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THE 
 
 (Booft of (Ua^um 
 
 A NEW METRICAL TRANSLATION 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Restoration of the Hebrew Text 
 
 and 
 
 Explanatory and Critical Notes 
 
 PAUL HAUPT, LLD. 
 
 W. W. Spence Professor of the Semitic Languages 
 
 in the Johns Hopkins University 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 
 1907 
 
Reprinted from the Journal of Biblical Literature 
 Vol. XXVI, Part I, 1907 
 
 The Book of Nahum * 
 
 PAUL HAUPT, LL.D. 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVEBSITY 
 
 IN my address on Purim, which I delivered at our meet- 
 ing last year,^ I showed that the incidents related in the 
 Book of Esther were suggested by the sufferings of the Jews 
 during the Syrian persecution and their glorious victory over 
 Nicanor on the 13*^ of Adar, 161 B.C. I have recently come 
 to the conclusion that the Book of Nahum is a liturgical com- 
 pilation for the celebration of that victory. He that dashes 
 in pieces is come up before thy face, at the beginning of the 
 second chapter of Nahum, refers to Judas Maccabseus ; the 
 Authorized Version gives the correct rendering hammer^ in 
 the margin. The wicked counselor that imagineth evil against 
 the Lord (1 ii) is Nicanor, and instead of the clause trans- 
 lated in the Authorized Version: that no more of thy name 
 he sown (1 14) we must read : thy remains shall he scattered. 
 Judas Maccabseus gibbeted the head and the right arm of 
 Nicanor, and the tongue of this thrice-guilty wretch was cut 
 up and given to the birds (2 Mace. 15 33). 
 
 The Book of Nahum is not a prophecy, but a liturgical 
 collection of four poems. The first two poems are Macca- 
 bean, but the last two were written by a Hebrew poet who 
 
 * President's address at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical 
 Literature and Exegesis, New York, Dec. 27, 1906. 
 
 1 
 
2 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 saw the fall of Nineveh in 606 B.C. The tradition that 
 Nahum the Elkoshite was born and buried at Elkosh^ a 
 large Christian village about 27 miles north of Mosul, cannot 
 be traced beyond the sixteenth century. The fact that the 
 tomb of Nahum is shown at Elk6sh, and that it is held in 
 great reverence by Mohammedans and Christians, and espe- 
 cially by the Jews, is no more conclusive than the tradition 
 that the prophet Jonah is buried in Nineveh on the top of the 
 mound known as Nahi Yunus, south of the Acropolis of Nine- 
 veh, now called Kouyunjik, which contains the palaces of 
 Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Sardanapalus with the famous 
 cuneiform library which was discovered byHormuzd Ras- 
 sam in 1854.^ Nevertheless, Nahum may have been in As- 
 syria at the time of the fall of Nineveh. Wellhausen's 
 statement that Nahum must have been a Judean is untenable ; 
 the references to Judah occur in the Maccabean sections. 
 The line : O Judah ! keep thy feasts ! perform thy vows ! 
 at the beginning of the second chapter, emphasizes the fact 
 that the Syrians, after the glorious victories of Judas Mac- 
 cabteus, are no longer able to interfere with the observance 
 of the Jewish rites. In the Maccabean sections Nineveh, the 
 capital of Assyria, is a poetic designation of the Seleucidan 
 Kingdom, just as Maccabean poets call Judea Jacob or Joseph,'^ 
 or as Latin poets call the Romans Dardanians or Teucrians. 
 Syria is nothing but a shortened form of Assyria, and As- 
 syrian is merely an older local variety of Syriac. What we 
 call Syriac is the dialect of Edessa in Northwestern Mesopo- 
 tamia ; see Crit. Notes on Judges (SBOT) p. 66, n. *. 
 
 In several passages of the Old Testament the Seleucidan 
 Kingdom is called Assyria. In Psalm 137 8 it is called a 
 Daughter of Babylon,^ and instead of Sons of Edom (v. 7) we 
 must read Sons of Aram, i.e. Syrians, just as we must substi- 
 tute Bath-Ardm, i.e. Sorts of Aram, Syrians, for Bath-Ed6m^ 
 Edomites, at the end of the fourth poem in the Maccabean 
 elegies commonly known as the Lamentations of Jeremiah.^ 
 The enemies addressed in Lam. 4 21 are said to dwell in the 
 land of Uz, the home of Job. Friedrich Delitzsch 
 showed more than twenty years ago that Uz was mentioned 
 
HAUPT: THE BOOK OF NAHUM 3 
 
 in the Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser (860-825) as a 
 region neav Patin, i.e. the district north of the Lake of Anti- 
 och. Uz must be the region of Antioch, the new capital of 
 the Seleucids, which was founded about 300 b.c.^ The piti- 
 ful condition of Jerusalem bewailed in the Book of Lamen- 
 tations was the result of the destruction of the holy city by 
 Antiochus Epiphanes' commissioner Apollonius in 168 B.C. 
 (1 Mace. 1 31). 
 
 Josephus, who gives a paraphrase of Nah. 2 8-i3 in his 
 Jewish Antiquities (ix 11 3) believed that Nahum prophe- 
 sied 115 years before the destruction of Nineveh ; but 
 Nahum's poem on the fall of Nineveh is the description of 
 a contemporary, if not an eye-witness. The second part of 
 the title of the Book of Nahum, 7^e Vision of Nahum the 
 Elkoshite^ belongs to the fourth poem describing the fall of 
 Nineveh, while the first part, The Utterance on Nineveh, should 
 be prefixed to the third poem predicting the fall of Nineveh. 
 The Vision of Nahum was composed after the fall of Nineveh 
 in 606, and the Utterance on Nineveh was written after the 
 invaders had begun the long siege of the great capital of 
 Assyria — the strongest fortress of Western Asia. 
 
 The siege of Nineveh is said to have lasted for more than 
 two years. The Assyrians were no doubt as brave as lions, 
 and the statement in Nah. 3 13, generally translated Thy 
 people in the midst of thee are women, is incorrect : instead 
 of nasim, women, we must read nassim, we will destroy (or 
 iassimu, they will destroy) from samdm, to destroy, as in the 
 old song celebrating a victory over Moab, Num. 21 30, where 
 the LXX renders : ai jvvaiKe'i. 
 
 Diodorus of Sicily (2 23) states that Sardanapalus, the last 
 king of Assyria, lived like a woman, and finally burned him- 
 self with his harem and his treasures on a huge pyre. But 
 we know now that Sardanapalus (or Assur-hdni-pal) was a 
 warlike king who showed his valor in many a battle and in 
 hunting fierce lions and other wild beasts. He died in 625, 
 nearly twenty years before the fall of Nineveh. I pointed 
 out more than twenty years ago (ZK 2 282) that this legend 
 was due to a confusion of Assur-bani-pal with his rebellious 
 
4 JOURNAL OP BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 brother Sama§-sum-ukin who perished in the flames of burn- 
 ing Babylon. 
 
 We know now from the stele of the last king of Babylon 
 (555-538) Nabonidus, which Father Scheil discovered in 
 1895, during his excavations at Babylon, that Nebuchadnez- 
 zar's father, Nabopolassar (625-604) took no part in the 
 destruction of Nineveh. He was allied with the ummdn- 
 manda, i.e. the northeastern barbarians, and helped to destroy 
 the Assyrian empire ; but the fall of Nineveh was due to the 
 ummdn-manda. This tallies with Herodotus' statement that 
 the Medes captured Nineveh and subdued Assyria except 
 the Babylonian portion. Nabonidus regards the destruction 
 of Nineveh as a divine retribution for Sennacherib's devasta- 
 tion of Babylon (KAT^, 105). 
 
 According to Diodorus there was an old oracle stating 
 that no one would be able to capture Nineveh, unless the 
 river should turn against the city. After the Medes had 
 besieged Nineveh for two years, there were incessant rains, 
 so that finally the Euphrates flooded a part of the city and 
 tore down twenty stadia of the city wall. Now we know, of 
 course, that Nineveh was not situated on the Euphrates, but 
 on the eastern side of the Tigris, although there are a good 
 many college graduates who do not know whether Nineveh 
 was situated on the Euphrates or on the Tigris, and whether 
 the Tigris is east or west of the Euphrates. However, even 
 the Tigris could not have submerged Nineveh, because the 
 bed of the Tigris is too low. The Tigris may have flooded 
 Calah, but not Nineveh. 
 
 Nineveh was situated in a plain enclosed by four rivers,'^ 
 viz. Tigris, Upper Zab, Khazir, and Gomel. This plain of 
 Nineveh resembles in some respects Manhattan Island. The 
 North River would correspond to the Tigris, the East River to 
 the Khazir, Harlem River to the Gomel, and the Bay of New 
 York, between the North and the East Rivers, to the Zab. 
 If we assume that Central Park represents Nineveh^ Harlem 
 would represent Behohoth Ir, Trinity Church Calah, and 
 Twenty-third Street Resen. Hoboken would correspond 
 to the modern Mosul on the western side of the Tifi^ris. 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 5 
 
 The length of Central Park is about 2| miles, and Nineveh 
 extended about 2^ miles on the river side of the Tigris. 
 The eastern wall was nearly 3 miles long, the northern 
 measured 1^, and the southern about a thousand feet. The 
 area of Central Park is about 840 acres, while Nineveh was 
 more than twice as large, about 1800 acres. It had a cir- 
 cumference of 7|^ miles and may have contained a population 
 of 300,000. 
 
 According to Baedeker, it takes but four or five hours 
 to go around the city ; not three days, as stated in the Book 
 of Jonah. ^ Jonah might have traversed the whole plain of 
 Nineveh, from Rehoboth Ir to Calah, in one day. The plain 
 of Nineveh was about 25 miles long and 14 miles wide, while 
 the length of Manhattan is 14 miles, and its greatest width 
 2^. Nineveh, Calah, Rehoboth Ir, and Resen never formed 
 one city. There are no traces of a common wall for this 
 tetrapolis. Rehoboth Ir seems to be identical with Dur-Sar- 
 ruken which Sargon, the father of Sennacherib, built about 
 the end of his reign (722-705). Colonel Billerbeck's theory ^ 
 that Rehoboth Ir is represented by the modern Mosul is not 
 probable. Dur-Sarruken, the modern Khorsabdd, is about five 
 hours north of Nineveh, and Calah, the present Nimrud, south 
 of Nineveh, may be reached in seven hours. Khorsabdd 
 stands for Kliosrabdd, i.e. City of Khusrau or Chosroes ; see 
 Max, Freiherr von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Per- 
 sischen Crolf, vol. ii (Berlin, 1900) p. 180; cf. Haupt, Bi- 
 blische Liebeslieder (Leipzig, 1907) Addenda to p. 48, n. 13. 
 
 Dur-Sarruken in the north was close to the sources of the 
 Hitsur. It covered the road to Nineveh and protected the 
 water-supply of the capital. Nahum says in 3 14 : Draw thee 
 waters for a siege ! This does not refer to boiling water to 
 be poured down on the besiegers, as Col. Billerbeck sup- 
 poses ; ^ nor does it mean : Fill the moats protecting the 
 city ! 1^ We must remember that the water of the Tigris 
 is not drinkable; even the water of the wells within the 
 city and outside is brackish and full of gypsum. The water 
 of the Husur, on the other hand, is excellent. Sennacherib 
 (705-681) states in the inscription on the rocks of Bavian 
 
6 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 (a Kurdish village northeast of Khorsabad) that before he 
 built the pdti Sin-ahS-Srba,^^ the Sennacherib conduit (which 
 may be compared to the Croton aqueduct) the people of 
 Nineveh depended on the rain water : ana zunnS tiq samS 
 turrufd indsun. 
 
 The Husur, now called Khosar, flows in a southward direc- 
 tion from Khorsabad to the middle of the eastern wall of 
 Nineveh ; '^ thence it passed westward through the centre of 
 Nineveh, emptying into the Tigris on the south side of the 
 Acropolis now known as KouyunjikJ Most of the buildings 
 disinterred at Kouyunjik have suffered from fire ; several of 
 the cuneiform tablets from the library of Sardanapalus are 
 half burnt and blistered, e.g. some of the fragments of the 
 cuneiform account of the Deluge, especially the greenish- 
 yellow fragment R'^ 616, published on p. 120 of my edition 
 of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic. Nahum says in 3 15 : tokh- 
 lekh esh, fire will devour thee ! 
 
 The besiegers, it may be supposed, came from the north. 
 They defeated the Assyrians in a pitched battle ; then they 
 captured Dur-^arruken and the other fortified places north 
 and east of Nineveh. There is no evidence of any destruction 
 at Khorsabad ; the strongholds may have fallen, as Nahum 
 says, like figs which fall into the mouth of the eater when 
 they are shaken ; so the gates of the land were open unto the 
 enemies. The besiegers were, of course, unable to invest the 
 entire city ; the western side of the Tigris could hardly be 
 blockaded, and the fortified city of Calah prevented any 
 operations from the south. The besiegers seem to have 
 directed their main attack against the northwestern corner 
 of Nineveh. This is the highest point in the area of Nineveh, 
 commanding the waterworks from which most of the moats 
 were fed. The northern sections of the moats were sup- 
 plied with water by a canal which entered the city from the 
 north, while the moats south of the Husur were filled from 
 this river. The moat between the wall and the eastern out- 
 works was nearly 150 feet wide. It was cut in the shell- 
 limestone rock,i2 ^ith vertical sides. Even now the depth 
 is about 13 feet. There is a srreat breach at the northern 
 
HATJPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 7 
 
 end of the eastern wall, and more than 2000 feet of the moat 
 are filled with rubbish. 
 
 After having captured Dur-Sarruken and the other fortified 
 places north and east, the besiegers could cut off the water 
 supply of Nineveh. At the point in the eastern enceinte 
 where the Husur enters the city there are three great dams. 
 If these flood-gates were destroyed by the enemy, the Husur, 
 swelled by the melting snow in the spring, and not diverted 
 into the moats and ditches, may have flooded the city, so 
 that Nineveh, as Nahum says, was like a pool of water. The 
 Husur with its unchecked spring-floods may have under- 
 mined the southern portion of the Acropolis, the mound of 
 Kouyunjik, so that, as Nahum says, the palace was tottering. 
 This catastrophe was not unprecedented : Sennacherib states 
 that the stream had once damaged the southern side of the 
 Acropolis, where he afterwards erected his palace, so that 
 the coffins of the kings who had been buried there were 
 exposed. 
 
 I must omit a number of comments on the fortifications of 
 Nineveh and the final capture.^ I will give, in conclusion, a 
 new metrical translation of the four poems contained in the 
 Book of Nahum.i^ 
 
 The first poem is an alphabetical psalm which originally 
 consisted of 11 couplets or 22 7neshalim, i.e. hemistichal pairs, 
 with three beats in each hemistich. The last seven meshalim 
 were not quoted by the compiler of this festal liturgy for the 
 celebration of the great victory of Judas Maccabeeus over 
 Nicanor in 161, probably because they did not suit his pur- 
 pose. The first part of the psalm describes the irresistible 
 power of Jhvh who is kind to those who believe on Him, 
 but who wreaks vengeance on His foes. Jhvh manifests 
 Himself in thunder-storms. He whirls up thunder-clouds, 
 just as the march of an army is marked by clouds of dust. 
 The Cherubim personify the thunder-clouds, and the Sera- 
 phim the flashes of lightning.^* 
 
 It is interesting to note in this connection that Xeno- 
 phon states, the besiegers could not capture Nineveh, but 
 Zeus terrified the inhabitants by a thunder-storm, and thus 
 
8 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITlfRATURE 
 
 the city was taken. Xenophon's account is very inaccurate. 
 He does not mention the name of Nineveh, only Larissa and 
 Mespila}^ Moreover, he says that the city was inhabited by 
 the Medes and besieged by the Persians ; but he refers to the 
 Queen of the besieged king, just as Nahum does, and alludes 
 to some cataclysm which brought about the fall of Nineveh. 
 Xenophon (^Anabasis^ iii 4?) speaks of a great city in 
 ruins, situated on the Tigris, formerly inhabited by the 
 Medes. The King of the Persians could not capture it ; 
 but there appeared a cloud which veiled the sun and fright- 
 ened the inhabitants so that they left the city. A day's 
 journey from Larissa there was a large castle (T€t;^o9 = 
 Assyr. dUru) in ruins, near a city called Mespila.^^ The 
 Queen of the King of the Medes fled there when the Medes 
 were subdued by the Persians. The King of the Persians 
 besieged the city for a long time, but could not capture it. 
 Finally Zeus frightened the inhabitants by a thunder-storm, 
 and thus the city was captured. 
 
 The introductory alphabetic psalm in the Book of Nahum 
 may be translated as follows : 
 
 THE BOOK OF NAHUM 
 
 i K 1 2' A jealous « God is Jhvh, 
 
 a revenger,^ and full of wrath; 
 3 3" Through whirlwind and storm is His path,^* 
 the clouds are the dust of His feet. 
 
 ii 2 4 He scolds at the sea — it is arid, 
 
 and all the rivers He empties ; 
 *7 (Even) Basan and Carmel languish, 
 
 the blossoms of Lebanon wither. 
 
 iii n 6 The mountains quake before Him, 
 
 the hills (at once start to) totter; 
 *\ The earth before Him crashes,'^ 
 
 the world and all therein dwelling. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 
 
 iv ? 6 Who can endure His fury, 
 
 withstand the heat of His anger? 
 n His wrath fuses (all things) like fire, 
 
 the rocks are even set blazing. 
 
 V to 7 Kind is He to those who trust Him, 
 a bulwark in days of trouble ; 
 Of those turning to Him He is heedful, 
 8 He saves them in floods overwhelming. 
 
 vi 3 He exterminates all who oppose Him, 
 
 His foes He thrusts into darkness ; 
 7 9" Not twice upon foes wreaks He vengeance, 
 His work is not done by halves ! " 
 
 vii 153 9* What do ye devise against Jhvh ? 
 3* y He ^ never condones an offense ! 
 
 i 2" On His foes He ever wreaks vengeance, 
 to enemies He ever bears hatred. 
 
 viii D 10 Soaked « though they be as toss-pots,^ 
 
 like stubble the fire shall consume them ! ^ 
 
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 (a) 1 2 that is, a revenger (/3) is Jhvh 
 
 (7) 3^ Long-suffering but powerful is Jhvh, and (5) 3» Jhvh 
 
 (e) 10 if they soak (f) tangled (thorns) 18 
 
10 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 The second poem, which describes the overthrow of the 
 Seleucidan Kingdom^ consists of three six-line stanzas with 
 3+2 beats in each hemistichal pair. The city addressed 
 is Antioch, the capital of the Seleucidan Kingdom. The 
 bewitching seductress is Hellenic culture. 
 
 II 
 
 13 10 woe to the city of blood,^^ 
 of lies and outrage ! '^ 
 
 4 Because of the many seductions 
 
 of the ^ charming seductress y 
 
 5 Behold ! I fall upon thee,^^ 
 
 says Jhvh Sabaoth : 
 I uncover thy skirts to affront thee, 
 exposing ^ thy shame ; ^ 
 
 6 Disgrace I'll cast upon thee,^ 
 
 I'll make thee a show ! •» 
 
 7 They'll cry : Laid waste is Nineveh/^ 
 
 but who bemoans her ? ^ 
 
 ii 1 11 From thee/^ behold, there came 
 \ a plotter of mischief, \ ^ 
 Devising harm against Jhvh I \ 
 
 14 who ' decreed against him : ^ 
 [* Thy burial will I make vile,] 
 
 thy remains shall ^ be scattered ! ** 
 In the temples of thy gods I'll ruin 
 
 idols carved and molten. [ ] 
 2 1 A Hammer ^^ came up against thee, 
 
 now guard the fastness ! ^" 
 Watch the way, make strong thy loins, 
 
 fortify thee well ! 
 
 iii 1 12 " How high the tide was soever,^ 
 f it has ebbed and subsided.** 
 
 15 Behold there strides o'er the mountains "" 
 
 the herald of peace ! p 
 Judah ! keep thy feasts ! 
 perform thy vows ! 
 «^ He'll nevermore pass "^ through thee, 
 cut off and ended.* 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 11 
 
 2 2 The glory of Jacob " reblossoraed/* * 
 Israel's vine,^ 
 However much wasted the wasters 
 destroying their branches. 
 
 (a) 3 1 preying does not cease (^) 4 graceful 
 
 (7) 4 With seductions cheating the nations and clans with her charms. 
 
 (5) 5 to the nations (e) that is, thy disgrace to the kingdoms 
 (f) 6 that is, I vilify thee 
 
 (7;) 7 All who see thee ■will flee from thee 
 
 (6) Whence shall I for thee seek the mourners ? 
 
 (t) 1 14 Jhvh (k) yea (X) not 2 5 be mentioned (fx) 1 14 again 
 
 (v) 12 Thus says Jhvh : and so (^) and so 
 
 (0) I humbled thee, but ne'er again ! 
 
 13 His sceptre xx nov? will I break, his bonds I'll burst ! 
 
 (tt) 15 he who brings good tidings 
 
 (p) 2 14 and no more will be heard the voice of thy envoys 
 
 (a") 1 15 Mischief (t) again 
 
 (i;) 2 2 through Jhvh (0) 3 on the day He restored it 
 
 (xx) 1 13 over thee 
 
 The third, poem, entitled T7ie Utterance on Nineveh, and 
 composed of two seven-line stanzas with 2 + 2 beats in each 
 hemistichal pair, was written by Nahum, an Israelitish poet 
 in Assyria, after the Medes had begun their long siege of 
 Nineveh, about 607 B.C. The hundred-gated Thebes (iVb- 
 Amon^ in Egypt fell in 663, although her position on the 
 eastern bank of the Nile was just as strong as the great 
 fortress on the eastern side of the Tigris, and although 
 Thebes was aided by Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, &c. Assyria 
 has no allies. The doom of Nineveh is sealed, even if she 
 plies the brickmold to strengthen her bulwarks. Her water- 
 supply is cut off ; she must drink the cup of fury. 
 
