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FOUR SERMONS. 
 
 I. BY THE REV. JOHN TAYLOK, LL.D. 
 
 AT BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST, 1745; 
 
 WITH x\OTES BY THE REV. SAMUEL PARR, LL.D. 
 
 II. BY DR. TAYLOR, 
 
 BEFORE THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1757; 
 
 III. BY BISHOP LOWTH, 
 
 WHEN PREBENDARY OF DURHAM, 1758; 
 
 IV. BY BISHOP HAYTER, 
 
 BEFORE THE HOUSE OF PEERS, JAN. 30, 1740-50. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY AND FOR JOHN NICHOLS AND SON, 
 ^5, PARLIAMENT- STREET; 
 
 SOLD ALSO BY F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, 
 ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD, AND WATERLOO-PLACE. 
 
 182^. 
 
advehtisemen\5 ^ j^ ^ Q ^ c? ^- ^J 
 
 
 The Four Sermons now submitted to the atten- 
 tion of the Pubhck require little introduction. 
 
 It may be sufficient to say, that Dr. Parr thinks 
 very highly of the good sense and good writing 
 which adorn Dr. Tailor's Discourses. 
 
 To use the Doctor's own words, " Taylor's 
 Sermons are masterly indeed, both in the matter 
 and in the composition ; and shew the goodness of 
 his heart, the soundness of his judgment, and the 
 elegance and vigour of his English style*." 
 
 From profound respect for the memory of Dr. 
 Taylor, he wished these two Discourses to be pre- 
 served by re-publication ; and, from his friendship 
 for the present Editor, he has furnished a few notes 
 on the Discourse delivered at Bishop-Stortford. 
 
 The copy from which they are re-printed has 
 been borrowed, by the interposition of that excel- 
 lent Scholar, and the consent of the learned Dr. ^ 
 Samuel Butler, from the Library of Shreivshury 
 -Sc^oo/, in whichSeminary Taylor had been educated. 
 And it may here very justly be observed, that Tay- 
 lor, if living, would set a high value on the sagacity 
 of the present Master, who, as Editor of ^schylus, 
 
 * See Dr. Parr's Appendix to the Memoirs of Dr. Taylor, p. xlv. 
 
IV ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 holds a high rank in the Repubhck of Letters ; who, 
 like Dr. Taylor, had a Fellowship in St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and who has sent to- that Univer- 
 sity many yonng men successful in their attempts to 
 o-ain Academical Prizes and Honours. 
 
 On the literary talents of Dr. Taylor it would 
 be superfluous here to enlarge, as I have so re- 
 cently prefixed some ample Memoirs of him to his 
 " Music Speech at Cambridge," re-published in 1819 
 at the suggestion of the benevolent Friend by whose 
 recommendation the present Sermons are edited, 
 and enriched by him with a small Appendix of 
 " pleasing recollections and critical remarks." 
 
 Dr. Parr is also highly pleased with Bishop 
 Lowth's Sermon at Durham ; which, though once 
 very celebrated, has now become scarce, and there- 
 fore, in the judgment of Dr. Parr, might with great 
 propriety be subjoined to Taylor's Discourses. 
 
 Scarcely any vestige remains of the opinions and 
 talents of the amiable and venerable Bishop Hay- 
 TER, who for a time was Preceptor to King George 
 the Third. The Sermon now re-published strongly 
 marks the correctness of his judgment, the delicacy 
 of his taste, the candour of his sj)irit, and the sound- 
 ness of his principles in Morals, Politics, and Reli- 
 gion. Bishop Hayter has stated with great precision 
 both the rights and the duties of Sovereigns and 
 Subjects. The Sermon was added to the present 
 collection by Dr. Parr's advice, as peculiarly proper 
 at a season when so many novel and perilous opi- 
 nions have gone abroad. 
 
 May 11, 1822. J.Nichols. 
 
A SERMON 
 
 PREACHED AT BISHOP-STORTFORD 
 
 ONT 
 
 TUESDAY, AUGUST <22, 1749, 
 
 THE 
 
 ANNIVERSARY OF THE SCHOOL- FEAST; 
 By JOHN TAYLOR, LL. D. 
 
 CHANCELLOR OF LINCOLN. 
 
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 CHARLES LORD MAYNARD, 
 
 AND TO 
 
 RICHARD FRANKLAND, Esa. 
 
 STEWARDS ; 
 
 AND TO THE 
 
 GENTLEMEN AND CLERGY ASSEMBLED AT BISHOP- 
 
 STORTFORD AT THE CELEBRATION OF 
 
 THE SCHOOL -FEAST ; 
 
 THIS DISCOURSE, 
 
 PUBLISHED AT THEIR SOLICITATION, 
 
 IS MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED, 
 
 By the AUTHOR. 
 
*" 
 
 A SERMON 
 
 PREACHED AT 
 
 BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST, 
 AUG. 26, 1749. 
 
 Numb. xi. 29. 
 
 PFould God that all the Lord's People were 
 
 Prophets. 
 
 VV HAT Moses, the leader of Israel, in the hu- 
 manity of his disposition, wished to be the lot and 
 circumstance of the Lord's people, it has been in 
 some measure, and with some abatement of the ex- 
 pression, the happiness of this age and country to 
 see accomplished; and it is one part of this day's 
 solemnity thankfully to acknowledge and comme- 
 morate. For by the Prophets both of the Old and 
 New Testament, though frequently, yet we are not 
 always, to understand those chosen vessels of God's 
 power, who were distinguished by immediate and 
 extraordinary impulses from Heaven, and directed, 
 by the compendious method of illumination, to take 
 a view of the counsels of God, as they lay in the 
 scheme of providence : They were sometimes such 
 as made use of the ordinary and standing methods 
 
 B 2 
 
A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 of improving the better part of their nature, by 
 the nurture which was to be had in the schools 
 of the Prophets, and by the gradual process of 
 education. It was there, by acquainting them- 
 selves with the order of Nature, that they were able 
 to trace appearances into their first causes, and so 
 became qualified, as it were, to bespeak their effects 
 and consequences: Or else, by considering the years 
 of antient times*, and what works had been 
 wrought of old ■[, they could give an edge to their 
 sagacity, and in some measure be beforehand with 
 events \ : Or lastly (what was not the least or most 
 inconsiderable article of the Prophet's commission) 
 they were such as were enabled, by the course of a 
 proper education, to interpret the will of God, and 
 stand between Him and his people. 
 
 Thus circumstanced as we are in the ordinary 
 method of becoming wise and useful, not only those, 
 who, by their liberality, counsel, or authority, ever 
 set forwards this good work, have always been enti- 
 tled to the blessings of the wise and sober part of 
 mankind ; but those also who make the most suc- 
 cessful advances in it have, in the same proportion, 
 met with their esteem and reverence. It is to be 
 apprehended, that the original breach in our consti- 
 
 ♦ Psal. Ixxvii. 5. xliii. 18. f Psal. xliv. 1. 
 
 X Est enim vis et natura quaedam, quae turn observatis longo 
 tempore significationibus, turn aliquo instinctu inflatuque divino 
 futura pranunciat. Cic. de Divin. I. 6.— Non fefellit nos quidem 
 nostra Divinatio, quam cum sapientissimorum virorum monu- 
 
 mentis atque praeceptis, plurimoque doctiinae studio, turn 
 
 magno etiam usu, magnaque temporum rarietate consccuti 
 
 sumus. Id. VI. Ep. Fam. 6. 
 
4 
 
 BISHOr-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 5' 
 
 tution, occasioned by Adam's trespass, contributed 
 as much to weaken the powers of the understand- 
 ing, as it did to debauch the principles of the will. 
 And accordingly, in all civil and moral considera- 
 tions whatsoever, those efforts of the mind on the 
 one hand, and those expressions of the heart on the 
 other, which seem to re-establish our forfeited con- 
 dition, and are most effectual to recover the dignity 
 and perfection of human nature, have always had 
 the preference in the judgment of mankind; not 
 only as they are the first in order and necessity, but 
 also the fairest in their value and importance. 
 Thus, for instance, to restore the balance of for- 
 tune, and to sooth the distresses of our fellow-crea- 
 tures, which were owing, not to a parsimony or 
 thrift in Providence, but took their rise from the lust 
 of appetite joined to an extent of power, has, in 
 all systems of morality, been esteemed a duty the 
 loveliest in consideration, and the happiest in its in- 
 fluence: And, in like manner, in political constitu- 
 tions, those arts and improvements of the human 
 mind, which bid the fairest to raise it to its original 
 standard, have been constantly observed to rise and 
 fall, in proportion to the wisdom of the institution, 
 and the equity of the administration. 
 
 It is no small credit to the Reformation of the 
 Church of England, that the present plan of educa- 
 tion, which is extended to almost all conditions of 
 life indifferently, had so great a share in the atten- 
 tion of it. Till that time, for a period of several 
 centuries, all the learning of the world (and, God 
 knows, that not very considerable) was husbanded 
 
A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 with thrift, and retailed in very moderate quantities : 
 when the mind of man was not able to separate the 
 ideas of clerh and scholar : and those rude languages 
 which were taught, and those mean sciences which 
 were professed, were never meant to reach beyond 
 the Cloister. So effectually was " the key of know- 
 ledge taken away : Thei/ entered not in themselves, 
 and them that were entering in, thei/ hindered *." 
 
 If we examine the monuments of our own history, 
 far the greatest number of schools for the education 
 of youth, in this kingdom, are owing to the pious 
 care of Edward VI. who may be said to have set for- 
 wards the Reformation ; and of that great Princess, 
 his successor, who lived to perfect it. It was about 
 the sixth century, that the Roman method of disci- 
 pline began to decline, and then took its final leave 
 in the study of the Civil Law, in the East : when 
 *' a nation strong, and without number, and whose 
 teeth were the teeth of a lion f," seems for some 
 time to have cut off the very memory of letters, and 
 all the favourable means of improving the taste, or 
 even the understanding. And I always thought it a 
 great want of judgment, or at least a great abuse of 
 leisure, to inquire, in those dark ages, as some of 
 our Historians have done with no small impatience, 
 for the precise date of the re-establishment of public 
 schools, particularly that of our two Universities. 
 Whether it was, that the infancy of human learning, 
 like that of other constitutions, was more attentive 
 to securing its settlement, than recording its glory : 
 
 * Luke xi. 52. f Joel i. 6. 
 
. 4 
 
 BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. ^ 
 
 Whether the contracted genius of a barbarous age 
 was but Httle soHcitous about the interest they were 
 to have in the regards of posterity : Or, lastly, 
 whether or no the records, if such were left, wanted 
 that salt and seasoning, which was so necessary for 
 their preservation. However, from the eighth or 
 ninth century (when History began again to run 
 clear, and we read of the foundation of schools at 
 Paris under Charlemagne, and by his example in 
 other parts of the West) even to the very dawn of 
 the Reformation, the method of instruction was very 
 rude and very deplorable ; as is plain from the mo- 
 numents which are left us of the education of Eras- 
 mus himself, that great patriarch of human learning, 
 who saw the corruption and deluge of the old world, 
 and lived to be the planter and founder of a new. 
 
 Upon this view, therefore, of our comparative 
 • happiness with that of former ages, give me 
 leave, in the first place, to lay before you some 
 observations upon the great advantage of a 
 liberal and ingenuous education, and to con- 
 sider how greatly it stands connected with 
 the cause and interests of virtue : In the se- 
 cond, to point out how much the publick is 
 indebted to those who, by great assiduity and 
 constant application, are successfully instru- 
 mental in so good a work : And, lastly, to 
 direct such reflections to this audience, as my 
 present subject shall appear most properly to 
 have suggested, and may best suit this occa- 
 sion of our assembling ourselves together. 
 
8 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 I. The present plan of education, in all human 
 appearance, is the most likely method of leading the 
 mind to the contemplation of moral truth, and con- 
 ducting us to the great masters of reason, by bring- 
 ing us into an early acquaintance with those Au- 
 thors who write correctly and elegantly. And great 
 care ought to be taken, that, as the mind by degrees 
 begins to unfold itself, it should be recommended to 
 such Writers as are likely to mend the heart, at the 
 same time that they enlighten or relieve the under- 
 standing. And accordingly the natural elegance of 
 those two very considerable languages, which con- 
 tain all the treasures of the Heathen Wisdom, and 
 in many cases are confessedly very successful in ex- 
 plaining and illustrating the Christian, can never be 
 introduced to our attention too early, or pressed 
 upon us too warmly. By what traces we have left 
 us of the Greek and Roman education, it appears to 
 me almost certain that their School-Authors were 
 chiefly, if not solely, the Poets. And this, perhaps, 
 is the reason why, in the older definitions of a Cri- 
 tic *, before he was branched off from the Gramma- 
 rian, and whilst he made a part of that profession, 
 the principal ingredient was always a skill or adroit- 
 ness in explaining and amending the Poets. And 
 indeed r great part o^ the teacher's art consists in 
 making those things palatable, which the circum- 
 stances of our nature have rendered necessary. The 
 
 * Eustath. ad Homer. Iliad. B. § 48. edit. Alex. Politi. Quin- 
 tilian. I. 4. Dionysius Thrax in Grammatica. Theodosius Gram- 
 niaticus in (r%. MSS. ad Dionysium Thraceni. Sueton. de lUustr. 
 Gramniat. c. 4. Varro de L. L. c. 4. 
 
4 
 
 BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. Q 
 
 inattention of youth must be fixed by bespeaking an 
 interest in their fancy, not in their judgment. Phi- 
 losophy hrs its infancy, as well as our constitution. 
 " The gr. jje (to use the words of Isaiah *) is ripen- 
 ing while ic is in the flower:" the spring of youth, 
 like that of nature, is florid, not fruitful : and we 
 reserve the expectation of plenty "for the appointed 
 weeks of harvest -|-." 
 
 If we turn our eyes upon the vicious and profli- 
 ^-< te, the disturbers of public peace, and the invaders 
 of private property, how many instances are owing 
 to a neglected education ! for, though much must 
 be allowed for the malignancy of a bad disposition, 
 yet discipline, and attention to useful knowledge, 
 will in great measure correct a bad habit, and the 
 want of it will corrupt a good one. Just as it fares 
 with Science : the apprehension even of vulgar 
 truths is lost to those who do not contribute their 
 application, and scarce any thing is too hard for 
 those who do. 
 
 The instruction we have all of us received, is not 
 given, but lent us. 
 
 " mutantur saecla animantum," 
 
 says a great Poet, 
 
 •' Et quasi cursores, vital lampada tradunt 
 
 And with the lamp of life it is the duty of us all to 
 convey the lamp of knowledge ; to " tell our chil- 
 dren, and let our children tell their children, and 
 their children another generation §. Where the 
 
 * xviii. 5. t Jerem. v. 24. 
 
 t Lucret. ii. 77. § Joel i. 3. 
 
10 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 means of a regular and standing education are want- 
 ing, how few are there who of their own accord ap- 
 ply their hearts to wisdom * ! And of those who do, 
 how precarious, how tedious, is the knowledge which 
 comes by trailing the cold scent of experience, in 
 comparison of that which is conveyed by precept and 
 information ! And on the other hand, if Philosophy 
 is ready to prescribe the useful lessons of life, and 
 prevent our miscarriages, how wretched is the oeco- 
 nomy, to make the purchase at the dear rate of our 
 own smart and sufferings j* ? 
 
 For want of such proper direction, how many an 
 honest disposition has been betrayed to shame, and 
 how many a noble mind has lain uncultivated ! for 
 herein surely lies the great difference between a dark 
 and enlightened age. When a race of men abate in 
 the plenty of happy and useful productions, or in 
 the rich shoots of fancy and imagination, a fair ob- 
 server will be willing to impute it to a want of cul- 
 ture, not a barrenness of capacity. For to suppose 
 that Nature could either become languid, and une- 
 qual to her own executions, or else grudge the world 
 the blessing of a distinguished genius, and break the 
 mould in which she used to cast them : To imagine 
 that there has been not only a great revolution in the 
 fate of Letters, of Arts and Sciences, but also in the 
 minds and abilities of those who profess them, seems 
 
 * Psal. xc. 12. 
 
 » )c«eS' ^|xaii lr*v. « yaj lyu "aaOuf Idtdotp^Oiiv, rccvrx wply tauQiTv ^uXdtr- 
 Epist. V. 
 
, 4 
 
 BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 11 
 
 to have in it more of conceit than philosophy ; 
 though all the Writers that have given their reflec- 
 tions upon this head (and there are some of name 
 and discernment) never once disputed the fact, but 
 differed only in their manner of accounting for it. 
 Science itself, and all human proficiencies in it, are 
 alike shaped to the fashion of time, its interests, and 
 circumstances. The schemes of wisdom and contri- 
 vance have their display in the plans of government 
 and the settlement of constitutions : the arts of elo- 
 quence are most successfully cultivated in their ad- 
 ministration : and the more delicate and ornamental 
 ones are best planted in their repose and tranquillity. 
 At one time a public emulation shall engage the at- 
 tention of many to a popular and prevailing science: 
 at another the eclat of an extraordinary genius shall 
 check the fervour of that very emulation, and seal 
 up that science for hereafter. The success of some 
 depends upon a smartness of the imagination, and 
 happiness of apprehension, whilst others are raised 
 by long deduction, by experiment, and the slow 
 process of observation. 
 
