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EFFECTIVE WORKERS 
 IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 
 
David Livingstone 
 
 Reproduced from Thomas Hughes' "David Livingstone' 
 By permission of Macmillan & Co. 
 
EFFECTIVE WORKERS 
 IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 BY 
 
 w. F. Mcdowell, d.d., r. p. mackay, d.d., 
 
 W. F. OLDHAM, D.D., C. C. CREEGAN, D.D., 
 J. D. DAVIS, D.D. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 1903 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 This text-book is the twenty-fourth in the series 
 published by the Student Volunteer Movement for 
 Foreign Missions for the use of mission study classes. 
 Eight years' experience in this work has proven that 
 biographies constitute a most alluring thread, attract- 
 ing the reader onward, by the strong interest that 
 always attaches to virile and effective living, through 
 the maze of acts and scenes constituting the mission- 
 ary's life and environment. 
 
 The subjects chosen for treatment in this volume 
 are without exception persons whose lives have made 
 their deep impression upon the peoples among whom 
 they labored. Excepting that of Livingstone, the 
 sketches are written by men who were intimately asso- 
 ciated with the missionaries whose labors they por- 
 tray, and they consequently have the value of personal 
 testimony. Over against this great advantage, pos- 
 sessed by the writers, must be placed the serious dis- 
 advantage of space limitations. The story of great 
 lives cannot be successfully compressed within the 
 limits of a few pages. To offset this weakness a brief 
 list of the best sources of additional information is 
 given, which the reader is expected to use in order to 
 
VI PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 fill out and give color to these life studies. The recent 
 deaths of three of the workers account for the dearth 
 of suggested material ; but as time passes and their 
 achievements are recorded, this difficulty will disap- 
 pear. In case no fuller biographies are accessible, the 
 reader can at least derive from omnipresent encyclo- 
 paedias a fair knowledge of the environment of these 
 dynamic workers. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Daviu Livingstone, 1813-1873 
 
 Rev. William F. McDowell, D.D. ... 1 
 
 George Leslie Mackay, D.D., 1844- 1901 
 
 Secretary R. P. Mackay, D.D 35 
 
 Isabella Thoburn, 1840-1901 
 
 Rev. W. F. Oldham, D.D 83 
 
 Cyrus Hamlin, D.D.. LL.D., 1811-1900 
 
 Secretary C. C. Creegan, D.D II5 
 
 Joseph Hardy Neesima, LL.D., 1843-1890 
 
 Rev. Jerome D. Davis, D.D. .... 153 
 
 Bibliography 187 
 
 Analytical Index 189 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 
 
 " The End of the Exploration is the Beginning of the 
 
 Enterprise " 
 
 1813-1873 
 
 BY REV. WILLIAM F. MC DOWELL, D.D. 
 
 David Livingstone is a name to conjure with. This 
 Scotch physician appeals to connoisseurs in manUness. 
 Blaikie, his principal biographer, and Thomas Hughes, 
 author of the best brief biography of Livingstone, are 
 both known as lovers of true manliness. Mr. Hughes 
 writes the " Manliness of Christ," the " Tom Brown " 
 books, and " Livingstone " for the " Men of Action " 
 series, studying in each case a different personality, 
 but not a different theme. 
 
 Ancestors. — i . His Forefathers. — His own reti- 
 cence is embarrassing. " My own inclination would 
 lead me to say as little as possible about myself." 
 What he tells and what he conceals are alike inter- 
 esting. He records two items about his ancestors: 
 " My great-grandfather fell at the battle of Culloden, 
 fighting for the old line of kings, and my grand- 
 father was a small farmer in Ulva, where my father 
 was born." And this : " The only point of the family 
 tradition that I feel proud of is this. — One of these 
 poor islanders, one of my ancestors, when he was on 
 
 3 
 
4 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 his deathbed, called his children around him and said: 
 ' Now, lads, I have looked all through our history as 
 far back as I can find it, and I have never found 
 a dishonest man in all the line, and I want you to 
 understand you inherit good blood. You have no ex- 
 cuse for wrongdoing. Be honest.' " When honors 
 were finally laid in profusion at Livingstone's feet he 
 wrote affectionately of " his own people, the honest 
 poor." 
 
 2. Parents. — His father was Neil Livingstone and 
 his mother was Agnes Hunter, daughter of David 
 Hunter, a tailor. This David was a great reader and 
 had among his books " Travels among the Hotten- 
 tots," by the Rev. J. Campbell, a South African mis- 
 sionary. This book appealed strongly to both Neil 
 Livingstone and his growing son. It may have been 
 one of the influences that gave bent to the lad's life, 
 like the picture of the sailing ship in another high- 
 land home. Neil Livingstone was a traveling tea mer- 
 chant, doing a small business. Agnes Hunter was a 
 thrifty housewife, one of the women of whom great 
 sons are born. Of such parentage David Livingstone 
 was born March 19, 1813, at Blantyre, Scotland. 
 
 His Early Life. — i. Before he zvas fen he had 
 explored his native place and had begun to collect 
 flowers and shells. " He had gained a prize for re- 
 peating the whole 119th Psalm 'with only five 
 hitches.' " He had climbed in the ruins of Bothwell 
 castle to a higher point than any other boy and had 
 carved his name there. 
 
 2. At the age of ten he went to zvork in the cotton 
 mills. Out of his first week's wages he saved enough 
 to buy Ruddiman's " Rudiments." The employers pro- 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 
 
 vided a schoolmaster to give evening instruction. 
 When Livingstone could have the master's assistance 
 he took it, when he could not get it he toiled on alone. 
 Thus he mastered his Latin. He was not brighter 
 than other boys. He was not precocious in anything 
 save determination. Early his scientific tastes revealed 
 themselves. While he had the passion for reading he 
 had equally the passion for exploration and for such 
 sports as swimming and fishing. " My reading in 
 the factory," he says, "was carried on by placing the 
 book on a portion of the spinning jenny, so that I 
 could catch sentence after sentence as I passed at my 
 work. I thus kept a pretty constant study, undisturbed 
 by the roar of machinery. To this I owe the power 
 of completely abstracting my mind, so as to read and 
 write with perfect comfort amidst the play of children 
 and song of savages." At nineteen he was promoted 
 in the factory. 
 
 3. His parents took great pains to instil the doctrines 
 of Christianity into his mind, and he had no diffi- 
 culty with the truth of free salvation through the 
 atonement of the Savior. He had, however, a brief 
 period of rebellion against certain religious reading. 
 Shortly after twenty, it would seem he " lighted upon 
 the admirable works of Dr. Thomas Dick, ' The Phi- 
 losophy of Religion ' and ' The Philosophy of a Future 
 State,' and was gratified to find that he had enforced 
 his own conviction that religion and science are friendly 
 to one another." This proved actually the time of his 
 conversion. 
 
 Contemporary Events. — Students of history will 
 have no difficulty in recalling the historical conditions 
 existing in 181 3. Six years earlier England had abol- 
 
O EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ished the slave trade. That very year the alUes en- 
 tered Paris, and two years later Waterloo came. The 
 " Consecrated Cobbler " had awakened the Churches 
 of England to their missionary duty, and there were 
 a dozen societies, then in their youth, eager to spread 
 the gospel in foreign lands. The American Board 
 and the American Baptist Missionary Society were 
 in their infancy when Livingstone was born. The 
 Wesleyan Missionary Society was organized in 1812, 
 the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society in 1819. 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society was eleven 
 years old, the American Bible Society not in existence 
 until 1816. It was the day of exploration and inquiry, 
 the day in which the modern missionary movement 
 began. Into the Kingdom at such a time and for such 
 a time Livingstone came. 
 
 Influences Leading Him to the Mission Field. 
 — Almost simultaneously with his conversion one Dea- 
 con Neil established a missionary society in the vil- 
 lage. Books were gathered and addresses were given. 
 The lives of heroic men touched this susceptible youth. 
 He became acquainted with missionary biography. The 
 " Life of Henry Martyn " stirred his blood. The 
 story of Charles Giitzlaff, medical missionary to China, 
 was as a trumpet call. Soon thereafter came his con- 
 version, bringing peace and power and this missionary 
 influence. Students will pause over the statement 
 that at twenty he had resolved to devote to the mis- 
 sionary cause all that he could earn and save. Then 
 Gutzlaff appealed to the churches of Great Britain and 
 America for aid in behalf of China, and Livingstone 
 offered not his earnings, but his life. " It is my de- 
 sire," he said, " to show my attachment to the cause 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 7 
 
 of Him who died for me by devoting my life to His 
 service " ; and " from this time my efforts were con- 
 stantly devoted toward this object without any fluc- 
 tuation." This last sentence shows influence of a 
 faithful Sunday-school teacher who had said to him, 
 " Now, lad, make religion the everyday business of 
 your life, and not a thing of fits and starts." 
 
 Preparation and Choice of Field. — i. Living- 
 stone did not propose to go as a missionary without 
 preparation. He went on with his studies for six or 
 seven years from the date of the resolution quoted 
 above. When at last he went, it was with the strength 
 and training of a man. He was accepted by the 
 London Missionary Society, whose object — "to send 
 neither Episcopacy nor Presbyterianism nor Independ- 
 ency, but the gospel of Christ to the heathen " — ex- 
 actly agreed with his ideas. He studied theology, the 
 art of preaching and the science of medicine. His 
 first attempts at preaching were not very successful. 
 Indeed, they never amounted to much, but he did be- 
 come a successful religious teacher. His medical 
 studies and " walking of the hospitals " were more 
 to his taste. In 1840 he was ordained and received 
 his medical diploma. Speaking of the latter, he said, 
 " With unfeigned delight I became a member of a 
 profession which with unwearied energy pursues from 
 age to age its endeavors to lessen human woe." 
 
 2. Influences Leading Him to Africa. — He wanted 
 to go as a medical missionary to China, but the Opium 
 War shut him out. He grew weary of waiting but 
 never faltered in his purpose. One day Robert Moffat 
 came home to plead for the South African Mission. 
 He told Livingstone that he had " sometimes seen in 
 
8 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 the morning sun the smoke of a thousand villages 
 where no missionary had ever been " ; that settled the 
 question for Livingstone. It was God's hand leading 
 him into the Dark Continent. 
 
 Departure and Arrival in Africa. — i. Depar- 
 ture. — On the evening of November i6, 1840, he went 
 home to visit for one night his parents. He pro- 
 posed to sit up all night. His father had the heart 
 and soul of a missionary. He was the kind of man 
 portrayed in " The Cotter's Saturday Night." Far 
 into the night they talked of the prospects of Christian 
 missions. They talked of the coming day when rich 
 and great men would think it an honor to support 
 whole stations of missionaries, instead of spending 
 their money on hounds and horses. At five the next 
 morning they had breakfast, and then gathered around 
 the family altar for prayers. David read the 121st 
 and 135th Psalms and prayed. It is a scene for an 
 artist. Father and son walked to Glasgow. " On the 
 Broomiclaw they parted, and never met again on 
 earth." The father set his face toward home ; the 
 great son resolutely starting toward the " smoke of the 
 thousand villages." 
 
 2. December 8, 1840, he sailed for Cape Town, 
 at the southern extremity of Africa. It is an historic 
 date in the history of Africa and in the history of 
 the Christian Church. When he arrived at the Cape, 
 he found Dr. Philip, acting agent for the London 
 Missionary Society, desirous of returning home for a 
 vacation and anxious to find some one willing to take 
 his place as minister to the congregation at Cape Town. 
 The place, with good compensation, was offered to 
 Livingstone. Then he remembered that Moffat had 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 9 
 
 said to him, " You will do for Africa, if you do not 
 go to an old station but push on to the vast unoc- 
 cupied districts to the north." He declined the easier 
 position and pushed on toward Dr. Moffat's station at 
 Kuruman, 700 miles to the north. These 700 miles 
 formed the crust of heathenism as dense as night. 
 
 3. First Experiences and Impressions. — On into it 
 this fearless man journeyed. He practiced medicine 
 as he went. The people believed him to be a wizard. 
 They thought him able to raise the dead. The sick and 
 the curious crowded about his wagon, but not an article 
 was stolen. One day the chief of a savage tribe 
 said : " I wish you would change my heart. Give 
 me medicine to change it, for it is proud, proud and 
 angry, angry always." The physician and the scien- 
 tist, the minister and the reformer, are all combined 
 in this one man. He heals the sick; he notes the 
 scenery, classifying the plants, birds, and beasts, not- 
 ing that forty-three fruits and thirty-two edible roots 
 grow wild in a certain district; he gathers specimens 
 for a London college ; he rescues a little girl about to 
 be sold into slavery ; he rejoices that God had con- 
 ferred upon him the privilege and honor of being 
 the first messenger of mercy that ever trod those re- 
 gions. He writes home : " This is the country for a 
 medical man, but he must leave fees out of the ques- 
 tion. These people are excellent patients, too. There 
 is no wincing; everything prescribed is done instanter. 
 Their only failing is that they get tired of along course, 
 but in any operation even the women sit unmoved. I 
 have been astonished again and again at their calm- 
 ness. In cutting out a tumor an inch in diameter they 
 sit and talk as if they felt nothing. ' A man like me/ 
 
10 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 they say, ' never cries. It is children that cry.' And 
 it is a fact that the men never cry ; but when the Spirit 
 of God works on their minds they cry most piteously, 
 trying to hide their heads in their karosses, and when 
 they find that won't do they rush out of church and run 
 with all their might, crying as if the hand of death 
 were behind them." Meantime visions of planting col- 
 onies here float before him. He explores for Jesus 
 Christ. He covers his letters with maps of the coun- 
 try. Every new tract is a new field for the gospel. 
 He studies the African fever, the tsetse fly, and dreams 
 of the lake. The details of these years cannot be given. 
 4. During this time occurred the adventure with the 
 lion, of which adventure he writes that " he meant 
 to have kept it to tell his children in his old age." It 
 was during his second missionary year. He says of it : 
 " He rushed from the bushes and bit me on the arm, 
 breaking the bone. I hope I shall never forget God's 
 mercy. It will be well before this letter reaches you. 
 Do not mention it to anyone. I do not like to be 
 talked about." He never voluntarily referred to it. 
 But of the wound then received Sir Bartle Frere writes 
 in an obituary notice before the Royal Geographical 
 Society : " For thirty years afterward all adventures 
 and exposures and hardships were undertaken with 
 an arm so maimed that it was painful to raise a fowl- 
 ing-piece to his shoulder." In putting up a new mis- 
 sion station he broke it over again but barely men- 
 tioned the fact. Thirty years afterward, — after his 
 remains had been carried one thousand miles to the 
 coast by faithful African followers, and thence to Eng- 
 land to be deposited in Westminster Abbey among the 
 illustrious dead, — a company of royal surgeons identi- 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE II 
 
 fied the body by the scar and compound fracture made 
 by the Hon's teeth. 
 
 Marriage and Work at Chonuane, — i. Four 
 years he toiled on alone, putting aside all thoughts of 
 matrimony. At last, in 1844, he writes: " After nearly 
 four years of African life as a bachelor, I screwed up 
 courage to put a question beneath one of the fruit 
 trees, the result of which is that I became united in 
 marriage to Mr. Moffat's eldest daughter, Mary." 
 
 2. The young couple spent their first year at Ma- 
 botsa ; then on to Chonuane, forty miles north. " The 
 chief, Sechele, here was his first convert, and in a few 
 weeks was able to read the Bible, his favorite book be- 
 ing Isaiah. ' He was a fine man, that Isaiah ; he 
 knew how to speak.' " In his newborn zeal Sechele 
 proposed summary methods of conversion. " Do you 
 think you can make my people believe by talking to 
 them ? " he urged. " I can make them do nothing 
 except by thrashing them, and if you like I shall call 
 my headman, and with our whips of rhinoceros hide 
 we will soon make them all believe together." This 
 offer was declined, and Sechele soon began to under- 
 stand Livingstone's spirit and to adopt his methods, 
 though their apparent failure grieved him sorely. He 
 began family worship in his house, and surprised Liv- 
 ingstone by the simple and beautiful style in which 
 he conducted it; but except his own family no one 
 attended. " In former times," he complained, " if a 
 chief was fond of hunting, all his people got dogs 
 and became fond of hunting, too. If he loved beer, 
 they all rejoiced in strong drink. But now it is dif- 
 ferent. I love the Word of God, but not one of my 
 brethren will join me." 
 
12 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 His Spirit and Methods. — i. After a time they 
 go still farther north, to Kolobeng. Livingstone is 
 never idle. He gathers information, heals the sick and 
 tells the natives of Jesus, ending every article, every 
 letter and every prayer with the words, " Who will 
 penetrate Africa" f He hears of a doctrinal contro- 
 versy going on at home, and it makes him sick at 
 heart to know that millions perish while well-fed breth- 
 ren split theological hairs. He gains few converts, 
 but he only reports the actual number, saying that five 
 good ones are better than fifty poor ones, though fifty 
 sounds better in the statistics. At this period his 
 brother Charles came to America to secure an edu- 
 cation that he might be a missionary. He had not 
 money enough to get it in England. He landed in 
 New York with $io, where he bought a loaf of bread 
 and a piece of cheese and started for Oberlin College. 
 
 2. The Missionary and Physician. — In 1849 Liv- 
 ingstone discovered Lake N'gami, the first European 
 to look upon its waters. But at once he declared that 
 the discovery was a part of the enterprise for Christ's 
 Kingdom and would open the way into the interior. 
 He never forgot the " smoke of the thousand villages." 
 Discovering lakes and exploring new tracts were only 
 means to ends. In 1850 one of his children, a babe 
 six weeks old, died. A little later Charles proposed 
 to him to come to America and settle, which brought 
 forth the famous declaration : " I am a missionary, 
 heart and soul. God had an only Son and He was a 
 missionary and a physician. I am a poor, poor imi- 
 tation of Him, or wish to be. In this service I hope 
 to live, in it I wish to die." 
 
 3. Large Plans Against Small Ones. — But this 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 13 
 
 missionary physician had the plans and visions of a 
 statesman. The slave-trade fairly froze his blood. He 
 set aside small plans for large ones. He saw the traffic 
 in human beings intrenched from coast to coast. He 
 felt that a path must be opened across the continent 
 from east to west, so that lawful commerce and Chris- 
 tian civilization could enter. Men at home, men who 
 had never seen a mission field, the men who always 
 know at a distance far more than the man on the 
 ground, — these men complained. They styled Liv- 
 ingstone's efforts as " wanderings." They wanted him 
 to settle down, to teach, to train a few souls. He 
 knew that to be a noble work, but it was not his at 
 that time. He writes to his father, " The conversion 
 of a few cannot be put into the scale against the truth 
 spread over the whole country." The word " wan- 
 derings," he said, contained a lie like a serpent coiled 
 up on its bosom. 
 
 His Family in England. — i. On April 23, 1852, 
 Mrs. Livingstone and the four children started for 
 England. It was a very great trial to them all but it 
 was necessary. The children could not be educated 
 in that heathen land. Livingstone spoke two or three 
 sentences in connection with this event which ought 
 to be written in letters of light before all managers 
 of missions and missionaries. These are the sentences : 
 " Missionaries expose their children to a contamination 
 which they have had no hand in producing. We ex- 
 pose them and ourselves for a time in order to elevate 
 those sad captives of sin and Satan who are the vic- 
 tims of the degradation of ages. None of those who 
 complain about missionaries' sending their children 
 home ever descend to this. The mark of Cain is on 
 
14 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 your foreheads, your father is a missionary. Our 
 children ought to have both the sympathies and prayers 
 of those at whose bidding we become strangers for 
 Ufe." 
 