 Ill 
 
 1 1" The Utterance on Nineveh 
 
 13 8 Art thou better than No * 
 
 on the banks of the Nile,^ 
 Y Whose rampart the River, 
 whose wall the water ? 
 
12 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 9 With Cusli to abet her,« 
 
 « and Libya ^ to aid ? 
 10 Even she had to go 
 
 into exile and bondage ; 
 >» Her babes were shattered 
 
 at the corners of * streets ; 
 And for her nobles 
 lots were cast; 
 And all her great ones 
 
 were shackled in chains. 
 
 ii 11 Thou also shalt drink 
 
 until overcome ! ' 
 
 14 The water for a siege 
 
 draw for thyself ! 
 
 {I Go into the miid,^« 
 
 and handle the brickmold ! | * } 
 15" Though as thick as locusts,*^ 
 
 as many as " grasshoppers : f 
 15* Fire will devour thee,[°] 
 the sword destroy ! [] 
 12 " Thy forts will be figtrees, 
 
 fpthy people} firstripe figs," 
 13" Thy bars burnt with fire/ 
 13* { I they'll make havoc within thee ! 
 
 The following four hemistichal pairs are a Maccabean ap- 
 pendix alluding to the overwhelming defeat of the Syrians 
 on Nicanor's Day in 161 B.C. The entire Syrian army was 
 annihilated. The leaders and heroes of the King of Assyria, 
 i.e. Syria, sleep the sleep of death. The Maccabean poet 
 says : 
 
 18 Tliy leaders slumber,'' 
 
 thy ivorthies sleep, 
 Thy men are scatter ed,'^' 
 
 and no one rallies them. 
 
 19 Tliy wreck is hopeless, 
 
 thy wound is fatoL 
 X Who hears thy fate, 
 
 claps hands with joy! 'I' 
 
(a) 
 
 3 8 
 
 (S) 
 
 9 
 
 (r) 
 
 
 (0 
 
 11 
 
 (-c) 
 
 14 
 
 (m) 
 
 16' 
 
 (") 
 
 17' 
 
 HAUPT: THE BOOK OF NAHUM 13 
 
 Amon (j8) water around her (7) she 
 
 and Egypt, and there is no end (e) Put 
 
 was there (»;) 10 even (d) all 
 
 Thou too, shalt seek shelter from foes ! 
 
 Tread the clay ! 26 (X) strengthen thy bulwarks ! 
 
 16^ the locusts shed ^^ and fly 
 
 17'' They alight in hedges when cool grows the day ; 
 When arises the sun, <"i their place PP is not known. 
 (^) 16* Thy traders outnumber the stars in the sky ; 
 
 17^ Like grasshoppers thy like crickets "yy thy scribes. 
 [charmers,28 
 (0) 15* Like locusts will it devour thee ! 
 
 (ir) 12 all (p) 13 lo ! 
 
 (<r) 12'' If shaken, they drop into the mouth of the eater ! 
 (t) 13 The gates of the land are ^5 open to foes 
 (v) 18 O King of Assyria (4>) on the hills (x) 19 every one 
 
 (\f/) for whom has thy wickedness not continually affronted ? 
 
 (aa) 17 they flee (/3|3) where they are (yy) creakers ^9 (68) 13 wide 
 
 The last poem, entitled 77ie Vision of Nahum the Elkoshite^ 
 was written after the fall of Nineveh in 606. It consists of 
 nine couplets, which may be grouped in three sections, with 
 3 + 2 beats in each hemistichal pair, just as in the second 
 Maccabean poem. The enemies are not named ; the besiegers 
 are referred to as their heroes, their warriors, their worthies 
 (cf. Jer. 4 13 8 le). The poem describes the final assault. The 
 hemistich the mantlets are set up shows that the storming- 
 party is close to the fortress. The mantlets (or pavises') were 
 large rectangular screens with a small horizontal cover on top. 
 They were more than six feet high and broad enough to cover 
 two or three warriors. These standing-shields were made of 
 planks or thick wickerwork. They also used a curved form, 
 shaped like the tusk of an elephant ; this was made of osiers 
 or reeds, and was covered at the bottom and at the top with 
 leather or thin metal plates. The mantlets were very heavy 
 and were not used in battle ; they were used exclusively in 
 sieges when the besiegers had come close to the fortress, not 
 more than 600 feet from the wall.^ Nahum describes the 
 final assault as follows : 
 
14 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 IV 
 
 1 1" The" Vision of Nahum the Elkoshite 
 
 A i 3 2 Hark ! The whip ! List ! AVheels are rumbling, 
 the steeds are neighing ; 
 The chariots bound onward, 
 3 the horsemen leap ! ^ 
 
 ii Swords flash, and spears are glittering ! 
 
 V in heaps lie corpses ! ^ 
 
 2 3* Red ^ are the shields of their ^^ heroes, 
 
 encrimsoned ^ their ^^ warriors. ['] 
 
 iii 5 But their ^^ worthies make haste to her ^^ wall 
 with mantlets set up. 
 8" ^Ho! Stand! Ho! Stand! they yell ;=« 
 none ^ faces about. 
 
 B iv 6 The gates of the River ^ are opened, 
 
 the palace ^'^ is tottering ! 
 S^ A lake of water is Nineveh, 
 
 the flood overwhelms her I 
 
 V 7 Brought out, a captive, deported 
 is the King's (fair) consort. 
 Like doves her maidens moaning 
 and beating their breasts. 
 
 vi 9 Pillage silver ! Pillage the gold I 
 endless the store ! 
 Bear off the heavy booty 
 
 of stuff that is precious ! 
 
 C vii 10 Void is she, empty, and wasted, 
 all courage is melted ; 
 The knees are knocking, and trembling 
 pervades the loins. 
 
 viii 11 Where {now| is the lair of the lions, 
 the den \ \ of the cubs ? 
 ''Where* once the ' lion found shelter, 
 and none affrayed him ? 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 15 
 
 ix 12 * That prowled to feed his whelps, 
 
 strangled food for his lionesses, 
 And filled his caves with prey, 
 his dens with rapine ? 
 
 The Maccabean compiler of this festal liturgy for the cele- 
 bration of Nicanor's Day has appended to this thrilling old 
 poem a final couplet apostrophizing the Seleucidan Kingdom: 
 
 X 13 Behold ! I fall upon thee, 
 says Jahveh Sabaoth, 
 Thy lodge ^^ I'll burn with fire,^ 
 and cut off thy rapine I '^ 
 
 (a) 1 lb book of the 
 
 (/3) 2 3b Like fire the chariot flashes, the horsemen are frenzied."" ff 
 
 4b Their aspect is like torches, they flash like lightnings. ^^ 
 
 4"^ The chariots rage in the streets, rush over the places. 
 (7) 3 3 there is a multitude of slain (5) there is no end of carcases 
 
 (e) 2 10 the faces of all are aglow 39 (f) 8b while they flee 
 
 (■»?) 11 the place (6) the lion (t) whelp of the (k) 12 the lion 
 (X) 13 and the sword will devour thy cubs ! (/jl) from the land 
 
 {vv) a 5 they stumble in their courses (|f ) 3 3 they stumble over their carcases *<> 
 
 NOTES 
 
 (1) Published in the Johns Hopkins contributions to Assyriology = Bei- 
 trdge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachtvissenschaft (BA) edited by 
 Friedrich Delitzsch and Paul Haupt, vol. vi, part 2 (Leipzig, 1906). 
 Owing to the 155 notes appended to that address I could not send the manu- 
 script to the Corresponding Secretary before May 2, and this was too late for 
 publishing it in the first part of vol. xxv of the Journal of Biblical Litera- 
 ture, which was issued about the beginning of September, 1906. The refer- 
 ences to JBL xxv in AJSL xxii 252, n. 8 and AJP xxvii 155, n. 1 were 
 premature. 
 
 (2) For the name Maccabee see note 18 to my paper on Psalm 23 in the 
 American Journal of Semitic Languages (AJSL) vol. xxi, p. 140. 
 
 (3) See R. W. Rogers,^ History of Babylonia and Assyria, vol. i (New 
 York, 1901) p. 174; cf. Delitzsch's Assyrian grammar, second edition 
 (Berlin, 1906) p. 2. 
 
 (4) Cf e.g. Obad. 18 and Psalm 76 ; see note 22 to my paper Eine alt- 
 testamentliche Festliturgie fur den Nikanortag in vol. Ixi of the Zeitschrift 
 der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG) p. 287. 
 
16 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 (5) See my paper on Psalm 137 in Peiser's Orientalistische Litteratur- 
 Zeitung (OLZ) February, 1907. 
 
 (0) Edom is a dialectic variation of Adam., Man, and Esau a dialectic 
 variation of Osai (Heb. 'ose) Maker, Creator. Aram is a phonetic modifi- 
 cation of Adam ; cf. Lat. arbiter = adbiter, etc. See my paper Die Etymo- 
 logie von Aram in vol. 1x1 of the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndischen 
 Gesellschaft, p. 194. 
 
 (7) See Map I in Col. Billerbeck's paper cited in note 9. 
 
 (8) The addition mahldkh seloseth idmim at the end of Jon. 3 3 is a gloss. 
 V. 5 of this chapter must be inserted after v. 8 ; the original sequel of v. 4 is 
 V. 5 of chapter 4. 
 
 (9) Cf. the remarks of Col. Billerbeck in Delitzsch and Haupt's 
 Beitrdge ztir Assyriologie, vol. iii, pp. 107-188; also Geo. A. Smith, Tlie 
 Book of the Twelve Prophets, vol. ii (London, 1898) pp. 96-102. 
 
 (10) Assyr. xirdtika me mulli ; see Delitzsch's Assyr. Handworterbuch 
 (Leipzig, 1896) p. 290^ 
 
 (11) See Delitzsch's Handworterbuch (HW) p. 65S^. 
 
 (12) Xenophon says of Mespila: Tjv hk ij nkv KprjirU \Wov ^ea-rov Koyxv- 
 "Kidrov, rd eCpos irevTTjKovTO, TrodQv Kal rb vipos irevrrjKovTa, This does not refer 
 to the wall of the city, but to the moat ; cf. Herod. 1 185 2 no. The term 
 Kpr)Trli (Lat. crepido) means here, not base of the wall, but embankment, 
 revetment ; it refers to the loalls of the moat and corresponds to the Assyr. 
 kdru (HW 349'') revetment. According to Xenophon the width (of the 
 moat) was 50 feet, and the depth (t6 i^i/^os) 50 feet ; for the first 60 we must 
 substitute 150 ; the width of the moat is still 150 feet, while the depth is 
 now but 13 feet ; but at the time of Xenophon it may have been 50 feet. 
 See my paper Xenophon'' s Account of the Fall of Nineveh in the Journal of 
 the American Oriental Society (JAGS) vol. xxviii. 
 
 (13) The rhythm of my translation has been much improved in a number 
 of passages by the kind assistance of the distinguished co-editor of the Poly- 
 chrome Bible, Horace Howard Furness. 
 
 (14) See the abstract of my lecture on Bible and Babel in the Johns 
 Hopkins University Circulars (JHUC) No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 48''. 
 
 (15) Larissa seems to be a corruption (with I for n and transposition) 
 of Jiesen = Assyr. BeS-ini, Fountain-head, and Mespila may represent an 
 Assyr. muSpilu, built of shell-limestone (Assyr. pilu — vQpos). See note 3 
 to my paper cited above in note 4. In Esth. 1 e Heb. dar apparently denotes 
 shell-marble; baht may be verd-antique, and soherth = onyx-marble, while 
 SeS means ichite marble. 
 
 (16) Cf. Hot. Carm. iii 3:: Si fractus illabatur orbis. 
 
 (17) The annihilation of Nicanor and his array was complete. The literal 
 translation of this hemistich would be : He works to completion (or finish). 
 
 (18) The Syrians were topers ; both Antiochus Kpiphanes and his nephew 
 Demetrius as well as Alexander Balas were habitual sots. Therefore we 
 read in Eccl. 10 lo : 
 
 Woe, thou land whose king Is a boy ! whose princes feast in the morning, 
 
 nail, thou land whose king is a highborn I whose princes least at duo seasons. 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 17 
 
 (with the gloss for strength, and not for drinking). Heb. sirim means both 
 jars and thorns; in the present passage it denotes jars. Tangled thorns bum 
 just as well as disentangled thorns ; even better. But barrels full of wine 
 do not burn so easily, unless the wine is poured out. See Haupt, TTie 
 Book of Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905), p. 16, k and ^ (also tt and w). 
 
 (19) The capital of Assyria = Syria, i.e. the Seleucidan Kingdom. 
 
 (20) Nicanor. 
 
 (21) Judas Maccabaeus ; cf above, note 2. 
 
 (22) The Acra or citadel of Jerusalem, which was occupied by the 
 Syrians until it was finally starved into surrender (in May, 142) by Simon, 
 whose triumphant entrance is glorified in Psalm 118 ; see my remarks in 
 note 43 to my paper cited above in note 2. 
 
 (23) Also the floods, billows, and waves in Jon. 2 a refer to the tide of the 
 Syrian persecution ; see my interpretation of the psalm in the second chapter 
 of the Book of Jonah in my paper on the cuneiform name of the sperm-whale, 
 American Journal of Semitic Languages, vol. xxiii, p, 268, n. 3 ; cf. my 
 paper Jonah's Whale in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical 
 Society, 1907. 
 
 (24) Literally returned, i.e. recovered. 
 
 (25) Cf. Psalm 80 8 lo is (Heb. 9 ii le). 
 
 (26) The explanatory gloss added to Go into the mud explains this hemi- 
 stich to mean : tread the clay, i.e. Knead the clay for making bricks by mix- 
 ing it with water and working it with the feet. 
 
 (27) Cast (exuviate) their skin. 
 
 (28) Enchanters, conjurers, exorcists. 
 
 (29) Cricket means creaker, chirper. 
 
 (30) That is, bespattered with blood. 
 
 (31) Lit. his, i.e. of the enemy besieging Nineveh. 
 
 (32) Nineveh. 
 
 (33) The captains of the Ninevites. 
 
 (34) Of the Ninevite warriors. 
 
 (35) The flood-gates of the Husur. 
 
 (36) The Acropolis of Nineveh, i.e. the mound now known as Kouyunjik 
 with the palaces of the Assyrian kings. 
 
 (37) That is, a covered place of shelter in which wild beasts lurk. It 
 alludes here to the lair (= German Lager, camp; cf. 1 Mace. 4 20) of the 
 beasts of prey, i.e. the Syrians ; see ZDMG, vol. Ixi, p. 286. 
 
 (38) The first line of gloss ^3 is a variant to the second hemistichal pair of 
 stanza 1 ; 2 4'' is a gloss to the first hemistich of 2 s*>, and 2 4« a gloss to the 
 second hemistich of 2 s^. The glossator understood paraSlm in 2 a** to mean 
 horses (of the chariots) not horsemen. 
 
 (39) A misplaced incorrect explanation of encrimsoned. 
 
 (40) An incorrect explanation of the hemistich the horsemen are frenzied, 
 lit. staggered, i.e. they make their horses run like mad, as though they had 
 the (blind) staggers. 
 
18 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 Further explanations are given in the subjoined Critical 
 Notes on the Hebrew Text and in the 116 notes to my paper 
 cited above in note 4. 
 
 Critical Notes on Nahum 
 
 K 
 
 (1 i) The first part of the title, mr: H^Kn, is not evidently late (EB 
 3259) but belongs to section J ; the second part, ''trp'iJKn Din: pTH (IBC) 
 should be prefixed to section -[. 
 
 The following verses (1 2-10) contain the first fifteen lines of an alpha- 
 betic psalm ; the last seven lines (beginning w^ith the letters, 1?, B, % p, "1, 
 V?, ri, respectively) are wanting ; they were, it may be supposed, not 
 quoted by the compiler of this festal liturgy for the celebration of Nica- 
 nor's Day, because they did not suit his purpose. This Maccabean psalm 
 originally consisted of eleven couplets ; each couplet is composed of two 
 D'^bu-'Q (AJSL 20 150, n.*) i.e. hemistichal pairs, and each hemistich has 
 three beats (3 + 3). The first syllable of a line is, as a rule, unac- 
 cented, unless the word is especially significant ; cf. 31t3, v. 7 ; Htt, v. 9'' ; 
 ■•tt, 3 14; tt'ttlT, 317''. Even at the beginning of the second hemistich an 
 accented syllable is generally avoided. Therefore we find Tn' instead of 
 Tn^ in 3 10, just as we have 1^3 instead of 1^3 in 3 is ; and we may read 
 boB instead of bpB in 1 14 ; contrast D'O, 3 s and "^b "nxu^ li^ia "tt, 3 u. 
 It is not necessary to read tt>«1, ^^fp\ 0^0% '2«U>1, or '»'» instead of 'tt. 
 
 (2'') The addition of Opil after KlJp is due to scribal expansion derived 
 from the second hemistich. 
 
 After Dpi, at the beginning of the second hemistich, omit mn\ ® omits 
 
 mrr' Dpi before riKirt bum. 
 
 V. 2'> belongs to couplet vii ; also v. 3°^. 
 
 (S'') The emendation p2X1 instead of P?K is not good. 
 
 (4) We need not restore the form inu??"!^!; uaiiahheSehu (cf. Kings 
 210, n.* ; contrast ZDMG 58 523) is contracted from iiaiieiabbtsehu ; intt.'3»1 
 was pronounced uaiiabbSehu (not uaiiavSehu). The uncontracted form 
 uanSiabbese'hu would have four unaccented syllables, which is unrhyth- 
 mical. The emendation ^D'1 is gratuitous. 
 
 Instead of bbf^Vi 1" read DKT (not ISS'n, 'h'l.). We find a similar care- 
 less repetition of the same expression instead of a synonym in 2 3 (pSJ 2" 
 instead of |BJ) and in 3 15 (-iDDm instead of "nim). Cf. also nttP, 
 Ps. 76ii (instead of ri"n)2i:;i) influenced by nbn (1 Mace. 2 49 3 8 etc.) and 
 IlTD -in 1° instead of jV^i "in in Ps. 68 is ; see AJSL 23 227. 
 
 (5) The article must not be prefixed to D'nn; we frequently find the 
 article omitted before the first word, while it is used before the second, 
 the contrast making the second word more definite. Similarly nnK is 
 used instead of pK^Ki, but the cardinal number is not substituted for "yc ; 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 19 
 
 cf. in the cuneiform incantatory legend of the Descent of Istar (KB 
 6 82, 11. 42 and 45) isten haha, one gate, hut sand haha, a second gate, etc. 
 When a word is repeated in the same hemistich, the first occurrence 
 is often not accented, while the repetition is stressed ; cf. e.g. 2 lo : 
 2rn TID'I' siDSnra, Bozzu-kesf u-vdzzu zahdv, or the first hemistich of Jer. 
 50 11, quoted in the notes on "in'n, Nah. 3 2 ; also Hag. 2 8: ''h^ Pp^Tl'^b 
 
 anrn, and Ps. 60 9 : niy?a ^bi ni?':5r'b. 
 
 The verbal form UJbnn has two beats ; so, too, "^^^^vh, v. 2^ ; n^nSSr'^yi, 
 3 10; nasiai, 32; D^'sbs, 2 6; cf. n. 71 to my paper on Ps. 23 in AJSL 
 
 21 148. 
 
 For the recessive accent in pause of UJbnn cf <1i<|?tt, 3i; ""KhS, Ss; 
 Ipb^ and nspa, 1 14 ; in3U1, 1 12 ; innsr, 2 3 ;' '^fn, 3 lo ; 'nttbuj, 3 n ;' ibsji, 
 3 12" ; innso, 3 13 2 7; mp-itt, 3 2 ; nnbr.'n, 2 s •' nsanb, 2 10'; np'paai and 
 n'^nbm, 2 n ; nsnta, 2 13 ; i':'i:-in, 2 4" ; ^2£2:^n^ 2 5. c/.' notes on w. 8 and 3^ 
 
 For K'WI read i<^m. = M^trn, Is. 6 ii, where we must read : 
 
 3tt^r pK» any ii<tt>-DK -iirK-iu 
 
 The emendation "iStt^n instead of MXt^n is gratuitous; Httttti' is an explana- 
 tory gloss; 730 nSt^ri'DK = si fractus illabatur orhis. The verb T})W 
 means to crash, i.e. to fall doion and break with a crash ; pi^tt' means crash, 
 French fracas. The form ^H^ in D''~il7 IKU^'DK must be derived, not from 
 n«C^, but from i<W ; cf nKltt'ttl niC^ DV, Zeph. 1 is. Is. 6 9" and 10 
 (ib-KSm ntpi . . . Uiatr irau^) consists of six lines with 2 + 2 beats. 
 
 The prefixed 1 in 72m is due to dittography. 
 
 The final n^ in riD-^airr is enclitic; cf. IS'^Dn, v. 7; K1.T.-!|?3 iy-^3, 
 
 V. 9^ ; Kin~i!pi3i, v. 2" ; ^h'l^T, 3 7 ; ns-psK, 2 2 ; "in— iny"?, 2 1 ; '^b"n''a'n:a, 
 3 7 ; -ny-TisuK, 1 12 ; *l3"iypn, 3 19 ; nyn^riD, 3 s ; sirrn'K, 2 12 ; oty-xn'?, 2 12. 
 
 See my remarks on Cant. 6 9 in AJSL 19 7. 
 