 II. I obliged myself in the *ecow^ place to lay be- 
 fore you some reflections upon the importance of 
 that character which is intrusted with the conduct 
 of education : the great duty he owes the publick, 
 and the great obligations which are reciprocally due 
 to him. — He is to reflect, that in this tender age, and 
 in these seeds of time, the publick have reposed their 
 hopes of harvest. He is forming those minds, where 
 the outward community and domestic society, where 
 
12 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 public peace and private happiness, are greatly inte- 
 rested in the cultivation. It was well said by So- 
 crates, " that he was of much greater concern to his 
 country by instructing youth, than if he had directed 
 his attention to the affairs of government." There is 
 scarce a character upon the stage of life but takes its 
 colour and complexion from the part it first appeared 
 in here. The next scene we commonly shift into 
 after a school education is, where the modes of go- 
 vernment are considerably altered, and the admi- 
 nistration by terror and severity gives place to the 
 milder discipline of sober counsel and moderate re- 
 proof. And now let those, who have not weighed 
 this before, reflect but for a moment, how rare the 
 skill, how critical the dispensation, so successfully to 
 have administered the arguments of fear, that, when 
 that spring of action is taken off, and the mind is in 
 some degree become its own mistress, it shall be cool, 
 and attentive to the voice of persuasion. Have they 
 reflected, that the execution of that discipline, with 
 which the publick has thought proper to intrust 
 them, is of all others the most nice and delicate? 
 Are they all blessed with such honesty of heart, as 
 to be able to affirm, that the gratification of their 
 passions has never once given an edge to their cor- 
 rection ? On the other hand, are they all possessed 
 of that clearness of judgment as to perceive that 
 those terrors were lent them, not for the ordinary 
 means of instruction; but an unwelcome reserve, ra- 
 ther permitted than prescribed, a violent experiment 
 for stubborn and desperate cases, and the last stages 
 of the distemper ? The will, the heart, the afFec- 
 
BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 13 ^ 
 
 tions, must be courted, not subdued. There are 
 some truths of very great importance, which con- 
 straint and terror can never teach. Nay farther, it 
 is the great end of a hberal institution, as was well 
 observed by a wise Ancient, to give the mind its 
 proper impressions, and to lead us to a voluntary 
 and rational performance of those duties, which the 
 vulgar and untutored are compelled to by the seve- 
 rity of human constitutions. The ruling principles 
 of life must be insinuated by philosophy, not incul- 
 cated by fear. For what is life but a great system 
 of human prudence, formed upon regular principles, 
 conducted by steady notions, and pointed to one 
 uniform purpose ; where those, who learn betimes 
 to give a right direction to the motions of the will, 
 are the only people who are sure of living hereafter 
 as they would, and of escaping the shame and dis- 
 content of that man who upon every event is forming 
 a new set of resolutions *. 
 
 It has been the fate of other professions to have 
 been more popular, and more favourably considered, 
 than this : but none was ever better recommended 
 to our esteem by the patience of the instructor, and 
 the importance of the execution. " Operum fastigia 
 spectantur : latent fundamenta," are the words of a 
 celebrated writer "j", and one who has thrown a lustre 
 upon this very profession. And I cannot but ex- 
 
 * @uov nytjUova t5 /3i« Xae.fx'iccvovo'i rev Xoyot, u> ryj tTrojUsvon? a^tov sr* 
 p.oiiu; iXivOifiS? vojui^fiv' ixovQi yap a 6(7 ^iiXeaOcn ju.«9ovte? b; /3tfXovTa» ^uaL' 
 
 fAiKfoi ty -aoWu Tu fieravoavT* to EJcaVtoi'. Plutarch. de AuditionCj init. 
 t Quintilian. I. Prooein. 
 
14 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 press my astonishment, that two Nations, so con- 
 fessedly wise and eminent as the Greeks and 
 Romans, should commit so delicate a point to the 
 discharge of those to whom they grudged even the 
 rights and rank of common humanity. And yet 
 these are the very men, if we believe Juvenal, 
 
 " — qui praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis 
 
 Esse loco. Sat. VII. 209. 
 
 * Plutarch, in the Essay by me last cited, calls the Tutors of 
 Youth /Aio-9«»Tsj Kcd apyi/f&iyy)'T«?. And in his first Tract, concerning 
 Education, are these remarkable words : Twv yap AOYAflN tw» ottow- 
 Sxiuv Ts\ jHEV yEwpysj <*ffoJHxvus<r», raj Je — o, n ^ oiv ivfuxr^i ANAPA- 
 nOAON ohoXywvoii x.O(,t A.»;^yoi» tsTfog wao-av Wfoyju.aTEtav a;^pnrov, rtiru 
 
 (Pe'^ovtej vTcoQaXKaa-i tsj utsj. What we re^ad of Augustus, magna 
 quondam sterilitate, ac difficili remedio, cum venalitias et lanis- 
 tarum familias, peregrinosque omnis, exceptis medicis et prcecep- 
 toribus, partemque servitiorum urbe expulisset." — Sueton. Au- 
 gust. 42. is thus related by Orosius VII. 3. " Adeo dira Romanes 
 fames consecuta est, ut Caesar lanistarum familias, omnisque pere- 
 grines, servorum quoque maximas copias, exceptis medicis et 
 prcEceptoribus, trudi urbe praeceperit." This will best explain 
 those words of Livy, V. 27- " Mos erat Faliscis eodem magistro 
 liberorum et comite uti," And though comes or pcedagogus is not 
 necessarily to be restrained to a servile condition (" comitem ac- 
 cipere debemus eum qui comitetur et sequatur, et, ut ait Labeo, 
 sive liberum sive servum — Inter comites utique et paedagogi 
 erunt," 1. 15 § 16. D. deinjuriis) ; yet that the state of these Lite- 
 ratores, or such who taught the elements of speech, was of the 
 more abject sort, at best but libertine, is very certain from many 
 instances. That famous text of Maeeianus has been often quoted 
 upon this occasion, 1. 35. D. fideicom. " Gaii Cassii non est re- 
 cepta sententia existimantis et heredi et legatario remittendam 
 interdum proprii servi manumittendi necessitatem : si vcl usua 
 tam necessarius esset, ut eo care re non expediret, veluti dispen- 
 satoris, padagogive liberorum. 
 
BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. l^^ 
 
 Indeed their interests and offices are greatly con- 
 nected, and happy is it for the community and the 
 good cause of education, when the natural father is 
 
 SEX. POMPEIVS 
 
 SEX. L. DAPHNI8 
 
 GRAM. 
 
 £t 
 
 PVDENS M. LEPIDI L. GRAMMATICVS 
 
 PROCVRATOR ERAM LEPIDI MORESftVE REGEBAM 
 
 DVM VIXI MANSIT C^SARIS ILLA NVRVS 
 
 ATTEIVS PHILOLOGVS DISCIPVLVS. 
 
 Et 
 
 M. METTIVS 
 
 EPAPHRODITVS 
 
 GRAMMATICVS GR^CVS 
 
 M. METTIVS GERMANVS L. FBC. 
 
 DIIS MANIBVS S 
 
 TI. CLAVDIO AVG. LIB, GEATIO 
 
 P.EDAGOGO FVERORVM CjERETANORVM, &C. 
 
 From Gruter. Add Spon. MiscelL Erud. Antiq. sect. vi. p, 227 
 seq. andFabrett. Inscript. cap. 5. p. 361, 362. And this was the 
 state under Severus- *' In prima pueritia literatores habuit Va- 
 lerium Cordum, et L. Veturium, et Aurelium Phil ippum libertum 
 patris." Lampridius in Severe init. Afterwards the profession 
 of grammar learning grew very creditable, and was distinguished 
 with several considerable immunities. See Cod. lib. XI. tit. 18. 
 et lib. XII. tit. 15. Yet there always seems to have been an ex- 
 ception for those of the lower class, who were concerned in the 
 elementary part of education. " Eos qui primis Uteris pueros in- 
 ducunt, non habere vacationem D. Magnus Antoninus rescripsit." 
 1. 11. D. de muneribus et honoribus. And consonant to it is 1. 2. 
 § 8. of the title immediately following ! " Qui pueros primas li- 
 teras docent, immunitatem k civilibus muneribus non habent." 
 
 Et 
 
1^ A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 pessessed of this great truth, and highly esteems 
 the other for his work's sake *. Of which this 
 place has lately seen a noble instance ; an instance 
 so recent in the memory of all who hear me, that I 
 might have well been spared the mention of it: but 
 withal so worthy of imitation, and administered with 
 that greatness of sentiment, that " his work is wor- 
 thy to be praised and had in honour -j-." 
 
 III. I come now to the third and last distribution 
 of my subject ; which was, to address such reflec- 
 tions to the minds of this audience, as the occasion 
 of this day's solemnity might fairly afford us. 
 
 One of which you may remember I suggested in 
 the beginning of my discourse ; and that was, to re- 
 mind you of the proper duty of praise pnd thanks- 
 giving for the standing means of a liberal and inge- 
 nuous institution ; a blessing, which all of you have 
 received, most of you in this place of education. 
 And let it be said (for it may be said with great sim- 
 plicity, and with great impartiality) that there is no 
 circle of gentry, of equal distinction, whether in re- 
 gard to circumstance of birth, or plenty of fortune, 
 where the memory of it is so cheerfully supported, 
 and the effects of it are so visibly imprinted, as that 
 of this neighbourhood. But I would be understood 
 to have reserved for this part of my present under- 
 taking another application of this Anniversary, 
 which is, to sanctify this acknowledgment to a 
 happy issue, and to improve the grateful sacrifice of 
 
 * 1 Thcss. V. 13. t Psalm cxi. 3. 
 
BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. I7 
 
 the heart into an useful lecture upon your lives and 
 practice. Lest we should say with the Prophet : 
 " Their Nobles have sent their little ones to the 
 water, but they themselves came to the pits, and 
 found no water : They returned with their vessels 
 empty *." 
 
 The doctrine of brotherly love and Christian 
 friendship so naturally flows from what I have sug- 
 gested, that I doubt not but every man's evpectation 
 has already prevented what I had to apply : and the 
 known unanimity and harmony of this country has 
 in great measure prevented the necessity of the ap- 
 plication. Give me leave only to point out to your 
 several reflections the uncommon oblisations which 
 attend upon a friendship so liberally and so honour- 
 ably contracted ; which was sown together with the 
 seeds of virtue, and grew up with the advances of an 
 enlarged and an improved understanding. The com- 
 mon and ordinary combinations of mankind, whe- 
 ther civil or accidental, those several modes and ex- 
 pressions of friendship, or of that artificial brother- 
 hood, by which we provide for the necessities or the 
 conveniences of one another, have, according to 
 their nature and occasions, their being and their 
 support in our passions, our humours, and our in- 
 terests. Fear points out the road to civil establish- 
 ments and the more general communities ; traffic, 
 and an advance of property, collects us into combi- 
 nations of trade and smaller systems of commerce: 
 some friendships are founded upon a real likeness of 
 
 * Jcreni, xiv. 3. 
 c 
 
18 A SERMON AT BISHOP-STORTFORD. 
 
 manners and temper, and some upon a fantastic and 
 imaginary one. The cement of this assembly is of 
 a very refined and very delicate cast. It is not only 
 to keep alive and refresh that warm union, which 
 was rooted in your tender years, in the honesty and 
 simplicity of your natures : but also to invigorate 
 that great principle of being useful and ornamental 
 to your country, by thus solemnly renewing your 
 acquaintance with that place, and those means which 
 afforded you the first and fairest opportunities of 
 becoming so. 
 
 That this, and whatever else is commendable 
 and praiseworthy, may be the effects of all 
 such occasions of assembling ourselves toge- 
 ther, may God of his infinite mercy grant, 
 through the merits and mediation of his soi> 
 Jesus our Lord. 
 
'19 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 TO 
 
 Dll. TAYLOR'S SERMON 
 
 AT BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 NOTES BY THE REV. SAMUEL PARR, LL.D. 
 
 Page 10. — On the Epistles of ^schines. 
 
 As Dr. Taylor makes no remark upon the passage 
 which he quotes from the Fifth Epistle of ^schines, 
 it may be proper to state, that this, and the other 
 Epistles ascribed to ^schines, have no better claim 
 to genuineness than the Epistles of Themistocles, 
 Socrates, Euripides, and others, and the Fables of 
 ^sop, upon which Bentley wrote the Dissertation 
 subjoined to his celebrated work on Phalaris. See 
 page 391 of Bentley on Phalaris, published at Lon- 
 don 1777. The same Dissertation is prefixed to 
 the Latin Translation of Bentley on Phalaris pub- 
 lished at Leipsic 1781. See page 852, vol. II. of the 
 " Bibliotheca Graeca Fabricii," by Harles. The sup- 
 pressed Epistles of j^llschines are in number twelve, 
 and it is proper to subjoin Taylor's opinion about 
 them. " Qusenam sint abjudicandse, si quaeras, sive 
 tanto auctore indignae ; sive nota aliqua inustae, quae 
 
 *c 2 
 
20 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR S SERMON 
 
 novitatem arguere possit, hoc ex me, inquam, si 
 quaeras, aio, praedico, confirmo, et pronuncio omnes 
 XII proscribendas protinus, et eliminandas esse." P. 
 749, torn. II. of Taylor's edition of Demosthenes and 
 ^schines. 
 
 " Doctissimus Galhis, qui, in Actis Literariis Pa~ 
 risiensibus, ^^ischinis vitam consignavit, primus eas 
 in dubium vocavit, eo monito contentus, neque am- 
 plius progressus. Multa vero contulere ad fidem 
 earum levandam, quae jam cum lectore communicavi, 
 suspicionibus meis, non tamen omnibus, frequenter 
 interspersis, duo eruditi viri, CI. Jer. Marklandus et 
 Thomas Clerkius." Ibidem, p. 76I. 
 
 I have ever been accustomed to look with respect 
 and aflfection upon the merits of Dr. Taylor, because 
 the simplicity of his heart, and the candour of his 
 spirit, were quite worthy of his sound judgment and 
 extensive erudition. The reader then will, I hope, 
 not be offended with me for contrasting the opinions 
 and the example of Taylor with the acrimony which 
 every wise and good man must lament, as he finds 
 it often prevalent in the discussions of verbal critics. 
 
 " In hac quoque notularam mantissa pulchram 
 satis opportunitatem mihimet comparasse videor, ut 
 subductis probe rationibus, et pensitato mecum meo 
 commentandi charactere, nonnullorum hominum 
 reprehensiones deprecarer, si qui id, quod in criti- 
 corum laboribus maxime sit solenne, in nostris ex- 
 pectarent: nempe, ut quos in eadem palaestra mecum 
 desudasse conspexerim, eos omnis conviciis pro- 
 brisque proscinderem, malaque ingererem multa. 
 iMeus longe aliter fuit animus et sententia, diuque 
 
AT BISHOP- STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 21' 
 
 mecum do!ui, humanissima stiidia protitentes hu- 
 mana omnia a-se aliena existimare. Veteium ea 
 fuit sententia, ut Mercurium Gratiis rsraos^ov loca- 
 rent, cog ^cO^iga t5 "koys to (ruyx£^apKry.ivov, HOLt 
 t3-goo'<piX£j airSvTog. Plutarch, Dissert. Moral. 3. 
 Quosnam ergo decebit magis ab omni acerbitate 
 orationis, abesse, atque (ut Plato de Xenocrate 
 dixit) rdig ^a^Kri Busiv, quam in liberalissimis disci- 
 plinis enutritos, in literis cultissimis exercitatos, qui 
 denique in docendo flectendoque animum legentis 
 mediocrem artificii sui partem poni viderint ? Unum 
 quod adtinet Andream Schottum Antverpiensem, si- 
 quid a me intemperanter nimis excidit, siquidejus in 
 Rep. literaria existimatione indignum, aut mea in 
 eadem novitate, habeto id omne mihi jam deferves- 
 cente ingenio atque in se redeunte, serio displicuisse." 
 See Taylor's Lysias, quarto edit, page 675. 
 
 Markland was the friend of Taylor ; and, in justice 
 to the memory of these two excellent men, as well 
 as of their illustrious contemporaries Hemsterhuis 
 and Wesseling, I will subjoin, from the Dedication 
 of his "Supplices Mulieres" a passage which in 
 matter and in spirit harmonizes with the preceding 
 quotation from the Lysias of Taylor. 
 
 " Petit a vobis (scil. Tiberio Hemsterhusio et Petro 
 Wesselingio) hujus Dramatis Commentator, ut sine 
 ofFensa sibi licuerit vestra nomina,CT§oV£U7rov rrjXa'jysj, 
 Fabulae praefixisse ; 
 
 " Non quod ob eruditionem, in qua neminem 
 superiorem habetis, beatos vos et praedicandos exis- 
 timat ; neque ob judicium, quod in vobis pari passu 
 oum eruditione inccdit, Ea parvi aestimat prae ama- 
 
 *C3 
 
22 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR S SERMON 
 
 bilibus istis animi dotibus, quae non nisi veroe erudi- 
 tionis, et recti judicii fructus sunt efFectusque, mo- 
 destia, candore, et humanitate ; qiiibus vos prgediti, 
 omnibus hominibus prodesse cupitis ; neminem lae- 
 ditis ; ne obloquio quidem, usitato isto literaruni 
 hodiernarum condimento. Sit anima mea vobiscum ! 
 
 " Quo enim eruditionis nomen, si barbarorum 
 animos retineamus? Quo simulationem rei op- 
 timae, si absit Veritas? Quid prodest, si pro mitibus, 
 probis, simplicibus, ingenuis, niodestis, benevolis 
 erga omnes homines, quales promittit Literata In- 
 stitutio ; ea nos demittat feroces, maledicos, versu- 
 tos, insolentes, malignos, implacabiles omnibus qui 
 a nobis dissentire ausi fuerint, etiam in nugis ? 
 
 " Long^ aliter vos, revera eruditi ; non ad famam 
 hominum, neque ad speciem, compositi. Apud vos 
 nihil illiberale, nihil ferox et truculentum : mitia 
 omnia, modesta, ingenua ; concordiae Musis, et hu- 
 manitati convenientia. Quo fit, ut vestra disciplina 
 exemplisque excitata patria juventus, ad aemula- 
 tionem morum atque eruditionis vestra? feliciter suc- 
 creverit. Utinam exemplum ad vicinos nostros, 
 mari disjunctos, pertineret!" 
 
 Upon a subject so interesting to the credit of 
 Literature, I gladly and sincerely profess myself 
 o*u|x<Ppova, (TujxcpfDVov, o-uft\|/i3^ov, with Markland and 
 Taylor. 
 
 " Equidem sic mihi persuasi, humanitatis imprimis 
 esse, leniter ferre aliter sentientes ; nihilque esse tur- 
 pius, quam humanitatem professos, in officio, cujus 
 magistri esse volumus, labi et peccare ; et dum se- 
 quimur probabilia, in quibus ultra id, quodveri- 
 
AT BISHOP- STORTFORD SCHOOL- FEAST. 23 
 
 simile occurrerit, progredi non possumus^ esse nobis 
 Ciceronein autorem adliibendiim, qui et refellere 
 jubet sine pertinacia et refelli sine iracundia." See 
 page 17 of the Preface to the Keply of Olaus Wor- 
 mius to the objections which Wolfius had started 
 against the genuineness of the Speech for Marcellus 
 commonly ascribed to Cicero. 
 
