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 ALUMNI LIBRARY, * 
 
 I THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, | 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. ^ 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 tf hcolo;qical Seminary, 
 
 i'i:]ycj:T<)y. y. j. 
 
 BX 953 .W32 1759 
 
 Walch, Christian Wilhelm 
 
 Franz, 1726-1784. 
 A compendious history of tl 
 
 nnne> c: 
 
COMPENDIOUS 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 POPES, 
 
 FROMTHE 
 
 Foundation of the See of Rome to 
 the prefent Time. 
 
 Tranflated and Improved from the German Original 
 
 O F 
 
 C. W. F. W A L C H, D. D. 
 
 ProfefTor of Divinity and Philofophy at Gottingen, 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J, Riving ton and J. Fletcher, 
 G. Keith, P. Davey and B. Law, S. Crowder, 
 T. Field, E. Dilly, J. Pridden, and T. Hope," 
 
 MDCCLIX» 
 
-^^. 
 
 T&H ^ 
 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IAM fo perfectly fatisfied with 
 the two principal motives which 
 induced me to undertake this 
 abridged Hiftory of the Popes, that I 
 need not afk the candid Reader's par- 
 don. I was moved on one fide by the 
 neceffity and ufefulnefs of the know- 
 ledge of tMs part of hiftory; on 
 the other, by the want of better 
 means for the attainment of tliis 
 A 3 know- 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 knowledge ; I mean an inftruc- 
 tive book, containing a complete, ac- 
 curate and practical Hiftory of the 
 Popes of Ro7ne ; not merely re- 
 lating truths, and fupprefling none 
 of any importance, but inPcru6ling 
 the perfon who applies to fuch a fi- 
 lent inftruftor how to make the pro- 
 per ufe of thofe truths. All my 
 predeceffors in this w^ork have been 
 defeftive in thefe qualities, being ei- 
 ther ignorant or not ambitious of 
 them. I have prefcribed them to 
 myfelf as rules neceffary towards im- 
 proving an interefting part of church- 
 hiftory, and at the fame time clear- 
 ing up other parts of hiftorical learn- 
 ing, of divinity, of the canon law, 
 and of political knowledge. For 
 the light which thefe need, and de- 
 rive from the Hiftory of the Popes, 
 is to them indifpcnfible. 
 
 In the profecution of thefe great 
 ends, I have made choice of the fol- 
 lowing 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 lowing means: Firft, I have endea- 
 voured to fix the rules by v^hich the 
 utiHty of fads may be determined ; 
 and thefe naturally flowed from the 
 end which every reader muft have 
 in view, unlefs he reads fuch a part 
 of hiftory merely for amufement j 
 and by thefe rules I ftriftly regulated 
 my choice of fads. In every tranP 
 adlion I examined what incidental 
 or neceflary relation it had to this 
 or that fcience. By the ufe of this 
 precaution the work is rather more 
 than complete. I appeal to the per- 
 ufal of it ; and need not be more 
 explicit on this head, having fo fully 
 explained my defign in the prelimi- 
 nary difcourfe, that whoever will 
 give himfelf the trouble of reading 
 that may judge whether I have 
 overlooked any ufefjl part of the Hif- 
 tory of the Popes* 
 
 My next point was fo to difpofe 
 
 my plan, as to adapt it to the at- 
 
 A 4 tainraent 
 
vni 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 tainment of my end. I thought it 
 proper firft to relate the tranfadions, 
 and then to point out their utiUty. 
 This was my reafon for dividing every 
 book into two chapters : The firft 
 entirely hiftorical, and the fecond 
 pradical. The former is a narrative 
 of the events themfelves, but not 
 merely a dry narrative ; I never loft 
 light of their moral connexions, as the 
 fame is difcoverable in their views^ 
 motives, means and confequences ; 
 fomctimes I have intimated it briefly; 
 fometimes explained it more amply. 
 I have alfo touched on critical mat- 
 ters, and put into the hands of my 
 readers the chronological clue by 
 which I myfelf was guided. Such is 
 this hiftory of the Papacy, which 
 w^ord, in imitation ol fome writers 
 of eminent merit, is taken in a more 
 ftrifierfenfethanufual. I comprehend 
 in it whatever relates to the office, the 
 dignity and power of the Pope, There > 
 are indeed many excellent and ufeful 
 
 books 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 books already extant, which bear this 
 title. Yet I can truly affirm, that I 
 found myfelfobhged to work entirely 
 a-new. V/hether I affume too much 
 will be beft determined by comparing 
 every period of my account, thro' its 
 whole connexion, with the writings 
 of Mornay^ du Moulin^ Heidegger 
 and Cy prolan. Moft of the learned 
 perfons were fet only on the contro- 
 verfial point of invalidating fromhif- 
 tory the unlawful claims of theSee of 
 Rome. I have taken a larger ran gre. 
 My books will fhow what the papacy 
 has been in all times, and what 
 change it has undergone. 
 
 The effence of it is that eccleliaf- 
 tlcal fupremacy by which the Pope is 
 become the head of a great part of 
 ChjiJIendom. And I have been prin- 
 cipally attentive to the rife, the 
 growth, the checks, the vindications, 
 limitation, extennon, and eftabliHi- 
 ment of that fupremacy, and to the 
 means by which all this was accom- 
 
 pliflied 
 
 IX 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 pliflied. This takes in a conii- 
 derable part of the hiftory of the 
 canon law, and is infinitely connedled 
 with other particulars which nearly 
 concern the public law of the Euro- 
 pea/i ftates ; the rights, for inftance, 
 of the imperial crow^n, and the li- 
 berties of the Gallican church. I 
 was obliged to have all thefe in view, 
 in order fairly to ftate the hiftory, 
 and to trace out the real caufes and 
 effects of the ecclefiaftical dominion 
 of the Pope. He is likewife lord of 
 confiderable territories, poffcffed of 
 gold and filver, which St. Peter ^ even 
 admitting him to have been bifhop 
 of Ro?ne^ certainly did not bequeath 
 to the See. Whence thefe riches .? 
 Are they lawful pofleflions ? Has he 
 always lorded it over his fubjeils with 
 the fame prerogatives which he now 
 enjoys ? Thefe too are queftions 
 which I was obliged to keep in view, 
 and therefore to interweave in my 
 hiftory the moft remarkable particu- 
 lars 
 
PREFACE- xi 
 
 lars of the eleftion, confecration, 
 coronation, and reign of each Pope ; 
 of the cardinals they promoted, and 
 the hke. I wifh that in thefe articles 
 the way had been paved for me in the 
 whole as it is in detached parts ; 
 but not knov/ing of any fuch aid, I 
 hope the reader will excufe the im- 
 perfeftions he may meet with. As I 
 have conlidered all thefe m.atters only 
 as the conieqnence of the events re- 
 lated. I have endeavoured, by refe- 
 rences to the hiftorical accounts, 
 to enable my readers of themfelves, 
 to find out the authorities of my af- 
 fertions. 
 
 Of the order, I have already inti- 
 mated that it is in general chronolo- 
 gical, v/hich I have ccrrefted v/liere- 
 ever I could. The refpecSlive fecond 
 chapters obliged me to eflablifh eight 
 periods, each of which fills a book. 
 The divifion is not arbitrary, but 
 according to the principal revolutions 
 of the ecclefiafTical fupremacv^ xho' 
 
 diA - 
 
xu 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 diftinguiOied by the names of the 
 Roman Emperors. In ancient times 
 thefe Lords of the city of Ro77ie were 
 doubtlefs Lords alfo of the bifhops 
 thereof. They could not, I think, 
 be difpoflefled of both rights. And 
 therefore I was obliged firfl: to name 
 the Emperors of the Eaft, then thofe 
 of the Fra?2ksy and laftly of the Germa7i 
 empire. But it being ufual in church- 
 hiftory to compute by centuries from 
 the birth of our Saviour, I have in the 
 fedlions of every firft chapter taken 
 care to affifl; the memory of learners. 
 Every deciiion contains a century ; 
 but the larger diviiions of the pe- 
 riods, and the accounts of the lives of 
 Popes, who did not die juft at the 
 clofe of a century, have fometimes 
 obliged me to add or fubftraft a year 
 or two, more or lefs, from a century. 
 Thefe are neceflary 772tnutice^ by 
 which no one can be mifled, as the 
 printed numbers guard againfl: all 
 miftakes. 
 
 Laftly. 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 Laftly, I have made it my bufi- 
 nefs carefully to fpecify the writings 
 of the Popes, which is more neceflary 
 and ufeful in thofe of ancient times, 
 than thofe of the later ages. I have 
 given exacft accounts of thofe writers 
 who have treated more at large of the 
 Popes ; and my catalogue of the hi- 
 fi: orians of the Popes is at leaft much 
 more complete than any that has yet 
 appeared. I have not been fatisfied 
 with colleding ancient and modern 
 Ungle accounts of lives, but have 
 quoted other writings, in which ei- 
 ther all or any particular tranfadions 
 of Popes are illuftrated. But ge- 
 neral works which every one would 
 otherwife confult towards a know- 
 ledge of the papal hiftory, I have de- 
 fignedly omitted, as will appear in 
 the preliminary difcourfe. 
 
 As no proteftant has in fo long a 
 courfe of time compiled any inftruc- 
 tive hiftory of this kind, though all 
 parts of hiftory relative to this, are en- 
 riched 
 
idjf PREFACE. 
 
 riched by many ancient writers and' 
 records, and illuftrated by folid dif- 
 quifitions of the moft learned men in 
 Europe^ of whom, for reafoas well 
 known, the papifts either cannot or 
 dare not make any but an improper 
 ufe ; it would be very inexcufable to 
 offer nothing new to the reader, no- 
 thing but w^hat has before occurred 
 in fuch an abftradl. The writings 
 I quote, of the greateft part of 
 which I myfelf have made ufe, will 
 here be my vouchers. And their 
 evidence will be confirmed to any 
 w^ho will be pleafed to compare this 
 book with others of this kind. 
 
 In my judgm^ent of the Popes I 
 ; have paid the ftri deft regard to truth; 
 and I hope the reader wdll do me the 
 Juftice to acknowledge my modera- 
 tion. It is with pain that I mention 
 vicious men ; I have therefore been 
 cautious not to augment the number 
 of them without theftrongeftgrounds. 
 However, my book will, without any 
 
 im- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 immediate application of mine, pro- 
 mote the ufe which is fo juftly made 
 of the morals of the Popes in combat- 
 ing the docftrine of their infallibiHty 
 and uncorrupted fucceffion. The 
 reader will iind that I have com- 
 mended virtuous men, and their laud- 
 able adions, whom yet Baronius 
 himfelf cenfures. 
 
 I muft recommend to my readers 
 one more advantage, which has been 
 particularly my objedt in this hiftory. 
 I have carefully inveftigated and ex- 
 pofed the many ufurpations of the 
 Popes upon the Princes of the earth. 
 How were Emperors and Kings yoked 
 and fliackled ! How valuable is the 
 liberty we enjoy ! How much greater 
 are Proteftant than Roma7i-z2iX]\oX\c 
 Princes I They hold the regality 
 entire ; the latter fhare it with a 
 Bifhop, It is certainly a capital duty 
 thus to evidence to the Lords of the 
 world the felicity of that fovereign 
 who perfeveres in the truth. 
 
 In 
 
 XV 
 
xvi PREFACE. 
 
 In this truth may God preferve us 
 all, to whom his gofpel is dear. May 
 he alfo vouchfafe to blefs this work 
 to the glorifying of his adorable 
 name. 
 
 At the Univerfity of 
 Gottingen^ Jprit 9, 
 J 756. 
 
 a W. F. Waipj 
 
 
 
 A N 
 
^m 
 
 ^ifi 
 
 COMPENDIOUS 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome. 
 
 Preliminary Discourse. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Y the Hiftory of the Popes we mean 
 an authentic narrative of the memo- 
 rable tranfaclions of the Bifhops of 
 Rome, 
 
 Se6l. 2. In order to form a judgment 
 of the nature and full extent of this hiftory, the 
 Billiops of Rome^ muft be confidered, firft as Bi- 
 ihops, then as Chiefs of the /^c;;^^;2-catholic party, 
 
 B and 
 
History of the Popes. 
 
 and in the lafl place, as fovereigns of feveral impor- 
 tant territories *. 
 
 Se6l. 3. The tranfacflions therefore may be divided 
 into three clafTes : Some are common to them with 
 all other Bifhops -, fuch are the perfonal circum- 
 ftances of extradlion, manner of living, moral 
 chara6ler, death, and the like. Some have a near 
 relation to their epifcopal office, and the fundlions 
 appertaining thereto. 
 
 Se6l. 4. Others concern their dominion over the 
 RorAan'ZZ.\}i\o\\Q. church, by which we underftand 
 that religious fociety, which makes the exercife of 
 the i^^»;^«- catholic religion its objedl. We can- 
 not therefore be perfectly acquainted either with 
 the church or its chief, without a particular know- 
 ledge of this religion. 
 
 ^^di, 5. In order to this it is not neceflary here to 
 ftate the whole of their dodlrines, and their various 
 rites and ceremonies-, but it is abfolutely fo, to be 
 acquainted with the following general points \ i .That 
 the doctrine of the church, of the necefiity of a vi- 
 fible head, of his infallibility, and the unlimited 
 authority in all points of religion grounded thereon, 
 is the real centre of the whole fyllem of that 
 party ; next, that the idea of the church, as a fo- 
 ciety of lords and fubjedls, gave birth to that hie- 
 rarchy, by which the Pope became monarch over 
 all and every member of that church, and by 
 which a complete fubordination of ecclefiaftical 
 perfons was introduced. 
 
 Sed. 6. This not only explains the infeparable 
 connexion betwixt the Pope and the papacy, but 
 
 * It will appear from the hiftory itfelf, that the Bifhops of 
 'RD7ne could not always be chiefs of the Roma?t catholic church, 
 for this did not always exift ; nor have thofe countries, which 
 at prefent acknowledge the Pope as their Prince, been always 
 fubjeft to the BiOiops of Rome; fo that the two laft ideas are 
 not applicable to the firft Bilhops 
 
 fliews 
 
History of the P o p 1 5. 
 
 ftiows what is the fupremacy of the Pope over his 
 church, and how it extends both to the doftrines, 
 and the edablifhed government of the church of 
 Rome *. 
 
 . Sed. 7. Now though this church pretends, that 
 both the infalHble authority, and the fpiritual mo- 
 narchy of the pope are derived from Heaven, and 
 on one fide fupports this pretence by the pre- 
 tended uninterrupted fucceffion of her Popes \ on 
 the other, concludes from thence that it extends 
 through all Chriilendom, and labours hard to 
 prove, that it has been acknowledged by Chriftians 
 in all ages; yet both the holy Scriptures teach the 
 contrary, and thereby convid: the i^i?;;;^;^-cathoHc 
 church of being an erroneous church ; and hiftory 
 bears witnefs to the truth, by denying any fuch un- 
 interrupted fucceflion ; by irrefragably confuting 
 the pretended infallibihty in matters of faith, and 
 by exhibiting to the world a full account of the 
 whole monarchy in its rife, progrefs, and fubfift- 
 cnce \ of the means ufed for the attainment of this 
 great end, and of tiie frequent obll:ru(5lions it met 
 with from the ftrenuous oppofition of others. 
 
 Sed. 8. All tranfacliv>ns relative to thefe com- 
 prehend the real fubftance of this fecond clafs of 
 materials towards the papal hiftory ; but thefe again 
 divide themfelves into various branches, of which 
 in order to prepare the reader for a proper atten- 
 tion, \|e fliall take notice of the following : The 
 conduft of the popes with refpedl to articles of 
 faith and the oppofite errors : The condudl of the 
 popes towards the other biHiops, either fingly or 
 collcdlively, reprefcnting in councils the wi.ole vi- 
 fible church, or only parts of it : The condud of the 
 Popes with refped to church government. The 
 
 * Herein confills the nature ard ground cf the differences 
 betwixt the members of the Reman catholic church in Frufiie 
 and in other countries. 
 
 B z con- 
 
History of the Popes: 
 
 condu6l of the Popes with refpedl to the rights 
 of the civil magiftrate in matters of religion ; 
 efpecially towards the emperors, as rightful fo- 
 vereigns of the city of Rome : The condudl of the 
 Popes towards the magiftrate, with refped; to civil 
 government -, the conduct of the Popes with re- 
 fped to ecclefiaftical rites and ufages, which head 
 will comprehend not only the a6ts and opinions of 
 Popes and their followers •, but likewife the fen- 
 timents and meafures of others, of enemies as 
 well as impartial perfons. 
 
 Sed. 9. The third and laft clafs of tranfadlions 
 to be related in the hiftory of the popes, concerns 
 the countries and ftates fubjed; to the Pope, as fo- 
 vereign \ but which cannot be particularly fpeci- 
 iied here, as they are of the fame kind with thofe 
 tranfadlions which form the contents of the hiftory 
 of each particular fovereign *. 
 
 Se6l. JO. This triple dignity being centred in 
 one perfon, who thus in effedt exercifes a three- 
 fold office ; another kind of tranfadions will oc- 
 cur, which muft be comprehended under the ge- 
 neral appellation of the political revolutions of the 
 court of Rome, Of this kind are the hiftory of 
 the eledions of Popes, of the confiftory of car- 
 dinals and their particular congregations ; the 
 nunciature, the rota, the papal revenues, ftate- 
 maxims, and the like. 
 
 Sed. II. All thefe tranfacflions, when ftatedina 
 hiftory, ought to be true. It would be fuperfluous 
 here to apply to the Hiftory of the Popes, the ge- 
 neral principles of the real nature of hiftorical 
 truth : Nor is it necefTary here to explain the idea 
 of what is remarkable. It is fufficient, that wc 
 
 * In this kind of rranfaifliors a German patriot will keep 
 his eye upon the rights of the holy Rlvwm empire ; the fo- 
 vereignty over the city of Kovie, and the feudal fovereignty 
 over other provinces. 
 
 ex- 
 
History of tl)e Popes'. 
 
 exclude from our idea of hiftory every thing fa- 
 bulous and trivial *. 
 
 Sedt. 12. This will render our plan ufeful ; for 
 utility here confifts in a judicious choice of the 
 fads to be related, in a proper difpofnion of them, 
 agreeably to their material connexion, that is, to 
 chronological order ; and in folid refleclions upon 
 them. , The lall: arife partly from the motives and 
 caufes, and partly from the moral quality of mea- 
 fures and revolutions. 
 
 Sed. 13. There is no part of hiftory, perhaps, 
 where it is fo difficult to keep to impartiality, as 
 here. Religious zeal may in many inftances im- 
 perceptibly warp one from the truth. However, 
 a judicious hiftorian, ftudious of truth, will foon 
 find the middle way, and diveft his mind of the 
 prejudices prevailing on all fides. 
 
 Sed. 14. The general fcope and benefit of hifto- 
 rical accounts of all kinds are here conneded 
 with fome peculiar to the hiftory of the Popes. 
 Thefe are partly hiftorical, throwing a light upon 
 church-hiftory in general, and on very important 
 parts of civil hiftory -, partly polemical, deciding 
 many of the controverfies betwixt the church of 
 Rome and other churches and feds, and partly po- 
 litical, fetting forth the fundamental ftate-maxims 
 of the court of Rome. 
 
 Sed:. 15. The ads of the Popes are not to be 
 known any other way, than by the ufe of thofe 
 accounts, which we have of them. Several emi- 
 nent perfons have already taken the trouble to 
 form catalogues of the books moft conducive to 
 
 * But this is not meant to preclude the examination of dif- 
 puted queftions, nor the evidences by whj«h a fa6l, received 
 by fome, appears to be a fable, when that fad would be 
 remarkable, if it were true ; and the like is to be underllood 
 of mimtice, which occafionally are of importance. 
 
 B 3 this 
 
^ HisTORV ?/ ^/^^ Popes. 
 
 this encL The difference of their views, and 
 even of their capacities, will not allow us to efti-. 
 mate them alike, either in worth or ut jiiy. The 
 Bihliothdca PorJificia of Lruoh^ Jac. a S. CarolOy 
 publilhcd at Lyon, in two parts, in 1643 j and 
 Aug. Oliorr^^ Cataiogus aucionm qui de Romanis pon- 
 tificibus fcripfermt, which is annexed to the Athe- 
 fitfus Romams, by the fame author, printt^d at F^-» 
 rufa in 1676. and to tlie C.^remoniaL Elta, IS ccro- 
 fiat. Ponttf. Rom, Franckfort 1732. pubhfh^d by 
 Job, Gerh. Mcufchen, fhould be the bed, but are 
 not. Ti'ie following are ot more general ufe : 
 Cafpar. Sagittarius in Introdiic. in kijl&r- ecdef. to- 
 gether with the additions of Job. Andr. Schmid, 
 Job, Alb, Fahricius in Bthliolb, Gr^c. Vol xi. and 
 in his Lux Salutar. Evangel, Burc, Gottl. Buder in 
 Bibliotb. Hijior, Nic. Langlet de Frejnoi in Catalogs 
 des Hifioriens \ and in Supplement, Art. xix. p. 83. 
 to which may alfo be added Job. And, Boffms 
 de compar. prudent, ciiili. Martin Hawkens^ two 
 volumes, de fcriptcribus rerum roynanarum \ Sev, 
 Walt. Sluter\ Propyl, bijlor, cbrijiian. Cbrijl. Gry- 
 pbus adparat. de fcript. bifior. feculi xvii. and 
 Job. Franc. Bud^eus's If agog, in univerf. tbeol. 
 
 Sed, 16. J divide all the treatifes relating to the 
 papal hiftory into two principal clafTes. The 
 firil contains the authorities, which may be di- 
 vided into three kinds, of which the firft in- 
 cludes the hiftorians ; and thefe are fuch writers 
 of the lives of fingle Popes, as were cotemporary 
 with them. 
 
 Sed. 17. Likewife other hiftorlans, who infert 
 in their accounts of their own times, thofe tranf- 
 a6tions of the Popes, which had any connec- 
 tion Vv^ith them -, and tho' in the middle ages there 
 was not an annaliil who has not made fome men- 
 tion of the Popes, at lead of their eledion and 
 
 de- 
 
HisToRY^/'^'^^ Popes. 7^ 
 
 deceafe; yet the German^ French^ and efpecially 
 the Italian hiftorians are the bed *. 
 
 Sedl. 18. It is therefore necefTary not only to 
 know the Italian hiftorians, for which purpofe 
 confult Fabricius in confpe^u nefauri litterar, ItaL 
 Frefnoi in catalogue des hiftor. and in the Supplem, 
 and Buder in Biblioth. hiftor. but particularly to 
 make a proper ufe of the large colledions publifh- 
 ed by Gr^vius^ Perizcnius^ and Peter Burmann. un- 
 der the title ofTbefaurus antiquitat. ^ hiftor. ItaL & 
 SiciL And Muratori., who chiefly confines himfelf 
 to the Scriptor. rer. Italic. Whereas Andr, Schott\ 
 Italia Illuftrata^ Francf. 1600, is of little ufe in 
 the Papal Hiftory f. 
 
 SecSt. 19. The fecond clafs contains the records. 
 Thefe are all fetters, bulls, briefs, and inftruments 
 of that kind, whatever be their form or contents. 
 They are fometimes found in colle6tions, fome- 
 times fingly -, collections containing only letters of 
 fingle Popes, are moft properly quoted in the ac- 
 counts of their lives ; whereas thole which extend 
 to all Popes, who lived till the time of the pub- 
 liftier of them, deferve to be taken notice of here. 
 They were occafioned by the weight which the de- 
 crees of the Roman bifhops infenfibly acquired. 
 The colledion of the greateft antiquity, of which 
 
 * Of the French none have acquitted themfelves better than 
 Le Long, in his Bibliotheque Hijionque de la France. Among 
 their colledions is that of Bouquet^ which, tho' not complete, 
 is yetof indifpenfible utility. 
 
 t The accounts of the Italian hiftorians may receive very 
 valuable additions from ancient and modern writings, contain- 
 ing the literary hillory of fmgle cities and provinces of Italy. 
 Mendojiy ToppijAn/t, Argelati, and others, have been enlarged by 
 Fofcarini delle letter at. di Venecia, Agojlini notixie ijlorico-critkhe^ 
 Zacharias's Bibliotheca Ptjiorienjis, Zenoh DiJ/ertazione VoJJiane 
 agli Storici Italiani, and Maufi^s new edition of Fabriciush Bib- 
 llotlj. Lat. Medii o'vi. But Mazzuchelli has improved upon all 
 thefe in his Scrittori d' Italia, the firft volume of which was 
 publiihed at Bre/cia 1753, fol. and no more has yet appeared. 
 
 B 4 we 
 
History of the Popes. 
 
 we have any account, is that of Btcnyfms Exiguu^ 
 but the oideft letters in it go no higher than bifhop 
 Siricius. It was afterwards enlarged at Rcme itlelf, 
 But fuch coiledlions have alfo been made out of 
 Italy ; and of thefe the moft celebrated is one in 
 Spanijb^ falfejy attributed to S. Ifidcre of ^eviL la 
 the eighth century fome impoftors v^ere diicovered, 
 who trom time to time pubhfhed their own com- 
 pofitions, as letters of the moft ancient bifhops of 
 Rome. Of thele confifted the famous coileAjcn, 
 wiiich went under the name of IJidorus mercatcr^ or 
 feccator. Gratian^ who deferves a principal place 
 here, has enlarged his colIed:ion of the canon-laws,. 
 -^A'lth fome of that fpurious trafli. The decretals 
 come next, andare jikcwife of ufe *. 
 
 Se6t. 20. Among the modern collections, the moft 
 valuable are Coujtants^ Epftola Romanorum Pcnti- 
 ficum^ ijc, but o\ which only the firft part is pub- 
 Jifhed, and the BuUarium magnum^ which by Chcru- 
 hni continued h'j Angel Cher ubini^ Angelus a Lau-. 
 iufca and Job. Paul a Roma. The lateft edition is 
 tiini o\ Luxemburg in 1727, in eight volumes, fol. 
 to which Ancir. Cf.cvalier and Foujqtiet added a ninth 
 and tenth in 1730. And laftiy three more came 
 put in 1740. The abridgment of the papal de- 
 crees by Sieph, deS^aranta, Jac. Caftellan, and Fla- 
 'vius ChiYuhinus are of no ufe in the Hiftory of the 
 Popes. The colledtions of bulls iffued in favour of 
 the religious orders are rather of more moment. 
 Thefe may be known trom HippoUtus Heylcfs lilt of 
 authors which treac of the orders prefixed to the 
 fiiifpart of his voluminous iiiftory of religious 
 and fecular orders. But to this mult be added the 
 BuUarium Capucitiujn. 
 
 * Befides thofe who have explained the hlfiory of the ca- 
 pon law, fee Fabricius in Sibliuth Grac. \ o]. XI. and Bohmer 
 in the preface to the fecond part of his edmon of the Coryu$ 
 'Juris Cavomci, ' 
 
 Seel. 
 
History of the Popes, 
 
 Se6b. 21. The number of thofe records which 
 pccur in large hiftorical works, or in general col- 
 ledlions of ancient monuments, or in polemical 
 writings, is much too large for a particular enu- 
 meration here *, yet to the curious in this branch 
 of hiftory, we mufl: particularly recommend the 
 large colle6tions oi councils -, C^far Baronius^s An- 
 Kiales^ with the connnumon^ Ferdinand Ugbelli's Ita- 
 lia ^acra ; the Antwerp AEia San^orum ; Edm. Mar* 
 tenets T'hefaur. monimentor, and colle5iion, ampltjfim. 
 Job. Mabillon's aEia fancier, ord. Benedi5iin^ and 
 'anakci. med. avi\ Luc. Daker'^s Specileg. Steph. Ba- 
 luzenh Mifcellania •, Gallia Chrijttana by the Bene^ 
 dt^ttnes^ Bernh. Pezen's ^Tbefaurus ; Luc. Wadding^% 
 annates ord. S. Francifci , Job. Peter Ludewig's, reli- 
 qua manufcriptorum ; Sim. Friedr. Habn's, collet, 
 vioniment. Val. Ferdin. Gudenus^s codic. deplcmatic. 
 Job. Georg. Ecbard corp hiftor, med. avi ; Ludwig 
 Ant. Muratori antiqtdtat. ItaL medii avi ; Job. Nic, 
 Hontbeim*s hiftor, diplomat, ^renirens^ Job. Lamus 
 delict ', the Monimenta Ecclejia Veneta^ and others *. 
 
 Sect. 22. Next to thefe the mod authentic ac- 
 counts of matters relating to the Popes, are to be 
 met with in the ads of councils ; efpecially thofe 
 of the middle ages, in which the Popes had fo 
 great a fhare. To the general colledions, ante- 
 rior to thofe of F Hardouin^ and enumerated by 
 Franc. Salmon in his Traite deT etude des conciles^ by 
 Job. Alb. Fabr ictus., and by Job. Fran. Brudaus in 
 his Ifagoge in tbeoL univerj. have fince been added 
 that ot Coleti^ printed at Venice., and the valuable 
 Supplements of Job. Dominic. Maufi at Lucca, 
 
 * See a further ncccunt of writers of this kind in Da». 
 Ebrh. Baring in the Bihlioth. Script, diplcm. prefixed to his 
 cla<vis diphm. Of letters in general, written by the Popes, fee 
 an account in Bonamia de claris EpiJUlas pontijicial Scrrptor^ 
 ^ome 1753. Syo. 
 
 Sea, 
 
lO H I S T O R Y g/* //5^ P O P E S.^ 
 
 Se6i:. 23. In the laft place, almoft all other re- 
 cords of church hiftory, may be confulted along 
 with thefe ; for the middle ages tranfmit to us no 
 fort of ecclefiaflical tranfa6lions in which the Popes 
 had not fome influence ; but this is not the place 
 to fpecify them, efpecially as they will come in 
 moft properly in the courfe of the work. 
 
 Sed. 24. The third kind of authorities are the 
 monuments. There are indeed epitaphs and flatues 
 Hill extant ; but no colledion having yet been 
 made of them, they muft be attended to in the 
 ^ life of every Pope. This alfo is to be obferved of 
 the medals of the ancient Popes ; but with refpedt 
 to thofe of later ages, it would be an omiflion 
 here not to take notice of Claude du Moulinetih hi- 
 ftoria fummorum /pontificum a MartinoY, ad Inno^ 
 centium^l. per eorum numijmata. Paris 1679. fol. 
 PhiL Bonannus's numifmata pontificum Romanorum : 
 And by the fame author, Numifmata fummorum pon^ 
 tificum templi Vaticani fabricam indie antia. Lor, 
 Beyers^s numifmatum modernorum cimelcharchii Bran- 
 denhurgici fe5lio prima. Xaver Scilld*s breve noti- 
 iia delle monete pontejicie antiche e moderne. Rod, 
 Venutt's numifmata Romanorum pontificum^ &c. Job. 
 Vignole's antiquiores pontificum Romanorum denarii^ 
 and Florcivantes*s antiqui R. P. denarti a Benedicia 
 XI. ad Paulur/i III. 
 
 Sedl. 25. The fecond principal clafs confiftsof the 
 auxiliary means which we are obliged on account 
 of their manifold variety to divide into various 
 forts. The firft of which contains fuch writings 
 as relate the lives of the Popes. Some have 
 made them the chief fubjed of their labours. 
 , Thefe are general, when they profefledly com- 
 prehend the hiftories of the Popes till their time ; 
 and maybe divided into ancient, thofe of the mid- 
 die ages, and the more modern. 
 
 Sea. 
 
History of the Popes. ji 
 
 Sed. 26. The fimplicity of ancient times con- 
 tented itfelf with bare lifts of the Popes of Rome^ 
 Tl;e(e are indeed vQvy jejune; but ferve to afcertain 
 th- chronology, and in Tome cafes have the weight 
 o: hiftoricai authorities. Some of thefe are found 
 in r.h * w ; itings of the fathers, as of Irenc<eus^ Opt at us 
 of Melitum^ St. Augujline^ Eufebius of Cafarea, Fie- 
 tor Africanus^ &c. Others occur only in mianufcripts, 
 and liave been brought to lignt by learned men, as 
 Aiz'd Bucher in comment, ad ViSlorii canonem 
 pcjMaletn^ Daniel Papebroch in Acf, Sancfor. and in 
 his Propyl^iim^ Anton. Vagi in the firft part of his 
 Critica in Baromi Annates^ and efpeciaily by Schelf* 
 traten in the firft part of his Antiqtutat. ecclef, iU 
 lufirat. And Francis Bianchini in the fecond part of 
 Anajtcjiu^ Vit. Fontific. and Zacharia in Bibliotbm 
 
 Seel. 27. The accounts which were compiled 
 in the following ages, were more complete. We 
 fhall liere take the writings of the middle age in 
 Oiie view, till the reformation of the church, with 
 a rpeclal regard to thofe, which, in the hiftories of 
 their limes, are to be regarded as authorities. The 
 mod ancient is that well known by the title of Lf^^r 
 Pontificalis^ tho' the author of it was not DamafuSy 
 it not having been compiled till the fixth century. 
 Tlie l^eit account of itis in Scheljlratenh ant iq, ec clef . 
 ilkjlrat. Thefe, and perhaps other fimilar writings 
 unknown to us, were correded and continued by 
 Anajlafius Btbliothecarins in the ninth century. They 
 were farther continued by Gulielmus Bibliothecariiis^ 
 in his accounts of the Popes Adrian II. and Stephen 
 VI. This was the origin of the vit^e pontijicum 
 
 * The beft accounts of thefe lifts are given in fome diiferta- 
 tions of Scheljiraten and Bianchbiu They not only are to be 
 found in the works quoted, but alfo in Muraton'^ Scriptor. 
 rer. Italic, where alfo in Part II. is reprinted the lift firft 
 publiihed by Joh. Georg, Eccard in Corp, Hipr. Medii a<vi. 
 
 Romano- 
 
j2 Hi ST o RY ^/ //5^ Popes. 
 
 Romanorum^ publifhed by Fahrotti^ along with Ana^ 
 Jiafms's hijloria ecclefiajiica at Parh^ by Vignok at 
 Rome^ and by Muratori in the third Vol. Scripto-^ 
 rum rerum Italic. And it has been further iiiuf^ 
 trated in the particular annotations of AUeferra 
 printed at Paris^ 1680. and by Ciampini in his 
 ey.am. libri pontific, anaftaf. But the mod fplen- 
 did and complete edition is that undertaken by 
 Franc. Bianchini, and after his death by Jofefh 
 Bianchiniy of which four Vols, are publifhed. The 
 book de pontificum Romanorum gejlis A- S. Petra 
 ufqiie ad tempora Fonnoji Pap^e., publiihed by the 
 Jefuit Job. Bufaus., under the name of Luitprand at 
 Mentz., 1602, as an appendix 10, Ancftafms., ends 
 with the ninth century. Next to him is Fbdoard, 
 a canon of Rheims, who wrote the lives of the 
 Popes till Leo VII. in an epic poem of fifteen 
 books, but no more than the laft part of it, be- 
 ginning from the year y 5, and ending with 915, 
 have been publifhed by MahiUon in the A£f. fane- 
 tor, crdin. Benedi^f. and by Muratori in S. R. I, 
 Abho, Abbot of Fleury at the clofe of the tenth 
 century, made an abridgment of Anaftaftus., which 
 Bufaus has iikewife affixed to his edition of the 
 latter. In the twelfth century, Pandulphus Mafca 
 of Alatro or Pifa wrote Vit^ Romanorum pontifi- 
 cum a $. Petro ufque ad Innocentium III. or rather 
 only continued Anaftafius and Gulielmus, This work 
 has been publiihed at Venice in 1547 and 1600 ; 
 but the bell part of it has been reprinted by Mura- 
 tori in the place beforementioned. The Hiftoria 
 pontificum by an anonymous writer prefer ved in 
 Pezen'% Thefaur. anecdot. belongs to this very pe- 
 . riod. The Cbronicon fummorum pontificum atque im- 
 peratorumy begun by Martin of Poland., and con- 
 tinued by Ptolomy of Lucca., and Bernard Guido, is 
 a work of ftill greater note. This is annexed to 
 Bockler's Scbilfier's and Rulpis's editions of Apneas 
 
 Sylvius, 
 
H I S T ORY ^/'^fo P O PE S. Ig 
 
 Sylvius. Honorius o^ Autun^s feries Rom. pontificuni 
 is inferted in the twentieth part of the Lyons Bibli- 
 oth. max. patr. The above-mentioned Bernard 
 Guido or de Caflro S, Vincentii^ who lived in the 
 fourteenth century, left behind him Annalis pontic 
 ficum ufque ad Joannem XXII. of which the moft 
 ufeful part only has been made public by Mura^ 
 tori in the place above-mentioned ; and the like 
 is to be noticed of cardinal Nicholas Rofelli's Gerta 
 fontificum Romanorum, Leo Urbevitani''s chronicon 
 fontificurn Romanorum is alfo of this century. Lami 
 has inferted it, together with remarks of his, in his 
 dclicice eruditorum. To this period alfo belong Gervais 
 Riccoboldi o^ Ferrara^ whole hiftoria pontificum Roma- 
 norum is to be found in Eccard\ corp. hift, med. avi^ 
 and Amalr. Augerius of Berry » We have A5fus fon- 
 tificum Romanorum by him, from which Spondanus 
 Baluzius and Leibnitz have fele6led fome pieces. 
 Eccard in the above-mentioned work, is the firft 
 who publillied them entire ^ but the mod corredl 
 edition of them is in Muratcri's S. R. L Laflly, 
 the celebrated Petrarch comes in here 5 his chro- 
 nica delle vite de Pontefici ed Imperatori was printed 
 the firft time at Venice in 1476, and after fever al 
 other editions at G^;/^!'^, 1625, In the fifteenth 
 century lived Bonifacius Simonetta^ a native of Mi- 
 Jany who wrote in letters commentarii de perfecutio- 
 nibus chrijiianis & R. P. which by the care of 
 Jerom. EmferwevQ publilhed at Milan in 1492, and 
 2^t Bafilm 1509. But the moft celebrated of all 
 is Bartolemy or Baptifia de Sacchifa Platina \ that is, 
 of Piadena. His hift or ia de vitis pontxficum muft be 
 acknowledged a work of great utility. The firft 
 edition was in 1479, ^" io\\o ; but the place where 
 printed is nor agreed on. This together with the 
 edition by Coburg oi Niirenberg in 1481, folio, are 
 ranked among the curiofities of valuable libra- 
 ries \ but the continuations by Onuphrius Panvini 
 
 and 
 
1^ }ij ST ORY Cf the F OTES. 
 
 and Alton, Cicdrella, who have compleated this 
 •work to the end of the fixteenth century, doubt- 
 lefs o-ive the preference to t' e later editions. There 
 are alio German^ Italian and French tran Cations of 
 it. It is a miftake of fome, who think that Ra- 
 phael of Volaterra and Job, Anton, Peiramellarius 
 have writ continuations of Platina. 
 
 Sed. 28. Since the reformation, fevcial perfons 
 of learning, both among the i^f?;;^^;^ catholicks 
 and protellants, have written the lives of the 
 Popes ': Of the former are particularly to be no- 
 ticed Onuphrius Pan-vm^ Alph. Ciaconius^ Gonfalv, 
 of Illejcas^ put forth at Madrid hiftoria pontifical 
 catolica in SpaniJJj. Abraham Bzovius publifhed at 
 Cologne his pontife>: Ro?nanus^ a mere Mcnkijh work. 
 R. Pap, Majfon wrote a fine piece de Epifcopis Ur- 
 his, Andrew du Chefne hiftoire des Papes was care- 
 fully printed at Paris by his fon Francis du Chefne^ 
 Ferdinand Ughelli got credit by the firft part of Ita- 
 lia Sacra, John Palazzi by his gefta pontificum ro- 
 fnanorum, a valuable tho' plain work. Francis Pagi^ 
 to whom the learned world are obli9;ed for Brevi- 
 arium hiftorico chronologic criticum^ illufiriora pon- 
 tificum Romancrum gefta, &c. compleElens, only the 
 three firft parts are the author's. Antony Safidini^ 
 befides his Vit^ pontif.cum Ror/ianorum ex antiquis 
 monimentis colle£ice, which came out at Paduo in 
 1739, has alfo at the fame place, publifhed in 
 1 742, in 8vo. Difpuiationes hiftorico ad vitus pontifi- 
 cum, both written with great accuracy. On the 
 other hand, the works of this kind by V/ilihald 
 He^fi'ens, George JVizel, Richard JVa[feburg, Dominic. 
 Tempefta, Steph. Szegedin, Fra, Joanet, Peter Cant- 
 fius, Jac. Strada, Job. Bapt. Cavalltere, Job. Bapt. 
 oi Glen, Vitt, Baldtni, Franz, Carriere, Wilb, Buri^ 
 and others are of lefs value. 
 
 Sed. 29. Among protellants the famous martyr 
 Robert Barnes firft publKhed a hiftory of the Popes. 
 
 His 
 
HisTORYc/'/^^ Popes. 15 
 
 His vitit Roman, pontificum quos papas vocanus^ dili- 
 gent er ^ fideliter collegia were firftputforthinazd 
 edition, with a preface by a Luther at Wittenberg in 
 1536, 8vo. and foon after re-printed. Next to him 
 is his countryman John Bale, who pubhfhed a^a 
 Romanorum pontificum as an extradl of his larger 
 work of Englijh writers. Both works were printed 
 together, and continued by Joh. Mart. Lydius at 
 Leyden in 161 5. Since i\\t{t Andr. Velleius wrotQ 
 the lives of the Popes in Danifio verfe. Johann, 
 Frenzel, in his hiftory of the church of Rome in 
 1600, has alfo given a hiftory of the Popes. Vit^ 
 Romanorum pontificum, by William Hidfe were printed 
 at We/el \n 1619. Jerom. Megifer^s Icones, iyfignia 
 i^ vitce pontificum is a German piece. Revius's hif- 
 toria Romanorum pontificum conira5ia, Amflerd. 1632, 
 is but a fmall book. BefoW^ Romanorum pontificum 
 feries (^ vit^e, and Dietrich*?, Breviarium pontificum 
 Romanor. are more valuable. The more recent 
 pieces are the hiftoire des Rapes in five Vols, of 
 which the firft was publilhed at the Hague in 1732, 
 in 4to. which did not anfwer the expedlation of 
 the public. The author Francis Bruys, tho' pre- 
 tending to be a Roman -csiihohck writer, had then 
 relinquifhed that church to which he afterwards re- 
 turned. On the contrary, Mr. Archibald Bower h2is 
 acquired greater reputation by his hiftory of the 
 Popes. The firft volume was printed in 1750, at 
 London in 410. M. Ramhach has publifhed a Ger- 
 man tranflation of it at Magdeburg, of which the 
 third volume came out in 1753, 4to. It is much to 
 be wifhed, that ihis work may be as well finifhed as 
 it has been begun *. 
 
 Sed:. 30. The particular helps are thofe who 
 have confined themfelves to fome Popes, either 
 
 * The author feems not to have read a piece, intltled, 
 Bovjer and TilUmont compared. 
 
 with 
 
6 H I s r o RY of ffje V o Ti^ ^. 
 
 Svith rcfped: to time, relating the lives of (c^ 
 Veral Popes who fucceeded each other within a 
 certain period j which kind of hiftonans may be 
 more properly taken notice of in the hiftory itfelf. 
 
 Sedl. 31. Or with refpedb to other circum- 
 flancesj in which feveral Popes refemble each 
 other : They who confine themfelves to names, as 
 Gregory Polydortts and Stephen Bonifania^ or even to 
 numbers, as Johmi, Rivadellus^ betray too puerile 
 a difpofition to defer »^e the attention of any ferious 
 reader. Thole who have treated of the Popes 
 according to their native countries are of more ufe. 
 Bofquefs hijloria ponttficum Romanor. qui Gallia ori- 
 undi In eadem federunt is alio limited by time 5 
 whereas Frifonh Gallia purpurata comprehends a 
 larger fpace. The celebrated phyfician Symphcrian, 
 Chcimpiero de pontificibus Gallis^ and Anton^ Mace^ 
 do\ Ltifitania infulata & purpurata^ are judged by 
 their readers to be of this number. Ignat. Maria 
 Como furnilhes iht Hijloria pontificum (sf cardinalimn 
 regni Neopolitani, Of German Popes Wagenjeil pub- 
 Jifhed only an academical prize diicourle at Altorf 
 in 1683. What Af<?///>?^r^/ has writ on the fame 
 fubjecl is to be found in the addition to his work 
 de Archicancellariii. Another fet of authors have 
 chofen for their fubjc6l Popes of one religious 
 order. I am acquainted only with Cafpar Jongelin 
 and Ferd. Ughelli ; and both have only treated of 
 the Cijiercian. They who have written of the il- 
 luftrious perlbns in general of an order, do not 
 belong to this place. I conclude with George Jof. 
 ion Eggs the author of Pontificum do^um, 
 
 Sed:. 32. The ^very particular writers confined 
 themfelves to the life of one fingle Pope \ and thefe 
 fliall be noted in the hiflory itfelf. 
 
 Seel. 33 Others comprehend a much larger ex- 
 tent of matter than the papal hiflory ; but treat 
 of affairs, of which the hilcory of the Popes is 2^1- 
 
 ways 
 
History of the Popes. 'if 
 
 ways a part. To enumerate thofe who have only 
 canvafTed the charadler and remarkable tranfadlions 
 of fome Popes, would be to recite the hiftorians 
 of all the flutes in Europe ; for certainly there is 
 not a province in this part of the world which doth 
 not furnifh fome fa<5l relating to the hiftory of the 
 Popes. But this would be a digreflion quite un- 
 necefTary, and an affront to the reader's under** 
 Handing : However, Muraton\ Annali d' Italia 
 mufi: be mentioned with the utmoit efteem, as 
 many of the moft important parts of our hiftory 
 are contained in that excellent work, and as it is 
 v/ritten with great impartiality. 
 
 SeCl. 33. Under this head are likewife compre- 
 hended all ecclefiaftical hiftorians in general. The 
 dodlors of the church of Rome in their accounts of 
 the revolutions of the Chriftian church, cannot 
 omit the hiftory of thofe Bifhops whom they con- 
 fider as fupreme over the church. Of thefe Ba- 
 7'omm\ Aimales are of eminent ufe. The conti- 
 nuations by Odorkh Rainald and Jac. Laderchi^ and 
 Antony Pagts ufeful criticifm have their merit. 
 The beft edition is that which began to be pub- 
 lifhed at Lucca in the year 1742, as containing in 
 it almoft' every thing belonging to this work. It is a 
 pity that Stephen Baluzius's notes Vere omitted, the 
 curious being now obliged to bind with the former 
 tht Fenetian edition -, the firft part of which was pub- 
 lilhed in the year 1738. Next to thefe are Nata- 
 lis^ Alexander and CI. Fleury^ and efpecially ^ilk- 
 mont^ tho' he is not complete. The works of the 
 proteftants are excellent on particular points. But 
 their ideas of church-hiftory, by which they are 
 limited, do not permit them to give fo full an ac- 
 count of the Popes as to deferve notice here, except 
 Bafnage^ the feventh volume of whofe hiftoire d^ 
 VEglife is very inftrutlive with refped to the altera- 
 tions of the fee of Ronu, till the tenth century. 
 
 C Sedt, 
 
i8 Hist o'S.Y of the V op ts. 
 
 Se(5t. ^5. The Popes alfo for the moft part aftf 
 writers ; and many have moft diftinguifhed them- 
 feJves by this character -, it is therefore necefiary 
 here to confult Cave's Hijloria liieraria, Fahricius^s 
 Bihliotheca latina medii avu and Remicellier*s hijloire 
 des Auteurs facrees £5? eccleftajiiques. There are many 
 other limilar books which I am obliged to omit 
 for brevity's fake. Many of the Bifhops of Rome 
 having been canonized, the writers of the lives of 
 faints will claim to be admitted here. The Bol- 
 landijls are indifputably the moft valuable ; their 
 A^a San^orum^ of which the firft- part was pub- 
 Jiftied at Antwerp in 1643, "^^^ ^^ ^^^^> t^o' with 
 great caution. But it would be an endlefs work 
 to give a detail of all books, in which either a 
 Monk extols the famous men of his order, or a 
 patriot relates the meritorious ads of his country- 
 men, or another in a difterent way aims at perpe- 
 tuating the memory of great men, and thus finds 
 or forces an opportunity of fpeaking of this or 
 that Pope. So far as their narratives are ufeful 
 and important, they may be taken notice of in the 
 hiftory itfelf. 
 
 Se6t. 36. Among the fecond kind we place 
 thofe books which treat of the hiftory of the Pa- 
 pacy. This kind of work is not to be expedled 
 from any Papifts ; it fuits proteftant pens alone, 
 Peter du Moulin's Nouveaute du Papifme is only in 
 part to be confulted under this head ; but is a 
 well-known and ufeful work. This laft we may af- 
 firm of the Hiftory of Popery^ publifhed in England 
 by a fociety of learned men, in two volumes, 1735. 
 It deferves to be better known among us than it 
 is. Mornay\ Myfterium bilquitatis is a valuable 
 work. Heidigger's Hijloria papatus^ Samuel Puffen- 
 dorf\ Hiftorical and political remarks on the fpi- 
 ritual monarchy of the fee of Rome^ as publifhed 
 with good notes by Chrijlian Tomafms of Hall^ Gae- 
 
 hers 
 
History of the Popes. i^ 
 
 ml\ Cafareo-fapta Romana^ which he publiflied, 
 and Keufel\ hifioria pontificatus Romani deferve here 
 to be efpecially recommended *. 
 
 Sttk. 37. The many controverfial writings for 
 and againft the Pope o^ Rome, compofe the third 
 clafs. Thefe are efpecially of two forts : Some 
 difcufs the fpiritLial fupremaey over the church ; a 
 topick which is difputed on both fides with great 
 vehemence upon hiftorical principles. The afler- 
 ters of this fupremaey are obliged to fliow from 
 hiftory an uninterrupted fucceflion of fuch Bifhops 
 as the univerfal Chrifliian church has at all times 
 acknowledged as infallible judges in matters of 
 faith ; fuch aS have been adually infallible, and 
 always had a pre-eminence over all other Bifhops 
 in the world, and an authority above councils-, to 
 whom the monarchs of the earth have been fub- 
 jedl, and whole decrees were univerfally obliga- 
 tory. And their opponents, whether they combat 
 all thefe aflertions in general, or only fome of them, 
 cannot make ufe of a more proper, clear and fe- 
 cure method of proof, than to fnow by the examples 
 and teftimonies of the primitive ages, the falfity of 
 all thofe pretences. It is by this means that many 
 tran factions of the Popes of Rome have been can- 
 vafled and illuilrated by thofe learned men. The 
 proteftants have doubtlefs the firfl: rank among 
 the adverfaries of the fee of Ror,:e -, yet the glori- 
 
 * Some among the papifts, who have particularly written 
 on the ancient government of the church, as Marca, Dupin, 
 Richer^ and others, have made very good and ufeful rem.arks. 
 Biit they could not furnifii an entire work in its true connexi- 
 on. L. Maimbourg\ traite hiftorique cie l''etahu£hnent & de 
 prerogati-ves de VEglife de Rome k^ de fes i'veques^ tho' abound- 
 ing in trafh, has more good in it than could be expeif^ed 
 from a Jefuit. But the Hiftcire du droit pttbligue eccleftajliqus 
 Francois, publiftied in two volumes in 4to. without date at 
 London^ or rather Faris^ is a work of much greater merit and 
 weight. 
 
 C 2 OUS 
 
20 Hi STOV.Y of the V o?E s] 
 
 ous defenders of the liberties of the Galilean 
 church, who for the fake of truth have frequently 
 proved more than they intended, are barely infe- 
 rior to them. As it would be foreign to our pur- 
 pofeto enumerate thefe writings, it may fuffice to 
 refer the reader in general to moft of the polemi- 
 cal tradts againft popery, and to the accounts which 
 we have of them in general colledlions, fuch as 
 S. Carolus in the fecond volume of the hihlioth. 
 pontif. by Sagittarius in his In trod, in Hijicr. Ecclef. 
 Biidatts in IJagog. in Univ. 'Tbeol. &c. On the other 
 hand, the fubftance of what is alledged in de- 
 fence of the papal fupremacy againft the protef- 
 tants and janfenifts is to be met with in Rocca- 
 herti\ Bibliotheca Ponttjiciay tv/enty-one volumes, 
 fol. Rome 1695. 
 
 Se6t. 38. Others have difcufled the temporal 
 pofieirions and prerogatives of the Popes* It is 
 pretended on one fide, that the Pope has from the 
 moft ancient times enjoyed an unlimited fove- 
 reignty over the city of Rome., and the provinces 
 fubje6ted to the fee of Rome •, and a feudal right 
 over many others. On the other hand, the rights 
 of crowned heads, which are affeded by thefe 
 claims, are ftrongly aflerted. This for many ages 
 paft has been a plentiful fource of learned dif- 
 putes, in which hiftorical proofs are likewile 
 beft ; even the middle ages produced very ufeful 
 writings : Among which Scharden^s Syntagma 
 traBatuum de imperiali jiirifdi^iione., and GoldeJl\ 
 collection de Monarchia. S. R. imperii, are very ef- 
 fential. But the paper war in this century, on 
 the difputes concerning Comacchio, Parma, Placen- 
 ' lia,,dcc. affords a more plentiful collection of 
 highly valuable illuftrations of the whole papal 
 hiftory, which may be found in the celebrated Mr. 
 Buder's hiblioth, hifior. and hihlioth. jurid, where 
 
 alio 
 
History of the Popes. 2i 
 
 alfo are fpecified other writings belonging to this 
 clafs. 
 
 Sedl. 39. Among the fciences neceflary to af- 
 fifl us in an illuftration of the hiftory ot the Popes, 
 the principal is chronology. I'he difficulties of 
 computations occurring here are very often inex- 
 plicable. To avoid millakes, we muft acquaint 
 ourfelves thoroughly with the various epocha's on 
 which hiitories and records are grounded \ tho* 
 this is to be underftood not of the modern ^ra's, 
 but only thofe of the middle and earlieft ages j and 
 of thefe the latter are the mod intricate. It would 
 not be agreeable to our defign to cite general 
 chronological works, efpecially as very few of them 
 contain any thing to our purpofe. But here I muft 
 mention I Art de verifier les dat^s des fails hiftori- 
 ques^ by the Benedi^ines of Paris^ Since, befides 
 the tables there inferted, which compare the dif- 
 ferent computations, the chronological lift of the 
 Popes of Rome in p. 355 — 404, is the moft ufeful 
 piece of the book, which is in other refpeds very 
 inaccurate. Bu Frefnofs chronological tables, tho* 
 not perfectly accurate, are of great fervice to 
 church-hiftory. T\\t]Q{u\iDan. Papebroch has ex- 
 celled all others in fettling the entire chronology of 
 the Popes ; His conatus chronica- hijtoricus ad catalo- 
 gum romanor, pontificum^ printed at Antwerp in 
 1685, may alfo be looked upon as a piece for the 
 month of May in the Bollandift aBa San5lorum, It 
 is written with a freedom which has provoked 
 warm cenfure from other members of the church 
 o^ Rome. Befide him, Anton. Pagi, Franc. Pagi^ 
 and Lud. Aut. Muratori have taken great pains in 
 the works already quoted to adjuft the chronology 
 of the Popes. As moft of the difficulties occur in 
 the earlieft ages, great ufe may be made not only 
 of Scheljlraten ^nd Bianchini already mentioned, but 
 of the learned biftiop Pear Jon de ferie i^ fucceffione 
 C 3 primO' 
 
:J2 H I S T O R Y ^ ^^^ P O P 1 S. 
 
 frimorum Rom^e epifcoporuniy and BodwelVs Bijfertat, 
 de pontijicum Romanorum primava fucctfficne^ both 
 which are to be found in the opera pofthuma of the 
 former, printed at London in 168 8, and Job. Phi- 
 lip Baratie'/s difqui/il, chronoL de fucceffwne antiquif* 
 fima Epifcoporum Romanorum inde a Retro ufque ad 
 Vi5iorem *. 
 
 Sed. 40. It is necpflary likewife to be acquainted 
 with the ppHtical conftitution of the court of 
 Rome-, bpt of this we have accounts in the poli- 
 tical Hates of Europe -, and particular parts we 
 fhall have occafipn to pientipn in the courfe of 
 hiftory itfelf. 
 
 * fahrictui in his Bibliqgraph. Antiq has inferted an alpha- 
 betical lift of the Popes of Rome^ with their chronology, ac- 
 cording to Papebroch ; and in Biblioth. Gr^c. Vol. XL We 
 have befides, a chronological lift of the Popes from the Je* 
 fuit Bapt, Riccioli's Chronolog. Reform. 
 
 BOOK 
 
[23 ] 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome, 
 
 From the Commencement of Chrifti- 
 
 anity to the Times of Conjlantine 
 
 the Great, 
 
 C H A P. L 
 
 Of the Hiflory of the Popes of Rome. 
 
 S E C T, I. 
 
 Of the Hlftory of the Popes of Rome of the firfl 
 Century. 
 
 Sedl. I. S^S^T is certain, from the New Tefta- 
 ment, that at the general propaga- 
 tion of Chriftianity by the Apoftles, 
 there was very early at Rome a 
 
 Chriftian community, whofe faith was celebrated 
 
 throughout the whole world *. 
 
 * See Aas xxviii. i6, 30. Rom. i. S. and J. Ramhach'% hi- 
 \rod, in Epiji. ad Rom, 
 
 C 4 Sea, 
 
24 H I S T O R Y ^ /^^ P O P E S; 
 
 Se6b. 2. It is not known which of the Apoftles 
 firft preached the gofpel there. The general doc- 
 trine of the church of Rome is, that Peter was not 
 only appointed by our Saviour, the chief of the 
 Apoftles, and head of the Univerfal Church, but 
 that, after- having been feven years bifhop of An- 
 tioch^ he came to Rome^ where he was bifhop 
 twenty-five years, and fuffered rnartyrdom under 
 gg^' the emperor 7Vi?r^. 
 
 Sedt. 3. Among all thefe pretences, none is 
 probable, except that he was at Rome^ and died 
 there. But that he affumed a primacy, and re- 
 ceived it from God, that he was univerfal Bifhop, 
 and with his fee tranfmitted his dignity and au- 
 thority to his fuccelTors isv/holly groundlefs *. 
 
 Sed. 4. If we may judge of the Church of 
 Royne by the conftitution of other Apoftolical 
 Churches, fhe could have no particular Bifhop be- 
 fore the end of this century : Yet the ancient lifts 
 mention feveral Bifhops who prefided over the 
 Church of Rome at that time ; but they are fo con- 
 tradidlory, that it would be impoffible exactly to 
 determine either the iucceflion of the Bifliops, or 
 their chronology ; and thefe jarring accounts have 
 given rife to the controverfies on this head. 
 
 Some fay, that Clemens of Rome had been or- 
 dained by the Apoftle Peter ^ and was his imme- 
 diate fucceilor ; others place Linus and Cletus betwixt 
 
 * Of his journey to Rome, fee Peter Franc. Foggini, in his 
 Exercitai: in ititiere Petri Romano. That Peter never was Bi- 
 fliop, is demonllrated, among others, by Bude^us de Ecclef, 
 Apojiol. Of St. Peter % Chair, and the veneration paid to it. 
 See Lucheftmh Catedra rejiituita., a S. Piedro, and B. Mez.zadrrs\ 
 , dijf. de Romana Petri cathedra. Of his death and other cir- 
 cumftances, fee a full account in the many lives of this 
 Apoftle, which occur in Walch\ Hijior. Ecdef. Ncv. Tefi. and 
 the books quoted there ; befides \\\& Catal. Bibl. Bun. It would 
 not be pertinent to fay any thing here of his fall, and of hia 
 two epillles, as v/e do not account him the firft Pope. 
 
 them -, 
 
HisTo Rv of //^^ Popes. 25 
 
 them •, a third fett indeed name Linus^ but inftead 
 of Cletus^ Anadetus^ Anencletus^ Dadetitis. Laftly, a 
 fourth party dates the fucceffion thus, Peter^ Linus^ 
 Cletus^ Clemens^ Anadetiis. In order to reconcile 
 thefe contradictions, and exaclly to adjuft them 
 to the fuppofed duration of their epifcopacy, that 
 of Linus being extended by fome to twelve, by 
 others to eighteen years •, and that of Cletiis or 
 Anadetus fometimes to twelve, and fometimes con- 
 tracted to two. Writers have formed feveral con- 
 jcdures : the moR probable of which is, that 
 v/hich reds on the three following pofitions : i. 
 That hiniis and Cletm were Bilhops of Rome at the 
 fame time. 2. That Cletus and Anadetus are to be 
 accounted the fame perfons. Laftly, that both of 
 them exercifed their office, while St. Peter was 
 living. But that Clemens entered on it a little be- 
 fore his death, and from that time, according to 
 the unanimous account of the ancient lifts, held it 
 nine years *. ^g^ 
 
 Seft. 5. As to Linus in particular, he feems to 
 be the fame perfon, in whole name Paul falutes his 
 
 * See the above-mentioned writings of Pear/on, Do^zuelly 
 and Barattier : And to them add Natalis Alexandri Dijprt. de 
 proxhnis S. Petri fuccejfonbus in Antiochena Jede ^ Romana, in his 
 HiftoriiB Eccleftafiic^e Ncvi Tejlamenti ; and Peter Coujlant\ Dijf. 
 de primis Petri fuccejjoribusy prefixed to his Jpiftol. pontificum. 
 See alfo Le Maine in Proleg. ad Variafacra^ who, as well as 
 Barattier y observes, that in feveral places there were two Bi- 
 fhops at the fame time; the one for the Je^vijh, and the other 
 for the Genttle converts. Bat upon this we need not infift, as we 
 acknowledge no difference betwixt the Bilhops and Elders in 
 the Apollolic times \ and therefore judge it probable, that Li- 
 «z.'jand Cleiiis were eminent pallors in the Church of Povie at 
 the fame time. After the death of the Apollles Clemens might 
 indeed be the oldelt and principal Elder ; and hence might 
 arife the ancient, but groundlefs tradition ilill fubfifling, that he 
 was the firft Bifliop of Rome, As moft writers of the hiiloryof the 
 Popes, not only dillinguifh Cletus irom Anadetus , but make both 
 them and Linus enter upon their office after St. Peters time 
 and facceed each other, they vary from us in the chronology. 
 
 beloved 
 
?6 H I $ T o KY of the P o T z s^ 
 
 beloved Timothy J 2 'Tim, iv. 21. Yet it is very un- 
 certain ^htthtr Claudia mentioned there be his mo- 
 ther : But that he was a fovereign, a writer and a 
 martyr, cannot be proved *. 
 
 Sedt. 6, or Cletus^ whom we look upon to be 
 the fame perfon with Anacletus^ or rather Anencle- 
 tus, except his name, we know nothing more cer- 
 tain than that whatever is faid of him is either ma^ 
 niteftly falfe, or very uncertain f . 
 
 Sedt. 7. That Clemens is the fame perfon whom 
 St. Paid commends in Philip, iv. 3. cannot be de- 
 cifively proved. That he was of a Patrician fa^ 
 mily in Rome, is the invention of thofe, who with 
 as little ground, have made him a martyr. In 
 both refpeds he is confounded with the true mar- 
 tyr Flavins Clemens. He was doubt lefs a writer, 
 but not of every thing that bears his name ; and it 
 is a groundlefs pretence, that he appointed itwtn 
 notaries in Rome to write the Legends of Saints J. 
 
 Sed:, 
 
 * Concerning Linus I refer the reader to Chijiet's Vi/ontion^ 
 and T. Ittig's Dijfertat. dePatrihisApoJiolic- prefixed to his Biblio' 
 theca Patrum Apofiolic. and the many writers cited by Fabri' 
 cius in cod. Jpocryph. Nonj. Teji. i^ in Bibliothec. Lat. Med. ^ In- 
 fm. jEtat. Vol. IV. where alfo mention is made of the book 
 Martyrium Petri iff Pauli, falfly attributed to this Linus. 
 
 t That Ckius and Aaacletus are one perfon has been ac- 
 knowledged among the i?c?OT«/z-catholic writers themfelves, by 
 Vaiejiusj NataL Alexander^ Dupin, Tillemont, Halloix^ and Bol~ 
 landus himfelf, whofe^^a SarMorum may be confulted. And 
 this alfo is the opinion of the beft Proteftants. See Ittig. in the 
 work above mentioned. The latefl: author who denies it is 
 A. Sandini in DiJJT. IV. ad Hipr. Pontif. The fables which we 
 rejed are the three fpurious epiflles attributed to him, of which 
 fee Danjid Blondelin his Pfeud Ifidore ; that he firft built St. Pe- 
 ter\ Church, of which fee the notes on Anaftafms, Tom. 11. 
 p. 61, in Bianchinfs edition ; that he divided the city of Rome 
 into twenty-five parifhes j and laftly, that in his epiflles he 
 made ufe of his greeting and apoftolical benedidlion. 
 
 X Further accounts of his life and writings, as well as of the 
 authors who have treated of him, particularly Philip Rondini 
 in Lib. II. dc S. Clemente Papa, may be found in Walch\ Hiftor, 
 
 Ecclef. 
 
History of the Popes. 27 
 
 Se6l. 8. The fuccefTor of Clemens is by moft 
 named Evarijtus^ by others Ariftus ; and again by 
 others, Evarifies \ fome again aflign him nine years, 
 others thirteen. Both the epillles and decretals at- 
 tributed to him are forgeries ; confequently it is 
 falfe that he made regulations concerning the con- 
 fecration of churches, confeffion, the divifion of the 
 parifh-churches of i^<?w^, and the duty of the {tv^xi 
 (deacons to attend the preaching of their bifhops *. 
 
 Sed:. 5, It is pretty certain, that after Evariflm^ 
 one Alexander^ the firft of that name, prefided 
 over the Church of Rome^ and it is no lefs certain, 
 that he neither introduced the holy water into 
 churches, nor enlarged the canon of the mafs, 
 which did not then exift; nor ordered the facra- 
 mental wine to be mixed with water ; nor only 
 unleavened bread to be ufed in the facrament. His 
 piartyrdom is flill much queftioned -f. 102. 
 
 Sed. 
 
 Bcclef. No^. Tejiafn. And to this may be added Remy Ceiller, 
 Hijlor. des auteurs [acres i5f Ecdcfiajh(iues Michael S. Jofeph Bi' 
 blioth. Critic. Vol. II. Daniel Farlati lllyric. facr. and 'Nath. 
 Lardners credibility of the Gofpel Hiftory, Vol. ii. Among 
 the pieces attributed to Clemens^ the firft Epiftle to the Corin^ 
 thians is the only one probably genuine ; the fecond very dif- 
 putable, and all the rell manifeltly falfe and fpurious. P. Cote- 
 lier and Le Clerc have publilhed them all, but Ittig. Wotton, 
 Coujiant and Frey only the two firft. Of thefe Wetftein firft 
 publifhed a Syriac traaflation, adding them to his celebrated 
 Greek edition of the New Teftament at Amjierdam \ but it is 
 extremely different from the original. The authenticity of 
 this tranflated letter has been contefted in two pieces full of 
 erudition, by the above-mentioned Lardner and Venema-, which 
 we the rather mention, as they remarkably adjuftand illuftrate 
 the whole hiftory oi Clemens . See Freidenher^^ Hijhria Recen- 
 tioris Contronjcrjice de Cle mentis Rom. Epifioli. It is the opinion 
 of moft ancient Chronologers, that Clemens was Bifhop to the 
 end of this century ; But Pear/on and Barattier have fo fully 
 proved this a miftake, that we do not hefitate to add the two 
 following to this century. 
 
 * See Coujiant^ Epiftol. Pontif. 
 
 t Of the writings falfly attributed to him, and particu- 
 larly the book againft the heretic Heraekan, fee CouJlant\ work 
 
 before 
 
28 History ?/" ^^^ Popes. 
 
 S E C T, 11. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the P o p e s of Rome of the 
 fecond Century. 
 
 Se6l. I . npHE firft we place here is Xiftus^ or Sixtus I. 
 but we cannot determine whether he 
 lived under Trajan or Adrian. It is almoft necefTary 
 in thefe times to admit fome chafms, which might 
 be occafioned by the perfecutions of the Chriflians. 
 As we cannot here allege any chronological proof, 
 we think ourfelves warranted in following Pear/on^ 
 and place the death of Sixlus m the year of Chrifl: 
 127 ; tho' we conceive him to have been Bifhop 
 127. no longer than ten years. Nothing farther is 
 known of him •, for the diredlions afcribed to him 
 concerning the duties of priells, that they alone 
 fliould handle the confecrated vefTels, and not fuf- 
 fer thro' their fault any one to die without bap- 
 tifm •, concerning the introdudion of the formu- 
 lar briefs, as they were called ; and the finging of 
 the Trifagion at the mafs could not proceed fron:i 
 him. His martyrdom alfo cannot be proved *. 
 
 Sed:. 2. ^elefphorus is faid to have been a Greek ; 
 and Irenaus informs us, that he was a martyr. He 
 neither introduced nor confirmed the obfervation of 
 Lent^ nor could he dired mafs to be read on 
 
 fore quoted, and Mich. S. Jojeph in Biblioth. Critic, Fabricius 
 in Biblioth. Lat Med, (J. infim. tetat. Cwve Hiftor. Literar, 
 fcriptor. Ecclef. Other accounts of him fee in 7illemont\ Me- 
 moires pour fer^ir a rHifloire Ecclef. And the J^a Sandlorum. 
 
 * See Prof. Mandoft Bibliothec. Rom. Cent. IV. Coufiant. Epijl. 
 Pontif, And Anton. Pagi critic, in annal Baron. Tom. III. 
 
 Chrifl- 
 
Hi STORY o/^ //'^ Pope sJ 29 
 
 Chriftmas-Eve, or the Doxology to be fung at 
 mas in general*. i^g^ 
 
 Sed. 3. Hyginus pafTes for an Athenian, That 
 the errors of Valentine and Cerdo were propa- 
 gated at Rome in his time, helps to clear the 
 chronology, if it be true, that this happened in the 
 time of Antoninus Pius, They miftake Irenaus^ who 
 imagine him to fay, that Hyginus excommunicated "^ 
 Cerdo, The edidls which he is faid to have ilTued, 
 and which Gratian has infcrted in his coJledion, 
 concerning the confecration of churches ; the repe- 
 tition of this ceremony in certain cafes ; againft 
 felling to the laity thetimber of churches demolifh- 
 ed ; and the punifhment of fuch as fhould fet fire 
 to churches \ and of the admifTion of no more 
 than two fponfors in Baptifm^ are all too modern. 
 His martyrdom is uncertain -f . 
 
 Sedt. 4. According to the moft ancient writers, 
 his fucceflbr was Pius I. whom others have haftily 
 overlooked. It was before his ele6lion that the he- 
 retic Marcion came to Rome^ and having petition- 
 ed the elders of the church to be admitted into 
 communion with them, received a memorable an- 
 fwer. It is pity they could not confult cardinal 5^//^r- 
 mine^ to be better informed of the privileges of the 
 See of Rome, Befides the two epillles invented by 
 IfidoruSy two others written to bifhop Jujlus of 
 Vienna are alfo attributed to him ; but they are 
 likewife fiditious : The fame may be faid of nine 
 decretals publiflied in his name. We meet v;ith 
 
 * See Scaliger^s notes on Enfebius^ Chronic. Oldoini Athe^ 
 naum Rom. Coujiant. ibid. p. 56, the A^aSanSIor. Tom. I. 
 Urban Godfr. Sieber's difcourfe de Vita Telefphori 714, and 
 Mich, de S. Jojephy in the Biblioth. Critic. J?iton. Alegre in his Pa- 
 radi/us Carmelitici decoris makes this bifhop a carmelite monk. 
 It is ftrange that S. Carolo Ihould adopt this fable in hi^ Biblioth, 
 Pontijic. 
 
 t If Hyginus was bifhop only four years, it will be neceflary 
 here again to admit a fmall chafm. But this is not evident. 
 See Coujiant and A^a San^or, 
 
 feven 
 
'30 tii^ro'iy of the P oTEB. 
 
 leven of them in Gratian^ viz, that of the mar- 
 riage of nuns, of blafphemous forms of oaths ; of 
 the punifhment of perjury ; of the murder of 
 wives 5 of negligence in fpilling the confecrated 
 wine ; of the allowing of demoniacs to minifter at 
 the altar ; two are in Bur chard and Ivo^ and one 
 more concerning the celebration of Eafter in Eufe- 
 bins is alfo fpurious. It is not probable that he 
 1^7, died a martyr *. 
 
 Sed. 5. Under Anicetus the difference betwixt 
 the eaflern and weftern churches about the celebra- 
 tion of Eafter, firft excited the attention of the 
 clergy. It occafioned Bifhop Polycarp's journey 
 from Smyrna to Rome, Anicetus gave him a kind 
 reception. Tho' they could not reconcile their 
 opinions, yet no infallibility, nor a necefTity of 
 agreeing in trivial matters were infifted on, nor 
 was the band of charity broken. Anicet-us^ who 
 during Polycarp"^ ftay, had all the aid of brotherly 
 affection from him, was much embroiled with the 
 ValentinianSy who difturbed his church. He is ac- 
 counted a martyr. As to what is faid of a council 
 held at Rome concerning Eafter, and of an edidc 
 of Anicetus againft the clergy's wearing long hair, 
 it is notorioufly falfe f* 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * The two epiflles are iftferted in the colledions of coun- 
 cils, and in Coujlant*^ Appendic. who alfo treats of the ordi- 
 nances of this bifhop, in Epif. Pontif. His life is written at 
 large by Fontanini in Hijior. L'ttera)r. Aquilei. See alfo the 
 Asia SanSi. Tillemont. Memoir. Cave Hijior. Liter ar, Scriptor, 
 Ecclef. Fabricius in Biblioth. Lat. Med. t^ Infimis u£tat. and 
 Walch\ Hifior. Ecclef. AW. 7>/?. Of the fenfible anfwer of the 
 Roman clergy to the heretic Marcion, fee Da/>/», Dijf. II. da. 
 antiq, Ecclef. Di/ciplin. and Watch in the work above-mentioned. 
 
 t Of the circum fiances of Poly carp'' ^ journey, fee Walch't 
 hi/l. Ecclef No'v. Teji. who alfo gives an account of the quarto 
 deciman controverfy of this century, which under the fucceed- 
 ing bifhops of Rome became more vehement, as may be feen in 
 Morfhsi})i% Com, de Rebus Chrijlianor, ante Coujiant, The libe- 
 rality 
 
 68. 
 
History of the Popes. 31 
 
 Se6t. 6. Biihop Soter is highly commended for 
 the noble contributions he raifed among the con- 
 gregations in Rome for the relief of his perfecuted 
 brethren even in foreign countries. Whether he 
 wrote a book againft the Montanifts, is ftill matter 
 of difpute. Gratian has four decretals of his, 
 which are certainly very modern, of the obfervance 
 of an unlawful oath ; of the neceflity of never 
 reading mafs alone, and of adminiftring the facra- 
 ment on Sundays, Another direction againft a 
 nun's touching altar cloth, is equally fpurious. 
 This bifhop alfo is fuppofed to have been a mar- 
 tyr*. 
 
 Sed:. 7. He was fucceeded by Ekutherius^ who 
 had been a deacon at Rome. In his time the churches 
 of Rome received the celebrated epiftle frofn the 
 martyrs of Lyons ^ brought by Irenaus, It is cer- 
 tain that the Montanifts were the fubjed, and that 
 the aim of it was the reftoration of the peace of 
 the church •, but what is faid of Eleutherius\ lenti- 
 ments, and Irenaiis\ ordination is very uncertain. 
 The account of two priefts, Florinus and Bhjlus^ 
 who at that time maintained and fpread in Rome 
 the errors of Valentiman and MarcioUy and were 
 both refuted by Irenceus^ is better fupported. The 
 whole flory of an embaffy from Lucius^ a king of 
 Britain^ to Eleutherius^ and of an embaffy in re- 
 turn from the latter to the former, is fabulous. To 
 him alfo are attributed two decrees concerning the 
 celebration of Eafter, and againft thediftindion of 
 meats \ but thefe being manifeftly fpurious, have 
 
 rality of Fope Clement VIII. in giving a corps, faid to be that 
 of Anicetusy to the domeftic chapel of the prince of Altemps^ at 
 'Rome ; induced John Angela^ prince of Aitemps, to write his 
 Fita Aniceti Papa ^ Martyris. 
 
 * See the Ada Sandor. TiUemont. Coujiant. Epipl. PorMf. 
 Fabricius in hiblioth. Gnec. CeilUr. in Hijloir, des autcurs Sacn 
 ^ Eccle/, 
 
 never 
 
25t Hist 6RY cf the P ovES. 
 
 never obtained any weight, and there is very little 
 192. probability in his having been a martyr*. 
 
 Sedt. 8. Bi(hopFi^orl. is more diftingiiifhed than 
 any of his predecelTors, both by the very ancient 
 complaint againft him for countenancing, at lead 
 in their infancy, the errors of Theodotus and Mon- 
 tanus i and by his imprudent condu(5l in the dif- 
 pute concerning the obiervation of Eafter. He 
 required the Afiatic Churches to depart from their 
 own ufages, and keep Eafter according to the Kg- 
 man tradition ; which had been approved in feve- 
 ral fynods. He went fofar as to threaten with ex- 
 communication thofe who were neither by cuftom 
 nor inclination difpofed to acknowledge a vifihle 
 head of the church. They fignified to him the 
 refolution they had taken in a council at Ephejus^ 
 by Polycrates, the bifhop of that city. Vittor loft 
 all patience -, and not only excommunicated all the 
 biftiops dificntient from him, but required of all 
 the other churches to appove his conduel. They did 
 not comply ; fome, and among the reft Ireuceus^ 
 charged Vicfor with a pride deftrudive of the 
 peace of the church ♦, and the iflue was, that each 
 party adhered to their fentiment, till the council of 
 Nice decided the controverfy, in itlelf of little im- 
 portance. Vi5fer too is pretended by fome to have 
 202. ^^^" ^ martyr. He was a writer ; but we have no 
 remains of his works, the epiftles and decretals un- 
 der his name being fpurious -f . 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * We find in Eufehius's Hlji. Ecckf. that part of the epiftle 
 of the martyrs of Vienne, which is Hill remaining. See alio 
 Coufiant. Cezller, Majfinet in Iren^uw, the Hiftorr. Liter, de 
 France ; and JValch's Hifror. EccUf. Of the converfion of the 
 ^W///^king, fee UJher Antiqu, Ecclef. Britannic. O'lven Theoio- 
 guSy 7^<7/>/>/s hiliory of England, Sbanheim, Tom. II. Oper. Of 
 Eleutheriusm general, fee the Jcia Sanlior. Hilemont and Fa- 
 bricius, BiUioth. hat. Med, ^ Inf. a; tat. 
 
 t Of his contefts concerning Eafter, befides the books 
 quoted in Se^. ^. See Covjiant. EpijlcL Placette Obfer-t\ 
 ^ ' Hi/hr, 
 
Hist ORY cf the F oT Eu 33 
 
 SECT. IIL 
 
 Of the Popes of Rome of the third Century. 
 
 S E C T. I. 
 
 YyE have very few material accounts of the long 
 pontificate of Zephyrinus. During the perfe- 
 cution of the Chriflians, under the Emperor Seve- 
 rus^ he kept himfelf fo concealed, that he efcaped 
 it. He had much trouble with the Theodotians^ 
 Praxeas^ and the Montamjis. His martyrdom is 
 very improbable. Twoepiftles of his are invented 219. 
 by Iftdorus \ and the decretals in his name, that the 
 clergy fhould be ordained in the prefence of the 
 congregation, and that the priefts fhould afTift at 
 the Bifhop's mafs with glafs-difhes in their hands, 
 are alfo fpurious *. 
 