 2. David and Mary Livingstone consecrated them- 
 selves to the redemption of Africa, her consecration 
 being as true and as willing as his. The separation 
 was as painful for her as for him. She had no enjoy- 
 ment in England with her noble husband in Africa. 
 And yet they said, if merchants, explorers and sea- 
 men could separate from their families for years for 
 love of gain, could not they endure as much for Christ ? 
 There were those, most of them comfortable souls 
 sitting at home, who said that this separation was for 
 the mutual pleasure of this heroic pair; that Africa 
 was more agreeable to David with Mary in England 
 and England more attractive for her with the doctor 
 in Africa. Listen to one of his letters: 
 
 " My Dearest Mary : How I miss you now and the 
 children ! My heart yearns incessantly over you. How 
 many thoughts of the past crowd into my mind ! I 
 feel as if I could treat you all much more tenderly 
 and lovingly than ever. You have been a great bless- 
 ing to me. You attended to my comfort in many, 
 many ways. May God bless you for all your kind- 
 nesses! I see no face now to be compared with that 
 sunburnt one which has so often greeted me with its 
 kind looks. Let us do our duty to our Savior, and 
 we shall meet again. I wish that time were now. 
 You may read the letters over again which I wrote at 
 Mabotsa, the sweet time, you know. As I told you 
 before I tell you again, they are true, true; there is 
 not a bit of hypocrisy in them. I never show all my 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 1 5 
 
 feelings; but I can say truly, my dearest, that I 
 loved you when I married you, and the longer I lived 
 with you I loved you the better. . . , Let us do 
 our duty to Christ, and He will bring us through 
 the world with honor and usefulness. He is our refuge 
 and high tower; let us trust in Him at all times and 
 in all circumstances. Love Him more and more, and 
 diffuse His love among the children. Take them all 
 around you and kiss them for me. Tell them I have 
 left them for the love of Jesus, and they must love 
 Him, too, and avoid sin, for that displeases Jesus. I 
 shall be delighted to hear of you all safe in England." 
 His Work While Alone. — i. Being left thus 
 alone, he turned his face tozvard the interior, visited 
 numerous tribes, preached everywhere, went alone, car- 
 rying neither purse nor scrip ; living on what he found 
 or what was given to him, walking or sleeping in the 
 midst of hostile tribes in absolute fearlessness. Part 
 of the country was flooded, and the travelers had to 
 wade all day, forcing their way through sharp-bladed 
 reeds, with hands all raw and bloody, emerging with 
 knees, hands and face cut and bleeding. It required 
 all his tact and power to prevent the guides and ser- 
 vants from deserting him. Every one but himself 
 was attacked with a fever, and he writes, " I would 
 like to devote a portion of my life to the discovery of 
 a remedy for this terrible disease." At last he was 
 smitten down, and we find in his journal : " Am I 
 on my way to die in the Sebituanes country? Have I 
 seen the end of my wife and children? O Jesus, fill 
 me with Thy love now, and I beseech Thee accept me 
 and use me a little for Thy glory. I have done noth- 
 ing for Thee yet, and I would like to do something." 
 
1 6 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 2. Then some of the missionaries in South Africa 
 accused him of worldly ambition. They said that 
 he was sinking the missionary in the explorer. But 
 this is what he writes about it : " The natives listen 
 but never suppose the truth must be embodied in actual 
 life. ... A minister who had not seen so much 
 pioneer service as I have done would have been shocked 
 to see so little effect produced. . . . We can afford 
 to work in faith. . . . When we view the state 
 of the world and its advancing energies, by childlike 
 — or call it childish — faith, we see the earth filling 
 with the knowledge of the glory of God, aye, all na- 
 tions seeing His glory and bowing before Him whose 
 right it is to reign. We work toward another state 
 of things. Future missionaries will be rewarded by 
 conversions for every sermon. We are their pioneers. 
 They will doubtless have more light than we, but we 
 served our Master earnestly and proclaimed the same 
 gospel they will do." And again he writes : " I place 
 no value on anything I have or possess except in re- 
 lation to the Kingdom of Christ. It is not the en- 
 countering of difficulties and dangers in obedience to 
 inward spiritual promptings which constitutes tempt- 
 ing Providence, but the acting without faith, proceed- 
 ing on our own errands with no previous convictions 
 of duty and no prayer for aid and direction. Help me, 
 Thou who knowest my frame and pitiest me as a 
 father ! " 
 
 3. Wanted to Open a Way to the West Coast. — His 
 whole mind was set to find a way to the West Coast. 
 He knew that the attempt was in the nature of a for- 
 lorn hope, but still it was worth trying. He wrote:' 
 " Cannot the love of Christ carry the missionary where 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE I7 
 
 the slave-trade carries the trader? I shall open up a 
 path to the interior or perish." Now, it does not matter 
 very much what the world says or thinks of a man with 
 that spirit. For years he saw no white face. For years 
 he lived alone in the heart of the Dark Continent ; 
 battled with polygamy, with cannabalism, incest and 
 slavery, and with every conceivable form of detestable 
 sin. But the difficulties of this journey to the West 
 Coast did not discourage him. He calmly made up his 
 mind that he was as likely as not to die on that journey, 
 so he made his will, and this is what he says : " May 
 Christ accept my children for His service and sanctify 
 them for it ! My blessing on my wife ; may God com- 
 fort her ! If my watch comes back after I am cut off 
 it belongs to Agnes ; if my sextant, it is Robert's ; the 
 Paris medal to Thomas, and the double-barreled gun to 
 Zouza. Be a father to the fatherless and a husband to 
 the widow, for Jesus' sake. The Boers, by taking pos- 
 session of all my goods, have saved me the trouble of 
 making a will." 
 
 4. Linyanti to St. Paul de Loanda. — On November 
 II, 1853, he left Linyanti, almost in the center of lower 
 Africa, and seven months later arrived at St. Paul de 
 Loanda, on the West Coast. There is no way to 
 describe this journey. It is full of incident. But the 
 most impressive thing about it all was the horrors of 
 the slave-trade as witnessed on this long journey. 
 Every day he saw families torn asunder, dead bodies 
 along the way, gangs chained and yoked, skeletons 
 grinning against the trees and by the roadside. As he 
 rowed along on the river Shire, the paddles of his boat 
 were clogged in the morning with the bodies of women 
 and children who had died in the slave-chained gangs 
 
l8 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 and been thrown into the river at night. The air was 
 thick with vultures following them. He counted bodies 
 in the stream by the score as they came floating down. 
 He found the horrible system intrenched from the 
 center of the continent to the coast. It is scarcely sur- 
 prising, therefore, that he felt that the exposure of this 
 gigantic iniquity must be his principal work. So he 
 writes to his father that he cannot settle down to teach 
 and train and turn a few souls to Christ. The con- 
 version of a few cannot be put into the scale against 
 the truth spread over the whole country. This lonely 
 missionary opening up a highway across the continent 
 for commerce, for civilization, for the gospel, rose to 
 the stature of a statesman. 
 
 Beautiful incidents occurred on this trip showing 
 the devotion to his men. Listen : " Some of my men 
 proposed to return home, and the prospect of being 
 obliged to turn back from the threshold of the Portu- 
 guese settlements distressed me exceedingly. After 
 using all my powers of persuasion, I declared that if 
 they now returned I should go on alone, and, returning 
 into my little tent, I lifted up my heart to Him who 
 hears the sighing of the soul. Presently the headman 
 came in. ' Do not be disheartened,' he said ; ' we will 
 never leave you. Wherever you lead we will follow. 
 Our remarks were only made on account of the in- 
 justice of these people.' Others followed and with the 
 most artless simplicity of manner told me to be com- 
 forted — ' they were all my children ; they knew no one 
 but Sekeletu and me and would die for me ; they had 
 spoken in bitterness of spirit, feeling they could do 
 nothing.' " 
 
 It was seven months before he finally reached the 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE I9 
 
 West Coast. The hardships had been incredible. 
 Thirty attacks of fever had so weakened him that he 
 could scarcely mount his ox or hold an instrument for 
 a simple calculation. Once more, near the end, the 
 hearts of his men began to fail, and they hinted their 
 doubts to him, and he said : " If you suspect me you 
 can return, for I am as ignorant of Loanda as you. 
 But nothing -wiW happen to you but happens to me. 
 We have stood by each other hitherto, and will do so 
 until the last." When they reached Loanda Living- 
 stone was poor and ragged, a skeleton, almost con- 
 sumed with dysentery and famine. It seemed for weeks 
 that he could see nothing but visions of naked men 
 with spears and clubs, bodies of slaves dead and dying, 
 pestilence walking at noonday, destruction wasting at 
 midnight, a land covered with skeletons, preyed on by 
 fever, looted by the slave-driver, appealing hands every- 
 where and no deliverer, no physician. 
 
 5. Experiences at St. Paul de Loanda. — When he 
 reached the coast a Portuguese gentleman gave him a 
 suit of clothes, and Livingstone blessed him in the 
 name of Him who said, " I was naked, and ye clothed 
 me." Dr. Gabriel, the English commissioner for the 
 suppression of the slave-trade, received him with the 
 utmost kindness, giving him his own bed, of which 
 Livingstone said : " Never shall I forget the luxurious 
 pleasure I enjoyed in feeling myself again on a good 
 English bed after six months' sleeping on the ground." 
 And yet great disappointment awaited him here. 
 There were no letters from home, no tidings from 
 family or friends. An English vessel lay in the harbor 
 and a berth was offered him. No one would have 
 complained if he had accepted the opportunity to go 
 
20 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 home. He prepared his journals, made reports and 
 observations, put them aboard the Forerunner, turned 
 his back on the ship and let it set sail. The ship was 
 lost off Madeira, and all her passengers perished but 
 one. Of course all Livingstone's papers were lost. 
 •Upon hearing of it he stopped, reproduced his dis- 
 patches and maps. It was like Carlyle's rewriting his 
 " French Revolution " after its destruction in Mill's 
 household. In the upper room in Cheyne Row, Chel- 
 sea, the letter of Carlyle to his publishers is carefully 
 preserved. In it he says : " Do not pity me ; forward 
 me, rather, as a runner, that though tripped down will 
 not lie there but rise and run again." These were 
 kindred souls. 
 
 6. West Coast to East. — Why did he not go home ? 
 He had promised the natives that he would see them 
 home. He had pledged his word to Sekeletu that he 
 would return with the men, and his word to the black 
 men of Africa was just as sacred as it would have 
 been if pledged to the Queen. He kept it as faithfully 
 as an oath made to Almighty God. It involved a 
 journey nearly tzvo years in length, a line of march 
 2,000 miles long, through jungles, swamps and desert, 
 through scenes of surpassing beauty. But it was two 
 years from that day before he came out on the east 
 coast at Quilimane, and from this time he was the best 
 known, best loved and most perfectly trusted man in 
 Africa. Everywhere and every day he had preached. 
 He had healed the sick of their diseases. He had dis- 
 covered the Victoria Falls and the two magnificent 
 ranges which were free from the fever and the fly. At 
 the junction of the Loangwa and Zambezi rivers he 
 thought that his end had come, and he writes in his 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 21 
 
 diary, " O Jesus, grant me reliance on Thy powerful 
 hand and resignation to Thy will." Then, thinking 
 of home and of what he might say if he could get back 
 to England, he adds : " But wilt Thou not permit me 
 to plead for Africa? See, Lord, how the heathen rise 
 up against me, as against thy Son. A guilty, weak, 
 and helpless worm, on Thy kind arms I fall." Then 
 the Scotch pluck asserts itself, and he writes : " Should 
 such a man as I flee ! Nay, verily, I shall take ob- 
 servations of latitude and longitude to-night, though 
 they be my last. I feel quite calm now, thank God. 
 O Lord, remember me and Thy cause in Africa." 
 From the perils of this day the Lord delivered him, 
 and he was able to make his report, transmitting to the 
 London societies a map of Central Africa, a map of the 
 highest value. 
 
 At this very time Sir Roderick Murchison twites him 
 of the honor paid him by the Royal Geographical 
 Society for the greatest triumph in geographical re- 
 search effected in our times, and tells him why the 
 society has conferred its gold medal upon him. But 
 the heart of the doctor is larger than the heart of the 
 explorer, and his chief human joy was that he had 
 discovered what he believed to be a remedy for the 
 deadly fever. 
 
 First Visit to England. — i. It was now sixteen 
 years since he had left England, and there was no 
 reason why he should not return. So, on the ninth 
 of December, 1856, he reached his home once more 
 and found himself almost the most famous man in 
 London. Honors poured upon him enough to turn 
 a man's head. The Royal Society held a special 
 meeting of welcome. He was introduced as the man 
 
22 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 who had traveled over ii,ooo miles of African ground, 
 had done incalculable service in the way of explora- 
 tion, had opened a whole world of immortal souls to 
 the gospel and had glorified the British name by 
 faithfully keeping his word to the black men to whom 
 he had given it. Mrs. Livingstone stood by his side 
 and Lord Shaftesbury paid her equal tribute with her 
 husband and all England said Amen. Livingstone 
 was presented to the royal family and honored with 
 the freedom of London. Everywhere the most dis- 
 tinguished honors were paid him. He remained in 
 England less than two years, working night and day 
 upon his books, dedicating the profits immediately to 
 the cause of opening Africa. But all the time he was 
 thinking, not of England, but of the Dark Continent. 
 He said of himself and his wife, " Whoever stays, we 
 will go." He had further plans of exploration. " But 
 always," as he writes, " the end of the exploration is 
 the beginning of the enterprise." His own country, 
 Scotland, honored him with the freedom of its cities. 
 Its universities gave him their highest degrees. There 
 were public receptions and a public testimonial. 
 
 2. There were farewell meetings, attended by nobles 
 and scholars, and at last, as he started away, Sir 
 Roderick Murchison said : " Notwithstanding months 
 of laudation and a shower of all university honors, he 
 is the same honest, true-hearted David Livingstone as 
 when he came forth from the wilds of Africa." At 
 Cambridge he delivered a memorable address, in which 
 he said : " It is deplorable to think that one of the 
 noblest of our missionary bodies, the Church Mission- 
 ary Society, is compelled to send to Germany for mis- 
 sionaries. The sort of men who are wanted for mis- 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 23 
 
 sionaries are such as I see before me. I beg to direct 
 your attention to Africa. I know that in a few years 
 I shall be cut off in that country which is now open. 
 Do not let it be shut again. I go back to Africa to 
 try to open a path for commerce and Christianity. 
 Do you carry out the work which I have begun. I 
 leave it with you." 
 
 Return to Africa. — i. Sixteen months he re- 
 mained at home, and went away with the net result 
 of his visit, as was said at the farewell dinner, that 
 he had found Africa the Dark Continent, and left it 
 the most interesting part of the globe to Englishmen. 
 He went back as the Queen's Consul, wearing the gold 
 band about his cap, but he went once more for the 
 same old enterprise. A public reception was given 
 him at Cape Town, where six years before they had 
 hated him. In 1858 he explored the Zambezi, in 1859 
 the Shire, in i860 he discovered Lake Nyassa and in 
 1 86 1 he explored the river Rovuma. He established 
 the sites of mission stations, preached constantly and 
 carried on a religious and scientific correspondence 
 with the leading societies of England. His purpose, 
 recorded away back at the beginning, grew stronger 
 rather than weaker. In 1862 he preached to the 
 tribes on the shores of Lake Nyassa. He found that 
 20,000 slaves were dragged from that region alone and 
 sold at Zanzibar, and he learned that as many more 
 were cruelly murdered. His letters thrilled the civi- 
 lized world as he exposed the iniquity of this horrid 
 traffic. 
 
 2. Death of His Wife. — Mrs. Livingstone re- 
 turned to Scotland in 1859, placed the children in 
 school and in 1862 rejoined her husband in Africa. 
 
24 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 For the Dark Continent they intended to live and die 
 together, but less than six months after her return 
 her health gave way, and on the banks of the Shire 
 the daughter of Robert Moffat, the wife of David 
 Livingstone, lay down to her everlasting rest. Then 
 the man who had never feared the face of beast or 
 foe, who had faced death countless times, cried out 
 like a stricken child, " For the first time in my life 
 I want to die." The body of Mary Livingstone was 
 buried under a baobab tree at Shupanga. But Living- 
 stone's work was not done. Even grief must not hin- 
 der him from doing it. He must penetrate to the 
 fountains of the Nile, and he must break up the in- 
 famous slave-trade. 
 
 Second Visit to England. — i. In 1864 he re- 
 turned to London again, with two objects in view, 
 the exposure of the slave trade and the securing of 
 means with which to open a new mission above the 
 Portuguese lines. On the first of August, 1864, he 
 was with his mother and children at Hamilton. Only 
 his eldest son, Robert, a lad of eighteen, was absent. 
 The boy had gone to Natal in the hope of reaching 
 his father. Failing in that, he had crossed to America, 
 enlisted in the Federal army, had been badly wounded, 
 taken prisoner, died at last in the hospital and was 
 buried in the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. There 
 is something very fitting in all that. The father was 
 giving his life for the perfect liberty of the black man 
 in the Dark Continent; the boy was giving his for 
 the liberty of the black man and the integrity of the 
 nation, and was buried at last in the spot over which 
 sounded Lincoln's immortal words. 
 
 2. Livingstone was everywhere received with the 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 3$ 
 
 highest honors. He was with the Turkish ambassador 
 when the crowd cheered, and Livingstone said, 
 " These cheers are for you." And the ambassador re- 
 pHed, " No, I am only what my master made me ; you 
 are what you made yourself." 
 
 Return to Africa. — i. Back again after a few 
 months in 1866, he reached the African coast, ascended 
 the Rovuma, disappeared for three years, visited Lakes 
 Moero and Tanganyika. Meantime he preached the 
 gospel to thousands and tens of thousands. He still 
 found the villages of which Moffat had spoken to him 
 years before, where the name of Jesus had never been 
 spoken. And this was his faith : " It is a mistake to 
 suppose that God is too exalted to notice our smallest 
 affairs. A general attends to the smallest details of 
 his army. A sparrow cannot fall to the ground with- 
 out your Father. With his ever-loving eye upon me 
 I may truly go to the front with the message of peace 
 and good will." The Portuguese intercepted his let- 
 ters and cut off his supplies. He writes that he is 
 near the source of the Nile and possibly in the wilder- 
 ness where Moses once was. 
 
 2. In 1871 his strength utterly failed. His feet 
 ulcerated, his teeth came out, he lay in his low hut for 
 eighty days and read his Bible four times through. 
 He writes upon the fly leaf : " No letters for three 
 years. I have a sore longing to finish and go home, 
 if God wills." Relief, letters and supplies had all 
 been sent to him, but he never received them. Many 
 of the letters that he wrote never reached their des- 
 tination. But he had accomplished his purpose. He 
 had exposed the slave-trade. In 1871 he reached 
 Ujiji, a worn, exhausted skeleton of a man. The 
 
26 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 world had not heard from him for years, and the anx- 
 ious question everywhere was, " Is he dead or aUve ? " 
 The Royal Society sent out a search expedition. 
 