 This work of Wormius was pubhshed HavnisB 
 1803. 
 
 Page 13. — On the passage from Plutarch. 
 
 The passage quoted by Taylor is to be found, 
 p. 37, vol. II. edit. Xyland. In the Catalogue which 
 Lamprias gave De Scriptis Patris sui Plutarchi, the 
 title is Tjspi tS ax&eiv toSv <I>jXoo-o(pa)v. Wyttenbach 
 says, " Quod in Lampriae Catalogo additur rtov 4>i- 
 7^o(roCt(i)v, probandum est hactenus, quatenus diserte 
 significat libri argumentum, quod non est de audi- 
 endo universe, sed de audiendis philosophorum scho- 
 liSy lis nimirum quae ad moralem doctrinam zara- 
 paivenxr^y pertinent. An illud rmv (p»Xo<j-o<|5«)v ab 
 ipso sit Plutarcho dubitari potest ; siquidem hie in 
 ipso libro ejus argumentum simpliciter verbo axssiVy 
 vel axpooia-^ai appellet: veluti in ipso principio, 
 <r;^oX>]v OTsp) ts axseiv, turn p. 38 D. E. S9 B. E. 
 43 E. 44 C. 45 D. 46 B. C. 48 D. et vocabulis, 
 axpoSLa-Qoti, axpootrrig, (XTipoua-ii;, p. 38 C D. F. 39' 
 
 D. 40, A. C. D. 41, B. C. D. E. 42, E. 42, 
 
 E. 43, A. B. D. F. 44, A. C. E. 45, B. C. E. F. 48 D. 
 Et simplex axesiv de discipulis, qui magistris, prcD- 
 sertim, operam dant, item compositum Biaxosiu. 
 Sed utrumque non nisi genitivo magistri vel do- 
 
24 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLORS SERMON 
 
 centis." Vide Animadvers. Wyttenbach in Plu- 
 tarch, vol. 1. p. 303- 
 
 " Hie liber inscribendus erat de Recitatione. Agi- 
 turenim in eode veterum recitationibus, et quod in 
 iis agendum sit auditori." Heumannus. 
 
 Reiske supposes the work to be written by Plu- 
 tarch when he was very old. See vol. V. p. 178, of 
 the Bibliotheca Graeca Fabricii by Harles. 
 
 To Wyttenbach's judicious remarks upon ax4siv I 
 may without impropriety subjoin his explanation of 
 the word viov in his observations de proposito libri 
 zsaig hii vsov n^oirnKdraiv axssiv. Discentem, quem hoc 
 libro instituit Piutarchus, vocat vsov Juvenem : hoc 
 tanquam honestiore nomine significans eum, quem 
 communi usu zsoLi^a. puerum vocare poterat. Etenim 
 Poetarum lectio, certe initia ejus, erant puerilis in- 
 stitutionis, tradita a Grammaticis. Sed apud Gram- 
 maticum puer ad aetatem fere adultam manebat : 
 inde transferebatur ad Rhetorem, qui sua item in- 
 stitutione, cum tractatione optimorum solutae ora- 
 tionis scriptorum lectionem quoque Poetarum com- 
 plectebatur : ut et aliunde colligitur, ac diserte prodit 
 Quinctilianus Inst. Orat. II. 2. Sed Piutarchus 
 docentem universe nominat, nee nominatim Gramma- 
 ticum, aut Rhetorem, aut Philosophum, discentem 
 vocat vsov." Vide Animadvers. Wyttenbach, vol. I. 
 
 p. 159. 
 
 There was a tradition, when I was a young man, 
 that Cornelius Nepos and Plutarch were highly 
 esteemed by Taylor. His predilection for these 
 excellent Authors does credit, in my opinion, to his 
 sagacity and his taste. I know not how far he was 
 
4 
 
 AT BISHOP-STORTFORU SCHOOL FEAST. 25 
 
 led to suspect the genuineness of the Laconica Apo- 
 thegmata, the Treatise de Placitis Philosophorum, 
 and other works, which in the judgment of very pro- 
 found critics have heen improperly ascribed to Plu- 
 tarch. But I am sure that he would have assented 
 to the acute and learned reasoning of Wyttenbach in 
 his " Disputatio qua ostenditur Scriptorem Libri de 
 Puerorum Educatione non esse Plutarchum Chcero- 
 nensem." The conclusion resembles that good 
 sense and candour which we always find in Taylor: 
 " Itane, dicat quis/' says Wyttenbach, " nullam 
 huic libello laudis, utilitatisque partem rehnquis? 
 Non equidem plane abjiciendum censeam. In spu- 
 riis hand postremo est loco : melior et antiquior est 
 illis, de Nohilitate, de Fluviis Parallelorum Gr. et 
 R. Scriptiunculis. Habet laudem, ut adolescentis 
 Chreia. See Animadvers. vol. I. page 64. Every 
 man of learning must, I think, be convinced by the 
 criticisms of Wyttenbach, as they are to be found 
 from page 29 to page 64 in the above-mentioned 
 Animadversions. 
 
 I will take this opportunity of recommending to 
 Scholars a book from which I have derived the most 
 valuable information. The title is, " De Fontibus, 
 et Auctoritate Vitarum Parallelarum Plutarchi Com- 
 mentationes Quatuor, Auctore A. H. L. Heeren. 
 Gottingen, 1820." 
 
 Page 14. — Qui praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis 
 Esse loco. 
 We have the same thought in Quintilian. " Plura 
 de officiis docentium locutus, discipulos id unum in- 
 
2.6 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR's SERMON 
 
 terim moneo: ut praeceptores suos non minus, qnam 
 ipsa studia ament : et parentes esse, non quidem cor- 
 porum, sed mentium credant." Quintil. lib. 2. 
 c. 10, par. g. 
 
 A similar, though perhaps not equal honour, was 
 sometimes bestowed upon persons, who in capacities 
 inferior to tliat of the preceptor^, were entrusted with 
 the care of the young. — " Educator (says Vicat, in 
 his Vocabularium Juris utriusque) ita vocatur, qui 
 educat tenellum, alias nutritius, rpo^shg, ut in mar- 
 more : nutricio suo et matri bene merenti. Tales 
 educatores, parentum honore digni censebantur ;" 
 1. i. de Obs. Par. Unde " Et mater, quae in hoc 
 marmore nutricio jungitur, nutrix videri potest, uti 
 apud Plaut. in Mensechm. Prolog, v. \Q. 
 Ita forma simih pueri, uti mater sua 
 Non internosse posset quae mammam dabat, 
 Neque adeo mater ipsa, quee illos pepererat." 
 See Vicat in Voce Educator. 
 
 Page 14, note. 
 
 Dr. Taylor seems to have confounded the Peda- 
 gogue with the Preceptor; but it may be worth while 
 to distinguish them. 
 
 A Pedagogue is generally used by us in a con- 
 temptuous sense ; — the word is defined by Johnson, 
 " one who teaches boys, a pedant." " To pedagogue," 
 he explains, is — " to teach with supercihousness." He 
 quotes from Milton the '• tetter of pedagogism that 
 bespeaks him," and from South's Sermons on Educa- 
 tion he cites, under the word " pedagogical," " those 
 pedagogical Jehus — those furious school-drivers." 
 
AT BISHOP-STORTfORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 
 
 Pedant, according to Johnson, is " a man of no know- 
 ledge, awkwardly ostentatious of his literature." Now 
 it will aj)pear from Quintilian that, among the 
 Romans, tlie Pedagog\ie was often a man of very- 
 confined learning, and that, like other sciolists, he 
 was extremely conceited. " De paedagogis hoc am- 
 plius, ut aut sint eruditi j)lane, quam jirimam esse 
 curam velim : aut, se non esse eruditos sciant. 
 Nihil enim pejus est iis, qui paullurn aliquid ultra 
 primas literas progressi, faisam sibi scientiae persua- 
 sionem indiierunt. Nam et cedere praecipiendi pe- 
 ritis indignantur, et velutjure quodam potestatis ; 
 qua fere hoc genus hominum intumescit, imperiosi 
 atqne interim saevientes, stultitiam suam perdocent." 
 Quintil. lib. I. cap. i. par. 8, page,'), edit. Gesner. 
 
 The business of the Pedacfooue was for him to be 
 the constant companion of a boy, and, in all proba- 
 bility, before he was placed under the care of a more 
 learned teacher; and while he was under the Peda- 
 gogue, his pronunciation was to be watched. " Si non 
 continget quales maxime velim, nutrices pueros ha- 
 bere; paedagogusatunuscertesitassiduus, dicendi non 
 imperitus, qui, si qua erunt ab his praesente alumno 
 dicta vitiose, corrigat protinus, nee insidere illi sinat." 
 Quintil. edit. Gesner, vol. I. page g. The Pedar- 
 gogue attended his pupils at public spectacles. 
 Hence Suetonius says of Augustus, " Praetextatis 
 cuneum suum et proximum Paedagogis assignavit." 
 Suet, in Vita August, cap. 44. This uninterrupted 
 attendance upon their pupils explains what Suetonius 
 says of Galba : " Regebatur trium arbitrio, quos 
 una et intra palatium habitantes, nee unquam non 
 
28 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR's SERMON 
 
 adhaerentes, Paedagogos vulgo vocabant. Hi erant 
 T. Vinius, Cornelius Laco, et libertus Icelus, Mar- 
 tiani cognomine ornatus." Suet, in Vita Galbae, 
 cap. 14. 
 
 The note of Pitiscus runs thus : " Paedagogos 
 quemadmodum dicimus educatores ductoresque pue- 
 rorum, quibus continenter adhasrent, ita Paedagogos 
 vulgo vocaverunt, qui instar Paedagogorum rexerunt 
 Galbam." 
 
 And upon the word " adhaerent" we have in the 
 note two lines from Plautus in a passage which I 
 shall just now quote at large, and also the following 
 words of Petronius : 
 Ego Paedagogus et custos, etiam quo non jusseris, 
 
 sequar." Petron. c. 53. 
 In Petronius we read " Paedagogus et custos," and 
 from Horace we may learn that the office of the 
 " paedagogus" was the same as that of the " custos." 
 ** Imberbis juvenis, tandem custode remoto, 
 Gaudet equis canibusque." Art. Poet. v. l6\. 
 Of his father Horace says, 
 
 " Ipse rnihi custos incorruptissimus omnes 
 
 Circum Doctores aderat." Sat. VI. b. i. v. 81. 
 
 The peculiar duties and power of a Pedagogue may 
 
 be understood from Plautus. Lydus speaks thus 
 
 of his own son, and the son of his friend Philoxenus: 
 
 Non sino, neque equidem ilium me vivo corrumpi 
 
 sinam. ^ 
 
 Sed tu, qui tarn pro corrupt© dicis causam filio, 
 Eademne erat haec disciplina tibi, cum tu adolescens 
 
 eras ? 
 Nego tibi hoc annis viginti fuisse primis copiae. 
 
AT BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 29 
 
 Digit um longea Pcedagogopedem utefferrescedihus; 
 Ante solem exorientem, nisi in palaestram veneras. 
 
 Cum librum legeres, si unam peccavisses syllabam 
 Fieret corium tarn maculosum, quam est nutricis 
 
 pallium. 
 Ph. Alii, Lyde, nunc sunt mores. Ly. Id equidem 
 
 eo;o certo scio. 
 Nam olim populi prius honorem capiebat sufTragio, 
 Quam magistro desinebat esse dicto obediens. 
 Atnuncpriusquamseptennisestjsiattingaseummanu, 
 Extemplo puer Paedagogo tabula dirumpit caput. 
 Cum Patrem adeas postulatum, puero sic dicit Pater: 
 Noster esto, dum te poteris defensare injuria. 
 Provocatur Paedagogus: eho senex minimi pretii, 
 Ne adtingas puerum istac causa, quando fecit strenue 
 It magister, quasi lucerna uncto expretus linteo. 
 
 Bacchid. Act III. sc. 3. 
 In this passage we see the necessity imposed upon 
 the Pedagogue to be continually attendant upon his 
 young pupil, the humble province of instruction as- 
 signed to him, the right he had to correct the of- 
 fender, and the resistance occasionally made by in- 
 solent boys and their indulgent fathers. 
 
 In cap. ii. " De Vita Tiberii Claudii Drusi Coe- 
 saris," Suetonius says, " Diu, atque etiam post tu- 
 telam receptam, alieni arbitrii, et sub Paedagogo 
 fuit." Pitiscus has this note : " Pedagogum descri- 
 bit Clem. Alex. Paedag. 1. 7. 6 xaQr^ye/xsvo^ rvHv rson- 
 
 zToj/xTjv, Paedagogi, olim non liberi, sed servi erant.*' 
 
30 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR's SERMON 
 
 V. Plutarch, rarsgi CTaiSctywy, p. 4- A. Ulpian, Digest. 
 40. 2. 13. 
 
 The reference to Ulpian induces me to state in 
 transitu, that in the Roman Law the " Psedagogns" 
 was not only he " qui pueris prseerat," but one " qui 
 pueris paedagogianis in principis palatio praeHcie- 
 batur ;" and that the " psedagogiani pueri" were 
 those " qui in palatio principis ministrabant." See 
 Vical. Juris utriusque Vocabularium in VV. Pseda- 
 gogus et Paedagogianus." 
 
 It is plain then that Taylor has not sufficiently dis- 
 tinguished between the Preceptor and the Paedagogus; 
 that the qualifications required for the former were 
 more important, and his condition more honourable. 
 Hence Quintilian writes, " Optimus quisque Prge- 
 ceptor frequentia gaudet, ac majore se theatro dig- 
 num putat. At vero minores ex conscientia suge 
 infirmitatis hjerere singulis, et officio fungi quodam 
 modo Paedagogorum non indignantur." (^uinlil. 
 lib. i. cap. 2. par. 10. 
 
 The inscriptions which Taylor has quoted are to 
 be found in pages 652 and 653 of Gruter's Inscrip- 
 tions by Scaliger and Graevius, two vols, folio, Am- 
 sterdam, 1707. It may not be improper to add, 
 that upon Pedagogues there are seven Inscriptions 
 in page 585, one in p. 58G, and two in 1111. Some 
 of the Inscriptions are expressive of great affection. 
 Similar expressions of kindness occur upon ancient 
 marbles, to the honour even of Nurses as well as Pe- 
 dagogues ; and in the Dramatis Personae to the 
 Electra of Sophocles we have the words Iia\,la,ya)yog 
 
 Tpo<Ps6g. 
 
AT BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 31 
 
 I will produce an instance or two of Inscriptions 
 to Nurses : 
 
 L. Trebonivs 
 
 Philetvs 
 
 Lictor 
 
 Ivniae 
 
 Glaphyrae 
 
 Nvtrici 
 Karissimae 
 Ivnivs Ivlianvs. 
 V. Muratorius, p. cmlxxxi. 
 
 D. M. 
 
 Veneriae 
 
 Nvtrici 
 
 B. M. 
 
 Conservae 
 
 Acijectvs 
 
 Posvit 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 V. Muratorius, page cmlxxxii. 
 
 There is an Inscription of the Nurse to the Alum- 
 nus in Muratorius, page cmlxxxii. 
 
 There is an Inscription of the Nurse, Parents, and 
 Avia to the Child in page mcxxxii. 
 
 There is an Inscription of Nurse and Avia to the 
 Alumnus in page mclxxxi. 
 
 In Muratorius there are Inscriptions to Paedagogi 
 in pages 93^, 955, 956, 961, 972, and 103^. 
 
 Page 16. 
 
 The "noble instance" alluded to by Dr. Tay- 
 lor will be illustrated by the extract transcribed 
 
32 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR S SERMOK 
 
 below * from that valuable treasure-house of Literary 
 Anecdotes, the well-received '•' Memoirs of Bo wyer;" 
 
 * Dr. Thomas Tooke was educated at St. Paul's School, un- 
 der the learned Dr. Gale, and more especially under the care of 
 Mr. Fo.v, to whom he owned many obligations, and to whose 
 family he was a constant and generous benefactor. He was ad- 
 milted in Bene't College, Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. 
 Cory, 12 Oct. 1685 ; B. A. 16S9 ; and, the learned Dr. Spencer 
 with the body having a just regard to his talents and improve- 
 ment, he was chosen a Fellow 20 Nov. 1690, upon the cession 
 of Mr. Jolland. He took the degree of M. A. 1693; having 
 about that period been appointed Master of the ancient Grammar 
 School at Bishop's-Stortford, at a time when its reputation was 
 quite in ruins, and had nothing to recommend it but the name 
 of Leigh (father and son) not even yet out of mind ; but he 
 raised it to a great degree of fame, as the numbers sent by him 
 to his own and other Colleges attested ; and considerably in- 
 creased the trade of the town by such a beneficial concourse. 
 The gentlemen of Hertfordshire and Essex having, at his earnest 
 request and intreaty, re-built the school, he took great pains to 
 procure the sums necessary for completing it, from those who 
 had been educated in that town. The new school stood in the 
 High-street, with the West front to the church-yard, consisting 
 of three rooms, which, with the stair-case, made a square build- 
 ing, one of which was the Grammar-school, and took up the 
 half of it, all the front to the street j the other two were a Li^ 
 brary and Writing-school. These were upon arches, under 
 which were a market and shops, the property of the parish. June 
 23, 1699, on his marriage with Anne, one of the daughters of 
 Richard Lydal, M. D. Warden of Merton College, Oxford, he 
 resigned his Fellowship ; and having, by honest application and 
 industry, raised the school to great repute, and acquired a laige 
 fortune, he purchased, in 1701, the manor of Bumpstead Hall in 
 Essex. He took the degree of D. D. in 1702 j by which time 
 the Library was well furnished by his diligence; as he continually 
 added to it at his own expence, and procured a great number of 
 valuable authors from gentlemen who had been his scholars. By 
 his interest also and care, the gallery in the church for the use of 
 the school was erected. He revived the annual School-feast, 
 charging his estate with a yearly present to the Preacher on that 
 occaiiion ; and gave, by his will, lOl. for books to be added to 
 the Library, and to the church a chalice of 20l. value. [The 
 books of this Li')rary, to the amount of some thousand volumes, 
 together with two fine original portraits in oil, the one of Dr. 
 Leigh, the venerable Founder, and the other of the no less meri- 
 torious Dr. Thomas Tooke, the Re-founder of the School, lie now 
 thrown together in a hired room at Bishops-Stortford, under the 
 custody of Dr. Robert Dimsdale, brother to the late, and uncle to 
 the present, Baron Dimsdale, the only surviving Trustee What 
 
AT BISHOP-STORTFORD SCHOOL-FEAST. 33^ 
 
 where may be seen some other interesting particulars 
 respecting Dr. Thomas Tooke, and the School at 
 
 is to be their destiny hereafter it is not possible to divine. Per- 
 haps, up )n application to the Lord High Ciianceilor, a decree 
 might l)e obtained for incorporating them with some other Pub- 
 lic J^ibrary, or, at least, for disposing of them in such way as to 
 be of permanent service to the community] — June 17, 1707, 
 Dr. Tooke was presented by John Sandford, esq. to ihe Rectory 
 of Lamborn in that county ; in 171''2 he bought the advowson of 
 Lamborn ; and in the same year he purchased Manuden Hall in 
 the same county from Mr. William Calvert. In 1713 he sold 
 Bumpstead Hall, and bought the Manor of Priors, in the parish 
 of Lamborn. He gave in his lifetime lol. to Bene't College, to- 
 wards the increase of their Library, and providmg an Oration in 
 the Hall on the '29th of May ; and, by his will, gave them in pre- 
 sent the peri)etual advowson of the Kectory of (ireat Brackstead, 
 which he had purchased some time before of the Duke of Nor- 
 folk j and the reversion of that of Lamborn, which they were 
 not to have till 50 years after his death. And it was thought by 
 his friends that he would have been a more considerable benefac- 
 tor to the Society, had they elected him their Master, or gratified 
 him by the choice of his friend Dean Moss. 
 