 Sed. 2. Calixtus I. or as the Greeks more pro- 
 perly call him, KalHJlus, prefided over the church 
 of Ro?ne in a time of peace and tranquillity. Aiex- 
 cinder Severus had affigned the Chriftians there a 
 public place for their worfhip ; but it is falfc 
 that Calixtus built a temple upon it. It is not 
 improbable, that one of the celebrated femeteries 
 in Rome derives its name from him ; but we can- 
 not exadlly fpecify by what merit of his this ho- 
 nour was obtained. He is placed among the mar- 
 tyrs, and fome fingular circumflances are related 
 
 Hijior. Ecclef. Lauvoi. Dupin de anthq. Ecclef. DifcipL Bingham 
 origin Ecclef. and Samiini Dijf. V. ad Hifior. Pontif. Of Viaor 
 himfelf, fee the Jcia Sandor. Ittig, adt. Diff de HareJ. Ca^je 
 Hijior, Liter. Script. Ecclef. Tillemont Memoir. Ceiller Hifcoir, 
 ties Auteursy (all which, to avoid repe'cition of thefe references, 
 the reader may confult throughout great part of this work.) 
 
 * See Mandofi bihlioih. Rem. the Ada San^or, Conflant. Epif- 
 tol. PcTitif and TUkmont. 
 
 D of 
 
34 H I s T o RY of the P o ? E $. 
 
 of His death ; but there is the greateft probability 
 that he v/as no martyr. Some attribute to him, 
 
 22 2. tho' groundlefly, a decretal concerning the fails of 
 the Ember weeks *. 
 
 Se6l. 3. Of Urban I. we have nothing certain, 
 
 230. but his name ; all that is faid of him befides, red- 
 ing on falfe authorities. 
 
 Se6t. 4. We know as little of Pontiunus, Mod 
 
 235* authors relate, that he was banifhed either to Sar- 
 dinia^ or the Ifola del Favolato \ bur they are not 
 agreed when, by whom, and on what account : 
 He is likewife fuppofed to have died in his exile* 
 «S. Jerom mentions, that at this time the unjud 
 fentence (j^ Demetrius Bifhop oi Alexandria^ againft 
 
 236. Origen was approved at Rofne f . 
 
 Sed. 5. Anterus fcarce ruled a month. It Is 
 uncertain whether he gave himfelf that concern 
 about the martyrologies, as is pretended , but he 
 appears to have been a martyr \. 
 
 Sed. 6. Fabianus or Fabitts^ alfo Flavianus^ is 
 much better known. The manner of his ele6lion> 
 whether true or falfe, has greatly contributed to a 
 very erroneous dodrine in the church of Rome, 
 The panegy ricks which Cyprian bellowed on him 
 
 * The known pafTage of LamprUiuSy which is of import- 
 ance in the church hiftory of Roffie, may be elucidatfed from. 
 Dr. J. Wundcrlkh's DiJJ'. de Pophiis <veterum to be feen in 
 A£l. Sodet, Latin, Tom. III. 0( Ca/Iixtus" 3 cemetry, fee ^- 
 rifigl Rom. Suhterran, Of this Pope in general, fee the A5la 
 S. Calixti in Surio*s njit. fund, a fpurious work. Tillemont 
 Conjlant. epijioj. pontif. S. jcj}ph, bibliotb. critic, and Moretti, 
 <vit. S. Cali'xti. 
 
 f This paflage of S. JeroTn is in Tom. IV. ofer, p. 430. 
 After this Bifiiop, {ome. infert one of the name of Cjriacus, 
 but without grounds. See Launoi^ Lzbr. iv. Epifi. 8. 
 
 I What Jgnire in Cone. Hrfp. Tom. III. relates of the 
 epilUes of this and fome other fucceeding Bifhops, to the 
 Spaniards, is founded only m the importures of //Ti/isrwj. How- 
 ever he takes cccalion from thi^ai to make feveral very good 
 remarks. 
 
 after 
 
ttisfoRYcfthePop-Es. 2S 
 
 ifter his death, do him honour. He is faid to 
 have ;:.ppoinLed feven Deacons for the care of the 
 poor, and feven Sub-deacons for digelling the mar- 
 tyroiogies : Which laft is not well grounded. It 
 is very improbable that he converted to chriflia- 
 nity both the Emperors of the name of Philip. He 
 died a martyr under Becius. His letter concern- 25 li 
 ing the heretick Privaius is loft. On the other 
 hand, the decretals of which fome are to be found 
 in Gratimi, againft implacable enmity, perjury, the 
 marriage and divorce of lunaticks ; of the degrees 
 of marriage, or the diiTolution of unlawful mar- 
 riages ; of the duty of the laiety to receive the fa- 
 crament three times a year ; of the legal age of 
 priefls ; of the offerings •, and of the immorality 
 of fome priefts, are none of them genuine. The 
 ;t^^a Pontii in the A5i, Sanger, are not authentic 
 materials for the hiftory of this Bilhop. Cyprian^ 
 epiftles in this period deferve much more credit : 
 See alfo the life of this great man by Pearfon and 
 Don Maran, Of the feven Deaconaries in Rcme^ 
 fee more in Felic. Nerint's book de tefnpld S. Boni- 
 facii. But the queftion of the converfion of the 
 two Emperors belongs to another place. 
 
 Sedt. 7. Before a new Bifhop was chofen, the 
 celebrated letters palTed betwixt Cyprian and the 
 clergy of Ro?ne concerning church-difcipline ; and 
 particularly of the libellatici : In which they feem 
 not to have ever heard of the infallibility of their 
 Bilhop. 
 
 Sed:. 8. After fixteen months, CGrndius was 
 regularly chofen by the Eiders and the people : 
 And fome foreign Bifhops then ati'^i?;;;^coniecrated 
 him. Novatian^ a turbulent and ambitious man^ 
 created great difturbances, in order to invalidate 
 this eledion, tho' Cyprian and other Bifnops in 
 ^rica had approved it. He pi-etended a zeal for 
 
 D 2 church- 
 
36 Hi STORY c/ r/?^ Popes. 
 
 church-difcipline, which, tho' overaded, enfnare^ 
 many believers to fide with him. He confederated 
 with Novatus^ who had already divided the church 
 in Canhage^ and got himfelf confecrated Bifhop. 
 It was with difficulty that Cornelius reftored the 
 peace by feveral councils. The friendfhip be- 
 tvv'ixt him and Cyprian was of advantage to both. 
 The former was baniflied by the Emperor Gallus 
 to Civita Veccia^ where he died. The manner of 
 
 252. his death does not clearly appear. Two letters 
 of his to Cyprian^ and one to Fabian Bifliop ofJn- 
 tioch are ftill extant ; Some others are loft. The 
 fhort letter to Lupicinus Bifhop of Vienne is an in- 
 terpolated piece. And of the fame nature is the 
 decretal, that an 9ath is to be taken fafting *. 
 
 Sed. 9. His fuccefTor's name was Lucius <, of 
 whom we know that he ftrenuoufly oppofed the 
 Novatians ; that he was banifhed and died a mar- 
 tyr; but it is not probable, that the latter is to be 
 underftood of a violent death; at leaft, it did not 
 happen under the Emppror Valerian. Some allow 
 
 253. him only five months, others above a whole year. 
 There was formerly a letter of his extant againft 
 thofe fchifmaticks. Gratian has four decretals 
 in his name ; but all fictitious. The order at- 
 tributed to him, that a Bifl:iop (hould be always 
 attended by two priefts and three deacons is but 
 flightly authorifed. 
 
 Sed, 10. Stephen I. is a very remarkable per- 
 fon. The accounts of him muft he conneded in 
 the following order. The great feverity of Bifhop 
 Martian of Aries ^ occafioned the Gallick clergy to 
 apply for his advice, but not of the imperious 
 kind ; not only to Bifliop Stephen^ but alio to Cy- 
 
 * Cor.ftant has collefted the letters to and from Cyprian^ 
 and illuitrated them with ufcful notes in EpijloL Pcntific. And 
 in the A^-iper.^ he inferts jthe ipurious letter to Lupicimui. 
 
 prian 
 
Hi ST or^y of t^e P OPES, 37 
 
 prian Bifhop of Carthage: And the firft being fonie- 
 what remifs, they defired the latter to ftimulate 
 him. Next arofe the unhappy commotions ia 
 Spain, concerning Bafilides and Martial, who were 
 both very juRly depofed. Bafilides went to Rome •, 
 and, as Cyprian relates the airair, fo impofed upon 
 Stephen, that he acknowledged him his brother ; 
 but this availed fo little, that the Spanijh Bifhops 
 preferred a complaint to Cyprian againll Ste- 
 phen^s precipitancy : And he procured the pro- 
 ceedings of the Spaniards to be ratified by a decree 
 of council. After this arofe the vehement rup- 
 ture betwixt Cyprian and Stephen, concerning the 
 baptifm of hereticks. It may eafily be imagined, 
 that the point in difpute was wrongly argued on 
 both fides. But the fault was chiefly in Stephen, 
 who manifefted fo little love of concord, and fo 
 much pride and affedtation of fuperiority over his 
 brethren, who were his equals, that he drew upon 
 himfelf the jufl cenfure of the mod eminent doc^ 
 tors of his age, as Cyprian, Bionyjius of Alexandria^ 
 and Firmilian, He indeed excommunicated all 
 who diff^ered from him ; but had the mortification 
 to find himfelf defpifed, both by his adverfaries 
 and all impartial men. He is faid to have died 
 a martyr, but this is a modern invention. Of his 
 writings nothing remains entire *. 257. 
 
 * Of the difputes concerning Bifhop Martian, fee Ganpred'% 
 hiftoir. de Provence, Gallia chri/iian. Tom. IV. Uiftoir. Literar. 
 de la Fr. Ceiller. ^(fnell. Tom. II. Longm'vaW Hijioire de 
 ^Eglife Gallicane^ and particularly Dupin\ de a/itiq. ecclef. dif- 
 ciplin. Of Bafilides and Martial ^ fee Di^pin and Cenni*s Antiq, 
 Ecclef. Hrfp. The hiftory of the controverfy concerning the bap- 
 tifm of hereticks relh on the letters of Cyprian and Firmilian ; 
 the authenticity of which has been difputed betwixt Raym. 
 Mifm-i, G. Pren. and Sbaral^ea, of whofe writings, and the whole 
 controverfy, fee VValch\ Hi ft or. Ecclef. See alifo Sandini's Dijf 
 VII. ad Hifor. Pontif. Rom. p. 6l. Mopeim in comrnentar. de 
 nhus Chrijiian, and Alexander Herdi*% Difcordia concors inter 
 Stephan. <S^ Cyprian^ The ASia S. Stepharii are not genuine. 
 
 D 3 Sed. 
 
2? History of the FovE si 
 
 Scd:. 1 1 . Under Sixtus II. who had been formerly 
 a philofopher at Athens^ the difpute on the baptifni 
 of hcreticks was probably brought to a period j and 
 it is remarkable, that each fide retained its own 
 opinion and ufage. Sixtus fuffered martyrdom un- 
 der the Emperor Valerian. The colledlion of fhort 
 ^5^* niaxims, tho' attributed to him fo early as by Ruf- 
 fimis^ feems, in general, not to be the v/ork of a 
 Chriftian. He is alfo reputed the author of other 
 writings, which are more modern •, and the two 
 decretals in Gratian are drawn up by Ifidorus *. 
 
 Se6l. 12, The perfecution obliged the Chrifti- 
 ans to leave the fee vacant almoft a year, when 
 they chofe Dicnyfius^ a Calabrian and a man of learn- 
 ing. Under him arofe the difputes with Dionyftus 
 of Alexandria^ who was accufed of error in the doc- 
 trine of the divinity of Chrift. Our Dionyfius held 
 a council at Romey and condemned a pcfitioa 
 which the other Dionyfius himfelf abhorred. In 
 forming a judgment of this condu(5l, it is necef^ 
 fary to confider the conflitution of the churches 
 at that time. Other difturbances were alfo oc- 
 cafioned by Raul of Samofata^ in the condemnation 
 of whom he alfo had fome fhare. It is a miftake 
 to place him among the martyrs. Of what he 
 ^^' wrote again ft the Sabellians, we owe the prefer- 
 vation of a fmall piece to Athanafius \ but his 
 letter to Gafarian is loft \ other things are fpurious, 
 or falfly attributed to him by others -f . 
 
 Seft, 13. Felix \. is the author of a letter to 
 
 * See ^Ixti Enchiridion of Siher*s edition at Leipjlck^ 1725. 
 This is the fpurious book which Siber endeavours 10 vindi- 
 . cate as a genuine work of this Bilhop. 
 
 f That Johannes Damafenus has left behind him an ac- 
 count of the life of this Pope> is as falfe as that he was 
 ^he author of the little book de. Situ Orhis. Of him and his 
 genuine writings, an account is to be found in Conjiant^ TH- 
 l&monty &c. 
 
275. 
 
 History of the Popes. 
 
 Maxmtis Bifhop ox Alexandria againft Paul o^ Sa- 
 fnorfata^ that he enjoined mafs to be celebrated 
 over the graves of martyrs, is void of all proof; 
 but his martyrdom is a point of unquellioned cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 Se(5l. 14. Of Eutichianus there are alfo no cer- 
 tain accounts. The ftories of his enjoining the 
 fruits of the earth to be blefTcd at the altar; that 
 he condefccnded himfelf to bury the dead, and was 
 fo fcrupuIouOy careful of the martyrologies, is ei- 
 ther manifeftly falfe, or deftitute of proof; which 
 lall: may alfo be faid of his martyrdom. Gratian^ 
 and other fuch colieCiions have ten decretals of 282 
 his ; but he could be author of none of them. 
 
 ^^di. i^. Bifhop Caius is faid to have been a 
 mtive of Dalmaiia, and related to the Emperor 
 Dioclefian. It is pretended, that he ordered that 
 the clergy Ihould pafs thro' the kven lower of- 
 fices to qualify the mfe Ives for the epifcopal dig- 
 nity, and that he died a martyr. But nothing of 
 all this is certain. 
 
 Seel. 16. Marcellinus is fingular among all the 
 Bifhops of E,cme. Mod of the popiOi doflors, 
 and even the authors of their devotional books, 
 reprefent him as an apoilate, who under the per- 
 fecution of the Emperor Diodefian^ had folemnly 
 offered incenfe to the deities of the Romans ; 
 whereas the proteftants account him a very worthy 
 man, and their opinion of him is fo well grounded, 
 that of late the mod: learned and fenfible jR^?;;^;?- 
 catholicks, and even the prefent Pope ^^-.Wiz?? XIV. 
 agree with them ; and likewife declare the coun- 
 cil of Sinnejja a fable ; which invalidates the argu- 
 ment which they ground on the decrees of it, to 
 fhew that the fupremacy of the Pope over the 304 
 univerfal church was acknowledged. He died a 
 natural death. 
 
 D 4 CHAP. 
 
 39 
 
 96. 
 
40 H I S T O R V ^/^ //&<f P O P E s. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 of the Hiftory of the Papacy. 
 
 S E C T. I. 
 
 npHAT Chrift himfelf eftabliflied a monar. 
 •^ chy in his church, and appointed Peter his 
 viceroy, who invefted the Bifliops of Rome as his 
 fuccefTors with this dominion over the whole church 
 of Chrift, are tenets fo often and fo iolidly con- 
 futed, that we may fafely pafs them over, as ut^ 
 terly unknown in thefe mod primitive and pure 
 ages. 
 
 Sedl. 2. On the contrary it is undeniable, that 
 when towards the end of the firft century, the firft 
 andeldeft of the pallors had a preference of rank, 
 but not of power and dignity, yielded to him at 
 Rome, as in other churches ; he was diftinguifhed 
 by the title of Bifhop ; which then imported no 
 more than the chief among the Elders, who were 
 all equal in office, duty and privilege. 
 
 Sed. 3. The church of Rome was fubje6t to no 
 other, and no other church was fubjed to it; and 
 it is falfe, that at leaft, the apoliles inilituted patri- 
 archs and metropolitans. 
 
 Sed. 4. The union of different churches in fuc- 
 eeeding tim.es, however falutary in itfelf, was at- 
 tended with many abufes -, efpecially the union of 
 thofe churches which had before, either by their fi- 
 tuation, or by new congregations, been connected, 
 furnifhed a fpacious opportunity for one church to 
 acquire more authority than others ; and this was 
 chiefly the cafe of thofe churches, which were in- 
 difputably of apollolical foundation, or in the ca- 
 pital of a provmce. 
 
History of the Popes. 41 
 
 Sed. 5. Both circumftances contributed to ralfe 
 the credit and dignity of the church o^ Rome, Her 
 Biihop gradually- diftinguiflied himfelf more and 
 more from the Elders. We meet with encomiums 
 upon that church ib early as in the fecond century : 
 But thefe by no means prove, that other churches 
 fubmitted to her : The contrary manifeftly appears 
 from the inflances of the Afiatic churches in the 
 affair of Ealler *. 
 
 Sed. 6. It is yet lefs demonftrable, that the 
 Bifhops of Rome had titles of honour fuperior to 
 other Bifhops, or a right to controul the condudt 
 of other churches -f . 
 
 Se6t. 7. In the third century the Bifhops exalted 
 themfelves highly above other paftors, and drew 
 many dangerous confequences from the dodrine of 
 one church. Some Bifhops even claimed a fupe- 
 riority to others -, but they were at the fame time 
 very jealous of each other, and the do6lrine of the 
 equality of Bifhops admitted of no fuperiority. 
 They confidered the Bifhop oi Rome as one of their 
 brethren, and were offended at Stephen for pretend- 
 ing to prefcribe laws to them \ tho' they willingly 
 allowed the Roman church to be one of the prm- 
 cipal. 
 
 Sedl. 8. It is therefore impolTible that the other 
 Bifhops fhould acknov/ledge him for their judge. 
 Advice given in friendfhip and confidence implies 
 no jurifdidion. It is admitted, however, that in 
 the third century a more immediate foundation 
 was laid for the flruclure raifed in the following, at 
 
 * See Irenaus Ad'verf, H^ref. and Wakh\ Hijlor, Ecclef. 
 and fee chap. i. feci. 2. fedl: 5, and feci. 8. 
 
 t Concerning the names of Papa, EpiJ'copus epijccporum and 
 Fontifex Maximus faid to have been given by Jujiin Martyr 
 and 'Tertullian to the Biihop of Rcme, See Wak-b's Hiji, Ec- 
 
 thq 
 
42 History?/' /i&^ Popes. 
 
 the council o^ Nice. On the other hand, the de- 
 crees of Sinnejfa being fpurious, prove nothing. 
 
 Sedt. 9. But that neither the Bifhops of Rome 
 pretended to be infallible, nor others, thought them 
 ib, is the more clear and demonilrable. They 
 themfelves gave proofs of the contrary, both by 
 their example and by the llrefs they laid on coun^ 
 cils. 
 
 Sed. 10. The church of Rome confifled at firft 
 of teachers and hearers. The firft were cither El- 
 ders or Deacons-, but to fuch a number were 
 their offices encreafed fo early in the third century, 
 that Cornelius mentions the following ecclefiaftical 
 perfons, forty-fix prefbyters, feven Deacons, fcven 
 Sub^deacons, forty-two acolites, fifty-two exor- 
 cifls, readers and door-keepers, and above fifteen 
 hundred widows and poor, who were maintained 
 by the congregations. In the moft important con- 
 cerns, the afient of the people was required, and 
 the ufual circular letters were fent to them *. 
 
 Sed. II. The Bilhop ufually obtained his of- 
 fice by eledion, in which the laity alio voted. The 
 impofition of hands in later times was performed 
 by foreign Bifhops, oi whom fome attended on 
 that occafion. 
 
 Sed. 12. So that hitherto we fee nothing of the 
 dignity, office and privileges of Cardinals. The 
 diftreiles of the church did not allow Chrifbians a 
 building of their own, even for their religious af- 
 fembiies ; much lefs could they enable the Bifhop 
 of Rome to live in fplendor and keep a court. He 
 was no more than a fubjed to his Emperor. They 
 held their office during life, except only in cafe of 
 baniihment. 
 
 * See Corm/iush letter to Fal^ius Eifliop of Aniioch^ in Conjlant, 
 Epipl. Pontifc, 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ 43 3 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome, 
 
 From Conjlantine the Great to the 
 Emperor Phocas. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of Rome. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of Rome of the 
 fourth Century. 
 
 Seft. I. A FT ER the demife of MarcelUnus, a 
 £\^ very long vacancy intervened before 
 the eleftion of Marcel lus I. whom fome old writers 
 pafs over without reafon. He is commended tor his 
 zeal in thefupportof church-difcipline, which how- 
 ever drew upon him much trouble, and even blood- 
 ihei It is very probable, that he fufFered much 
 
 under 
 
'44 H I S T O R T 5/" ^^^ P P E s. 
 
 under the Emperor Maxentius. But the particu- 
 lars of that, and of his death, are very dubious : 
 And the accounts of the parifhes and churches he 
 310. founded entirely groundlefs. The decretal con- 
 cerning children confecrated by their parents to 
 the monaftick life, contains fome things, of which 
 M^^Tcellus could have no knowledge. 
 
 Seft. 2. The account we have o^ Eufehius is 
 highly probable, that he was banifhed to &^/y after 
 a very jfhort adminiftration by the artifices of one 
 Heraclins a. declared enemy of church-difciplinc. 
 But it is not fo clear, that he baptized another 
 Eufcbius^ afterwards very famous as Bilhop of Ver- 
 cdli ; that under him the holy crofs was found ; 
 and that the feitival of the invention of the crofs 
 was therefore inflicuted by him in a fpecial 
 decretal, which we find in Graiian. He is like- 
 wife falfly faid to have iflued four ordinances 
 againft double promifes of marriage •, againft the 
 filk veftments ufed in reading mafs ; of breaking 
 fads, and againft the gluttony of Bifhops *. 
 
 Std:, 3. The fee was vacant nine months. 
 Melchiades^ by fome called MiltiadeSy was chofen. 
 He is faid to have been an African, Under him 
 the emperor Conjiantine declared himfelf a Chrif- 
 tian, to the immediate benefit of the church of 
 Rome^ for two edicts reftored to them their places 
 of worfhip and common eff^eds, of which they 
 had been difpofiTefled under the perfecution of 
 Maxentius. It is going too far to add, that Con- 
 jiantine refigned to the Bifhop the imperial palace 
 of the hateran., and fettled on him a princely re^ 
 venue ; but this is certain, that Conjiantine impow- 
 ered Melchiades, together with other Bilhops of 
 
 * The mofl authentic piece relating to him is an ancient 
 poem firft made knovvn in Baronius^s AnnaU Ecclef, and by 
 miftake interpreted of a later Eujebius, 
 
 Gaul 
 
HisTOKV of the FoF BS, 4^ 
 
 Gaul and Italy, tD examine the complaints of the 
 Donatijls againft Cecilian Bifhop of Carthage. They 
 held accordingly a council at Rome, acquitted Ce- 
 cilian of the charge brought againft him, and paf- 
 fed fuch decrees as tended to reflore peace to the 
 church ; but did not fatisfy the Donatijls, who 
 carried their malice fo far as falfly to accufe Mel- 
 chiades himfelf of that bafenefs and guilt which 
 gave name to the "Traditores. Of the two decre- 
 tals, moft falfly attributed to him, againft fafting 
 on Ihurfdays and Sundays, and on the confecrated 
 facramental bread; the latter, becaufe the word 
 leaven occurred in it, has occafioned many learned 
 but neediefs difputes. Melchiades died a natural oi^; 
 death. 
 
 Sed. 4. The hiftory of the following Bifhop 
 Sihejler I. is enveloped in fo many fabulous rela- 
 tions, that it is difficult to difmtangle the truth 
 from falfhood. Soon after his eledion, the em- 
 peror Conftantine the Great ordered a council to 
 meet at Arks on the fubjedl of the Donatijls, at 
 which indeed affifted four deputies from Pope Sil- 
 vejler, but they did not prefide. Sihejler, like 
 other ablent Bilhops, received two letters from the 
 fathers of the council, in which they acquainted 
 him with their refolutions, but without defiring 
 any confirmation from him. When the Ari an he- 
 refy broke out, it was condemned by Alexander 
 Bifhop of Alexandria, in a council held there ; 
 And an account of their proceedings fent in cir- 
 cular letters to the other Bilhops. One of thefe 
 letters was brought to Rome. Thofe who believe 
 the fabulous account, that the emperor Conjlan- 
 tine was baptized by Bifhop Sihejler, add another 
 to it, which is ftill more infupportable, that the 
 fame emperor in a formal inftrument transferred 
 to the BiPaop oi Rome, the ponbiuon of all Italy^ 
 
 aiiti 
 
 319* 
 
-5 H I s T o R Y o/" /^^ 1^0 p E s: 
 
 and the fupreme authority over the city of Rome, 
 It is impoffible either to prove the ftory, or to 
 vindicate the letters patent •, for the author was 
 bad enough, but wanted parts to carry on the im- 
 poflure. The council of Nice was the moft im- 
 portant event, which happened under this Bifhop* 
 It is falfe, ihzt Sih eft er had any (hare in convok- 
 ing this large afTcmbly •, or that Ho/Ius Bifhop of 
 Corduba^ aded as his plenipotentiary, and prefided 
 in his name. On the other hand it is true, that 
 two other ecclefiafticks, Vitus and Vincentius were 
 fent thither by the Bilhop of Rome^ that the hier- 
 archy was there fettled, and the Bifhop of Rome 
 inverted with the primacy over thofe churches, 
 which in civil matters were fubjedl to the jurif- 
 didlion of the vicarius urhis. Whatever conftruc- 
 tion be put on this famous decree -, yet this con- 
 fequcnce is fairly deducible from it, that no fpiri- 
 tual monarchy, nor weftern patriarchate was in- 
 tended to be introduced. Silvejier died, after hold- 
 ing his office longer than any of his predecefTors. 
 3^5. It muft be further added of him, that being by 
 fome evil-minded perfons accufed of a crime, not 
 named, he acknowledged the emperor Conjlantine 
 as his judge. But all thatis faid of his letters to 
 the clergy of Gaiil^ of two councils held under 
 him, and the decrees of the firil, of the epiflolary 
 correfpondence betwixt him zudxhtNicene fathers-, 
 of his difpute with the Jews; of fome decretals of 
 his, fuch as that altars fhould be built of ftone^ 
 muft be pinced among fii5litious accounts. It is 
 through ignorance, that the painters firft put a 
 triple crown on his head *. 
 
 Sea. 5. 
 
 * The letters of the council at Aries, we find in Conftant and 
 all the other writings faKIy attributed to Bilhop Sihcjier. The 
 ©pinion that Sihejhr baptized the Emperor Ccnjtantine is full/ 
 
 refuted 
 
33!> 
 
 il I S T o P.Y of the T O V "E 9. 47 
 
 Se6l. 5. This famous Bifhop was fucceeded by 
 Marcus, of whom we have no certain accounts. 
 What Anajiafms relates of the Bilhop of OJlia ia 
 his time, is no novelty, and in fome refpeds de- 
 monftrably falfe. Some wrong him in fathering 
 on him a letter to the Chriftians o^ Egypt, which 
 is a manifeft forgery. He died in the year of his 0^5^ 
 eledion. 
 
 Sedl. 6. Julius I. was brought into no fmall 
 perplexities on account of Athanafius Bifhop of 
 Alexandria, whom the Arians had forced to fly. 
 It was agreed on both fides, that thefe animofities 
 fhould be confidered in a council at Rome, Atha- 
 nafius appeared, but not his adverfaries. It is 
 
 refuted by ?agi critic, in Annal. Barm. Papebroch. A61, SanB. 
 Alexander Hijior, Ecclef. Boris Tom. IV. oper. and Mamachi 
 Origifi. Chrijiian. Tom. IJ. Tenzel in his Exercit. SeleSI. See 
 alfo Fahricius in luce Salutar. E'vajigel. The many writers on 
 the donation of Conjiantiney which is hardly defenfible now, 
 are ennumerated in Fabricius's Biblioth. Grac. and Vogt, 
 in Hijior. Literar. Conjiant. The remark which the late 
 Mr. Mojheim made on another occafion Inflitut. Hiftor, 
 Ecclef. p. 298. is both new and folid. See alfo IValchh HiJlor, 
 Ecclef. and among the more ;nodern papifts AJ/emann's Hifior, 
 Ital. Scriptor. As all hillorians of the council of Nice have 
 touched on the article here in queftion, it is neceffary to be 
 acquainted with them, tho' it mu(l be owned, that we have 
 i^ot yet a full and true account of this important tranfa6lion. 
 Next to Schmid. in Introd. Sagettar. in Hifior. Ecclef. Fahri- 
 cius has given us the fuJIeft account of it in his Biblioth. Grac, 
 Vol. XL Of the fable, that Bifhop 7/?/z/^j was prefident of 
 this council, fee Ittig^. Hiftor, Concil. Nic^eJii, and others men- 
 tioned in Wakh\ Hifior. Ecclef. The fixth canon of the faid 
 council gave occaiion to the famous controverfy de Ecckfus 
 Suburbicariis. The many writings relating to this fubject may 
 be feen in Schmid, ibid, and Fabricins's Lux. Salut. where no- 
 tice is taken of the late D. Korthoit\ Dijj] de Ecclef. Suburbia 
 eariis< To thefe may be added Heifirich. Fkr!:t Efpanna Sagra- 
 da. There are two ads extant of this Biiliop, both which 
 are very fufpicious. One of them may, be feen in Menolog^ 
 Gr^ec. and the other in Comh-ffens Biblioth. Concionat. Domi- 
 nic, alfo in Tiikm-jnty Cciller, and ij. Jofepiys Biblioth. Crlt, 
 
 ialfc 
 
'48 H I S T R Y 5/* ^^^ P O P E §; 
 
 falfe that Julius wrote in fo imperious a manner 
 to the Eaftern Bifhops, as fome ancient writers 
 pretend. On the contrary, he had the mortifica- 
 tion to receive from them a letter full ot dil'agree- 
 able truths. The general zeal for Athanqjius pro- 
 ducing no good effedl, by Julius's advice the em- 
 
 244. peror convened the famous council of Sardica, 
 which however was not general, as is pretended. 
 The letter in which the fathers ftile the Bilhop 
 of Rome the head, is fpurious. Hojius indeed was 
 prefident, but not the Pope's reprefentative. It 
 is very much difputed, whether a right of appeal 
 was granted to the Bifhop of Rome ; at leaft, it is 
 certain, that it was neither unlimited, nor acknow- 
 ledged valid. It is likewife groundlefs, that he 
 was for fome time in exile. It is pretty certain 
 
 352. that he died a natural death. Of his writings, 
 the only genuine are the two letters to lYit Eufebians 
 and the church of Alexandria. There vv^ere more 
 formerly which were forged by hereticks. The 
 ten decretals attributed to him by Gratian are all 
 modern, as appears particularly in thofe relating 
 to marriages. Nor is there any foundation in the 
 tradition, that he palled a law exempting the 
 clergy from the civil judicature *. 
 
 Sedl. 7. Next follows LiberiuSy one of the moft 
 
 * The moft authentic pieces of him are his genuine letters 
 in Conjlant. But to thefe may be added all the monuments 
 exifling of the proceedings oi Athanofius and his opponents^ 
 as alfo all the hiftories of this great man, as well z.%oi Arius. 
 Of- the council at Sardica, and its famous foarth canon, be- 
 fides the records in Hardcnius. concil. See Richer hiftcr. cone, 
 general. Marca de co72cord. facerd. ^ ir?;per. Dupin de antiq. 
 Ecckf. Difcipl. Blondcl de primat. Gtddes\ Mifcellaneous Traffs, 
 BudeFus Ifagog. in itni'v. T heol. Ca've hiftor. literar. and parti- 
 cularly Manfi in fuppL concil, Tom. I. where he fhews in a 
 particular differtatlon, that the council was not held in the 
 >ycar 347, but in 344, and redlifics the hiHory of it from three 
 ietteri iirll publiihcd by Majei. 
 
 remark- 
 
tlisT our of the Popes. 49 
 
 remarkable Bifhops o( Rome^ who was chofen 
 almoft againft his will, at a time when the 
 Semi-Arians^ countenanced and protedled by the 
 emperor Conjiantius^ had the afcendant. They 
 ufed great endeavours to gain over LiheriuSy 
 whether they had any immediate fuccefs, as 
 many believe, cannot be proved, becaufe the 
 queftion concerning the exad date of the letter, 
 which Liberius fent to Athanafius citing him to 
 appear and anfwer at Rome \ and another to the 
 Eufehiam^ in which he excommunicates Athana- 
 fius from his church, cannot be fully cleared 
 up. It feems to me more probable, that Lihe- 
 rius aded the upright part at firft, and highly 
 difapproved of the indifcretion of his deputies 
 at the council o^ Aries (of whom Vincentius Bifhop 
 of Capua was the principal) in fubfcribing to 
 the formal condemnation o'i Athanafius, Libe- 
 rius prelTed the emperor Conflantius to call ano- 
 ther council. It was held at MilaUy but with 355' 
 no better fuccefs. Tho' moft of the Weftern 
 Bifhops had a fhare in the unjuft judgment paf- 
 fed on Athanafius^ yet he remained firm ; which 
 provoked the emperor Conflantius to order him 
 to be fent a prifoner to Alilan. The queftions 
 and anfwers in the conference occafioned thereby 
 tire flill extant : And they not only do great 
 honour to Liberius for his unlhaken attachment 
 to the truth, but very plainly fhow, that this 
 Bifhop did not deny the Emperor's right in 
 church matters. It terminated in a fevere fen- 
 tence, depofing Liberius from his ofnce, and 
 banifliing him to Bcerea i^ Thrace, The Em- 
 peror proceeded farther, and caufed Felix ^ a 
 deacon at Rome^ to be confecrated Bifhop. We 
 Tnuft either approve of this iniquitous expulfion 
 of LiberiuSy or we muft, with the whole church 
 
 E oif 
 
§o History of fbe F OPES. 
 
 o^ Rome at that time, look upon this man as an 
 unlawful Anti-pope, and refufe thofe honours 
 which are paid him by the modern church of 
 Rome, which not only numbers him among the 
 lawful Popes, but has alio canonifed him : 
 whereas there is the greateft probability that he 
 was a friend of the Semi-Arians : And it is cer- 
 tain that he was guilty of perjury. The firft 
 hope given to Liberhis of his reftoration was the 
 folemn petition prefented to the Emperor in his 
 behalf by the principal ladies of Rome, But a 
 year lapfed before it was accompliPned ; and 
 
 35^* not till LiberhiSy by a deplorable, but an unde- 
 niable fall, had, in feveral letters, which, to 
 his infamy have been tranfmitted to pofterity, 
 doled with the Semi- Avians,, approved of the de- 
 pofition of honed Athanafius,, and fubfcribed to 
 the confelTion of faith, drawn up by the court- 
 party in the third council at Sirmifch, Felix 
 now was ejected, and fpent the remainder of his 
 
 3^5* life in retirement : But th^t Liberi us prefented 
 Felix and his friends with lire and fword is hard- 
 ly credible. Hovv^ever, this apoftacy of the 
 BiQiop o^ Rome had this melancholy confequence, 
 ■ that moft of the Italian BiPnops follov/ed his 
 fcandalous example: And Ariani[m was rendered 
 the prevailing doctrine by the council at Rimini. 
 Some charge L/i^m^ J with having alfo fubfcribed 
 ' lilt Riinini conleillon of faith ; but this is not 
 cvidt;nt; on the contrary, it appears that Z/i*^- 
 n/^j's fentiments took a turn ; and by his re- 
 pentance he acquired t;;e refpc(5l paid to his me- 
 
 '2^5.. mory by the muil zealous dodors of the church. 
 He is faid to have built at Rome that church 
 which is now called Marin Maggiore *. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * Cop.fatjt has cr.refully colletied the authorities belong- 
 ing to this phicc j and as they are molt of them Lihrius^ 
 
 own 
 
HisToiiYg/'/i&^ Popes. 51 
 
 Sedl. 8. Thedivifions in the church of Rome^ 
 even after the death of Li krius^ were fuch as to 
 occafion a double election. One party chofe Da- 
 ma/us, by fome erroneoufly thought to be a na- 
 tive of Spain, the other Urjinus or Urficiniis ; and 
 both parties were fo exafperated againft each 
 other as to break out twi^ce into open tumults^ 
 in which many lives were loft, and the churches 
 
 own writings, we think ourfelves obliged to fpecify them, 
 and in Co;^^2^/'s order, ^iz. (i) A letter from Liheriwi to 
 Hoftm. (2) Part of a letter of his to decilian Bifliop of 
 Spoletto. (3) His letter to ^/./^^/«j Bifhop of ^(^rc^LV. (4) 
 His letter to tYio. emperor Conjiantius. (5 and 6) Two 
 others to Eufebha. {7) One to the three eje<5led Bifhops, 
 Eujebiusy Dionyjiusy and Lucifer. (8) An addrefs to Eiifebins 
 the Emperor's miniller. (9) The conference betwixt the 
 Emperor and Bifhop Z,z($fr///s (hitherto Liberius's writings do 
 him honour.) The following are the records of his fall. 
 (10) A letter to the Eaftern Arians. (11) A letter to Ur~ 
 facius, Valerius and Germiniusy three Court-bifhops. (12) 
 Another to Vinceatius Bifhop of Capua. After his fecond 
 change were written, (13J a letter to the orthodox Bifliops 
 in Italy. ( 14) A letter from the deputies at the fynod olLamp^ 
 Jacus 10 Liberius. (i^) Llberlus's anfwer. The two lall pieces 
 belong to the hillory of the Macedojjian herefy. There were 
 befides thefe many more fuch letters, nov/ loll. In the 
 appendix Couftant has added, (i) Libtrius\ letter to Atha- 
 najtus. (2) Another, and (3) Athanajim\ anfwer to the 
 lail; the genuinnefs of which however is Hill difputed« 
 Several decretals alfo are given to Liberrusy but they are la- 
 ter. Concerning Liberius himfelf and his fall, fee befides 
 the above-mentioned writers of the Arian hillory, Tillemo^ty 
 Alexander s Hijior. cede/. Dupin de antiq. ecckf. dijciplin. Pla- 
 cette Obfer'vat. B'jhr. ecckf. Larrcquanus diff. dc Liberid 
 pcntifce Romano, Cane, Fabricius Blblicth. Lat, med. i^ in- 
 Jitn. fptat, lValch\ Hiflor. ecckf. Ceiller, Can^alcanti n;indic. 
 porJif and the celebrated diifertation of 71/. 2\lanfi concern- 
 ing the chronology of the council at Sirn:is. The Anti- 
 pope Felix, havir.g been Cvinonized by Pope Gregory Xllf. 
 in the year 1582, is by modern hiftorians placed among 
 the Popes by the name of Felix U. Bayomus wrote a wholel 
 book concerning him, but which for certain reafons was 
 never publiflied. 
 
 E 2 of 
 
5? H I s T o R y ^/^ //&^ P O P E s. 
 
 of Rome became fcenes of murder -, nor would 
 tranquillity have been reftored for feme years 
 had not Damafus^ who always maintained the 
 fuperiority, been made eafy by the further re- 
 moval of Urfinus. Allowing Damafus to have 
 been innocent of the charge of adultery, from 
 which th*^ emperor Gratian cleared him, yet his 
 whole condudt is by no means defenfible. A 
 Pagan hiftorian of great integrity took occa- 
 fion trom tranfaclions of this kind, to write a 
 very remarkable account of the morals and lives 
 of the Bifhops of Rome^ which certainly does 
 them little honour. We fhould be difpofed to 
 queftion his veracity, if other proofs, and even 
 ti^.e imperial laws did not force our afTent to 
 what he has delivered. This accounts in the 
 moft probable way for the indecent zeal with 
 which two Chriftian priefts contended for the 
 3^6. epifcopacy of Rome. The mod remarkable 
 event under Damafus relating to this hiftory was 
 the edid, by which the emperor Valentinian im» 
 powered the Bifhop of Rome to judge other 
 Bifhops, and determine ecclefiaftical difputes. 
 But this could not be meant to extend all over 
 Chriflendom. Damafus v^as zealous for extin- 
 guifhing the Arian^ Apollinarian and Macedonian 
 herefifs ; but no othervvile than by councils of 
 Billiops. The fchiim occafioned at Antioch by 
 Melettus and Paulmus produced fome letters be- 
 twixt Bc'fil Bifnop o^ Cefarea and Damafus^ little 
 to the credit of the latter-, but much to the ad- 
 vantage of the truth. Damafus^ in a council 
 at liome^ gave an inllance of his fallibility, de- 
 claring the orthodoxy of J/italts^ a friend and 
 partifan of ApoUbiaris. Gratian^ at the im- 
 prudent rtqucit of the Biiliops of Italy^ was 
 over-perfuadcd to publifn an edid, very advan- 
 
 /:? 
 
 tageous 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ Z/^^* P O P E s. 53 
 
 tageous indeed to the Bifliop of Rome^ but yet 
 not very injurious to the rights of the civil 
 power. On the other hand the decrees of the 
 general council at Conftantinople^ which was not 
 called by Damafus^ but by the emperor Thecdo- r.^2. 
 f,us II. are of fuch a nature as not to be ap> 
 proved by the adorers of the Papacy, tho* fome 
 eminent Popes have thought lie to aflent to 
 them. In the fame council the profligate Maxi- 
 mus^ who had fought forcibly to intrude into 
 the See of Conjiantimple^ was judiy condemned ; 
 and Flavian was inadvertently, but legally, 
 chofen Biiliop of Antioch. 'Damafus and his 
 party committed a great error in a council at 
 Rome, in excluding Flavian from their commu- 
 nion. It is worth notice, that Bamafus was i\\z 
 firft who appointed foreign Biihops his Vicars. 
 He died in the 8oth year of his age. He was 
 a celebrated writer. Of all the decretals attri- 384. 
 buted to him in the ancient accounts of his 
 life and by Gratian^ not one is true *. 
 
 * Befides the colledions of councils and the imperial 
 laws, which fee in the fixteenth book ; and likewife in the 
 appendix to the 'Iheodofian code, and in St. JerG7n\ works ; 
 we have the following authorities : All Dama/m''^ works, 
 as collected by Frederick Ubaldini, and iliultratcd with 
 notes by Sara^anius^ To theie belong fourteen letters, 
 fome of" which are doubtful; fome falfe decrees, and 
 forty Latin pieces of poetry, which Maittaire has aifo 
 given us in Corp. poet. The colleclion of pieces by Peter 
 Coujlant in Epijlol. font if Marcellini and Faujii>n libcllus 
 precum^ which remarkable piece may be fee n in o*V/.vc//7's 
 oper. The remarkable paiiage of Ar/uniar.i'.s Mar-cUimis., 
 Lib. XXV'il. Cap. 5. Beiides thefe oiher wntinoi rjre 
 attributed to Damn/us, fome of which are gcruiincv but 
 have been loll, and others arc forged. To the la'l c\:S'. 
 belongs the Poniificalis mentioned in t!ie preliminary dif- 
 courfe, Se6t. 29. See Fakriai'.s\ Bihli:tb. I. at, Pied I3' /«- 
 
 E 5 Sctft. 
 
|4 His TORY 5,^/^^ Pop ^s. 
 
 Sedl. 9. He was fucceeded by Siricius^ a i^^- 
 man. All we know of him refts on the letters 
 and other records we have of his. Among 
 thefe his letter to Himerius Bilhop of 'Turacona is 
 the mofl: important, as containing the mod an- 
 cient mandates fent by a Pope to other churches 
 to be received as ecclefiaftical laws. He very 
 warmly oppofed the Prifcillanijls^ the Bonatifts^ 
 and Jovinians. He had no pre-eminence at the 
 council of Capua. It is certain that Flavian 
 Bifhop of Antioch refufed to acknowledge his 
 fupremacy ; and Siricius^ in an interefting letter 
 to the Macedonian Bifhops, himfelf helps to 
 prove the contrary. It has been his misfortune 
 J98. fince his death to fall under the difpleafure of 
 cardinal Baronius to that degree, that he has 
 flruck him out of his catalogue of the Romijh 
 faints *. 
 
 * Coujiant delivers the pieces concerning him in the fol- 
 lowing order, (i) The famous letter to Hifnerhis. (2) 
 The emperor Falentinians ratification of his eledion. (3) 
 letter of Maximus the anti-emperor to SHcius. (4) Sin- 
 dui's letter to Anyfius Bifhop of ThpJJaLnica. (5) His letter 
 to the Bifhops oi Africa; but the authority of this is not 
 entirely free from fulpicion, concerning which fee ^uefml 
 djf. i^. in Leo?i..M. (6) Another letter to fome anony- 
 jTJOUs Bifhops (7) Another againft Jo'vinian. (8) Anfwer 
 from Ambrofiiis and others. (9) Siricius\ remarkable letter 
 relating to the heretic Bono/us. (10) The djfputable decrees 
 of an uncertain council o^ Rome, Thefe are fucceeded by 
 an account of his works and decretals either loll or fifti- 
 tipus. < 
 
 SEC T. 
 
HisTORY^/'/i'^ Popes. ^^ 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Of the Hlitory of the Popes of Rome of the 
 fifth Century. 
 
 Sed. I. \ FTER an interval not yet fufE- o^s, 
 
 £\, ciently afcertained, Sirtcius was 
 fucceeded by Anaftafais I. All we know of him 
 is, that he fuffered himfelf to be fo far milled by 
 Tbeophihis Bifhop of Alexandria and St. Jerom^ as 
 to condemn the great Origen, and to exclude 
 Rujinus from his communion. Yet are tliere 
 fufficient proofs that the latter was not aflcdted 
 by this acl of prerogative. He die-d *. ^02. 
 
 'SitO^. 2. Jnyiocent I. was one of the firft Bifhops 
 of Rome^ who every way tried to extend their 
 dominion over other bifnops, and heighten their 
 authority in the church. The firil: opportu- 
 nity he had arofe from the violent commotions 
 in the eaft, on account of the celebrated Cbry- 
 foftom. It is falfethat Chryfojhm addrefil-d him- 
 felf to Innocent^ as a judge. On the contrary, 
 the latter proceeding very cautioufly, till at laft 
 he openly declared for the above-mentioned 
 Bifhop of Ccnftantinople -, interceeded for him 
 with the emperor HonoriuS', and through him 
 with his brother Arcadius^ and even after his 
 death flrenuoufly foiiicired the Bifhops his ad-^ 
 verfaries to reftore the name of that great pre- 
 
 * Befides fome paflages of St. Jerom\ works, ff^e the 
 records inferted by Coufiant. Epifi. pmt. which are Rufhnu-'i 
 apology, and j^naJlpfMi''i letter to John Bilhop of J'^-riiJa- 
 lem. Some others are loft. The decretal aiirlbuied to 
 him, that the Prefbyters are to indins their bodies at hear- 
 ing the gofpcl read is not his. 
 
 E 4 ktC 
 
|6 H I S T O R Y ^ /^^ JP O P E S. 
 
 late in the dyptichs. But that he excommu- 
 nicated Arcadius and his confort Eudoxia is 
 groLindlefs. Alaric king of the Goths approached 
 Rome with his vidorious army, and forced it by 
 famine to furrender. Innocent was then obliged 
 to go as a deputy from Rome to Ravenna^ in or- 
 der to induce Honorius to a peace^ But failing 
 offuccefs, Rome was plundered in the abfence 
 oi Innocent. The ciiarge that Innocent dAXo^Ntd 
 the Pagans to facrifice to their deities, is at 
 Jeaft uncertain. He was a very laborious writer, 
 butwith many new and erroneous do6lrines relat- 
 ing to the fuperiority by divine right, of thofe 
 Sees which werefaid to be founded by St. Peter \ 
 to the fubordination of all the weftern churches 
 to the See of Rome^ the authority of the rites 
 and ufages of the church of Rome ; againft the 
 marriage of priefls and the hke. His (lyle is 
 every where imperious, even towards Bifhops, 
 and has ferved as a model to fucceeding Popes. 
 Towards the latter part of his life, he had the 
 fatisfadlion of receiving an addrefs from the 
 
 ^^^' Bifbops of Africa^ defiring his confirmation 
 of their decrees againft the Pelagians^ with 
 which he complied, and this was one of his laft 
 
 417* public adts *. Sedl. 
 
 ^ Among the great number of Inncnent^s letters, which 
 alfo contain his decrees, fo highly refpedled in the church 
 of P.c^ne, the moil important and remarkable are, as placed 
 hy Coujlanl \ (i) the lecond to Vitncius on feveral points 
 relating to church ceremonies and difcjpline. (2) The third 
 to an a(lembl)> of the Spanp Billiops at ^o!(do, of like 
 contents. (3) The fixth to Exuperhmsy Bifnop of Touiouje^ 
 .relating to ch\irch-diicipline. (^) The 13th to Rufus 
 Bifnop of TheJJaiorJca, in which he appoints him his vicar. 
 
 (5) The 17th to the Bifiiops of MacuLniay containing fe- 
 veral regulations on marriage, baptifm and ordination, but 
 pr which the very reverie now obtains in t\\€. RomJj}:> church. 
 
 (6) The z^xh. to Jlexar.der- Biihop o^ Anticch concerning 
 the rank of Bifiiops. (7) The 25th to De^cntius BiO-op of 
 
 Qicbbio^ 
 
History ^ /^^ Popes. ^7 
 
 Sect. 3. When Zofimus was elecled Bifhop, 
 the church was greatly difturbed by the errors 
 which Pelagius and his difciple Celejlius had pro- 
 pagated even in Rome •, both had been condemn- 
 ed by the Bifhops in Africa, but Cf/i?/?z^j attached 
 himfelf to Zofimus^ who not only took him un- 
 der his prote61:ion, and approved of the erro- 
 neous confellion of faith delivered to him, but 
 alfo v/rote a warm letter cenfuring the pro- 
 ceedings of the Africans, and particularly ex- 
 communicated Heres Bifiiop o^ Arles^ and Laza- 
 rus Bifhop oiAix^ whofe zeal for the truth had 
 expofed them to fevere perfecution. But the 
 Africans far from being intimidated, ratified 
 their decrees again ft the Pelagians, in a new 
 council : And when even the emperor Hcncritis 
 did the fame, Zofimus thought it advifable to 
 comply, and to caufe Felagiiis'% doftrine to be . jg 
 condemned in a council at R.ome. Herein he 
 met with great oppofit.on from fome Bifhops, 
 who afterwards fhewed themfelves Semi-Pela^ 1 
 
 gians. But by force, excommunication and ex- 
 puifion, he compafTed his ends. Afterwards he 
 interfered in the metropolitan difpute then arifen 
 in Gaul betwixt the BUliops ot Aries and Vienue. 
 He patronized the unjuft caufe of Patroclus 
 Bifhop of ^r/^j -, and the other Bifhops oVf ranee 
 being unwilling to acknowledge his juriidiction, 
 he excommunicated Proculus Biibop iy^ M-ir-^ 
 feilles^ which indeed occafioncd great diiiur- 
 
 Guhbh, relating to church- afrairs. (8) The 56th concern- 
 ing a particular cafe ot marriage. (9; The next leltting 
 to the coniecratlon of priells. (10) rhe next againlt tiu- 
 marriage of priells. Other auiheoiic pieces are tiie epiii«,.- 
 lary correfpondence of In-nocerJ with CLryJajhn:^ with tlie 
 above-mentioned ^/^A-^W^-r Si'ixix Augujune^ and (:x\\k'x Afri- 
 can Bilhops. See alfo in CouJ'ia\rs Ad^rndic. thofe which are 
 ipunpus. 
 
 bances. 
 
5*8 History of t&e Popes. 
 
 bances, but did not anlwer his end. The pride 
 and arrogance diffufed throughout his writings, 
 occafioned bitter complaints from other Chrif- 
 tian paftors. A little before his death Apiariiis^ 
 of whofe tranfaclions more will appear in the 
 fequel, appealed to him. He died, and was 
 undefervedly canonifed *. 
 
 Se6t; 4. The death of Zofimus occafioned a 
 very remarkable fchifm in Rome. One party 
 chofe E'tlalius^ and the other Boniface^ fon of a 
 prieft, and a man of great merit. The empe- 
 ror Honorius was the arbitrator, and he having 
 impartially weighed the pride and wickednels of 
 Eulalius^ and Boniface* s moderation, the latter was 
 by the emperofs favour confirmed j and further, at 
 
 * Couftant has collefted the following letters of Zojimusy 
 his letter to the Bilhops of GW relating to the See of Aries ; 
 two letters to the Bifliops o^ Africa in favour of Cele/lius the 
 Pelagian i a circular letter againfl Urfus and Tuentius, two 
 Bifhops irregularly ordained -, three remarkable letters on the 
 affair of Proculus and Patrochis, a letter to Hejychius Biihop of 
 Salo?ta^ on ecclefiaftical patronage ; two letters on the cafe 
 of Proculusy another on that of Celejiius ; a letter to Ra~oenna 
 againft fome contumacious ecclefiaftics at Rome ; another 
 concerning the appeals of Bilhops to Rome ; a letter to 
 the Bilhops of Byzecene on the exemption of the clergy 
 from lay-jurifdiction The reft are either entirely loft, or 
 only fingle fragments remain. The Liber pontificalis attri- 
 butes to him three decrees, among which the moft remark- 
 able is againft drinking to the clergy in public. In the 
 hiftory of this celebrated Bifhop, the writers on the hiftory 
 of the Pelagian controverfy will be of great ufe. There 
 are fpecified by Budceus in his If agog, in Vnis. Theol. and to 
 them may be added IFalPs Hiftory of Infant Faptifm, and 
 Zofimus in Clemente XI. redi^oi^ous by Frikens. Of the tranf- 
 adiions in the Gallican church, fee befides the champions 
 for the liberties of that church. Pet. Saxe in Arelat. pontif. 
 Dupin. de antiqu. ecclef. difctpl. Marca concord. Jacerd. iff enzp, 
 the Hijl. liter, de la France Longue^val ktftoir. de t'EgUje Gal- 
 licane ; and Gallia chrifiian. Concerning Zofimus himfeif, 
 fee Tillemontf Ca-ve and Caller. 
 
 requefl 
 
History of the Popes. 59 
 
 the rto^ViQ^o{ Boniface, the emperor ifllied afalu- 
 tary ordinance for preventing the like diftur- 
 bances. Boniface was chiefly remarkable for his 
 zeal in maintaining the dignity of the See of 
 Rome^ on occafion of the difturbances arifen in 
 Illyrium-, and for his pacific candour in annulling 
 the unjuft decrees of his predeceflTor, relating to 
 the Bifhop o^ Aries. He left behind him the cha- 422. 
 radler of a worthy man *. 
 
 Sed:. 5. Celeftinus I. who fucceeded him, en- 
 deavoured to follow the example of his prede- 
 cefTor. He was firft imbroiled with the African 
 Bifhops, who would not allow of any appeal 
 to the church o\ Ko?ne, as fupreme judge in the 
 ecclefiaflical matters of their province. Thefe 
 confufions, which had been occafioned by An- 
 tony Billiop of Fujfala^ were foon appeafed ; 
 but the affair of Apiarius^ a preityter of Sicca^ 
 which had taken rife fo long ago as under ZoJI- 
 mm, and had lain dormant undtr Bom/ace, now 
 broke out again, and raifed great attention. 
 This turbulent man, who had been depofed by 
 Urbanus his Bifhop, and preferred a complaint 
 to Rome, had been greaciy countenanced by 
 
 * See in Coujlant a rcprefentation from the clergy of RcjKe 
 to the emperor Honorius^ concerning the iegality" of Bo?d- 
 face's election ; letter from the African Bifhops to Boinjacey 
 concerning appeals ; Bonniface's letter to the Bifhops of 
 Caa/ concerning a vicious Biihop; the two letters vo Rufus 
 Bifnop of Thejjalonica, concerning the diaurbances in lily- 
 riu?n ; Bo7iifacez petition to the emperor for fupprelling all 
 irregular means of attaining the epilcopal dignity ; theein-r 
 peror Honorius^s anfwer ; letters betwixt the emperors Thio- 
 dojius and Hcnomis, concerning the right of the Rctnijh. 
 Bifhops in Illyrium ; letter from Boniface fent into fy/mre 
 againll the Bilhop of yjria. Three letters relating to the //- 
 tj7-zana.ffa.irs. Graiian ha.s preferved three decrecahs under 
 his name, which are fpurious. It is alfo a queition whe- 
 ther he forbad women in general to touch the altar-cloth, 
 to talk, and to burn incenfe in the church. 
 
6o H I S T O R Y o/* /i6^ P O P E s. 
 
 Zofimus. Tht African Bifhops being offended at 
 this, ZoJtmuSy to maintain his iniquitous caufe, 
 laid before them two ecclefiaftical laws, in the 
 lafl: of which appeals to Rome^ were permitted 
 and confirmed. Thefe he pretended were de- 
 crees of the council of Nice: Whereas it was 
 only at Sardica they had been made. Thus be- 
 traying either a very unbecoming ignorance, or 
 aftonilhing wickednefs. Nor was this all 5 he 
 fent deputies to Africa^ to inforce the obferva- 
 tion of thefe groundlefs decrees. The Bifhops 
 met in council at Carthage^ and the firft que- 
 Ition naturally was concerning the authenticity 
 of the pretended decrees of the council of Nice : 
 as thefe did not occur in their authentic manu- 
 fcripts, they ufed the prudence and caution of 
 writing to the Bifhops of Conftantinople and Alex- 
 andria^ who fent them copies exadily taken from 
 the original records which entirely correfponded 
 with their manufcripts. This confirmed them in 
 their refolves, and they adhered to the fentence 
 which they had pafTed on the guilty Apiarius, 
 He made a fecond application to Rome^ and 
 Celeftinus patronifed him, and ordered him to be 
 426. reflored in the prefence of his Legate Faufiinus. 
 The Africans hereupon convened a fecond coun- 
 cil, where, contrary to all expedlation, Apiarius 
 himfelf voluntarily acknowledged his guilt, and 
 thus became a very fignal evidence again fl the 
 infallibility of the Bifhop of Rome. The Bifhops 
 again confirmed Apiariush fentence, and ftridly 
 forbad appeals to Rome. Of all this they gave 
 an account to Cekjline^ defiring, that thence 
 forward he would fend no more Legates to 
 Africa^ to execute his pretended fovereign ce- 
 cifions. After this Celfimui was engaged in 
 fuppreffing fome abufes in GViij/, and extirpating 
 
History of the Vopes. 6t 
 
 the Pelagian herefy in Britain, Not long after 430. 
 the Nejlorian troubles broke out in the eaft, and 
 Celejiinus embarked in them at the inftigation of 
 Cyril 0^ Alexandria^ a vehement Anti- Nejlorian, 
 It is to be obferved, that Celefiine was not the 
 firft in condemning Nedorius -, that Cyril by his 
 letter does not acknowledge him as fupreme 
 judge ; that Cyril prefided in the council at 
 Ephefus^ but not as the Pope's vicar, and even 
 after the Pope's reprefentatives arrived, the 
 Bifliop of Jeru/alem pvcCided ; and that Theodo- ^^^' 
 fius had fummoned this council, without the 
 Pope's previous confent. Celejiinus^ for his 
 zeal againft Nejlorius^ which certainly few will 
 approve, was after his death clafled among the 
 faints *. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 * In Coujiant. Eptjiol. pontif. are the following pieces ; a 
 letter from St. Augujline to Celejiinus ^ concerning Antony ; 
 remarkable letter of the African Bifhops in Apiariui\ cafe ; 
 letter from Celejlitius to the Bifliops of lUyrium ; another to 
 thofe of Gaul ; another to thofe of Apulia and Calabria ; 
 two letters from Nejlorius to Celejiinus ; CyriPs letter and in- 
 Uruftions, with a fragment of a fpeech of Celejiinus againft 
 Nejlorius ; four letters of Celejiinus on the fame affair j letter 
 of Nejlorius to Celejiinus ; letter of Celejiinus tO St. Cyril ; 
 Celejiine's inftrudions to his reprefentatives at Ephefus ; his 
 letter to the Bilhops affembled there ; his letter to the em- 
 peror Iheodofius ; report of the council at Ephefus to Celejli- 
 nus ; remarkable letter of Celejlifius to the Bifhops of Gauly 
 with a colletSlion of feveral decrees of the Bifhops of Rome 
 on the dodrine of grace ; concerning which fee alfo Fabri- 
 cius Celrjimus\ letter to the council at Ephejits ; another to the 
 emperor Theodojlus ; another to Maximian Bifhop of Conftan- 
 tinople ; the like to the whole church of that city. There are 
 alfo fome dubious letters concerning the depofition of Bifhops ; 
 andfome mandates afcribed to him concerning the ufe of the 
 pfalms in religious worfhip ; concerning the lewdnefs of 
 the clergy with their female penitents, and two-fold vows ; 
 but none of thcie are his. Concernmg the commotions in 
 Africa are to be read, tho' with caution, to diflinguifh truth 
 
 iiom 
 
6z History of tbe V o V E s. 
 
 Scd:. 6. Under his fuccefTor, Sixfus III. the 
 feuds in the Eaft betwixt Jcbn Bifhop of Jn- 
 tioch and Cyril Bifhop of Alexandria were as ve- 
 hement as ever, ^ixtus did his utmoft to ex- 
 tinguilh the flame, but without effect. He ap- 
 pears from fome monuments to have firmly ad- 
 hered to the maxims of his predecefTor relating to 
 the church of Illyritim. He was a writer, and died 
 with the reputation of having for the fake of 
 truth, retra6led his former inclination to the 
 '^^^' dodlrine of Pelagius *. 
 
 Sect. 7. On the deceafe of Sixius, the choice 
 , fell on Leo., a native of Rome^ who hitherto had 
 been only a deacon ; but his memorable tranf- 
 adlions and eminent talents gained him the 
 furname of Great. He was at that time in Gauly 
 employed in Hate affairs by the imperial court. 
 
 from falHiood. Mm-c. Antcn. CappelH dijfert^ de Adpellu'. 
 tion. ecclej. Afric. ad Rem. fedtm. Chrijiian Lupus in di<vtno 
 
 ,ac immohili 8. Petri circa Jide Hum adpeilaiiones adferto pri' 
 iiilegio Dijf. n. Me Ic hi or Ley decker in hijlor. ecclef. Afric. 
 
 : Tom. II. Dupin de antiq. ecclef. difciplin. DiJ/. II. and others 
 who have written in general concerning the churches of 
 Africa. See alio thofe hiilorians, who have wrote of 'Ne- 
 
 fiorius and the council of Ephsjus^ and thefe may be known 
 from Fabricii bihlioth. Grrec. Schmid's introdu6l. Sagittar. 
 in hijior. ecclef. and Pfaff^s introd, in hijlor. Theol. literar. 
 Tillemont, Cave and Ceiller. 
 
 * Among the authentic writings of Sixius, Coufani in 
 Epijiol. Pontif. places two letters to Cyril ; another to the 
 fame ; another to John Bilhop of Antioch ; alfo to Perigenes 
 Bifhop of Ccrinth ; a letter to the council oi Thefalomca, 
 to Biflicp Proculus of Ccnftantinopky and to the Billiops of 
 lllyrium. It is juilly doubted whether he be the author 
 of the Bypognoficon in the tenth volume of St. Augujiir:e\ 
 ■ works, and of the three Pelagian v.ritings which are placed 
 under his name in the Bihlioth. max. patr. But the Gejia 
 de xyfti purgaiione i^ Polychronii HicrcfoUmitani epifcopi ad- 
 . cufntioTie, to be met with in Coujiant. adpendic. is unqueiti- 
 onably fpurious and intej-poiated. 
 
 It 
 
History of the T o^es. 63 
 
 It may be juftly faid, that he arofe from a po- 
 litician to the mitre, and brought with him the 
 fame difpofitions and maxims by which the 
 great carry on their ambitious defigns. Of this 445* 
 he gave a manifeft proof, not only in accepting 
 of the irregular appeal of Celedonius Bifhop of 
 BefanzoHy who had been depofed in a council 
 by the celebrated Hilarius Bifhop of Aries •, but 
 when Hilary ]\Ji^\y oppofed him, he pronounced 
 him to have forfeited his epifcopal dignity and 
 power : And, to authorife fo grofs a proceed- 
 ing, he furreptitioufly obtained an order from 
 the emperor Valentiman III. conferring on 
 the Bifhop of Rome abfolute power over the 
 churches of GauL He aggravated this by ne- 
 ver being reconciled to Hilary^ though imme- 
 diately alter his death, he fpoke highly in his 
 praife ; and the church of Rome places him 
 among her faints. On the other hand, Leo was 
 better grounded in his zeal againft the Mani- 
 chees^ who fecretly infefted Rome^ tho' it would 
 have been more to his honour to have had no 
 recourfe to the fecular arm. The Eutychiad he- 
 rely proved the fource of greater difturbances, 
 efpecially as Eutyches himfelt, after being con- 
 demned in the council at Conficintinople^ laid his ^^§, 
 complaints before Leo and other Biihops, and 
 the pacific propofals of the cinpQYor'TbeodoJIusll, 
 failed of fuccefs. This occafioned the calling 
 of the council at EphefuSy which, for its fan- 
 guinary ilfues, deferves to be branded with in- 
 famy. Hov/ever it was regularly convoked, and 
 though Leo had his deputies here, the Emperor 
 nominated Biofcurus Bifhop of Alexandria^ pre- 
 fident. Now Leo employed all his intereft with 
 Valentinian emperor of the Weft, for another 
 council, to rcdrcfs what he conceived to be 
 
 amifs ; 
 
64 H I S T O R Y 2/* ^^^ P O P E S. 
 
 amifs •, but had the mortification of being er- 
 communicated by Diofairus^ the head of the 
 oppofite party. But the death of the emperor 
 Theodofus^ and the accefTion of the princefs Pul- 
 cherin and her confort Marcianus to the throne, 
 gave a favourable turn to the affairs of L^^, as 
 he could now fecurely rely upon his interefl: in 
 the new Emperor and Emprefs. In fhort, a 
 fourth general council was held at Chalcedony 
 which condemned the docftrine of Eutyches^ and 
 confirmed the declaration relating to the doc- 
 trine of the perfon of Chrift. It is undeniable^ 
 that the Pope was treated with a diftinguifhed re- 
 fped by this council, and his Legates prefidcd y 
 but if we confider the matter only on the very 
 principles of Bifhop Leo, and v^ith a view to the 
 whole of what paffed, we fhall clearly difcern^that 
 this proceeded from other caufes than the pre- 
 tended fupremacy ; that neither the infallibility of 
 the Biihop o^ RomCy nor his pre-eminence over 
 councils, were thought of-, on the contrary, they 
 adhered to the ancient dod;rine of the equality 
 of primates. We have a full proof of this in 
 the famous canon of this council, declaring the 
 Bidiop of Ccnfiantinople to be next in place to 
 him ot R.Gme^ but equal in dignity, and plainly 
 aiTigr.ing to the former a larger extent ot eccle- 
 fiaftical jurirdiclion, which laid ample founda- 
 tion ror jealoufy betwixt thefe two prelates. It 
 is true, that the Popes Legates at the council 
 ftrenuoufiy oppofed this decree, and fo did Lea 
 himfeif, even after it had paft ; but the Em- 
 peror was not to be defeated in what he thought 
 concerned his honour, tho' the repulfe was 
 foftened by many fulfome and wretchedly mif- 
 placed complim.ents from that Prince and yi;^/^- 
 lius BiPnop of Coyifiantinopk. Not long after 
 
Hi S T ORY of the F OVES. 65 
 
 Rome v/as alarmed by Attila\ invafion of Italy. 
 But Leo averted the ftorm, being lent as ambaf- 
 fador from the Emperor to perfuade that Prince 452. 
 to. a peace, tho' upon motives merely natural, 
 not by the aiTiftance of the pretended miracle. 
 But all the eloquence of Leo could not reflfain 45j|« 
 Genferi king of the Vandah from giving up the 
 city o^ Rome to be pillaged by his foldiers. In 
 the difturbances raifed by y^Iurus againft the 
 council of C//^.to/^7/, Leo lliewed a noble zeal. 
 However tranquillity was reftored, and Leo died 
 with the charader of one of the mod celebrated 
 writers of his age. Pope Benedi^ XIV. has 4^1, 
 placed hirn among the doilors of the church*. 
 
 * The writings o^ Leo the Great are too numerous to 
 be here fpecified. Let it fuffice, that we refer the reader 
 in general to the whole colledion of his works, of which 
 the hundred and forty-one letters, publifiied by S>uernel^ 
 are of the greateft ufe to us ; efpecially as the fixteen 
 learned differtations which he has added to them fully 
 illullrate every thing that is worthy notice in the hiftory of 
 Leo. With thefe may be compared Fabncius in Biblioth^ 
 Lat. Med. Cff inf. a tat. Muratori in liturg. Rom. 'vet. has 
 publifhed a Saa-ament avium of Leo ; but its genuinenefs is 
 difputed. Concerning his important difpute with Bifhop 
 Hilary of Arksy fee Peter Sa.xe in Arelat. po?iiiJic. Dupirt 
 de atitiqH. ecclef. difcipL Gallia Chrifliana, the Ada Santlor. 
 the hifioir, liter, de la France. Lo;igue^al in hijloir, de 
 VEgli/e Getlic and almoft all who have writ of the liber- 
 ties of the Gal lie an church. Oft he council of Chalcedony 
 befides the hiftorians of the Eutychian herefy, of whom an 
 account is given by Buddctm in Ifag. See thofe mentioned 
 by Schmid. in introd. Sagitar in Hijior. ecclej'. and by 
 Fahricius in Biblioth. Gr^c. But to thefe, on account of 
 the celebrated Canon, is to be added Le^uien brient. Chrijli 
 Befides Peter Can:jius and 9nejneU who in their editions 
 of Leo\ works, give an account of his .life, fee the Adid 
 SanSlor. Mai7nbv.rg in k^Jloir- du pmtijitati de S. Leon k 
 Grand, Bay lis Difiion. Tiitcnmit, Cave and Ceiller. Fcithef 
 Orfi has filled the whole fourteenth volume of his Ijloria 
 Fcclfiafica with the life of this Pope ; to which may be 
 alfo added Cacciari cxe^cit in Lumii opera. 
 
66 Hist oRY of the Fo pes. 
 
 Sed. 8. His fucceflbr Hilarius^ who is 
 faid to have been a Sardinian^ had been very 
 much employed by his predecefibrs in ecclefi- 
 aftical nnatters •, fo that he was perfedtly verfed 
 in thofe maxims of policy which were requifite 
 to the formation of an ecclefiaftical monarchy. 
 Of this he gave a fpecimen, when Rujlicus^ 
 Bifhop of Narbonne^ with the confent of the peo- 
 ple, nominated his arch-deacon Hermes for his 
 fucceflbr, whoaccordingly fucceeded him. HikriuSj 
 from very finifter views, cenfured this ; and hav- 
 ing in a fynod of fome Bifhops, procured the 
 ele6lion to be declared illegal, deprived him of 
 
 aSo, the metropolitan dignity, tho' not of his chair. 
 Immediately after Hilar ius interfered in another 
 church affair in Gaul. Mamartus^ Bifhop of Vi- 
 enne^ had ordained a Bifhop of Bie^ but the Ro- 
 mijh Bifhops unjuilly pretended, that this city 
 did not belong to Vienne^ but to Aries. In the 
 letter fent into France on this occafion, it is re- 
 markable, that Hilarius^ among all his extra- 
 vagant amplifications of his See, acknowleges 
 the pre-eminence of it to be derived from the 
 
 ^5r. Emperor's favour. He alfo made an attempt 
 to extend his authority in Spain^ and ftrongly 
 to eftablifh it there. The Spanifi) Bifhops them- 
 felves were indeed to blame; yet it is little to 
 his honour, that in two cafes he fhewed a glar- 
 
 466. ing partiality. He oppofed the toleration which 
 Bifnop Auihemlus was for introducing into the 
 r city of Rome., and died *. 
 
 '^^7- Sed. 
 
 * In the collef^ion of councils are three letters oi Hi- 
 lary to Leofifius Bifliop of Jr!cs ; two to the Spaniards ; one 
 . to Pklorinusy and eight more to other perlons ; among 
 which is one to the emprefs Fukbena, of which Cotellier in 
 Monim. eccief. Grac, has given a Greek tranflation concern- 
 ing 
 
History of the Pope s. 'hj 
 
 Seft. 9. Simplicius was born at Tivoliy and 
 promoted to the chair by a free eledion. The 
 mofl remarkable event in his time was the com- 
 motions in the Eaft under the emperors Bafi- 
 life and Zeno. In thefe our Pope could not but 
 be difgufted at two particulars. Acacius^ the 
 haughty prelate of Conjlantinople^ aflifted by 
 the imperial court, endeavoured to exalt his 
 dignity above that of the Biihopofi^^;;?^-, which, 
 confidering the then declining (late of the we- 
 ftern Empire, was perfectly confident with the 
 fundamental maxims of church government, 
 which had fo long prevailed. Another mortifi- 
 cation was, thar the vehemence with which he 
 oppofed the plan or peace of the emperor ZenOy 
 and the reititution ot Peter Mungus patriarch of 
 Alexandria^ and o^ Peter iht T2.nntr of Antwc/b, 
 which was founded on it, did not take effed, 
 at leaft in the places where mod neceflary. That 
 Jobn 'Talaja being depofed, fought refuge at 
 Rome is no lefs certain than that this was not 
 properly an appeal. Before his death, he himfelf 483,,' 
 defired Bajil^ king Odoacer's vicar in Italy, to af- 
 fift at the approaching eiedlion. He is faid to 
 have been the firft who ordered the divifion of 
 the revenues of the church into four parts *. 
 
 Se(Et. 10. Felix II. whom fome call the third, 
 was chofen in the prefence of the above- men- 
 
 ing HilariuSf whom others call Hilarus, fee the Jda Sane- 
 tor. Tillemonty Ca-ve, Ceiller. hifior. des anteurs, Fabricius 
 bibiloth. Lat, med. lHj hifi/n. crtat. Of the broils with the 
 Gallican church, fee Longucval hijtoir. de VEglife Gallic. 
 Gallia Chnjiian. and hijjoir, Literar. de la France. 
 
 * The tranfaclions in the Eaft, in which Si^nplidus had 
 a great (hare, are too prolix to be related here. See thff 
 late Mr. Mojhelm in/lit ut, hijlor. ecclef. Of this Pope we 
 have nineteen letters, v.hich are to be met with in ConciL 
 Reg. Gratian has alfo preferred fomc mandates. See Fa^ 
 bricius, ibid, 
 
 F .2 tioned 
 
68 H I s T o R y ^/^ /^^ P o p E s: 
 
 tioned BafiU who before the eledion, publiflied 
 a falutary ordonnance of O^^^c^r, concerning the 
 revenues of the church. In the ecclefiaftical 
 affairs of the Eaft he trod in the footfteps of his 
 . predeceffor ; but carried his pride and zeal fur- 
 ther than any before him had ventured ; for the 
 peaceable proceedings at the beginning being 
 fruftrated by the unexpected defedion of the 
 papal Legates to the oppofite party, Felix^ in a 
 4S5. council called on purpofe at Rome^ excommu- 
 nicated Bifhop Acacius of Conftantincple^ together 
 with Mungus. Acacius was not wanting on his 
 part in making reprifals, and being fupported 
 by the imperial court, and far the greater part 
 cf the Eailern Bifliops, a long fchifm broke out 
 between the Greek and Latin churches ; and 
 even after the death of Acacius it was by Fe^ 
 lix's blameable deportment continued under the 
 patriarchs Flavita and Euphemius, Felix died in 
 492 *. 
 
 Sedt. II. He was fucceeded by Gala/ms I. 
 of whom it is not yet certain, whether he v/as a 
 Roman or an African. He vehemently profe- 
 cuted the fchifm relating to Acacius^ and rejec- 
 
 * Of this Pope we have fixteen letters, which moftly 
 relate to the difpme with y^r/7r/«j. They are in Tom. X. 
 Concil. Reg. with which may be particularly compared 
 Sif-mond's opera. Concerning Jcacius^s excommunication 
 and the critical qaelHon, whether Felix held one or two 
 councils, fee Bofnage hifior. de VEgliJe. Du Valois dij)\ 
 tie Duabas fynodis in quibus damnattis cfi Acacius^ which 
 is annexed to the third part of his Scriptor. Biji. Ecclef. 
 and Ruheis dijjert. de una fententia damn at . in Jcaciutn lata 
 in fyncdo Romana Felicis III. It is highly probable, that 
 this Felix, and not the Pope of the fame name in the 
 fuccceding century, was the grandfather cf Gregory the 
 Great. He was himfelfthe fon of a priefl, and therefore was 
 probably well married. See alfo the A,^a ^andovj and 
 Tillcfnont, 
 
 ted 
 
 492, 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ /Z'^ P O P E si 69 
 
 ted all the amicable propofals of the Greeks to- 
 wards an accommodation. As he could not 
 prevail on thefe, nor on the Bifhops of Illyrium^ 
 to gratify him fo far as to expunge Acacius's 
 name from their regifters, he called a council 
 of his own creatures together at Rome. He died 
 with the reputation of a famous writer *. 49^- 
 
 Sed. 12. After him came Anaftafius II. a 
 Roman., of whom all that we know is, that he 
 was peaceably inclined, and fpared no pains for 
 a friendy termination of the difputes occafioned 
 
 * Befides the fixteen letters, and the fragments of fome 
 others, which are to be met with in the volumes of the 
 colledlions of councils already mentioned, and the perufal 
 of foms pieces relating hereto, which Sdpio Maffei pub- 
 iifhed at Venice in 1728, under the title of Supplemen- 
 turn Acacianum, the following writings, fome of which are 
 inferted in the coIle6lion of councils, deferve particular 
 notice : u ) The Sacra?nentarum, which, at leaft, is not to- 
 tally without fophiltications : And, after Tomafi and Mabil- 
 lon has been re-publifhed by Muratoni in Liturg. Vet. (2) 
 The famous Decretum de iibris facris Cff apocryphi^, which 
 Gratian had before inferted in his coUeftion, but Fontanini 
 in the appendix oi Antiqnitat, Hortte, gave a more corred 
 edition of it, and after him Maufi Supplem. conctl. tho' very 
 exceptionable as to the pretended authority of it, parti- 
 cularly relating to the divine origin of the primacy of 
 Rome, as appears ixom Budeus's Ijagog. (3) His mandate 
 againft the Manichees in Gratian^ in which the diflribution 
 and participation of the Eucharift, in one kind is con- 
 demned as an abominable facrilege. (4) His learned 
 book de duabus ?iaturis in ChriJIo, which is printed in the 
 Lyon, biblioth. max. pair, and is by fome writers of the 
 Romijo church falfly denied to have been Gelaf^us's. His 
 fentiments therein concerning the prefence of the body and 
 blood of Chriil in the facrament, being oppofite to tran- 
 fubftantiation. (5) The Tomus de Anathematis '•jinculo. (6) 
 The Memoir, againft Andromachus for the fuppreffion of the 
 Lupercalia, (7) The piece againft the Pelagians. See the 
 Aila Sander. Fabricius biblioth. Gr. and biblioth. Lat. med. 
 is injim. art at. Cave, Ceiller, and S. Jofepb, biblioth, cri- 
 tic. 
 
 F 3 by 
 
76 H I S T O R Y 2/* ^^^ P O P E s. 
 
 by the affair of Acafins, But he died fbon af- 
 ter, before he had accomplifhed his good de- 
 4.06. ^'^%^^ % fo that it is a needlefs queftion, how far 
 he might have proceeded, had he lived longer *. 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 Of the Hiflory of the Popes of the fixth 
 Century. 
 
