young men and women we have at the home 
 base and on the mission field, to get into the game? 
 The Foundation has the financial resources with which 
 to do in laboratory, class room, and hospital what no 
 one Board, nor half a dozen Boards with their other 
 obligations, could possibly do. The institutions to be 
 
1 86 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 established at the two centers already fixed upon must 
 be adequately staffed. Scientifically qualified men are 
 required, but Christian men of equal qualifications 
 are preferred. Let men offer for such service, secure 
 the best preparation there is to be had, and, going 
 to the field, throw the weight of their education, ex- 
 perience and personal influence into the effort to train 
 a body of Chinese physicians and surgeons who can 
 in turn not only man mission and government hos- 
 pitals, but become the influential factors for moral 
 purity and religious life in the institutions of the 
 country. 
 
 There is a great cause at stake here — namely the 
 efficiency and character of medical education and of 
 the profession itself in China. If inefficient, it will be 
 worthless; if non-Christian, it will bring a blight upon 
 physicians and patients alike for generations to come. 
 Dr. Thomas Cochran is correct in saying that “ Medi- 
 cal missionary enterprise has earned China’s undying 
 gratitude. The young profession there is largely either 
 Christian or favorably disposed to Christianity.” It 
 rests with Boards at home and missionaries on the 
 field to see that this continues. 
 
 It behooves all concerned, therefore, to sink individ- 
 ual differences and urge common interests so as to 
 agree upon the following as a working basis : 
 
 (1) Coordination of larger educational policies and 
 plans so as to promote that unity in spirit and effort 
 which will best secure the one great aim for which 
 missionary work is undertaken. Such plans should not 
 be laid for a decade, but projected for a century. 
 
 (2) Concentration upon three great centers on the 
 coast, and at least one in the interior. Geographically, 
 China lends itself to such a distribution. To do less 
 is to fail to capture the strategic points and make 
 them distributing centers of medical educational in- 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 187 
 
 fluence. To undertake to occupy more than these at 
 present will be to repeat the blunders of the past. 
 
 (3) Team work upon the part of the representatives 
 of the various Boards and Societies through the Medi- 
 cal Missionary Association, and also with the growing 
 body of qualified Chinese practitioners through the 
 China National Medical Association. Generous and 
 sympatheteic cooperation will create a sense of brother- 
 hood, give push to the entire movement, and help to 
 generate an esprit de corps. 
 
 (4) High professional standards must always be 
 held steadily in view. Low grade medical work is un- 
 worthy of the man from home and equally discredit- 
 able to the native practitioner who qualifies on the 
 field. Shoddy, inefficient work is dishonest work and 
 should not be tolerated by a Mission Board or in any 
 Mission Hospital or School. 
 
 (5) The generous offer made by the China Medical 
 Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, to finance and 
 increase the staff and equipment of mission hospitals 
 which correlate themselves with the medical schools 
 established by the Foundation, should be accepted, 
 since such acceptance does not in any way divert from, 
 or interfere with, the one purpose for which medical 
 missions is established — healing the sick and extending 
 the Kingdom of God. 
 
 There is no greater challenge before the Church 
 today than the challenge to a generous expansion of 
 her medical missionary work. The work of medical 
 missions, like all Christian work, is a challenge to 
 faith. There can be no mighty work built upon the 
 quicksands of unbelief. There has never been a truly 
 successful medical missionary — man or woman — 
 who has not been great in prayer and faith. All of 
 preparation, all of scientific equipment, and all of 
 human skill will fail in the hour of crisis if the element 
 
1S8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 of faith be lacking. Then in the highest reaches of 
 achievement, just as the human will must be lifted up 
 into the divine, man’s faith must be conjoined with and 
 merged into the faith of the son of God. This is a 
 great truth and a great mystery, but it is God’s way, 
 and His ways are higher than ours. The medical 
 missionary who goes in the strength of the faith of 
 the Son of God, goes with power, for the Master 
 Workman has said, “ Greater works than these shall 
 ye do because I go unto the Father.” A God-sent man 
 does not do his work alone. 
 
 The work of medical missions is also a challenge 
 to love. Love, let us repeat, is the great missionary 
 motive. To float the great cause of missions, the 
 
 motive must be big enough not only to prompt our 
 ministry to the individual, to compass a nation with 
 our high purpose, but to include a world in its terms 
 of sacrificial and Christly love. It must be centripetal 
 as well as centrifugal. In the effort to get in touch 
 with the lowliest and the neediest man, it must find 
 its spring and inspiration in the touch of the risen 
 Christ. 
 
 The writer never fully realized the true significance 
 of missionary motive until he reached the mission field. 
 There came one day into our Soochow hospital a 
 Chinese woman. “ Can you do anything for me ? ” 
 she asked. “ I hope so,” was the reply. “ What is 
 the matter ? ” Then she told her story. “ I am the 
 wife of a small farmer. We are very poor. My life 
 of seventy years has been a hard one, for we have 
 eaten much bitterness. Day after day, I have crawled 
 with my husband through the mud, on hands and knees 
 in cultivating the rice stalks. We had neither plow 
 nor buffalo. My body is tortured to death with 
 rheumatism and burning up with fever.” 
 
 She was put to bed, given medicine, and made as 
 
THE CHALLENGE 
 
 189 
 
 comfortable as possible for the night. The next morn- 
 ing, after attending the surgical cases, I visited the 
 Woman’s ward, paused by her bedside, took her hand 
 in mine and asked, “ Have you eaten your soft-boiled 
 rice? How do you feel this morning?” “Oh, I feel 
 better,” she replied. “ Then why do you cry ? ” The 
 tears were trickling down her weather-beaten cheeks. 
 “ Oh, Doctor, you have been so good to me ! ” and 
 then she added, “ I am an old woman. My life has been 
 bitter — bitter to death. I have given birth to chil- 
 dren. They grew up, married and have gone, but not 
 one has ever held my hand or said kind words like 
 a son. Oh, Doctor, when I am well do not send me 
 away. This is heaven. Let me mop the floors and 
 cook the rice. My old husband might sweep the yard 
 and mind the gate. But let me stay — this is the only 
 heaven for an old woman like me.” 
 
 As I stroked her rough hand, the tears came in- 
 voluntarily to my own eyes until her face was lost 
 in the blur. There seemed to be another face into 
 which I gazed for the moment — the face of the Great 
 Physician who said, “ Inasmuch as ye have done this 
 unto the least of these, my brethren, ye have done it 
 unto me.” Then I discovered the real motive of the 
 missionary. It is not the need of the individual, 
 deep and appealing as that is; not the Chinese, great 
 as the appeal of countless multitudes may be ; not 
 the command, imperative as its terms are, but the 
 Master — the Master himself and His love. Herein 
 lies the constraint. In neglecting these weaker ones, 
 we neglect Him. In ministering to their need, we min- 
 ister to Him. The true missionary motive is wrapped 
 up in His life and centered in His love. 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
“A good doctor should be at once a 
 a man of God.” 
 
 genius, a saint and 
 A miel. 
 
 “Oh, we need power; the deadness of these souls is some- 
 thing awful ; their utter ignorance of what sin is, the fearful 
 lethargy into which they have fallen, all reveal that our one 
 great essential is power — Divine, life-giving power. And 
 bless God we have all this in Christ.” 
 
 Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie. 
 
VIII. 
 
 THE SECRET OF POWER. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Simpson, of Edinburgh, visited 
 Tokyo on his way to the General Missionary Con- 
 ference in China. Being an eminent authority on 
 obstetrics, he was given a reception and invited to 
 deliver an address before the Medical Faculty of the 
 Imperial University. More than sixty professors were 
 present. Knowing he could speak with authority on 
 his special department, and aware of the fact that he 
 was a relative of the distinguished James Y. Simpson, 
 who was the first to experiment with the use of chloro- 
 form in Great Britain, they expected an address upon 
 some obstetrical or scientific subject. 
 
 Realizing that it was his only opportunity, that of a 
 lifetime and not one to be thrown away, Sir Alex- 
 ander spent the half hour in recounting, in the simplest 
 of language, what the Great Physician had done for 
 him personally, and for the souls of men as well as for 
 their bodies. It was a beautiful sight — the glowing 
 face of the white-haired old veteran turned toward the 
 amphitheatre full of professors and students, the 
 majority of whom were agnostics, and not a few 
 avowed atheists. The respectful silence, the almost 
 awed hush, the recognition of his professional standing, 
 and the reverence for his age and sincerity — all 
 seemed to point to a new and open door through which 
 his words gained an entrance to the hearts of men 
 who had given themselves for years to rationalistic 
 argument and materialistic research. 
 
 What seemed to be the lesson of the hour? That 
 193 
 
194 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 man who would fight sin to a finish must begin the 
 battle in the arena of the physical nature; that effi- 
 ciency in the higher realm of our nature is mysteriously 
 dependent upon efficiency in the lower ; that the sanctity 
 of the body becomes a corollary of the sanctity of 
 the soul. Finally, and this was the point up to which 
 all else led, if a man is to find any real basis of living 
 and of duty, he must first find God. To the medical 
 faculty of a non-Christian university it was an extraor- 
 dinary line of thought, and Sir Alexander brought 
 tl^em to an unexpected conclusion. 
 
 . Real life begins for any man only with the discovery 
 of a real God. We have a striking illustration of this 
 in H. G. Wells’ great war story, “ Mr. Britling Sees 
 it Through.” With rare skill the author leads his 
 principal character from an easy optimism, a colorless 
 non-moral life and a sinful wastage of manhood’s 
 opportunity to a stern realization that while he and 
 his guests from London were spending their Sundays 
 in playing hockey, the world was in a conflagration. 
 Fie had been adrift without a God. His secretary 
 joined the King’s army and was taken prisoner; his 
 son enlisted and was killed. And now Mr. Britling 
 finds God — a real God, and duty. It is the story of 
 England’s awakening to the stern reality of life and 
 its tragedies. What is it, but the story of every man’s 
 awakening to the sense of personal obligation to throw 
 himself, without reserve, into the service of God and 
 of his fellowman? 
 
 Man’s ministry to man — body, mind and soul — 
 can win the world, and will win the world, if it rests 
 on a central and vital faith in God. He must be made 
 real. Men of this age are seeking the reality of things 
 and want a real God, and a mighty God. A weak God 
 will not satisfy strong men. It is not a question of 
 theories or doctrines or even ideals, but of dynamics 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 195 
 
 and of power. It is not ethical standards that will 
 win mankind. “ Christianity is the only religion which 
 possesses a sufficient dynamic to make its ethical 
 standards realizable.” It is the story of a life which 
 explains God — more than that even — it is the life 
 itself. It involves a force, the most potent in the 
 universe, a force which is personal, vital, re-creative, 
 and which concerns every man. That force is Jesus 
 Christ, the Saviour of the world, personally present 
 in the physician, imminently present in the hospital, 
 forever present in His own world. To accept this 
 Person, to realize Him, to live Him, to minister as 
 He ministered to humanity sick in body, sick in soul, 
 sick unto death, is to find the reality of God. It is 
 the secret of power, the heart of the gospel, and the 
 soul of the missionary enterprise. The missionary who 
 would be equipped for his task and efficient in it must 
 live in the might of this superhuman energy. 
 
 I. The Power of Faith in God. 
 
 Faith in a real God lies at the source of all power, 
 whether in personal experience, or in a constructive 
 work, whether in our age or in any other. “ What we 
 need today is a resurgence of the heroic, daring temper 
 of the apostolic age. There was a little Christian com- 
 munity then which dared to look with calm, aspiring 
 eyes abroad over the whole wild welter of the western 
 world, and to dream the impossible dream of capturing 
 it all for the empire of Christ, and then dared to set 
 out to make the dream come true .” 1 To repeat and 
 extend such a conquest requires men who have a 
 mighty faith, and who by the very audacity of their 
 faith make God real and actual in all their tasks, ('ft 
 requires men who believe and dare ; who pray and 
 
 1 Roberts, “ The Renascence of Faith,” p. 257. 
 
196 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 have large expectation ; who have vision and are ready 
 to venture for God — men who will not be disobedient 
 to the heavenly vision. Such, and only such, can hope 
 to win men and conquer the world. ) 
 
 Faith upon the part of the physician begets con- 
 fidence upon the part of the patient. Faith without 
 works is vain, but physical as well as moral recoveries 
 depend upon faith as well as works. “ It is when the 
 eye of the patient meets the eye of the physician,” 
 says Dr. A. T. Schofield, “ that the cure begins, if it is 
 likely to take place.” The personality of a doctor, 
 what he is, and what he believes, counts for more than 
 what he knows. This is not discounting qualifications 
 or skill. Does not this account for much of the won- 
 derful success attending the work of medical mission- 
 aries who labor under the most untoward and trying 
 circumstances? Their reassuring touch upon humanity 
 is because Another has touched their lives. By the 
 measure of their openness to His approach, and faith 
 in His power, by so much do they win the confidence 
 of their patients. The native, however full he may be 
 of conceit, always recognizes, and often to the point of 
 reverence, the soul of sincerity and truth in the life 
 of an honest man or woman who seeks to do him good. 
 One was heard to say of a missionary, “ He is so pure 
 we cannot look him in the face and tell a lie.” 
 
 There is power in the Name. We may not have the 
 special gift of miraculous cures bestowed upon Peter 
 and John, but how suggestive and convincing the story 
 of the healing of the man lame from his mother’s 
 womb who lay at the beautiful gate of the temple. 
 “And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him, with John, 
 said, ‘ Look on us.’ And he gave heed unto them 
 expecting to receive something from them. But Peter 
 said, ‘ Silver and gold have I none, but what I have, 
 that give I thee. In the name of Jesus Christ of 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 197 
 
 Nazareth, walk .” 1 What did Peter have for a help- 
 less man? An impelling desire to help, faith in the 
 Name, and the touch of the risen Christ upon himself 
 and John. May not these be the privilege of every 
 medical missionary? Without them it is useless to 
 go forth ; with them we share in the promise, “ Verily, 
 verily, I say unto you, he that believeth on me, the 
 works that I do shall he do also ; and greater works 
 than these shall he do; because I go unto the Father. 
 And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I 
 do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.” 
 
 Rev. W. E. Soothill, of China, has said : “ Medicine 
 is our substitute for miracles. Whatever the cause, 
 we cannot do the wonderful works wrought by the 
 Apostles. It may be our lack of faith ; it may be the 
 power has been withdrawn, having served its purpose ; 
 or it may be the power is here within men’s reach as 
 much as ever.” Ours is not an absentee God; He is 
 imminently present in the world today. But we are 
 doing more wonderful works than the Apostles. 
 Power is not withdrawn. It is diffused. It finds 
 expression through a thousand agents and agencies. 
 ‘‘All power is with God, and His power is available.” 
 Let our daily task be shot through with a mighty 
 faith and He will give us more power as we fully and 
 reverently use what we have. 
 