 Dr. Tooke died May 'l^, 1721, aged 54, after more than 30 
 years' intent and successful labours ; and was buried in Lam- 
 born church, where the following insci iption, written by his 
 friend Dean Moss, was placed on his monument: 
 
 " Qui pedem hue infers, i^ternitatis Contemplator, 
 
 imprudens ne calces eruditos Cineres. 
 
 Astas ad Tun)ulum Thomje Tooke, S.T.P, 
 
 Vir is Linguarum, Artium, Kerum peritissimus, 
 
 sed praeter caetera egregi^ natus atque aptus fuit 
 
 ad pueiilem ajtatem plectandam et formandam, 
 
 fraenis calcaribusque indoli cujusque accommodatis ; 
 
 Ingeniorum sagacissimus Inspector et Judex, 
 
 idemque lenissimus Dux et Moderator : 
 
 In docendo tam patiens, adeo non iracundus : 
 
 ut personam irati pro re nal& induerit, 
 
 ne Disciplinae habenas nimis laxas haberet : 
 
 Morum tamen turn vigilant issimus Custos, 
 
 turn rigidus ubi opus esset Castigator et Corrector: 
 
 Hoc quipfie M igistro praecij)ufe cavendum duxit, 
 
 ne Discipuli sui h ScholS, ac Tyrocinio egressi, 
 
 bonas literas vitiis turpiter inquinatas, 
 
 quasi pestem Ecclesiae et Reipuhlicse importarent. 
 
 Quod ad privatas laudes, prised fuit pietate et tide, 
 
 pectoris omnin5 aperti, candidi, honesto incocti, 
 
 humanitate conditi, referti benevolentia, 
 
 e&quein amicos effusissim^, officiosissimS.." 
 
*34 APPENDIX TO DR. TAYLOR S SERMON. 
 
 Bishop-Stortford, over which he for many years 
 most creditably presided *. 
 
 * In (he archives of Bi-ihop-StortForrl School he thus appears : 
 " D. 1 hon.as Tooke, S.T.P. Collegii Corporis Christi quondam 
 socius, ptsiea ecclesiae parochialis de Lambourn in agro Kssex 
 rector, scholse de Stortford Kp'i per xxx & atnplius ann. archidi- 
 dascalus dit?nissinius feimiil ac feiicissinius ; qui cum Uteris & mo- 
 I'ibus bonis juventutai erudicndae & forniandae aetatem contriverit, 
 ut post mortem etiam rei hterarite consuleret & stiidiosis prorles- 
 set, decem libras ad augendum aimarium •scholse sus, & viginti 
 solidis quolannis pro concione ad annuum festum scholaritmi ha- 
 bend&. extremis testamentis lega\it, quam quldem summani si 
 quo anno nullum festum agerent scholares libris coemendis in 
 usum bibliothecae scholae sua; impendi jussit. jQu^ donalione 
 coempta sunt, 1738, Phavorini Lexicon Grajc, fol, ; C}rilli, Phi- 
 loxeni, aliorumque Glossaria." 
 
 The learned Mr. Thomas Baker, in a Letter to his friend 
 Hearne, observes, that the character given of him in a Sermon 
 by the same Gentleman, is justly his due 3 xnz. " Shoukl I under- 
 take to tell you how much that worthy person deserves, who for 
 many years has bestowed his labours so usefully amonget you, 
 you are witnesses and judges of this too ; and I am loth to make 
 his praise his penance. And indeed he will leave so many living 
 monuments of learned pains and care in the neighbomhood and 
 the whole country; that there can be no need of doing justice to 
 his reputation, or [)reseiving his memory any other way.'" And 
 Dr. Knight, who places him among the eminent Scholars of St. 
 PauTs, says, " that such was his reputation as a Schoolmaster, 
 that he had the refusal of both the Public Schools of Norwich 
 and St. Edmund's Bury." 
 
 In Knight's Life of Dean Colet, I find the following paragraph: 
 " Thomas Tooke, D. D, born at Dover in Kent, was bred un- 
 der Dr. Thomas Gale, Master of St. Paul's School; from under 
 whose care he was lemoved to Corpus Christi, or Benet College, 
 in Cambridge; where he became Fellow of that Society, and con- 
 tinued so many years. He afterwards became Master of Bishop- 
 Stortford School, in Hertfordshire ; which, by his great industry, 
 and happy way of teaching and governing, he raised to very 
 fireat fame : so that for many years it flourished among the very 
 best in the kir:gdom, and sent out many excellent scholars. It 
 still continues to kee[) up an anniversary or school-feast for the 
 gentlemen educated therein. The present Archbishop of York 
 [Sir William Dawes], the Rev. Dr. llobert Moss, Dean of Ely, 
 Dr. Nicholas Clagett, now Archdeacon of Bucks, &c. have ho- 
 noured these meetings by preaching on that occasion." 
 
A SERMON 
 
 PREACHED BEFORE THE 
 
 HONOURABLE HOUSE OF COMiMONS, 
 
 AT ST. MARGARETS, WESTMINSTER, 
 ON FRIDAY THE 11th DAY OF FEBRUARY, 1757; 
 
 Being the Day appointed by Proclamation for a Ge- 
 neral Fast and Humiliation before Almighty 
 God, to be observed in a most devout and solemn 
 manner, by sending up our Prayers and Suppli- 
 cations to the Divine Majesty : for obtaining Par- 
 don of our Sins, and for averting those heavy 
 Judgments which our manifold Provocations have 
 most justly deserved ; and imploring His Blessing 
 and Assistance on the Arms of His Majesty by 
 Sea and Land, and for restoring and perpetuating 
 Peace, Safety, and Prosperity to Himself, and to 
 His Kingdoms. 
 
 By JOHN TAYLOR, LL.D. 
 
 CHANCELLOR OF THE DIOCESE OF LINCOLN. 
 
 C 2 
 
A SERMON 
 
 PREACHED BEFORE 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 
 FEBRUARY 11, 1757. 
 
 Judges XX. 2S» 
 
 And the children of Israel went up, and wept he- 
 
 fore the Lord until even, and ashed counsel of the 
 
 Lord, saying, Shall I go up again to battle 
 
 against the children of Benjamin, my brother 9 
 
 and the Lord said. Go up against him. 
 
 1 HE present occasion of our assembling ourselves 
 together may not in all respects agree with the cir- 
 cumstances of the children of Israel, at that period 
 of their history, from whence the words of my 
 text are taken : We may not exactly represent them 
 in the nature of their dispute, or in the condition of 
 the adversary ; but their behaviour in that situation 
 draws us somewhat near together. They " wept" 
 and fasted " until even, and asked counsel of the 
 Lord, saying, Shall I go up to battle" against my 
 enemy ? And God grant, that the seriousness of 
 
22 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 this day's devotion may warrant me to draw the 
 remaining lines of the resemblance, and give me 
 assurance to finish the picture in the words and au- 
 thority of the Lord, " Go up against him !" 
 
 But whatever shall be thought of the likeness, 
 the lesson to be drawn from their circumstances is 
 worth our attention. Common experience and a 
 small acquaintance with history will assure us, that 
 the event of every battle is not always with the wis- 
 dom of counsels, or the arm of strength ; and the 
 particular history before us will inform us also, that 
 it is not always the justice of the quarrel. For 
 though the children of Israel acted upon the fairest 
 principles, and moreover seemed to go up to battle 
 under the engagement of Providence, yet God, who 
 knows the proper season of accomplishing his pur- 
 pose, and of making good his word, for a while 
 withheld his countenance, till after forty thousand 
 of those that drew the sword were slain, even of 
 those to whom He had given a commission to draw 
 it. 
 
 And this should lead us, therefore, to consider and 
 lament that unhappy situation, where the duty we 
 owe to ourselves and our country, and the preserva- 
 tion of our justest rights, may possibly be attended 
 with the most unwelcome circumstances. For vic- 
 tory, with all its blessings in the conclusion, will 
 sometimes, like old age, which is accounted to have 
 its blessings also, make us look back with a hollow 
 eye upon those means, which hare impoverished 
 our spirits, have drained our blood, and shaken the 
 sinews of our strength. 
 
ST. Margaret's, Westminster. s^ * 
 
 It is upon these reflections, that we are conducted 
 from distress to duty ; and from the doubtful issues 
 of war, and the certain effects of its calamity, to 
 call upon God, in the most serious manner, that in 
 the abundance of his loving-kindness. He would be 
 pleased to fashion the event of the one, and soften 
 the rigours of the other. And for this purpose we 
 are commanded by authority to examine every one 
 the secrets of his own bosom, to bewail the many ar- 
 ticles of our private transgressions, which have now 
 swelled to a popular account, and to restrain, if pos- 
 sible, that deluge of ungodliness, which has risen 
 above measure, and covered the face of the land. 
 
 It has been a subject of inquiry, how, and with 
 what propriety, a whole nation can be said to sin and 
 to suffer ; how the faults of private people can mix 
 with the fate and interests of government ; and with 
 what degree of justice the enormities of one age shall 
 be avenged upon another : not prosecuted with the 
 eagerness of human judgments, but treasured up 
 for a third or fourth generation. In which specula- 
 tions, though much has been well observed, yet 
 much must be left also for the discoveries of that 
 day, when God will not only disclose the secrets of 
 men's hearts, but also those of his own just and gra- 
 cious administration. 
 
 Civil society, says a great Writer of Antiquity *, in 
 words not unlike those I make use of, however com- 
 plicated in its texture and materials, yet preserves all 
 the ideas of unity and continuity with the most phi- 
 
 * Plutarch, d<'. sera Niuuinis viudicta. 
 
24 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 losophical exactness. He observes moreover, that 
 one anrl the same person, in the compass oT a very 
 ?rvv y&wa, when viewed in the different hghts of 
 youth an(i at^e, after passions and infirmities shall 
 have altered the complexion of his blood, and fol- 
 lies and irresolutions have unsettled the basis of his 
 temper, such an one shall discontinue insensibly all 
 the notions of sameness, and be set at a greater dis- 
 tance from himself than many times can be appre- 
 hended in the lineaments of a public body, which 
 has maintained its system for a course of many cen- 
 turies. Several nations of the world are not better 
 understood or remembered by the frame of the con- 
 sitution, than by the complexion of their manners; 
 those national ethics, which attend them as a peo- 
 ple, and contribute to form a public character. 
 I should perhaps be more easily understood, if 1 was 
 to instance in the constitutional courage of a great 
 nation of the old world, which has raised them high 
 in the esteem and judgment of posterity, and then 
 observe a remarkable contrast in some of those na- 
 tions they subdued, whose effeminacy of manners 
 and indolence of temper were the only features by 
 which they chose, and by which they continue, to 
 be remembered. And not to go wide, for example, 
 the restless ambition of some of our neighbours, the 
 jealousy of one nation, and the insincerity of ano- 
 ther, are titles interwoven into their public conside- 
 ration. And, in consequence of these reflections, 
 who cannot figure to himself an industrious people, 
 acting under all the care and circumspection of a 
 private man^ who manages a small revenue to a good 
 
ST. Margaret's, Westminster. 25 * 
 
 advantage ; and raising itself, upon the maxims of 
 thrift and economy, into credit and respect: or has 
 not read, or remembered the large dominions of 
 others, either through a canker which eats into an 
 ill-gotten fortune, or through the waste which at- 
 tends a neglected one, mouldering away by degrees, 
 and the housethey inhabited divided among strangers. 
 To pursue this scheme of public, or political 
 identity; it is a principle, not only fair in its conclu- 
 sions, but a proper basis, on which many acts of a 
 public nature are founded. To this we owe the dis- 
 tinction of families, the descent of honours, and the 
 ennobling of blood. The man who serves his coun- 
 try by his public virtues, connects himself in a se- 
 cret manner with the perpetuity and continuance of 
 that society which his arms protected, or his coun- 
 cils administered : but since, through the condition 
 of mortality, and the frail state of human nature, 
 that single character is allowed only to act his part, 
 and then is heard no more; the streams of civil so- 
 ciety, while they keep on their course down the 
 valley of time, carry with them the sense and me- 
 mory of their benefactors, and reflect the lustre upon 
 those who are left to represent them. In like man- 
 ner the wisest governments have dealt with crimes 
 of a public nature and consideration, and entailed 
 upon families the blot of infamy and reprobation, 
 and all the severities of confiscation and attainders. 
 It is fitting the stain of dishonour should remain 
 somewhere, while that polity remains, which bears 
 in its body the wounds and bruises, the marks and 
 circumstances of the offence. 
 
26 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 But public societies, moreover, as they act like 
 men in their single separate capacities, may in like 
 manner with them be affected also. The political 
 body, like the natural, may be said to enjoy the 
 comforts of health, when it stands clear of all those 
 foul and unhappy humours, which contribute to 
 the weakening or convulsing, or any way endanger- 
 ing the constitution from within : and states must 
 feel, like individuals, when unavoidable disputes 
 shall tend to interrupt a correspondence, which their 
 Wants or inclinations, the circumstance of situation, 
 or the terms of friendship, shall lead them to culti- 
 vate from without. 
 
 But above all the instances which connect the 
 considerations of man and society, I come now 
 to observe upon one which is perhaps of all the 
 most striking. Though there is an apparent stabi- 
 lity or perpetuity in the frame of most governments 
 that we are acquainted with, yet there is a period 
 beyond which they cannot pass, and, in this in- 
 stance at least, they do not differ from the condition 
 of individuals, but must " die like men *=," and fall 
 as one of the frail subjects of mortality. 
 
 And here let me rest for a moment, whilst every 
 man that hears me shall put this serious question to 
 his conscience and his apprehensions, IWliaf reason 
 he has to conclude, that this period is not wound 
 up, nor this day approaching ? The vulgar and 
 the hardened, the dissipated and the thought- 
 less, may make light of these fears ; but to a sober 
 judgment we seem to stand upon the precipice of a 
 
 " Psalm Ixxxii. 7- 
 
ST. Margaret's, Westminster. 27"* 
 
 whole nation's guilt, upon an eminence to which we 
 have been raised insensibly, by improving upon the 
 sins and wickednesses of those who went before us. 
 How bitter is the reflection, to look upon ourselves 
 as a people, who in some degree may appear to have 
 worn out the patience and long-suffering of God Al- 
 mighty ; and to consider, that possibly the last 
 wheel in the great machine of Providence, which 
 disposes of the kingdoms of the earth, that levels 
 ojie and raises another, has now begun its mo- 
 tions ? It may be reasonable to imagine, that the 
 complicated scenes of God's judgments, under 
 which this nation groans at present, may not be 
 meant, as they sometimes are, for the acts of ten- 
 derness, to call us to amendment, but the strokes of 
 justice to correct, and cut us off* for our insensibi- 
 lity. The rebukes, with which the history of this 
 nation so plentifully abounds, are so many vials of 
 God's wrath poured upon us in a steady course of 
 discipline : we have been delivered over from fear to 
 fear, and distinguished by the number, as well as 
 measure, of public calamities. Every visitation 
 looked terrible, till we found it the prelude only of 
 another more terrible than the former. The Lord 
 hath not delayed to execute his tierce anger, "as 
 some men count slackness *," but our judgments, as 
 well as our sins, have been brought to account, and 
 our life, in the language of the Psalmist, may be 
 said to have " waxen old with heaviness •^." " Ita 
 feri, ut se mori sentiat [f," was the wantonness of 
 
 * 2 Pet. iii. 9. t Psalm xxxi. 11. 
 
 X Sueton. Culig. c. xxx. 
 
28 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 power in a Roman Emperor, who punished all 
 offenders' alike : and God grant that the sins of this 
 people may not have made something like this sen- 
 tence appear as an act of justice now. 
 
 To pass by the melancholy recital of the last age^, 
 I need not mention how we became a bye-word 
 among the nations for trampling upon the honours 
 of the Crown, and all the rights of majesty in the 
 person of a suffering Prince : or how God raised 
 up an instrument of vengeance in the person of one 
 o»f his sons and successors, to threaten the liberties 
 of the people. It was in that age that God's judg- 
 ments began to go forth in the words of the Pro- 
 phet, like " the canker-worm and the catterpillar*," 
 and the fire destroyed what the pestilence had left. 
 And lastly, the memory of thousands, almost the 
 same generation of men, could recollect, that they 
 had been twice upon the brink of popery and perdi- 
 tion. But to wave the beginning of sorrows, the 
 present century set out in a bloody and expensive 
 war with the same restless enemy we are engaged 
 with now : and before it could finish half its course, 
 thrice we have been insulted with invasions, and as 
 often disturbed with rebellions ; twice, and each 
 time for a long continuance, have we felt the appre- 
 hensions of famine, when God Almiohtv " smote" 
 us in our herds and our cattle, the labourer " in the 
 labour of his hands'^," and the whole kingdom in 
 the means of their sustenance. Nay, even while I 
 am speaking, how many of the " poor" are there 
 that "cry" for want, and "there is no helper J:" 
 
 * Joel 1. 4, t Hag. xi. 17- + Psalm xviii. 41. 
 
