MEN anJ METHODS 
 
 J. R. Saunders 
 
3.//. 2-2. 
 LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 Purchased by the Hamill Missionary Fund. 
 
 BV 2091 .34 1921 
 Saunders, J. Roscoe, 1873- 
 Men and methods that win in 
 the foreign fields 
 
Men and Methods That 
 Win in the Foreign Fields 
 
By 
 J. R. Saunders, Th. D. 
 
 Missionary in Canton^ China 
 
 Men and Methods That Win in the 
 
 Foreig7t Fields 
 i2mo, cloth net $i.oo 
 
 The author of « The Cross and the Reconstruc- 
 tion of the World " gives in practical form the re- 
 sult of years of experience, (his own and others ;) 
 of workers bearing upon the problems of Foreign 
 Missions, the conditions of non-Christian lands and 
 the kind of missionaries needed to accomplish the 
 greatest results. The book is an examination of 
 the imperative need of the foreign field. 
 
 The Cross and the Reconstruction of 
 
 the World 
 i2mo, cloth net ;^i.50 
 
 Dr. George W. Truett says : " This book traces 
 the present rapidly changing world conditions 
 politically, industrially, socially, educationally, re- 
 ligiously, making the earnest insistence that Chris- 
 tianity must now and ever be the one, only, all- 
 sufficient hope for humanity. It has a distinctly 
 vital message — a message supremely needed for 
 these momentous days." 
 
Men and Methods That 
 Win in the Foreign Fields 
 
 /_ 
 
 By 
 
 J. R. SAUNDERS, Th. D. 
 
 Graves T/ieological Seminary, Canton, China 
 
 Author of "The Cross and the Reconstruction of the 
 
 IVor/d," "Chinese As They Are,'* "The 
 
 Hak-kas, A Unique People in China'' 
 
 New York Chicago 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Company 
 London and Edinburgh 
 
Copyright, 1 921, by 
 FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY 
 
 New York: 158 Fifth Avenue 
 Chicago: 17 North Wabash Ave. 
 London: 21 Paternoster Square 
 Edinburgh: 75 Princes Street 
 
Because of their 
 
 great interest in the effectiveness 
 
 of the missionary in discipling 
 
 the stations 
 
 this volu7ne is affectionately 
 
 dedicated to 
 
 MR. and MRS. G. W. BOTTOMS, 
 
 TexarkanOy Arkamasy U. S. A. 
 
Preface 
 
 THE greatest task confronting the Christian 
 forces is making known the glad tidings 
 unto all the world, disciple the nations as 
 our Master commanded. Christianity has too long 
 looked at the task with the hesitating attitude. Un- 
 til we are ready to enter fully into the Lord's plan 
 of conquest, we must suffer and struggle in vain 
 against the forces of materialism and other enemies 
 of success in our home churches. Unquestionably 
 the Master's challenge comes to every child of the 
 Father to give himself completely for the conquest 
 of the nations. We cannot expect the kingdom of 
 this world to become the kingdom of our Lord and 
 Christ until this is done. 
 
 The world battle depends primarily upon the men 
 and women who yield themselves absolutely for this 
 conflict. The indwelling Christ in *' the temples of 
 the Holy Spirit " ever remains the ultimate hope 
 of victory. Our chief concern for this and all ages 
 is the kind of labourers who go forth as ambassadors 
 for Christ. In the mission fields where least has 
 been accomplished and the non-Christian forces are 
 most firmly intrenched, the most difficult battles 
 must be fought, hence we need for these fields the 
 very best trained and most effective workers. 
 
 7 
 
8 PEEFACE 
 
 So little in the past has been known about the 
 conditions of the non-Christian lands and the kind 
 of missionaries needed to accomplish the greatest 
 results, we have not made the progress we might 
 have done. We have looked at the problems too 
 much from the home view, but this is no longer 
 necessary. The experience of the years has given 
 us many valuable lessons bearing on the world battle. 
 In order that we may have in the most practical 
 form this experience and information concerning 
 the problems we must confront, and how we may 
 live and labour to bring the greatest • results, this 
 volume is prepared. The experience and informa- 
 tion are secured from the men who have laboured 
 long and have had many years of conspicuous serv- 
 ice in the practical problems of conquest, hence the 
 treatise is of special help to the men and women in 
 preparation and those in their early years of service. 
 
 It is with very great gratitude that I acknowledge 
 assistance given me in the preparation of this volume 
 by the older missionaries in China and Japan and a 
 number of students of world missions in the United 
 States. 
 
 J. R. S. 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
Contents 
 
 I. The Importance of Man Power . 1 1 
 
 II. The Physical Needs — How to Live. i8 
 
 III. The Intellectual Equipment . . 37 
 
 IV. The Spiritual Requirements . . 46 
 
 V. Entering the Field of One's Life- 
 
 Work — The Adjustment . . 60 
 
 VI. Labouring With the Natives . . 68 
 
 VII. Working With Fellow-Missionaries 79 
 
 VIII. Methods Opportune for Present 
 
 Emphasis 89 
 
 IX. The Present Call and Who Should 
 
 Go 99 
 
 X. The Church's Duty to Her World 
 
 Men 108 
 
THE IMPORTANCE OF MAN POWER 
 
 MORE and more the Christian forces are 
 realizing the importance of man power 
 in the effort to conquer the world for our 
 Master. We are beginning to understand what the 
 Saviour taught us by example concerning man 
 power. He started His world reign by choosing a few 
 men and labouring continuously to develop these so 
 that when He ascended to the Father, He could com- 
 mit to them the task of making known His glad tid- 
 ings to all men. Jesus did not give much time to 
 systems and plans of a mechanical kind. The key 
 to all systems and plans is the man. As long as the 
 early churches were true to the emphasis of our 
 Master, the churches were a conquering force; but 
 as soon as the emphasis was transferred to organiza- 
 tions and ceremonial forms, where man became sec- 
 ondary in the mechanical order, the deadening, life- 
 destroying process of decay hastened to nullify the 
 power and glory of Christianity. 
 
 The rise and fall of Christianity can be traced to 
 where God's people have put the emphasis. Where 
 first place has been given to outward forms and 
 clanging machinery rather than on the '* temples 
 of the Holy Spirit,'' where Christ wishes ever to live 
 
 11 
 
12 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 and to dominate, stagnation and death to all true 
 Christian activity have invariably come. However 
 as the emphasis has returned to where Christ put it — 
 making life yielded fully to the Father's will for the 
 world's needs the chief concern — the growth of the 
 churches and the kingdom has been expansive with 
 accelerated power. 
 
 The Great World Struggle, which we have recently 
 seen, has taught us some valuable lessons, but they 
 have cost us too much. If we had been true to the 
 model of the Master, we would have known these les- 
 sons all the while. In the European conflict victory 
 did not come to those who had the finest fighting 
 machinery, or necessarily to the largest numbers, but 
 rather to the kind of soldiers — the morale and en- 
 thusiasm these soldiers had for the ideals of the con- 
 flict. Both sides laboured faithfully the world over 
 to win the moral support of the masses and protect 
 the morale of the men on the battle-fields. Luden- 
 dorfp in giving the reasons why the Central Powers 
 failed says that it was due to weakening of the mo- 
 rale because of the lack of proper support by the 
 home basis. The soldiers lost courage as reports 
 came from the home land saying that the people were 
 not backing the advancing armies. This explana- 
 tion may not be altogether correct, but it has much 
 truth in it. The kind of men are far more impor- 
 tant than the number in any kind of battle, and 
 especially in labouring to establish the Kingdom of 
 God in the hearts of men. Jehovah wants to show 
 
IMPORTANCE OF MAN POWER 13 
 
 Himself strong unto men, but men's hearts must be 
 right towards Him and the ideals of His kingdom 
 before He can do this in a large way. Undoubtedly 
 the most important question facing us to-day is 
 that of man power, and we have given far too little 
 concern to the question that is the basis of all real 
 success in the Father's kingdom. 
 
 In Millard's Review, March 16, 1918, the editor 
 tells about a young man who came to Shanghai, 
 China, for business and soon wrecked his health and 
 died because he did not know how to adjust himself 
 to the conditions of that Oriental city. He writes 
 as follows: ** He came for a fortune and got an 
 early grave. It might have happened anyway, then 
 again it might not. We do not intend to preach a 
 sermon, and we could not if we wished, but we do 
 believe that the managers of large business firms 
 that bring young men out to China have a respon- 
 sibility — a moral responsibility — to see that their 
 young men, at least, get the right start. Sound 
 advice on the part of an * old hand ' will often work 
 wonders with a young man just starting out on his 
 career. Furthermore it is the very best of good 
 business.'' If the editor of a secular paper can 
 write this way about a business man, how much 
 more important it is that we ** start our young men 
 right" who are '*on business for the King." The 
 Standard Oil Company does not desire to send men 
 to the foreign fields until they have spent some time 
 in New York City studying these fields and how to 
 
14 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 adjust their lives to meet conditions making for the 
 most efficient service. These men for the foreign 
 work may have ever so fine training in the schools 
 and business of this country, but they must have 
 this extra preparation before they are permitted to 
 enter these new fields. This business company is 
 wise and fair with her men. Are we wise in failing 
 to give the young missionary this practical training 
 before he enters the fields of great responsibility for 
 our Lord and His churches? 
 
 It is a dire waste of money and man power (which 
 is far more important) to omit giving the young 
 soldier for our King that practical training which 
 will enable him to live long and to labour well in 
 these foreign fields. We have failed sadly in the 
 past, and will do so in the future, if adequate facili- 
 ties are not provided and every outgoing labourer 
 required to know conditions he must face and how 
 to do it to the glory of God, to the joy of his own 
 heart, and as well as to that of those who send him 
 to the work. If we fail in this preparation, we sin 
 against the light of our age and play into the hands 
 of the enemy of success. 
 
 When I was in Peking, China, last year I had a 
 most helpful talk with Julean Arnold, the American 
 Commercial Attache for China. After conversing 
 with our Minister, Dr. Paul S. Reinsch, concerning 
 China's greatest need, he told me that the one man 
 who knew most about this question and is the most 
 sympathetic with the noble desire to help China is 
 
IMPOETAKCE OF MAN POWER 15 
 
 Julean Arnold, and he asked me to see him. Mr. 
 Arnold has been in China for some twenty years, 
 holding, in various sections, positions of great im- 
 portance to our government and to China. He has 
 studied every effort being used to better the distress- 
 ing condition of the Chinese people. This practice 
 has caused him to give special study to the mission- 
 ary propaganda all over the nation as he has trav- 
 elled. He knows the missionary work as well as any 
 man in China. He expressed the firm conviction that 
 if China is to be won to Christ (and he thinks she 
 can be), we must send out the right kind of mis- 
 sionaries, men capable of leading the Chinese and 
 make the nation what she needs to be. The follow- 
 ing are his exact words : * ' Our American missionary 
 societies in China have a grand opportunity if they 
 will but rise to it. They have the full-hearted good 
 will of the entire 400,000,000 of the Chinese popula- 
 tion, and if they will rise to the glorious opportu- 
 nity which now presents itself, they may have a stu- 
 pendous influence in the making of a New 
 China. ... To get results commensurate with 
 the opportunities presented they must concentrate 
 their efforts on training leaders. With their limita- 
 tions in men and materials they can never hope to 
 reach individually a large proportion of China's 
 immense population ; but by concentrating their ef- 
 forts on the training of leaders they may eventually 
 reach all of China's hundreds of millions. 
 
 *'To train leaders is no small task. It takes lead- 
 
16 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 ers to train leaders. Thus what American mission- 
 aries do from now on in China depends entirely 
 upon what sort of men and women are entrusted 
 with the work. Quality in work means quality in 
 workers. If American missionary societies are to be 
 an influence in China's transition from a medieval 
 individualistic people to a modern organized society, 
 their work will have to be entrusted to men and 
 women of big calibre and big visions, leaders in 
 reality or in potentiality. Men and women, sent 
 from America to China, should be carefully chosen. 
 
 "It is not the mission so much as it is the men 
 and women in the mission which make for the suc- 
 cess in the mission's work in China. Thus, if our 
 mission boards at home will use great care in select- 
 ing men and women and will make it possible by 
 the facilities accorded those whom it selects to do 
 effective work, it may rest assured its labours in 
 China will not be in vain ; but if on the other hand 
 it sends out mediocre men and women to China, or 
 handicaps its good men and women with inadequate 
 facilities, then its work may be in vain. Quality in 
 men and material should be the watchword, and its 
 objective the training of leaders both men and 
 women. With this watchword and this objective, it 
 may hope to see the day when the Bible will be in 
 the field, factory, trading corporation, and in govern- 
 ment office. Otherwise, it is to be feared, it will con- 
 tinue to be confined to church and schoolroom.*' 
 
 These quoted paragraphs, from a statesman of 
 
IMPORTANCE OP MAN POWER 17 
 
 wide experience in China, one who sees the situation 
 as a whole with real sympathetic concern for the 
 mission work, ought to be worth much to us. 
 
 As we look at the supreme importance of our task 
 of conquering the great non-Christian lands, which 
 task we have hardly begun, we are forced to realize 
 the surpassing importance of this phase of the work. 
 The importunity of the subject is the one great rea- 
 son why we should give first consideration to the 
 practical suggestions of men who have lived long on 
 the fields and **made good" their labours. In my 
 travelling over China and Japan I found it was the 
 one subject about which our heroes of long and suc- 
 cessful labours were most concerned. The moment 
 they understood that I was giving special thought 
 to this phase of the work, they were ready to render 
 me any aid they could. What I say is largely based 
 on the experience of the men and women who have 
 demonstrated their argument by many years of in- 
 creasing success in solving the problems of these 
 fields. 
 
II 
 
 THE PHYSICAL NEEDS— HOW TO LIVE 
 
 IN this chapter I give the experience of those 
 who have lived long and well in the non-Chris- 
 tian lands. There is no more important ques- 
 tion confronting the missionary if he wishes to make 
 his life count for the most in winning the world to 
 our Saviour. Not that a long life in any field is the 
 chief concern. It is better to live a few years and 
 live these well than to live a long life and not live 
 according to the Master's plan for that life. Never- 
 theless we are learning that the life lived best is the 
 one that is lived according to the laws of nature and 
 efficiency, and other things being equal, will be the 
 longest. Sane, natural, wholesome living, wisely ad- 
 justing the body to its environment, ever in touch 
 with the source of all radiant, happy, buoyant, di- 
 vinely received and unfolded life, is one of the finest 
 assets a missionary can have for any field. How to 
 live such a life is not a question of where you spend 
 it, but how ; not a question of the forces without, so 
 much as the powers within. 
 
 A closer study of this most vital question has 
 reveaJed the consoling fact that missionaries may 
 
 18 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 19 
 
 live just as long in the foreign fields as in the United 
 States or Europe provided they live according to 
 the physical needs of the lands wherein they labour. 
 This is well worth repeating a number of times if 
 thereby the truth is driven deep into the hearts of 
 the volunteer and young missionary. The time will 
 come when the volunteer or young missionary who 
 is not willing to learn the laws of well-living in the 
 non-Christian lands will thereby be declared unfit 
 to labour in these lands. The sacrifices offered to 
 Jehovah from the early dawn of history were re- 
 quired to be ''without blemish and the best of the 
 flock/' and to-day as we of^er our bodies a living 
 sacrifice, they ought to be such for the most efficient 
 service. In saying this I am not unmindful of the 
 fact that some with frail bodies have done fine serv- 
 ice and outlived those with strong bodies to com- 
 mence with; but this proves to know how to live 
 and labour may be a greater blessing than the nat- 
 ural assets of our bodies. One should not be dis- 
 couraged because one finds oneself with a defective 
 body. It is better to do like the great statesman, 
 Theodore Roosevelt, who studied carefully the laws 
 of health and restored his weak body and made it 
 strong for strenuous work. 
 
 It was my privilege to make observations in the 
 Orient and learn from missionaries who have lived 
 long and wrought well. From the experience of 
 these I give some ''findings" well worth our careful 
 consideration. Dr. Hume of the Yale Mission, 
 
20 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Changsha, China, writes from years of experience 
 and observation. He is a physician well known in 
 China. His chapter in *'The Manual for Young 
 Missionaries in China'' is a most important contri- 
 bution to the question of ** How to Live Long in 
 China. ' ' In quoting from his chapter I give excerpts 
 from a long article in one of the leading magazines 
 of the East, Millard's Review. *'The first important 
 point made by Dr. Hume is that with reasonable 
 care it is easy to keep as well in the tropics (and 
 other parts of China as well) as it is in the home 
 land. ' ' And now for some of the rules : * * Be careful 
 about taking physical risks, eat only thoroughly 
 cooked food, do not expose your head and eyes reck- 
 lessly to the sun; do not weight your head down 
 with pounds of heavy Hopees,' but find the lightest 
 helmet you can, one that will shade the back of the 
 neck and allow free circulation of air between the 
 head-band and scalp. 
 
 **Be vaccinated early against smallpox, and 
 against typhoid and para-typhoid. These diseases 
 are so prevalent in China and the danger of infec- 
 tion is so materially lessened by these simple pre- 
 cautionary measures, it is wrong not to use the pro- 
 tection they afford. Other infections abound in 
 China, tuberculosis being the most rampant. 
 Against this nothing avails so much as the general 
 building up of the system's resistance and constant 
 breathing of an abundance of fresh air. Malarial 
 fever and dengue are common in many districts. 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 21 
 
 They are carried to man by mosquitoes ; it is there* 
 fore imperative to use mosquito nets on the beds or, 
 still better, to have the entire house screened with 
 wire gauze. Care should be taken to avoid the bites 
 of other insects as well ; rat fleas are the transmitters 
 of plague; lice carry typhus; flies, ants, and cock- 
 roaches may infect with typhoid ; and the list could 
 be prolonged. Frequent bathing and change of un- 
 derwear afford the surest protection. 
 
 ''Flies are bred in filth and should be rigorously 
 kept away from food. Within reasonable limits and 
 after finding out the health experience of your par- 
 ticular locality, exercise as you would at home. Go 
 in for that form of exercise that appeals to you 
 most, whether it be tennis, cricket, baseball, boating 
 or walking. For those who have not the time or 
 facility for the more formal games, the daily recrea- 
 tive walk should be a duty. And there are scarcely 
 any who cannot plan for a brief daily period of 
 home calisthenics, taken in a sleeping or gymnasium 
 suit. 
 
 * ' Just these simple measures may make the differ- 
 ence between health and invalidism. Most Western- 
 ers need more sleep in China than at home. Plan 
 for eight hours as a minimum and for nine hours 
 when you can get it. Thorough ventilation of the 
 sleeping apartment is, if anything, more important 
 in China than at home; many will do well to sleep 
 on the porch or veranda. (I find that a well ar- 
 ranged roomy sleeping-porch, large enough for our 
 
22 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 family, the greatest blessing to our household. 
 Author.) 
 
 ' ' The newcomer will usually avoid indigestion by 
 following a few simple rules: — eat less than in a 
 colder climate, especially of meat. In summer eat 
 plenty of cooked vegetables, and meat but once a 
 day. Beware of all uncooked food, especially in 
 summer, avoiding all lettuce and other vegetables 
 with whose life history you are not familiar. Un- 
 cooked or inadequately cooked meat is frequently 
 the cause of tapeworm infection; boil all drinking 
 water and milk, eat slowly, chew thoroughly; keep 
 the teeth well cleaned and regularly inspected by a 
 competent dentist ; beware of Chinese cooking ; it is 
 frequently very rich; and its very tastiness often 
 leads to overindulgence and indigestion. . . . 
 Control individual irregularities of the digestive sys- 
 tem, not by medication, but by modifications of the 
 diet. If constipated, use a bulky dietary, with whole 
 wheat bread, olive oil, and other relaxing foodstuffs ; 
 if prone to diarrhoea, eat a concentrated diet. Do 
 not make a habit of adding quantities of salt to your 
 meals. This will overtax your kidneys. Intestinal 
 parasites abound, many of these entering the system 
 with the food. It is therefore desirable that a 
 physician should make a microscopic examination 
 occasionally in order to be able to say with certainty 
 whether they are present, and, if so, to institute suit- 
 able measures for their removal. Vermifuges are 
 usually strong poisons, and it is better not to take 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 23 
 
 them on the mere chance of their being needed, but 
 have microscopic proof that they are called for. 
 