 In other words, power is given us according to our 
 obedience. Christianity is a religion of obedience. 
 If the first secret of the mighty power of Jesus Christ 
 was faith in God, the second was no less significant — • 
 “ He learned obedience by the things which he suf- 
 fered,” and with this key he opened to man the 
 mysteries of the Kingdoms of nature and of grace. 
 “ The military virtues of obedience, courage and sacri- 
 
 1 Acts 3:4-6. John 14:12-13. 
 
198 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 fice are also the Christian virtues,” says Dr. Jefferson. 
 “ Christ’s first commandant is Obey. Obedience, He 
 says, is the organ of knowledge. He that wills to do 
 God’s will, shall know. ‘If ye know these things, 
 happy are ye if ye do them.’ ” By obedience the mis- 
 sionary moves against wind and tide. He never drifts ; 
 he sails. He is no victim of fate. If he would do the 
 will of God, he moves as a prince, as the child of a 
 King. Hear Cassius as he exclaims, 
 
 “Men at some time are masters of their fate; 
 
 The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, 
 
 But in ourselves, that we are underlings.” 
 
 The missionary who has a vital faith in God will 
 have a mighty faith in His religion. Christianity is 
 a religion of hope and good cheer. It is like a cordial 
 to a weary and weakened body. It is the good Samari- 
 tan to the poor fellow, beaten and bruised, who had 
 fallen among robbers between Jerusalem and Jericho. 
 Its hopefulness is based upon the love of the Father 
 for His children; upon the ministry of Jesus Christ for 
 the sinful and the lost; upon the impregnable rock 
 of God’s word; upon the power and persistence of 
 truth ; upon the indestructible faith of humanity ; upon 
 the ultimate triumph of the right ; and upon its un- 
 shakable and ineradicable hope of immortality. Mis- 
 sionaries are constitutionally optimistic, and all great 
 missionary workers have been men and women ■whose 
 hopefulness has risen to the height of their faith. 
 
 Christianity is a religion of comfort. The man who 
 faces the ravages of sin, disease and death must have 
 faith in a God of comfort — One who is a mighty 
 fortress; One whose presence should bring assurance 
 and peace into the sick room instead of terror. The 
 death of a heathen is the death of a Christless man — 
 one who goes out alone. Who shall describe it — the 
 staring eyes, the clenched fist, the shriek of fea r ? It 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 199 
 
 is because, with him, God is associated with evil, mis- 
 fortune and death. Flow true to the experience of the 
 man without Christ is Shakespeare’s description of the 
 death of Falstaff, as given by the tavern keeper’s wife : 
 “ So ’a cried out, God, God, God, three or four times. 
 Now, I to comfort him bid him ’a should not think of 
 God ; I hoped there was no need to trouble himself 
 with any such thoughts yet.” 
 
 A living faith in God carries with it not only a faith 
 in the message of God which the missionary proclaims 
 but also in the errand on which God has sent him. The 
 secret of power lies with him who can forget himself 
 in the pursuit of his task. That is the man who rises 
 above the petty exactions of the hour, retains his 
 poise, and, with an almost divine patience, finds time 
 to pray for opportunity to touch with tenderness 
 wounded hearts. It is just this that wins the fight. 
 Dr. Speer quotes Archbishop Benson’s rules as apply- 
 ing to Dr. Joseph Cochran: “Not to call attention 
 
 to crowded work, or petty fatigues, or trivial expe- 
 riences. To heal wounds which, in time past, my cruel 
 and careless hands have made. To seek no favor, no 
 compassion; to deserve, not ask for tenderness. Not 
 to feel any uneasiness when my advice or opinion is 
 not asked, or is set aside.” Do we wonder that his 
 Board Secretary, on a visit to the field, should say, 
 “ He illustrated the repose and calm of real strength 
 more than any man it was ever my pleasure to meet. 
 I have found this year that nothing I have ever known 
 is such a continual strain upon one’s temper and nerves 
 as the continual contact with the smallness and petti- 
 ness of native character. I thought that I was amiable 
 before I came here ; I have had to revise this estimate 
 of myself and pray daily for patience .” 1 
 
 1 Robert E. Speer, ** The Foreign Doctor,” pp. 374, 375. 
 
200 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 Of all workers the missionary should be the last to 
 grow despondent. His high purpose and his realiza- 
 tion of the presence of his Master, strengthen hope, 
 and keep doubt and fear away. Professor James says, 
 “ the sovereign cure for worry is religious faith.” He 
 is right, but it must be Christain faith. Dr. C. W. 
 Saleeby is quoted as saying that “ the two great anti- 
 worry religions are Buddhism and Christianity.” But 
 what does Buddhism say? “Worry is an inevitable 
 accompaniment of life. In order to get rid of worry, 
 you must destroy the desire to live, and the goal of all 
 being is Nirvana — absorption and extinction.” What 
 does Christianity teach? “The great end is not less 
 but more abundant life” — anything but absorption and 
 extinction. It is to find the real meaning of life, the 
 discovery of a new center and reenforcing point of 
 life. Then does human life become lifted up and over 
 into the Divine. 
 
 The calm assurance which Jesus had was “ the peace 
 of a soul that had come out of eternity.” Receive 
 Him, and His peace becomes ours. Ay, more than that, 
 He Plimself becomes our peace. Nor will any man 
 attain unto masterfulness until he is filled with the 
 spirit of Him who strengthens faith and inspires con- 
 fidence in the infinite resources of divine grace — 
 than comes the calm of a soul in touch with the In- 
 finite. Was it not in such a spirit that Jesus did His 
 mighty works? There was neither timidity nor haste. 
 He moved steadily forward as one conscious of His 
 power over nature, men and evil spirits, and yet He 
 gave constant evidence of a reverent obedience to the 
 Father and of supreme desire to do His will in all 
 things. His faith in His cause never wavered. 
 
 Nor can any man have power in work who lacks 
 faith in his cause. This is more important than to 
 have faith in himself, essential as that may be. A 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 201 
 
 man who can so thoroughly forget himself as to make 
 his life-work first and uppermost, will not only win 
 success in the profession to which he is called, but, 
 what is far better, win the confidence of others in the 
 genuineness of his life, and the sincerity of his pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The secret of power then, lies first of all in the mis- 
 sionary’s life of faith in God. How enriching and 
 expanding is this quality. As God reveals Himself 
 to him, man grows. “ Man grows with the greatness 
 of his purpose.” He grows with his apprehension of 
 truth, his enlargement of sympathy, his deepening 
 motive, and his ever-rising ideals. The missionary 
 must keep his faith alive if he would grow with his 
 convert, with his group of believers, with the native 
 church, and what should be to him an ever-enlarging 
 conception of the redemptive purpose and plan. Should 
 he fail here, his failure is perilous and is a symptom of 
 that slow paralysis which may lead to a deadening of 
 every spiritual sensibility. A calling under such con- 
 ditions degenerates into professionalism and loss of 
 spiritual power. If the faith of the native church sur- 
 vives the failure of his own, and grows in intelligence 
 and vitality, he loses his place of leadership, becomes 
 a follower instead of a leader and forfeits his right to 
 a place on the mission field. It has been true of all 
 missionaries of power that they have seen men and 
 women of conquering faith in the living God. 
 
 II. The Power of the Word of God 
 
 Tire Bible is the missionary’s textbook. It is the 
 Book of Life — a revelation of God the Father in 
 Jesus Christ His Son, the Saviour of the world. No 
 man can live a truly great life without it, neither can 
 he expect to be a messenger of life to others unless 
 he himself has a first-hand, working knowledge of its 
 
202 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 principles. “ The Bible will not be closed,” said Emer- 
 son, “ until the last great man is born.” The Bible 
 stands for primacy of spiritual realities. It does not 
 claim prominence for itself in history, philosophy or 
 science, but it is supreme in the realm of morals and 
 religion. The emphasis of the Bible is upon person- 
 ality — redeemable and redeemed — “ the most inter- 
 esting, the most eminent and the most costly in the list 
 of the assets of the world.” 
 
 The Bible alone can satisfy the heart hunger of the 
 world. It was Coleridge who said, “ I know the Bible 
 is inspired because it finds me at greater depths of my 
 being than any other book.” Joseph Neesima, of Japan, 
 leaving his mountain home in his quest for God, ex- 
 changed his sword for a New Testament, and in find- 
 ing God found his true and higher self. Sosthenes 
 Juarez, receiving a family Bible in French from one of 
 Maximillian’s soldiers, gathered round him a group 
 of thirsty souls and laid the foundations of an evan- 
 gelical church in the city of Mexico. It was a Cuban 
 woman, in the city of Santiago, who read her Bible 
 daily for thirty years behind barred doors, prayed for 
 the opening of the island to the gospel, and interpreted 
 the bombardment of Admiral Sampson as an answer 
 to her prayers. There is no craving for comfort, no 
 hunger for truth, no thirst for God, that the Bible 
 cannot satisfy whether it be in the hands of the mis- 
 sionary who goes to make Christ known, or of the 
 native to whom the message has been taken. 
 
 Twelve tribes were welded into a nation, and made 
 the depository of God's thought. Two of the world’s 
 greatest languages — the Hebrew and the Greek — were 
 formed into a matrix for God’s revelation to man. 
 
 The Bible has created a world conscience and 
 deepened the sense of God. It has vitalized nations 
 and peoples remote from civilization. It has led to 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 203 
 
 sweeping reforms and generated great revival move- 
 ments. It has opened perennial fountains for enrich- 
 ing literary work and personal experience. Dr. Wil- 
 liam Osier, eminent in the medical profession, in his 
 Harvard lecture on “ Science and Immortality,” makes 
 forty-one allusions to, and quotations from the Bible in 
 the compass of its forty-three pages. Dr. Howard 
 Kelly, of Johns Hopkins, equally distinguished in his 
 department, is a diligent and daily student of the Word 
 of God. “All the wisdom of the world is in this little 
 book,” exclaimed a great savant. Its unity, its con- 
 tinuity, its comprehensiveness of plan, its revelation 
 of God, its vascularity and freshness, its human ele- 
 ment which never grows old, and its moral energy 
 and spiritual power caused the Ex-Premier of Japan, 
 Marquis Okuma, to assert, “ Modern civilization takes 
 its rise from the teachings of the sage of Judea, in 
 whom alone is found the dynamic of progress.” 
 
 Its principles have been the inspiration of great 
 missionaries and its translation their crowning work. 
 W e have only to turn to Robert Morrison, the pioneer 
 missionary to China, and find that in his earlier years, 
 while still at Newcastle-on-Tyne, he toiled from 
 twelve to fourteen hours a day and “ still found time 
 to spend one or two hours for reading and meditation. 
 While at work, his Bible or some other book was con- 
 stantly open before him.” William Carey, the pious 
 cobbler of Nottingham, read the Bible so diligently 
 in the original that when he went to India he was pre- 
 pared to translate it into several languages. Adoniram 
 Judson put it into the Burmese, Dr. Hepburn into the 
 Japanese, Dr. Van Dyck into the Arabic. 
 
 In Schofield’s journal there is the following record: 
 “ January 1, 1876. Began at twenty-five years of age 
 the habit of reading through the Old Testament once, 
 and the New Testament twice every year. * My soul, 
 wait thou on God, for my expectation is from Him.’ 
 
204 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 ‘Ye are not your own; ye are bought with a price.’ 
 To some extent I have kept my resolutions of reading 
 God's Word. God help me this year to treat it as 
 His Word; to read it every spare moment; constantly 
 to meditate on it, and to use it in dependence on the 
 Holy Ghost, both in judging myself and as a sword to 
 others.” 
 
 III. The Power of Fellowship with God 
 
 In the life of Dr. J. C. Hepburn is a simple but most 
 significant statement: “They raised the family altar 
 at once in the old temple in which they were living.” 
 Quietly, unostentatiously, without flourish of trumpets, 
 this man of God brought to the Japanese Empire the 
 living fire. Not an altar raised to the “ unknown 
 god,” in a land where the people are as fond of hearing 
 some new thing as were those of Athens, but to the 
 known God, to Him who had been tested, who could 
 by His spirit quicken a man’s personality and energize 
 it into a Christly life. What wonder then that a 
 Japanese, in speaking of the veteran and his wife at a 
 farewell meeting, was prompted to say, “ When it was 
 common for the patriot to take his sword in hand, 
 there was a man who came to our country with the 
 gospel of peace; . . . The once young and 
 
 able couple have now become the old, white-haired 
 couple. . . . The gift which the Doctor has made 
 
 to our countrymen is his personality, more than his 
 work. . . .” 
 
 In the old Buddhist temple, standing upon the shore 
 of the beautiful bay that stretches out toward the 
 Pacific many prayers were offered for the people of 
 the Sunrise Kingdom in those early days of medical 
 practice and of translation. The missionary had made 
 them his people, and for them he interceded as though 
 they were his children. 
 
 Does prayer really change things? Out of the 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 205 
 
 experience of a multitude of missionaries we have a 
 decided and an affirmative answer. Minds have been 
 convinced, hearts brought under conviction, tempera- 
 ments changed, life-long habits broken up, and lives 
 completely transformed. The very physical texture 
 and expression of the countenance have come under 
 some marvelous influence, so that malignity and hate 
 have been changed into affection, gentleness and so- 
 licitude, as in the case of Africaner, the ferocious 
 chief, under the spell of Dr. Moffatt’s prayers. Cures 
 have been wronght — wonderful cures, fevers rebuked, 
 health restored and life preserved. 
 
 Ruxley was in the habit of saying that a thought 
 could no more produce a change in our bodies than a 
 steam whistle could run a locomotive. But in view 
 of the wonderful cures effected in certain diseases by 
 strong faith, hope or suggestion, no experienced physi- 
 ologist or physician would endorse this dogmatic state- 
 ment today. Man’s will, we know, has power to 
 cooperate with God’s will, and to effect results which 
 would not be effected were either facter cancelled. 
 The fundamental dogma of modern psychology is the 
 unity of mind and body. It is almost impossible to 
 exaggerate the significance of this fact . 1 
 
 One of the most remarkable tendencies in modern 
 thought is that toward the forces at work in the un- 
 seen world, whether psychic or spiritual. Mind af- 
 fects mind, and mind affects matter. The quickened 
 circulation of the blood, its determination to some 
 particular organ, rise in temperature, increased sensi- 
 tiveness to pain, loss of appetite, impaired digestion, 
 
 1 The great Italian physician, Moso, demonstrated the intimate con- 
 nection between thought and the circulation of the blood in the brain. 
 He so nicely balanced a man stretched upon a table that concentrated 
 thought upon the part of the man, or even a noise made when he slept, 
 would so affect the sensorium tnat even that slight determination of 
 blood to the brain would cause the end of the table upon which his 
 head rested to respond and become slightly depressed. 
 