ST. Margaret's, Westminster. sp** 
 
 that " eat" their " bread," I will not ask by what 
 kind of " weight, and drink up water with asto- 
 nishment * ?" Who can forget that memorable year, 
 which brought a reproach upon the faith of com- 
 merce, when our credit and our morals almost be- 
 came bankrupt together, when the seeds of gaming, , 
 which have so miserably distinguished us since, 
 seem to have taken root, and avarice and luxury 
 were inflamed to a degree, unknown to former ages 
 the most luxurious and avaricious ? How often have 
 we been alarmed with the apprehensions of pesti- 
 lence at our very gates ? And very lately, when 
 God " arose to shake terribly the earth '{-," " and all 
 faces gathered blackness J," it was then, I am loth 
 to say for the first time, the spirit of devotion seemed 
 to rise high among us, and our sorrows kept some 
 measure with our sins ; and yet, when the danger 
 began to wear away in appearance, I fear to ask the 
 question, did not this people return to their vices 
 with the same appetite as before, and make their 
 sins as memorable as their repentance ? Our beha- 
 viour under one judgment has called down the ven- 
 geance of a second : we have trod the melancholy 
 round of sufltring, repenting, and sinning: in every 
 stage of our afflictions the hardness of our hearts 
 has kept pace with God's judgments, and (not to 
 press upon the sorrow of Princes, which should be 
 as sacred as their crowns,) the arm of God has been 
 raised at least to teach us in a tender part, and smote 
 an offending people in ihe Jirst-horn of the king- 
 dom. 
 
 * Ezck. iv. 6. t Isaiuh ii. 19. X Joel "• 6. 
 
30 A SERMON PREACHED AT 
 
 But as if the chastisement of God was not meant 
 for reproof; as if the sword was only drawn as a 
 common and necessary expedient between nations, 
 and no edge was given it, but what the parties in 
 dispute were wiUing to allow it ; no warning seems 
 able to affect us: but the sins of this people have 
 the best title to be esteemed national, as any I 
 ever heard of: are either epidemic in the practice on 
 the one hand, ox on the other, so black and corro- 
 sive, that no wonder, if, " when one member suf- 
 fers, all the members should suffer with it *,'* " the 
 whole head" should be " sick," and " the whole 
 heart be faint -}":" 
 
 Of the former sort is that excessive love of gaming, 
 which, like a rust, devours the substance of those 
 who rejoice in a good fortune, and is the scandalous 
 profession of many who have none. It has been 
 improved into lesson and system by men of skill 
 and experience : and with the men of leisure, has 
 past from innocent amusement into all the depth and 
 refinement of abstraction. It has filled the streets 
 and highways with violence, effaced all the princi- 
 ples of honour, except some ideal ones of its own 
 creation, and with an insult upon all laws both 
 human and divine, and with some relish of idolatry, 
 has broken in upon the seasons of devotion : and 
 lest it should not look heaven in the face with an air 
 of defiance, it is made a necessary part of educa- 
 tion in those who are to take our places. The con- 
 tinued circle of pleasure in the easier part of the 
 world, looks as if they affected or cared for no life 
 
 * 1 Cor. xn. '26. f Isaiah i. 5. 
 
ST. MARGARETS, WESTMINSTER. 3I . 
 
 but this ; and the lamentable hardness and despair 
 in the lower part of the people would make us be- 
 heve, that " God was never in their thoughts *.'* 
 Have no imported sins of darkness, the abhorrence 
 of nature, gained ground upon our morals : offences 
 that carry with the very mention of the pollution 
 (if God's word be true) the sound and record of the 
 very fiercest of God's judgments? Or shall we con- 
 clude with the scorner, that inspiration is a jest, and 
 all the records, which convey to us the terms of sal- 
 vation, an imposture ? For is not blasphemy and 
 profaneness become almost the language of the peo- 
 ple ? And I would ask this question, with what 
 face we can tax the Church of Rome with grafting 
 human conceits upon the word of God, while many 
 among us are " laying the axe to the very rootf" ' of 
 all Religion ? And how striking must the reflection 
 be, that this country, the glory and perfection of 
 reformed Christianity, has produced more shocking 
 insults upon Revelation, more rancorous in their 
 malice, and more daring in their attack, than all the 
 nations of the Christian World, when put together ! 
 But the authority, which calls upon us to-day to 
 lament and put away our offences, reminds us also 
 to implore the favour of that Being whose "mercy 
 rejoiceth against judgment :[: ;■" and that, not with 
 the ceremonious and perhaps unsubstantial circum- 
 stances of one day's humiliation, but with a new 
 heart, and new purposes of obedience ; not with 
 that unavailing sorrow and dejection, which grieves 
 for our afflictions, and feels the sting of our trans- 
 
 * Psalm X. 4. f Matt. iii. 10. X James xi. 13, 
 
32 A SERMON AT ST. MARGARETS. 
 
 gressionsj but with the courage and resolution of a 
 people determined to forsake them. 
 
 This day we ask the Lord to go up with us to 
 battle, and give success to our arms. We ask it for 
 the sake of a whole people ; for the sake of that 
 pure Religion which God has planted among us ; 
 and for the sake of that Prince who was sent to 
 bless us, and has continued to bless us, through the 
 course of a mild and gracious administration : that 
 God would be pleased to make the evening of his 
 days as calm and serene as the course of them has 
 been great and illustrious : a Prince who never drew 
 the sword for the purposes of ambition, but to 
 maintain the liberties of Europe : who has despised 
 danger, and neglected his own safety for the safety 
 of his people ; and never found an enemy but in 
 the enemies of his country : who was called to a 
 Crown for our preservation, who has worn it with 
 lustre to himself, and conveys it with the fairest ex- 
 pectations to posterity : who has seen his years in- 
 creasing with the wishes of his people for their 
 continuance: and having relieved us from the doubts 
 of a broken succession, and the apprehensions of a 
 fatal one, has lived to *'see his children's children -J-," 
 and, like a great Patriarch, is become " the father of 
 many nations f ." 
 
 * Psalm cxxviii, 7. f Gen. xvii. 4. 
 
A S E R M O N 
 
 PREACHED AT 
 
 THE VISITATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HON. AND RIGHT REV. RICHARD TREVOR, 
 
 LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM, 
 
 HELD IN THE 
 
 PARISH CHURCH OF ST. MARY LE BOW IN DURHAM, 
 ON THURSDAY, JULY 27, 1758. 
 
 By ROBERT LOWTH, D. D. 
 
 PREBENDARY OF DURHAM, RECTOR OF SEDGEFIELD, 
 AND CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. 
 
 PUBLISHED AT HIS LORDSHIP's REQUEST. 
 
 D 
 
 If 
 
A VISITATION SERMON, 1758. 
 
 Matth. vi. 10. 
 Thy Kingdom come. 
 
 L HE kin'gdom of God, or the kingdom of Heaven, 
 according to its most usual and almost constant ac- 
 ceptation throughout the several histories of the 
 Evangelists, signifies the state of the Gospel, or the 
 Church of Christ upon earth, first begun and esta- 
 blished by the preaching of our blessed Saviour and 
 his Apostles. When our Saviour commands his dis- 
 ciples to pray that this kingdom may come ; his 
 meaning is, that we should make it a constant and 
 jjerpetual subject of our petitions to Almighty God, 
 that this Gospel-state, or Church of Christ, so be- 
 gun and established upon earth, may, through his 
 grace, be still advanced and carried on, till at length 
 it arrive at that maturity and completion, that uni- 
 versality, unity, and spiritual perfection, which he 
 hath decreed and promised that it shall in time 
 attain. 
 
 Without further supporting or enlarging upon this 
 explication of the words, or discoursing on the na- 
 ture of the Gospel-state considered as a kingdom, I 
 
 D 2 
 
S6 DR. lovvth's visitation sermon 
 
 shall endeavour to carry your thoughts to a general 
 view of the past, the present, and the future condi- 
 tion of Christianity in the world ; in order to shew, 
 how much reason the disciples of Christ ever had, 
 and still have, to offer up this petition for its ad- 
 vancement: what we may be allowed to hope, from 
 God's gracious promises in this respect, in times to 
 come ; how much it is the duty of every subject, 
 and more especially of every minister of this hea- 
 venly kingdom, to aim at promoting, by his most 
 earnest endeavours, as well as his prayers, the per- 
 fect and universal establishment of it. 
 
 Our Saviour, commanding his disciples perpe- 
 tually to offer up their prayers to God for the ad- 
 vancement of his kingdom on earth, may well be 
 understood by this very command to intimate to 
 them, that the state of Christianity would long be 
 incomplete, its progress gradual, its advances to- 
 wards perfection and universality oftentimes slow and 
 imperceptible ; and that it would not arrive at its 
 full maturity till the end of the age, till the last 
 scene of this great dispensation. And this he has 
 more fully explained to them in several of his dis- 
 courses, particularly in some of his parables. " The 
 kingdom of Heaven is likened to a man which sowed 
 good seed in his field; but, while men slept, his ene- 
 my came and sowed tares among the wheat ; which 
 appeared together with the wheat, and were suffered 
 to grow together with it till the harvest*." And 
 again, " So is the kingdom of God, as if a man 
 
 * Matth. xin. 24. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 37 
 
 should cast seed into the ground, and should sleep 
 and rise, night and day, and the seed should spring 
 and grow up, he knoweth not how. For the earth 
 bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then 
 the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. But 
 when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he 
 putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come*.'* 
 Such is the prediction of our Saviour : the event 
 hitherto will be found intirely conformable to it. 
 
 If we take a view of Christianity in the first ages, 
 we shall find it mightily increasing from very small 
 beginnings, spreading and extending itself far and 
 wide with a quick progress ; and " like leaven," as 
 our Saviour very expressively represents it -j-, " hid 
 in a large quantity of meal, working and ferment- 
 ing by degrees, till the whole was leavened." We 
 first hear J, " that the number of the names of the 
 disciples together was about an hundred and twenty." 
 Soon after, " in one day there were added unto 
 them about three thousand souls. Next, the num- 
 ber of them that heard the word, which Peter 
 spoke to them, and believed, was about five thou- 
 sand. And believers were still added to the Lord, 
 multitudes both of men and women." At the same 
 time they abounded in charity, in faith, and in good 
 works : " the multitude of them, that believed, were 
 of one heart, and of one soul : they continued sted- 
 fastly in the Apostle's doctrine and fellowship : they 
 had all things common, and sold their possessions 
 and goods, and parted them to all men, as every 
 
 * Mark iv, 26. f Matth. xiii. 33. + Actsi. ii. iv. v. 
 
38 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 man had need." Such was the state of the Church 
 at its very first estabhshment, and as yet confined to 
 Jerusalem : small in extent, and few in number ; 
 but full of grace and of power, perfect in every good 
 work, and rich in all the fruits of the spirit. 
 
 But no sooner had the persecution which arose 
 about Stephen against the Church at Jerusalem 
 scattered abroad the disciples, than the Gospel was, 
 together with them, spread through all the regions 
 round about. And in a few years, by the preaching 
 of the Apostles and teachers, and principally by 
 the labours of the great Apostle of the Gentiles, it 
 was carried through almost all the parts, and even 
 beyond the limits, of the Roman Empire. If we 
 give credit to a tradition* that prevailed antiently in 
 the Church, it was established in Parthia, and even 
 in India, by the Apostle St. Thomas: so that, if the 
 state of communication subsisting at that time be- 
 tween the several nations be considered, it might 
 truly be said, that " their sound had gone out through 
 all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the 
 world." Thus was the seed of the word widely and 
 abundantly sown, even in the apostolical age : let us 
 consider the increase and the produce of it. 
 
 The rapid progress and plentiful increase of Chris- 
 tianity in the first age, in spite of all the opposition 
 it had to struggle with, from the prejudice of the 
 world supported by all the power of it, in the midst 
 of dangers, distresses, reproach, and persecution, 
 has been deservedly considered as the immediate 
 
 * Euseb. Hist. Eccl. III. 1. Greg. Naz. Orat. xxv. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 39 
 
 effect of a divine power co-operating with it ; and 
 as a more stupendous miracle in itself, than any of 
 the several wonders by which it was promoted. By 
 the accounts* of the heathens themselves, it ap- 
 pears, that as early as the time of Nero the Chris- 
 tians at Rome were become very numerous : in the 
 time of Trajan we find, by the testimony ^ of the 
 governor of one of the provinces, that Christianity 
 had so far prevailed in those parts, that the temples 
 of the gods were almost desolated, their sacred rites 
 long intermitted, and that there were very few who 
 would buy sacrifices. Justin Martyr;^ soon informs 
 us, that there was no nation in the known world, not 
 even the most barbarous and uncivilized, where 
 some did not offer up prayers and thanksgivings to 
 God in the name of Jesus Christ. TertuUian §, in 
 the next age, says, that every part of the empire, 
 every place and station, was full of Christians ; and 
 that they began to rival the heathens in number. 
 Next to the especial providence of God, and the 
 signs that gave witness to the first preachers of 
 the Gospel, — Christianity owed its success to the 
 graces and virtues that shone forth in the lives of 
 its professors. The sincerity and stedfastness of 
 their faith, their courage and constancy in suffer- 
 ing the most cruel tortures in defence of it, were 
 fully exhibited and approved to the world in 
 numberless examjjles of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
 
 * Tacit. Annal. xv, 44. f Plin. lib. x. epist. 97. A. D. civ. 
 
 I Dialog, cum Tryphone j pars 2. p. 388. edit. Thirlby. circa 
 A. D. CL. 
 
 § Apologct' xxxvii. et Advcis, Judaeos, vii. circa A. D. cc. 
 
40 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 tions. The advocates for Christianity, who under- 
 took to plead its cause before the rulers of the world, 
 could in their apologies boldly appeal even to their 
 enemies and persecutors, not only for the holiness 
 and purity of its doctrines, but also for the sanctity 
 and innocence of those that professed it ; their 
 blameless and inoffensive conversation, the simpli- 
 city and integrity of their manners, their piety to 
 God, their union among themselves, and their 
 peaceable and charitable disposition towards all man- 
 kind. This, perhaps, may pass for a just account 
 of the state of the Christian Church, under perse- 
 cution, for the three first centuries : continually in- 
 creasing in numbers, and enlarged in extent; nor 
 even in the end greatly fallen off from its original 
 integrity, with regard either to sanctity of manners, 
 or purity of faith. 
 
 But it must be allowed that, from the very times 
 of the Apostles, the Church was troubled by here- 
 tics of various denominations ; who from time to 
 time attempted to introduce the most absurd doc- 
 trines, and the most abominable practices. They 
 appear to have been for the most part either hypo- 
 crites, or enthusiasts, of the grossest sort. Their 
 usual method was to endeavour to corrupt and falsify 
 the Holy Scripture, so as to make it countenance 
 their wild imaginations and ungodly doings. They 
 seem to have had no sort of title to the name of 
 Christians, which they took upon themselves. Ac- 
 cordingly St. Jude * speaks of them, as " men that 
 
 * Verse 4. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 41 
 
 had crept in unawares ; ungodly men, that turned 
 the grace of our Lord God into lasciviousness, and 
 denied the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus 
 Christ." St. John * calls them Antichrists ; and 
 says of them, " they went out from us, but they 
 were not of us." Such in general were the heretics 
 of the first ages ; rejected of the Church, and con- 
 demned of themselves ; who, though they professed 
 that they knew God, yet in works denied him, 
 being abominable, and disobedient, and to every 
 good work reprobate." And such are the absurdi- 
 ties, blasphemies, and abominations, of which these 
 filthy dreamers are accused : that we might perhaps 
 hardly give credit to the charge, though supported 
 by the concurrent testimony of the writers of that 
 age, were there not even at this time a sect 'I- crept 
 in unawares likewise among us, who have adopted 
 and openly avowed them. Though these men 
 might dishonour the Christian name, by falsely 
 taking it upon themselves : though the converts 
 from Judaism at first were always endeavouring to 
 adulterate the doctrine of Christ, by grafting on it 
 their own superstitions ; and those of the Gentiles 
 afterwards, by introducing into it their own impure 
 philosophy : yet the Church still acquitted herself of 
 the charge committed to her, and kept entire the 
 sacred deposit of " the faith, which was once deli- 
 vered to the saints." 
 
 At length, " the grain of mustard-seed, though 
 the least of all seeds, was grown and become a great 
 
 * 1 Epist. ii. 13, 19. 
 
 t See " The Moravians compared, and detected." 
 
42 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 tree ; and the fowls of the air came and lodged un- 
 der the shadow of it." Constantine embraced the 
 Christian faith : he became the nursing father of the 
 Church ; which, now at rest from persecution, and 
 set above her adversary, increased mightily under 
 the favour of her great protector, and was established 
 in safety, prosperity, and honour. It might now be 
 expected, that " the mountain of the Lord's house 
 being established in the top of the mountains, all 
 nations should flow unto it ; and that all being ga- 
 thered together under one head in Christ, they 
 might be presented to God a glorious church, holy 
 and without blemish." But, alas ! from this very 
 3era of the security, prosperity, and splendour of the 
 Christian Church, we must date the decay of the 
 true spirit of Christianity. It still continued, in- 
 deed, to increase for some time outwardly, in ex- 
 tent and numbers; but daily suftered within a much 
 greater loss, in the visible diminution of faith, ho- 
 liness, humility, and charity. Honour, wealth, 
 and power, soon excited pride, avarice, and ambi- 
 tion ; and the contest for these worldly advantages 
 was but too often carried on, and with the greater 
 animosity, under pretence of contending for the 
 faith. Christianity began now to be treated as a 
 science, or an art ; and its doctrines to be opposed 
 and defended with much acuteness of wit, and more 
 keenness of passion : while the simplicity and pu- 
 rity of faith was perplexed and corrupted by the 
 subtilty of debate, and charity quite lost in the ve- 
 hemence of contention. A false, or at best an in- 
 discreet, zeal stood ever upon the watch, ready to 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 43 
 
 combat every idle speculation that happened to be 
 advanced ; thus giving occasion to perpetual debate, 
 and generally improving every debate into an irre- 
 concileable dissention. Many an absurd opinion, 
 many an over-curious theory and bold decision in 
 matters of doubtful disputation, that would other- 
 wise have sunk in oblivion, and died with its author, 
 gained strength and importance by opposition ; till, 
 being dignified with the title of Heresy, and perpe- 
 tuated by an anathema, it was in a manner conse- 
 crated, and delivered down as a never-failing sub- 
 ject of strife and division to posterity. Some, in- 
 deed, of the novelties then introduced were in them- 
 selves of greater consequence, and more pernicious 
 tendency ; striking at the fundamentals of the 
 Christian faith : but even these perhaps, if they had 
 been at first treated with more moderation, or at 
 last condemned and pursued with less severity, 
 might never have survived to divide the Christian 
 world for ages against itself. But the rage of de- 
 bate, and opposition of science, falsely so called, 
 seems to have been the epidemical distemper of those 
 times ; and the certain consequences of it were 
 wrath, envy, hatred, strife, faction : and to the great 
 disgrace of the Christian name, while her own suf- 
 ferings under the heathen powers were yet fresh in 
 remembrance, persecution was adopted by the 
 Church, and began to be exercised by Christians 
 against Christians. It had been in a former age a 
 common observation of the heathens *, See, how 
 
 * Tertullian. Apologct. xxxix. 
 