 ^'In a land where malaria is common and other 
 parasites of disease abound, it is essential to keep the 
 heart muscle vigorous and to maintain an adequate 
 supply of good red blood. Nothing will keep the 
 heart muscle so sound as avoidance of excess both 
 in food and drink, and the provision of sufficient 
 exercise to keep the body muscles in good trim. 
 When these become limp and flabby, or when the 
 body becomes over-fat, it is safe to assume that the 
 heart muscle has followed suit. For a patient who has 
 been through an illness or operation the road back 
 to health and vigour seldom lies in medication with 
 pills and tonics, but more often in graduated exer- 
 cise or massage and suitable dietary. ]\Iodern nose 
 and throat specialists tell us while we give much and 
 deserved attention to the teeth, we practically neglect 
 to clean mth regularity the upper part of the respir- 
 atory tract. It should be part of one's routine, 
 especially in a land where tuberculosis abounds, to 
 use an indi^ddual atomizer as one uses an individual 
 tooth-brush. A simple alkaline nasal wash and throat 
 spray will do much to prevent common colds and 
 other infections through the nose and throat. 
 
 *' All who can, should make the cold morning 
 shower or plunge bath a routine. Provided such 
 bath is followed at once by a good reaction, no other 
 tonic is so good for the respiratory system; but it 
 should never be continued if chilling or other ad- 
 
24 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 verse reaction occurs. Sponge the chest often mila. 
 cold water, and do not be afraid of plenty of cold 
 fresh air in the sleeping room at night. Practice 
 deep breathing at least twice a day, taking each 
 time fifteen or twenty full breaths, so that ample 
 fresh air may ventilate those upper comers of the 
 lungs so frequently undistended and often the start- 
 ing point of mischief. Avoid keeping the feet or 
 bodily clothing wet for a long time. If exposure to 
 the wet has occurred, get a hot bath and dry clothing 
 as soon as possible. 
 
 ** No part of one's physical being will be so sensi- 
 tive to the change to China or need such careful pro- 
 vision for its well-being as the nervous system. 
 Happy the newcomer who is blest with a buoyant 
 temperament, ready to rise above the petty annoy- 
 ances of the day and hour, who eats and exercises 
 regularly and takes care to secure long hours of care- 
 free sleep." 
 
 Every word in Dr. Hume's article should be ob- 
 served carefully in a missionary's life. I am sure 
 that the missionaries who have lived long and la- 
 boured strenuously and successfully will be the first 
 to urge their observance with all care. Dr. A. A. 
 Fulton, the senior male missionary in South China, 
 having spent nearly fifty years in and around Can- 
 ton, is still very active in the work. One of the 
 younger missionaries told me that Dr. Fulton would 
 be willing to close a mission meeting at four o'clock, 
 be the business ever so important, in order that he 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 26 
 
 and others might have a good game of tennis. He 
 sees the fun in many things, takes his exercise regu- 
 larly, is careful as to what he eats (he is a strict 
 vegetarian), and is temperate in all things. This 
 explains why he is even at his present age more 
 active than many of the young missionaries. 
 
 I asked a number of our most successful veterans 
 in China How We Might Live Long and Bo Stren- 
 uous Work. I will give some excerpts from these 
 replies. A number wrote at length, but I shall give 
 passages of the replies as bear especially upon our 
 theme. 
 
 Dr. G. F. Fitch of Shanghai, who has spent fifty 
 years in China, writes : ' ' I think with care and due 
 regard to the laws of health, a man ought to live as 
 long in China as in America. Take my own case 
 for example. I was not at all robust when I came 
 out in 1870, but before coming out to China, made 
 it my object to study up somewhat on the laws of 
 health and right living, and especially as regards 
 food, sleep, and exercise, and the right use of all my 
 powers, striving to avoid all excesses of every kind, 
 and not to worry or fret no matter how things were 
 going. My first two years were spent almost entirely 
 in study, though after a year and a half I was left 
 by my senior in sole charge of the treasury, station, 
 and out-station work, etc. As a rule my wife and I, 
 who studied the language together, stopped regularly 
 at four o'clock and went for a walk, rain or shine. 
 Finding that coffee and tea did not agree with me, 
 
26 MEK AND METHODS 
 
 even in moderation, I gave them up, and have taken 
 neither, to any extent, for some forty years. For 
 some seventeen years, I was engaged almost exclu- 
 sively in evangelistic work, such as street chapel 
 preaching, distributing (generally selling) books and 
 tracts, itinerating, preaching on the streets, etc. 
 
 ** I was asked by our Board to go to Shanghai and 
 take charge of our Mission Press, the treasury, etc. 
 (the latter involving a responsibility of some eight 
 hundred thousand dollars a year), and, in fact, to 
 be their general agent for North and Central China. 
 I mention this to show that my life has not been an 
 inactive one. For many years I was also editor of 
 the Chinese Recorder. 
 
 "Now at the end of almost forty-nine years (he 
 wrote over a year ago) in China, including furloughs, 
 I find myself still in excellent health, considering my 
 seventy-four years, have &Ye children, all born in 
 China and labouring here as missionaries, having 
 nineteen grandchildren living, one only having died 
 in all these years besides my wife, who died last year, 
 aged seventy. 
 
 ''My children and grandchildren, for aught I can 
 see, are just as well and strong as those born in 
 America. Indeed, when I have been in the United 
 States, I have been surprised to see how few families 
 there were with such healthy strong children and 
 grandchildren as mine. 
 
 ' ' I think in the early days, when there were fewer 
 facilities for travel and inferior methods of recrea- 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 27 
 
 tion, and perhaps not so much attention given to 
 hygiene, China got rather a bad reputation for 
 health. There are many drawbacks, to be sure, in 
 many places, but I feel with reasonable conformity 
 to God's laws of health, proper control of one's appe- 
 tites and passions, willingness to deny oneself for 
 Christ's sake, and be happy in so doing, other things 
 being equal, one may expect to live just as long and 
 be just about as well here in China as in America. 
 I believe that any one coming as a missionary to 
 China, giving himself whole-heartedly to the service 
 and for the glory of God, may put in a plea for and 
 expect to receive special blessing and help from Him, 
 not only for soul, but also for body, both of which 
 are His.*' 
 
 Dr. Arthur H. Smith, who has been in China 
 nearly fifty years, the one who has written so many 
 books about the Chinese people, wrote: ''Your ex- 
 perience in China must have shown you that the 
 climate (whatever criticism may be made on it) is 
 on the whole equal to that of any other mission field 
 and superior to most. In our own mission (Ameri- 
 can Board) we have in the city of Peking one lady 
 who has been just fifty years, another fifty-one years, 
 and a man fifty-four years. There are also living in 
 the United States two former members, one of whom 
 spent fifty years in China (with abatements for ab- 
 sence), and the other fifty-three years. In the Pres- 
 byterian Mission Dr. Wherry, Peking, recently died 
 after a life of fifty-five years in China, and Mrs. 
 
28 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Lowry died this month after fifty-two years. The 
 distinguished Dr. Martin of Peking broke all records 
 by living in China some weeks over two-thirds of a 
 century. (Of course no one can tell to what age 
 they might have lived elsewhere ! ) 
 
 * ' For my part I do not estimate highly individual 
 rules of health. General principles are vital. They 
 should be studied, mastered and (which is much 
 more difficult) obeyed. 
 
 *' Grave as the matter of health is, of even more 
 importance are the moral and spiritual qualities of 
 the missionary. In appointments there is sometimes 
 a risk that these will be taken for granted, but this 
 is a grievous mistake. 
 
 ' ' I trust you may be used of the Lord to deepen 
 in some minds an impression of the difficulty and of 
 the importance of any mission work anywhere.'* 
 
 Kev. John E. Hykes, D. D., of Central China, gives 
 these suggestions: ** Avoid the sun, wear a sun-hat, 
 and during the strong sun of the summer, carry an 
 umbrella. 
 
 '*Be particularly careful to provide against the 
 sudden change of temperature during the month of 
 September. This applies especially to the nights. 
 Put extra cover on the bed if the temperature drops. 
 
 *'Do not eat raw vegetables or uncooked fruits 
 unless the latter are sterilized. 
 
 '*Be vaccinated against smallpox at regular and 
 frequent intervals. Be inoculated against typhoid 
 and para-typhoid. 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 29 
 
 **Take regular exercise; work on a regular pro- 
 gram. 
 
 ''I have been in China since 1873 — a period of 
 more than forty-five years — and have never had a 
 serious illness due to the climate. I see no reason 
 why a foreigner should not live as long in China as in 
 the home land." 
 
 Dr. R. H. Graves of Canton, China, spent fifty- 
 six years in the work, never strong, but was an un- 
 tiring worker, faithful to his post of duty, rain or 
 shine, winter or summer, amidst many trials in his 
 early labours. He was very careful in his eating 
 and used this method to keep fit for work. He was 
 patient and temperate in all things, working steadily 
 but quietly, making the following the rule of his life : 
 ''The place of duty is the place of safety." 
 
 Dr. R. T. Bryan, Shanghai, who has spent nearly 
 forty years very actively, gives a number of helpful 
 suggestions: **Live naturally. (Dr. Bryan empha- 
 sized this in many ways.) One ought to be careful 
 and take the advice of those who have had more ex- 
 perience. The wise person will seek to adapt him- 
 self to his surroundings in all things. This should 
 certainly be done in matters pertaining to health. 
 
 ''At night hang up your troubles with your 
 clothes and go to bed, and next morning, if possible, 
 leave the troubles off. Be hopeful and optimistic 
 under all circumstances, leaving the difficult things, 
 which you cannot do, to God. Talk about difficulties 
 as little as possible. Drink plenty of water. I found 
 
80 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 that I was drinking too little water. All work and 
 no play makes Bob a dull boy. 
 
 Be Temperate in All Things." 
 
 Dr. Hunter Corbett of Shantung Province, China, 
 gives us one of the most helpful messages. He has 
 spent fifty-four years in the work and is still very 
 active. His words ought to be in the hearts of every 
 missionary and kingdom builder. 
 
 " I. Seek to understand and live as required in 
 Romans 12 and 1 Corinthians 6 : 19, 20. I think the 
 Apostle here gives one of the secrets of his own suc- 
 cessful life — the acceptable sacrifice must be free 
 from blemish. This requires nourishing food, suffi- 
 cient sleep and rest, and strict obedience to the laws 
 of health. 
 
 * * II. Strive to live day by day as the Apostle did 
 in Philippians 4 : 4-13. To be able to rejoice in the 
 Lord always, we must live and pray as verses 5 and 6 
 require. If we faithfully do our part, surely our 
 Heavenly Father will fulfill to us verse 7. What 
 more could we have in this life? 
 
 *'If we can only exercise our minds as verse 8 
 requires, will not this help us to live at peace with 
 others and grow in contentment as Paul did in verses 
 9-13 r' 
 
 Mr. Hawks Pott, President and Founder of St. 
 John's University, one of the most influential insti- 
 tutions in the Orient, gives out of his long experience 
 the following: **0f course climate in different parts 
 of China varies very much and it would not be pos- 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 31 
 
 sible to say that all places are equally healthy. On 
 the whole, however, I think a person may live as long 
 in China as he would in the United States. 
 
 ' ' A missionary, if he wants to keep in good health, 
 should take regular mental and physical recreation. 
 By mental recreation I mean that he should not be- 
 come so much absorbed in his work that he neglects 
 to give himself time for general reading. We all 
 know that the mind and the body react on each 
 other. The man who becomes so absorbed in his 
 work that he never thinks of anything else is apt to 
 become morbid and nervous, and this tells on his 
 bodily health. The reading of good books not di- 
 rectly connected with his own work will help him to 
 keep his mental balance and this will react on his 
 health. 
 
 *'By physical recreation I mean, of course, that 
 he should take some regular form of exercise. Most 
 missionaries lead a sedentary life and do not give 
 themselves enough physical recreation. During the 
 summer holiday perhaps they err in the direction of 
 taking too much. During the working period they 
 neglect it almost entirely. Dui^mg the winter I try 
 to get a walk every day or play golf. When I was 
 younger, I was fond of tennis. Of course there are 
 many things from a medical point of view that could 
 be mentioned, but I will simply emphasize these two 
 requisites.*' 
 
 Mr. D. E. Hoste, Director of the China Inland 
 Mission in China, the mission with the largest num- 
 
32 MEN Amy METHODS 
 
 ber of workers, gives us some very helpful sugges- 
 tions as to the physical needs. His words are the 
 more significant since they come from a mission 
 known the world over as stressing the spiritual. We 
 need to hear him : 
 
 **The Health of the Missionary: 
 
 ''(a) Before coming out he should be carefully 
 vaccinated, and re-vaccinated and subsequently re- 
 vaccinated at intervals of four or five years. 
 
 '* (b) It is desirable that he should be inoculated 
 against typhoid fever. 
 
 ** (c) It is most important that he should never 
 drink unboiled water in this country. To do so will 
 almost certainly result in his having typhoid fever 
 or dysentery, and perhaps both. There may be ex- 
 ceptions to this rule in coast ports like Shanghai, but 
 they are risky. 
 
 " (d) For nine months in the year it is unwise to 
 go out in the open with the head uncovered. This 
 is certainly true immediately after using the brain 
 in study or in other intellectual exercise. Want of 
 care in this respect has resulted in injury from the 
 sun, more or less severe, in a number of cases out 
 here. A helmet should be worn for five or six 
 months in the year, according to locality. 
 
 "(e) Regular brisk exercise should be taken 
 daily. A walk is not sufficient. What are known as 
 the Swedish exercises should be done regularly. A 
 good deal of dyspepsia and nervous trouble is due to 
 lack of care in this resi)ect. If the abdomen and the 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 33 
 
 internal organs are not kept in good tone by exercise, 
 a man easily gets indigestion, constipation, and other 
 troubles. 
 
 *' (/) The habit of going to bed early should be 
 formed and strictly adhered to. A man should not 
 do difficult, exacting work after the evening meal. 
 The easier kind ^vill not hurt. 
 
 * * (gr) The habit of brushing the teeth with a tooth 
 powder or paste at least twice in twenty-four hours 
 should be carefully kept up. A dentist should be 
 visited once a year. Many lose their teeth and so 
 injure their health through want of attention of 
 these two points. ' * 
 
 While in Japan, I had a talk with Dr. Newton, the 
 president of the Methodist College at Kobe. This 
 institution has nearly two thousand students. I 
 found Dr. Newton strong and active, bearing nobly 
 the responsibilities of one of the largest Christian 
 schools in Japan. He is near seventy, having done 
 faithful and valiant work for years in the Island 
 Empire. He said if we are to make a large impres- 
 sion on the Japanese, we must know their language, 
 the life of the people, and do solid work. For our 
 spiritual and physical needs, we need to look to our 
 Master in Whom we live, move, and have our being. 
 He will give us power to live and do strenuous work. 
 He impressed me as a man who lives close to God 
 and depended on Him for both physical and spiri- 
 tual strength, as we all should do in all mission 
 fields. 
 
34 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 In the experience of these workers who have 
 wrought long and well, we see a number of prin- 
 ciples that ought to be known and adhered to with 
 all care and rigour. If we fail to do this while we 
 are young, we thereby lose the opportunity to do a 
 large work for our Saviour. If we are not willing 
 to conquer ourselves wholly for the Lord through 
 His power and wisdom, we cannot be fit soldiers to 
 do His biddings in the lands that need the strongest 
 and most efficient leaders. To follow these sugges- 
 tions, full, radiant, conquering life through the 
 lengthening years is ours for wise constructive la- 
 bours for establishing the Kingdom of God in all 
 lands. 
 
 In these messages we have emphasized afresh the 
 importance of the physical. This properly cared for 
 will solve many problems that arise from nervous- 
 ness and morbid minds that need to be fought with 
 rigour as the greatest enemies of peace and progress 
 in many fields. My own experience and observation 
 confirm all these messages give. I have spent nearly 
 twenty years as a missionary to South China. I 
 have never had a serious illness due to the climate. 
 I was not strong when I reached China. I am much 
 stronger now than then, and have been able to in- 
 crease my labours with the years. Mrs. Saunders 
 and I have played tennis and taken other forms of 
 exercise as regularly as we have had morning prayers 
 — and regarded the exercise as important as morn- 
 ing devotion. I enjoy my cold shower bath every 
 
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS 36 
 
 morning, and find I have not suffered from colds 
 for years, and need very little medicine, though I 
 had to battle with malaria most of the time until 
 we had our house and sleeping-porch well screened. 
 
 If you, young men and women, with most of life 
 still before you will heed carefully the messages of 
 these soldiers of long successful records, and begin 
 your work of preparation by living as they advise 
 while even in your school days, we will soon have a 
 new army in the foreign fields, equal to any task, 
 strong and ever aggressive for the Master. This new 
 army will mean a new era for the Kingdom of God 
 in all lands. 
 
 In noting the principles of highest efficiency for 
 the foreign missionary, I cannot refrain from sug- 
 gesting that these principles apply to all workers 
 for our God in any land. If our home men will but 
 observe these laws of greatest power and service, we 
 shall find your help the greatest as we labour to 
 **send the light to the heathen lands" and give our 
 bodies without blemish to the Lord who wants to 
 use all men everywhere to conquer the whole earth 
 for the glory of the Father. Our bodies are the 
 Lord's, ** separated unto the Gospel, *' habitats of the 
 Holy Spirit to reveal the life and message of the 
 Father at home and abroad. This being true how 
 can any minister or Christian yield to habits and 
 appetites — for the sake of temporary and lower 
 pleasure — and weaken our God-given powers that 
 ought all to be held sacred and used wholly for the 
 
36 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 battle to make the kingdom of darkness the King- 
 dom of our Lord and Saviour ? 
 
 These bodies are eternal. They certainly are the 
 only instruments that the Spirit has to use for de- 
 ciding the eternal forces of men and nations. They 
 should never be used, be the temptation ever so 
 great and the indulgence ever so easy and seemingly 
 harmless, to weaken us for the most glorious labours 
 here or in the non-Christian lands. May we be wise 
 and serve our generation and the generations yet 
 ahead according to the will of God by 'taking heed'' 
 to the things written concerning our bodies in this 
 chapter ! 
 
Ill 
 
 THE INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT 
 
 NOWHERE is the perfect man so badly 
 needed as in the foreign fields — tJie all- 
 round man, not eccentric, with few (if any) 
 idiosyncrasies, not a freak even in mental attain- 
 ments. Sane, safe, and dependable is the kind of 
 missionary that counts for the most. Defects 
 mental, or otherwise, develop rapidly in heathen 
 environments. We need men of great minds, capa- 
 ble, equal to the greatest problems of growth in 
 the churches any^vhere, but no mind is truly great 
 in the mission fields that is not first of all safe, wise, 
 and wholesome in its thinking and constructive in its 
 effort. 
 