 Stanley and Livingstone. — i. One day Henry 
 M. Stanley was sitting in a hotel in Madrid, when a 
 telegram was handed to him which read : " Come to 
 Paris on important business. Bennett." On his ar- 
 rival Mr. Bennett said, '* Where do you think Living- 
 stone is ? " The correspondent could not tell — could 
 not tell whether he was alive, of course. " Well," 
 said Mr. Bennett, '' I think he is alive and that he 
 may be found, and I am going to send you to find 
 him." And this was the order, " Take what money 
 you want, but find Livingstone." In January, 1871, 
 Stanley reached Zanzibar and began to organize his 
 expedition. For eleven months this determined man 
 went on through incredible hardships. He coaxed the 
 weary, whipped the stubborn. The feet of some were 
 bleeding from thorns, others fell by the way, but on 
 they went. Once in his journey Stanley wrote: " No 
 living man shall stop me. Only death can prevent 
 me; but death — not even this. I shall not die; I will 
 not die; I cannot die. Something tells me I shall 
 find him. And write it larger, find him, find him ! " 
 Even the words are inspiring. One day a caravan 
 passed and reported that a white man had just reached 
 Ujiji. Stanley's heart thumped as he asked them, 
 " Was he young or old ? " " He is old ; he has white 
 hair on his face; he is sick." So Stanley pushed 
 on night and day until they came in sight of Ujiji. 
 " Unfurl the flags and load the guns," said Stanley, 
 his nerves quivering with excitement. And the flags 
 floated out, and the guns thundered over the plain. 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 27 
 
 And they were answered by hundreds of Africans 
 with shouts. Suddenly Stanley heard a voice say in 
 good English, " Good morning, sir." He was startled, 
 and asked abruptly, " Who the mischief are you ? " 
 " I am Susi, the servant of Dr. Livingstone." Then 
 a thrill went through Stanley's soul, and all the 
 fatigues and the perils of that year were forgotten. 
 
 2. Let Stanley himself tell the story: " First his 
 two servants appeared ; by and by the doctor. As I 
 advanced slowly toward him I noticed he was pale, 
 looked wearied, had a gray beard, wore a bluish cap 
 with a faded gold band around it, had on a red- 
 sleeved waistcoat and a pair of gray tweed trousers. 
 I would have run to him, only I was a coward ; would 
 have embraced him, only did not know how he would 
 receive me. So I did what cowardice and false pride 
 suggested, walked deliberately to him, took off my 
 hat and said, ' Dr. Livingstone, I presume ? ' ' Yes,' 
 said he, with a kind smile, lifting his cap. I replaced 
 my hat, he his cap, and we grasped hands. And I 
 said, ' I thank God I am permitted to see you,' and 
 he answered, * I feel thankful that I am here to wel- 
 come you.' " 
 
 3. His Influence on Stanley. — Of course Stanley 
 was supplied with all that the good man needed. He 
 brought Livingstone letters for which he had pa- 
 tiently waited for years. He brought him news. It 
 was two full years since Livingstone had heard any- 
 thing from Europe. The coming of Stanley revived 
 Livingstone's spirits. Stanley remained with him for 
 months. The correspondent of the New York Her- 
 ald took his first lessons in exploration at the hands of 
 the master. He grew into enthusiasm and hero wor- 
 
28 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ship. He wrote, " You may take any point in Dr. 
 Livingstone's character and analyze it carefully, and 
 I will challenge any man to find a fault in it." And 
 he had discovered Livingstone's secret. " His relig- 
 ion," he writes, " is a constant, earnest, sincere prac- 
 tice. It is neither demonstrative nor loud, but it 
 manifests itself in a quiet, practical way and is always 
 at work. In him religion exhibits its loveliest features ; 
 it governs his conduct, not only toward his servants, 
 but toward the natives, the bigoted Mohammedans 
 and all who come in contact with him. Without it 
 Livingstone, with his ardent temperament, his en- 
 thusiasm, his high spirit and courage, must have been 
 uncompanionable and a hard master. Religion has 
 tamed him and made him a Christian gentleman, the 
 most companionable of men and indulgent of mas- 
 ters." Stanley received and mastered a true lesson 
 in the treatment of natives. He tried to induce the 
 doctor to go home with him. But Livingstone's heart 
 was resolute. The old explorer set his face as a flint. 
 He did not feel that his work was done. Stanley 
 started eastward, and the old man in the gray clothes 
 with bended head and slow steps returned to his soli- 
 tude. " I took one more look at him," said Stanley. 
 " He was standing near the gate of Kwihaha with his 
 servants near him. I waved my handkerchief to him, 
 and he responded by lifting his cap." 
 
 Livingstone's Final Work. — i. In 1872, March 
 ip, he zvrites: "My birthday! My Jesus, my King, 
 my Life, my All ! I again dedicate my whole self to 
 Thee. Accept me. And grant, O gracious Father, 
 that ere this year is gone I may finish my work. In 
 Jesus's name I ask it. Amen." 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 29 
 
 2. May I, he writes: " Finished a letter to the New 
 York Herald to elicit American zeal to stop the East 
 Coast slave-trade. I pray for a blessing upon it from 
 the All-Gracious." The last sentence of this letter 
 is the one finally inscribed on Livingstone's tomb. 
 " All I can add in my loneliness," it runs, " is. May 
 Heaven's rich blessing come down on every one — 
 American, English, Turk — who will help to heal 
 this open sore of the world ! " 
 
 3. Weary months follozved — months of plans, of 
 travels, of toils, of hardships — and the last of April, 
 1873, a year after Stanley had left him, he had reached 
 the village of Ilala, at the southern end of Lake Bang- 
 weolo. He had made his observations and written 
 his journal carefully, had drawn maps and given his 
 orders. The heroic spirit was still animating him. 
 
 4. Dies on His Knees. — But on the morning of the 
 first of May, 1873, at four o'clock, the boy who lay 
 at his door called in alarm for Susi, fearing their 
 master was dead. " By the candle still burning they 
 saw him, not in bed, but kneeling at the bedside with 
 his head buried in his hands upon the pillow. The 
 sad yet not unexpected truth soon became evident ; 
 he had passed away without a single attendant on the 
 farthest of all his journeys. But he had died in the 
 act of prayer — prayer offered in that reverential at- 
 titude about which he was always so particular ; com- 
 mending his own spirit with all his dear ones, as was 
 his wont, into the hands of his Savior ; and commend- 
 ing Africa — his own dear Africa — with all her woes 
 and sins and wrongs, to the Avenger of the oppressed 
 and the Redeemer of the lost." 
 
 Brought to England. — i. The behavior of his 
 
30 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 African servants after his death is beyond all praise. 
 First they removed and buried his heart. Then they 
 dried his body in the sun, wrapped it in cloths, lashed 
 it to a pole and set out on their homeward march. 
 It was a weary journey; exposures, sickness, opposi- 
 tions, all combined to make it difficult. Nine weary 
 months tested their steadfastness and devotion, and 
 on Saturday, April i8, 1874, nearly a year after his 
 death, the remains of the great missionary were com- 
 mitted to their resting place in Westminster Abbey. 
 2. The black slab that marks the end of the pil- 
 grimage bears this inscription: 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 W 
 
 > 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 •pi 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 Brought by Faithful Hands 
 Over Land and Sea 
 
 Here Rests 
 DAVID LIVINGSTONE 
 
 Missionary, 
 
 Traveller, 
 
 < 
 
 M 
 < 
 
 c; 
 
 i-( 
 
 Philanthropist, 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 W 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 Born March 19, 1813, 
 
 At Blantyre, Lanarkshire. 
 
 Died May i, 1873, 
 
 Q 
 
 
 <y 
 
 55 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 to 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 
 At Chitambo's Village, Ilala. 
 For thirty years his life w^as spent 
 
 (O 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 IN an unwearied effort 
 To evangelize the native races, 
 
 X 
 
 5 
 
 as 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 f 
 
 W 
 w 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 H 
 
 To explore the undiscovered secrets, 
 To abolish the desolating Slave Trade, 
 
 of Central Africa, 
 Where with his last words he wrote. 
 
 > 
 
 oi. 
 
 
 S 
 
 •«; 
 
 < 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 .J 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
 "All I CAN ADD IN MY SOLITUDE, IS, 
 
 CO 
 
 Ed 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 r 
 
 
 May Heaven's rich blessing come down 
 ON every one, American, English, or Turk, 
 
 
 s 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WHO will help to heal 
 
 
 c 
 
 M 
 
 
 This open sore of the world." 
 
 
 
Tree Under Which the Heart of Livingstone was Buried 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 3I 
 
 Tributes and Influence. — i. The tributes are 
 all of a kind. This from Sir Bartle Frere will answer 
 as a specimen of all the rest : " As a whole, the work 
 of his life will surely be held up in ages to come as one 
 of singular nobleness of design and of unflinching 
 energy and self-sacrifice in execution. It will be long 
 ere any one man will be able to open so large an ex- 
 tent of unknown land to civilized mankind ; yet longer, 
 perhaps, ere we find a brighter example of a life of 
 such continued and useful self-devotion to a noble 
 cause. I could hardly venture to describe my estimate 
 of his character as a Christian, further than by say- 
 ing that I never met a man who fulfilled more com- 
 pletely my idea of a perfect Christian gentleman, 
 actuated in what he thought and said and did by the 
 highest and most chivalrous spirit, modeled on the 
 precepts of his great Master and Exemplar." 
 
 2. His Influence. — His heart lies buried under the 
 tree in Ilala, his bones in Westminster Abbey ; but 
 " the end of the exploration is the beginning of the 
 enterprise," and his life goes steadily on. Long ago 
 Melville B. Cox wrote, " Though a thousand die, 
 let not Africa be given up." And that word, with 
 Livingstone's last prayer there, is as quick and power- 
 ful in the Church as it has ever been. Such men as 
 Livingstone constitute Christianity's last answer to 
 heathenism. Christianity makes such men as this. 
 This is why it is worth while to send Christianity to 
 all the world. But Christianity must go in the person 
 of such men as this. It is said that the Protestant 
 Church is liberal in its use of Bibles, and the Roman 
 Catholic Church is liberal in its use of men. The 
 Church which shall redeem Africa must be liberal 
 
32 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 with both. We must send our men, living epistles, 
 with the open Book in their hands. The methods of 
 Livingstone and the spirit of Livingstone have per- 
 petual value for the evangelization of that Dark Con- 
 tinent. 
 
 3. His Spirit and Method. — In Stanley's great ad- 
 dress before the Methodist preachers of New York 
 he used these words : " Now, cast your eye at the 
 south part of Africa. There the European has come, 
 and he is spreading his beliefs and his creeds and his 
 religion in like manner, and introducing his system of 
 civilization ; and they are advancing steadily and 
 slowly toward the equatorial region, until by and by 
 they are arrested in like manner as they come under 
 the influence of the Zambezi. But one bold man, a 
 missionary, left the ranks of those who were pressing 
 on toward the north and pushed on and on until he 
 came to the Zambezi. He felt that influence, but, 
 undaunted, he pressed on and crossed Africa to St. 
 Paul de Loanda. He returned again with his native 
 followers to Linyanti, and the chief of the Alakololo 
 gave him permission to take them to the seacoast. 
 The faithful natives of inner Africa waited for the re- 
 turn of their master near the banks of the Zambezi, 
 close to the sea. Livingstone went home, received due 
 honor for what he had done, and returned to Africa. 
 He took up his march back and made journeys and 
 finally died in Ilala, at the southern end of Lake Bang- 
 weolo. But if you look at the illustration of his route 
 you will see that it is the rude figure of the cross. 
 And now you may be able to draw the moral point I 
 bave to tell you. You have asked me what have been 
 the causes of missionaries being imperiled. Wherever 
 
DAVID LIVINGSTONE 33 
 
 that good man went he was received. A few rejected 
 him, but the majority listened to him calmly and 
 kindly, and some of them felt quite ready to be of his 
 profession and of his belief. But the words that he 
 dropped were similar to those of the angels heard 
 over Bethlehem, ' Peace on earth, good will to men.' 
 On the other hand, in northern Africa it was an at- 
 tempt to invade by violence, and it failed, and there 
 was not one that had the courage to step out of the 
 ranks and press on. They returned. But this lone 
 missionary pressed on and on until he had drawn the 
 rude figure of a cross on the southern continent of 
 Africa, and then he said with his dying words : * All 
 I can add in my loneliness is, May Heaven's rich 
 blessing come down on everyone — American, Eng- 
 lish, Turk — who will help to heal this open sore of 
 the world.' And the ' cross turns not back.' The open 
 sore will be healed. Africa will be redeemed." 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 
 
 35 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY, D.D. 
 
 1844-1901 
 
 BY SECRETARY R. P. MACKAY, D.D. 
 
 Parentage and Early Years. — i. His Parents, 
 — In the year 1830 there settled in Oxford County, 
 Ontario, a group of families from Sutherlandshire, 
 in the Highlands of Scotland, who loved their Bibles, 
 reverenced the Sabbath and were loyal to the sanc- 
 tuary. The family altar was established in every home. 
 Morning and evening were the chapter read and the 
 psalm sung, parents and children joining heart and 
 voice in the worship of Almighty God. These were the 
 melancholy days in Scotland known as the " Suther- 
 landshire Clearances," when hundreds of tenant- 
 farmers, as loyal and true as ever breathed on British 
 soil, were driven from their homes to make way for 
 sheep-farms and deer-parks. They were heroic spirits. 
 They came to Canada, hewed out for themselves com- 
 fortable homes, and transmitted to their children that 
 best of all legacies, a hallowed memory. 
 
 2. Birth and Early Influences. — George Leslie 
 Mackay was born into one of these homes on March 21, 
 1844. From that one congregation of Scottish High- 
 landers from which he came fifty others entered the 
 gospel ministry and exercised gifts that had been kin- 
 dled and inspired in such early and wholesome environ- 
 
 37 
 
38 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ments as these. Modern hymns were unknown in these 
 quarters at that time. Nor did the question of the 
 Davidic origin of the Psalms ever arise. In the strict- 
 est and most hteral sense the Bible was accepted as an 
 inspired Book, a veritable sword from the hand of God 
 put into the hand of man for the conquest of the world 
 for Christ. Such was the soil from which Dr. Mackay 
 sprang and the food upon which he was fed. It put 
 iron into his blood and enabled him for thirty years 
 to face the foe without a question or doubt as to the final 
 victory. The Lord had spoken, and it was not for him 
 to make reply. He sought implicitly to obey a command 
 from which there is no appeal. 
 
 3. Personal Appearance. — He was rather under the 
 medium height, compactly built, deep-chested and of 
 swarthy complexion. His eagle eye was mild and 
 benevolent except when kindled with righteous in- 
 dignation, as when, for example, discussing the treat- 
 ment accorded to the Chinese by so-called Christians in 
 America. Then his intensity was unrestrained. He 
 sometimes lost control of himself and became painfully 
 violent. He inherited a hardy, healthy constitution, 
 which was never weakened by irregular habits and 
 proved capable of extraordinary endurance when se- 
 verely tested, as will appear in the story of his life. 
 
 His Education. — i. About half a mile from his 
 father's home stood what is still remembered in that 
 neighborhood as the old log schoolhonse. It certainly 
 was not an attractive building. It was small and looked 
 as if it might have been old when it was built. The 
 timbers were unhewn and were " chunked " with wood 
 and clay, the floor was rough and irregular, and the 
 seat was the flat side of a split basswood log supported 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 39 
 
 on wooden pins. The curriculum was not so elaborate 
 as in modern schools. It consisted chiefly of the " three 
 R's " with the addition of the Shorter Catechism, which 
 was memorized there. The teaching- was good as far 
 as it went and was duly emphasized by the liberal use 
 of the birch rod. The canonical leather tawse was 
 never known in the old log schoolhouse, perhaps be- 
 cause wood was so plentiful and hence was easily re- 
 plenished. After teaching in the public school for a 
 time in order to earn the means with which to proceed, 
 he began his classical studies in the Woodstock Gram- 
 mar School with a view to the ministry. He after- 
 wards took what was then known as the " Preparatory 
 Literary Course " in Knox College, Toronto, which 
 was regarded as the equivalent of a three years' course 
 in the Toronto University. He never graduated in 
 Arts. Like many other Canadian students of thirty 
 years ago, he took his theological course in Princeton 
 Seminary in New Jersey, attracted thither by the repu- 
 tation of Dr. Charles Hodge, to whom he ever after- 
 ward referred with deepest reverence. 
 
 2. Habits of Study. — The only thing memorable 
 about him as a student was his devotion to his work. 
 His early advantages were not such as to enable him 
 easily to take a commanding position in the wider cur- 
 riculum of a university, but the disadvantages of early 
 training were compensated for by intense application 
 and a determination to succeed. That habit of close, 
 careful study was never discontinued. To the end of 
 life, when the care and responsibilities of a whole mis- 
 sion were upon him, he burned the midnight oil. He 
 had a passion for accurate information in every depart- 
 ment of accessible knowledge. The readers of " From 
 
40 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Far Formosa " will remember the large space given to 
 the geological, zoological, botanical and ethnological 
 history of the island. When that book was in prepara- 
 tion and it was suggested that these more technical 
 chapters might be inserted as an appendix, he was sur- 
 prised and could not yield to the proposal. To him 
 they were of all chapters the most interesting. They 
 were the field of his life study and delight. He was 
 not only an accurate student of science, but he contin- 
 ued a devoted one to the end of his days ; and to that 
 in a large measure the freshness of his teaching and 
 the unflagging interest of his students were due. 
 
 3. Memories of his student life in the Grammar 
 School and at Knox College are not associated with the 
 college quartette and ball team but with the study. 
 They who knew him well can still recall the wiry, silent 
 lad of serious mien, with raven hair, worn somewhat 
 long, and rapid pace, passing rapidly to and fro day 
 after day between boarding house and school. It was 
 the quiet determination of a man bound to win against 
 all odds, and win he did. He was an apostle of hard 
 work. Dr. Livingstone's last advice to children in Eng- 
 land was, " Pray and work hard." Mackay acted upon 
 that principle, and he is thus an example and an in- 
 spiration to every student who wishes to make life a 
 success in spite of obstacles. 
 
 4. After graduation at Princeton he visited Scotland 
 and came under the influence of Dr. Alexander Duff, 
 who at that time was delivering in Scottish Colleges a 
 course of lectures on missions under the name of Evan- 
 gelistic Theology. In the veins of teacher and pupil 
 was the throb of Highland fire, a fire consecrated to 
 holy purposes. After the course of lectures was fin- 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 4I 
 
 ished in Edinburgh, he followed his illustrious teacher 
 to Aberdeen. Duff, seeing him present, gave this char- 
 acteristic introduction to his class : " Gentlemen, here 
 is my friend from Canada, bound for a heathen land. 
 Show him that there are loving hearts in this Granite 
 City." A few days later, when leaving the City of 
 Aberdeen Duff bade him farewell on the street with 
 such a grip of the hand, such a look in his eye and such 
 words of encouragement and hope as made an abiding 
 impression on a young heart as responsive and ardent 
 as his own. Had Duff been able to appreciate the latent 
 possibilities of that modest, reticent youth who was just 
 putting on his armor, he would not have been less 
 cordial, but would have felt for the youth the reverence 
 with which he himself was regarded. 
 
 Mackay's Appointment. — He was determined to 
 go to the foreign field and offered his services to his 
 own Church, although not with much hope of accept- 
 ance. The Presbyterian Church in Eastern Canada, 
 known as the Maritime Provinces, had established a 
 mission in 1848 in the New Hebrides group. Dr. John 
 Geddie, another of the Church's heroes, was their first 
 missionary. But those were the days before the union 
 of the churches in Canada. In the western section of 
 the Church there had been a Foreign Mission Com- 
 mittee for sixteen years, though without a foreign mis- 
 sionary. Some work had been done in British Colum- 
 bia and on the Saskatchewan, partly among Europeans 
 and partly among the Indians, and this was called for- 
 eign mission work. The Committee had made attempts 
 to found a really foreign mission, but had been un- 
 successful. On one or two occasions men accepted 
 the call of the Committee, but their Presbyteries re- 
 
42 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 fused to release them from congregations. The time 
 was at hand, Mackay had offered his services and 
 the Committee decided to recommend his appointment 
 to the General Assembly. He received a letter to that 
 effect when in Scotland, written by the Convenor of 
 the Committee, the Rev. Professor MacLaren, and im- 
 mediately with a bounding heart he returned to meet 
 the Assembly. He was appointed and designated to 
 China, although the particular quarter was left to his 
 own decision after reaching the field. 
 