206 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 or, on the other hand, the beneficent results of con- 
 fidence in a remedy, or in the doctor or nurse, or the 
 prayers of a trusted friend, are too familiar to gain- 
 say . 1 
 
 Professor James says, “As regards prayers for the 
 sick, if any medical fact can be considered to stand 
 firm, it is that in certain environment prayer may 
 contribute to recovery and should be encouraged as a 
 therapeutic measure. Under the influence of prayer 
 wonderful recoveries have taken place ; whereas it is 
 well known that when men become demoralized and 
 lose faith and hope and the will to live, they frequently 
 die from the slightest causes. Perhaps the most re- 
 markable example of the power of prayer in sickness 
 is that of Luther and Melanchthon. Prayer, as is 
 well known, rescued Melanchthon from the jaws of 
 death .” 2 And yet there is a lurking infidelity in many 
 quarters in regard to the efficacy of prayer. “Any- 
 thing which helps us to recover our faith in prayer,” 
 says Richard Roberts, “ will add enormously to the 
 possibilities of life.” 
 
 How refreshing, after Huxley’s agnosticism, is the 
 experience of such a man as Kenneth Mackenzie, 
 whose medical qualifications were the best England 
 could offer, whose surgical skill no one doubted, and 
 whose religious life was such as to convince the 
 Chinese that he lived what he professed and that 
 his word was absolutely dependable. “After doing all 
 I could for him,” he writes, “ I imitated the men who 
 brought the case of palsy to our Lord to be healed, 
 and laid this man’s case before Jesus. He heard my 
 prayers, and the prayers of dear Millie, and the next 
 morning there was a great improvement in the man, 
 since which time he has been daily getting better .” 3 
 
 1 Memorials of Harold A. Schofield, by his brother. 
 
 2 Quoted by Worcester, “Religion and Medicine,” p. 309. 
 
 3 Mrs. M. I. Bryson, "John Kenneth Mackenzie,” p. 190. 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 207 
 
 During the development of the medical work at 
 Tientsin, the question was raised as to what would 
 happen were the Viceroy Li to die or leave the city. 
 Humanly speaking, everything depended, at that time, 
 upon his favor and patronage. Mackenzie replied, 
 “ Such contingencies do not trouble me, as I believe 
 it is God’s work, not ours. We are not trusting in 
 the princes of this world, but in the help of the King 
 of Kings who has already started this work, and He 
 will not forsake it, I am sure. We only want to use 
 more our privilege of prayer through faith in Jesus. 
 It is marvelous to think that God promises to hear and 
 answer prayer when in the name of Jesus. Especially 
 is this manifest when we are in felt need.” 
 
 Working with God was the secret of Harold 
 Schofield's reserve of power. He had a mighty faith 
 in prayer. In the “ memorials ” prepared by his 
 brother we find the observation : “Always before com- 
 mencing a serious operation he would offer a few 
 words of prayer with equal sincerity and simplicity. 
 On one occasion the doctor was trying to reduce an 
 old case of hip dislocation. After several attempts 
 it seemed impossible to succeed, but during a pause 
 the doctor offered a few words of prayer, and shortly 
 afterwards was successful in restoring the hip to its 
 normal position. This will show the spirit in which 
 he did his work. He was a ‘ worker together with 
 God.’ ” This calls to mind the habit of William E. 
 Gladstone, the great Commoner and the great Chris- 
 tian. It was his custom when in the midst of a debate 
 in Parliament, or the delivery of a speech upon some 
 important question, to pause for a moment, and lift 
 up his heart in prayer for divine help. It may not 
 have been noticed by the members of Parliament, but 
 God saw, help came, and the effect at times was 
 overwhelming. 
 
208 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 Schofield made constant intercession that God would 
 place the needs of the mission fields of the world upon 
 the hearts of university and college students. “ These 
 prayers were answered,” writes his brother, “ in the 
 going out of the well-known Cambridge Band, in the 
 influence of the addresses of Messrs. Stanley Smith 
 and C. T. Studd upon scores of young men of the 
 British Universities, and in * the formation and growth 
 of the Student Volunteer Movement.’ ” It was in the 
 remote interior of the Shansi province, where he was 
 the first medical missionary, that those days of inter- 
 cession were observed. His time of service was short, 
 but he lived much even if he did not live long. Dr. 
 J. Hudson Taylor, in commenting on it all, said: “ I 
 have sometimes thought that in those prayers the 
 greatest work of Harold Schofield was accomplished, 
 and that having finished the work that God had given 
 him to do, he was then called to his eternal reward. 
 Who yet will follow him as he followed Christ ? ” 1 
 Dr. John R. Mott in “The Decisive Hour of Mis- 
 sions ” has well said, “ Every grave crisis in the ex- 
 pansion of Christianity which has been successfully 
 met, has been met by the faithfulness of Christ’s 
 disciples in the secret place. That there is a necessary 
 connection between the prayers of Christians on the 
 one hand, and the revealing of Christ’s plans, the 
 raising up of workers, and the releasing of the great 
 spiritual forces of the Kingdom, on the other hand, 
 is a fact as clearly established as any fact can be 
 established. That God has conditioned so largely the 
 extension, the progress and the fruitfulness of His 
 Kingdom upon the faithfulness and loyalty of His 
 children in prayer is at the same time one of the 
 deepest mysteries and one of the most wonderful 
 realties.” 
 
 1 See Memorials of Harold A. Schofield. 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 209 
 
 To the great missionaries we have named and to a 
 host of others, missionary doctors included, prayer 
 has meant more than interceding for the energies of 
 the living God to be applied in human affairs. It 
 has meant and it always means “ practising the pres- 
 ence of God.” “ The great secret of all living,” says 
 Dr. Henry Churchill King, “ is the persistent staying 
 in the presence of the best — the great facts, the 
 great truths, the great personalities, the one great 
 Person, Christ.” Is it not the daily, expectant, pas- 
 sionate interest in not only the best, but in the highest 
 personality ever revealed to man that determines, 
 ultimately, our significance and efficiency in life? It 
 is this relationship between the Great Physician and 
 His follower that deepens and enriches all the pro- 
 cesses of life. 
 
 God had his opportunity through Harold Schofield. 
 He had it because of the growing intimacy between 
 them. We say it reverently, that “ when God and 
 man meet in intimacy one never knows what may 
 happen.” Over and over again we turn to his journal . 1 
 It is as wine poured forth — a libation upon the altar 
 of service and sacrifice. We read entries like these: 
 
 Lord Jesus, make Thyself to me a living, bright reality. 
 Above all, His cross and risen life; that I may really enter 
 into the glorious gospel. 
 
 Lord, increase my faith, that I may realize more each day 
 that I am redeemed at an infinite price, and belong not to 
 myself, but only to Thee, and that I may reckon myself to be 
 “ dead unto sin ” and alive only to Thee ! 
 
 Enable me to press onward every hour and every day, and 
 be satisfied with nothing short of constant abiding communion 
 with Thee and practically living Christ. 
 
 Make me real. Make me like one who waits for his Lord. 
 Give me to meditate constantly on Thy Word. Do make Thy 
 Word continually the food of my soul ! Give me a constant 
 desire at least to do Thy will. 
 
 1 Schofield’s Journal. 
 
2io MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 “ Our Lord, it seems to me,” writes Kenneth 
 Mackenzie, “ would have us learn that exactly the 
 same sort of relationship which existed between the 
 Man Christ Jesus and the Father in Heaven, is open 
 to us. He was ever depending upon the help of the 
 Father, was ever seeking to obey the Father, and was 
 in the closest communion with the Father. We can 
 only live as fruitful branches when we are in vital 
 contact with the Vine. . . . This spiritual food can 
 only be obtained direct from Jesus. I fall into temp- 
 tation when I get up late in the morning and lose my 
 communion with God over His Word. Nothing, no 
 united service, or even family prayers, can take the 
 place of this.” 
 
 IV. The Power of the Spirit of God 
 
 When the Holy Spirit becomes the Pioneer and 
 Administrator of such a missionary movement as that 
 set forth in the Acts of the Apostles, He takes personal 
 charge, searches for men, finds them, separates them 
 for the task, endues them with power, and sends them 
 out with might to carry forward the divine order of 
 expansion. It was so in the case of Luke, the beloved 
 physician ; Livingstone, the explorer ; Post, the healer ; 
 and Kerr, the surgeon. Sir William Ramsey argues 
 that it was Luke that appeared to the Apostle Paul 
 in his vision at Troas. These men who have been 
 mentioned, and a host of others, have been instruments 
 of power in the hands of God because they had the 
 Spirit of Power. 
 
 The Holy Spirit, in the days of the Apostolic 
 Church, outlined the missionary program. He has 
 continued to give direction to it and put meaning into 
 it. He seeks to express Himself through men, times, 
 events, brings men together through wonderful provi- 
 dences, administers the Kingdom and carries forward 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 21 1 
 
 the divine purpose. The meeting of Stanley and 
 Livingstone on Lake Tanganyike; the call for a mis- 
 sionary physician for Lady Li in Tientsin at the very 
 time that Mackenzie and his little group were praying 
 for an opportunity to reach the Viceroy; the going 
 of Dr. H. N. Allen from Shanghai to Seoul in time 
 to heal Prince Nin and thus open Korea to the gospel, 
 were surely events which occurred under the leader- 
 ship of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 The message may be inscribed on parchment by the 
 medical missionary, as in the case of Luke, or in lines 
 of light and love upon the sensitized hearts of men, 
 but the messenger must be preceded and reenforced by 
 the Holy Spirit — the Promise of the Father — whose 
 function it is to quicken the conscience, fasten con- 
 viction, and create a sense of personal responsibility 
 to Jesus Christ. Bishop Warne gives this remarkable 
 testimony : “After twenty years of personal experience 
 and close observation, I can testify that, apart from 
 the direct work of the Holy Spirit in convicting non- 
 Christians of sin, I have never known the conversion 
 of an individual to the real Christian life and ex- 
 perience. Among a pepole whose consciences are 
 educated in the vagaries of the Vedantic philosophy 
 of India, which leaves the individual without a con- 
 sciousness of personal and moral responsibility, there 
 is absolutely no hope except in the awakening to, or 
 the creating of, a consciousness of sin and moral re- 
 sponsibility by the direct work of the Spirit of God. 
 I have seen thousands of instances of awakening and 
 transformation of character nothing short of the 
 miraculous .” 1 
 
 The Rev. J. E. Adams, in writing from Korea, ex- 
 presses the conviction of such medical missionaries 
 
 1 Quoted by Mott, “ The Decisive Hour of Missions,” p. 205. 
 
2i2 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 as Hepburn and Berry of Japan, Kerr and Jackson 
 of China, Scudder and Pennell of India, when he says, 
 “ I have experienced, tested and proved the sufficiency 
 of the Holy Spirit in the work of the conversion of 
 men so constantly and with such invariable results, 
 that any question on the subject has long ceased to 
 exist. It has become one of the assumed working 
 postulates of life. No man living in the conditions 
 in which I have lived, even with the most rudimentary- 
 instincts of scientific observation, could arrive at any 
 other conviction than that the gospel is the power of 
 God.” 
 
 The entire scheme of missionary work must be 
 energized by the spirit of God. If a nation is con- 
 fronted by the peril of becoming materialistic, so is 
 a Church, and so is a missionary. The danger of 
 reducing Christian work to a scientific formula and 
 of instituting technique for the dynamic of spiritual 
 life is very real. Nothing could be more timely than 
 the note sounded by Bishop David H. Greer, in his 
 opening address before a recent Convention of the 
 Diocese of New York. He pointed to the danger of 
 materialism in the Church, even in so beautiful a work 
 as social service and its varied activities. He did 
 not for a moment discount “the social uplift and the 
 welfare of the people, the betterment and improvement 
 of their material conditions ; with better houses to live 
 in, and more sanitary and helpful surroundings.” He 
 pronounced it a good and much-needed work, but that 
 was not enough. We must go deeper. He went on 
 to say: 
 
 In order to make our social life, whether rich or poor, a 
 new and changed life, with a new spirit in it, giving a new 
 perspective, a new direction to it, giving an uplift — a “lift-up” 
 — to it, something more is needed than a new and changed 
 physical environment — something that will go more deeply 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 213 
 
 down into the life itself, to change and transform it with a 
 spiritual transformation. 
 
 It should be the aim, the ultimate aim and purpose, of social 
 service work to bring it into touch, into quickened touch, with 
 those unseen realities, and to give to our social life not only 
 a physical but a spiritual transformation, and so not merely 
 to spread it out and over a larger and smoother flat physical 
 surface, but to put into it more and more of the lifting 
 power, more of the spiritual power of Jesus Christ. 
 
 That is it. Only the “ lifting power” of Christ can 
 give genuineness and permanence to social srevice or 
 any work for human redemption. St. Paul’s, in Lon- 
 don, is no more a monument to Sir Christopher Wren, 
 the architect, than the mission hospital in Urumia is a 
 memorial to the life of one who for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury was a builder of the body — the cathedral of the 
 soul and of God. More arduous, more tactful, more 
 constructive and more enduring are the labors of such a 
 life than those of the architect. The one builds of stone 
 and steel that are not proof against the gnawing tooth 
 of time; the other with materials that will abide be- 
 cause wrought into character which will survive the 
 corroding acids of a sin-cursed world. 
 
 The Master of All Missionaries 
 
 Since the days of the Great Apostle to the Gentiles 
 men have been seeking to answer the question, What 
 is the supreme and final need of our age ? The answer 
 is simple and yet all comprehensive. It is Jesus 
 Christ, the Son of the living God, who is the supreme 
 and final answer to the need or ours or any age. All 
 faith must be centered in Him, all work related to 
 His work, and all life vitalized by His life. Our 
 Christ is imperial in personality, in faith, in authority 
 and in power. An imperial Christ must be represented 
 by an imperial gospel which lays its claims upon every 
 
214 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 man, upon all that is in man and upon all mankind 
 His plan of redemption is world-wide in its conception, 
 terms of grace, inspiration to man’s faith, and applica- 
 tion to man’s deepest and most urgent need. His is a 
 royal decree which commands the entire membership 
 of His Church and places obligation upon them to 
 teach all nations, to heal the sick, and to be His faith- 
 ful witnesses even to the laying down of life itself. 
 
 In the Christian civilization which we would build, 
 it is Jesus Christ who must be made preeminent. It 
 is not science which must have the supreme place, nor 
 philosophy, nor ethics, nor even morality, but Christ. 
 There is no civilization worth speaking of without 
 Christianity, and there is no Christianity without the 
 living Christ — the central figure, the creative force, 
 the driving power and organizing personality of the 
 physical and spiritual universe. Christianity without 
 Christ is spurious, fraudulent and bankrupt in morals. 
 Christianity which centers its faith and loyalty in 
 Jesus Christ tends constantly to renew its youth and 
 its strength. This is not by virtue of its inherent 
 power, for it has none of itself, but it is by a return to 
 the divine source of its life. Therein lies its perma- 
 nency, its vitality, and its ultimate hope of conquering 
 the world. No missionary can permanently maintain 
 his faith, or carry on his work, without a constant 
 and prayerful personal relationship to Him who is the 
 soul of Christianity. 
 