 (6) The first word, ''3B7, must be inserted after lltty, and be com- 
 bined with the 1 of the following ''ttl : read "'0 VIB*? instead of "'ttl ''2Sh ; 
 contrast Kings 61 9. 
 
 The 1 in Tiay may be due to dittography of the 1 ; cf n3"7TlJ, v. 3=^ for 
 na-bnj, and -in-mau'?, 2 1 for ^a-nap?; see Haupt, Purim', p. 51, 1. 22. 
 
 The verb nari? is not Niphal, but Piel; it means to liquefy, fuse. 
 
 For lltri? read iri3£?, from fllC^ to burn. W, on the other hand, has burn 
 in the first hemistich, and melt in the second. 
 
 (7) Between h and ri?tt we must, with W, insert vp (c/. Lam. 3 25) 
 following 13 Tots vTrofxcvovcnv avTov. <& omits tlUO. This word does not 
 mean refuge, but strength, stronghold, strong place of defense, or security, 
 fort, fortified place ; cf. our terms strong room, strong box. A tlUtt (c/. 3 11) 
 is a place whose strength will laugh a siege to scorn (Shakespeare, Mac- 
 beth, V 52). The noun is not derived from 111? (Arab, 'dda = iltdja'a, 
 Idda) but from TO ; it stands for ma'uzz, just as p^, shield = maginn 
 (Arab, mijdnn) from pJ. The lengthening of the a in ^1Vf$, ''iJtt, etc., 
 
20 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 must be explained in the same way as the a in Assyr. axdtu, sister; iSdtu, 
 fire ; emetu — Arab, hamdt, mother-in-law. In Syriac we have HJlia, food ; 
 Snipa, cistern; nilna, city = Assyr. maxdzu ; see Noldeke, Syr. Gr.^, 
 § 126, G. Cf. also the doubling of the t in D'ria, houses (see Kings 
 210 it) and the insertion of i< in Syr. SnKtt for Kna, keeping alive, etc. 
 (see Noldeke, Syr. Gr.\ §§ 36. 178, B and Daniel 28 15). 
 
 For UT'I read ytV (cf. '^TVh for '2,Th^, 3 3) and after this we must, with 
 W, insert mn\ For UT see AJSL 19 141, n. 44. 
 
 After 1317 s^tStyDI (cf. Lam. 3 54) insert DTSJ"' ; cf. the omission of the 
 verb (Ip^yr) in 3 9^ and in Ps. 68 -n^ (Vran ; see AJSL 23 23-2). 
 
 The pIDS PjlD should be after uh^T, not after "a-'Dn. 
 
 (8) For noiptt we must read T'^i^S or VJsaipnttS. The longer form 
 does not overburden the hemistich ; the preposition 3 may be joined 
 to the preceding last syllable of n^U^: iase^b-mithqommdu. There are 
 practically but two unaccented syllables between the two beats ; cf. the 
 German In Keilschrift auf seeks Ziegelstein^n (where the final steinen is 
 monosyllabic) or Ich weiss nickt, wie der Junge | Dem Alten gab ein'n 
 Schlag ; or Es hat sich ein Mddchen I'n'n Fiihndrich verliebt ; or Vor Angst 
 und Schmerz mir blut'te | Mein vaterliches Herz, etc. JH HDIpfi may be a 
 graphic corruption of va^lpnttS, or a phonetic corruption of vap3 ; the 
 two words ilQlpa and T'^pS sound very much alike ; cf. the remark on 
 rxyi D'^aUS for Vniita D^aUS,'v. 9, and ty?" for trX2, v. 10. 
 
 For ^"TT read siin":. 
 
 Before l^n insert h)^ ; also in Lam. 3 2 it is better to read "^Tl 3n3 ""rnx 
 nK"xbl "^tt^rr'^K* ; cf. Kings 303 45. If we do not insert the preposition 
 b« (or n ; cf AJSL 21 m, below) we must read "^Sn 5^1,1; VS'KI, with 
 recession of the accent ; cf. T\pT-vh, v. 3" ; np m.T-bu 3tfn, v. 11 ;' '2t3'rin 
 and n3tt7\-|, 3 8 ; "aStt^, 3 u ; "nnm and "-Qann, 3 15b ; "ibSKn and T'l^") 
 
 3 15a; rnirxbi, Sn";' hb^T[tr m::inD, 25; bs'nm, 2?; nDnn'a, 29^; K'^a^i, 
 
 2 13; c/. my remarks on the Song of Hannah, ZDMG .58 622. 
 
 (9) The clause mn''-'r>K jnrnn na does not mean What do ye think of 
 Jahvehf but What do ye plan against .Tahveh? For mn''"bN we must read 
 mn^-by ; cf. nun mn^bu 2U>n in 1 n and Kings 151 31. See also the notes 
 onT'?« '^2'%3 5 2i4. ' 
 
 This first hemistich of v. 9 must be combined with the second hemi- 
 stich of V. 3, ni.T' npr-Kb n;!331 ; but for miT' we must substitute pi? ; see 
 below. 
 
 The second clause of v. 9, rHZ^U Sin ri7D must be combined with 1U '3 
 at the beginning of v. 10. The Kin is not proclitic, but enclitic ; cf. the 
 remarks on n3"''3C'T', v. .5. The pronoun does not belong to the follow- 
 ing participle, but emphasizes the preceding infinitive; we must read 
 n^3 instead of Th'3 ; the pointing nSs is influenced by Th'3 at the begin- 
 ning of V. 8. This use of Sin is frequent in Syriac; cf. Noldeke's Syr. 
 Gr.% § 221 and ^"i^-n^^ in 2 12 (1, viii). 
 
 In the third clause of v. 9 we must read Dip' ((5 ovk ckSiki^o-ci Sts) in- 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 21 
 
 stead of dipn, and V13ta instead of mx ; the reading ri"i2f may be due to 
 n"i2£ at the end of the first btt'Q of couplet v, and Dip^ (instead of Qip') 
 which afterwards became D^pi^, may have been suggested by Dlp^ in v. 6 ; 
 cf. the remark on D''ni3£0 instead of D''"ii2£a (Eccl. 9 u) in the notes on 2 a. 
 If V. 2'' had not been misplaced, VISttt would probably not have been 
 corrupted to ni2£. The omission of the prefixed tt after D'ttUB was due 
 to haplography {Kings 245 85). The two expressions TT\1 D''^US and 
 V"i2Ca D'aUB sound almost alike ; cf. the remark on Htoipa for T'ttpS in v. 8. 
 
 The first and the third clause of v. 9 must be transposed: «''^ in- 
 stead of «■'"'. 
 
 (3"*) The second hemistich to 9'' is 3» ; but instead of npr"xb np31 
 m.T it is better to read Jip r\'y>T"<lb np5. 
 
 The preceding clause, na'^HJI D"'as~]"lt< ■Tin'', is scribal expansion ; the 
 addition of mri'' after npr"KT> was suggested by the Decalogue (Ex. 20 7 
 Deut. 5 ii) ; cf. the remarks on the gloss "lirna in 2 i ; tSiB, 3 9. The gloss 
 ilin^ after Hpr K7 certainly belongs to the preceding clause, not to the 
 foUowing, lam n-iutrm nsion; contrast Ges.-Kautzsch, § 143, a. 
 
 After the gloss TO-hy\ D^a«-|-iK ni,T had been prefixed to np? 
 np3"'"K7, the conjunction 1 was inserted before rip3. 
 
 The prefixed adjectives in ns"'?!^! D''SK"1"lt< Cl"!^, erkh., monosyllabic 
 ■?1J1, ugdol, dissyllabic) are proclitic ; cf ■T'lJ"'^in and p"iS"iyn3 in 3 1 
 ni.T'-DKD, 3 4 2 14; TlT'"'SV» 2 2; tTK-l'^SK, 3 i3 ; U?y-|-'?1p1 ' taHp-^lp, 3 2 
 
 ann-anb, 3 3 ; ■^'n-'triK, 2 4.^ ; n^jr-'^ips, 2 s ; ^103-113 and 'h'z-b^ri, 2 w 
 
 3'in""?3Kri, 2 14; cf my remarks on the Song of Lamech, AJSL 20 i64. 
 
 The 1 in n3""?TlJ may be due to dittography of the T ; cf niDy, v. 6 
 and -inub, 2 i. ' 
 
 We must not, with N, substitute IDPI for n!3, following Ex. 34 e 
 Num. 14 18 Neh. 9 n Joel 2 is Jon. 4 2 Pss. 103 8 145 s ; "iDITbnJ would not 
 have been corrupted to ri3"7"lJ. The glossator meant to emphasize the 
 fact that if Jhvh does not wreak vengeance at once, it is not lack of 
 power which prompts Him to defer the punishment, but His patience. 
 He is all-powerful, but long-suffering. 
 
 (2'') The second btt'tt (AJSL 20 150, n.*) of couplet vii was inserted in 
 the Received Text after the opening line of this psalm, because the sec- 
 ond hemistich of 2* begins with Dp) ; of the remarks on the misplace- 
 ment of 3 2-3 (see p. 23). The clause .1py"K7 T\p'i was transposed along 
 with 2^ and the gloss ns""?"!)! D'Si^'IIK ni.T' was added in order to supply 
 a corresponding hemistich. 
 
 The stem "Ita3 is not identical with "itOJ, to watch = "12£D, just as "I'att', to 
 be angry, is not identical with "ifitT, to watch ; cf. Kings 129 24. Heb. "latV, 
 to he angry, corresponds to Assyr. sanidru, and "1103 to Assyr. nataru which 
 is generally read naddru (HW 452). The stem IttlT is a Saphel (see 
 p. 24, below) of "1)2, and "lOS is a Niphal of Itt (see BA 1 159, below). 
 Both "^fiV and "1^3 mean originally to be embittered; "Ita3 is connected with 
 Arab, mutirr ("1">J3) bursting out (of wrath) 
 
22 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 (10) The first two words, "ir'S, belong to ntru Kin-nV?), v. 9*. 
 
 The noun "I'D means both pot and thorn; cf. Eccl. 7 e. The glossator 
 who added D'D3D (instead of D'NDD) understood D'TD to mean thorns, 
 whereas D'SHD D''TD means wine-jars, lit. Jars wined, i.e. Jilte/l with wine 
 (cf. toss-pot, swill-pot, swill-bowl, swill-tub, etc.). After D'XI^D D'T'D we must 
 add na,"l"'3, although they. The ''3 is perhaps preserved in Dr^p ''3, at the 
 end of this chapter. After "'3 had been erroneously inserted before ]''hp, 
 this noun was changed into the verbal form m?p. The "'3 before p7p 
 might be retained, if we read: — T)~p ^'t'X r|7p"3. In that case 
 '3 would introduce the oratio directa as in Ruth 1 lo etc. iUl r,r:>p may 
 represent the Aramaic noun ri"17p; cf. AJSL 23-235, n. 46. 
 
 The gloss DX3C31 before D"X13D means even if they drink (tope). It is 
 the infinitive Qal, and the prefixed 3 is concessive, as in mpp3 '3, 2 3 ; 
 cf. JAOS 2.5 72, n. 2. The meaning is Even if they be wine-jars (wine- 
 bags, i.e. soakers, topers, drunken sots) they will be burnt like dry stubble. 
 Even if they be full of wine as wine-jars, we will cause their wine (Gen. 
 924) to evaporate. Both Antiochus Epiphanes and his nephew, De- 
 metrius I, were habitual drunkards ; see Haupt, Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 
 1905) p. 38, below. Polybius states that Demetrius (whose friend 
 Nicanor was defeated by Judas Maccabseus at Adasa; see Haupt, 
 Purim, p. 4, 1. 42) was drunk most of the time; cf. AVillrich, Judaica 
 (Gottingen, 1900) p. 31; see also Judith 12 20 and Haupt, Punm, p. 29, 
 11. 10. 17. We read in 1 Mace. 3 5 that Judas Maccabaeus tov<; rapda-- 
 crovTas Tov [Aaov] avrov e<^Adyicrev. 
 
 The reading D"'33D CI^'D is not good : thorns burn just as easily when 
 they are tangled, even better ; but full wine-barrels do not catch fire as a rule. 
 
 For ti'3"' read tt'i<3. This may be again, not a graphic, but a phonetic 
 corruption ; cf. the note on nttipJp for 1'''2p33, v. 8 ('^^^r "^^^ pronounced 
 ^1'^; see ZA 2275; Lagarde, Mittheilungen, 829, below; cf also *l'.l? = 
 ^r, etc.). 
 
 The last word of the verse, H^tt, may be a corruption of NTTI, intro- 
 ducing the following SiC "^IttQ at the beginning of v. 11 ; or VOKt may be 
 a misplaced correction to J31 W^^V DK, for Wvh^ D'^S W^, in v. 12, just 
 as "I3r (point "I3t") at the beginning of 2 e is a misplaced correction of 
 yi'"' in 1 14, or as 1i"3n DVa in 2 4 is a misplaced gloss to the first clause of 
 2 3. Similarly Dri3"'bn3 ibtt'S"' in 2 6 and Dn'1J3 lbt'3'' in 8 a are misplaced 
 glosses to I'^yin at the end of 2 4, and the last clause of c. 2 is a mis- 
 placed gloss to the beginning of that chapter. The last clause in 2 11, 
 -niKE l^3p th'2 ^;S1 is a misplaced (incorrect) gloss to D''y'?na "^'n'^B'JK, 
 2 4. Cf also the remarks on ril7p "'3 at the end of c. 1. 
 
 n 
 
 The second section of the Book of Nahum is composed of three six- 
 line stanzas with 3 4-2 beats in each line. We find the same meter in 
 section 1. For the misnomer ' T^Tp meter ' see AJSL 20 les, n. 9. 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 23 
 
 (3 i) The term "I'l? refers here to Nineveh ; cf. v. 7. But Nineveh in 
 this Maccabean section is a poetic name for Assyria = Syria, just as the 
 Seleucidan Kingdom with its new capital Antioch is called Daughter of 
 Babylon in Ps. 137 s ; see my remarks in OLZ 10 ee, n. 13. The term "I'l? 
 may mean, not only city, but also state, just as Lat. ciritas means both 
 city and state. The Heb. word nntt, province (originally judicial district) 
 means in Aramaic and Arabic: city. Arab, bdlad means both land and 
 city; Assyr. 7ndtu, land, appears in Syriac as Xr^, native land, country, 
 birthplace, domicile, home; the plural means little towns. In the cunei- 
 form texts, Damascus, Tyi-e, Sidon, etc., have either the determinative 
 dl, city ( = Heb. 7ni<, tent, originally domicile ; cf . AJSL 22 199, § 10) or 
 the determinative indt, land. Judah, Edom, Moab, Ammon, Hauran 
 have occasionally the determinative dl, city, although the names of these 
 countries are not identical with the names of their capitals ; see E. 
 Schrader, Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (Giessen, 1878) p. 95; 
 Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradiesf (Leipzig, 1881) p. 288, 
 11. 2. 5; pp. 294, 295, etc. In a popular German poem Doctor Faust we 
 read : Die grosse Stadt Portugal, | Gleich soil ahgemalet sein ; see Des 
 Knaben Wunderhorn, ed. by Ed. Grisebach (Leipzig, 1906) p. 143. 
 
 Nineveh symbolizes the Assyrian empire and its daughter, the Seleu- 
 cidan Kingdom, just as the City of Rome represented the Roman Empire. 
 A poet could call Antiochus Epiphanes a Ninevite, just as Ovid calls 
 Romulus and Remus Iliadae fratres, or as Scipio Africanus is called a 
 Dardanian, or as we find Teucrian or Ilian instead of Roman, or Erich- 
 thonian instead of Athenian. Similarly the Maccabean poets call the 
 Jews Jacob or Joseph ; cf . Obad. is ; 1 Mace. 1 28 3 7 45. 
 
 For the reason why this first line of - has been placed after 2 u see 
 the note on 2 u, below, p. 29. 
 
 The two nouns pIS'tt-'PlD form a copulative compound like Assyr. pmr- 
 rabi, young and old (HW 565*; cf. Delitzsch, Assyr. Gr.^, §199) 
 or p"I2£"m3U1 in Ps. 45 5 (see the translation in Haupt, Ecclesiastes, p. 37). 
 The vocalization HIDIJI instead of niJUl is due to the recession of the 
 accent before the following p"l!£ : 'dndiidh became ' cinudh ; contrast ZAT 
 21 343 and Duhm, ad loc. The preceding rittS 'ISf'?!? must be read 
 al-dvar-emth instead of 'al-dvar-eme'th (for emett, ement, amint). 
 
 The third hemistich, ^"It2 t:?'?3'"x'7, is a scribal expansion based on the 
 preceding verses at the end of c. 2 (1, ix). For the unaccented verbal 
 form after Kb cf n. 70 to my paper on Ps. 23 in AJSL 21 148. Assyr. 
 miihi, night (cf. Heb. tTttX) is connected with tri)2, T'tt, just as Syr. 
 N':b, evening, is derived from S3S, to turn, to decline (K^SV Th K3S). Cf. my 
 remarks on the etymology of crepusculiim in my paper cited above, p. 16, 
 at the end of n. 12. 
 
 (2, 3) Verses 2 and 3 belong, not to section D, but to 1, where they 
 have been displaced by a gloss ("I, (3). They may have been inserted 
 in 3 owing to the similarity of '^''^n D^l in 3 3 and "'3137 2ha in 3 i, just as 
 
24 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 the 3-line in K (1 2'') has been inserted after the K-line (1 2") owing to the 
 beginning Dpi. Cf. also the conclusion of the note on 2 u'' (p. 29). 
 
 (4) The clause |n n31D is a gloss to the following D'Stt^S n'^UD, and 
 the line after D''BU'3 ri71?3 is a gloss to the entire 'pca. 
 
 The verb "^30 means here, not to sell, but to cheat, deceive, cozen, beguile, 
 entice. Arab, makkdr means swindler. Cf. also BA 1 14, n. 7 ; contrast 
 HW 456" ; see also AJSL 23 248. For the original meaning of cheat (and 
 shyster) see my paper Some Germanic Etymologies, AJP 27 leo, below. 
 
 The D'Dl^l and CStt'S are the allurements of Hellenic culture; cf. 
 1 Mace. 1 11 43 2 Mace. 4 13. 
 
 The pIDD ?11D after .TSITM should stand after niKS:: m,T' in v. 5. 
 
 After ■'33.1 the meter requires the insertion of vSD, and instead of T^vK 
 we must read T't'U ; so, too, in (the Maccabean appendix to 1) 2 14 and 
 Jer. 51 25. For 7X instead of hlS cf. the notes on 1 9. It is possible 
 that the author of the late passage Jer. 51 25 read "]''bx "'liM instead of 
 '^b'S bsiD '::n ; cf. the note on DT5 for DT?, Nah. 3 13. The rT'ntt'an "in, 
 Jer. 51 25 is the Seleucidan Kingdom ; cf. n. 22 on Ps. 68, AJSL 23 229. 
 
 (5) The primary meaning of TOl is to remove (German wegziehen). 
 This may mean to remove from one place to another or to remove the cover- 
 ing, to uncover. 
 
 The hemistich "^"'iB'bl? yb'W TT'^J" does not mean / luill pull up thy skirts 
 over thy face, but I will uncover (lift up) thy skirts to affront thee; 'OS"?!? 
 means (as an insult) to the face, as an affront ; cf. Job 1 11 Is. 65 3. Hugo 
 Grotius explains: Tracto te non ut matronam, sed ut meretricein ; cf. 
 Ez. 16 37 Is. 47 2 3. In the late passage Jer. 13 26 we find '^'h'W TiSt^n 
 
 m °""13 after WK-lM is a gloss, also the hemistich '^vhp mabttttl at the 
 end of the verse. 
 
 (6) The hemistich n^lp;^ ybv ^nsbtrm does not mean / will cast 
 abominable filth upon thee, but / will cast abominations, i.e. indignities, upon 
 thee. The primary meaning of fp^ is to excite disgust ; it is, as H u p f e 1 d 
 suggested long ago, a Saphel of f 1p ; just as the ^ in D''ttty, bpV!, "i2tr, btt'V, 
 PjXtt^, b3tt>, nbr,f -iQty, -I2U?, nptr, -i:tr, bv:} (see note on 3 8) etc., is a 
 causative prefix (cf JBL 19 78, below) which may be connected with 
 Arab, sdbab, cause, or some similar word, just as the sa prefixed to the 
 future in Arabic (Wright-De Goeje, 2 19) is shortened from saufa, in 
 the end ; cf. also Syr. tn, now = r:)l^n, Syr. "Ip:itt>«, last year = D'tp + n:C ; 
 
 t The verb r\b^ often means to cause to transmit or deliver a message, e.^. 
 
 Hagg. 1 12 : 'Dn'ba' Dn'n'?« mn-' inSu? nt's*a . . . N'Djn "sn nm ba "irad, 
 
 they listened to the loords of the prophet Haggai (which were) ?>i accordance 
 with what their God, Jahveh, had caused him to deliver to them- Nor does 
 Is. 37 4 mean The words of the liab-shakeh whom the King of Assyria has 
 sent (Ges. -Kautzsch, § 138, a) but The words of the Ixah-shakc'h, which 
 the King of Assyria has caused him to transmit. Also in 2 K 19 i« the suffix 
 in inbty refers to the Rab-shakeh ; contrast Kings 277 52. Cf 2 S 11 22 1 K 
 14 6 Is. 55 11 Jer. 42 5 21 43 1. 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 25 
 
 see AJSL 22 251 23 248. The reflexive n of the bv^nn, on the other hand, 
 represents flK = DK = n1i< = ri^ = t'.'l; see Proverbs 51 e 15. In Aram, aop = 
 y)p the infixed 3 was originally prefixed : iap3 ; so, too, in Assyr. sanaqu — 
 sdqu; see the note on D''p7, v. 10. The noun fpU' denotes something dis- 
 gusting, detestable, infamous, disgraceful, ignominious. Cf. p. 21, below. 
 