 Characteristics. — i. Intensity in Home Agitation. 
 — It has been said that the power of a preacher con- 
 sists chiefly in the intensity of his beliefs. The words 
 that move men are the words of burning conviction, 
 the whole-hearted and unwavering faith in the cen- 
 tral verities of the gospel. That appeared in every 
 utterance from Mackay, whether by voice or pen. His 
 correspondence, as will appear, was glowing with a 
 white heat. When a student missionary in Ontario 
 before his appointment to China, his intensity never 
 cooled. After his appointment he visited many con- 
 gregations and felt the chill ; it was to his ardent spirit 
 like a cold plunge. They called him an excited young 
 man ; he called them " the ice age " of the Presby- 
 terian Church in Canada. But from that day the 
 thermometer began to rise. To letters sent home by 
 him, specimens of which we shall see, and to annual 
 reports of his wonderful work is largely due the im- 
 proved condition in this land. 
 
 His first furlough was taken in 1881, ten years after 
 he had gone forth, not knowing whither he went. His 
 return was expected with much interest, but the ef- 
 fects of that visit far surpassed all expectations. He 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 4J 
 
 went through the Church Hke a whirlwind, and his 
 reception was everywhere an ovation. On that occa- 
 sion the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred 
 upon him by Queen's University, Kingston. His sec- 
 ond and only other visit to his native land was made 
 twelve years later. During the intervening years the 
 Church had become somewhat familiar with mission- 
 aries and their story, so that the excitement was less 
 intense; yet he never fell one degree in the estimation 
 of the Church which he represented. Although he 
 never sat in a General Assembly in his life, apprecia- 
 tion was expressed by unanimously electing him to the 
 moderator's chair, the highest honor of his Church. 
 
 2. Social Qualities. — He could scarcely be de- 
 scribed as social. Reserved even among his friends, 
 among strangers he was often silent. He could 
 scarcely be induced to take part in mission or other 
 conferences, even where his influence might have 
 been widely felt. His life work might have been en- 
 larged, had he been able to give the benefit of his 
 personality and experience more freely to other equally 
 faithful, if less gifted, fellow laborers. But he was 
 not so constituted. He had an affectionate nature. 
 He loved in after years to trace the record of the com- 
 panions of his boyhood. He was an intense Canadian 
 and devotedly loyal to the British flag. Yet he mar- 
 ried a Chinese wife, identified himself with the Chi- 
 nese people and loved them as his own. That uni- 
 versality of sympathy would have given him accept- 
 ance with any people and would have found its way 
 to their hearts. He had a tender, transparently sin- 
 cere and lovable nature, and he was most loved by 
 those who knew him best. 
 
44 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Off to China. — This was not so easy a matter in 
 1871, as it is in 1902. There were no through tickets, 
 palatial steamers, obliging agencies nor frequent fur- 
 loughs. Little was known of far-away China by the 
 ordinary reader, and books were comparatively few. 
 To say farewell to aged parents and other friends was 
 a more bitter experience then than now. Thirty years 
 have wrought a wonderful change. But it had to 
 be. On the nineteenth of October, 1871, he went forth, 
 with no weapons or guides other than the Word of 
 God and his own voice, which are after all the two 
 essential weapons in successful Warfare anywhere. 
 The Word without the voice God has not largely used, 
 nor yet the voice without the Word ; but when the 
 living Word is upon lips that have been touched with 
 a living coal from off the altar, we have God's in- 
 strument and something is going to be done. Dr. 
 Duff learned that lesson on the way to India, when his 
 Bible was the only one of all his books that was saved 
 from the wreck. Mackay had an interesting use to 
 which to put his Bible on the way to San Francisco, 
 whence he was to sail for Hongkong. Traveling by 
 different railroads he had to negotiate for special rates 
 with each. At Omaha the agent looked at him doubt- 
 fully and asked for his credentials. He had none and 
 for a moment was nonplussed, but he quickly thought 
 of his Bible, presented by the Foreign Mission Com- 
 mittee at his ordination with its inscription. He pro- 
 duced that, and it was accepted as satisfactory. Al- 
 though not in exactly the same way, the Book was 
 ever his defense and plea. He went forth like Abra- 
 ham, not knowing whither he went but relying on the 
 words " Go ye," and " Lo, I am with you always." 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 45 
 
 There was absolutely no other confidence, whether in 
 self-defense or to lift men out of the fearful pit, in 
 Christian or in non-Christian lands. 
 
 Choice of a Field. — When the Foreign Mission- 
 ary Committee were discussing the field before Mac- 
 kay's designation, they had entered into correspond- 
 ence with different mission boards and, among others, 
 with the Board of the English Presbyterian Church, 
 which had a flourishing mission in South Formosa 
 and in Swatow and Amoy on the mainland. These 
 missionaries cordially welcomed him and strongly 
 urged the claims of the Swatow district. He had no 
 instructions from home and no definite convictions ; 
 but he felt some unseen influence directing his atten- 
 tion to Formosa, and Formosa he felt that he must 
 see before a decision could be reached. He arrived 
 at Ta-kow and spent a month with the missionaries 
 there. He learned that, although a prosperous mis- 
 sion had been established in South Formosa in 1865, 
 nothing had been done in the north. Wishing not to 
 build upon another man's foundation, he eventually 
 decided upon North Formosa as the scene of his life 
 work. " In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he 
 shall direct thy paths." Never was promise more 
 gloriously fulfilled, as the event amply revealed. 
 
 Formosa! — i. The name means "beautiful" and 
 was first applied by the Portuguese, when viewing 
 the precipitous cliffs and cloud-piercing mountain 
 peaks of the eastern coast. To Canadians familiar 
 with Mackay's accent and fervid exclamations, " Beau- 
 tiful Formosa " is a characteristic phrase. His love 
 for the natural scenery of the island was only second 
 to his love for the people and their eternal welfare. ^, 
 
46 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 2. Physical Features. — Formosa lies off the east 
 coast of China, opposite the Fo-kien Province, and is 
 about ninety miles from the mainland. It is about 
 250 miles from north to south, and its greatest width 
 is about eighty miles. It is about one-half the size 
 of Scotland. Through the center of the island runs 
 a mountain range which at its highest point reaches 
 an elevation of 13,000 feet. These mountains are cov- 
 ered to their summits with dense vegetation, of which 
 rattan and innumerable ferns form a striking feature. 
 To the west these mountains sink into a rich alluvial 
 plain, traversed by rivers forming important water- 
 ways for purposes of trade and travel. On the eastern 
 side of the island the plain is narrower and is inter- 
 sected by mountain spurs running out to the water's 
 edge. The streams here are more violent, cutting 
 deep ravines through a bold rocky shore that rises in 
 some places to a height of 7,000 feet, presenting 
 scenery of rare magnificence and beauty. " Domes 
 and peaks and wall-like precipices succeed each other 
 in striking variety. A brilliant verdure clothes their 
 sides, down which dash cascades that shine like silver 
 in the tropical sunlight." The northern part of the 
 island is more varied in character, and it terminates 
 in bold headlands with an occasional harbor, although 
 there are few good ones on the island. 
 
 3. Inhabitants. — The original inhabitants were 
 Malayan, belonging to the same family as the Filipi- 
 nos farther south. The Chinese crossed over from the 
 mainland, driving the aborigines back into the moun- 
 tains and taking possession of their fertile plains. 
 They brought with them their own customs and re- 
 ligion and are an industrious people with unchanged 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 47 
 
 Chinese characteristics. They came chiefly from the 
 province of Fo-kien and are called Hok-los. A few 
 crossed over from Canton Province and are called 
 Hak-kas or Strangers. Many of the aborigines in the 
 eastern plains accepted the Chinese civilization and are 
 called Pe-po-hoans, or barbarians of the plains. In 
 another plain farther south, they are called Lami-si- 
 hoan, or barbarians of the south. The unsubdued 
 aborigines of the mountains are called Chhi-hoan or 
 raw barbarians. A few who are settled among the 
 Chinese in the western plain are called Sek-hoan or 
 ripe barbarians. The social condition of the aborigines 
 is very low. They have savage feuds among them- 
 selves and are at perpetual war with their Chinese 
 neighbors, who robbed them of their heritage. A 
 sense of rude justice causes them to attach great vir- 
 tue to the capture of a Chinese head, and the warrior 
 whose hut is decorated with the greatest number of 
 Chinese skulls is admired by all. They have all the 
 instincts of the hunter and live largely by it, although 
 to a small extent husbandry is carried on, the women 
 doing the greater part of the work. 
 
 4. Formosan Products. — Coal is very abundant, 
 but on account of the violent upheavals of past ages 
 the strata are so broken and displaced as to make min- 
 ing operations difficult and unprofitable. Natural 
 gas and petroleum are found in different sections, 
 and sulphur is plentiful and forms an important re- 
 source. Camphor wood is abundant, and the cam- 
 phor industry was once of great value. Tea is one 
 of the principal agricultural products, and rice is so 
 largely cultivated that Formosa has been called the 
 granary of China. 
 
48 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 5. Its Climate. — The southern half of the island 
 is within the tropics. The rainfall is very great dur- 
 ing January and February, but during other months 
 of the year as well heavy rainfalls are common. This 
 great amount of moisture and the tropical sun cause 
 rapid and rank vegetation. Flowers bloom from Jan- 
 uary to December, and foliage is renewed as fast as 
 it decays. This rapid growth and decay accounts for 
 the deadly malarial fever with which the island is 
 afflicted, and which is so extremely trying to for- 
 eigners. 
 
 6. Dutch Supremacy. — In the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries, colonizing power was in the hands 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. While sometimes 
 the missionary led the way, ordinarily the Church 
 waited until the way was opened by national and com- 
 mercial considerations. By papal decree Spain fell 
 heir to America, and the rest of the world was con- 
 ferred upon the Portuguese. After the rise of the 
 Dutch Republic and escape from the tyranny of Spain 
 a new era dawned. The Dutch became the possessors 
 of the world-wide dependencies of the Portuguese, and 
 missionaries were sent by them to look after the re- 
 ligious affairs of the natives, as Governors were sent 
 to take charge of the civil and political affairs. The 
 Dutch were the first to convert theory regarding mis- 
 sions into practice. In 1612 they founded a seminary 
 at Leyden for the training of men who could be sent 
 as missionaries to their colonial possessions. 
 
 The Dutch Occupation. — i. Dutch Missions. — 
 It was in 1624 that the Dutch East India Company 
 took possession of Formosa, and on the fourth of May, 
 1627, Rev. George Candidius landed, the first mis- 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 49 
 
 sionary. He entered immediately and ardently upon 
 the study of the language and religion of the natives 
 and laid the foundations of a successful mission. Ten 
 years later Rev. Robert Junius was appointed to assist 
 him, and subsequently thirty other ordained mission- 
 aries were appointed and labored for longer or shorter 
 periods during the thirty-seven years of the Dutch oc- 
 cupation of the island. That a great work was done 
 by these good men is unquestioned, although the fol- 
 lowing quotation from a letter written home to the 
 Classis in Amsterdam suggests a doubtful policy : 
 " Our brother, the Rev. Robert Junius, has baptized 
 in their six villages upward of 5,400 persons ; of 
 whom all that are living — with the exception of the 
 young children — repeat fluently the ' Law of God,' 
 the ' Articles of God,' the ' Articles of Belief,' the 
 ' Lord's Prayer,' the ' Morning and Evening Prayers,' 
 the ' Prayers before and after Meals ' and the ' Ques- 
 tions concerning the Christian Religion,' which is a 
 catechism Mr. Junius will show to you." 
 
 In Ceylon a similar policy was adopted by the Dutch 
 missionaries. They established free and compulsory 
 schools and seminaries for the training of native 
 teachers and preachers, and in the year 1722 they 
 claimed 424,392 native Christians. In the year 1795, 
 when the British took possession and granted free- 
 dom on religious matters, the native Christians fell 
 away, so that in 1806 Reformed Christianity became 
 extinct. Such is the result of the use of formulas, 
 instead of insisting upon change of heart, knowledge of 
 the Scriptures and Christian life and work. Yet many 
 of these men were devout and consecrated, and their 
 contribution to the world's evangelization was great. 
 
50 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 2. The Dutch Expulsion. — The Ming Dynasty was 
 supplanted by the present Manchu-Tatar Dynasty in 
 1644. The pirate Koxinga refused allegiance to the 
 usurpers, collected a large fleet, swept the seas and 
 gained tens of thousands of adherents. But the Tatars 
 were too strong for him. He left the mainland and 
 besieged the Dutch in Sakam, which afterward became 
 Tai-wan-fu, the capital of Formosa. The siege lasted 
 for nine months, but it ended in the surrender of the 
 garrison and the evacuation of the island in 1662. 
 The Church was exterminated, the only trace being 
 a translation of the gospel of St. Matthew in the For- 
 mosan language. 
 
 3. Dutch Heroism. — Hambrock, a Dutch mission- 
 ary, was taken prisoner with others by Koxinga, who 
 sent him to the garrison with conditions of surrender. 
 His wife and children were held by the pirate as hos- 
 tages, and he was told that unless he persuaded the 
 garrison to surrender, vengeance would be taken upon 
 the other prisoners. Instead of persuading them to 
 surrender, Hambrock assured them that Koxinga had 
 lost many of his ships and was weary of the siege 
 and encouraged them to hold out. After the council 
 of war, it was left to him whether he should remain 
 with the garrison, or return with the certain prospect 
 of death. His two daughters, who were in the gar- 
 rison, clung to his neck and entreated him to remain. 
 He said that nothing but death could come to his wife 
 and two children if he remained, and unlocking him- 
 self from his daughters' arms and exhorting all to a 
 resolute defense he returned to his captivity. Koxinga 
 received his report sternly and carried out his threat. 
 The male prisoners were slain in a barbarous man- 
 
George leslie mackay 51 
 
 ner to the number of 500; some of the women and 
 children were slain; others were appropriated by the 
 officers; and the rest were sold to the common sol- 
 diers. 
 
 4. A Consecrated Island. — Although North For- 
 mosa was virgin soil, for the Dutch missionaries did 
 their work in the South, yet the island had been oc- 
 cupied and consecrated by the blood of the saints. 
 There was no distinction between north and south 
 in the hearts of these saintly men, who 200 years be- 
 fore had included all Formosa in their prayers and 
 had cried unto God day and night for the salvation 
 of the whole island. It is not, therefore, accurate to 
 credit any man in the nineteenth century with being 
 the first missionary to Formosa. Other men labored, 
 and Mackay entered into their labors. Sowers and 
 reapers shall rejoice together. 
 
 Beginning Work. — i. The spirit in which he en- 
 tered upon his work is revealed in a letter written 
 a few weeks after he had fixed upon North Formosa 
 as his field of labor. " I am shut out from fellowship 
 with Christian brethern, yet I am not lonely nor alone. 
 I feel my weakness, my sinfulness, my unfaithful- 
 ness. I feel sad as I look around and see nothing 
 but idolatry and wickedness and all the abominations 
 of heathenism on every hand, and, alas ! alas ! for those 
 from Christian lands. I can yet tell little about Jesus, 
 and with stammering tongue. What can I do ? Noth- 
 ing; but, blessed thought, the Lord Jesus can do all 
 things. He alone can comfort a poor worm of the 
 dust. Jehovah is my refuge and strength." 
 
 2. The First Home. — The only available house had 
 been built for a stable into the side of a hill with the 
 
52 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 river in front, and for this $15 a month was charged. 
 Two pine boxes with their contents constituted his en- 
 tire outfit. A chair and bed were loaned by the Brit- 
 ish Consul, and a pewter lamp was presented by the 
 friendly Chinese. The house was whitewashed, and 
 the walls were decorated with newspapers. Then he 
 settled down to work with the consciousness that, as 
 recorded in his diary, he had been led thither by the 
 Master as directly as if his boxes had been checked 
 for Tamsui. 
 
 3. Learning the Language. — Every true mission- 
 ary feels that the best work can never be done with- 
 out a working knowledge of the language of the people 
 to whom he is sent. Mackay believed that any mis- 
 sionary unwilling to undergo the labor of acquiring 
 the language is a doubtful appointment. During ths 
 first month spent in South Formosa he improved his 
 time and mastered the eight tones. His Chinese serv- 
 ant became his first teacher, but he had not been ac- 
 customed to such work. Hearing a man making ab- 
 surd attempts by the hour at imitation of sounds that 
 to himself seemed perfectly simple suggested doubts 
 as to the sanity of his pupil. After a few weeks the 
 servant-teacher suddenly vanished and never again re- 
 appeared. 
 
 Like any sensible man determined to speak Chinese, 
 Mackay avoided all English speaking citizens of Tam- 
 sui. He cultivated the companionship of boys herd- 
 ing water buffalo, and from them he gathered the 
 vocabulary of the common people and at the same time 
 studied the Chinese character with such indifferent 
 appliances as were at hand. Thus, through constant 
 use of what had been acquired and the daily acquisi- 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 53 
 
 tion of new words, at the end of five months he 
 preached his first sermon on the text, " What must I 
 do to be saved ? " The boys ever after continued to 
 be his friends and loved to recall the experiences of 
 former years. One of them, as he wrote eleven years 
 later, became a student in Oxford College and entered 
 the gospel ministry. Mackay became a fluent Chinese 
 speaker and prepared a dictionary of 10,000 words, 
 twenty copies of which were prepared by the students 
 for their own use. All these copies were destroyed 
 during the French invasion in 1885. The dictionary 
 was afterward printed and is still of service in the 
 mission. 
 
 4. The Religions of China. — Next in importance 
 to a knowledge of the language of the Chinese did he 
 regard a knowledge of their religion, in order that 
 he might understand their viewpoint. Professor Max 
 Miiller affirms that " no judge, if he had before him 
 the worst criminal, would treat him as historians and 
 theologians have treated the religions of the world." 
 Common honesty demands that a missionary acquaint 
 himself with the religions with which he has to deal. 
 Only then can he do them justice and find common 
 ground. Mackay longed for more " common ground " 
 and made use of what he had. When breaking new 
 territory he often began his address by quoting the 
 Fifth Commandment, which at once commended itself 
 to ancestor-worshipping Confucianists. " There are 
 scattered rays of light in every land and many beauti- 
 ful gems of thought." It is the wisdom of the Chris- 
 tian missionary to recognize truth wherever it is found 
 and to show that these fragments of truth are united 
 and perfected and personified in Him who is the Truth 
 
54 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 and the Life. As soon as he was able to converse with 
 the Chinese, the necessity of this knowledge was ap- 
 parent. He was visited in his stable-home by literati 
 who contemptuously challenged discussion, and he 
 was compelled to give a reason for the faith that was 
 in him. Many of these Chinese, like the Athenians 
 of old, spent their days in seeking something new, 
 and Mackay spent his nights in mastering Confucian 
 wisdom, that he might put his antagonists to con- 
 fusion. Not many days were passed before the lead- 
 ing positions were mastered and the literati found it 
 convenient to avoid debate. 
 
 5. The First Convert. — Among his first visitors 
 was a young, prepossessing and intelligent man named 
 Giam Chheng-hoa. He returned again and again, 
 bringing groups of literati with him that he might 
 hear a full discussion of the merits of the new doc- 
 trine as contrasted with their own three religions, 
 Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The literati 
 were repeatedly confounded, and after they had finally 
 withdrawn, A Hoa returned and confessed his con- 
 viction that this was the true doctrine, declaring his 
 own determination to be a Christian if it should cost 
 him his life. Mackay had been praying that his first 
 convert might be a young man of suitable gifts for 
 companionship in this ministry. The prayer was 
 abundantly answered. A Hoa proved such a man. 
 He was the son of a poor widow but had been sent to 
 school until he was seventeen years of age. He had 
 also traveled on the mainland, having spent six years 
 in Peking, and was thus prepared by former training 
 for the commanding position of influence among his 
 own people to which he afterward attained. He be- 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 55 
 
 came Mackay's constant companion and his language 
 teacher, while he himself was being taught geography, 
 astronomy, history and especially the Word of God. 
 A Hoa was not only a loyal friend who on more than 
 one occasion was instrumental in saving the life of his 
 teacher, but he also became an effective preacher. 
 Mackay was heard to say that rarely had he heard 
 Canadian preachers who could influence a Canadian 
 audience as A Hoa could move a congregation of his 
 own countrymen. He is also gifted with sound judg- 
 ment and has been much used in adjusting differ- 
 ences between Christians and the civil authorities. 
 