 “ His was a pure life of consecration to the highest 
 ideals, and an absolutely unselfish devotion to duty,” 
 was the comment upon the life of Dr. J. P. Cochran 
 by one who knew him well. “ Here was a man who 
 had put aside the alluring ambitions of a most promis- 
 ing professional career, and was living day by day, 
 and every day, the Christ-life amid the perils and 
 privations of fanatical, heathen Persia. Nothing but 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 215 
 
 the teaching and example of Christ can explain such 
 a life ; and he had more of His spirit than any man I 
 have ever known.” It was the surrender of a brilliant 
 career in the United States for a life of constant toil 
 and imminent peril in a distant field ; but there was 
 neither hesitation nor mental reservation. He was 
 not conscious of it, but it was that dedication of man- 
 hood, of professional skill and of a great soul to a 
 Cause, which is always significant of true greatness 
 and opens the way for God to do a mighty work. It 
 was the devotion of his life to Jesus Christ. It was 
 such a surrender as that made by the Apostle when, 
 in undertaking the conquest of the Roman empire, 
 he desired that “ in nothing I shall be put to shame, but 
 that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ 
 shall be magnified in my body, whether by life or by 
 death. . . . For me to live is Christ and to die is 
 
 gain.” 
 
 Devotion to Jesus Christ has ever been the striking 
 characteristic not only of the great missionaries but of 
 the leaders of the national Church in all mission lands. 
 Dr. Isaac T. Headland in “ China’s New Day” gives 
 an illustration of heroic devotion to Christ on the part 
 of a Chinese Christian physician, one of many such 
 that are being produced in China through the Christian 
 home, Christian education and medical missions. To 
 have produced one man like Wang is worth the invest- 
 ment of any man’s life. 
 
 “ One of the first graduates from the school of 
 medicine in Peking University was Dr. Wang. When 
 the Boxer trouble reached Peking he was arrested, 
 his little son with him. The Boxers were ordered to 
 put to death any one who would not give up his faith 
 and burn incense to the Gods in the temple. But 
 educated men were few in China, and so they said to 
 him : — 
 
216 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 ‘ Dr. Wang, you are an educated man ; we do not 
 want to put you to death, but we have no liberty in 
 the matter. You go with us and burn some incense 
 and we will let you go.’ 
 
 ‘ No,’ said he, ‘ I will not burn incense.’ 
 
 * Well, we want to make it easy for you,’ they con- 
 tinued, ‘ you just get some one to go and burn incense 
 in your place and it will be all right.’ 
 
 * No, I will not get any one to burn incense for me,’ 
 he persisted. 
 
 ‘ Well, we will get some one to burn incense for 
 you,’ they continued. ‘ You just go over to the temple 
 with us.’ 
 
 ‘ No,’ he answered, ‘ I will not do that.’ 
 
 ‘ Then,’ they continued, ‘ we must kill you.’ 
 
 ‘You may kill me’ he answered, ‘but I will not 
 worship your gods. How could I look my teachers in 
 the face, if I burned incense in the temple, to say noth- 
 ing of my Christ? We are four generations of Chris- 
 tions, my grandfather, my father, myself and this little 
 boy. Do you think I would allow this child to see 
 his father deny his Saviour? Kill me if you will, but 
 I will not deny my Lord.’ They ran him through 
 with a spear.” 
 
 After all that has been said in these pages about 
 the missionary himself, his call, his motive, his task, 
 his field of labor and the power without which he 
 cannot perform his task, does the subject not carry us 
 back to the one great Master Workman? He is the 
 personal dynamic — the inspiration of it all. “ Ye did 
 not choose me, but I chose you, and appointed you, 
 that ye should go and bear fruit, and that your fruit 
 should abide; that whatsoever ye shall ask of the 
 Father in my name, He may give it you.” 
 
THE SECRET OF POWER 
 
 217 
 
 In commenting upon the intercessory prayer of 
 Jesus, the author of “Rational Living” points out the 
 two major requests, the first for the divine associa- 
 tion, the second for a God-given work. The followers 
 of Jesus were to be kept in the Father’s name, in the 
 divine association; and sent into the world, as Jesus 
 was sent into the world, on a divine mission. “No 
 life can fail in charcter, in influence or in happiness,” 
 says the author, “ for whom these two requests are 
 granted. To find the Great Companion, and the work 
 Fie gives — this is the sum of all.” 1 A God-given work 
 and the Great Companion — in receiving the one we 
 find the other. Is it not true ? Ask Peter Parker who 
 stands before China’s frowning rock, the Gibraltar of 
 heathenism ; Loftis who lays down his life in the 
 mountain passes of Tibet; Grenfell in his hospital ship 
 on the icebound coast of Labrador; Post toiling under 
 the fierce and fiery rays of the Syrian sun ; Clara 
 Swain who lifts the curtained door to the zenanas of 
 India ; and Dr. Floward who wins the confidence of 
 China’s leading Viceroy, and the women of his court. 
 From every mission hospital, and from every mission 
 field, comes the testimony to the presence and the 
 fellowship of the Great Companion. 
 
 We cannot close this book more fittingly than in 
 the words of the pioneer medical missionary to the 
 unreached millions of Africa. He had found the 
 Great Companion, and, in the finding, had discovered 
 himself and his task. That Companion, too, was a 
 missionary and a physician, and His task — to heal the 
 open sore of the world. 
 
 In 1872, near the close of his life, just four days 
 after Henry M. Stanley bade him farewell at Unyan- 
 yembe, Livingstone made this entry in his journal: 
 
 1 H. C. King, Rational Living. 
 
218 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK 
 
 “ 19 th March. Birthday. 
 
 “My Jesus, my King, my life, my All; I again dedicate my 
 whole self to Thee. Accept me, and grant, O gracious Father, 
 that ere this year is gone I may finish my task. In Jesus’ 
 name I ask it. Amen. So let it be. 
 
 David Livingstone.” 
 
APPENDICES 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ANSWERED 
 
 i. What constitutes the call to medical missionary work? 
 
 The need. 
 
 Ability to meet the need. 
 
 Inadequate supply of physicians. 
 
 Urgency of the task. 
 
 No providential hindrances. 
 
 The voice of the Church. 
 
 The Divine command — Heal the sick. 
 
 2. What are the qualifications cf a candidate? 
 Robust health 
 Wiry constitution 
 Good digestion 
 Ability to sleep 
 
 Physical 
 
 f A trained mind 
 j Good memory 
 
 Mental ■} Capacity for language 
 
 I Ability to impart 
 Alertness 
 
 Spiritual 
 
 Strong faith in God 
 Love of men 
 • Hopefulness 
 Prayerfulness 
 Sympathy 
 
 Traits of 
 Character 
 
 Patience 
 
 Absence of worry 
 Thoroughness 
 Enthusiasm 
 Sense of humor 
 Resourcefulness 
 
 221 
 
222 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 3. To whom does the candidate make application for accept- 
 
 ance? 
 
 Application should me made through the Candidate 
 Secretary of the Board of Missions of the denomina- 
 tion of which the candidate is a member. He will 
 give information concerning necessary preparation. 
 Write also to the Candidate Secretary of the Stu- 
 dent Volunteer Movement, 25 Madison Ave., New 
 York City, regarding the specific needs of the various 
 Boards. 
 
 4. What is the age limit? 
 
 Candidates over thirty-five are rarely accepted for any 
 field on account of difficulty in acquiring a new 
 language (especially those of the Far East) and of 
 adjustment to climate and people. Missionaries are 
 not sent out under twenty-five, as a rule. 
 
 5. Who decides upon the field? 
 
 The Secretaries and Executive Committee of the 
 Board. Preferences are considered, but the special 
 qualifications of the candidate and exigencies of the 
 work are the deciding factors. 
 
 6. What term of service is required? 
 
 A life term. The great missionaries have been those 
 who gave themselves without reservation for life. 
 Special short term agreements may be entered into for 
 special reasons. The first period of service varies 
 with the Board and the field. It may be from three 
 to seven years. 
 
 7. Should the medical missionary go out single or married? 
 
 For pioneer fields it is best to send out single men for 
 short terms. The reasons for this are obvious. 
 Otherwise, most Boards prefer to send out married 
 men. 
 
 8. What are the climatic conditions to be considered? 
 
 Effect of altitude, as in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and 
 Tibet; tropical sea levels, damp and hot, as on the 
 northeast coast of Brazil, and the East and West 
 coasts of Africa; the enervating climate of southern 
 India, the Straits Settlements and central and south- 
 eastern China. 
 
 9. What directions are given concerning language study? 
 
 No foreign language is easily mastered, though Spanish 
 and Portuguese in South America, and many of the 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 223 
 
 tribal languages of Central Africa, are the most 
 readily acquired. The mastery of Japanese, Chinese, 
 Arabic and the vernaculars of India, however, re- 
 quire diligent and protracted study. 
 
 jo. "Who makes the financial arrangements and what are 
 they? 
 
 The provision is made by the Boards. It is simply a 
 sum sufficient to meet the necessities of life abroad, 
 varying as to field, years of service, size of family, and 
 special demands. A house free of rent is usually fur- 
 nished, and expense of travel to and from the field. 
 The Secretary or Treasurer of each Board will fur- 
 nish details. 
 
 11. Does the Board provide the medical and surgical outfit? 
 
 As a rule it does, by special appropriation before the 
 missionary leaves, or it turns over an outfit to him on 
 reaching the field. He should have a minor operating 
 case of his own. 
 
 12. What books should the medical missionary take? 
 
 Those that he would most need at home, with the addi- 
 tion of a few special medical books treating of the 
 diseases peculiar to his field. He can best build up 
 his library by adding to it from time to time as the 
 needs of his work demand. He should take at least 
 one medical and surgical journal, and include a few 
 choice books of a general character. A compact ency- 
 clopedia is invaluable. 
 
 13. Can research work be done on the field? 
 
 The mission fields are rich in material, and every med- 
 ical missionary should be supplied with microscope, 
 apparatus and reagents for original investigation as 
 well as diagnosis. 
 
 14. What is the relation of the doctor to the mission? 
 
 His relation to the mission is that of a regular mission- 
 ary, sympathetic with all its problems, ready to bear 
 his share of responsibilities and to contribute of faith 
 and prayer to the cause which inspires all alike. 
 
 15. What is the relation of the doctor to the natives? 
 
 That of a brother in sympathy and of a father in coun- 
 sel. He more than any ether may be looked to for 
 aid in times of suffering and distress. This consti- 
 
2J4 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 tutes his golden opportunity to minister to body, mind 
 and soul. 
 
 16. What provision is made for yearly rest Intervals and for 
 
 furloughs? 
 
 Arrangements are made by the Board for a rest of 
 several weeks during each summer. The furlough 
 home at the end of from three to ten years varies 
 from six or eight months to a year and a half. 
 
 17. How can the furlough be utilized to the best advantage? 
 
 By planning at the outset so to divide the time as to 
 secure a maximum of rest, study and opportunity to 
 reach the medical and lay constituency which should 
 be interested in his particular field. A course in 
 Bible study at some high-grade Bible Training School 
 would give spiritual refreshment and qualify for deal- 
 ing with the spiritual needs of men and women. 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 WORLD STATISTICS OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 
 
 The following statistical tables are adapted from 
 
 the “World Statistics of Christian Missions”, 1916: 
 
 Medical : 
 
 Foreign physicians — men 743 
 
 Foreign physicians — women 309 
 
 Foreign nurses 537 
 
 Native physicians 230 
 
 Trained assistants — men 968 
 
 Trained assistants — women 1,138 
 
 Dispensary treatments 8,833,759 
 
 Dispensaries 1,234 
 
 Individuals treated in dispensaries and hospitals 3,107,755 
 
 Hospitals 703 
 
 Beds 17,364 
 
 In-patients 253,633 
 
 Major operations 36,044 
 
 Fees received $446,164 
 
 Philanthropic : 
 
 Orphanages : 
 
 Institutions 245 
 
 Inmates 9,736 
 
 Leper homes : 
 
 Institutions 39 
 
 Inmates 1,880 
 
 225 
 
226 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PROTESTANT 
 
 STAFF 
 
 AREAS 
 
 
 Foreign Physicians — 
 Men 
 
 Foreign Physicians — 
 Women 
 
 Foreign Nurses 
 
 Native Physicians 
 
 Trained Assistants — 
 Men 
 
 Trained Assistants — 
 j Women 
 
 Grand Totals 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 743 
 
 2 
 
 309 
 
 3 
 
 537 
 
 4 
 
 230 
 
 5 
 
 968 
 
 6 
 
 1 138 
 
 Japan (including Formosa) 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 68 
 
 Chosen (Korea) 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 f. 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 < hina 
 
 4 
 
 . 323 
 
 92 
 
 127 
 
 102 
 
 362 
 
 327 
 
 Siam and French Iudo-Chinn 
 
 5 
 
 ] 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 British Malaysia 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 i r>9 
 
 108 
 
 51 
 
 289 
 
 461 
 
 Ce'lon 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Persia 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 Turkish Empire (excepting Syria) 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 Syria (including Palestine) 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 62 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 91 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 65 
 
 Australia (Aborigines and Chinese) 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 Melanesia (excepting Dutch New Guinea) 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 M icronesia 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Polynesia (excepting Hawaiian Islands) 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 North-enst Africa (Egypt to Somaliland) 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 i 
 
 North-west Africa (Tripoli to Morocco) 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Western Africa (Senegal to Nigeria) 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 South-west Africa (Kamerun to German South- 
 west Africa) 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 _ 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 South Africa (British Union with Basutoland and 
 Swaziland) 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Southern Central Africa (Five British Protecto- 
 rates) 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 _ 
 
 11 
 
 _ 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 East Africa (British, German, Portuguese) 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 Madagascar and Mauritius 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Chile 
 
 27 
 
 .3 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 28 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 2» 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Brazil 
 
 30 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Central America and Panama 
 
 33 
 
 .3 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 l esser Antilles 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Haiti and Santo Domingo 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 United States, including Alaska (Indians and 
 Eskimos) 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 United States, excepting Hawaiian Islands (Asi- 
 atic Immigrants) 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiians and Asiatic Immi- 
 grants)- 
 
 41 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 a Since many Societies do not collect data under this head, this total is incomplete, 
 b North American Indians. 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 227 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS * 
 
 DISPENSARIES AND HOSPITAT S 
 
 Dispensary 
 
 Treatments 
 
 Dispensaries 
 
 Individuals Treated 
 in Dispensaries 
 and Hospitals 
 
 Hospitals 
 
 Beds 
 
 In-Patients 
 
 Major Operations 
 
 c 
 
 & 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 1 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 a8 833 789 
 
 1 234 
 
 u3 107 755 
 
 703 
 
 al7 364 
 
 a253 633 
 
 a36 044 
 
 $u416 164 
 
 200 429 
 
 8 
 
 73 696 
 
 10 
 
 347 
 
 6 731 
 
 2 145 
 
 21 986 
 
 188 387 
 
 31 
 
 99 794 
 
 20 
 
 30 J 
 
 3 172 
 
 182 
 
 25 757 
 
 2 896 002 
 
 386 
 
 1 082 337 
 
 265 
 
 8 104 
 
 117 251 
 
 13 074 
 
 132 917 
 
 27 063 
 
 20 
 
 6 645 
 
 10 
 
 278 
 
 1 759 
 
 — 
 
 31 501 
 
 3 584 617 
 
 376 
 
 1 281 361 
 
 183 
 
 3 348 
 
 57 765 
 
 13 899 
 
 90 912 
 
 25 821 
 
 9 
 
 13 440 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 879 
 
 26 
 
 
 — 
 
 91 989 
 
 17 
 
 11 833 
 
 10 
 
 500 
 
 3 399 
 
 1 296 
 
 
 9 3b5 
 
 262 425 
 
 28 
 
 94 952 
 
 22 
 
 385 
 
 9 550 
 
 2 279 
 
 
 9 995 
 
 143 695 
 
 30 
 
 93 996 
 
 18 
 
 699 
 
 8 736 
 
 1 691 
 
 24 498 
 
 96 039 
 
 31 
 
 19 674 
 
 31 
 
 1 076 
 
 5 529 
 
 — 
 
 
 855 
 
 94 465 
 
 18 
 
 28 616 
 
 10 
 
 205 
 
 4 691 
 
 — 
 
 26 712 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 . 
 