44 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 these Christians love one another I See, how these 
 Christians hate one another ! was the more just and 
 obvious remark. A candid Heathen Historian* 
 speaks of it as a maxim of the Emperor Juhan, 
 founded on experience. That no wild beasts were so 
 cruel and inveterate enemies to men, as most Chris- 
 tians were to one another ; and on this maxim that 
 able and determined adversary of the Gospel very 
 judiciously projected the utter destruction of Chris- 
 tianity. He sheathed the sword of. Heathen perse- 
 cution : and fomented the spirit of discord, already 
 preying on the vitals of the Christian Church. 
 Where so little regard was paid to the great com- 
 mandment of brotherly love, it is not to be ex- 
 pected that the love of God should continue its 
 perfect work. Let it suffice to observe, that piety 
 began to be infected with superstition ; that purity 
 of life began to be estimated by an affected absti- 
 nence ; by unbidden and extravagant austerities : 
 saints and martyrs were regarded with a reverence, 
 that by degrees approached to adoration, and at last 
 ended in idolatry ; and those only were thought to 
 serve God in perfection who retired into desarts and 
 cloisters, to become a torment to themselves, and 
 useless to the world. Superstition, contention, and 
 division, still increased within ; and gave great ad- 
 vantages to Mahommedism, that assaulted Chris- 
 tianity from without, and at length laid waste the 
 Eastern Church. The Western Church was indeed 
 on the other hand much enlarged by the accession 
 
 * Ammian. Marcell. xxii. 5. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 45 
 
 of the Northern nations, which had overrun' that 
 part of the Roman Empire : but barbarism and ig- 
 norance were introduced with them, under whose 
 influence every error that had been before sown was 
 fostered and nourished, and new errors were from 
 time to time propagated. The ambition of the 
 Church of Rome made use of every opportunity 
 which these dark ages afforded, of completing her 
 great scheme of spiritual tyranny, and temporal do- 
 minion : every superstition that served to help it for- 
 ward, or support it, was made an article of faith : in a 
 word, that deep system of worldly policy, founded in the 
 corruption and perversion of all the great principles 
 of the Gospel ; that mystery of iniquity, properly 
 enough called Popery, but which might more pro- 
 perly be called Anti-christianism, was devised, im- 
 proved, and brought to perfection. 
 
 To rescue Christianity from this miserable state of 
 depravation and oppression ; to restore it to its ori- 
 ginal purity, and to replace it on its true founda- 
 tion ; to put an end to the insolent usurpation of 
 human authority upon the rights of private judg- 
 ment, of reason, and of conscience, and upon the 
 divine authority of the Holy Scriptures themselves ; 
 this was the great design of the Reformation. A 
 fair prospect was now opened for the re-estabHsh- 
 ment of the kingdom of God in purity and truth ; 
 such a prospect as never had offered itself since the 
 first ages of Christianity. But the fulness of the 
 time was not yet come : it pleased God in his un- 
 searchable wisdom to suflfer the progress of this 
 great work to be stopped in the midway, and the 
 
46 DR. lowth's visitation sermom 
 
 effects of it to be greatly weakened by many un- 
 happy divisions among the reformed. Yet hath it 
 been, notwithstanding its imperfection, of most ef- 
 fectual service to the cause of true religion ; and 
 herein seems to be laid the foundation for executing 
 the great plan of divine wisdom, for raising the su- 
 perstructure of universal Christianity. It has shewn 
 to the world what the Gospel really is ; it has laid 
 open the Holy Scriptures, and introduced a more 
 accurate and judicious study, and a more perfect 
 understanding of them : and, in consequence, the 
 great principles of our religion have not only been 
 rationally explained, and fully vindicated ; but a 
 more enlarged view of the Gospel-dispensation, a 
 more complete system of divine knowledge, has 
 been given to the world, than ever it was blessed 
 with since the days of inspiration. And though the 
 Reformation may seem to have been at a stand for 
 nearly two centuries ; though in a political view it has 
 manifestly lost ground, and many considerable ad- 
 vantages have been gained against it; though among 
 ourselves we frequently hear complaints, and pro- 
 bably not without cause, of the success of Popish 
 emissaries, who compass sea and land to make pro- 
 selytes : notwithstanding this, I think we may be 
 assured, that, upon the whole, the Reformation is 
 every day acquiring new strength, and that its prin- 
 ciples prevail in the world more and more. Learn- 
 ing, and knowledge of all kinds, and a spirit of in- 
 quiry, are still evidently increasing; and even in 
 those countries where they are most discouraged, 
 they are continually spreading themselves silently 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 47 
 
 and secretly, in spite of all the vigilance of policy, 
 and all the efforts of power : and where knowledge 
 increases, it is a plain and infallible consequence, that 
 Popery must diminish. 
 
 This view of the state of Christianity through the 
 several ages down to our own times^ short and very 
 imperfect as it is, may however furnish sufficient 
 occasion for observing, that the kingdom of God 
 has never hitherto, in its most pure or flourishing 
 condition, seemed to make any near approach, or 
 any effectual advances, toward that perfection and 
 universality, to which it is decreed that it shall in 
 time arrive. While it was in its most exalted state 
 of purity, it laboured under oppression and persecu- 
 tion ; when it flourished most in outward prosperity, 
 and was strengthened in numbers, and enlarged in 
 extent, it proportionably decayed in its inward 
 graces : and, even in its most enlarged extent, never 
 possessed more than about a sixth part of the present 
 known world. Whereas it is decreed *, that ^' the 
 kingdoms of the world shall become the kingdoms 
 of the Lord, and of his Christ ; that all people, na- 
 tions, and languages shall serve Him ; that the full- 
 ness of the Gentiles shall come in ; and that all Is- 
 rael shall turn unto the Lord, and be saved," The 
 time is not yet come for the accomplishment of these 
 predictions : neither can we rely upon the authority 
 of some, who, by a plausible interpretation of cer- 
 tain prophecies, confessedly very obscure, have pre- 
 sumed to determine the seasons which God had put 
 
 * Rev. xi. 15, Dan. vii, 14. Rom. xi. 25, 2G. 
 
48 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 in his own power, so far as to conclude that it is near 
 at hand. Yet we may be allowed to observe, that 
 the present state of mankind, and the circumstances 
 of the world in general, seem to indicate a prepara- 
 tion for this wonderful event, and a tendency to- 
 wards this important period, however distant it may 
 be. The great progress which learning and useful 
 knowledge of all sorts have made within these two 
 last centuries, particularly in the cultivation of hu- 
 man reason, and the study of divine revelation ; the 
 prodigious advances that have been made in naviga- 
 tion and commerce, vastly enlarging the bounds of 
 the known habitable world, yet at the same time 
 drawing nearer to one another the several nations, 
 by opening a free and easy communication between 
 the most distant; the great numbers of Christian co- 
 lonies that have been sent into every part, and 
 planted in the most corners of the earth : all these 
 circumstances continually increasing and multiply- 
 ing, and the daily improvements which, with un- 
 wearied diligence, and evident success, are still pur- 
 sued in all ; though we see not the fruit as yet 
 formed, nor so much as the blossom unfolded, yet 
 seem to point out to us the seed-time and the spring, 
 which is already preparing, and will in its due sea- 
 son bring forth a plenteous harvest. This particu- 
 lar sign of the times seems to be pointed out by the 
 Angel to the prophet Daniel * : " But thou, O Da- 
 niel, shut up the words, and seal the book even to 
 the time of the end : many shall run to and fro, and 
 knowledge shall be increased." 
 
 * xii. 4. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 49^ "* 
 
 But, whatever be the secret determination of Al- 
 mighty God, with regard to the particular time des- 
 tined for the completion of these gracious promises, 
 it certainly behoves us to be always intent upon 
 making the best advantage of every opportunity 
 that shall seem to offer itself, of promoting this 
 great end ; to keep it ever in view, and to pursue it 
 by every method that shall appear in the least con- 
 ducive thereto. As we make it the daily subject of 
 our prayers, so it ought to be the constant object of 
 our most earnest endeavours. It is the duty of every 
 Christian, as the glory of God and the salvation of 
 mankind are highly concerned in it ; it is more espe- 
 cially the duty of every Minister of Christ, as the 
 dispensation of the Gospel is committed to him, and 
 he is appointed to attend continually upon this very 
 thing. I shall beg leave to mention one or two of 
 the principal means by which the Gospel of Christ 
 may be best promoted, both among ourselves, and 
 more at large in the world. 
 
 In the first place, we ought to promote and en- 
 courage the advancement of religious knowledge, 
 and the only means by which it can be advanced, 
 freedom of inquiry. 
 
 Christianity itself was published to the world in 
 the most enhghtened age; it invited and challenged 
 the examination of the ablest judges, and stood the 
 test of the severest scrutiny : the more it is brought 
 to the light, to the greater advantage will it appear. 
 When on the other hand the dark ag^es of barbarism 
 came on, as every art and science was almost extin- 
 guished, so was Christianity in proportion oppressed 
 
50 DR. lovvth's visitation sermon 
 
 and overwhelmed by error and superstition : and 
 they that pretended to defend it from the assaults of 
 its enemies, by prohibiting examination and free in- 
 quiry, took the surest method of cutting off all hopes 
 of its recovery. Again, when letters revived, and 
 reason regained her liberty; when a spirit of inquiry 
 began to prevail, and was kept up and promoted by 
 a happy invention, by which the communication of 
 knowledge was wonderfully facilitated ; Christianity 
 immediately emerged out of darkness, and was in a 
 manner republished to the world in its native simpli- 
 city. It hath always flourished, or decayed, toge- 
 ther with learning, and liberty : it will ever stand or 
 fall with them. It is therefore of the utmost im- 
 portance to the cause of true religion, that it be sub- 
 mitted to an open and impartial examination ; that 
 every disquisition concerning it be allowed its free 
 course ; that even the malice of its enemies should 
 have its full scope, and try its utmost strength of 
 argument against it. Let no man be alarmed at the 
 attempts of atheists or infidels: let them produce 
 their cause ; let them bring forth their strong rea- 
 sons, to their own confusion : afford them not the 
 advantage of restraint ; the only advantage which 
 their cause admits of : let them not boast the false 
 credit of supposed arguments, and pretended de- 
 monstrations, which they are forced to suppress. 
 What has been the consequence of all that licentious 
 contradiction with which the Gospel hath been re- 
 ceived, in these our times, and in this nation ? hath 
 it not given birth to such irrefragable apologies and 
 convincing illustrations of our most holy religion, as. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 51* 
 
 no other age, or nation, ever produced ? What, in 
 particular, hath been the effect of unrestrained op- 
 position in a very recent instance, prepared with 
 much labour and study, and supported with all the 
 art and eloquence of a late celebrated genius ? hath 
 not the very weakness and impotence of the assault 
 given the most signal and decisive victory to the 
 cause of truth ? and do not the arms of this mighty 
 champion of infidelity stand as a trophy, erected by 
 himself, to display and to perpetuate the triumph ? 
 Let no one lightly entertain suspicions of any serious 
 proposal for the advancement of religious know- 
 ledge; nor, out of unreasonable prejudice, endea- 
 vour to obstruct any inquiry, that professes to aim 
 at the further illustration of the great scheme of the 
 Gospel in general, or the removal of error in any 
 part, in faith, in doctrine, in practice, or in wor- 
 ship. An opinion is not therefore false, because it 
 contradicts received notions : but, whether true or 
 false, let it be submitted to a fair examination ; 
 truth must in the end be a gainer by it, and appear 
 with the greater evidence. Where freedom of in- 
 quiry is maintained and exercised under the direc- 
 tion of the sincere word of God, falsehood may 
 perhaps triumph for a day; but to-morrow truth will 
 certainly prevail, and every succeeding day will con- 
 firm her superiority. 
 
 The light that arose upon the Christian world at 
 the Reformation hath still continued to increase, 
 and we trust will " shine more and more unto the 
 perfect day." The labours of the learned have from 
 that time, by the blessing of God upon the free 
 
 E 2 
 
52 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 exercise of reason and private judgment, been greatly 
 successful in promoting religious knowledge; and 
 particularly in laying open the hidden treasures of 
 divine wisdom contained in the Holy Scriptures. 
 Much hath been done m this important work ; and 
 much still remains to be done. Those heavenly 
 stores are inexhaustible : every new acquisition still 
 leads on to further discoveries ; and the most care- 
 ful search will still leave enough to invite, and to re- 
 ward, the repeated searches of the pious and indus- 
 trious to the latest ages. This is a work that de- 
 mands our first and most earnest regard ; the studies 
 and assistance, the favour and encouragement, of all. 
 To confirm and illustrate these holy writings, to 
 evince their truth, to shew their consistency, to 
 explain their meaning, to make them more gene- 
 rally known and studied, more easily and perfectly 
 understood by all ; to remove the difficulties that 
 discourage the honest endeavours of the unlearned, 
 and provoke the malicious cavils of the half-learned. 
 This is the most worthy object that can engage our 
 attention ; the most important end to which our la- 
 bours in the search of truth can be directed. And 
 here I cannot but mention, what hath often been 
 represented, and I hope will not always be repre- 
 sented in vain, — that nothing would more effectually 
 conduce to this end than the exhibiting of the Holy 
 Scriptures themselves to the people in a more advan- 
 tageous and just light, by an accurate revisal of our 
 vulgar translation by public authority. It is now a 
 century and a half since this translation was made ; 
 in which time a niuolj greater progress hatli been 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 53 
 
 made in the knowledge of the Scriptures than in 
 fifteen centuries preceding. Knowledge of all sorts 
 hath, since that time, been greatly advanced ; of 
 which there is scarce any sort that hath not some 
 connexion with the knowledge of Holy Scripture ; 
 in particular, and, what is more immediately con- 
 nected with it, the knowledge of the original lan- 
 guages, of the Hebrew especially, and its several 
 remaining dialects ; the knowledge of antiquity, of 
 civil history, of natural history, of genuine logic, of 
 sound criticism. Many ancient monuments, both 
 texts and versions *, of venerable authority, have 
 been either newly discovered, or more openly com- 
 municated to the publick, and set forth in a most ad- 
 vantageous and useful manner. And, as we enjoy 
 many assistances which the learned of that age 
 wanted, so likewise many impediments winch lay 
 in their way are now removed. The rubbish of false 
 science is in a great measure cleared away ; the ob- 
 scure subtilty of scholastic theology is dispelled. 
 The great prejudice of authority is in many instances 
 happily diminished; the despotic power of antiquity 
 is reduced within its proper limits. With regard to 
 the Old Testament, the Church of Christ is no 
 longer a slave to the Synagogue; nor does the Chris- 
 tian Interpreter blindly follow those blind guides, 
 the Jewish Teachers. Their infallible Masora, 
 boasted to have been an edifice raised by wise mas- 
 ter-builders on the rock of divine authority, proves 
 to have been framed by unskilful hands, and built 
 
 * Samaritan Pentateuch, both text and version 5 Old Syriac 
 Version; Alexandrine MS. j Paris and London Polyglotts, &c. 
 
54 DR. LOWTH S VISITATION SERMON 
 
 on the sand : its foundations have long since been 
 shaken, and it now totters to its fall. The defects 
 of the Hebrew text itself, for it cannot be denied 
 that it hath its defects, nor, as it hath been trans- 
 mitted to us by human means, could it possibly be 
 without defects ; these have been pointed out, and 
 remedies have in part been applied to them, and 
 may be further applied, by an accurate collation of 
 ancient versions, and of various copies. The latter 
 source is but newly opened * ; and the supplies that 
 may be derived from it, if not very considerable in 
 themselves, will yet be greatly important in their 
 consequences. All this (and more might be added 
 to this) shews evidenti}' how much room there is for 
 improvement ; it promises undoubted success to the 
 undertaking, and warrants abundant advantages 
 from it to our own immediately, and in consequence 
 to the whole Christian Church. 
 
 Secondly, Let us make it our constant aim and 
 
 * See Houbigant.Prolegoni, in Biblia Hebraica, cap. III. art. 
 2. and, for more full satisfaction, " The State of the Printed 
 Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered," by the learned 
 Dr. Kennicott _: from whom further light into this curious and 
 important subject may shortly be expected. 
 
 P. S. Soon after this was written, " A Second Dissertation on 
 the State of the Printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament" was 
 published; and the Collation of the Hebrew MSS. hath been since 
 undertaken, and carried on with great labour, and at great ex- 
 pence, by the same learned person ; encouraged and supported in 
 it by a public subscription, which does honour to our country. 
 The completion of this Work, which now draws towards a con- 
 clusion, seems to mark the proper time for the undertaking 
 above recommended. 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 55 
 
 study to restore, to maintain, and to promote true 
 Christian charity. 
 