 Planting Churches. — i. Every convert is ex- 
 pected to be a missionary. That seems to be more 
 noticeably true in heathen than in Christian lands. 
 In Formosa churches have sprung into being through 
 the personal influence of individuals, who have carried 
 the message of life to their friends. The first out- 
 station was started by a widow named Thah-so, who 
 heard the Gospel in Tamsui and found in it a balm 
 to her weary soul. Her home was in Go-ko-khi, a vil- 
 lage ten miles up the river. She came back, bringing 
 others with her. The interest continued, so that a boat- 
 load would come down the river to attend religious 
 services. They then persuaded the missionary and A 
 Hoa to visit them, and soon the foundations of a 
 church were laid. The prefect of Bang-kah sent a com- 
 pany of soldiers to terrify the natives and stop the 
 work. Tan Phauh, the head-man of the village, a 
 man of generous physique, who had seen active service 
 on the mainland, feared not the bluster of soldiers, told 
 them frankly that he was done with idols and wa5 
 going to live according to the Ten Commandants, 
 
56 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 which he had pasted on the walls of his house. They 
 then threatened the widow Thah-so, but she held up her 
 hymn-book and declared her purpose to live by that. 
 The soldiers left the village, declaring that the " foreign 
 devil " had bewitched them all. The church was built, 
 and about 150 declared their rejection of idols and 
 their desire for instruction and worship. In this first 
 chapel, A Hoa, the first convert, was the first preacher, 
 and Thah-so, the widow, the first female convert, was 
 his chief helper. 
 
 2. At Sin-tiam, which lies eighteen miles inland irom 
 Tamsui, the church was founded through the influence 
 of Tan-he, a modest young farmer who heard the 
 gospel at Tamsui and interested others who came to 
 see and hear for themselves. Eventually the mis- 
 sionary visited the town on a festal day, as it happened, 
 when large multitudes were on the streets. Most of 
 them had never seen a foreigner, and the violence of 
 a mob was averted by an accident which inflicted an 
 ugly wound on a boy's head. Mackay dressed flie 
 wound and bound it with his own handkerchief. Im- 
 mediately the tide was turned ; sympathy succeeded 
 hatred, and soon a congregation was gathered and or- 
 ganized. The present church in Sin-tiam is one of the 
 finest in North Formosa. Tan-he, who had become 
 a student, was its faithful pastor until the day of his 
 death. Sometimes mission premises, at first established 
 outside the towns, were destroyed by typhoons, and 
 new buildings were erected within the towns, the 
 people in the meantime having become more friendly. 
 Thus the work developed and grew, not according to 
 any preconceived or detailed plan, but under the leading 
 of the Holy Spirit. 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MAC KAY 57 
 
 The Taking of Bang-kah. — i. One of the most 
 thrilling chapters in " From Far Formosa " bears the 
 title of this paragraph. Bang-kah was the Gibraltar 
 of heathenism in North Formosa. It is not only the 
 largest and most important city, but it was also the 
 most determinedly anti-foreign. Foreign merchants 
 had never succeeded in establishing themselves there, 
 although frequent attempts had been made. The 
 authorities of the city had sent emissaries to the sur- 
 rounding villages and towns, inciting the people 
 against the missionary and his work. Nevertheless the 
 time had come when Bang-kah must be taken. Mac- 
 kay succeeded in renting a low hovel and placed over 
 the door a tablet with the words, " Jesus' Holy 
 Temple." Immediately the city was in an uproar. 
 The military authorities brought evidence to prove that 
 the site belonged to them, and he had to abandon his 
 claim. He left and after prayer with his students re- 
 turned the same night and succeeded in renting another 
 place. The mob tore that building to pieces, even car- 
 ried away the stones of the foundation. He and his 
 students moved across the street to an inn which was 
 immediately assailed by the mob, when in their ex- 
 tremity the British Consul from Tamsui with the 
 Chinese mandarin appeared on the scene. The Consul 
 demanded that as a British subject the missionary be 
 protected. 
 
 2. Mackay insisted upon erecting upon the same site 
 another building, a small chapel which was dedicated 
 while soldiers paraded the streets to preserve the peace. 
 Seven years thereafter a handsome stone church was 
 built in Bang-kah, with a stone spire seventy feet high 
 and with rooms for the native preacher and missionary. 
 
-58 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Ten years later, in 1893, when Dr. Mackay was on the 
 eve of returning to Canada, the people of Bang-kah 
 asked the privilege of honoring him by carrying him 
 through the streets of the city in a sedan chair. He 
 recoiled from such a parade, but he concluded that as 
 in the past they had done to him as they chose, he 
 would allow them to follow their own inclination. 
 A procession was formed, consisting of head-men, 
 magistrates and military officials, bands of music, 
 flags, footmen, all that the Chinese conception of glory 
 could suggest, to confer honor upon the man who some 
 years before had defied their authority and was to them 
 the impersonation of evil. The heathen may rage, but 
 He who sits in heaven shall hold them in derision. 
 The taking of Bang-kah is typical of the determination 
 and courage and faith that pressed on until smitten by 
 the hand of death. 
 
 Training of Students. — i. A Peripatetic School. 
 — A self-sustaining, self-governing and self-propag- 
 ating church demands an educated ministry. Mackay 
 from the very beginning began to select the most cap- 
 able young men and train them for this work. A Hoa, 
 the first convert, was thus utilized, and the number 
 steadily increased until sixty native preachers were em- 
 ployed in ministering to as many native congregations. 
 In the early days of the mission the students ac- 
 companied him on his evangelistic trips, and they were 
 taught by the way. Under a tree or by the seashore, 
 or in the chapels, they received instruction in geog- 
 raphy, astronomy, church history, anatomy, physi- 
 ology, etc., but chiefly in Bible truth. Most of these 
 students traveled with him barefooted up the steeps, 
 or through the mountain passes, and across fields and 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 59 
 
 extensive plains. The advent of a procession of as many 
 as twenty students, headed by their teacher, would 
 of itself excite interest in the numberless hamlets and 
 towns through which they passed. After each day's 
 study was over the students had their opportunity of 
 declaring to others the truths which they had been 
 studying for themselves, and an audience was never 
 wanting. After the mission grew to larger proportions 
 and a college had been established, this more primitive 
 method of instruction was largely discontinued and no 
 doubt more continous and thorough work was done in 
 the educational center. Nevertheless, there was a 
 charm and romance about these peripatetic days to 
 which Mackay ever looked back with longing affection. 
 Although much was gained, there was a distinct loss 
 when the students became confined within college 
 walls. 
 
 2. Oxford College. — When at home on his first 
 furlough Mackay's addresses did much to stimulate 
 interest throughout the Canadian Presbyterian Church. 
 The enthusiasm was such that the people of his own 
 county, Oxford, Ontario, presented him on the eve 
 of his return with $6,215, for the erection of an edu- 
 cational institution to be known as Oxford College. 
 It was built under his own supervision at Tamsui, on a 
 beautiful site about 200 feet above the river. It is a 
 commodious building with accommodations for fifty 
 students and two teachers and their families, and it is 
 supplied with necessary appliances, such as class- 
 rooms, museum, library, and bath-room and kitchen 
 conveniences. The opening of the College was a great 
 day in Formosa. There were about 1,500 present. 
 Every European in Tamsui was there. The building 
 
6o EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 was decorated with British flags from the consulate 
 and customs, and two distinguished mandarins in their 
 sedan chairs graced the occasion. There were many 
 addresses of congratulation, and interesting remin- 
 iscences of the struggles and joys of the past were 
 rehearsed. One native preacher spoke almost regret- 
 fully of the days when in the class rooms " they had 
 the starry heavens for a roof, the earth and sandy 
 beach and tender grass for a floor, the mountains and 
 seas for the walls of their habitation, the rocks for 
 tables and chapel benches for beds." 
 
 Special pains have been taken to beautify the college 
 grounds with a profusion of trees, shrubs and flowers. 
 When it is remembered that flowers bloom in Formosa 
 for twelve months in the year, the possibility of this 
 without great labor or expense is manifest. On the 
 grounds there are over 1,200 evergreens, besides hun- 
 dreds of banians and blooming oleanders, and they are 
 surrounded by hedges of privet and hawthorne. Stu- 
 dents who have visited Princeton will not forget the 
 old trees and avenues and campus and all the delight- 
 ful associations of those beautiful surroundings. Dr. 
 Mackay, himself a student of Princeton, no doubt re- 
 membered and was in a measure under the influence 
 of that historic spot, when he labored to beautify this 
 one educational center in North Formosa. This was 
 not, however, simply to please, but it was regarded as 
 a necessary part of the college education. He found 
 the Chinese deficient in appreciation of the beauties 
 of nature. Even A Hoa, a young man of exceptional 
 natural ability, was quite insensible to the charms of 
 beautiful Formosa in the midst of which he had been 
 born and educated. Mackay beautifully describes how 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 6l 
 
 one morning he led A Hoa up the side of the Quan-yin 
 Mountain, 1,700 feet above the sea, and there wit- 
 nessed the awakening of his dormant powers. A Hoa 
 at first could not understand the motive in making so 
 difficult an ascent. As they stood gazing upon the 
 magnificent panorama of sea and land, and as they 
 sang together the One Hundredth Psalm, an invisible 
 hand touched the eyes so long closed, and he saw. It 
 was to A Hoa a mount of transfiguration, an apoca- 
 lyptic vision of a hitherto unseen world. Ever after 
 he was an ardent observer and student of the beauties 
 of nature. 
 
 3. Method of Teaching. — The curriculum of the 
 College included the subjects ordinarily taught in our 
 colleges with the exception of classical studies. The 
 amount of work done in each department was neces- 
 sarily limited, but so far as it went, it was thoroughly 
 practical and intelligent. The true teacher excites in 
 his pupils thirst for knowledge and enthusiasm for his 
 theme. Dr. Mackay possessed certain important char- 
 acteristics for a successful teacher. He was always 
 animated and impatient of dullness in the class-room. 
 Weariness was relieved by change of subject, and often 
 in the peripatetic classes of early years they would 
 scatter and collect specimens of rock or plant or insect, 
 or amuse themselves like children for a time, and then 
 return to their studies refreshed. Sleepiness was an 
 unpardonable sin in college work. He was perpetual 
 and inexorable in review. Simple memorizing was not 
 enough. The subject must be understood. This was 
 discovered by cross-examination and drill. The ex- 
 pectation of such minute and daily examination kept 
 the students up to work and in readiness for what was 
 
62 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 to come. He attached more importance to the cultiva- 
 tion of memory and recitation in the class-room than 
 is usual in colleges. Large sections of the Old Testa- 
 ment and the New were memorized. In early years 
 two hours each evening during the session were given 
 up largely to recitation. Women and girls from the 
 Girls' School came into the college hall and occupied 
 the center seats. The students sat in seats along the 
 sides of the hall, and before that audience the students 
 acquitted themselves as best they could. 
 
 Sometimes a debate was the program of the evening, 
 at other times, a student or a Bible-woman would 
 recite the whole of the Shorter Catechism. Some of 
 the students could recite the whole collection of Psalms 
 and Hymns in use in the mission. He recognized that 
 many highly educated ministers failed because they 
 could not deliver their message effectively ; the public 
 would not listen to them. Hence he insisted upon the 
 importance of correct speaking, readiness and self- 
 possession before an audience. Unhappy mannerisms 
 or affectations were mercilessly exposed and corrected, 
 and both teacher and students took part in criticising 
 such class-room performances. 
 
 Special mention needs to be made of his museum 
 as an educational factor. Nowadays in college work 
 text-books are becoming of less and less consequence. 
 The laboratory and quarry and dissecting room and 
 archives are taking their places. The student must 
 do independent work and develop his own individuality. 
 He ought not to be an echo of any man, however great. 
 That was the use Dr. Mackay made of his museum 
 which is one of the finest collections in the East. The 
 microscope was in constant use, and the hidden wondef?> 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 63 
 
 and beauties of the works of God, whether in stone or 
 shell or insect or plant, were thus disclosed. Every 
 student was constantly looking out for new things, 
 which not only added to the museum, but also cul- 
 tivated in himself the capacity for seeing the world 
 about him, which so many have never seen. 
 
 4. Music. — He was not musical but had a passion 
 for music. In youthful days he labored diligently to 
 learn but without much success. In this respect he 
 was not unlike D. L. Moody. There was music in his 
 soul, and he loved to hear other voices give expression 
 to it. In College classes exercises were frequently 
 relieved by the singing of hymns. When surrounded 
 by an enraged mob, he and his students would lift up 
 their voices in the words of the old familiar para- 
 phrase, — 
 
 " I'm not ashamed to own my Lord, 
 Or to defend His cause," 
 
 which would thrill their own souls with new strength, 
 and overawe their foes. When by the bedside of the 
 dying, he sang hymns of joy and faith and victory, in 
 which the suffering saint often joined and during the 
 singing of which sometimes the spirit took its flight. 
 He took full advantage of the Chinese fondness for 
 music as a means of imparting gospel truth. Evening 
 hours were spent in the chapels teaching the people 
 to sing gospel hymns, much after the fashion of sing- 
 ing-schools in rural communities of Canada a gen- 
 eration ago. " The Devil can't sing ; prayer and song 
 and work will keep the Devil at bay," said John 
 Stuart Blackie. 
 
 " The Devil remains a stranger 
 To breasts that teem with song." 
 
64 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Certain it is that music finds little place in heathen 
 worship. It is a Christian grace, the natural expres- 
 sion of the joy of the gospel. 
 
 Mackay's Marriage. — i. A Dutch View. — Rev. 
 G. Candidius, when pleading in 1628 for the appoint- 
 ment of another missionary to Formosa, wrote : " He 
 should bring out a wife with him, that he may escape 
 the snares of Satan and may with his family be unto 
 the people as a mirror and living example of an honest, 
 virtuous and proper life. But for several reasons a 
 much better arrangement would be for him, being un- 
 married, to take to wife one of the native women. It 
 would also be very expedient, were ten or twelve of our 
 countrymen to take up their abode in the island — per- 
 sons of good and virtuous conduct not without means 
 and inclined to marry the native women of the place. 
 These would be the magnets that would attract the 
 whole country ; and in this way the undertaking would 
 succeed and God would grant his blessing thereon." 
 
 2. Dr. Mackay's Argument. — While he did not ad- 
 vocate the latter colonizing suggestion, with the 
 former he agreed not only in theory but in practice. 
 He wrote home in December, 1877, to the Committee: 
 " I have been for a long time grieved at heart to see 
 the women here despised and left within their homes, 
 whilst husbands and brothers attend services. I have 
 pleaded and prayed and wept. Sometimes amongst 
 200 hearers only two or three women are present. 
 Such being the case, after long and prayerful consider- 
 ation, I have determined, God willing, to take a 
 Chinese lady to become my helpmeet, and labor for 
 these perishing thousands. She is a young, devoted, 
 earnest Christian who will, I believe, labor until death 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 65 
 
 for the salvation of souls. My great motive in this is 
 that I may be more instrumental in the salvation of 
 souls. I cannot reach that class myself, and as I be- 
 lieve that Chinese and Canadians are alike in the 
 presence of our Lord, I act accordingly. It matters 
 nothing to me what some people may think, if I can 
 only win more souls, and I think I can. Brother R. 
 just sent me a note saying there are ' charming ladies 
 in Canada, one of which would come out as my help- 
 meet.' I am not thinking about ' charming ladies.' 
 I am thinking how I can do most for Jesus. This is 
 a trying climate for foreign ladies. A foreign lady 
 cannot live in the chapels in the country, and she can- 
 not reach the women by living in the port. This lady 
 can go from chapel to chapel and thus gather perishing 
 souls." 
 
 Men have criticized his action but all will admire 
 the consecrated purpose of his life. In May, 1878, he 
 was married by the British Consul at Tamsui, to Tui 
 Chhang Mia, a Chinese lady who proved equal to his 
 expectations. She was a devoted and loving wife and 
 helper until the day of his death. He never found 
 occasion to regret his unusual and independent action. 
 
 3. The Wedding Trip. — Immediately after his mar- 
 riage he returned to the country to visit the stations 
 with his young bride.- He wrote : " At every station 
 women who never entered the chapel before attended 
 and listened as she, sitting amongst them, told the 
 story of redeeming love. Women who had formerly 
 attended but seemed afraid to come forward, now took 
 their places confidently by her side. Having visited 
 all the northern stations except Kelung, we started 
 south and arrived at Liong Lik drenched with rain 
 
66 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 and with blistered feet. On the following day we 
 were again overtaken with pouring rain. Mrs. Mackay 
 was blown off the chair in which she was borne and 
 the men who were carrying her were prostrated beside 
 the muddy path. We reached a chapel in the evening 
 and it was ample compensation for our slight incon- 
 veniences to witness such prosperity in the work. In 
 the evening quite a number of women were present, 
 and after worship Mrs. Mackay spent an hour in 
 teaching them to sing several hymns. We travelled 
 over beds of burning sand and under scorching sun. 
 Mrs. Mackay went from house to house exhorting 
 the women to attend the service, and the result was 
 gratifying." The heavy rains swelled the mountain 
 torrents, and they had to cross several such streams 
 in order to reach their destination. The first two were 
 easily waded, but they barely escaped being carried 
 away in the third. Having finished their visitation of 
 the churches, they returned from a notable wedding 
 journey which left memories more precious than such 
 trips usually do. 
 
 Girls' School. — Religious interest excited among 
 the women led to the erection of a school building for 
 their education. The Girls' School stands beside the 
 College at Tamsui within the same grounds, and the 
 two buildings are of equal dimensions. Social condi- 
 tions in Formosa would not allow young women to 
 leave their homes and reside in a boarding school as 
 in America, but when accompanied by a senior relative 
 it is quite proper to do so. There are therefore in the 
 school married and single women, both young and old, 
 prosecuting their studies together. Sometimes the 
 husband is a student in the College and his wife a pupil 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 67 
 
 in the Girls' School at the same time. Mrs. Mackay, 
 assisted by two matrons, took charge of the school, 
 and the progress made was sometimes phenomenal. 
 One girl in a single month learned to read the Bible in 
 the Romanized colloquial with considerable fluency 
 and correctness. Many in attendance are the daughters 
 of preachers and elders, and they have become valuable 
 helpers as wives and workers in the churches. At 
 certain periods in the history of the mission from thirty 
 to forty women were employed as Bible women, but 
 the unsettled state of the country for some time made 
 it necessary to discontinue such service. 
 