 2 500 
 
 7 
 
 1 350 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 300 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 4 500 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 145 679 
 
 21 
 
 76 406 
 
 11 
 
 736 
 
 15 684 
 
 414 
 
 28 393 
 
 91 505 
 
 13 
 
 120 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 120 
 
 — 
 
 
 2 839 
 
 113 046 
 
 45 
 
 48 578 
 
 8 
 
 103 
 
 804 
 
 19 
 
 9 862 
 
 356 865 
 
 57 
 
 28 239 
 
 23 
 
 218 
 
 2 466 
 
 92 
 
 
 5 268 
 
 8 909 
 
 6 
 
 4 870 
 
 6 
 
 145 
 
 1 334 
 
 147 
 
 2 571 
 
 85 446 
 
 37 
 
 39 680 
 
 15 
 
 85 
 
 1 054 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 439 
 
 216 806 
 
 32 
 
 16 316 
 
 16 
 
 532 
 
 4 895 
 
 712 
 
 4 281 
 
 29 426 
 
 3 
 
 11 998 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 814 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 3 175 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 825 
 
 3 
 
 1 825 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 9 311 
 
 720 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 720 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 . 
 
 5 000 
 
 1 
 
 1 800 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 615 
 
 3 
 
 615 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 109 
 
 — 
 
 3 342 
 
 84 602 
 
 8 
 
 15 633 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 3 633 
 
 — 
 
 2 360 
 
 53 459 
 
 9 
 
 41 459 
 
 3 
 
 131 
 
 733 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 18 749 
 
 14 
 
 11 772 
 
 11 
 
 59 
 
 172 
 
 65 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 
 
 Table taken from World Statistics of Christian Missions, 1916. 
 
228 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS OF THE PROTESTANT MIS- 
 SIONARY SOCIETIES OF CANADA AND 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The Foreign Missions Year Book of North America, 
 1919, reports that the Canadian Societies have in the 
 non-Christian world 43 men and 25 women physi- 
 cians, with 32 hospitals, 68 dispensaries and 512,888 
 treatments for the year. 
 
 The societies with headquarters in the United States 
 are credited under the Latin American work with 20 
 men and 6 women physicians, having 15 hospitals, 25 
 dispensaries and 65,658 treatments. In the Non- 
 Christian world they are credited with 360 men and 
 165 women physicians, with 285 hospitals, 542 dis- 
 pensaries, having 3,452,098 treatments. 
 
 This gives a total for Canada and the United States 
 of 423 men, 196 women physicians, with 332 hospitals, 
 635 dispensaries, having 4,030,644 treatments in a year. 
 
 NURSES’ TRAINING SCHOOLS 
 
 According to the latest data available the Missionary 
 Societies of Canada and of the United States conduct 
 the following Nurses’ Training Schools: 
 
 
 
 Students 
 
 
 Schools 
 
 Men 
 
 Women 
 
 TOTALS 
 
 32 
 
 152 
 
 388 
 
 Korea 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 China 
 
 19 
 
 133 
 
 180 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 93 
 
 India 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 64 
 
 Mexico 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 Note: In addition to these there are many Nurses’ Train- 
 ing Classes which do not attempt to give full nurses’ training. 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 FINDINGS OF TPIE MEDICAL CONFERENCE 
 OF THE WORLD MISSIONARY 
 CONFERENCE 
 
 (Edinburgh, 1910.) 
 
 The sectional meeting of medical delegates, medical 
 missionaries and other medical practitioners interested 
 in the medical aspects of missionary work, desire to 
 represent to the 
 
 COMMISSION ON “THE HOME BASE OF MISSIONS” 
 
 (1) That there should be a definite Medical Department in 
 connection with all foreign Missionary Societies; that this 
 department should deal with all questions relating to the 
 physical fitness and the preservation of the health of mission- 
 aries, their wives, and families; that it should be under the 
 supervision of an honorary Medical Board, composed of med- 
 ical missionaries and other medical practitioners, some of 
 whom, at least, should have had foreign medical experience ; 
 and that there should be a medical officer, preferably salaried, 
 who should deal with all such questions, under the general 
 direction of the Medical Board. 
 
 It is further suggested that, in the case of the smaller 
 Societies, there might possibly be one Medical Board and 
 Medical Officer representing several Societies. 
 
 (2) Also, that there is urgent need for the collection and 
 systematic recording by the Home Medical Base, or their 
 medical representative, of such statistics as relate to the 
 health of foreign missionaries, including causes of death or 
 retirement. 
 
 That deductions obtained from these and other data will 
 have an important bearing upon such problems as — 
 
 (1) The frequency and duration of furlough and holi- 
 days. 
 
 229 
 
230 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 (2) The necessity for issuing or revising of health regu- 
 
 lations from time to time. 
 
 (3) The insurance of lives of missionaries against sick- 
 
 ness, breakdown, and death. 
 
 (4) The need for missionaries to receive elementary med- 
 
 ical instruction as to preservation of their health 
 abroad. 
 
 This latter statement is emphasized by the fact that, as a 
 result of a recent investigation, under the aegis of the Associa- 
 tion of Medical Officers of Missionary Societies, of the causes 
 of death in missionaries who have died since 1890, over 60 per 
 cent, were victims to the so-called preventable diseases, against 
 which many safeguards may be taken. 
 
 Such information will also bring into prominence the chief 
 diseases in various countries, and risks to health which mis- 
 sionaries have to face, and the best methods of combating 
 such conditions. 
 
 The following Report is submitted because of the great 
 importance of the information it contains and its possible 
 value to Missionary Societies: 
 
 A REPORT 
 
 On the need of the Home Base ( Medical Department) for 
 the Systematic Collection and Record of Statistics, such 
 as relate to the Health of Foreign Missionaries. 
 
 By G. Basil Price, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.H., 
 
 Hon. Sec. Association of Medical Officers of Missionary So- 
 cieties ; Physician to the London Missionary Society. 
 
 Synopsis 
 
 1. The Need for the Collection and Systematic Recording by 
 
 the Home Medical Base of such Statistics as relate to the 
 health of Foreign Missionaries. 
 
 2. The Data of Greatest Value. 
 
 3. The Practical Application of such Information- 
 
 fa) More Uniform Series of Regulations. 
 
 (b) Furloughs. 
 
 (c) Important Information to be brought into Prom- 
 
 inence, particularly relating to Safeguards to Health. 
 
 4. Extract from Report on Causes of Death amongst Mission- 
 
 aries. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 231 
 
 It probably needs no argument to demonstrate the value of 
 statistics in relation to any subject of investigation, and that 
 the Commissions agree on such a statement is shown by the 
 valued contributions on Mission Statistics by Dr. James S. 
 Dennis, of New York, towards the work of Commission I.; 
 but that statistics as relate to the health of foreign mission- 
 aries are urgently needed, has still to be generally acknowl- 
 edged and systematically collected. 
 
 1. The Need for the Systematic Collection and Recording 
 of Such Statistics as Relate to the Health of 
 Foreign Missionaries 
 
 In reviewing the proceedings and work of the Association 
 of Medical Officers of Missionary Societies during the last six 
 years — that is to say, since its foundation — the fact emerges 
 that with regard to many of the problems which intimately 
 concern the physical welfare of foreign missionaries, judg- 
 ment and decision had often to be suspended owing to the 
 paucity of statistics obtainable, and the insufficiency and in- 
 adequacy of those collected. 
 
 This lack of material on which to base opinions was not 
 due to want of effort in attempting to collect it, but was due 
 to the fact that, with one exception, none of the large Mis- 
 sionary Societies had sufficiently organized Medical Depart- 
 ments, or had during their long and historic existence deemed 
 the subject of the collection of vital statistics in relation to 
 foreign missionaries of sufficient importance to even merit 
 attention. 
 
 Though the broader views now held are gradually produc- 
 ing a change in regard to this subject, the members of the 
 Association have still a heritage of ignorance to contend with 
 on this subject, which is the foundation basis of the policies 
 of Insurance Societies in relation to ordinary lives, and from 
 which expectations of lives and all other details are deduced. 
 
 It is therefore incumbent to emphasize the urgent need for 
 the systematic collection of all facts and figures as relate to 
 the health of foreign missionaries. 
 
 It is here suggested that this duty is a necessary corollary 
 of the work of the Home Medical Base, and should be initi- 
 ated and carried out under the supervision of, or, in the case 
 of smaller Societies, by the Medical Officers of those Societies. 
 
 Individual effort has, at times, been made towards this end, 
 as in the case of Dr. Harry Guinness, whose statistics col- 
 
232 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 lected nearly twenty years ago were of considerable service 
 to Insurance Societies, when accepting the insurance proposals 
 of missionaries, but such records have been due to private 
 enterprise, and often remain inaccessible or unknown, and 
 have not been due to a definite and considered policy of a 
 Society’s Medical Department. 
 
 The only recent attempt at generally collecting such records 
 was made (1909-10) under the authorization of the Associa- 
 tion of Medical Officers already referred to, and certain facts 
 and figures of this Report will subsequently be quoted. 
 
 It is true one Society has collected concerning its mission- 
 aries a great deal of statistical material, but the statistics 
 were not until lately co-ordinated under the aegis of one 
 department, and the facts relating to the past, which are so 
 important for the guidance of its medical advisers, are not 
 easily accessible. 
 
 2. The Data That Are of Greatest Value 
 
 (a) To register with regard to every missionary — 
 
 (1) Age at death or retirement. 
 
 (2) Certified cause of death or retirement. 
 
 (3) Spheres of work and position held (medical, or- 
 
 dained, lay, pioneer, etc.). 
 
 (4) In cases of premature breakdown, retirement, or 
 
 death, to state probable causes, whether prevent- 
 able, or contracted from the nature of the loca- 
 tion, work, or intercourse with natives. 
 
 (5) State the number of effective years of service 
 
 abroad. 
 
 (6) Whether elementary medical instruction had been 
 
 received on health and hygiene matters, and 
 whether systematic measures were carried out for 
 the preservation of health under unhealthy con- 
 ditions of climate and country. 
 
 (b) By means of Health Sheets, to be returned annually or 
 
 periodically on return home to ascertain — 
 
 (1) Sick leave required year by year. 
 
 (2) Incidence of disease (especially climatic disease), 
 
 accident, or record of operation. Cause and char- 
 acter of illness. 
 
 (3) Annual holiday each year and whether utilized. 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 233 
 
 (c) To have collated the climatic, sanitary conditions of each 
 mission station, character of water and food supply, 
 and conditions of housing. 
 
 The Practical Application of Such Information 
 
 It may well be urged that the mere accumulation of such 
 statistics, unless they are of practical utility, would result 
 merely in wasted labor. 
 
 It must be remembered that the collection of corresponding 
 data in other realms have formed the basis of enquiry for 
 more than one Governmental Commission; equally important 
 are such enquiries in relation to medical matters. 
 
 It is believed that with gradually accumulating reliable in- 
 formation as suggested, the following beneficial results would 
 be gained : — 
 
 (a) The issue of a more uniform series of regulations from 
 all the Societies, both as regards the standard of acceptance of 
 missionary candidates and in dealing with missionaries. 
 
 (b) Furloughs. — The relation of furloughs to health would 
 be established, and lead to more uniform regulations for vari- 
 ous countries; in some cases, modifications in view of im- 
 proving health conditions, progress of civilization and sanita- 
 tion, quicker and cheaper travelling facilities, would lead to 
 considerable economy on the part of Societies’ expenditure. 
 
 In other countries shorter but more frequent furloughs 
 might be necessary. 
 
 A useful comparison might be established with the furloughs 
 of military and civil servants. 
 
 The necessity for an annual holiday and regular furloughs, 
 and their relation to the preservation of good health, would 
 be established. 
 
 (c) The information would bring into prominence — 
 
 (1) The chief diseases in various countries and risks to 
 health which missionaries have to face, and against which they 
 may to a large extent be safeguarded. 
 
 (2) The need for educating all missionaries as to the 
 nature, mode of incidence and infection, and best methods of 
 combating such diseases. 
 
 (3) The need in some cases and in certain countries for 
 taking advantage of the more modern methods of preventive 
 inoculation as a means of protection. 
 
 (4) The necessity for issuing from time to time health regu- 
 lations as to preventive measures against disease and the best 
 methods for preservation of health. 
 
234 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 It is gratifying to state as an example of mutual cooperation 
 and common service, a small handbook, Health Regulations, 
 for missionaries, has been issued by the Association of Med- 
 ical Officers of Missionary Societies, and has been adopted 
 with slight modifications by several of the large English Mis- 
 sionary Societies for distribution to each of their mission- 
 aries, and is under consideration by others. 
 
 (5) A valuable addition to our knowledge as to what 
 period of service abroad is most pregnant wfith risks to health, 
 whether in the case of fresh missionaries a shorter first 
 period of service would be advisable or not. 
 
 (6) The indirect benefit to both missionaries and their 
 Societies, due to the undoubtedly more favorable terms which 
 Insurance Societies would grant to missionary life proposals, 
 at any rate for many fields of wmrk ; a further development 
 might take place of Societies insuring their own missionaries 
 against ill-health, premature retirement, breakdown or death. 
 