 The Church of Christ hath in almost every age 
 suffered much less by all the rage and malice of its 
 enemies, than by strife and faction within itself, 
 and divisions among its own members. The worst 
 consequence of some of the worst of heresies hath 
 been discord, wrath, hatred, persecution : and, in 
 reality, the most pernicious of all heresies hath been 
 the maintaining and defending of breach of charity 
 itself, in such cases, as a duty. An unhappy per- 
 suasion hath too generally prevailed, that church 
 communion demands unity of sentiment in the 
 strictest sense ; and that all of the same profession 
 should think just alike, not only as to a few plain 
 fundamental articles, but as to many other particu- 
 lars neither necessarily required, nor clearly re- 
 vealed; the consequence of which is, that there must 
 be almost as many sects in the world as there are 
 men. And this in effect hath for many ages most 
 miserably distracted the Church of Christ; hath di- 
 vided it against itself, and again subdivided every 
 part of it into new factions and schisms : it hath been 
 the cause of seditions^ slaughters, massacres ; of the 
 peculiar cruelties and barbarities that are always the 
 effects of false zeal ; to the reproach of the Christian 
 name, and even to the disgrace of human nature. 
 It is not to be wondered that Christianity hath 
 made no greater progress ; while, instead of being 
 exhibited to the world in its native beauty, as the 
 most amiable religion that ever was, it hath been ex- 
 posed in such a horrible disguise, as the cause of the 
 
$6 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 greatest mischiefs ; as the parent of strife, and con- 
 fusion, and every evil work. But, thanks be to 
 God, we seem at present to have a better prospect 
 before us ; whatever other reasons we may have 
 to complain of our own age, yet it must be al- 
 lowed, that a spirit of true Christian charity, and 
 benevolence, and moderation, hath of late prevailed 
 among us, beyond the example of former times. A 
 more liberal and generous way of thinking and act- 
 ing, with regard to those that differ from us, is every 
 day gaining ground ; and hath already had visible 
 effects, in allaying former animosities and jealousies, 
 and seems making way for reconcilement and unity. 
 The different sects of Protestants seem to have lost 
 much of that bitterness and distaste which hath so 
 long most unreasonably reigned between them, and 
 to be every day drawing nearer to one another. Even 
 those of the Church of Rome, though they do not 
 give up their horrid principle of persecution, yet 
 begin at least to be ashamed of it ; and, while they 
 have no power or opportunity of acting to the con- 
 trary, can say, " If we had been in the days of our 
 fathers, we would not have been partakers with them 
 in the blood of the prophets." If this happy temper 
 of meekness, forbearance, and charity, should con- 
 tinue to increase, and should diffuse itself more 
 widely through the Christian Church, one great 
 offence will be removed, which hath ever hindered 
 the progress of the Gospel : the gainsayer and unbe- 
 liever, when they shall observe the true spirit of 
 Christianity to prevail among Christians, will be 
 more easily induced to glorify God, '•' and " to con- 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 57 
 
 fess, that God is in us of a truth." The prophet 
 Isaiah seems to represent the increase of universal 
 charity and rehgious knowledge in the Christian 
 Church, as the preparation and prelude of the con- 
 version of the Gentiles, and of the restoration of the 
 Jews; in that remarkable prophecy, which certainly 
 hath not yet been fully accomplished =* : " The wolf 
 shall dwell with the lamb^ and the leopard shall lie 
 down with the kid: — they shall not hurt nor destroy 
 in all my holy mountain : for the earth shall be full 
 of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover 
 the sea. -jf And it shall come to pass in that day, 
 the root of Jesse, which standeth for an ensign to 
 the people ; to it shall the Gentiles seek, and his 
 resting-place shall be glorious. And it shall come 
 to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set his hand . 
 again the second time to recover the remnant of his 
 people, which shall be left: — and he shall set up 
 an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the 
 outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed 
 of Judah, from the four corners of the earth." 
 
 * Isaiah, xi. 6. 
 
 t pt "loy ity^ »ty' lyity «tnn Dto n»nT. Our Translation, by 
 departing from the Masoretical pointing, and the obvious gram- 
 matical construction, hath obscured this passage. The frequent 
 necessity we are under, of appealing from it to the original, suffi- 
 ciently shews the expediency of the revisal above proposed : and 
 I beg leave here to add, that the present time offers a favourable 
 opportunity, which ought not to be neglected ; when the station, 
 to which the chief direction of such a work properly belongs, is 
 filled with a person endowed, beyond any other of this age, with 
 all the abilities and qualifications requisite for bringing it to that 
 degree of perfection, of which it is at present capable. 
 
58 DR. lowth's visitation sermon 
 
 Lastly, and above all, Let us endeavour to recom- 
 mend still more effectually our most holy religion 
 by holiness and purity of life. 
 
 We live in an enlightened age, in which know- 
 ledge is still increasing ; in which continual ap- 
 proaches are made towards a more perfect compre- 
 hension of the Gospel-scheme in its full extent ; in 
 which new accessions of light are every day thrown 
 on the Holy Scriptures : the true Christian spirit of 
 charity, moderation, and forbearance, prevails more 
 and more, softening by degrees our mutual distates, 
 and healing our divisions : may v/e not hope that 
 these improvements will have their proper and natu- 
 ral effect, though we do not yet perceive it, in intro- 
 ducing a reformation of another nature, and infusing 
 more and more of the true spirit of our religion into 
 our manners and our lives ? Greater knowledge 
 should reasonably be attended with more perfect 
 obedience ; and the love of our brethren is closely 
 connected with the love of God. How bad soever 
 therefore in this respect the present appearance of 
 things may be, let us not be discouraged in our en- 
 deavours to promote the practice of true religion. 
 And it is indeed more in our power to promote it 
 than we are generally apt to think. Every one, ac- 
 cording to his station, may have his proper share in 
 it : some by their skill and abilities, others by their 
 influence and authority; some by their exhortations, 
 all by their example. More especially is it the duty 
 and peculiar province of the Ministers of the Gospel, 
 as workers together with Christ, to pursue it by 
 every method ; " by pureness, by knowledge, by 
 
PREACHED AT DURHAM. 59 
 
 kindness, by love unfeigned, by the word of truth, 
 by the power of God." As many of us therefore as 
 have received this ministry, or have it by any means 
 in our power to contribute to this great work, " let 
 us not faint, neither let us be wearied in it ; still 
 looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious ap- 
 pearing of the great God, and our Saviour Jesus 
 Christ, when every man shall have his due praise of 
 God, and every man shall receive his own reward, 
 according to his own labour : when they that make 
 others wise unto salvation shall shine as the bright- 
 ness of the firmament ; and they that turn many to 
 righteousness as the stars for ever and ever." 
 
A SERMON 
 
 PREACHED BEFORE THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE 
 
 LORDS SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL, 
 
 IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED, 
 IN THE 
 
 ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER, 
 
 ON TUESDAY, JAN. 30, 1749-50, 
 
 Being the Day appointed to be observed as the Day of the 
 Martyrdom of King Charles I. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS HAYTER, 
 
 LORD BISHOP OF NORWICH. ; 
 
Die Mercuriiy 31"*^ Januarii^ 1749- 
 
 Ordered, 
 By the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in Par- 
 liament assembled : That the Thanks of this House 
 be and are given to the Lord Bishop of Norwich, 
 for the Sermon by him preached before this House 
 yesterday, in the Abbey Church, Westminster ; 
 and he is hereby desired to cause the same to be 
 printed and published. 
 
 Ashley Cowper, 
 
 Cler. Parliamentor. 
 
A S E R xM O N 
 
 PREACHED BEFORE 
 
 THE LORDS SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL, 
 
 JAN. 30, 1749-50, 
 
 1 Peter, ii. 17. latter part. 
 Fear God. Honour the Kins. 
 
 L HESE precepts stand single and independent 
 of one another in the text: but, as all moral duties 
 are more or less connected with each other, in the 
 reason and order of things, there is an immediate in- 
 timate connexion between the two duties which the 
 Apostle here enjoins us : since the second is directly 
 deducible from the first, which both enforces and 
 limits the subordinate obligation. For the fear of 
 God, if we are conscientiously influenced by it, 
 will engage us to pay all the honour which is due to 
 the King, whom his Providence hath set over us, so 
 far as is consistent with that honour which is due to 
 God only. 
 
 But, though the honour due to the King takes its 
 rise from the person of the King, and is in the 
 most eminent degree to be paid to his person, the 
 object of the duty is his authority. 
 
 To honour the King is to obey him with that 
 awful sense of the regal character, which the Ma- 
 jesty of it impresses upon our mind. By parity 
 
64 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 of reason, and upon the same principle that we 
 "submit to the King as supreme," we are required to 
 pay a suitable submission to all who are appointed 
 by him to bear any share in the great work of Go- 
 vernment. 
 
 The Supreme Power, thus diffused, and operating 
 through the whole extent of a community, creates 
 that public authority, which is necessary to main- 
 tain general peace and order, and which consti- 
 tutes the real internal strength of every govern- 
 ment. All the obligations to obedience which are 
 laid upon us, as subjects, are calculated to secure a 
 proper deference to public authority : but all those 
 obligations, however enforced by the joint power 
 of civil society, are ultimately rendered effectual 
 by the sanctions of Religion, and can obtain their 
 full operation and effect from the motives of Reli- 
 gion only. The influence of Religion, therefore, is 
 the last resort, is the fundamental support of every 
 government. 
 
 From hence, in a general view, it is evident that 
 every community must be proportionably stronger or 
 weaker, as this influence prevails more or less ; and 
 a total disregard of this influence must gradually 
 weaken, and, in the end, destroy the best consti- 
 tuted frame of Government. 
 
 The anniversary which now assembles us toge- 
 ther affords us a dreadful illustration of the truth 
 of what I have been observing; for, in those scenes 
 of violence and distraction which preceded the de- 
 cisive stroke of iniquity, the national fences of 
 religion were first broken down, and the true sense 
 
THE ABBEY CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. 6$ * 
 
 of it almost totally extinguished, before cruel and 
 blood-thirsty men, as on this day, murdered their 
 Sovereign. 
 
 The crime itself is too notorious to need any 
 illustration ; the guilt of those who committed it is 
 of too deep a dye to admit of any aggravation : but 
 the instructive example of the Royal Sufferer de- 
 mands our peculiar attention, as it contains a les- 
 son of the most universal importance ; for it demon- 
 strates to us the never-failing comforts and supports 
 which a true sense of Religion furnishes in the day 
 of trial and distress. It was from hence alone that 
 this Christian Hero derived that patience and forti- 
 tude which made him superior to the cruelty and 
 insolence of his murderers. " He feared God, and 
 therefore did not fear what Man could do unto him." 
 
 We cannot but lament that a king, disposed by 
 so many personal virtues to rule justly, should be 
 led, by the prejudices in which it was his misfortune 
 to be educated, to think he had a right to govern 
 a free people arbitrarily; and we shall be unjust 
 to the virtues which he unquestionably had, if 
 we omit to take notice from what source the worst 
 faults imputed to him naturally sprang : for they 
 may all be accounted for, without charging him 
 with any bad principle in his temper, or defect in 
 his judgment, if we recollect that false and narrow 
 notions of the nature and reciprocal obligations of 
 Government, which were generally embraced in 
 those times as settled national opinions, which were 
 urged as maxims of law, and sanctified as the lan- 
 guage of Scripture, gradually prepared the Royal 
 
66 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 ear for the poison that was instilled into it by flat- 
 terers of every denomination. These notions, which, 
 without any other insinuating recommendation, are 
 too apt to gain an ascendant over the mind, betrayed 
 this unhappy misguided Prince into such measures 
 as were irreconcilable to the character of a limited 
 Monarch, and the independent rights of a mixed 
 Constitution ; measures which many, who were the 
 friends of the Constitution, without being, or de- 
 signing to be, his enemies, thought it their duty to 
 oppose, because they knew them to be unconstitu- 
 tional, and saw them to be dangerous. 
 
 But men of this complexion soon lost all share 
 in directing the opposition, all power of confining 
 it within constitutional limits ; and then the con- 
 test degenerated into all the rage of civil war. For 
 when the worst of men, after a long and bloody 
 struggle, gained a strength sufficient to make good 
 their own schemes of oppression, they showed as Ht- 
 tle mercy to their Country as they did to their King. 
 
 More than a century hath now passed since this 
 virtuous unfortunate king fell a sacrifice to the cruelty 
 of those, who by one and the same blow put a tem- 
 porary end to Monarchy itself. At so great a dis- 
 tance of time, to enter minutely into this reproach- 
 ful period of our history is more the province of the 
 historian than of the preacher. 
 
 The Preacher will sufficiently discharge his office, 
 if he draws from it such general instruction as every 
 one may concur in, who honours his King, and 
 loves the Constitution of his Country. It behoves 
 him to attend to the present situation of things ; 
 and, in whatever shape, or from whatever quarter, 
 
tHE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. ^7 
 
 the Community is threatened with the like cala- 
 mities, to give public and solemn warning to his 
 hearers, to arm themselves against them. 
 
 If with this view we examine our present situa- 
 tion, it will be found that the danger which now 
 hangs over us does not 'arise, as it fornerly did, from 
 arbitrary exertions of the Prerogative ; for against 
 these the Revolution provided an effectual remedy, 
 a remedy which, give me leave to observe, had ne- 
 ver become necessary, if all the Monarchs who have 
 filled the British Throne had been as faithful pa- 
 trons of the Constitution, and as watchful guardians 
 of the liberties of their people, as that gracious So- 
 vereign who now reigns over us. 
 
 The danger now arises from a contrary cause : 
 from a profligate abuse of these very blessings of 
 which the Revolution gave us full possession, civil 
 and religious liberty. And to such lengths hath 
 this abuse been carried, as hath produced an open 
 disregard to all authority, both divine and human. 
 
 Against this abuse, which is eventually owing to 
 the excellence of a free Constitution, the Constitu- 
 tion itself can provide no remedy. To find it, we 
 must look higher: we must fly to the authority of 
 God, and that influence of Religion, which, if it be 
 once generally established, will secure to us the en- 
 joyment of those blessings with which we are sur- 
 rounded ; will protect us against our own follies and 
 vices, and prevent our running into these excesses, 
 which must, in the end, be subversive of public 
 peace, and good government. 
 
 To this purpose, having first briefly explained 
 F 2 
 
68 BP. hayter's sermon preacred in 
 
 the force and import of the two precepts of fearing 
 God, and honouring the King; I shall proceed to 
 shew, what the state of any Government will be, as 
 the influence of Religion respectively prevails, or is 
 disregarded. 
 
 To " fear God," is an expression of such peculiar 
 energy, that, in the language of Scripture, it de- 
 notes the " whole of Religion :" for, in the sense in 
 which the fear of God is there to be understood, it 
 is a prevailing practical motive to engage us to dis- 
 charge all the duties which Religion enjoins us. 
 
 The passion of Fear, which prevails more or less 
 in every Creature, in proportion to the weakness of 
 its nature, and the circumstances of danger in 
 which it is placed, is of course excited, as often as 
 we apprehend ourselves exposed to the attack of any 
 Being superior in strength to ourselves : And, when- 
 ever the most powerful of all Beings, upon vviiom 
 our existence itself depends, and who can, in an 
 instant, overwhelm us with insupportable misery, is 
 made the object of our thoughts : this passion will 
 naturally be raised to the highest pitch. But Fear, 
 as a passion, hath nothing moral in it : and, in a 
 mere literal sense, to be afraid of God ; that is, to 
 consider him only as an object of terror, is so far 
 from being an act of Religion, that it implies no- 
 thing but a consciousness of guilt, and a dread of 
 punishment. But the " fear of God," which the 
 Scripture declares to be Wisdom or Virtue (for their 
 opposites. Folly and Vice, are, in sacred Writ and 
 the truth of things, words of the same meaning,) 
 denotes that moral awe and veneration of God, with 
 which the mind is affected, when it contemplates 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. GQ 
 
 him under the attributes of Power, Wisdom, Justice, 
 and Goodness, with which Religion represents him 
 to us : for the fear of God, which results from this 
 contemplation, is not a slavish superstitious fear, 
 but a fear founded on Love, strengthened by Reason, 
 and productive of all Goodness: a Fear, that adds 
 fortitude to the mind ; and enables it to despise all 
 those vain terrors, which would otherwise perpe- 
 tually disturb our peace, stagger our virtue, or 
 endanger our final happiness. 
 
 From " the Fear of God," so understood, results 
 that religious frame of mind, which makes God 
 habitually present to us; and, under the sense of 
 his presence, renders us solicitous to know his 
 Will, and keeps us steady in obeying it. Thus the 
 *' Fear of God," enforces upon us all the duties of 
 Religion, by setting before us that tremendous 
 Beins, from whom all the oblig^ations of Religion 
 originally receive their sanction ; and who is inti- 
 mately privy to our most concealed intentions of 
 violatiu'' them. 
 
 Unlimited obedience, in doing whatever is com- 
 manded with readiness, and suffering whatever is 
 inflicted upon us with resignation, is due to this 
 Almighty, All-perfect Governor of the Universe ; 
 and it is due to him alone: For he, and he only, 
 cannot possibly prescribe any instance of obedience 
 to his Creatures, with which it is not equally their 
 duty and their interest to comply. 
 
 In this precept of " fearing God," Kings are no 
 less included than the meanest of their subjects ; 
 and they never appear with more majesty, than 
 when they prostrate themselves before the King df 
 
70 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 Kings, from whom they derive till their authority ; 
 and to whom they must be finally accountable, for 
 the glorious and sacred charge of governing nations 
 righteously, by the encouragement of public virtue, 
 and the protection of true Religion. Their great 
 and good actions will accompany them beyond the 
 grave ; but " their pomp will follow them" only to 
 their funeral. 
 
 From this short explanation of the first precept, 
 it is evident that we do not truly discharge the duty 
 enjoined by it, unless we are habitually disposed to 
 conform our whole behaviour to the Will of God, 
 from a moral awe of the Divine nature and per- 
 fections. 
 
 I have already observed that, in the honour or 
 obedience which we are comnianded to pay the 
 King by the second precept ; the submission due to 
 all who act under him is included. This takes in 
 the whole extent of civil authority : and it will from 
 hence be easy, in a few words, to illustrate the 
 dependance of the second precept upon the first ; 
 and to show how necessary the Fear of God is to 
 secure obedience to Government. 
 