 The French Invasion. — i. In Formosa. — In 
 1884 war broke out between China and France over a 
 boundary line in Tonquin. The invasion of Formosa 
 by the French was the occasion of much suffering and 
 loss to the mission. Chinese hatred of all foreigners 
 immediately asserted itself, and the missionary and his 
 converts were in the public mind associated with the 
 French invaders. As soon as the first shot was fired, 
 bands of looters, who had nothing to loose, persecuted, 
 tortured and robbed defenceless Christians. Many 
 were slain, refusing to purchase deliverance by denial 
 of their Lord. Many chapels were destroyed and 
 everywhere the derisive shout was heard that " the 
 mission was wiped out." At one station, Tao-liong- 
 pong, the chapel was demolished, a huge mound was 
 erected with the debris which was plastered with mud, 
 and upon it was inscribed in Chinese characters the 
 epitaph, " Mackay, the black-bearded devil, lies here. 
 His work is done." The labors and anxieties of this 
 invasion brough on a severe illness. When Tamsui 
 was besieged, all foreigners were asked to go aboard 
 
68 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 a British man-of-war, with their famiUes and valuables, 
 for protection. This Mackay declined to do. His con- 
 verts were his valuables, and he would suffer and, if 
 need be, die with them. Later his wife and children, 
 and Mr. and Mrs. Jamieson, associates for a time in 
 the mission, went to Hongkong, but he remained be- 
 hind. 
 
 2. However, an acute attack of cerebral meningitis, 
 during which his life was despaired of for a time, made 
 a change necessary. He boarded the steamer Fukien 
 to take the round trip to Amoy, but before his return 
 Tamsui was blockaded and he was shut out. He had 
 to remain until the following May in Hongkong. Let- 
 ters written at that time were full of lamentations on 
 account of enforced absence from his beloved church 
 in its time of trial. He wrote : " I know I could render 
 little assistance, that chapels are levelled to the ground 
 and work suspended ; that many converts have been 
 plundered and slain ; that my presence might only 
 excite deeper hatred; but O, to be there and die, if 
 need be, with the poor people for whose salvation I 
 have had the privilege of laboring so long! It makes 
 me tremble to think of Romish priest-craft in dear 
 beloved Formosa, should the French take possession 
 and hold it." During this enforced absence he was 
 not idle. Two of his students were with him, and their 
 studies were continued. This was a comfort in the 
 midst of those days, which he described as the most 
 trying, of all his experiences in Formosa. 
 
 3. In Captivity. — After the blockade was raised 
 and he was allowed to return to Formosa, preparations 
 were made to visit the churches on the east coast. 
 Armed with a letter from the British Consul to the 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 69 
 
 Commander-in-chief of the French forces and ac- 
 companied by two preachers, A Hoa and Lap-Sun, he 
 proceeded to Kehmg. There were 8,000 French sol- 
 diers at Kelung, and they were harassed by twice as 
 many Chinese troops who were drilled by German 
 officers. The French mistaking him for a German 
 spy, he and his companions narrowly escaped being 
 shot. The soldiers blindfolded them, led them through 
 the lines and sent them on board a man-of-war. As 
 soon as he was identified, courteous treatment was ex- 
 tended, and the next morning they were set at liberty. 
 They then proceeded to visit the afflicted churches in 
 the Kap-su-lan plain and rejoiced to find that suf- 
 fering only bound them more closely to Jesus Christ. 
 
 Building Churches. — i. As soon as the war was 
 over, he presented claims amounting to $10,000 (Mexi- 
 can) as indemnity for damage done to mission property. 
 Without reference to Peking or investigation, these 
 claims were allowed and the money paid. The problem 
 now was, how best to spend so large an amount. " I 
 could with that amount build two dozen fragile 
 churches," he wrote, " or one dozen ordinary churches, 
 or one-half dozen strong and artistic churches." He 
 decided upon the latter course, set to work and in less 
 than three months finished three splendid churches of 
 solid stone with a stone wall around each, at the three 
 principal stations, Bang-kah, Sin-tiam and Sek-khan. 
 
 2. They have towers and spires of solid masonry 
 from seventy to eighty feet high, with the British flag 
 and burning bush in stucco on the spires. They are 
 conspicuous buildings in these towns, and cannot be 
 hid. But why spend money on spires? This action has 
 been questioned by neighboring missionaries in South 
 
70 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Formosa. His reply was that, in the first place, the 
 heathen were thus convinced of the folly of destroying 
 the former buildings, when they saw better ones spring 
 up in their places ; secondly, they gave visibility to the 
 church of Christ and impressed the heathen with a 
 sense of permanence; thirdly and chiefly, they refuted 
 the Chinese superstition called feng-shni, which means 
 an indefinable something that they think will be dis- 
 turbed if a building rises above the regulation height 
 of surrounding buildings. These spires pointing 
 heaven-ward, overtopping heathen temples and no dis- 
 aster resulting, are a perpetual and unanswerable re- 
 futation of this absurd superstition. Of the sixty 
 churches in the mission, only six were of this durable 
 and to the Chinese imposing style of architecture. 
 
 Labors Abundant. — i. His energy and powers of 
 endurance seemed almost preternatural. While super- 
 intending the work of 200 men, employed on the erec- 
 tion of these churches, he dispensed medicines to hun- 
 dreds, preached daily, taught the students at night and 
 in the three months traveled 1,600 miles on foot. In 
 additon, during these three months he repaired two 
 other chapels and opened another new station in a 
 large town. 
 
 2. His Defense. — In 188 1 the funds of the Com- 
 mittee were low, and a letter was sent to him advising 
 the utmost economy. He was evidently annoyed and 
 wrote in reply : " I thought I was exercising economy 
 to the utmost of my ability, perhaps beyond it. I put 
 up three strong churches in as many months, followed 
 by three more in about the same time and one more 
 in exactly one month. I worked as a laborer, traveled 
 as a coolee under sun and rain, carrying on and super- 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY J I 
 
 intending this work, working at night so as not to 
 interrupt teaching, guiding and supervising the whole 
 mission. I thus saved the mission by actual computa- 
 tion about $3,000. All for Christ." 
 
 A member of the mission at that time, perfectly fam- 
 iliar with his methods and work, wrote that during 
 these three months he traveled daily over twenty miles, 
 never using a chair because that would increase ex- 
 pense. The same writer, in speaking of his versatility 
 and resourcefulness, stated that when toiling outside 
 all day, building chapels, he was in the habit of giving 
 the students in the course of a few hours at night as 
 much as kept them busy during the following day. 
 Not only were the students in attendance at the Col- 
 lege led through systematic courses of study and kept 
 steadily at work for months, but preachers scattered 
 over the field were also kept at work. They regularly 
 sent the results of their labor to him, and he personally 
 examined them. Natives who had been his com- 
 panions for many years expressed amazement at his 
 resourcefulness. 
 
 A Hoa, who had been his companion for sixteen 
 years, according to this correspondent, stated that 
 although he had often heard him choose the same 
 subject, he had never known him to give the same 
 address twice. His teaching from the living Word 
 was living, always nourishing, — newly beaten oil, of 
 which his hearers never wearied. Busy from daylight 
 to dark, with patients, converts from the country, cor- 
 respondence from the stations, mandarin cases and a 
 thousand and one other things, when did he make his 
 preparation ? Much of it was made when others slept. 
 He required but three or four hours' sleep out of the 
 
72 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 twenty-four. Foreigners in port often made their way 
 to his house, and letters appreciative of such visits 
 were received from distant parts of the world. Such 
 appreciation came from those who knew him and his 
 work at short range. 
 
 Times of Refreshing. — i. He wrote on the thir- 
 tieth of March, 1883: "I am on the east coast, four 
 days journey from Tamsui. Fully 1,000 have thrown 
 away their idols and wish to be taught Christianity. 
 I have dried my clothes before fires made of idolatrous 
 paper and idols, and employed three men to carry other 
 idols to my museum in Tamsui. I never passed through 
 such experiences. Hallelujah! Blessed be God, Jesus 
 reigns ! O, the scenes of these days ! Now I am ready 
 to depart. I have seen the glory of God ! " A few 
 weeks later came from him the following cablegram, 
 " One thousand aborigines threw idols away." Some 
 weeks later he wrote : " My cablegram was below the 
 mark. Upward of 2,000 have thrown away their idols 
 and wish to follow the Lord of Hosts. I am just back 
 from that region; what a scene! What an outburst 
 when they sang, 
 
 " How sweet the name of Jesus sounds 
 In a believer's ear." 
 
 " In a village of upward of 200, every soul wants to be 
 a Christian. Every house is cleansed of idols. Another 
 village of 300 came out as a body. They sang sweet 
 hymns late into the night. Most of the people biive 
 to work hard for a living. One village will give 150 
 days' labor, another 100 days', etc., to help in putting 
 up chapels. I sent nine of the older preacher; to work 
 among them." 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 73 
 
 2. In March, 1886, he spent with A Hoa ten days 
 
 on the eastern coast. He wrote : " We visited eighteen 
 stations. A typhoon destroyed several churches. I 
 mostly preached in the open air under a burning sun. 
 We baptized 1,138 — all converts who would have been 
 baptized sooner but for the French invasion. We 
 ordained thirty-eight elders and forty-two deacons." 
 These trips to the villages were his chief delight as 
 can easily be imagined, and they were as frequent and 
 prolonged as College and other duties permitted. One 
 visit was paid to points on the eastern coast, where he 
 had never been, but from which he had an invitation 
 of twelve years' standing. The military officer pro- 
 vided a pony, " which was plump if not fiery," with the 
 usual string of bells. On this he rode for a week, 
 visiting the whole plain and preceded by an official 
 groom. He found many of the villages ripe for de- 
 cisive action. Multitudes were assembled to hear him, 
 and he challenged them to give up their idols there 
 and then. Boys were sent around with baskets to 
 gather up their idols, mock money, incense sticks, etc., 
 for a bonfire. They vied with each other in kindling 
 the pile. One chief took special delight in poking 
 the burning objects of worship, while roars of laughter 
 followed the pulling out and holding up a blazing God- 
 dess of Mercy. An idol temple, which had been built 
 by themselves at a cost of $2,000, was handed over 
 for Christian worship. That day about 500 idolaters 
 cleansed their houses of idols and began the worship 
 of the true God. No wonder that beautiful Formosa 
 was dear to his soul and that such scenes were cherished 
 memories ! But he fully recognized that the work was 
 only begun, when the idols were destroyed. Hence 
 
74 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 the importance of a ministry that could build these 
 converts up in faith and holiness, and to the develop- 
 ment of such a ministry his best days were devoted. 
 
 Medical Work. — i. His Preparation, — Before 
 Mackay's theological studies had been begun, he had 
 spent some time in the study of anatomy and phy- 
 siology. His medical studies, it is true, were very 
 incomplete, but they proved of great service in the 
 mission. The long experience of thirty years in the 
 midst of a trying climate and much sickness could not 
 fail to result in considerable skill, especially when the 
 missionary was a devoted student of books as well 
 as of men. Malaria is so prevalent in Formosa that 
 it is not an infrequent thing to find whole families 
 prostrated at the same time. He himself was a victim 
 of this dread disease. Dr. J. B. Fraser, who was asso- 
 ciated with him for a few years, states that he saw Dr. 
 Mackay delirious while his perspiration was so profuse 
 as to be literally dropping through the mattress on 
 which he was lying. He frequently hoped that science 
 would discover such an antidote for malaria as vac- 
 cination is for smallpox. 
 
 2. Practice in Hospital and Homes. — In such dis- 
 tressing conditions and in the presence of the crudest, 
 most absurd, as well as most painful and injurious 
 treatments of native doctors, it was but natural that he 
 should begin to use what knowledge of medicines he 
 had. This practice developed into a hospital at Tam- 
 sui, where tens of thousands were helped and healed, 
 very many of whom were won for Jesus Christ. But 
 he felt that there was a special advantage in minister- 
 ing to the afflicted at the stations and in their homes. 
 The hospital treatment came to be regarded as a right 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 75 
 
 and placed the patient under no special obligation to 
 the mission, but Mackay's voluntary attendance in 
 chapel and home won sympathy for the mission and 
 for the gospel that heals the greater malady. 
 
 3. He recognized the danger of developing quack- 
 ery. In Chinese missions on the mainland it is not 
 uncommon for young men who get some knowledge of 
 drugs to abandon the mission and become medicine 
 vendors. Notwithstanding this danger and on account 
 of the impossibility of overtaking the work at so many 
 stations, he instructed his students in the use of fifty 
 of the most commonly used remedies and with very 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 4. Lay Dentistry. — Malaria causes toothache, 
 which he found to be so common and distressing 
 that he soon extemporized a forceps and gave relief. 
 This grew into a regular part of his mission work. 
 The forceps and the Bible went together. He and his 
 students would take their stand in an open place, ex- 
 tract teeth and then preach the gospel. He is said to 
 have extracted about 40,000 teeth during his lifetime 
 and to have become exceedingly expert, having se- 
 cured the most modern and approved appliances in 
 the market. It not only attracted attention but gave 
 relief to great suffering and won attention for his 
 message. This was a new departure and as usual 
 won more or less ridicule elsewhere, but he had the 
 courage to be odd, and the results justified the 
 method. 
 
 Spiritual Power. — i. Prevailing Prayer. — 
 There lived in Pang-kio-than the richest man in 
 North Formosa, worth $10,000,000 but a lawless 
 tyrant. He made his wealth by defrauding the poor 
 
76 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 and kept several hundred soldiers for self-defence. 
 He lived in luxurious grandeur, but he had every en- 
 trance to his house and grounds barred. A prisoner 
 in a palace, the beggar at his door was a freer man 
 than he. He had accused Mackay at one time of build- 
 ing a chapel on part of his property, but before the 
 British Consul he was beaten in his contention by the 
 hated and despised barbarian. He was greatly in- 
 dignant and ordered his tenants to discontinue attend- 
 ance at the chapel. Some refused obedience; they 
 gave up their lands and followed Christ. Some years 
 later in reporting a visit to, and cordial reception by 
 this rich man, he adds : " I have gained every point 
 I asked God for since I landed here. I longed to see 
 this town occupied ; now it is. I longed for a substan- 
 tial hospital, and we have it. I asked for a chapel 
 in Bang-kah, and it is built. I prayed for all the cities ; 
 every one has a place of worship. I asked for a col- 
 lege; it stands yonder. I pleaded for the east coast, 
 and there are many churches there. Every hamlet 
 has been visited. There are no ' regions beyond,' no 
 strongholds to conquer. The people are yet to be won, 
 but we shall not weary. Beloved Formosa will be 
 under the blood-stained banner." Mackay had found 
 the key to the missionary problem. 
 
 2. Communion of Samts. — In reporting the num- 
 ber of converts and the state of the mission, he did 
 not forget those who had finished their course. They 
 were still his, and he loved to relate the story of their 
 lives and their triumphs in death. In 1882 he wrote: 
 " When I was in Canada eight baptized members went 
 home singing glory, glory, glory, forevermore. I am 
 now sitting within a stone's throw of two graves. In 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY "J^ 
 
 one lies a dear young man, the son of an elder, and in 
 the other a young man I frequently alluded to. I stood 
 an hour over his grave recalling the past. When four 
 thousand savages in the city of Bang-kali pulled down 
 our chapel and threatened our lives, he stood at my 
 side without flinching. I remembered the mark of 
 redhot iron on his forehead. There is no mark now 
 but the mark John saw on the forty and four thou- 
 sand on Mount Zion. I can point to saints above who 
 have triumphantly entered within the veil, as well as 
 to converts in North Formosa." In 1884 he wrote : 
 " Another convert gone home ! For eight years he lay 
 in prison under a false charge. I have bundles of let- 
 ters written in his cell. During these eight years 
 amid insult, hunger and torture he trusted in the Lord 
 Jesus, exhorting the prisoners to repentance. God 
 be praised." Nothing was lost. He endured as see- 
 ing Him who is invisible, and the white-robed mul- 
 titude as well. 
 
 The Japanese War. — i. During the Japanese 
 war in the years 1895 -1896, the Formosan Church 
 again passed through the furnace. Many Christians 
 suffered martyrdom, not because they were disloyal 
 to the Japanese Government, but because they were 
 misrepresented by the Chinese officials. The mission 
 suffered by death and removal a loss of about 700 
 members. During the greater part of that war Dr. 
 Mackay was in Canada on furlough, the Rev. Mr. 
 Gauld being in charge of the mission. After Formosa 
 became a Japanese possession. Dr. Mackay wrote: 
 " Seeing the Japanese flag — a rising sun — floating 
 on every hand, I often think of the time when the 
 Sun of Righteousness shall arise and make this island. 
 
yS EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 SO full of natural beauty, a place where the Church 
 of God shall shine with all the glory of our glorious 
 and glorified Christ." 
 
 2. His long experience of Chinese officials made 
 him hopeful as to Japanese influence in the mission, 
 although certain disadvantages immediately appeared. 
 The introduction of the Japanese language into schools 
 and greater stringency in hospital administration 
 caused both schools and hospital to be temporarily 
 closed. On the other hand, the change of Govern- 
 ment broke through the wall of Chinese conservatism 
 and made a change of religion easier. It was formerly 
 regarded as an act of disloyalty to China to abandon 
 the national religion. Now hatred for the Japanese 
 induced friendliness to the rehgion of the foreigner. 
 The Japanese can themselves appreciate the catholicity 
 of Christianity better than the Chinese could, and they 
 are not so disposed to put needless obstacles in the way 
 of the mission. To them the beneficial results of Chris- 
 tianity are apparent. Hence, after the immediate con- 
 fusion arising from the war and an unsettled govern- 
 ment passes away, it is believed that the conditions will 
 be more favorable to Christian work and to the exten- 
 sion of the cause of Christ. 
 
 The Martyr Spirit. — Mackay has been charged 
 with heedlessly exposing himself to danger and seek- 
 ing martyrdom. The taking of Bang-kah has been so 
 interpreted. But the instinct of self-preservation was 
 in him, as in most men, strong enough to escape death 
 when it can be done without disloyalty to Christ. Yet 
 " the spirit of martyrdom has been woven into the his- 
 tory of the Church." Krapf said, " The victories of 
 the Church are won by stepping over the graves of her 
 
' GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 79 
 
 members." Judson expressed the same thought : " Suf- 
 fering and success in service are vitally hnked. If you 
 suffer without succeeding, it is in order that some one 
 else may succeed after you. If you succeed without 
 suffering, it is because some one else has suffered 
 before you." Christ said, " Except a corn of wheat 
 fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone : but 
 if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit." The mar- 
 tyr spirit is the true missionary spirit. No man is 
 fully equipped as a missionary who cannot do the 
 work assigned to him regardless of suffering or death. 
 Mackay took exposure and toil cheerfully, not because 
 he was insensible to suffering, but because in so doing 
 he believed that he was walking in the footsteps of 
 Jesus Christ. He also recognized, and had many illus- 
 trations of the fact, that fearlessness in dealing with a 
 foe is the best weapon of defence. 
 
 The End. — i. His Translation. — The last chapter 
 in Dr. Mackay's life is quickly written. In September, 
 1900, he went to Hongkong for treatment of what was 
 supposed to be ulceration of the throat, and for a time 
 it seemed as if the treatment might prove successful. 
 These expectations were disappointed. The malady 
 soon appeared to be malignant and developed so rapidly 
 as to reach the fatal issue on the second of June, 1901. 
 On that day a cable message thrilled the Canadian Pres- 
 byterian Church with the intelligence that the great 
 missionary was dead. In the delirium of the last days 
 his mind was still upon his work. He rose during the 
 night, escaped from the home to the college and sat in 
 his chair, to conduct, as he supposed, an examination. 
 He was but in the prime of life and in the vigor of his 
 days. It was but natural that he should reluctantly lay 
 
8o EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 down a work that he loved so well and in which he had 
 such unfailing confidence. 
 