 Sed. l.npHE new eledlion was two-fold; 
 one part of the council, the peo- 
 ple and the clergy declaring for Symmachus, a 
 49 5' native of Sardinia^ who hitherto had been only 
 a deacon at Rome^ whilft another party voted 
 for Laurence an arch- pried. Both driving at 
 particular views of policy, it is no wonder that 
 both proceeded to violence, and Rome became 
 a fcene of robberies and murders. The matter 
 was brought before the tribunal of Tbeodorick 
 King of the Gotbs, who refided at Ravenna^ and 
 had efpoufed the Avian do6lrine. His fentence 
 was jufl: in favour of Symmachus^ and he fum- 
 moned an alTembly of the clergy at Rome, to 
 confider of meafures for preventing the like 
 evils thenceforward. Symmachus was involved 
 in the difputes betwixt the Bifhops of Aries and 
 
 * Of this Pope, who is fo unfortunate as not to be a 
 faint, we have three letters ; One to Jjrficinus now not en- 
 entire ; and a famous one to A7iajiajius, the emperor 
 ^i Conjia-ntifiople, inferted by Hardouin cojtcil, Tom. II. and 
 his congratulatory epillle to Claris King of the Franks^ on 
 his converfioti in Dachers Spici leg. He is faid alfo to 
 have left a piece concerning the Trinity, but this has 
 not been printed. 
 
 Vienne, 
 
History o/'/y?'^ Popes. 71 
 
 Vienne, He revoked all the decrees o^ Anafiafms 
 in t;his affair, under pretence that no Pope could 
 alter the refolutions of his predeceffors. hau- 
 rence^s partifans in the mean time not quite, de- 
 fpairing of their caufe, opened af efh and bloody 
 tragedy, with a complaint againft SymmachuSy 
 accufing him of the greateft crimes. King ^^^* 
 *Theodorick firfc fent Peter Bifhop of Altino as a 
 commiffary ; but he only widened the breach. 
 The King came in perfon to Roms^ and con- 503, 
 vened that council, which in church hiftory is 
 called Concilium Palmare. After much blo'od- 
 fhed, Syminachus was at laft acquitted ; and then 
 for the firft time was eftablifhed the pofition, 
 that the Pope is accountable to God only ; but 
 by the allegations of the contrary party, it ap- 
 pears, that this was not made an article of faith. 
 The ordinance of Odoacer requiring the confent 
 of the King o^ Italy to make the eledion valid, 
 was alio repealed. That Symmachus had after- 
 wards a difference with the emperor Anafta- 
 fins in the Eafl: is certain ; but he denies his 
 having ever excommunicated the Emperor. 
 There are fome decrees of his extant concern- 
 ing ordination, church revenues, and marriage. 
 At length he died as a faint *. 5H- 
 
 Sed. 2. His fucceffor was Hormifdas of Fro- 
 fdone in the campagna di Royna. Under him the 
 
 * In the colleftions of councils twelve letters are attri- 
 buted to Sym?nachus ; but they are not all his. See there 
 alfo the monuments relating to the leveral councils held at 
 Ro??ie. Among theie is parcicularly the proteft of the op- 
 pofite party againft the Concilium Palmare^ and the anfvver 
 to it, called, lihellus Jpologeticus pro fymdo \v. its author 
 was the famous Magn. Felix Enntdius ; and the bell edi- 
 tion of it^ is in the firft part of the collec>ion of his other 
 writings in Sirmofid; but has little title to be efteemed an 
 -Authority in thi$ pan of hiftory. 
 
 F 4 emperor 
 
^g Hist o RY of the V OT ES, 
 
 emperor Anaftdfius renewed his endeavours for 
 removing the dilTention which ftill continued 
 between the weflern and eaftern church ; but 
 the exceflive arrogance of this Pope proved an 
 obflacle to that good defign. But the em- 
 peror Jiijlin I. who was entirely devoted to the 
 See of Rome afcending the throne, fome progrefs 
 was made towards it, tho' with feveral concef- 
 fions on the part of the Bifhop of Conftantinople, 
 Yet notvvithltanding this reconciliation, a con- 
 fidtrrable number o\ the Greek BiQiops, zealous 
 for the honour of their irreprochable paftors, 
 whole memory was infulted after death by the 
 Bilbop of Rome^ fteadily perfevered, and were 
 proteded in it by the equity of the Emperor. 
 On the other hand the Pope was guilty of a 
 great precipitancy, when in the controverfy arifen 
 in the Greek church, he condemned as heretical 
 the pofition, that cne of the 'Trinity had Juffered in 
 the flejh : Which all the orthodox ever fince 
 have fubfcribed to and maintained, He 
 died *. 
 
 Se6l. 3. Of the following Pope John I. 
 only one rranfadiion is known, and that not a 
 reniarkable one. He was fent by King Theodo- 
 rick of Ravenna^ with fome other eminent per- 
 fons to the emperor Jujlin at Confiantinoyle^ in 
 
 * In the colleflion of councils are eighty-one letters 
 ^nd four mandates of Hormlfdas^ of which Fabricius in 
 bib h>th. Grac. gives a liil. What happened in the con- 
 tetbj of the Scythian monks with the Pope is treated of in 
 Alexander % Hijior. Ecclef. Forbcfrui in injiru^. Theol. Noris 
 (UjJ'^rt. di line ex trinitate came pojfoy which is to be feen 
 i-n the third part of his works, and Calixtus in comment, de 
 Hortn'fda, Romano pontijice, damnante Johannem Maxentium 
 tsf ficios monacbos Scythas^ adferentes, unum e trinitate cru • 
 (ifixum ejfey which is annexed to his fafcicul, progr. i^ 
 d:JJfrt. de ferfona Chrifli, 
 
 order 
 
 m^ 
 
H I S T O R Y o/' //&^ P O P E s. 73 
 
 order to bring about the revocation of a fcvere 
 mandate ifllied againft the Arians, The Pope 
 did not mifcarry in the main point, and on this 
 occafion received great marks of honour ; yet 
 from fome unknown caufe King ^'heodorick was 
 fo difpleafed with him, that he committed him 
 to prilon. In this coiifinement he died: And 526. 
 according to the opinion of his worfhippers as a 
 martyr and a worker of miracles *. 
 
 Sc(5l. 4. Little more can be faid of Felix 
 v^^hom we call the Hid. It is certain that he 
 was nominated by King necdorick ; but diftur- 
 banres arifing, the King promifed the Romans^ 
 that for the future he would leave to them 
 the right of eledion, Hill referving to himfelf 
 the power of confirmation. At his follicitation 
 King Athalric granted to the Roman clergy the 
 privilege, that in matters of debt, they fhould 
 firft be fummoned before their- Bifhop. Feli:^ 
 was the fon of a prieft o^ BeneventOy and died -f 5^^' 
 
 Se6t. 5. It being the opinion at Rome^ that 
 the papal chair was the richefl benefice, the 
 fubfequent election was attended with frefh dif- 
 ferences. One part chofe Boniface II. fon of a 
 Goth^ and the other JDiofcorus^ whofe early death 
 happily put an end to the growing conteft. Here- 
 upon the council of Rome pafTed a fevere order 
 againft any fymoniacal practices in the eledion of 
 ^ Pope. Boniface was tor preventing this evil by 
 
 * See the Jc'la SanRor. MuratorPs hiflory of Italv. 
 Concerning the two letters falfly afcribed to him, fee Bion^ 
 del p/eud Iftdor. and Fabricius. 
 
 t Befides feme mandates, three letters are afcribed to 
 this Pope. But that only is genuine that which he fent 
 to Cipfarius Bifhop of Aries. Fide Sermond^ concil. Gall. 'Top- 
 pi addit, alia bibliotb. Neapol. Ceilkr and Fahridus^ bihliotb. 
 l>aty med, tf injim, atat. 
 
 a nie- 
 
74 H I S T O R V o/ /i&^ P O P E S. 
 
 a method entirely illegal, that of appointing a 
 fuccefTor himfelf ; but afterwards he condemned 
 his own indifcretion. He was imb oiled in the 
 affair of Stephen Bifhop of Larijfa ; but it ap- 
 pears that neither his mandate, nor that of a 
 council convened on this occafior., made any 
 imprefTion on the Bifhop of Coyijiantinople, He 
 
 53^' died in a fhort time *. 
 
 Sedl. 6. The new ektSlion again occafioned 
 the greatefl excelles and outrages, till at lafl it 
 fell on JohnW. {urmimtd Merc urius. He him- 
 felf was the occafion of king Athalrick^^ making 
 that very memorable adl, confirming t. e order 
 of the council of Rome againft fimony, and 
 referving to himfelf the confirmation of the 
 eiedlion, and even fixing the fum, which the 
 Pope, no lefs than the other patriarchs, were to 
 pay for the royal confirmation. The contro- 
 verfy in the cafl concerning the expreflion. One 
 
 SZ'i' of the holy trinity was crucified, being revived, and 
 application made to Rome, John^ who probably 
 had no high thoughts of his infallibility, fuf- 
 fered himfelf, by the arguments of learned 
 perfons, to be convinced, that the dodlrine was 
 right. Thus having amended what Hormifdas 
 
 535' fome years before had corrupted, he died f . 
 
 * InLahbe'&concil. Tom. IV. are two letters, of which the 
 iirft to iTa/xZ/^i, Bifhop oi Alexandria^ is rejedled even by Ba- 
 ronius ; but the fecond to C^efarinus of Aries Is very remark- 
 able, on account of the do6lrine of the Semipetagians, con- 
 demned it. See Noris hijlor. Pelag. lib. ii. cap. 23. There 
 are alfo fome decrees of his ftill remaining. 
 
 t Only ieven genuine letters are preferved, fome written 
 by John, and others written to him. The letter to Bifhop 
 Valerius is fpurious. They are all together in Tom. IV. 
 Labie concii. See alfo Fabricius biblioth . Grac. Concern- 
 ing king AthalricIC^ order, fee Hen7naii% dijf. de regis Go- 
 thici Athalrici ediiio de elige.ndo Papa. 
 
 SECT. 
 
HlSTORY^/'^^^foPES. 7^ 
 
 Sc6t. 7. Agapetus I. fon of a pried, was fcarce 
 exalted by a quiet eledtion, than he annulled 
 Boniface^ excommunication againft his compe- 
 titor Diofcurus, On the other hand he confirm'd 
 the fentence of his immediate predeceflbr in the 
 controverfy of the Scythian monks, but could 
 not be brought to comply with the defire of 
 the Emperor Jujiinian^ in behalf of the con- 
 verted Arians, He was obliged to go to Con-- 
 Jlantinopky as envoy from ^heodotus king of 
 the Goths, If fome weighty caufes traverfed 
 him in the difcharge of this employment, yec 
 fome other affairs occurred to him there. 
 He had a great Ihare in the difpute concerning 
 AnthimuSy the new Bifhop of Conftantinople^ who 
 had been appointed, but not confecrated -, and 
 likewifein the inftallation of the patriarch /kf/w^. 
 But in order to p^^fs a right judgment, without 
 attributing too much to him, or detracting from 
 him, every thing muft be very fairly and im- 
 partially ftated. Soon after he ended his life at 
 Conjiantinople, but his body was brought to 
 Rome *. 
 
 Sed. 8. That after Agapetus^ SyheriuSy the 
 fon of Pope Honnifdas, was chofen, and that 
 king Theodotus had a great fhare in it is unque- 
 llionable. But whether by fimony and vio- 
 lence is not yet proved. Belifarius^ the Empe- 
 ror's general, made himfelf mailer of the city of 
 Rome, He was employed by the Emprefs 'Theo-. 
 dora^ to Silverius, and exalt the ambitious Vigi- 
 lius on his ruin. This is certain, and that Sil- 
 
 * In the colledlions of councils are two interpolated, 
 and nine genuine letters of this Pope. Of thefe the fe- 
 venth to Cefarius Bifhop of Jrles is particularly remarkable 
 for the acknowledgment, that the Pope is bound to obiervc 
 the decrees of councils. 
 
 'verius 
 
 53^* 
 
76 History^ //5^ Popes. 
 
 verius was exiled to Patara. But the caufes and 
 ^^7* nature of this event are enveloped in fuch dark- 
 nefs, that there is no entring into particulars 
 with any certainty. A more difficult queflion 
 Hill is, v/hcihtr Siherius or Figilius, was to be 
 accounted the legal Pope, whilft both were 
 living. The dodors of the church of Rome, 
 from a particular bias, generally declare for the 
 firfl, and rightly, tho* their conclufions cannot 
 affed the truth *. 
 
 Sed. 9. Thus Vigilhis got into the Roman 
 chair, a man whofe natural pride and obftinacy 
 carried him to fuch excefles, that he is with very- 
 good reafon placed among thofc Popes, who 
 difgraced their dignity. He was very near lofing 
 it, as he had attained to it. Many perfons of 
 great worth, and the Emperor Juftinian^ a 
 prince of eminent juftice, took up the caufe of the 
 good Silverius, But the wicked Vigilius^ affifted 
 by Belifarius^ found means to getSiherius into his 
 -^g^ power. He immediately fent him away into a 
 defolate ifland, where, in a manner not yet clear- 
 ed up, he was deprived of his life : Before this 
 happened, Vigilius fulfilled his promife to his 
 great patronefs the Emprefs "Theodora^ and de- 
 clared himfeif for the Eutychians^ and foon after 
 aiTured the Emperor, who was entirely ortho- 
 dox, that his fentiments were abfolutely con- 
 r^i, formable to his. But he was brought into a 
 worfe dilemma, occafioned by the fo famous 
 three chapters of that zealous, but at the fame 
 time, peaceable Emperor. They had not only 
 caufcd great didurbances among the eaftern Bi- 
 Haops, but likewife among thofe oi Italy ^ Africa^ 
 
 * Siherius is faid to have written the three letters to be 
 feen in Harduin^ Concih Tom. II. but it is certain that they 
 arc counterfeit. 
 
 and 
 
H I S T O R Y c/' /^^ P O P E s, 77 
 
 and Gauly Vigilius being among thofe who op- 
 pofed the Emperor's pleafure, was fummoned 
 to make his peiTonal appearance before him. As 
 the political air of Rome difagreed with him in 
 other refpeds, he fee out amidft the loud 
 imprecations of the people, by the way of Si- 
 cily^ and under a good guard arrived at Con- 
 Jiantinople. The earned nefs of the Emperor 
 foon bought him to condemn the three chapters, 
 by which he drew upon himfelf the univerfal 
 indignation of all the weftern clergy, of whom 
 the Africans^ in a council, formally condemned 
 the fentence of the Pope, called Judicatum. The 
 Pope now was forry for what he had done, and 
 had recourfe to a new council, which, contrary 
 to his expedation, efpoufed the imperial party. 
 At this he grew fo outrageous, that the Empe- 
 ror found it necefiary to lecure his perfon. He 
 efcaped by flight, but voluntarily returned, and 
 it was hoped that a new council would mend 
 matters : But herein alfo the Pope, tho' wily 
 and infidipus in all his proceedings, was difap- 
 pointed. This, which is called the fifth ecu- 
 menical council was held at Conjlantinople, No r^^. 
 manner of regard was fhewn to all the Pope's re- 
 monftrances : And tho' in a formal ordinance he 
 had declared for the three chapters, yet they 
 were unanimoufly condemned, and the Pope's 
 arguments foiidly confuted. The Pope remain- 
 ing immoveable in hs opinion, the Emperor 
 caufed him to be banidied to the ifland of Pro- 
 connefus. Here diRrefs humbled him. He pro- 
 felTed a change of his mind ; and whatever the 
 Emperor required, he complied with. And 
 even condemned that opinion for which he 
 had begun to be a martyr. Now leave was 
 
 given 
 
^8 H I S T O R Y C/* //&^ P O P E S, 
 
 given him to return, but he died on his paffage 
 at Syracufe *. 
 
 St^. 10. The death of Vigilius did not re- 
 niove the hatred of the Romans^ (who now like 
 the other inhabitants of Italy^ were fubjedls of 
 the Greek Emperors) againft his perfon, his 
 friends, and his opinion on the three chapters. One 
 of his mod faithful adherents, Pelagius I. who 
 owed his promotion to his noble defcent, and 
 the addrefs with which he difcharged feveral em- 
 baflies, had procured from the Emperor Jujli- 
 nian a kind ot reverfion of the papacy, of which 
 he accordingly took pofrc(rion,tho' the inhabitants 
 of Rome openly declared, that being a friend of 
 hereticks, and a corrupter of the confeflion of 
 faith of the council of Chalcedon, they would 
 have no communion with him. All this how- 
 
 * Among Vigilius's letters, in the concil. reg- the mofl: re- 
 markable are the third, in which he accedes to the Eu/y- 
 chianSf and which is unjuftly rejedled by Baronius ; the yu- 
 dicatum as it is called, and the Conjiitutum de tribus capitalis : 
 As alfo in general the colledion of the a<5ls of the five ge- 
 neral councils ; PeUr of Antioch's letter in Cotelier'i 7non, 
 ecclef. Grose. Liberati bre'vianim caufa Nejiorianorum ^ Euty^ 
 chianorum ; Facuudus^s writings for the three chapters in Sir-- 
 mondh works, and other writings relating hereto, which are 
 the beft evidences in this cafe. See Fabricius biblioth. Grac, 
 Concerning Vigilius\ eledion, fee Wernforf^ dijf. de Sil- 
 'verio (^ Figilis. Concerning Virgiliush difputes in the af- 
 fair of the thres chapters, fee among the moderns Marca 
 dijfert, de decreto Vigilii pro confirmacione Syjiodi V. to be met 
 with among the treatifes annexed to his work de concordia 
 Sacerdot. i^ imp. Norris's dijj'ert. de Synodo quinta. Gamier diJf, 
 de quinta Synodo. Alexander hiftor. ecclef. Catalini concil. illuf- 
 trat, Caijalcanti 'vindic. Fontif. and Calles an?ial Ecclef. Ger.- 
 Bat as moft of thefe learned men had the defence of A7- 
 gilius in view; with them fViouId be alfo compared Bafnage 
 hifioir. de lEghfSy Richer hiftoir. concil. ger.cral. and Canje. An 
 account is alfo given of Vigilius by Maudofi, in biblioth. 
 Ri,m. 
 
 ever 
 
H I S T O R Y (?/ /^^ P O P E S. ^^ 
 
 ever was only driving againft the dream. 
 The Emperor, as he promifed himfelf a great 
 deal from Pelagtus, had a fuitable value for him* 
 And Narfes the governor foon influenced the 
 greateft part of the nobility and clergy of Rome 
 to acknowledge him for their Biihop. Pie 
 thought it behoved him to afTert the authority of 
 the fifth council, but met with infuperable diffi- 
 culties from the weftern Bifhops, who nearly one 
 and all oppofed it, confirmed the three chapters 
 in feveral councils, and formally feparated from 
 the church of Rome. Some indeed were brought 
 to alter their minds j butmoftofthem tenaciouQy 
 adhered to their firft fentiment. Pelagius was 
 defirous of taking violent meafures againft 
 them •, but this Narfes could not be brought to. 
 Childeberty kir^g of the Franks^ demanded an 
 account of his faith, which the Pope fent him. ^^7* 
 He died at a time when the greateft part of the 
 weftern churches detefted him as a teacher of 
 falfe dodrines *. 5^0. 
 
 Sedt. II. After the death of Pelagius was 
 chofen John III. a perfon of eminence, and a 
 native of Rome^ but his inauguration was not 
 performed till the Emperor Jufiinian^ by his 
 Exarch, had confirmed the cledion. In his 
 time Alboiniis^ king of the Lombards^ conquered 569; 
 the greateft part of Italy j yet Rome remained 
 under the imperial dominion. All he did as 
 Pope was to order the reftoraticn of Salonius 
 Bilhop of Embrun., and Sagittarius Biftiop of 
 
 * In the above-mentioned parts of the collefiion of 
 councils, is one interpolated ktter, fifteen genuine ones, and 
 fome fragments firft publilhed by Holjiemus and Baluzzi, 
 Some of them are very remarkable. See Ca--ve''s hifior, literar, 
 Fabricius biblioth. Lat.tned. is. injim. tetai, Muratori\ hiiiory 
 of lialy and Ceiller, 
 
 Gap, 
 
573- 
 
 8o H I S T O R Y e/* /& P O P E S» 
 
 Gap^ who had been mod juftly depofed, and 
 appealed to his fupremacy ; king Gunthram 
 approved of this in oppofition to the Gallic 
 clergy, who aflerted their independency. He 
 died *. 
 
 Se6b. 12. Of his (ucctKox Benedict I. we know 
 
 574' no further than that he was not made Pope till 
 
 ^78. ten months after, and died f. 
 
 Sedl. 13. Pelagiusll. was chofen when Rome 
 was inverted by the Lombards^ and on this ac- 
 count confecrated without the Emperor's con- 
 firmation, which however took place afterwards. 
 He made it his chief bufinefs to gain over to 
 his fide fuch Bifhops as hitherto had not joined 
 in cenfuring the three chapteis, and to this ef- 
 fect employed both artifice and violence, efpe- 
 cially againft the Bifhops of IJtriay who in a 
 particular council, and before the Pope's legate, 
 declared againft that opinion, which had been 
 fupported by all the Bifhops of Rome fmce Vi- 
 
 584. gilius. But his endeavours were fruitlefs ; the 
 Bifhops would hear nothing of the infallibility, 
 which Pelagius fometimes claimed, and himfelf 
 
 588. again confuted. A council held at Ccnjianti- 
 nople confirmed to the patriarch of that city the 
 title of Univerfal Bifhop, which he had borne 
 for fometime. This gave fuch offence to Pela- 
 gius, that in a letter now loft, he called it an ex- 
 ecrable, profane and diabolical procedure, but 
 
 * Of all the writings attributed to him, not fo much as 
 one is genuine. See Fabrkius. Concerning Salonius and 
 Sagittanus's affair, fee Dupin de antiquit. ecchf. tlijcipl. le 
 cointe annal. eccief. Franccr. Lcngut^-ual hifioir. d^ f^glife 
 Gain cave, hiflojr. Utter de la Fr. 
 
 f IJidorus fa!f]y alcribes to this Pope a letter to Davids 
 a Spanijh Biiliop, on the unity of the three perfons. See 
 BlofidePi p/eudo Ifidor, p 619. 
 
 his 
 
H I S T O R Y o/^ /i'^ Po P E S. &I 
 
 his Invedtivcs were difregarded. He died foon 
 after of a contagious difeafe *. 590. 
 
 Sed:. 14. Gregory the Great, who fucceeded, 
 was a perfon of high birth, being defcended 
 from Pope Felix II. He was both a ftatefman 
 and a fcholar, and had been governor of RomCj 
 which fplendid poft he fuddenly refigned, and 
 putting on the cowl, became univerfally re- 
 markable for aufterity and devotion, Pelagius 
 made him a deacon, and appointed him his en- 
 voy to the imperial court : At his return he 
 again betook himfelf to his monaflery, of which 
 he alierwards became abbot, but his admini- 
 ftration plainly fliewed that he preferred human 
 ordinances to the divine law ^ yet in thofe times 
 fuch a man was accounted moft worthy of the 
 Papacy. Accordingly the choice fell on him, 
 and refufing to accept of it, and endeavouring 
 both by craft and force to evade it, he was 
 compelled to acquiefce in the eleclion. A great 
 deal of him is known, but ail of little impor- 
 tance. He began with fending to the other 
 patriarchs a confefiion of faith in many refpedts 
 very remarkable ; and failed in his repeated en- 
 deavors to bring the other Biihops to join with 
 him in condemning the three chapters. His 
 zeal for amending the corruptions of his clergy, 
 does greater honour to him than to that fyftem 
 of doctrines, which rendered the prevailing vices 
 neceffary. He was greatly pleafed that Theo- 594. 
 delinda c^uttw oi iht Lombards^ fuccelsfully made 
 ufe of her authoity in her nation, which con- 
 
 * Of the ten letters in Concil. Reg. Tcm. XIII. four are 
 the fpurious fKrodudtion.s of IfJcrus'i pen. Concerning the 
 letter to Aunacharim Bifiiop oi Juxerre^ fee AJ/cwann, fctip- 
 tor. hiJ]or. ItaL befides thefe in Gratian are feveral de- 
 crees J and in BaLzen'^ jnifcell. Ibme fragments of letters. 
 
 G lilted 
 
82 H I STORY o/' /^^ Popes* 
 
 fifted of Pagans and Avians ^ for converting 
 them to the catholic religion. The eledion of 
 Maximus Bifhop of Salona would have occafion- 
 ed great difturbances, had not the prudence of 
 the court, and the peaceable difpofition of Pope 
 Gregory^ which was even in thofedays a rare vir- 
 tue, feafonably extinguifhed the flame. Ke mani- 
 fefted the fame commendable temper in his obe- 
 dience to his prince the emperor Mauritius^ 
 when the latter forbad his foldiers to turn monks. 
 On the other hand he unfeafonably engaged in 
 politicks, offering himfelf as mediator betwixt 
 the Emperor and the King of the Lombards^ but 
 without meriting the thanks of either party. The 
 greateft weaknefs he betrayed was in his quarrel 
 with the two patriarchs of Conjiantinople ; John 
 and Cyriacus^ concerning the title of univerfal 
 Bifhop, where he too much expofed his predo- 
 minant aff'edlion and political talent of diflimu- 
 lation. He was however much to be com- 
 mended for declaring this appellation to be 
 antichriflian and diabolical ; and blaming the 
 adulation of thofe who offered to give him fuch 
 an exalted title. On the other hand the name 
 of fervant of the fervants of God, which he 
 firft ufed, was a manifeft hypocrify. His zeal 
 for the converfion of the Saxo?is in England was 
 likewife exceptionable, for it was in feveral re- 
 fpedls prejudicial to the truth. But the greateft 
 ftain on the memory of this Pope was an extra- 
 vagant panegyric, which he pronounced on that 
 60 1- profligate wretch Phocas^ who by the murder of 
 604* the emperor Mauritius and his family, made his 
 way to the imperial throne ; and upon his con- 
 fort the accomplice of his guilt. At length 
 "604. Gregory died, and muft be acknowledged to have 
 been learned^ eloquent, and a good politician. 
 
 But 
 
H 1 S T o R y ^ /A^ P O P E s. 83 
 
 But he is alfojuflly accufed of giving his ima- 
 ginations and palTions the dominion over his un- 
 derftanding. Hence proceeded his fondnefs for 
 miracles, which in all his writings he very in^ 
 duftrioufly propagates ; this fottifh contempt of 
 the moil mafterly pieces of the ancient heathen 
 writers, and that childi(h fable of purgatory, 
 which he held to be an article of faith. As 
 many were indebted to him for the reputation of 
 workers of miracles, it was but equitable to con- 
 fer the fame honour on him alter his death ; 
 and left particulars might be wanting, he was 
 faid to have removed the foul of the emperor 
 Trajan from purgatory to heaven *. 
 
 * Unqueftionably of all the Popes he was the moll volu- 
 minous writer. The beft edition of his works has been 
 publiflied by the Benedidine monks of Paris. Among thefe 
 the moil remarkable are; Moralium, libri xxxiv. which 
 very unjuftly are called an expofition of the book of Job. 
 His treatife entitled De cura facerdotali ; his dialogues, 
 which, though his meanett performance, ferves to give an 
 infight into the charailer of this Pope ; his letters, which are 
 divided into twelve books ; and are, among the principal 
 authorities in his hiilory, the Sacramentariu7?i^ which Mu- 
 ratcri has reprinted in his Liturg. Rom. ^vet. See Mr. Li- 
 lienthaPs learned treatife de Cannone 7?nJ[ce Gregoriano, His 
 decrees publifhed by Graiian are moilly taken from his let- 
 ters. The ancient writers of the life of this Pope are Paul 
 IVarnefried, Johannes Diaconus^ Petrus DiacomeSy and fome ano- 
 nymous. Concerning thefe {co.Fabricius' hihlioth. Lat.med, ^ 
 infim. ^tat. where alfo thofe learned authors are referred :o, 
 who have difputedGVr^^rj's being a monk. Among the mo- 
 derns, fee the A^a San<:lor. Heron, Muzio in coro pontifcale. 
 hlaimhourg hijioir. du poniijjcal. de Gregoire le Grayed Dion, of 
 St. Martha, Bayle's Di(itionary, Oudin Ccn^tn. de fcript. 
 ecclef, Ca've, Ceiller, and Gradmici, S. Gregorius, M Ponti/gx, 
 a iriminatiofiibus Oudini <vindicatus. 
 
 G ? C H A F. 
 
84 HisroKY of ^he P o V IS. s, 
 
 CHAP. IL 
 
 ; Of the Hiftory of the Papacy. 
 
 Se6l:. I . np H I S period contains thofe tfanf- 
 a6lions of the Popes of Rome, which 
 laid the imn:iediate foundation of that monar- 
 chical grandeur and power to which they after 
 wards rofe. 
 
 Se6t. 2. One of the firft and tnofl eflential 
 fleps was the ere6lion of the dignity of patri- 
 arch, which was confirmed in the Nicene coun- 
 cil. And thus the hierarchy, or government of 
 the church became modelled according to the 
 conflitution of the Roman empire. This being 
 the rule, another fundamental principle was ad- 
 ded to it, that the precedence and authority of 
 Bifhops over others iliould be determined by the 
 rank of the cities where they refided. 
 
 Se6l. 3. It was however agreed, that the pa- 
 triarchs ihould be upon an equality : And in the 
 fixth century it continued to be an article of 
 faith, that the name and idea of an univerfal 
 Bifliop was a contradidlion, and a mark of An- 
 tichriil. The Popes a! To ever held the other 
 Biiliops to be their brethren and colleagues. 
 
 Se(5t. 4. We cannot therefore, in any part of 
 this period, confider the Pope as the head of 
 all the churches in the world. He was a patri- 
 arch ; and had the chief place among his bre- 
 thren, becaufe he refided at Ro7ney the capital 
 city of the whole empire •, and hitherto the 
 Popes had defired no more. 1 hey began in- 
 deed to arrogate to themfelves that pre-eminence 
 
 which 
 
H I S T O R Y o/ //&^ P O P E S. 85 
 
 which they pretended the fcriptures had given to 
 the Apoftle St, Peter. But they were ftill inge- 
 nuous enough to acknowledge, that their pri- 
 vileges were of human origin. 
 
 Sed:. 5. At firfl: the Pope's fuperintendency 
 was limited tothofe communities, which in civil 
 cafes were fubjed to the government of the city. 
 But on one hand the reverence paid by other 
 churches to the See of Rome •, and on the other 
 the infatiable ambition of its Bifhops put them 
 upon attempts to enlarge their borders, and fub- 
 je6l to themfelves the weftern churches. But 
 the little fuccefs they met with appears from the 
 contefls on appeals with the churches of Gaul 
 and Africa, 
 
 Sed:. 6. The infallibility of the Pope of 
 Rome was unknown as yet. Amidft the enor- 
 mities, errors and contradiftions of feveral of 
 them, it would have been a ridiculous incon- 
 fiftency to give oracular authority to the fen- 
 tences of fuch men. 
 
 Stdi. 7. The fuperiority of councils to the 
 Pope was therefore a point not yet difputed. 
 The Popes themfelves defired fuch aiTemblies : 
 And declared that fo far from, having a power of 
 altering their decrees, their opinions and doc- 
 trines were to be fubjedled to the examination 
 of councils. 
 
 Stdi. 8. Notwithftanding this authority of 
 thefe Bifhops was fufliciently great, and they 
 were not wanting to keep it up among the 
 people by a pomp and fplendour, as indecent as 
 the arrogant (lyle which fome of them aftc&d *. 
 
 * St. Jerom records a memorable faying of a Pagan, 
 
 * Make me a Bilhop of Roi^iCy and I'll immediately become 
 
 * aChriftian.' 
 
 G 3 Sea, 
 
86 H I s T o R y 5f /^^ P o p E s. 
 
 5e6l. 9. It was indeed a rule, that the Bifliop 
 obtained his office by election, but the corrup- 
 tion of the times was fucli, that money had fre- 
 quently a great fiiare in it. Hence tbofe princes 
 who were protectors of the Roman city, are by 
 no means to be blamed, that in order to prevent 
 frequent bloodfhed, they not only publiAicd fe- 
 veral faiutary laws concerning the elcdion ; but 
 alfo introduced x^r\t confirmations for which a 
 confiderable fum of money was to be paid, and 
 fometimes indeed named the Popes. Whereas 
 Boniface could not prevail to have the nomina- 
 tion of his fucceflbr '^. 
 
 S^di. 10. During a vacancy of the chair, the 
 fuperintendency v^^as lodged with the three chief 
 ecclefiafticks in Rome. We read alfo of an in- 
 term Pope, who had the title of Vifitator. It 
 was by an innovation, that the Popes gave fo- 
 reign Bifhops the title of Vicars. The Apocri- 
 farii were their envoys, who particularly refided 
 at the Emperor's court. In the councils they 
 had their Legates. 
 
 Sed. II, They were fubjedt to the civil ma- 
 giftrate of Rome. Inllances are not wanting of 
 Popes punifhed by Emperors, and of others 
 who were fent as ambafiadors by the kings of 
 Italy. 
 
 Sed. 12. Nothing is more certain, than that 
 the city of Rome was not given to the Popes, 
 but acknowledged for its fovereign fometimes 
 -the Emperors of Rcme^ and afterwards the fo- 
 reign kings of Italy f . 
 
 * At the end of this period, and for very good reafons, 
 the perfons chofen were generally deacons. 
 
 f In general not ihe ieali trace is to be found during all 
 this period, that any city or province was fubjefl to the 
 Bifhop of Rome in ci\il mutters, as JJjhnan pretends in 
 Hipr.Ual.fcnpt, 
 
 Sed. 
 
History ^/^^ Popes. 
 
 Sed. 13. It appears from the canon law that 
 the ufages of the Roman church, and the letters 
 or epiftles of the Popes gradually^ acquired the 
 authority of laws ; yet it is certain, that even 
 mRome itfelf the canons, that is, the decrees of 
 councils, had the fupeiority, which is particu- 
 larly manifeft from the African controverfies. 
 
 87 
 
 G4 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ 88] 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome, 
 
 From the Time of the Emperor P hoc as 
 
 to the Death of Charlemagney 
 
 Emperor of the Romans. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of R o m e, 
 
 S E C T. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of Rome of 
 ^ the feventh Century. 
 
 504, Sedl. I. I^'^y^i? 5G0i?rthe Great was fuc- 
 
 tG ^ ceeded by Sabinianus of Vola-^ 
 5^$L^9 tsrra^ a deacon, who had been 
 envoy at the imperial cG':rt, a man, who en- 
 deavoured at accumulate wealth by opprefllng 
 
 the 
 
607. 
 
 Hi s r OSLY cf the V oTts] 89 
 
 the poor; and to exalt himfelf by calumniating 
 his predeceflbr. Hence arofe thatjuft hatred of 
 the people, which vented itfelf even after his 
 death. He died after a reign rather fhort, but 5q^^ 
 too long for fuch a tyrant. The ftory invented 
 to make his death remarkable deferves no credit. 
 
 Sed. 2. After an interval of near a whole 
 year, the Romans chofe Boniface, a native of 
 Rome, wiio had hitherto been a deacon ; and as 
 envoy from the Pope had infinuated himfelf in- 
 to the favour of the profligate emperor Phocas^ 
 who conferred on this fycophant a very diftin- 
 guifhed favour, for at his requefc, and thro* 
 hatred of the worthy patriarch Cyriacus, he de- 
 prived the latter of the title which he had hither- 
 to born, of univerfal Bifhop, and granting it 
 to Boniface, or rather declared the church of 
 Rome the head of all other churches. Yet 
 Boniface did not long enjoy this antichriftian ho- 
 nour, as Gregory the Great juflly called it; buC 
 died in this very year, after having, by a very 
 arrogant decree of a council, taken a long flride 
 towards improving the title into adlual power. *. 
 
 Stdi, 3. The Roman chair having continued ^ ^ 
 vacant four months, Boniface IV. was chofen. ' 
 
 He was a Mar/tan by birth, and the fon of a 
 phyfician, called John. One of his merits upon 
 record is, that with the permifTion of the uiiirper 
 
 * Of this and the foregoing Popes, we have no letters or 
 mandates now extant. All we know of this very remark- 
 able tranfadiion is founded on the accounts of Anajlaftus 
 and Pj.ulus Deacovus de rebus geftis Lon^^obaj-dor. And pro- 
 bababiy they may not mean fo much as has been underftood 
 by Baronius, aud other writers, which is plainly intimated 
 by Mojheim in his Injiit. hijhr. ecclef. other v/riters to be 
 confulted relating to Pope Boniface ; and this change are 
 Laumri in epift, Heidegger bijinr, Papat, and Muraton\ niflory 
 9f Italy, 
 
 Phocas^ 
 
6i8 
 
 90 H I S T O R V ?/" /^^ Po P E 8. 
 
 Phocas^ he dedicated the Pantheon at Rome 
 to all the faints, thus retaining the thing by a 
 
 5jq^ different name. He conveened a council at Rome 
 on account of fome difturbances in England. He 
 
 5^ r died not long after with the reputation of a faint*. 
 Seel. 4. Of his fucceffor Beus dedit we know 
 nothing interefting. The queftions, whether 
 he or his father were fubdeacons \ or whether it 
 be true that he gave a miraculous kifs to a leper, 
 are frivolous. After his death, but not till the 
 latter ages, he was ranked among the faints -f. 
 
 619. Seel. 5. The chair now continued a whole 
 year vacant, when the choice fell on Boniface V. 
 a Neapolitan. He has the charadler of a good 
 man, but without any thing being known of him 
 than that he died, and even the time of this is 
 
 (ii^, uncertain J. 
 
 Se6l. 6. It is very probable, that Homrius I. 
 a native o^ Campania y and of eminent rank, was 
 chofen immediately after the demife of his pre- 
 deceiTor, and that he was inftalled foon after, the 
 Emperor's exarch of Ravenna being then at 
 Rome, He is faid to have efpoufed in vain the 
 
 * HoIJienius Coll. Ro7n. gives a decree of this Pope, made 
 in the above-mentioned council, concerning the right of 
 monks to officiate as piiefts, and a letter to king Ethelbertoi 
 E>!glandQn the fame fubjed. See aKo Harduins conciL and 
 Spelmanh concil. AngL But their genuinenefs are j uftly que- 
 flioned. See Dupin\ hiblioth. des Auteurs ecclef. and FaSri- 
 cius in hiblioth. Lat. ?ned. ^ inf. atat. See alfo the ASla 
 JafUl. Cavey hijlor. liter, and Maraugoni delle coje gentilefche 
 tranfportate ad itjo delta chiefa. 
 
 t The letter to Bi ill op Gordian of Se'vilhy which bears 
 his name, is fpuiious. It may be feen in Aigure*^ conciL 
 Hi [pan. and in Gratian. 
 
 \ We have three letters of his which he fent to England 
 ■ in Spelmans concil. Britannic. In one of them he fpeaks 
 fomething unguardedly about the work of redemption. See 
 Qciilcr\ Jiijioir. dcs auteurs. 
 
 caufe 
 
HisroRYoft/jePop^s. 91 
 
 caufe of Adaloald the depofed King of the Lom- 
 bards. He alfo complimented the prelates of 
 Canterbury and Tork with the archiepifcopal ^2'^. 
 mantle, in order to cajole the EngUjh into a clofer ' * 
 conned:ion with his See : Yet he could not pre- 
 vail with all the churches there to conforrn to 
 the church o^ Rome on the fubjed of Eafter. He 
 alfo con fecra ted a patriarch of G/Wo, and Pnev/ed 
 great zeal in building and ornamenting churches. 
 But his fame was fornewhat cclipfed in the vio- 
 lent controverfy then agit?.:.ed in the Eafl, con- 63^. 
 cerning the quelfion, whether Chrifl: had one or 
 two wills ? In two letters to Sergius^ patriarch 634, 
 of Conjlantinopk^ he evidently declared for the 
 Monothelites. Some indeed among the moderns 
 have laboured hard to extenuate this fault, but 
 in vain, it being undeniable, that at the fixth 
 general council at Conftantincple^ Honcrius was 
 publickly condemned as a heretick ; and this 
 ientence was folemnly confirmed by the following 
 Popes, even in their ufual oath of religion. The 
 common tradition, that HGnorhis -amply corn- 
 pen fated for his fault, by fetting an orthodox 
 Bidiop over the MaronileSy is grounded on mo- 
 numents palpably falfe. He died *. 66^, 
 
 Stdi, 7. After the death of Pope Honorms., 
 was chofen Severinus^ a Roma?t^ but his confe- 
 
 c rat: on 
 
 * Among Honcriush writings, the moft remarkable are * 
 
 jhis two letters to Sergius, which are in the j^d. ConciL 
 cecumen. Six other letters in Tom. XIV. ConciL reg. a La- 
 tin poem on Chrifl's afcenfion, which ionie do rot allow to 
 be his, Tom. XIl. Bihlioth.ynax, pair, an elegiac ode on hii 
 predecefFor in Gruff r's The/, infcnpt and Fieet-zKfooii's Svlkg, 
 infcript. There is alfo an elegy of the like kind on Hono- 
 rius in Gruter. See Fabriciuiz biblicth. nied, Cf inf. a-tat. 
 Befides thofe writers who have treated of the hiUory of 
 the Moriothclites, and of whom an accurate account is given 
 b/ Fahriciui in biblioth, Grcsc, fee the folJ owing ; Richer 
 
 hijhr.. 
 
g2 H I S T O R Y 5/* /^^ P O P E S. 
 
 6^g, cration was for a long time retarded, the depu-s' 
 ties fent to Conjtantinople, not being able to ob- 
 tain the confirmation, till they promifed to pre- 
 vail with the new Pope to accept of the mono- 
 thelitical form of faith, publilhed in the name 
 of the emperor Heradius, About this time the 
 Roman foldiers plundered the palace of Lateran^ 
 where great treafures had been laid up by Hono- 
 rius and his predeceflbrs Two of the Empe- 
 ror's officers are accufed of being concerned in 
 6^0. t:his violence. At lad Severinus was confirmed ; 
 but how he behaved with refpedt to the condi- 
 tions above-mentioned, does not clearly appear. 
 He died not long after *. 
 
 Sed. 8. John IV. a Dalmatian^ was eleded 
 in his room. Before his confecration he jointly 
 with the archiprefbyter, the archdeacon, and the 
 primicerius of the church of Rome^ anfwered a 
 letter fent to Severinus by fome of the clergy of 
 Scotland \ the fubjeCl of it was the feaft of Eafter 
 and the Pelagian do6lrine, which had gained 
 ground in that country : But the heat of his 
 zeal was pointed at the Monothelites, He is 
 faid to have prevailed with the Emperor C^;^^«- 
 
 641. ^^"^^ ^^ invalidate the famous Ecthefis^ having 
 himfeif before condemned this herefy in a coun- 
 cil. Fie was a friend of the monks, and did 
 
 h'lftor. concil. general, Dupin di antiq. ecclef. difcipl. PJacette 
 ohferojat. hifior. ecclef. Gamier dij. il. ad libr. diurn, Baf- 
 nage hijioir de le Eglife. Bojfuct. defenf, declarat. Cbladenn 
 diJJ. de Monothelettjmo Honorii pap^e. Among his advocates, 
 befides Baronius and others, fee Harduins op. fele^. Ca- 
 ■ *valca7iti n:indic. pontif. and Bartholi Apolog, pro Honerio. 
 The account of the iVf^roTz//^ Bilhop has been contradifted 
 by AJIevian in Jcriptor. hijlor. Ital. 
 
 * Father Sirmond firit publifhed the Commemorat. de Pap^e 
 Se-oeriiii legatity which has been re-printed in Labbe^s con- 
 cil. Tom. V. 
 
 many 
 
H I S T O R Y c/* ^^^ P O P E s. 93 
 
 many good works. He died after a fhort pon- 
 tificate *. 642. 
 
 Sed:. 9. He was fucceeded by Theodore I. a 
 native of Greece^ and fon to the patriarch of 
 Jerufalem of the fame name, who feems to have 
 obtained his confirmation from the Exarch of 
 Ravenna, All that is known of him relates to 
 the Monothelite difturbances which were en- 
 creafed by Pyrrkus the depofed patriarch of Con- 
 Jlantinople, who at this time renounced his opi- 
 nion, and again embraced it ; alfo by the pa- 
 triarch P/s^//; 2ind \^MY hy i\\t Typiis 0^ CGnJian- 
 tine. One of the moft remarkable tranfadlions ^^^' 
 was the council of Rome^ where 'Theodore fub- 
 fcribed the condemnation of Pyrrhus with con- 
 fecrated wine. But that the Emperor's Typus 
 was rejeded at the fame time is falfe Ga the 
 other hand it is certain, that Theodore excom- 
 municated the patriarch Paul% and thereby he 
 drew a fevere perfecution on his Legates and 
 other orthodox men in the Eaft. His nomi- 
 nating Stephen Bifhop of Dore to be his Vicar in 
 Jerufalem^ proceeded from political motives. The 
 expreffions of the African Bifhops mull be ex- 
 tremely mifunderftood, to imagine that they 
 acknowleged a papal fupremacy. He died as ^ . ^^ 
 a faint, which honour he derived from his 
 good works f . 
 
 Sed. 10. The next eleded was Martin I. 
 
 * In the above-mentioned colleflion of councils are, a 
 letter of his to the Scots, another to the emperor Conftan- 
 tine, and a third to Ifaac Bilhop of Syracu/e. See Oudin. 
 comment, de fcriptor. ecchf. Ca-ve, hijior. literar, and Ceiller^ 
 hijloir des auteurs. 
 
 t In Harduins Condi, are only two letters fent to Conjlan- 
 tinople by this Pope ; But other pieces relating to him 
 are to be met with there. The bull fent by Pope TLheo- 
 dore to the abbot oi Bobhio, does not feem to be genuine, 
 fee MuratQn'% hiilory of Italy. 
 
 who 
 
^4 H I S T O R V (?/ /& P O P E S. 
 
 who being of a good family ^tTodi in Jufcany^ 
 had a liberal education, and was pofTeiTed of 
 ibme excellent qualities. His inauguration was 
 performed without waiting for the imperial con- 
 firmation. He begun with holding a council of 
 Italian Bifhops in the Lateran church, which con- 
 demned the doclrine of ihtMonothelites^ the Em- 
 peror HeracUus's Eclhefis, arid likev/ife the Typus 
 of the reigning Emperor C(?;2/?<:7?z/i;?^: And this at 
 a time when the Emperor ufed his utmoft endea- 
 vours for inforcing that decree in Italy ; and 
 had fent orders to the Exarch Ohmpius to pro- 
 
 ^5^' ceed to violence againfb the Pope himfelf. But 
 for this time, by OIynipius\ treachery, the dorm 
 bltV over. However, the Emperor Conjlcintirie 
 
 ^53' pcrfifted in his refolution ; and the Pope, being 
 leized by the new Exarch Jcht Calliope, was 
 
 654, carried away to the ifland of Naxia, and from 
 thence to Conflantincpk, A judicial enquiry was 
 commenced againft the Pope, who mufl have 
 fuffered for high treafon, which was the charge 
 brought againft him, had nor the patriarch 
 Paul, who then lay dying, prevailed on the 
 Emperor to mitigate the capital punifhmcrnt 
 into exile. Martin was tranfported to Cherjc- 
 
 ^55' ^^fus, where he died foon after. His fufFering$ 
 have gained him the title of a laint. It is 
 certain, however, that he v^as one of thofe 
 Popes who afierted their dignity with pride and 
 infolcnce. Ot this, among others, his proceed- 
 ings 2ig'3i\x\?i Paul o\ Ihejfalonica are a iutticieut 
 evidence *. 
 
 * The principal authorities here are the feventeen letters, 
 which are remaining of this Pope, together with the aits of 
 the Lateran council in the ConciL teg. See vabnctus Tn biB- 
 lioth. Grac. We have alfo fome account of this Pope in 
 Surjuj*s <vzt. fanitur. See '^d mond, Cazf^ ^'L-ruhrii /[JJhnayi. 
 and Ceilers. 
 
 Sccl. 
 
History of fS^ Popes. 9^ 
 
 Sefb. II. Whilft Pope Martin was ftlll 654. 
 living, the Romans proceeded to tkd: Eugenius I. 
 of whom it is remarked, as fomething fingular, 
 that he was a prieft in his cradle. It cannot 
 be proved, that Pope Martin gave his confent 
 to this eledlion. All that we know o^ Eugenius 
 is, that his deputies at Conftantinople were very 
 near committing a falfe ftep : That he was ob- 6c^^, 
 liged to rejed: the confelTion of faith of Feter 
 the new patriarch o^ ConftantinGple^ and that after 6^^. 
 his death he was clal'fed among the faints *. 
 
 Sed. 12. His fuccelTor was Vitalianus, a 
 nmvc o^ Campania. He immediately fent de- 
 puties to both Emperors, and at the fame time 
 the ufual confefTion of faith to the patriarch. 
 The gracious reception theie deputies met with, 
 and the rich prefents which the Emperor Con- 
 Jlantine lent by them to Rome^ would relied: lit- 
 tle honour upon the Pope, were it not manifefl, 
 ' that the Momthelites looked upon him as their 
 enemy. Vitalian was as haughty and infolent 
 toward his brethren, as he had been fubmifiive 
 to the Emperor when at Rome, One fpecimen ^^7» 
 of which appeared in his vehement proceed- 
 ing againft Maurus Bifhop of Ravenna, which 
 however was fo far from anfwering his ends, 
 that it occafioned the Emperor, by a particular 
 inilrument to confirm the independency of the 
 See of Ravenna on the Pope. Of the fame kind 
 was his conduct towards J^,^;/, a CnYjw Bifhop, 
 but the iffue is unknown. Among the artifices ^^g^ 
 of this Pope was his nominating ^h^odore to be 
 Archbifhop of Canterbury, and conferring privi- 
 
 * In Gratia?i are only four ordinances of his which fhew 
 that Eugenius was a itrift difciplinarian over the clergy. 
 See Fabridus\ bibliGth, Lai. n:cd, ^Jj irf.m, atat. and the 
 
 leges 
 
gS His toRY tf the V OP t^. ' 
 
 leges on that church, which flrengthened the 
 union betwixt the EngUfrj church and his See.- 
 He is extolled as a ftridl difciplinarian : He died, 
 
 ^7 2* and is alfo a faint *. 
 
 Sedt. 13. All that we know of his fuccel- 
 for Adeodat is, that he was a Roman and a monk, 
 
 ^yy, and died a Pope f. 
 
 Se6t. 14. Hereupon Domnus I. a Roman^ was 
 chofen. He had the fatisfadlion, that Repara- 
 
 5^7. tus Bifliop of Ravenna^ and his fucceflbr Theo-^ 
 dore^ behaved to him in a manner perfectly 
 agreeable to his defires : But this good under- 
 ftanding did not lafl long. In his time the 
 Emperor Conjlantine Pogonatus endeavoured to 
 
 5^0, reftore the tranquillity of the church. But 
 Domnus died before the Emperor's letter came 
 to his hands J. 
 
 Sed. 15. The next Pope was Agatho a. Si- 
 cilian. He held two remarkable councils at 
 Rof^e. In one of them /F/7/r^^, Biiliop of ^V/^, 
 who had been depofed, was acquitted ; and, in 
 the other, were ctiofen the Legates to affifl at the 
 
 680. fixth oecumenical council sii Co-iJIimlinopk^wherc 
 ihtMonothelites^ 'dnd Ho^orius by nam.e, were con- 
 
 * In the colledion of 'councils are five letters of this 
 Pope ; as for the fixth to the monks of Suily^ even Ba~ 
 ronius allows it tO be fpurious. Wc^-nfJort\ in hifi. Lat^ 
 ling, in facHs puh/ids, explodes the pretence of fome mo- 
 dern writers, that Vitalian, by a decree, appointed public 
 wcrlhip to be performed in Latin, See the Ada Sanctor. 
 and Caller, Of the proceedings againil Bifhop Maurus^ 
 fee particularly Murato-'-i. 
 
 t Only one letter of liis to the Biihops of Trance is 
 -flill remaining, which relates to the exemption of the con- 
 vent of St. Martin at J curs ; its genainnefs however is 
 much difputed; it may be feen among others in Hardouin\ 
 concil. 
 
 \ Some make Domnus a poet; but this is very uncertain. 
 See Fabricius bibliotb. Lat. med, kS' inf. 
 
 demned. 
 
History of the Popes. 97 
 
 demned, which Agatho himfclf had before done 
 in his letter. On this occafion the Emperor 
 Confiantine relealed the Popes of Rome from the 
 ufual payments for their confirmation, but ex- 
 prefly retained the right of confkmation. Agatho ^$2» 
 himfelf died a fhort time after ^, 
 
 Sed:. 16. The mod remarkable paOage known 
 of Pope Leo II. who was aho a Sicilian^ is, that 
 he was inftalied by the three Bifhops of Ofiia^ 
 PortOy and Vektri^ the See of Alha being then 
 vacant ; that he maintained a good underftand- 
 ing with the Emperor Conftantine ; approved of 
 the decrees of the above-mentioned council of 
 Conftantinople 5 condemned Honorius^ and died as 
 a faint -f . 6^2," 
 
 Stdc. ly. The election fell on Beriedicf II. 
 but he was obliged to wait almoft a whole year 
 before he was confirmed and confecrated. In ^^4^ 
 his time the Emperor Conflantine gave permif- 
 fion, that for the future the ordination of the 
 Popes Ihould be performed without any delay, 
 a favour in general not clearly underftood, and 
 to which the Emperor's fucceifors paid no re- 
 gard. Benedi^ fiiewed great zeal in confirming 
 the authority of the fixth council, efpecially in 
 
 * Befides the two letters inferted in the atSls of the fixth 
 general council, and fome ver" \:rogant decrees to be met 
 with in Gratlan, two very doubtful pieces are attributed to 
 Agathoy one of them a letter to King Ethelrcd o^ England^ 
 and another to a fiditious Bilhop oi Fienttei fee Dupin hib- 
 liolh, des autenrs, the Ada Sanclcr, Mov^itore blblioth. Si- 
 cul. Heidegger, hijior. fapat. Ccilkr and MazxuchelU Scuttori 
 d'ltalia. 
 
 t In the collcftion of councils are five letters of his, of 
 which the firft in Harduins Tom. III. condi is the moll re-» 
 markable, and queftioned by Baronius without fufticient 
 grounds. See Ada Savfior. MongitorCt Fabriciui'^ biblioth, 
 Lai, and Ceilhr. 
 
98 H I S T O R Y ^ ^^^ P O f> E S. 
 
 Spain. He was obliged to adopt the two impf- 
 riai Princes. He died with the reputation of 
 
 6"^^. liberahty, and was canonifed *. 
 
 Seel. 18. Of 7(?^;/ V. we know, that he was" 
 a native of Syria^ was chofen Pope, was confe- 
 crated ; endeavoured to fubjedl the Sardinian 
 churches to the papal chair ; was infirm in his 
 
 6^6, health, and died f. 
 
 Sed. 19. At the new eleftion the voters 
 were divided. The clergy were for the arch- 
 pried Peter ; and the foldiers for one Theodore a 
 prieft : At lafl the eledtion fell on a third per- 
 fon, one C<5;zc77, a native of T'-^r^c^ ; He was a 
 weak man both in mind and body, and died 
 
 (i%^. within eleven months. 
 
 Sed:. 20. Pafchalis the archdeacon had be- 
 fore the death of Conon^ by a promife of money, 
 procured an order for his eledlion from John 
 Platyn^ exarch of Ravenna. It muft be confef- 
 fed, that he had befides a powerful party. Ano- 
 ther fadlion of the eleclors chole the arch-prieft 
 Theodore^ and a third Sergius 1. who was born at 
 Palermo., or brought up there, but of Syrian ex- 
 tradlion. The exarch himfelf came to Rome 
 and declared for Sergius, who was obliged to pay 
 him down the fum of money promifed by Paf- 
 
 ^38. cbaL One of his firft tranfadions was to bap- 
 tife CedowalJa^ the devout King of the Weft- 
 "faxons, arid he had frequent opportunities of ex- 
 rending and eflablifhing the authority of the 
 papal chair, by the reverence paid to the mifli- 
 onaries, who converted the remaining pagan 
 
 601. nations. The Emperor Jujlinian II. held at 
 
 * There are only two letters of his to the Spaniards in 
 Agmrre\ concil. Hifp. 
 
 t His letters and treatife de dignitate pal'ii are of little 
 
 repute. 
 
 Con- 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ /& P O P E S. 9^ 
 
 €onjlantinople the famous council ofTnilla, Its 
 decrees related to church difcipline, feme of them 
 were very prudent, reafonable and juft, but 
 therefore unfavourable to the felfifh tenets of the 
 Roman church. The Emperor defired Sergius ^^2, 
 to fubfcribe to them, but he rcfufed with in- 
 decent obftinacy. Juftinian fenc an officer of 
 his court to apprehend the Pope, but he con- 
 trived to efcape by the protedion of the foldiers, 
 which had very much the air of a tumult. We 
 know nothing further of him, than that by his 
 admonitions he greatly contributed to the re- ^9^* 
 moval of the fchifm in the churches of Aquileia^ 
 which ftill fubfifted on account of the three 
 chapters. He died with the reputation of a 
 faint *. 701. 
 
 SECT, IL 
 
 Of the Hidory of the Popes of the eighch 
 Century. 
 
 ^^6k., i.'^O H N VI. was a native of Greece. 
 
 J He appeafed the mutiny of the fol- 7*^'^ 
 diers againil: the exarch 'Theophyla^us^ when he 
 
 * Whoever takes the monumental infcription of this 
 Pope to be genuine, as we find it in Baronius's annal. ec- 
 cltf, muft make fome little alteration in the account of 
 his eledlicn. The flory of the miracle performed by St, 
 Aldhelnii which nearly concerns Sergius is fabulous. Be- 
 f)des fome ordinances to be found in Gratiaa, relating 
 partly to publick worfhip, we have remaining only a 
 letter fent to the abbot Ceolfreid in England, to be met with 
 in Wilkini* concil. Angl. See trie Aila SanJior. Mongitore hi- 
 biioth. fic* R^^gtifu elog. Jk and Caue'i> hijior, liter* 
 
 H 2 was 
 
707. 
 
 100 Hi s TORY of the Popes. 
 
 was at Rome. He alfo had an opportunity, in 
 the affair of St. Gifulf of Benevento^ of (hewing 
 his liberality. In his time, Wilfried^ archbifhop 
 of Tork^ who was become odious in England^ for 
 his too great attachment to the Pope, was ac- 
 
 704. quitted in a council held at Rome, John died 
 
 705. foon after. 
 
 Sed. 2. Next fucceeded John "VII. a Greeks 
 and a man of learning, but timorous, as ap- 
 pears from his behaviour towards the Emperor 
 Jujiinian II. with regard to the council of Trulla, 
 What is mentioned of a grant made by Aribert 
 King of the Lcngohards has hitherto been little 
 underftood. He died *. 
 
 Sed:. 3. Sifinnus was chofen Pope, and died 
 
 708. twenty days after. 
 
 Sed:. 4. Upon this, Conjiantine^ a native of 
 Syria ^ was chofen, who took a great deal of 
 pains to fubjeft the Bifliop of Ravenna to the 
 papal See. He was obliged, by order of the 
 Emperor Jiiftinian^ to go to Conjlantinople^ and 
 
 ^^'~*' from thence to Nicomedia. Tho' he had all 
 manner of refped paid him, and the Emperor 
 even kiiTed his foot (which is the firll inilance 
 of this iubmilTion recorded in hiftory) yet the 
 particular reafon and confequences of this jour- 
 ney are not known. Pbilippicus being now ad- 
 vanced to the imperial throne, his inclination to 
 the party of the Monothelitcs would foon have oc- 
 calioned great diiturbances \ but his death, 
 which happened immediately after, and the zeal 
 of the Emperor Athanafius^ for the orthodox 
 faith, prefer ved the peace. Conftantme pafTed 
 
 * Wilkvns in concil, Angl has a letter of this Pope to 
 two Kings q{ England^ and Balluzi in Mifcet. likewife ano- 
 ther letter to the Engl:jh in general. See Uuratori'% hif- 
 tory of Italy. 
 
 aa 
 
 ) J 
 
 712, 
 
 7^3 
 
7^5' 
 
 History of the Popes. lol 
 
 an unjuft fentence in the affair" of the Bifhop of 
 Milan, with regard to the bifhoprick of P^f /^. 
 He died *. 
 
 Sed. 5. The next Pope is Gregory II. a native 
 of Rome, who wanted not abihties to purfue the 
 maxims adopted in Rome, for extending the 
 authority of his See. The political difturbances 
 in Ilaly, and the commotions in the church, 7^^» 
 contributed to this. He was the firft who en- 
 deavoured to gain the friendfhip o^ Charles Mm'- 
 telMaire du palais, or major-domo of the Franks ^ 
 in order to make ufe of it againft the power of 
 King Luitprand, which began to grow formid- 
 able to him. He was zealous for the dodlrine 
 of celibacy, and knew how to avail himfelf of 
 Boniface, the celebrated converter of the pagans. 
 But the mod important tranfadion in his time 724. 
 was the difpute about image- worfhip, which firft 
 began under the emperor Leo Ifaurus, Gregory - 
 ftrenuoufly oppofed the Emperor, who being '^ 
 thereby provoked either to depofe, or even to 
 difpatch him, the Pope fecured himfelf by means 
 of infurredlions among the people, and even the 
 affiftance of King L^/Vpr^;^i. In the courfe of 
 this condutl he was extremely infolent, and died 
 with the character of a faint f. ^.,j^ 
 
 * A letter of his to Brithnxjald archbifhop of Cante^-hury 
 may be feen in Harduin% conciL Another alfo to Edald 
 Biftiop of Fienne, is attributed to him. See Fahricius' bib- 
 lioth. Lat. med. iff injim, tetat. and Muratori. 
 
 t Concerning the fifteen letters remaining of his, fee 
 Fabricius Biblioth. Grac. and biblioth. Lat. 7ned. ^ infim. 
 atat. See alfo the Aaa San^or. Mabillo?i. Ja. Sana, ord, 
 Bened. Ahxand. hiji. ecdef. Sandini dijf. ad 'vit. Pontif. Mu- 
 ratori^ AJjfemand. the hiftorians of image-worfhip, among 
 whom the principal is Spanheim. To thefe times alfo he- 
 longs the liber diurnusy a very ancient piece of great ufe, 
 IJee Fabricius biblioth. Lat. Med. f£t. and Ca^ye% hijior. litcrar, 
 
 H Seft. 
 
102 H I S T O R Y O/* //&^ P O P E S. 
 
 Sedl. 6. The new eledion fell on Gregory 11!." 
 a native of Syria^ who zealoufly trod in the foot- 
 
 ;^2 2 ft^ps o^ ^^? prcdecefTors. His firft bufinefs was 
 by vehjsment writings and repeated councils, to 
 oppofe the emperor Leo^ who ftill perfevered in 
 
 7^^. the fupprefTion of image-worfhip. Leo^ fo far 
 from being intimidated, made not only the 
 Pope's Legate, but the Pope himfelf, feel his 
 difpleafure, for he confifcated the papal reve- 
 nues in Sicily and Calabria^ which were very con- 
 liderable. On the other hand, Gregory was in- 
 defaci«:able in alienating the hearts of the Em- 
 peroi's fubjeds from him, as a heretick \ and 
 in attaching to himfelf the above- rnentioned 
 Boniface^ who, on his part was a6live in propa- 
 gating the authority of the Pope in Germany, 
 
 740. Towards the clofe of his days he drew on him- 
 felf the refentment o^ Luitprand and Hildehrand^ 
 two Kings of the Lombards, by fupporting with 
 men and money, the revolt o( Tbra/imund duks 
 of Spoieto, On this occafion he fent a fplendid 
 embaify to requefl the aid of Charles Martel of 
 France^ with an infamous promife of withdraw- 
 ing himfelf and the city of Rome from their al- 
 legiance to the Roman emperor. Charles was too 
 much a politician abfolutely to comply with the 
 Pope's requelt ; yet he took care to enter into 
 a clofe connedlion with him. But the deceafe 
 both of Charles and the Pope put a period to all 
 thefe extenfive fchemes. Gregory is alfo reputed 
 
 741. a faint *. 
 
 * It is mattqr of doubt, whether the Capltula 33 «/^ 
 penitentibus in Harduinh concil. belongs to this Gregory. In 
 the colleclion of councils are prefcrved feven letters of his; 
 bat we do not there find the letter to St, Urfus of Fen'n^e^ 
 which is to SabellicuSf nor that to the Bifhops oi Lojnbar^- 
 'tufcary^ which was made public by Fontanini. 
 
 Sefl. 
 
History of the P op es. 103 
 
 Seft. 7. After him was chofen another Cr^f^, 742. 
 named Zncharias^ a man very expert at gaining 
 his ends by fair words and flatteries. He chear- 
 fully made tv/o journeys t^ Liiitprand King of 742. 
 Lombardy^ and one to Ra^lius King of the fame 
 country ; in both which he greatly promoted 
 his intereft. He was aho on fuch good terms 747.' 
 with Pefin^ that he gave his previous approba- 
 tion to the latter's dtfign of dethroning his fo- 
 vereign, and thereby firmly attached the Caro- 751. 
 lingian race to himfelf. He is accounted a man 
 of learning, tho' his judgment in the conrro- 
 verfy about tiie Antipodes, is but an indifferent 
 fpecimen of this. He died, and is alfo claifed 
 among the faints *. 7^2.' 
 
 Sect. 8, Stephen^ a priefl, v^ho was chofen 
 next was never confecrated -, for he died three 
 days after his election ; on which account moil 
 hiftorians omit him from the lift of the Popes, 
 and call his fuccelfor Stephen 11. whom others 
 flile the Hid. This Pope, who was a native 
 o( Rome, had the good fortune in a journey he 
 made into France to prevail with King Pepin^ 
 not only to deprive King Aiftulphus of the ex- ' *^^* 
 archate, which he had unjuftly taken from the 
 Greeks, but likewife by his famous donation to 
 lay the firft foundation of the temporal power 
 of the Popes in Italy, Fepn adopted among 
 his titles that of a patrician of Rome. This Pope 
 
 * We are obliged to this Pope for the Greek tranflation 
 of the dialogues oi Gregory the Great. In Harduin^ con- 
 ciL is the epillolary ccrrefpondence betwixt this Pope and 
 St. Bonifaccy which is not without its ufe here ; and with 
 it may be compared Bajnage\ edition of Oi?t'Jtui^ Le£i. 
 antiq. In the other coilcdions, particularly Tom. XVI. 
 reg. are more letters. 
 
 H 4 Oiewed 
 
J04 Hist oKY of the F oTEs, 
 
 fhewed a great zeal againft the do6lnne of the 
 757. Greeks concerning images ; and died *, 
 
 Se6t. 9. During the illnefs of Pope Sie- 
 phen, two parties arofe •, one declaring for 'Tbeo- 
 phyla^tis an archdeacon, and the other forP^/^/ the 
 deacon, brother to the late Pope, who at length 
 carried the point, tho* in ail appearance by no 
 very judihable means. He kept up a clofe friend - 
 Ihip with King Fepin^ to the prejudice of the em- 
 peror Dcfiderius and of the Greek emperors ; who, 
 as was natural, would not patiently fee them- 
 ielves deprived of their property, yet had not 
 flrength to defend it. The Pope, to cover his 
 ' rebellion v^ith the mantle of religion, declared 
 
 J^J» them hereticks. Paul died after building feve- 
 ral churcheSj and colle<5ling the bones oi faints, 
 which hath procured him a place among the 
 faints t- 
 
 Scd. 10. On the deceafe of Pope Paul I. duke 
 
 ^68. "TotOy by a notable fetch of policy, placed his 
 brother Confianiine in the papal chair. He 
 maintained hlmielf in it above a year, when 
 
 * Befides the letters in the Codex CarfAbmSy \vhich we 
 fhall have cccafion to cite, fee Rcjjiorja ad Galiuj in Har- 
 iiuirh ccnciL in which occjjrs a glaring proof of this 
 Pope's faliibility, or ratbcr ignorance ; and the Re^oelat, 
 Stephani \\. in LakU conctL The reciprocal behaviour of 
 the Fope and Pcpiny and the true nature of the grant, 
 have in modern times produced many learned pieces on 
 both fides, fee Muratori\ hiftory of Italy^ and the late 
 Mr. yu'jheitth injlitut. hijtpr. ecclef. where alfo are quoted 
 many other writings belonging to this article. I'o thefe 
 IDuft be added Jjjemann. See alfo Cave's hiflor. liter. Ce- 
 iller's hijicir. des ai/tttin, and Fabric ius^ 5 bibliotb. Lat. med- 
 tsf 'h:fii}i. a-tat, 
 
 t 7he thirty-one letters from Pc^ul to King Pepin, are 
 in the-^ Codex CaroUvus ; befides fonie other documents to 
 be found in Lcbbe\ concil. ^\i6. Hczrduins, concil. See y^^?^z 
 Scindor, and Fabricius bibliotb. Lat. 
 
 Chriftopher 
 
History of ibe Popes. 105 
 
 Chrijlofhr and Sergius^two men of turbulent dif- 
 pofitions, by the help of the Longobards^ forci- 
 bly dethroned him ; confined in a convent Phi- 
 lip the prieft, whom another party had chofen j 
 and promoted their friend Stephen III. or IV. 
 who, accordingly from this time is ac- 
 counted the legal Pope. He behaved with ex-^ 
 treme cruelty towards the adherents of the two, 
 who had been chofen before. On this occa- 
 fion it was ena&d in a council, that no lay- 
 man fhould be eligible, but that the Pope lliould 
 alv/ays be a priefl: or deacon of the church of 
 Rome. He carefully cultivated the friendfliip 
 of the emperor Charles the Great, which was of 
 eminent ufe to him in his perpetual broils with 
 the emperor i^^/^'m// J. He died *. 772, 
 
 Se(5c. II. His fuccelTor was Hadrian I. a m^^^ 
 Roman^ of noble birth. Under him the em- 
 peror Charlemagne over- running the kingdom of 
 Italy^ became mader of Rome. Hadrian having 
 greatly promoted this important enterprize, 
 Charles in return for his fervices made repeated 
 grants to the fee o^ Ro?ne, Charles hov/ever did 7^^''- 
 not lofe fight of his own dignity, nor pay a j'^J* 
 fervile fubmifllon to the Pope. He arrefted 70^, 
 the Pope's Legates ; and by caufing the de- 
 crees of the fecond council of Nice (which had ^,q. 
 been fo agreeable to the Pope) to be rejected 
 in the celebrated ecclefiaftical afTembiy at Franc- 
 fori; on the Maine., he plainly Ihewed, that he 
 
 * All the letters remaining of him may be found in the 
 Codex Caroliims, and feme of chem berray the felfiih and 
 Jitigious difpofition of the Pope. The afts of the Lafe- 
 rau council held in the year 769 were firfl publilhed by 
 Cajet Cenni at Rome, 173;, whofe difTertation annexed to 
 it is alfo to be confulted. ^^z Mongitcr^ hihlioth. fuul. 
 Muratonh hiltory of Ital)\ and Leilltr's hijlrir des auieitn. 
 
 v»'ould 
 
796. 
 
 lo6 History cf the Popes. 
 
 would not be prefcribed to in civil, nor even 
 in religious matters. At that time the do<^:rine 
 of the Spanijh Bifhops Elipand and Felix ^ con- 
 cerning the myftery of the incarnation, made a 
 great noife. Hadrian manifefled a moft vehe- 
 
 795. nient zeal, but alfo a very fhallow knowledge 
 of the fundamental articles of faith ; his death 
 was much lamented by the Emperor Charles the 
 Great*. 
 
 Se6t. 12. LeoWl. a native of Rome, was no 
 fooner chofen than he notified it to the Emperor 
 Charles, with aclual marks of his fubmiffion : 
 And the Emperor in the perfons of his own mi- 
 nifters, received homage from the i^<?%.?;2j. Leo 
 
 ' -^"' held a council at Rome, m order to repeat the con- 
 demnation of the adoptian herefy. But in the 
 interim a violent rebellion broke out againft him, 
 headed by Pafchal and Campulus, two perfons of 
 great note, who by very cruel treatment ob- 
 liged him to make his efcape, and feek redrefs 
 from the Emperor Charles. He ordered the 
 
 8po. f^ope to be reconduded to Rome, by his ambaf- 
 fadors, and foon after going himfelf in perfon, 
 held a council of fuch of the clergy as were on 
 the fpot, where Pope Lf<? cleared himfelf by oath 
 from the accufations brought againft him ; and 
 
 * Of this Pope forty-fix letters are to be found in the Ci- 
 dex Carolinusy that is, in the colleftion of letters written by 
 the Popes from Gregory III. to Hadrian I. to the princes of 
 the Carolingian houfe ; and of which the Emperor Charles 
 the Great ordered a coUedion to be made in 791. See them 
 in Muratori Jcriptor. rero Italici. Befides thefe, other letters 
 from this Pope are to be found in the collection of councils. 
 The codex Canonujn, prefented by Pope Adrian to the Empe- 
 ror Charles. And the eighty capitula attributed to him in 
 Sirmond's concil. Gall, deferve like wife fome notice. Concern- 
 ing the celebrated grant of the Emperor Charles to Pope Ha- 
 dnany fee Mojhcim injlitut. hijh ecdef. \ 
 
 . . 5 " the 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ /^^ P O P E S. 107 
 
 the authors of the tumult were punifhed. At 
 the end of this year the Emperor Charles an- 
 nexed the title of Emperor to his fovereignty 
 over the city of Rome. The truth may fuffer, 
 if the fhare Pope Leo had in this be not rightly 
 underflood. From fome unknown motives, he, g 
 a few years after, paid a frefh vifit to the Empe- 
 ror Charles^ and a year or two after this, found 
 himfelf aggrieved by the imperial com mijGTaries 807. 
 in Italy^ Who poflibly attended to their mailer's 
 interell, with more fidelity than was agreeable 
 to the Pope. But he met with no countenance 
 from the Emperor, the indecent procedure of ^^^' 
 the Pope's Legates in England having railed a 
 well-grounded jealoufy in Charles. \n the dif- 809. 
 turbances arifen in the church, concerning the 
 proceflion of the Holy Ghofl from the Son, 
 PopeLf^ fliewed himfelf rather a politician than 814* 
 an infallible dodlor. On the demife of Charle- 
 magne^ tht Romans again revolted. F ope Leo gj^^ 
 caufed fome to be executed, which difpleafed 
 the new Emperor, who erected on that occafion 
 a fpecial commiffion at Rome, but by the Pope's 
 addrefs it turned out to his advantage. He 
 died foon after *. 
 
 816. 
 
 * Leoms III. EpiJIo/^ ad Carolum, lirfl publifhed by Her- 
 man Couring^ are, together with the letter to the Patriarch 
 Fortunatus of Grado^ preferved in the colleclion of coun- 
 cils. Balu'zius mifcel. gives us this Pope's confeirion of 
 faith. Among other mandates of his is, that which Grai^ 
 tian cap Nos Je in compstenter 9. vii. by miftake attributes to 
 Pope Leo IV. Among the monuments belonging to this 
 place, are to be added the Carmen de Carolo Magno i^ Leo- 
 7iis ad Carolum adqjeniu^ which goes by the name of Alcuiny 
 and has been mofl correclly publiflied by Bafnage, and thp 
 Itately monument of Mo/a ic work in Jle/nan/i's dij]'. de Late- 
 ran. Pariet. in Grce^viui'^ Ibef, hijl, ^ antiqu. lial. 
 
 Sea. 
 
lo8 H I S T R Y ^' /& P O P E S. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 The Hiftory of the Papacy. 
 
 Sc6l. i,TN this period the Papal dignity r^-r 
 X ceived a remarkable increafe. With 
 refpedl to the church, the Popes not only af- 
 fumed the title of univerfal Biihop, or head of 
 the church, but ftrenuoudy laboured to improve 
 this at firft unmeaning title, into fomething more 
 fubftantial. 
 
 Seft. 2. Tho' the eaftern patriarchs were not 
 wanting in a vigorous oppoficion, yet the Bi- 
 fnops o^ Rome were fo fortunate as to fubjed to 
 themfelves mod of the weftern churches. The 
 means made ufe for this purpofe were the fuper- 
 ftitious veneration of the pretended chair of St. 
 Peter^ cherifhed by them. The divifions among 
 the clergy, which produced the cuftom, ofap- 
 peaUng to the Popes ; the obligation carefully 
 laid on the millionaries among the Pagans to 
 preach the Pope together with Chrift ^ the zeal 
 for maintaining the dignity and authority of the 
 Popes againft the juft claims of inferior eccle- 
 fiall'cks and laymen, which dignity was heigh- 
 tened by the grant of privileges, and particu- 
 larly by fending the pallium, to which may be 
 added the fantaftical defire of fome prelates, to 
 be confecrated by the Pope himfelf ^ the fepara- 
 tion from the eadern church, which was always 
 decried as heretical j the flrict care taken to at- 
 tack the body of the monks to the fervice of the 
 S^t o^ Rome ', the colledions of the Papal de- 
 cretals> and of the canon laws of Rome^ ts'c 
 
 5 Sedl. 
 
History c/'/fo Popes. 109 
 
 Sed. 3. The extent of this authority cannot 
 be precifely determined, though it is certain that 
 it was much larger in the churches newly planted, 
 of the number of which it was the misfortune 
 of thofe in Germany to be, than in the ancient. 
 
 Sedl. 4. Infallibility could not be admitted 
 againft the evidence of the fall of Honorius^ an<| 
 of the manifeftly wicked lives of ibme Popes. 
 Nor does it appear to have been a dodlrlne, 
 fmce it was thought neceflary, that the Pope 
 fhould not only tranfmit his confeflion of faith, 
 but alfo at his elevadon, take the Iblemn oath 
 of religion. 
 
 Sedl. 5. Befides, the decrees of councils were 
 preferred to the fentences of the Popes ; whole 
 churches, thofe o^ Africa^ for inftance, ?iud Jqui- 
 kia endeavoured to aflert their freedom ; fome 
 Bifliops, he of Ravenna^ for inftance, did not 
 allow the Pope to be their judge j and the Em- 
 peror and kings of Spain^ France and England 
 flill exercifed the fupreme power in ecclefialtical 
 matters. 
 
 Seel. 6 It is a ridiculous pretence, that the 
 Pope was acknowledged to have a power of 
 creating and depofing kings. 
 
 Stdc. 7. On the other hand it is an undeniable 
 truth, that the fovereigns of the city of Ronie^ 
 who were firft the Greek Emperors, then Char- 
 lemagne^ looked on the Popes as their fubjeds : 
 And did fummon them judicially to appear, and 
 even iniiicled punifhments on them. 
 
 Sed. 8. Now the Bilhops of Rome became 
 poflelTed of territories and fubjeds, which at 
 firft proceeded from the princes and kings of 
 Fra7ice^ of the Carlovingian line, who in a great 
 meafure owing their promotion to the friendfhip 
 of the Popes, in the warmth of their grati- 
 tude 
 
no H I S T O R Y g/ fbe P O P E 5. 
 
 tude firfl beflowed pofTefTions in Baly on the See 
 of Rome *. 
 
 Sed. 9. Nothing is more difficult, than pre- 
 cilely to determine what Pepin and Charlemagne 
 granted to the Pope. Muratori mentions the 
 following cities and places to have been fubjeded 
 * by Pepm zo the See of Rome^ Ravenna^ Rimim^ 
 PefarOy C^efena^ Fano^ Senigaglia, Jeji^ Forlim- 
 popoli^ Foiii^ Montefeltro^ Acer r agio, Monte di 
 Lticaro^ Serra^ S. Marino^ Bobio^ Urbinc. CagU^ 
 Luccolo^ GobbiOy Comaccio, Narni. , This grant 
 was indeed enlarged by Charlemagne^ but it is im^ 
 pofiible that he fhould liave given to that See al- 
 moft all Jtaly^ and even Corfica. 
 