 A few examples will illustrate my meaning. 
 Years ago Boston sent to South China one of her 
 most brilliant and eloquent young preachers (from 
 the greatest missionary church of his day), attract- 
 ive in appearance, and zealous for the Lord's work. 
 He had noble motives in coming to China, ready to 
 learn the language and do the Lord's work. After 
 studying the language for a year, he commenced to 
 preach, but preached to the natives ''in an unknown 
 tongue, ' ' and worse still a message not at all adapted 
 
 37 
 
38 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 to their conditions, since lie did not know the people. 
 He soon found that conditions were very different 
 from those he had known in the United States. He 
 was not willing to make the adjustment, do the work, 
 and soon left for the home land where the Master, 
 no doubt, found that he could be used in his native 
 environment. 
 
 Soon after I reached China, my wife and I spent 
 the summer at Macao, near Canton, and found two 
 sisters *' waiting on the Lord'' to give them the 
 tongues so they could speak Chinese. These sisters 
 spent much time indoors praying for the ''gift,'* 
 while the rest of us studied Chinese. They continued 
 this imploration for years, and soon their minds be- 
 came unbalanced and then had to be sent back home 
 by others, — disappointed, physical and mental 
 wrecks, whereas they ought to have been a great 
 blessing to needy souls, waiting for the Lord's mes- 
 sage. In giving this incident, I do not mean to 
 minimize the Lord's power to help us. He could 
 give us the '*gift of tongues" if it were best, but our 
 chief need is to know the people, their customs, and 
 life, and how to adjust our messages so as to be un- 
 derstood best by them, and we need to be forced to 
 study the language for years before we speak much 
 to them. If we could speak at first, we would make 
 mistakes that it would take years to correct if they 
 could ever be corrected. 
 
 Here and there in the mission fields we find men 
 and women of brilliant minds, who took first place 
 
THE INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT 39 
 
 in the schools of the West, with motive high and 
 noble, ^vith zeal commendable, but who fail to fit 
 into the conditions of the field. They lack that 
 "soundness of mind'' emphasized so often by Paul 
 in his letters to Timothy and Titus as they took up 
 the work in hard mission fields. Without this 
 ''soundness" men fail in the mission fields as mis- 
 fits, instead of being wise constructive leaders, and 
 are thereby lost to the Lord's work because their 
 mental training in their early days was not accord- 
 ing to safe lines. 
 
 I believe we are beginning to understand why 
 Jesus Christ chose such men as He did and committed 
 to them the destinies of His kingdom in the early 
 days of His efforts. Among the Twelve there were no 
 great schoolmen with minds bound to the traditions 
 of the great teachers. The Apostles had strong 
 minds, educated, but not according to the scholasti- 
 cism of their day, ready to handle great problems as 
 seen through the unfolding of the years. We also 
 see in the case of Paul that the Lord does use the 
 highest scholarship and the greatest minds of all 
 ages for the advancement of His kingdom; but the 
 elements of greatest service in the beginnings of 
 work must be minds willing to depend wholly upon 
 the Lord, looking well to the practical things, pa- 
 tiently labouring **in the Lord," and ready to en- 
 dure as seeing Him Who is invisible though He is 
 always with us to give us power and wisdom for 
 every task, giving all their talents, one or five, to Him 
 
40 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 to be used as He may desire. Fundamentally the 
 conditions of highest service remain the same for 
 all time and in all lands, but we can see them more 
 plainly in the non-Christian lands. 
 
 Dr. Arthur H. Smith in a recent article in the 
 CJiinese Recorder has these words bearing on this 
 subject : * ' The facts of missionary history and biog- 
 raphy finally discredit the theory that missionaries 
 to be successful must be drawn from certain social 
 classes, pass through certain educational processes, 
 and represent certain limited types. 
 
 **Yet in the midst of this diversity certain char- 
 acteristics emerge with a persistence which suggests 
 that they are those fundamental and essential quali- 
 ties of which we are in search. The common quali- 
 ties appear to be these : courage, physical endurance, 
 force of character, mental adaptability, reality of 
 spiritual experience, devotion, and love. . . . 
 We shall show that the conditions which make spe- 
 cialized preparation essential for every missionary 
 are largely a development of recent date, but we are 
 more concerned to point out that the highest prepa- 
 ration for the mission field was that which our fa- 
 thers had. They were learners in God ^s school of life ; 
 the divine processes which do the main work of 
 fashioning men and women into missionaries work 
 on them and in them for years. God, the great 
 trainer, fitted them by the discipline of life to be 
 instruments of His will. Only at our peril, now or 
 in the coming days, can we count any missionary 
 
THE INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT 41 
 
 preparation of greater value than this. It is the 
 divine foundation on which all else must be built. ' ' 
 
 These words of Dr. Smith are closely related to 
 the divine message of our Saviour in the early days. 
 Also Paul in Galatians 1 : 15-17 gives the preparation 
 of nature (in his mother's womb) and the call 
 through grace both alike part of his preparation to 
 preach the Gospel unto the Gentiles. 
 
 Some years ago I was greatly impressed by an 
 article from a business man as to the real elements 
 of greatness in the business world. These are the 
 important words that impressed me: **The big dif- 
 ferences between human beings do not lie in ability 
 and intelligence. People come nearer being equal 
 in brains than we imagine. The really big variations 
 lie in force and ambition. One man achieves a 
 thousand times as much as another — not because he 
 is a thousand times as smart, but because he is a 
 thousand times more determined. 
 
 ''On no other theory can you explain the sudden 
 rise of the 'ordinary man.' Yet we see it all the 
 time. Look around your neighbourhood and you 
 will find plenty of cases. The 'ordinary man,' who 
 begins to rise at unprecedented speed, does so be- 
 cause he suddenly gets a vision, develops a desire, 
 sees a goal. Having done this, he begins to travel 
 at a pace he has never shown before. ' ' 
 
 These words will fit into a mission journal of to- 
 day. The main point in these quotations is that the 
 labourer in this world to-day ought to be a man who 
 
42 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 can do things and do them well and keep on doing 
 them. This is an element of success in the mission 
 field as well as all other realms of mankind. We 
 shall never know what we will have to do in the mis- 
 sion fields, but being able to do well whatever our 
 hands find to do, we will fit into all conditions, ready 
 for any task. Dr. Clough would not have been 
 blest of the Lord and able to baptize in one day two 
 thousand two hundred and twenty-two Telugus if he 
 had not been a man able to handle practical prob- 
 lems, and thereby prepare the people to understand 
 spiritual things. This was the Master's way as He 
 walked among men. Some men, like Dr. Clough, 
 may make a poor showing in the schools and home 
 churches, but they have the mental adaptability and 
 genius for doing things, and in the end the Lord can 
 use them far better than others with much stronger 
 minds and better training. 
 
 The world is realizing after all that ''all the treas- 
 ures of wisdom and knowledge" were *' hidden *' in 
 the Master, and His way is the wisest and best for 
 all time and places. The whole tendency of the edu- 
 cational enterprise is to swing back to the practi- 
 cable, developing the mind most by solving the prob- 
 lems of life. The old theory that the mind develops 
 best by studying the abstruse is not as important as 
 it once was. All barriers to human progress must be 
 overcome, all difficulties in meeting the needs of the 
 human family must be solved, and enemies of the 
 whole body must be conquered ; but in meeting these 
 
THE Il!n?ELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT 43 
 
 desired ends, the strongest and most efficient minds 
 are developed, and the highest culture obtained. The 
 foreign mission fields cry aloud for this new em- 
 phasis. The pride of culture should be overcome by 
 the humble spirit that lives to serve and reveal the 
 Saviour to the needy, suffering souls and bodies of 
 men, our brothers waiting for the blessings of the 
 Father. 
 
 In saying this I would not make the impression 
 that we do not need in the mission fields men of the 
 greatest minds and who can meet life's greatest 
 problems anywhere in the world. I am sure no- 
 where in the world are there greater calls for great 
 minds, capable of thinking world thoughts and meet- 
 ing world problems, than we now have in the non- 
 Christian lands. This can be done, however, by men 
 who see things as the Lord does and then by con- 
 secrating all for Him to use for kingdom purposes. 
 
 Paul, near the close of his earthly career in writing 
 to the young missionaries, who were to continue his 
 work, and who had to labour in fields approaching 
 the foreign situation nearest, emphasized again and 
 again the little word ''sound'' as expressing one of 
 the more important qualifications for their labours. 
 In writing to Titus, who had the more difficult task, 
 he used this word most frequently according to the 
 length of the letter. Judging from the above ex- 
 ample the more we need to understand and appro- 
 priate the meaning of this word in our present mis- 
 sion activity. It is used in a number of connections. 
 
44 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 *'A sound mind," ''sound in the doctrine, ''sound 
 words," ''sound in the faith," etc., etc. 
 
 Just what did Paul mean by this word ? He must 
 have meant what wisdom means in Proverbs and 
 more too. It has been suggested that he meant 
 "wholesome," "healthful," "normal," — the sane, 
 symmetrical, perfect development of the mind that 
 will enable one to see things as they are and use 
 one's talents so as to make the largest contribution to 
 the needs of people as the Lord would have one to 
 do. An investigation as to the conditions confront- 
 ing the missionary in the great mission fields, will 
 convince us that Paul knew the supreme need of the 
 mental make-up of God's servants in the present mis- 
 sion work. Mental preparation of the keenest and 
 highest intellectual attainments will fail if this quali- 
 fication is lacking. Unless this "soundness" is ever 
 present in the greatest minds and most highly culti- 
 vated, the worker will not only be a failure, but may 
 be a positive harm to safe and successful mission 
 activities. 
 
 I must not leave the subject of the intellectual 
 without calling our world soldier's attention to the 
 fact that the Lord Jesus must have absolute control 
 of our mental life if we are to be kept from all 
 dangers and made the right kind of soldiers for the 
 greatest service to the work of His kingdom. Jesus 
 desires to use all our powers for the greatest effi- 
 ciency in order that we may meet the world 's needs, 
 and we should give our minds to Him for this holy 
 
THE INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT 45 
 
 purpose, and then through the years will each talent 
 be so adjusted to the needs of the hour. The possi- 
 bilities of minds so given is beyond the dreams of 
 His children, yet as we live and labour for Him, we 
 shall realize more and more the power and beauty of 
 all minds thus given to Him. 
 
IV 
 
 THE SPIRITUAL REQUIREMENTS 
 
 IN emphasizing the physical and mental, I do 
 not wish to minimize the spiritual. In fact I 
 rather placed due emphasis on the former that 
 the latter may be fully attained. Our spiritual de- 
 pends greatly upon the condition of the physical and 
 intellectual. The revealed will of God, as shown us 
 in His Word, makes this plain. The body offered 
 **in living sacrifice without blemish '' and the minds 
 wholly given to the Father enable the spiritual life 
 to be its best for the Lord's work. I wonder if we 
 have not often forgotten tliis great fact. 
 
 The foreign missionary knows, as but few do, that 
 he is fighting *' against the principalities, against 
 the powers, against the world rulers of this dark- 
 ness, against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the 
 heavenly places" (Eph. 6:12). He needs the di- 
 vine life, the Holy Spirit without measure, if he is 
 to conquer these forces which are intrenched every- 
 where in the strongholds of society. He finds that 
 his only hope is in the conquering Christ indwelling 
 through the Paraclete, but in Him he has all power 
 necessary to meet the needs of any field. 
 
 46 
 
THE SPmiTUAL EEQUIEEMENTS 47 
 
 Paul evidently meant the following elements to be 
 those he regarded most important to true success: 
 **Love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, good- 
 ness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control/' Peter 
 puts it this way, ''Adding on your part all diligence, 
 in your faith supply virtue, and in your virtue 
 knowledge, and in your knowledge self-control, and 
 in your self-control patience, and your patience god- 
 liness, and in your godliness brotherly kindness, and 
 in your brotherly kindness love. ' ' James gives this, 
 ''The wisdom that cometh from above is first pure, 
 then peaceable, gentle, easy to be entreated, full of 
 mercy and good fruits, without variance, without 
 hypocrisy." John says, "These (evidently the ones 
 he thought accomplished the most in bringing about 
 the Father's reign in the hearts of men) conquered 
 by the blood of the Lamb," possibly suggesting that 
 they in union with the Son in His sacrifice, by faith 
 and unceasing zeal to do the Father's will, helped 
 to conquer the evil forces of their day to the glory 
 of the Father. Unquestionably we have in the words 
 of these different writers what the writers of the 
 New Testament believed to be the greatest qualities 
 for success in the Lord 's work. 
 
 These elements primarily refer to the manner of 
 life and service and devotion that the early disciples 
 had to the principles of the kingdom in the midst 
 of a wrecked world in which they had to live and 
 manifest Christ among men. Such elements are the 
 outgrowth of a life wherein the Spirit dwells and 
 
48 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 keeps afresh the life of Christ. One cannot help 
 from seeing that such elements were the kind the 
 Master had when He walked among men. They are 
 certainly the very ones needed most in the mission 
 field to-day where the original type of Christianity 
 is the one that ought to be ever manifested in seek- 
 ing to win the nations to the Father. Experience 
 and observation in the non-Christian lands reveal 
 to us that the Spirit of God must manifest these ele- 
 ments in our lives if we are to have them in abun- 
 dance to meet the needs of these benighted lands, in 
 a conquering warfare for our Lord and Captain. 
 
 There are many things to prevent the development 
 of the spiritual life in the missionary. His very zeal 
 for the work and feverish haste to do something 
 worth while may be the chief occasion of failure 
 where spiritual results are the greatest needs of 
 these fields. Too much machinery, too many conflict- 
 ing plans, too busy about the work, too anxious about 
 our own efforts — these concomitants destroy the 
 poise of heart and waiting upon the Lord that are 
 necessary to obtain His fullness of power needed for 
 spiritual leadership. Any effort wisely organized 
 and zealously prosecuted, any mode of procedure 
 adjusted to conditions will prove a failure if they 
 prevent our spiritual life being radiant with the 
 Lord's presence and power. The very lack of ade- 
 quate workers and the pressing needs of the hour 
 may hinder the missionary in obtaining the spiritual 
 equipment which is the basis of all successful labours. 
 
THE SPIBITUAL EEQUIREMENTS 49 
 
 I mean by spiritual life that which reveals Jesus, 
 **puts on the Lord Jesus Christ and makes no pro- 
 vision for the flesh/' manifesting that divine life 
 hidden in Christ, yet daily seen living the realities 
 of the kingdom as the Master did in meeting the 
 needs of the human family. To do the highest serv- 
 ice not only our wills, but our bodies and all, must 
 be made ''conformable to His will," and then our 
 lives transformed in golden deeds suited to the prac- 
 tical needs of the people among whom we live, blend- 
 ing all our powei^ in that all-rounded soldier which 
 our Lord's work demands; not fanatical or unnat- 
 ural, but Christlike in blessed service. Such spiri- 
 tual lives are the need and hope of any field. 
 
 The physical, intellectual, and spiritual are so 
 completely interdependent that we cannot neglect 
 the one without harming all others. In reading the 
 letters from the great mission heroes of the Orient 
 this resultant was intimated many times though 
 they were discussing primarily the physical. Dr. 
 Hawks Pott expressly said that the physical greatly 
 affects the mental and spiritual. Dr. Newton, of 
 Japan, said we must look to the Father for both 
 spiritual and physical blessings. Mr. D. E. Hoste 
 has these words bearing on the subject, following 
 his emphasis on the physical, **A clear, personal 
 faith in the Lord Jesus Christ as the Son of God and 
 personal Redeemer, a belief in the Divine authority 
 of the Holy Scriptures, and the habit of their daily 
 devotional study, a practical recognition of the need 
 
50 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 of prayer and intercession as essential both to per- 
 sonal living and to the real effectiveness of service, 
 are, in my solemn conviction, fundamental to effi- 
 ciency as a Christian missionary. If a man has not 
 a personal experience of Christ in his life and a 
 clear-cut message to give from God, then he had bet- 
 ter stay at home." Drs. Corbett and Fitch have 
 words bearing on the connection between the physi- 
 cal and spiritual. 
 
 A rather careful examination of the New Testa- 
 ment relative to the qualification of successful dis- 
 cipleship discloses the following matters to be impor- 
 tant and should be found in every successful mis- 
 sionary : 
 
 1. The missionary should be a joyful Christian — 
 ** love, joy, and peace '' ought to abound in his life 
 be his condition or work whatever it may be. It was 
 said of Christ Jesus because He '4oved righteousness 
 and hated iniquity, therefore God, thy God, hath 
 anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy 
 fellows." We are His ambassadors, hence should 
 represent His life. Not only is this true, but our 
 physical prowess depends on our living the joyful 
 life. The only physician I have quoted is Dr. 
 Hume, and it is rather significant that he should 
 show the importance of the relation between the 
 physical and spiritual. In The Manual for Young 
 Missionaries, pp. 1 and 7, we have these wise words : 
 '* First of all then, new arrivals, come to China pre- 
 pared to be happy. The surest way to undermine 
 
THE SPIEITUAL REQUIEEMENTS 51 
 
 health in China is to approach your work in a spirit 
 of complaining criticism; and, conversely, none re- 
 main so continuously well and bring so much energy 
 to their work, as those who come with a smila Of 
 course, there will be lots of hard things to bear and 
 to overcome, any amount of vexing delays; but be 
 glad that everything is not as smooth running and as 
 promptly done as at home. Do not criticize the 
 older workers, and find fault v^ith your food and ac- 
 commodation. There would not be much to reform 
 if all had been perfect before you arrived. 
 
 **If, as President H. C. King has said, the will is 
 the central part of emphasis in the fight for charac- 
 ter, then the missionary in China should use his will 
 to lead him to live the optimistic life. While some 
 live it more naturally, it can undoubtedly be culti- 
 vated. In a recent issue of the China Medical 
 Journal (September, 1917) the editor refers to 'ac- 
 cidie or akedia,a, peculiar malady which lessens men's 
 power of service and makes them uncongenial com- 
 panions' — not a new nervous disorder, ascribable to 
 the modern rushing mode of life, but a complaint 
 born of mono-intro-inspection, and cured only when 
 spiritual treatment is used along with the physical. 
 Accidie and kindred maladies can be warded off by 
 those who persistently live the *glad' life like Polly- 
 anna; who see that good is stronger than evil; and 
 that physical as well as moral victory comes to him 
 who can live the positively cheerful life. For opti- 
 mism is more than a roseate view ; it is the will and 
 
52 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the act of conquering the depressing elements in our 
 journey and uplifting the disheartened whom we 
 meet along the way. ' ' 
 
 If the soldier of the expanding kingdom could 
 realize that worry is waste, as Dr. John Clifford 
 says, and that it is as wrong to fret as to swear, as 
 John Wesley used to say, and that every missionary 
 is expected to be *' filled with oil of gladness above 
 his fellows," then through the power of the Spirit 
 we would conquer our wills and determine at all 
 times and under all conditions to ''rejoice always and 
 again I say rejoice.'' Surely the Master expects us 
 to conquer ourselves absolutely through His help for 
 the work of the kingdom. The Holy Spirit enables 
 us to do this so our lives will count for the most. 
 We certainly have our part to do. We must, as a 
 positive Christian duty, live the joyful life. To fail 
 we are sinning against our Lord, then weakening our 
 powers for His work, and recreant to duty where the 
 noblest life is both possible and necessary. 
 
 2. Patient forbearance and fidelity to duty re- 
 gardless of conditions, the appeals of men, or of the 
 world. This element, too, is due to the power of the 
 Holy Spirit. The soldier of Christ has made real 
 progress when he realizes that the ''faithfulness" 
 and "goodness" mentioned in the New Testament 
 are concrete acts in the battles of the kingdom rather 
 than abstract ideas. However, these acts are the out- 
 growth of eternal realities and sublime truths that 
 never yield to varying days, and are ever ready to 
 
THE SPIRITUAL EEQUIEEMENTS 53 
 
 adjust themselves to the conflict as the strategy of 
 the battle requires. True spiritual life makes this 
 possible. 
 