 2. Post Mortem Influence. — His last message to the 
 Canadian Church was the following: "Will Formosa 
 be won for Christ? No matter what may come in the 
 way, the final victory is as sure as the existence of God. 
 With that thought firmly fixed, there will be but one 
 shout, ' And blessed be his glorious name for ever, and 
 let the whole earth be filled with his glory, amen and 
 amen.' " The demonstrations of sorrow on the part of 
 the native Church were unaffected and pathetic. He 
 had spared nothing in their behalf. They understood 
 his life, appreciated his worth and recognized the ir- 
 reparable loss. At Tsui-tung-kha the church had been 
 recently destroyed by earthquake, and at the suggestion 
 of the Rev. Mr. Gauld, a " Mackay Memorial Church " 
 has been erected in its place. It is a united effort, en- 
 tirely built by the Church in Formosa, and it is such 
 an expression of affection as would probably be most 
 appreciated by Dr. Mackay himself. There are several 
 memorial churches in the mission. One is to the mem- 
 ory of his father, George Mackay, built by the native 
 preachers and members in 1884. Others are called the 
 "W. C. Burns Memorial Church," the "Elizabeth 
 Machur Memorial Church " and the " James Memorial 
 Church." He believed in so practical a method of cher- 
 ishing the memory of the departed. But he could say 
 with the apostle, " Ye are my epistles " — a spiritual 
 temple that earthquakes cannot destroy, that will abide 
 eternally in the heavens. 
 
 His Colleagues. — Notwithstanding the fact that 
 this is a sketch of Dr. Mackay and his work, it is proper 
 to state that others were associated with him for longer 
 
GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 8l 
 
 or shorter periods and made their contributions to the 
 Church in that island. Rev. J. B. Fraser, M.D., was 
 appointed in 1874 and because of family affliction re- 
 tired in 1877. Rev. K. F. Junor, M.D., was appointed 
 in 1878 and retired in 1882, because of personal afflic- 
 tion. The Rev. John Jamieson was appointed in 1882, 
 and died in 1891. The Rev. W. Gauld was appointed 
 in 1892, continued to be the colaborer and devoted 
 friend of Dr. Mackay throughout the latter years of his 
 life, and he was his tender and sympathetic comforter 
 in death. After the removal of the senior missionary, 
 Mr. Gauld assumed entire responsibility and has since 
 administered the mission with remarkable firmness and 
 prudence. The Rev. Thurlow Fraser, a student volun- 
 teer of Queen's College, Kingston, has been appointed 
 as Mr. Gauld's associate in the work. Mr. Fraser's 
 past gives promise of a strong and effective ministry. 
 May the Holy Spirit, who distributeth to every man 
 severally as He will, maintain the glorious record of 
 His beloved Church in " beautiful Formosa." 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 
 
 83 
 
Isabella Thoburn 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 
 
 Christian — Teacher — Missionary 
 1 840- 1 90 1 
 
 BY REV. W. F. OLDHAM, D.D. 
 
 Scotch-Irish Ancestry. — i. The Thoburns in 
 Ireland. — The Scotch-Irish are held in high esteem 
 in America. So marked is this esteem that the aver- 
 age Protestant Irish family, when it begins to prosper, 
 makes minute search for the dash of Scotch blood that 
 is supposed to greatly enrich it and secure the family 
 in popular esteem. The Thoburns were originally 
 Scotch, probably sprung from Scandinavian ancestors. 
 In the seventeenth century a portion of the family 
 moved to the neighborhood of Belfast, Ireland. Here 
 early in the last century one of the Thorburns, whose 
 name by Irish attrition had come to be Thoburn, mar- 
 ried Miss Crawford, and together they emigrated to 
 the United States, — that " Beulah Land " toward 
 which Irish eyes have looked longingly for a hundred 
 years and never more eagerly than now. 
 
 2. On reaching America in 1825 the Thoburns were 
 attracted to Eastern Ohio, where they settled on a 
 farm near St. Clairsville. Ohio is one of the remark- 
 able States of the Union, for here the severer culture 
 of the older East meets the expansive and virile en- 
 
 85 
 
86 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ergy of the younger West. From this State there has 
 come a larger proportion of the commanding men and 
 women of the Repubhc than its mere numbers would 
 lead one to expect. The Ohio man is prominent in 
 State and Church, and the Ohio woman is in evidence 
 everywhere. 
 
 Ohio Homes and Schools. — i. The Thoburn 
 Family. — It was in the stimulating religious atmos- 
 phere of this great State that the Thoburn children 
 were born and reared. There were ten of them, for 
 this was one of those healthy, old-fashioned families 
 that did not tend to disappearance in a generation or 
 two. Five boys and five girls made the Thoburn 
 home a bustling, busy place. Isabella was the ninth 
 child and the youngest daughter but one. She was 
 born March 9, 1840. All of the children have 
 given a good account of themselves in life. Of the 
 sisters, two have been much in the eye of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, because of their wide public 
 service in the woman's missionary activities of that 
 denomination. Mrs. J. R. Mills is now the Conference 
 Secretary of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society 
 of the East Ohio Conference, and Mrs. Ellen Cowen 
 of Cincinnati is the efficient Corresponding Secretary 
 of the Cincinnati Branch of the same society, which in- 
 cludes the States of Ohio, Kentucky and West Vir- 
 ginia. Her youngest brother is James Mills Thoburn, 
 Missionary Bishop of India, a man as well known and 
 as influential for good as any man that America ever 
 sent to Southern Asia. 
 
 2. The parents of these children were, it may easily 
 be believed, people of sterling worth and deep re- 
 ligious fervor. The father was a class-leader in the 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 87 
 
 Methodist Church. The mother, a woman of extraor- 
 dinary force of character, profoundly affected her 
 children's early religious life. As with Augustine and 
 John Wesley, so with the Thoburns ; when one in- 
 quires into the life and outcomes of the child, he must 
 take note of the mother who, more than any other on 
 earth, shapes infancy and adolescence into worthy 
 manhood. 
 
 3. Isabella's Education. — Isabella, in common with 
 the other children of the family, received her early edu- 
 cation in the country public school. Here she proved 
 herself a faithful student, not brilliant, but purposeful 
 and thorough. She never would assent to a proposi- 
 tion, whether in letters or numbers, until she under- 
 stood it. Mental thoroughness early characterized 
 her. She might seem a trifle slow in reaching a posi- 
 tion, but when she arrived she knew the ground which 
 she had been over thoroughly, and was competent to 
 intelligently direct the next adventurer. It was un- 
 usual at that time for young women to go any farther 
 with their education than the public school, but Miss 
 Thoburn and her mother were agreed that the largest 
 possible preparation for the work of life is the best 
 investment of money and time that youth can make. 
 So the public school course was followed by the train- 
 ing afforded by the Wheeling Female Seminary and 
 that by a year in the Art School of Cincinnati. It 
 was well that such sound educational foundations were 
 laid in her girlhood by one who was afterwards to 
 open the pathway to the higher learning for the com- 
 ing leaders of a far away people. For Miss Thoburn 
 to have been content with less than the best prepara- 
 tion which the times and her circumstances afforded, 
 
88 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 would have barred her from the wider usefulness of 
 later years. 
 
 4. Early Teaching Experiences. — Forty years ago 
 the number of educated women was small everywhere. 
 It was larger in Ohio than in most States, but not so 
 large but that one might safely say of any well pre- 
 pared woman that she would probably become a 
 teacher. This Miss Thoburn became at the early age 
 of eighteen. But though young in years, she was re- 
 markably mature in judgment and had that admirable 
 admixture of frank kindliness with native leadership 
 which enables its happy possessor to become at once 
 the friend and guide of others. She, who was after- 
 wards to open the way to college education for Chris- 
 tian young women in India, began her experience as 
 a humble country school teacher in Ohio. And, in- 
 deed, it is no mean preparation for any place of use- 
 fulness in life to meet at life's threshold the severe 
 test of a " country school marm's " experiences. 
 What tact and shrewdness and native force that ex- 
 perience calls for in any successful issue of it, only 
 those know who have tried and either failed or suc- 
 ceeded. If we were advising a missionary candidate 
 with suitable preparation, who, for any reason, is de- 
 tained in the home land for a while, we would recom- 
 mend a year's experience in a country school room as 
 likely to exercise and develop all those qualities most 
 needed in a foreign missionary. 
 
 5. Further Teaching Experience. — From the coun- 
 try school she was advanced to higher grades of teach- 
 ing, serving in influential positions for one year in 
 a Young Ladies' Seminary in Newcastle, Pa., and 
 later in a similar school in West Farmington, Ohio. 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 89 
 
 During these years she was always the earnest, help- 
 ful Christian worker, who came to richer, fuller de- 
 velopment year by year. She gave much thought and 
 attention to the pupils under her care. She did not, 
 however, refrain from the wider work of the day. 
 The Civil War was making great demands upon the 
 women, as well as upon the men of the nation. In 
 all work looking to the alleviation of suffering among 
 the sick and wounded soldiers she showed the same 
 energetic but tender spirit that in after years made 
 her so successful, and which won to her the hearts of 
 all whom she touched. Her interest in the affairs of 
 the nation never waned. When domiciled in India 
 she followed all the larger politics of her adopted 
 country with the keen, sympathetic interest of one 
 who recognized that no lover of his kind can be satis- 
 fied until all organized society is so purified as to en- 
 large the chance for virtue in the individual ; that men 
 are " men " and not merely " souls," and that the true 
 winner of souls is that " wise " one who recognizes 
 that, whatever power there may be in the individual 
 to live his own life, there is yet a solidarity in the 
 human family which makes the ills of one the burden 
 of all. 
 
 The Call from India. — i. Her Brother's Mes- 
 sage. — While Miss Thoburn was pursuing her use- 
 ful work in America with no particular thought in 
 her mind of service in any foreign land, events were 
 shaping in India which were destined to entirely alter 
 the course of her life. It may always be assumed 
 that the people, who are most likely to benefit the 
 heathen when they reach them, are those who are 
 faithful to duty and seize opportunity wherever they 
 
90 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 may be. The student volunteer who is shpshod in 
 the work at hand and careless of the advancement of 
 those around him here, can scarcely be expected to do 
 notable things when he reaches some other land. Af- 
 ter all, life anywhere only gives one an opportunity 
 to work out what is within. In the absence of a de- 
 vout, helpful personality mere change of locality means 
 little. The even tenor of Miss Thoburn's way in 
 Ohio was broken by the receipt of a letter from her 
 missionary brother, James, who had been for several 
 years in North India. He was a young widower and 
 had constantly met with difficult situations created 
 by the peculiar place assigned to woman in Hindu 
 society. With him to clearly see a difficulty has ever 
 been preliminary to a decisive attempt to meet it. As 
 he found his work constantly hindered with compli- 
 cations which no man's hand could unravel, he 
 promptly wrote his sister Isabella to take steps to 
 join him as a missionary in North India. That fate- 
 ful letter was fraught with weighty consequences. 
 
 2. Woman in India. — What James M. Thoburn 
 felt in his work was the common experience of all 
 missionaries in that land of strange contradictions, 
 where excessive humaneness towards animals exists 
 side by side with harshest and most unsympathetic 
 treatment of women. The Indian woman has suf- 
 fered, beyond her sisters of any other heathen land, 
 the disabilities that later Hinduism has put upon her 
 sex. As early as the fifth century before Christ, 
 Manu, the famous lawgiver, in his code defines the 
 place of woman and her relation to her husband as 
 that of a slave to her lord, a creature to her master. 
 He is to exercise the severest discipline in her treat- 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 9 1 
 
 ment and in her standing in this world, and any ghm- 
 mering hope that she may have of a life to come de- 
 pends upon her servile obedience to lordly man. The 
 sad history of Indian womanhood, as seen by those 
 brought up in the free air of Christly teachings, has 
 been pathetically summed up in three brief sentences, 
 which, though, like all apothegms, not wholly true, 
 still contain so much truth as to afford a severe ar- 
 raignment of Brahmanism. This terse history is, 
 " Unwelcomed at birth, unhonored in life, unwept in 
 death." No heavier burden lies upon life in India 
 than the inhuman and debasing treatment of woman- 
 hood by the religious prescription of the ruling faith. 
 India can make but little advance in any true progress 
 or civilization, except as the wrongs of child marriage, 
 enforced widowhood, and the social suspicion and dis- 
 respect and religious discrimination against her, are 
 lifted off the heart and mind of the Indian woman. 
 No blacker cloud darkens any national sky than the 
 cloud of unhonored womanhood which overhangs 
 India. 
 
 Among the most futile of the defenses that are of- 
 fered is that the Indian woman desires the conditions 
 under which she lives and most earnestly resists any 
 alteration of social conditions. This has always been 
 the lame apology of the wrong-doer. The slaveholder 
 has always held his slaves for their good and has al- 
 ways pleaded their belief in his statement of the case; 
 anything to the contrary has always been the mis- 
 chievous work of meddlesome friends of the slave. 
 And so with Indian women, there are not a few 
 Western men who are tempted to believe the Hindu 
 putting of the case. But what if the woman, deprived 
 
92 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 for centuries of the ordinary rights and privileges of 
 a human being, should be sunk through the genera- 
 tions into passivity and even ignorant w^elcoming of 
 her servile place. Alas, for the captive bird that never 
 knew freedom ! 
 
 But let any faintest understanding of the true state 
 of the case, any feeblest knowledge of how other 
 women live and are trusted and honored reach her, 
 and at once the woman's heart in India pines for what 
 she immediately recognizes as her natural right. 
 Listen to the prayer of one of these as recorded by 
 her fellow countrywoman, the Pundita Ramabai : " O 
 Lord, hear my prayer. For ages dark ignorance has 
 brooded over our minds and spirits ; like a cloud of 
 dust it rises and wraps us round ; and we are like 
 prisoners in an old and moldering house, choked and 
 buried in the dust of custom ; and we have no strength 
 to get out. Bruised and beaten, we are like the dry 
 husks of the sugar-cane when the sweet juice has 
 been extracted. Criminals confined in jails are hap- 
 pier than we, for they know something of the world. 
 They were not born in prison; but we have not for 
 one day, no, not even in our dreams, seen Thy world, 
 and what we have not seen we cannot imagine. To 
 us it is nothing but a name ; and not having seen Thy 
 world we cannot know Thee, its Maker. We have 
 been in this jail; we have died here, and are dying. 
 O God of mercies, our prayer to Thee is this, that the 
 curse may be removed from the women of India." 
 
 3. Unmarried Lady Missionaries. — And these iso- 
 lated women are cut off from any chance of male 
 ministration. No male missionary may preach the 
 gospel to any but the lowest caste women of India, 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 93 
 
 and even these listen with timidity and are ill at ease 
 in the presence of a strange white man. The mis- 
 sionaries' wives work among them ; but the affairs 
 of the missionary households, the claims of missionary 
 children and the necessary and legitimate sharing of 
 the wives in the plans and burdens of their husbands 
 prevent them from being able to adequately meet the 
 great demand for a female evangelistic and teaching 
 agency. If the women of India, the home makers 
 and mothers of Hinduism, are to be evangelized and 
 taught the gospel of Jesus Christ and saved to hon- 
 ored and worthy womanhood, this must be done by 
 unmarried women from Christian lands preparing a 
 band of native women workers to carry the gospel 
 into secluded zenanas in the cities and to the mohullas 
 in the villages of that populous land. This James 
 Thoburn saw and wrote inviting Isabella to join him. 
 But there was a practical difficulty in the way. 
 
 4. Missionary Boards and Women Workers. — 
 When Miss Thoburn, in response to her brother's in- 
 vitation, sought to find her way to India, she learned 
 that there was no existing organization of the Church 
 which would authorize her going or her proposed 
 work. The General Society had not thought of any 
 but a male agency. All those who had the direction 
 of the Society were men, and Christendom has ever 
 been slow to recognize the possibilities of women and 
 the value of their service in the extension of the Re- 
 deemer's Kingdom. It was true that many young 
 women seemed to be eager for missionary service, but 
 this seemed only to add to the perplexity of the offi- 
 cials. Dr. Durbin, one of the strong men of the 
 Church and the secretary of the Society, wails : " If 
 
94 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 I wanted fifty young ladies, I could find them in a 
 week ; but when I want five young men, I must search 
 for them a year or more." That it might be possible 
 that God was moving upon the hearts of the young 
 women, and that they might be exceedingly serviceable 
 in the evangelization of the darkened peoples of the 
 earth, seems not to have entered the male mind. And 
 yet Miss Thoburn was so earnest and devoted a 
 woman and so loyal a Methodist, that when she ap- 
 plied to the Society to be sent to India, they felt that 
 they could not send her and yet scarcely dared to re- 
 fuse to do so. There was the alternative that she 
 could go under the auspices of the Woman's Union 
 Missionary Society of New York, which was already 
 in successful operation, but Miss Thoburn preferred 
 to exhaust the possibilities of appointment by the 
 agencies of her own Church before she would seek 
 any other way of reaching what she sincerely and 
 strongly held to be the work which God called her to 
 do. This hour of man's perplexity was, however, the 
 hour of God's opportunity, and there was about to 
 arise a new agency which should solve the difficulty 
 and become an added force of marked power for 
 preaching the gospel to the ends of the earth. 
 
 5. The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society Or- 
 ganized. — While Miss Thoburn and the missionary 
 secretaries were in this dilemma, the great Lord of 
 the harvest field was moving upon the hearts of Meth- 
 odist women in a city far removed from Ohio. In 
 Boston, prolific mother of great reforms and philan- 
 thropic movements, there met early in 1869 Dr. and 
 Mrs. William Butler, the founders of Methodist Epis- 
 copal missions in India and afterwards in Mexico, and 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 95 
 
 Mrs. Lois Parker, the wife of Dr. Edwin W. Parker of 
 India. All three of these bore the burden of the de- 
 pressed women of India upon their hearts, and as 
 they described the condition of these women to their 
 Boston friends, the idea sprang up of a female agency 
 to meet this special need. A meeting was appointed 
 to consider the subject and to take steps to form a so- 
 ciety. The day came, Tuesday, March 23, 1869, and 
 with it came a pelting storm. Six women were pres- 
 ent beside the two missionary ladies. Nothing daunted 
 the meeting was held. The speakers made powerful 
 addresses, and the six hearers, greatly moved, pro- 
 ceeded to immediately organize the Woman's Foreign 
 Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 With splendid zeal the Society was recruited from 
 East and West till it soon numbered hundreds of mem- 
 bers. 
 
 6. First Public Meeting. — At the first public meet- 
 ing it was announced that a missionary candidate from 
 Ohio had been referred by the general society to the 
 Woman's Society. She was in every way qualified 
 and was eminently fitted to succeed. The Society was 
 of tender age, and there was but little money as yet in 
 the treasury. What was to be done? A vote had al- 
 ready been taken that the first missionary should soon 
 be sent. Here was the lady already at their doors, 
 ready to go ! Mrs. E. F. Porter of Boston sprang to 
 her feet and said : " Shall we lose Miss Thoburn be- 
 cause we have not the needed money in our hands to 
 send her? No, rather let us walk the streets of Boston 
 in our calico dresses and save the expense of more 
 costly apparel. I move, then, the appointment of Miss 
 Thoburn as our missionary to India." The speech met 
 
96 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS ' 
 
 with ready response : " We will send her," they all 
 cried. Amid scenes like these were the beginnings of 
 that great Society, whose agents are now found in all 
 heathen lands and in the unevangelized portions of 
 Europe and Mexico and South America ; whose income 
 is rapidly approaching half a million dollars yearly; 
 which has never known anything but an onward move- 
 ment and has steadily gone forward from strength to 
 strength ; which, take it all in all, is the most splendid- 
 ly successful Methodist society in existence. A few 
 months later a medical missionary. Miss Clara Swain, 
 M.D., was also appointed, and together the two un- 
 married lady missionaries, the first of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, sailed for India after several fare- 
 well meetings. The sight of two young women leav- 
 ing home and kindred for the unknown dangers of a 
 far heathen land greatly impressed the imagination and 
 stirred the heart of the Church. The Woman's For- 
 eign Missionary Society has been greatly blessed of 
 God in the quality of its workers. Bishop David 
 Moore, after examining the Methodist Missions of 
 Japan, China and Korea, writes in February, 1902: 
 
 " To the Secretaries of the Woman's Foreign Mis- 
 sionary Society: 
 
 " I have now seen all your work in these three Em- 
 pires [China, Korea and Japan] and am prepared to 
 speak with authority. I am proud of the Woman's 
 Foreign Missionary Society and grateful for the work 
 it is doing and the results it has already achieved. You 
 have a remarkable body of workers. Were the selec- 
 tion to be made anew, I could not recommend a woman 
 to be omitted from the list. The reinforcements seem 
 to be hand-picked." 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN 97 
 
 This testimony has been paralleled by competent ob- 
 servers in all other fields; but it may safely be said 
 that the first missionaries of the Society have never 
 been excelled. By general consent of her fellow work- 
 ers Miss Thoburn was for many years of her later life 
 held to be " first among her equals," Beloved and 
 trusted by all, she was by common consent and without 
 the matter ever being put into words the guide and ad- 
 viser of the whole body of women at home and abroad 
 who worked with her. 
 