 Sed. 10, As it is certain that thefe princes 
 properly conveyed to the Pope no more than an 
 ufufruL^uary enjoyment of thefe territories, re- 
 taining to tiiemfelves the lovereignty ; fojt is pafl 
 doubt, chat the city of Rome^ tho' the Popes 
 were inverted v/ith certain prerogatives, was not 
 comprehended among them -, but was fubject 
 feo Charlemagne^ as it lud been before to the 
 Greek Emperors, who accordingly exercifed the 
 feveral branches of fupreme power -f • 
 
 Sect. II. The eledions of the Popes were 
 ftill carried on by violence and bribery ; and the 
 Greek Emperors always ftrove to promote fome 
 creature of theirs. The right of eleclion Itill 
 remained in the clergy, the fenatc, and the peo- 
 ple, and the very loldiery, were not excluded 
 from it. Mention is made indeed of cardinals, 
 but in an indeterminate fenfe. The exclu- 
 
 * See hiJJair du droit puhUque eccUfinJlique Francois^ and 
 Ahbe rdly\ hijhir de France depuu l' etablt/Jement de la My- 
 f2 arc hie. 
 
 t See Muratri droit de 1' empire fur Veiat ecclef, 
 
 fion 
 
H I S T O R Y (?/ /& P O P E S. Ill 
 
 fion of the laity from pafilve fuffrages at the 
 eledion was an innovation. 
 
 Sedt. 12. As the' death of the Popes, fo alfo 
 their election was notified to the fovereign of the 
 city of Romey who by himfelf, or his vicegerent 
 at Ravenna^ confirmed the latter. The Greek 
 Emperors exadled a fum of money for their ra- 
 tification, and if this impoft was for a while in- 
 termitted, yet it was again reftored. The de- 
 pofition of Pope Martin was fomething extra- 
 ordinary. 
 
 Se(^. 13. The new eledled Pope was confe- 
 crated by the neighbouring Bilhops of OJiia^ 
 Porto and Alba. 
 
 Sed. 14. We muft in the laft place mention 
 the kifling of the foot, a token of refpedt which 
 had before been paid to the high pried among 
 the Pagans. 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ 112 ] 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome, 
 
 Under the Carlovingian and Saxon 
 Emperors. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of Rome. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of Rome of the 
 ninth Century. 
 
 Si 6. Sed. I . gTi^^li':^ N the death of hco was 
 
 W^^W) ^^^^ ^^P^ Stefhen IV^ or 
 ^ O ^ y ^ yIq, paid a vilic to Lewis 
 the Pious ^ which is faid to 
 have been of great advan- 
 817. tage to him, and died*- 
 
 * Of this Pope we have no remains. The decretal con- 
 cerning the eledion of a Pope attributed to him, being 
 none of his. o cv 
 
 Sect, 
 
HisTOKY of fbe PoTES. 113 
 
 SQ£t, 2. Tht Romans hereupon chooCmg Paf- 
 cal I. and having confecratcd him, without the 
 Emperor's confirmation, the new Pope found 
 himfelf under a neceflity, by an exprefs embafly, 
 to excufe himfelf to the Emperor, who for this 
 time was pleafed to overlook the offence, but was 
 afterwards the more rigid in maintaining his 
 right. Pope Pafchal was very zealous for 
 image worfhip, and had the honour of placing the 
 imperial crown on the head of young Lotharius 
 at Rome ; but he loft his procefs againft the 
 convent of Farfa, Soon after the city was dif- 
 turb^ by a fedition, for which Leo and neo- 
 dore loft their heads. This being an invafion of 
 the fovereignty of the Emperor, he fent hither a 
 particular commiiTion. Pafchal indeed acquit- 
 ted himfelf by oath, yet protedled the rebels ; 
 but died foon after. He was publickly hated 824. 
 after his death, yet the church of Rome worfhips 
 him as a faint *. 
 
 Sed:. 3. The new ele6lion was tumultuous ; 
 one lide voting for Zinzinnus^ and the other for 
 Eugenius II. a native of Rome^ who obtained the 
 majority. The Emperor Lotharius was obliged 
 in the name of his father to fupprefs fome 
 abufes, which had crept in, to the detriment of 
 the imperial dignity. He publiftied a remark- 
 able edicl ; and among other things not only 
 confirmed the freedom of eledlion, but likewii'e 
 enjoined, that every Pope when chofen fhould 
 take an oath of fidelity to the Emperor before 
 
 * Of this Pope three letters a^e to be found in the Condi, 
 reg. But the ilioft important document would be the fa- 
 mous letter of Donatiov^ which King Lenvis the Pious is faid 
 to have fent to this Pope in the } ear 817, were it not a 
 notorious faft, that it was firft forged in x.\\q. 12th century, 
 •as I hope to have proved in i\\^ Ccnjura diplornatis quod Lu- 
 do^nc lis Pius Pafchali conceffl^'e f^rtur^ 
 
 I the 
 
114 H I STORY c/* ^^^ Popes. 
 
 the imperial minifter. The controverfy about 
 images again revived. The fynod of Paris de- 
 
 ^^^' clared againft image- worfhip. Eugenius had the 
 merit ol" calling a council at Rome, for the ob- 
 fervanceof church-difcipline, and died * 
 7- Sed. 4. Valentiniis^ the following Pope, who 
 before had been only archdeacon, died at the 
 end of five weeks -f. 
 
 ^zdi. 5. The new eledion fell on Gregory IV. 
 a Roman^ but he was not confecrated till the im- 
 perial minifters, had examined and approved the 
 
 ^29. elediion. Sometime alter the Pope was profe- 
 cuted by the convent of Farfa, and was call. 
 Pope Gregory was deeply concerned in the de- 
 teftable and repeaced rebellion of king Lewis' % 
 
 ^^^- fons againft their father. Pie went himfelf into 
 France^ where, if he met with any difagreeable 
 treatment from the Emperor, and even the Bi- 
 
 t2>^' fhops, it Vv^as thro' his own fault. Afterwards he 
 conceived himfelf to be ill-ufed by the Emperor 
 Lotharius •, and Leijois the Pious countenanced 
 his comipiaincs. He built a new town near Ojliay 
 
 844. and died 4. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * In the collection of councils we find a letter from Eu- 
 ^stiius to Bernard Bilhop of Vieirm ; an inftrument for the 
 archbilliop of Lorch firlt publiflied by Ge'-vold in appendic* 
 chronic. Reichcrjh ; a letter to the Bilhops in France ; the 
 letter to Michael i\\q Greek Emperor, relating to images, and 
 the decrees of the council of Rome. The other pieces fa- 
 thered on him by Gratian and others, are none of his. See 
 Fahricii biblioih. Lat. meJ. 13" ifjim. ^tat . The famous capi- 
 t'ulaf'C Romanian Lotbarii is to be found in Balu:!^i^s capital. 
 and Harduins concil, 
 
 \ See MiiratLri\ hiRory of Italy, 
 
 I Of this Pope are Hill remaining a letter to the Bifliops 
 of the Franks in /^gobard's works ; another to all the Bilhops 
 concerning the dignity of the Pope of Rj7ne in Sirmond\ 
 cQiicil, Gall', a letter from the convent of Fieury in Balnxi 
 
History^ /i'^ Popes. 115 
 
 Sedt. 6. It was chiefly owing to the bad 
 ftate of the empire, under the Emperor Lotha- 
 husy that Sergius II. whom the Romans had 
 chofen in a competition with Johji the deacon, 
 was confecrated without waiting for the impe- 
 rial confirmation ; but Lotbarius fo rcfented it, 
 that he fent his fon to Rome whom he had no- 
 minated King o^ Italy ^ together with Br ago arch- 
 bi(hop of Af^/z, among other affairs, to enquire 
 into the eledion, which they confirmed. They 
 alfo acquitted Sergius of the charges brought 
 again ft him by the archbifhops of Milan and 
 Ravenna. The Saracens having paffed over into 84^, 
 Italy from Africa^ plundered ^i. Peter's church, 
 and the fubiirbs of RGrj2e. It was Sergius who 
 caufed to be built the fo famous Scala Sanola ; 
 foon after he died *. g/7, 
 
 Se(5t. 7. Leo IV. was alfo chofen and con- 
 fecrated without the previous approbation of the 
 Emperor; but the reafons were im.portant, and 
 the manner of it was iuch as to be in no wife in- 
 jurious to t: e iiriperial dignity. He crowned 
 the young Emperor Lewis II. at Ro7ne, and ad- 849. 
 ded to the city a fuburb, by which St. Peter's 
 church came to be within the city itfelf. He 
 likewife in the k'ae of Ce?2tumcella, 3. ruined town, 854. 
 
 rer. 
 
 mifcclL a diploma for St. Aufcarius in Lindenhrog.fcriptor. 
 J'epttntr. But the letter to the orthodox in Sirmond, lorn. III. 
 is fpurious. See Marca concord, faccfd. dff />;;/». Mabillon 
 cinnat. ord. Beried. Ca<ve hijior. liter, and Fabriciui\ bib- 
 liofh, lat. med. t^ infim^ a; tat. 
 
 * Of this Pope Flatina lays, but falily, that he was the 
 firft, who changed his name, which originally fignified 
 Hogs J'nout. See Bonnni numif. pontif. Haniuin concil. has 
 a letter of" his to the tranfalpine Bifliops. Other letrers 
 are alib afcribed to him, for which lee Fabriciui bibiioth. Lat. 
 vied. Sec. See Muratori\ hiilory oi Italy, jJjhrati dijj', de no'va 
 apoiha Ludo-vici il, ifjip. 
 
 I 2 bulk 
 
ii6 HisroiLr of the T oT'E ^. 
 
 built that of Leopolis ; which by a fecond vicif- 
 fitude was altered to Civita Fecchia, a revolt 
 happening at Rome, the Emperor Lewis efFe6lu- 
 ally exerted his power as fovereign of the city. 
 « ^ Leo died, and is a faint *. 
 ^^* Se6"l. 8. They who give credit to the fa- 
 mous ftory of Pope Joan infcrt her in this place. 
 In our judgment this hiftory is not fo much a 
 fable as a riddle, of which the folution has not 
 yet been fufficiently attempted : But it is very 
 grofs to pretend that the proteftants are the au- 
 thors of a ftory which was public, at lead three 
 hundred years before the Reformation •, however 
 we do not include her, that we may avoid a 
 breach in the chronology -f. 
 
 Seel. 9. Of Benediol III. nothing is more 
 remarkable than his promotion. When the Em- 
 peror Lewis II. on notice of his election, in or- 
 der to his confirmation fent minifters to aflift at 
 his inauguration, an oppofite party found means, 
 with the aid of the imperial deputies to fubfli- 
 
 * Of Leo^s decretals the mofl remarkable is, that in Gra- 
 tian difi. x. cap. 9. he is reputed the author of the Sermo de 
 cura paftorali in Harduin\ but it is of an earlier date ; but 
 the collection of councils has four letters of his which are 
 of unquellioiiable authenticity. 
 
 t 1 he writers concerning Pope y(?<2« are carefully enu- 
 merated by Sagittarius introd. in hijl, ecclef. Fabricius in bib- 
 lioth Grac, Hajaus biblioth, Brem. and Dufejnoi in cata- 
 Icgiu des hijlor. Among thoie who difpute this ftory, Da- 
 wid Blondtly and among the defenders of it Fred. Span- 
 heim and his tranilator I'Enfant are undoubtedly the bell 
 among the moderns, fee Eccard. hijlor. Franc, oriental. Le- 
 <jui(n orient. Cbrijlian. Heu?nayin. in Syllog. dijfertat. Jacrar. 
 7'he hiftory of Popery and Lamhertim de beatif. ^ canonif. 
 In I4ehre\ Specim. Jecund. parttmiar. hijioricar. is to be found 
 an invertigation of thii hiftory, which probably would not 
 kjve btcn looked for there. 
 
 tute 
 
H I S TO RY 5/^//6^ Po PE S. 117 
 
 tute a noted perfon, called Anaftafius -, but Be- 
 nediB maintained his ground. He died *. 858. 
 
 Sedl. 10. Nicolas i. chiefly owed his elec- 
 tion to the authority of the prefent Emperor 
 Lewis II. His abilities were accompanied with 
 pride and ambition, which he firft expofed by 
 accepting the extravagant honours paid him by 
 the Emperor Lewis. The fame pafllons led g5o. 
 him to efpoufe the caufe of Ignatius the depofed 
 patriarch of Conjlantinople^ againft the Emperor 
 Michael and Photius the new patriarch, in hopes 
 of recovering the provinces, which the Greek 
 Emperors had fequeftred from the See of Rome^ 
 and fubjecled to that of Conftantinople. His dif- 
 appointment in this provoked him to the total 
 feparation of the G;'^^/^ from the Latin church. 
 In his time matters were carried to fuch an ex- 
 tremity, that Nicolas and Photius mutually ex- 
 communicated each other, and the latter charged 
 all the weflern churches with departing from 
 the pure do(5lrine : But on a change in the go- 
 vernment, he was depofed. The difturbances 
 however ftili continued. Nicolas alfo dexteroufly 
 availed himfeif of the difputes which arofe 
 among the Kings of the Franks^ and of the fa- 
 mous affair of the divorce of king Lotharius 861. 
 the younger and ^hietherge^ to extend his power 
 to the detriment of thofe Kings \ tho' Lewis II. 864. 
 on this occafion countenanced, as he had done 
 before, John archbifliop of Rave7ina^ fo now the 
 archbifhops of "Treves and Cologne^ who had been 
 
 * In the colle6lion of councils are four pieces of his ; 
 among which the diploma for the abbey of Alunr-i'ey , firft 
 publilhed \nDacher's Spicil, is remarkable, fee Mahillon de re 
 deplom. Befides Muratoris hiftory of Itohy Garampi\ dij/er- 
 tat, de nummio argent eo Benedict 111. gi\ es a great infight 
 into the hiftory of this Pope. 
 
 I 2 ex* 
 
Ji8 HisTojiy^/fe Popes. 
 
 excommunicated by the Pope •, and even him- 
 felf took a journey to Rome^ yet the haughty 
 Pope, by his dexterity, always carried his point : 
 At lafl he died, after having by his zeal acquired 
 the furname of Great ^ and the honour of cano- 
 
 867. nifacioa *. 
 
 Se6t. II. The new eledion was not entirely 
 free from difturbances; but what rendered it 
 mod remarkable was the exclufion of the Em- 
 peror's deputies : However the Emperor Lewis 
 confirmed the eledion o^ Adrian W. He had 
 been married •, but immediately after his pro- 
 
 S68. motion his wife and daughter were murdered. 
 In the matter of Photius every thing went ac- 
 cording to the wifhes of the Pope. The trouble- 
 iome affair of King Lotharius feemed alfo to be 
 drawing towards a conclufion \ but it was not 
 terminated till the deceale of that Prince. His 
 fucceiTion, and the frequent animofities among 
 the Kings o^ i\\zCarlovingianx2,(:t^ gave the Pope 
 frequent occafion to interpofe v^^ith a high hand 
 
 85^. of authority •, but they were not wanting in their 
 turn fometimes to anfwer him in very plain 
 
 S72. termiS. He died +. 
 
 * Of this Pope we have near a hundred letters, which arc 
 to be met with entirely perfect in CoIetPi collection of coun- 
 cils, fee Falr:d!ii*i, hiblioih, Gra-c. and kiblioth. Lat. fued. ^ 
 infun. estate where alfo niCntion is made of other writings 
 attributed to this Pope. It is obfervable, that Nicholas Was 
 heterodox in the doclrine of baptifm. Of his remarkable 
 contell with Phot ins y {QQMoJ?mm^ infiitut. hificr. ecckf, and 
 Walch\ hi ft or, contro^v. de proceJJ] /ptr, fancii, 
 
 f Of Adrian II. the Co7ici\. rig, furnilhes us with 
 thirty-two letters, moic of which relate to the difputes 
 among the Kings of the Franh : And in the fame work, 
 among the records of the fourth general council, are aifo 
 his letters relating to Photius. In Balu^ms we alfo iind a 
 decretal of his relating to marriage, fee Muratoriy UJher 
 de fript, Jacrifque 'vernac. and Fabr'iciiu biblioth. Lat. med. 
 Cv" iiijim, atai. 
 
His TOR? ^/^t* Pope s. 119 
 
 Sedl. 12. yobnVlll. who was now chofen, is 
 particularly remarkable for his condudl in the 
 two vacancies of the imperial throne. Charles ^IS* 
 the Bald prevailed with Pope John by pre fen ts, 
 to crown him, tho' the right was evidently on 
 the fide of Lf-ix^fj the GfTw^;; King. That the 
 Emperor at that time granted the city of Rome 
 to the Pope, is falfe ; but he did refign Capua 
 to him. As the Pope continued faithrully at- S77. 
 tached to this Emperor, fo he took great pains 
 to hinder the fuccemon of the Gcrmayi Princes 
 to the Kingdom of Ital}\ and even endeavoured 
 to raife ^^y^ duke of Provence to the imperial 
 throne, and excommunicated trie dates o'i Lorn- ^J^^ 
 hardy, particularly the archbifliop of M/7<^;/, for 879. 
 their fidelity to the emperor Carlomannus. At 881. 
 laft however he was obliged to perform the ca- 
 ronation o{ Charles the Grojs. He had alfo other 
 fecular difputes, efpecially with the marquilTes 
 of 'Tofcana and the dukes of Spoleto and Naples^ 
 The popifh ecclefiafticai hiftorians cenfured 
 him for approving of the new exaltation o^ Pho- 
 tius to the chair of Coyifiantmople, His turbulent 
 life appears to have ended by violence *. ^'^2. 
 
 Se6i:. 13. The new eledion which was car- 
 ried in favour of Marintts CdiWtd Martin IL was 
 a mafccr- piece of the T):fcan party, and very de- 
 trimental to the imperial rights, tho' the new 
 
 * They who admit of the above-mentioned female Pope, 
 call him John IX. we here follow the herd; and if we 
 did not, Joan, as a woman, could not vary the lilt with 
 refped to any Pope of the name yohn. In Concil. reg, are 
 thr«-:e hundred and twenty letters, and one oration of this 
 Pope, fee Fabricius' biblioth. Grac. Balunus in MifceL gives 
 us an account of his life, and two letters of his. Mura- 
 tori in his hiltory of //«// throws a great lir^ht on the hi- 
 llory of this Pope. Of his behaviour in rhetius'h affair, 
 fee LeciuteiP^ ot-ient. chriftian. 
 
 1 4 Pope 
 
I20 History of the Popes. 
 
 Pope fpared no good words to ingratiate him- 
 felf with the Emperor: He releafed his friends 
 from that excommunication which had been 
 pronounced againft them by his predecelTor, 
 and even reinftated Formofus into the bifliopric 
 of Porto, On the other hand, he condemned 
 what had been done by John in the affair of 
 
 SS4. PbotiuSy and died *. 
 
 Se6fc. 14. He was fucceeded by Adrian III. a 
 Roman^ who foon after died at Worms, in his 
 
 SS^. way to a Diet -f-. 
 
 Se6t. 15. Tho' Stephen V. or according to 
 others VI. was chofen in the prefence of the 
 
 * imperial ambaflador, yet Charles the Gr^y} highly 
 
 refented the performance of the confecration 
 without his formal confent. He had thoughts 
 of depofing the Pope ; but good words brought 
 him to temper. Stephen had the pleafure of fee- 
 ing Photius depofed by Leo the Wi[e^ the new 
 Greek Emperor ; but was not yet thoroughly fa- 
 
 ggg^ tisfied. The deceafe of the Emperor Charles 
 threw both the whole empire of the Franks, and 
 alfo Italy, into violent confufions. Beringarius 
 duke of Friul, Wido duke of Spoleto^ and Arnul- 
 phus the new German King, were competitors for 
 
 * It is clear why Marir.us is generally called Martin^ fee 
 Lenfant hi [loir, du Concil. de Conjlance. All that remains 
 of Pope A/«r/».v^ is a charter granted to a Benedi^ins v^o- 
 naflerv in France^ for which fee Sir-fnona^s concil. Gall. 
 
 t Adrian is faid to have made two decretals concerning 
 the eledion and confecration of the Pope, and likewife 
 the eledion of the Kings of Italy ^ both derogatory to the 
 Emperor. But the filence of the moll ancient writers, and 
 the difierences among thofe who mention them, with re- 
 ipccl to the true contents of the firft decretal, and the 
 fubfcquent hiftory, jurtify the fufpicion of thofe who look 
 upon the whole af' a fable. vSee Eccard d^ rch. Franc, orien- 
 iuU and Mu^atnri\ hiftory of Italy. 
 
 the 
 
History of the Popes. 121 
 
 the fucceflion. The Pope fided with JVido^ and 
 placed the imperial crown on his head. But in 
 that fame year he died *. goi^ 
 
 Se6l. 16. Formofus^ the celebrated Bifliop of 
 Porto^ who had been excommunicated by Pope 
 John^ and abfolved by Pope Martin^ was pro- 
 moted thro' the general opinion of his abihties 
 to the chair of Rome. Whether the impious 
 Sergius was chofen by another party is uncertain. 
 The latter however took part with Adelbert mar- 
 quis of ^ufcany^ and occafioned Formofus a great 
 deal of trouble. He continued the epiftolary 
 correfpondence with the Greeks^ relating to Pho- 
 tius : And tho' at firft he feemed to fide with 892. 
 the Emperor PFido and his fon Lambert^ even 
 crowning the latter as Emperor; yet afterwards, gp^, 
 the injuries he received from them obliged him 
 twice to follicit the afllftance of Amulphus the go^, 
 German King, on whom, when he had taken 
 Rome^ he placed the imperial crown. He died 
 foon after f . 
 
 * The few genuine letters remaining of Pope Stephen 
 are to be met with in Hardinn^ ConciL with which (hould 
 alfo be compared Mai/JTs Supplem. ConciL another faid to 
 have been fent by him into Spain is forged, fee Marca de 
 Marc, Hi/pan. Baronius* Annal. where is to be feen a fmall 
 fpeech of his againft talking in church. Among his de- 
 crees the moll famous is that in Gratian Diji. xix. cap. enitn. 
 njero j but that he fupprelTed the fiery ordeal, wants proof. 
 In the hifrory of this and the fucceeding times, it is indil- 
 penfably neceffary to know what paiTed in Italy and the 
 Roman Empire, after the extindion of the Carlo<vi/!gwv line. 
 
 * In the collection of councils are the letters relating 
 to Photius ; and in Flodocird's, h'for. tcclej. Rheim. Some 
 others which palTed between archbifhiop Fidco and this 
 Pope. Of the writings fallly attributed to him, fee Fa- 
 briciui hiblioth. Lat. med. iff i/i/im. a-tat. See Mabeiilon 
 fra;fat, ilf dijert. the hiftory of Popery, Cat>e Ivjicir. lifer, 
 and Muratori's hillory of Italy, The German hil'torians re- 
 cord the fcparate onth which the RcrpM'u took in doing 
 homage to the Emperor Amnif. 
 
 Sea. 
 
122 History of the Popes. 
 
 Se^fc. 17. Boniface Y I. W2is Pope no longer 
 than fifteen days j whether it was death, or any 
 other accident that put an end to his dignity is 
 uncertain. Some, tho' wrongfully, oinit him 
 in the lift of Popes. 
 
 Se6t. 18. Now the 'Tufcan party found 
 means to exalt to the papacy Stephen VI. or VIL 
 Bi^o^ oi Anagni : He fided at firft with the 
 Emperor Aryiulf^ afterwards with the Emperor 
 Lambert, His indecent procedure in a council 
 againft the reputation, and even the body of 
 Formofus^ are a blot on his memory. But the 
 Romans, in a tumult, recompenfed his wicked- 
 
 597. nefs, by ftrangling him *. 
 
 Se6t. 19. The election fell on Romanus, bro- 
 ther, or rather nephew to Pope Martin- He 
 gave orders, that Formofu5*s body fhould be 
 again buried, and declared his a6ls to be legal 
 and valid. He died in the fourth month of his 
 
 598. pontificate f. 
 
 Se6l. 20. His fucceflbr Theodore II. was a 
 friend of Formojus^ and died after twenty days. 
 
 Se6l. 21. The Tufcan party now made an 
 effort for promoting their favourite Sergius, but 
 their enemies carried the ele6tion in favour of 
 John IX. a native of Tivoli. He became par- 
 ticularly farnous for two councils held at Rome 
 and Ravenna, which not only fully rcftored the 
 honour of Formofus, confirmed the coronation of 
 the Emperor Lambert, tho' to the prejudice of 
 
 * The genuinnefs of the two letters in Lahhe^ ConciL 
 is ftill fulpeded. Fhdoard has another. Of the council at 
 Romey and the cruel treatment ef FormofuSy fee among the 
 ancient A'uxiliui's Ubri duo de ordi)uxtione Form^Jt in the 
 ieventeenth volume of the Bibl. Marc. pair. Likewile his 
 dialogues publilhed hy Mahillon atmaL "^^ z%. hXio Labbi\ 
 ioncii. 
 
 \ Two letters of his arc in Marca's hij\ Hi/pan, 
 
 the 
 
History of the Popes. 123 
 
 the Emperor Arnulf^ and punifhed Sergius and 
 his adherents, but enacted feveral wholefonfie 
 laws concerning the eledlion of the Pope and 
 the imperial prerogatives at Rome, The Em- 
 peror Lambert^ who had hitherto lupported him- 
 feif, died. Berengarius I. recovered his power, and 
 Fop^obn did not long furvive the former *. ^^^' 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Of the Hlftory of the Popes of the tenth, 
 and the beginning of the eleventh Cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Seft. I 'OF Pope Benedi5l IV. we know no- 
 thing more remarkable, than that 
 he crowned, as Roman Emperor, Lewis, the new 
 King of Baly, v/ho had inherited, from his fa- 
 ther 5^, the recently erefted kingdom of^^-- 
 les. This Prince exercifed the imperial power aqi. 
 in the city of Rome-, but was foon after deprived 
 of his new empire, as Benedi^i was of his life by 
 Berengarius, whom Adeibert marquis of 'Tufcanyy 
 ftrongly fupported f. oo^, 
 
 Sedi. 2. Leo V. a Benedi5fine monk fucceeded 
 him, but was obliged not long after to refign, 
 by the wicked nefs of his fuccelibr Chrtfiopher I. 
 Or according to others, Cbrijhpbanus, But the 
 
 * Documents relating to the above two councils are to 
 be found in Harduin^ conciL There alio are iXvc only four 
 letters remaining of Pope JoJyn ; but relatively to the rirft 
 inuft be compared Mabillon\ Muf Italic. 
 
 t We have two letters of this Pope in the colledion of 
 councils, Mubillon has publilhed a third, fee Fahncius'% 
 hifbliQtb. Liit, mcd, i^ hijim. atai, 
 
 latter 
 
124 Hr S TORY g/'/^^ Po P E s. 
 
 latter met with the fate he deferved, and both 
 
 904. ciied in prifon *. 
 
 Sedt. 3. At lad the Tufcan party obtained 
 their ends, and raifed the notorious Sergius III. 
 to the ftation, after which he had fo long af- 
 pired in vain. What is faid of him is not con- 
 firmed, that he ordered the body of Formofus to 
 
 ^ *' be a fecond time dug up. He rebuilt the La- 
 teran church and died, leaving a memory de- 
 
 ^ ' tefted by pofterity, on account of his amours 
 with Marofia ; and many other vices f. 
 
 Sedt. 4. Anafiaftus III. a native oi Rome^ was 
 
 913. created Pope, and died. 
 
 * Of Leo nothing remains ; and of Chrijiopher only one 
 letter in Labbe% concil. It is neceflary here to mention, 
 that in thefe times lived at Rome the celebrated Theodora 
 with her two daughters A/^zr^T/J^ zrAT^htodora : They had 
 been both entirely devoted to t\iQTufcan party, as it was 
 called, of which marquis Adelbert was the leader. They 
 not only lived in the moil fcandalous debauchery with the 
 chief of the Roman nobility, but at a time when it might be 
 truly fdid, there was no King in IJrael, got the whole govern- 
 ment into their hands. The chief circumftances relating 
 to this are to be met with in Luitprand ; and tho' among the 
 moderns, Eccardy Muratori himfelf, and efpecially Nerini de 
 templo, Bonifac. reprefent him as a defamer and fuperficial 
 propagator of the calumnies of the oppofite party j yet 
 there are teftimonies from other authors of undoubted credit, 
 as Sieghert of Gemblours, Alhericy and the author of the chro- 
 nicle of Furfa, which fufficiently confirm the accounts of 
 the infamous lives of thefe women. 
 
 i" The accounts of this Pope vary. Moll of the ancients 
 do him little honour. Johannes Diaconusy whofe book di 
 tcclejia Romana LateranenH is publilhed in Mabillons Aluf^eum 
 JtaL and his epitaph in MuratorVs hiftory of Italy y are more 
 favourable to him : But it muft be owned, that the authority 
 of the latter is in itfelf fufpicious, and that the former, by 
 reafon of the age of the author who was born only in the 
 thirteenth century, cannot preponderate againft the con- 
 currence of others. Two letters only remain of Strgiuiy fee 
 fiibrniui tiblicthn Lai, fried, t^ i»p-n.. *£taf, 
 
 Se(ft. 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ /^^ P O P E S. 125 
 
 Scd:, 5. As little is known of his fucceflbr 
 Laudo who is faid to have been a Sabine. 914. 
 
 Se^St. 6, 7^^» was chofen next. He owed 
 his eledion chiefly to his favourite Theodora the 
 mother, who had alfo before procured him the 
 bifhopric of Bologna^ and afterwards the arch- 
 bifhopric of Ravenna, The illegahty of this 
 election was matter of great complaint. His ^'^' 
 moft famous exploit, tho' in fomc refpeds ex~ 
 ceptionable, was a fignal vidory over the Sa- 
 racens. He crowned Beringarius I. Roman em- 
 peror, who not long after was overthrown by 9^^* 
 Rudolphus the new King of Ita[y^ as this laft was 
 by the new duke oi Burgundy, At Rome every 
 thing was fwayed by Marofia^ who on the death of 926, 
 her firft hufband Alheric^ married Wido duke 
 o^ 'Tufcany, Pope John being on ill terms with 
 them, they fecured his perfon, and he died in 
 prifon *. ^28. 
 
 Sedt. 7. Oi Leo VI. who fucceeded, we only 
 know with certainty, that he pofTefTed the chair 
 feven months and five days, and died -f . 929. 
 
 Se6l. 8. We know as little of Stephen VII. 
 or VIII. tho' his pontificate laded two years. 031. 
 
 Sect. 9. John XI. was eledcd very young, 
 thro' the influence of Marofia^ whofe fon he was 
 by Pope Sergius III. and thus ilie got the whole 
 
 * In the Concil. reg. are two letters of this Pope. He 
 is alfo author of the Chronkon, Comitum, Capi/t^ which 
 was re-printed by Burmann mlhe/aur. hiji. Itai. lee Ca^\'*% 
 hijlor. liter. 
 
 f Liiitprand is miftaken in leaving out this and the 
 fucceeding Pope ; neither the time of his eledion, nor his 
 death is known with any certainty, fee Muratons hiftory of 
 Italy: That it was not L^o VI. but Leo IX, who wrote 
 the letter to Leodegarius of Vienney has been already ob- 
 icrved by Fahnnus biblioth. Lat. mrd. 'iff injim. atut. 
 
 govern- 
 
126 History of the Pope&. 
 
 government into her hands. But as fhe was 
 taking fome fleps towards dividing her power 
 with her new hulband king Hugo^ her own fon 
 932. Alberic headed the revolt of the Romam againft 
 her. He put his mother and brother into fafe 
 cuftody, yet without prohibiting the latter from 
 
 91^' 
 
 942. 
 
 exercifing his fundtion. Of his death nothing; 
 more is certain than the time *. 
 
 Sedl. 10. Leo VII. a Roman^ was chofen. It 
 is not clear that he had been a monk. After 
 many fruitiefs endeavours to reftore the peace 
 939. of Italy ^ he died -f. 
 
 Sedl. II. HisfuccefTor is termed Stc'phenNlW. 
 or IX. The accounts of his being a German^ 
 and promoted to the papacy by the afTiftance of 
 Otho the Great, and of the ill ufage he had in 
 Rome from Alberic^ are too uncertain to be haftily 
 credited. He died. 
 
 Sedl. 12. The next Pope is by fome called 
 Marinus II. and by others Martin III. He was 
 a Roman and a benefadlor to convents. In his 
 time King Hugo was dethroned ; his fon Lotka- 
 ritis continued King for foxme little time. This 
 
 946. P^P^ ^ied %, 
 
 Sect. 13. The chair next devolved on Agape- 
 tiis II. ^ Reman, In the m.ean umt Beringarhis II. 
 on the deceafe of YJingLotharius^ afcended the re- 
 
 * The difpute whether John was the baftaid of a Pope, 
 is quite needlefs. For two letters of this Pope, fee Ducherne 
 hijioire dcs Papes. Some particulars relating hereto are to 
 'be found in Ratherius's letters, which were in Dackers SpiciL 
 
 t Jo the colieciion of councils are three letters, of which 
 that written to Gerard archbilhop o^ Lorch^ is of importance 
 to the hiilory of Germany. See Mabillo7i% Annal. ord. Bcneu, 
 and Muratori. 
 
 \ Eefides fome bulls in favour of monafteries, there 
 is a remarkable letter to Sico Bilhop of Capua, the con- 
 tents of which fee in Leo of Ojiia Chron, cajim. in Murw 
 tori^i Script, rer. Italic, 
 
 QhO. 
 
 gal 
 
History of the Popes. 127 
 
 gal throne : But,his tyrannical treatment of yf^^/- 
 beida the queen dowager, and others, obliged 
 her to fly for refuge to the Emperor Otho the C151. 
 Great;, who made his firft expedition into Italy 
 with fome fuccefs By what is known of this 
 Pope's death, it is placed in a wrong year*. gr^, 
 
 Sed. 14. The eledion fell on Ottavianus^ a 
 grandfon of Marofia^ who hitherto had governed 
 Kome^ and rendered himfelf odious by moft 
 fcandalous excefles : He was the firft who 
 changed his name, taking that of John XII. Be- 
 ringarius II. was ftill King in Italy^ but reigned 
 with fuch cruelty, that the Pope, together with 
 other dates, both ecclefiaftical and fecular, ap- 
 plied to the Emperor Otho for fuccour : He 
 marched into Italy^ came to Rome^ where Pope 960. 
 John put the imperial crown on his head : He 
 knew very well, that as Emperor, he was fo- 
 vereign oi Rome. Pope John being accufed both 9^S- 
 of treafon and perjury, and the complaints of 
 his profligate life encreafin*;; daily, the Emperor 
 Otho repaired to Rome^ and in an afTembly of 
 the clergy caufed him to be, for weighty realbns, 
 deprived -]'. 
 
 Sed:. 15. At the fame time Leo VIII. a na- 
 tive of Rome^, was chofen Pope, and many pru- 
 dent ads palled for confirming the rights and 
 fupremacy of the Emperor in ecclefiaftical 
 
 * Befides two letters which are in the coHeiTLion of coun- 
 cils, there is in La?nhecas Co//:m. de hihl. Ca;fur. Tom. 11. 
 p. 65. and Mcvifi Supplem. condl. Tom I. p. 585. anorher 
 of fome ule in the Gennan eccleiiartical hiHory, fee Ma%- 
 ZHchelli's Scrittori iT Italic. 
 
 t A few letters of this Pope iliU remain in Lahhe Con- 
 nil, and Wilknn ConciL Britan. Of the Emperor Otbo'^ 
 grant on occafion of his coronation, and which, among 
 others, Uardidn has printed in Condi. Tom. VI. See alfo 
 Codring. de Germ, hnp. Com. Fhury in hiftoir ecclsf. and 
 Others who have enquired into fuch grants. 
 
 caufcs. 
 
128 History of the Popes. 
 
 964. caufes, and over the Pope. But after fome un- 
 fuccefsful attempts, John^ who had been de- 
 pofed, by the help of his partifans of both fexes, 
 returned to Rome^ took moft furious revenge of 
 his enemies, and forced Leo to fly to the em- 
 peror Otho. But before any advice of thefe dif- 
 turbances reached the emperor, the perjured 
 Pope John died. The Romans^ inftead of ac- 
 knowledging Pope heo^ as by their oath they 
 were engaged, proceeded to a new elediion, and 
 chofe Benedict a cardinal, deacon •, but Otho 
 again came before Rome^ and having taken it, 
 he convoked a new affembly of the clergy, 
 which declared BenediEl\ eledion void, baniftied 
 
 9^5* him, and reftored Leo, Both died almoft at 
 the fame time, Benedict at Hamburgh and Leo at 
 Rome *. 
 
 Sedl. 16. The Romans did not fill up the 
 vacancy, till the arrival of the imperial ambaf- 
 fadors, when John XIII. Bifhop of Narni was 
 elected. A malecontent party, with which even 
 Rofried the governor had joined, drove the Pope 
 out of the city, and he fled to Capua for fafety. 
 This occafloned the Emperor Otho the Great to 
 
 ^66, go a third time in perfon to Rome^ where he re- 
 inflated Pope John^ and chafliifed the rebels 
 
 967. with due feverity. Pope John crowned young 
 Otho II. and his wife Theophania a young lady of 
 
 * The moft remarkable record of this Papacy is the 
 decree pafled in the council of Ro7nty confirming the 
 Emperor's prerogative in the choice of a Pope, and in 
 other fpecified cafes. It is in Grat!an*s Dz/L t^y cap. 23. 
 In Baiuzi's M'ffceL is another letter of Pope Leo. The only 
 memorial of the pretended Pope Bcnedici is his tomb at 
 Hamburgh which may be feen in Stephcrft. hijlor. ecclef. 
 Ham. For illultrating this part of the papal hiftory, fee Maf" 
 co'v. cQ7n. de rebus Imp. a Conrado I, the hiflory oi Popery, 
 and Muratori'i hiftory of halj. 
 
 . Greece^ 
 
^1^'^ 
 
 Hi s TORY o/'^^^ Pop E s. 12^ 
 
 Greece^ and pafTed the whole remainder of his 
 life in tranquillity. He is falily faid to have in- 
 troduced the baptifm of bells *. 972*"' ' 
 
 Sea. 17. The new Pope 5^;7<fi/'.? VI. a /?^- 
 man^ probably obtained this dignity with the con- 
 fent of the emperor Otho^ but loft it, together 
 with his life, in a fedition raifed by Crefcentius 
 in the beginning of the reign of the Emperor 
 Otho II, f. 
 
 Sedl. 18. The rebels having placed cardinal 
 Franco in the chair, he took the name of Boni- 
 face VII. and rendered himfelf fo odious, that 
 after fome a6ts of facrilege, he fled to Conjlan- 
 tinople. 
 
 SecSt. 19. Hereupon the 'Tufcan party, now 
 Well affefted to the Emperor, carried the elec- 
 tion in favour of D onus II. who foon after died. ^JS^ 
 
 Se6t. 20. The Emperor Otho II. earneftly 
 follicited the eleftion of Majolus an abbot ; but 
 he declining the promotion, it was conferred on 
 BenediEl VII. Bifiiop of Sutri, Tho' his ponti- 
 ficate lafted fome years, all we know of him is, 
 that he held two councils, and that the Em- 
 
 * In Labbiz Condi, are not only the four reitiaining let- 
 ters of this Pope, but Ijkewife the a6ls of fome councils 
 relating to this hillory : MauJTi Supp/em. Ccnal. has alfd 
 a letter which had been before publilhed by Martini 
 The/, vionhnent. See Ca\>e hiji. liter. Muratori cites a paf- 
 fage from an ancient chronicle, where we learn that this 
 Pope, from the colour of his hair, was nicknamed the 
 White Hen. An epitaph of him is to be feen in Baronius 
 Annul . eccli'f. 
 
 t Some by miftake place Pope Donus IT. before BenS' 
 di^. Some err in their accounts of the death of the latter. 
 We here follow the generality, tho' it be certain, that Be- 
 vedi^ V. mentioned Se«51:. 15. (hould not be reckoned. lit 
 Jinrduins Concil. Tom. VI. p. 690, is a memorable letter 
 cf his to Ffederic archbiihcp of SiUtzburg. 
 
 K pftrof 
 
130 Hi STORY <?/ ^fo Pope s. 
 
 peror in his time came to Rome, Benedict 
 
 983. died *. 
 
 Sedl. 21. The Emperor Otho was affifting 
 in the election of Jvhn XIV. his chancellor, 
 then Bifhop of Pavia, After the Emperor's 
 g deceafe, the flagitious Boniface VII. came again 
 to Romc^ flew Pope John^ and kept polTefTion of 
 the papal chair for fome months. 
 
 Seel. 22. Upon the demife of Boniface^ one 
 John^ fon of Robert^ is faid to have been chofen, 
 who for reafons unknown is not clafled among 
 the Popes. Hereupon fucceeded John XV. a 
 
 ^"qS^ fon of Leo ^ who, though foon after expelled, 
 
 087. '^vas reliored again. His condud: in the diftur- 
 bances which had arifen in France^ on account 
 of j^rnulf B'lihop of Rbeims^ did him little ho- 
 
 096. nour, and his avarice provoked very loud com- 
 plaints. He died f. 
 
 Se6l. 23. The Emperor Otho III. tho' not 
 
 997. y^^ ^n pofleiTion of the imperial throne, found 
 m.eans however to get his young coufin Bruno 
 chofen Pope by th^. Romans. He took the name 
 o'i Gregory V. and crowned the Emperor Otho at 
 Rome, Soon after broke out the dangerous re- 
 bellion of Crejcenthis. Gregory made his efcapc 
 to Pavia., and there he excommunicated the re- 
 bel, who in the mean time raifed to the papa! 
 chair John Bifhop of Placentia.^ a. native of Ca- 
 labria^ and a very artful man. Upon this the 
 
 * In LamheccPs com. de hthlioth. Jug. is a letter and a 
 grant of freedom from this Pope. The intricacy of chro- 
 nology here renders it proper to compare Muratorfs notes 
 in his hiftory of Italy. 
 
 f Some letters of his are in Labbe's Condi, and Wilkirts^s 
 Covdl. Brit. See the pieces written by Pope SyheJIer, as 
 •archbifliop of Rheims, againft the papal See, of which an 
 account is given in the fequel. Concerning the tranfac- 
 tions in the affair of Khe'ims^ fee Gallia chrijlian. the hij- 
 ioir liter, de Fr, and Longucnjal\ hijioir d'Egltfe Gallic. 
 
 Emperor 
 
Hi s t o Pv V of fl}e Popes. t^f 
 
 Emperor Olho coming to Rome^ John was pu- 
 nifhed moil ignominioufly, and Gregory reflored, 
 who in a little time after died in the flower of 
 his age *. 99^' 
 
 Se6t. 24. The Emperor Otbo was at that 
 time prefent in Rome^ and could therefore more 
 eafily forward the promotion of his beloved 
 preceptor Gerhert^ abbot of Bebio and archbilhop 
 of Rheims and Ravenna. He affumed the name 
 of Silvejter II. and very much diftinguifhed him- 
 felf by his learning, which however occafioned 
 him to be fufpe6led, without grounds, of witch- 
 craft. We know but little of his tranfactions. 
 He lived upon good terms with the Emperor 
 and the people of Rome^ and tried the eccleli- 
 aftical caufes brought before him. Among 
 thefe the complaints of the Bifliop o^ Hildeffoeim 
 againfl the archbidiop o^ Mentz, are indeed re- 
 markable, but belong to the church hiftory of 
 Germany. He died with the charader of a cele^ 
 brated writer, w^ho deferved a better treatment i^Oj* 
 than he met with, even from the cardinals -f . 
 
 Secl, 25* The next Pope, by a general 
 
 miftakCj 
 
 * In Lahbe*s Condi, are iive letters of PcJpe Gregory j 
 alfo a diploma in Balu^iiah Mifcellan. The fpurioulhefs 
 of the decree of the fevcn eledors is now beyond doubt. 
 See MufcTV. Commtntar, de rebus imperii a Conr. I. Mum^ 
 tcri\ hiilory of Italy and Fabricius* bibliotb. Lati tned. iif 
 infim. a:t. 
 
 t The inofl con^pletc collc^^ion of letters written by • 
 this Pope, boT.h befoie and after his exaltation to the pa-* 
 pal dignicy, we find in Ducbefne'^ Script, rer. Frav<:. Amon;; 
 which the twenty-eighth is remarkable for containing tlie 
 iirrt exhortation to the Croifade. We alfo meet with mere c 
 
 of this kind ?n Baluziuis, and other colleiftions, of which, 
 and the other pieces written by this Pope, we have an 
 account in Fabricius's bibli$th. Lat, mad. Cf irfirn. o'tati 
 To thefe is alio to be added an ancient diploma in A/«- 
 K 3 rat^rii 
 
100^, 
 
 1^2 History of the Popes. 
 
 miflake, but which we muft keep to, is called 
 John XVII. He was furnamed Sicco^ fat in the 
 Roman chair half a year and died. 
 
 Se6t. 26. 7c>^« XVIII. furnamed F^/^«, held 
 it longer •, but we know nothing more of him, 
 than that in his time peace was reftored be- 
 twixt the See of Conftantinople and that of Rcmey 
 and lafted fome Httle time *. 
 
 St&i. 27. Of Sergius IV. w^e know no more 
 than his chriftian name, which was PeteVy and 
 his furname was Saurujfel^ which fome moderns 
 groundlefly deny ; and that he formerly was 
 bifhop of Aiba. He died f. 
 
 Sed. 28. AlU^John, Bilhop of P^r/^, af- 
 cended the papal chair, and took the name of 
 Benedict VIII. He maintained his ground 
 againft the Anti-pope Gregory, after the latter, 
 and not Benediol, had in vain applied to the 
 1014. Emperor Henry II. when this Prince came to 
 Rome, Pope Benediol crowned him and his con- 
 fort Kunigund. Upon the Saracens ijivading 
 10:6. Italy y from Sardinia, he not only delivered the 
 1017. city of Luni from that yoke, but alio prevailed 
 on the cities of Pifa and Genoa to undertake 
 an expedition againft the infidels. Soon after 
 xh^ Normans began to fettle in Apulia, which was 
 
 ratori\ antiq. Ital. med. anji. See Boiilay hijior. acad. Paris ^ 
 Gallia chrijiian. hijioir. liter, de la Franc, Nande apoiogie 
 des grands hommes j Suarez t'indicia Sil'vejiri II. Ca^ve hijior. 
 liter. Oudin de ftript. ecclef. Mafccn}. com. de rebus imp. 
 Koler's dij/. de Gcrterto and Brucker hijior. crit phil. Vol. 
 
 III. 
 
 * What is faid of the Greek church is founded on a 
 •Diece of Peter of Antioch \n Coteliers moniment. ecclef. Grcec. 
 Concerning the epitaph falily aicribed to him by Euro- 
 mus, fee Muratori. 
 
 \ There are only fome bulls of his which we find in 
 Barcnius, Mnrca and Mabiilon. The account of his furname 
 is defended by Muratori, 
 
 ftiU 
 
H I S TO RY c/*//?)^ Po P E S. 133 
 
 flill fubjed to the Greeks. The victories which 
 the army of the Greek Emperor obtained over 
 thefe foreigners, occafioned Pope Benedi^ to ap- 
 ply in perfon to the Emperor He?iry for alTift- 
 ance, who, on that falutation, undertook a new 1020. 
 expedition againfl them. Both h^ and Pope 102 1. 
 Benedict died almoft at the fame time *. - 1024. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Hiflory of the P a p a c v. 
 
 SeS:. i.TT is very necefTary not to lofe fighc 
 X here of the three principal divifions 
 of this period of time. The firft: reaches from 
 the reign of King Lewis the Pious to the end 
 of that of the Carlovirigiam in Italy ; the- fecond 
 begins there, and ends at the exaltation of Olho 
 the Great to the imperial throne ; and the third 
 includes all that fpace, during which the Saxon 
 princes fo glorioufly filled the imperial throne. 
 Se(5l. 2. It is next to be obferved in o-ene- 
 ral, that the Reman chair was in no century dif- 
 graced by fo many profligate Popes as in the 
 tenth j which, together with the public diftur- 
 bances, would have brought deftrudtion on Italy^ 
 
 * In Lal6e Conctl. we find a piece written by this Pope 
 to the Bifhops of Burgundy in favour of the convent of 
 Clugny. There are alfo ibme other records of has re- 
 maining. Here it muft be mentioned the grant faid to 
 have been by the Emperor H-j-ry H. to the Pop^, in Labhe 
 Concil. the fpuiioufnefb of which is fiindamentaliy fhown 
 by GoUafi in replic pro Henruo IV". C^jUring dn Gcr//;. im- 
 fer. Rom. and particularly Mwratsrit 
 
 K 2 and 
 
X 34 History of the Popes. 
 
 and efpecially on the city of RomCy had not the 
 Emperor Olho put a flop to them. Hence 
 very few of the tranfadlions in this period are 
 fufficient to prove, in a regular way, the claims 
 of the See of Rome *. 
 
 Scd:. 3, It is unqueftionable, that the power 
 which the Popes endeavoured to gam in the 
 church, at leaft in the weftern provinces, was 
 very much confirmed and enlarged : They 
 were confidered as Biiliops of the wo. Id, 
 ^nd their jurifdidtion was admitted in mat- 
 ters at leall which are called ecclefiaftical, 
 which included all caufes relating to matrimony 
 and the clergy. Not only Bifliops and other 
 leading ecclefiafticks, but Princes too fought 
 their friendlliip, and found their account in it. 
 It was therefore no wonder, that the received 
 tenets concerning the authority of the fuccef- 
 fors of St. Peler in matters of faith, fhould daily 
 gain ground and credit. 
 
 Sedl. 4. However there was fome oppo- 
 fition, not only from the Greeks and their leader 
 Photius^ but alfo from the weftern Biiliops -f . 
 
 Sed. 5, It is very certain, that the Popes 
 were not only not infallible, and gave unquefti- 
 unable proofs of it, but mofi of them, by the 
 
 * See the juft complaints of cardinal Earofzius, AnnaL 
 eulef. Anno DCCC See alfo MabHlon\ pra-Jat. in Secu- 
 lum V. Ad. Janitor, ordin. Bened. and Heidegger\ hijtor. 
 tapat. 
 
 f To what has been faid of Photins, and of the con- 
 teft between Amulf and Gerbert^ on account of the arch^ 
 bifhopric of Rheimsy may be added the affair of the ce- 
 lebrated Hincmar^ of which fee iht bijicirc du droit fubhque 
 ecclef. Frant^ciu and alfo the well-known piece of Biliiop 
 Vlrick oi Aiigjhirg againfl the ordnrince of Pope Nicholas \. 
 relating to the infamous lives of the clergy. See Fabrnius' 
 t:blioW. Lat. med. if inf. a:tut, 
 
 grof. 
 
History ^^Z'^ Popes. 135 
 
 grofTeft extravagancies, and the moll fcandalous 
 lives, have rendered themfelves deteftable, even 
 to thofe who are otherwife zealous for their ho- 
 nour. 
 
 Seel. 6. Tho' the Popes had fufficient op- 
 portunity in the divifions of the Carlovingian 
 Princes, and the more violent contentions of 
 thofe Princes, who ftrove for the fuccefiion to 
 the Italian and imperial crowns, to intermeddle 
 in thefe controverfies, or at lead to make fume 
 attempts leading thereto ; yet the fupremacy of 
 the Emperor over the Popes, which extended 
 even to the punifhing of capital crimes, was flili 
 acknowledged and exercifed by the Carlovingian 
 and Saxon Emperors. 
 
 Sed:. 7. Capua is the only evidence of any 
 extenfion of the papal territory during this pe- 
 riod. The Popes leem rather to have been lefs 
 powerful in the diftricls belonging to the Exar- 
 chite o\ Ravenna^ than formerly. Rome continued 
 under the dominion of the Emperor. The 
 grants inade by King Lewis the Pious ^ Charles 
 the Bald, Otho the Greats and Henry II. are mere 
 chimeras. 
 
 Sed. 8. There are inftances indeed of preci- 
 pitate and irregular eledions of Popes ^ but 
 hiftory manifeftly fhews, that the Emperors 
 more ftrenuoufly maintained their right of fend- 
 ing ambafladofs to the eledlion, and confirm- 
 ing it ; and that the frequent attempts of che 
 Romans to infringe this right were conllancly 
 defeated. 
 
 Se-d. 9. The right of eledion v;as Hill lodged 
 in the people, and the collective bodv of the 
 ckrgy, and the cardinals had no exclufive pre- 
 rogatives in it. The title of Cardinal v/as like- 
 wife in \.\{t in other large churches. There are - 
 K 4 genuine 
 
136 History of the Popes. 
 
 genuine and fpurious decrees relating to the 
 manner of eledion, which confequently fhould 
 be diliinguifhed from each other. 
 
 Se6l. 10. Laftly, It is certain, that the Popes 
 began to change their chriftian names for others; 
 but this was not yet formed into a general rule 
 or invariable cuftom *. 
 
 * It is very jufily obferved by Muratori in the hiftory 
 of Italy J that the apellation of Pope was not in thofe 
 days peculiar to the Biihops of Rome^ but alfo borne by 
 other confiderable Biihops. 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ 137 ] 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 THE 
 
 HI STORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 POPES 
 
 Under the Frank and Swabian 
 Emperors. 
 
 CHAP, I. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Popes of Ro m e. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Popes of Rome of the 
 eleventh Century. 
 
 Sedt. I. %^-&f O //TV XIX. brother to the 1024, 
 ^ 7 1^ preceeding Pope, who was be- 
 W^^% fides a layman, paved the way 
 for his exaltation to the papal dignity, partly by 
 nioney, and partly by the power and figure of 
 his family, he being the fon of count Gregory 
 
 1 
 
13^ History of the Popes, 
 
 of Tufcany, In his time the patriarchs of Con- 
 Jlantinople began to raife frefh difturbances on 
 account of the title of Univerfal Bifhop. Pope 
 
 J John crowned the Emperor C^/^r^^, and died *. 
 
 ^^* Sed. 2. Benedi5f IX. fucceeded : He was Ton 
 o^ Alb eric count oiT^ufcany^ and a near relation 
 of the two preceeding Popes, and very young : 
 But that he was exactly ten years of age, and 
 had been before called Theophyla^^ is not evi- 
 dent. This is certain, that as the manner by 
 which he obtained his dignity, was notorioufly 
 fcandalous, fo he difgraced it by a difTolute life. 
 It is therefore no wonder, that another party 
 drove him from Rome^ and chofe John Bifhop 
 
 1044, of Sabina^ who took the name of Silvejler III. 
 Benedi5f however reinftated himfelf by force : 
 But feeing that he could not long fupport him- 
 felf, he fold his dignity to his fuccelfor f . 
 
 Sed:. 3. The fuccefTor's former name was 
 John Gratianus ; but he now afTumed that of 
 
 1046, Gregory VL He drew upon himfelf the detefta- 
 tion ot all good men, and at lad the Emperor 
 Henry III. was perfuaded to hold a council at 
 Sutri^ which pronounced all the three Popes 
 Benedi^^ Sihejter^ and Gratianus to be ufurpers:j:. 
 
 Sed. 
 
 * In Lahhh Condi, are fome letters of this Pope ; among 
 which the moft remarkable is that to Jordan Biihop of Li- 
 fnoges, for containing an ingenuous confeiTion, that the 
 1033. Pojpe is fdlible. 
 
 t Of this profligate wretch no memorials remain. The 
 accounts of him in Pope Vi5ior 111. Dialog, in the eigh- 
 teenth vol. of the Lyons Biblioth. patr, are very remark- 
 ' able He will occur again in the fcquel. The manner 
 of his death, for which may be confuited Muraiori\ hiflory 
 o{ Italy, is flill doubtful. 
 
 % 1 he orjgmal name both of Silvejler and Gregory being 
 John, has led fome writers into the error of inferting a 
 
 fourva 
 
1047. 
 
 History of the V oves. 139 
 
 Sed:. 4. The Emperor Henry went himfelf 
 to Rome, and ordered the ele(5lion of a new 
 Pope, which fell on Suidger Bifhop of Bamberg^ 
 a reputable man. He ftiled himfelf Clement II. 
 and crowned the Emperor and his confort Ag- 
 nes. Both united their endeavours to check the 
 growth of fimony, which was then very preva- 
 lent in Rome-, but at the fame time the imperial 
 rights in the eledlion of a Pope, were confirmed. 
 Pope Clement died foon after, not without fuf- 
 picion of poifon : His body was carried to Bam- 
 berg *. 
 
 Sed. 5. Tho' the depofed BenediEi had found 
 means to reinftate himfelf in the papal chair, 
 which he maintained eight months ; yet Poppo 
 Bifhop of Brixen, who had been chofen by or- 
 der of the Emperor Henry III. obliged him to 
 yield. This Pope ftiled himfelf BamafusW. and 104 S, 
 died at Palejtrina within twenty-three days j af- 
 ter which the chair remained vacant for a con- 
 fiderable time. 
 
 Sed. 6. The Emperor Henry nominated his 
 uncle Brwno Bifhop of Toul^ who accepted of the 
 dignity againft his will \ but was perfuaded by 
 
 fourth Pope by the name of John XX. Another miftake 
 is, that inrtead of reprefenting Gregory as depofed, he is faid 
 only to have refigned ; With this is to be compared tlie 
 hiilory of the council of Sutri. in Harduins Condi. Gregory 
 was carried away into Germany, where he died in a con- 
 vent. 
 
 * In Lahbeh Concil are fome pieces of this Pope ; but 
 more charters and other pieces are fince come to light. 
 The writings of Peter Damianus^ an author of great re- 
 pute in that age, contain feveral accounts of thefe par- 
 ticulars, which may be looked upon as authorities. See 
 So':. 'hid de triumvir ii Halberft. Leibnitz fcript. rer. Brvnfv^ 
 l^ud-LVg. Scriptor. Bamberg. Fabricius* btblioth. Lat. med. 
 is inf. atat. Mura/ori'shiHoTy of Italy, &:c. where a new 
 ^ifcovery is matle concerning the place of his death. 
 
 the 
 
140 History of the Popes. 
 
 the artful monk Hildehrand^ previoufly to per- 
 mit the clergy and people of Rome to proceed to 
 I04.Q ^ "^^ eledlion in form. He took the name of 
 Leo IX. And being very zealous for reforming 
 tlie depraved manners of his clergy, he held fe- 
 veral councils for that purpofe. He was al- 
 
 1050. ways in motion: He travelled into Germany to 
 confer with the Emperor, and was fcarce re- 
 turned and had called a frefh afTcmbly of the 
 clergy relating to Beringarius* % dodlrine on the 
 facrament, than he again took a fecond journey 
 
 1051. to his diocefe oi 'Tout. On his return he had an 
 interview with the Emperor at Aiv^Jhurg^ where 
 the differences betwixt him and Humphry arch- 
 biihop of Ravenna were compofed. The daily 
 growing power of the Normans in Italy obliged 
 
 10^2. him again to travel into Germany^ where he not 
 only concluded an exchange with the Emperor 
 Henry^ by which he gained either the city or 
 the whole dukedom of Benevehto^ probably as an 
 imperial fief, and a body of troops. After this 
 he returned to Italy, held a council at Mantua^ 
 
 10 rn, and in perfon encountered the Normans^ but it 
 colt him his liberty. Whether he recovered 
 it before his «nd, which followed foon after, is 
 
 10^4. uncertain, Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Con- 
 ftantinople^ revived, not long before, the diiTen- 
 tions betwixt the Greek and Z.^//;? churches, which 
 occafioned not only fome letters, but alfo an 
 embafly from Pope Leo^ tho' the indifcretion of 
 the perfons employed, only infiamed matters. 
 Leo is faid to have granted, during his captivity, 
 to the Norman princes the lands they had con- 
 quered, and fhould afterwards conquer; which 
 was the firlt inftance of the power fo long 
 aimed at by the Popes, of diftributing pro- 
 vinces 
 
History of the V otes. 141 
 
 vinces and dates. The church of Rome places 
 him among her faints *. 
 
 Sed. 7. After a long vacancy of the See, 1055. 
 the people of Rome fent the above-mentioned 
 Hildebrand to the Emperor's court, where he 
 managed matters fo arttully, that Gelbard Bi- 
 fhop of Ekhflat was chofen, contrary to the wiQies 
 both of himfelf and the Emperor. The elcdfion 
 was folemnly performed at Rome^ and the new 
 Pope took the name of Vi^or II. He was zea- 
 lous both in the reformation of manners, and in 
 oppofmg Beringarhts^s do6lrine. At the defire 1056. 
 of the Emperor Henry III. he took a journey 
 into Germany^ where the death of the Emperor 
 detained him for forne time ; and he himfelf 
 died foon after his return. What is faid of a 1057. 
 miracle, by which he was preferved from an 
 eminent danger, has much the air of a fable -f, 
 
 * See the nineteen letters of this Pope, which firft came 
 to light feparatelyj and were afterwards reprinted in Lab- 
 he^ & and Harduiri^ C^ncil. But there are al fo feme other 
 pieces and devout orations of his. See Fabricius's biblioth, 
 Grac. and biblioth. Lat. med. 13' ee'v. We have two an- 
 cient lives of this Pope ; that by Wibert archdeacon of Toul 
 is in the Ad. Sandor, in Eccai-d\ origin. Hapjhurgo Aujiriac. 
 And in Mura tori's Scriptor. rer. Ital. where alfo is to be 
 found that left by the cardinal of Arragon, The author 
 of the fecond was Bruno Bilhop of Segna, and is in the 
 aforementioned colledlion o^ Muratori. On the other hand, 
 the Itinero.riuvi Lconis IX. Papa:, by Anjelm of Rhcims, is 
 not yet printed. Some think that Avg. Bciitems wrote the 
 hiftory of this Pope iu a Latin epick poem. Among the mo- 
 derns fee Hcnjchcmius in the Adt. Santtor. Giannone hijloir Na- 
 ples^ de Hijloir de la F ranee ^Mo/ca-v. de rebus imp. and Miirato- 
 ri*s hiftory of Italy. What is faid of the dutchy of Bene^i-rnfo 
 has been already cleared up by me in Cenfura diplom. Ludo- 
 ruici pa. as the dlfpute with Michael Ccrulanus has by 
 Chriji. Lupo and by my father in hijior- cor.irov. de proceJJ'. 
 fpiritus fcmdi. 
 
 t Only one letter ol his is to be found in Harduini^ 
 Couiil. iiee Falkerjlein'^ antiq. Kordgau, 
 
142 History of the Popes. 
 
 Se6t. 8. Very little is known of his fuccefTof 
 Stephen IX. His original name was Frederic^ and 
 he was a fon of Godfrey duke of Tufcany^ and had 
 hitherto been abbot of Monte Cajfino^ and a car- 
 g dinaL Had he lived fomewhat longer, there is 
 ' the greateft appearance, that in conjundlion 
 with his brother, he would have engaged in 
 feveral enterprifes to the prejudice of the impe- 
 rial power *. 
 
 Se6l. 9. Tho' Stephen had in his lafl hours 
 earneftly defired the Romans after his death to 
 wait the return of Hildehrand^ his ambafTador to 
 the Emperor's court, yet in contempt of that 
 admonition, and of the imperial prerogative, a 
 flrong party, led by the counts of T'ufculi^ ex- 
 alted to the chair John Mincius Bifhop oiVeletri^ 
 by the name of Benedi^l X. But the better 
 fort, with whom Hildebram joined, applied to 
 the Emprefs y^;7^j,who nominated Gerard Bifhop 
 of Florence -, and by the afliftance of Hildebrand 
 and Godfrey^ placed him. in the papal chair. Be- 
 nedi5t acquicfced, and foon after died in obfcu- 
 rity f. 
 
 Sed, X. Nicolas II. for fo Gerard filled him- 
 fclf, diftingui filed the beginning of his reign by 
 a council, and a decree made in it concerning 
 the election of a Pope. Tho' very different 
 accounts are given of this decree, the mofl pro- 
 bable is, that it limited the election to the car- 
 d nals alone ^ but \^h the clergy and the peo- 
 ple in pofTeiTion of their power of confenting, 
 and the confirn-iation to the Emperor j tho' the 
 
 * Harduhih Concti. has only two letters ; but he is faid 
 to have left behind hiiR foms other pieces, particularly on 
 the facramental contrcverfy. See Fnbridui' hiblisth. Lat, mea, 
 
 t See Ughelii haJ. Jacr, 
 
 httef 
 
H I S T O R Y of /^^ P O P E S. 143 
 
 latter was pretended to be a papal exemption. 
 The next remarkable occurrence is, that he was 
 the firft who fought the amity of the Normans ^ 
 now fettled in the lower parts q^ Ital)\ and be- 
 flowed on them, as fiefs, the provinces which 
 they had conquered in Apulia and Calabria^ a 
 tranfadlion of very great advantage to the chair 
 of Rome •, but which will not admit of any apo- 
 logy. In oppofing vice and herefy he fhowed 1060. 
 a proper activity and firmnefs •, but died before 
 he could do any thing elfe *. 1061. 
 
 Sedl. 1 1 . After his deceafe great difturbances 
 arofe in Rome -, for a party headed by cardinal 
 Hildebrandy attempted during the minority of 
 the Emperor Henry IV. to finiih an eledtion with- 
 out his confent and confirmiation. But fome 
 patriots, the counts oi Tufculo and cardinal Hugo 
 in particular, oppofed this iniquitous proceed- 
 ing, and made a report of it by their mi- 
 nillers to Agnes the Emperor's guardian. The 
 oppofite party fent likewife a deputy, but 
 he not fucceeding, they proceeded to eled An- 
 Jelm Bifhop of LuccUy a native of Milan, who 
 aiTumed the name of Alexander II. This was 
 the fatal flep, which in its confequences proved 
 the mod detrimental to the rights of the Em- 
 peror. The Emprefs difcharged her part, 
 and called an ailembly of the clergy at Bajily 
 
 * Among the letters and writings of this Pope in the 
 colleiStions of councils, and in Gratiany to which muli be 
 added iome from Balicz^ens Mif cellar:, and his Adpendic. ad 
 Marc, Bijpa/iu . and irilkifis Concil. Britan. the Decretutn de 
 eletliom Reman pontific. io unqucftionably of the greateft 
 importance. The moft corre«!l copy of it is to be found in 
 Muratori'^s Script, rer. Italic. Nicol. cardinal of Arragorty 
 has publifhed Vita Nicolai II, which fee in Muratori. Con- 
 fult alfo Ca-ve hi fior, liter ar. t.\\G h'Jioir, liier. de la France, 
 and MoJJjslrth injliiut. hi,%r. eciU(, 
 
 whpre 
 
144 H I s T o R V cf the Popes. 
 
 where Cadulous^ Bifhop of Parma^ was eleded, 
 who took the name of Honorius II. He had a 
 ftrong party in Italy and Germany^ and it is a 
 quellion whether a flrenuous zeal for the main- 
 tenance of the imperial rights had not a greater 
 fhare in this, than the hopes ( which were im- 
 puted to them as a crime) that Cadalous would 
 inquire flridly into the prevailing pradices of 
 z' iimony and concubinage. An adlion happened 
 between both parties, to the difadvantage of 
 Alexander^ who would have been totally crufhed, 
 had not the ambitious Hanno archbifliop of 
 Cologne^ after he had wrefted the perfon and tu- 
 telage of the young Emperor from the hands of 
 his mother, a moft excellent woman, declared 
 himfelf for Alexander^ and held a council in his 
 
 '0"3* favour : Yet Cadalous continued a ftrong compe- 
 titor, and in the abfence of Pope Alexander was 
 very near making himfelf mailer of the city of 
 Rome -, but he was taken and confined in the 
 caftle of St. Angela •, where he remained a pri- 
 
 1065. foner for the fpace of two years. In the mean 
 time Alexander^ or rather Hildebrand^ who ma- 
 naged every thing, interfered in the affairs of 
 particular churches, which mollly turned on com- 
 plaints of fimony. At Vet^ Hanur arrived as 
 ambairitdor from the Emperor. He either was, 
 or atfetSlsd to be, very inexperienced in poli- 
 tics, in a council which he held at Mantua^ Ca- 
 dalous was depofed for non-appearance, and 
 Alexander having previoufly purged himfelf by 
 oath from the lufpicion of fimony, was acknow- 
 ledged lawful Pope. Pope Alexander lived in- 
 deed a long time after ; but nothing remarkable 
 
 tr^^o concernintr him has been tranimitted to us*. 
 
 '°'^- Sea. 
 
 * In the colle^iion of councils are forty-five letters of 
 Pope Alexander y with ibnie remains. See Falricius hibliotb. 
 
 / o 
 
History of the T? oves. 14^ 
 
 Se6b. 12. During the obfequies of the former 
 Pope, the people 0^ Rome eleded Hildebrand, of 
 whom fo frequent mention has been made, a 
 Tufcan of mean birth, and in his younger years 
 a monk in the monaftery of Clugny^ from which 
 he arofe to be archdeacon and caruin.], and 
 now afTumed the name of Gregory VII. Few 
 Popes have been more diflinguifhed in the v/orld 
 than this Gregory. His abilities natural and ac- 
 quired, were eminent, bur he mifapplied them 
 grofly to the purpofe of aggrandizing the power 
 and dignity of the See of R.onu, For the profe- 
 cution of this defign, which was attended v/ith 
 the greateft confequences both in church and 
 flate, he eftablifhed two fundamental maxims, 
 by which he iteered his whole condud. Firfl, 
 the fpiritual monarchy of the Pope was to be 
 eftablifhed, enlarged, and propagated to the ut- 
 moft extent, partly by the unlimited fubjedion 
 of all ecclefiaftical perfons, caufcs and polTelTi- 
 ons, to the power of the Pope ; the prerogatives 
 of temporal fovereigns, other great ecclefiaf- 
 ticks and whole focieties being curtailed or 
 abolifhed : All which could moil conveniently 
 be brought about at that time, under the pre- 
 text of the great duty of fupprefling the enor- 
 mous prevalence of concubinage and fimony j 
 partly by enforcing the admifllon of the rites 
 and ufages of the R.cmifi church, contrary to 
 the liberty which other churches had hitherto 
 
 Qrt;ec. Gratianus alfo has fome decretals, and a bull is to be 
 found in Cher ubini bull. Mag. Vita Alexandri If. by cardi- 
 nal Nicolas of Arra'^on is in Muratori ocnptor. rer. Ital. 
 Benzo^'A pariegyricus is alio an authentic piece. See Mafco- 
 <vius de rebus imp. Jub Henrico IV. and V. Pi clef's hjioir. de 
 VEglife & du Monde y Part I, Argelati'% biblioth. i^cnptor, 
 MedioJan. and Mazicucbpelli'^ Scriifbri di Italia. 
 
 L. enjoyed 5 
 
146 H I STORY of the Popes. 
 
 enjoyed; partly by perfuading the Princes of 
 the world, that they were indifpenfably obliged 
 to pay an unreferved obedience to St. Peter and 
 his pretended fucceflbr and vicegerent, threaten* 
 ing them with the forfeiture of their domini- 
 ons and ftates, at the Pope's pleafure, as being 
 fiefs of his ; and by many more fuch extrava- 
 gancies. The next defign meditated by Gregory 
 was to render the fword of St. Paul as formid- 
 able as the keys of St. Peter \ and to enlarge the 
 pofiefTions of the See of Rome^ a proof of which 
 is the countefs Matilda' s> will, tho' Hildehrand 
 himfelf did not live to fee the happinefs take 
 place afcer which he had afpired. Thefe pre- 
 mifes ferve to tlear up the connection and fprings 
 of the tranfaclions, which we fhall now proceed 
 to relate. Gregory im^ mediately gave a fpecimen 
 of his policy, in notifying his eledtion to the 
 imperial court by a legation, and requeuing the 
 confirmation, which was granted, after count 
 Eherhard^ ambaiTador from the Emperor on that 
 occafion, had examined the merits of the elec- 
 
 iQ^A tion. But foon after he took the firfb ftep to- 
 ^ wards the execution of his great defigns, by two 
 capital decrees, in a council which he held at 
 Rome^ againit the marriage of the clergy and fi- 
 mony, which in thofe days occafioned infinite, 
 confufion and diflurbance. At the fame time 
 he excommunicated duke Rohert Guifcard^ and 
 was earneilly intent on the dciign of a croifade, 
 
 1075. which howevtr could not then take place. Soon 
 after he took a further (lep in a council held like- 
 wife atRcfne- The Emperor He?rry IV. being the 
 obje6l of moll of the comipiaints concerning fi- 
 mony, fcveral counfellors and officers of his, 
 who had been accomplices in it, were excom- 
 municated, and an ordinance paiTed, that for 
 
 the 
 
107^. 
 
 History of 'the Popes. 147 
 
 the future no Bifhop or Abbot Ihould receive 
 his inveftiture from the hand of any layman 
 whatfoever : And thus he openly invaded the 
 rights which Chriftian Emperors and Sovereigns 
 had enjoyed thro' a long fuccelTion of years. 
 Amidft thefe difpofitions Gregory was in danger 
 of lofmg his liberty, if not his life, by the hands 
 of the famous Cencius^ but was refcued by the 
 populace. The perlbn mod aggrieved by Gre- 
 gorfs innovations was Henry Lmperor of Ger- 
 many^ and no one perhaps had more fpirit toop- 
 pofe them than he, and indeed he was the greateft 
 thorn in the eyes oi Gregory. The Pope having 
 ventured to fummon him before his tribunal as 
 a delinquent, he not only received mortifying 
 anfv/ers, but in a Diet at V/orms^ Gregory '^'3i% 
 declared an illegitimate Pope, and a new elec- 
 tion was refolved on. Befides this, a letter of 
 exile, with an imperial order annexed to it, was 
 v^/ith great formality dcHvered to the Pope at 
 Rome. It was natural now for the Pope to ex- 
 communicate the Emperori but he carried ic 
 farther, and at the fame time declared him to 
 have forfeited the empire, and abfolved his fub- 
 je6ts from their obedience: However, the Em- 
 peror's caufe was too good to have fufFered by 
 all this, had not, at that very juncture, fome 
 of the ftates of the empire, both ecclefiafticai 
 and fecuiar, broke out upon fome difcontent into 
 open rebellion, and having efpoufed the part of 
 the Pope, reduced the Emperor to agree to the 
 convention of Oppenheim^ by v^hich the Pope was 
 acknowledged and appointed judge of thcfe in- 
 terior domeflic concerns of the empire. It mufl 
 be mentioned to the honour of the Italian Bifhops 
 and Princes, that they magnanimouily patronifed 
 the caufe of jufcice, and in a fynod at Pavia 
 L 2 even 
 
- 148 History of the Votes. 
 
 even excommunicated the Pope. The Em- 
 peror Henr)\ from unfeafonable devotion, or a 
 real love of peace, went himfelf to Italy^ in order 
 
 1077. to obtain his abfolution from the Pope. Gregory 
 was at that time with the countefs Matilda at 
 the caftle of Canojfa, and received the Emperor 
 with fuch infolence and indignity, that it may 
 juflly be fliled an unparalleled penance. One 
 circumftance of it was that difgraccful promife 
 of the Emperor to abftain from all adts of fove- 
 reignty in the empire, till the difputes there de- 
 pending had been examined and adjufted by the 
 Pope. As all this was in itfelf invalid, fo the 
 Italian Rates declared it fuch, and obliged the 
 Emperor Henry not to obferve it. On the other 
 hand there arofe in Germany the novelty of an 
 anti-emperor in the perfon oi Rudolf oi Swabia, 
 
 1078. Gregory^ tho' he had fo great a Ihare in this 
 tranfadtion, at firft affedlied an indifference and 
 acled a neutrality in a very mafterly manner •, 
 but he at the fame time aflumed the province 
 of an arbiter, and having caufed himfelf to be 
 appointed fuch in a council, he excommunicated 
 
 1070. t'"^^ patriot Italian Bifhops. About this time 
 Pope Gregory was like wife attentive to the affair 
 of Berengarius^ who was feverely profecuted as 
 a heretick, for his dodrineof the facrament. The 
 condu(5t of Gr^^^ry on this occafion was fuch, 
 that on which-evcr fide it be confidered, it was 
 an adlual contradidiion to the do(51;rine of the 
 infliliibility of the Pope : He alfo fent minifters 
 of peace into Germany^ but they returned re in- 
 fetla. The Emperor Henry fhowed a noble rc- 
 
 1.080. folutlon; his vi6lory over R.udolfus was fuc- 
 ceeded by two defeats ; and this was tiie criti- 
 cal moment Pope Gregory had to declare in form 
 for Riidolfus^ which he did in a couacil at Rome., 
 
 and 
 
History of the Pope s. 149 
 
 and a fecond time excommunicated the Emperor 
 Henry. Now it was that the latter manifefted a 
 greatnefs of foul. When his affairs were at the 
 worft, he called a council of ecclefialticks at 
 Brixen^ when Gregory was depofed, and Guy 
 Bifliop of Ravenna chofen. Thefe revoluti- 
 ons induced Pope Gregory to make the fiirft ad- 
 vances towards an agreement with duke Robert 
 Guifcard^ in order to employ his friend (liip and 
 power, as likewife that q{ Mali/day againft the 
 Emperor Henry. A campaign was opened in 
 Italy ; and it is remarkable, that the imperialifts 
 on the fame day gained one vid:ory in Germany 
 and another in Italy \ the latter of which was 
 completed by the death of the anti-emperor Ru- 
 dolf, The malecontents indeed chofe in his 108 1. 
 Head Herman duke o^ Luxemburg \ but he was 
 not of confequence enough to divert Henry from 
 the profecution of his grand defign, which was 
 to make Pope Gregory teel the effecfts of his jufl: 
 refenlment ; and accordingly he j^netrated into 
 Italy with an army, l^he territories of Matilda 
 fuffered the mod ; and after fome difficulties the 
 Emperor became mader of i?^;?2^ itfelf Gregory ^o 
 took refuge in the caille of St. Angela^ where his 
 fatety differed not in the leaft from imprifon- 
 ment. Guido in themean time being received 
 as Fope^ by the name of Clement III. crowned 
 the Emperor. After the return of the lirter to 
 Germany y duke Robert releafed Gregory •, but he 
 would not truil himfelf longer in a city where 
 he was publickly hated. He removed ro Sa- 
 lerno for protection from the Norman Princes, 
 and foon after ended a life, which his charader 
 had filled with troubles. His extravagant m;^xim3 
 concerning the power of the Pope, and his in- 
 defatigable zeal to put them in force, galncd- 
 L 3 him 
 
^0 Hist oRY of fhe T OTE s. 
 
 him the honour of a feftival inftituted by Pope 
 Paul V. as to a faint •, yet without the confent 
 of other nations, who tho' of the fame rehgion 
 have not yet been brought to worfhip as a faint, 
 a man, whofe fole objed: and employment was 
 a violation of the rights of Princes *. 
 