 3. Yielding all talents to the Master. These ele- 
 ments of success emphasized by the writers of the 
 New Testament are the basis of success in all fields. 
 We should be much concerned that these appear and 
 abound. The mere fact of our going to the foreign 
 fields will not assure this. We should give all our 
 talents definitely to Him that His life and power 
 may appear. This is our chief daily duty in all 
 fields. "When this is done, all our preparation and 
 abilities — body, mind, and heart — will be blended so 
 as to bring about the largest results. 
 
 4. Definite plans and these carried out ''in all 
 diligence" is an element of real success in the spir- 
 itual life. We too often think that the spiritual life 
 is not bound up with well-worked-out plans adhered 
 to and executed faithfully day by day. No spiritual 
 life is possible in the most efficient service without 
 this. Paul and Peter both emphasized this in a 
 forceful way. The **one thing" and with all ''dili- 
 gence" point plainly to this method of labour in the 
 lives of these two great Christian leaders in the 
 Apostolic era. In the mission field there are many 
 things fighting against our time and hindering us in 
 definite plans rigorously adhered to, but the most 
 efficient soldier will stick to his plan of conquest, 
 make this his chief duty from the day he reaches the 
 field until he has ended his labours. A review of 
 
64 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the lives of men who have valiantly counted in the 
 mission fields in spiritual things have had their time 
 for each daily task and have driven steadily along 
 the path of duty and success with a regularity like 
 the passing days. 
 
 I shall not seek to lay down rules or call your at- 
 tention to the habits of our men of greatest power 
 in the mission fields. I simply insist that these men 
 had them and the success of their labours in spiritual 
 things was determined by their definite plans as the 
 chief daily routine. Definite time for prayer and 
 devotional reading of God's precious Word, quiet 
 periods for hearing His voice as to each duty, daily 
 contact with Him for power and wisdom to meet the 
 complex work of the various fields and problems are 
 prerequisites to the highest success. Just how this is 
 to be done best must be left to the individual, but it 
 must be done to assure needed spiritual results in 
 the missionary work. 
 
 5. The need for hard work. There is a tend- 
 ency to consider hard work as unnecessary in the 
 spiritual life. All power is from above, and we 
 need to stand still and let the spiritual power flow 
 through us to others. My idea of spiritual life is 
 far from this. I am reminded of my experience in 
 Jerusalem years ago. A Catholic lady and her 
 daughter joined our party at Port Said. We 
 reached the ''Holy City,'' and this Catholic lady 
 went to a nunnery for headquarters. She had a sis- 
 ter in Scotland, who was a member of this order, and 
 
THE SPIEITUAL EEQUIEEMENTS 55 
 
 had advised her to spend her time there while seeing 
 Palestine. After she was in the nunnery for a while 
 she came to our hotel, and said that she was almost 
 in prison. The *' sisters" prayed nearly all day, and 
 while prayers were on, she must not move nor make 
 any fuss. She pertinently remarked, ''I think if 
 they would pray less and work more, they would ac- 
 complish more.'' Our Lord spent much time in 
 prayer; the average missionary spends entirely too 
 little; but prayer, devotional reading of the Bible, 
 waiting before the Lord will be of no avail unless we 
 have done these things in order that we may work 
 more faithfully and continuously as a " good soldier 
 of Christ.'' Jesus worked from early morning till 
 late at night, surprising His disciples and His own 
 family with His determination, regardless of the con- 
 dition, *'to work while it is day," seeing ever the 
 shadows approaching when He could not labour. 
 He had His habits, doing this according to His cus- 
 tom, counting the fast-flying minutes precious in 
 their relation to the eternal verities of the kingdom. 
 Missionaries do not work too much. This machine 
 of ours is capable of much labour if properly ad- 
 justed to the source of all power and the environ- 
 ments in which we live. We may neglect the laws of 
 health, eat things that do not suit the requirements 
 of the body, manifest a wrong spirit as we labour, 
 keep our minds on the unwholesome, fail to appro- 
 priate the power and radiancy of the Master's life, 
 and thus fail. We may upset the order and poise of 
 
56 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 nature, and this will be a cause of failure and cred- 
 ited to labour as the source of failure or breakdown ; 
 but, as a rule, it is not the work that brings the 
 breakdown, but the spirit or attitude of the worker. 
 System, right relation to the source of all power, 
 proper attention to the laws of health, constancy in 
 the pursuit of duty will fill the days with endless 
 forces. Labour does not injure, but brings the 
 greatest blessing to the labourer as well as others 
 when rightly done. 
 
 6. A well developed sense of humour. This 
 may not always be the gift of the Spirit, but it is so 
 closely bound up with the other gifts of the Spirit, 
 we cannot separate it from these others. Humour 
 in the deadening fields of heathenism is almost an 
 essential part of the well-round man that I feel it is 
 a gift of the Spirit. It is a real blessing to be able 
 to see the comical where there is so much to depress, 
 and see the variegated blossoming lily rising out of 
 the scum of the filthy pond, detect the sparkling 
 sands of gold in the crude stones, behold the shining 
 stars as the rift appears in the lowering clouds, per- 
 ceive the beauties of nature where *'only man is 
 vile," and realize God is present everywhere if our 
 hearts are prisms that can appropriate and reflect 
 the divine life wherever we are. Our life and la- 
 bours will be very different if we are willing to do 
 this. 
 
 One of the oldest, most active of missionaries now 
 living in South China had this experience in his 
 
THE SPIRITUAL EEQUIREMENTS 57 
 
 early days: the Chinese came and looted the home 
 and took practically everything they had. The in- 
 mates barely escaped with their lives, but they were 
 truly thankful that they had escaped at all. As 
 they went down the river to Canton, night came and 
 the mosquitoes were bad; and they soon saw that 
 they had escaped from the Chinese bandits and had 
 run into the hands of the enemies of the body which 
 were seeking to inject the poison of malaria into 
 their blood. What could this large family do ? They 
 found that the bandits had left a little mosquito 
 netting that was on the baby's cradle. They made 
 their beds down on the floor of the crude boat, so 
 arranged things that their heads would all come to 
 a point near its center, then took the baby's mos- 
 quito netting and covered all their heads, with the 
 bedding they covered their bodies, and there slept 
 safely from the dangers of the mosquito. One of the 
 party told me many years afterwards about the inci- 
 dent, and how they all laughed and enjoyed their 
 rare experience of meeting the needs of the evening. 
 With such missionaries the spirit of morbidness and 
 fretfulness will have no place. They will conquer 
 the petty difficulties that usually are harassing. 
 
 Last year I was returning to the United States 
 with a secretary of one of the leading mission boards. 
 He told me that two of his most valuable workers 
 were brothers, doctors who were living in the interior 
 of China. These doctors were musical, full of fun, 
 saw the comical in life, kept up the good feelings of 
 
68 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 many by their sports and humour and added courage 
 and hopefulness to many drooping spirits. Doctors 
 have learned in these fields that a ** cheerful spirit 
 doeth good like (more than) a medicine/' and it is 
 their business to keep the eyes of the soul on the 
 noble and beautiful rather than on the serious and 
 vile. These doctors always advise us to have hob- 
 bies, — ^not that hobbies in themselves are worth 
 much, but they break the routine and deadening pull 
 of the commonplace, that is drawing us too much 
 into the *' Slough of Despond." 
 
 These suggestions may seem too trivial and simple 
 to the volunteer and young missionary to be taken 
 seriously ; but I desire to assure any one that his re- 
 lation to these simple principles will determine with 
 great certainty his life-work in the non-Christian 
 lands. We are in danger of passing over these com- 
 mon principles of God's Word and the experience of 
 His successful labourers, and in the end to make a 
 very small contribution to winning these lands to our 
 Saviour. He who would make the greatest contri- 
 bution to the needy millions without our Saviour 
 ought to begin now the learning and observance of 
 these simple principles of how to live long and labour 
 well in the lands needing our best endeavour. Your 
 victory at Waterloo is determined beyond all doubt 
 by the way you spend your days at Eton. J. Camp- 
 bell Morgan, in ''The Hidden Years at Nazareth," 
 tells us that the Master never would have won His 
 victory in the wilderness and finally at the Cross if 
 
THE SPIEITUAL EEQUIREMENTS 59 
 
 He had not lived according to the Father's will in 
 the quiet days of childhood at Nazareth. 
 
 You may now know what others had to learn by 
 costly years of experience. The conditions can be 
 ascertained and likemse how to live best and longest 
 in meeting the needs to the glory of the Father. It 
 is within your power to begin well and fill all the 
 future years with the more noble, living according to 
 the demands of the age for the most efficient work- 
 man in the Lord's kingdom. If you will so live, a 
 new era for the Kingdom of God the world over will 
 dawn and the great untouched sections of this earth 
 will hear the glad tidings; and flowers of His own 
 making will spring up everywhere in the arid lands 
 so long blasted by sin. 
 
ENTERING THE FIELD OF ONE'S LIFE. 
 WORK— THE ADJUSTMENT 
 
 ALL that has been said in the previous chap- 
 ters is preparatory to the missionary's life- 
 work. He is now ready to begin the work 
 of winning the non-Christian nations to our Saviour. 
 He reaches the field, begins the study of the language 
 and the people so he can reveal Christ to those who 
 know Him not. We expect the new arrival to spend 
 two years principally in language study and learn- 
 ing the people that he can make '^ contact'' in such 
 a way that will enable him to adapt his message to 
 their needs and conditions. During these two years, 
 he may be able to do some teaching and other kinds 
 of mission work, but most of his time will be given 
 to knowing the people, their language, and their 
 needs. After the first two years, he still will need to 
 study the language and the people — this should go 
 on as long as one is on the field — ^but the main em- 
 phasis after the first few years will be on meeting the 
 needs of the people rather than preparing to do the 
 work. These first few years of preparation on the 
 field will determine to a great degree all the future 
 days in the work. Inasmuch as they are fraught 
 
 60 
 
THE ADJUSTMENT 61 
 
 with, endless possibilities and responsibilities, one 
 must look well to these first years in the mission 
 fields. 
 
 The missionary ought to know that this adjust- 
 ment is not an easy task. Some never make the 
 proper adjustment. They try to reproduce Western 
 life and methods and force the Chinese or other peo- 
 ple to pass through their moulds. This is fatal to real 
 success. It is absolutely necessary to learn the peo- 
 ple as they are and adjust one's life and message to 
 their needs. The other day I noticed a farewell 
 luncheon was given to a Japanese (an Oriental) at 
 Dallas, Texas. He had made fine success as a busi- 
 ness man and mixer with the American people. The 
 Rotary Club gave him a splendid send-off. It was a 
 happy occasion and augurs much for the pleasant 
 relations that ought to exist between the Occident 
 and Orient. In his speech this Japanese said he was 
 going back to his native country to try to bring about 
 a better relation between his people and us. Hear 
 his words : ' ' I hope I can fulfill this mission, but it 
 is a bigger one than you think. It required years of 
 contact for me to understand and appreciate Ameri- 
 can traits. A thorough understanding between the 
 peoples of the two countries means much for the 
 cause of humanity and civilization." All students 
 of the human family the world over know that one 
 cannot be any help to another people until one knows 
 these people and is willing to adjust one's message 
 and life to meet their needs. The soldier of Jesus 
 
62 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Christ, who will not do this and do it well, is unfit to 
 represent the Saviour in any mission field, and is 
 doomed to failure. We cannot learn this from afar 
 or from those who hastily pass through the country 
 and write their findings. All such writings are apt 
 to hinder a true knowledge of the people and how we 
 can meet their needs. If we are to lift these people 
 out of the slavery of moribund customs and traditions 
 to the twilight of God's new day for them, we must 
 know them and adjust the Gospel of Jesus Christ so 
 that they can understand it meets their needs. 
 
 The missionary goes to these non-Christian lands 
 not to destroy their moral ideals and customs except 
 as these are opposed to the teachings of our Saviour. 
 Christ came not to destroy the law and the prophets, 
 as His enemies constantly affirmed and feared, but to 
 fulfill and purify all that was good in the past and 
 graft it to the new day He came to inaugurate. Mis- 
 sion folk must not propagate Western customs and 
 traditions. These have had their day, but they have 
 no place, as such, in the great mission fields. Too 
 many of our Western forms even of church life and 
 customs have the colouring of the local civil and 
 political life of the nations in which they arose and 
 developed with the march of national events. These 
 may be a real barrier to progress in establishing the 
 Kingdom of God in the hearts of the natives of any 
 country. Our Saviour taught us a wise lesson by 
 staying free from customs, some of which were really 
 harmful, but He was willing to adjust His life and 
 
THE ADJUSTMENT 63 
 
 message to the needs of the people, and leave these 
 harmful customs to disappear with the advance of 
 truth. 
 
 So much is involved in this phase of our work — 
 the adjustment of life and message to meet the con- 
 ditions and needs of the people, I feel it worth while 
 to quote rather at length from an English officer who 
 has had much experience in handling things Chinese. 
 This officer has held many important positions for 
 his government in the consular service in China. 
 His last position was that of managing the coolie 
 service for the Allies in Europe, sending many thou- 
 sands of Chinese coolies to help win the war. At 
 one time he acted as magistrate wherein he had to 
 pass on all local questions among the Chinese at 
 Weihaiwei. He knows Chinese individually and col- 
 lectively as few men. It was my great pleasure to 
 travel with him for a full day in Shantung Prov- 
 ince. He showed much concern about this phase of 
 the work. I will give a few paragraphs from a long 
 letter he afterwards wrote me bearing on ancestral 
 worship and other things Chinese. ** Reject firmly 
 all anti-Christian excrescences of a purely religious 
 nature, but retain and engraft those which per se are 
 good, and which are capable of embodiment in a 
 modified form in the body of Christian doctrine. 
 E. g., let Christian festivals coincide with Chinese, 
 let the Chinese Ch'ing Ming festival coincide with 
 Easter and sweep the graves and decorate them in a 
 Christian manner. Why force the arbitrary Catho- 
 
64 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 lie ecclesiastical chronology on the Chinese? It is 
 not an essential part of Christianity. 
 
 ''The Chinese Church must be for the Chinese 
 Race. You may as well give up if you mean to en- 
 graft Western social machinery on the Chinese with- 
 out modification. That is not Christian, yet it is 
 what many seem to be attempting. The struggle is 
 in the realm of ideas and ideals, not in material acts. 
 They will follow. Personal honesty and independent 
 moral stamina are what is chiefly wanted in China. 
 
 ''The story is told of an ancient Chinese sage, 
 revered still for his personal honesty, that he re- 
 ceived an urgent call to work as an official. Calling 
 his friends before him he entertained them at a 
 feast, and loading them with presents, bade them a 
 last farewell, then devoted himself exclusively to the 
 service of the State. Few Chinese have the strength 
 of mind to do so. It is very sad but true that the 
 family principle has been developed to the destruc- 
 tion of personal independence. 
 
 "At present the Chinese are unconscious of the 
 complexity of the problem of national regeneration, 
 it seems to me — so are nearly all foreigners. The 
 tendency is to seek salvation by short cuts : Western 
 education, militarism, political reform, materialism 
 in all its shapes, especially as it is interpreted by 
 Japan. The trouble is, however, deep-rooted and 
 can be dealt with by nothing less than moral regen- 
 eration. 
 
 *'A council of Christian churchmen and laymen, 
 
THE ADJUSTMENT 65 
 
 Chinese and foreigners, ought to study the problem. 
 The only solution I see is wisely applied Christian 
 principles. I believe it can be done, but there must 
 be no cant." — G. S. Moss, H. B. M. Consular Service. 
 
 We may not accept all this official says, but much 
 is certainly to the point as the task confronts us to- 
 day. It is certainly not an easy one of small signifi- 
 cance concerning our method of labouring to present 
 Christianity in the most effective way. The Chinese 
 people are no exception. All non-Christian lands 
 present very much the same situation. All real 
 friends and students of these people, whether they 
 be missionaries or statesmen, see the problems much 
 the same way. One of the best-knowai Christian 
 workers in China is Mr. D. E. Hoste, Chinese Di- 
 rector of the China Inland Mission. He gives the fol- 
 lowing wise words: ''It is very important that the 
 young missionary should at all cost spend lots of his 
 time out amongst the people. In no other way will 
 he gain that intelligent sympathetic acquaintance 
 with their life, their customs, their point of view, 
 and the correct use of their language. This calls for 
 no little self-denial, both in exposing oneself to un- 
 pleasant and even repulsive surroundings, and also 
 in cutting oneself off from much that is attractive, 
 and, apart from these special considerations, desir- 
 able. 
 
 '*It is my settled conviction that no man will make 
 much mark in any department of missionary activ- 
 ity, whether evangelistic, pastoral, educational or 
 
66 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 medical, except by the above means, patiently and 
 perseveringly followed, gaining the knowledge of the 
 people and their ways already referred to. Without 
 this knowledge — and it is the most difficult to ac- 
 quire of any—the other training and equipment will 
 be largely ineffective. The history of missions in 
 China affords notable instances of the truth of the 
 foregoing. Dr. Timothy Richards, for instance, 
 only gained the insight and knowledge, which won 
 for himself a unique place in the confidence and re- 
 gard of certain important sections of the Chinese 
 community, by spending years living amongst the 
 people themselves. As a matter of fact, he wore the 
 Chinese dress and mingled with the Chinese in their 
 social life for many years. Similarly Dr. Hawks 
 Pott, the Founder and President of St. John's 
 University, served an apprenticeship, wearing Chi- 
 nese clothes and mingling with the people. Dr. Gil- 
 bert Re'd, who made his mark in another sphere, did 
 the same thing for many years. It takes a good 
 deal to overcome the provincial attitude of the aver- 
 age Westerner, which takes for granted that the 
 West has everything to impart and nothing to learn 
 from the East. Again, sharing people's lives and 
 experience will strengthen the sympathy better than 
 anything else. In view of some whose judgment is 
 entitled to much weight, one of the most serious 
 weaknesses of present-day missionary effort is a fail- 
 ure practically to recognize the importance of these 
 points and a willingness to pay the price, without 
 which the knowledge in question can never be 
 gained. The study of books about Chinese histories, 
 
THE ADJUSTMENT 67 
 
 philosophies, religions, customs, etc., are valuable; 
 but they will only be properly assimilated by the 
 man who mixes with the people/' 
 
 Many a field has suffered untold wreckage because 
 the missionary did not fii^ take the time necessary 
 to leam the people before he plunged into the battle, 
 striking here and there in a mad way, creating 
 prejudices and wounding the sense of honour and 
 respect which ever crippled his work with the na- 
 tives for his entire mission career. These natives 
 will judge our message by the way we treat them 
 and their sacred ideals bearing on the customs and 
 religious life of their people, the most holy ideals 
 they have and that which have done most to make 
 their long history. It is not our business to hold 
 ourselves superior to these people and seek to reflect 
 on their weaknesses. We have nothing about which 
 we can boast. We do have some blessings in Christ 
 which they need, but this should humble us, and 
 make us willing to be all things to all men that we 
 might present Christ in the most effective way and 
 do this in the most sympathetic manner. 
 
 We need wisdom from above to show the right 
 spirit and walk humbled before men as we do before 
 our God. All our preparation at home and in the 
 foreign fields will be in vain if we are not willing to 
 live and labour in relation to the people so as to 
 make our message tangible to them, gaining first 
 their confidence and respect and love, then set forth 
 Christ before them so they can understand Him as 
 their Brother who can and will meet all their needs. 
 