 The following verb, "^Tl^^JI, I shall disgrace (insult, dishonor) thee is 
 a gloss ; cf Jer. 14 21 : '['^^'2 KD3 b^^jrrb^ -ptV \2^b FK?n-'7K, 
 
 Do not reject us for Thy name^s sake, do not make vile the throne of Thy 
 glory (i.e. Jerusalem with the Temple). 
 
 (7) The first clause of v. 7, 1^^ in"' '^"'XT 73 iTMl, is an explanatory 
 gloss to "^VTQ at the end of the preceding verse. 
 
 The last clause, "^b-D^Jaroa trpDK J^xa, is a gloss to n^-mr ^^1. The 
 particijile D'ttTOtt does not mean providers of a funeral meal (ZAT 22 3i8) 
 but comforters, i.e. sympathizers, mourners; cf. Job 2 11 : K127 T^H^ nUVI 
 IttTOpI 1~>"niD7, also Is. 51 19. The primitive meaning of DTO is to cause to 
 stop sighing ; see my notes on Is. 40 in Drugulin's Marksteine (Leipzig, 
 1902) p. 46 and AJSL 22 251. Heb. D'^ariDa might mean also avengers 
 (see Haupt, Ecclesiastes, p. 39, n. 8 on IV; Kings 187 20) but this 
 meaning is not suitable in a gloss to H?"'!!)'' "'fi'l. 
 
 For vv. 8-19 see section J. 
 
 (1 11) Before Klf *^)a)3 we must insert VOTi. As stated above (p. 22) 
 the last word of v. 10, vhll, may be a corruption of xSn ; it is possible, 
 however, that this K70 is a misplaced corrective gloss to D''D7ty in v. 12, 
 and (D'')a7tr may be the original reading for '^tttt'tt in v. 14 (see below). 
 The omission of Kv.l may be due to the gloss vhll ; glosses often dis- 
 place original readings of the text ; cf. the note on D"'D3 n)am in 2 g'' and 
 my remarks on Cant. 5 15 6 6 in AJSL 19 10 15. Instead of X^Xi we must 
 read ^''^ba, and for D'Obt:' we must restore the singular, obtr. The 
 plural ending may have been abbreviated so that D'^bfi was written 
 'Xba ; cf . Kings 80 3. 
 
 The final clause, bu^bD fVh, must be inserted after the first hemistich. 
 In pentapodies the hemistichs are often transposed ; cf the remarks on 
 v. 14 and the Maccabean Song of Derision (2 K 19 21-28) in Kings 
 278 28 38 45 ; also my restoration of the first couplet of Ps. 23 in AJSL 
 21 136 and couplet iv of the Maccabean psalm in the Book of Jonah, 
 AJSL 23 256 ; see also below, the notes on 3 is 13 and 2 5 ("7, ^). 
 
 The fourth hemistich of this verse is the first clause of v. 14, T})%\ 
 mrr' T'by, where we must read vbu instead of "T'bl? (c/. *^miy instead of 
 nmiy in 3 9 and 1"'^^ instead of y>V in Is. 52 14, quoted in the note on 
 V. 12; see also note 13, third paragraph, to my paper on Ps. 68 in 
 AJSL 23 227 ; contrast 133"! for *^^3"i, 2 14) and omit niT as a gloss. The 
 pIDS t^lD of V. 11 should be placed after r'^U rm\; but T\U] must be 
 pointed as infinitive absolute, niSfl ; cf. Kings 132 2. V. 12 belongs to 
 stanza iii ; v. 12*^ and v. 13 are glosses. 
 
 The b'Qh^ f r and niJ-i mn^-bu ntrn is the prototype of Haman in the 
 
26 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 Book of Esther, Nicanor who threatened to burn Jnvn's Temple on 
 Mount Zion ; see 1 Mace. 7203542; cf. 2 Mace. 14 3:5 15 32. In 2 Maec. 
 15 3 he is called a TpicraAiT7;pios, cf. Haupt, Puritn, p. 5. 
 
 (14) In V. 14 the final hemistich ni'?p"''D "I"i3p D'fK must be trans- 
 posed ; "'5 may be omitted, and instead of m7p we may read pbp, as 
 suggested by W. The '3 may be a misplaced remnant of the concessive 
 clause nan ""S, which must be inserted after D^XUD D'TD in v. 10 ; it is 
 improbable that "'3 is merely due to dittography of the preceding suffix 
 "] ; contrast note on nSDx'^a, 2 u. As stated above, p. 22, '3 may be 
 retained before ]hp, if we read : T]^p oyn ]'hp-"D. 
 
 The clause mu ItttTtt unr X"?, ?io more of thy name shall be soivn, is 
 meaningless and unmetrical. Instead of inr we must read 7'\''\V, and for 
 yi'^Q we must substitute l^h^, thy corpse, while ^h and mi? must be 
 omitted. The verb nDr at the beginning of 2 6 is a misplaced corrective 
 gloss to Unr ; it should be pointed nar ; cf. & fxvrjcrdrjCTovTaL, 3 recordahi- 
 tur. But the clause mu "^tt^tt "OV vh, anything of thy name shall no more 
 be mentioned, suits neither the meter nor the context; Nicanor's name 
 was often mentioned in later years. The insertion of a negative to ex- 
 plain an obscure passage is not unparalleled; cf e.g. Eccl. 11 9 (see 
 below, ad 3 15) in <5 ^ (/cai fxrj iv opaaei 6<f>6aX[x(ov crov) or the tertiary 
 gloss in Eccl. 6 e, etc. On the other hand, & has canceled the negative 
 in 2 K 627; cf. Kings 209 26 72 19. In some cases (e.g. 1i3"tr'K ^b, 
 Am. 13 6 9, etc.) vh is scriptio plena of the emphatic 7 (see AJSL 22 201, 
 § 15, end, and my paper in OLZ, June, 1907) but "pXOn Tr\V k"?, verily, thy 
 spoil tuill be scattered, is unsatisfactory. 
 
 The noun ob^, corpse, means originally ended, i.e. one ivhose life has 
 been brought to an end. In Syriac, the verb ch'\l? means to come to an end, 
 to be complete, but also to die ; nriDV UT^'p or 'm'n chp, he ended his days 
 or his life, means he died. In Arabic, sdlima often has just the opposite 
 meaning, to remain alive, to survive, to be saved; but it is used also as a 
 euphemistic antiphrastic expression for he is dead; cf. BA 8577, 1. 32 and 
 K. J. Grimm's dissertation. Euphemistic Liturgical Appendixes in the OT 
 (Baltimore, 1901) p. 5, 1. 6. In Assyrian we find Salmu, corpse, and the 
 feminine Salamtu, with reciprocal assimilation : salandu, just as we have 
 munddx(:u, fighter, ior mumtdxi(;u, from f HD ; ci. Kings 112 is. I sliowed 
 more than 25 years ago that Salandu (= Salamtu) passed into Aramaic as 
 af^t and with n for b (as in rh^b^, chain = nncntr ; pn, hip ^ f "rn ; 
 see p. 45, below, and ZDMG 61 195) Hninn^, a diminutive form with 
 repetition of the final consonant as in Assyr. suqdqu, Syr. Kppt:^K, Arab. 
 zuqdq; cf. BA 3 582, n.**; Kings 121 is; Noldeke, Syr. Gr."^, § 134. 
 
 The noun DblT, corpse, may be restored in the present passage, just as 
 n^pji, grave; nsa, benefactor; irb; ( = in'l33 = A ssyr. nakamaliSu) his 
 treasures have been restored in 1 K 10 15 2 84 ; 2 K 12 e 20 is. We might, 
 of course, substitute yfinv (cf ira::^ inTSJ, Ps. 141 7 ; also Jer. 8 1 2) for 
 "liabttT ; but 1'0::y would hardly have been corrupted to y^^fi. 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 27 
 
 The rhythm is improved by reading 703 instead of vp? ; see the 
 conclusion of the notes on 1 i, above, p. 18. 
 
 (2 -2) On the other hand, it is better to read, with J. D. Michael is, 
 fS^, martel, war-hammer (cf . Jer. 51 20) instead of f ''SSi, scatterer. The 
 incorrect spelling f'Stt instead of fSfi is found also in Prov. 25 is. For 
 the erroneous insertion of a mater lectionis cf. Kings 301 16. A fSD 
 {martel) is larger than a DSpO {mullet, beetle). Judas received his sur- 
 name Maccabseus while he was a boy ; see AJSL 21 140, below. Both 
 martel and mallet, however, are diminutive forms : martel (Lat. martulus 
 for marculus) is derived from marcus, and mallet from mall or 7naul (Lat. 
 malleus) . 
 
 For the feminine sirffix in "^^JS'"?!? we may substitute the masculine 
 form ■'I'lS'T'l? ; but this change is not necessary : "t'JS'T'y would refer to 
 Nicanor ; and '^^2S"T'l?, to the D^^T TV at the beginning of this section, 
 i.e. the capital of the Seleucidan Kingdom; cf. "^^^ in v. 11. Even in 
 the preceding line (v. 1-4) we may read "^'lI ' ^ instead of '^'C'-^^- 
 
 For n"112iD read nTHkQ, mountain-fastness, stronghold. This refers to the 
 a/cpa, the citadel of Jerusalem, which was held by a Syrian garrison 
 until this last outpost of the Seleucids in Judea was starved into sur- 
 render in May, 142 B.C. Simon's triumphant entrance into the Acra is 
 glorified in Ps. 118; see AJSL 21 us, n. 43. For p'^i m^a cf 2 S 57 9 
 1 Chr. 11 5. The reading miSJtt is better than the reading n~iik!2 "11213, 
 watch a watch (W). But instead of nni2itt we had, perhaps, better point 
 M"liji.'2 = me(;addh, the fem. of Arab. ma(;dd. In Eccl. 9 14, on the other 
 hand, it is better to read nni2:a instead of U^'iyi'C^. The term D-ni^ia 
 denotes bastiles, i.e. movable toivers used by the besiegers of a strong place 
 (BA 3 179 and iss). The mound of earth or rampart built by the besiegers 
 is called TTOti ; battering engines are termed D'"13 ; see Ezekiel 47 46. The 
 reading of the Received Text in Eccl. 9 14 is due to rni2iDD in Eccl. 9 12, 
 just as TV^I instead of V"is:a in Nah. 1 9 may be influenced by THl in 1 7. 
 Judas Maccabseus besieged the Acra in 163 B.C. (see 1 Mace. 6 20 ; cf. 
 also 1 33 3 45 4 2 41). After his great victory over Nicanor in 161 B.C. 
 Judas Maccabseus would no doubt have undertaken a new attack on the 
 Acra, if his meteoric career had not been ended by an untimely death. 
 
 The forms MSi, pin, and f!SK are infinitives like "n^iO in the preceding 
 line ; the inf. abs. Piel may have e in the final syllable instead of 0. 
 
 For iHtt we must read 1i^J2 ; the preceding PIS is unaccented ; cf. the 
 notes on 1 5. For "li<p = li^tt see my lecture on Ecclesiastes in Oriental 
 Studies (Boston, Ginn & Co., 1894) p. 247 ; cf . Kings 274 19 and axn for 
 
 n2n = nmn, Xah. 2 8. 
 
 (1 12) The first line of the third stanza is very corrupt. 
 
 The introductory clause, MIT "ittX MD, is a gloss. 
 
 Instead of D'labt? we must read D"'i<'70 ; xbo is preserved at the end of 
 the preceding verse, while tt7t^ is the correct reading for Qt'^ in "]tt^D, 
 V. 14 ; see above (p. 25) ad 1 11. The last three consonants of W^fy^Vf may 
 
28 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 represent the original reading D'b, water. @ raSe Xiya Kvpio? Karapxciv 
 vSaToyv TToAAwv seems to have read : D"31 D'O h'Ca (n'ri' lax ,13) instead 
 of C'3-l pi a-o'^U? DX. We must emend : D'3~n C'sba D-^a^DK ; the omis- 
 sion of 0'12 may be due to haplography (cf. Kings 245 35). 
 
 The prefixed DK is concessive; the glossator who added the glosses 
 pi 1° and 2° intended to emphasize the correlation : D'3"i1 trvh^ D"a pi, 
 T13i;i 1)1J: pi, lit. and thus the waters full and great, and thus they ebbed and 
 subsided, i.e. just as they were full and great, so they ebbed and subsided = 
 however full and great the tide was, it has ebbed again and subsided. 
 Cf Ex. 1 12: pB^ pi n3T p inx MV' nty«31, where we could substitute 
 DS1 for -lti'K31 ; see also Hos. 4 7 : ^'^-IKtan p 03-13, the mure they were 
 increased, the more they sinned against me. In the Maccabean poem 
 Is. 52 13-15 we must read : 
 
 :-isa Kt':i D'i'-)':" ■'-131? h^2'^^ ''ODn 1,3 
 
 lYir^Kia n'n'tp'a' p'V /si'-'bu laatr -it'jo 14 
 
 errs D'sba i^sp'' rby s'Tp-i"' p 15 
 
 D'2-l DMJMCS) DIN iJ33 nxhl inNID (y) DOT 14 (/3) n3J1 13 Ca) 
 
 13 Behold, my servant will prosper, 
 
 he will be raised and exalted. 
 
 14 Though looked upon with horror, 
 
 and though marred out of all human likeness, 
 
 15 They will be enraptured about him, 
 
 even Kings will be struck dumb ; 
 They will see what they never were told, 
 and perceive what they never heard of. 
 
 The verb U"1 means, as a rule, to be excited ; here and in Jer. 33 9 it means 
 to be ardent, full of enthusiasm. The phrase DiTS HCSp", they will close their 
 mouth, means they will be speechlessly amazed, awe-struck. The marring out 
 of all human likeness refers to the sufferings of the Jews during the Syrian 
 persecution. 
 
 The Niphal 1T1J3 must not be derived from W, to cut off, to shear, but 
 from 11J to pass away, disappear; cf. Ps. 90 10: nsril tyrfn' ^T^'2,for it (our 
 life) passes away swiftly, and we take our flight. We need not substitute 
 11W3 for irjj. It is true, 1 and 1 are often confounded (cf the remarks on 
 "I13U7 in 2 2) and Arab, jazr- (al-baJir) is the common term for ebb : but 
 tU, to fail is used in Syriac with special reference to water: Xr;!2 means 
 dried up, waterless. Arab. Jdza, iajiizu = Ileb. "131?. 
 
 The omission of the final 1 in 131? is due to the prefixed 1 in the fol- 
 lowing gloss '1J1 "triSlJI ; cf . Kings 245 85. Before "^PSP the 1 may be dis- 
 pensed with ; it had better be prefixed to the second clause, 111?"'^31?K i<h • 
 cf. 1. 12 of the Maccabean Song of Derision in Kings 278 39. If we 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 29 
 
 retain 1 before "^0?^, it must be taken as 1 explicative ; cf. Haupt, 
 Purim, p. 15, 1. 30. 
 
 For the explanation of the imagery in v. 12* by the prosaic gloss in 
 V. 12» see my remarks on pli ^bjraS ^Dnr (Ps. 23 3) in AJSL 21 133 (cf. 
 ibid. 23 228, n. 17) and for the ebbing of the high-tide of the Syrian perse- 
 cution cf. 2 Mace. 5 17 6 12 7 18 33. 
 
 (13) Also V. 13 is an explanatory gloss, and "t'TTa is a tertiary addi- 
 tion. The suffix in maa refers to the 'ry'':'^ fU"^ in v. 11. For ^"l£?b 
 point ini3», his staff; cf. Ps. 110 2 (111? niStt) and bp^ taSt^n DUhn, Ps. 
 29; cf. JHUC, No. 163, p. 90; No. 114, p. 110 (AJSL 21 147, n. 43). 
 His yoke (cf . 1 Mace. 8 31 is) would be irittb (or iab). 
 
 (2 1) In V. 1* It^aa is scribal expansion which may be derived from 
 the Maccabean poem. Is. 52 7 (see ad 1 12, above, p. 28). Cf. below, the 
 note taiai in 3 9. For whv! U''titt^D cf. 1 Mace. 7 50 and for the enjamhe- 
 ment, or shifting of the caesura, cf. e.g. Ps. 137 6 (OLZ 10 es) and 
 Pss. 68 2 6 9 27 33 76 8 12 (AJSL 23 240) and below, note on 2 11. 
 
 (14'') A misplaced gloss to v. 1* is found at the end of the chapter in 
 V. 14'' : naaxba bip mu Vm' ^b^. For nsaxba we must read ■^3«'?», 
 i.e. scriptio defectiva for T?^*?*^ ; the final M of nSSK'^tt is due to dittog- 
 raphy : the first word of the following verse (3 1) begins with H ; ci. Kings 
 15611 118 4. The suffix in ^^Kbtt refers to the ^1^« "I'^tt (3 I8) i.e. the 
 Seleucidan king of Syria ; cf. 1 Mace. 1 44 2 15 7 10 27. If we read the 
 feminine suffix (*^'3Xba) it would refer to the D''tt"l "I'l? in the following 
 verse, i.e. the capital of the Seleucidan Kingdom. The editor who placed 
 the first b^^ of S (3 1) after this gloss (2 u") read Tpx'^tt or ■^?«'?a, and 
 understood the suffix to refer to D'^ai Tl?. Cf. the remarks on the suffixes 
 in 3 18 19. The insertion of the first stanza of 3 after the conclusion of 
 1 was suggested also by "^b^ "23.1 (for yb^ 'r'Bi "p^-"') in 2 14 and 3 5. 
 
 (1) For the second bra of v. 1, l"-j-i3 "a'ptr -["an rvr^'n'^ "sn, cf Ps. 
 
 76 12 (see n. 22 to my paper on Nicanor's Day in ZDMG 61 286) and 
 1 Mace. 1 39 4 56 6 59 7 48 2 Mace. 6 e 11 25 31 15 36. 
 
 The threefold "3 at the beginning of the last three lines of this stanza 
 may seem to some rather strange, but it is idiomatic Hebrew. The last 
 ''3 is concessive (see above, p. 22, ad 1 10 and cf. Jer. 50 11, quoted below, 
 in the notes on Th, 3 2) and therefore stressed ; cf. my remarks on 
 Dh Xa^'-'S, Jer. 17 8, in AJSL 19 133. 
 
 The addition of TIU after s^'DV is unnecessary and overburdens the 
 hemistich. 
 
 The scriptio plena of the in ^a""n^lJ'7 may be due to dittography of 
 the "I ; cf. the remark on lltty", 1 6. But the is accented; we must read 
 la'vor-hnkh, not lavor-hdlh. Cf. also Syr. Dl':>'lB = HavAos and bitOpJ =liqtiU 
 (JBL 19 77, n. 104). The e and in Heb. "iSp, |l«, jri", btp', are not long, 
 but accented ; we must read crecfjp, o^v, irrev, IktoX. Heb. I5i< should be 
 pronounced like our oven ; the is not long as in over. The difference 
 between the vowels in "^J^tt (i.e. /te A.;^, not ju.^X€x and IBD (cre^p) is : 
 
30 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 the vowel in o-e'^p = "''Bp corresponds to the vowel in the first syllable of 
 English leather (in Hebrew : "l"]?) while the vowel in indlkh = "^7^ should 
 be pronounced like the a in English Uuher (in Hebrew: ^1^). 
 
 Also bU'^D, i.e. Nicanor, the impersonation of hv^b'Z (cf. hvp'Z yvh, 
 1 12 and Haupt, Purim, p. 5, 1. 10) is a gloss ; the hearers knew who was 
 meant ; cf. the indefinite in"n3J and VT'lK in 2 4 6 and the Pythagorean 
 avTos c0a. 
 
 Instead of reading i?3, as required by the Qere, we may point the 
 Kethiv nbs, following (5 crwTCTe'Aeo-Tai, as Pual : n?2 ; cf. M'T'- in K, vi. 
 The sense is practically the same, whether we read n?3 or i^S ; the an- 
 nihilation and extermination of Xicanor and the Syrian army at Adasa 
 (1 Mace. 7 46) was certainly complete. 
 
 (3) The verb (-^) is here not transitive (Jhvii restored) but in- 
 transitive : Jacob's glory returned, i.e. recovered = was recovered, regained ; 
 cf. Kings 199 4o. In Is. 6 ii (cf. above, p. 19, ad 1 s) this intransitive Stt', 
 he recovered appears in connection with 17 XS"l he zvas healed, lit. some one 
 healed him ; cf . Kings 289 i9. We must read : l'7"XSm aci pri" l^^bl; 
 cf. also nau^l in Is. 6 i3. The addition of ."11."!'' and riK in the present pas- 
 sage is due to a glossator. 
 
 (4) An additional (misplaced) gloss to this hemistich 'Ul SU^'^S is the 
 clause Iran DTD in V. 4 ; cf. my remarks on Ps. 68 lo ii in AJSL 23 226. 
 
 (3) For px:i 2° we must insert fSJ ; cf Ps. 80 is. But it would be a 
 mistake to substitute this reading also for pSJ l". After pKJ in the 
 first hemistich JSJ could easily be corrupted to J1KJ, just as we have 
 ^bttK instead of 2XT in 1 4 ; see above, ad loc. If the reading had been 
 JBJ in both hemistichs, the corruption to pt<J could not be accounted for. 
 
 The third section consists of two seven-line stanzas followed by an 
 appendix of four lines. Each line has 2 + 2 beats, i.e. the same meter 
 which we find in Ps. 10 ; cf. Haupt, Purim, p. 18. The first two stanzas 
 were written before the fall of Nineveh in B.C. 006, the appendix was 
 added after Judas Maccabajus' victory at Adasa in 161 B.C. 
 