 Sect. 13. After the death of Gregory^ Clement 
 fupported himfelf in Rcme\ and, as it appears 
 to the fatisfadion of the greateft part of the 
 city. The enemies of the Emperor Henry^ who 
 at prefent were aflifted not only by countefs Ma- 
 tilda^ but alfo by the Normmi princes, lett no 
 
 * Of Pope Gregory VII, remain a great number of letters, 
 which are in Hirr^uir'^s Concil. Among thefe the moll fa- 
 mous piece is the Didaius. The author of which is ftill 
 uncertain. Rechenhcrg and Tle[ia have particular difierta- 
 tions upon it, and Lupus ha"^ iiJuliratea it at large. Con- 
 cerning his other writii.gs. fee Futnc.us^ behhoth. Lot. tned, 
 ^ infirn. ato.t. There is frarce any Fope, of whom we 
 have fo many, not only ancient and conti-adii'iory, but ex- 
 aggerated accounts on both licies. We have two colledions 
 of them, one by Gretj'er, and the other by GcUr^jt, As 
 moil of them relate only to the ccntells betvvixt the Em- 
 peror and the Pope, and fome impeach the Pope's con- 
 duft, and others vindicate it, hifioricai narratives being 
 only occafionally intcifperfed. The following are all which 
 deferve notice, cardinal Ber.no de <vita ^^ gejlis Hildihrandi^ 
 Paul Bernried, Fiia Gregorh VII. which fee in Mabillon and 
 Murat&rz. Band. Pifcim pita Gregory VII. tcgecher with the 
 cardinal o^ Arragon\ account of his life, pubiiflxcd by Mu- 
 ratori. A further account of the reft, fee in Sagittarius* 
 intred. in hifior. ecchf. With thefe alfo mull be confulted 
 the hifiory of /:f^^ry iV. and that of the Q.o\n\\.Q,{^ Mutilda 
 in the origin- Gueljhic. where many enquiries of inoifpen- 
 iible utility to our purpofe may be met with. Of Pope 
 Gregory^s proceedings, with relpe<fl to fimony and lay m- 
 veftiture and the cifpute relating to it, called Inttr Jucerdo- 
 'iiutn^ iviperi.tri}, fee ;he writers mentioned in MJheim\ 
 inllit. Jjijior, ecchj. Of the divifion in the church of Rcnie 
 concerning the canonizatior. and worfnip of this Pope, fee 
 apiece intitled, l\'I<i;ocat du diablc, cu Memoires hijiortques i^ 
 crit;i^uei fur h 'vie '^ fur la legende du pa^e Gregcrie VI 1. 
 
 means 
 
History of the Popes. 151 
 
 n"ieans untried to retrieve their affairs by a new 
 eled:ion. But a long time intervened before De- 
 Jiderius the abbot of Monte Cajjino^ one of the 
 candidates propofed by Gregory on his death- 
 bed, was chofen : And even then he was with loS^-. 
 great difficulty prevailed on to accept of the dig- 
 nity \ and having again endeavoured at a re- 
 nunciation to re-afilime it under the name of 
 Vi^or III. His party caufed him indeed to be 1087. 
 folemnly confecrated at Rome^ but he focn found 
 himfelf obliged to yield to Clement. In a coun- 
 cil at Benevcnto^ he approved of all Gregory^ 
 proceedings without exception. He died very 
 early *. 
 
 Se6t. 14. The Matildine party being again 
 without a Pope, they chofe in a council at 'Ter- 1088. 
 racina^ Otho Bifhop ofOftia, who took the name 
 of Urban II. At the beginning of his pontifi- 
 cate, fortune feemed to favour the Emperor 
 more than him, but his affairs foon mended. 1089, 
 He gained a confiderable advantage over his 
 adverfary Pope Clement^ and the marriage of 
 the counrefs Matilda with the young duke Gttel- 
 fo V. added confiderable ftrength to his party. 1090. 
 
 * ViSlor, when abbot, wrote the dialogues de miracUs S. 
 Benedi^i, which are to be found in Mabillorii Ada Saniior. 
 A fpeech which he made when Pope at the above-men- 
 tioned council mav be i'een in Chronic, diffinenf. The two 
 letters of Hugo Archbifhop of Lyons to the countefs 
 Matilda, extant in Labbe\ Concil. do little honour to this 
 Pope : Befides, what Leo of Ojiia mentions of this DefJe- 
 rius, in his famout chronicle of Mo'te Cajjtno, we have alfo 
 a ihort account of his life bv PandvJphus o^ Pi/a, and one 
 more full by Bernard Guido, botii to be found in Murato>-i. 
 Among the moderns //ijr/wa;?;^ has written a ieparare life 
 of him, as v/e fhall iiereaftcr have occafion to mention. See 
 alfo 'MahiUon Aci. Candor, and Cave bijlor. liter. The ac- 
 coant, that he was poifoned is a mere fable. 
 
 L 4 This 
 
^5^ History of the Popes. 
 
 This however fpirited up the Emperor Henry to 
 march an army into Italy. This was attended 
 
 109 1, with fome fuccels, and tho' Urban at the coun- 
 cil of Beneve'nto^ renewed the excommunication 
 againil Clement^ yet the latter returned to Rome^ 
 where the revolted inhabitants had made them- 
 
 1092. Selves maders of the caille of St. Angela. The 
 aiFairs of Urban daily declined, the Emj.»eror 
 Henry obtaining continual advantages over the 
 haughty Matilda. He refided indeed near Rome^ 
 
 T093. but Clement had the fuperiority there. It was 
 certainly malice rather than policy that moved 
 the Mtaildine party to feduce Conrad King of the 
 Romans to a defedion from his father, and to 
 vindicate this unnatural iniquity by the moft 
 
 1094. fcandalous defamations of the latter. Urban in- 
 deed came to Rome., but the caftle of St. Angela 
 continued in the hands of Pope Clement \ and 
 Urban himfeif appears foon after in a council 
 at Clermont to have fet the firft croifade on foot. 
 
 1095. The fubfequent differences betwixt the above- 
 mentioned duke Guelfo and Matilda and their di- 
 vorce was of great advantage to the Emperor, 
 and no lefs detrimental to Pope Urban. The 
 
 I eg 6. ^^^'■^r having excommunicated Philip King of 
 France returned to Rome after a fruitleis attempt 
 to difirjdge Clement's party from the caftle of St. 
 
 1097. Angelo. The Emperor Henry now thought it 
 
 loqS ^^^f^^ fo return into Germany. Urban held a 
 ^ * council at Bari^ where the former difpute be- 
 twixt the Latin and Greek churches, concerning 
 the proceffion of the holy fpirit from the fon, 
 
 logo, came into deliberation. At lad Urban got Ible 
 poffefiion of Rome -, and having in a new coun^ 
 cil, with the utmoft afperity, renewed the ex- 
 communication again ft all his enelTiies, he ended 
 
 his 
 
His TO RY of the Popes. 153 
 
 his life. Clement foon followed him, which put iioo. 
 a final period to this divifion *. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Of the Hlftory of the Popes of the twelfth 
 Century. 
 
 Sedt. I. r^Lement was ftill living, when the 
 Matildine party chofe another monk 
 o^ Clugny^ Rainerius a cardinal, who ftiled him- 
 h\mk\i PafcbalW. The oppofite party foon fet 
 up three Popes again (I him, Albrecht Diedericy 
 and Maginulphus^ or Sihejier IV. But they could 
 not ftand their ground ; and it is doubtful 
 whether the Emperor Henry ever declared for 
 any of them. Pafchal, exceptionable as the 
 model was, clofely imitated the condud of his 
 immediate predecefTors, which might, in fome 
 meafure, arife from the fimilarity of their tem- 
 
 * Befides a confiderable coUedtion of letters of Pope Ur~ 
 Ian in Harduin\ concil. more are to be found in the writings 
 of Marca Baluxen, Batcher Hahtiy and Others. In Ba- 
 iuzotis' Mifcellan. is to be found an old piece concerning his 
 firlt coming to the convent oiClugny. Muratorihas preferved 
 the two accounts of his life left by Fandidfo of Fija, and Ber- 
 nard Guido, Of the moderns Ruinard has writ the life of 
 Pope Urban, which with feveral othef pieces is to be found 
 in the third part oi MabiUon^s oper. pojih. See alfo hijloir, 
 liter de la France^ and Muratori ^ FiStet. Concerning Pope 
 Clement y fee Rub<ei hiftor. Raven. ^ Fabricius bibliotb. Lat. 
 Pied, isf injim. ^tat. Ecchard\ corp. hiftor. ?ned. ce'vi feq. has 
 fomelettersof his. Several miracles have been attributed' 
 to him after his death, butthtytould never gain credit even 
 in the church of Rom. 
 
 pers 
 
154 H I S T O R Y 5/^ /& P O P E s. 
 
 pers and manner of living. A council held in 
 the Lateran was obliged to ratify the excom- 
 munication againfl the Emperor Henry ; and 
 Matilda was forced to renew her promife of be- 
 
 II 04. q'Jsathing her eflates to the See o\ Rome. Con- 
 rady the Emperor's rebellious Ion, being dead, 
 bis brother Henry was fpirited up to the hke con- 
 dud towards his father. It is probable that 
 Pafchal himfelf was among the incendaries ; at 
 leafc it is certain, that he puhlickly approved of 
 the crime, and gave it his apoftolical Benedic- 
 tion. Soon after a revolt began in Rome^ the 
 quelling of which proved a work of time. 
 Henry V. having deprived his aged father of 
 
 1 100. jj-^g crown, and foon after by extreme forrow, 
 brought his grey hairs to the grave, the parti- 
 fans of the papacy hoped, that nov/ was the time 
 for a complete vicliory over themajefty of princes ; 
 hut Henry foon gave them to underftand, that he 
 inherited all his father's firmnefs and fpirit, in 
 ailehing his prerogative againil the unjuft de- 
 mands of the Pope. Pafchal went into France 
 to vifit his ancient refidence, the monaftery of 
 Clug'iiy ; and at the fame time to engage the aid 
 and protedion of that crown againft the Empe-^ 
 rov Henry, A very fplendid embaffy from the 
 ^' Emperor came to Chalons^ and there in very 
 plain terms fignified to him their mailer's unal- 
 terable refolutions. In a council at Troyes^ the 
 former decree touching the inveftitures '^'as con- 
 firmed ; and it was matter of I'urprife, that Henry 
 
 1 108, jj^ i^jj^g Q^ England fhould be perfuaded by Anfehn 
 archbiihop of Canterbury^ into a renuntiation of 
 
 hoc;, ^^ right of inveftiture. Pafchal^ at his return to 
 Rome found the city full of fuch diilurbances and 
 combuftions, as it required time and pains to 
 
 mo. fupprefs. The Emperor Henry had now refolved 
 
 on 
 
History c/*//??^ Popes. 155 
 
 on a journey to Italy^ which fcems to have 
 been not very agreeable to the Pope. He armed 
 himklf, with trelh decrees of councils .againft 
 lay-invcftitures, and a defenfive alliance with 
 the Norman pnncts of Apulia and CrJal^ria. Ac mi^ 
 length Henry came to Rome, full of hopes that 
 his falutary, but impradicable propofals of peace, 
 by which the clergy would have beenreftored to 
 their primitive apoftolicai flate, would put an end 
 to the animofities, which had fo long fubfifted. 
 But the Bilbops and abbots, who were prefent, 
 determined not to give up any thing, oppofed 
 him with fuch vehemence, that no hopes of a 
 reconciliation v/ere left. Hereupon the P2mpe- 
 ror Henry now attacked the Pope, whofe adhe- 
 rents in Rome took fome ileps, which were at- 
 tended with bloodflied. But Henry was refolute, 
 and Pafchal promifed, and folemnly fwore to 
 whatever the former required *, upon which en- 
 fued the coronation of the Emperor. This ren- 
 dered Pafcbal fo odious, that the zealous cardi- 
 nals openly called him a betrayer of the church. 
 In feveral councils whic'n were held on this ac- 11 12, 
 count both in Italy and France, every thing was 
 annulled. Pafchal, tho' doubtiefs perfedlly pleafed 
 at what pafied, a&d as if he had no manner of 
 fliare in it. The Emperor Henry was by the 
 fame means involved in great troubles in Ger- 
 many. The death of the countefs Matilda, to 
 whofe fucceiTion he put in a double claim, occa- 
 fioned another journey into Italy j and this a fe- 
 cond council in the Lateran, where the Pope, ^ 
 
 to pre/ent the imputation of herefy himfelf, ^^'^• 
 excommunicated t\\Q Emperor. Another re- 
 bellion, which broke out in Rome, obliged Pope 
 pafchal to quit the city. Henry came to Rome 
 binifclf, v/hen Pafcbal left it, and fied for pro- i^^7* 
 
 tedion 
 
ij;6 History of the Popes. 
 
 tedlon in vain to the 'Norman princes. The 
 Emperor gave evidence of his pacific intentions, 
 and caufed himfelf to be crpwned by the cele- 
 brated Bur aim, Pafchal died in the mid ft of 
 r. mighty armaments, and fome efforts towards 
 
 ' ^ ^ ' fupporting himfelf by force *. 
 
 Seel. 2. The party which oppofed the Em- 
 peror chofe John of Gaeta, who took the name 
 of Gelafius IL The eledion was fcarce over, 
 when the Emperor H^wrj made his appearance in 
 Romey and the new Pope was obhged to fecure 
 him.felf by flight. He adhered to the maxims 
 of his predeceiTors, and inilead of hftening to 
 the pacific overtures of the Emperor, he excom- 
 municated him. i/if;^ry therefore ordered a new 
 eledion, which fell on the above-mentioned 
 Maurice Bur din, archbifliop of Braga, who 
 took the name of Gregory VIII. He fupported 
 himfelf in Rome againft ail the attempts of his 
 adverfary, who was obliged to fly to France^ 
 
 1 1 19. where he foon after died f . 
 
 Sed; 
 
 * In the collection of councils are an hundred and feven 
 letters of this Pope, beOdes others in the known colleClion 
 of ancient records. See Fahridus' biblioth. iat. rned. 15 infim. 
 atat and Cu've^ hijior. liter. Eefides the vvritcrson the inhe- 
 ritance of counteh Mat iUa, and her invalid grant to the See 
 of Rome, fee the Qriginei Guelphicre^ and Mofbeitnh ir.Jiit. 
 hijlor. ecclef. See Mei'oom. on the inveftiture, which is re- 
 printed in the 3d volume of Scnptor. rer. Gertnannic. and 
 Mabillon'm annul. ord.Beiied. Muratorfs hifioTv of Italy, and 
 the hiflory of popery. The accounts of his life in Muratori 
 /cript. rer. Italic, are written by Pandulfoi Fijuy and the car- 
 dinal o{ Ai-ragon. 
 
 t \n Harduins colleflion of councils are feven letters of 
 Pope GclaJiHs, Some others are to be found in Eccard^s corp. 
 hifior. med. a^v'.. He is alfo the author of fome legends of 
 faints. In Muratori' if cript. rer. Ital. is the life of this Pope 
 by Fandulfoi Pifa^ with the circumftantial remarks of Con- 
 
 Jianti^e 
 
H I S T O R Y ^/^ /^^ P O P E S. 1 5 J 
 
 Se6l. 3. Gelafim in his dying hours, and the 
 few cardinals who attended him, had turned 
 their thoughts on Otho Bifhop of Paleftrim \ but 
 he not willing to embarras himfelf, prevailed 
 with them to choofe Guy archbifhop of Vienne, or 
 Calixtus II. He was by birth a prince o'^ Bur- 
 gundy, and, as fuch, allied to the moll: illullrious 
 houfes in Europe. He was befides more able 
 and politic than his predecefibr. Having been 
 afTured of the confent of thofe m.embers of the 
 party, who had remained at Rome^ he was con- 
 iecrated at Vienne. In an ecclefiaftical fynod at 
 Rheims, he excommunicated both the Emperor 
 and Gregory. The former was in Italy., but re- 
 turned 10 Germany, on advice of fome diltur- Ii20- 
 bances there, v/hich the papal party had induf- 
 trioufly fomented. Calixtus now removed into 
 Italy and to Rome itfelf, Gregory having quitted 
 it, and retired to Sutri. The Norman princes 1121. 
 aflifted him with a ftrong army : He went in per- 
 fon, laid fiege to the place, and took it and 
 Gregory along with it. The captive Pope was 
 treated with great indecency, and fuffered to 
 die in prifon, tho' as to the laft circumllance 
 authors are net entirely agreed. In this flate of 
 affairs it was not ftrange, that his party increafed 
 in Germany, and in the Diet at IFurtzhurg paved 
 the way for a peace, which, by the reciprocal 
 conceffions of both parties, was concluded at 
 the Diet of JVorms. The Pope acquired the in- 
 veftiture, and the Emperor retained the right of 
 confirmation by the fccptre. And for the rati- 
 
 (iayuine Cajetntiy which contain many ufeful records. There 
 js another Jife in the fame work by the cardinal cf Jr>agon. 
 See alfo PeWr Diaconus de n;ir. illujlr. Ca^'e's hijior. liter. 
 j,cript. ecclef. Fahricins in biblioth. lat. med. ^ infi77i. a'tut. 
 and Muratori in his Iiiflory of halj, 
 
 ficatioa 
 
ifg History of the Popes. 
 
 fication of the feveral articles, another council 
 
 ii2q. was held at the Lateran. After this Calixtus 
 
 1 1 24. hved in quietnefs, and died *. 
 
 Se6l. 4. In the next eledlion there was again 
 a divifion, but cardinal 'TheGbald having volun- 
 tarily renounced his claim, Honorius II. was the 
 Pope ele61:. His original name was Lambert. He 
 v/as a miivt of B enema, and at this time Bifhop of 
 Oftia, All we know of him is, that heoppofed 
 by force of arms the fucceflion of duke Roger 
 to the dutchy o^ Apulia ; but with fo little fuccefs, 
 
 1 127. that he was obliged to fubmk to a difadvanta- 
 geous agreement. Being a friend to the Empe- 
 ror Lotharius the Saxon^ he excommunicated 
 duke Conrad^ who was endeavouring to get toot- 
 ing in Ital)\ together with his adherents, and 
 
 1 130. died t- 
 
 * See the letters betwixt the cardinals at Rome and thofe 
 in France, concerning the election of Calixtus., in the cvdex 
 epifloiaroiUlric oi Babenberg, publilhed hy Euard, Likevvife 
 the letters of this Pope himfelf, of which only thirty-five 
 occur in LabbeTC^^ Harduin. Pv/Jore are to be met with inDa- 
 cher''% fpecdeg. Bahu^ens tnifcell. Martene thej. anecdot. Eccard 
 Corp. kijior. med. o'^:, and If'ilki'ns concil. Britan. Befides 
 thefe we have alfo four fermons ot his on 'St/Jamss the apoflle, 
 in the twentieth volume of the Lyon billioth. max. patr. Of 
 the convention with the Kmperor /jV;;^^',which fee in Cheru- 
 bim^ buUar. M. and more correctly in Harenberg*^ treatife de 
 feSia non titnentium Deu7n. HoJ'rxan treats in dijj. ad concordat. 
 Henrici V. ^ Califil \\. de ini:fjiitura Epijcop . 13 ahbatum, 
 Muratori lias three lives of this Pope by BanA. of Bifa, the 
 cardinal of Arragav, and Bernard Giudo. Among the mc- 
 derns fee Gallia Chrijlianay and liurtman in 'vitis Rcpian. 
 pontificufn, FicfcrisWl. UrVani II. BaficUsW. GelaJiiW. Ca~ 
 lixfi li. Boluzius in n.ifcell. has an account of the life of 
 . Grtgory, or Maurice Bur dm, befides two letters. 
 
 f Befides tlie tv/elve letters of his in the co'leclions of 
 councils, fome others of his are to be found in Cave's v-/L 
 liter. The accounts of his life hy Band, oi Bifa, the cardi- 
 nal of tarragon, and Bt^nard Guico are in Muratori^s fcrrpt, 
 rer. lial. Compare alio Mafco'v'h comm, ds rebus Imperii J ub 
 UthariQll.i^ Ccr.r. III. 
 
 Scc% 
 
HisT-oRY of the Popes. 159 
 
 Szdi. 5. The druggies of the two parties, 
 which at that time diilradled Rome^ caufed a di- 
 vifion in the new elcdion. Some cardinals chofe 
 Gregory^ a Romany who was cardinal de S. Angela^ 
 and now took the name oi Innocent ^ whilft others 
 declared for Peter Leonis^ cardinal of S. Maria 
 in Trafte'verey who took the name o^ Jnacletus II, 
 and by his fuperior force made himfelf mafler of 
 the Vatican, Both follicited the favour of fo- 
 reign princes. /Inacletus made a league with 
 duke Roger of Sicily ^ on whom he conferred the 
 title of King. Innocent^ who had been obliged 
 to retire to France^ had the good fortune of 
 contracting a friendfhip with St, Bernard,, abbot 
 of Clairvaux by whofe high reputation Lotharius, 
 emperor of Germany,, Lewis king of France, Henry 
 king of England^ and others, were chiefly in- 
 duced to acknowledge him as legal Pope. The i^Si* 
 Emperor Lotharius had a conference with Inno- 
 cent It Liege ; but for reafons well known, could 
 not prevail upon him toreftore to him the right 
 of inveftiture. A council at jR/6^i;;/j excommu- 
 nicated Anacletus with his party, who was in 
 the mean time embroiled with the people of Be- 
 nevento. Innocent,, in confidence of the Empe- 1132. 
 ror's aflidance, fet out on his return to Italy. 
 Lotharius alfo made an expedition thither, and 
 both came to Rome. Innocent took poiTefTion of 
 the Lateran^ and crowned the Emperor, and this 
 -*^\\\Vk Anacletus himfelf w^as -xx. Rome,, and kept ^^33* 
 polTeiTion of the Vatican and caftle of S, Angelo, 
 The Emperor Lotharius attempted on a folemn 
 day of judgment to compofe the matter ; but 
 Anacletus would not fubmit to a judge who had 
 already fo efFediially declared for his antagonill. 
 The Emperor fucceeded better v/ith Pope Inno^ 
 cent^ in a convention relating to the inheritance 
 
 of 
 
1 134. 
 1 136. 
 
 160 History of the Popes. 
 
 of the countefs Matilda. His fetting out foon 
 after for Germany^ and the failure of the aflift- 
 ance promifed from England^ obliged Innocent 
 once more to leave Rome. He repaired to P//^, 
 where he held a new council againft his compe- 
 titor. At length the Emperor Lothartus re- 
 turned to Italy^ and put the affairs of Innocent m 
 fo good a podure, that he became again poffefTed 
 
 ^^Z7' of the Lateran. However he could not intirely 
 expel Anacletus. At Lothartus''^ departure the 
 new king of Sicily offered his mediation ; but 
 the bed mediator was the death of Anacletus^ af- 
 ter which all animofities fubfided. His friends 
 indeed eleded a cardinal who changed his name 
 of Gr^^^^rv for that oiVi^orW . But St. Ber- 
 nard being prefent, prevailed fo far, that he of 
 himfelf declined it, and perfecl tranquillity was 
 reftored at Rome. About this time the famous 
 Arnold of Brefcia had fpread his dodlrine, which 
 was very difagreeable to the court of Rome^ and 
 accordingly he was condemned in a council held 
 at the Lateran. But Innocent had a powerful 
 enemy in king Roger. In attempting to force 
 him to a compliance, the Pope was taken pri- 
 foner, and was obliged to accept of fuch a peace 
 as the conqueror thought fit. After this no- 
 
 1^4^' thing remiarkable occurs o'l Innocent. The dif- 
 ferences of the Romans with the inhabitants of 
 
 1 142. (j'ivoU^ occafioned an infurreclion even in Ro7ne. 
 
 * ^ 43* Innocent died *. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * We have feveral letters of Pope Inmcejit^ in the col- 
 led^jons of councils, and in other collecHons. Ca've hijlor. 
 liter, gives a very particular account of them. Lupus in 
 cpificL Ephef. has annexed eight and thirty letters oi Ana- 
 cletui. Compare St. Bernard's letters as publiihed by Ma- 
 billon^ Kereuiuft be mentioned the picture of the coronation 
 of the Emperor Lothartus^ with the follov/ing infcriptiojn. 
 
 Rex 
 
 ^^39' 
 
H I S T O R Y (?/ //6^ P O P E S. l6 1 
 
 Se6t. 6. The new Pope Celefiinus II. before 
 called Guido, was a 'Tufcan^ and cardinal of 
 S, Maria. He is faid to have had fome dif- 
 ferences with kAng Roger ; but died foon after*. 1144; 
 
 St&i, 7. His fucceiTor Lucius II. was before 
 called Gerhard Caccianemici^ and was a regular 
 canon and cardinal. The Romans chofe Jordanus 
 as prefident of the new fenate, which Lucius op- 
 pofing with an armed force, he received a wound . . 
 from a Hone, which in a few days proved fatal ^* 
 to him f . 
 
 Rex 'venit ante fores jurans pr'ius urbis honores, 
 Poji homo fit Papa^ recipit quo dante coronam. 
 
 which was fupprelTed under the Emperor Frederick I. See 
 Rade^vic de gejiis Fred. Of Arnold, lee Koler\ dijf. de Ar- 
 mldo Brixiefifi. In Muratori fcriptor. rer. Ital. are Arnalfi 
 Sagienfis trad at us de fchifmate orto poJi Honorii 11. Papa; dif- 
 cejjum, and the life of Pope Innocent, by the three biogra- 
 phers before-mentioned. 
 
 * In Labbe\ Concil. we have only three letters of his j 
 but two are fupplied in Dacher^ fpecil. and in Martene's the/, 
 anecdot. We muft here briefly take notice, that Celefline is 
 the firft of thofc Popes, of whom Malachy the famous Irijh 
 archbifhop is faid to have prophefied. The feveral '.vritings 
 in v/hich thefe prophecies are contained, difputed or de- 
 fended, are mentioned in Fabriciush biblioth. Lat. med. ^ 
 inf. atatis. They are fo very childilh, and the fuppofed 
 completion of them fo forced, that we do not think they 
 deferve any further mention. 
 
 t The letters extant of his are to be found in Lahhe\ 
 Concil. in Balu%cns mifceilan. Martene\ thef anecdot. Alfo in 
 Wilkin^ Concil. Britan. Part of a remarkable letter to king 
 Conrad has been preferved hyAIberick in his chronic, in Leib- 
 niis acceff. hifior. Towards an illuilration and right judg- 
 ment of the difturbances at Rome under this and the follow- 
 ing Pope, which refped the imperial rights, fee my Com- 
 ment. de Senator. Rom. 7nedn ^^ui. Muratori has given us 
 tlie ihort accounts of the three hiftorians. Among the mo- 
 derns he is treated of at Ir.rge by John B apt. Signius de ortn 
 ^ Jiatu cano7iico. With whom is alio to be compared Ca-ve 
 kijlor. liter, 
 
 M Sea:. 
 
i62 History of the "Pote^. 
 
 Sed. 8. Amidft the mod vehement com- 
 motions, the cardinals chofe Bernard of Pifa 
 Abbot of a Ciftercian convent, and a difciple of 
 St. Bernard. He took on him the name of Eu- 
 genius III. and likewife pofTefied himfelf of the 
 Lateran. But the new fenate o^ Rome endea- 
 vouring on this occafion to obtain its confirma- 
 tion, the confecration was performed in the con- 
 vent of Farfa^ after which the Pope refided at 
 Viterbo. About this time Arnold of Brefcia came 
 to Rome^ where his preaching concerning eccle- 
 fiaftical poiTelTions, and his exhortations to re- 
 flore the ancient conftitution of the city, met 
 with unufual approbation. The Pope had re- 
 courfe to an excommunication againft him, and 
 to a closer union with the inhabitants ofT'ivcliy 
 inveterate enemies to the Romans: But all this 
 proving of no efFedl, he came to an agreement, 
 in which the Romans found their account better 
 than he. Their impatience to fupprefs their 
 enemies at Tivoli ohligtd him again to k^vcRome. 
 
 1 146. The i^(?;;2rt;^j hereupon applied to the Emperor 
 Conrad III. in a moft memorable letter, which 
 as It evidences their upright intention, fo it re- 
 fleds difgrace on the Pope, by expofmg the de- 
 iigns he had formed to the prejudice of the im- 
 perial dignity. But the Emperor Conrad was 
 unfortunately fo infatuated by the hypocritical 
 Ahhot o'i Clairvaux^ as to let flip this opportu- 
 nity of reftoring the dignity of the empire to 
 its ancient luftre. The Pope was gone into 
 
 1 1 47. France^ where he promoted a new Crufade, and 
 held councils, in one of which he excommuni- 
 cated King Stephen o^ England. He returned to 
 
 1 14.8 ^^^'b y but being refufed admiflion 2Lt Rom.e, he 
 had recourfe to arms. A peace enfued, from the 
 terms of which it appears, that the Pope had 
 
 nor 
 
 1149. 
 
H I S T ORY 5/^/^1? Po PE S. 163 
 
 not been vidlorious. He thought to avail him- 11 50. 
 felf of the peace, in aboUlhing the fenate, which 
 was become lb obnoxious to him ; but they 
 drove him once more from the city. A new 1151, 
 peace followed; and it is highly probable that 1153. 
 at the death o^ Eugenius the fenate was not con- 
 ftituted as before, tho' of this change we are 
 not able to give the real motives and circum- 
 Itances *. 
 
 Sed. 9. Of his fuccelTor Anaftafius IV. the 
 only particulars known are, that he was a native 
 oi Rome^ and thar his name was Cj?;/r^^i" that 
 he had been Cardinal-biihop of Sabina^ and died 
 after a pontificate of fourteen months -f. ^^54' 
 
 * Befides fome bulls, among which that of the canoni- 
 zation of the Emperor lit. -ay il. in the Aci. Sandor. is very 
 remarkable, there are eighty-eight letters of Pope Eugenius 
 in the colledtions of councils. Others occur in Baluz,en\ 
 7niJceUa'n. Maj-tenes Thefaur. anecdotor. ^ coileSi. aniplijjtma; 
 and Wilkins Concil, Britan. It is obfervable, that Pope 
 Eugenius in the council oi Tre'ves in the year i 148, ap- 
 proved the prophecies of St. Hildegardy of which his letter 
 in Labbe\ Concil. is a teftimony, and that in his time Gra- 
 tian finiflies his colledtions of canon-laws, the approbation 
 of which this and the following Popes has greatly con- 
 tributed to the maintenance of the papal authority ; for 
 which I would refer to Boh7ner'*s preface to the firft volume 
 of the Corpus yuris canonici. Among Other records relat- 
 ing to the hiftory of this Pope, fee the account of his life 
 by Bernard Guido^ Band. q{ Pija^ and the cardinal of Ar- 
 ragon in Muratoi'V^ Script or. rer. Italic. Cardinal Hugo of 
 Ojtia\ piece de ohitu Eugenii III. in Ughelli Ital. facr. The 
 large colledion of the Abbot Wibald\ letters, in Martemh 
 and Durajzcfs, amflij. colkti^ Alfo Sugerius'^ letters in the 
 Thefaur. anecdotor. by the fame learned perfons, and the 
 above-mentioned letters of St. Bernard. Among the mo- 
 derns fee Marrique Annal. Ciftcrc. Sartori\ hijhr. Cljlerc. 
 Vifch. hiblioth. Cijlerc. Muratori% hiftory of Italy, &c. Maf 
 co'v. com. de rebus imperii Jub, Loth. ^ Cour. Cci've hijlor. 
 liter, and Fabricius'' biblioth. hat. med. i3 injim. at. 
 
 t Thirteen letters of his are in Labbt^ Concil. and two 
 
 more in Martene'^ Ihcf. monim. Some bulls alfo of his 
 
 M z , are 
 
164 Hi STORY o/ /& Pope s. 
 
 Sed. 10. At that time the imperial throne 
 was filled by Frederick U, who earneftly under- 
 took to rellore the honour and rights of the em- 
 pire, efpecially in Italy , but this refolution in- 
 volved him in many difagreeable broils with 
 proud and ambitious Popes. The new ele6lion 
 fell on Nicolas Break/pear an EngliJJjman ; who by 
 a train of fmgular adventures, rofe from the 
 lowcfb condition to the papal dignity, which he 
 held by the name of Adrian IV. He imme- 
 diately gave proofs of his zeal, forbidding Ar- 
 mid of Brefcia to ftay any longer in Rome : And 
 the Remans ofi-ering forcibly to protedl him, he 
 obliged them, by excommunication, to with- 
 draw their proteClion. IVilliam King of Sicily ^ 
 in order to his reconciliation with the papal 
 chair, made fome propofals of peace, which be- 
 ing rcjeded, he committed hoftilities againfl the 
 ecclefiaftical ftate, and was on that account ex- 
 
 ^^OD' communicated by the Pope. The Emperor 
 Frederick was then in Italy, Pope Adrian flood 
 in awe of him ; but he recovered his fpirits, 
 when the Emperor peremptorily ordered the 
 furrender of the fuppofed heretick Arnold^ vvho 
 was loon after burnt ; and in other refpeds gave 
 him the firongeft ailurances of all poflible pro- 
 tedlion. yf^/n^/^ himfelf went iuto the imperial 
 army, where the famous affair of the itirrup, 
 in v;hich hovv'ever hiftorians differ, was very 
 near producing a violent rupture, had not Fre- 
 derick for that time humoured his holinefs in or- 
 der to forward his ov/n coronation. The in- 
 
 \l^^. confiderate behaviour of the Remans^ on this cc- 
 caiion, does them little honour. The affairs of 
 
 sre extant. The three before-mentioned hiHorians have 
 alfo written the life of this Pcpc, fee Mi.rrJcri's Jcriptor, 
 ra\ Italic, and Mazzucbeili's oLriitori d'ltuJia. 
 
 V/illiam 
 
History of the Popes, 165 
 
 f^Wam King o^ Jpuliay had in the mean time 
 taken fo favourable a turn, that Pope Adrian 
 found himfelf under the necefiity of making the 
 firft propofals of a peace, v/hich was remarkable 
 both in itfelf, and in its confequences. It was 
 particularly difplealing to the Emperor Frederick^ 11^7. 
 who had befides been offended at the fcandalous 
 pi6lure of the coronation of the Emperor Lo- 
 tharius ; at the haughty ftile of the Pope's let- 
 ters, particularly the equivocal word Beneficiiim 
 ufed in them ; and at the indecent behaviour of 
 the Pope's Legates, and the maxims promul- 
 gated by them. The Pope on his part was 
 filled with no lefs indignation at the remifnefs of 
 the Emperor in punifhing thofe who had feized 
 and plundered Efquilus Archbilliop of Lunden, 
 So that a new flame was on the point of break- 
 ing out, efpecially as the German clergy unani- 
 moufly declared for the honour of their Em- 
 peror : However, matters were adjufted entirely urg. 
 to the Emperor's fatisfadion. But for this very 
 reafon it was of fhort continuance. Pope Adrian ii^g, 
 found new complaints, and wrote an unbecom- 
 ing letter to the Emperor. Various incidents 
 inflamed the animofities of both parties. The 
 Emperor Frederick fided with the Romans, and 
 Pope Adrian had entered into clofer connections 
 with the King of Sicily ^ when death very fea- 
 fonably took him off^ *. 
 
 Seel. 
 
 * Befides fome writings attributed to this Pope, but 
 not yet printed, there are in Labbe's Condi, forty-two let- 
 ters, and MartsnBt Baluz.ius, Vfcer^ Marca, Vghdli, &c. have 
 •brought others to light, as mav be feen in Fabriciu^^s bib- 
 lioth. Lat. med. tetat. and Cwjis hijior. liter. The moil; re- 
 markable are thofe letters which contain the obnoxious 
 word Beneficium ; in A-ventini Annul. Bojor. the letters b - 
 tvvixt the Emperor and the Pope, the authenticity of which 
 Ivl 3 is 
 
i66 History o/*/^^ Popes. 
 
 Sedl. II. The accounts of the divided elec- 
 tion which followed, are fo contradi61:ory, that 
 nothing can be delivered with certainty, except 
 only, that one part of the cardinals chofe car- 
 dinal Rcland of St. Mark^ and the other OEla- 
 vian cardinal of St. Cecilia \ and that both 
 fides were too vehement to make conceffions to 
 each other. Roland ftiled \i\\x\{^^ Alexander III. 
 and was confecrated at l^infe. 05favian took the 
 name of Vi5for IV. and was confecrated in the 
 monaftery of F^r/^. Itwas iiatural for JVilliam II. 
 King of Sicily^ to declare for Alexander -, and for 
 the Emperor Frederick to fide with Vi5ior j but 
 he firft endeavoured to accommodate matters in 
 ii6o. a council, which he fummoned at Pavia. Alex- 
 ander^ from the m.axims of papal policy, in which 
 he was thoroughly verfed, as likewife for the 
 fafety of his own perfon, declined making his 
 appearance *, which forwarded the decree, paffed 
 by the fathers, and confirmed by the Emperor 
 in favour of Victor, Excommunications were 
 thundered on both fides ; and the far greateft 
 part of Europe divided into two parties on their 
 account. The Greek Emperor, France^ England^ 
 and Sicily were Alexander^ friends. The coun- 
 tenance of France arofe at firft from the devotion 
 of a woman ; but poflibly afterwards from a 
 wrong fi:ep of the Emperor Frederick -, political 
 motives improved it to vehement earneftnefs. 
 On the other hand, the authority and power of 
 the Emperor were a great fupport to Victor in 
 Italy and Germany^ and the Kings of Sweden and 
 
 is flill difputcd ; thofe betwixt the Bifliops of Germany and 
 the Pope, and the letter of liccnfe to Henry \\. to conquer 
 Ireland, in Wilkins's CovciL Britan. The famous peace 
 \vith King Wiliam, which (o nearly con:erns the Sicilian 
 monarchy, is in Baronii A/maL 
 
 Denmark 
 
History?/' ^Z'^ Popes. 167 
 
 Denmark offered their aid. Alexander, after be- 
 ing acknowledged by his friends, in an afTem- 1161. 
 bly at Tboioufe, haftened indeed to Rome ; but 
 met with fuch a reception, that he was loon ob- 
 liged to quit that city, and fave himfelf by 
 flight to Genoa. In the mean time the Emperor 
 Frederick, who had rendered himfelf very for- 
 midable in Italy, caufed his favourite Vi5for to 
 be confirmed a fecond time in a council at Lodi, 
 After this he made propofals of peace, but with- 
 out effed. Alexander went into France, and held r 
 a confiderable fynod 2i\.Tours, where he folemnly ^^ ^* 
 excommunicated his competitor and his adhe- 
 rents. He afterwards went to Sens, where he 
 flaid a confiderable time, and thither fled to him 
 the rebellious Archbifhop of Canterbury^ Thomas 
 Becket, whom Alexander received as a very faith- ^ ^ ^4* 
 ful devoted friend to the See of Rome, and by 
 protecting him, greatly irritated Henry King of 
 England, Soon after Vi5for died at Lucca, and 
 it were to be wifhed, that this had ended the 
 fchifm. But the Emperor Frederick thought 
 proper to fet on foot a new eledlion by thole car- 
 dinals who were in his interefl. It fell on car- 
 dinal Guido of S. Calixtus, who took the name of 
 Pafchal III. and having a flrenuous patron in the 
 Emperor Frederick, refided at Viterbo. Alexander 
 having the good fortune of the voice of the 
 people of Rome on his fide, ventured to > re- 
 turn thither from France -, and as his friends ^ 
 daily encreafed in thofe cities of Lombardy, ^ ^ ^' 
 -which were in other refpeds difaffecled to 
 the Emperor Frederick, the Emperor endea- 
 voured to confirm Pafchal in a large affembly 
 held at IVurtzburg, where ambaffadors attended 
 from England, and acknowledged the latter as 
 lawful Pope. He alfo found means to make 
 M 4 Ibme 
 
j68 H I s t o r y of the Pope s. 
 
 fome prelates feel the weight of his refentment 
 for their firm adherence to Alexander, On the 
 other hand, Alexander not only entered into a 
 1 1 66, treaty with the court of Conftantinople which was 
 detrimental to the Emperor ; but he alienated 
 the minds of the Italians more and more from 
 him, which was affe&d among other means by 
 renewing the excommunication in a council 
 '^'^67- held at the Lateran, Fortune however was ftill 
 on the Emperor's fide. He made himfelf 
 mafter of Rome'^ placed Pafchal in the papal 
 chair, and caufed himfelf and his confort 
 Beatrix to be crowned by him. Alexander after 
 continuing fome time in E.ome^ was obliged at 
 length to feek fafety at Benevento -, and the city 
 took the oath of allegiance to the Emperor and 
 Pafchal: But immediately after the Emperor's 
 1 1 68. good fortune turned. The rebels fupported by 
 Fope Alexander^ became daily more formidable. 
 Pafcal himfelf died, and his and the Empe- 
 ror's friends eledted the abbot of Struma^ who 
 lliled himfelf Calixlus III. In the mean time 
 Alexander^ by means of the interceflion o{ France 
 ' and the political fituation of England, obtained 
 leave for the Archbishop Thomas Becket to re- 
 turn home ; but his former ambitious and tur- 
 bulent difpofition, which he dill retained, brought 
 him to a violent end. Alexander ranked him 
 among the faints, and knew how to diftrefs the 
 innocent King Henry for his death in an un- 
 heard-of manner. The people of Rome did not 
 1172. admit Alexander into their city, tho' he prefilngly 
 defired it. On the other hand, the lolfes which 
 1 1 76. befel the Emperor in Italy, Vv^erc the true caufe 
 of his hearkening to terms of peace, which was 
 at lafi: concluded. Upon this followed an in- 
 1177* terview between the Emperor and the Pope at 
 
 Venice^ 
 
History of the V o v -e s. 169 
 
 Venice^ of which the moft groundlefs fables were 
 propagated with particular defigns, and obfti- 
 nately credited. An agreement being alfo con- ^^/o* 
 eluded between the Pope and the city of Rome^ 
 by which Calixtus fubmitted. Alexander^ after a 
 long oppofition, came to the peaceable pofTef- 
 fion of the papal chair ; for, tho' fome male- 
 contents fet up one Lando for Pope, who ftiled 
 himfelf Innocent III, this party was too weak, 
 and Lando was foon fecured in a prifon. Alex- 
 ander \\t\(X a great council in t\it Later an^ in 1179. 
 which the difputes about the election of a Pope 
 were terminated by an ordinance, that two thirds 
 of the cardinals fhall be requifite to make an 
 ele6tion valid, and a war was refolved on againft 
 the fuppofed hereticks, which had fprung up in 
 France, Alexander afTerted canonization as one 
 of the prerogatives of the Pope, and exercifed, 
 in the perfon of Alphonfo King of Portugal^ the 
 ufurped power of conferring the regal dignity. 
 At laft died this Pope, who had rendered him- ngi, 
 feif remarkable in fo many in ftances *. 
 
 Seel:. 
 
 * Many o^ Alexander s letters are dill extant, of v.'hich an 
 account is given in Fabriciush biblioth, Grac, i^ Latin, 
 med. ilf infim. atat. and in Ca^ve^ hif.or. liter. We have 
 only one letter of ViSlor^ relating to his eledion in Rude- 
 fvicus de gejl'is Frederici I, and another in Bahi%eui Mifcel-\ 
 Ian. and only one of Pafchalh in Dufchefne Script, rer. Franc, 
 The hiftory of the tranfadions and peace concluded be- 
 tween the Emperor Frederick and Pope Alexander, particu- 
 larly of the fabulous rtory of the latter treading on the 
 neck of the former, has given occafion to feverul learned 
 difquifitions. See the accounts of 0<^^o of ^<2'X'f ////<?, Hier. 
 Bardi, Fort. Olmo and Cyril. Mechele'% writings relating to 
 this fubjecl in the Hamburg bibliothcca hi/lor. Muraton's an- 
 tiquitat. Ital. med. cc'vi. and the celebrated M. Schei'it's ori- 
 gin. Guelf. The bell writings which treat of the hilloryof 
 Thomas Beckct, are quoted in Mcfbetm% infatut. hijlor ecclej„ 
 Among the three lives of Pope /lU.xander, prcfcrveJ in Mu- 
 
 raii,ri'% 
 
1185. 
 
 170 History cf the Popes. 
 
 Sed. 12. Immediately after the death of 
 Alexander^ cardinal Ubald^ Bilhop of Oftia and 
 Veletri^ who was a native of Lucca^ and aflumed 
 the name of Lucius II. was chofen and confe- 
 crated at Veleiri. This was occafioned by a fe- 
 dition of the people of Rome^ who for reafons 
 unknown to us, very ftrenuoufly oppofed the 
 1 1 84. j^e^v Pope. Lucius took a journey to Verona^ in 
 order to a conference with the Emperor Frede- 
 rick^ which took place indeed, but with ill hu- 
 mor on both fides, on account of the clergy, 
 who adhered to the Anti-Pope, as he was cal- 
 led, and on account of the papal pretenfions to 
 the countefs Matilda^ eflate, and of the difputes 
 about the election at triers, Lucius died at 
 Verona^ amidlt the moft zealous endeavours for 
 a new Crufade *. 
 
 Se(5L. 13. Ubert Crivelli, Archbilhop of Milan ^ 
 whom fome thro' miifake CaW Lambert^ had the' 
 good fortune to be elefted by the cardinals, and 
 took the name of Urban III. The people of 
 Rome ftill perfi fling in their oppofition to the 
 Pope, he likewife withdrew to Verona. He had 
 difputes with the Emperor Frederick on the fub- 
 jetis above- m.entioned, as well as about the 
 eftates bequeathed to the Bifhops, and the con- 
 fifcation of fome revenues of convents. But 
 1186. ^^^ real difguft was the marriage of the Empe- 
 ror Henry with Confiantia^ a princefs of Sicily^ to 
 which on many accounts the court of Rome was 
 
 ratons Script, rer. Ital. that by the cardinal of Jrragon is 
 the compleateft- Among the moderns Anton. Felafquez has 
 given a life of Pope Alexander in Spanijh, and Joh. Fran^. 
 Loredano, another in //<2//<2;/. 
 
 * In Labbe's Condi, are two letters and one decretal. Be- 
 fides thefe, Martene, Montfaucon, and Dachsr, have pub- 
 , liihed fome more. See Ca-ve\ hifior. liter. 
 
 ad- 
 
History of the Popes. 171 
 
 adverfe. But as tne greateR part of the Bifhops 
 of Germany fideU with the Emperor, the Pope 
 was now too weak to accomphrh any thing. He 
 attempted indeed, to fulminate his excommu- 
 nications ; but the people ot Verona would not 
 permit any fuch thing to be tranfaded in their 
 city. L'pon \}ci\%Urhan retired to Ferrara^ where 
 he died foon after *. 
 
 Secl. 14. The next who fucceeded was car- ^^^7* 
 dinal Alhrecht of Benevento^ by the name of 
 Gregory WIL He ftrenuoufly exerted himfeif 
 in promoting a Crufade, but he died at Pifa^ 
 having fcarce fat tv/o months in the chair ~f . 
 
 Sed. 15. Paul^ Bifhop of Frenefte^ a native 
 o^ Rome^ who was exalted at Fifa to the papal 
 chair, under the name of Clement III. trod in 
 the footftcps of his predecelTor, and incited a 11S8. 
 great part of Europe to engage in a Crufade, 
 which caufed an immenfe effufion of blood to 
 no purpofe. To promote this he took pains to ' 
 compofe diflentions among the princes, and was 
 fo far fuccefsful, as to conclude a peace with the 
 people of Rome^ which ellabliflied the papal 
 dominion over that city. He died J 1191.^ 
 
 * One letter of this Urban, whom fome, froh his reH- 
 lefs fpirit call Turbanus, is to be found in Baronius's Annul. 
 five in Harduin\ Concil. one in Martene% the/, anecdot. And 
 more are to be met with in Schoettgens bihlioth. lat. med. ce^oi. 
 Muratoriin fcript . rer. Ital.feqq. has publifhed a long life of 
 this Pope by Bernh. Guido, and a Ihorter by a perfon un- 
 known. See Argelatus\ bihlioth. Jcriptor. Medial. 
 
 t In Harduiri's concil. and Baluzi's mifcellan. are to be 
 found fome letters relating to the Crufade. 
 
 X We have only feven letters of his in Lahbe^s Concil. 
 The moil accurate account of the convention with the 
 people of Ro?ney is in MuratorVs aniiquit. Ital. med. ajw. 
 Muratori gives two lives of this Pope, of which the one is 
 faid to be by Bernh. Guido, the other by an anonymous 
 pcifon. 
 
 Sedl. 
 
172 History of the Pop.es. 
 
 ^tE}i, 16. Hyacinth^ the new eleded Popet 
 who is called Celefiine III. was a Roman by birth, 
 a C^dinal-deacon, and eighty- five years of age. 
 Having been confecrated with great folemnity 
 he crowned the Emperor Uenry VI. who foon af- 
 terwards polTelTed himfelf of the kingdom of 
 Sicily, He excommunicated Leopold,, archduke 
 of Auftria^ for the famous imprifonment of 
 Richard king of England^ and the Emperor, and 
 Alphonfus X. king of Gallicia, for a marriage- 
 caufe. He alfo intermeddled, but without fuc- 
 cefs, in the divorce of Philip Auguftus king of 
 France. The lafl will of the Emperor Henry 
 could not but be agreeable to the Pope •, but his 
 requefl of feeing his fuccefTor appointed, was re- 
 H 198. jeded by the cardinals. He died * 
 
 * We find feventeen letters of Celejiine in Lahbis ConciL 
 and fome others in Martene's the/, anecdot. Baluxen's tnifcellan, 
 Wilkim's ConciL Brit an. and others, not to mention bulls 
 and letters patent. The many fables told concerning the 
 coronation of the Emperor Henry^ which do no honour 
 either to him or the Pope, are treated of in Sch^arze^is dijf, 
 de Henrici VI. Romana eaque ignominioja coronatione. Both the 
 lives of this Pope in Muratori^fcrip. ter. Ital. are very 
 fliort. Compare alfo Fabricius in bihlioth. hat, med. ^ 
 inftn, tetat* 
 
 SECT. 
 
History of the V ovs.^. ly^ 
 
 SECT, III. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Popes of the firft half of 
 the thirteenth Century. 
 
 Se6t.i. TNnocent III. was the fon of count 119S, 
 
 1'rafimund of Segna, Before his ex- 
 altation to the See of Rome^ he was called Lo- 
 tharius^ and was a cardinal. He afcended the 
 papal chair, perfectly qualified to raife both the 
 civil and ecciefiaftical monarch to the higheft 
 pitch \ and the great variety of his tranfadions, 
 all tending to that point, are unqueftionable 
 proofs of his difpofition to it. The confufions 
 in the Roman empire, and in the kingdom of 
 Sicily^ upon the death of Henry the Sixth, 
 tempted him to the exercife of his talents. His 
 firfl mafter-piece of policy was entirely fubjed:- 
 ing to his dominion, the city of Ro7ne, and the 
 marquifateof Ancona^ under the title of the Pa- 
 trimony of St, Peter^ which it feems had been 
 wrefted from him by rapacious tyrants \ and he 
 entred into very clofe connexions with the Italian 
 ftates, whofe conduct was certainly open rebel- 
 lion againft the Roman empire. In the divided 
 eledlion of an Emperor, Pope Innocent declared 
 very zealoufly ^oxOtho IV. and as he could not 
 deprive young Frederick of the crown of Sicily^ 
 he made ufe of the opportunity to extend the 
 papal jurifdidion at the expence of the imperial 
 rights. At the fame time he excommunicated 
 Alphonfus X. king of Gallicia and Leon^ and ob- 
 liged him to renounce his promifed marriage. 
 He behaved no better towards Philip king of 
 France \ and thefe tranfadions were accom- 
 panied 
 
174 History of the Popes* 
 
 panied with many circumftances, contradiftory 
 to each other, and ill-fuited to infallibility. He 
 alfo aflumed to himfelf the honour of making 
 a king of Armenia. Young Frederick loft his 
 affectionate mother Conjiantia ; and his misfor- 
 tune herein was the greater, as fhe, probably 
 from a good intention, had appointed the Pope 
 his guardian, which proved extremely injurious 
 both to him and his fubjedls. The Pope, whofe 
 views were obftrudled whilfl Philip held the 
 iioQ. imperial crown, excommunicated him a fecond 
 I20I. time, and iointly with his allies ufed ail endea- 
 vours to ftrengthen the party of his adverfary. 
 This was the reafon of his confirming, in very 
 haughty terms, the grant of the title of king ftc- 
 ceffively conferred on the duke of Bohemia^ by 
 both the Emperors. Tho' the conqueft of the 
 city of Conftantinople by the Latins was fecretly 
 1204. i^stter of joy to the Pope, yet he found fome 
 fpecious pretext for cenfuring it, probably in 
 order to render himfelf the more refpedable. 
 He was no lefs delighted with the devotion of 
 Peter^ k^ng o^ Arragon^ who would be crowned 
 by the Pope, and in the city of Ronie^ and in 
 return for this trouble fubjected his kingdom, as 
 a fief, to the See of Rorae. After this enfued the 
 differences with the unfortunate l^mo^jGhno^ Eng- 
 land^ in which Pope Innocent moil: evidently be- 
 trayed his antichriilian fpirit. He infifted, that 
 Stephen Langton^ whom he, to the great prejudice 
 of the king's prerogative, had nominated arch- 
 bifhop of Canterbury^ (hould be acknowledged 
 fuch. King Jcbn at firft oppofed this with a 
 noble refolution, and was not difcouraged by 
 repeated excommunications, and the diibharge 
 ot his fubjeds from their oath of allegiance ; 
 but at length, forced by diftrefs, and the danger 
 
 of 
 
 120^. 
 
History of the Popes. 175 
 
 of feeing both his kingdoms in the hands of 
 the king of France^ to whom the Pope had 
 granted them in the year 12 13, he comphed, 
 delivered up his crown to the Pope, and re- 
 ceived it again, as a fief of the See o^ Rome. 1207. 
 It was this probably that contributed not a little 
 to the Pope's declaring in favour of Philips and 
 repealing the excommunication -, tho' Philip had 
 no great benefit from it, for he died by the hands 
 of a murderer. Hereupon this infallible Pope o 
 returned to the fide of Otho^ who preferved his 
 favor by promifes and adulations. He was fuc- 
 cefsful in thefe, for Pope Innocent crowned him 
 in the city of i^^?;;f. But here terminated this 1209. 
 harmony. The Emperor, befides other claims, 
 aflerted fword in hand his rights to the countefs 
 Matilda's lands, and to Apulia and Calabria, 
 Pope Innocent now thundered out his execrations, 12 10. 
 and the Emperor being not without enemies in 
 Germany^ a large party was foon formed for 12 12, 
 placing on the imperial throne young Frederick 
 oi Sicily., who was then, at leafl, from politi- 
 cal motives excelTively devoted to the Pope. 
 About the fame time he opened another fcene 
 by excommunicating Raymond count of T'Lo- 
 loufe, for not perfecuting, agreeably to his or- 
 ders, the innocent Albigenfes^ and granted his 
 territories to Simon count of Montfcrat. The 
 pretended heretics were perfons influenced by 
 their teachers, and thefe owed their rife to the 
 Popes themfelves. He alfo held the famous 12 15. 
 council of Lateran, where, befides leverai fan- 
 guinary defigns formed againfl the hereticks, 
 tranfubflantiation, and auricular confeflion were ^ 
 pafTed into articles of faith. At length Pope 
 Innocent., v/hofe mind had hitherto been io little 
 turned to peace, died at Pcrufa on a journey, 
 
 which 
 
176 History cf the Popes. 
 
 which v/as intended to reconcile the two re- 
 
 12 16. pubiicks of Piz^ and Genoa the n at war. He 
 was a man of great learning, but is juftly ac- 
 ciifed of extreme pride and avarice *. 
 
 Sefl. 2. Criicius de Sahellis^ a cardinal and a 
 
 1217. rnan of learning and merit, having been elec- 
 ted at 'Psrufa^ took the name of Hcnorius III. He 
 zealoufly interfered in the affairs of the Eaft, 
 and crowned the new Emperor Peter count of 
 Auxerre. From this, and pofTibly other motives, 
 
 12 1 g. ^^ endeavoured above all things to move the 
 Emperor Frederick to a Crufade ; but this Prince 
 thought it more advifable to amufe the Pope 
 with fair words. When he came to Italy^ he and 
 his confort were crowned by Hcnorius^ in return 
 for which he yielded to him the inheritance of 
 
 1220. Matilda, But. he entertained notwithdanding a 
 perpetual jealoufy of the Emperor Frederick^ and 
 
 * Innocent has left behind hijn feveral writings of va- 
 rious contents, which nre printed together, but not com- 
 pleatly. The moil corre<ft lilt of them is in Ca^ve\ hijior, 
 Iker. Compare alfo ^^^'s pontif. dod. Balwzius has filled 
 two volumes with his letters. Some have fince been added, 
 of which fee Ca^-^je and Fatricius biblioth. Lat. ined. l^ infitn. 
 o'tat. Of the difputcs relating to the German empire, the beft 
 account is to be found in the Origui Guelphic, Concerning the 
 Englijh difputes, fee JVilkins' ConciL Britan. Wharton Angl. 
 Jacr. and Rapin\ hiilory. The hiflory of Popery deferves 
 alfo to be compared here. VVe have a very circumilantial 
 and ufefui account of the life of Pope Innocent, by an ano- 
 nymous author, the moft correct edition of which is to be 
 met with in the firil volume of this Pope's letters by Ba- 
 lwzius ^ in Murntori j'cripior. rer. Italic ; and in Carujt bib- 
 lioth, Jicul, Bernard Guido's (horter account is in Murato^i 
 Gaufredi's poetical panegyrick in Leyfers hif.or. -poet. med. 
 a<vi. The moderns do not afford fo much as one particular 
 writer of any ^importance, tho' from the materials extant 
 an able hand might compile an excellent work. The ac- 
 count of Innocent <> dtftiny after death may be learned from 
 P^?"; Breviar. gej}. pontif. R??n. 
 
 4 tho 
 
History of the Foves. 177 
 
 tho* he would not rifque an open rupture, he 1221. 
 aided and protedled the rebels againft him. 
 Befides, the Emperor's marriage with the heirefs 1222, 
 of the kingdom of Jerufakm, extremely cha- 
 grined the Pope. He had alfo many quarrels 
 with the city of Rome^ which were carried fo far, 1225. 
 that he was obliged for feme time to withdraw 
 from the city. The mifunderftandings v/ith the 1226. 
 imperial court, continued in the mean time to 
 encreafe ; but the Pope's death prevented a total 1227. 
 rupture *. 
 
 Sed. 3. His fucceTTor v^as Ugo or Ugolinus^ 
 of the family of the counts of Anagni and Seg- 
 na^ alfo a relation of Pope Innocent III. and car- 
 dinal-bifliop of OJii a ^ very far advanced in years 
 and full of zeal for the dignity of his chair. 
 He took the name of Gregory IX. and made it 
 his fir.^ bufinefs to follicit the Emperor Frede- 
 rick for the performance of the promifed Cru- 
 fade -, to which this Prince not hearkening, an 
 excommunication followed, and was repeated. 1228. 
 The Emperor, little moved at the injuftice of 
 the Pope, undertook, on his own account, an 
 expedition into the Eafl:, in which he gained 
 great reputation -, but in the eyes of the haughty 
 Pope this only aggravated his crime, and he 
 made ufe of the name of John King ot Jeru- 
 Jalem^ the Emperor's father-in-law, to commit 
 any devaftations in the hereditary ilates of //^/y. 1220^ 
 
 * Among the many writings left by Honorius, and men- 
 tioned by Fabrkhis bibLoth. Lat. ?ned. t^ infim, ^tat. the 
 moil remarkable are his Ordo Romanus, inferted by Mabil- 
 lon in his Mufamm I tali cum ; the Liber Cenfualis in Mur atari 
 antiquit, Ital. Tned. a^vi j the fifth coUedion of decretals ; 
 in which are contained his ordinances ; and feveral letters 
 fpecified by Ca^^e hijior. liter. Muratori in tlie third vo- 
 lume of Scriptor. rer, Ital. inferts Bernard Guide's life of 
 Pope HonoriuSf and p. 570. that of an unknown author. 
 
 N How- 
 
178 History of the Popes. 
 
 However, the vidlorious Emperor, and his faith- 
 ful friends in Rojne^ who were powerful and 
 formidable to the Pope, foon altered his fchemes. 
 
 1230. A peace was concluded, which the Pope, of all 
 others, leafl intended to obferve. His policy 
 induced him to clofe with the jealous cities of 
 hombardy^ and carefully to inflame the animofi- 
 ties of the two parties of the Guelphs and Gihe- 
 lines, which then took rife, and caufed fuch ef- 
 fufion of blood, reducing Bah to the mod de- 
 plorable mifery. Here the Pope diilinguifhed 
 his malignant fpirit no lefs than in his rage 
 
 1 23 1. againft the pretended hereticks -, and in his fruit- 
 lefs endeavours for reconciling the Greek and La- 
 
 1232. ^^^ churches at the expenceof the former. None 
 could be better acquainted with the Pope's cha- 
 racter than the Romans, It was therefore no 
 wonder they valued the honour of his prefence 
 
 J20A. ^^ httle, as to force him to leave their city; and 
 excommunication, or to fpeak more properly, 
 a fuperftitious dread of that Brutum Fulmen^ was 
 the only expedient whereby the Pope could re- 
 
 1238. ^^^'^ ^*^ pcacG at Rome, In the mean time it 
 was the Emperor's good fortune to deferve 
 excommunication a fecond time. He was now 
 proclaimed an Anti-chrift and an Atheifl ; and a 
 new gofpel was promiulged throughout Europe^ 
 promifing, that whoever afiifted in dethroning 
 the Emperor Frederick fhould inherit the king- 
 dom of heaven. It was then that the magna- 
 nimity of this Prince was feen in its full lullre. 
 He defended himfelf with a proper fpirit, and 
 demiOndratcd to the world, that amidft all his 
 advantages, his ears had ever been open to pro- 
 pofals of peace. He had even made them by 
 his worthy brother-in-law Richard earl of Corn- 
 €vai/. But it was not natural for Pope Gregory 
 
 to 
 
1242, 
 
 History of the Popes. 179 
 
 to hearken to equity. His inju (lice was to be 1241. 
 confirmed by a council. But mod of the pre- 
 lates who were prepared to be the inflruments of 
 his malice, fell into the hands of the brave En- 
 tius^ who committed them to fafe cuftody. It 
 was Gregory*^ good fortune to die before fome- 
 thinQ[ worfe befel him *. 
 
 Sed. 4. The Emperor allowed his prifoners 
 a freedom of election. They were at firft di- 
 vided : But afterwards chofe Godfrey Bifhop of 
 Sabina^ a native of Milan, who took the name 
 ofC^ieftinelV, His good difpoiitions towards 
 the Emperor made it a misfortune to that Prince, 
 that he was taken off before his confecration on 
 the eighteenth day of his pontificate f. 
 
 Sect. 5. Nineteen months pafied before the 
 cardinals, who were divided by a fpirit of party, 
 could agree in the eledion, tho' the Emperor 
 Frederick urged them to difpatch ; and to pro- 
 mote it, a fecond time releafed the cardinals 
 
 * This Pope too was a diligent writer; colle£lions of 
 his works have been publiihed hy Pamelius and FoJ/ius the 
 canon of Liege. His letters have been publiihed very ir- 
 regularly, as may be feen in Fabricius hihlioth, Gr^c. and 
 biblioth, Lat, med. &' infim. eetat. and C<z<ve's hijlor. Lat» 
 Script, ecclef. The Libri five decretals collecled under his 
 infpedion by Raym. de Fmnaforti are fufficiently known. 
 As the greatert light here is derived from the hiHory of the 
 Emperor Frederick^ the writers of the hiftory of the Ger- 
 man empire, efpecially Muratorih hiftory of Italyy muft be 
 confujted, tho' the latter, at leaft in exprefF.ons, is not fo 
 void of religious prejudices as an hiftorian fhould be. See 
 alfo Harenbergs little piece dc Jecia non timentium deiim. 
 Compare Wadding AnnaL minor, and Barbofa in colled. doSi. 
 in jus pontif. and Muratori Script, rcr. Italic, delivers two 
 lives of this Pope by Guido and the cardinal oi Arragon. 
 
 f The life of this Pope has been written by An^on. Ni- 
 grini and Bonauentura CaJIilio, and the former has alfo pub- 
 liihed fome letters of his, fee Sagittarius' o intral. in hijlor.^ 
 ecclef. 
 
 N 2 who 
 
I 8o H I S T O R Y 2f /^^ P O P E s. 
 
 who were his prifoners. At laft Innocent IV. 
 was chofen. He was before called Simribald ; 
 was of the noble family of Fiefchi in Genoa^ and 
 cardinal-pried, by the title of St. Laurence in 
 Lucinay a man of inflexible obflinacy in the pur- 
 fiiit of his ambitious views. Tho' at firft in the 
 affair of the inhabitants of Viterho^ he gave no 
 great proofs of amity towards the Emperor : 
 
 1 244. Yet by the pacific advances of the latter, an 
 agreement was adlually concluded ; but the in- 
 temperate fpirit of the Pope foon violated it. 
 Not being fecure at Rome^ or in any part of 
 Italy y he removed to Lyons^ and there held the 
 
 1245. celebrated council. The imperial ambafTadors 
 who attended, ftrongly confuted the extrava- 
 gant accufations brought againfl: their mafter; 
 but notwithftanding this, the Emperor was fo- 
 lemnly declared to have forfeited his empire*, and 
 to be excommunicated from the communion of 
 the church. Frederick indeed received no da- 
 mage from this fentence ; but it was dreadful to 
 fee the mifery to which many thoufands were re- 
 duced in Germany by a new and illegal election 
 of another Emperor, and by the violences com- 
 mitted in the revolted cities of Italy, in all 
 which the Pope was the only one infenfible of 
 the operations of divine juftice. On the de- 
 
 1250. rnife of the Emperor Frederick, Innocent repaired 
 to Italy, and refided at Perugia, where he ex- 
 communicated the Emperor Conrad for refufing 
 to deliver up to him his hereditary dominions as 
 a papal fief, forfeited by the Emperor Frede- 
 rick, and carried, his pretenfions fo far as to of- 
 fer Sicily fometimes to one Prince, and fometimes 
 to another, to the detriment of them all. He 
 was returned to Rome when the Emperor Con^ 
 
 1253. rad died. The Sivabian family lofing in him its 
 
 chief 
 
Hist oRY^/yJ^ Popes. i8i 
 
 chief fupport, Innocent could, with the fairer 
 profpedt of fuccefs, undertake the conqueft of 1254. 
 Naples, In the mean time the Ahnighty funi- 
 moned him before his tribunal *. 
 
 CHAP. IL 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Papacy. 
 
 Sedl. i.|7VROM the tranfadions hitherto 
 JP related it fufficiently appears, that 
 in this period, the papal power and grandeur 
 rofe to the higheft pitch. The foundation of 
 this formidable ftrudure was the dodrine, 
 that the Billiops of Ro?ne^ as fucceffors of 
 St. Peter^ and vicegerents of Chrift, have all 
 power both in heaven and earth ; and are 
 in no refped: fubjefl to any Prince. This be- 
 came from the time of Innocent 111. a funda- 
 
 * It is falfe that Innocent was the inventor of the 
 golden rofe. But it is true that the cardinals owe 
 their red hats to him. It is obfervable, that contrary 
 to the ordinance of Pope Gregory VII. he allowed the 
 Sdavoniam the ufe of their mother-tongue in the per- 
 formance of divine fervice, and pafled a decree relat- 
 ing to the adminiftration of the kingdom of PoriugaL 
 Of his writings and letters, great numbers of which 
 fiill remain, fee S. Carolo^ biblioth. pontif. Fahrkius in 
 hihlioth. Greek and hlhlioth. lat. med. & infim. tstat. Oudin, 
 com. de fcript. ecclef. and efpecially Cave h'ljior. liter. In 
 Baluz'ms's Mifcellan. are the lives of this Pope, by Ni- 
 colas de Curbio and Bernard Guido's. Both are alfo in 
 Muratori Script, rcr. ItaL Paul Paufa has wrote aa 
 Italian hiftory of this Pope. Frederici alfo makes men- 
 tion of him in the hiftory of the family of Fiefchi. 
 
 N 3 mental 
 
J 82 HisTORYr/^/;?'^ Popes. 
 
 mental article, and whoever prefumed to con- 
 tradi6l it were accurfed as hereticks. 
 
 Se6l. 2. The great objed of attention was 
 to eftabliHi and enlarge the fupremacy over the 
 whole church, in its utmoft extent. In order 
 to this a power was aflerted of making articles 
 of faith ; and great zeal was ufed to fubjed all 
 ecclefiaflical perfons immediately to the See of 
 Rome. 
 
 Sed. 3. With refped to the latter, the 
 Bifhops of Rome were not fatisfied with depriv- 
 ing Princes of the right of inveftiture, and ar- 
 rogating to themfelves the confirmation of 
 the newly eledted, as indifpenfibly requifite, 
 but they afTumed the difpofal of the moft pro- 
 fitable benefices as the fureft means of provid- 
 ing for their creatures, and thereby promoting 
 their own advantage. Some of thefe they ufurped 
 by the name of Refervations; others by that of 
 Provifions, and thereby provoked the moft bit- 
 ter complaints, efpecially in Germany and Eng- 
 land *. 
 
 Se6l. 4. Their next attempt, which was 
 now pufhed w^ich vigor, was to fubjedt to them- 
 felves Princes and their kingdoms and Hates. 
 The argument made ufe of was, that the fplen- 
 dor of their dignity was to the majefty of the 
 Emperors and Kings, as the effulgence of the 
 fun to the borrowed light of the moon ; and 
 therefore they demanded and extorted from 
 crowned heads the moft extravagant marks of 
 refped and moft debafing humiliations. Hav- 
 ing proceeded thus far, they afTumed the right 
 of conferring regal dignity, and particularly 
 
 * See the Hi/ich- du droit public, ecclef. Franc, and 
 MoJJjeim mjli*. Vijlcr. ecclef. p. 506. 
 
 prefumed 
 
History £/^//&(? Po PES. 183 
 
 prefumed to confider the imperial crown as ab- 
 folutely at their difpofal ; and by the pretenders 
 they fet up, kindled perpetual confufions in the 
 Roman empire. They difpofed of entire king- 
 doms, provinces and countries ; others they 
 converted into papal ^ds^ of which the new 
 vafTals might eafily be deprived under pretence 
 of felony. They excommunicated Emperors, 
 Kings and Princes on the flighteft pretence ; 
 laid their dominions under an interdidl, and 
 even difcharged their fubjeds from the moft fa- 
 cred obligation of their oath of fidelity. They 
 even flirred up fons to rebellion againfl their 
 fathers, and fupported them in their impiety. 
 They interfered in the family concerns of 
 Princes ; broke the facred band of marriage, 
 and daily invented many other methods of 
 weakening their prerogatives. 
 
 Sedl. 5. Among the meafures which con- 
 duced moft efFedually to render the Pope fu- 
 preme governor of all Chriftendom, and to 
 centre the riches of this world in the treafury of 
 the church, the Crufades deferve a principal 
 place, efpecially after the clergy began to preach 
 them up againfl thofe unhappy pcrfons called 
 Hereticks, and their kind protediors. 
 
 Se6t. 6. The fupport of all this ufurpation 
 was not a little forwarded by the eftablifhment 
 of the inquifition ; and the confirmation of Gra- 
 tian's colledion of canon laws, add to this the 
 practice of canonization, as an excellent means 
 to fecurc conftancy in the faith of the Romijh 
 church, to enrich the papal treafury, and to ex- 
 tend their power to the difpofal even of celefliai 
 crowns. The new religious and military orders 
 afTifted likewife in rendering their patron for- 
 midable. 
 
 N 4 Seel. 
 
I §4 H I S T O R Y O/^ /^^ P O P E g. 
 
 Se(5t. 7. Thefe circumftances may ferve like- 
 wife to account for the extenfion of the Pope's 
 temporal power. He not only fubdued Bene- 
 venlo^ and a great part of the territories be- 
 longing to the countefs Matilda, but made him- 
 felf mailer of the city of Rome, tho' neither of 
 the Emperors of thofe times, nor their fuccef- 
 fors, who were lawful fovereigns, ever gave 
 their confent to it, or receded from their right, 
 which indeed was unalienable. However, the 
 incefTant tumults ^of the citizens o^ Rome ihow, 
 that they were not perfe6lly happy under their 
 paftoral ftaff. 
 
 Sed. 8. The friendfhip of the Norman kings 
 in Sicily, j^pulia, and Calabria^ was of eminent 
 ufe for this purpofe, and the unfeafonable coun- 
 tenance and protedlion which fome of the molt 
 defpicable Popes met with from the kings of 
 France, contributed likewife a fhare. 
 
 Se(5t. 9. If the Emperors of Rome vigoroufly 
 oppofed any encroachments on their privilege 
 in the election of a Pope, the Popes were no 
 lefs attentive to undermine them •, and at laft 
 they fo far fucceeded, that the Emperor's con- 
 firmation of the eledion of a Pope was no 
 longer thought of. The Anti-popes, as they 
 are called, are undeniable evidencesj of the 
 former. 
 
 Sedl. 10. The difturbances with which the 
 eledion itfelf was attended, occafioned new or- 
 dinances, limiting the right of ele6lion to the 
 cardinals alone. 
 
 Sedt. II. No certain time or place was deter- 
 
 ' mined for this important tranfadion. On the 
 
 other hand the Pope was folemnly confecrated and 
 
 crowned ; but not three times. That the fella- 
 
 ftercoraria 
 
History of the Popes. 185 
 
 (lercoraria was ufed at taking pofleflion of the 
 Lateran is certain *. 
 
 Se6t. 12. The cardinals now obtained thofe 
 privileges, which they ftill enjoy, and the 
 red hat was given them as an enfign of their 
 dignity. Foreign prelates are alfo found to have 
 been admitted among them -f. 
 
 Sed. i^. The many excefles of the papal 
 Legates in foreign countries gave occafion to 
 fuch complaints, that even the papal confti- 
 tutions became neceflary to check thofe abufesj. 
 
 Sed. 14. The court of Rome was amazingly 
 fplendid by the great number of ofHcers belong- 
 ing to it, and the rites and folemnities obferved 
 in public a^Sls of religion **. 
 
 Sed. 15. Amidft all this increafe of the papal 
 grandeur, divine providence manifeftcd itfelf in 
 raifmg up illuftrious witnefles to the truth, who 
 fawthe abomination of corruption, and oppofed 
 it. Some proceeded fofar, publickly to declare 
 the Pope to be Antichrift. And indeed the mo- 
 rals of mod of the Popes, exclufive of their 
 very corrupt dodrines, their pride, covetoufnefs 
 and ambition, were fufHcient to confirm the 
 truth of this charge ; yet fome of thefe prelates 
 are now among the faints of that church. 
 
 * See Mabillon commentar In ordin. Rom. prefixed to 
 the fecond volume of Mujaum lialicum^ Pagi breviai\ 
 and Pfaff injlitut. h'ljior. ecclef. 
 
 f See Diaconus de ecclef. Lateran. in the fecond volume 
 of Mablllon's Mufaum ltalku7n. Spanheitn oper, Pagi 
 breviar. and Mojheim injVit. 
 
 X One was enaded by Pope Alexander IV. who 
 will be mentioned in the fequel. See Lamis delkia:. 
 
 ** See the valuable writings of Pope Honorii^.sUL 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ i86 ] 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 THE 
 
 HI STORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 From the Time of the Emperor 
 Richaf^d^ to Frederick III. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Hiflory of the Popes of R o m e. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 The Hiflory of the Popes of Rome of the 
 fecond half of the thirteenth Century, 
 
 1254. Se6t. I 
 
 HE cardinals having met at 
 Naples^ chofe Renald^ count 
 of Segna^ who had been Cardi- 
 nal - bifhop of OJiia arid Ve- 
 letri. He took the name of Alexander IV. and 
 earnedly profecutcd the plan of his predeceflbr, 
 for excluding from the imperial throne Con^ 
 
 radine^ 
 
History c/* f^^ Popes. 187 
 
 radine^ the only heir of the houfe of Hohen- 
 ftauff\ and for fubjediing to himfelf the king- 
 doms of Sicily and Naples. But in the latter he 
 was obftru6led by Manfred ^ a man famous both 
 for his good and ill qualities ; who in defiance 
 of an excommunication, pronounced againft 
 him, obliged the Pope to acknowledge him 1256. 
 king. Be fides, the animofities of the Gibelines 
 and Guelphs were daily fpreading in Italy with 
 fuchfury, as not to be extinguifhed, tho' a 
 Crufade was preached up againft the Gibelines 
 by order of Pope Alexander. Even Rome itfelf 
 was in fuch commotion ihzt Alexander removed 
 his refidence to Viterho, He acknowledged the 
 legality of the eledion of the Emperor i^/V^^r^-, 
 and by fome concefTions endeavoured to recon- 
 cile the differences betwixt the Greek and Latin 
 churches. He proteded the mendicant friars 
 againft their enemies, and died at Viterho *. 1261. 
 
 Se6t. 2. Tho' only eight cardinals were con- 
 cerned in the elecllon, yet they were fo divided 
 as not to agree, till fome time after, in the choice 
 of James^ the patriarch of Jerufalem. He was 
 
 * Mod of the letters of this Pope are to be found 
 in the fecond and third volume of Wadding's Annal. ord. 
 minor ; tho' there are more printed, and carefully 
 enumerated by Cave hi/tor. liter. Among thcfe the Bull 
 in favour of the Emperor Richard is the more remark- 
 able, being a manifefl confutation of v/hat moft other 
 hiflorians of this kind fay concerning Alexander*^ neu- 
 trality. Of this Pope we have only tv/o lives ; ond^ 
 by Bernard Guido^ the other by an anonymous author, 
 in Muratori Jcriptor. rer. Italic. See alfo his hiilory of 
 Italy ^ efpecially with refpeiSl to the animorities of the 
 Guelphs and Gibelines. The war, at that time, almofi 
 all honeft men declared agaiiift. The mendicant friars, 
 and the quarrels among thcmfelves, appertain to church 
 hiftory. See MoJ})eim\ inAit. hijlor. ecclef. 
 
 of 
 
[88 HisTORY5/"/& Popes. 
 
 of a mean extradlion, of Troyes in Burgundy^ and 
 under the name of Urban IV. trod m all the 
 Heps of his predecefibr. He began with Man- 
 fredy who by marrying his daughter Conflantia to 
 prince Peter of Arragon^ had aggravated his of- 
 
 1262. ^^"^^- The enterprifes o^ Henry king of Eng- 
 land upon Stcily being defeated, this fine king- 
 
 126^. ^^^ ^^^^ X.0 Charles q\' Anjou. The Gibelines had 
 the upper hand in Italy^ and the Pope was ob- 
 
 1264. ^'S^^ to remove from i^o;;;^ to Orvisto^ and to 
 fuifer the faid Charles to be made a fenator of 
 Rome. Urban inftituted the feftival of Corpus 
 Chrijli^ and died at Peru/a^ as a knight- errant. 
 He was defirous of arbitrating between the 
 Ernperor Richard and his antagonift, but could 
 not fairly carry his point*. 
 
 *ti6^. Sed. 3. After fome months the cardinals at 
 Pcrufa elc6ted Clemeni IV. His name was Guido 
 Grofsy a native of S. Gilles^ in Lower Languedoc^ 
 eminently veried in the civil and canon law. He 
 had formerly been married, and brought up two 
 daughters, but afterwards he devoted himfelf 
 to the church, in which, after having obtained 
 fome bifliQpricks in France^ he at laft became 
 
 * Befides a defcrlption of the Holy Land^ not yet 
 printed, and a doubtful metaphrafis of pfalm i. there 
 are letters of this Pope m Harduins Condi. Baluzen's 
 Condi. Narhon. Martcne's two colledions, and other 
 works. See Fahridus^s biblioth. lat. med. tff infim. estat. 
 See the hiftory of the feftival of Corpus ChrijVi^ in the 
 writers cited by Fahrkms hihUogr. antiquar. Pfaff injiitut. 
 hijhr, ecdef. and MoJJmm^ ibid. In Muratori fcriptor. 
 rer. Italic, is a life of this Pope by Bernhard Guido, one 
 by an anonymous author, and a poetical one by Theo- 
 dorick dcVauxcouleurs ; Pagi breviar. mentions one Gregory 
 who wrote a like work. Amons; the moderns fee Mar-* 
 racci biblioth, Marian. 
 