VT 
 
 LABOURING WITH THE NATIVES 
 
 THE missionary from the West goes to the 
 heathen lands with the stigma and con- 
 tempt that usually follow the name **for- 
 eigner*' in any country. As far as the Orient is 
 concerned, the missionary is to labour with peoples 
 who have strong prejudice against the man from 
 the West because they have been mistreated for cen- 
 turies by the men of the Occident. 
 
 When the first Westerners reached the Orient, 
 they were received with the utmost kindness and 
 consideration — as if the long separated cousins had 
 come to see the older members of the family. His- 
 tory shows in the early contact that the Orientals 
 were universally kind to these emigrants from the 
 West. Chinese sages have taught the people to be 
 kind to strangers, and the Oriental kindness — shown 
 to *'the strangers within the gates" has been mani- 
 fested in China. The Jews reached China in the 
 early Christian era and were given permanent homes 
 in Honan Province in one of the richest sections of 
 the country. The Nestorians arrived in the fifth or 
 sixth century, and were received with great honour 
 
 68 
 
LABOUEING WITH THE NATIVES 69 
 
 at the Emperor's court and permitted to remain as 
 great teachers from the West. The Italian traveller, 
 Marco Polo, was given unusnal confidence and hon- 
 our. He arrived and lived in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. He was made an official, a kind of consul- 
 general-at-large to inspect the provincial officials for 
 the royal house. He was true to his trust. Even 
 to-day he is held in blessed memory by the Chinese. 
 In Canton you can see an idol of Marco Polo wor- 
 shipped still by the Chinese. Also there is a temple 
 erected in his honour near this city. 
 
 The Catholics reached China hundreds of years 
 before any Protestant did. They were received and 
 given positions of trust for their learning. They 
 made great headway at first, but failing to make the 
 proper adjustment, seeking to transplant Western 
 religious rule to China, they lost the good-will of the 
 ruling class, persecution followed in which the 
 priests were driven from the country and the con- 
 verts suffered martyrdom if they did not recant. 
 After the Catholics came the traders who had as 
 their purpose exploitation of the country. One has 
 said for every dollar they put in China they expected 
 to get ninety-nine in return, and were more con- 
 cerned about the return than they were the methods 
 that they used. The natives were nothing more 
 than commercial assets. By reason of the early re- 
 ligious men from the West, who failed to reveal the 
 spirit of Christ or His full message and the cruel and 
 wicked traders, the Chinese and Japanese lost confi- 
 
70 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 denee in their far-away brothers, and it has never 
 been fully restored. Even to-day the evil forces of 
 the West are seeking to prey on the people of the 
 East, and are often putting far more money and 
 men in their enterprise than we Christians, and still 
 blinding the masses against the objects of the mis- 
 sionary. 
 
 Some missionaries along with practically all 
 traders seem to think we are superior to the natives 
 and do our part to reveal this attitude of mind. A 
 missionary who will do this is a lasting barrier to 
 progress and an enemy of the truth as it is in Christ 
 Jesus. The Master said that the men of the world 
 would do this, but be it far from His children. Such 
 a spirit may not be openly resented by the natives — 
 they are too courteous to do this, but they will be 
 like adamant to the missionary as he seeks to tell 
 them about the world's Saviour who was the ''meek 
 and lowly," one who served even the outcasts, sin- 
 ners and harlots of His day. 
 
 The natives cannot be fooled. Unless the mission- 
 ary is genuinely in sympathy with them, loves them, 
 and is willing to sacrifice, they will understand and 
 close their hearts against any effort. Unless we 
 show the right spirit we will destroy all our efforts 
 to reveal Christ by word. The natives are our 
 brothers in need without the blessings we have re- 
 ceived through the grace of our Lord. The blessings 
 which we have received so graciously from Christ 
 are just so many arguments for us to live in such a 
 
LABOUEING WITH THE NATIVES 71 
 
 way in our dealing with them as to reveal Christ — 
 never to make us hold ourselves as superior to them, 
 and close their eyes against the blessings which we 
 have to give as we have received. 
 
 Another danger must be guarded against lest we 
 make the message of Christ of no effect; namely, 
 permitting our official position or relation to the 
 Home Board cause us to lord it over God's heritage. 
 We do not go to the foreign fields to rule the natives 
 by systems of government. They often think Ave are 
 representatives of some strong government and they 
 will be inclined to trust this earthly power rather than 
 Christ Jesus and the power of His revealed truth — 
 which is the basis of all true Christian force. It is 
 an unwise policy to seek to rule the natives by money 
 or by official position and thus weaken their initia- 
 tive and produce a pauperized Christianity. Paul 
 was willing to sacrifice his liberty in Christ rather 
 than to offend one of the weak ones for whom Christ 
 died. He wanted their faith to be based on Christ, 
 not on men, not on even himself. He knew the 
 weakness and failure of the early Christians, but 
 they were *'dear unto him" in spite of this, and he 
 was quite willing to leave them to the Holy Spirit 
 and the indwelling Christ in their development just 
 as soon as he had imparted to them the truth as it is 
 in Christ Jesus. With him there were no natives 
 and foreigners — they were all one in Christ. 
 
 Too much machinery that is likely to follow mis- 
 sion work may become destructive to the independ- 
 
72 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 ence and initiatory efforts that need to be encour- 
 aged in planting Christianity in the foreign lands. 
 It is true that the missionary has a certain responsi- 
 bility for the funds entrusted to him by the home 
 churches, and a further responsibility of starting the 
 native right as to doctrine and methods of work ; but 
 such responsibility must not be used to cripple self- 
 support and aggressiveness so as to retard native 
 development because these natives may speedily be- 
 come an army of conquest under the guidance of the 
 Lord of all men. Money is a great power, but if the 
 missionary does not "use it wisely, he may hinder 
 rather than help in the aggressive warfare. Unless 
 we are able to develop the natives, commit to them 
 the task of winning their own people to Christ, the 
 work cannot be accomplished. They are the hope of 
 the work, and the Lord can use them as well as us. 
 By nature they are about as well prepared to handle 
 the Lord's work as we are in the West, and will do 
 so just as well when they have the opportunity and 
 realize that the work is theirs and not the mis- 
 sionary's. 
 
 Just as soon as possible, we ought to select ''spir- 
 itual minded" native men and women who can join 
 us in handling the problems of mission work, of 
 money as well as other things. It may be one of the 
 wonders as well as the joys of the work to see how 
 quickly the Lord will develop these workers into real 
 leaders worthy of all trust and power. They know 
 their own people far better than we do and they 
 
LABOURING WITH THE NATIVES 73 
 
 know how to get results from them. As the work is 
 handled by the natives, it will not be crippled by the 
 stigma of a * 'foreign enterprise" which the Chinese 
 and Japanese resent with so much antagonism as all 
 self-respecting natives do. Christ wants to be 
 formed in them, and when this is done, they are 
 worthy leaders, and will surprise us by their sacrifice 
 and love. We are more or less burdened by the cus- 
 toms and traditions of our country, which they ought 
 not to bear; hence, native initiative and control is 
 the natui-al and the best way to develop them and 
 to reach the g^reat untouched fields waiting for 
 workers. 
 
 It is indeed painful to see how some missionaries 
 fail to trust the natives ; and how they are spending 
 their time trying to find faults with these undevel- 
 oped children, seeking to force these into the moulds 
 of the West in *' faith and practice," and '* measur- 
 ing themselves by themselves, and comparing them- 
 selves with themselves, are without understanding" 
 — certainly in the work of developing these people 
 in the most healthful way. No people are ever de- 
 veloped anywhere in the world until we have confi- 
 dence in them and throw responsibility on them. 
 The natives are far from perfect, also are the for- 
 eigners ; but they, like we, learn by doing and assum- 
 ing responsibility. The greatest asset we have is the 
 native Christian with his love, devotion, willingness 
 to sacrifice, toil, and witness for Christ. He will 
 not do this until he realizes his relation to Christ and 
 
74 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the problems of development, knowing that the work 
 is his. This is fundamental and must be encour- 
 aged in every way possible. Jesus knew men as no 
 other man on earth. He knew the fickleness of the 
 disciples, their lack of faith and sympathy for His 
 ideals, hesitation in committing themselves to the 
 work of the kingdom without reservation, seeking 
 their own interest and honour, but in spite of this, 
 He committed unto them the destinies of His king- 
 dom after only a few years of training. He did not 
 depend on His bodily presence, but sent the Holy 
 Spirit to abide with all His children, to reveal the 
 things of Christ, and guide them into all truth and 
 life for the highest service. The missionary is wise 
 who will follow the Lord's example in this as well as 
 in other things. Many seem to fear His course. 
 
 Some maintain that Jesus was dealing with Jews 
 who were established in the doctrines of monotheism 
 even before they became His disciples ; but the aver- 
 age Jew of Christ's earthly career had much to un- 
 learn, and it is doubtful if he were any better mate- 
 rial for the Kingdom of God than the Oriental. 
 However, Paul did not deal primarily with the Jew, 
 but with the worst condition of the Gentile in no- 
 toriously wicked cities. These Gentiles would not 
 measure up with the average Chinese convert, al- 
 though some of them may have some knowledge of 
 monotheism, yet Paul counted them saints whose 
 faults and imperfections would be gradually over- 
 come by the grace and righteousness of the Lord 
 
LABOUEING WITH THE NATIVES 75 
 
 Jesus Christ Who would perfect that which He had 
 begun and fit them for the work of the kingdom here 
 and in the heavenly city. Those who stole were 
 urged to do so no more, remembering their high call- 
 ing in Christ Jesus. He expected the life which 
 they had in Christ Jesus to overcome the old man 
 and his sins, and be found in him ready for every 
 good work. Darkness disappears when the light 
 comes, evil is overcome by good, and the best way to 
 influence any man is by the moral influence of a life 
 wholly given to the Saviour and which will always 
 reveal Christ so that as men follow, they will be fol- 
 lowing Christ. In this way we influence men most 
 and bring about the best results. 
 
 Oh yes, there comes a time to ''rebuke with all 
 authority" and spare not, but the missionary is not 
 likely to fail to do enough of this. The very en- 
 vironment and the pull of the heathen life will de- 
 velop easily the tendency to criticize, see faults, and 
 rebuke too much. We need to have all patience and 
 love men as Paul taught us in 1 Corinthians 13, 
 seeking not only to tell others of Christ, but live 
 Him, and deal with the ''babes" with divine wisdom 
 and forbearance in order that they may know Him 
 and the power of His resurrection, and ever share 
 with us the holy ambition to be found "acceptable in 
 the Beloved," and then the power that worketh in 
 us mightily (which alone will make us sufficient for 
 these things) will do the same for the natives. The 
 Lord is no respecter of persons. 
 
76 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 In the Orient we are constantly finding that the 
 Lord is leading the natives to self-support, making 
 them mighty leaders in the kingdom. We can find 
 many churches either self-supporting or rapidly at- 
 taining to this desired goal, with native pastors and 
 Christian leaders the joy of our hearts and the hope 
 of the work. As we look for the cause, we find that 
 some wise missionary threw the responsibility on the 
 natives as they were prepared ; and he prepared them 
 by committing to their hands the trust of handling 
 the problems of the churches and schools. Not only 
 is this true in China, but they are organizing to do 
 home mission work by laying plans to reach out into 
 the untouched fields where the missionary cannot go. 
 Some of the most hopeful work in China to-day is 
 done by the Chinese Home Mission Societies. 
 
 The natives in China are poor beyond our words to 
 describe. We have never seen poverty in the West 
 when we once see it in the Orient. However, the 
 poor in their heathen worship spend large sums of 
 money. If we can get them to spend as much for the 
 worship of the true God as they spend on the wor- 
 ship of the false, the question of self-support will be 
 solved in many churches. When they realize that 
 the work is theirs and they are responsible for its 
 success, they will be able to give much more towards 
 its support. In China and Japan the Y. M. C. A. has 
 taught us rather a valuable lesson in reference to 
 self-support. The general up-keep of most of the 
 Associational work, except the foreign secretaries 
 
LABOUEING WITH THE NATIVES 77 
 
 and part of the first buildings, is attended to by the 
 natives. Nearly all the important positions are held 
 by natives. Both the local and national organiza- 
 tions are largely under their control, and it is most 
 encouraging to see how these natives respond to the 
 demands of the Association financially and other- 
 wise. It is true that the Association may appeal to 
 the practical needs of the people more than the 
 churches do; but the churches ought to be able to 
 help solve the practical questions of the daily needs 
 as well as the eternal realities of the kingdom. 
 Christianity is profitable for this life and the life 
 to come. We need to realize this in the mission 
 fields if we are to accomplish the greatest results. 
 
 The Catholics lost their first great opportunity in 
 the Orient because they were not wise in dealing 
 with the natives, turning the hearts of the people 
 away from their own country to the *'Holy 
 See" at Rome as the source of all authority. 
 Local congregations of the believers could not 
 handle religious and civil questions. Such a policy 
 brought consternation to the rulers and severe perse- 
 cution that drove the priests out of the country. 
 The so-called Christianity of that early day failed, 
 defective as it was, not by reason of the doctrine, but 
 by method in dealing with the natives. Wrong 
 methods in the past — and these errors are not all 
 confined to early Catholicism — have so prejudiced 
 the people, and especially the ruling class, against 
 Christianity, that we have a hard time to make 
 
78 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 them realize the blessings the world's Saviour has for 
 them. 
 
 We are still in the danger zone, and are constantly- 
 drifting back to the early methods of failure. This 
 question concerns the establishing of the Kingdom of 
 God in all lands far more than we may think. 
 
 My own conviction, based on rather an extensive 
 observation, is that we influence the natives most 
 by the indwelling Christ, whose personality and 
 moral power and influence will move human hearts 
 anywhere for the right if these hearts are born 
 from above. He who is properly related to the 
 Master for spiritual and moral equipment will have 
 no desire for the machinery of organization and the 
 power of money or official position; he goes deeper 
 than all these, and finds he wants no other force 
 than that of the Holy Spirit whom Paul and all 
 great missionaries make the source of power to in- 
 fluence other lives. The missionary should never 
 let the temptation to resort to short-cut political 
 methods for results control action, but follow closely 
 the footsteps of the Master in leading men to the 
 Father. In this we find all the success that is worth 
 while, and when we deviate from the safe course, 
 failure soon or later in true spiritual results will 
 follow. The Lord, Whose we are and Whom we 
 serve, will give us both power and wisdom rightly 
 related to life and the conditions of these lands to 
 do this great work for Him and the needy millions. 
 
VII 
 WORKING WITH FELLOW-MISSIONARIES 
 
 THE work that counts most is team work. 
 Christ prayed that ''they might be per- 
 fected into one ; that the world may know 
 that thou didst send me, and lovedst them, even as 
 thou lovedst me" (John 17:23). A recalcitrant 
 missionary constantly running contrary to the great 
 forces of the marching army is a serious problem in 
 any field. We have great sympathy for the man 
 who is sincere, and finds himself out of touch with 
 his fellow-missionaries as they are united in advanc- 
 ing the Lord's work; but can he thus have the Spirit 
 of God ruling his heart, since where the Spirit is 
 there is unity, harmony, peace, and good-will. We 
 have no sympathy for man-made uniformity or any 
 man who would sacrifice the truth to walk with the 
 crowd. It is interesting to note that Jesus first 
 prayed that His children would be ''sanctified in the 
 truth, thy word is the truth" before He prayed that 
 they all may be one, knowing that "thy word," the 
 truth, is the basis of all true unity and power of 
 conquest. Jesus prayed this prayer just before He 
 entered the shadows and agony of the Cross by 
 
 79 
 
80 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 which (Paul tells us) all forces in heaven and on 
 earth will be reconciled or made one to conquer the 
 lands of darkness. We need to study not how we 
 may run alone, but how we can walk with our 
 brother and unite our efforts to do the Lord's work. 
 
 Satan is the author of confusion and strife, and 
 finds his vulnerable place in the missionary propa- 
 ganda in the missionary himself. We have one Cap- 
 tain who is leading us. I believe the source of all 
 true unity and army order is in the purpose and 
 power of the Captain. He never deviated from the 
 goal of the Cross, was never willing to sacrifice 
 truth or to compromise in methods; and we shall 
 need to look to Him for power and wisdom to labour 
 together in His work. There are many things that 
 hinder the unity we so much need, yet often have 
 difficulty in obtaining. I will mention a few of these 
 hindrances that mistakes may be avoided. 
 
 1. National pride is a barrier. We love our 
 country and believe our ideals are the very best. 
 Most of us believe we are from *'no mean country,*' 
 and it is our duty to stand up for our own, ''my 
 native land. ' ' We should have a wholesome love for 
 our country, provided her basic principles are ac- 
 cording to the ideals of the Kingdom of God ; yet we 
 ought to realize our citizenship is in heaven. We 
 are colonists here, temporarily labouring for the 
 heavenly residence to which we go, and the interests 
 of the Kingdom of God should take precedence over 
 the demands of the various countries. No earthly 
 
WOEKING WITH FELLOW-MISSIONAEIES 81 
 
 barrier should hinder the love and fellowship of the 
 citizens of the heavenly. We are earthly, sensual 
 and carnal, in the words of Paul, if we are letting 
 these barriers interfere with our Christian love and 
 fellowship. 
 
 2. Another barrier, akin to the first, is knowing 
 men after the flesh. Paul seems to have made this 
 mistake in his early Christian life, certainly before 
 he was a Christian ; but after he knew the Lord and 
 understood the meaning of the Cross, he knew men 
 after the flesh no more. He judged men, if at all, 
 in their relation to the great Sacrifice where we all 
 died with Christ that we might henceforth live, not 
 unto ourselves, but unto Christ who died for us. 
 To judge men after the flesh we are perpetuating 
 the old Judaizing spirit, which Paul fought with all 
 his power, and that in the end must have caused his 
 death. The spirit is not dead even in these days, 
 though it may have much more attractive names. 
 As we see the suffering Christ dying for us and bear- 
 ing the awful shame of sin and the Cross, we lose all 
 our pride in self and selfish things, and find we are 
 one with Christ and one with each other in living 
 wholly unto the Father to make known these infinite 
 blessings of grace unto all men. We must know Him 
 in the life of sacrifice and utter surrender of our 
 wills to the Father before the power of His resur- 
 rection may fill our hearts and make us live hence- 
 forth unto the Father, and no longer be dominated 
 by the spirit that knows men after the flesh. Every 
 
82 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 missionary ought to follow Paul as lie followed 
 Christ in knowing no man after the flesh, not even 
 Christ, much less our people. If each one wills, much 
 strife will be averted and harmony and unity will 
 prevail to the glory of the Father. 
 
 3. Too many conflicting plans. Foreign mis- 
 sion work is becoming highly organized, and the 
 missionary must fit into the complex order (I fear 
 too often of man's making), and many times this is 
 done with much friction. In the times of prayer, 
 devotion and fellowship in the study of God 's Word, 
 all hearts are one; but as soon as the problems of 
 organization and directing the work arrive, then 
 trouble and strife forthwith come, and the unity 
 and fellowship are gone. In the management of 
 the work the noble ideals, which ought to make us 
 one, Ave find the greatest difficulty. We know the 
 ideals; but we must face facts as they are, says an 
 old missionary. If we are willing to give the ideals 
 of service first place, then we can surmount the 
 barriers of unity. 
 
 It is here we need to spend much time in prayer, 
 obtaining the Lord's will and wisdom and spirit if 
 we manage great mission problems (and we must), 
 and always retain that joyful spirit of love and good- 
 will, preferring the other's honour, seeking only the 
 Lord's glory in doing His work. His ''oil of glad- 
 ness" must make the machinery run smoothly in all 
 fields, with all human hearts and wills being made 
 conformable to His. 
 