 For the heading, mrD Kt^tt, see above, p. 18, ad 1 1. 
 
 (3 s) Instead of ^^ we must not point K?, although the cuneiform 
 name is Ni\u) i.e. Ne\u) = Egypt. ne(t) which means City (BA 1 597). 
 We find an in Hebrew instead of Assyr. e or i, not only in ti?K"l, JKIC, T'SS^ 
 = Assyr. re.^u, Qenu, ekul, but also in pJ"]P = Sarru-kenu and in jnn'ipS = 
 ASur-axa-iddina ; see Ezra-Neh. 31 23. 
 
 fSi pfa^ is a gloss. 
 
 For D""]K' (with i<) read D'^X", v^'ith \k ; see Kings 280 27 and cf. above, 
 p. 27, the note on "ixa na-f'SK, 2 2. The plural DnX" is intensive (=the 
 great Nile) just as hZ2 m~in3 71,', Ps. 137 1 means By Babylon's great river, 
 i.e. the Euphrates ; see OLZ 10 65. Also CTi^^^ is a plurulis intensivus like 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 31 
 
 DniJf, B"?-)!?, etc. (see Kings 206 34 270, n.*) : Sn™ DIK = Syria on the 
 Great River, i.e. the Euphrates. 
 
 The clause n^'S'^D D'tt is a gloss to the following D^'H n'b'PI ; it might 
 also be a variant (see Kings 213 48) to the last hemistich of this verse, 
 nnain Ctt (c/. the note on 2 4^, i.e. "1, ;8) but this is improbable. 
 
 For D^ "^Tt read D'.l nb'n ; the relative pronoun prefixed to this clause 
 may be omitted. The term C is used also of a large river, just as iamm 
 and hahr in Arabic ; cf. Is. 19 5. The Assyrians, on the other hand, 
 called the Persian Gulf iiaru marratu, the Bitter (t.e. Salt Water) River ; 
 cf. JAOS 16 civ and the comments on the Babylonian map of the world in 
 the translation of Ezekiel (SBOT) p. 100, 1. 36 ; see also the descriptive 
 pamphlet Die Regenhogen-Bibel (Leipzig, 1906) p. 10. 
 
 For DJtt, at the beginning of the last hemistich, point D^tt (W). In 
 Gen. 617, on the other hand, J. D. Michaelis read Q'^?3 : — MK K'a» "'DJn 
 y'^)lt,'n bv D^a bisan; see E. Suess, Die Sintfluth (Prag, 1883) pp. 27, 50. 
 I pointed out in KAT^ (1883) p. 66, n. 3 {cf. AJSL 1 180, n. 2) that bna 
 was a popular adaptation of Assyr. abubu, deluge ; cf. KAT^ (1902) p. 546, 
 n. 2. For a = K see also Kings 190 26; Haupt, Purim, p. 23, 1. 23. 
 
 (9) For n!2i£y point nr^^V. 
 
 The following taiS n:tp r«1 dn2£ai is a gloss ; n:tp pXI nnitai belongs 
 to tt'l^, and tSIS is an addition to D'^lbl, derived from Ez. 30 5 ; cf the 
 remarks on the glosses and <j>, also K, y and 3, n. 
 
 The verb VM is a gloss ; cf. the gloss .Tn in Is. 5 1 Cant. 8 11 ; see AJSL 
 19 196, below. 
 
 For "^nntU^ read, with W, nmT173 ; cf ybv instead of rbv in 1 14. For 
 the prefixed 3 see Numbers 57 46. 
 
 (10) The QJ before n''77i7 is due to vertical dittography; cf. Kings 
 86 30 and below, note on v. 13. 
 
 For the imperfect, WiaT, read the perfect, lU^tS"! ; cf 1pri"l in the last 
 hemistich. The ' may be due to dittography of the "i ; cf the note on 
 
 la-nnu'?, 2 1 f = i = i). 
 
 The prefixed T>3 is a scribal expansion, derived from Lam. 4 i 2 19 ; 
 Lam. 2 19 is a gloss ; cf. the gloss miClPI 73 ti'X"i3 in Is. 51 19. 
 
 For the accentuation IT (so, too, Obad. 11) instead of IT see above, 
 p. 18. The form IT might, of course, be derived from MT = mJ, Assyr. 
 nadu, to cast, throw, just as we have in Assyrian : ingabtu, aer-ring, from 
 32£3 = 31£1, Eth. ue(;b ; or in Arabic : uaqir alongside of naqir, trough 
 (AJSL 23 244) but the reading IT is preferable. The verb is not denomi- 
 native, derived from T', as W suggests. 
 
 Heb. D'|5t is an Assyrian loanword : ziqq = zinq = sinqu, from sandqu, 
 to bind, confine = Arab, ([dnuka = ddqa = Assyr. siqu ; cf . Heb. pTlt and 
 p"^n ; see Kings 125 27. For the infixed n in p^TI cf the remarks on 
 Aram. ta3p = pip in the note on n'lpt, 3 e. The T in D'pT for D'p3T is 
 due to partial assimilation of the initial D to the following nasal ; cf. 
 JttT, time — Assyr. simdnu, from udsama; see KAT^ 650, n. 3. For D'pIX 
 
32 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 (Jer. 40 1 4) = D^pl cf. Assyr. agappu = gappu (for gadpu) wing ; see 
 Kings 98 10. The T in STIJ represents an infixed n (c/. "nJ = "13 ; see 
 below, ad v. 17'' and Kings 258 -23) while the 5 in S133 is infixed just as 
 the 3 in pir:: and U3p ; the 3 in ^l^D is due to partial assimilation of the 
 initial 3 to the final ^. The noun =133, wing is ultimately identical with 
 ^13, hand, and the original form is =1J. Heb. D'pT, fetters and pIC', 5<ree< 
 are ultimately derived from the same root ; cf . Kings 133, n. f 
 
 (11) After nsarn we must supply (but not insert) nan D12 (c/ 
 Is. 51 17 22 Jer. 25 15) = n»a!r ni3U^ D13 (Ez. 23 33) = to ttot-^plov tov olvov 
 Tov 6vfiov Tr}<i 6pyrj<; avTov (Rev. 16 19 ; cf. 14 10). Cf also Obad. le. 
 
 The participle nabl73 means covered, i.e. overcome = fainting, falling 
 into a swoon. In Arabic, gdSiia means to cover, and guSiia 'alaihi, lit. a 
 cover was put upon him, is the common expression for he swooned, became 
 senseless. It is not necessary to read ns":?!?) ; cf IB'^V, are overcome, lie 
 fainting, Is. 51 20 and ^bviT, he was overcome (by the heat) Jon. 4 s; also 
 ^'i::iV\ faints, fails, Is. 57 le. The inf. Hiph. ubvn means in Eccl. 3 11 
 covering, veil — KaAu/A/xa, 2 Cor. 3 is; c/". Haupt, Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 
 1905) p. 42, n. 18. The gratuitous emendation bttU, proposed by Ka- 
 menetzky (ZAT 24 238) and Macdonald (JBL 18212) was suggested 
 long ago by a critic of authority in C. H. H. Wright's commentary 
 (London, 1883) p. 437. J. D. Michael is' explanation of nabl73 as a 
 privative denominative (AJSL 22 251, 1. 3) of nfibv, i.e. defloured, devir- 
 ginated (cf . our term m,aiden fortress) is impossible ; r\f2h)i means young 
 woman, not virgin. 
 
 The following hemistichal pair (v. ll**) is a gloss to v. 14 which rep- 
 resents the original sequel of v. 11 ; w. 12 and 13 must be inserted after 
 V. 15, at the end of the original poem ; they were displaced by the glosses 
 in vv. 16 and 17. Cf the note on 1 11 (p. 25). 
 
 (14) In V. 14 the two clauses "^"'n^t^a ''ptn and "ifehS 'Dam are glosses ; 
 nahD 'Dtom explains the preceding lD"'t3D 'XS, and '^''■isaa pin is a gloss 
 to the entire verse, and should therefore be placed after the second 
 hemistich. 
 
 The line y^ ''aXC' mittt ''ti does not refer to boiling water which is to 
 be poured over the besiegers ; nor does it mean Fill the moats (cf . above, 
 p. 16, n. 10). It refers to the fact that the besiegers will cut off the 
 water-supply of Nineveh, so that the Ninevites will depend again on the 
 rain water as in the time before Sennacherib built the great waterworks 
 of Nineveh. 
 
 The phrase tO'tS3 ""KS, Go into the mud means Knead the soil with your 
 feet; the clay (Span, adobe) was mixed with water, and then worked 
 with the feet. The emendation ''D13 (Gratz, N; cf. Zech. 10 5) is gra- 
 tuitous. The inhabitants of the besieged city will be forced to make 
 bricks in order to restore the fortifications destroyed by the besiegers. 
 In Assyrian we find the same phrase: tita erebu (HW yOP). Heb. I2''t3 
 = Assyr. titu stands for tintu, with partial assimilation of the feminine 
 
HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM 33 
 
 n as in Syr. Kt3»rp, archer for Xnt^p, from Assyr. qaStu, bow (a biconso- 
 nantal feminine form) pi. qasuti ; cf. AJSL 23 248, below. 
 
 (15) The two wh^^ of v. 15 must be transposed; cf. the remarks on 
 the transpositions in 1 u 14 and 2 5. 
 
 For "lasrip"! read "'3"inn. The reading "I33nn is not a graphic corrup- 
 tion, but it is influenced by ""iMDn in the second hemistich (c/. the 
 remarks on bbtSK 1° for 3XT in 1 4). 
 
 These imperatives are concessive : just make thyself numerous = even if 
 thou makest thyself numerous, i.e. in spite of thy large population and the 
 numerous troops manning thy fortresses, fire will devour thee. Some- 
 times such imperatives are ironical, e.g. in the gloss Eccl. 11 9: — 
 
 Just walk in the ways of thy heart 
 
 and in the sight of thine eyes ; 
 But know that for all these things 
 
 to judgment God will bring thee ! 
 
 Cy. also the two Maccabean passages Is. 47x2 and Lam. 4 21 (OLZ 10 63). 
 
 The X in .iniK is not prothetic, as in Syr. rplK for y^"5-|, etc. 
 (N old eke, Syr. Gr.^, § 51). The stem is not "S"!, but 2"1«; cf. 1DK = 
 ''"13 (AJSL 23 247) and Assyr. dribu (or e7-ibu) a swarm of locusts. The 
 final n in n3~lK represents the nominal affix "' ; n?')H = arbal, just as 
 Assyr. f/absu, inflated skin (Arab tauf) =gabSaiu; cf. Ezekiel 65 le and 
 AJSL 1 179, n. 4. The Assyr. verb ardbu (to devastate the fields) is 
 denominative; Tennyson says: This Philip and the black faced swarms 
 of Spain . . . come locus ting upon us. 
 
 The third hemistich of v. 15% ph"^ '^':'3Kn is a gloss (so W) to the 
 first hemistich tyK "^ibSKri'DJI. Also vv. 16 and 17 contain glosses to 
 V. 15 ; the antiquarian and biological erudition displayed in these verses 
 cannot be credited to the original poet. 
 
 For DIT, at the beginning of v. 15, read DJ or DJI ; we find the same 
 mistake in Ps. 137 3, where we must read DH'^D, although (Eccl. 4 14) 
 instead of DiI^'^S ; see OLZ 10 65, n. 3. 
 
 (16. 17) V. 16* and v. 17* expand Nahum's terse statement regarding 
 the countless population of Nineveh, while v. 16'' and v. 17'' supply some 
 biological information with regard to the locusts. In v. 17 we find also 
 some tertiary glosses (cf. 3, xx)- 
 
 (16'') The hemistich ^V^'i tStTS pT severs the connection between 
 V. 16» and v. 17" which form a bra with 2 + 2 beats. 
 
 The verb tOtt^S refei's to the exuviation (or ecdysis) of the locust. We 
 use exuvice of the skins, etc., of animals, which are shed or sloughed off, 
 while in Latin, exuvice is used also for spoils, just as Heb. tSU^S means also 
 to plunder. Arab, sdlaxa, to shed the skin, is connected with the root W 
 which we have in hhv, to plunder ; Arab, sdlaba; cf. AJSL 23 252, A. E. 
 Shipley states in the article on locusts, EB 2808: On leaving the egg 
 the young immediately cast their skin, an operation repeated about the 
 
34 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 gth^ 13th^ ojst^ 3l8t^ and 50**^ day; the wings attain their perfect develop- 
 ment and the locust becomes capable of flight only at the 6"^ and last 
 molt. The Assyr. stem paSdtu, to obliterate, has no connection with Heb. 
 lOtCD, but is a transposition of ^^'^, to rinse, to wash off. 
 
 The term pb^ is not derived from pph = vvh (cf . Kings 175, n. J) but 
 it may be connected with Assyr. ilqitu (IIW 76) and Arab, ualaqa which 
 denotes a leaping gait of the camel, so that p7'' may mean leaper ; cf. our 
 grasshopper and German Sprengling or Sprengsel = locust. The second 
 syllable of German Heuschreck represents the obsolete verb schrecken = 
 to leap; cf. Luther's Bible, Job 39 20 : Kannst dti es schrecken wie die 
 Heuschrecken ? i.e. CaJist thou make him (the horse) leap as a locust ? Heb. 
 
 (17^) The 1 in TIJ (whence the name Cadiz) is an infixed fl, and "IJ is 
 connected with Tp and Assyr. kdru, wall ; cf. the remarks on P|1J above, 
 p. 32, and AJSL 23 247. In mp OVS (which is perhaps influenced by 
 n"i2C DVD, 1 7) DV should be transposed : we must read DVn "Ip3, in the 
 cool of the day (for 'ip, cool, see AJSL 23 242) i.e. from sunset to su>vise ; 
 in Arabic, the dual al-harddni (cf. Heb. "113) means morning and evening ; 
 and ftarf/u 'n-naMri = daybreak. Toward nightfall (DVn H;"!?, Gen. 3 8; 
 cf my remarks in AJSL 22 203, n. 17) the locusts alight on the ground, 
 but the next morning, as soon as the sun has warmed them a little, they 
 resume their flight and disappear. As long as they are chilled by the 
 night air and have their wings weighted with dew, they are unable to 
 fly; cf Dr. Post's article in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, vol. 3, 
 p. 130. 
 
 The last hemistich, Itolptt UlirK^l, has been expanded by a prefixed 
 and an affixed gloss, Tlil and d^K; both are superfluous. For IDiptt we 
 had better read D^lpD (cf D'3'nn) although the suffix refers to the col- 
 lective ''31J1. The singular suffix in iaip^ may be influenced by K7l 
 IttipD "nU"13T3"', Ps. 103 16 = Job 7 10 ; Ittipa may also mean the place 
 (Kings 299 30). The singular "tlil for "11131 may be due to haplography ; 
 cf. llaupt, Purim, p. 23, 1. 9 ; see also above, p. 29, ad ^S'llDub, 2 1. 
 
 (16'') The clause '^''b'3'^ n''Sin may be concessive, just as the impera- 
 tives in v. IS**; but it is not necessary to substitute the imperative (so 
 W]\I) in this gloss ; cf the conditional clause T'?"'"^^ TXTlbsx in v. 13. 
 Heb. ■^'t'SI is dissyllabic (rdkhldi^kh} . 
 
 (17*) For T^\^^ we must not read ■]''112tt (see Isaiah 107 27 and below, 
 note on ,inbl?,1, 38) or I3^3ri (Gratz) but we must point: T-l':?"?, % 
 exorcists, conjurers, part. Piel of 173 = Assyr. nazaru, to curse, execrate 
 (adjure, conjure). Alongside of 1W we find also 17K in Assyrian (cf. 
 AJSL 23 252). The primitive meaning of this stem is to hind (cf. mi^, 
 girdle) just as UK, to curse means originally to bind ; cf. Assyr. arm, bird- 
 catcher and irru, rope, snare (HW 138) also our spellbound. In Arabic, 
 mundir means admonisher, apostle, preacher, just as ]T\'0 means priest in 
 Hebrew, while the corresponding Arab, kdhin means seer, diviner. Ileb. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 35 
 
 ■^''Ti, devotee, Nazirite is derived from the same stem ; a voxv is merely a 
 promissory oath, cf. our vowing vengeance = German Rache gelobend. The 
 stem "113 is a differentiated dialectic byform of 1TD ; cf. p"iriQ alongside 
 of "itt'B ; see Proverbs 51 14 ; Kings 192 22 275 29. 
 
 Also IDSa is a Babylonian loanword = Assyr. tupsarru, scribe, i.e. 
 hierogrammatist. The word is ultimately Sumerian, a compound of dup, 
 tablet (which has passed into Syriac as i^E?) and sar, to write. Instead 
 of Y"'^?*^ and "iDBp (Jer. 51 27) we ought to point: ■^'"iDEa and "iDBD; 
 the ta is due to the u-vowel ; a t followed by u sounds like t3, while a p fol- 
 lowed by i sounds like 5 ; therefore the Assyrians often write tu for ^, ku 
 for (5, and ki for p ; see my ASKT 169, § 13; Kings 86 11 208 15. The a 
 in "]''"lD£t3 instead of T""lC£ui or "]''"1DB0 is due to the fact that after a tfl an 
 d sounds almost like 0, just as our ivand is pronounced tvond ; cf. BA 
 1 252. The late compiler of the oracle in Jer. 50 51 (which was written 
 about the end of the reign of John Hyrcanus, 135-104 b.c.) took "iDStD to 
 mean "IBID = "iDItT, i.e. a military officer ; cf . Judges 35 50 ; contrast Kings 
 304 37. See also the note on D'tt^J, v. 13. 
 
 The form ^^^i (— Arab. Jdbi) at the end of v. 17* represents a correc- 
 tion of the preceding Siil. For the apocope of the termination ai or e cf, 
 71?^ = ri7l70, etc. (see AJSL 22 253, n. 14) and for undeleted corrigenda 
 cf. Kings 194 20. The variants "'^13 ^13 may be rendered in German : 
 Sprengsel, Sprengling ; and in English: creaker, cricket (^cricket means 
 creaker, i.e. chirper). In Assyrian we could use eribu (= dribu, participle 
 of 3"1«) and eribu (i.e. ''mK = Heb. rfil^; see above, ad v. 15). The 
 stem of 31J = ''2'IJ is akin to S<3J, to gather, so that ''SIJ means originally a 
 gathering or sivarm (of locusts). Cf. Ethiop. gubae, collection, congrega- 
 tion ; Assyr. gabbu (for gab^u) all ; gubbu (for gub'u) cistern (cf. Heb. D'llJ 
 2 K 3 16 Jer 14 3 and K3J, pool, sivamp, Is. 30 14 Ez. 47 11) lit. reservoir 
 (p)p'^') i.e. a place where water collects or is collected or stored. The 
 root 1p is a modification of 2J or D3 ; Ip, cord is a collection of strands 
 twisted or woven together. Heb. niJ, h^:^ ; K^J, h^^, IttJ ; ^33 ; frsp, pap ; 
 Assyr. tTDJI, hyp ; Arab, jami, jamil, kdmil, etc. are aU derivations of 
 the same root 3J = dJ = 3p = Dp = 1p = 33 = D5 ; cf. the remarks on 
 Pi;X = ^133 == P]3 in the note on D''pT, v. 10 and AJSL 23 252. 
 
 (12) The prefixed ^3 is scribal expansion. 
 
 lei D^JXn should be read D^3Kn ; cf. the remarks on Dnx', v. 8. 
 
 For Dy, at the beginning of the second hemistich, substitute "^fiU, 
 which we find in the Received Text at the beginning of v. 13 ; ."13,1 before 
 "^121? is scribal expansion. 
 
 V. 12'' is an explanatory gloss : the Assyrian fortifications are like 
 fig-trees (D'SKD) and their garrisons like firstripe figs; if the D'^llkDa are 
 shaken, the DU manning them fall into the hands of the besiegers, lit. 
 into the mouth of the eater, i.e. they are swallowed up. For frstripefgs see 
 Haupt, Biblische Liebeslieder (Leipzig, 1907) n. 11 on No. X. 
 
 (13) In V. 13 the hemistichal pair '^2f-iK nriy innSJ (nmS) T?'^'' 
 
36 JOUBNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 is an explanatory gloss in which nins represents a tertiary scribal expan- 
 sion. 
 
 The first two words of this verse, "^au HSn, belong to v. 12. 
 
 Only the two hemistichs "^^npn D'tyj aud T'?"'^ tTK-nbrx are genuine, 
 and they must be transposed ; cf. the remarks on 1 ii h. If ^?~ip3 D'tt'D 
 was the second hemistich, we can understand why "^sy, which represents 
 the beginning of the second hemistich of the preceding verse, appears 
 before C'l^J. For vertical dittography see above, ad v. 10. 
 
 The clause T'?'"'^ tt'XTlbsK is conditional; cf. the concessive clause 
 •^"bST rT'mn at the beginning of v. 16. For the unaccented upbeat 
 {Auftalct) in irK-lbsN cf. above, ad 1 s^. 
 
 For D''^:, women, we must read tDT?, we shall destroy, from D?3tr, or 
 rather IttT'', they will destroy. Similarly (S has for DT?, Num. 21 so 
 ■yuvatKCs. The compiler of the late oracle Jer. 50 37 51 so (cf Is. 19 le and 
 the note on "iDBta, v. 17") read 0^^^ ; but if the Assyrians had been women, 
 the siege of Nineveh would not have lasted so long. 
 