 A Cardinal- 
 
H ISTO R Y 5/* /-^^ Po P E S. 189 
 
 Cardinal -bifliop of Sabina. He refided at Vi- 
 ierho^ and zealoufly exerted himfelf to raife 
 Charles count o^ Anjou to the throne of Sicily, y^^f.^ 
 We learn from the hiftory of thofe times, that 
 he compleatly attained his ends by the defeat of 
 king Manfredy and the murder of Conradine, 1268. 
 Here we fhall only obferve, that king Charles at 
 his coronation not only took the kingdom as a 
 iief, but became tributary to x.\-\t Pope ; that 
 Pope Clement ventured to nominate the fiid 
 king Charles adminiflrator o^ Tofcana ; and that 
 having failed in his attempt to fet up a third 
 Emperor, he endeavoured to refume the procefs 
 he had already ^begunj.but died before he could 
 finifh it ; and this whole papal abufe was at an 
 end upon the death of the lawful Emperor 
 Richard*. 
 
 Sed. 4. It v/as furprifing that the fifteen 
 cardinals, afiem bled at F/Vd-r/^^? could not agree. 13*^1. 
 Almoil two years after, they left the matter by . 
 compromife to fix of their number, who at laft 
 nominated l^hehald vifcount of Placentia^ arch- 
 deacon of Lege^ who was at that time engaged 
 in a Crufade, and after his return was confe- 
 crated by the name o^ Gregory X. his chief con- 1272. 
 cern being for the Holy Landy he endeavoured 
 
 * Clement was doubtlefs a learned and diligent man ; 
 but did not write fo many books as thofe imagine 
 who miftake him for an ancient French canonift called 
 Guido Papa. Martene has publiftied moft of his letters. 
 Other accounts of them fee in Fahridi hihlioth, [at. med, 
 ^ infim. atat. and Cave hijior. liter. Whether Pope 
 Clement had any hand in the murder of Conradine., and 
 how far, is ftill contefted. Muratori alfo gives us two 
 lives of this Pope mfcript. rer, Italic. Among the mo- 
 derns Clenunt publiflied at Lyons^ Liber de muUtiom^ i^c, 
 dementis IV. 
 
 to 
 
igo History office Popes. 
 
 to reftore tranquillity to Europe, He exhorted 
 the German princes to a new eledlion of an Em- 
 peror in terms not very becoming. It was 
 
 ^273. lucky however, that he made no objedion 
 againft Rudolfs but rather acknowledged him 
 Emperor, and advifed Alphonfo to yield his pre- 
 tenfions. The mod important tranfadion is 
 
 1274. the council he held at Lyons, where an unioa 
 with the Greek church was fettled, which how- 
 ever was of fhort duration ; provifion was made 
 for a reformation of the church, and a Cru- 
 fade, and among other excellent decrees which 
 pafled relating to the election of a Pope, the 
 conclave was firft inilituted. He died at Arez- 
 
 iiyG. zo, and tho' he has not been canonized, he is 
 confidered among the blefled of the Romijh 
 church *. 
 
 Sed. 5. Peter Taraniafia, a Dominican monk, 
 and Cardinal-bilhop of Ofiia^ was elected in the 
 lirft conclave, he ililed himfelf Innocent V. was 
 confecrated at Ro7ne, and died -f. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * In comparifon with the other Popes of thofe days, 
 very few letters of Gregory have appeared ; v^'hich fee 
 in the colledions by Harduin, Wadding, Martene, Ry- 
 mer, and others. See alfo Cave htjior. liter. Concern- 
 ing the council at Lyons, and the union there fetded 
 with the Greeks, fee befides the colleftions of coun- 
 cils, Colonia, hi/ioir, liter, de la ville de Lyon, and Walch 
 hijlor, controverf. de proceff. Sp, fan^i ; and concerning 
 the difputes with the Emperor Rudolf, Struv, corp. hijlor,. 
 Germ. The hiftory of this Pope is illuftrated by the 
 documents of eleftion in IVadding's Annal, ord. minor. 
 Bernhard Guide, an anonymous author, and alfo ano- 
 ther life ; which three fee in Muratori in Scriptor, rer^ 
 lial. Among the moderns Pope Gregory s hiftorians are 
 Sihejl. Pctra fan£lua, Petrus Maria Campi, and Anton, 
 Maria Bonucci. 
 
 t Innocent was before his exaltation an eminent 
 divine and diligent writer 5 but the fliortnefs of 
 
 his 
 
History of the V ovE^> 19I 
 
 Sedt, 6. The new Pope Hadrian V. before 
 called Ottohonus Fiefchiy died at Viterho even be- 
 fore he was confecrated *. 
 
 Stdi, 7. We know as little of his fucceflbr 
 Fetro Juliani^ a learned phyfician o^LiJbon^ who» 
 after other ecclefiaflical preferments, becama 
 Cardinal-bifhop of Tufculo, In hiftory he is 
 called John XXL but fome learned judges reckon 
 him only the XXth of that name. He ac- 
 complifhed the defire of his predeceiTor in an* 
 nulling the ordinance of Pope Gregory concern^ 
 ing the conclave. He ufed his utmofl: endea* 
 vours for fecuring the pofit^flfions of Chriftians 
 in the Holy Land, and was killed at Viterbo by 
 the roof of his apartment falling in upon him -f". ^'^77* 
 
 Std:. 8. Though no more than eight car- 
 dinals were the elediors at Viterho, yet they were 
 fo divided^ that it v/as neceffary at lad to lock 
 them up; and then it was not till after fix 
 months, that they chofe the cardinal-deacoti 
 John Cajetan Urfini a nobleman of Rome, He 
 affumed the name oi Nicolas III. He artfully 
 prevailed on the Emperor Rudolf to confirm 
 the grants pretended to have been made to the 
 
 his papacy is the reafon that we have fo few of his let- 
 ters in Reynuld and Camp'u See Frizon Gall, purpur- Al^ 
 tamura bihlioth. pradic. ^leiif. biblioth. fcriptor. pradic. 
 Fabricius biblioth, lat. ?ned. & injiin. a:tat. Cave hijhr. 
 liter, and Muratori fcriptor, rer. Ital, 
 
 * Gregory XL whom fome infert here, is fuppofitir 
 tious, as Pagi fhews in breviar. 
 
 t Before his promotion to the papal dignity, this 
 Feter of ^ain publiflied feveral philofophical and me- 
 dical writings, concerning which fee Antcn. bihlioth, 
 Hfp. rer. Some of his letters, when Pope, are ftill ex- 
 tant. Compare alfo Muratori Script, rer, Italic, and 
 his hiftory of Italy,, where the derogatory accounts 
 ^iven by monks of this Pope are complained of. 
 
 Court 
 
192 History of the Popes. 
 
 Court of Rome by former Emperors, and efpe- 
 1278. cialJy the exarchate of Ravenna^ and even to get 
 this confirmation ratified by the electors. He 
 was upon ill terms with Charles king of Sicily^ 
 deprived him of the dignity of a fenator of 
 Rome^ prohibited it to be conferred on any fo- 
 reign prince, and afTumed it to himfelf. He 
 carried nepotifm to a moft flagrant excefs, and 
 died at Soreano near Viterho^ a great patron of 
 
 1280. the Francijcans *. 
 
 1281. Se6l. 9. It was a mafter-piece of policy in 
 Charles king of Sicily ^ to get a French cardinal, 
 ^irnon de Brie^ raifed to the papal chair, by the 
 name of Martin IV. a man of whom he had fo 
 much the command, that he influenced hirn to 
 excommunicate the Greek Emperor Michael Pa- 
 l^eogus^ and to profecute the Gibellines with the 
 
 1282. ^^^"^oft fury. But king Charles having loft his 
 crown by the Sicilian Vejpero^ the Pope's friend- 
 fliip could be of no other ufe to him, than in 
 excommunicacing Peter king of Arragon, which 
 was afterwards alfo extended to Sicily •, and he 
 granted his hereditary countries to prince Charles 
 
 128-5. ^f Valois. Both died the fame year -f . 
 
 Sed:. 10. Honor ius IV. or James Sahelli., a 
 
 native of Rome and cardinal-deacon, was difl:in- 
 
 1286. guiflied by nothing but this, that he endea- 
 
 * Of this Pope very few letters and ordinances are 
 extant. See Fahricius hiblioth. lot. med. & infim, atat. 
 The documents relating to the Emperor Rudolf ^s con- 
 firmation of the papa] pofTefTions in Italy^ are in Fon- 
 tanieni dello dcm'inh tefiiporal^ and ha\'e produced great 
 difputes betweea him and Muratori^ on occafion of the 
 difturbances at Comacchi. See Struv. corp. h'lfior. Germ. 
 Muratori has two lives of this Pope in Script, rev, Ital. 
 
 t Some of his letters are ftill extant as quoted in 
 Fahricius, See Muratm Scriptor. rer. Italic, 
 
 voured 
 
History of the Popes. 193 
 
 viilired by repeated excommunications to hinder 
 the Spaniards from retaining the conqueft they 
 had made of Sicily^ and by preaching up Cru- 
 fades to faciHrate the conqueft q{ Arragon to the 
 French. But both were in vain. He prevented 
 a peace between thefe two crowns, condemned 
 the apoftoHcal brethren, and died ?Lt Rome *. 12S7, 
 , Sedl. II. The new eledion was very (low. 1288* 
 It fell on Hieronimus of Afcoli^ Cardinal- bifhop 
 of Prenefte^ and general of the Minorites^ who 
 took the name of Nicolas IV. He crowned 
 Charles the lame king o( Sicily, but this was as 1289.' 
 JriefFedlual as the renewal of the excommunica- 
 tion againft king James and the few iflanders 
 who adhered to him. He confulted the honour 
 orhis chair, and the aggrandiiement of the Co- 1290, 
 lonna's^ interefted himfelf in behalf of the di- 
 ilreffed Chriftians in the Eafl:, and for the con- 
 verfion of the Tartars, and died f. 1292. 
 
 Se6l. 12. After a difagreement of two whole 1293. 
 years among the cardinals at P^^r/(/22, they elec- 1294. 
 ted a very old hermit, Peter de Morone^ who 
 was confecrated at Aquila, and ftiled himfelf 
 Caleftine V. He devoted himfelf entirely to the 
 devotion of Charles king of Naples, and to gra- 
 tify him conferred the cardinals hat chiefly upoa 
 Frenchmen-, removed to Naples himfelf-, renewed 
 
 * See the printed letters of Hononus in Ray?iald''s and 
 lVadding\ Annals, Some bulls are in Nilkins ConclL 
 Britan. and Rymer'z ASJ. Muratori gives two lives 
 of him, hy Ber?jhard Guido 2indi an anonymous author. 
 + Moft of the theological writings of this Pope men- 
 tioned by Trithejniiis de Jcript. ecclej. are not in print ; 
 and only fome of his letters in Raynald and Wadding. 
 See his life by Bernhard Guidoy and an anonymous au- 
 thor in Muratori Script, rer. Italic. Waddings biblioth. - 
 ord. minor, and Fabricius libliGih. lat, med. ^ infi?n, 
 tat, 
 
 O the 
 
194 History of the Popes. 
 
 the ordinance concerning the conclave, ordered 
 the cardinals to ride upon afles, and expofed 
 himfelf by fo many fooleries, that at laft his 
 fuccefTor cardinal Cajetan prevailed on him not 
 only to publifh an ordinance, impowering a 
 Pope to lay down his office, but to corroborate 
 it by his own example. It was no difficulty to 
 perfuade him, by the pretence of an immediate 
 revelation frorti heaven to retire again to his 
 hermitage. His fucceflbr fufFered him at laft to 
 flarve in a tower at Fumone j and V o^t Clement Y, 
 clafTed him among the faints *. 
 
 St^. 13. The cardinals held the conclave 
 at Naples^ where was chofen cardinal Benedi^ 
 Cajetan, who took the name of Boniface VIII. a 
 man of intolerable pride and ambition, which 
 paffions were fupported by his natural craft and 
 the reputation he had of a great civilian. His 
 election was carried as much by his own arti- 
 fices, as by the policy of Charles' king of Naples, 
 His firft publick ftep was to annul fuch ordi- 
 nances of his two predecefTors, as had not yet 
 1295. pafTed all the forms •, after which he was crowned 
 at Rome with great pomp, but not without 
 bloodffied. He next applied himfelf to im- 
 prove into pradice his principle, that a Pope was- 
 fuperior to ail worldy dignities, and autho- 
 rifed to prcfcribe laws to all crowned heads. He 
 
 * All the writings of this Pope were publifhed by 
 C^^cfiine Telera, See his life written by himfelf in the 
 b'-Mioth, patr. Petri de AlUaco vita S. dslejUni in the 
 A^. Sa?i£l. Cardinal Jacob Cajeton vha S. Calejiini in 
 verfe in Mtivatori Scriptor. rer. Italic, Alfo his Officimn 
 4e fanSlo Bernard Guidon vita CMeftini, Others are 
 mentioned by Sagittarius inirod, in hijlor. ecclef. Among 
 the moderns fee Papebroch, /Ici, Sand. Helyot hijioir, deS' 
 Qrdrsi^ and Fabridus. 
 
 took 
 
ti I s TO R Y of tke Popes* 195 
 
 took infinite pains to reflore his faithful friend 
 king Charles to the pofTeffion of Sicily ; but the 
 Emperor Frederick and the Sicilians was not to 
 be over-ruled by him : And at length he was 
 obliged to approve of a peace very coritrary 
 to his fentiments. To the king q{ Arragon^ who 
 lavifhed addations on him, he rtiade a grant of 
 Sardinia and Corfica^ but the grant was only in 
 words, which proved ineffedtual. The noble ^^9^** 
 family of Colonna was perfecuted fo vehemently 
 by him, both in their perfons and eflates, that 
 he even ordered aCrufade to be preached againft 
 them. He entirely demolifhed the city of Pr^- 
 7iefte. The Emperor Albrecht I. could obtain no 
 confirmation from him, till neceflity extorted 
 it from him. The king of Denmark having 
 caufed the archbifhop of Lunden to be feized as 
 a rebel, he and his whole kingdom were laid 
 under an interdidl. He was likewife at vari- 
 ance with the Hungarians about their eledion of 
 a King. But all this was inconfiderable in com^ 
 parifon with the difi^erences which arofe betwixt 
 him and the refolutc Philip the fair^ king ot 
 France. The caufes of this remarkable contefl:^ 
 which commenced at the beginning of this pon- 
 tificate, and encreafed in fpite of all endeavours 
 for an accommodation, were as follows . (i) Bo- 
 niface'*s imperious exhortation to king Philips to 
 conclude a peace with the king of England^ (2) 
 Boniface's, converting the abbey of St. Antonin 
 into the bifhoprick of Pamiers^ arid his arbitrary 
 nomination ot the fi rft bifhop ; (3) the protediion 
 he granted to the earl o^ Flanders ; (4) his ge- 
 neral injundlion to the clergy not to pay tribute 
 ro their Princes ; (5) his attempt to deprive 
 king Philip of the regale •, (6) k.\ngPhiUp\ pro- 
 hibition of carrying any money out of thecoun- 
 O z try> 
 
196 ill STORY of the P o ?i.s: 
 
 try ; (y) his orders for foreigners to depart 
 from his dominions; (S) his proceeding againd 
 the Bilhop of Pamiers whom he feized •, (9) Boni^ 
 facets audacious pretence, that he was impowered 
 to wreft the fceptre and crown out of the hands 
 of Kings ; and (10) his repeated excommunica- 
 tions againft the King. After many furious dif- 
 charges of words and writings on both fides, 
 king Philip made folemn complaints, confirmed 
 pubiickly upon oath, againft Boniface^ that he 
 was a heretick-, neither believed the immorta- 
 lity of the foul, nor the real prefence in the eu- 
 charift, and maintained fornication to be no 
 fm ; that he pradifed forcery, was guilty of {\- 
 mony, and led a profligate life, having commit- 
 ted murders and other crimes ; and as he did 
 not account him a lawful Pope, he demanded 
 j^^^ a council and another election. To promote 
 ^ this great end, he fent William de Nogaret his 
 advocate-general, with fome others to Anagni^ 
 where they feized the Pope and kept him in 
 flri6t confinement. This time indeed he was 
 delivered by an infurreflion of the- people, and 
 efcaped to Rome, But a delirium, which feized 
 him foon after, tvi^t^ his days. It muft fur- 
 ther be noted of him, that he inftituted the firft 
 iubilee, v/ith an injanilioa for the celebrating 
 ic every century. 'Hillorians make great com- 
 plaints cf his covetournefs and nepocifm ; he is 
 alfo the author of the double crown *. 
 
 SEC T. 
 
 * The letters and decrees of this Pope are very nu- 
 merous, and pubiifhed by Waddings Bzcjius, Cheriibiniy 
 Dacher, Rymer and Aguirre. See Ccroe hiftor, liter. The 
 moft remarkable are, the Liber fexUis deCretalium^ col- 
 fefted by his order, and now a part of the Corpus juris 
 canmiii \ the bull fc^r the jubilee year iu Ckyuhini bullar. 
 
JJl ?TPRV of the Popes, 
 
 SECT. 11. 
 
 Of the Hlftory of the Popes of the fourteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Sed. i.'DEnediB XL before called Nicolas^ 
 who fucceeded Boniface^ was a Do- 
 winican and Cardinal-bifliop of 0/?/^. He was 
 born at Trevigi in Lomhardy ; but whether the 
 fon of a peafant or a notary is not agreed. He 
 
 magn. The famous ordinance of the Pope's fupremacy 
 over Kings in fpiritual and temporal matters; the curi- 
 ous letters which paffed betwixt him and Philips which 
 fee alfo in M. Pfaff's irifiitvt. hift. ecclef. tho' their ge^ 
 nuinnefs is not without fufpicion. For the whole hiftory 
 of this Pope, and particularly his variance with king 
 Philips the follpwing writings, befides thofe relating to 
 the hiftory of France^ or to the freedom of the Gallick 
 church, may ferve either as authorities or helps ; car- 
 dinal yames Cajcton dc ek^ione ^ coronationeBonnifacii VIII. 
 Bernard Guido vitr Bo?iifacil ; Aiia inter Bonif. VIII. 
 t^c. and Philippum pidchrimi colledfed by Vigor \ hijhire 
 du differ end de Philippe le Bel ^ de Boniface VIII. Rubei 
 Bormifacitis VIIL Adr, Baillei\ hijloire des demeles du Pape 
 Boniface VIII. avec Philippe le bei and Jlexa'ndcr's hijior. 
 ecclef Nov, Tc/lamen. more may be feen in Sagittarius^ 
 IntroduSf. m hijhr. ccclcj, and Lelong's biblioth. hijlorique 
 de la France. Still fhorter and pertinent accounts are 
 given by Heidegger hiJhr. papatus Ofim^ Burmann\ The- 
 fauri ojitiq, & hijl, Ital, The hifloire du droit publique 
 ecclef Francois ^ and Muratori's hiftory of Italy ^ where a 
 particular account may be found of his death. The 
 accounts of father Brwnoi in the hiftoir. de I'Eglife Gallic 
 are indeed very elegant, but with a palpable mixture 
 of jefuitifm. Tho' the famous charadter of Boniface 
 intravit ut vulpes^ regnavit ut leo^ mortuus e/i ut cams, 
 cannot be proved to have been a prophecy of Pope C^- 
 lefline j yet it is both ancient and well grounded. 
 
 p 3 of 
 
 '97 
 
J 98 H I S T O R Y 0/ //?r P O P E S. 
 
 of his own accord redrefled all the abufes of Bo^ 
 nifacc^ and revoked all his proceedings againft 
 
 1204. the king of Fr^wr^. The Colonna fainily were 
 alfo reftored to all they had been deprived of, 
 except the two red hats. He excommunicated 
 only thofe who had laid hands on Pope Bcmface, 
 He died foon after at Perufa^ not without fu- 
 fpicion of poifon ^^and left fuch a charader, that 
 Pope Clement XII. was difpofed to canonife 
 him *. 
 
 Sedl. 2 . The next eledllon was contefled be- 
 tween two parties, one of which declared for an 
 Italian, and the other infifted upon a Frenchman, 
 The latter artifice prevailed ; and king Philip 
 
 J305. gave a rnaiteriy fpecimen of his policy, in not 
 only raifing his native fubjed", Bertrand de Gody 
 archbifhop o{ Bourdeaux, to the pontifical chair, 
 but among other articles, obliging him to re- 
 move his refidence into France \ an innovation 
 of the greateft confequerxe to the church, and 
 to all Europe. Clement V. which was the name 
 he took, aded up to his promife, and was both 
 confecrated and crowned at Lyons, But he foon 
 perceived that he had brought himfelf into a 
 ilate of fervitude, and was reduced to a mere 
 inftrument of Philip's. Hence he perfedly re- 
 conciled him to the church -, reinftated the two 
 cardinals of Colcnna, and for fome years en- 
 riched the royal treafury with the ecclefiaftical 
 tenths. Tho' he dcxtroufly averted the cenfure 
 
 1306. 
 
 * Of the many writings of Pope BenediSJ, the only 
 one printed is his coimnentar. in caput, v. Mdith. Seme 
 jetters, and other pieces, are to be found in Rahiald^ 
 Waddivg, and Cherubim. See Bernhavd Giddo's Fitu Be- 
 vedi^i XI. in Muratori fcriptor. rer. SiOti m ?iieni6ria: del 
 heato Benedetto XI. Brumoi leglife Gqllicane ^utif biblioth. 
 ord. prad, 
 
 A of 
 
i308. 
 
 H 1 S T O R Y $/* /^^ P O P E S. 199 
 
 of all Boniface's proceedings, and even gradu- 
 ally acquitted him of the charges againil him ; 
 yec ic was a fufficient mortification to hear 
 thofe charges, to fuffer JVtlliam of Nogaret 
 to be at his court, and after a flight pennance, 
 which was only pronounced, to receive him in- 
 to favor. He had alfo much trouble in fruftrat- 
 ing the eleledion of Charles de Valoh to the im- 
 perial crown, which king Philip his brother paf- 
 fionately defired \ and could not without diffi- 
 culty confirm the eiedlion of the Emperor 
 Henry VII. After fpending fome time at Bour- 
 deaux^ and fome ^at Poitiers, he at lad fixed his 
 refidence at Avignon^ at that time belonging to 
 Robert^ king of Apulia, whom he alfo crowned 
 there. He excommunicated the republic of 
 Venice, and on this occafion made himfelfma- 1309. 
 fter of Ferrara, Having for a long time for^ 
 warded the unjuft procefs of king Philip againft 131 1- 
 the Knights Templars, he procured them to be 
 folemnly condemned at the council of Fiemie, 
 He appointed indeed four cardinal Legates for 
 crowning the Emperor i but was not at liberty 
 to fupport Henry fo effedlually as he wifhed, 
 efpecially after the latter had put king Robert as 
 the head of the Guelph party, under the ban of 
 the empire. The Venetians were abfolved at the 
 price of an hundred thoufand florins of gold. ^S^S- 
 After the death of the Emperor Henry, Clement 
 aflumed the power of abfolving king Robert by 
 virtue of his pretended fupremacy over the em- 
 pire, and the prerogative he claimed in the va- 
 cancy of the imperial throne. He appointed 
 this prince vicegerent of the empire, andfenator 
 of Rome, and declared the Emperor to be only 
 a vaflal of his See. However it was not long 
 before Clement died at Rcquemaur^ at a juncture 
 O 4 which 
 
j2cp History of the Toves. 
 
 ^hich occafioned men to acknowledge the handj 
 of that righteous judge, to which the chief of 
 the Templars had made his appeal. He had 
 filled the college of cardinals almoft intirely 
 with French-men *. 
 
 Sed. 3. The Italian cardinals exerted them- 
 
 ^3^4« felves at the conclave held at Ca-rpentra^^ to pro- 
 mote a Pope of their own j but the French po- 
 licy counteracted them by manifeft violence, 
 protradled the ele6lion, and conftituted a new 
 
 131^. conclave ^l Lyons ^ where was chofen Jacob of 
 OJfa^ ox oi CahorSj cardinal Bifliop of P^^r/^, who 
 
 * Befides fome fermons and writin gs of this Pope, 
 not yet publifhed, he left the Clementine, or Liber feptimus 
 decretalium ; and the bulls and letters publifhed by Raji- 
 nalcl^ Waddings Bafuze, U'Vkins, Rymer, and others. See 
 Fahricius blblioth. /at. med, isf injim. istat, IVharton's adpend, 
 to Caves hijicr, liter. In Diipin\ hiji. de Vordr. militair 
 des Templiers, is a colle£hon of papal inftruments, re- 
 lating to the extirpation of that order. The current 
 account by Villani of the manner of Clement's election 
 feems to be contradicted by fome more ancient wrrters 
 mentioned by Muratori fcript. rer, Italic. But all agree 
 that the election had too much of artifice, if not pal- 
 pable deceit, to beftridlv lawful. The hiftory of this 
 Pope in Baluze's vit. pontific. Jvignon. as written by 
 Jokn, a canon of St. Vi^or at Paris^ by Ftclometus of 
 Lucca, by Bernard Guido, whofe works we find in Mu- 
 ratori fcript. rer. Italic, by an anonymous Venetian in Alu^ 
 ratori, and hy J ?nalr. Aug. de Berry. In the fame work, 
 i'ce alfo, in order to know the character of this Pope, 
 the letter of the cardinal of 0?^/^/^ in Baluzius. Among 
 the moderns, fee Baluze Colonia hijhir. liter de Lyon 
 Gallia Chrifiian. by the Beiiedittines. The hijloir. du 
 droit ecclej. Brumoi hijloir. de I'eglife Gallicane. Berthicr's 
 difcours Jur le pontificat de Cle77unt V. prefixed to the thir- 
 teenth volume of the aforefald hiftory of the Gallica?j 
 church, 
 
 be- 
 
H I £ T O T? Y of the Po P E S^ 201 
 
 became celebrated by the name dijohn XXII. 
 This prelate having been trained up in the muft 
 confiderable ofnces of ftatc under the king 
 o^ Jpuha^ was thro uglily quaiiBed for promoting 
 the dangerous views of the French monarchs. In 
 this light he mud be confidered, in order clearly 
 to comprehend the whole connexion of his con- 
 dudb. The divided ele(5lion of an Emperor, in 
 which Lewis oi Bavaria^ and Frederick oi Auf^ria 
 were chofen, proved a fair opportunity for the 
 purfuit of his defigns. He at firft affedled a 
 neutrality, but at the fame time aflumed the 
 right of arbitration in the conteft, and conftant- 
 ly infifted that the imperial throne, being in his 
 opinion vacant, the government of the empire 
 was devolved on him. Nor was this all j he 
 declared king Robert and Philip de Valois^ a 
 prince of the blood of Frame, imperial vicars 
 in Italy, excommunicated F//?^?;//, the worthy 132Q, 
 diike of Milan, and Frederick king of Sicily, 
 and fupported all this with an armed force, in 
 the imperial territories in Italy. The fmall aflif- j ^^i. 
 tance which the Emperor Z.^'zx;/^ fuccefsfuUy fent ^ 
 to the opprefled Milanefe, furnifhed a pretence 
 for a rupture ; and Pope John in his firft pro- 
 cefs enjoined him under the penalty of excom- 
 munication to recede from his pretenfions. The 
 Emperor L^W took fhelter under the merits of 
 his cafe, and in the Diet at Nurenherg, folemnly 
 appealed to a general council. On the other 
 hand Pope John, in the fecond procefs, ifTued 
 a frefh admo^nition ; and in the third pronounced ^324» 
 him excommunicate. At the famiC time John 
 incurred the hatred of the whole Francifcan or- 
 der by his fentence in the difputes of the men- 
 dicant friars, efpecially concerning the poverty 
 of Chrifl, This induced them to declare on the 
 
 em- 
 
ao2 History of the V ot ^%. 
 
 Emperor's fide ; and perfons of eminent learn- 
 ing,who detefted the Pope as a heretic, employed 
 their pens in defence of the imperial dignity, and 
 ngalnft the temporal ufurpations of the Pope. 
 Among thefe deferve to be mentioned with ho- 
 nour, William Occam^ Marjilius of Padua^ John 
 of Ghent^ and Ulrick Hmigor. Lewis at Franck- 
 fort renewed his appeal to a future council ; and 
 Pope John in his fourth procefs endeavoured to 
 deprive him of all the right he derived from his 
 eledion : But he failed of this main fcope, which 
 was to eftablifn a prince o^ France on the imperial 
 throne by a new election. Lewis in the Diet Rill 
 
 1325. perfifting in his appeal, and being herein warmly 
 feconded by the (bates. In the mean time the 
 diflrefs to which ihtGihelines had been driven by 
 the Pope in Italy^ induced Lewis to go thither, 
 
 ^Z'^7' and at firft he had great fuccefs. The repeated 
 excommunication of the Emperor, and all his 
 adherents in the fifth procefs, did not difcourage 
 him from coming to Rome. Here he alTumed 
 the imperial crown, which furnifhed the Pope 
 with matter for a new excommunication. But 
 
 '3^^* L^"K^/V pubiickly condemned Pope J^i?;/ as a he- 
 retic, and nominated in his room, Peter Raina- 
 liicci^ a minorite greatly efteemed, who called 
 himfelf Nicolas V. But the good efredls of this 
 magnanimous flep were fruftrated by the prac- 
 
 1329. tices of the French^ for haflening the Emperor's 
 departure from Italy ^ on which Pope John in 
 the fixth procefs again renewed the excommu- 
 nication, and carrying all before him in Italy^ 
 rejeded every propoial of peace, and had the 
 fatisfadion of feeing his competitor A^/V^/^5 at his 
 feet, who died afterwards in confinement. 
 Amidft all this glory John could not but feel 
 the yoke of French thraldom. And he funk in 
 
 the 
 
History cf the V o v t s. 203 
 
 the efleem of all good men, by his heretical 
 doctrine concerning the beatific vifion in a fu- 
 ture flate of felicity, of which he was publick- 
 \y convicted, and obliged to retradl his opinion, 
 tho' poflibly not till after his death. At laft he 1 204. 
 died at Avignon with the charadler of the moft 
 fcandalous avarice, for the gratification of which, 
 belides his flagrant fimony, he invented the 
 Annates *. 
 
 Sed:. 4. The fucceeding eledion had a 
 threatening appearance, but foon clofed in fa- 
 
 * Eefides fome fermons, and other treatifes, Pope 
 yohn left behind him a great number of letters and de- 
 cretals, of which kQlVharton and Ger. in Adpendk. 
 of Cave\ h'ljlor, lit. and Fabricius biblioth. Lat. med, & 
 infim. (Stat, Among thefe the principal are, his extra- 
 vigantes in general, of which fee Ainjlrichi hijior. jur, 
 ecclef. the Bull 6\ ^; , ne jede vacant e^wYnch is in Raina!d.i?i 
 anrial. ecclef. '^Yhe procerus contra Ludovicum^ publiihed by 
 Herwart and Martene^ the retra£latio quefi'ionis^ num 
 animce fandorum non friiantur Dei vifime ante judiciu?n ex- 
 ternum in Baluze's vit. pontijic. Avignon. His difference 
 with the Emperor Lewis is beft fet forth in Herwart^s 
 Ludovic. imp. defenfio U Gewold's apologia pro Ludovico Ba~ 
 varo. Concerning the controverfy of the Francifcans 
 with Pope John^ particularly on the poverty of Chrift, 
 fee IVadding annal. ord. minor. Mojhcim injUtut. hiflor. ord, 
 ecclef. and JValch's nnfcellan. facr. and for the Pope's he- 
 refy concerning the prefence of God, fee Lannoi de 
 fchol. Mofheiin Pfaff. injlitid. hijhr. ecclef and efpecially 
 Muratori de paradifo. The account of the life of 
 this Pope iff. Baluzius vit. poniific. Avignon^ and Mura- 
 tori fcriptor. rer. Italic, were written by Bernhard Guidoy 
 ydm S. Victor^ Ptolemy of Lucca., Amalric^ Peter of He- 
 rentals.^ and an anonymous author. Among the mo- 
 derns, befides other known writers, and the celebrated 
 James Fontano^ is to be read the hijloir. de I'eglife Galli- 
 cane. Of the Anti-pope, Nicolas V. fome pieces are to 
 be found in Martene thef anecdot. See Fabricius in bib- 
 lioth. med. i^ infim, atcit^. 
 
 vour 
 
2204 History of the Popes. 
 
 vour of cardinal James Fur nier oi Languedoc^ 4 
 
 Ciftirftan monk of mean e^tradlion. He took 
 
 the name of BenedUlXU. The accounts we meet 
 
 with of him arc greatly to his honour, efpeci- 
 
 aliy that both in do(5trine and ^dminiftration of 
 
 his office, he amended the faults of his predecef- 
 
 ^335' ^^^^' -^^ would have proceeded further, b^th 
 
 ;n returning to Ilaly, and concluding to his 
 
 heart's content the accommodation which he had 
 
 J 241. repeatedly fought, with the Emperor Lewii. 
 
 But the mifchievoLis policy of Pbiiip hindered 
 
 1342. both. The afperfions call on his memory are 
 
 only the effecl of his zeal in reftoring order and 
 
 difciplinein the monadic (late *. 
 
 Sedl. 5. The new Pope was Peter Roger of 
 Limoges^ now Clement VI. He was firft a Bene- 
 di^iney and rofe by feveral ecclefiaftical degrees 
 to the higheft. It was not only his refolution 
 to go beyond his predecefTors, in applying the 
 papal power and authority to the detriment of 
 nations and churches •, but he added to his 
 zeal for the crown of France^ a particular at- 
 
 * Among the printed pieces of this Pope, the moft 
 remarkable are the Dccretian de atiimahus Jeparatis : and 
 t;he reformations of the feveral religious orders, for 
 which, and his other writings, compare Vifch. biblioth, 
 C}f}erc. Wharton^ Fahrkius. Of the eight lives of Pope 
 BenediSly in Baluzius vit. poniif. Avignon, and Muratori 
 fcripi. rer. ltd. the five firft and the eighth are the work 
 of an unknown hand ; the fixth is taken from the ad- 
 ditions io Ptolemy of Luaa^ and the feventh is written 
 \;iy Herentah. Among the moderns, (ce Barthicr hijh 
 de'CeglijeGcdl'ic. and the h'ljhir. du droit ecclcf. Among all 
 his good qualities, the affair with the fifter of the cele- 
 brated Petrarch:^ ihevv's him to have been but a man. 
 Sec Ffaff. iiijlitut. h'ljhr. ecdef. 
 
 tachment 
 
i346» 
 
 HistoJlY of the Popes, 20^ 
 
 tachment to the family of Luxemburg^ and the 
 then Margrave Charles of Moravia^ to whom he 
 had formerly been preceptor. Hence the Em- 124;?; 
 peror Lewis found him inexorable, and the great 
 condefcenfions of that prince, from his love of 
 tranquillity, were only returned with repeated 
 excommunications, and the demand of more 
 ignominious terms. At the/ame time Edward 
 king of England was greatly aggrieved by the 
 refervations and provifions with which Clement '344« 
 loaded the moft ccnfiderable Sees of that king- 
 dom. Henry^ the excellent eledor of Mentz^ 
 having been forced from his archbiflioprick, 
 Pope Clement at length prevailed, that his fa- 
 vourite CharleSy who by many previous fervile 
 promifes to the Pope, had facrificed fome of the 
 rights of the empire, was chofen king of the 
 Romans^ tho' it was of little ufe to him, whiifl 
 Lewis lived. The infurredion under Nicolas I'^^yl 
 Rienzi at Rome might have proved of dangerous 
 confequence to the Pope, had the courage of 
 that tanatick been equal to his extravagant 
 imagination. The revolution in the kingdom 
 of Naples WMS a more ferious affair \ and it is j ^ . g^^ 
 eafiiy difcerned, that the purchafed alienation of "^ 
 the county of Avignon to Pope Clement had a 
 great (hare in the prote6lk>n granted to the de- 
 bauched Joan. In order to allay the violent 1350* 
 difcontents of the Romans, on account of the 
 long abfence of the Pope, Clement reduced the 
 jubilee to every fifty years. Soon after a quar- 1352.' 
 rel was breaking out betwixt Clement and the 
 Emperor Charles-, but he died very feafonably, 
 and left a very indifferent charader, as a man 
 of gallantry, intolerable in his pride, and 
 
 ex- 
 3 
 
ao6 History of the P o p e s* 
 
 extravagant in his interefled views for his fa- 
 mily *. 
 
 Sed. 6. As the cardinals had reafon to haften 
 the new election, fo they bound themfelves 
 by oath to the obfervance of a capitulation cal- 
 culated to increafe their own power, dignity 
 and revenues. They promoted Stephen Auhert^ 
 2L Frenchman^ 2itth3.t timeCardinal-bifhop o^ AJiia, 
 He had no fooner folemnly entered upon his of- 
 fice, by the name of Innocent VI. than he de- 
 clared the above-mentioned compa6t, to which 
 he had himfelf fworn, to be invalid and null, 
 and put a fpeedy check to fome abufes refulting 
 from the refervations, and the long refidence of 
 1354- prelates at his court. Heinftituted the feftival 
 1358. of the holy fpear, caufed the Emperor Charles IV. 
 to be crowned, and employed his Legatees to 
 appeafe the tumults in the ecclefiaftical ftace. 
 
 * The only writings of this Pope in print are a trea- 
 tife on ecclefiaftical power, fome fpeeches, letters and 
 decretals, publiftied by Raynald^ haluze^ and JVadding., 
 See Wharton and Ger. in adpendk. to Caves hijlor. liter. 
 Oudin comm. de faipt. ecdef. and Fabricim bihlioth. lat. med, 
 l5 ivfim. atat. Raynald annal. ecdef. has the bull for 
 granting to the king of France the ufe of the cup in the 
 facrament, at a time when it had not yet been exprefly 
 forbid by any ecclefiaftical law. See the deed of con- 
 veyance of the county of Avi^nen in Leibnitz, codex, de nir, 
 Gent. Pope Clement's care for the Cardinals in conclave 
 , appears in a particular ordinance in Cherubim huUar. 
 magn. The remarkable hiftory of Rienzi is written by 
 Du Cerccau. and Bois peatix. There are only fix an- 
 cient accounts of the life of this Pope in Brdiixe lit. pon- 
 tif. Avignion^ and in Muratori fcript. rer. Ital. The au- 
 thors of the firft, fecond, third and fixth, are unknown, 
 the fourth is taken from the well-known eeclefiaftical 
 hiftory of Fiolemy of Lnccc^ and the fifth is by Heren- 
 tals. See ahb the hijloir. du, droit ecdef. Francois Bertia 
 hijloir. de rcglifc Gallic. Muratori' s hiilory of Italy. 
 
 He 
 
H t s T o VLY of the V o V E $. 207 
 
 He had fome difputes with France and the Em- 
 peror, relating to the tenths, and died in an 
 advanced age, leaving his relations extremely 
 well provided for *. 13^2. 
 
 Sedt. 7. The diflentions among the cardinals 
 ran fo high, that at length they chofe a man 
 who was not of their body -, but of a good fa- 
 mily in France, His original name was IVil- 
 liam Grimoardi, He was abbot of the convent 
 of St. Vi£lor at Marfeilles^ and at this time hap- 
 pened to be in Italy. After his return he was fo- 
 lemnly inaugurated by the title o^ Urban V. The r 
 mod memorable of his tranfadions are, that 
 Charles IV. had an interview with him at Avig- r 
 non i that he had the courage to return to Rome^ ^ ^' 
 where he received the Emperor Charles^ and io6y, 
 crowned his confort Elizabeth j that he entered 
 into a religious compact with the Greek 'E.i'n^t- 
 XQX John Vakologus\ which was afterwards treat- J3%» 
 ed with contempt by the Greeks \ that contrary 
 to all expedation, he removed again to Avig- ^' ' 
 non, and there died. He is faid to be the firft 
 who wore the triple crown. Endeavours have 
 long been ufed, but to no pupofe, to procure 
 him a place among the faints f . 
 
 Se6t. 
 
 * Befides the letters publlfhed by Raynald, Waddings 
 Balu-ze^ and others, we find a confiderable colIe£lion> 
 of which Zenchius is author, in Martinets Thefaur, 
 anecdot. Rymer has fevcral Bulls in his a^. public. Con- 
 cerning his Bull for the faid feftival, fee Wharton in 
 Baluxius v'lt. pontijic, Avernion, and Aluratori'sfcript, rer, 
 Italic, may be found the lives of this Pope by an ano- 
 nymous author, by a canon of Bonn^ by the author 
 of the fupplement to Ptolemy of Lucca^ and by Peter 
 Herentah. See the hi/hire an droit ecdefiajVique Francois y 
 and Berthiers hijloire ie I'eglife Gallicane. 
 
 t There are but few letters and publick pieces of 
 tins Urhn zxxsinti which fee in lyhartoiis Jdpcndic. to 
 
 Cav€*B 
 
^37^' 
 
 ioZ tiisTORY of the Popes; 
 
 Seft. 8. After a fhort interval Gregory JCt. 
 before called Peter Roger afcended the chair: 
 He was a fon of William earl bf Beaufort^ and 
 nephew to Pope Clement VI. The great com- 
 motions in Italy ; the enereafe of the difcontents 
 in the ecclefiaftical ftate, the exhortations of St. 
 1317. Katherine of Sienna^ and pofTibly other motivesj 
 ' induced this Pope to think of removing his re- 
 ' fidence to Rome, The difturbances ftili con- 
 tinuing in Italy, he chiefly refided at Anagni, 
 and had already purpofed to return to Avignon'^ 
 when he died at Rome. He oppofed Wickliff^ 
 and in his will he very frankly acknowledged 
 his fallibility *. 
 
 Sedt. 
 
 Cave*?, hi/lor. iitsr, and Schoettgen bihliotho lat. med. t^ In" 
 fm. atat. The moft important bull relates to the 
 union concluded between the Greeks and Latins, which 
 fee in Allatius de conjenfu ecckf. orient, & Occident, The 
 Latin verfes concerning the waxen Jgnus Dei'Sy which 
 are to be met with in Lambeftini de canonif. are by no 
 means mafter-pieces. In Baluzius's collection (o often 
 mentioned, are the lives of Pope Urban by an unknown 
 author ; by a canon of the choir of Bonn by Peter vcn He- 
 rentals, and by Ayerius of Pyraci, But Muratori in 
 Scriptor. rer. Italic, has given befides thefe alfo a piece 
 from the fupplement to Ptolemy of Lucca, and one by 
 an anoiiymous author, which was before made known 
 by Majjon. Sagittarius takes notice in his Introd. in 
 kiji. ecclef. and S. Car oh in biUioth. fcntif, that Francis 
 Romany and Anton. Rujfi compokd the life of this Pope. 
 Baiuze's remarks are the moil: ufeful helps towards 
 the hiftory of Pope U?'ban, with which compare Ber- 
 their s hifioir. de i'Egiife Gallicane. See alfo Theodor. von 
 Heitn% vita pontificn7n a Nicclao IV , ad Urbanum V. ni 
 EccarcCs corp. hiji. ?ned. avi. 
 
 * See the remarkable will of Pope Gregory in Da- 
 eher's Spicileg. h\ this and other colieflions are alfo 
 letters, bullri and publick inftruments of his. See 
 
 lFkart'yn3 
 
History of the Popes, 209 
 
 Scd. 9. The death of Pope Gregory occa- 
 .fioned that veht^ment and lading fchifm, which 
 threw the weftern church into the utmoft con- 
 fufion. The fpirit of divifion which formerly 
 pofTelTed the cardinals, has fo infected the hif- 
 torians, that it is extremely difficult to trace 
 the- real motives and circumftafices of thefe 
 tranfadions. We mud rell fatisned with thofe 
 particulars which are confirmed by the agree- 
 ment of credible accounts. The cardinals who 
 had attended Gregory to Ilay, and who were 
 ipoffly French^ held the cbnclave at Rom;;, where 
 their divifions foon broke out.. The Romans^ lor 
 very good realons defired a Popt, whj might be 
 under no neceflity of leaving them. Ac lafl: 
 the elediion was declared in favour of BarlBcIo- 
 mew Fngnano^ at th.u time Archbilhop of Bar i^ 
 in the kingdom 01 Naples. He entered on his 
 dignity by the narue fjf Urban W. and with a 
 very indifcreet feventy againfl the cardinals 
 themfelves, to which he added the grofs folly of 
 affronting his patronefs, Joan Queen of Naples* 
 Even the cardinals who had promoted him, re- 
 moved from Rcme^ and held fome conferences 
 fird at Anagni^ and afterwards at Fundi^ till find- 
 ing all t e reprefentations difregarded by the 
 Pope, they exconimunicated him, and chofe 
 Robert cardinal of Geneva. He afTumed the 
 name of Clement VII. and firfl refided at Na- J^yg* 
 pks ', but afterwards, accompanied by the cardi- 
 nals of his party, removed to Avignon. 1 hus 
 
 lVJjartGn'% Adpeml. and Fahricius. The five ancient lives 
 of ihis Pope coilcdted by Beluzms in vit. pnt'if. Ave- 
 men have been re- printed by Muratori in Script, rer, 
 Italic, who added Itiyuranum Gregoiii XI. by the monk 
 Peter Amelius. "i&^Bahaes remarks iind Berthler^ hijhire 
 de I'Eglifc Gain cane. 
 
 P the 
 
■2.10 History ^/fo Popes. 
 
 the church had two heads ; and the feveral 
 princes of Europe foon Tided with one or the 
 other, as their fyftem of policy led them. Urban 
 was acknowledged by the empire of Germany^ 
 England^ Hungary, Bohemia^ Poland, Denmark^ 
 Sweden, Pruffia, Norway^ Holland, and far the 
 greateft part of Italy, Clement on the other 
 hand was fupported by France, Spain, Naples^ 
 Scotland, Lorain and Savoy. Both Popes were 
 men of bad charadters, and the evil confequences 
 of this divifion were foon felt. Each excom- 
 municated the other ; tho' Urban was unquefti- 
 onably the worfe man of the two. His ambi- 
 tion led him to endeavour at procuring the 
 kingdom of Naples for his nephew, a profligate 
 r. young man. But previoufly he aided Charles 
 ^ ' king of Durazzo in his attempt to deprive 
 1581. ^^^^^ Joan of her kingdom. However his ini- 
 quitous defigns were foon difcovered, and he 
 j^g was reduced to a kind of imprifonment. On 
 ^ ' his releafe he removed to Genoa, and ordered 
 ^3^5- the five cardinals to be put to death, whom 
 '^Z^^^ before upon a bare ground lefs fufpicion of trea- 
 fon, he had cruelly tortured. This proved ac- 
 cidentally a great help to Clemenfs party, efpe- 
 cially when after the death of king Charles, for- 
 tune favoured Lewis duke o^ Anjou, whom queen 
 Joan had nominated her fucceffor. Urban like- 
 ^3"^/* wife loft ground by his manifeft difmclination 
 to any offers of peace. He intended a journey 
 ^3^^* 10 Naples, which he was obliged to lufpend, 
 and in themidft of his hopes ot enriching him- 
 felf by the jubilee year, now reduced to three 
 and thirty years. He died before the commence- 
 ^3^9' ment of it, probably by poifon. It will be 
 proper here to iniert fome general obfervations 
 upon this, which» in ecclefiaflical hiftory is called 
 
 the 
 
History of the Popes. %i% 
 
 The great wejlern Schifm. It begun by the elec- 
 tion of C/t^;;/^^^ VII. and lafled till the council 
 oi Conjiance inclufively. For tho' Benedi5l XIII. 
 and afterwards Clement VIII. for fome time re- 
 fufed to fubmit, their party was too fmall to 
 be accounted a fchifm. The queftion is not 
 yet decided which ot the two Popes of Rome^ or 
 oi Avignon^ was the lawful one. The modern 
 papifls, fome French excepted, declare tor the 
 former. If the cafe is to be determined by the 
 maxims of the canon law, the whole turns on 
 the eiedion of Pope Urban^ whether it be It-gal 
 and valid ; a qufftion which cannot be tl;0- 
 roughly anfwered, even from the records ex- 
 tant. To me they feem to have taken the fafeft 
 way who difpute the legality of both, there be- 
 ing unqueftionably in both e^lec^ions fuch flaws 
 as would in other cafes annul them. However, 
 the confequences of this dii^ifion were very me- 
 morable. The whole weft rn church became 
 gradually feparated; and this extended even to 
 fingle families, and occafioned much bloodfhed. 
 Then the exceflive power of the Popes, efpeci- 
 ally over princes, received a violent fhock. 
 Moreover, the necefTity of the do6trine then 
 publickly acknowledged, and afterwards cairied 
 into pradice, of the Pope's being fubjecl to 
 councils, was now irretragably demon [frated. 
 Another effedl was, that the yoke of Popery 
 came to be feverely felt, v/hen diilrefles obliged 
 them to multiply the refervations and burdens 
 upon the pofT-flions of the church. In the laft 
 place, the whole church v/as thrown into fuch 
 confufion, that many pcrfons of underftanding 
 departed from the fuperftitious dodlrines of 
 Popery, and pallionately defired a reformation, 
 whilft others v/erc" at a lofs how to procure peace 
 P £ for 
 
zt2 HisToRY^/'/fo Popes. 
 
 for their anxious minds in a church fo go- 
 verned. P>om all which we juftly infer, that 
 this great fchifm may be accounted among the 
 jufl judgments of heaven on the Papacy*. 
 
 Sq^. lo. The great hopes that Urban^s 
 death would end the divifion, or at lead for- 
 ward a reconciliation, were loon difappointed by 
 the conclave of the cardinals then prefent in 
 Rome. Pride and ambition being the motives 
 on which they chiefly aded, it was no wonder 
 their dilTentions continued. At lad they chofe 
 Peter I'omacelii^ a Neapolilan Cardinal-prieft of 
 St. Anajtafm., who ililed himfelf Boniface IX. 
 His determined refolution was to maintain his 
 dignity \ and he in efFedl (hewed more prudence 
 
 * See the documents in Duboulay hijlor. acad. Paris^ 
 
 and in Martene The.f. anecdotor. Theodore von Nie?n''5 
 
 hijhria de fchifmaie fid temporis gravijjimo inter Papas 6* 
 
 Jntipapds^ to which add the complaints of Nic. Cle- 
 
 magis^ Henry Hajfen^ and others, on the fubjecl of this 
 
 fchifm, v/hich I omit as the contents are not properly 
 
 hirtorical. Among the moderns, fee Dupufs hijhire du 
 
 Schifmt^^ as in the Paris edition of his Traltez comer - 
 
 naru I'bi/hire de France. Maimhurg^ hiftolre du grand 
 
 Sclifme' d Occident \s not impartially written. See alfo 
 
 Pfaff^'s iryTiiut. hijl. ecclef. and the hiftoire du droit puh- 
 
 I}qne ecclejiafiique Franfois. For the hiftory of the two 
 
 eledlions on Vv'hich the whole turns, fee the pieces 
 
 mentioned by Mojhei-fn in InjTitut. hijior. ecclef. Con- 
 
 cernine; this, and the lives of both Popes in general, 
 
 befides^r^z/^')?//, fee Uenfa-tt hifhir du Concile de Fife., Per- 
 
 thfrs hijhir de VEglife Gall'uane^ and Muratori in the 
 
 hiflory of /Wv. Of the writings and documents of 
 
 Pope Urban., fee IVhartons Adpendic. to Cave\ h'ljlor. li- 
 
 ter. Muratori in Scripior. rer Ital. gives an anonymous 
 
 life of Pope Vrhan from a Vatican manufcript and 
 
 T'hzinas Bifiiop of Acernn^ Qp^fc'dwn de crsatione Urba- 
 
 fii VI. S. Carclo bihiioth. pG7itif. mentions Angcli Acci- 
 
 ujoli and Peter Boninfegniiy as hiftorians of this Pope : 
 
 bu.t I doubt whether their worics v/ere ever printed. 
 
 than 
 
History^, /^^ Popes. 213 
 
 than his predeceFor in fupporting young Ladif- 
 laus^Aug oi Naples. On the other hand Clement 1390, 
 crowned Lewis duke oi Anjou^ who however was 
 not able to lupport himielf. Both Popes re- 
 newed the excommunication againil each other 
 and their friends •, and were more averle to 
 peace than any of their adherents. Many trom 
 a fenfe of the evils of this feparation, made pro- 
 pofals for reftoring tranquillity. The molt fa- 
 mous among thefe were the three propofa's of 
 the univerfity of Paris ^ that both fhould refign, 
 or that the matter fliould be left to arbitration, 
 or that a general council fhould decide it. 
 Neither of the Popes was inclined to this, tho' 1392. 
 •they very artfully aded another parr, and en- 
 deavoured to deceive each other. Bomjace not 
 being fafe in Rome^ went to Perufa^ and there 
 took ail poflible care of his kmdered. Clement 
 alfo died at Avignon *. 
 
 
 * Some letters of Clement are publifhed by Balu- 
 zius and Waddings fee Oudin com. de Script, ecclef. Ba- 
 Juzius in vit. pontific. Avenonierij. has an account of the 
 life of Pope Clement by an unknown author ; another 
 by Herentals^ and Nar ratio, de viorte Ciemsniis IS ekSli- 
 one Benedioii XIII. which has been re- printed by Mu- 
 ratori Script, rer Italic. See alfc the above pieces ot 
 Dupuy^ Vcnfaiity Berthicr^ where, in the records col- 
 ]e6ted by Duboiday., may be feen the pains taken by 
 the univerfity oi Pans for recommending to the Court 
 their /'7^ CeJJimis^ comproinijji Cf delibeyationis per con- 
 cilium imiverjale. The miracle oi' St. Peter of Lvxcfn- 
 hufg., and the prophecy of St. Urfulnui of Parma., are 
 no more than artifices of both Popes to deceive ejch 
 other, or at leaft the people. And the real impofior 
 Paul figriji i^rovQd^ that at leaft Ckmc ut m'v^ht be de~ 
 ceived. See bijioir. de P Eglife GalUcanc. 
 
 P 3 S E C T. 
 
14 Hi STORY ^ /^^ Popes. 
 
 S E C T. III. 
 
 or the Hiftory of the Popes of the firft half of 
 the fifteenth Century. 
 
 Sefb. i.l-TOpes were now revived of feeing an 
 end of the fchifm. Charles king 
 of France^ with his nobles, and the univerfity 
 o^ Paris ^ uftrd all poflihle endeavours totvards 
 this dcfirable work, by fufpending a new elec* 
 tion at Aviznon. But the cardinals there had 
 very d.fFerent thoughts. They had opened a 
 folemn conclave, and having obliged themfelves 
 by oath, that the new eleded ihould faithfully 
 labour to reftore peace, even by the method of 
 ceffion, if th-it fhuuld be approved of by the 
 majority of fuffrages in the college of Cardi- 
 nals. They promoted cardinal Peter de Luna^ a 
 Spaniard, and an artful man, who took the name 
 o^ Benedi5il^\\l. The friends of his predecef- 
 for, efpecially France^ acknowledged him ; but 
 without departing from their fcheme of accom- 
 modation, which, in a word, was this, that 
 both parties fhould facrifice their dignities to 
 1395. the tranquillity of the church. The Pope, fo 
 far from fulfilling the fair promifes he had made, 
 tho' confirmed by oath, defeated all pacific en- 
 deavours by an unparalleled obftinacy. Boni- 
 
 1397. face a(5l«ed fuch another part; the fatisfaclion of 
 
 being Pope outweighed the ftrongeil remon- 
 
 1398. (Trances of the beft men. In France a beginning 
 was made to bring the Pope to terms, by re- 
 nouncing all obedience to him. But neither 
 
 ^'i^99' this, nor the befieging him 2it Avignon^ with an 
 army headed by that eminent warrior Boncicauty 
 
 proved 
 
History of the Po PES. 215 
 
 proved of any efifecl. Boniface z.t Rome gave of- 
 fence to the whole world by .his fimony and 
 nepotifm, and his arts for accumulating wealth 
 in the year of jubilee. The infurredions of the 1400. 
 malecontents, and of the party againft him of- 
 ten endangered his life. He himfelf weakened 
 his party by embarking in the depofition of the 
 Emperor Wincejlaus^ and the election of Rupert 
 of the Palatinate^ as well as by his notorious 
 partiality in the fuccefTion of /7z/;/^^r)' for king 
 Ladijlaus againft king Sigifmund. Benedi^J^ by a 
 flratagem, recovered his freedom •, and not long 1402. 
 after obtained from France a promife of return- 
 ing to her former obedience, He alfo fent a 140J, 
 particular legation to Pope Boniface^ with over-* 
 tures towards an accommodation ; but the lat- 
 ter died at Rome. He is faid to have exercifed 
 the papal fovereignty in this city with extreme 
 rigour *. 
 
 Se6l. 2. On the deceafe of Pope Boniface^ 
 Benedict's Legates at Ro7ne were fent prifoners 
 to the caftle of Sl Angeloy and either before, or 
 immediately after the new eledion, were obliged 
 
 * Some letters and ordinances of Pope Boniface are 
 extant j but of little ufe to us. See TVhartori's Adpen- 
 die. to Cave's hijior. liter, and Fabricins in biblioih. lat, 
 med. ^ infm. atat. In Muraiorrs collection, fee the 
 JSia ele6iionis Benedidi XIII. publifhed before by Beluze^ 
 *vit. pcniif. Avenio'nens. vita Bonifacii IX. ex MS. to I' a- 
 ticanoj and the like ex additammiis ad Ptolemeurn Lu- 
 cenfem. Vialardi's life in Italian was publifhed at / V- 
 nice 161 3. But the accounts in Dupiri% hijhir du Schif/ne-,. 
 Uenfant in hijloir dii Concile de Pif^ and Berthcir In 
 hi/ioir de fEglije Gallicane are more to be depended on. 
 The difcour&fur ks amiates in BeriKur is remarkable for 
 making that branth of the papal revenue of an earlier 
 date, than others who attribute its inftitution either to 
 Pope "John XXil. or Pope Boiiiface XI. 
 
 P 4 to 
 
2i6 H I STORY of the Popes. 
 
 to purchafe their liberty with a fum of money ; 
 for the few c irdinals of this party, in contempt 
 of the remonftrances made to them, afTembled 
 in a conclave, and chofe cardinal Cofmo di Mi- 
 ghorato of Salmona then Bifhop of Bonoma^ and 
 crowned him by the name of Innocent VII. tho' 
 thev had taken an oath like that of the Avignon 
 cirdi>als. Soon after a great tumult broke out 
 in Rome^ in which Ladijlaus king of Naples had 
 a confiderable Qiire. It was renewed with fuch 
 bloodfhed, that Pope Innocent fled for fafety to 
 
 140 ^r. Viterbo, Now Pope BemdiEl opened another 
 fccne. He took a journey in perfon to Italyy 
 and refiJed at Genoa^ whence, on account of a 
 peiViJrnce, he withdrew to Nice^ then to Savcna, 
 and lajily to Ma\fcil!es. He fent deputies to In- 
 n cent with propofais of prace, and the lat- 
 ter turning the Q\i^iL^ eir to them, Beneath took 
 occafion to deta ne his adverhiry over all Eu-^ 
 rope^ as the au.' vu* of the coi tinuance of the 
 fchifm. Yet the French^ particularly the Fari^ 
 fianSy were not to Vc perfuaded that he was fm- 
 cere in all tliefe pretences. Hovv-ever, in order 
 to makr him fo, they wiih-held that part of 
 their obeviience, in wh.ch he was moil inte- 
 reded, by a very remarkable edicl, prohibiting 
 the further payment of thofe contributions, un- 
 der which the rrench church had hiiherto 
 
 1406. groaned. A peace being made, hmocent returned 
 to Rome^ and repealed the excommunication 
 which he had unadvifedly i/Tued againli: king 
 Ladijlaus. He died with rhe characler of a man 
 of niore learning thuip.obity; aiitl w.is not 
 free from the gu.it of nrputiim *. 
 
 Scvft. 
 
 ^ We have ojie (f fjourfe of his coicemlnc!: Church- 
 union, and fomc letter's. See Fair u' us" uiulioth., inU 
 
H I S T O R Y ^/ /i6t' P O P E S. 217 
 
 Scd:. 3. This new opportunity of refloring 
 peace, the king of France, and others, were 
 very attentive to improve •, but with no better 
 fuccefs than formerly. The cardinals at Rome 
 again binding themfelves by a yet ftridler oath 
 elected cardinal JngeioCorrar:, formerly Kifliop of 
 Venice^ now patriarch ot Qonjianlimple^ and in 
 the eightieth year of his age. Gregory the Xllth, '" 
 
 which was the name he took, immediately en- 
 deavoured by conferences, letters, embalfies, 
 and even journies, to convince the world of his 
 good intentions towards ^ an union. Benedi^t^ 
 who alfo refided \n Italy, ad:ed the fame part ; 
 and indeed with more artful hypocrify than Gre- 
 gory. But neither of them being in earned, a 
 thoufand evafions were found to varnifh over 
 the wanton fufpenfion of their apparent good 
 intentions, which *.had only been aluaTied, in 
 order to augment their revenues. At lad: both 1408. 
 of them inadvertently committed fuch notorious 
 errors in policy, as at once gave another ap- 
 pearance to thofe tranfadions.^ Gregory io highly 
 offended the cardinals of his party, by the new 
 creation of four, that they lefc him, lor which 
 he excommunicated them. The menaces of the 
 French, to withdraw their obedience from hins, 
 in cafe of his further obftinacy, Beriedici dwUMf^d 
 with a bull of excom.municatio;!, but this had 
 fo bad an effed, that the king oi France declared 
 
 mcd. a:'vl. Beudes the accounts in the letters of Lex^a^rd 
 of Arczxo^ publiihed by Fahndus and Mcbas, ice the gejla 
 Bi'ncdicli Xli. pahce in Aiui cUori'ii Jcriptjr. rer, Italic, '^'da 
 Jmijcentii \\\. fiom a Vatican MS. ibid. Sip^c?dus has 
 treated of P,ope Innocent in the lives of the Hi^iops of 
 Ihnydia. See alfo Dupin s hi/loir, du d'Aji^ie ri)ifm>t bij- 
 icir. du C:ncile de Fife, AluyuiorVs liillo!}' of Italy^^ lier- 
 ihicr m hijhir, dc Ccglife CaFu. 
 
2i8 History of the Popes. 
 
 him an heretick, embraced the neutrality, and 
 brought over whole nations to his party. Here- 
 upon the patriot cardinals of bothfadiions aflbci- 
 ated, and held conferences at Leghorn^ which were 
 countenanced by moft of the peters in Europe -, 
 and the flates of the empire, except only their 
 head, the Emperor Rupert^ who for reafons of 
 policy adhered to Gregory, At laft a council 
 was opened at Pifa^ where in the fifteenth feflion 
 
 1409- on the fifteenth ot y«;/f, after fome prehminaries, 
 both Popes were folemnly depofed *. 
 
 Sed. 4. On the day of the twentieth fefiion, 
 the cardinals went into a conclave, and <fhofe 
 cardinal Peter Philargi Pope. He was a native 
 o^ Candia^ a Greeks a minorite, and Bifhop of 
 Vicenza and Novara^ and afterwards promoted 
 to the See of Milan. He (tiled himfelf Alexander 
 theVth. He immediately took his feat as pre- 
 fident of the council, and as Pope confirmed 
 all their former decrees. He had likewife the 
 greatefl: party, tho' Gregory and Benedict exerted 
 themfelves to maintain their dignity by anti- 
 councils ; the former at Cividel ; the latter at 
 Ferpignan. Gregory's only friends were the Em- 
 peror Rupert, whom he foon loft, and Ladijlaus, 
 
 I king of Naples, who conveyed him in fafety to 
 
 Gaeta. But Benedi^ was fl:ill acknowledged as 
 Pope in Spain. So that the church had in fatfl 
 three heads. The council of Pifa was now dif- 
 folved. Alexander went to Pifioja, by which he 
 committed two errors ; one in the celebrated 
 bull for the mendicant friars ; and the other 
 in retiring thither at the perfuafion of Baltba- 
 farCoJfa, Cardinal-legate oi Bologna, and notgo- 
 
 * See Dupln's hi/ioir* dufchifme, and V enfant in the 
 h'lft du Concik dc Pifi. 
 
History of the Popes. 219 
 
 ing to Rome^ to which city the vidiory of king 
 Lewis over king L^.dijlaus had opened him a fafe 
 paflage. But he died foon after, and Cojfa was 14,10 
 even at the council of Conftance^ fufpe^ed of 
 having difpatched him by poifon *. 
 
 Sett .', In the new conclave at Bononia, car- 
 dinal Ccjfa found means to turn the election in 
 his own favour, and he took pofTefTion of the 
 papal chair by the name of John XXill. Hiftory 
 reprefents him in general as a moil profligate 
 charadter, and there are auchentick accounts of 
 the unlawful pra6tices by which he carried his 
 eledlion. He began with excommunicating both 
 his adverfaries, who did not fail to return it. He 
 retained as ftrong a party, as his predeceiTor, 
 among whom were the city of Rome^ and the 
 Emperor Sigijmund \ and increafed the number 
 of his friends, by readily revoking Alexander's. 
 
 * Several theological pieces are mentioned as wrir- 
 ten by this Pope before his exaltacion, by TVadding and 
 Oudin. The moft remarkable of his bulls is that \i\ 
 favour of the mendicant friars, which fee in Duhoula/s, 
 hi/9oy. acad, Paris. See abb Lannoi de canone^ omnis urn- 
 ufquefexus. With regard to other bulls, fee Ger, in 
 adpendic. to Cave\ hijior. liter. The hiftory of the 
 council of Fifa is explained by the public documents in 
 Labkes coll-iitions of councils, and Hardiun\ ; in 
 Fonder Hardts hijior. concil. Conjiantims. Manfi fuppicrr^. 
 Concil. not to mention Dacher., Martenc, and others. 
 Among thofe books which treat accurately on this fub- 
 jeil, L'':nfant\ V2i\mh\e hijijire du Concile de Pife is the 
 beft. Compare alfo Schnid's, introd. Sagittar, in hijior. 
 ecdcf Fabridus biblioth. Gr^ec. and Pfrff's inftltut. hi/k?, 
 ecclej. Miiratori i?i fcript. rer. Ita/. gives tv/o lives of Pope 
 Alexander^ and likewife his epitaph, Sagittariir, merj- 
 tions, tb.at Joh. Bapt. d.- Giam^ and Ripamznte, \nyc 
 written the like. See Ruber hijior. Condi Gmerd!^ Di'.- 
 pin bi/ioir. dufchifme^ L enfant hijkir. an CcnciU de F^je^ 
 ^nd Berthier, 
 
 bull 
 
UI3 
 
 220 History of the Popes. 
 
 bull in favour of the mendicants. On his ar- 
 14:1. rival at Rome^ his greateft enemy was king L<2- 
 difLaus^ whom he fummoned, as Pope, before 
 his tribunal, excommunicated him, and ordered 
 a Crufade to be proclaimed againft him. John 
 Hiifs ventured publickly to preach againft this. 
 The council, which had been convoked at 
 Romr met with fuch obftrudtions that it never 
 took place. Lad?Jlaus made a peace with Johriy 
 1412. by which Gregory was obliged to withdraw to 
 Rimini^ whiift in the mean time Pope John by 
 the augmentation of impofts, became the fcourge 
 of his adherents. This encouraged Ladijlaus to 
 frcfh attempts. Rome fell inio nis hands, and 
 Pope John was obliged to make his efcape, firft 
 to Florence^ and afterwards to Bologna ; where 
 the difficulty of his circumftances obliged him 
 to court the Emperor's favour, who on this oc- 
 cafion difplayed a mafter-piece of policy, ob- 
 taining firft by ambafiadors, and afterwards by 
 perfonal conference at Lodi and Cremona, the 
 convocation of a new council 'diConJiance. Here 
 John's addrefs failed him, and thus he haftened 
 his own fall. He was at Ferrara when he re- 
 S414. ceived an account of the death of Ladijlaus^ 
 which again put Rome into his hands. He was 
 ftrongly inclined to return thither, but was ob- 
 liged to comply with the defire of the Empe- 
 ror and the cirdinals, and repair to Conftance *. 
 Se6t. 6. We come now to the council of Con- 
 ftance, which may juftly be confidered as one of 
 the moft important tranfadions in the papal hif- 
 tory. However, we are properly concerned with no 
 
 See the whole fecond volume of Uofanfs hijfoir* 
 
 more 
 
 du CmciL dt Fife, 
 
H I S T O R Y 5/^ ^*^ P O P E S. 221 
 
 more than that part of the afls which relates to 
 the extinftion of the fchifm, which had folong 
 fubri(]-ed, and the union of the church, whica 
 had been divided under three heads. We fhaJl 
 th-eretore forbear entering upon thoie other 
 points, for which this council has been fojuftly 
 both extolled and cenfured in ecclefiaftical liif- 
 tory Pope J^^;n*epaired to che place of con- 
 grefs, in hopes of a triumph over both his ene- 
 mies ; but the cipprehenfions he fhtwcd for his 
 faftcy betrayed Tome doubts about the iflue. 
 He flattered himfelf with great advantage, if 
 the new council fliould be confidered as only a 
 continuance of that, which had been held at 
 Pifa, But this was all illufion. He, toojerher 
 with Gregory and Benedi5f^ were treated equally 
 as fchifmatical Popes, t'lo' he was at firlt in- 
 dulged in thofe honours, which the i'c j^s at 
 Rome arrogate to themfelves. When the union 
 (?ame firft under dehberation, they unanimoufly ^ ^* 
 agreed that the only method for refloring tran- 
 quillity was a renunciation which ought to be 
 required of all three ; and, if neceiTary, by 
 compulfion. Such vehement complaints were 
 made againfl: Pope Jobn^ as alone would have 
 juftified his depofition. The form of renunci- 
 ation was laid before him, which he approved 
 of, and fubfcribed •, but before any fuch thing 
 was fufpe6ted, he was, by the aflifLance of 
 Frederick duke of Auftria^ conveyed out of the 
 city, and tied to Schaffhaufen, The Emperor 
 Sigifinund^ hov/ever, tound means to prevent 
 the diflbiution of the council, which v/:.s aimed 
 at in thisefcape. k v/as thought conv;:nient, as 
 indeed it was, am id ft the tranfactions with the 
 Pope, to erbabliili the authority of the council, 
 and in the fourth and nfih fefnon, to pafs that 
 
 ceie- 
 
2fzz History of the Popes. 
 
 celebrated decree, that a general council is fu- 
 perior to the Pope, and chat the latter is fubjedt 
 to it. Pope John only made his afF.iirs worie by 
 removing to a further diftance ; firlt to Lanfen- 
 herg^ and afterwards to Friburg, All amicable 
 meafures being fruitlefs, a formal prc^cefs was 
 begun againft him, and witnefTes heard relating 
 to fixty articles, of which only forty were made 
 public ; and he himfelf was upon the reconci- 
 iiation betwixt duke Frederick and the Emptror 
 Sigifmund brought in clofe cuftody. Upon this 
 followed the folemn depofition in the twelfth 
 felTion on the twenty-ninth of May^ which 
 he acknowledged to be valid, and was carried, 
 as Balthafar Cojfa^ firft to the caftle of Gottleben^ 
 thence under the care of the eledor Palatine to 
 Heidelberg^ and afterwards to Mankeim. This 
 extraordinary precedent induced Pope Gregory^ 
 by a particular ambafiador, Charles Malatefta^ 
 to diveft himfelf of his dignity in the fourteenth 
 felTion on the fourth o{July\, and in lieu of it 
 obtained the firft feat in the college of cardinals, 
 as Angela Corrario, with the lucracive employment 
 of Legate of the marquifate of Anccnia. Bene- 
 dtol llill remained .; being of a very advanced 
 age, he flattered himfelf with the hopes of dy- 
 ing Pope ; and to his utmoft oppofed the mea- 
 fures of the council : And inaeed the kings of 
 Spain^ Scotland^ and others, fhewed an unalter- 
 able attachment to him. In order to remove 
 this obllacle, Sigifmund himfelf took a journey 
 into Spdn. He made no imprefTion upon the 
 principal perfon, who befides was fickle and irre- 
 folute ', but fortunately the kings of Spain and 
 Scctland, with the other powerful friends of Bene- 
 di^T, renounced all obedience to him, and in con- 
 tempt 
 
History of the Popes. 223 
 
 tempt of his excommunications joined the 
 council by their minifters. Hereupon it pro- . . g 
 ceeded regularly againft Benedi^ •, and the Em- 
 peror, in the mean time arriving fafely at Con- 
 fiance^ in the thirty-feventh feflion, on the 
 twenty-feventh ot July, came on the depofition ^4^7' 
 of Pe^er de Luna. The cardinals were forward 
 for a new election ; but met with great difti- 
 culties from the Emperor and the other fathers, 
 who previoufly infifted on a reformation of the 
 church. The former indeed carried their 
 point, but in the thirty-ninth feflion they were 
 obliged to acquiefce in fome particular adts re- 
 lating to the eledion of 'a Pope ; and in the for- 
 tieth feflion the future Pope was bound to ufe 
 his endeavours to forward a reformation. Even 
 at the eledtion an innovation was introduced of 
 adding thirty deputies from the nations to the 
 twenty-three cardinals, as arbiters of the elec- 
 tion. However the conclave was not fo im- 
 partial as had been promifed. At lafl:, on the 
 eleventh of November^ was chofen cardinal Otho 
 Colonna, a Roman of great diftindtion, and 
 crowned at Conftance by the name of Martin V, 
 The late Pope Gregory died not long before. 
 The new Pope gave early indications of his aver- 
 fion to the expedled reformation of the church. 
 He took upon him the prefidentfhip of the 
 council, and at a very improper feafon, rafhiy 
 offended Alphonfo^ king of Arragon^ and pro- 
 voked him again to patronife the caufe of the 
 inflexible Bemdicl. On the other hand, he made 
 ufe of the infamous policy of fowing diflTenflon 
 among the nations about the work of reforma- 
 tion, and drawing them into different concordats. 
 The forty-fifth feflion, and the twenty-fecond 
 
 of 
 
224 History of the Popes. 
 
 of ^m7 clofed this council, which is not to be 
 paralleled in the whole hidory of the church *. 
 Seel. 7. Not long after the council of Con- 
 fiaice^ the Hujfite war broke out in all its fury. 
 This we ihall only briefly mention, on account 
 of the extenfivenefs of this part of church- 
 hiftory, and barely obferve what is very well 
 
 * Befides the general colle6tions of councils, the 
 moft uicful, the' not the molt accurate work, is Von 
 cUr Harts confiUum ConJIantienfe. U enfant s hijioir du Con- 
 cile cle Conftnyice^ is very inftru6live, which is more than 
 can he fa id of Bourgeon du Chajhnets hi/hire du Concile de 
 Cmfiamc^ tho' this alfo is not without its ufe. How- 
 ever, there are itill extant fome more pieces, chiefly 
 controvcrfial, occafioned moftly by the aforefaid de- 
 crees of the fourth and fifth feflion, of which fe& 
 ^chmid's introd. Sagittar. and Fabridus bibUoih. Grcvc. 
 Mmiftfupplem. Condi, the hiflotr, du droit publique ecdef. 
 and Berthier's h'ljhtr, de rEglife Gallic. Several bulls 
 nnd letters of Pope Gregory are ftill extant, which moil- 
 Iv relate to the two councils of Pifa and Conflance. See 
 tVharton adpend. to Cave and Fahndus biblioth. Lat. rned. 
 (J inf.m, tetat. As in general the beii: accounts of this 
 Pope may be gathered from the pieces already quoted, 
 whicli treat of the two above-mentioned councils, we 
 are here only to obfeive, that two lives of him from the 
 two often quoted MSS. are to be found in Aluraiorijcript, 
 rer. ItaL Pope John XXIII. who recovered his liberty, 
 fubmitted to Pope Marfm^ and died at Florence in the 
 year J 41 8, has left behind him feveral bulls, and a 
 treatife de varietate fortune?'. Befides the bulls relating 
 to the council of Conjlance., the mod: remarkable is, 
 that he publillied in oppofition to Pope Alexander^ bull 
 for the mendicant friars, in Dub:ulay hifl. acad. Paris. 
 See JVharton., ibid, and Fabridus biblioth. Lat. Theod. Vcn 
 xdaii?^ "vita foannis XXIII. is not only to be found in 
 Hardts above-mentioned work, but likewife in Mdbo?n's 
 fripi. rcr. Germ, to which add the two Jives publifhed 
 by M^talori. 
 
 known 
 
History of the P o p e sJ tt^ 
 
 known, that Pope Martin and his fuccefTors ha,d 
 by the means of bulls and legates a great fhare 
 in the dreadful effufions of blood in the courfe 
 of this war, and that their authority fuffered 
 greatly by it, efpecially in Bohemia, Martini tra- 
 velled by the way of Genoa to Mantua, and from j . jg 
 thence to Florence, The territories of the See of 
 Rome having hitherto been in the hands of petty j^rQ 
 tyrants, it was a work of fome months for the 
 Pope to recover them, efpecially the city of Bo- 
 logna. He had alfo a quarrel with Joan IL 
 queen of Naples, He fo far prevailed indeed^ 
 that fhe adopted YmgLewis III. of the houfe of 
 Anjou, But Alphonfo, king of Arragon, looked 
 upon this as fuch an injury done to him, that 
 he zealoufly efpoufed the party of his old fa- 
 vourite Benedi^, The Pope having promiled at 
 Conjlance to hold anew council for the reformation 
 of the church, he adually convoked one at 
 Pavia •, and, under pretence of a peftilence, 
 removed it to Siena. Tho' the number of fa- 
 thers who affifted at the opening was very fmall, 
 it was foon their misfortune to incur the dif- 
 pleafure of the court of Rome -, and pretences 
 were not wanting to feparate them by a proro- 
 gation of kvai years. The aged Beneditl died 
 foon after at Fenifcola, He left only four car- 
 dinals of his creation, v^o Arragonefe., Julian 
 Loha, and Eximino Baha^ and two French, Bo- 
 minic de Bonnefoi, and John Carriers The three 
 firll with the privity, if not by the direction of 
 king Alphonfo chofe Giles Magnos, a canon of 
 Barcelona, who took the name of Clemenl VIIL 
 and was acknowledged by the faid prince. Inop- 
 pofition to him Carriere, who was difgufted, no* 
 minated a Pope of his own, Bencdtii XIV. of 
 whom not fo much as his original name is 
 Q, knowiij, 
 
 14^3. 
 
226 History of the Popes^ 
 
 known, and accordingly he foon difappeared. 
 Probably he would have been totally unknown, 
 without the connexion, which this extraordinary 
 
 1429. tranfadion happens to have with the (lory otOr/^- 
 ans. But Clement grew form id able enough to make 
 Martm very glad to come to an agreement, by 
 which, in confideration of the bifhopric of Major^ 
 ca^ Clement renounced the pontificate. Martin cal- 
 
 ^'ro^' led the council of Bqfdy and appointed cardinal 
 Julian Cefarini his Legate there : He died leaving 
 both the papal treafury and his own family very 
 confiderably enriched *. 
 