WOEKING WITH FELLOW-MISSIONAEIES 83 
 
 4. Previous ideas and ideals may prove a bar- 
 rier. We will think that things ought to be done 
 in the foreign fields as in the home land. We will 
 try to graft old plans and ideals to the new situa- 
 tion. We will want to follow the paths of others of 
 blessed memory, w^ho were great leaders at home, 
 and mark out our courses according to home stand- 
 ards. This may be best sometimes, as there are the 
 unchangeable truths of our Lord fitted for all times 
 and countries, and certain methods may be the di- 
 rect outcome of centuries of wisdom and experience ; 
 yet I insist that nothing should be decided simply 
 on the grounds that others have done this way in 
 the West. We have the great privilege of looking 
 at the Lord's work from the New Testament stand- 
 ard and get our ideas and ideals from the Master 
 direct. This is far more true and important in the 
 new fields of the non-Christian lands than in the 
 West, yet we might have more unity and harmony 
 even in the old fields of the West if this were true. 
 
 There are always enough in the mission fields, who 
 will want to revert back to first principles and use 
 methods best fitted to propagate these, to make it 
 difficult to harmonize the forces when some arp try- 
 ing to reproduce Western church life and methods 
 — purely as such — in the new fields. Such ought to 
 be resisted, and fought openly, as Paul did Peter, 
 because of the wrong involved. Unity and fellow- 
 ship cannot be safely based on men and methods, 
 but back to the essentials as revealed in Christ. 
 
84 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Here we obtain the source of victory for all fields 
 and all time. 
 
 5. Many barriers to unity may be traced to 
 physical causes. The run-down nervous missionary 
 cannot see things as they are and he may be a real 
 barrier to harmony. Such a missionary may be 
 strong on unity in theory, and especially when dis- 
 cussing union with those of other sections, but when 
 it comes to daily contact in the working of the com- 
 mon problems, friction arises like cross bands out of 
 place in a machine shop. The very zeal and faith- 
 fulness to duty may be the occasion for the nervous- 
 ness, but motives and earnest labours will not remove 
 the barriers of unity that arise from the nervous 
 condition. 
 
 I think those who are more fortunate, who can 
 labour long and faithfully and still hold their nerv- 
 ous poise and radiant healthful spirit, ought to 
 have endless patience with the unfortunate ones. 
 We must trace such troubles largely to the nervous 
 ills, which are truly physical troubles oftentimes in 
 their origin, and deal with them with all kindness 
 and patience, be the provocation ever so trying. If 
 anywhere the strong should bear the infirmities of 
 the weak, it is here. We should be like Abraham: 
 yield to them and show the more noble way when 
 there is no great principle involved. Certainly the 
 nervous-sick ones need this, the work requires it, 
 and our Lord urges it ; and we should always under 
 all conditions do it. 
 
WOEKIITG WITH FELLOW-MISSIONAEIES 85 
 
 6. Self-assertiveness is a great barrier. The 
 very nature of our work tends to develop this in our 
 lives. It is no sign of power and true Christian 
 grace to be able to assert one's rights bravely and 
 show the weaknesses and faults of others. It is cer- 
 tainly not a grace to determine to have your way 
 even though nothing would be lost in surrendering 
 your rights for the good of others as Paul did. It 
 requires much more courage and bravery to let others 
 have their way ; and you live patiently the right, un- 
 resentful even when falsely accused. It is ever well 
 to remember that Paul gave good advice to all sol- 
 diers of the expanding kingdom when he wrote to 
 missionaries (foreign) Timothy and Titus, saying, 
 ''And the Lord's servant must not strive, but be 
 gentle towards all, apt to teach, forbearing, in meek- 
 ness correcting them that oppose themselves ; if per- 
 adventure God may give them repentance unto the 
 knowledge of the truth." It is not our business to 
 retaliate, give men their dues, as men of the world 
 do, for God will do this in due time. We must set 
 forth Christ and draw men unto the Father by this. 
 
 These simple suggestions may seem altogether out 
 of place in discussing such a holy subject, but should 
 not when we remember that in the New Testament 
 times. Christian ethics found a large place in all the 
 writers, and especially those dealing with mixed 
 races. If we do much for Christianity in these non- 
 Christian lands, we will still put the emphasis where 
 the early writers did. In these things we reveal 
 
86 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Christianity most and show the difference between 
 it and heathen philosophies. In new fields these 
 things have a great part in the success of all forms 
 of work between the missionary and the native, as 
 well as among the missionaries themselves. 
 
 Other barriers might be mentioned, but these are 
 enough lest I be found with the one talent of criti- 
 cism, which if buried the Lord would rev/ard. I 
 am glad to say even the barriers which I mention do 
 not exist in all fields or with all individuals in any 
 field, but enough do exist to make it worth while to 
 mention that we may always guard against such 
 weaknesses in our lives. I must give a few sentences 
 to the positive side of harmonizing and unifying our 
 forces. 
 
 1. We need to remember ever that the mission- 
 ary is God's man, the Lord's ambassador. We did 
 not choose our companions in the work. They, like 
 we, were chosen by the Lord and the brethren and 
 placed with us. They have the same Master, the 
 same large motives ; we are all needed for perfecting 
 the Church for the battle. The Lord of the harvest 
 field alone can make us one in all things. We can 
 confidently look to Him to do this for the glory of 
 the work and the saving of the millions in darkness. 
 
 2. We first have fellowship with the Master, and 
 then with one another. Our fellowship does not 
 come from countries, from men, from organizations, 
 but from Him; hence, if we were to spend more 
 time with Him in the beginning of each day and 
 
WOEKING WITH FELLOW-MISSION AEIES 87 
 
 faithfully look to Him at every turn of the way, we 
 would have more unity and harmony that is divine 
 and the beauty of much mission work. Our Master 
 in His farewell words with His loving disciples just 
 before He entered the Garden and then to the Cross 
 in these very last words of the prayer says, ' ' I made 
 known unto them thy name, and will make it known 
 (until the end of the time) ; that the love wherewith 
 thou lovedst me may be in them, and I in them. ' ' It 
 is in this we expect the unity — the oneness — for 
 which He prayed and the world so much needs. 
 
 3. We need to look kindly at men's weaknesses — 
 never at their sms, — but no Christian will knowingly 
 have these. We cannot always see alike, and we 
 need not expect to. Each has his own light, con- 
 science, and Master, and each should bear with the 
 other until the Lord gives us wisdom and power to 
 see things as He does. It is far better *'to do all 
 things unto edification," and thus help each other 
 to live Christ to the good of all. Even Christ had to 
 deal with men as they were in revealing the truth 
 and Himself. We are far more helpful to each 
 other and the work we live to do by manifesting the 
 same spirit in all our relationships. Thus was the 
 Saviour's method in dealing with men with like 
 passions as we ourselves. We shall be most pleasing 
 to the Father and do most to establish His reign in 
 the hearts of men if we will do likewise. 
 
 4. Place large emphasis on the things wherein 
 we agree. We agree more often than we disagree. 
 
88 ME^ A^D METHODS 
 
 but the differences cause the greatest noise. If we 
 were to walk together in the things we agree and 
 wisely stay free from the differences, except when 
 truth is involved, we would do much to unify our 
 forces. Of course we would be unwise to sacrifice 
 truth or duty to walk together, but the truth and 
 duty that make our hearts and lives one in meeting 
 the world's needs will be worth the most to the pres- 
 ent situation. 
 
 In writing about the unity and harmony of God's 
 people I am thinking about missionaries working 
 together in their own missions. The larger ques- 
 tion of all forces working together, I have not sought 
 to include, as the briefness of this chapter will not 
 permit the discussion of this larger question. 
 
 5. Have proper regard for the physical. I must 
 not close this chapter without mentioning the 
 importance of the physical in relation to all questions 
 of unity. Our physical health will do much to pre- 
 pare us for the highest efficiency in harmonious ac- 
 tion as well as in other spheres of activity. Noble 
 living, a radiant, hopeful, buoyant physical life will 
 be much more easily adjusted to united effort than 
 the nervous and run-down bodies of God's servants. 
 I need not dwell on this here as I have spoken so 
 largely in chapter two, yet no question of united 
 action can be rightly viewed unless we give large 
 place to the physical condition of the labourers. 
 
VIII 
 
 METHODS OPPORTUNE FOR PRESENT 
 EMPHASIS 
 
 IN the ongoings of God's kingdom we need to 
 place the emphasis according to the needs and 
 times of the countries in which we labour. The 
 men of large visions and practical application have 
 always done this. This does not mean that we 
 change the great realities of the Gospel — these are 
 eternal and suited to all lands and times ; but being 
 true to these, we study carefully the best methods 
 of approach and use these to make effective the 
 Gospel to meet all needs. Herein we need great 
 wisdom in studying the life-currents of various lands 
 to understand how to adjust our message and ap- 
 proach our task so as to bring about the greatest 
 results in reaching the desired ends. 
 
 There are a number of things which the mission- 
 ary has done in China, not directly preaching the 
 Gospel, that have been a great blessing to the people 
 and prepared them to understand and receive the 
 Gospel. The opium habit has been largely controlled 
 and crushed out in China by the work of the mis- 
 sionary. He began the warfare and has continued 
 
 89 
 
90 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 his opposition until the happy ending is in sight. 
 Others have helped, but the real power has been in 
 the missionary and the Anti-Opium Society. This 
 is also true as to the Anti-Foot-Binding Society, 
 started by the missionary. Not so much progress has 
 been made in this cruel habit as with the opium, yet 
 it is practically over in certain sections, and real 
 headway has been made in the nation as a whole. 
 The blessings that have come to the Chinese people 
 through these two societies can never be estimated, 
 yet it is really due to the work of the missionary. The 
 education of the masses — and especially the women — 
 is due to the work of the missionary. Orphanages 
 and asylums for the insane and blind and helpless 
 have been started by the missionary. 
 
 A closer study of Christ 's own methods will show 
 that such work is part of the Gospel. In the be- 
 ginning of our Lord's ministry this He said of His 
 work: "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because 
 He has anointed me to preach glad tidings to the 
 poor; He hath sent me to proclaim release to the 
 captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to 
 set at liberty them that are bruised, to proclaim the 
 acceptable year of the Lord." If we will put the 
 emphasis where the Master did in His life among 
 men, we will find that our message will be of like 
 import with His. This is the key to human hearts 
 everywhere, and prepares dull hearts and eyes, that 
 see the glimmering light, so that the full Gospel for 
 salvation of both soul and body may be received. 
 
METHODS OPPOETUOT: 91 
 
 To make the meaning more clear, I give a few con- 
 crete examples. 
 
 1. The medical work. It is said that the door of 
 China was opened by the lancet. Not only is this 
 true, but many a heart has been opened to receive 
 the full Gospel. The Chinese have in many instances 
 received their best impression concerning Christian- 
 ity from the hospital work. The first hospital ever 
 opened in China was opened in Canton eighty-two 
 years ago. The hospital exists to-day, treating more 
 than fifty thousand each year; all expenses for its 
 upkeep and enlargement are borne by the Chinese 
 and others in China except some of the salaries of 
 the missionaries, and even these are borne partly by 
 the hospital, while several hundred thousand dollars 
 are being raised for a new plant. Chinese of all 
 classes, from the highest to the common coolie, are 
 contributing to the larger plans. The Baptists have 
 a hospital at Wuchow, which two years ago paid all 
 expenses except the foreign physician's salary, and 
 had three thousand dollars at the end of the year 
 to help the building fund. The Wesleyans at Fat 
 Shan have a hospital that paid all expenses and had 
 fifteen thousand dollars to go to general expense. 
 
 There are thousands of cities in China with no 
 hospital, no Western trained doctor, that would sup- 
 port hospitals if there were Christian physicians to 
 go there and heal the bodies of the suffering and tell 
 them of the world's Saviour. These hospitals would 
 be a great blessing to the Chinese, prepare them for 
 
92 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the Gospel, remove prejudice, and bring about tbe 
 best of feelings between the East and the West. 
 The people would furnish the equipment and keep 
 up the hospitals in many places. There is no greater 
 opportunity in all the world to do a great work for 
 needy humanity by the noble art of healing! Of 
 course with the hospital there ought to go the nurse 
 to help and to train others by the gentle, loving 
 touch that will open the homes and hearts of the 
 women and men in China — especially the women, as 
 women work in the main with the women and girls. 
 The work of the nurse is far more important in these 
 lands than in the home land. 
 
 2. Orphanages and other eleemosynary institu- 
 tions. Children are not appreciated by the general 
 public in China. They do not recognize the worth 
 of childhood. There were no orphanages or other 
 kindred institutions in China until the missionary 
 work revealed the love of Christ for all classes — and 
 childhood. Some groups of Christians are starting 
 such institutions and the non-Christian community 
 is joining in the work. The need is all the more im- 
 portant because it helps to meet an imperative need 
 in China and also reveals in a most tangible way the 
 spirit of Chrisi:. But little has been done in the past 
 even by the missionaries, yet the time has come when 
 more emphasis ought to be put on this kind of work, 
 not necessary to use much funds from the home land, 
 but rather to guide the Chinese and they will soon 
 manage the work and finance it. 
 
METHODS OPPOETUNE 93 
 
 3. Industrial work. But little has been done in 
 the way of industrial education in the Orient, yet 
 this will, no doubt, in the near future be a very 
 large factor in spreading the truths of Christianity. 
 The Chinese are the poorest people in the world, 
 yet with greatest amount of natural resources and 
 man power of any nation on this earth. The natural 
 resources are practically untouched and the people 
 are in dire need for the necessities of life much of 
 the time. 
 
 Industrial work will solve many a problem of the 
 Church's growth and development by the native 
 Christians in a way that nothing else can do ; and it 
 will do much towards giving an education to many a 
 poor girl or boy who could not otherwise get the 
 education. It will honour labour and make educa- 
 tion practical in meeting the common needs of life, 
 give the educated man a strong physique which he 
 has lacked in the old order where all kinds of phys- 
 ical labour were regarded as dishonourable by the 
 scholar. Western education has not received that 
 favour due it in the Orient; for as yet it has not 
 fitted the people to solve the daily problems of ex- 
 istence, and this is the chief concern of the leaders 
 in China, and of the masses. 
 
 Julean Arnold told me about his experience in 
 travelling over China examining into the condition 
 of the country, and also seeing the work of the mis- 
 sionary. Some places the missionary is not known 
 but by few, though he had lived in the country for 
 
94 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 quite a while. He found such missionaries to be 
 critical, complaining about the people and the meth- 
 ods that other missionaries are using in trying to 
 meet the people's needs. He found another class of 
 missionaries, who were known favourably by all 
 classes. An investigation showed that these who were 
 highly regarded were seeking to make their work 
 practical, using various means of contact so as to 
 win the confidence of the people and then revealing 
 Christ to them. We shall need to guide wisely all 
 our efforts to reveal Christ, using the most effective 
 means in the fields where we labour. 
 
 4. Reading rooms and book depots can be made 
 a great factor in disseminating Christian knowledge. 
 In China the written character is sacred ; hence, the 
 message sent forth in well prepared written tracts 
 and scriptural portions will be of immeasurable 
 worth to reach the masses with the Gospel of salva- 
 tion. The influence of the printed page unques- 
 tionably is of far greater influence than many other 
 methods of work according to the amount spent this 
 way. If the Christians of the West were to scatter 
 the leaves for the healing of the nations broadcast 
 over the desert fields of China, there would spring 
 up oases everywhere that would bring life and power 
 for all kinds of Christian activity. Many methods 
 have been used to disseminate the printed page, but 
 the book-room and depot has proven to be one of the 
 very best. It can be made a center for the col- 
 porteur, the preacher, the druggist-colporteur, and 
 
METHODS OPPOBTUNE 95 
 
 the evangelist and all forms of Christian activity. 
 The method will need to be adjusted to local condi- 
 tions, but the doing must be done speedily before 
 the baneful literature fills the waiting hearts of the 
 people, and then they will not be so easy to guide to 
 the source of all truth — our Saviour. 
 
 5. Help in local problems. I do not mean that 
 the missionary should have anything to do with law 
 troubles and the ordinary clan troubles of the Chris- 
 tians. Every Christian must understand that he 
 should be subject to ''the powers that be," even if 
 these are not the best, except when they interfere 
 with his duty to the Father. However, in many 
 things the missionary can be a real help in the local 
 affairs such as questions of sanitation, public im- 
 provement of his locality, opposing Western social 
 evils, good schools, public parks, etc. The non- 
 Christian lands are very much in need of such prac- 
 tical efforts, but the people do not always appreciate 
 them or know how to bring about the desired ends ; 
 hence, the missionary can do much good and pre- 
 pare all classes for his real message by helping, 
 largely in an advisory way, by establisliing such 
 forms of service. 
 
 I know of one city in China where the missionaries 
 have been a great factor in organizing and develop- 
 ing a local city council. A municipal council was 
 organized to handle all local questions such as men- 
 tioned in the previous paragraph. Many of the best 
 and most influential people in the city were members 
 
96 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 of this organization. The head police, the chief sur- 
 geon of the military hospital, a number of educators, 
 pastors, business men, lawyers, congressmen, etc. A 
 missionary served by the choice of the majority for 
 a number of years as chairman. Many questions of 
 improvement that concerned the welfare of the city 
 were handled by this municipal council that could 
 not have been handled any other way. Its good 
 work was known far and near. The highest officials 
 in that section of China entrusted many questions to 
 this organization and were pleased with the results. 
 
 Such work will take some time of the missionary, 
 but it will not require much, and most of this can be 
 done in the evenings. It is well worth while if wisely 
 guarded and always used for the impartial welfare 
 of the people of all classes, and using this as a method 
 of contact to influence others — and especially those 
 in high position — for the Gospel. 
 
 6. Organizations to reach various classes, but es- 
 pecially the boys and girls. In practically every 
 city where missionaries are located, an organization 
 for reaching and moulding boys and one for girls, 
 for Jesus Christ ought to be established. Such or- 
 ganizations may or may not be connected with the 
 Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. In many places this is 
 impractical ; but such organizations with one aim and 
 practical methods suited to young lives can be es- 
 tablished wherever missionaries reside that will mean 
 much for the Kingdom of God in reaching the class 
 that is destined to make or mar all our efforts. 
 
METHODS OPPOETUNE 97 
 
 One of the failures of Christianity 's present effort 
 in many fields is that the young are not being mar- 
 shalled for the army of our God. This is due in 
 part to the fact that we do not recognize the im- 
 portance of using methods adapted to young life. 
 In any mission field in the world the young will 
 respond to right methods in a most hopeful way. 
 This has been tried out by the Y. M. C. A. with 
 most encouraging results. We cannot always use 
 the methods of this organization, but we ought to 
 seek to give even more importance to the needs of 
 the young people. Various methods will come to 
 the thoughtful, prayerful missionary. Julean Ar- 
 nold tells about visiting a certain mission in China, 
 and reaching a mission home Saturday afternoon, 
 and finding the lady of the home with a number of 
 the city's most promising boys in her parlour. He 
 asked the reason and found that this wise mission- 
 ary had a boys' club in her home. She had the boys 
 to join, paying a small fee to give the organization 
 standing, the boys voting on its members. They 
 came to her home — a foreign woman in China — and 
 counted it a privilege to study with her the great 
 questions of life in service for the nation's good. 
 These young people are plastic, waiting to be 
 moulded for the Kingdom of God, and it is our duty 
 to seek the best method to do this thing. 
 