 (18) The section 3 s-is, apart from the glosses relegated to the mar- 
 gin, represents an old poem composed by an Israelitish poet in Assyria 
 about 607 b.c. before the destruction of Nineveh in 606 B.C. But the 
 last two verses of c. 3 were added by the Maccabean compiler of this 
 festal liturgy for the celebration of Nicanor's Day. The suffixes in 
 T'SJn, T"'"^^. T^^^'^j ']^^^, 1'^^'^, T''^ should be feminine, referring to 
 the City of Nineveh (i.e. the Seleucidan Kingdom), not masculine; 
 m«^« ibo is a gloss. Cf. above, p. 29, ad 2 u^ (2, p). 
 
 For Ifai instead of Itt? cf. the remarks on 'l'^^ v. 10. 
 
 After 1tt3 we must supply (but not insert) onZ' (Ps. 76 e) or Dbw r\:V 
 (Jer. 51 39 67). All these passages are Maccabean : Ps. 76 refers to Judas 
 Maccabseus' victory over Nicanor ; see my remarks in ZDMG 61 286 ; 
 for Jer. 51 cf. the note on IDBtO, v. 17. 
 
 Instead of IWIT' read M^' (not 123tt?^). 
 
 For -[n'lK (/. VT-iK, 2 6. 
 
 Instead of lUTBJ read 1^33, from pS, as in 1 K 22 17. The stem ns 
 (whence the name JUT'S, Surgy, i.e. risiny in billows ; see JAOS 16 ciii, J) 
 means to gambol, caper, leap, spring, skip (cf. Jer. 50 11, quoted in the notes 
 on "in'l, Nah. 3 2) but not to scatter. 
 
 The addition Dnnn bll is derived from the parallel passage in Kings 
 (see Kings 171 10 and cf. the remarks on the gloss tilS in v. 9). 
 
 (19) Instead of nnS read, with W, .l.nj; cf. Kings 293 52; contrast 
 CZn^ for D'Cns in 2 4'' (1, (3). This noun .inJ (for gihhdiatu) corresponds 
 to Syr. Xn'na (or Hri13\"i:?3) deliverance from pain, etc. Cf. also Arab. 
 jdhha 'l-Sdjjata (= udssa'aha) which does not mean to enlarge a wound (in 
 the head) but to mitigate it. 
 
 The final clause. Tan iniJ-l niSl? ^h "Si br '3, is a prosaic explana- 
 tory gloss ; the suffix in ''\T\V\ may be either masculine or feminine ; cf 
 the note on HSSJ^'pa at the end of c. 2. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 37 
 
 1 
 
 The fourth section consists of ten couplets with 3 + 2 beats in each 
 line, i.e. the same meter as in the second Maccabean section, 3. The 
 first nine couplets (which may be grouped in three sections; cf. Haupt, 
 Purim, p. 47, 1. 24 and the Maccabean psalm in the Book of Jonah, 
 AJSL 23 256) were composed after the destruction of Nineveh in 606 ; 
 the final couplet, on the other hand, is a Maccabean appendix, just as 
 the last four lines of J. 
 
 Section T consists of 3 2 3+2 4-14 ; 3 of 3 8-19 ; 3 of 3 1 and 4-7 + 1 n- 
 2 3; H of 1 1-10. Consequently 81 + 4-7 must be inserted before 1 ii-2 3, 
 and 2 4-14, preceded by 3 2 3, should stand after c. 3. Section *1 (2 4-14) 
 has, it may be supposed, been inserted after 3, because it is in the same 
 meter (3 + 2) while J appears at the end of the book, because it has a 
 different meter (2 + 2). The reason why the first line of 3 (3 1) has 
 been inserted after 2 u^ has been indicated on p. 29, in the note on 
 S, p ; the insertion of the first three D'T'ira of T between the first and 
 the second hv^^ of 3 (3 14) has been explained above, on p. 23. Cf. 
 my restoration of the Hebrew text of Canticles in AJSL 19 22-32 and my 
 arrangement of Ecclesiastes in Haupt, Koheleth oder W eltschmerz in der 
 Bibel (Leipzig, 1905). Cf. also the remarks on transpositions in ancient 
 Arabic poems in N old eke, Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten 
 Araher (Hannover, 1864) p.vii ; Ahlwardt, Bemerkungen iiher die Achtheit 
 der alten Arabischen Gedichte (Greifswald, 1872) pp. 18 and 84. 
 
 (1 lb) For the heading, '"trpbxn Dlffi pin, see above, p. 18. The pre- 
 fixed nSD is a gloss; cf. EB 3259. 
 
 (3 2) The singulars, tOW, ]ZMi, DID, HMntt, U^nS, Snn, n^JH, njS, 1212, rjDbn 
 (and DD"in in gloss (3) are collective ; cf. our horse = cavalry. 
 
 The participle "IHT means crying, neighing, not galloping. Barth has 
 pointed out that this stem is identical with Arab, hddara, to roar, which 
 is used of the roaring of the sea, the braying of an ass, etc. Hddara 
 means especially ^duuata fi gairi Siqsiqatin, to roar without inflation of 
 the siqSiqa, i.e. the faucial bag (German Briillsack) of a male camel which 
 he inflates and projects out of his throat at the season of rut, when he 
 sees a female camel. Arab, hadra means (like ]1Sir ; cf Ktt^m, 1 5) crash ; 
 Arab. hadir = roaring of the waves (cf. D''^"' jiXtT, Ps. 65 8). Hadir, coo- 
 ing of doves, stands for hadil. For the transposition in "im = hddara 
 cf. AJSL 22 260, n. 10. Our verb to bray was formerly used also with 
 reference to the bull, deer, etc., as well as to man. On the other hand, 
 Herodotus (3 84) uses (ftOayyecrdaL with reference to a horse. 
 
 In the Song of Deborah (Jud. 5 22) the hemistichal pair, 
 
 v-i'SK nT^.n-i mn'n'i'iD did "spy labniK 
 
 means : Then clattered the hoofs of the horses from the yells, the yells of 
 his heroes, i.e. owing to the (incessant frantic) yelling of the heroes (of 
 
38 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 the enemies) urging on their steeds, the horses galloped so that their 
 hoofs clattered. In Arabic, rdkada means not only to urge on a horse, to 
 gallop, but also to flee ; cf. the note on TOV^, 3 2. In Scotland, to thud 
 means to move with velocity ; IttTTI = they thudded away. In German the 
 DID '3py 71p is called Huficldag, i.e. hoof-beat {cf. Lat. pulsus, Greek ktuttos). 
 Apart from Zagen for Schreien, Luther translates Jud. 5^2 correctly: 
 Da rasselten der Pferde Fiisse vor dem Zagen ihrer mdchtigen Reiter. The 
 sufllx in VTSK refers to the enemy ; cf. VT^K and inm^J, Nah. 2 4'' 6. 
 We must not read ^O^ri, nor need we join the prefixed J3 of mim 1° to 
 DID ; contrast Ps. 68 27 (AJSL 23 239) . The first fTnm is not a suspended 
 status constructus, but status ahsolutus ; for the repetition cf. v. 5 : 
 
 b^'w ^^bK ni-T'-'jaa r\]n'"K> ^b^: ann 
 
 and gloss 6 in Ps. 68 (AJSL 23 224). S renders Jud. 5 22: KDpU bSJ pTH 
 mB''prn x'^'m sn&ID p ntrDin; Syriac «nanj, roaring, is a correct 
 translation of Heb. m"ini ; contrast ZDMG 56 456. 3 renders freely : 
 ungulae equorum ceciderunt, fugientibus impetu, et per praeceps ruentibus 
 foriissimis hostium; cf. ZDMG .56 461. In this passage, ceciderunt does 
 not mean they fell = they stumbled, but they came down with a crash ; cf . 
 fulmina cadentia and our the blows fell, also 7DD in Gen. 24 64 2 K 5 21. 
 They tumbled all over themselves trying to get away. In Arabic, 
 udqa'a, to fall, means also 'to rush away' (ddhaba uanldlaqa sari' an) 
 = German fortstiirzen. The comments on Jud. 5 22 in ZDMG 56 453-466 
 are unsatisfactory, and the restoration of this line, given on p. 184, 
 is gratuitous. 
 
 Also in Jer. 8 le VI^Dl? m^rilC denotes the yells of the horsemen, not 
 the neighing of the horses. We must read : 
 
 VDiD nnro uatt^j ]yi 
 
 The prefixed tt before nbnjf is not a nominal preformative, but the 
 preposition I'D, as in Jud. 5 22. We must point nibnita, plur. constr. 
 of ""I'pnst; cf. Isaiah 110 41. The noun mbn2£a in the late passage Jer. 
 13 27 has a different meaning : it is explained by the following gloss 
 rini:T naT; cf Syr. Kbin^, lustful. The noun ."I'pni: represents a form 
 <;ahalat, not Quhalat. The explanation of mTHSi'a in the prefixed gloss 
 blpa is correct. 2D has ^'^^"1D■'J for VTDK, 3 (a voce hinnituum) J)ug- 
 natorum ejus; but Si ^"^TaDn Kb^attl K^p i^, while VD1D rnTO is ren- 
 dered : ntt'D"!'! ^/ ^^V• Heb. n"iro, however, means snorting, not neighing ; 
 see my paper on the cuneiform name of the sperm-whale, AJSL 23 263. 
 In Arabic, ^dhala is used of the cry of a horse (^dhala 'l-fdrasu tdd 
 (;duuata) but in German the terra wiehern (i.e. to neigh, to whinny) is 
 used also of a roaring laughter; cf. our horse-laugh (see Haupt, Purim, 
 p. 13, 1. 30). Roaring may be used with reference to a lion, a tempest, 
 the sea, boisterous mirth ; it may denote also an outcry of distress, etc. 
 
HAUPT: THE BOOK OF NAHUM 39 
 
 In Arabic, qdrqara (which denotes originally the sound of rushing 
 water ; cf. AJSL 23 246) means not only to roar, to crow, to coo, to murmur, 
 but also to guffaw; and in modern Arabic it means to complain, to grumble. 
 In Is. 12 6 24 14 54 i Jer. 31 7 vT]1 appears as a synonym of p'^, to shout for 
 joy; in Esth. 8 is we read nnat'l rbr\^ \^'^V Tum ; but in Is. 10 so "^ns: 
 means to utter shrill cries of distress, just as we speak not only of shrieks 
 of laughter but also of shrieks affright. 
 
 Nor does V"l''3K in the Maccabean passage Jer. 47 3 refer to the horses. 
 
 We must read: Pi33nb tru'iia rT3x niDiQ ncu^^a 
 yhhi Jinn (^) ;d''T ivbiz: D^3n"bK misK lierTK"? "^ip (a) 
 
 The stem taUtt' corresponds to Arab, ta'ata, a synonym of ddqqa, to pound 
 (Heb. P\^'^) and rddaxa, to smash (which corresponds to Heb. n^CT, to 
 slay). For "in'SK ^ has again, correctly, ^-n-l3'J, ^ \in3Dn KnolB, 3 
 bellatorum ejus. The h in IMl'? (cf. Q'^TSab mra, Nah. 2 12) is in- 
 serted for rhythmical reasons; just as Xtt^HD ■'731J3 is more rhythmical 
 than Ktr-I ^bjys, Jer. 60 11; see below. The phrase ^^'D'h urr-iD ( = ® 
 ^'^^^Tl"l'7 yitt) which Corn ill considers to be a gloss, is far more 
 poetic than 1vJ7J p^n, which Cornill relegates to the margin. For 
 the intransitive Hiphil 1DSn"N7 (2E VJSnK) cf the last hemistich of 
 Nah. 29: nOBO T^l, also A'm^s 217 2; AJSL 22 204, 1. 4. For the sec- 
 ond line of Jer. 47 3 cf 11. 112, 113 of the cuneiform account of the 
 Deluge, mistranslated by Jensen, KB 6236, 1. 113; see KAT'^ (1883) 
 62 27 73 10. 
 
 In Jer. 50 11, on the other hand, 
 
 ffTaxa ibni:m xtrn's' ^b:vi^ iirisn-'S 
 
 the noun D"'1'aK means bulls; we must render: though ye bellow like 
 bulls (so AV). For the concessive '3 see the note on mpp2"''D, Nah. 2 3. 
 (S icrKLpTa.T€ 0)5 /Sot'Sia iv /Soravr], Koi iKeparilcTe (this is wrong) ws ravpoi, 
 
 3 sicut vituli super herham et mugistis sicut tauri, ^ plp^.m K"?Jy T'K Jllt^n 
 
 XDU-i X-13T 7K, ST Kna^JD p'^itam Kprin "bjuD. 
 
 There is no evidence that D'"l''aK ever refers to horses, nor does *ii"l1 
 mean to gallop. 
 
 The clause nbwtt IPIB forms the last hemistich of v. 2 ; the pIDB B]1D 
 after mpntt nasittl must be transposed. The collective t^^S means here 
 horsemen, not horses ; cf . the second hemistich of gloss /3 : I^.VIC D'''f">'S'."n 
 = (5 Kttt 01 iTTTreis Oopv/BrjcrovTaL. 
 
 After nbua we may supply (but not insert) IDIDTlK, cf. the intran- 
 sitive Hiphil i"I3Ba in 2 9; nSutt means literally he rears = he causes (his 
 horse) to rear by urging him on with whip and spur. Spur (Assyr. ziqtu) 
 is no anachronism ; see 1. 54 of the sixth tablet of the Babylonian Nim- 
 rod Epic (KB 6 ni ; cf p. 450 and HW 262»'). The Median horsemen 
 may have spurred (or goaded) their horses with the points of their 
 swords, etc., or with their feet ; cf Arab, rdkada = ddfda : rdkada 
 
40 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 *l-fdrasa hi-rijldihi idd 'stahdttahu lil-ddui; — hatta = hadda). Heb. nbuO 
 has here about the same meaning as Arab, mutardkid. C£. also Arab. 
 udkara which means to move with springs or bounds, to rear, to race, etc. 
 
 (24'') The first three D"'btra of 1 have been displaced in the Re- 
 ceived Text by gloss ^. The first b^fl of jS (2 4^) is a variant (cf. 
 Kings 213 48) to the second hv^ of 3 2, and the two D"'7ti'tt of the fol- 
 lowing verse (2 5) represent an explanatory gloss to this variant : 2 b^ ex- 
 plains the second hemistich of 2 4*'; (I'^^'in D'l^TS'n) and 2 5*' gives 
 an explanation of the first hemistich of 2 4''; it is therefore better to 
 transpose the two D'^'^tt'a of 2 6 (cf. the transposition of the two D'^tTD 
 of 3 15; also 3 16 17 and 1 3 9). The glossator understood D^E^IB."! to mean 
 horses (of the chariots) not horsemen. 
 
 Instead of UKD we must, with W, read ITKS (cf. Kings 182 25 and 
 Esth. 1 18 3 4) and msb (c/. the Homeric XayUTreTowv, //. 1 104 ; Od. 4 662) 
 instead of nn^B ; cf. 1 Makk. 6 39 : KCj,T7jvya^ev ws AajUTraSes ttv/jos. The 
 verb IB'? is denominative, derived from "fab, torch, and this may be a 
 transposition of dappil = dappir, a byf orm of Assyr. dipdru, torch. The 
 collective DDin may be construed as a feminine in spite of Ex. 14 7 ; cf. 
 I'.TKia in V. 5^, which must not be (with W) changed into Dn'^-itt. 
 The corresponding Arabic word rakb, a troop of horsemen, cavalcade, 
 etc., may be construed either as masculine or feminine; cf. Wright-de 
 Goeje, 2i8iA; 1 293 B (§ 148, rem.). 
 
 The clause Iran DVa between the two hemistichs of 2 4*' is a mis- 
 placed gloss to V. 3% just as "l^1^ at the beginning of v. 6, is a misplaced 
 gloss to 17ir in 1 14, and Dni3'''7na ibc^a*' (v. 6) a misplaced gloss to 
 6y-in in the present bra. The fact that the gloss Dri'lJlD hV2\ which 
 gives another explanation of ibvin, appears in the Received Text at the 
 end of 3 3, shows that 3 3 must have originally stood near 2 4, just as the 
 
 two glosses D^'^'7K H'' pvb D"'-i-nD P1K1 (Ps. 68 19) and nnTi:: ^^:^v a^-n^D i« 
 
 (Ps. 68 7) show that Ps. 68 7 stood originally near Ps. 68 19 ; see AJSL 
 23 223 ; cf. also my remarks on the gloss Q"'3J ]"'ya in Cant. 4 15 (AJSL 18 237, 
 n. 3.5 on No. 8) and Haupt, Biblische Liebeslieder (Leipzig, 1907) 
 p. 27, 1. 9. 
 
 For D'tt?ni read, with W, fftrnB ; cf HT for n\r, 1 S 17 84; bns 
 for bna ; contrast nns for rtn3 in 3 19. The rendering of (5, koI 
 ol iTTTTCts OopvfSrjaovTai, is correct, although 6opv(3r]crovTai is somewhat 
 vague; this verb means especially to be confused, mixed up, to be in a 
 confused mass or Jumble ; Oopv^os = |ian, nttlta ; cf ad v. 9". The pas- 
 sive 'ibunn means theg are frenzied, i.e. theg run amuck, rushing to the 
 attack in a state of frenzy, charging furiously with desperate resolution, 
 at breakneck speed. Their chargers run like mad (cf. a5"in bbxin' in 
 v. 5 and inr |iyJtyn, 2 K 9 20) as though they had the (blind) staggers, 
 German Koller ; cf. nbuin. In Arabic the verb rd'ila means to be 
 stupid, dollish, and the Pual of its synonym {hdmuqa, to be stupid, dull): 
 hummiqa means especially to be stupefied by wine, to drink wine {Sdriba 
 
HAUPT: THE BOOK OF NAHUM 41 
 
 *l-xdm.ra). Cf. also Greek (Trpocro-co) fxAofxai (which is connected with 
 fiaifxaLUi and /jMivofiai, also fxxivia and ^eVo?) especially /Ac/iaws, also ju-eveaiVw. 
 In the two misplaced tertiary glosses dmSTTli t7^2'' (2 e) and 17^3'' 
 Dn'UD (3 3) this/M7-ious precipitation was misinterpreted to mean stumbling 
 in their course or over the corpses. The Kethiv DriSI^H must not be read 
 DDD'^'m, but the 1 should be transposed as in UT'I for yiV, 1 7 and 
 in Dn'^l for ^m"?, 3 3 ; we must read the plural Driiabll, not the singular 
 Drip'''7n, as pointed in the Qere. Nor is the Qere of 'O'Vy in the second 
 gloss correct; we must not read l^^pDl, but iT'U'a'', as in the first gloss. 
 For the scriptio defectiva of the i in DrilDbn cf . Kings 84 32. 
 
 (S'') The verb 12£2iT\'' is not frequentative, but intensive; it does 
 not mean they move hither and thither, in a zigzag manner, but they 
 run fast, quick as a flash, swift as lightning ; cf. our they run ' like 
 blazes ' and modern Arab, rdmah, to run = Idmah, lama. 
 
 (5*) For ibbinn"" read the singular, '^bmn^ ; cf. Kings 170, n.*; 
 296 38. The plural is conformed to jlpirpn^"' in the second hemistich. 
 For the singular in the first hemistich and the plural in the second cf. 
 Ges.-Kautzsch, § 145, g. This raging of the chariots (German dahin- 
 rasen) means driving furiously, pyjti'3 3113; cf. the remarks on I^Uirj. 
 
 Just as bnbnnm, Esth. 4 4 is connected with ^Tl, so ppiypntT'' must be 
 combined with pItt', leg ; it means they move their legs, i.e. they speed ; cf. 
 
 Ps. 147 10 : n^"!' ^'«M "pisrn'Kb Dion n-nnjri xb 
 
 Cf. our phrase he had the legs of him, i.e. he was quicker. In certain parts 
 of England to leg means to run nimbly. Assyr. pur'idu, swift messenger, 
 originally ruiiner, which has passed into Arabic as barid, courier, is iden- 
 tical with puridu, leg; see KB 6 sos (me jouHrfj = D''7J~i""'S3). Both 
 Heb. "nS, mule and German Pferd, horse (cf. palfrey^ are derived 
 from the same stem, and 1"iB, lyiB, "iSty, etc. go back to the same root, 
 IB, to flee, fly, speed. 
 
 (3 3) The first two words of v. 3 belong to v. 2 ; see above, p. 39. 
 
 In '2.T^h^ the 1 must be transposed as in UTI, 1 7, also p"i3 should 
 be pointed as bUIB ; the omission of the 1 may be due to haplography ; 
 cf. the note on "1131^7, 2 1. Both Smb and p"i3 are denominative parti- 
 ciples like n-lB':' in 2 4t>. Cf. also the note on 2 u and Orsm pnS pn3, Ps. 
 144 6. The verb baraqu is used also in Assyrian, and Idhiba, to flare, is 
 used in Arabic (Idhihati 'n-ndru). 
 
 Although 3"!n Ls fem. (cf. 3 is) the preceding verbal predicate may 
 be masc. Nor is the masculine form preferred for rhythmical reasons : 
 ri3,l'? would be dissyllabic: lohevth-xe'rv ; cf. the anapestic beginning 
 in inyns:: ((:appe-derkh) 22; m-nh:ii< (akhla-eS) S 13 ; T^ITil (ue-Ninue) 
 2 9^; riTlhttXI (iiamhotheha ; cf. the note on "iKtt, 2 2 and N old eke, Syr. 
 Gr.\ § 33, A) i^ ; ^tS-^b. {bozzu-kesf) 2 10. 
 