 4. Extract from Report on Causes of Death Amongst 
 Missionaries — Conclusion 
 
 The following result obtained from an enquiry authorized 
 by the Association of Medical Officers, already referred to, is 
 of great value, indicating, as it does, the soundness of the 
 contention of this paper : 
 
 A record of deaths from all causes in missionaries of nearly 
 all the large Societies, and resident in all parts of the world 
 where missionary activities are carried on, has been obtained. 
 The record deals with such cases as have occurred since 1890 
 to 1908, and are therefore not complicated by circumstances 
 and conditions of life abroad which now no longer exist. 
 
 The cause of death in 561 missionaries (men and women) 
 are stated ; of these 349 died from diseases, now termed 
 preventable diseases — namely those against which many safe- 
 guards to health and methods of prevention can be applied, 
 with the saving of life as a result. 
 
 Malaria, Enteric (Typhoid), Cholera, Blackwater Fever, 
 Dysentery, Tuberculosis. Typhus Fever, and Smallpox are 
 by far the more important of these diseases in frequency of 
 occurrence. 
 
 Of the missionaries who have died during the last eighteen 
 years (1890-1908) over 60 per cent, have died of diseases 
 against which there are many, and oftentimes adequate, safe- 
 guards to be adopted. 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 23 S 
 
 They died, most of them, ignorant of their foe and unen- 
 lightened as to how to preserve their own health. 
 
 Not only is this a wastage of life which can and surely 
 must be checked, but, on the lowest grounds, it is a waste of 
 capital expenditure. 
 
 This statement represents but one of many interesting facts 
 to be deduced from a study of such statistics, and it is not 
 too much to hope that this branch of the Home Department 
 will be more emphasized, organized, and studied in the future, 
 60 that lines of policy may be established on surer and firmer 
 foundations than in the past . 1 
 
 1 World Missionary Conference — 1910 — Volume VI, The Home Base, 
 pages 2S6 to 290. 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATIONS FROM 
 THE MISSION FIELD REGARDING 
 MEDICAL WORK 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MISSION- 
 ARY ASSOCIATION OF CHINA 
 
 (Adopted at the triennial meeting of the Association. 
 
 Peking, January 13 to 17, KFiJ- 
 
 The Medical Missionary Association of China calls the 
 attention of Dr. Mott, as representing the Continuation Com- 
 mittee, and also of Home Missionary Societies, to the follow- 
 ing facts and suggestins : — 
 
 1. Medical Missions are not to be regarded as a temporary 
 expedient for opening the way for, and extending the influence 
 of the Gospel, but as an integral, co-ordinate and permanent 
 part of the missionary work of the Christian Church, as was 
 emphasized in the resolutions passed by the Shanghai Con- 
 ference of 1907. 
 
 2. There are now in China over 500 medical missionaries, 
 but there is a lack of common policy among the Missionary 
 Societies in the utilization and distribution of these forces. 
 The Association would, however, deprecate any independent 
 decision on the part of the Missionary Societies as to policy 
 in medical missionary work without consultation with this 
 Association through its Executive. 
 
 3. A most important feature of the work of medical mis- 
 sions in China at the present juncture is the work of training 
 Christian young men and women that they may take their 
 place as thoroughly qualified medical missionaries to per- 
 petuate the work we have begun, and to occupy positions of 
 influence in the service of their country. 
 
 4. The Association therefore considers that the object of 
 our presence here can now best be advanced by concentrating 
 our energies largely on the important centres approved by the 
 Association, and forming there efficient union medical col- 
 
 236 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 237 
 
 leges and specially equipped hospitals. And we would 
 strongly recommend that all such colleges be affiliated and co- 
 ordinated with other existing missionary educational institu- 
 tions. 
 
 5. The Association reiterates its Resolution of 1907 as to 
 the desirability of each hospital being in charge of two fully 
 qualified medical missionaries, but considers that, owing to 
 the present emergency, and the urgency for medical education, 
 all except large or isolated hospitals should be put in charge 
 of one foreign doctor, with, if possible, one or more fully 
 qualified Chinese. 
 
 6. The Association recommends that much of the work done 
 in the less important stations should, wherever practicable, be 
 placed under the charge of qualified Chinese; that mission- 
 aries of ability and experience in certain instances should be 
 called in from these stations to the teaching centres to take 
 part in the work of the colleges and large hospitals ; and that 
 the staffing and thorough equipment of these centres should 
 take precedence of the opening up of new medical work 
 throughout the country. 
 
 7. A number of fully qualified men and women are scat- 
 tered over large areas without proper hospitals or equipment, 
 and this, in the opinion of the Association, is waste of effort 
 and money, as no efficient medical missionary work can be 
 done on these lines. We have arrived at a stage in China 
 when all medical and surgical work done in the name of 
 Christianity should be of the highest order, and we therefore 
 recommend, in the interests of economy and efficiency, that 
 wherever possible small and poorly equipped hospitals should 
 unite to form thoroughly equipped institutions. 
 
 8. Recent movements in China have developed a natural 
 desire on the part of the people to carry out their own educa- 
 tional reform, and this we must recognize, and make the for- 
 eign element in our work as little prominent as possible by 
 having our Colleges gradually and increasingly staffed and 
 supported by the Chinese themselves. 
 
 9. The Association considers that the minimum staff for 
 efficient work in a medical college should be ten men on the 
 field giving full time. This means, when furloughs, language 
 study, etc., are taken into account, a total staff of at least 
 fifteen fully qualified teachers, foreign or Chinese. 
 
 10. The Association recommends that sufficient lecture room 
 and laboratory accommodation should be provided, and as 
 liberal an equipment as possible in microscopes, models, patho- 
 
238 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 
 logical specimens, etc., also that clinical opportunities to the 
 extent of three beds to each student in the two final years be 
 considered the minimum. 
 
 11. The Association strongly recommends that until the 
 undermentioned union medical colleges are efficiently staffed 
 and equipped no new medical colleges be started in China. 
 The schools referred to, beginning with the North, are: — 
 Moukden, Peking, Tsinanfu, Chengtu, Hankow, Nanking, 
 Hangchow, Foochow and Canton. 
 
 12. In order to retain in medical missionary service the best 
 graduates from our medical colleges we wish to point out that 
 it will be necessary to give much larger salaries than have 
 usually been given. 
 
 13. As medical books in Chinese are necessary in order to 
 carry on the instruction in our colleges and to provide med- 
 ical literature for graduates, the Association would urge on 
 the Missionary Societies the need for arranging that suitable 
 men should devote a large part of their time to the work of 
 translating and preparing such books, and also the necessity 
 for money grants for this purpose. 
 
 14. The Association is of opinion that the nursing in our 
 hospitals can never be satisfactory until we have thoroughly 
 trained nurses; that a foreign trained nurse should be asso- 
 ciated with each large hospital wherever possible, and that 
 this should be considered indispensable in those hospitals which 
 are associated with the work of medical colleges. 
 
 15. The following resolution was passed by the Association: 
 
 Resolved, That we, the members of the China Medical Mis- 
 sionary Association, met in Conference, let it be known: — 
 
 (1) That in establishing medical colleges and hospitals our 
 
 sole object is to bring the blessings of healing to the 
 souls and bodies of the people of China, and to give 
 a thorough training in medicine and surgery to young 
 men and women of education and intelligence, enab- 
 ling them as fully qualified doctors to be of the high- 
 est sendee to their country. 
 
 (2) That we have no desire to create permanently foreign 
 
 institutions, and that our aim and hope is that these 
 medical colleges will gradually and ultimately be 
 staffed, financed and controlled by the Chinese them- 
 selves. 
 
 (3) That we are desirous of bringing our teaching work 
 
 into line with the regulations of the Ministry of Edu- 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 239 
 
 cation, and in all ways to co-operate with and assist 
 the Government of the Republic in medical education, 
 so that a strong and thoroughly equipped medical pro- 
 fession may be established in this great land. 
 
 16. In conclusion, the members of the China Medical Mis- 
 sionary Association take advantage of this their first oppor- 
 tunity to express their profound disappointment that medical 
 missions, which have been so largely blessed of God as a mis- 
 sionary agency, were ignored in the list of subjects for con- 
 sideration at the Edinburgh Conference of 1910; and they 
 strongly urge that medical missions be adequately represented 
 in any future conference. 
 
 17. We recommend that two local representatives be ap- 
 pointed to bring forward these recommendations at the vari- 
 ous centres where conferences with Dr. Mott are held. These 
 members shall be chosen from those who have attended the 
 Medical Missionary Conference at Peking. Also that a com- 
 mittee of five be appointed to represent the Peking Medical 
 Conference at the General Conference with Dr. Mott at 
 Shanghai ; and that copies of these resolutions be sent to the 
 Continuation Committee, and to all home Mission Boards and 
 Committees and governing bodies on the field. 
 
 FINDINGS OF THE CONTINUATION COMMITTEE 
 CONFERENCE, HELD IN KOREA (CHOSEN), 
 MARCH 25-28, 1913. 
 
 “Medical work is an essential part of the Gospel. 
 
 “Every existing hospital should have two doctors, either 
 Korean or foreign, on its staff, and due weight should be 
 given to this consideration in entertaining proposals for open- 
 ing new hospitals. Every hospital should have also at least 
 one foreign nurse. 
 
 “All Missions should unite in giving adequate support to 
 the Union Medical School at the Severence Hospital, both by 
 setting doctors free for reasonable periods to take part in 
 teaching and by devoting funds for its maintenance. 
 
 “Medical work in Korea will need considerable financial 
 assistance from the home base countries for a long time to 
 come. It is recommended that Mission Boards adopt the plan 
 of having special medical funds. 
 
 “A sustained effort should be made to plant the Gospel in 
 the Government Medical School and to maintain it there by 
 
240 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 
 means of a branch of the student Young Men’s Christian 
 Association. 
 
 “Medical work by the Church of Christ in Korea will be 
 necessary at least until in this land the spirit of all medical 
 work whatsoever is the spirit of Christ.” 
 
 FINDINGS OF THE CONTINUATION COMMITTEE 
 CONFERENCE HELD IN INDIA, 
 DECEMBER 18-21, 1912 
 
 1. “There is at present urgent need for a reconsideration on 
 the part of many leaders at home of the true aims and scope 
 of medical mission work, so that emphasis on its humanitarian 
 aspect may not overshadow its value for direct evangelization. 
 
 2. “According to recent careful estimates at least 100,000,000 
 of the people of India are still beyond the reach of the 
 simplest medical aid. 
 
 3. “That in every well-established mission hospital there 
 should be an evangelistic missionary, Indian or European, who 
 may assist the medical staff to utilize to the fullest extent the 
 opportunities afforded by the work in the hospital. 
 
 “That every possible effort should be made to encourage the 
 closest mutual cooperation of the evangelistic and medical 
 forces in each mission area, both in hospitals and in district 
 itinerating work. 
 
 4. “That medical missions are an integral and essential part 
 of the message of Christ to this land and that in many cases 
 such as in large rural tracts and unopened fields they repre- 
 sent the most effective evangelistic agency at present available. 
 
 “That for bringing the Gospel message into vital contact 
 with large numbers of people of all classes who from age and 
 other circumstances are unreached by educational work, for 
 reaching women in their secluded homes, and for extensive 
 evangelization in the villages, especially in connection with 
 mass movements, it has been established by experience that 
 there is no agency more powerful than that of medical mis- 
 sions. 
 
 5. “With a view to ministering to the multitudes of women 
 in India who are as yet beyond the reach both of medical 
 relief and spiritual help, this Conference would earnestly press 
 upon the home church the need for strong reenforcements for 
 women’s medical missions. 
 
 6. “That the training of all Indian medical mission workers 
 of whatever grade should include systematic spiritual instruc- 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 241 
 
 tion, every effort being made to arouse in them the true 
 evangelistic spirit and later on to associate them closely with 
 the medical missionary in the spiritual side of the work.” 
 
 “This Conference views with the greatest concern the pres- 
 ent falling off in offers for medical mission service, which 
 renders largely inoperative the oft-repeated and vital prin- 
 ciple that, both for efficiency and for the permanence of the 
 work, it is essential that at each considerable hospital there 
 should be stationed two medical missionaries and one trained 
 nurse. The shortage of medical missionaries is at present so 
 serious that many mission hospitals stand empty for long or 
 short periods owing to the absence on furlough or from sick- 
 ness of the doctors in charge, while numberless pressing 
 opportunities for extensive evangelization are being lost. 
 
 “This Conference believes it to be necessary that the home 
 authorities should enable all who are being prepared for med- 
 ical mission work to acquire special training in ophthalmic and 
 general surgery, and also in the treatment of diseases special 
 to the tropics. 
 
 “ The question of the isolation and efficient treatment of the 
 numerous cases of tuberculosis among the younger generation 
 of the Christian community (especially in mission schools and 
 orphanages) is one which calls for earnest consideration on 
 the part of responsible authorities in the field. In this con- 
 nection the efforts now being made to establish tuberculosis 
 sanitoria in various parts of India for the special treatment 
 of members of the Indian Christian community deserve most 
 grateful recognition. Such institutions, since they seek to 
 benefit all classes of Indian Christians, have a strong claim 
 upon the support of the various Missions.” 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 CHRISTIAN HEALTH EDUCATION IN CHINA 
 
 By Dr. W. W. Peter, Secretary of the National Committee of 
 the Young Men’s Christian Association in China 
 
 Among many of the missionary leaders in China 
 there has been a growing consciousness that the pres- 
 ent situation in China presents a new opportunity, 
 nation-wide in its scope and world-wide in its possible 
 influence. The time seems ripe to engage with the 
 Chinese in promoting health education. 
 
 Since 1916 there has been working in this field the 
 Joint Council on Public Health Education, represent- 
 ing the China Medical Missionary Association, the 
 Young Men’s Christian Association and the National 
 Medical Association, the latter organization being 
 composed of western trained Chinese physicians who 
 organized themselves in 1915. In 1919 the Christian 
 Educational Association of China also voted to join 
 the Joint Council. 
 
 The headquarters of the Council are in Shanghai. 
 Dr. Wu Lien Teh, President of the National Medical 
 Association, is Chairman ; Dr. Robert C. Beebe, 
 Executive Secretary of the China Medical Missionary 
 Association, and Mr. David Yui, General Secretary of 
 the National Committee of the Young Men’s Christian 
 Association, are the two other members of the Execu- 
 tive Committee. Drs. W. W. Peter and S. M. Woo 
 are the Executive Secretaries. 
 
 Until 1919 the money for the work of the Council 
 was provided by foreign and Chinese physicians in 
 
 242 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 243 
 
 China and by the Young Men’s Christian Association. 
 
 On January 27, 1917, at the Bi-Annual Conference 
 of the China Medical Missionary Association, the 
 following resolution was passed : 
 
 “That the China Medical Mission resolves that the China 
 Medical Missionary Association appeal to the missionary 
 societies now at work in China to send out or allocate men 
 of the necessary qualifications to undertake under the direc- 
 tion of the China Medical Missionary Association the leader- 
 ship in a nation-wide campaign of public health education and 
 to provide the financial support needed.” 
 