 Stdi. 8. The hiftory of the Popes becomes 
 now conneded with that of the council of 
 Bq/ll^ tho' we fliall omit v/hatever does not imme- 
 diately relate to our main defign. On the death 
 
 * Among the many pieces remaining of Pope Mar- 
 fni^ and publifhed by Hardts^ Ludwig, Roynald^ and 
 others, as may be feen from JVhartotis append, and Fa~ 
 bricius hiblioth. Lat. ?ned. bf iJifim, atat. the moft remark- 
 able are his Sermo de tranjlatione corporis S. Monica Oftia 
 Romarn. and the indicia concilii generalis Bajtiienfts in Che- 
 rubinis bidlar. The a^a Conciiii Senenf.s are in Richer's 
 hiflor, Condi, general. For the hiftory of this Pope, fee 
 NarrattG de ele£uone Martini V. in Balwzen^s mifcellan. 
 The two lives in Muratori fcript, rer. Italic. Contelori 
 vita Martini V. V enfant in hijioir. du Con die dc Conjia^ice^ 
 and in hijio'ir. des HuJJites. Berihier^s hijioir e de feglife 
 Gallicane, and Muratori' s hiftory of //^/y. Moft of this 
 Pope's letters are in Dachcr'sjpiciltg, However the beft 
 accounts of him are to be found m the pieces relating 
 to the Ichifm, and the council of Conjlancc. For which 
 reafon I fliall add V enfant hi/loir, des HuJJites^ Baluze^s 
 ' notes on the vit. pontiff Avenion^ and Fabricius in bih- 
 lioth. Lai. med. iff infim. atat. For what we have here 
 faid concerning the two Anti-popes, Clement VIII. and 
 Be?.-ediel XI V. we are obliged to Bertider. But the pub- 
 lic documents themlelvcs of the council at lGrtoJa?iiQ. in 
 Agidre Condi. Hi/pan. 
 
 of 
 
H I s T ft V of the Popes, ii^ 
 
 of the Pope fourteen cardinals went into the 
 conclave. They bound each other in three im- 
 portant articles, that for the future no new car- 
 dinal iliould be made without the privity of the 
 college, that half of the income of the eccle- 
 fiaftical flate fhould be divided among them as 
 cardinals, and that a general council iliould be 
 held. T\\t ^\itQcion^t\\ox\ Gabriel Co7MniereQ2iX' 
 dinal of Sabina, He began his pontificate with 
 perfecuting the houfe of Colonna ; this occafioned 
 an infurrev5lion in RomCy which however was 
 amicably terminated. He approved of th^ 
 council o{ Bqfil\ and confirmed the aforefaid 
 cardinal in the prefidentfhip. The firft public 
 felTion was opened on the fourteenth of Decem- 
 ber. But the error of this was foon d fcovered 
 at Rome, and to prevent further inconveniences, 
 it was intended to adjourn the council, and re* 
 moved it to Bologna, But fuch was the oppo- 
 fition from the fathers in general, cardinal Julian 
 and the Emperor, that the Pope was difappoint- 
 ed of his views. The prefence of the Emperor 
 in Italy now filled him with frefh apprchenficns : 
 And the council became more formidable to ^4J^« 
 himj having fo early as its fecond fcllion, con- 
 firmed the decree of the council oi Conjiance^ 
 concerning the fuperiority of councils over the 
 Pope, and the obligation of the latter to fubmit 
 to the former. In the fourth it prohibited the 
 creation of new cardinals during the council. In 
 the fifth it ftridtly forbad all appeals from the 
 council to the Pope. In the fixth fome proceed- 
 ings were begun againft the perfon of £t(gemusi 
 In the ninth the Emperor was taken into protec- | ^ 
 tion -.againft the Pope, and in the tenth all pro- 
 vifions granted by Engmius were declared void. 
 In the mean time the Emperor had come to 
 
 ,^j, 
 
■JD- 
 
 228 History cf the Popes* 
 
 an accommodation with him, and was crowned 
 by him as Roman Emperor. He alfo brought 
 on a reconciliation between the council and the 
 Pope j and prevailed with the latter to confirm 
 their proceeding"^, and fend four cardinals thither. 
 I'he Emperor himfelf went to Bafdy and endea- 
 voured to bring the fathers to a more moderate 
 
 14.^4. temper. Pope £«^fmj was involved in a frefli 
 difirefs, being obliged, on account of an infur- 
 re6tion inRome^io fly for falety to Florence, Yet he 
 ftill entertained the ambitious thoughts of fub- 
 jedting the kingdom o^ Naples. The differences 
 with the council revived, they having in the 
 twenty- fifth felTion, fupprelTed the Annates^ as a 
 kind of fimony, highly injurious to the apofto- 
 lical chamber •, and in the twenty- third palTed 
 fome new laws relating to the ele(5lion of a Pope, 
 and creation of cardinals. Pope Eugenius was 
 at Bologna when he removed the council to 
 
 14.76. Fcrutra^ which gave fuch offence to the fathers 
 
 iC?y, at BafJ^ that they pubjickly cited the Pope be- 
 ^ fore them. '1 his was in the twenty-fixth feffion : 
 And in the following theintended nomination of 
 fame cardinals by the Pope was declared invalid. 
 In the twenty-eighth the Pope was declared 
 contumacious. And this was the ftep which 
 alienated feveral princes, and at which even the 
 
 .1438. Emperor himfelf lhev,/ed his difpleafure. Pope 
 &^<f«/^/i opened his new council at Ferrara^ and 
 fuch regard was paid to him, that many of the 
 R^/ fathers, and even cardinal yz///^/7, repaired 
 t* ither. Yet a fufficient number remained, and 
 v/frre not to be intimidated, efpecially being fup- 
 ported by Frcince. They chofe the cardinal of 
 Aries for their prefidcnt, and went fo far as to 
 
 ^^^^' ll;'pend the Pope. A pelliience now obliged 
 Uun to remove his council to Florence., where he 
 
 coa- 
 
History of the V oves, 229 
 
 concluded the fuppofed union with the Greeks, 
 Thok a.z Bq/il on the other hand formally de- 
 pofed him, and chofe for Pope a hermite of 
 great rank, Amadi^us the firft duke of Savo)\ by 
 the name of Felix V. whom Pope Eugmius^ on 
 advice thereof, excommunicated. Both having 
 a numerous party, the divifion grew vehement, 
 tho' that of Eugenius was unquedionably the 144-'- 
 Itrongeft. The new Emperor Frederick obferved 
 a neutrality, and endeavoured to bring about a i,<_4_:>, 
 new council. Eugenius ^?is returned to Rome^ 
 whither he alfo removed his council. Felix 
 kept himfelf at L^ufanne, where was very near a 
 quarrel with the fathers of Bq/^l, who in the 
 forty-fifth feflion held their lafl great alTembiy, 
 tho' they were not difTolved. Froni this time to r . 4 - 
 the death o^ Eugenius^ nothing remarkable hap- 
 pened, except that the German Empire, a little 
 before, acknowledged him as legal Pope "^. 
 
 Seel. 9. The neweledlion promoted to the pa- 
 pal chcLir Thomas ^^rz^^/M, Cardinal-prieft oi Sufa- 
 na^ and Bifhop of 5^;/^?//^, whoftiled himfelf M- 
 cholas V. The meannefs of his birth was amply 
 compenfated by his learning, his pacific difpo- 
 fition, and liberal patronage of the mules, which 
 at this time had fled from Greece to Italy. Fie 
 endeavoured by amicable conferences to accom- 
 
 * Of Pope Eugenlus^s pieces only his Bulls and 
 letters are worth notice, fee IVhartcn in Adpendic. tv) 
 Cave^ and Fabricms hihlioth. Lat. Concerning the coun- 
 cil at Ferrara and Florence^ fee the pieces mentioned 
 in lValch\hiJlor, contro'o. cle proccj]. [pint. S The life 
 of Pope Eugenius fee in Balluzc's Mifcellan, and in .v/z/- 
 ratori Scriptor. rer. Italic, where are fome pieces of 
 Mneas Sylvius relating to him. Cardinal Lcjcicr.e h.;s 
 likcwife written a life of F.ugemia IV. in Latin. ^^ee 
 alfo Muratori^^ hifl or y of haly. 
 
 Q^ 3 mod ate 
 
230 History cf the Popes. 
 
 modate the divifion \ and in order thereto par* 
 ticularly made ufe of the friendftiip of the Em- 
 peror Frederick and the king of trance. With 
 
 1448. the firfl he had concluded the famous concor- 
 dats, which however make no honourable figure 
 in the ecclefiaftical hiftory of Germany, Frederick 
 \\\ the mean time madt' ufe of his pov^er to 
 comptl the tathers at ^.t/^/ to depart from that 
 C'tv and remove to Laufanne. Charles King of 
 France treated with Pope Felix^ and both mean- 
 ing well, the accommodation was foon brought 
 about. Felix refigned his dignity in a manner 
 
 1:449, w;)ich did him great honour : And Nicolas can- 
 cel ed all the proceedings againft him, and in 
 general againll the council o^ EafiU which, here- 
 upon concurred in the eledlion oi Nicolas. All 
 their proceedings were ratified by him in a par- 
 ticular bull. Thus by the generous moderation 
 qf both parties, the flame was extinguilhed, 
 Soon after this Felix died, NicolasXw^d, to crown 
 the Emperor Frederick and his confort, and 
 died *. 
 
 CHAR 
 
 * Concerning Pope Felix^ fee Verfani hiftoir des Huf- 
 files '.f and Jmadeus pacifcus. Concern!' g the bulls and 
 Ltiers of Pope Nico'.as^ whom we muff not confound v.'ith 
 NicolasY . HiCntioned above. Sec Wharton in the aforefaid 
 Adpend. Among thefe are particularly to be obferved the 
 coi"!Cordats with the Germans in Leihnifs codic jur. gcni. 
 dipl. and the bull confirming the decrees of the coun- 
 cil of Bcfd in Stondart ominl. ecckf. The life of Pope 
 Nicholas hy Nicholas Philciphiis^ and the poem in praifeof 
 him, by LadiJJaus kii^g of Hungary^ are quoted by Sagit- 
 iarizis w his Inir:d. in hijicr, eccief. Tho' both maybe 
 difpenfed with, fmce Muratori'm Scriptor. rer. Italic, has 
 publiflied 'Janotii Manetti vita Nicolai W . See alfo Geor- 
 g'i\ vita Nicolai -ad Jide?n vet e mm inonim. The hillory of 
 the council of Bajii is one of thofe chafms in chiirch- 
 
 hiltorv 
 
 f455- 
 
History of the Popes. 23 * 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Papacy. 
 
 Se6t. i.TN order to make a right ufe of the 
 X preceding hiftory of this remarkable 
 period of the Popes, it niuil be divided into 
 three capital parts. In the firfl:, we fee the 
 power of thefe prelates at its height ; but withal 
 io (trained, that it was natural tor the cords to 
 burft. This ends with Pope Boniface VIII. 
 The next exhibits to us the commencement of 
 their declenuon, which, though pretty confider- 
 able, was not then fo much felt. I mean the 
 refidence of the Popes at Avignon^ which the 
 Italian hiilorians, and not entirely without foun- 
 dation, termed the Bahylonijh captivity. In the 
 third, proper limits were fet to the fpiritiial 
 monarchy i and the authority of the Popes, 
 both outwardly and inwardly, underv/enc luch 
 diminutions, that it has never fmce becrn able 
 to recover itfeif *. 
 
 Se6l. 
 
 hiftory which has not yet been filled up. We miift 
 content ourfelves with the records in i</i/^vr's /;//'/.;r. Con- 
 c'lL general. L<ibbes, and Harduins Cc?:al. Adaricne Thef. 
 GYiecdot. and Mans's Jupplem. Cmdl. with the hiflorical 
 accounts of tliis council by JEneas Sylvius and NiccL 
 ludefchi^ and the learned enquiries of the nioderns, 
 which may be ^&Qn in Fabrkins^ bibllotk. Grac, $ch7md\ 
 Irdrod, ZagiUarii and Budde'i Ijagog, l^o the{e may be 
 added V enfant' s hi/hire dc la guerre des Hi^Jj.tfs c^ du 
 Ccncile de Baf,c. Berthier's hljlo'ir. de I'BgliJc Gallicanc^ 
 and the hijioir. de droit pidA'.qite eccUf. Francois, 
 
 * With refpecl to the tranflation of the papal Sec to 
 jivigKon^ fee Giannone'% hljh'ir. de Naples and Bah^r's 
 
 Q.4 «/. 
 
3^ History of the To? %^. 
 
 Seel. 2. In rtfytd: to the fupremacy over the 
 whole church, the ancient maxims were indeed 
 ftill retained at the court of Rome. Inftances 
 alfo are not wanting of putting them in pradice; 
 princes and fovereign dates being laid under 
 excommunication on the mod trivial occafions ; 
 their lands arbitrarily given away ; and more 
 grants of the fame kind were intended. 
 
 Sed. 3. But this fupremacy became greatly 
 curtailed, The champions for truth, and among 
 thefe particularly the PFickUfites and Hujfites at- 
 tacked it openly •, and by maintaining the ne-r 
 ceffity of admitting the fcriptures as the only 
 rule of faith, overthrew the fundamental part of 
 it. The Popes themfelves gave many flagrant 
 initances of their fallibility even in dodlrine. 
 Crowned heads oppofed their infolence, pub- 
 lickly declaring them hereticks •, and tl.is ge- 
 nerally with the approbation of the moft emi- 
 nent divines, and even of whole religious 
 orders. But the greateft blow to this fupremacy 
 was the maxim firft reduced to pradlice by the 
 councils of P//^, Confiance and Bafil^ and by the 
 two lafb, edablifhed as an article of faith, that 
 the Pope is fubjeft to a general council, and 
 bound to obey their decrees ; and that in cafe of 
 nccexTity he is even obliged to apply to them for 
 their judgment and protection, which doclrinp 
 has proved the more fatal at Rome., as it has 
 been received by the Galilean church as a mark 
 of diftinction *. Seel. 
 
 vh, pontjjjc. jDmion. The French writers In vindicat- 
 ing this ftep, fhew more zeal for their country and the 
 honour of their fovereign, than for the intereft of the 
 Rom'ifh church. 
 
 * See the concordats mentioned above, as likewifc 
 the famous French Piagniatic Sandtipn, of which fee 
 
 the 
 
History of the V ov e s. 233 
 
 Se6l. 4. We mud here particularly look 
 "back to the fpirited condud of the Emperor 
 Lezvis of Bavaria towards Pope John^ which 
 had the good effedl of preventing the mifchiefs 
 meditated againft the imperial dignity. The 
 condud alfo of the Emperor Sigifmund^ at the 
 Council of Conjiance^ and the total change of 
 circumftances which it produced, effedually 
 taught the Pope to abftain from the extraor- 
 dinary claims which they had m.ade heretofore 
 with fo little fuccefs. 
 
 Sed. 5. They did not want inclination to 
 .enrich themfeives in Italy^ manifeftly appears 
 from the manner of their getting poffefirion of 
 Ferrardy and of the county of Avignon ; the grant 
 obtained from the Emperor Rudolfs and the en- 
 deavours for converting the feudal fovereignty 
 of the kingdom o^ Naples into an abfolute do- 
 minion. 
 
 Sed. 6. It muft be admitted, that in this 
 interval of time the Popes got entiie poflefllon 
 of the city of Rcme •, but the tumults of the Gi- 
 bellines, and of the citizens in general, rendered 
 it fo unpleafant to them, that moll Popes were . 
 obliged to refide eilcwhere. But it mud be 
 underflood, that in this refped too the prero- 
 gatives of the Emperor were not dtminilhed. 
 
 Sed. 7. The eiedions themiclves vvere no- 
 toriouQy mod of them full of concefts and dif- 
 turbances, and fome carried by the intrigues of 
 the candidates •, others by policy, efpecialiy 
 qI the court of France^ 
 
 the h'ljljir. dii droit puhUque ecclef. FranQois^ bo't: jimit- 
 jng the power of the Pope with regard :;> ilie Church- 
 promotions of vvhole nations. 
 
 Sed» 
 
^24- History of the Popes. 
 
 Se6t. 8. The retirement of the cardinals into 
 a conclave being now eflablifhed by law, the 
 fucceediiig elediojs fhew it to have been then 
 the rule, that the conclave fhould be held at 
 the place where the late Pope died. 
 
 Sed, 9. The rig-.it of eledion was lodged 
 fole-y ill the cardinals, and what pafTed at the 
 council of Confiance was fomething extraordi- 
 nary. Gn the oiher hand, it was not required, 
 that the candidate fhould be a cardinal. There 
 is only one fingle inftance of a compromife. 
 The particular kind of capitulation, which came 
 now into ufe, deferves attention. 
 
 Sed. 10. The coronation was held to be 
 necelTary ; and now was introduced the triple 
 crown, tho' the name of 'Triregnum be of a 
 later date *. 
 
 Sedl. II. T t Popes afFedled great ftate, kept 
 a fplendid court, and a prodigious number of 
 ofFicers and fervants -f. 
 
 Sect. 12. Nepotifm was the prevailing evil, 
 "wliich as it aggrandized the principal families, 
 produced perpetual difcontents and tumults. 
 The Orfini\ and Colonna\ became the mod 
 powerful. 
 
 Sedl. 13. As fome added to thefe capital 
 faulis, unboiindtd ambition and luxury, and as 
 at the time of the fchifm, their expences were 
 encreafed \ the encreafe of the revenues became 
 an objedl of attention. The chamber of indul- 
 gences, the annates and the tenths, with the 
 
 * See Bonnani numif. pcntif. Rocca Thef, ardlq. facr. and 
 the hiftorians mentioned by Fabridus in Blbliogr, ardiq, 
 
 \ See the Avifamenta pro regimcne & dlfpyitione cffida^ 
 riorum in palatio dom'mi ncjlri Piipcs in Muratorih Script en' 
 rer. ItaL 
 
 ftatcd 
 
Hi STORY o/ //j^ Popes. 23^ 
 
 ftated impods of the chancery, occafioned the 
 loud complaints againft fimony. *. 
 
 Se(5l 14. From the fame iource proceeded 
 the inftitution of the jubilee year, and the change 
 of it f • 
 
 Se(5l. 15. That the Pope might lofe his 
 dignity by a voluntary refignation, or a deferved 
 depofition, as well as by death, was not only an 
 eftablifhed maxim, but verified by a6lual in- 
 llances. 
 
 Sed. 16. In the lad place it is obfervable, 
 that the cardinals alio were intent upon aggrai^,- 
 dizing their power and dignity. Ac the coun- 
 cil ot Bafil an attempt was made to limit them 
 to a certain number ^ but this did not taka 
 place. 
 
 *With refpeil to the Annals, fee belldes the above- 
 mentioned treatife of the jefuir B£7'tj:':e7\ Duhoulay h'ljhr. 
 (icad. Pan's, and Adc/J:eim inftiiut. ki/hr. eccUf. together • 
 with the aforefaid hili:orians of the council of Coyj}o.nce\ 
 and concerning the chancery taxes, Cuvm^-eric de vice- 
 lancellar. eccUj, Rom. 
 
 f See C'.ais in his Leiires fur ks jubiles^ ^i^urator: an- 
 t'lquit. Ital. med. a^vi^ and the hiftorii 
 jPaWicfus bibiiogr^ aniiq- 
 
 KD OK 
 
[ 236 ] 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 THE 
 
 HI STORY 
 
 OF T H E 
 
 POPES 
 
 From the Emperor Frederick III. 
 to Rudolf II. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Popes of R o m e. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Popes of the fecond 
 half of the fifteenth Century. 
 
 I455« Sed. i. ^^1^-HE new eledlion fell on car- 
 ^ T ^ dinal Alphonfo Borgia^ a Spani- 
 gl^J^ ard^ and Bifhop of Valentia^ 
 who took on him the name of 
 Calixtus III. He earned] y endeavoured to in- 
 cite the Chriftian powers to a war againft the 
 
H I S T O R Y 5^ /^^ P O P E S. 237 
 
 ^urks^ but could not prevail, tho' the little fleets 
 befitted out met with fome fuccefs. His need- ^ ^ 
 lefs rupture with Alpbonfo king of Naples^ and 
 his intrigues, after the death of that prince, for 
 depriving Ferdinand of tht kingdom, in order to 
 obtain it for his worthiefs nephew Peter Borgia, 
 are blemiihes on his memory, as well as the ex- 
 cefTive provifions he made for his relations. He 
 died *. I45^* 
 
 Se(5t. 2. ^neas Sylvius, a perfon of great 
 learning, and a moil elegant Latin writer, had by 
 his zeal for the council of Bajil, and his long 
 refidence at the Court of the Emperor Frederick, 
 acquired a reputation which raifed him to the 
 dignities of Bilhop of Siena and cardinal. He 
 had filled thefe dignities with great honour, and 
 was now exalted to the Papacy by the name of 
 Pius II. He was intent upon profecuting the 
 plan of his predeceflbr for a Turkifo war, and 
 in order thereto fummoned a general council of 
 the Chriftian powers at Mantua, and entered 
 into an alliance with king Ferdinand^ to the mor- 
 tification of the crown of France, which was 
 defirous of feeing Raynald o^ Anjou on the throne 
 of Naples. The coi^igrefs at Mantua was indeed 1459. 
 opened, the Pope himfelf prefiding-, but it 
 broke up without effe (St. He now thought pro- 146©, 
 per publickly to condemn the maxim for which 
 he had once been fo warm a flickler-, of the au- 1463. 
 thority of councils, and particularly that of Ba- 
 fil over the Pope •, and feverely to forbid appeals 
 
 * Some letters and bulls of this Pope are in Lah^ 
 bis Condi. Others in Dacbe7'\ Spk'deg. and Cherubini 
 btdlar. where fee the ordinance for the feftival of 
 ChrijTs transfiguration. Ajfuratori has inferted Plati- 
 ng vita Qilli/fi ill. in his Script, rcr. Italic. See alfo 
 .^ma Sylvii oral, de m-nrtz Nicolal l^ creatione Calixti. 
 
 Iro.ai 
 
2^i History cf the p6l?t^\ 
 
 from the Pope to a council. Upon the fame 
 principle he endeavoured to procure the aboli- 
 tion of the Pragmatic Sanction in France. But 
 it is certain that he did not fucceed fo far as is 
 pretended by fome hiftorians, utterly ignorant 
 of the ecclefiaftical hiftory ot France, Lewi:> XI. 
 did indeed revoke it, but without the concur- 
 rence of the parliament i and the King himfelf 
 afterwards fuppreifed the revocation. The new 
 peace with king Ferdinand betrays the excelTive 
 1464. nepotifm of this Pope. He repaired to Ancona^ 
 with a defign himfeh to head a naval expedition 
 ttgainft the Turksy when he was taken off by 
 death *. \ 
 
 * Moft of the writing^ of this Pope were previ- 
 ous to his promotion. The multitude and difference 
 of the editiojis would render it too prolix here to re- 
 peat what with great labour and accuracy is col]e<Sted 
 in JVarton^s and Get's Adpendic. to Caves hijior. liter, in 
 Pfciff's hijlitut. h'yJ. ecdef. and Fabricius* bibliothec. Lat^ 
 med. avi. We fiiall only obferve here, that moft of 
 the pieces he wrote at the time of the council of Ba- 
 fdy to which alio belongs the fermon on the feaft of 
 St. Ambrojc^ tirft publilhed in MaufCs Supplem. CcnciL 
 contain tlie higefl evidence' ot" the corruptions of the 
 Romijh church in his time; and the necelTity of a re- 
 formation both in the head and members. And on 
 this account his name always Hands in the Roman lifts 
 of books prohibited fmce the year 1559. For the 
 fame realbn his two bulls, that in which he retrains his 
 own doctrines in Lahhes Condi and that in which he 
 prohibits appeals in Harduin^s Condi, deferve particu- 
 lar notice. The beft materials for illuftrating the 
 hidory of Pope Pias^ are undoubtedly his own letters. 
 In order to a full image of this Pope, the reader 
 lliould fee the ludicrous account he gives of his ille- 
 gitim/ate fon ; and the romances compofed by him. 
 For aids and authorities in the hiftory of Pope Pius^ 
 k-€ Job. Gobd'mi comweniariiy m which -Pm himfelfha<J 
 
 a "-reat 
 
History of the Voves. 239 
 
 Sed. 3. As the corpfe of Pope Pm was 
 brought to Rome, the cardinals held the conclave 
 there, and chofe PeUr Barbi cardinal of St. 
 Mark, He was of a noble Venetian family, and 
 nephew to Pope Eugenius by his fiiler. He 
 took the name of Paul the Second. He had 
 great abilities as a ftatefman, and many other 
 amiable qualities, but was ncverthelefs generally- 
 hated, and even after his death. This might in 
 a great meafure be owing to his zeal in op- 
 pofing the exa6lions of the papal Legates, and 
 to the fupprelnon of the abbreviators at his 
 court. But what was more exceptionable in 
 him was, his negledl of men of learning : His 
 annulling all the adls of his predeceiTor, and 
 perfecuting his friends : His prefumption in de- 
 claring king George Podiehrad to have forfeited 
 his kingdom, as a Hujfite^ the little account he 
 made of his promifes, tho' confirmed by oath ; 
 his connivance at the excefies and debaucheries 
 of the carnival \ his endeavouring to maintain 
 the tranquillity of Italy in an imperious mianner ; ^^-^ 
 his avaricious reduction of the jubilee to twenty- ^'\ 
 five years. His manifefl partiality for F^;//V^ his ^ 
 
 a great fhare ; Anion. Cafnani vita Pii II, In Muratori's 
 Jcript. rer. Ital. The life which is to be found in the 
 ^^/ edition of his works in the year 1575 \ Schimd's 
 preface to the Helmjiadt colledliion of the hifloricai and 
 geographical works of /Eneas ; the nouveau diSiionaire 
 hijhr, critique^ together with moft pieces relating to the 
 learned of this century, to which may alfo be added 
 Coler% progra7n. de diplomate imp. Friderici \\i, quo Mneas 
 Sylvius creatus fuit poeta laureatus Gottingeni'j^i, The 
 fhort account of what relates to the GaiUcan church is 
 tdken from the hiy?oire du droit publ. Francois. See alfo 
 the circumflantial account by father Berihier in the 
 hijioire de I'^gUfi Gallic. 
 
 ua- 
 
2^0 History of the Popes.* 
 
 native fpot ; and his making duke Borfus duke 
 of Ferrara-, none of which are eafily juftifi- 
 
 1471. able. He died*, 
 
 Sedl. 4. Sixtus IV. who was chofen next was 
 before called Francis de Rovere^ and was general 
 of the Francifcans, and a Cardinal-prieft. He 
 was fo very unpopular, that at his coronation 
 he was in danger of his life. His long reign 
 was not diftinguifhed by any memorable adl. 
 He feemed to pufh a T'urkijb war with great 
 zeal ; but however this pretence might ferve ta 
 enrich him and the Legates, whom he fent to 
 thefeveral courts; nothing of any importance 
 was efFeded. He carried nepotifm to the higheft 
 pitch, and rendered it quite infupportable, by 
 the opprefTion,' rapine, murder and 'violences 
 which it produced firfl in Florence^ from whence 
 it fpread a bloody v;ar all over Italy. The lafl: 
 
 1484. tragical fcene he opened mRome itlelf againft the 
 prothonotary Cohnna, which was foon followed 
 
 * Among the bulls and letters of this Pope in 
 IP^harto?!^ the moft remarkable are the bulls againft the 
 Legates in Cherubim's bv.llar. magn. the bull concerning 
 the jubilee, the bull againft king George in Labbe\ 
 ConciL See Camiefii mta Pauli IT. firft publifhed by AIu- 
 raiori fcript. rer. Ital. but more completely by cardinal 
 ^(trini in Pauli II. Veiieti vita; Cafpar of Verona de gejlis 
 tempore Pauli fccundi in Muratori J^drini's above-men- 
 tioned 'vindiiiia^ which however are not of fuch weight 
 and certainty, that the accounts of Platina, who lived 
 at that time, and fuffered much under Pope Paul, are 
 to be entirely rejected. To our purpofe particularly 
 belongs the fecond chapter relating to the capitulations 
 fworn by Pope PaiJ, which he annulled, or rather 
 fhamefully contravened. They are eighteen in num- 
 ber. Pope Pc;'./ is faid to have granted the cardinals 
 the red bat. 
 
 I by 
 
Hist o TLY of the Po?^^, 241 
 
 by the death of the Pope, whom hiftory repre* 
 fents in the blacked colours *. 
 
 Sedl. 5 His fuccelTor Job, Bapt. Ciho, now 
 Innocent VIII. led io profligate a life, that at his 
 exaltation he had fixteen baftards, for whom he 
 afterwards took care to make good fettlements. 
 He made fome fruitlefs attempts towards a Tur- 14.85, 
 kijjj war^ and had two ruptures with Ferdinand 
 king of Naples^ both to his own detriment. 
 His pontificate is remarkable for the reception i^g^^ 
 he gave to Zizini^ brother to fultan Bajazet, 
 He died t Sed. HQi. 
 
 * S'lxius was a learned writer. We have of his a 
 treatife \ni\i\td De Janguine Chrijii^ and de poteiiiia, an- 
 other De futuris coniingeni'ibus j a piece de concept, B, Virgt- 
 tiJSy and expl'icatio in Nicdai Richardi tra^.fuper dcclar. in^ 
 dulgentiar. The moft remarkable of his bulls and ordi- 
 nances are the dccrcia defefto conceptionis immaculatce, B.V> 
 in Harduins Co7iciL The prohibition to difpute the im- 
 maculate conception ; de reliqj^. i5f verier at. fanulcr* The 
 bull confirming the jubilee feaft every tv/enty-fifth 
 year, which he himfelf kept in 1475, one hundred and 
 thirty-five letters in Martene's colledion. See JVadding 
 hihlioth, ord. miner. Alarracci biblioth. Marian. IVharioris 
 adpend. to Cavers hijfor. liter, and Schoetigen biblioth. Lat, 
 med, & infim. a:tat. We have only one life of him, 
 probably by Platina^ and to be found in Muratorifcript* 
 rer. Italic. In Flacci poemala de corrupto ccckfaejtaiu, may 
 be feen feveral ingenious fatires on this Pope, and fee 
 alfo the Englijh tranllation of Bayk's didlionary. It 
 was in his time that the king of Naples., by way of 
 tribute, firfl: fent a white horfe yearly to the Pope, 
 but without the fum of ducats, which were afterwards 
 added. 
 
 t In Cherubiras bullar. magn. are nineteen bulls, be- 
 fides other public inftruments of his mentioned by 
 IVharton. What Raphael of Fclaterra relates that he 
 permitted the Norz^jegiam tp celebrate mafs without 
 wine, is denied by Benedi^. XIV. de canonif. We 
 have not any good life of this Pope 5 for the panegy- 
 R ric9 
 
2^2 pi I s T o R y of the Popes. 
 
 Sed. 6. The next was indeed a very unfortu-^ 
 nate choice. It fell upon Rodorick Lenzclo, or 
 Borgia^ Cardinal-biihop of Porto^ and vicer= 
 chancellor of the Roman church, a native of 
 Spain^ and nephew to Pope Cdixtus III. Tho' 
 there be no hiftorical evidence of bribery, yet it 
 is certain ihzt Alexander VI. as he called himfelf, 
 flagrantly difappointed all the good hopes con- 
 ceived of him. Few have ever equalled him in 
 debauchery : And among other infamies with 
 wiiich he is branded, he had five baftards before 
 his promotion, by a wom.an of the name of 
 Anofuu The whole government of this Pope 
 being but one continued feries of crimes for the 
 aggrandizement of thefe his children, it will be 
 proper to give a more particular account of 
 them. Tn.ey were four fons, Le-'coh^ whom F^r- 
 dinand king of Spain created duke of Gandid'^ 
 Ciffar^ who v.'ill foon a6l a capital part ; John^who 
 accompanied his elder brother, and Godfrey -, 
 iikewiie one daughter, Lucretia^ whofe charadler 
 was mofb infamous : She was four times mar- 
 ried, and the three lad marriages were preceed- 
 ed either by a voluntary divorce, or by the mur- 
 der of her former hufoand. She was befides 
 itrongly fufpeded of inceil with her father. 
 One of his firfl: public meafures was an alliance 
 J4C)4. with Leijoh duke of Milan^ againft Ferdinand 
 king OY Ts'aples by which he allured Charlesk^xDg 
 of France to that kingdom, fromi which after- 
 
 rics cf Pcliilan^ Folitta^ and Fiefcht quoted by Sagitta- 
 rius ini?:irod. in hi/tor. eaief. do not deierve that name. 
 So th;it we mufl conteiit ourfelves with ^^/^^/r«f s vita. 
 (Thimcavzo VIII. and the two diaria Romano; tjrbis in 
 Muratoii Flacd'js applies the three ingenious latircs 
 Vi^'iiiy '■o Pope hmocrnt. jcly in his Remarques fur It- 
 (lion'ni de haye^ under the article Innccent^ maintains^ 
 liiut h^ liad only two illegitimate children. 
 
 wards 
 
History of the PopesJ 243 
 
 Wards he in vain endeavoured to divert him. On 
 his fon C^r, a mod abandoned wretch, he 
 conferred a red hat, and the archbifhopiic of 
 Valentia. King Charles in his expedition came 140/5^ 
 to Rome^ and compelled the Pope to an igno- 
 minious peace \ but he, indead of obferving it, 
 immediately entered into a league with the hm- 
 peror, Venice^ and Milan^ againft France. In 1407^ 
 Romexii^ii he endeavoured to enrich his children 
 by violently opprefiing the principal families, 
 but his firft efTay with the Urfini^ mifcarried. 
 Hereupon he formed the fcheme of bellowing 
 the city of Bene^jento as a temporal dutchy on 
 his fon C^ejar : But in this again he was fuc- 
 cefsfully oppofed by cardinal Piccolomini^ and the 
 king of Spain, Soon after he loft his t\d^{\i fon, 
 duke Lewis ^ by a murder, of which C^far is 
 faid to have been the author. The latter re- 
 figned his ecclefiaftical employments, and con- 
 cluded a new alliance betwixt his father and 
 France,, for which he was rewarded wnth the 
 dutchy of Valence ,, in Dauphine. King Frederick 14984 
 o^ Naples refufing him his daughter in mar- 
 riage, all Italy was \^t in a flame againft him -, 
 v/hich furnifhed king Lewis with a freih pretence 
 for an expedition thither : And C^far was put in 
 a condition to make conquers. As all this, 
 befides the pomjp and amours of the new fo- 
 vereign, as well as the Pope's diffolute courfe 
 of lite, required large fumsjall ecclefiaftical 
 matters were expofed to faie : And the total ruin 
 of the Colonna and Urfini families was eagerly i^qq. 
 profecuted. Amidft all this iniquity he became 
 infamous by his frequent changes betwixt the 
 Spanifi and French parlies. At Tail he met with . 
 the reward cf his crimes along with the impious ^5°2' 
 R % Cafar^ 
 
244 History of the Popes. 
 
 C^far^ both drinking inadvertently of the poifon 
 which the latter had prepared for four rich car- 
 dinals*. 
 
 * Of y^^<?w«^<?r's books, the only one printed is the 
 
 dypeus defenfion'is fidei Romanes ecdejiee. Thofe not 
 printed, and his bulls are beft fpecified by IVlmrton, 
 Among the latter the moft remarkable is the bull in 
 Cheruhmi. kiillar, magn. relating to the difputes betwixt 
 the Spaniards and Portugueje about the Weft Indies, Two 
 things further are to be mentioned of him here ; his 
 great increafe of the number of cardinals, and his be- 
 ing the firft, who introduced the cenfure of books, as 
 appears from Raynald annal. ecclef. The beft authority 
 in the hiftory of this Pope is John Burchard's diarium ; 
 of v/hich Eccard has given us a complete tranfcript 
 in corp, h'ljhr, med. avi. See alfo the account of Ra-- 
 phael Volaterra in commentar. Among the poems in the 
 above-mentioned colle(5lion oi Flaccius \^ the poetical 
 aenigma by Sanuazarius^ of which Mr. Schelhorn has 
 given an excellent folution macf. Societ. Lat. Vol. IV. 
 Among the moderns the moft complete account of the 
 life of Pope Alexander and his fon Ceefar^ is that in 
 EngUjh by G^r^;;?, which, tho' not chargeable with many 
 hiftorical errors, yet is written with too little temper. 
 That annexed to the firft part of the /:?//?wr. dii droit pub- 
 lic ecclef. Francois is free from the laft fault, but too con- 
 cife. See moreover an edition of Tomafivitade Ceefare 
 Borgia^ printed at Amjlerdam 1739, without the author's 
 name. Heidegger s hijhr. papatus : And the article 
 Ak,x. VL in the Englijh Bayle. 
 
 a E c T. 
 
History of the Pope s. ^45 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Of the Hlftory of the Popes of the fixteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Se6l. I. 'T' HE next Pope was cardinal Frams 
 'Todefchini Piccolomini, He took the 
 name of Pius III. and died on the twenty-fixth ^5^3- 
 day of his pontificate*. 
 
 Se(5l. 2. At the new election the cardinals 
 found it necefTary to enter into a new engage- 
 ment, that the Popeeleded fhould call a coun- 
 cil for accomplifhing the folong defired reforma- 
 tion of the church. They chofe the celebrated 
 cardinal Julian Rovere^ nephew to }^o^^ SixtusW , 
 who from a foolifh ambition of refembling C<ffar^ 
 allumed the name q{ Julius II. and took the 
 above-mentioned oath, without the lead inten- 
 tion to obferve it. He was of a difpoOiion fitter 
 for the fword than the crofier : And this filled 
 his whole pontificate with a fuccefTion of troubles. 
 He firfl turned his arms againfb the repubhc of 
 Venice^ and tho' the increafe of the power of *^* 
 France in Italy became very formidable to him, 
 yet he entered into the celebrated league oi Cayn- 
 bray wi t h t he E m peror Maximilian an d k i ng Lczvis^ 1^08 
 which threatened the deflru6lion of that repub- 
 lic. Julius attacked the Venetians^ both with 
 fpiritual and temporal weapons ; and tho' he '*■' ^' 
 could not be pleafed with their appeal to a fu- 
 
 * See his epitaph in Fabncius bihUoth. Lat, med. i^f in- 
 fon. tftat. Berthier in his h'ljhir. de l''e.[:liftGcdlicane^ gives 
 a full account of the intereft made fc^r himfclf in this 
 election by the cardinal d'AmhoiJe^ nift .'ninifter of the 
 kifig of France* 
 
 R 3 iUrs 
 
24$ History of the Popes^ 
 
 ture council, yet reafons of (late prevailed with 
 him to grant their humble petition for peace. 
 . This ftep, which was a manifeft breach of faith 
 againfl is confederates, did not proceed ftom a 
 fiiicere love of peace, but only from a dread of 
 France. It was net long before king Lewis was 
 provoked to a rupture, by the contefts about 
 
 \^IQ, the difpofal of vacarit bifhopricks ; by his clofe 
 umon \^\x.\\ Ferdinand k\T\goi Spain^ by the war 
 he declared againfl: Alpbcnfo duke o\' Ferrara, an 
 ally of France^ in which war Pope Julius be- 
 fieged Mirandola in perfon \ and by his^ grant to 
 king Ferdinand of the inveftiture of the king- 
 dom of Naples, The Pope proceeded to an ex- 
 communication, of which, and other indigni- 
 ties, the king complained in very high terms, at 
 9n aflembly of his clergy at Tours^ and entered 
 into an engagement with the Emperor Maxima 
 iian^ for procuring a general council. King 
 Lewis was at firft pretty fuccefsful, which pro- 
 duced the bold refolution of the three cardinals, 
 
 15 n» Carvajal, Borgia^ and Brijfonet^ in conjundion 
 with the Emperor and the king of France^ of 
 calling a council at P(/^, and actually opening 
 it. The enterprife did not fucceed, for the 
 
 1512. Emperor Maximilian fufFered himfelf to be drawn 
 over to the other fide by king Ferdinand, and 
 Lewis, alter the fuccefstul battle of Ravenna, 
 loft all hisconquefts in Italy, hjence this coun- 
 cil, which belides confifted chiefly of French 
 prelates and dodors, after being removed fuc- 
 cefTively to Milan, Afti and Lyons, broke up un- 
 expedtdly. It was however, a folcmn confef- 
 fion of univerfal corruption, and oi the necef- 
 fity of a reformation in dodlrine and difcipline ; 
 and it induced Pope Julius to hold an aflembly 
 pf the fame kind m the Latcran^ which indeed 
 
 could 
 
^S'^Z^ 
 
 H I S T O R Y o/^ /;&^ P O P E S. 24 
 
 could not promife all the impartiality requi- 
 fltc, but pretended the favourite word Refcrma- 
 tion. Julius y however, did not live to fee the 
 end of this council. He died amidft his pro- 
 jects for ruining France^ and her friends, one 
 of which was the holy league before entered 
 into with Spain and Venice. His charader was 
 that of a fanguinary Prince, who facrificed fo 
 many thoufands to his reillefs martial fpirit, and 
 by his other enormities rendered his name odious 
 to pofterity *. 
 
 Sed:. 3. After warm debates, the cardinals 
 in conclave at lad chofe the young cardinal John 
 de Medicis, There are different opinions con- 
 cerning the caufes of this fudden unanimity He 
 rook the name of Leo X. and was a man, who, 
 befides his natural parts, was well verfed in the 
 liberal fciences, and a patron of learned men. 
 But he eciipfed the fame of this character by 
 his voluptuous life, which broke out into great 
 extravagancies j by his fumptuous pomp ; by 
 
 * In Cheruhiiii we find one and thirty bulls of 
 Pope Julius ; the moll remarkable of which are, that 
 hy which he allows the marriage of the then prince 
 of Wales with his brother's widow ; the bull CoiUra 
 Sifnoniacum praviiatem in ek^ione pontijicis mn conimiit en- 
 dam \ the bull for indulgences to raife money for 
 building St. Peter's church at Rcnie. As the political 
 contcfts raifed by Pope 'Julius properly belong to the 
 hiftory of Frmice and A'v/v, we refer the reader for their 
 influence on church-hiiiory, to the hifioivp. de la ligria 
 dc Carnhrai^ by Debos. the hijloir. dp. I' Eglife Gall, 7i.i\^ 
 to all the pieces relating to kiniz; Lezuis's famous me- 
 dal of Bahykn. Befides the encomiaffs on Pope Julius^ 
 quoted by Sagittarius in introd. in hi/ior. ecclef. So-j Spa- 
 latini% life of him. in Tenxflius' account of the Refor- 
 mation. Pallavifim hijhr. cone. Trid. BayWs diclionary, 
 and Joli^ remarks under the word Julius IL 
 
 R 4 his 
 
248 H JST ORY of the TOT-RS. 
 
 his fhallow knowledge in divinity ; by the inde- 
 cent pleafure he took in jefts of bis own or of 
 others, fometimes obfcenities, and by his zeal 
 
 1514. ^^^ advancing his own family, which was the 
 
 principal motive that induced him fo often to 
 
 change fides in the commotions in Jlaly, and 
 
 more than once to betray his allies. The 
 
 •^ ^* two reputed mafter-pieces of his policy were, 
 
 15 1 6. his concordat with Francis king of France^ by 
 which indeed the Pragmatic San^ion, fo odious 
 to the court of Rome ^ was annulled, but at the 
 fame time the liberties of the Gallican church 
 were not a little impaired ; and his lupporting 
 
 jcij. the L^/^r^w council, and bringing it to a con- 
 Ciufion, without entering upon the reformation 
 o^the church. About ih s time he deredted and 
 pjniflied a dangerous confpiracy againll his life 
 by two cirdinals Pctrucci and Bendinelli, His 
 virtues and vices agreed in this, th it they were 
 both expenfive. He had recourfe to the ufual 
 arts of the court for this purpofe. He promifed 
 great indulgences to thofe weak perfons, who 
 would charitably contribute towards the build-' 
 ing of St, Peter's church, and the war againft 
 th-r Turl$\ that is, who would fuffer themfelves 
 to be gulled out of their money. Germany in 
 particular fw^rmed with venders of indulgences, 
 till at lail help came from Zion^ and God de- 
 livered his captive people by the ever-glorious 
 Luther. We cannot here enter into a detail 
 of all the particulars relating to this memor- 
 able tranfadtion, but mud not omit what fliare 
 the Popes had in it. Leo^ in receiving the at- 
 tack which God made upon hini by his fervant, 
 adhered to the prudentive maxims then efta- 
 blifhed in the court of Rome. At iirft he made 
 a jeft of the ralh attempt of the monk of V/tt- 
 
 temberg^ 
 
History of the Popes. 249 
 
 temherg^ whofe learning he could not treat with 
 contempt. When he tound that the bulk of the 
 feveral orders, and even the Emperor himfelf 
 looked upon it as a ferious matter, he likewife 
 became ferious. He cited the offender before 
 him as judge, and fignified to him authorita- 
 tively by cardinal de Vio, that he muft recant, jrig. 
 He endeavoured to get him into his power. 
 He excommunicated him. He could not pof- 1520. 
 fibly do more. The pleafures of his court were 
 his fupreme paifion. He once more deceived 
 king Francis^ and died on the firft o^ December "^ , 152U 
 
 Sedl. 4. At a time when all Ilafy was in a 
 flame, on account of the war between Charles V. 
 ^nd Francis I. it was indifputably a mafter-ftroke 
 of policy in the Emperor, that he quietly 
 brought over fo many cardinals to his intereft, 
 that after much altercation they chofe on the 
 ninth of January his beloved preceptor Adrian 
 of Utrecht^ who did not change his name, but i^zi. 
 ftiled himfelf Adrian VI. He was of mean ex- 
 tradion, well fkilled in fcholaflick divinity \ 
 ^ a fincere dilpofition, which was no lefs dif- 
 agreeable to the Italian cardinals, than his aver- 
 
 * Of the bulls ahd fpeeches of Pope Lso^ iee Fa- 
 Ir'iciw blblioth. Lat. fried, & iri/im. atat. The ccnct^r- 
 (dats with king Francis are in Leibnitz's cod. diphn, 
 9iia7itiJJ'. Compare Mo/J:eim's injlitut. hijior. ecclef. Ail 
 the bulls pafi'ed againft Luther may be ktn in Luth4r$ 
 works. Of the council of Lateran^ fee Cardinal de 
 Monte S. Lateranenfe conciL Richer hiftor. ccncil. nciip.rii!. 
 and Jlexand>:rs hijior, ecclef. Concerning Pope Lec,^ fee 
 the J^a conciavis ; Jo'.jij vita Leonis X, Spa/c/fird's life 
 in Te?2Z€lius*s account of the Reformation. Ghibbe/i trif- 
 rr.egijlum medicwn in Urjidiyn famil. Plorem. F, P. S^r-^ 
 pi htfioir- du concil, de Freni^ by Cauraypr. Bayle D/c^ 
 tionaire, and La vie de Lem in the appendix to the hi/L 
 du drcit puhlique ecclef. Franpis. 
 
t^o History of tie Pot •£$, 
 
 fion to pomp, expence and pleafure. But wiiat 
 difgufted them molt was, that he had no 
 thoughts of redrefling by fire and Iword, but 
 by the adual reformation of abufes, which he 
 knew and openly acknowledged to be in the 
 c'lurch of Rome in general, and in the court of 
 Rome in particular •, the complaints urged by 
 ^S'^B' Luther y which were both juftified and augmented 
 by the hundred grievances delivered in the name 
 of the wiiole empire to the Pope's Nuncio Che- 
 regoio^ in the dyet at Nuremberg. It is to this 
 condud that we may truly attribute the many 
 pafquils thrown out againll him in his life^ 
 time, and theunfavourablejudgment pafTed upon 
 him afcer his death, by the moft learned of the 
 Reman catholic hiftorians. Perhaps his partia- 
 lity to the Emperor Charles might encreafe the 
 hatred j and it might alfo occafion the fufpicion, 
 perhaps groundlefs, that his death, which it\[ 
 out on the fourteenth of September^ was a violent 
 one *. 
 
 Sedl. 5. Cardinal Julius de Medicis, who had 
 not only his illegitimacy taken off by his uncle 
 Pope Lee X. but alfo obtained co.jfiderable pre- 
 ferments in the church from him, mounted the 
 papal throne on the nineteenth of November j 
 after a tedious election, by the name of Cle- 
 ment VII. He differed from his predecefTor 
 not only in the abilities requifice for the pa- 
 
 * Bcfide? fome remarkable theological pieces com- 
 pofed by Pope Adrian before his exaltation, and re- 
 pu'bljfhed imce without any alteration, relating to fe- 
 veial free opinions advanced about the Pope's fallibi- 
 lity, and other importaiu do6trines, to be met with in 
 Fabriaus and Fcfpeus hlblioth. Bslgk. fee the feveral 
 fiocunients in Burmimn\ Anakcla hiftorka de Hadrian 
 VI. tapa, . 
 
 pacy 
 
1525. 
 
 Hi'sTORY of the Popes. 2^1 
 
 pjicy and an infigbt into its political intereRs, 
 but in his private inclinations and views, as ma- 
 niieftly appeared from his conducl in the poli- 
 tical exigences and religious broils which flill 
 fubfilled, and daily encreafed. The firft fpeci- 
 men of this was the pains taken by the new 
 Cardinal -legate Campegius in the imperial dyec 1524. 
 at Nuremberg^ to fruftrate the earnefc dcfire of 
 the dates, as well for the redrefs of the above- 
 mentioned hundred grievances, as for a gene- 
 ral council. The next was his alliance with 
 France in prejudice of the Emperor. The 
 change of affairs which afterwards happened by 
 means of the fuccefsful battle of Pavia^ induced 
 indeed the artful Clement to put on another maik; 
 but he difcovered his real difpofition, by the 
 holy league he entered into for the advantage of ^ 
 
 France \ by the oppreflion of the Colonna family, '^^ * 
 ■who had their revenge in the invafion of the 
 xity of Romey by difpenfing with the obligarion 
 of the oath which Francis had taken inviolably 
 to obferve the treaty of Madrid^ and by t\\c 
 warm correfpondence betwi.^t him and the Krr]- 
 peror Charles. All this unqueltionably pro- 13^7* 
 moted what perhaps was not done by order ot 
 the latter, but was filently approved by hin^ 
 and greatly to his advantage, namely the taking 
 and plundering of /l^'W^-, the imprifonment of 
 the Pope in the caftle of St. Angelo •, the advan- 
 tageous capitulation ; the flight of i\\t Pope to 
 OrvietOy and the negotiations of peace which 
 followed thereupon. The German army or. this 
 occafion, proclaimed Luther as Pope of Roine^ 
 which was doubtlefs one of the incideiit^. ftioiI 
 mortifying to Pope Clement. About the fiime 
 time the court of i^i'w^ was embarraiTed with 
 the famous divorce of Henry VilL kinp: of E'ri^- 
 
252 History of the Popes. 
 
 land^ which on account of its important confc- 
 quences to the Pope, deferves the more parti- 
 cular notice, as thofe confequences were greatly 
 promoted by fome manifeft errors in policy 
 committed by Clement. At laft a peace was 
 ,Q concluded at Barcelona betwixt the Emperor and 
 '^ Pope, in which care was taken not only of the 
 interefls of the See of Rome ^ but likewile of the 
 houfe of Medicis^ by the eredion of the dutchy 
 of Florence ^ and the annual tribute for the king- 
 dom of Naples was fettled at a white horfe and 
 6000 ducats. The Pope had now the honour 
 of twice crowning the Emperor CharleSy but 
 ^^ ' with this double mortification, that the Emperor 
 ftrongly infifted on a general council, as the only 
 means for reftoring tranquillity ; and in the 
 contcft with the duke of Ferrara concerning Mo- 
 dena and Reggio. pronounced fentence in favour 
 of the duke. But he was yet more difgufled, 
 when the Emiperor, amidfl: all the feverity fhewn 
 againft: the proteftants in the dyet at Augjhurg^ 
 began to enter into a more clofe examination 
 of the religious controverfies ; whereas at Rome 
 all proteilant dodlrines were treated as con- 
 demned, by heo^% bulls of excommunication. 
 He proceeded yet further, when at the break- 
 ing up of the dyet, he again engaged himfelf to 
 call a council, inflexibly maintained his ancient 
 right to the prefentacion of the biHiopricks of 
 1^31. -^^-^^^^^ ' ^"^ laftly ratified the religious conven- 
 1^22* '•^^^ ^^ Ntiremherg. In the new conferences ac 
 .Aq ^o^^^i,^^^-» ^^^ Pope indeed not only promifed the 
 • Emperor to call a council, but likewife fcnt a 
 
 minifter to the eleclor of Saxony^ to lav before 
 him fome preliminary articles or that affair which 
 had been juftly reje&d by the confederates in 
 iht league of Smakald, But chat the Pope's in- 
 tentions 
 
History of the Popes. 253 
 
 tentions were to deceive the Emperor a fecond 
 time, is manifeft from the alliance he foon after 
 contradled with France^ in order to aggrandize 
 the family of Medicis. But all his great de* 
 figns were cut fhort by his death the twenty- 
 fifth of September *. I534t 
 
 Sed. 6, Alexander Farnefe^ Cardinal-bifhop 
 ofOftia, a native o( Rome, was chofen on the 
 thirteenth of Ocloher^ and took the name of 
 Paul III. He poflefTed in a fupreme degree all 
 the talents of a ftatefman, but was as deficient 
 in thofe of a divine. His former life could 
 be none of the moft irreproachable, as one of 
 the firft (leps of his pontificate was to beftow 
 the red hat on two grand-children of his, Far- 
 nefe and Sforza^ then in their infancy ; the fa- 
 ther of the firil, and the mother of the fecond 
 having been his illegitimate children. As his 
 prudence confifted chiefly in diffimulation, he 
 gave a notable fpecimen of it in his zeal for 
 bringing about a council, tho' this had before 
 been llipulated by the cardinals at the eledlion. 
 He appointed, in order thereto, a particular 1535. 
 congregation of cardinals •, fent the famous Ver- 
 gerius into Germany to confer with the proteftants, 
 and efpecially with Luther himfelf -, had an 
 interview with the Emperor Charles at Rome^ and 15.36. 
 in the midft of the diiturbanccs in Italy ^ which 
 attended the infraction of the peace on the part 
 of the king of France^ he fummoned the coun- 
 cil to Mantua, Befides other obftrudions, all 
 
 » The principal authentic pieces of Pope Clement 
 may be found in the feveral hiftorlans of the Refor- 
 mation. See Ziegler^ hijiona Clement VII. publiftied 
 With remarks by M. Scheihorn in /Emce?iit, hijlor, ecclef 
 i^ iitfrar^ 
 
 very 
 
1539- 
 
 254 H I S T O S Y ?/* iffo P O P E S. 
 
 1537. very agreeable to the Pope, Frederick duke of 
 Mantua, was not inclined to receive at once fo 
 many gucds into the place of his refidence. 
 The council was th^frefore put off-, but after 
 the Pope had brought about the armiftice at 
 
 1538. Nizza^ it was again fummoned to Vincenza. 
 This was not only difagreeable to the proteftant 
 ftates of the einpire, but to France and to king 
 Henry o^ England-, and the latter was fo refolute 
 in oppofing the papal fupremacy in his king- 
 dom, that at laft Pope Paul publifhed the bull 
 of excommunica'.ion, which had long been kept 
 in fufpence. Henry ^ as might well be expected, 
 paid no regard to it, and it made fo flight an 
 impreffion upon the i^^/^j^;/ catholic pnnces,f 
 that the Eir.peror and France^ contrary to the 
 expe6larion ot the Pope, made a treaty with 
 
 1540* k\n<r Hemy. About this time the order of Je- 
 fuits, by the approbation and confirmation of 
 the Pope, received its entire eftablifhment, and, 
 became a pillar, of which the Papacy flood 
 greatly in need. On the other hand, the paci- 
 
 J541. he defigns of the Emperor Charles^ at Hage-^ 
 nau^ V/orrns, and Ratisbon^ were the more dif- 
 agreeable to the Pope •, for they were on one 
 fide an a6lual approbation of the proteftanc 
 exceptions againft a Popijh council, and on the 
 other an exercife of a right of cognifance in 
 matters of faith, which was abfolutely fubver- 
 five of the papal authority. And indeed, not- 
 withlianding the perfonal conterence betwixt 
 the Emperor and the Pope at Lucca, the breach 
 ^^ * was daily widened. The republick o\' Venire 
 likewiie retuled to fuffer the council to be held 
 in their dominior.s, flence enfued another al- 
 teration, and the council was called at Tm;/. 
 The Popci; Legaceb were nominated, and lent in 
 
 order 
 1 
 
H I S T O R Y of ^^^ P O P E S. 25^ 
 
 order to prefide there. The acceleration of it 
 was the pretence, upon which Paul endeavoured ^542. 
 to bring the Emperor to a peace, by a third in- 
 terview with him at BifJJeUa. But the true mo- 1544. 
 tive which was to play the dutchy of Milan into 
 the hands of the Farnefe family, would not but 
 make an imprefTionon the Emperor, as his zeal 
 for maintaining the tranquillity of Germany d d 
 on the Pope -, infomuch, that from this time a 
 perpetual coolnefs fubfifted ; and the Emperor 
 daily Ihewed himfeif lefs inclined to the council. 
 At length it was opened on the thirteenth ot 
 September^ but the far greateft part of the fathers ^^^' 
 b^'ing Ilalians^ it foon became apparent, that all 
 their decrees would be thought to fland in need 
 of a careful examination, corredtion and limi- 
 tation, according to the political views of the 
 court of Rome, Amidft thefe various folicitudes, 
 the Pope was not divefted from aggrandizing 
 his family, of which a notable inftance was the 
 inveftiture of his grandfon Farnefe with the 
 dutchies of Parma and Placentia, tho' they were 
 unqueftionably two imperial Fiefs. At Tren( 
 the papal Legates ftrictly regulated their con- 
 duel by the will of the Pope, approving in the ^54-^' 
 lirongcft manner, the fetdemenc of the cano- 
 nical books of the holy fcripture, and the ex- 
 travagant authority attributed to the Lalin ver- 
 fion of them, which paflcd in the fourth feluon. 
 Yet they {o difpleafed the Pope, that he judged 
 it neceffary, by a new order, to require that the 
 decrees lliould be fent to Rome, for confirma- 
 tion, and entirely to prohibit all enquiries into 
 the authority of the Pope. He had even fome 
 thoughts of removing the council, tho' this 
 proved as inefftflual as his attempt to withdrav/ 
 the whole atf^iir of the reformation from the 
 
 council 
 
^56 History of the Popes. 
 
 1547. council to his court. The growing approbation 
 which the protelTiant dodlrine daily met with, had 
 before this been madeufeof as a handle for intro- 
 ducing the inquifition into//<3/y. But the Pope at- 
 tempting now to introduce it in the kingdom of 
 NapleSy was defeated. At Jafl: however he 
 hazarded the meafure of removing the council 
 from Trent to Bologna ; which fortunately pre- 
 vented its taking any effedl \ for the Emperor 
 g Charles o^tn\y fnewed his refentment at it, re- 
 ^ ' newed his claim to Parma and Placentia^ and by 
 the interm of Aw/burg^ alTumed to himfelf a 
 power inconfi^lent v/ith the doctrine of t e Ro- 
 mip church, and with the views of the council. 
 Pope Paul^ for particular reafons, adjourned the 
 feilions, and died on the tenth o^ November, in a 
 
 1549- very advanced age *. 
 
 * The moil important public acls of this Pope relator 
 to the hiftory of the council of Trent. There are fome 
 iiluftrations of fome of Cicero's Epiflles by him, and there 
 are Tome letters written in the name of the three Popes, 
 Leo^ Clement, and PW, by Jac. Sadoleto, in the MlfceU 
 ian. ex MSS. Collsgii Romanu The promotion cf this 
 Farneje to the cardlrtalfhip under Pope Alexander VI, 
 and the exaltation of this houfe confequent upon it, 
 were not particularly efFeds of a call from heaven. See 
 Bur-net's appendix to his travels, and Frankenjlehis ex- 
 plication of Puffendorlf's Introdudion. The hiflory 
 of this Pope is further explained by Spalaim, Guedeville 
 maximes pGiiiiques !~^irini, who has done eminent fer- 
 vice to church-hiftory by hib- noble collection of cardi- 
 nal Pcor^ letters, and the writings relative thereto, 
 and has given us imago optimi pontificis exprejfa In gejlis 
 PiiuU IIL but in this pi6lure the artift too often flatters 
 h;s orio-in^l ; Mr. Schelhorn*s epi/lola de con/diode ernen^ 
 danda ecclejia ; S^uirini ad catholkum aquumque leSforem 
 anhnadverfic-nes In epiflcam Schelhornii. Schelhorns fecond 
 letter 1748. [\4. Kiejihiir's epi/hla de gejlh Pault III. to 
 which may alfo be addjsd F. PWs hiflory of the coun- 
 cil of Trent^ 
 
 Sea:. 
 
History cf the Popes. 257 
 
 Sed. 7. Tho* it was naturally hoped, that 1550. 
 the eledtion of a Pope would be difpatched on 
 account of the jubilee year, yet by the abfence 
 of . fome cardinals, and the clafliings of par- 
 ties in thj conclave, it fuffered^a very extraor- 
 dinary delay. In the mean time the cardinals 
 entered into an obligation, chat the new Pope 
 fliould reftore the council, which had been fuf- 
 pended, and procure the rcftitution of the dutchy 
 of Parma to the houfe ot Farnefe. It was the 
 good fortune of cardinal Job)! Maria Giccci to be 
 promoted to the papal chair on the eighth of 
 February^ by the name of Julius III. He imme- 
 diately made good the l^tft of the two promifes, 
 and bound himfelf by a fecond oath to the firfl, 
 tho' without much thought of fulfilling it. He 
 fhewed his chara6fer and difpofition, which af- 
 terwards became more known, by conferring his 
 cardinal's hac on his page and monkey-keeper. 
 Innocent^ and making him his favourite. The 
 reftoration of the council being ftrongly infilled 
 on by the Emperor Charles^ the Pope at length 
 iflued out a proclamation for the continuation of 
 it at Trent. But before its meeting the Pope 
 quarelled with the republic of F^;i/V<f about their iml, 
 limitation of the power of the inquifition ; alfo 
 with France^ on account of the alliance with the 
 houfe of i^^r;;^, to the difadvantage of the for- 
 midable Emperor. The fefilons at Trent were 
 indeed renewed : But the Pope's Legate and his 
 creatures fo tied up the hands of rhe fathers, 
 that the imperial minifters mifcarried in their 
 good defign of executing the promife made by 
 the Emperor at the lad d'ltt of Aiqfiurg. A 
 truce was concluded with France^ tho' that ^SS'^r 
 crown folemnly protefted againft the council of 
 Trent. On the other hand, a difpute arofe be- 
 
 S twixc 
 
258 H I S T O R Y y^ /& P O P E S. 
 
 twixt the Pope and Ferdinand^ king of the Ro- 
 mans) whom he was warmly bent upon excom- 
 municating, but thought better of it. The 
 fucceires of the ele6lor Maurice againil the Em- 
 
 ir^j peror proved a feafonable pretence for fufpend- 
 '^'^ * ing the council two years : But another event, 
 flill more pleafing to the Pope, was the accelTion 
 of queen Mary to the throne of England, by the 
 death of that excellent young prince king Ed- 
 \xjard^ tho* it proved of fhort duration. Pope 
 
 ^555' Julius died the twenty- third of March, leaving 
 behind him a mod vile charadler, branded, be- 
 fides his flagrant debaucheries, with fodomy and 
 blafphemy *. 
 
 Sc6l. 8. The conclave was diftraded by a na- 
 tional party-fpirit, and after much chicanery 
 cardinal Marcellus Cervin carried the elecftion. 
 He did not change his chriftian name, ftyling 
 himielf Marcellus II. What he might have 
 done, had his pontificate lafled longer than 
 tAventy-three days, cannot be afcertained. He 
 died on the lad of April f. 
 
 Stci. 9. The French party carried the new 
 election in favour of cardinal John Peter Caraffa^ 
 in the feventy- ninth year of his age, to the dread 
 -of all who were acquainted with the warmth and 
 
 * Befides the five and twenty bulls publifhed by Che- 
 Tiihini, particular notice deferves to be taken of his Re- 
 fr.rjnatio in Hoffiiians collcSi. nov. See fcveral pieces 
 ;;ublifhed by P'ergenus^ Ralnerius de creatione Jul'ii III. 
 ]^iialh dogium Juli'i III. ^ cardmalium ah eo creator urn- 
 The extra6l from Btdlingers MS. life in Heidegger* s 
 Hijloria papatus -, Boyle's di^io7iaire, and F. Paul's hif- 
 
 . . \ See PoUidori de vita, gejlis &' 7nonhus Marcdli II. 
 
 iornmcntar. Father Paul and Pallavidni hiftor, di Condi. 
 ni TrentQ. 
 
 vio- 
 
History of the Popes, 259 
 
 violence of his difpofirion. In the characler of 
 Pope Paul \N .\\t feemed to dived himfelfof 
 them-, but he only improved that difpofition by 
 conne6ling with it an excefTive love of pomp, 
 and a zeal at this time very unk-afonable to ren- 
 der the power of the Pope formidable to all 
 crowned heads. He had ah^b fworn to a kind of 
 capitulation, but almofl f*hewed that he thought 
 a Pope above all obligations. His former dif- 
 affeclion to the imperial houfe was now increafe^'^ 
 by the rei gious peace, and by the juil lenity ot 
 the Emperor Frederick towards his fubjeds. He 
 made a fliew of holding a council in t:^ Lateran ; 
 but being taken up with cares of a very diffe- 
 rent nature, matters remained as they were. 
 Having entered into alliance with Henry II. he jrrg. 
 laboured every way to break off the ceffacion of 
 arms concluded betwixt the Emperor and 
 France \ and herein he was too fuccefsful. But 
 engaging in a war from refentment of the 
 protection granted by the duke o^ Aha^ vice-roy 
 oi Naples^ to the Colcnna family againfl his vio- 
 lent perfecution of them, he was glad in a fhort 
 time to come to a difadvantageous peace. In j ^ -*, 
 the mean time the refignation of the empire by '^ '^ 
 the Emperor Charles to his brother Ferdinand^ 
 which the Pope pretended required his concur- 
 rence, a flight fufpicion about the affair of car- 
 dinal Pool in England^ and his uneafinefs at a 
 fmall abatement of the perfecution of the pro- 
 teffants by Henry king of France^ induced this 
 arrogant prelate to quarrel with ail thefe powers 
 almofl: at the fame time. The remarkable 
 tranfaiStions of the clofe of his life are his cru- 
 elties towards his nephews j his indlfcreet beha- ^55^' 
 viour towards Elizabeth queen ot England., and 
 the inflitution of ^e firll index of prohibited 
 S 2 books. 
 
26o H I S T O R Y y^ /Xy P O P E S. 
 
 ^559' books. At length, on the eighteenth of yf^^«/?, 
 he died, to the great joy of the people oi Rome^ 
 who, exafperated by his oppreffions, vented 
 their hatred in every kind of infult*. 
 
 Sed:. lo. The conclave was again difturbed 
 by contending parties, and by the arts which 
 they reciprocally pradlifed againfl: each other. 
 1 he cardinals again laid an obligation on the fu- 
 ture Pope, that he fhould acknowledge the Y^m- 
 Y>^vov Ferdinand^ and reftore the council, which 
 had been begun. At length they united in the 
 perfon of cardinal John Angela^ of the name of 
 Medicis •, but of a family remotely, if at ail re- 
 lated to the illuftrioLis houfe of Florence. He was 
 eledted on thetv>^enty-third of O^ober^ and ftyled 
 himfelf P///J IV. The firfl of his promifes he 
 readily fulfilled, but the fecond was extorted by 
 menaces. Several delays were fortunately con- 
 trived under the name of preparatives, among 
 which were the legations, and iome even to pro- 
 
 * He wrote feveral learned pieces before his promo- 
 tion to the papacy, of whi ch Tee Tcppi in biblioth, Nca- 
 pol. & Cohmics in ItaL oriental. Among his bulls in Che^ 
 rubini bullar. the moft remarkable is that in which he, 
 unfollicited, raifes Ireland to a kingdom. As the index 
 of prohibited books is unqueftionably one of the 
 ftrongeft, and withal the moft indefenfible means of 
 fupporting the whole conftitution of the Romifo church, 
 'and particularly the refpect due to the Pope, the pieces 
 wr ttcn on that fubjecl deferve to be read. The con- 
 gregation for the Index of books appointed at i^cwf in 
 aid of this dcfign, is a later inftitutionofPope ^ixius V. 
 Among the many writers of the life of Pope P^:// IV. 
 nientioned by S. Carolo ^ Sagittarius^ the moft wor- 
 thy of notice are Caraccioli colle£lauea hijhrica de vita 
 Paidi IV. and Magii difquifitiones hijhrica de Pauls IV, 
 imulputa 'Sita^ and father FauL 
 
 teflant 
 
 1560. 
 
History of the Popes. 26^ 
 
 teftant courts, derogatory to the honour of the 
 Pope. The Roman ■Z2a\\o\\z courts thcmfeu^es 1561. 
 occafioned difTenfions, fome on the fubjed: of 
 the place, others on thequellion, whether it was 
 a new, or a continued council. Ail this was at 
 length regulated by the will of the Pope ; and 
 the council was opened on the eighteenth of Ja- 1562, 
 nuary^ or rather the continuation of-it was begun 
 by the feventeenth public fcffion. A detail of 
 the feveral tranfadions of this council would 
 carry us too far from the defi^n of this work. 
 Let it fuffice to fay, that the greareli caution 
 was ufed not to pafs a decree without an appro- 
 bation from Rome \ that all attempts, particu- 
 larly of the Spanijh and French doAors, for re- 
 floring the dignity of bifhops, limiting the 
 power of the Pope, and accomplifhing a refor- 
 mation, were fru (Ira ted ; and laftly, that on the 
 third of December^ in the twenty-fifth felTion, 1563. 
 the council was difTolved, and even by the bull 
 of confirmation, which at length paffed, after i5^4« 
 long debates, its authority was weakened, and 
 the arbitrary conftruclion referved to the Pope 
 of Rome. The other parts of the hiilory of 
 Pope Pius are his difpute with the Emperor 
 Maximilian''^ ambafladors concern-ing the adt of 
 homage i his irregular behaviour towards fome 
 bifhops of France^ and Joan queen of Naples ; 
 to which may be added, the oppreiTion of the 
 Caraffa's^ which was one oi" his firft meafures ; 
 his nepotifm in refpedt of the two houfes of 
 Borromeo and Altemps^ and the grant of the cup 
 to the laity of Aultria and Bavarin *. ^ 
 
 SeCc. ^ *^ 
 
 * Moft of the bulls of Pope P/wx relate to the coun- 
 cil o^ Trent : Befides which in Cheruhifii bullar . 7nag7ii 2iXQ 
 a hundred and fixty ordinances, with which compare 
 
 S3. the 
 
262 History cf the P©pes. 
 
 '^^d. II. The new Pope Fh($ V. who after 
 various artifices and intrigues was chofen on the 
 eighth o^ January, was before Michael Ghijleri^ 
 
 I '66. cardinal o^ Alexandria. He was of a very mean 
 extradion, but had acquired fuch a character, 
 when a Dominican friar, that bef des other em- 
 pioyments, he was commiflary-general of the 
 court of Inquifition at Rome, In this horrid 
 ichool he could innbibe no other principles than 
 thole which he tenacioufly followed when Pcpe^ 
 It was no wonder that at the news of his elec- 
 tion Rome was in univerfal confternation, which 
 M/as not a little encreafed by the redoration of 
 the Caraffoh^ the feverity againfi: public profti- 
 tutes, which were looked uoon in Rome as a ne- 
 cefTary evil, and by rhe b'.irning fome perfons 
 eminent for Icarniisg, efpecially P^/^^mj ; but 
 the chief obje6l of his zeal were the formal fub- 
 n^.iffion to the council o^ Trent ^ v^hich in France 
 became every day more difficult', the mainte- 
 nance of the unlunited power cf his See, and 
 
 J ^5-, all the pretended privileges thereof 5 and rhe 
 ^ extirpation of pretended hereticks T^he lail 
 he purfued with {\i little mcderarion and pru- 
 dence, that he not only approved of ail violent 
 
 the Echgc?. hullariim F'ii IV. T'li V. and Gregory XIIL 
 As both the great number of hiftorlcal writings and the 
 colleclions of public records relating to the hiftory o^ 
 the council of T;v7//, together wih their diveriity, and 
 the neceffity thence arifing, by judging about the right 
 or wrong application of them, render it impoiTible to 
 crive any detail of them here, fo it will perfectly agree 
 with our defign, to refer the reader to cchnid\ihtro7lun, 
 Sagittar. in by I or. ecckf. Pfiff*s introd. in hijior. liter, 
 iheol Budd^us's Ijagog. univ. thtol. Concerning Pope 
 Pius^ fee Leonard!' s piihlick harangue de hudibus Pii I\\ 
 Padua 1565. Father Paul's hiftory, with Heidegger's 
 hiftory Papatus, 
 
History of tide Popes. 263 
 
 means, and lupported them, by leaving his army 
 in the hands of France^ and by enormous ex- 
 pences, but even had recourfe to tumults and 
 treacheries ; which happened in the end to pro- 
 pagate and eftablifh proteftantifm in France^ 
 England^ Scotland^ and the Netherlands. His 15%. 
 iniquitous order, that no ecclefiaftic fhould be 
 fubjed; to publick taxes, gave great offence in 
 Spain^ France and Veyiice, But tbe Emperor 
 Maximilian was much more provoked by the 
 ereclion of the dutchy of i^^^r^/^c^ into a grand ^5"^- 
 dutchy. It was his own fault, th t he failed in 
 bringing the Chriflian powers to an union 1570. 
 againfl the 'Turks, At length he died on the 
 lirft of May, Pope Clement VIII. proclaimed 1572. 
 him blelltrd, and Clement XI. canonifed him *. 
 ^^Qi, 12. Cardinal Granvella then vice-roy 
 
 of 
 
 * Of all the wntings''of this Pope, fee ^t/cf/f. in 
 biblioth. ord, prcsdic. His bulls, among which thoie re- 
 lating to the council of Trent,, and that mofl remark- 
 sble one concerning tSfe Euchariil:, which occafioned 
 fo much difturbance, as may be {^^w in Gianmni hif- 
 toir de Naples^ we find in Cherubim^ bullar. viagn'i. There 
 are five books extant of his EpiJlolcE opo/iolic.^. Ke in- 
 vented the confecrated medals, and was author of the 
 Roman or Trent catcchifm. The canonization of Pope 
 Pius^ which after being long pufhed with great zeal at 
 length took place in the year 1712, is the true caufe 
 of the multitude of diftincl lives written of him, but 
 alfo of the well-grounded fufpicion of partiality in the 
 authors of them. The moft remarkable, tho'not of equal 
 utility are, Hieron. Catena^ whofe Vita del gloriof.Jfimo papa 
 Pio V. deferves particular notice for the Raccolta di lit' 
 tere di papa Pio V. e diverft prencipe yoh. Ant or. Gabutii de 
 vita ^ rebui jujiis Pii Y . libri Jex^ which has been re- 
 printed in the Adi. San^or ; Archangelo Caracdo-y whofe 
 brevis narratio gejlorum Pii V. is only an extract of a 
 more complete, though probably uiiprinted work. Ahr, 
 i 4 Bzc'Vii 
 
264 History of the Votjl^. 
 
 of Naples, by a mafler-piece of that policy, for 
 which he was fo famed, procured Hugo Buon- 
 compagno to be chofen Pope, within fix hours 
 after the conclave had been fhut. He ftiled 
 himfelf Gregory XIII. and mufi: be owned to 
 have been of a much milder turn of mind than 
 his predeceiTor ; yet he is Itrongly fufpedled, 
 probably from political motives, to have openly 
 approved of the mafiacre of Paris. He was 
 very zealous for the fupport of the authority of 
 
 '^51'^- the council of Tr^?;/ ; and employed large fums 
 in building and endowing colleges ior the in- 
 llrudion of youth in the i^.^;;;//^ rciigion. He 
 became difgufted at the republick ot Venice^ for 
 making a peace with the Turks ^ and no \t(^ 
 with cardinal Granvelia, for caufmg a criminal 
 of the inquifition to be taken out of the Arch- 
 
 1574. bifliop's palace of A^^/V^i. On the other hand 
 
 J 577. he gave no fmail fcandal by being an accom- 
 plice in a confpiracy again ft Elizabeth queen of 
 
 1579, England. He was didrefied by the acceffion of 
 Henry cardinal of Portugal to that rrov/n, who 
 defired a difpenfation tor marrying, v^hicli was 
 oppofed by king Philip of ^ain ; by the oppo- 
 fuion o\ Prance to the fcheme of the Pope for 
 exempting ecclefiaflicks from all civil jurifdic- 
 tion ♦, by the difcontents of the cardinals at his 
 excefTive liberality to his natural fon Jacob., and 
 by the retufal of the proteftants to admit his 
 kalendar, which he v/as willing to inforce by pa- 
 pal auti ority. On the other hand, it was very 
 tortunate for him, that the Emperor Rudolf II. 
 
 ■pzovil Pius V . F.omatius poniifex, Ihom. A4at. Minor elli 
 "jita S. pa ; Paul Alexander Maffei vita di S. Pio V. 
 Anton de Fucnmoyor vita y hechos di Pio V. Job. Bapt, 
 FeuilUt vie du Pape Fii V. Pet. Gakfini tranJJatio corpo- 
 ris Pii V. a Sixto V. celehrata^ is a very fingular piece. 
 
 re- 
 
 1501. 
 
History of the V o v e s. 265 
 
 remained fuch a calm fpe6lator of the violent 
 
 proceedings againfl: Gebhard elcdlor of Cologn, 1383. 
 
 After a great tumult in Rome^ on account of 
 
 the Urfmi ; and after he had had the pleafure of 15S4, 
 
 receiving an ambaffador from Japan^ he died 
 
 on the tenth of April*. ^5^5\ 
 
 Sec5t. 13. The multitude of competitors for 
 the triple crown, and the miflake concerning 
 the temper of cardinal Felix Peretti di Montalto^ 
 into v/hich his outward carriage had drawn mod 
 of the cardinals, occafioned him to be eleded 
 on the 24th of Aprils by the name of Sixtus V. 
 But not till after a compa6l among themfeJves 
 for the fecurity of their own power and dignity, 
 no Pope has afforded pofterity fo much matter 
 for different judgments of him, efpecially 
 by his excelTive feverity in punifnments, 
 which can be excufcd only from the manifeil 
 neceffity of them, which might proceed from 
 the fupinenefs of his predeceiTor , but that is not 
 the light in which we are to view him. He is 
 here to be coniidercd as a complete politiciiin, 
 who had a thorough knowledge of the intereiis 
 of his chair J and chofe the mo{lefte6tual means 
 for promoting thofe ; his means were not fruit- 
 lefs attempts for bringing pretended hereticks 
 
 * Among Pope Gregory's writings the edition of the 
 Corpus yuris Canonici^ with improvements and adcJiti- 
 ons, juflly deferves the firft place ; concerning which, 
 fee Fahricius hihlioth. Lat. at. in Cherubim bullar. may be 
 feen his bulls, particularly that concerning the calen- 
 dar. But there are feparate colleclions of his bulls 
 and letters, fee Fahricius bihlioib. Int. med, cf infjii. aiat. 
 The hiftory of this Pope is cleared up by M. A. Ciappi 
 in ccmpendio delle attione e fanta vita di Gregorio XIII. 
 Aiatth. Taberna Draco Gregorianus Ign. Bcmplani hi/ioria 
 pontificatm Grcgcrll XIII. Job. Pet, MapjVi anncdes Gre- 
 g^rii XIII. 
 
 into 
 
266 History of the Popes. 
 
 into fubjecflion, but the augmentation of his 
 external power by the conqueft of the kingdonri . 
 of Naples •, the prefervation of the princes flill 
 continuing attached to the Papacy ; and the re- 
 ' dudiion of their power now grown dangerous to 
 the Pope himfelf. This judicious policy ^ixtus 
 conduced with impenetrable diffimulation, and 
 adtcd fome very extraordinary parts. His fa- 
 vourite fcheme for the fubje<5fcion of Naples was 
 not to be concealed. A violent quarrel arofc 
 betwixt him and France^ on account ofanun- 
 tio. He excommunicated king Henry oi Na^ 
 varre, and his brother the prince of C^?/<^/ ; of 
 which however, they took a fenfible revenge* 
 He was glad to keep on good terms with 
 1586. queen Elizabeth for humbling Philip of Spain^ 
 whom he hated -, and on this account he look- 
 ed on the beheiding of Alary queen of Scots . 
 with eyes very ditierent from thofe of a zea- 
 15^7' lous Pope. For form's fake he promifed king 
 1588. Philip his ulelefs aiTifiance in his enterprife 
 on the dominions of that queen, and excom- 
 municated her: A ftep as ridiculous to him as 
 to the queen, who returned him the compli- 
 ment. Pie was little moved at the refufal of 
 the republic of Venice to permit the publication 
 of the bull in their dominions. But the killing 
 of the cardinal de Guife by order of king //<?;;- 
 ry III. he reffnted with an excommunication 
 couched in the mod violent terms. Soon after 
 he quarelled with the Emperor Rtidclph. His 
 coldnefs to the catholic league in France-, his 
 , ^ merit with refped to the holy fcriptures, and 
 '^5^9' the manifeft proofs of his averfion to the Jefuits 
 caufed him to be fo hated in Spain, that it is a 
 quellion whether his death which happened on 
 the twenty-feventh of At^gujt was natural. His 
 
 care 
 
History of the Popes. 267 
 
 care to improve the fplendor of the city of Rome \ 1590^ 
 the vail treafures he accumulated ; his founda- 
 tion of the Vatican library, and his fixing the 
 number of cardinals at feventy, arc aifo tranf- 
 a6lions which have gained Sixtus immortal re- 
 putation. Tho' we cannot look upon him as 
 the model of a great prince, and much lefs of 
 an irreproachable prelate, yet we are inclined 10 
 believe, that many of thofe black colours, with 
 which the Jefuits have reprefented him, rather 
 proceed from their rancour, than his real cha- 
 racter *. 
 