 Particular forms of Government are so undoubt- 
 edly the invention and contrivance of Man, that we 
 are apt to overlook a truth equally clear, and much 
 more important; that Government in general must 
 be the Ordinance of God : for it is the natural con- 
 sequence of that social nature which God hath given 
 us ; and of that state of things which his provi- 
 dence hath established. 
 
 Notwithstanding, therefore, the measures of obe- 
 dience, in each particular: form of Government, must 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. 7I , 
 
 be determined by the particular Laws of each Com- 
 munity ; Obedience to Government in general is 
 enjoined by the immediate authority of God him- 
 self: for, without obedience, there can be no Go- 
 vernment. 
 
 We are liable to confound the idea of Power, 
 with the idea of Authority, which is totally distinct 
 from Power : for Authority always stands in need of 
 Power to enforce it; and a Man cloathed with the 
 highest degree of authority receives no new acces- 
 sion of natural strength from the character of 
 Supreme Ruler, with which he is invested. In 
 God alone, Authority and Power are, in effect, the 
 same thing : for he alone hath, in himself, infinite 
 Power to support his own Authority, and the Autho- 
 rity of those who act under it. 
 
 In all human Governments, how wisely soever 
 they may be framed, or how prudentially soever 
 they may be guarded against insults ; so as to give 
 the utmost weight and security to that public autho- 
 rity by which they are maintained ; a superiority 
 of power must always reside collectively in the 
 bulk of the people. 
 
 » If this power should be all at once exerted by 
 any sudden unforeseen combination of the multi- 
 tude, it will instantly dissolve the best established 
 Government : and, if exerted with an inferior degree 
 of violence, will shake it. 
 
 The Sanctions of human Laws, /. e. the punish 
 ments annexed by Men to disobedience, will be of 
 no service, when those whose office it is to execute, 
 the Laws arc so overpowered, that they cannot in- 
 
72 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 flict the sanctions. What is there then that will be 
 sufficient, upon every possible supposition, to awe 
 the multitude, and effectually prevent this case 
 from happening ? Whatever can do this, will cer- 
 tainly be the proper security of human Govern- 
 ments, and this can be done by the " Fear of God" 
 only. Against infinite Power " there is no Strength :'* 
 And who will dare to wrest, out of the hands of the 
 supreme Magistrate, the Sword which he is con- 
 vinced God hath put into them, " for the punish- 
 ment of evil-doers ?" Who will provoke a vengeance 
 that he can neither resist nor escape ? Who will not 
 dread the complicated guilt of attempting to intro- 
 duce " Confusion, and every evil Work," by over- 
 setting the Supreme Authority of a person whom 
 he views under the most awful affecting character, 
 as appointed by God himself, to dispense and secure 
 to a whole people the advantages of Government, 
 and the blessings of Society r 
 
 A King, considered in this light, and acting 
 suitably to it, will always be able to controul a vir- 
 tuous religious people, with a force and firmness 
 which nothing else can give him. 
 
 Government thus founded stands upon its natu- 
 ral and true basis. Every other provision of strength, 
 which human policy can invent or collect, to fix 
 dominion over Men ; who are neither animated by 
 the hopes, nor checked by the fears, of futurity ; 
 will ever grow to be more precarious in its direction, 
 and more dangerous to authority, in proportion as 
 it becomes more mighty, and consequently less ma- 
 nageable, in operation. 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. 73 ^ 
 
 From what hath been said, it is evident that true 
 Religion, however it may at any time have been 
 misapphed through mistake, or perverted through 
 design, is as far from requiring us to be the slaves 
 of lawless power, as it is severe in condemning us, 
 if we resist just authority. Between these two ex- 
 tremes, it instructs and commands us to observe an 
 exact medium ; prescribing that rational obedience 
 to subjects, which communicates peace, and order 
 and stability, to the publick, from the same conduct 
 which naturally produces the happiness of each indi- 
 vidual. 
 
 I shall now proceed to show more distinctly 
 what the state of any Government will be, as the 
 " Influence of Religion," arising from the fear of 
 God, respectively prevails, or is disregarded. 
 
 We must not expect to find in History any 
 Society of Men universally ruled, and obeying in 
 the Fear of God. This is a state of perfection, 
 which no human Government can reach : But it is 
 the true policy, and should be the constant bent 
 and aim of every Government, to approach towards 
 it ; for every nearer approach produces an increase 
 of public strength and welfare. 
 
 But though we have no instance, in fact, by 
 which this important truth can be illustrated in its 
 •full extent; we may describe the circumstances in 
 which any state or kingdom would be, upon a sup- 
 position that the influence of Religion became uni- 
 versal, and the conduct and obedience of subjects 
 was constantly directed and governed by that in- 
 fluence ; for mora! causes, though they do not ne- 
 
74 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 cessarily produce their proper effects, have a regular 
 uniform operation. 
 
 Suppose then a Society of Men actually existing, 
 among whom this influence does, in fact, prevail 
 without exception, and model the conduct of every 
 individual member into an exact conformity to the 
 rules of true Religion. 
 
 It is certain, in the first place, that the Laws of 
 the Community will be obeyed in every instance ; 
 for good Laws can require nothing to be done, or 
 omitted, which Religion does not equally approve 
 or prohibit. 
 
 By the practice, therefore, of every social virtue, 
 such a Society will enjoy universal tranquillity ; and, 
 by abstaining from every vice, they will be freed 
 from the apprehension of every thing that might 
 create the least public disturbance. 
 
 As Religion sets before them the common means 
 of future happiness, and those means are equally 
 productive of common social good, they will all 
 conspire in promoting the same end. 
 
 The result of this will be a perfect state of 
 union, founded in an interest liable to no variation ; 
 and stable and uniform as the principles of Virtue 
 and Religion, from whence it flows. 
 
 Ambition, the most turbulent of all our passions, 
 by which so many flourishing States and Kingdoms 
 have been overthrown, will be here the most active 
 instrument of public utility: for the members of 
 this society will be excited to aspire to posts of rank 
 and consequence, from no motive but that honest 
 one, of desiring to fill them with integrity, to their 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTEE. J^ 
 
 own honour, and the emolument of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 The same conscientious principle, which regulates 
 the pretensions of subjects, will determine the choice 
 of their Governors, in placing each man in that 
 station of the society, for which they judge his 
 capacity peculiarly fits him. 
 
 Thus superiority of rank will be impartially 
 adjusted by superiority of merit ; and the necessary 
 subordination of Government will be kept up, by 
 proportioning and adapting various degrees of ho- 
 nour and power, to that diversity of gifts and 
 talents, with which Providence hath prepared men 
 for the respective parts of life, and marked them 
 out for the several offices of society. 
 
 By this means, the authority of such a society 
 will be inviolably maintained ; for it will be uni- 
 versally " obeyed, not for wrath, but conscience 
 sake ;" under a constant regard to the supreme Au- 
 thority and Will of God. Such a Government 
 
 can have no domestic Enemies : And if foreign ones 
 should wickedly conspire together, and make an 
 attempt against it, the whole Society will defend 
 itself with an union that nothing can break, and 
 with a strength springing from that union, which 
 nothing can over-power. For can we form to our- 
 selves an idea of national self-defence so firm and 
 animated, so full of force and energy in its own 
 nature, and so likely to call down the blessings of 
 God upon its endeavours ; as the combined efforts 
 of righteous men, in the support and maintenance 
 of a righteous cause ? 
 
JS BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 This is an imperfect sketch of such a Society 
 as I am sensible can never exist among men ; for 
 men are not perfect. But the description shadows 
 out to us what would be the genuine effects of 
 Religion upon Society and Government, if the in- 
 fluence of Religion operated universally : If it was 
 not weakened by the imperfections of our nature, 
 which we cannot cure ; and still more obstructed by 
 our vices ; for which our imperfections afford us no 
 excuse. 
 
 Let us consider in the next place what will natu- 
 rally happen, if we suppose a different Society of 
 Men, living under a well-constituted form of Go- 
 vernment, and outwardly professing the true Reli- 
 gion ; but inwardly paying no regard to it. 
 
 Now such Men, by the supposition, having set 
 aside the motives and prospects of Religion, can 
 practise virtue only upon such principles as the 
 natural reason of their own mind suggests to them. 
 Their virtue must, therefore, be very precarious at 
 the best: And as they have no views before them, 
 but enjoying, as far as they can, the advantages of 
 the present life, their reason will soon be over- 
 powered by passion and appetite. The more these 
 are indulged, the more impetuous they will grow; 
 and the allurements of pleasure will easily seduce 
 Men into a violation of every duty that stands in 
 the way of the desired gratification. This is saying 
 that such a Society of Men will soon be very 
 vicious: Vices will render them necessitous, and 
 necessity desperate ; and they will, without scruple, 
 sacrifice the common good of the whole, to relieve 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. 7/ 
 
 the necessity that presses hard upon them. They 
 will aim at rank without capacity ; and, having no 
 idea of public utility, or no inclination to consult it; 
 they will serve, or not serve, the publick, as they 
 do, or do not, find their own particular advantage 
 in the service : for, as interest invites, or danger 
 alarms them, they will be ready to depreciate and 
 desert a good King, or to flatter and take up arms 
 for a Tyrant. 
 
 The violation of social duties in private life will 
 set them at variance with one another : And these 
 divisions will perpetually grow, because there is 
 is here no fixed common bond of union. 
 
 As Religion condemns such a conduct, and de- 
 nounces the most dreadful threatnings against it ; 
 they will wish Religion to be false, without examina- 
 tion ; and speak of it as if they were really con- 
 vinced it was false, i. e. They will ridicule it. 
 
 Being impatient of restraint, and unawed by the 
 authority of God himself, they will, of course, " de- 
 spise Dominion, and speak Evil of Dignities." 
 Hence the authority of Government will have no 
 eflfect, any farther than it is enforced by the power 
 of the Government; which, in such a state of things, 
 will be every day decreasing ; and at last be scarce 
 able to support itself, though no external violence 
 is oflfered to it. This weakness of Government 
 will bring on direct attempts to overthrow it, when 
 it hath least force to exert in its own defence. 
 
 A Government under these circumstances, though 
 it was originally well constituted, and the constitu- 
 tion of it still remains unaltered, is like the house of 
 
78 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 the " foolish Man" in the Gospel. The edifice may 
 have been exquisitely planned by the skill of the 
 Architect, and fashioned and wrought in all the 
 parts of it, by the just beauties of proportion, and 
 the laboured finishings of Art : But it hath no foun- 
 dation to stand upon ; and '^ when the Floods come, 
 and the Winds blow, and beat against such a House ;" 
 when the storms of domestic faction, or foreign 
 violence, assault the fabrick of a Government so cir- 
 cumstanced, it must fall ; and " great, and sudden, 
 will be the Fall of it." 
 
 Let us now apply the general instruction with 
 which we are furnished, by the subject I have been 
 explaining, to ourselves, and the present situation 
 of things among us. 
 
 It hath been shown, that all human Governments 
 have an essential defect and weakness, which can be 
 remedied by nothing but the influence of Religion : 
 And this remedy appears to be most requisite in 
 those Governments which are the best-constituted. 
 For as the civil and religious freedom of individuals 
 is more enlarged, the state is more liable to be en- 
 dangered by excesses which it cannot punish : and 
 irregularities of the most pernicious tendency will 
 be more frequently committed, of which the Laws 
 can take no cognizance. 
 
 The natural consequences, which will respectively 
 follow in any State or Kingdom, as the Influence of 
 Religion prevails, or is disregarded, have been set 
 forth as moral effects, regularly proceeding from 
 their proper moral causes. The reasoning, therefore, 
 being general, and not drawn from any particular 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER. jg 
 
 Nation or Government, is applicable to All : And 
 we may conclude that every Nation or Government, 
 in the like circumstances, will feel the same effects 
 from them. 
 
 To exemplify and confirm this conclusion from 
 an instance in fact, we need only attend to that 
 state of things which a disregard of the influence of 
 Religion hath actually produced in our own coun- 
 try : a state of things, which threatens us with the 
 most extensive mischief, at a time when we seem, 
 as a Nation, to be furthest removed from danger. 
 
 On the part of our Governors, we have all the 
 protection that good Government can afford us : 
 for we are constitutionally governed by them. 
 And, as far as an impartial execution of the Laws 
 can secure to us the rights and privileges of free 
 subjects, we are in a state of full security. 
 
 But, with all these flattering appearances of na- 
 tional safety, one thing is wanting, which alone can 
 make us safe as a Nation, or strong as a Government. 
 The " Fear of God" is wanting: And what we 
 experience must convince us how precarious every 
 other guard of public security is without it. For 
 the efficacy of this sacred check upon our minds 
 being in a great measure lost and deadened among 
 us as a people, such a spirit of irreligion and licen- 
 tiousness is broke forth, as must, if it continues to 
 prevail and increase, gradually break down all the 
 national fences of Authority, and let loose the un- 
 bridled rage and power of the multitude upon us. 
 
 Whoever " is not for Religion," is, of course, 
 " against it :" for such as are not influenced by the 
 
8o BP. hayter's sermon preached In 
 
 truths of Religion, will endeavour not to believe 
 those truths themselves, and to create the same 
 heart of unbelief in others. 
 
 Accordingly our Holy Religion, w^hich bears all 
 the marks and characters of Divinity upon it that 
 can prove any Religion to be from God, or render it 
 useful and beneficial to Men, both in their private 
 and social capacity, hath been made a mark of deri- 
 sion ; i. e. it hath met with that treatment which it 
 must always expect from those *' who have not 
 the Fear of God before their eyes." For to ridicule 
 sacred truths, and try how much they are capable 
 of being distorted, by being placed in false lights, 
 and shewn under ludicrous images, is but the effort 
 of an impious mind, struggling to avoid conviction, 
 and screen itself from the impression of truths 
 which it dares not examine soberly. 
 
 All who thus deride Religion do not only 
 weaken Government in general, but directly strike 
 at the support of this Protestant Government: For 
 Religion, as reformed from the errors and corrup- 
 tions of Popery, is interwoven with the constitution 
 of our Country, and made the foundation upon 
 which the Throne itself is established. 
 
 Popery, that determined enemy of Truth and 
 Liberty, seeing us grown indifferent about the best 
 Religion, lays hold of the favourable juncture, and 
 labours with indefatigable zeal to bring back the 
 worst ; whilst the Emissaries of that communion, 
 having been long banished from the Cabinets of our 
 Princes, under various shapes and disguises, mix 
 with the dregs of the people, to corrupt their Faith, 
 and poison their Loyalty. 
 
THE ABBEY-CHURCH, WESTMINSTER, Si 
 
 This profane disregard of Divine Authority hath 
 produced, what it will always produce, such aeon- 
 tempt of liuman Governors ; that nothing, ahiiost, 
 but the dread of punishment, procures obedience to 
 them. Even Government itself, however rightly 
 administered, is submitted to with reluctance: And 
 any artificial interested clamour raises popular dis- 
 content against it. Hence it is that a spirit of dis- 
 affection, without any grievance, works among us 
 already; though the terrors of the late Rebellion 
 are fresh upon our minds, and the distresses occa- 
 sioned by it are still felt by the public. But we 
 are not to wonder that this event hath happened, 
 when men are for the most part grown so impa- 
 tient of controul, that every legal restraint is com- 
 plained of, as an infringement of Liberty ; and the 
 execution of just Laws murmured against, as an 
 undue stretch of authority. 
 
 Thus, by the ordinary progress of things, the 
 necessary subordination of society is looked upon as a 
 kind of grievance. Superiority itself, as such, is 
 become rather a ground of disgust to inferiors, than 
 a motive of respect from them ; so that, in the lan- 
 guage of the Apostle, the " Feet say to the Head 
 we have no need of thee." 
 
 Private vices, the product of this ungovernable 
 spirit, have multiplied in proportion. For when 
 were the Laws less able to protect our property 
 from the open violence of the Robber ? When were 
 they so frequently made the means and instruments 
 of depriving us of it, by the perjured witness? The 
 most abominable wickedness may, in all times, have 
 
 G 
 
82 BP. hayter's sermon preached in 
 
 been practised in private ; but when was the pubhc 
 modesty so openly insulted from the press, as it 
 hath been of late, with such an abandoned profli- 
 gacy, as must shock every virtuous Man, and ought 
 to alarm every Parent ? 
 
 The ravages of Civil War, which this solemnity 
 brings into our thoughts, do not overspread the face 
 of a country with more desolation, than universal 
 Dissoluteness tends to bring upon society. The 
 effects of arbitrary power itself are scarce more ter- 
 rible : and there is certainly a more reasonable pros- 
 pect of being delivered from them : for a virtuous 
 people will, sooner or later, shake off a lawless 
 oppressive Governor. But neither the wisdom nor 
 goodness of a Governor can protect a vicious people 
 from the fatal consequences of their own vices : for 
 vices, and their consequences, are connected toge- 
 ther in the constitution of things, and necessarily 
 attend each other, by the appointment of God him- 
 self. 
 
 Such a state of things as this calls upon every 
 Member of Society to exert himself in the cause of 
 Religion and Virtue. And if all, who, I trust, have 
 this cause at heart, duly exert themselves, our case 
 is not yet desperate. A good man, in the lowest 
 station, will have some weight in bringing about the 
 necessary reformation. For goodness, wherever we 
 see it, attracts our love and esteem ; and if we view 
 it without prejudice, it will excite our imitation. 
 
 Those who are exalted in rank, and clothed 
 with authority, have a more extensive power of 
 encouraging goodness : And it particularly concerns 
 
THE ABBEY-GHURCH, WESTMINSTER. f,^ 
 
 them, to act with all the weight and advantage 
 which their situation gives them, in forwarding and 
 effecting this blessed work : For Vice is a great 
 leveller, and aims at destroying all distinction, be- 
 cause it hates all authority. 
 
 To animate us to the attempt, let this reflection 
 be ever present to our minds, that the same endea- 
 vours which revive the national influence of Religion 
 will also restore authority to the Laws, reverence to 
 Governors, and stability to Government. We have 
 a certain hope, that God will prosper those our 
 labours here, which he hath promised to reward 
 hereafter : And if God be, assuredly, with Us, who 
 that we ought to fear, who that we ought not to 
 despise, can be against Us t 
 
84 
 
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 TWO MUSIC-SPEECHES AT CAMBRIDGE, 
 spoken at Public Commencements in the Years 
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 nity College, and John Taylor, M. A. of St. John's. 
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