 On January 17, 1918, at the 25th Annual Session of 
 the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, 
 the following action was taken : 
 
 “Resolved, that with respect to the resolution adopted by 
 the China Medical Missionary Association, January 27 , 1917 , 
 appealing to missionary societies to support a nation-wide 
 campaign of public health education in China, the Foreign 
 Missions Conference expresses deep interest in the proposed 
 campaign and commends the movement to the sympathetic 
 consideration of such Boards as may be approached.” 
 
 Already a number of missionary societies have 
 pledged their support to this work. A number are 
 considering the proposal, but the following have al- 
 ready endorsed the work and pledged the following 
 sums, annually for a period of three years : 
 
 Free Methodist $ 100 
 
 Evangelical Associations 600 
 
 American Baptist (North) 1,000 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 1,000 
 
 Methodist (North) 1,000 
 
 Methodist (South, Woman’s Council) 2,400 
 
 International Committee Y. M. C. A 5, 000 
 
 A beginning has been made in developing five 
 methods of work in China. 
 
 In its headquarters at Shanghai the Council has 
 
244 
 
 APPENDIX E 
 
 over 500 negatives on health subjects which are at the 
 service of missionaries and ethers throughout the 
 country. Lectures have been prepared with English 
 and Chinese manuscript on such subjects as: Sanita- 
 tion of the Chinese Cities ; Flies Kill People ; Plague ; 
 Infectious Diseases; Small-pox; and The Work of 
 Health Education in China. 
 
 A demand for literature on health subjects has 
 existed for a long time. Six and one-half tons of 
 paper were used in printing 430,000 copies of a large 
 anti-tuberculosis story calendar which was sold in 
 every province in China and in some foreign countries. 
 Several editions of a book prepared by Dr. F. J. 
 Tooker, “Hygiene by Picture and Story”, have already 
 been exhausted. The Chinese Executive Secretary 
 has given considerable new literature in this field to 
 the doctors and teachers. Eighteen newspaper articles 
 were prepared and used in different parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Small portable health exhibits are in the process of 
 preparation whereby medical missionaries or teachers 
 will be enabled to hold small health campaigns in 
 connection with their regular work. 
 
 A number of large health campaigns have been held. 
 In Changsha thirty-six meetings were held in one week, 
 attended by 30,000 people. Twenty thousand dollars 
 was raised for land and buildings to erect a tubercu- 
 losis sanitarium. In Canton the number of vaccina- 
 tions for small-pox was raised from the highest mark 
 of 92 for one day to over 800 per day. 
 
 The question naturally arises, why should the Chris- 
 tian church engage in this work of health education? 
 The million and a quarter dollars which the Christian 
 church sends into China annually for medical work 
 applies to up-keep and does not include capital invest- 
 ment, such as buildings and other new equipment. 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 245 
 
 While undoubtedly a great deal of disease prevention 
 and health education are accomplished, most of these 
 hospitals are primarily rescue stations placed at the 
 bottom of an invisible cliff to heal the people from 
 disease after they have fallen over. There are as yet 
 no agencies in China adequately occupying the top of 
 the cliff to warn the people and help them erect bar- 
 riers to prevent the wastage of human life which has 
 existed for so many years. Incidentally, the Christian 
 church itself sustains a large annual loss from death 
 in the Chinese membership of the church and the lead- 
 ers among the Chinese men and women in whom the 
 missionaries and home boards have placed great 
 confidence. The records of the China Continuation 
 Committee in Shanghai are full of names of men and 
 women who died prematurely from some preventable 
 disease. 
 
 It is during the initial stages of such a health move- 
 ment that men and money from other countries are 
 most needed. While there are other agencies of a 
 more general nature such as the American Red Cross 
 Society, the United States Public Health Service, the 
 China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, 
 and the International Health Board of the Rockefeller 
 Foundation, which are interesting themselves in certain 
 problems in China, it is the expression of the medical 
 missionaries of China that the Christian church, 
 through its Foreign Mission Boards, should engage in 
 this work of health education. They prefaced their 
 request by first subscribing $3,000 a year Mexican for 
 two years in order to secure the first Chinese western 
 trained leader, Dr. S. M. Woo. His work was so 
 acceptable that he was re-engaged at the close of the 
 two years. 
 
 The beginning has already been made to make this 
 movement indigenous through Chinese leadership and 
 
246 
 
 APPENDIX E 
 
 support. Chinese physicians contributed $3,000 a year 
 for two years; also for the support of Dr. Woo. 
 This is not only an example of co-operation between 
 Chinese and foreigners, but between foreigners of dif- 
 ferent denominational relationships. By rendering 
 this particular service the non-Christian people of the 
 Orient will be enabled to see that the out-reach of 
 Christianity includes a consideration of those social 
 problems which relate to the life of the people. There 
 is a very bright outlook indeed for this, one of the 
 newest forms of missionary work in China. 
 
APPENDIX F 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETIES 
 
 On the mission fields are the following Medical 
 Missionary Societies: 
 
 THE CHINA MEDICAL MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION 
 
 Executive Secretary : Robert C. Beebe, M.D., 5 Quinsan 
 Gardens, Shanghai. 
 
 THE NURSES’ ASSOCIATION OF CHINA 
 
 General Secretary : Miss L. A. Batty, 5 Quinsan Gardens, 
 Shanghai. 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION OF INDIA 
 Secretary: A. Lankester, M.D., Hyderabad, Deccan. 
 
 Missionary nurses are members of this Medical Missionary 
 Association. 
 
 247 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 LEGAL REGULATIONS REGARDING THE 
 PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN VARIOUS 
 MISSION LANDS 
 
 These regulations are abstracted from “ Laws regu- 
 lating the Practice of Medicine in the United States 
 and Elsewhere.” July 15th, 1919, published by the 
 American Medical Association. 
 
 In many instances the restrictions will seem almost 
 prohibitive for our American physicians, but practical 
 adjustments with government officials can usually be 
 made that will allow sufficient freedom in his practice 
 to one who is engaged in missionary work. The laws 
 apply primarily to one engaged in practice as a means 
 of livelihood. 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 East and West Coasts 
 
 No regulations. Government’s efforts exerted toward stopping 
 witch doctors and native medicine men. 
 
 South Africa — Cape Colony 
 
 Medical practice under the control of the Colonial Medical 
 Council. 
 
 Admission to register is given on a diploma of 5 years’ study. 
 Foreign diplomas not honored unless equal rights are given in 
 such countries to holders of British Registrable Degree. 
 (A) Madagascar, (B) Natal, (C) Rhodesia, (D) Transvalia, 
 and (E) Orange River Colony are governed by the same 
 rules. 
 
 CEYLON 
 
 Registration is required to practise and any one not so quali- 
 fied who proposes to practise or hold himself as ready to 
 treat patients is liable to prosecution. 
 
 Register is in charge of the Ceylon Medical College. 
 
 248 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 249 
 
 No foreign degrees of qualification are acceptable unless the 
 foreign state or country recognizes the certificate of 
 Ceylon. 
 
 CHINA 
 
 No legal restrictions or regulations govern the practise of 
 medicine in China. 
 
 FIJI ISLANDS 
 
 Now provides medical education for natives. 
 
 Medical practise now controlled by government and registra- 
 tion is required. Any one entitled to practise in the 
 United Kingdom or British Colonies may claim admis- 
 sion. 
 
 INDIA 
 
 A foreign physician to obtain a license must pass examinations. 
 He must have graduated from a medical college recognized 
 by the General Medical Council. The government wel- 
 comes the work of American Medical Missionaries. 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 Foreign physicians must secure license from Minister of the 
 Interior. 
 
 Examination in Japanese. 
 
 Four years of medical study required. 
 
 Physician required to keep all records of all patients for ten 
 years. 
 
 LATIN AMERICA 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 Physicians from foreign countries required to pass full series 
 of examinations. 
 
 Examinations in the Spanish language. 
 
 Diplomas from colleges in the United States must be legalized 
 by the Department of State in Washington, D. C., and 
 must be vised by the Argentine Minister. 
 
 Examinations held March, July, December. 
 
 Bahama Islands 
 
 Registration is required and penalties are provided for prac- 
 ticing without first being registered. 
 
 No examination is required where applicant presents satis- 
 factory credentials of graduation from a medical school 
 legally incorporated in the country wherein it is located. 
 
250 
 
 APPENDIX G 
 
 Other physicians may be registered as “Unqualified prac- 
 titioners,” but a list of such is posted annually in the 
 official Gazette. 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 Registration after an examination is required of all applicants 
 before the right to practise is conferred. 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Foreign candidates take examinations in Spanish. 
 
 Same license registers him in the following states, (a) Argen- 
 tine, (b) Peru, (c) Paraguay, (d) Ecuador, (e) Colombia, 
 (f) Chile. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Unless foreign physician has been a professor in a University 
 Medical School or is the author of an important medical 
 book, requirements to practise are almost prohibitive. 
 
 Must undergo examinations in Portuguese in all branches of 
 medical corriculum. 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Has a thorough medical organization. 
 
 Only medical men who are already registered in the United 
 Kingdom are admitted to the register. 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Foreign physician must be a graduate of an allopathic college. 
 
 Must deposit a certain sum of money. 
 
 Must take an examination in Spanish. 
 
 Preliminary education required is that demanded for a reputa- 
 ble medical school in the United States. 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Foreign physician must present his degree to the Department 
 in charge of Public Industries. 
 
 Degree must be registered by the University of Havana. 
 
 Must take an examination in Spanish. Thesis also required. 
 
 Dominican Republic and Guatemala 
 
 The foreign physician must apply to the Superior Medical 
 Council for permission to practise. 
 
 Examination in Spanish must be taken. 
 
 Haiti and Honduras 
 
 Six-year course required. 
 
 Examination. 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 251 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Examinations required. Must submit a thesis. 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 No examination required for foreign doctor. 
 
 Diploma presented must have signatures acknowledged before 
 notary, and certified by secretary of state, this must be 
 certified by the diplomatic officer in the United States. 
 
 Panama and San Salvador 
 
 Registration to practise medicine under the control of the 
 National Board of Health. 
 
 Examination required. Also assigned thesis. 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 For foreign physicians the Board of Medical Examiners issues 
 a certificate of registration to one having received a 
 diploma from a college. 
 
 Must pass the examination given, either oral or written, in 
 English or in Spanish. There are three forms of cer- 
 tificates given: (a) Doctor of Medicine, (b) Licentiate 
 
 of Medicine, (c) Midwife. 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Foreigners must present diploma, and have license to practise 
 medicine in one of the states of the United States, or from 
 the city from which he comes. 
 
 Take final examinations in Portuguese. 
 
 Yucatan 
 
 Foreign physicians must present a diploma from a recognized 
 medical school and pass an examination of the Board of 
 Medical Examiners at Merida. 
 
 Examination oral, given in Spanish or through an interpreter. 
 
 Applicant required to diagnose and prescribe for a certain 
 number of patients in a hospital. 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 
 
 For foreign physicians the Board of Medical Examiners issues 
 a certificate of registration to one having received a 
 diploma from a college. 
 
 Must pass the examination given, either oral or written, in 
 English or in Spanish. There are three forms of cer- 
 tificate given: (a) Doctor of Medicine, (b) Licentiate 
 
 of Medicine, (c) Midwife, 
 
252 
 
 APPENDIX G 
 
 SIAM 
 
 There are no legal restrictions to the practise of medicine. 
 Opportunities are not good for private practise. 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 Foreign physician must present diploma and license to prac- 
 tise in one of the states of the United States. 
 
 Documents must be legalized by the Turkish Consul in the 
 United States. 
 
 Strict oral examination. 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Barnes, Irene H. Between Life and Death. Marshall, Lon- 
 don, 1901. 
 
 Barton, James L. The Medical Missionary. Am. B. C. 
 F. M., Boston. 
 
 Blaikie, W. G. The Personal Life of Livingstone. Revell, 
 N. Y., 1880. 
 
 Bryson, Mrs. John Kenneth Mackenzie. Revell, N. Y. 
 Capen, Edward Warren, Ph.D. Sociological Progress in 
 Mission Lands. The author, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Christie, 'Dugald. Thirty Years in Moukden. McBride, Nast 
 & Co., N. Y., 1914. 
 
 de Gruche, Kingston. Dr. Apricot of Heaven Below. 
 Revell, N. Y., 1911. 
 
 Dimmitt, Delia. A Story of Madeira. Meth. Book Concern, 
 N. Y„ 1896. 
 
 Eddy, G. S. India Awakening. Missionary Education Move- 
 ment, 1911-12. 
 
 Edwards, Martin R. The Work of the Medical Missionary. 
 Student Volunteer Movement. 
 
 Glover, Richard. Herbert Stanley Jenkins, M.D., F.R.C.S. 
 
 The Carey Press, London, 1914. 
 
 Gracey, Mfts. J. T. Eminent Missionary Women. Eaton & 
 Mains, N. Y., 1898. 
 
 Griffis, W. E. Hepburn of Japan. Westminster Press, Phil- 
 adelphia, 1913. 
 
 Halsey, Abram Woodruff. Go and Tell John. Presby- 
 terian Church in the U. S. A. 1919. 
 
 Halsey, Abram Woodruff. Presbyterian Medical Missions. 
 
 Murray & Evenden, London, 1912. 
 
 Hodgkin, Henry T. The Way of the Good Physician. 
 
 United Council for Miss. Educ., London, 1916. 
 Hume-Griffith, Mrs. M. Behind the Veil in Persia and 
 Turkish Arabia. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1909. 
 
 Jackson, John. Lepers: Thirty-six Years Among Them. 
 
 Marshall, London, 1910. 
 
 253 
 
254 
 
 APPENDIX H 
 
 Jackson, John. Mary Reed, Missionary to Lepers. Revell, 
 N. Y., 1900. 
 
 Jefferys, Wm. Hamilton. Practical Ideals in Medical Mis- 
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 Kelly, Howard A. Walter Reed and Yellow Fever. Medical 
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 Kerr, J. G. Medical Missions. Pres. Board of Pub., Phila- 
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 Kerr, Robert. Morocco After Twenty-Five Years. Murray 
 & Evenden, London, 1912. 
 
 Kilborn, O. L. Heal the Sick. Miss. Soc. Meth. Church, 
 Toronto, 1910. 
 
 Lockhart, Wm. A Medical Missionary in China. Hurst, 
 London, 1861. 
 
 Loftis, Zenas Sanford. A Message from Batang. Revell, 
 N. Y., 1911. 
 
 Lowe, John. Medical Missions — Their Place and Power. 
 Oliphant, Edinburgh, 1895. 
 
 Mackay, George L. From Far Formosa. Revell, N. Y., 1900. 
 
 Manson, Sir Patrick. Tropical Diseases. Cassell, N. Y., 
 1898. 
 