 * Among thofe writings, of which the rr.hlication 
 at leaft is ovvinci; to Pope Sixtus, the principri] are the 
 edition of the Septuagint printed at Rome^ and its old 
 tranflation, which was publifhed in 15S7, fol. and the 
 Roman edition of the Latin I'v.lgate with improvements, 
 by order of the council of T;vv;;% Rom. i >90. in three 
 volumes, fol. concerning which confult M. Ccirpzov. in 
 critic. Jatr. His edition of the entire v/orks of St. Jrn- 
 brofe., which he publifhed when cardinal, is not in great 
 efteem. Whether it be true, that he alfo had the care 
 of an Italian tranflation of the Bible, but fuppreffed it 
 on account of the flrenuoas oppofition of the Spaniards 
 and fome cardinal-, is a queftion not eafy to deter- 
 mine. See Lelong hiblioth, facr. Among his ordi- 
 nances in Chernbini^ the moft remr^rkable is the fifti- 
 eth, by which he put the college of cardinals into a 
 proper' form, and the feventy-fourth of the fifteen 
 congregations : His hberality to the '/aticau library is 
 recorded by Bocca in bihlioth. Vatican ; to which work 
 he has annexed a particular treatife de Sixti V, edificiis. 
 See Vi7Ke?it. Robardi's Sixti V. gejia qi/mqueiwalia,^ Gregc- 
 rii Lcti^s hiftory of Pope Sixtus V, written in Italian^ 
 and aftervv^ards tranllated into other languages. Job. Pe- 
 ttr Maffei hi/for. ab extejfu Gregorii XI 11. lib. iii, and 
 particularly Caftmir TeinpejTi Storia della vita e giji^ da 
 Stfio ^uinlo Rom:^ 1755- ^'-^o '^^Is. in .^icrt 
 
 '10. 
 
 Seft. 
 
263 Hi s TORY ^^^^ Pop E s. 
 
 Se6k. 14. On the 15th of September^ after a 
 fhbrt conclave, was chofen John Baptifl Caftagna^ 
 a Genoese \ he ftiled himfelf Urban VII. and died 
 the izthdayof his pontificate *. 
 
 Sf^dt. 15. The unexpected demife of the late 
 Pope occafloned the conclave to be very turbu- 
 lent. At lad, by the intrigues of cardinal 
 Montalto^ the triple crown was conferred on 
 cardinal Nichol. Sfrontati^ a Milmiefe^ and Bifhop 
 of Creincna^ who took the name of Gregory XIV. 
 His temper and charadler were better than his 
 intelle6ls. His zeal for the Romijh rehgion, as 
 well as his attachment to his natural fovereign 
 king Philips led him openly to efpoufe the party 
 of the French league, to fupport it both with 
 jrgi. men and money; and to inflame matters by 
 fome bulls, excommunicating king Henry IV. 
 and exciting the people to revolt, which bulls 
 were publickiy burnt; but his time was fhort, 
 for he died on the 15th of 05fober f. 
 
 Se(5l. 16. Innocent IX. v/as chofen on the 
 29th of O^ijZ'dT by the Spanijh party. He was 
 o\ Bologna^ and by name John Antony Facchinettt, 
 We know but little of him, for he died on the 
 30th oi Oclcber J. 
 
 Se6l. 17. Tho' the cardinal St, Severin had 
 a majority of votes in the conclave ; yet by 
 
 ''^ See Tria Ccnclavia, five ires hlfioric^ narrationes de 
 XJrhani VII. Gregorii XIV. i^ Clement'ie o^icrvi eleSlloni' 
 bus, and Lor. Arrigho vit. Urbani VII. 
 
 f Among his bulls in Cheruh'mi bullar. magn. the 
 moil remarkable is the firft, which prohibits all alie- 
 nation of church lands ; the fourth againft all wagers 
 on account of the eledlion of a Pope ; and the ninth, 
 that the cardinals who are monks may alfo wear the 
 red cap. There is a particular life of this Pope writ- 
 ten by Luc, JVadd'ing, 
 
 t See Cheriihini hull, 
 
 the 
 
History©/' /& Popes. 269 
 
 the violence of the oppofite party, cardinal Hy- 1592, 
 j>olito Aldohrandini was chofcn on the 30th of 
 January. He ftiled himfelf Clemevt VIII. and 
 was dirtinguilhsd by a blind zeal againft the 
 protellants. This appeared in his firil endea- 
 vours to place a Roman- c2ii\\oY\Qk prince on the 
 l\\ront o^ France in lieu of king iiz>/zry IV. and 
 even after that prince had embraced the Romijh 
 religion, to raife difficulties about his reconcile- 
 ment. This was indeed at lafl: accomplifhed, 
 but through the fault of the two ambaffadors 
 d'OJfat and Duperron, it was done with fome in- 
 dignity to the king. Among the articles, the 1595. 
 acceptance of the council of 'Trent was clogged 
 withavcrydifagreeable limitation ; but this could 
 not be executed. The impoflor at Rome^ who 
 pretended to be deputed with profeffions of 
 obedience, from the patriarch of Alexandria^ 
 does Pope Clement no more honour than his 
 fruitlefs endeavours to fubjed the Neficrian 
 Chriftians to his See. The reverfion of the 
 dutchy of Ferrara^ on the deceafe of duke Al- 
 pbonfus II. was a fortunate event for the Papacy 
 in his time. He celebrated a jubilee. The 1600. 
 a6livity of the Jefuits in fupporting the do6trine 
 of Molinos on grace, moleited the Pope, and 
 occafioned him to call a particular congrega- 
 tion on the fubjedl of affifling grace. A great 
 tumult alfo happened in Rome irom the protec- 
 tion granted to a malefatSlor by the houfe of 
 Farnefe. Clement died the fch of March *. 160^, 
 
 CHAP, 
 
 * Pope Clement's edition of the Vulgate was very dif- 
 ferent from that of Pope Sixtus, and this is one of 
 the clearelt proofs poflible of the contrariety of opini- 
 ons between two Popes, even in matters of faith. See 
 James's beiium papalc^ Sckelborn'^ amcenitat, liter. Of his 
 
 bulls 
 
 ^597^ 
 
27<^ H 1 s T o RY cf the P o r E ^. 
 
 CHAP. IJ. 
 
 Of the Hiftory of the Papa c v. 
 
 Se6l. I. T TPON a fummary vievv? of this re- 
 \^ markable period, v;e find, that 
 in the firil pare of it, the internal corruption 
 of the court of Ror.ie was become fuch as to ex- 
 clude all external order and decency. In the 
 middle it received fuch a fhock as it had ne- 
 ver before experienced, by the amazing pro- 
 grefs of the Reformation, and the latter part 
 of this period was employed in preferving the 
 wrecl;, and reftoring or recovering what had 
 been loft ; but the former was attended v/ith 
 more fuccefs than the latter. All this necef- 
 farily produced many alterations which we fhall 
 here exhibit, that every one may be able to decide 
 for himfelf, whether the Papacy is the better 
 for ti.e Reformation or not. This queflion, 
 when rightly ftatcd, fo as to extend to the whole 
 religion in theory and pradice, as likewife to 
 the members of the Roman-c^thoYic church, and 
 their miUtual connedlion by church difcipline, 
 
 bulls in Cherubim bulla?', ma^n. the moft remarkable 
 are, the tv/enty-eighth, concerning the lawful and un- 
 lawful rites and ufa^es of the Greek church j the fe- 
 venty-^'Qurth, crderino; that befides the Jefuits, alfo 
 other orders, particularly mendicant friars, may be em- 
 ployed in miflions i and the eighty-fcveiitb, concerning 
 conleiTion and abfolution in writing. On the embafTy 
 from Alcxaiidria^ fee 'M-.fioeim mjihut. hifhr. ecclef. The 
 chara6ler of this Pope may be beft '^q.qw in Thuanus^ 
 Pcnfix^ and d'OJJafs letters. IVaddlng has alfo written 
 his life. Some other pieces which have been publifhed 
 are of iittie importance. 
 
 ;: includes 
 
History of the Popes. 271 
 
 includes more than, according to our very nar- 
 row idea of the word Papacy, can here be 
 brought into confideration. In our opinion, it 
 can neither be wholly affirmed, nor denied ; and 
 the bed anfwer feems to be, that the RotniJJo 
 church is amended in Tome points, which are 
 to be confidered as fruits of the Reformation ; 
 that in others it is not improved at all ; and that 
 in others again, which were thought necelTary 
 fupports to the tottering edifice, it is ablblutely 
 grown worfe *. 
 
 Se6b 2. As to the fpiritual monarchy of the 
 Pope, it was at firft greatly endangered by 
 thofe who bore teftimony to the truth, in fpite 
 of the bafe example of Pope Pius II. and parti- 
 cularly by the proceedings of king Lewis XII. 
 of France^ and of the council of Pifa againll 
 Pope Julius II. 
 
 Seel. 3. But the advantage became irrepara- 
 ble, when gradually a confiderable part of Ger- 
 many^ France^ the Netherlands^ Switzerland^ Flun- 
 gary and Poland^ befides ail England^ Scotland^ 
 Denmark^ Sweden and PruJJia^ received the doc- 
 trine of the Reformation, and withdrew entirely 
 from their obedience to the See q^ Rome. 
 
 Se6l. 4. Befides this, thofe nations which 
 ftili adhered to the dodtrine of the church of 
 Ro7ne^ not only admitted principles quite irre- 
 concilable with the doctrine of an infallible head 
 of the whole church, but alio particularly by 
 the frequent complaints againft the See of 
 Rome and their earneft folicitations for a coun- 
 cil, threatened it with no fmall danger ; and 
 
 ^ * See Dr.Baumgarten's Obfervatmjes de Concilio Tariden- 
 Uui quantum per illud mclior detensrve fa5ia fuerit ecde- 
 fia Romnna, 
 
 Charles 
 
272 HisTORY{y^/& Popes. 
 
 Charles V. was even a6lually employed, at lead 
 inGermany^ in deciding religious points judici- 
 ally. 
 
 Sed. 5. Ail this incited the court of Rome to 
 itudy expedients for tht better lupport of the 
 /^^;72^;/- catholic religion, and more eipecially of 
 the authority of the Pope, and to fecure it from 
 further declenfion. The council of Trent was 
 very artfully made ufe of to anfwer this end, 
 quite contrary to its original defign. The Ro^ 
 man Legates were fuffered to prefide in it ; and 
 they had not thei liberty of agreeing to the refo- 
 lutions of the fathers, without the previous con- 
 fent of the Pope. All the dodrines which con- 
 tradicted the Romijh errors, were condemned, 
 without hearing the proteftants, and all the 
 dodrines peculiar to the church of Rome, were 
 folemnly confirmed, which promoted the main- 
 tenance of the latter, and hindered the further 
 propagation of the former. A majority of 
 votes was influenced to fupprefs the do6trines af- 
 fented to by the greateft part of the dodors 
 there prefent, or they were decided by an autho- 
 ritative fentence from Rome, if they had theleaft 
 tendency to the prejudice of the papal court-, 
 thofe queftions, for inftance, fo fruitful in al- 
 tercation, whether epifropacy be of divine ori- 
 gin ? and whether the Pope was to be accounted 
 the head of ail churches, or of the univerfal 
 church ? The reformation, fo univerfalJy de- 
 fired, dwindled into an alteration only of fome 
 indifferent matters ; and the papal court re- 
 . ferved to itfelf the amendment of its own abufes.. 
 In the lafc place, it Vv\as deemed the prerogative 
 of the Pope to interpret all the decrees. 
 
 Se6t. 
 
History of the Po^es, 273 
 
 Se£b. 6. As it muft be owned that thefe me- 
 thods had their defired efFedl in thofe provinces, 
 where the decrees of this council were accepted 
 without limitation ; lb the Pope had the morti- 
 fication to find, that whole nations, efpecially 
 France^ SpaiUy and Hungary^ either abfolutely 
 refijfed their compliance, or by their exceptions 
 and refervations plainly jfhewed, that their oppo- 
 fition arofe from the very do6trine therein con- 
 firmed of the fupremacy of the Pope : And 
 hence the very important diftindion betwixt the 
 perfedlly and partially obedient fons of the holy 
 father *. 
 
 Sed. 7. Further means for promoting this 
 grand dtiign^ were the inquifition of Italy^ the 
 Jefuits, the miffions, the index of prohi- 
 bited books, and in fome meafure the repeated, 
 but fruftrated attempts, entirely to divert: all 
 temporal fovereigns of any jurifdidlion over ec- 
 clefiaftics* 
 
 Sed. 8. Thefe things fufficiently evidence thp 
 determined defign of the Popes to ere6t an uni> 
 verfal fupremacy, even without that pradlical evi- 
 dence of it the excommunication, ftill fulminated 
 againft princes, tho' with very little effed. 
 
 Se6l. 9. It muft not however be omitted, 
 that amidft all the zeal at Rome for maintaining 
 the papal privileges ; yet in the exercife of them, 
 the Popes hands have been tied up by the cardi- 
 nals and the congregations. 
 
 Sedl. 10. With regard to temporal dominion, 
 they became richer by the fuccefTion of the 
 
 * See Courayer\ difcours hljlorique^ ^c. annexed to 
 the fecond volume of his French edition of father PW, 
 M. Kocherh htblioth, fymholk. and Mofi)sm'% injiitui, hijlor. 
 ecclef, 
 
 T dutchy 
 
274 History of the f o i? e s. 
 
 dutchy of Ferrara, Naples ^^ like an alluring 
 virgin, was continually courted by 'he Pope, buE 
 at the fame time carefujly guarued. Fhe in-; 
 cefTant wars in //^/y during this period betwixt 
 France and Spain^ gave them fr -quent oppor- 
 tunities of reaping advantages from both fides. 
 
 Se6t. II. Hence infbances are not wanting of 
 Popes, who by perfidy to their allies, as well as 
 by their fcandalous lives, and thei; manireH: con- 
 traditions to each other, proved the infallibi- 
 lity of the Pope to be an abfurd chimera. 
 
 Se6l. 12. The former complaints about ne- 
 potifm were not in the ieaft abated. 
 
 Sect. 13. The eledionsof Popes were only fo 
 many trials offlciil and craft amon;;i the cardinals 
 and ambafladors. Some nev/ordinances were made 
 pn thisfubject. There are alfo two ir.ftanc/c of 
 Popes who did not alter their chrifliian nances. 
 The capitulations, if we mr^y fo call them, were 
 cuftomary •, the coronaiions pompous, and like 
 all the puhhc tranfadions ot the Roman chair iri 
 general, fettled by a ftrid ceremonial*. 
 
 Sed. 14. The cardmals became not only more 
 powerful, for in the confiftory they took cog- 
 nifance of the mod important concerns ; but 
 X\\t number of them was now fettled at fix car- 
 dinal bifhops, fifty cardinal pri. its, and four- 
 teen cardinal deacons. Among thcle. four at 
 Ieaft were to be divines *, and theie to be taken 
 from the regulars and mendicants. 
 
 Szd:. 15. It wasobferved above, thzx. Stxtus Y . 
 jnftituted fifteen congregations. There are, i. 
 For the inquifition. 2. For the fignatura delta 
 
 * See Meufcheu's. cceremon'iaJ. ele^.ionn &" coronai?o77i,s 
 pontificis Rom. Fergeri ordo eitgendi poniifids 3 and the 
 tyfoire des conclaves. 
 
 gracia. 
 
History of the V ove^, 275 
 
 gracia. 3. For the building of churches and 
 conflftprial warrants. 4. For the care of pro- 
 vifions within the ecclefiaftical (late. 5. For 
 religious rites. 6. For the marine of the eccle* 
 fiailical ftate. 7. For the index of prohibited 
 books. 8. For the fupport and interpretation 
 of the council of TVif^/. 9. For redrelTing the 
 grievances of the ecclefiaftical ftate. 10. For 
 the univerfity 2X Rome, 11. For the religious 
 orders. 12. For thebifhops and other prelates. 
 
 13. For the ftreets, bridges, and aquedudls. 
 
 14. For the Vatican printing-office; and, 15. 
 For the ecclefiaftical ftate in general. Cle- 
 ment VI JI. was the founder of the congregation 
 for the controverfy of afilfting grace. 
 
 Se6l. 16. Thus the political conftitution in- 
 deed received a right form, but the Popes at the 
 fame time were more and more fhackled. Po- 
 licy alfo ftruck out new maxims of ftate, which 
 no Pope underftood better than Sixtus V. who 
 iirft difcerned that proteftantifm might accident- 
 ally be turned to the advantage of the Pope. But 
 this projed is defeated by the alteration, which 
 the general conftitution o'i Europe has undergone, 
 and thefe changes will appear in the following 
 period to have been accidentally detrimental to 
 |he Popes. 
 
 T 2 BOOK 
 
1 276 ] 
 
 BOOK VIIL 
 
 THE 
 
 HI STORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 POPES 
 
 From the Emperor Rudolph II, 
 to the Emperor Francis. 
 
 M , ■ fn ii i i I • I 1.1. ■ I ■! « ■ ,1 - " I. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Hiftory of the P o p e s of R o m e. 
 SECT. I. 
 
 The Hiflory of the Popes of the feven- 
 teenth Century. 
 
 1605. Sed. I. ^^^^JRONTUS would probably 
 ^ 5 S have fucceeded in the papacy, 
 ^^^ had not the Spaniards been in- 
 duced by a writing of his con- 
 cerning the Sicilian monarchy, to undermine 
 him. The e!e6lion at Jaft was carried on the 
 firfl of Jprily in favour of cardinal Alexander Me- 
 
 diciSy 
 
tiistORY of the Pope 3. 2'J'2^ 
 
 diciSy who ftiled himfelf Leo XI. but died on 
 the twenty-fixth day of the fame month, which 
 prevented him from making good the promife 
 agreed ort among the cardinals, that the new 
 Pope Ihould terminate the controVerfy of af- 
 fiiling grace *. 
 
 Sedt. 2. After a very tumultuous eledion, in 
 which the French court was the moft adtive, 
 cardinal Camillus Borghefe afcended the papal 
 chair by the name oi Paul V. His impetuous 
 zeal for the authority of the Pope carried him to 
 fuch extravagant meafures, that he not a little 
 contributed to the diminution of it. But of all 
 his tranfadlions none has made fo much noife, or 
 is in effed fo remarkable, as his conteft with the 
 republic of Venice, This arofe partly from two I ^06^ 
 edi(5ls of the republic, for preventing the unne- 
 ceflary increafe of religious buildings, and the 
 augmentation of the wealth of the clergy ; 
 partly from the profecution of two ecclefiaftics, 
 for capital crimes, who had not been delivered 
 up to the Pope at his requifition. Pope Paul 
 laid all the dominions of the republic under an 
 interdid, and Venice on the other hand declared 
 that unjufl ordinance to be invalid •, and banifh-. 
 ed the Jefuits and Capuchins, who had openly 
 violated the obedience ^\:vt to the ft ace. Prepa- 
 rations were making on both fides for a war,when 
 an accommodation, not very honourable to the 
 Pope, was brought about by the mediation of i6l2# 
 Hmry IV. of France. Pope Fatil very unnecef- 
 farily gave offence to that crown, by an exprefs 
 approbation of the docbrine of Suarez the Jefuir, 
 concerning the murder of kings. But this rup- 
 ture was likewife little to his advantage. The 
 
 * JFaddlng has alfo written his life, 
 
 T 3 union 
 
3 62 1 
 
 ^78 HisT oi^Y of the Vovts. 
 
 union of a Neflorian patriarch with the See of 
 Rome was no important matter of joy to Pope 
 
 1 614. Paul', and his exultation at the arrival of a 
 
 1615. fplendid embafly from Japan was very fhcrt, and 
 foon after imbittered by the perfecution, which 
 is known to have followed it. Tho' the Pope 
 was a great patron of the Jefuits ; yet in the 
 controverfy of afTifting grace, and in that of the 
 immaculate conception, he ventured no farther 
 than to impofe filence on the difputants. The 
 palaces, eftates, and other riches, Itill poflefled 
 by the \\ou^& o^ Borghefe, are monuments of this 
 Pope's exceflive nepotifm. Ontheciher hand, he 
 had the merit of beautifying the city of Rome^ 
 and improving the Vatican library. He died on 
 the twenty-eighth of January. Whether he may 
 be juftificd in fuffering himfelf to be ftiled Vice- 
 God, the monarch of Chriftendom^ and fupporter 
 of Papal omnipotence, needs not to be deter- 
 mined *• 
 
 Scd. 
 
 * See his bulls in Cheruhini hullar. ;;/rfo-«. That which de- 
 ferves particular notice is the fixty-fifth, in which good 
 provifion is made for public iullrudion in the oriental 
 languages. Xnxh^Venettan conteft, fee the pieces by 
 $arpi on one fide, and thofe by Baronius and Bellarm'me 
 Dn the other ; which not only relate and explain the 
 progrefs of this tranfaclion, to which all Europe was 
 then attentive, but are allb very important helps to- 
 wards uiiderflanding the controverfy about the pre- 
 tended iupremacy of the Pope, and its limits, the lat- 
 ter being very judicioufly confidercd b}' the Venetian 
 writers. Wc refer our readers to Sngittarlm's mtroduii. 
 In h'ljhr, ecclcf. Gryphlus adparat. de fcriptor. hiji. fee. 
 XVII. Biidcr's hihliothec. In/hric. FoJJiar'mi della literai, 
 Venezian, but chiefly to Sarpi's hijisria interdi^U Veneti^ 
 which in Italian takes up the fourth volume of his 
 
 worksj 
 
H I S T O R Y ^ //i^ P O P E S. 27^ 
 
 ,, Se6l 3. After a fhort and fomewhat turbu- 
 lent conclave, cardinal Alexander Luigi was 
 ele6led. He wis both a native and archbifliop 
 of Bolognia. He took the name of Gregory X.Y. 
 His indolence was ibchj that he often commit- 
 ted the reins of government to very improper 
 hands ; yet he exerted the utmoft ot his power 
 againft the proteftants, in order to fupprefs 
 them in France and Germany, Another unqiie- 1622^ 
 flionable monument of his zeal is the inftitucion 
 of the congregation de propaganda fide. He 
 would not decide in the concroveriy concerning 
 the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. 
 At 1 aft he died on the eighteenth of July. His i6i^i 
 frequent canonifations are by fomc confidered as 
 arguments of his covetoufnefs *. 
 
 Sedl. 4. After a conclave, conducted with 
 all the dexterity of political intrigue, Maffei 
 Barberini^ a Florentine, was chofen on the 6th of 
 Aiiguft. He was at that time Gardinal-legate of 
 Bolognia. He took the name of Urban VIII. 
 
 works, and was tranflated into Latin by JViUiam Bedell 
 of Cambridge. Compare Heidegger's hijlor. papat. Cou- 
 raye/s vie abregee de Fra Paolo ^ prefixed to the firfl: part 
 of the Hijloire du Concile de Trente. The befl life of 
 PopePWV. tho' riot witiiout errors, was publifhed 
 by Bzovius^ 
 
 * He made new regulations for the ele6tion'of a 
 Pope, as may be {'^^n from the ca:re??iomale confmens ritus 
 eleSiionis R. P. His decrees were printed at Rome 1623. 
 See alfo Cherubini's hullar. torn. III. Of his we likewife 
 have varia decijioneS'^ and rnemoriale fciendorutn a clericis. 
 Concerning the congregation de propaganda fide, fee Fa- 
 bricim in luc falutar. and of the proceedings in the con- 
 troverfy about the conception of the Virgin Mary, 
 Wadding's Icgatio Philippi III. ^ IV. ad Paidum V. & 
 Gregorium XV. An account of fome writings of this 
 Pope, but of Uttle importance, may be feen in Sagit^ 
 iarius, 
 
 T 4 was 
 
28o H I STORY of the Popes; 
 
 was a man of learning, and zealous for his 
 church and the honour of his court. As he 
 was flrongly fwayed by nepotifm, he beftowed 
 on his relations red hats and temporal em- 
 ployments, and often remitted the management 
 
 r of affairs to them, fo that they in a great mea- 
 ^* fure fland chargeable with the errors of his 
 pontificate. It is certain, that at the beginning 
 Pope Urban was more inclined to France than 
 the houfe of Aujlria -y and this manifeftly ap- 
 peared in the famous contell about the Vaito- 
 line and the ^v^xz^x^ o{ Montjerrat \ but more 
 1632. efpecially in this, that in the thirty years war he 
 would neither fupport the Emperor by a gene- 
 ral Croifade, nor condemn France for the alli- 
 ance with Swden, At this both lines of the 
 houfe of Aujlria were fo provoked, that they 
 begun to talk of very extraordinary meafures. 
 But the flate of affairs was foon changed, when 
 
 r cardinal Rkhlieu could not obtain all he re- 
 
 ^'^' quired ; and complained heavily againft the 
 
 Pope, on account of the marflial d'Etrees^ whom 
 
 he had fent to Rome^ and when Odoard^ duke of 
 
 Parma^ fought and obtained protedlion in France 
 
 1639. againfl the ambition of tht Barbarini, Extremi- 
 ties feemed unavoidable, had not both parties 
 judged a reconciliation more fuitable to their 
 
 1640. interefts. The great revolution in Portugal put 
 
 1641. Urban to no fmall difficulty. At length Spain 
 prevailed, and Urban^ by refufing to acknow- 
 ledge king John^ commenced that variance 
 
 1642. which brought the See oi Rome into manifeft 
 danger. The war againft the duke oi Parma 
 was wholly unjuftifiable •, and the iffue of it 
 
 •1644. dcrrimenral to the court of Rome, Urban is 
 highiy commended for his patronage of learned 
 men. He conferred the title of Eminence on 
 
 the 
 
History of the Popes. 281 
 
 the cardinals, and the papal chair owed to him 
 the fucceflion of the dutchy of Urbino and other 
 provinces, which were poffefTed by the houfe of 
 Rovere, now extindl. He died on the 29th of 
 July^ in an advanced age *. 
 
 S^S:. 5. After a conclave of much buftJe 
 and intriguing, the Spanijh party, on the 15th 
 of September carried the eledlion in favour of 
 Job, Bapt. Pamfili^ who chofe the title of Inno- 
 cent X. Before ; his elevation he; had an illicit 
 commerce with his brother's widow, the notori- 
 ous Donna Olympia Maldachini \ and this was noc 
 only continued, but every thing was at her dif- 
 :pofal ; and by her ambition and avarice the 
 Pope became univerfally hated. The firft ex- 
 ploit of this female government was the unjuit 
 taking of Cafiro from the duke of Panna^ and 
 demolifhing its fortifications. This was fuc-' 
 
 * As cardinal, he wrote Latin poems, of which we 
 have a colle6tion that has been printed feveral times. 
 As Pope, he not only publifhed a remarkable edition 
 of the Romijh breviary, but alfo feveral bulls and de- 
 crees, vv^hich fee in Cherubim bullarium. Amono- them 
 thofe moft worth notice are that which abolifhes the 
 order of female Jefuits, and certain feftivals, and others 
 which relate to image-worfhip ; alfo thofe by which 
 in compliance with the Jefuits, he firft condemns 7i7«- 
 fenim^s Augujlinus ; likewife the bull by which the title 
 of Eminence is conferred upon the Cardinal-legates, 
 the three ecclefiaftical eledlors, and the grand mafter 
 oi Malta \ tho* Kings and the republick of Veiiice are 
 difpenfed from giving them this title. Among his 
 foundations deferving particular notice, are alfo the 
 College de propaganda fide ^ which was fmce incorporated , 
 
 with the congregation of the fame name. He was 
 fmgular in creating feventy-four cardinals. The 
 lovers o^ Roman antiquities have cenfured the conduct 
 of his nephews in the famous pafquinade, ^od nonfe- 
 cerunt Barbaric fecerunt Barbarini, 
 
 5 ceeded 
 
282 History of the Popes. 
 
 ceeded by a furious perfecution of the BarhcP 
 rini^ whom however France fo effedualjy pro- 
 teded, that the Pope was obliged to come to 
 164b. terms with them. In the revolt of the Nea- 
 politans^ the Pope fided with the duke of Guife 
 and the rebels. It is probable, that he had 
 fecret motives for this. On the other hand, he 
 
 1647. adhered to the principles of his predecefTor, in 
 regard to the affairs of Portugal \ and the con- 
 troverfy of the Janfenifts which brought a great 
 deal of trouble on him. But what cauied a 
 general diflike was his public cenfure of the treaty 
 
 1648. o^ IVefiphalia^ by which tranquillity and hap- 
 pinefs were reftored to fo many Hates. The great 
 fcandal caufed by Olympia gave rife to what 
 
 1649. pafTed between Innocent and cardinal Aftalli, 
 
 1650. Xho' it occafioned Olympia to be for a time 
 publickly removed from court ; yet fhe foon 
 after recovered her former place, and maintained 
 it till the deceafe of the Pope, which was on the 
 
 1655. loth o^ January *. 
 
 Sed. 6. In this conclave, be fides the ir^^/f/^ 
 and Spaniards^ a new party arofe, (tiling them- 
 felves the Squairon of the Holy Ghoft^ but bet- 
 ter known by the name of the Flying Squadron, 
 To the latter, after much conteft, cardinal Fa- 
 hio Chigi owed his election, April 8, by the title 
 o^ Alexander VII. He had very advantageoufly 
 difcinguiQied himfeif, efpecially as nuncio at 
 
 * Cherubim has collected the bulls of this Pope ; 
 among which, that which condemns the five famous 
 pofitions of JavfeniuSy and that publiflicd againft the 
 pGcice o( IVe/lp/,\]!ia, are the niofi: remarkable. The 
 latter has been refuted by Bhnddy Hoonihecky Carpzov. 
 and ConnHg}j4s. See Gua/di, or rather Leti^s vita delta 
 donna Olimpia MaldaJ?l?u^ together with Heidegge/s 
 hi.fi or. Papain^., 
 
 the 
 
History of the Popes. 2S3 
 
 the treaty of Mmjler, and now feemed fully to 
 anfw^r the great hopes, which from his exter- 
 nal condudt and ftridt fandity of life had been 
 conceived of him. The beginning of his pon- 
 tiiicate is efpecially remarkable ; for the folemn 
 proteiTion of the Roman faith made by Chrijiina 
 queen of Sweden at Infpruck^ a change, which 
 contrary to all expecStation, inftead of turning 
 to the advantage of /^i?;;?^, proved only a dead 
 weight, to it. Alexander could not long diffem- 
 ble. He became a man, according to the lu- 
 dicrous phrafe of that time j took a crowd 1656. 
 of relations into his family, and carried nepo- 
 tifm fo far, that the ill confequences of this 
 ilate diftemper were very fenfibly felt. That the 1^57. 
 Jefuits, by this channel, obtained the Popes ear 
 againft the Janjentfts^ was but a fmall matter in 
 comparifon of the loud ridicule which an aniour 
 of the cardinal patron brought upon the Pope 
 and the whole court. Lewis XiV. of France^ 
 who was, on other accounts, dilpleafed with i^^q. 
 Alexander^ highly refented the infult committed 
 by fome Corficans of the Pope's guards, at the 
 inftigation of the populace, on the perfon of his 
 ambafiador the duke of Crequi and his lady. 
 Alexander refufing the fatisfadlion required, tne i^^3' 
 king not only made himfelf mailta: of A"dgnon^ 
 but marched an army into Italy. This brought 
 the Pope to fign a peace at Fija^ not only dif- i^%. 
 graceful but d«.^trimental, for he lott Coftro and 
 Ronciglione. Never was Pope fo fenfibly hum- 
 bled as Alexander at this jundlure, which accounts ^ ^%« 
 for the fufpicion he always after entertained of 
 French divinity, efpecially that of the Sor bonne. 
 He died on the 2 2d o^ May *. 1667. 
 
 ■* Alexander left Tome fmall pieces, particularly a 
 CoUedion of poems intitled, Mati Labores Juveniles^ 
 
 ccn- 
 
 1661, 
 
284 History of the PoiPEs. 
 
 Sed. 7. The new Pope Clement IX. before 
 called Julio Rofpigliofi^ was chofen on the 20th 
 o^ June. He was naturally a lover of peace, and 
 delighted in magnificence. His diflike of ne- 
 potifm, his accommodation of the long difpute 
 with Portugal^ by confirming the Bifhops of 
 
 1668. ^^"g Peter's nomination, his efFedlual mediation 
 for a fufpenrK)n of arms betwixt the Janfenijis 
 and Jefuits, and the mildnefs of his government 
 towards the fubjedls of the ecclefiaftical ftate, 
 do him fingular honour. He died the 9th of 
 December *. 
 
 Sed. 8. The conclave lafted almoft five 
 
 1670. months, during v/hich four or five parties flrug- 
 gled againft each other, with all the chicanery 
 ufual on the occafion. Atlaft cardinal ^w^//. Altieri 
 was chofen on the 29th o^ Aprils in the eightieth 
 year of his age. He took the name of Clement X. 
 He was too pacifick in his temper, to be diftin- 
 guifhed in hiftory. The mod memorable a6lion 
 of his life was the adoption of cardinal Paolucci^ 
 
 ivhich 
 
 concerning which fee Ballet's Jugement des Sfavans. 
 For fome unprinted pieces confult Mahilkri'i Muf, Ital 
 Among his many bulls in Chcruhinis huilarium^ the 
 nioft remarkable are thofe on the Janfenijis^ the imma- 
 culate conception of the Virgin Mary^ and Peyrerms. 
 Some relate to trifles, as that the cardi^ials fhall not 
 wear mourning. For the French conteft confult Rela- 
 tion de tout ce qid fe pajfa ente le Pape AlexaJider ij k 
 ret de la France, DcJ?narais h'ljioir. des demeles de la 
 coiir de France avec la cour de Rome. Theatr, Euro p. See 
 Memoir, de cardinal de Retz. Ncdot's relation de la cour 
 de Ro?ne. A fmall fatirical piece called Syndicnt U" voyage 
 dans V autre monde du Papa Alexander VII. Aleyern acf. 
 pac. IVeJiphal and the article Fahio Chlgi in Bayle\ 
 Dictionary. 
 
 * The pieces relating to the truce with the Janje- 
 ni/fs are referred to in Mop^im inptut. hi/tor. ecclef. 
 
 For 
 
History of the Popes. 285 
 
 which introduced a new kind of nepotifm. He 
 filled the chair fix years, and died on the 22d 
 ofy^/y*. 167^. 
 
 Sed. 9. The conclave was again very tedi- 
 ous, and the crown o^ France prepared a fcourge 
 for itfelf, by taking fo ftrong a part in the exal- 
 tation of cardinal Bened. Odefchalchi. This took 
 place on the loth of December^ and the new 
 Pope took the name of Innocent XL It is very 
 probable, that he had been a foldier in his 
 younger years. He is much traduced by the 
 Jefuits ; but the impartial world will give him 
 the preference to many Popes. He was a man 
 of uncommon courage, auftere in his morals, 
 and inflexible in his refglutions. He took pains 
 to reduce the pleafures and pomp of his court, 
 to fupprefs abufes, even among the clergy, and 
 to banifh nepotifm ; all whicli meafures render- 
 ed him unpopular among the great; but he 
 carried his zeal rather too far in laying reftraints 
 upon the drefs of the ladies, and totally prohi- 
 bited them the learning of mufick. His regula- 
 tion with refpect to the franchifes of foreign mi- 
 nifl:ers, which had been fo much abufed, was of 
 more importance and of real ufe. But he 15^7. 
 conduced this matter with prudence, for he 
 allowed the French ambaflador M. d'Etrees the 
 unmolefted enjoyment of his ancient right for 
 his time, tho' the Imperial and Spanijh ambaf- 
 fadors, and even queen Cbrijiina, had acqui- 
 efced in this reafonable injundion. Soon after 
 broke out the difference with France, king 167S, 
 Lewis being bent on afferting the Regale in all 
 
 For the affair of Portugal, fee Gcddes" Mifcelianeous 
 Traas^ Tom. II. 
 
 * See Guarnacci hiflor. pontificum a ClemenU X. ad 
 Clement XL Tom. i. p. i. feq. 
 
 its 
 
286 Hi ST OR V of the Popes. 
 
 its iitmoft extent, to the no fmalJ difpleafure of 
 the Pope, who by oppofing him, provoked 
 the further mortification of the four famous 
 pofitions concerning the dignity, power, and 
 fallibility of the Pope, which were received as. 
 articles of faith by the affembly of the clergy. 
 16S2. Qn the other fide, Lewh feemed to gratify the 
 
 1685. Pope by the revocation of the edid of iV"^;^/^ ; 
 but it is ftill a queftion, whether Innocent was 
 pleafed with th^t meafure. At lead policy 
 taught him to betray no concern about the 
 great Revolution in England. At the fame time 
 the Jefuits were vexatious to him, efpecially 
 
 1686. when contrary to his own inclination, he was 
 obliged, in order to gratify them, and to avoid 
 falling into the inquifition, as a heretic, to ap- 
 prove and confirm the condemnation ot Molt- 
 nos^ whom he fo highly efi:eemed. After the 
 death of M. d'Etrees^ it was expeded his fucr 
 
 1687. c^ffor would have given up the privilege of the 
 franchifes; but king L^-^e^zj fen t the marquis de. 
 Lavardin to afifert his right by force, caufed his 
 parliament to appeal to a general council ; ar- 
 refted the Pope's nuncio cardinal Ranucci^ and 
 Avignon befieged. This difturbance was height- 
 ned by queen Chrijliiid's fiding with France, for 
 which fhe forfeited her annual penfion of twelve 
 thoufand dollars. But tho' France was thus ve- 
 hement at firft, this warmth abated, and in the 
 
 i68q. i'nean time Innocent died on the twelfth o{ Augiifi. 
 Pope Benedi^ XIV. intended to have cano- 
 nized him ; but fufi^ered himfelf to be deter- 
 red by France and the Jefuits, from bellowing 
 on their enemy an honour which he deferved 
 better at leaft, xhdin Boniface Ylll.*, 
 
 Sea. 
 
 * See the bulls of Pope 7;2?2<?<:^«/ in the firft part of 
 the continuation to Cherubim's bullarium. That Odcf- 
 
 chalcIA 
 
History of the Popes. 287 
 
 Se£l. 10. After the deceafe of Pope Innocent^ 
 the Due ds Chaulnes arrived ambafiador from 
 France. After another long conclave car- 
 dinal Peter Ottoboni^ a native of Venice^ was 
 chofen on the fixth of O£loher^ by the name of 
 Alex under N\\\, The new French ambafiador gave 
 him the fatisfadion of refigning his claim to the 
 fra icrjfes, and king Lewis railed the fiege of 
 Avignu't : But a peace was not yet conciuded. 
 On the contrary, Alexander condemned the 
 above-mentioned four pofitions, and Lewis fire- ^^9^* 
 nuoufly maintained them. It mufl be mention- 
 ed to the Pope's honour, that he aflifted his na- 
 tive country againft the 'Turks^ and condemned 
 the errors of the Jefuits concerning philofophic 
 fin. On the other hand, his memory fuffers 
 from the excefTeshe committed in nepotifm. He 
 died on the firfl of February *. ^ %'• 
 
 Sed. II. The election was lengthened out, as 
 ufual, by political intrigues. At lafl Antony 
 Pig7iatelli, a Neapolitan, and archbifhopof A^^/'/c'j, 
 was chofen on the twelfth of July, and took the 
 name of Innocent XII. He was ambitious to 
 refemble his benefadtor. Hence his zeal againft 
 nepotifm, which certainly does him great ho- 
 nour; his inflexibility; his auflerity and parfi- 
 
 chalchi was a fcldier,has been difputed by Count Turre- 
 zezzonico de fuppofititiis rnilitaribus Jiipendiis Bened. Odef' 
 chalchi, but it is I'ufHciently evidenced. Of the difpute 
 with M. Lavardin, fee Pfeffcrs vitriar illtijir. and of the 
 four pofitions, fee BcJJiicf s defcnf. declarat. clcr. Gallic, 
 and Voltaire ^ Sleclei de Lords XIV. See Burnet's travels, 
 Fita dFmiocenzo Undcd?m UEtat du fiege de Rome Franz. 
 Caaia Innocentia GpoJloL'ica, and Guarnacci Injhr. pontific, 
 and Bayle has alfo an important article of this Pope. 
 
 * Concerninj.^ the condemnation of philofophic fm, 
 fee Mojheim's inji'iiut. h'ljhr. ccclef. This Pope had the 
 merit of purchafing queen Chrifiind'^ library for the 
 Vatican. See Guarnacci hijhr, pcntific, 
 
 mony, 
 
ZSS History of tBe Popes; 
 
 mony. His averfion againft perukes is one of 
 thofe trifles which ftrongly charadterife a man. 
 
 1692. At Jaft he concluded a peace with France^ nei- 
 ther honourable to the king, nor the bifliops. 
 He was very near quarrelling v/ith the Em- 
 
 1694. peror Leopold^ upon his reminding the vafials in 
 the ecciefiaftical Hate of their duty. To the old 
 
 1699. controverfies, which difturbed the peace of the 
 church of Rome, was farther added archbifhop 
 Femlon's divme love. No Pope was ever more 
 unexpectedly fubmitted to than he. Innocent. 
 died in an advanced age on the twenty-feventh 
 
 J 700. of September 
 
 * 
 
 SECT, IL 
 
 The Hiftory of the Popes of the eighteenth 
 Century. 
 
 iroo, Seel. I. ^HE conclave would have lafled 
 ' * longer, had not the danger which 
 
 threatned all Europe in the impending death of 
 Charles II. king of Spain, obliged the cardinals 
 to unite, and on the third of November to chufe 
 cardinal John Francis Albani, who was propofed 
 by the zealots, and entirely agreeable to the 
 houle of Bourbon, This prelate who was young, 
 
 * Wc are obliged to him for a particular bullarium 
 ' publifhed at i?5;;2f in 1697- In the above-mentioned 
 iirft part of the continuation of Cherubim's bullarium^ 
 we find more o{ his. The moft remarkable is the nine- 
 teenth againft nepotifm. See kijioir, des conclaves^ and 
 Guarnacci hijior. pontiff, 
 
 but 
 
Ili^r o-BiY of the Popes* 289 
 
 throughly (killed in ftate matters, was after 1701* 
 much importunity prevailed with to accept this 
 dignity by the name of Clement XI. One of 
 his lirft: tranfadlions was, to oppofe the eredion 
 of Pruffia into a kingdom, which only expofed 
 the court of Rome to ridicule. He was more 
 embarraiTed by the war on account of the Spanijh 
 fucceffion, in which he ftudied indeed to appear 1702; 
 perfectly impartial, and to a6t the mediator; 
 and for this reafon referved the inveftiture of the 
 kingdom of Naples from the duke of Anjou \ 
 but he foon lliewed himfelf entirely in the inte- , 
 
 reft of the houfe of Bourbon, efpecially when a ^7^4* 
 war arifing in Italy diftrefTed the ecclefiaftical 
 flate on all fides. In the mean time he ifTued a 
 bull very difagreeable tothejefuits, in the conteft 
 between them and the Dominicans on account of 
 Cbinefe mifTions. It appears from church-hiftory 
 what unbelievers, the fathers, fhewed them.- 
 felves in the article of the infallibility of this 
 Pope. He gave them ample fatisfadion by the 
 fenfible blow to the Janfenifts in the bull, inti- 
 tled Vinea Domini. The fuccefs of the imperial 
 arms changed the face of affairs. Pope Clement 
 had before given juft offence to the Emperor 
 Jofephy on account of the privileges of the firfl 
 petition -, and now he fupported the clergy of 
 Parma in their feditious refufal to pay obedience 
 to the Emperor their fovereign. But he was 
 obliged to fubmit with great lofs. He loft Co- 
 macchio, and perceiving that the Emperor was 
 too powerful for him and his little army, he 
 agreed to the terms of peace prefcribed to him, 
 and after feveral political tergiverfations, ac- 
 knowledged Charles III. king of Spain. Tho' 1709. 
 his partiality to the French intereft was as un- 
 doubted as ever, yet Philip o^ Anjou feverely re- 
 U venged 
 
 i7o8< 
 
290 History of the Po:pes. 
 
 venged this flep on him and his Nuncio. Sooii- 
 after this, the controverfy with the Janfenifts 
 was inflamed by the difturbances of father ^ef- 
 nelt and Pope Clement^ was prevailed with by 
 the Jefuits at Paris to ifTue the bull Unigenitus, 
 ' ^* This bull, befides being an evidence, that the 
 Pope may err both in matters of faith and hifto- 
 rical fads, proved the means of greatly endan- 
 gering the authority of the Pope. It kindled" 
 a flame in France^ which fpread over the whole 
 Romijh church, broke out more violently after 
 the death of Lewis XIV. and will never be ex- 
 ^l^S* tinguifhed. The new king of .Sfa/y would not 
 part with his monarchy, and the zeal which the 
 ^1^1* Pope manifefted, ferved only to increafe the 
 papal penfioners, among whom was now the 
 the Pretender, as he could no longer ftay in 
 France, The fuccours which the Pope gave to 
 Venice^ in the war again ft the Turks ^ were much 
 to his honour ; but the promotion of cardinal 
 Alhero'd was a meafure of which he had great 
 caufe to repent. He alfo had new broils with 
 '7^^* the Emperor Charles Yl, and the bull, which 
 begins with the pafl:oral office, made no im- 
 preflion in France, In the midft of thefe great 
 ^ ' confufions, Pope Clement ended his days on the 
 nineteenth of March, He was not indeed with- 
 out fome tin dure of nepotifm, but it muft be 
 owned to his honour, that it never betrayed him 
 into excefles *. 
 
 Sed. 2. The unanimous eledlion on the 
 eighth of A%, of cardinal Michael Angela Conti^ 
 
 who 
 
 * Cardinal Mam has obliged the Republic of Let- 
 ters, by colleding his uncle's writings, and publlfhing 
 his eptftola and brevia fek^a ; his crationes conftjloriales^ 
 and his buUariwn* They have been reprinted at Framk- 
 
 fori, 
 
 5 
 
HlSTORY^/'^'^^fPoPESr 291 
 
 v/ho took the name of Innocent XIIL was 
 fomething very unexpedted. His noble defcenr, 
 and his accomplifhments, had raifed him to 
 eminent pods, which he. always difchargcd with 
 reputation. But now the infirmities of age dif- 
 abled him from diftinguifhing himfelf as Pope. 
 From the growing oppofition againft the bull 
 Unigenitus^ in France^ the Low Countries^ and 
 Germany^ he judged it the more necefTary to ex- I72^» 
 ert himfelf in its defence. He confentcd at 
 length to inveft the Emperor Charles VI. with 
 the kingdom of ISIaples^ which was more com- 
 mendable than his oppofition to the feudal grant 
 from the prince of P^rw^ and Flacenda to Don 1723. 
 Carlos, Cardinal Alberoni was acquitted by 
 him. Innocent died the third oi March *. 1724, 
 
 Sedl. 3. Cardinal Vincenzi Maria Urfini^ arch- 
 bifhop of Benevento^ and a Dominican, was 
 chofen the twenty-ninth of Ma)\ and afTumed 
 the name of Benedi SI XIII. It muft be owned, 
 that at lead in the beginning of his pontificate 
 he fhewed many good difpofitions and defigns, 
 
 fort-y by the title Opera omnia, in two vol. folio. The 
 collection of controverfial pieces in the affair of Comac" 
 ch'w, publiftied at Franckfort, under the title Raccolta di 
 iutto do ch' e ufcito Julia controverfta di Comacchio, are fome 
 of the beft attacks and vindications of the papal pof- 
 feffions in Italy. The controvefy of the Janfenlfts, and 
 father ^efnel^ has occafioned too many writings to be 
 here cited. The beft accounts of the hiftory of this 
 Pope are, the prefent ftate of the court of Rome, Lon^ 
 don 1 721, Ahhe Peter Polidoro's libri fex de vita & rehus 
 geftis dementis XI. another life prefixed to t\\Q Franckfort 
 edition of his works, and alfo to be found in the German 
 aSla erudit. Morei Rijlretto della vita di Clemente XI. in 
 Crefcimbeni vite de gli Arcadi. 
 
 * See Crefcembeni viie de gli Arcadi, and Guarnacd 
 vit. pontif. 
 
 U 2 Buc 
 
292 History of the Popes. 
 
 But as his excellence lay rather in the virtues of 
 a monk than the abilities of a Pope, it is not 
 matter of wonder, that the cardinals and other 
 great men of the court appeared not perfe6lly 
 pleafed with him ; that mod of his fchemes ei- 
 ther proved abortive, or the iiTue of them was 
 contrary to his intentions ; and that the end of 
 his pontificate did not correfpond with the be- 
 ginning. His didike of pomp and magnifi- 
 cence, his concern for the morals of the clergy, 
 his care for the poor, however commendable in 
 themfelves, were, in him, generally mingled 
 with fome foible. His friendfhip with the car- 
 dinal Noailles^ and his (leady adherence to the 
 do6lrine of the Dominicans could not but alarm 
 ».725. the Jefuits. Having celebrated a jubilee, and 
 by a peace concluded with the Emperor C/6^r/^i 
 VI. recovered Comacckio^ he held a provincial 
 fynod in the Lateran, It is certain, that Bene- 
 Jm was difappointed in the great good he had 
 expe6led from it, that the Jefuits, and their 
 friends among the cardinals, were more adlive 
 in it than he could have wiflied, and that at 
 length this fynod obtained no general autho- 
 rity. Benedioi imagining he had procured him- 
 felf an able coadjutor in the famous Cofcia^ con- 
 ferred on him the red hat. And now there was 
 a total change of meafures ; but not at all for 
 the better. King John V. of Portugal flrongly 
 follicited the purple for Bkhi^ Nuncio at his 
 court ; but with fo little effe61:, that Benedi^f^ 
 or rather Ccfcia^ fuffered matters to an extre- 
 r- mity. But he had more important broils with 
 ''^^ the Emperor C/:'^r/^j about the kingdom of Si- 
 cily^ and with the king of Sardinia concerning 
 the right of nomination to certain ecclefiafticai 
 dignitits. The commotions in Lucern gave 
 ; ! him 
 
History of the Popes. 293 
 
 him feme trouble. In church -affairs Cofcia^^^ 1727. 
 zealous for the honour of the bull Unigenitus^ 
 and that the aged cardinal de Noailles iubfcribed 1728. 
 it at the clofe of his life, was owing to him 
 and cardinal Fleury, But Benedict always con- 
 tinued a flanch Dominican. He publiihed the 
 hull Pre tiofusy which the Jefuits will hardly ad- 
 mit to be a juft expofition of the doctrine of 
 grace. We mud not omit this Pope's pacific 
 difpofition to reconcile the Roman, Greek, Luthe- 
 ran, and reformed parties. He died the twenty- 1720. 
 firft of February, leaving a greater characfler for 
 perfonal endowments, efpecially learning, than 
 for the wifdom or profperity of his pontifi- 
 cate*. 
 
 Sed. 4. The intrigues and clafhings among 
 the feveral Roman- cSithoVic courts, and the par- 
 tizans ot the cardinals protracted the conclave, 
 till at laft the creatures of the family o^ Albani 
 carried their point, and on the twelfth o\ July 
 t\tCitd Laurence Cor/mi, ?i Florentine^ and Cardi- 
 nal-bilTiop of Frefiati. Ciemenl Xll. both took 
 the name of his benefador Chnent XI. and af- 
 fedled to imitate his condui5l, but without having 
 his talents or qualities. He fhewed an example 
 of juftice in the punifhment of tr.e cardinals 
 Cofcia and Fini with their accomplices. It would 
 
 * Benedio? as a preaching: friar, has left behind him 
 feveral fermons, alfo poems and other writings, toge- 
 ther with fome bulls, of which that beginnins; with the 
 Vf ord pretiofus, is particularly remarkable. Tlvtv /.ere 
 all publifhed at i^iJWf, 1728, in 3 volumes foiio, under 
 the tide of Opera di Benedetto Xi 11. Concerning :he 
 Later an council, fee JValch''<s, ccmm. de concuio Lata, meujiy 
 a Benediuio XIII. ceubrato. See his life in /^-r^ Rud, 
 Conliris Roma jancfa ; Lonia et mentis et cordis Benedicit 
 XIII. Guarnaccihijior. pontific Alex* Borgia BenediSJi XIII. 
 vita» 1 
 
 U 3 hea 
 
294 Hi ST oTiY of the VoTESd 
 
 have redounded more to his honour, had he 
 treated the former with greater temper, and not 
 drawn upon himfelf by an exceflive nepotifm, 
 which he alfo authorifed, the reproach that his 
 zeal was in great meafure the effecl of felf-in- 
 tereft. He annulled the compact which hispre- 
 
 173 1, deceflbr had made, with the king of Sardinia ', 
 and thus drew upon himfelf a difference with 
 that political court, of wiich he die not live to 
 fee the end. He gratlHed indeed the knig of 
 Portugal with coniernng tbe purple on Bicbiy 
 tho' the appearance of an EnglifK) heet is faid to 
 have contributed to this compliance. But he 
 loon again embroiled himfelf with that prince, by 
 refufmg his approbation to the new patriarch. 
 He conduced himfelf as incautioufly with refpedt 
 
 1733* to the canton of Lucern, The republic of P^e- 
 nice]u^\y complained of a violation of the pri- 
 vilege of their ambaflador -, but his chief con- 
 tefb was with the Emperor Charles^ and with 
 Spain, The former would not acknowledge the 
 pretended right of the Pope to Parma, nor fuf- 
 fer his faithful Neapolitan vaflals, like the duke 
 of Gravina, to be excommunicated, or molefted 
 by the turbulent clergy. The complaints of 
 Spain arofe chiefly from the tumults in Rome 
 about the military levies, from the dutchy of 
 P^r;;2j, the lordfhips of C<^r^ sind Ronciglicne, and 
 
 ^735' the infant Don Lezvis, whom, however, at laft 
 Pope Cleyne'rit found himfelf obliged to confirm 
 in the Arbifhoprick of Toledo, and to decorate 
 with a cardinal's hat. The latter end of 
 his life he paffed in peace, except the extraor- 
 
 l^^O^ dinary and fruitlefs attempt of cardinal Alheroni 
 to deprive the republick of St. Marino of its 
 liberty. Clement died the fixth of February y after 
 
 making 
 
Hi story of the Popes. 295 
 
 making very valuable addicions to the Vatican li- 
 brary *. 
 
 Seft. 5. The agitations were fo great, that 
 the enfuing conclave laded the longeft of any 
 held fince the council of Conflance. This was 
 imputed to the variances of the old, that is, the 
 Alhani party, with whom the zealots lided, and 
 the new, or Corfini, The cardinals pafTed fome 
 new decrees for preventing nepotifm ; and for 
 the profit of the apoftolic chamber : And thefe 
 the Pope was to obferve. At laft the Alhani ob- 
 taining a majority, propofed cardinal Projper 
 Lambertini^ a Bolognian and Archbifhop of that 
 city. He was chofen on the 17th of Auguft^ and 
 filled himfelf 5^«^^//^ XIV. Befides his exten- 
 five learning he gave a proof of his peaceable 
 temper by his lenity towards the unfortunate 
 cardinal Cofcia^ tho' in this, his gratitude to his 
 htmhciox Benedi5f XIII. had no fmall fhare ; ^74i* 
 and by the conventions fuccelTively concluded 
 with Portugal^ Sardinia, and Naples, he made t^742. 
 fome conceflions in each. In the war about the 
 Aujlrian fucceflion he Tided rather with the houfe 
 of Bourbon than the queen of Hungary \ and this 
 pofiibly occafioned the differences about the elec- 
 tion of the emperor Francis. He oppofed more 1745. 
 than once, tho' to no purpofe, the invediture of 
 Don Philip in the dutchies of Parma and Placen- 
 tia. The glorious conquefts of the prefent king of 
 
 * Among Pope Clement's bulls, thofe efpeclally re- 
 markable are, that beginning with Jpojlolatus ojjicium, 
 containing good regulations concerning the choice oF 
 a Pope ; alio that, of which the firfl words are Sedes 
 Apojiolica, by which proteflants embracing the popifh 
 religion are continued in the pofleffion of any church- 
 lands they had. See Adl. bijioric. ecdef. Concerning his 
 life, fee Aoia bijioric, ecdef. and Guarnacci bljlor.pontific, 
 
 U 4 PruJIia 
 
296 History of the Popes. 
 
 Prujfia could not be agreeable to him ; nor was 
 he pleafed with the inititution of the vicariate- 
 general of Silejia: But he fhev/ed his prudence 
 in ronfentino; to what he could not hinder. His 
 abolifhing the patriarchate 01 Aquileia^ and the 
 diminution of the number of feftivals do him 
 
 '740' honour; tho' both drew upon him reproaches 
 from fome bigotted cardinals. On the other 
 hand he was more juftly cenfured for the changes 
 in the bifhopric of Wurzkurg, and the See of 
 Fulda, He conferred on the king of Portugal 
 the title of Moft faithful King ; and allowed the 
 king of Naples to have an auditor in the Rota, 
 
 I750' He celebrated a jubilee with great fplendor. His 
 government of the church v/as extremely mild. 
 He was no favourer of the Jefuits. Were this 
 fociety difpofed to do w^hat he has recommended 
 to them, and to abftain from what by his di- 
 rection the worthy father Norbert cenfured in 
 , them, the juft complaints which are made of 
 their m/ifiions would ceafe ; and it would be 
 happy for the Janfenifts^ if the French clergy 
 were of the fame temper with Benedi^. He has 
 eminently diilinguiflied himfelf in literature, 
 both as a liberal Mec^nas^ and a learned writer. 
 He died in this year 1758 *. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 * All the writino;s of this Pope have been publlfhed 
 at Rr.me by M. Jzevedo in twelve volumes, 4to. They 
 confifl of de fervorum Dei heatificatiom off heatorum cano^ 
 nifatione^ lihr'i iv. A^ia camnijationis of Fidelis Sigma7'tn-^ 
 gen^ Peter Regalati^ fojeph Leomjja. and Gather ino Ricci^ 
 all canonifcd by himfelf; extract of the larger v/ork 
 de' Canonifj.iione which Nic, Ricci probably defended at 
 R^me^ November 20, 1749. Ad-^endlces ad quatuor libros 
 de fervoru?n canoni fo.tione ; de Miffds officio libri tres ; de 
 gefcis Jefu Chrifii h> Maria^ originally written in Italian^ 
 
History of the Popes. 207 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Hiflory of the Papacy. 
 
 Sed. i.TN modern times the Popes have been 
 X more concerned to atf^nd to the pre- 
 fervation, than the encreafe of their power and 
 authority •, and they feem to have been tho- 
 roughly fenfible of the necefTity of fuch con- 
 dud. 
 
 Se6l. 2. Their fpiritual monarchy in its ex- 
 ternal limits, has doubtlefs been rather contrac- 
 ted than extended. The perfecutions of the 
 proteilants in Germany, Hungary and France^ 
 have not indeed been totally without effed: -, the 
 feveral accefTions of great princes to the church 
 of Roms have not been detrimental to the Pope % 
 
 Jnjl'itutiones ecdefiajiica alfo written in Italian^ & de Sy^ 
 nodo diocefania I'lbri o51q. Befides thefe, the following 
 are his. Letter a al capitulo e canonici della ch'iefa metropo- 
 Utana de Bologna j Lettera a monfignor Archivefcovo di Tarfi 
 fopra il batafimo degli Ebrei o infant'i o adulti^ ^1^1' •^^- 
 locutio habitay dum ecclefiam a fundamentis read'ificatam in 
 honor em fanti Jpollinariis confecrabat 1748. Raccolta dl 
 areolar i di Benedetto XIV. per l^occafione deV anno fanto 
 1749, inwhich alfo is the bull proclaiming the jubilee ; 
 Dijjertatio circa publicum cultu7n^ quern in S. Maria Mag* 
 giore quidam vellent Nlcolao IV. ad fuerere 1750 Epijlola 
 ad epifcQpum Augujlanum 'y Scrittura fopra re/ianza di Smi- 
 enire k fefte di prccetto \ which with the controverfial 
 letters concerning it, by Alexander Borgia^ Angel. Mar, 
 ^irine, and Muraiori^ are printed together at Lucca^ 
 J 748, under the title of Raccolta di Scriiure concernente la 
 diminu%.iom delle fejie di precetto. The bull iffued 
 againft the Jefuits in China in Mamachi origin. Chrijlian, 
 Bpijlola de 6\ Mdrone 1752. His letter to all the Bifhops 
 in Germany^ relating to the guarantee of the ecclefiafti- 
 cal coniiitution of H.ejje-Cajfel^ by the evangelical body, 
 in D, JVinckler\ Anecdotes hijlorico ecclef. The hiflory of 
 this Pope to the time of his ponuiicate is to be found in 
 Qiiiirnacci hijior, pontijic, 
 
 and 
 
298 History of the Popps. 
 
 and the mifiions among the Heathens and Ead- 
 ern chriftians have unqueflionably contributed 
 fome thing to the propagation of the Romijh faith. 
 
 Sed. 3. But it would be no difBculty to 
 {hew, that all thefe means have been far from 
 anfwering their end in the meafure expected ; 
 that the endeavours ufed for bringing back the 
 proteflants under the old yoke, efpecially in 
 England^ have mifcarried ; that the proteftants, 
 by a clofer union, and the fudden encreafe of 
 their power, which has in fome cafes had the 
 immediate effedl of weakening i^^;;;^;^-cathoHc 
 houfes, are become ;nore than proportionably 
 ftrong and formidable; and that the propaga- 
 tion of Popery has been retrained by publick 
 laws. To this may be added the inteftine com- 
 motions of this party, daily threatening a fepa- 
 ration ; towards which, the members of it, at 
 leaft thofe.in the united Netherlands^ are making 
 a very rem.arkable beginning. 
 
 Sed. 4. It is only in the writings of the bi- 
 gots of Rojne^ and in the profefTorial chains of 
 the Jefuits, that the inward conftitution of this 
 fupremacy remains unaltered : But if inftead of 
 looking into the Roman catechifm for what ought 
 to take place, we confider the a6lual ftate of 
 things, we muft admit the obfejvation of M. 
 Voltaire^ That in the opinion af the great, at 
 leaft the Infallihtlity of the Pope, with the power 
 founded on it, is a chimera not believed even at 
 Rome, and yet maintained ', and the Pope a fa- 
 cred perfon, whofe feet are to he kijjedj hut his 
 hands hound*. 
 
 * The pretended belief of this article at Rome may 
 be feen in Bianchi's treat ife Delia Potejia e della pclitia 
 delta chiefa, written in oppofition to that friend of liberty 
 Giannoni, There is alfo a work lately drawn up by 
 the inquifjtion, concerning the papal power, to depofe 
 
 kings 
 
History of the V ovt%: 299 
 
 Se^l. 5. The juftice of this idea of the Pope 
 and his infallibility appears from all the tranf- 
 adlions with the crowns of France y Spain^ Sardi- 
 may Naples^ the republick of Fenice^ and even 
 the houfe of Audria. 
 
 Se6b. 6. It is ftiil more evident, that in 
 church-afFairs, and even in cafes relating to the 
 perfons of ecclefiafticks and church- lands, the 
 temporal princes and ftates have difcovered and 
 afTerted their ancient rights ; that in France thofc 
 obnoxious decrees of the councils of Conftance 
 and BafJ have been admitted as articles of 
 faith ; that the papal bulls are no farth&r fub- 
 mitted to, than as they correfpond with the pre- 
 vailing maxims of ftate ; that on this account, 
 the Popes are very cautious of hazarding a deci- 
 fion in dodtrinal controverfies •, that none prove 
 more refradory fons of the Rojnan father, than 
 thejefuits, when his will and theirs happen 
 to clafh ; that the new patriarchate of Portugal^ 
 and the vicariate-general ereded by the king of 
 Prujfia in SUeftay may produce dangerous confe- 
 quences to the Court of Rome *. 
 
 Se6t. 7. Thefe confiderations render it need- 
 lefs to mention, that the Pope has not been al- 
 lowed to make new conquefts. Cajiro^ Roncig- 
 Hone, ComaccbiOy Parma and Placentia^ are clear 
 proofs, that it was never imagined, the fuc- 
 ceffors of Peter were to bring armies into the 
 field. They have not been wanting in endea- 
 vours to afTert their pretenfions : But fortunately 
 
 kings or difcharge their fubjefts from their oath of 
 allegiance \ but fuch a piece would have met with a 
 better reception in the eleventh century, than in the 
 eighteenth. See Voltiers Steele de Louis XIV. 
 
 * Concerning the Jefuits in China, fee Mojheim'% 
 Memoirs of the Chrift'wn Church in China^ of which a 
 tranflation was publiftied in London in 1750. 
 
 paper 
 
^00 tlis TORY c/^ /^^ Pope s. 
 
 paper-artillery does very little execution. How^. 
 ever, on occafion of the many wars in Italy ^ the 
 friendfhip of the Pope has been follicited, and 
 gained indifcriminately by the good and the 
 bad, But it is a difgrace to the Popes that they 
 have fo frequently refembled St. Peter in their 
 reiterated oaths and falfities, but not in his fin- 
 cere penitential forrow. This was at leaft the 
 behaviour o^ Clement XL in the war for the Spa- 
 Ttijh fuccefTion, and that of Benedict XIV. was 
 not much better. 
 
 Sed. 8. The eledlions of Popes are more 
 and more carried on by intrigue, but at the fame 
 time more and more corrupt. The fpirit, un- 
 der whofe influence it is conducted, refides ei- 
 ther at Verfailles or Madrid^ and feldom at Rome, 
 It is obferved as fomething extraordinary, that 
 Benedict XIII. had been a monk. New ordi- 
 nances have alfo been made concerning this af- 
 fair, the mod remarkable of which is that of 
 Gregory XV, eftabliihing the fcrutiny, the accejfus 
 and compromife, and the quqfi infpiratio, 
 
 SecSt. 9. Nepotifm is (till a dreadful evil ; but 
 it is morefupportable now than when DonnaOlim- 
 />/^ufed to comb the Pope's head, according to the 
 expreffion of the Emperor Ferdinand 111. when 
 Innocent complained of the peace of JVeJlphalia. 
 Sed. ID. Now the cardinals obtained the 
 title of Eminence ; and a confiderabie fhare in 
 the government : The congregation de propa- 
 ganda fide deferves to be here mentioned. More 
 have been ereCled, particularly by Clement XII. 
 , fuper nonnullis^ but not perpetual *. 
 
 * Cardinal ^urims letters evidence the power of 
 the cardinals, for he takes the good BenediSi XIV. to 
 tafk concerning J^uikia^ and the diminution of the 
 feltivals, 
 
 ALPHA- 
 
[ 301 ] 
 
 ALPHABETICAL 
 
 LIST 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Popes of Rome 
 
 Thofe marked with * were either Anti-popes, 
 or for other reafons are not reckoned. 
 
 A Deodatus 
 -^ Adrian I. 
 
 Adrian II. 
 Adrian III. 
 Adrian IV". 
 Adrian V. 
 Adrian VI. 
 Agapetus I. 
 Agapetus II. 
 Agatho 
 Alexander I. 
 Alexander II. 
 Alexander III. 
 Alexander IV. 
 Alexander V. 
 Alexander VI. 
 Alexander VIL 
 Alexander VIII. 
 Anacletus I. fee 
 *Anacletus II. 
 Anaftafius I. 
 Anaftafius II. 
 Anaftafius III. 
 
 Page. 
 96 
 105 
 118 
 120 
 164 
 
 249 
 
 126 
 96 
 
 27 
 143 
 166 
 186 
 218 
 242 
 282 
 
 Cletus. 
 
 159 
 55 
 
 69 
 
 .124 
 
 Anaftafius IV. 
 
 Ahicetus 
 
 Anterus 
 
 B. 
 Benedict I. 
 Benedia II. 
 Benedia III. 
 Benedia IV. 
 Benedia V. 
 Benedia VL 
 Benedia VII. 
 Benedia VIII. 
 Benedia IX. 
 Benedia X. 
 Benedia XI. 
 Benedia XII. 
 
 * Benedia XIII. 
 
 * Benedia XIV. 
 Benedia XIII. 
 Benedia XIV. 
 Boniface I. 
 Boniface II. 
 Boniface IIL 
 
 Page. 
 
 163 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 2o 
 
 116 
 123 
 128 
 129 
 ibid. 
 132 
 
 142 
 197 
 
 204 
 
 214 
 
 217 
 
 291 
 
 29s 
 
 5^ 
 
 73 
 89 
 
 Boni- 
 
302 
 
 Alphabetical List 
 
 Page. 
 
 Donus II. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eleutherius 
 Evariftus 
 Eugenius I. 
 Eugenius II. 
 Engenius III. 
 Eugenius IV. 
 Eufebius 
 Eutychianus 
 F. 
 Fabianus 
 Felix I. 
 
 * Felix 11. 
 Felix 11. 
 Felix III. 
 Felix IV. 
 
 * Felix V- 
 Formofus 
 
 Gelafius I, 
 Gelafius II. 
 Gregory I. 
 Gregory II. 
 Gregory III. 
 Gregory IV. 
 Gregor}' V. 
 Gregory VI , 
 Gregory VII. 
 
 • Gregory VIII. 
 Gregory VIII. 
 Gregory IX. 
 Gregory X. 
 Gregory XI. 
 Gregory XII. 
 Gregory XIII. 
 Gregory XIV. 
 Gregory XV. 
 
 H. 
 Hadrian, fee Adrian. 
 Hilarius 
 Honorius I. 
 
 * Honorius II, 
 Honorius. II. 
 
 Boniface IV. 
 
 89 
 
 Boniface V. 
 
 ^0 
 
 Boniface VI. 
 
 122 
 
 Boniface VIL 
 
 129 
 
 Boniface VIIL 
 
 194 
 
 Boniface IX. 
 
 212 
 
 C. 
 
 
 Cfflefline L 
 
 59 
 
 Cceleftine II. 
 
 161 
 
 Cseleftine III. 
 
 172 
 
 Cseleftine IV. 
 
 179 
 
 Cxleftine V. 
 
 ^93 
 
 Gaius 
 
 ^q 
 
 Calliftus Lor Calixtui, Y2 
 
 Calliftus 11. 
 
 157 
 
 * Calliftus IIL 
 
 169 
 
 Calliftus IIL 
 
 236 
 
 Chriftopher 
 
 323 
 
 Clement I. 
 
 26 
 
 Clement II. 
 
 139 
 
 * Clement III. 
 
 <J7 
 
 149 
 
 Clement III. 
 
 171 
 
 Clement IV. 
 
 188 
 
 Clement V. 
 
 198 
 
 Clement VI. 
 
 204 
 
 * Clement VII. 
 
 209 
 
 * Clement VIII. 
 
 225 
 
 Clement VII. 
 
 250 
 
 Clement VIII. 
 
 269 
 
 Clement IX. 
 
 289 
 
 Clement X. 
 
 284 
 
 Clement XL 
 
 289 
 
 Clement XII. 
 
 293 
 
 Cletus 
 
 26 
 
 Conon 
 
 98 
 
 Conftantine 
 
 100 
 
 * Conftantine II. 
 
 
 Cornelius 
 
 35 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Damafus I, 
 
 51 
 
 Damafus II. 
 
 139 
 
 Deus dedit 
 
 90 
 
 Dionyfius 
 
 38. 
 
 Donus I. or Domnusy 96 
 
 Page. 
 129 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 95 
 162 
 
 44 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 67 
 
 ibid. 
 
 73 
 
 229 
 121 
 
 68 
 156 
 
 81 
 101 
 
 102 
 114 
 i?o 
 138 
 
 145 
 
 157 
 171 
 177 
 
 189 
 208 
 217 
 
 264 
 
 268 
 
 279 
 
 66 
 
 158 
 
 Ho- 
 
VJ tbe V 
 
 OPE 
 
 s 0; K M e; 
 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Honorijs III. 
 
 176 
 
 Julius IIL 
 
 257 
 
 Honorius IV. 
 
 192 
 
 L. 
 
 
 Hormifdas 
 
 71 
 
 Laude, 
 
 125 
 
 Hyginus 
 
 29 
 
 LeoL 
 
 63 
 
 L 
 
 
 Leo IL 
 
 97 
 
 Innocent I, 
 
 55 
 
 Leo IIL 
 
 106 
 
 Innocent II. 
 
 159 
 
 Leo IV. 
 
 11$ 
 
 * Innocent III. 
 
 169 
 
 Leo V. 
 
 123 
 
 Innocent III. 
 
 ^73 
 
 Leo VL 
 
 125 
 
 Innocent IV. 
 
 180 
 
 Leo VIL 
 
 126 
 
 Innocent V, 
 
 190 
 
 Leo VIII. 
 
 127 
 
 Innocent VI. 
 
 206 
 
 Leo IX. 
 
 140 
 
 Innocent VII. 
 
 216 
 
 LeoX. 
 
 247 
 
 Innocent VIII. 
 
 241 
 
 Leo XL 
 
 277 
 
 Innocent IX. 
 
 268 
 
 Leiberius 
 
 48 
 
 Innocent X. 
 
 281 
 
 Linus 
 
 25 
 
 Innocent XI. 
 
 285 
 
 Lucius I. 
 
 3^ 
 
 Innocent XII. 
 
 287 
 
 Lucius IL 
 
 161 
 
 Innocent XIII, 
 
 291 
 
 Lucius IIL 
 
 170 
 
 John L 
 
 72 
 
 M. 
 
 
 John II. 
 
 74 
 
 Marcellinus 
 
 39 
 
 John III. 
 
 79 
 
 Marcellus I. 
 
 43 
 
 John IV. 
 
 92 
 
 Marcel lusIL 
 
 258 
 
 John V. 
 
 98 
 
 Marcus 
 
 47 
 
 John VI. 
 
 99 
 
 Mariusl. fee Martin IIL 
 
 John VII. 
 
 100 
 
 Marin, II, fee Martin III. 
 
 Joan 
 
 116 
 
 Martin I. 
 
 93 
 
 JohnVIIL 
 
 119 
 
 Martin IL 
 
 119 
 
 John IX. 
 
 122 
 
 Martin IIL 
 
 126 
 
 John X. 
 
 125 
 
 Martin IV. 
 
 192 
 
 John XL 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Martin V. 
 
 223 
 
 John XII. 
 
 127 
 
 Melchiades or Miltiades 
 
 John XIII. 
 
 128 
 
 
 44 
 
 John XIV. 
 
 130 
 
 N. 
 
 
 * John XV. 
 
 130 
 
 Nicholas I. 
 
 117 
 
 John XV. (XVI.) 
 
 130 
 
 Nicholas II. 
 
 142 
 
 John XVII. 
 
 13a 
 
 Nicholas IIL 
 
 191 
 
 John XVIII. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Nicholas IV. 
 
 193 
 
 John XIX. 
 
 137 
 
 * Nicholas V. 
 
 202 
 
 John XX. or XXI 
 
 . 191 
 
 Nicholas V. 
 
 229 
 
 John XXII. 
 
 2CO 
 
 P. 
 
 
 John XXIII. 
 
 219 
 
 Pafchal L 
 
 "3 
 
 Julius I. 
 
 47 
 
 Pafchal IL 
 
 ^53 
 
 Julius IL 
 
 ^45 
 
 * Pafchal IIL 
 
 167 
 Paul 
 
 303 
 
3°4 
 
 Alp H.A B E T I c A L List, &c. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Paul I. 
 
 104. 
 
 Stephen III. (11.) 
 
 103 
 
 Paul II. 
 
 239 
 
 Stephen IV. (Ill) 
 
 105 
 
 Paul III. 
 
 253 
 
 Stephen V. (IV-) 
 
 112 
 
 Paul IV. 
 
 259 
 
 Stephen VI. (VJ 
 
 120 
 
 Paul V. 
 
 277 
 
 Stephen VII.. (VI.) 
 
 122 
 
 Pelagius I. 
 
 79 
 
 Stephen VIII. (VIL) 125 
 
 Pelagius II. 
 
 80 
 
 Stephen IX. (VIII.) 
 
 126 
 
 Peter no Pope 
 
 24 
 
 StepenX. (IX.) 
 
 142 
 
 Pius I. 
 
 28 
 
 Symmachui 
 
 70 
 
 Pius II. 
 
 237 
 
 T.. 
 
 
 Pius III. 
 
 245 
 
 Telefphorus 
 
 28 
 
 Pius IV. 
 
 260 
 
 Theodorus I. 
 
 93 
 
 Pius V. 
 
 262 
 
 Theodorus II. 
 
 122 
 
 Pontianus 
 
 34 
 
 V. 
 
 
 R. 
 
 
 Valentlnus 
 
 114. 
 
 Romanus 
 
 122 
 
 Viaor I. 
 
 32 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Viaor 11. 
 
 141 
 
 Sabinlanus 
 
 88 
 
 Viaor III. 
 
 151 
 
 Sergius I. 
 
 98 
 
 * Viaor IV. 
 
 160 
 
 Sergius II. 
 
 115 
 
 Viaor IV. 
 
 166 
 
 Sergius III. 
 
 124 
 
 Vigilius 
 
 76 
 
 Sergius IV. 
 
 132 
 
 Vitalianus 
 
 95 
 
 Severinus 
 
 91 
 
 U. 
 
 
 Silverius 
 
 ^5 
 
 Urban I. 
 
 34 
 
 Silvefter I. 
 
 451 
 
 Urban II. 
 
 151 
 
 Silvefter II. 
 
 131 
 
 Urban III. 
 
 170 
 
 Simplicius 
 
 67 
 
 Urban IV. 
 
 188 
 
 Siricius 
 
 54 
 
 Urban V. 
 
 207. 
 
 Sifinnius 
 
 roo 
 
 Urban VI. 
 
 209 
 
 Sixtus I. 
 
 28 
 
 Urban VII. 
 
 268 
 
 Sixtus II. 
 
 38 
 
 Urban VIIL 
 
 279 
 
 Sixtus III. 
 
 62 
 
 X. 
 
 
 Sixtus IV, 
 
 240 
 
 Xiftus, fee Sixtus. 
 
 
 Sixtus V. • 
 
 265 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 Soter 
 
 31 
 
 Zacharias 
 
 103 
 
 Stephen I. 
 
 36 
 
 Zephyrinus 
 
 33 
 
 ♦Stephen II. 
 
 103 
 
 Zofimus 
 
 57 
 
 FINIS. 
 
^ 
 
■m^fMit 
 
p 
 
A compendious history of the popes, 
 
 „^,'','/^,<;,!'°." Jheological Semmary-Speer Library 
 
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