 Both the prefixed hhn mi and the affixed r\'^h T\':i.'p psi are explana- 
 tory glosses to 13B 1331 ; for 3n we had better point 31. In "13B "133 the 
 first word is not a substantive in the construct state, but a participle 
 
42 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 with recessive accent; cf. Ges.-Kautzsch, § 29, f. We find the same 
 form in Is. 30 27, where we must read : 
 
 *r\W'a iMi iBK-iua prnaa K3-m.-i'" nil 
 
 For HKt'a we must point HStpa, His crash, i.e. His thunder-peals, from a 
 noun n^tt^a ; see the note on Kti^m, 1 5. Similarly the Masorites have 
 mispointed the plural of ."iKitTlD (n1«1tyi2) Ps. 73 18 74 3: niKViJ'a, as 
 though it were a derivative of KU^3. The prefixed DU?, name, before 
 HIT is a gloss. In 2 K 23 12 the form DiTK'f (which may have been 
 pronounced Di"lT? or even Dv^Q ; cf. D2 = DHD, etc.) appears as D'f 0. The 
 form yy^ must be derived from f^2i"l, and D(n)^a means their crash, i.e. 
 ruin, debris ; cf. Kings 295 23 ; also 272 19, where I have stated that p^"i T^^p 
 does not mean a broken reed, but a split reed. This is not ein aiifge- 
 schlitztes Rohr (Ges.-Buhl^*, s.v. f2:~i) but ein zerfasertes Rohr (frayed, 
 raveled at the ends). 
 
 The participle "133 in the present passage means numerous; cf. German 
 die schwere Menge and the Hithpael in '"13311,1, v. 15; also 133 Dy, 
 Num. 20 20 1 K 3 9 ; 133 3117, Ex. 8 20, etc. For 13i3 instead of 133 cf. 
 
 3nK, x?tr, rxitr, 331, y^n, etc. 
 
 The last two words of this verse, 3n'1J3 'h'Vy, are a gloss to lbl?l.1, 
 2 4**; see above, p. 41. 
 
 (2 4^) The suffix in 111.133 (i.e. scriptio defectiva for liniSJ) -j- and 
 Vl''1K (v. 6) does not refer to fB^ (i.e. Judas Maccabaeus) in v. 2 
 (so W) but to the enemy besieging Nineveh; cf. Jer. 4 13 8 ig. 
 
 Both DIKtt, reddened, and D'u'plia, crimsoned, mean bespattered with 
 blood, 313 uh^yi, Lam. 4 14 Is. 59 3. @ e^ avOpw-Trcov read Dixa, and for 
 D'ubna, apparently, D''3u':)na (c/. Arab. Id'iba bis-saiji iiat-tursiX) com- 
 bining D"''3'ybn!a with t'K3 (e/xTTttttovTas €v irvpt). For DIKO c/ my 
 restoration of the Song of Vengeance in Is. 63 i-e (JHUC, No. 163, 
 p. 49»). The denominative participle DT'^riQ does not mean clad in 
 scarlet, but crimsoned, scil. with blood. The term crimson is a doublet of 
 carmine, and both are derived from kermes, alkermes (Arab, al-qirmiz). 
 This red dyestuff consists of the dried bodies of the females of the 
 Coccus ilicis (Heb. "OU^ vb^n) etc. Heb. DT'^Iltt corresponds to the 
 Shakespearean purpled : 
 
 Our lusty English, all with purpled hands. 
 Dyed in the dying slaughter of their foes. 
 
 * In cases like ixba rnSttr there is an unaccented syllable between the 
 two beats: rnBt? was pronounced sfathdi(Ji)u ; cf. 1''3K = IT3K, etc. In 
 some cases we must substitute the poetic form ll'pID for VD1D. 
 
 t Cf. 3133':>, Nah. 2 8 and Hyi'^'l' = Kal rots irXriffiov aiirov, 1 S 30 26. In 
 Assyrian, iai'reSu, his kings, etc., is the usual form ; see Kings 270, n. *. 
 
 J Arab, turs, shield, is a transposition of sutr = sdtar / tatdrrasa = 
 tasdttara. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 43 
 
 There has been a sanguinary battle : everything is bespattered with 
 blood, not only the shields of the warriors attacking Nineveh, but also 
 their faces, hands, etc. They have received numerous wounds, but, 
 undaunted, their nobles rush to the wall of Nineveh, shielded by the 
 large pavises or mantelets ("^30). At the beginning of v. 6 we may 
 supply (but not insert) the adversative C3J1, yet ; cf . tTK "^bSKn D'Jl', 3 i5*. 
 
 (11) A misplaced (incorrect) gloss to QT^rib is found at the end of 
 V. 11 : "ilnxa 13t3p d'?3 ^OSI, lit. the faces of all of them have gathered 
 (i.e. acquired*) glow, i.e. all their faces are suffused with color, they 
 are flushed (from excitement, eagerness, and exertion). The noun "illKS, 
 glow, is connected with "illB, pot, lit. boiler. The stem is "ilB ; the K in 
 "iliKB must be explained according to Ges.-Kautzsch, § 72, p. The 
 form "illKS (pdrur) has two long vowels ; it is a form like D'S"EK3 and 
 D''2£12ty3, but from a stem T'U . In Arabic the verb fm-a, iafuru means to 
 boil ; ci.fdra 'l-qidaru, the pot boils. Arab, faiir, boiling, means also a 
 Jiush of passion, excitement, precipitation, etc. In certain parts of Eng- 
 land Jlush denotes the hot stage of a fever ; cf. Syr. KintJ^K, fever = Assyr. 
 iSdtu, fire. In Assyrian we have puru, urn; cf. Haupt, Purim, p. 20, 
 1. 22, and the paper on Nicanor's Day in ZDMG 61 275. The noun "iliKB 
 means boiler, then heater, glowing hotness, gloiv, flush, vivid redness : and 
 the phrase inXB 12C3p 073 ''JBI means : all their faces blazed vivid, burning 
 crimson. 
 
 (6) The first word of v. 6, n^r is a misplaced (corrective) gloss to 
 UTP, 1 4 ; see above, p. 26. 
 
 The suffix in V"i"''n>< refers to the enemy ; the suffix in nnain, to the 
 besieged city, i.e. Nineveh. 
 
 The clause DmSTTlS ywz'' is a misplaced (incorrect) gloss to l^y^ri in 
 V. i*" ; see above, p. 41. 
 
 Heb. "^30 means here pavise, mantelet ; cf . above, p. 13 and the cuts in 
 BA 3 175. 
 
 (Q*") Between w. 6 and 7 we must insert the second h^^ of v. 9, while 
 V. 9* must be inserted between w. 7 and 8. The clause at the beginning 
 of V. 9^, ffDJ rlttm, is a gloss. The first word of this gloss has displaced 
 the verbal predicate of IT'^''^ at the end of v. 9*; cf. the note on K'!'tt 
 for i<7n in 1 11. The original text of this hemistich was '7'P'''T •T^"'?? 
 which appears in the Received Text as ilSHI K^'^ "'^''tt. The K in 
 ntimK\"T'tt"'a must be canceled, and the two consonants ill should be 
 transposed ; cf . UTI for UtV, 1 7 ; anbl for nmb, 3 3. 
 
 The imperatives 'nttU Httl? are addressed by the Ninevite captains to 
 their soldiers. 
 
 At the end of the first hemistich we must insert 'Ip''y2{"', they (the 
 Ninevite captains) yell. This verb has dropped out here just as a'?''T at 
 the end of 1 7 or nhsn (or pn?n) in Ps. 68 24 (AJSL 23 232, n. 36). 
 
 * Cf. Lat. iram colligere, sitim ah aestu colligere, etc. 
 
44 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 The second hemistich, nJEtt j'Ni, refers again to the Ninevite soldiers: 
 they do not turn back in their panic, their disorderly flight cannot be 
 stopped. This sudden fright of the soldiers is not due to the assault of 
 the besiegers, but to the flooding of the city. For the intransitive Hiphil 
 rt:sa cf. "iJSn, Jer. 47 3 quoted in the note on in'l, 3 1. 
 
 (7) The plural nnnjn is due to the preceding "'ly'^r ; cf. JBL 19 69, 
 second paragraph ; Numbers 49 27 ; Kin(js 266 45. The phrase does not 
 mean the gates of the rivers, but the gales of the river (singular) i.e. the 
 three flood-gates (especially the second and third) of the Khosar at the 
 point in the eastern wall of Nineveh where this river enters the city; 
 cf BA 3 U6, 1. 36 ; 126, 1. 18 ; 122, 1. 28 ; 120, 1. 24, and Map 11 in Col. Biller- 
 beck's paper cited above, p. 16, n. 9. The gates of the river {i.e. the 
 flood-gates in the three dams built across the Khosar) were opened, while 
 the sluice-gates at the side of the Khosar, through which the water of 
 the river flowed into the moats and canals, were shut. Thereupon the 
 unchecked spring-flood of the Khosar submerged the city. 
 
 The singular '7^^'^ is collective ; cf. above, p. 37. It denotes the royal 
 palaces in the Acropolis of Nineveh, on the mound known as Kouyunjik. 
 
 Heb. Jlfi3 means lit. it is waved (Arab, mauj, plur. amuaj means 
 wave, billow') i.e. moved up and down or to and fro ; it is shaken, swayed. 
 The unchecked flood of the Khosar undermines the foundation of the 
 Acropolis, and the masonry begins to surge as a ship on the waves. 
 
 (9*) In the second hemistich we must read ■I'^ini' ''7'"??'P. @ has ra 
 iJSaTa avr^s, 3 aquae ejus ; "'0''^ is not a dittogram of D'tt (W) nor is 
 the form a reduplication of ''tt ; see Kings 200 is. The suffix in rTtt'^b 
 refers to n2"ia, not to the river ; the suffix in ''^^'^''^^ to the city. The 
 form nai.T is the impf . Qal of a denominative verb derived from .TainO ; 
 cf Deut. 7 23 : Dnaf n nu Th'^: noina Oiani. The flooding of the city 
 produces a niQ n)2in», 1 S 5 11 ; cf m."l' nainia, Zech. 14 13. This denom- 
 inative verb Dili, engulf overwhelm, swallow up, ruin, etc., is more frequent 
 than is generally supposed : all the forms of the alleged stem DDH are 
 forms of mn. Instead of DlS.'l'? and DOn"'! we must point D^n"? and 
 Dan'T ; the forms ^JttOn (he has swalloioed me up, Jer. 51 34) and ca^n 
 are Polel forms of Dll ; even Jian is derived from Din. For the construct 
 \\y:iT;[, cf inj, constr. fnT, from "TIT; see BA 1 lee, 1. 4. The primary mean- 
 ing of mn \sto roar: in Assyr. mumu (= mahumu, i.e. the masculine of 
 naina) Tiamat (i.e. the feminine of Dlnn) it denotes the roaring of the 
 billows of the sea; in umu (HW 33) the roaring of a tempest; in jian, 
 the roaring of a multitude shouting together. For Assyr. umu, mumu, 
 Tidmat see note 96 to my paper cited above, p. 15, n. 4. Assyr. mummu 
 (\.e.mumu) was combined with naina by Friedrich Delitzsch in Geo. 
 Smith's Chalddische Genesis (Leipzig, 1876) p. 297, 1. 10. 
 
 (8) For -Stni read HiCni = ."iNStini, she will be taken out, i.e. carried off"; 
 cf. 2 S 12 31 and Kings 253 23; for 'r\:ir\ = .IKni see ibid. 119 23; cf the 
 remarks on HKO, Nah. 2 2. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 45 
 
 For nri?3, she was stripped read Tirhi^, she tvas led into captivity ; the 
 omission of the prefix H is due to haplography : nnbjnnicn became 
 nn'r'lin^n ; afterwards the final H of n^n was corrupted to i3 ; cf. the 
 omission of the two TVs in W' h'^n for D^^ Th'U, 3 s. 
 
 For nnbyn read nnblJn; cf. O^'^nx for n'hri'^^ etc. In Assyrian 
 the causative useli (to bring up) often means to remove, carry off; see 
 HW 62" ; cf. Ps. 102 25 : ^tt^ '::nn 'O'^un-bx, and our to bring up a prize 
 (German eine Prise aufbringen = ein Schiff erbeuten) = to capture a ship ; 
 also to raise = to remove ; to lift = to take away ; Greek avaipew, Lat. 
 praedam tollere, French enlever une file (Heb. Xt'J, Jud. 21-23; cf IS 
 17 34, etc.). Ruben's emendation nTTlUn = Assyr. etillitu (which was 
 endorsed by Cheyne, JBL 15 ws) is just as gratuitous as his reading 
 T'ltJa for T"'Wa, 317". The conjectures proposed by Ruben, PSBA 
 20 173-185 are singularly infelicitous. Not one of the Assyrian and Arabic 
 ■words which he finds in Nahum (e.g. n017, to sound, "11, infantry, ■]D, 
 canal-bed, rhi, to be frightened, nbni?, lady) occur in the Book. His 
 metrical reconstruction of the text is impossible. 
 
 For the three synonyms, riD^lJn nri73n nKlClll, of the first hemistich 
 of V. 11. In Jud. 5 27, on the other hand, the accumulation of synonyms 
 is due to scribal expansion, and the entire verse is a gloss ; cf ZDMG 
 56 715-719 and above, p. 38. We must read : 
 
 nnt:- (y) Sdj jno n>Sji ^2 (p) ho: y-\3 (a) 
 
 The second hemistich of v. 8 has dropped out, just as in Cant. 8 12, etc. ; 
 cf. Haupt, Biblische LiebesUeder (Leipzig, 1907) p. 47, 1. 3. Similarly we 
 must supply in Ps. 110 4 after nnr vh^ (m,T) WtTi the hemistich '^KDD 
 oSiynU ; cf also the restoration of the last hemistich of couplet iv 
 of Ps. 45 in Haupt, Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905) p. 37. After nK2iin 
 nnbrn nnbiriwe must insert "I'ran by<l!; cf Ps. 45 10 Neh. 2 6. Xen- 
 ophon {Anab. iii, 4 11) says of the reixos (= Assyr. duru, wall, castle, 
 fortress) near Mespila, i.e. the Acropolis of Nineveh (see above, p. 8) : 
 ivravOa Aeyerai MT^'Seta yvvr] /3aai\ew<; KaTa(f>vy€lv ore aTrw\Xv<Tav t^v 
 ap)(r]v VTTo Hepcruiv M^Sot • ravTrjv 8k T-qv ttoXlv ttoXlopkCjv 6 Hepcrwv pa- 
 o-tXeus ovK iSvvaro ovre XP°^V eXeiv ovt€ (Slo. • Zevs 8e ^povTrj KareTrXrj^e 
 Tovs cvoiKouvras kol outws eaXw. We must, of course, substitute Assyrians 
 for Medians, and Medians for Persians ; cf . Daniel, 29 i5. 
 
 Heb. hit is identical with 12^, dam (Ex. 13 12 Deut. 7 13 28 4 is 51) 
 and Assyr. Sigreti (for Sigrdti) ladies of the palace ; see Ezra-Neh. 67 12. 
 For the interchange of b and "1 cf. Arab hadil, cooing =hadir; see above, 
 note on IM'l, 82; cf also mntyntt', chains = Arab, silsila, pi. saldsil ; 
 Aram. NSin, loin (Arab. xoQira, pi. xaudfir) = Heb. D^:ibn (Assyr. xmfa) 
 and Heb. niKh^, widow = Arab, drmala ; also Aram. Kn'''7J"i» (or Kn'MID) 
 = Lat. margarita, Greek //.apyaptTijs. See p. 26, above. 
 
46 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 For "ij^, female parent = 7^tt^, queen cf. dam (female parent) = dame 
 (lady; in French also queen in chess) and .sire (male parent) = Sire 
 (O King). Just as Assyr. Sigreti, ladies of the palace, appears in Hebrew 
 as "IJ5^, female parent of a beast, so the daughters of the Kings of France 
 were formerly known as les dames de France, while in English dams means 
 female parents of beasts. The b in hi^ instead of ~\ is due to a popular 
 adaptation, connecting this word with the obscene Heb. verb /Ji:' ; cf. 
 the Talmudic n'lDibJU^, concubines, Sanh. 95". 
 
 The verb b^^ means originally (like Arab, sdjala = ^dbha) to pour 
 out ; Arab, mau ddkarin, water of a male, denotes semen virile. The stem 
 bi^ niay be a Saphel (see above, p. 21) of hi, well (Assyr. gillu) while 
 "IJU', female parent, may be a Saphel of "i12, young; cf Vnha, v. 13. 
 The construct state of "ijt?' is "i?^, just as the consti-uct of 3^"? is 327; 
 the form i^l?', Ex. 13 12 stands for "1^^, i.e. the syncopated byform Sigru 
 for Sigarii, just as we have in Assyrian : zikru = zikaru, male, and a'^Vi-tu = 
 Sikaru — 13'^ (a Saphel of "13 ; see AJSL 23 248). For zikru — zikaru, etc. 
 (e/. Heb. 37, libh — 33^, Ubah) see AJSL 3 los, 1. 6 ; and for the forms of 
 the construct state, AJSL 1 228, n. 1. 
 
 For D^iVT^'pS mJiIDD iTrhttXI cf Assyr. kima summati iddmuina arddii 
 (see JAOS 22 8, n. 6 and HW 220'') and E. Littmann, Neuarabische 
 Volkspoesie (Berlin, 1902) pp. 52 and 133, 1. 96 : udbci mitj il-hamdm 
 'alec illi udkif 'a-Sdjar iniih, I will cry for thee like a dove which sits 
 on a tree and moans. Heb. JHJ appears in Arabic as na'aja, to bellow 
 like an ox (syn. xdrd). In Assyrian we have nagdgu (HW 446''). In 
 Syriac, NJn3 is used of the groaning of camels, just as Arab, kadir 
 denotes not only the cooing of a dove, but also the braying of an ass and 
 the roaring of the sea, etc. (c/. the note on "irTl, 3 2, above, p. 37). Arab. 
 nauh means cooing and also lament; Arab, nisa nauh means wailing 
 women, Heb. DIDJlpJa ; cf. the translation of Ezekiel (in tlie Polychrome 
 Bible) p. 163, 1. 7. For the n in :n: (=JKD, JJ3) see JBL 19 cc, 1. 3; 
 AJSL 22 250, below. 
 
 For the plural ^T}'^^b {cf inniSJ for I.TllS:, 84) we must not sub- 
 stitute the singular, in337 ; the form ''337 is the regular constr. plur. 
 of 337 ; cf. ■'331? = 'inabe, grapes. Even if there were no byform 337, 
 the plural of 3^ might be "33'? ; cf "(2121? for "Sy ; Syr. KafaU, ^bhi, etc. 
 (Nbldeke, Syr. Gr.'^, §93). For heart = breast cf. the German phrase 
 Hand aufs Herz. 
 
 (10) The rhythm is improved by inserting 1 before 113 2°. For the 
 unaccented in l^ cf the note on D'"in, 1 5. 
 
 Before n33 we must insert 77^^ I^Ji^l, and for "133 we had better 
 read 133, just as we must substitute 133 for 1133 in Ps. 16 9, etc. (cf. 
 Genesis 107 so). For the erroneous insertion of the mater lectionis ^ ci. 
 Kings 301 I6. Heb. 133 SbtT I7t^1 would be in Assyrian : Sallata kahitta 
 Sullu (see HW 663"). 
 
 The prefixed fi before 'h'D'h'D (read mikkol-kli) need not be omitted, 
 as W suggests. 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 47 
 
 (11) The three terms np7Sto1 nplSttl .ipi3 are generally supposed 
 to be substantives; W: Ode und Verodung und Verheerung ; A. R. S. 
 Kennedy (in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, 3 475*) : a wild and 
 loeary waste. rip?2tt, however, is clearly a fem. part. Pual, and we had 
 better substitute participles (as in 3 3) for the first two terms, reading 
 nppiaai r^'P'^p^, i.e. part. Qal and Poal of pp^ ; of. Dpp3 DIppS "2, 2 3. The 
 two forms were originally written defective (p!pp'2'>l^ T\pp'2) and the p 
 was haplographed. W cites Is. 241: ap'^UI pS'n pp^'2 m,T nsn. On 
 the other hand, we must point HSCDaPj/or the liturgy, instead of 113??^'?; 
 see AJSL 23 225, n. 2; cf also Kings 184 5. 
 
 The stem DD)3 is connected with nca ; cf. Ps. 6 7 : ."IpttX y^V •'nyaia, 
 / water my bed with tears ; see Ezekiel 64 29. In Syriac, i<ri'p^ K3T means 
 watery (i.e. running, tearful) eyes ; K"D5 ^3/, a watery heart, is a cowardly 
 heart ; i<37 ''P'p^ means to enervate. Heb. DD3 13^ his heart becomes 
 watery means his courage fails ; he is discouraged, disheartened, dejected. 
 In Arabic, masus means impure, brackish water, also pure tvater ; cf. Kings 
 270 31. In Ethiopic, masdtia, iemsu means to liquefy, to dissolve, and the 
 quadriliteral masdna, to putrefy, is derived from the same root (DIQ = 
 DD12). Syr. Kn'pia iTCnyD means a, putrid corpse. For KITTltr = ^-^bvp = 
 Kna'^ur see above, on '\f2h^ mr, 1 14. 
 
 The last clause of v. 11, mn«S lltap d'?3 ^3B1 (cf Joel 2 6) is a mis- 
 placed (erroneous) gloss to D''y^ritt, v. 4 ; see above, p. 43. 
 
 (12) The i<l-l after nuntt should be inserted after .1»K ; cf KLT'tt Ps. 
 24 10, etc. (Ges.-Kautzsch, §136, c; Noldeke, Syr. Gr.^, §221) also 
 
 Instead of nyna read, with W, niytt. 
 
 For nn'-esb mUto c/. l33-i':> t:>i:-l)a, Jer. 47 3, quoted above, p. 39. 
 
 At the beginning of the second line omit the relative pronoun ; cf. 2, y. 
 