 We shall ever need to look to our Master to be able 
 to choose the best method and always use every 
 method as a means of practical contact to help solve 
 
98 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the present and future and eternal needs of the soul 
 and body in establishing the Kingdom of God in the 
 hearts of men and in society where the Father's 
 will will be done and then ''daily bread" and every 
 need will be adequately met. 
 
IX 
 
 THE PRESENT CALL AND WHO SHOULD GO 
 
 EVERY student of the world situation realizes 
 that the old order in China, at least, is pass- 
 ing away. Will the new order be a better 
 one wherein righteousness and Christian conditions 
 exist? This question will inevitably be answered by 
 the relation we sustain to the opportunities now con- 
 fronting us. I am conscious of the many changes 
 the world over, but I feel sure we do not place as 
 much importance on the Oriental situation as this 
 will affect the world order. More and more the 
 Orient, and especially China, is going to play a 
 larger part in determining world conditions. This 
 fact and the other, that I am better acquainted with 
 the land where I have given so much time, will cause 
 me to confine what I say of The Call, to China in 
 the main. I do this for a number of reasons. 
 
 China has the oldest and most conservative ci\dli- 
 zation in the world, and in breaking with the old 
 order, she will have more to leave than any other 
 country. The chasm between the oldest and most 
 highly civilized of the ancient civilization and the 
 throbbing modem life of to-day is greater and more 
 difficult to span. China in accepting modern life 
 
 99 
 
100 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 will make the biggest step ever made by any great 
 nation. 
 
 Although this is true, China is calling with more 
 unanimity and more earnestly than any nation in 
 the past for the blessings of our civilization both 
 material and spiritual. I mention a few of the ways 
 whereby she is calling for these blessings and why 
 we should heed the call with all our forces. 
 
 1. China calls by the greatness of the task. 
 Some four hundred millions of souls, hopelessly 
 bound to superstition and all the baneful influences 
 of idolatry, depending on us for the Gospel as their 
 only hope. One-fourth of the human family lives 
 in China, and she largely dominates the religious life 
 cf over one-third of the human race. Other coun- 
 tries may conquer China with the sword, may over- 
 run the country wdth religious formalism as Bud- 
 dhism did in the early Christian era, yet China 's fine 
 moral and ethical teachings, the finest in all the 
 world except where Christianity has influenced the 
 masses — will subjugate her conquerors in the end. 
 There is no reason to make us believe that China will 
 not dominate the Orient in these things in the future 
 as she has in the past. The immense numbers and 
 importance of the Middle Kingdom give us many 
 reasons for heeding the Call, giving great impor- 
 tance to the demands of the hour. 
 
 2. Not only numbers call to us but the kind of 
 men and women add to the importance of the Call. 
 The Chinese youths are taking their place in the 
 
THE PEESENT CALL 101 
 
 great institutions of learning the world over as 
 among the most promising thinkers we have. The 
 average Chinese we see in the West do not represent 
 the better class at all. The Chinese are among the 
 world's greatest races and her man power is capable 
 of the highest development; hence they should not 
 be counted of little concern in the world situation. 
 
 3. She appeals to us by her great needs. When 
 Paul was at Troas and saw the Macedonian and the 
 appalling needs of that land, he gathered assuredly 
 that the Lord was calling him and his party to 
 preach the Gospel unto them. Any people's need 
 for the Gospel will appeal to all children of God as 
 these needs appear. 
 
 No pen can describe the needs of the Chinese with- 
 out the Gospel. The physical, intellectual, and 
 spiritual needs beggar description. Spiritual needs 
 are certainly the greatest, yet we can understand the 
 physical best. In the United States it is estimated 
 that we have one physician to every thousand of the 
 population; yet in China one doctor, understanding 
 medical science, to every five hundred thousand to 
 one million of the population. Famine of soul and 
 body is seen on every hand. Just to-day I note in 
 the paper that it is estimated that one thousand are 
 dying every day in that land because of famine. It 
 will grow worse every day until the winter is past 
 and next spring crops ripen. China makes the 
 largest appeal purely from the humane motive than 
 any nation in the world. 
 
102 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 4. She appeals to us by her friendliness. In 
 the past for many good reasons China was afraid of 
 the West, afraid we did not love her and desire to 
 deal with her fairly, and to our mutual good; but 
 that day is happily disappearing, and she is looking 
 to us sincerely and longingly for real help, and de- 
 pending on us for knowledge and right living. She 
 is, at least, ready to consider carefully the truth 
 which we have in Christ Jesus, as to how this will 
 meet her needs in the new order fast appearing. 
 This is true not only of the common people, but the 
 highest officials and the nation's most hopeful lead- 
 ers. Although many of the officials are not prepared 
 to yield themselves to the Saviour, they still realize 
 Christianity has the power and the remedy for their 
 people's ills, hence are friendly to the Gospel and 
 are giving money to its propagation and urging 
 others to consider its claims. 
 
 Some of the leading officials are accepting Chris- 
 tianity. Just before I left Canton I attended a 
 great gathering of all classes of officials, both Chinese 
 and others. Many speeches were made as to the na- 
 tion's needs. Near the close the Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, a Chinese, arose and said: **I am a 
 Christian, and I want to testify to you all that 
 China's only hope is in Christianity." When he 
 said this, many of the Chinese officials clapped their 
 hands with joy. Four years ago the governor of 
 Kwang Tung Province, a Province with thirty mil- 
 lions of human souls, gave a reception to the mission- 
 
THE PEESENT CALL 103 
 
 aries. Many high officials of China and other na- 
 tions were present. This governor said he wanted 
 to give this reception to show his appreciation of the 
 work of the missionary. He praised their work most 
 highly. He and his associates gave nearly a thou- 
 sand dollars to one of our schools. The military gov- 
 ernor of the Province gave the last three years some 
 five thousand dollars to our medical work, and his 
 government gave a plot of land for our hospital in 
 Canton, Tung Shan, worth about ten thousand dol- 
 lars. The officials of various classes are giving liber- 
 ally to the Christian institutions. This means more 
 in China for the officials to show this friendliness 
 than almost any country in the world. 
 
 We do not put too much stress on this Mnd of 
 friendliness, but it shows us that all hearts are ready 
 to consider, desire to understand what Christianity 
 has for their country ; and this is the opportune time 
 to give them the blessings of the Gospel, and let them 
 understand the power of Christianity to meet the 
 individual and national needs. 
 
 5. She is calling by the voice of the Master. 
 These needs and opportunities are nothing more 
 than the voice of the Saviour calling us to heed them 
 for Him. The Christ in every human heart must 
 see in his brother's call the appeal of the Master to 
 meet this need. The Chinese are calling and the 
 Lord has prepared their hearts. Western culture 
 and commerce may seek to answer this call. China 
 is asking for bread, shall we give her a stone ? She 
 
104 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 is asking for a fish, shall we give her a serpent? 
 Men and women of God must answer this question. 
 Who should go and meet this call speedily? The 
 Master has prepared human hearts for His coming, 
 and He has prepared us through the centuries to 
 meet the situation. Some may give money, others 
 may spend time in prayer; but in the last analysis, 
 success depends on the kind of men we send to these 
 needy fields. 
 
 At home Christianity being fairly well established 
 will move along certain lines, supported by systems 
 and organizations. It has nothing of this to lean on 
 in the non-Christian lands. It is dependent upon 
 the personal life of the men and women who go there 
 as Christ's direct representatives to reveal Him to 
 the needy people and hush their cries of distress by 
 giving unto them Christ Jesus. This being true, we 
 ought to send the men and women who will most 
 fully represent Christ, most faithful to His ideals, 
 life, and plans in meeting the needy world. I be- 
 lieve He has in the home churches the labourers ready 
 to meet the call if they will heed the Master and be 
 absolutely in His hands for world conquest. 
 
 I believe we are likely to make a mistake by think- 
 ing we must have a definite call, like unto Paul or 
 some other missionary, before we go to these mission 
 fields. Have not the great, waiting harvest fields 
 already suffered because we expect too much in the 
 Cain Did not the Master call all His disciples for all 
 time, as He left for the Father's right hand, to go 
 
THE PEESENT CALL 105 
 
 into all the world and make disciples of the nations ? 
 Has He ever revoked this call? I know the Lord is 
 good to us and accommodates His dealings with 
 us often according to our condition; hence, He may 
 give us a special call — we have so long expected it — 
 yet it is a reproach on us that this is still necessary 
 for the foreign fields. An examination of the experi- 
 ence of many of the world's greatest missionaries 
 shows that many of these never had what some peo- 
 ple expect in a special call. They received the call in 
 the farewell orders and in the crying needs of dis- 
 tress and gathered assuredly, as Paul, that the Lord 
 was calling them to preach the Gospel unto these 
 people. The very fact that great sections of the 
 world are wholly in darkness without one messenger, 
 and we can remain untouched with their needs and 
 expect a special call, is unthinkable in a world where 
 all fields are one with our Master. With Him no 
 foreign or home — it is the world that makes the field. 
 No difference as to which side of the street you live 
 on, the stream, the ocean, or anything else — it is a 
 question of human souls for whom He died needing 
 our help to give them the Gospel. 
 
 I am sure some men have had special calls, and 
 this has been a great comfort to them; but others 
 have not, and yet they are doing just as good work, 
 meeting the world's needs. Paul in Galatians 1 : 15, 
 16, has these words, ''But when it was the good pleas- 
 ure of God, who separated me even from my mother's 
 womb, and called me through his grace, to reveal 
 
106 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 his Son in me, that I might preach him among the 
 Gentiles ; straightway I conferred not with flesh and 
 blood. ' ' Paul was fitted by birth and by the revela- 
 tion of Christ to become the successful missionary to 
 the Gentiles. He lived in rebellion for years, but 
 when he saw Christ and surrendered his will and life 
 wholly unto Christ, then the Lord could use him in 
 a large way to plant the saving truth in the hearts 
 of the growing Western world. 
 
 "We are fitted by nature and by training and revela- 
 tion for the foreign work. It is far more important 
 for us to judge our duty to the needy fields by these 
 things than to expect **a special call'* as you think 
 Paul had, but his special call was to know Christ and 
 then he was ready to do anything the Lord wanted 
 him to do. The same principle is seen in Isaiah's 
 call. The present need is for us to see also our duty 
 by the same method, *'And straightway confer not 
 with flesh and blood, '* counting it all joy to be able 
 to "go far hence." 
 
 Our God makes no mistakes. He works hitherto 
 and we should work. The fields are ready for the 
 reaper, and many of them will go to waste if we do 
 not permit the Lord to use us to save them for Him. 
 Every child of the Master should lay his life on the 
 altar to be used wherever the Saviour wants to use 
 him and in the way that will accomplish the most 
 good. If he will heartily do so. He will use him to 
 meet the situation ; but if he does not, the failure will 
 be his and the results to his hurt. Years ago near 
 
THE PEESENT CALL 107 
 
 my home in China, a mob attacked the Presbyterian 
 Mission. As the mob began to form, some mission- 
 aries of another mission were near the mob. They 
 had been there quite a while. They were urged to 
 quell the mob in its ineipiency, and many believed 
 they could; but for reasons known alone to them, 
 they made no effort, and the mob grew in size and 
 violence until all property belonging to the Presbyte- 
 rian Mission was burned, and the missionaries were 
 hunted out of the cave near by and shamefully mur- 
 dered. Many said that the blood of these murdered 
 missionaries would be on those who could and did 
 not rescue them. If this is true, what about the 
 millions in darkness who can never hear the glad 
 tidings unless we carry it to them? We can do it 
 now, and if we do not, will not their blood be on us ? 
 Paul said he was free from the blood of certain 
 people because he declared unto them all the counsel 
 of God — gave them the Gospel in its fullness. This 
 is the only way we can be free from the guilt of long 
 neglect. May we be willing instruments in His hands 
 for meeting the world's needs. 
 
THE CHURCH'S DUTY TO HER WORLD 
 
 MEN 
 
 THE work at home is inseparably bound to 
 the struggle in the * * regions beyond, ' ' and 
 in failing to back up adequately our world 
 men wherever they are, we greatly annul their work. 
 It is one battle — and only one — regardless of local- 
 ity. We are seeking to overthrow the kingdom of 
 the world and establish the Kingdom of God. To 
 neglect our world men we court failure even at 
 home, as the kingdom of darkness in the outljdng 
 immense untouched fields will more and more cast 
 its baneful shadows upon our home lands. In this 
 chapter I want to suggest some ways we can help 
 our world men most. 
 
 1. It is exceedingly important that we start them 
 right. Most missionaries are made before they ever 
 reach the fields. First of all they, like Paul, are 
 made by the gifts of nature (and these are of God), 
 and are called out by His grace and trained through 
 the *' hidden years in the home,'^ and in the church 
 and schoolroom. We are determining the success of 
 their lives in all the battles in our relation to them 
 in the early days of preparation in the life of the 
 church where they live. 
 
 108 
 
THE OHUECH'S DUTY 109 
 
 This being true, we must keep the churches true to 
 the ideals and plans and methods of our Lord where 
 the future leaders of all lands live. It is worthy of 
 note that the church at Antioch, which sent out the 
 first foreign missionaries of world influence, was in 
 the right attitude towards the Lord and His work 
 when these first missionaries were called out and 
 started on their career. Notice the following, — 
 ''They spake also unto the Greeks, preaching the 
 Lord Jesus." *'The hand of the Lord was with 
 them; and a great number, that believed, turned 
 unto the Lord." ''And much people were added 
 unto the Lord." *'Even for a whole year they were 
 gathered together with the church, and taught much 
 people." It was natural and easy for the Holy 
 Spirit to say to a church aflame with the revival 
 fires, daily ministering unto the Lord, fasting and 
 praying, "Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the 
 Avork whereunto I have called them." After prayer 
 and the laying on of hands these men went forth by 
 the Holy Spirit unto the heathen world with a power 
 and devotion that won idolatrous peoples every^vhere, 
 witnessing with boldness in the midst of all trials 
 and conditions. 
 
 The church that does the Lord's work in the 
 Lord's way will have the needed volunteers and will 
 start them out right. Who can estimate the power 
 of that precious experience that Barnabas and Saul 
 had at Antioch as these missionaries came in contact 
 with the forces of darkness as they sought to liberate 
 
110 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 the people with the Gospel. When the temptations 
 and treacherous onslaught of the evil one came, they 
 could always revert to the holy hour at Antioch when 
 the voice of duty and the Holy Spirit, confirmed by 
 the brethren in Christ Jesus, spoke to them and 
 urged them on with a devotion and a power that 
 would stand against **all the fiery darts of the 
 wicked one/' Fortunate is the missionary that has 
 such a church and such an experience. 
 
 Beyond all doubt one of the greatest hindrances 
 to the volunteer and the world program of our Lord 
 is the condition of the home churches. The Master 
 cannot call out the needed workers and prepare these 
 for the greatest leadership while the churches are 
 primarily concerned about questions of secondary 
 importance, and are indifferent about the Lord's 
 world plans of conquest. We shall lack the right 
 kind of kingdom leaders for world conquest until our 
 churches give the Father's will first place in abso- 
 lute surrender for saving the waiting nations with- 
 out a messenger of hope and salvation. We must 
 revert back to original devotion and zeal for the 
 Lord's truths and life as shown in the Antioch 
 church where the salvation of the lost in their own 
 midst and the needy world was given first place, 
 teaching them all things, giving first place to these 
 things as revealed in their willingness to spend so 
 much time in prayer and fasting. 
 
 It must have been such a joy to have a church like 
 Antioch to follow these early missionaries as they 
 
THE CJHURCH^S DUTY 111 
 
 went forth, Christ's ambassadors to the non-Christian 
 lands. It also must have been a great joy to the 
 church to have such missionaries to labour with the 
 church in making known the glad tidings to those so 
 long in darkness, and have these missionaries return 
 and tell what great things the Lord had done for the 
 Gentiles through their work and that of the co- 
 operating church. After reporting the first visit, 
 they start on the second, going to larger fields, and 
 on and on till great numbers heard the Gospel for the 
 first time. In fact, the trend of civilization and 
 Christianity was directed for all future days. If all 
 our churches (and that they might be!) were like 
 this great missionary church in their relation to the 
 Master and the great truths of His Gospel in word 
 and action and the Saviour's chosen world men, we 
 would soon remove the shameful stigma of Christian- 
 ity of this day, that almost two-thirds of the human 
 family is still without the Gospel, and the churches 
 still merely playing with the problem of world con- 
 quest, satisfied to enjoy the comforts and infinite 
 blessings of the Gospel here at home, and consider the 
 winning of the non-Christian lands of small conse- 
 quence if anything is done. 
 
 2. So deal with the volunteer in his early impres- 
 sions as to make it easy for him to carry into effect 
 his * ' heavenly vision. ' ' We should enable the volun- 
 teer to prepare for the most efficient service regard- 
 less of cost and labour. The destiny of the churches 
 at home, as well as the foreign fields, depends upon 
 
112 MEN AJ^D METHODS 
 
 the world men in a large way ; hence, the investment 
 of greatest importance is in these men, giving them 
 the highest training in the schools best fitted to do 
 this work. To neglect them and cripple their work 
 of preparation, we weaken every phase of the world 
 efforts of the churches. Every volunteer, whom we 
 have good reason to believe is chosen of the Father 
 for world conquest, ought to be given the best 
 training obtainable in institutions thoroughly com- 
 mitted to the Lord and His ideals for the world's 
 needs. 
 
 3. There is one phase of training needing strong 
 emphasis still unmet by our churches; namely, the 
 special course for the volunteer just ready to leave 
 for the non-Christian lands, which will seek to give 
 him a practical knowledge of the conditions he must 
 face where he is to labour and how he may meet well 
 the problems of health and adjustment so as to live 
 long and laboui^ well. We need recruiting stations 
 (shall we say?) prepared to give the volunteer, just 
 ready to enter the foreign fields, a clear insight into 
 the phj^sical and spiritual laws of highest efficiency 
 where he is to labour, and thereby avoid great waste 
 of manhood that has characterized so much of mis- 
 sion work in the past. I know we have mission 
 courses in many of our theological institutions, but 
 these ordinary courses, splendid as they are, do not 
 meet the need I have in mind. 
 
 For the sake of emphasis I repeat that the waste 
 on the foreign field is far greater than it ought to be. 
 
THE CHUECH'S DUTY 113 
 
 Many have to return to the home land without re- 
 maining over one term of service, and as the first 
 term is largely given to preparation, such workers 
 are practically lost to all great effort for world con- 
 quest. Men who are prepared to know the situation 
 best say that the missionary ought to live just as long 
 and do about as much work on the foreign fields as 
 in the home land if he is prepared to study conditions 
 and adjust his life to these conditions. This being 
 true, it is imperative for the churches to guide the 
 volunteer and young missionary as to how he can 
 meet well these conditions ; and more important still, 
 let him know the situation as it is and the first duty 
 on his part to study and make well the adjustment. 
 Men who will not take this phase of the work seri- 
 ously are unfit to be entrusted with great responsi- 
 bilities. A number of our existing institutions ought 
 to add a special course to the work already done that 
 will give the outgoing soldier these practical lessons. 
 Such a course ought not to take more than four or 
 five months of practical study, and this could be done 
 in connection with other work. 
 
 A number of business firms, e. g., Standard Oil of 
 United States, will not entrust their foreign men 
 with the responsibility of handling great business 
 problems until these m.en have special instruction as 
 to how to live and labour in the fields where they are 
 to go. If this is necessary for men who are to sell 
 Standard Oil products, how much more so for the 
 missionary of the eternal Gospel for man's salvation, 
 
114 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 and who is to labour under far more trying condi- 
 tions than the average business man. 
 