 McDill, John R. Tropical Surgery. Kimpton, Glasgow, 
 1918. 
 
 McLean, Archibald. Epoch Makers of Medical Missions. 
 Revell, N. Y., 1912. 
 
 Moorshead, R. Fletcher. The Appeal of Medical Missions. 
 Revell, N. Y., 1913. 
 
 Munson, Arley. Jungle Days: Experiences of an American 
 Woman Doctor in India. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1913. 
 
 Osgood, Elliot I. Breaking Down Chinese Walls. Revell, 
 N. Y., 1908. 
 
 Peill, Rev. J. The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou: Life- 
 Work and Letters of Dr. Arthur D. Peill. Headley Bros., 
 London, 1908. 
 
 Pennell, A. M. Pennell of the Afghan Frontier. Dutton, 
 N. Y., 1914. 
 
 Penrose, Valeria P\ Opportunities in the Path of the Great 
 Physician. Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1902. 
 
 Perkins, Edward C. A Glimpse of the Heart of China. 
 Revell, N. Y., 1911. 
 
 Ramsey, W. M., Kt. Luke, the Physician, Geo, H. Doran 
 Co., N. Y„ 1908, 
 
APPENDIX PI 
 
 255 
 
 Speer, Robert E. The Foreign Doctor: Joseph Plumb Coch- 
 ran. Revell, N. Y., 1911. 
 
 Tachell, W. Arthur. Healing and Saving: The Life Story 
 of Philip Rees. Charles H. Kelley, London, 1914. 
 
 Ussher, Clarence D. & Knapp, Grace H. An American 
 Physician in Turkey. Houghton, Boston, 1917. 
 
 Wanless, W. J. The Medical Mission. Westminster Press, 
 Philadelphia, 1908. 
 
 Williamson, J. Rutter. The Healing of the Nations. Stu- 
 dent Vol. Movement, 1899. 
 
 Worcester, Elwood C. Religion and Medicine. Grosset & 
 Dunlop, N. Y., 1910. 
 
 PERIODICALS, REPORTS, ETC. 
 
 American Journal of Nursing. 
 
 Board of Missionary Preparation, Third Report. 
 
 China Mission Year Books. 
 
 Continuation Committee Conferences in Asia. 
 International Review of Missions. 
 
 Reports of Student Volunteer Conventions, 1902, 1906, 
 1910, 1914, 1920. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin. 
 
 Medicine in China — Report of Rockefeller Commission. 
 The Missionary Review of the World. 
 
 LIST OF MEDICAL PERIODICALS, PUBLISHED IN 
 ENGLISH IN MISSION LANDS, OR BEARING 
 ON PROBLEMS OF MISSION LANDS 
 
 AFRICA: 
 
 1. “South Africa Medical Record,” published monthly 
 
 since 1903 in Cape Town, South Africa, by W. 
 Darby-Hartley. 
 
 2. “Medical Journal of South Africa,” published monthly 
 
 in Johannesburg, Transvaal Colony, East Central 
 Africa, price 1 pound, one shilling; annually. 
 
2j6 
 
 APPENDIX H 
 
 CHINA : 
 
 3. “The China Medical Journal,” a bi-monthly published 
 
 by the China Medical Missionary Association, 
 since 1887 in Shanghai, China, Dr. Robert C. 
 Beebe, Manager. Price $5.00 Shanghai currency. 
 
 4. “The China Maritime Customs Medical Reports,” pub- 
 
 lished annually since 1877. Lately published in 
 “The China Medical Journal.” 
 
 INDIA : 
 
 5. “The India Journal of Medical Research,” a monthly 
 
 edited by the Director-General of the India Med- 
 ical Service. Published in Calcutta, Bengal, 
 India, since 1913. Per copy price is 2 rupees. 
 
 6. “The Indian Medical Gazette,” published monthly in 
 
 Calcutta, Bengal, India, since 1866. The price is 
 14 rupees a year, with 2 rupees extra for postage 
 outside of India. 
 
 7. “The Indian Medical Record,” published in Calcutta, 
 
 Bengal, India, since 1890. 
 
 8. “The Hospital Assistant,” published monthly in Kol- 
 
 hapur, Bombay, India, since 1906. 
 
 9. “Medical Missions in India.” The organ of the India 
 
 Medical Missionary Association. Editor is Rev. 
 J. M. MacPhail, M.D., Bamdah, India. Secretary, 
 A. Lancaster, M.D., Hyderabad, Deccan, India. 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: 
 
 10. “Philippine Journal of Science,” Section B. This is 
 
 a scientific journal with ten numbers annually, 
 published in Manila since 1906. Section B is de- 
 voted to medical science. The other sections to 
 natural sciences, etc. 
 
 JAPAN : 
 
 11. “Sei-i-kwai Medical Journal,” published monthly in 
 
 Tokyo, Japan, since 1882. 
 
 GENERAL : 
 
 12. “The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,” a 
 
 bi-monthly published in London since 1898. Price 
 21 shillings a year. 
 
 13. “Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology.” 
 
 This is issued by the Liverpool School of Trop- 
 ical Medicine. Liverpool, England. Price I 
 pound, 2 shillings, 6 pence per year. 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 257 
 
 MEXICO : 
 
 14. There are five current journals on medicine and 
 
 allied subjects, published in this country, accord- 
 ing to the index of the Surgeon General's office, 
 but none of these is in English. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA: 
 
 15. There are fifty-nine journals listed in the Surgeon 
 
 General’s index, published in various countries of 
 South America. Many of these are not now cur- 
 rent, and none is published in English. 
 
 TURKEY : 
 
 16. There is one current medical journal published in 
 Constantinople, Turkey, in French. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. 
 
 Achievements of medical mission- 
 aries, 107-109. 
 
 Adams, J. E., quoted, 2x1-212. 
 
 Africa Inland Mission, 23. 
 
 Africa, need of medical missions 
 in, 22, 24, 63, 64, 143, 177. 
 
 Aim and Scope of Medical Mis- 
 sions, 53-74. 
 
 Alcohol. 26-28. 
 
 Allen, Dr. H. N., 108, 169, 211. 
 
 American Presbyterian Hospital, 
 Miraj, India, 128. 
 
 Armenia, need of medical mission- 
 aries in, 21, 177. 
 
 Avison, Dr. O. R., 170. 
 
 Acupuncture, 14. 
 
 B. 
 
 Balme, Dr. Harold, 182. 
 
 Barnes, Irene H., quoted, 154, 179. 
 
 Barton, James L., quoted, 53, 58, 
 109, 152. 
 
 Beebe, Dr. Robert C., 184. 
 
 Beilly, Miss, 136. 
 
 Beirut Medical College, 36. 
 
 Berry, Dr. John C., 152, 212. 
 
 Bishop, Isabella B., quoted, 5, 34, 
 137, 140. 
 
 Board of Missionary Preparation, 
 quoted, 87, 89. 
 
 Bonfield, Dr. G. H., 20. 
 
 Bosworth, E. I., quoted, 65. 
 
 Bowman, Miss Willie, 155. 
 
 Brent, Bishop, quoted, 47, 48. 
 
 Bryson, Mrs. I., quoted, 206. 
 
 Bulleyn, Dr. William, 173. 
 
 Butler, Dr. Fanny J., 137-139. 
 
 c. 
 
 Cambridge Band, The, 208. 
 
 Candidates for Medical Mission 
 Work, 77-92; the call, 77-80; 
 qualifications, 80-87; preparation, 
 87-92. 
 
 Carey, William, 107, 110, 203. 
 
 Challenge to Medical Missionary 
 work, 163-189; challenge of the 
 changing world order, 164-168; 
 challenge of various fields, 168- 
 1 8 x ; challenge of pressing prob- 
 lems, 181-189. 
 
 Chapel, 121-122. 
 
 Chen, Dr. S. P., 70. 
 
 China, lack of native resources 
 for relief, 13-14; discovery of 
 medicines, 15-16; a challenge to 
 faith, 1 7 1. 
 
 China Medical Board, 185, 187. 
 
 Chinese Medical Missionary So- 
 ciety, 127. 
 
 Christie, Mrs. Duga'd, quoted. 145. 
 
 Church Missionary Society, 22, 34, 
 60, 64. 
 
 Cholera Infantum, 157. 
 
 Cochran, Joseph P., 37, 42, 59, 72- 
 73, quoted, 82, 124, 180. 
 
 Cochran, Thomas, 1S4, 185, 186. 
 
 Colledge, T. H., m. 
 
 Combs, I.ucinda L., 137, 139. 
 
 Cook, Albert, 146. 
 
 Cooperation in medical work, 183- 
 184. 
 
 Cousiand, Dr. P. B., 119. 
 
 Cram, W. G., 38-39. 
 
 Crawford, Dan, quoted, 93. 
 
 Chloroform, 16-17. 
 
 Cataract, 129, 130. 
 
 D. 
 
 Darwin,^ Charles, quoted, 17. 
 Datta, S. K., quoted, 24. 
 
 Denby, Hon. Charles, quoted, 67. 
 Dennis, Archdeacon, quoted, 22. 
 Dentistry, 18-19, 90. 
 
 Diseases of the non-Christian 
 _world, 7-12, 69, 70, 157, 170. 
 Dispensary, The, 64, 121, 137, 157. 
 Drugs, discovery and application 
 of, 16-17. 
 
 Dudgeon, Dr., 119. 
 
 Dufferin, Lady, 136. 
 
 Dysentery, 7. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eddy, Mary P., 36, 47. 
 
 Eddy, Sherwood, quoted, 24, 174, 
 17S. 
 
 Edinburgh Medical Missionary So- 
 ciety, 112. 
 
 Edinburgh World Missionary Con- 
 ference, 19. 
 
 Edkins, Dr., 119. 
 
 Elmslie, Dr. W. J., quoted, 34. 
 
 Eng, Dr. Hu King,. 150. 
 
 Equipment for medical missionary 
 work, 182. 
 
 259 
 
26 o 
 
 INDEX 
 
 F. 
 
 Fair, Miss Elda M., 177. 
 
 Falconer, Hon. Ion Keith-, quoted, 
 28. 
 
 Fetishism, 25. 
 
 Fields Unoccupied by Medical 
 Missions, 19-29; population, 19; 
 their need of medical mission- 
 aries, 21-23; typical field for 
 medical missions, 24-29. 
 
 FUiaria loa, 8. 
 
 Fiske, Fidelia, 103. 
 
 Fortune teller, 172. 
 
 Fraser, Sir Andrew, quoted, 175. 
 
 Freemantle, Canon, 56. 
 
 Fryer, John, 1 19. 
 
 Fulton, Dr. Mary H., 119, 138. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaynor, Lucy, 33. 
 
 Gladstone, lion. William E., 207. 
 
 Goitre, 9. 
 
 Goodrich, Chauncey, quoted, 179. 
 
 Grant, Dr. Asahel, 22, 108, 113. 
 
 Greer, Bishop David H., quoted, 
 213-213. 
 
 Grenfell. George, 64, 100, 107,217. 
 
 Griffis, W. E„ quoted, 43, 78, 117. 
 
 Griffith, Dr. A. Ilume-, 10. 
 
 GutzlafT. Dr. no-111. 
 
 Grant, David, 35. 
 
 H. 
 
 TTannington, Bishop, 64. 
 
 Hanson, C. B., 45-46. 
 
 Ilaygood, Laura, 158. 
 
 Headland, Isaac, quoted, is, 16, 
 119, 215. 
 
 Ilepburn, J. C., 40, 78, 82, 117, 
 118, 203, 204, 212. 
 
 TTobson, Dr. B., 119. 
 
 Hodgkin, Dr. Henry T., 124. 
 
 Holmes, Dr. G. W., 37. 
 
 Home Base of Medical Missions, 
 1 8 1 . 
 
 Hook-worm, 8. 
 
 Horder, Dr., 11. 
 
 Hospitals, evangelizing centres, 
 60-64, 125-127; importance of, 
 
 122-125; cost of. 127-128; Pek- 
 ing, China, 8; Soochow, China, 
 17, 127, 188; Miral. India. 128; 
 Tarn Taren, 154; Seoul, Korea, 
 170. 
 
 Howard, Leonore, 137, 217. 
 
 Huxley, William, quoted, 205. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ivey Methodist Hospital, 170. 
 
 India, medical need in, 23-24; a 
 challenge to Christian states- 
 manship, 174-175. 
 
 Insanity, 10-11, 22, 144-145. 
 
 Irvin, Dr., quoted, 12. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, 35, 212. 
 
 James, William, quoted, 102, 200, 
 206. 
 
 Jefferson, Charles E., quoted, 152, 
 198. 
 
 enner. Dr., in. 
 ohnston. Sir Harry, 120. 
 uarez, Sosthenes, 202. 
 udson, Adoniram, 203. 
 apan, industrial growth a men- 
 ace in, 167. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kahn, Dr. Ida, 1 50. 
 
 Kahn, Jahan, 61-62. 
 
 Kalley, Dr. Robert R., 114-116. 
 Keen, Dr. W. W., 69. 
 
 Kelley, Dr. Howard A., quoted, 
 70, 203. 
 
 Kerr, Dr. J. G., 36, 40, 103, 108, 
 112, 119, 129, 210, 212. 
 
 King, Henry C., quoted, 50, 81, 
 209, 217. 
 
 King, Howard, 108. 
 
 Kipling, Rudyard, quoted, 23-24. 
 Kitchener, Lord, quoted, 81. 
 Krishna Pal, 107, 110. 
 
 Kugler, Dr. Anna S., 148. 
 
 Kumm, Karl, 22. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lady Dufferin Hospitals, 23, 136, 
 149. 
 
 Lamaism. 20. 
 
 Laurie, Dr. Thomas, 114. 
 
 Latin America, medical need in, 
 142; demand for nurses in, 153- 
 154 - 
 
 Legge, Dr. Alexander, 119. 
 
 Leprosy, 8, 11-12, 62, 68, 69, 109. 
 
 Lin Yin Monastery, 71. 
 
 Livingstone, David, 107, 210, 211, 
 quoted, 47, 49, 50, 79, 81, 218. 
 
 Loftis, Z. S., 108, 217. 
 
 Lowe, John, quoted, 55, 92, 93, 
 112. 
 
 Lyon, Mar}’, 158. 
 
 M. 
 
 McCall, Dr. P. L., quoted, 67. 
 McCartee, Dr. B., 41. 
 
 McDill, Dr. John R., 8, 41, 185. 
 Mabie, Dr. Catherine L., 87. 
 Mackay, Dr. George L., 9, 19, 
 
 quoted, 14. 
 
 Mackenzie, Kenneth, 47, 137, 169, 
 206. 211, quoted, 59, 83, 85. 
 Malarial fever, 9-10. 
 
 Maliza, the Toro Princess, 146. 
 Main, Dr. Duncan, 71; quoted, 83, 
 125, 126. 
 
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