 The addition of n';"iK after ^bn is superfluous ; so, too, at the begin- 
 ning of the following verse. 
 
 For t^'S? read, with W (following (S ttov iiropevOg Aecov tov elo-eXdeiv 
 cKci, 3 ad quam ivit leo ut ingrederetur illuc, S> 1^07 vUDT' X''"iK 7TK1) K1D7. 
 This mistake is due to 1^1X277 at the end of the following line. 
 
 Before ri.'"i>< omit ".15; this gloss is derived from VVhi in the follow- 
 ing line. 
 
 (13) For the omission of n'"iK before Pl"ib see the notes on the pre- 
 ceding verse. 
 
 For ""IS read ""la ; cf. tt'XS for m:2, v. 4. In Esth. 1 18, on the other 
 hand, we must read '''IPI (cf Job 39 25) for '''131 ; the 1 before *^2rp is the 
 Waio apodosis : ^2ip1 |1''1D '"IDI means : Whenever there is disrespect, there 
 is wrath ; cf . the gloss in Feci. 5 6 : D"'73m riib7n Pnl3"''D, in many a dream 
 there are vanities. For "'I sufficiency see Proverbs 60 51. In Arabic, kufia, 
 sufficiency, means especially /r>oc/. 
 
 (14) The last couplet is a Maccabean appendix, just as the last four 
 lines of ^ It is, therefore, not necessary to substitute, with W, mascu- 
 
48 
 
 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 line suffixes. In the Maccabean appendix to i we must substitute femi- 
 nine forms for the masculine suffixes ; "lllt'X \7fi is a gloss ; see above, 
 p. 36. The feminine suffixes refer to the D'DT "I'U, i.e. the Seleucidan 
 Kingdom, and this may be the reason why the beginning of 2 has been 
 inserted after the conclusion of 1 ; cf. above, p. 29. 
 
 For yba ''iDn we must read again, as in the Maccabean passage 3 4, 
 
 For n3D"! read "^I??^"!., thy lair (— German Lager) i.e. the camp of the 
 Syrians. For the burning of the Syrian camp |C"DS cf. 1 Mace. 4 20. 
 For the confusion of the suffixes cf. the note on "I vU nilCl 1 14 instead of 
 r'ry ."112:1. The readings .13320, thy thicket (Smend apud W) and 
 .133~lK, thy den (PSBA 20 182 ; see above, ad .inbun, v. 8) are not good. 
 (S TO ttA^^os (tov read ri33h. In Arabic the lion is called er-rahid or er- 
 rabhad ; this would be in Hebrew : f 311 and f 31. The corruption of 
 ^12:31 'to "^331, .1331 was influenced by 331.1 nibs ti'X3 in v. 4. The 
 scribe who wrote '5I331 for *^2i31 probably understood D''Ta"?3 jTXia 
 (v. .5) to mean that the Ninevite chariots were burnt. 
 
 The following clause, 3in"'73«n TT^^"') is a gloss (cf. Ps. 137 9 ; see 
 OLZ 10 66). 
 
 Also fiKtt after ''fll31 must be omitted. 
 
 The last clause of c. 2 is a gloss to the first verse of this chapter. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 To Chapters and Verses of the Received Text 
 
 With Corresponding Sections, Stanzas, and Glosses in the present 
 
 edition. 
 
 1'' 
 
 \ 
 
 heading 
 
 2 1 
 
 3, 
 
 iii 
 
 3 1 
 
 3, 
 
 
 lb 
 
 1, 
 
 heading 
 
 2 
 
 
 ii 
 
 2-3 
 
 1, 
 
 i. ii 
 
 2» 
 
 X, 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 iii 
 
 4-7 
 
 3, 
 
 
 2b 
 
 
 vii 
 
 4 
 
 1, 
 
 ii 
 
 8-11 
 
 :, 
 
 i. ii, 1 
 
 3'' 
 
 
 vii 
 
 5 
 
 
 13 
 
 12-13 
 
 
 ii, 6-7 
 
 Sb 
 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 iii 
 
 14 
 
 
 2-3 
 
 4-8 
 
 
 ii-vl 
 
 7 
 
 
 iv 
 
 15" 
 
 
 5 
 
 9" 
 
 
 vii 
 
 8 
 
 
 V 
 
 15b 
 
 
 4 
 
 9b c 
 
 
 vi 
 
 9" 
 
 
 iv 
 
 16" 
 
 
 f 
 
 10 
 
 
 viii 
 
 9b 
 
 
 iii 
 
 16b 
 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
 3, 
 
 ii 
 
 10-14 
 
 
 vi-x 
 
 17 
 
 
 K 
 
 12 
 
 
 iii 
 
 
 
 
 17b 
 
 
 V 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18-19 
 
 
 iii 
 
 14 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
hatjpt: the book of nahum 49 
 
 I : • I I " I I" I 1 
 
 I" I I'll" 
 
 mxa^r mn^-aw 'rh'v bay ^33n i4 x 
 
 II 1 1 I I 
 
 ■13D 1 lb (a) 
 
 ^^'"'nSj;in D-'B'Ta'm 3D")n n'ntiV ty^'D* 2 4^ (/S) 
 
 into i:;3p dSd 'jsi 2 ii (O n;uS n^p-j^xi (5) bSn 3"i'i s 3 (7) 
 nnx 13 (k) iu (0 nnx (^) "ityx 12 (77) d^dj nom 2 9b (f) 
 y-iXD (m) a-in-S:)Kn ii:Ta3i 14 (X) 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 The abbreviations AJSL, BA, HW, JAGS, JHUC, OLZ, ZDMG are 
 explained above, pp. 15-17, nn. 2, 1, 11, 14, 5, 4, respectively. — For AJP, 
 ASKT, AV, EB, JBL, KAT, KB, OT, PSBA, SBOT, ZA, ZAT, ZK, fJl, <5, 
 ST, S, 3, see this Journal (JBL) 19 55 ; cf. AJSL 18 207 23 252 and Haupt, 
 Purim (Leipzig, 1906) p. 53. — M = Marti; N = Nowack; "W = Well- 
 hausen. — The names of Biblical Books printed in italics denote the Critical 
 Notes on the Hebrew text in SBOT ; the first number after the name refers 
 to the page ; the second, to the line ; e.g. Kings 301 le = Critical Notes on 
 the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings (SBOT) page 301, line 16. 
 
50 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 njn 13 (p) Sd 12 (tt) pbp ^SD«n 15» (o) 
 
 S^ix '3-S;; iSflJI 1>'ir-DK 12'> (<r) 
 
 -|1t!?N -[So 18 (v) ^p« ^II^B' innSJ** ^'Tk'? 13 (r) 
 
 TDn ^n;;-! nin;* xb 'd S;t o (f) Sd 19 (x) onnn S;r 18 (<t>) 
 
 nin£3 13 (64) 
 
 31J (yy) 
 
 o;n W) 
 
 •VniJI 2 17 (aa) 
 
 •"tripSKH Din? jiirT' 
 
 1 1' 
 
 ^ril DID! |E)1K trrn-SlpI IDI^I^-b^lp 3 2 i A 
 
 
 I ': > 
 
 I ' I I 
 
 |TT I l|-T 
 
 nnbin nn^^ vn^'is 6 iii 
 
 ' I I I 
 
 :aia3 ':5n\nm inns: nnn^n n!:t' 7 iv b 
 
 II III 
 
 T I- : I I I" I 
 
 '-iS^n ':>:itr' nnVrn* nn'S^n n«'2ini 8 v 
 
 I , I I t: T I . . T I ; 
 
 ' I I I ' I " I 
 
 I "•■ii" ' 
 
 TD'D "bbty I'pt^T 
 
 DX23 nbi np'pnai np'piDai nprp'a ii vii c 
 
 ,•• I ' I ■-. ' I ' 'i I 
 
 :[]D^3n!2 Sdd rhrhm d^s-o pai 
 
 |T I I I ' r 
 
 I I T I > I I" 
 
 I ' I I" I ' I 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 
 
 51 
 
 mr3 K^I2 1 1» 
 
 ^Dnx^3 nnt2^«n »k3S: ^ntoTin 3 8 i a 
 
 rh'h K^'^-a3 lo 
 
 I I 
 
 jD-p-p ipnn 
 
 1 1 I 
 
 I : I 
 
 11 ii B 
 14 
 
 15" 
 15* 
 12 
 
 :{}"!]nnps 'TW^] q-'nnn trx-nSD^} 13 
 
 "Ti'n^'^s ir'tt?'' "i'^:?h 1^3 is m c 
 
 '11 III 
 
 I I I I I ,T •• I 
 
 nVP j'«1 D^ifOI 9 (5) "iti'K (7) nS-3':3D D'a (/S) jidk 3 8 (a) 
 ^D (0) DJ 10 (7?) Vn (f) mS 9 (e) 
 
 "iDn3 'DD"n 14 (k) tind n;;D 'typnn m-oi 11 (t) 
 
 e]>^1 t3ty£3 pS^ 16f (m) ^nv:]o 'pin 14 (\) 
 
 {Dr}n ip{}3 r\niJ3 o'jinn 17>> (;-) 
 ^^'D'Dipo ;;nn-KSi"" nrnr tyoty 
 
 •'au'^'b ^""iDiJDi n^iKD ^n'lJD' 17a 
 
52 
 
 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE 
 
 rr\nh^ pns-trnn 
 
 ™iT ^3131 DhD 
 I I I 
 
 r|^S'!7 Say ''3]n 
 ' 'I ' I" I 
 
 I '•; • I I 
 
 mr3 m*T^r naxi 
 
 I 1 
 
 I" I- T 
 
 I I 
 
 I i 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 II ii 
 14 
 
 12 iii 
 1 
 
 I I I 
 
 I 'I I 
 ' I ' I" " I 
 
 °"\"^2V^ nJ3f D's^i {}'D''x':'tt D^^'-oxn i 
 III II 
 
 II II I 
 
 Tim: "tt'^tr TT^an min^ •'^n 
 
 !• I I l| I I T 
 
 :nn33i n''?'3 ""nnnDiyS "jh^dv sS-^n 
 
 I |T \ I I I I I 
 
 I ' I 'i ' I I 
 
 nnnt2^ a-T-ibn n^-^pn mppn ^:d 
 
 jnnaiD 4 (/s) ^"^a jj^'d'-nS 3 1 (a) 
 
 rraiyDD mnsi^rDi n'jun d^u mobn 4 (7) 
 
 ^'nbaji 6 (f) ^Jibp nnSoDi (e) d'u 5 (5) 
 
 ij'SD in' ■rj-Ni Sd n'r\) 7 (tj) 
 
 "•3 ((c) niH' 1 14 (t) ^S-D'OnjO typDK I'KO ((9) 
 
 pi (0 pi 12 (0 ii;' 1 14 (m) "i:3r 20 kS 1 14 (x) 
 
 nU'-^3i'K k;{i} ijniijfO 12 (0) 
 
 pnjK ij'niDioi ^^in'p-D* ■\:pi5'K nn;n 1.3 
 
 "■p'xSo Sip ni;; j;db^' kSi 14 (p) "iK'no 2 1 (tt) 
 
 -n« nin- 3 (0) uon dio 5 (v) S^'^Sd (t) n;' 1 (<r) 
 
 •l''^;a 1 18 (XX) 
 
haupt: the book of nahum 
 
 53 
 
 tntzn S^m ^apD 
 I I I 
 
 nnsc DV3 ii:?b 
 I I I 
 
 ****** 
 
 ****** 
 ****** 
 
 ****** 
 ****** 
 
 ****** 
 ****** 
 
 
 mn"' »xi3p Sk 1 2» 
 
 '^1 
 I I I 
 
 i3a» 'itr:?^ nnn 
 V3Stt psn x't2^'m 
 
 I 'I |T • 
 
 I I I 
 
 tt^xD nan] man 
 I I I 
 
 I t I 
 
 I I" 1 1 
 
 nin^-':'':?' pn^nn-n^ 
 
 v^:h mn-' npi 
 I I 'i 
 
 'nan-^3' D^sinc^ ^nn^D{} 
 I I I 
 
 ******■« 
 ****** pj 
 
 ****** 2^ 
 
 ****** p 
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The Johns Hopkins Press of Baltimore 
 
 A NEW POLYCHROME EDITION 
 
 OLD TESTAMENT 
 
 Exhibiting the composite structure of the books, with Critical Notes in 
 EngHsh, under the title: 
 
 THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT 
 
 A CRITICAL EDITION OF THE HEBREW TEXT, 
 PRINTED IN COLORS. 
 
 With Notes, prepared by eminent Biblical Scholars of Europe and 
 America under the Editorial Direction of 
 
 PROF. PAUL HAUPT, LL. D. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING PARTS ARE NOW READY: 
 
 Part i : GENESIS, in eight colors, by the Rev. C. J. Ball, Oxford. 
 120 pp. i8g6. $2.00. 
 
 Part 3 : LEVITICUS, in three colors, by Prof. S. R. Driver and Rev. 
 H. A. White, Oxford. 32 pp. 1894. 75 cents. 
 
 Part 4: NUMBERS, in eight colors, by Prof. J. A. Paterson, Edin- 
 burgh. 67 pp. 1900. $1.50. 
 
 Part 6 : JOSHUA, in eight colors, by Prof. W. H. Bennett, London. 
 32 pp. 1895. 75 cents. 
 
 Part 7 : JUDGES, in seven colors, by Prof. G. F. Moore, Cambridge, 
 Mass. 72 pp. 1900. $2.50. 
 
 Part 8 : SAMUEL, in nine colors, by Prof. K. Budde, Marburg. Eng- 
 lish translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. Bacon, D. D., 
 New Haven, Conn. 100 pp. 1894. $2.00. 
 
 Part 9: KINGS, in nine colors, by Prof. Bernhard Stade and Prof. 
 Friedrich Schwally, Giessen. English translation of 
 the notes by Prof. R. E. BrxJnnow, Heidelberg, and Prof. 
 Paul Haupt, Baltimore. 314 pp. 1904. $5.00. 
 
Part io: ISAIAH, in seven colors, by Prof. T. K. Cheyne, Oxford. 
 206 pp. 1899. $3.75. 
 
 Part ii: JEREMIAH, in black and red, by Prof. C. H. Cornill, 
 Breslau. English translation of the notes by Prof. C. 
 Johnston, Baltimore. 80 pp. 1895. $1.25. 
 
 Part 12: EZEKIEL, by Prof. C. H. Toy, Cambridge, Mass. 116 pp. 
 1899. $2.50. 
 
 Part 14 : PSALMS, in black and red, by Prof. J. Wellhausen, Gottin- 
 gen. English translation of the notes by Prof. J. D. 
 Prince, Columbia University, New York. 96 pp. 1895. 
 $i-75- 
 
 Part 15 : PROVERBS, in black and red, by Prof. A. Muller and Prof. 
 E. Kautzsch, Halle. English translation of the notes by 
 Prof. D. B. Macdonald, B. D., Hartford, Conn. 86 pp. 
 1901. $1.50. 
 
 Part 17 : JOB, in four colors, by Prof. C. Siegfried, Jena. English 
 translation of the notes by Prof. R. E. Brunnow, Heidel- 
 berg, so pp. 1893. $1.00. 
 
 Part 18: DANIEL, in black and red, by Prof. Adolph Kamphausen. 
 Bonn. English translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. 
 Bacon, D. D., New Haven, and Prof. D. B. Macdonald, 
 B. D., Hartford. Conn. 43 pp. 1896. $0.80. 
 
 Part 19 : EZRA AND NEHEMIAH, in ten colors, by Prof. H. Guthe, 
 Leipzig, and Rev. L. W. Batten, Ph. D., New York. Eng- 
 lish translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. Bacon, D. D., 
 New Haven, and Prof. D. B. Macdonald, B. D., Hartford. 
 55 pp. 1896. $1.00. 
 
 Part 20 : CHRONICLES, in five colors, by Prof. R. Kittel, Leipzig. 
 English translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. Bacon, 
 D. D., New Haven. 82 pp. 1895. $I7S- 
 These parts may also be had in substantial and attractive cloth bind- 
 ings, in uniform style, with gilt tops. The price of these bindings is 35 
 cents. 
 
 IN PRESS 
 
 Part 5 : DEUTERONOMY, by Prof. Geo. A. Smith, Glasgow. 
 
 EDITION OE LUXE 
 
 In compliance witii a desire expressed by several distinguished biblio- 
 philes, an edition de luxe has beeti prepared, printed on the most costly 
 heavy plate paper, in folio, with broad margins, limited to 120 copies 
 signed and numbered by the General Editor. Special prospectus of this 
 large paper edition with sample pages will be sent free on application. 
 
 Of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Psalms, and Daniel, there is also a large 
 paper edition, limited to 50 copies printed on hand-made paper. 
 
 Orders should be addressed to The Johns Hopkins Press, Balti- 
 more, Md. 
 
POLYCHROME BIBLE IN ENGLISH 
 
 Edited by Professor PAUL HAUPT. 
 
 Of the Polychrome Bible in English, the following parts are now 
 ready : 
 
 LEVITICUS, translated by Prof. S. R. Driver, of Oxford. 
 
 JOSHUA, translated by Prof. W. H. Bennett, of London. 
 
 JUDGES, translated by Prof. G. F. Moore, of Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 ISAIAH, translated by Prof. T. K. Cheyne, of Oxford. 
 
 EZEKIEL, translated by Prof. C. H. Toy, of Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 PSALMS, translated by Prof. Julius Wellhausen, of Gottingen, 
 and Dr. Horace Howard Furness, of Philadelphia. 
 
 A detailed prospectus of these parts of the English edition of the 
 Polychrome Bible may be had in America from Messrs. Dodd, Mead & 
 Co., New York. 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASSYRIOLOGY AND 
 SEMITIC PHILOLOGY 
 
 (Bcitrdge zur Assyriologie und Semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.) 
 Edited by Professor Friedrich Delitzsch, and Professor Paul Haupt. 
 
 Volume L 636 pages, royal 8vo., 2 portraits and 14 plates of inscrip- 
 tions. Price, $10.00. — Volume H. 645 pages, royal 8vo., 2 portraits and 
 83 plates of inscriptions. Price, $10.50. — Volume III. 590 pages, royal 
 8vo., 48 plates of inscriptions, 30 illustrations, 3 maps and i plan. Price, 
 $10.00. — Volume IV. 590 pages, royal 8vo., 19 plates. Price, $10.00. — 
 Volume V. 716 pages, royal 8vo., with numerous plates and illustra- 
 tions. Price, $12.00. 
 
 Attention is called to the very limited edition in which the Bcitrdge 
 is published. The completion of the sets of the older periodicals (the 
 Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprachc und Altertumskunde, for example) 
 is often difficult, if not quite impossible. 
 
 Subscriptions in America should be addressed to The Johns Hop- 
 kins Press. Baltimore. 
 
 ASSYRISCHES HANDWORTERBUCH 
 
 By Professor Friedrich Delitzsch. 
 
 750 pages. Price, bound in paper, $12.00; bound in half leather. $13.00. 
 Orders in America should be addressed to 
 
 The Johns Hopkins Press, 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 THE ASSYRIAN E-VOWEL 
 
 A Contribution to the Comparative Phonology of the Assyro-Baby- 
 lonian Language. By Professor Paul Haupt. 30 pages, octavo, price 
 
 30 cents. Orders should be addressed to 
 
 The Johns Hopkins Press, 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
THE CHALDEAN FLOOD TABLET 
 
 The Johns Hopkins Press has on sale a few plaster casts of the 
 eleventh tablet of the so-called Izdubar or Gilgamesh Legends, com- 
 monly known under the name of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic. The 
 tablet contains the cuneiform text of the Chaldean Account of The 
 Deluge as restored by Professor Paul Haupt in the second part of his 
 edition of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic. The text is based on thirteen 
 different copies of the Flood tablet, the fragments of which are pub- 
 lished in Professor Haupt's edition. The originals were found during 
 the British excavations in the Valley of the Euphrates and Tigris, and 
 are now preserved in the British Museum. The present clay tablet has 
 the size of the largest Deluge fragment (8^x6^8 in.) known in the 
 Kouyunjik collection of the British Museum as K 2252. The text has 
 been engraved in clay under the direction of Professor Haupt by Rev. 
 R. Zehnpfund, Ph. D., of Rosslau, Germany. 
 
 The casts have been most carefully finished in colored plaster so as to 
 give them the appearance of a real cuneiform clay tablet. The tablet 
 contains in six columns 331 lines of cuneiform writing. An accompany- 
 ing statement gives explicit directions for the reproduction of cunei- 
 form tablets. 
 
 The present tablet will be found especially valuable for academic 
 classes, as it will enable students who have not access to originals to 
 study the cuneiform writing. It is proposed to issue a number of the 
 most important Assyrian and Babylonian texts in this manner. 
 
 The tablets are safely packed in boxes and will be sent on receipt of 
 $1-50. 
 
 Orders should be addressed to The Johns Hopkins Press, Balti- 
 more. 
 
 THE BOOK OF ECCLESIASTES 
 
 A New Metrical Translation with an Introduction and Explanatory 
 Notes, by Professor Paul Haupt. 52 pp. 8vo. Cloth. 50 cents. 
 
 BIBLISCHE LIEBESLffiDER 
 
 Das sogenannte Hohelied Salomos unler steter Beriicksichtigung der 
 Ubersetzungen Gocthes und Herders im Versmasse der Urschrift ver- 
 deutscht und erkliirt von Paul Haupt. 192 pp. Post 8vo. $1.25. 
 
 A full list of publications will be sent on application to 
 
 The Johns Hopkins Press, 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 
 

 m^. 
 
 
BS1625.H374 
 
 The book of Nahum : a new metrical 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 
 
 1 1012 00055 0436 
 
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