 It is also well worth repeating that the United 
 States Army would not permit her soldiers to go to 
 Europe until these men had their special training in 
 the recruiting station. Previous training, be that 
 ever so good, did not exempt a single man. He must 
 have this special training. We are going to labour 
 under conditions much more difficult than those the 
 soldier had to face in Europe. He was there for a 
 short while. We are in the battle for life. He had 
 a definite task, soon to be accomplished; we are to 
 labour until all the peoples know the Lord from the 
 least to the greatest. There are a hundred reasons 
 why the missionary should have this special training 
 where there was one that the soldier needed such 
 training. 
 
 The missionary recruiting stations ought to be held 
 under sacred environments where his world visions 
 will be strengthened and all forces made ready for 
 the battle. The men who give these special courses 
 ought to be those who know the fields thoroughly and 
 the problems of development first hand. Only such 
 could give the practical lessons needed and the em- 
 phasis on the work of special training. It would 
 follow that only missionaries could give these lessons, 
 but the boards could use the men and women on 
 furlough or detained because of health reasons. 
 Yet the importance of the task is so exceedingly 
 far-reaching that, if necessary, it would be wise 
 
THE CHTJECH'S DUTY 115 
 
 to call a man or so now and then from the battle- 
 field in order that this preparatory work should be 
 done by competent men, and not left entirely to 
 chance or men who must theorize and dwell too much 
 with the abstract. 
 
 The work of special training should have a climax 
 with a great mission gathering where the leading 
 home workers mostly concerned in the world battle 
 could meet with these departing ''overseas men/' 
 and give them a farewell like Paul and Barnabas 
 must have had at Antioch, binding the home forces 
 close to the foreign army. It would be such a bless- 
 ing to the home forces as well as these world men to 
 have such a meeting. 
 
 4. Back up the missionary adequately after he 
 reaches the field. This is of surpassing importance. 
 No great battle has ever been won where the home 
 forces did not stand by their soldiers. This can be 
 done in a number of ways. 
 
 (a) Keep in touch with the missionary. Many a 
 soldier found that his home people and the pastor did 
 not keep in touch with him as he had hoped. Many 
 times this was due to thoughtlessness. I knew a 
 young soldier who did not hear from home as he ex- 
 pected, and he sent a cable from France for home 
 news. The pastor who failed to keep in touch with 
 his soldier boys made a mistake that is difficult to 
 correct. The missionary does not look to men as the 
 soldier may have done, but still the missionary needs 
 the home sympathy and touch with God's people if 
 
116 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 his morale is always its best and he labours with the 
 greatest zest in the hardest fields. This may be done 
 through letters, prayers, and faith. 
 
 (h) Give sufficient equipment. It is a waste of 
 man power — and this is our greatest asset in any 
 field — for us to send men to these fields and not equip 
 them for the best work. As a rule these missionaries 
 are still doing foundation work — w^e are not needed 
 where this is not still true. He does not have the 
 support of organization and long-standing practices, 
 which we have at home, hence he must depend on 
 what he has in the way of support as you send it. 
 Russia was lost to the Allies, many think, because 
 she did not have an adequate supply of ammunition 
 at critical times. Many a young life in the mission 
 field with the noblest aims loses his zeal and wastes 
 his energy because he lacks the necessary munitions 
 of the warfare. Good homes, large and sanitary, 
 should be provided for every man where he can keep 
 the noblest ideals of our home life pure and strong in 
 a strange land where these things will preserve his 
 health, conserve his energy for the work, and teach 
 the natives many needed lessons which cannot be 
 taught by words. He must also have a workshop, a 
 school, a hospital, a church, a book-room, or a hostel 
 where he can come in touch with men and train them 
 for the kingdom. The workshop is even often more 
 important than any other equipment, for here one's 
 life is spent. 
 
 Our Father is richly blessing us in material wealth. 
 
THE CHUECH'S DUTY 117 
 
 We have more of this than any nation in the world. 
 He has done this that we might be able to equip His 
 work on the various needy fields. If the average 
 laymen could see the poor equipment whereby most 
 missionaries labour in the mission fields, I believe 
 they would be constrained to come to our help in pro- 
 viding the material equipment while we give our 
 lives to the task that is our brothers' in the home land 
 as well as ours who labour in the trenches. I rejoice 
 in the great advancement made in recent years, yet 
 we are just beginning to meet the vast needs of the 
 marching army, in the way of material equipment. 
 
 (c) Pray constantly for our missionaries and their 
 converts. All labourers and all equipment of a ma- 
 terial kind must fail unless we obtain spiritual vision 
 and power, and we need your prayers above every- 
 thing else for these things. In every church — in 
 fact, every child of God — should unite their daily 
 prayers for the great outstanding struggle that is 
 now on, and must intensify with the years, in the 
 Orient and other mission fields. The soldiers whom 
 you have helped to send out are in the greatest battle 
 ever fought by men of God, the organized forces of 
 evil thoroughly entrenched in the customs, supersti- 
 tion, and sin-enslaved hearts of the untouched mil- 
 lions. The struggle will require the strength of 
 many of our best trained men and women in kingdom 
 warfare. We need the united prayers — ^'^ fervent 
 prayer of faith'' — and such prayers will be "effec- 
 tual" to the saving of many souls. 
 
118 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 Many chains of influence can be traced to the 
 prayers of some person or church in the home land 
 going to God in behalf of the work in the foreign 
 fields. I will mention only one. The wife of Hon. 
 Mr. Liu, ambassador from China to the Court of 
 St. James, London, England, years ago was healed 
 by our physician in South China. She was visited 
 by the physician's wife and told of the Saviour. She 
 was willing to give up idolatry and all heathen cus- 
 toms except worshipping the graves of her people — 
 filial piety she must continue. She was told that she 
 had to make the complete surrender to be a disciple 
 of the Master. She hesitated. The missionary in 
 charge wrote letters to his co-labourers in Macon, 
 Atlanta, and other points in Georgia, U. S. A., asking 
 that they pray especially for this woman. A great 
 volume of prayer went to the Father on her behalf. 
 In a short while she made the full surrender, and 
 has ever since been one of the leading Christians in 
 her church. Through her influence, cooperating 
 with others, many have been won to Christ, and 
 among the number the wife of Dr. Sun Yat Sen, the 
 first President of China. Doubtless the influence of 
 this woman will never cease in winning souls to 
 Christ until He will come to receive His own to be 
 forever with the Lord. Those who prayed for her 
 in the United States were co-labourers with the mis- 
 sionary and will share with the reward. 
 
 It would be a happy arrangement if churches at 
 home would make it a business to pray for certain 
 
THE OHUECH'S DUTY 119 
 
 fields in China, and the labourers on these fields would 
 constantly keep the home churches informed as to 
 the need of prayer and give various objects for 
 prayer. It would be a measureless blessing to the 
 work in these mission fields and also to the work at 
 home. Every child of the Father certainly ought to 
 have a real part in the work by the prayer of faith, — 
 co-workers with the Saviour in our behalf through 
 prayer, and then we will hasten the glad day when 
 the nations shall know Him. 
 
 We are realizing the wealth of prayer more in 
 these days through our knowledge of physical laws. 
 If the physical laws are so delicate that an influence 
 started in the Occident speedily finds its way to the 
 Orient and the ends of the earth, how much more so 
 is this true of spiritual forces. Several years ago 
 Japanese scientists at Nagasaki detected earthquake 
 waves, and declared there had been a disturbance 
 somewhere. In a short while the cables brought the 
 news that a city had been destroyed in South Amer- 
 ica by a terrible earthquake. This earthquake oc- 
 curred almost as far away as possible from Japan 
 and China, yet the waves of influence were speedily 
 wafted to these distant shores. Just so in all social 
 and industrial and spiritual reforms in the West. 
 These send their influence to the uttermost parts of 
 the earth far more rapidly than we realize. We can- 
 not live to ourselves in the West, and the East also 
 cannot, even if so desired. Every life well lived for 
 the Master anywhere in the world is going to start 
 
120 MEN AND METHODS 
 
 influences that will reach distant shores and add 
 force to the powers of righteousness seeking to make 
 a new heaven and a new earth wherein dwelleth the 
 benign influences of our Master. 
 
 In the spring of 1919 the Chinese Government 
 made a notable bonfire at Shanghai burning publicly 
 opium worth about twenty-five million dollars. 
 Many tried to persuade China to use this opium for 
 medical purposes, but she was not willing to make 
 the compromise. However, back of this bonfire were 
 many noble praying men and women of England 
 and the United States and other countries, who had 
 spent much time in preparing the Chinese Govern- 
 ment for this great event, and who no doubt decided 
 the issue days before through spiritual forces. The 
 army of the Ancient of Days had worked for years 
 on this problem, and the world stood amazed at a 
 non-Christian nation winning a victory for humanity 
 seldom equalled even in the so-called Christian lands. 
 The praying bands of the world did much to bring 
 about this event, which will in turn do much to make 
 effective the missionary propaganda in China and all 
 non-Christian lands. 
 
 I mention these incidents to impress afresh upon 
 our minds that the home forces and the foreign are 
 interdependent and inseparably bound together in 
 the world conflict. If the home forces do not do 
 their duty to the world men, we are weakening the 
 battle line that is bound to affect in a most serious 
 way the whole situation. If the home and foreign 
 
THE CHUECH'S DUTY 121 
 
 alike do their full duty, the resultant power and in- 
 fluence will grow with ever-increasing magnitude 
 until His glorious name will be known and praised 
 from the River to the ends of the earth, and none 
 shall need to say, Know the Lord, for all will know 
 Him from the least to the greatest. 
 
 May each child of our Saviour and Lord do his 
 whole duty in the way the Master will gladly guide all 
 willing hearts, and contribute his share to the world 
 battle. If each will do this, the long-delayed glad 
 tidings, that the Saviour has come to bring salvation 
 to all peoples, will speedily reach the weary, waiting 
 nations. The light of His resplendent glory that 
 shone first on the hills of Bethlehem over nineteen 
 hundred years ago will be given the opportunity to 
 pierce and dissipate the dark places of this earth, 
 bringing peace and gladness to disturbed hearts and 
 chaotic civilizations, hopeless without the Gospel. If 
 His children, who have known the infinite blessings 
 of the Gospel to the individual and society, will make 
 their chief joy and duty to proclaim these glad tid- 
 ings to all the earth, our Lord and Master will see the 
 travail of His soul and be satisfied. If the message 
 of this book will in any way help the laboTirers in 
 God 's kingdom at home or abroad to understand how 
 they may live and labour to bring about these most 
 desired ends, I shall be thankful indeed to Him 
 Whose we are and Whom we serve. 
 
 Printed in the United States of America 
 
MIS6fC»JS 
 
 jUTDREW F. HENSET, P.P. or «*. co»e. Miu^. 
 
 A Master-BtlUder on the Congo 
 
 A Memorial to the Service and Devotion of Rob- 
 ert Ray Eldred and Lillian Byers Eldred. Illus- 
 trated, i2mo, cloth, net 75c. 
 
 A graphic and spirited record of the labors of those devoted 
 missionaries to the Congo, Robert Ray Eldred and his wife. 
 Mr. Hensey displays his historical instinct, and has been en- 
 abled to produce a book calculated to both find and retain a 
 prominent place in contemporary missionary literature, not 
 only as the fascinating story of selfish and untiring service, 
 but as an informative work of reference concerning that part 
 of the Dark Continent in v-hich his subjects lived and labored. 
 
 GERTRUPE R. HANCE 
 
 The Zulu Yesterday and To-Day 
 
 Twenty-five Years in South Africa. Introduction 
 by Edgar L. Vincent. Illustrated, cloth, net $1.25. 
 
 The author knows the Land of the Zulus, as it was, as it 
 is to-day, and what she knows she tells in a charming frank 
 and interesting fashion. Due credit is given in this volume 
 to civilization (considered merely as such) for the v/onderful 
 advance made in late years in the condition of the native 
 tribesman of South Africa; yet there is nowhere any doubt 
 in the mind of its author as to the Gospel of Christ having 
 been the chief, and primal caus« of his uplifting. 
 
 SAMUEL^ GRAHAM _ WILSON, _P. D^ Thirty-two Years 
 
 Resident in Persia 
 
 Modern Movements Among Moslems 
 
 i2mo, cloth, net, $1.50. 
 
 "Not often does there appear a more important work in a 
 special department than this of Dr. Wilson. Dr. Wilson's 
 thirty-two years of residence in Persia and his earlier studies 
 in Bahaism have prepared him for authoritative speaking 
 here. It constitutes an excellent argument against those who 
 think of missionaries in petty terms. Here is the book of 
 statesmanlike thinking." — The Continent. 
 
 S. M. ZJVEMER, P.P., F.R.G.S. 
 
 The Disintegration of Islam 
 
 Illustrated. i2mo, cloth, net $1.25. 
 
 Dr. Zwemer traces the collapse of Islam as a political 
 power in Europe, Asia and Africa, as well as the inevitable 
 effect the impact of Western civilization has had, and is still 
 having, on the countries over which it still holds sway. All 
 this tends to the final disintegration and overthrow of Mo- 
 hammedanism in fulfilment of a Divine plan of preparednesf 
 fer the evanirelizstioa of Moslem laads. 
 
ABOUT OTHER LANDS 
 
 HENRY CHUNG 
 
 The Oriental Policy of the United States 
 
 With maps, i2mo, cloth, net 
 
 A plea for the policy of the Open Door in China, pre- 
 sented by an oriental scholar of broad training and deep 
 sympathies. The history of American diplomatic relation- 
 ships with the Orient, the development of the various 
 policies and influences of »hc •western powers in China, 
 and the imperilistic aspirations of Japan are set forth ad- 
 mirably. 
 
 CHARLES KENDALL HARRINGTON 
 
 Missionary Amer. Baptist F$reign Miss. Socisiy to JaPan 
 
 Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea 
 
 Illustrated, 8vo., cloth, net 
 
 "EJspecially valuable at this hour, because it throws a 
 flood of light on many conditions in the Orient in which 
 all students of religious and social questions are espe- 
 cially interested. We would suggest that pastors generally 
 retell the story at some Sunday evening service, for here 
 is a story sensational, thrilling, informing and at the same 
 time a story of great spiritual urgency and power." — 
 Watchman-Examiner. 
 
 HARRIET NEWELL NOTES Canton, China 
 
 A Light in the Land of Sinim 
 
 Forty-five Years in the True Light Seminary, 
 1872-5917. Fully Illustrated, 8vo., net 
 
 "An acithoritative account of the work undertaken and 
 achieved by the True Light Seminary, Canton, China. 
 Mrs. Noyes has devoted practically her whole life to this 
 sphere of Christian service, and the record here presented 
 IS that of her own labors and those associated with her in 
 missionary activity in China, covering a period of mor« 
 than forty-five years." — Christian Work. 
 
 MRS. H. G. UNDER1V00D 
 
 Underwood of Korea 
 
 i\ Record of the Life and Work of Horace G. 
 Underwood, D.D. Illustrated, cloth, net 
 
 "An intimate and captivating story of one who labored 
 nobly and faithfully in Korea for thirty-one _years,_ pre- 
 senting his character, consecration, faith, and indomitable 
 courage." — Missions. 
 
MISSIONS AT HOME AND ABROAD 
 CAROLINE ATH^ATE R MASON Auihcrr or The LittU 
 
 ■ ' ■" Green God,"' eit.. 
 
 Conscripts of Conscience 
 
 i2mo, cloth, net $i.oo. 
 
 A plea in story form for volunteers for Medical Mission 
 work in the Orient by a writer of recognized literary gifts. 
 The heroic, the sacrificial, have been in continued evidence 
 during our World-War. A parallel field of opportunity is 
 here presented with every promise of equal stimulus to 
 times of peace. 
 
 ROBERT E. SPEER, LLP. 
 
 The Gospel and the New World 
 
 i2mo, cloth, net $2.00. 
 
 Dr. Speer's qualifications for reviewing the situation 
 need no recital. It is sufficient to indicate that with his 
 customary force and clarity, he covers the whole subject 
 of Foreign Missions in the light and darkness of war. 
 
 CHARLES L. THOMPSON, P.P. 
 
 The Soul of America 
 
 The Contribution of Presbyterian Home Mis- 
 sions. Illustrated, cloth, net $1.25; paper, net 50c. 
 
 A lucid, clearly defined statement of what has been done 
 on the North American continent, in Home Mission field 
 by the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 friNIFREP fr. BARTON 
 
 John P. Williamson 
 
 A Brother to the Sioux. Drawings by John 
 Redowl. Illustrated, i2mo, cloth, net $1.75. 
 
 "On the prairies Dr. Williamson spent a life of over 
 eighty years crowded with adventures, hardships and toil 
 as he laid out trails for civilization. Such men are our 
 truest empire builders." — Albert Wens in The Dakota 
 Farmer. 
 
 ELIZABETH LEHMAN MYERS 
 
 A Century of Moravian Sisters 
 
 A Record of Christian Community Life. Illus- 
 trated by F. J. Myers. Cloth, net $1.50. 
 
 "Gives an impetus to the spirit of simple faith and 
 practical devotion that cannot help but be far-reaching in 
 its effect." — Bethlehem Times. 
 
 IVILLIAM EARL LA RUE 
 
 The Foundations of Mormonism 
 
 i2mo, cloth, net $1,25. 
 
 Bruce Einney says: "The author has discovered and 
 here brought together original documents bearing on the 
 origin and history of all branches of the Mormon Church. 
 They are so startling that they must be either accepted or 
 disproved." 
 
LIGHT FROM THE ORIENT 
 
 REV, PAUL KANAMORI 
 
 The Three Hour Sermon-— on God, 
 
 Sin and Salvation 
 
 Introduction by Robert E. 
 Speer. Net $1.25. 
 
 Here is a sermon which has 
 been preached over eight hun- 
 dred times in Japan, and secured 
 nearly 50,000 conversions. Rob- 
 ert E. Speer says: "Many who 
 have heard of Mr. Kanamori's 
 sermon have wished to know 
 how an able Japanese, with such 
 an experience as Mr. Kanamori, 
 could put the Christian Message. 
 I trust it may have a wide circu- 
 lation." 
 
 THE 
 
 THREE HOUR 
 
 3ERM0N 
 
 PAUL KANAMORT 
 
 SAMUEL M. ZJVEMERy F. R. G. S. 
 
 A Moslem Seeker After God 
 
 The Life and Teaching of Al-Ghazali, Mystic 
 and Theologian of the Eleventh Century. Illus- 
 trated, net $2.25. 
 
 A volume of intensely interesting data concerning the 
 life, influence and teaching of the great Persian mystic 
 Al-Ghazali, one of the very greatest figures in the Mo- 
 hammedam world. A notable addition to literattire on this 
 subject. 
 
 JENNIE V. HUGHES 
 
 Chmese Heart Throbs 
 
 Introduction by Mary Stone (Shih Mei Yu),M.D. 
 Illustrated, i2mo, net $1.50. 
 
 A charming, tender series of sketches and stories writ- 
 ten by one who for many years has been a missionary in 
 China. Miss Hughes displays a rare insight into and 
 sympathy with the people of the I^and of Sinim. Her 
 work is instinct with the trvie missionary^ spirit, rendered 
 eminently readable by many touches of literary grace. 
 
 MRS, LUCY S. BAINBRIDGE 
 
 Jewels from the Orient 
 
 Illustrated, i2mo, net $1.00. 
 
 All the world has become our next door neighbor in 
 these days. To know its homes and manners of living, 
 its superstitions and worship, is part of a good education. 
 To this end there are many helpful books, among which 
 these personal sketches of real people in Eastern lands 
 will have their own place. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminanr Librar^^^ 
 
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