 Early Years in India. — i. Work Defined. — On 
 their arrival in India the two missionaries were very 
 kindly received by all, but there might have been much 
 difficulty in the place to be assigned them in the field 
 in their relation to their fellow workers, were it not 
 for the quality and clearheadedness of the ladies them- 
 selves. The initial victory to be won for all time for 
 women workers was first within the mission itself. 
 What is meant will be more clearly seen by reading 
 this extract from the pen of Bishop Thoburn, writing 
 about his early experience with his sister : " I was not 
 quick, however, to learn that the ladies sent out to the 
 work were missionaries, and that their work was quite 
 as important as my own. A few days after my sister 
 had commenced her work, I found myself pressed for 
 time and asked her to copy a few letters for me. She 
 did so cheerfully, and very soon I had occasion to re- 
 peat the request. The copying was again done for me, 
 but this time I was quietly reminded that a copyist 
 would be a great assistance to her as well as to myself. 
 The remark made me think, and I discovered that I 
 had been putting a comparatively low estimate on all 
 the work which the missionaries were not doing. 
 
98 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Woman's work was at a discount, and I had to recon- 
 sider the situation and once for all accept the fact that 
 a Christian woman sent out into the field was a Chris- 
 tian missionary, and that her time was as precious, her 
 work as important and her rights as sacred as those of 
 the more conventional missionaries of the other sex. 
 The old-time notion that a woman in her best estate is 
 only a helper and should only be recognized as an as- 
 sistant is based on a very shallow fallacy. She is a 
 helper in the married relation, but in God's wide vine- 
 yard there are many departments of labor in which she 
 can successfully maintain the position of an independ- 
 ent worker." 
 
 2. True Romance of Missions. — The preconceived 
 ideas of almost every missionary are likely to receive a 
 rude shock on reaching the mission field. The usual 
 thought is that the heathen world is full of amiable 
 people eager to welcome the missionary and to lend 
 themselves immediately to the carrying out of all the 
 teaching with which the missionary is charged. A very 
 brief experience easily upsets all this. The " heathen " 
 are found to be as tenacious of their beliefs and modes 
 of thought and habits as others; nor are they always 
 ready to admit the value of the strange missionary's 
 message, nor to see why they should change their ways, 
 derived from generations of revered ancestors. The 
 missionary early learns that the taking of the heathen 
 world for Christ is not a romantic gospel promenade, 
 but a very serious piece of business which taxes the 
 utmost resources of the best endowed and most fitly 
 prepared men and women through successive genera- 
 tions. Happy is that missionary who, when the mere 
 romance of the foreign asi)ects of his work is staled by 
 
ISABELLA TIIOBURN 99 
 
 experience, falters no whit because the higher and per- 
 ennial romance of helping sluggish immortals and in- 
 durated civilizations by the quickening presence of the 
 life-giving God remains as the calling for life's most 
 strenuous endeavor. Even thoughtful and well-poised 
 Miss Thoburn, who had been in close correspondence 
 with her missionary brother James, did not find India 
 the eager and waiting land that she had pictured. But 
 she soon adjusted herself to the facts of the life around 
 her and from the first saw with keen, unerring insight 
 that if India's women were to be won and India's 
 womanhood to be brought to worthy place, it must be 
 under the leadership of Indian women and through 
 their devoted service. It was clearly seeing this that 
 made her so eager an advocate of the best training 
 that could be given her Indian girls, and it was this 
 which made her eager to thrust them, when fitted, into 
 every place of responsibility that opened. And, again, 
 it was this readiness to afford them every possible ad- 
 vantage and to give them ever widening opportunities 
 for service and responsible position, that so endeared 
 Miss Thoburn to her scholars and fellow workers as 
 to make their devotion to her something extraordinary 
 and touching to behold. 
 
 3. Her First School. — As soon as she perceived 
 that the first requisite was to train leaders, she deter- 
 mined to open a school that should develop into a high 
 school for girls in the city of Lucknow. This city was 
 the most suitable for the purpose, for it was the capital 
 of Oudh and the center of Methodist activities at the 
 time. It had been besieged during the Indian Mutiny 
 twelve years before ; but already swift moving events 
 had made the Mutiny but a memory, and Lucknow was 
 
lOO EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 fast forgetting its bitterness in the changes and the 
 new ways being introduced by the EngHsh. But what- 
 ever progress Lucknow might be making toward new 
 ways of thought and life, the idea of a high school 
 for native girls was entirely too advanced, not only for 
 that city but for all interior India. Not only was this 
 too radical for Hindus, but even the English and Amer- 
 icans, who spoke dark parables about " spoiling the 
 native women " and educating them beyond their 
 sphere, were opposed to the scheme. 
 
 Miss Thoburn, nothing daunted, launched out. hir- 
 ing a small court in the Aminabad Bazaar, and the 
 older missionaries tell to this day with great glee of 
 how " Yunas Singh's boy, armed with a club, kept 
 watch over the entrance to the school lest any rowdy 
 might visit the displeasure of the public upon the seven 
 timid girls who were gathered inside with the ad- 
 venturous lady teacher who had coaxed them to come." 
 The school was soon moved into the private house of 
 one of the missionaries and rapidly grew into the 
 famous Girls' Boarding and High School, out of 
 which ultimately came the Lucknow Woman's Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Higher Education for Women in India. — i. 
 While the troublesome questions of location and pupils 
 were early solved, not so the question of what their 
 training should be. Indeed, there is still an occasional 
 controversy among the missionaries and their sup- 
 porters as to whether missionary funds are rightly 
 spent in providing any but a plain education for the 
 children of Christian converts. The necessity for pro- 
 viding an educated leadership seems even now, strange- 
 ly enough, to meet with question. It is true that the 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN lOI 
 
 questions are growing fewer all the time, but that there 
 should be any at all is a matter for surprise. What 
 Miss Thoburn's ideas on the subject were may be 
 learned from this utterance made at the Ecumenical 
 Conference in New York in April, 1900 : " The power 
 of educated womanhood is simply the power of skilled 
 service. We are not in the world to be ministered 
 unto but to minister. The world is full of need, and 
 every opportunity to help is a duty. Preparation for 
 these duties is education, whatever form it may take 
 or whatever service may result. The trained, which 
 means the educated in mind and hand, win influence 
 and power simply because they know how. Few mis- 
 sionaries have found the expected in the work await- 
 ing them on the field. We want to tell women and 
 children of Christ, their Savior and Deliverer, and to 
 teach them to read the story for themselves. But in- 
 stead of willing and waiting pupils, we have found the 
 indifferent, or even the hostile, to win whom requires 
 every grace and art we know. We have found sick- 
 ness and poverty to relieve, widows to protect, advice 
 to be given in every possible difficulty or emergency, 
 teachers and Bible women to be trained, houses to be 
 built, horses and cattle to be bought, gardens to be 
 planted and accounts to be kept and rendered. We 
 have found use for every faculty, natural and acquired, 
 that we possessed, and have coveted all that we lacked. 
 But it is not only our power over those we go to save 
 that we must consider. When saved they must have 
 power over the communities in which they live. We do 
 poor work if we do not inspire others to go and do like- 
 wise. Intemperance, divorce, degrading amusements, 
 iniurious, impure or false literp<^ure. are all serious 
 
I02 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 hindrances in the mission field. Women must know 
 how to meet them." 
 
 2. Lilavati Singh's Plea. — With Miss Thoburn at 
 the New York meeting was Miss Lilavati Singh, one of 
 her pupils who, with Phoebe Rowe and a host of others, 
 had been trained into lofty Christian womanhood by 
 Miss Thoburn and who loved her with a strength and 
 devotion rarely seen. It was of Miss Singh that ex- 
 President Harrison said, that if Christian missions 
 had done nothing more than make a Miss Singh out 
 of a Hindu girl, they had repaid all the money put 
 into them. Said Miss Singh, speaking also on the 
 higher education of Indian women : " It has been said 
 that because the gospel is to be preached, therefore 
 energy and money and time should not be expended 
 on higher education. With all that you have done for 
 as in the past, you will never have enough workers for 
 us. The only way to get enough workers to meet the 
 demands of the field is to train us to do the work 
 that your missionaries have done. I have been told 
 that when the officers of our Church have the names 
 of candidates presented to them, one of the first ques- 
 tions they ask is. What education has she had? Now 
 I could not help thinking that if, with your heredity 
 and environment, you require good education in your 
 laborers, how can we poor heathen do efficient work 
 without the same advantages? I have been with mis- 
 sionaries for a number of years, and I have seen them 
 when their hearts have been breaking. It is not the 
 climate that breaks their hearts ; it is not the difference 
 of food and the strange surroundings ; but what is 
 breaking the hearts of a great many missionaries has 
 been the failure of character in their converts. From 
 
LiLAVATi Singh 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN IO3 
 
 my own experience, I want to tell you that failure of 
 character comes oftentimes from ignorance ; because 
 we do not know any better we disappoint your mis- 
 sionaries. If you want us to be what you are and to 
 be what Christ intends us to be, give us the education 
 that you have had, and in time and with God's help 
 and grace we will not disappoint you." 
 
 3. Lai Bagh, the Ruby Garden. — From the bazaar 
 to a private room and then to a private rented house 
 marked the outer movement of the girls' school, which 
 was meanwhile growing in favor so greatly that the 
 seven had become more than a hundred. Then came 
 one of those marked days in the history of all mis- 
 sionary enterprises which bring in new eras. Pressed 
 for room and not satisfied with the location of her 
 school, Miss Thoburn heard of the possibility of se- 
 curing a great house, built by a Moslem in a beautiful 
 tract of seven acres studded with trees and fragrant 
 with flowers. The estate was called Lai Bagh, the 
 " Ruby Garden," and no location in the whole city was 
 so desirable. She secured this property for about 
 $7,000, and with praises to God and heartfelt grati- 
 tude the school was transferred to the new home. 
 In all beautiful India it would be difficult to find 
 a more lovely spot. Amid all her earnest, practical 
 work how deep and tender a love of beauty held Miss 
 Thoburn may be learned from her own description of 
 her school home. " All about the compound are trees 
 and shrubs, some of which are always blooming. 
 When the hot winds of April are scorching the annuals 
 in the flower beds, the amaltas trees, which the Eng- 
 lish call the Indian laburnum, hang out their golden 
 pendants, making a glory about us brighter than the 
 
I04 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 morning sunlight, while deeper than the noon heats 
 blaze the red pomegranate flowers all thro' May and 
 June. The rains bring out the dainty tassels on the 
 babool trees and lower down the oleanders, which 
 scarcely find breathing room amid the odors of tube- 
 roses and jessamine. In October and November the 
 pride of India, a tall tree of delicate foliage, puts forth 
 branches of wax-like white flowers. All through the 
 cold season convolvulus, begonia and other creepers 
 are blooming everywhere, clinging to the portico, up 
 old trees, over gate-ways and trellis work. A passion 
 flower covers one whole side of the portico. February 
 is the month of roses, though some are blooming all 
 the year round ; and as the days grow warmer and 
 March comes in the whole garden overflows with 
 color and sweetness. Then there is the sacred pepul 
 tree, a banyan and a palm ; also seven wells, four of 
 which are stone built, each of which is a treasure 
 house." This beautiful house she called her home for 
 thirty-one years. Here she added one department to 
 another, until in course of time it came to be easily the 
 foremost Christian school for Indian women. At the 
 close of the first year it was determined to change 
 the day school into a boarding school. 
 
 4. Boarding Schools in Mission Lands. — From the 
 missionary standpoint a boarding school is of more 
 value than five day schools, for the simple reason that 
 in the former the children are cut off from the demor- 
 alization of heathenism and are steadily played upon 
 by the forces that make for Christian culture. No 
 better investment is made by the Christian Church than 
 in the boarding schools placed in heathen lands. In 
 1887 the curriculum was widened and the school be- 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN IO5 
 
 came the Girls' High School, and a collegiate depart- 
 ment was added. Through all these years the battle 
 for the higher education of Indian women was being 
 pressed within the missionary ranks as well as founda- 
 tions laid for it among the young women. Nor was the 
 school anything like the conventional girls' boarding 
 school. It was a real home for its inmates and the 
 center of much sympathetic Christian activity, which 
 touched the whole city around it and stretched away 
 to the farthest shores of India. Nor were the ministra- 
 tions of Lai Bagh and its unbounded hospitality ex- 
 ercised toward Methodists alone. People of all the 
 denominations and of none ; Christians, Hindus, Mo- 
 hammedans, the rich, the poor and chiefly the troubled 
 and the sorrowful ever found there a ready welcome, 
 hearty cheer and always the discriminating helpful 
 word, more precious than gold. How Miss Thoburn 
 stood the strain of her multifarious duties and how she 
 contrived to use herself and her household in such 
 varied and laborious ministry without any appearance 
 of bustle and haste, that revealing mark of smaller 
 souls, was always a mystery to her friends. She always 
 found time for people who needed her, and yet she 
 was punctual and the soul of order. Thus she became 
 the adviser and helper of many. The whole mission 
 sought her advice, and it was an open secret that her 
 Bishop brother always felt more comfortable when 
 she approved his constantly enlarging plans. While 
 her school claimed her chief attention, she was never 
 one of those unduly narrow ones who see nothing but 
 the portion they are working at. She helped all 
 through the city to create Sunday-schools, and with 
 her pupils both taught these and visited the Hindu 
 
Io6 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 women in the zenanas. In 1874 she lent herself for 
 awhile to Cawnpore, a neighboring city, and opened 
 a boarding school there. 
 
 5. Women Evangelists. — Miss Thoburn was always 
 intensely interested in the evangelization of the women 
 and greatly favored the training of women evangelists 
 for service in the villages and at the fairs and women's 
 bathing places. It gave her great satisfaction when 
 Phoebe Rowe, one of her trusted and deeply loved 
 teachers, turned aside from teaching to do the work 
 of an itinerating evangelist among the lowly, ignorant 
 people of the villages. It will readily be seen that for 
 the teachers and older pupils the wide round of ac- 
 tivities and the practical interest in all manner of Chris- 
 tian work that made Lai Bagh a living center could 
 not but broaden and quicken their religious life. No 
 wonder that so many of Miss Thoburn's girls are 
 teachers and missionaries and devoted Christian 
 women! Such outcomes are natural and spontaneous 
 under such leadership. 
 
 6. Lucknow Woman's College. — In 1886 came the 
 critical day in the life of the school. One of her girls, 
 desiring to study medicine, wished first to secure a 
 college training. A woman's college had been opened 
 in Calcutta, secular, and it may not be unfair to say, 
 at least non-Christian, if not agnostic, in its religious 
 positions. It was the only college in all India for 
 women. Mrs. Chuckerbutty, the girl's mother, a Chris- 
 tian convert, would not hear of her daughters' going 
 to the Calcutta School. " I wish my daughter to finish 
 her literary education, but I would rather she should 
 know nothing more, than have her taught to doubt the 
 truth of Christianity," said this godly Indian mother. 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN lO^ 
 
 Miss Thoburn keenly felt the situation and boldly pro- 
 posed to still further widen the curriculum and lift the 
 school to the college grade. The first contribution to 
 the added expense was 500 rupees from the widow, 
 Mrs. Chuckerbutty ; and thus by a steady evolution, 
 from the little day school in the bazaar in 1870 came 
 in 1887 the Lucknow Woman's College, the first of 
 its kind in all Asia. 
 
 The patient, earnest worker had won her battle 
 against misunderstandings and questions on the one 
 hand, and on the other against the stolid apathetic in- 
 difference to woman's training that characterizes In- 
 dian society. Not the least contribution which her 
 work has made to the progress of that great people 
 to whom she gave thirty-one years of her fruitful life, 
 is the keen desire of the male workers to find educated 
 wives and the equally earnest resolve of the native 
 Indian pastors and leaders to give their daughters the 
 best possible training. To have borne conspicuous 
 part in transforming any portion of Indian society, so 
 that those who a generation or two ago looked upon 
 women as little above the clods of the earth should 
 now begin to covet college training for them, is surely 
 to have secured very large returns from a life's in- 
 vestment. She found an infant Christian Church, gath- 
 ered mainly from the poor and unprivileged ; she found 
 the women of this Church illiterate, burdened, inca- 
 pable of much progress ; she took the girls and made 
 from them a new type of Indian women such as were 
 never dreamed of ; and when she had demonstrated 
 in the actual product what Christ could do for Indian 
 womanhood, her task was done and " she was not, for 
 God took her." 
 
Io8 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Home Furloughs. — i. While for thirty-two years 
 her home was in Lai Bagh and, present or absent, 
 she was its directing head, she was obliged twice to 
 return to America for health and once to seek larger 
 means for the work. In 1880, after ten years' service, 
 she returned home via Palestine. Her visit to the 
 Holy Land she greatly enjoyed, and she profited by 
 it much as a Christian and a teacher. In 1886 her 
 health failed, so that on her return to America she 
 was obliged to remain no less than five years before 
 sufficiently restored for service in the tropics. Again 
 she came in 1898, bringing with her Miss Lilavati 
 Singh, as fragrant a flower of womanhood as ever 
 bloomed in that garden of Indian roses, to plead for 
 $20,000 to extend her College and its buildings. The 
 money was gladly given her. 
 
 2. Deaconess Work. — During her five years of en- 
 forced stay in America, from 1886 on, she was by no 
 means idle nor spent her time in mere recuperation. 
 She came to Chicago and there met Mr. and Mrs. 
 Meyer, who had already launched their now wide- 
 spread deaconess homes and training schools. Space 
 fails to adequately describe this Christlike order of 
 woman's ministry of the Protestant Church, which has 
 in it all the devotion and single-heartedness of the 
 Roman Catholic sisterhoods without the renunciation 
 of personal liberty. Miss Thoburn was quick to see the 
 value of this new arm of power, the value of trained 
 women who do for love of God and man what can- 
 not ordinarily be done for money. She determined to 
 introduce the deaconess movement into India; but she 
 was never one to ask others to go where she did not 
 herself lead the way. She therefore became a deacon- 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN IO9 
 
 ess herself and took the regular nurse deaconess train- 
 ing. She then went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and there 
 proved invaluable in helping found the " Elizabeth 
 Gamble Deaconess Home and Training School " and 
 a little later the " Christ's Hospital," under deaconess 
 management. When she returned to India, it was as 
 a deaconess, and this order of service is being very 
 widely employed all through India, where the deaconess 
 ranks are being recruited from the daughters of the 
 soil in increasing numbers. Wherever she might be, 
 at home or abroad, she ever carried the seeing eye, 
 the understanding mind, the heart at leisure from 
 itself and eager in all ways to minister to the unprivi- 
 leged. 
 
 Fatal Sickness and Death. — i. The End. — On 
 her return to India in igoo, she resumed her place 
 at Lai Bagh and all the accustomed activities were 
 renewed. But, alas ! it was not for long. The sud- 
 den coming of that awful plague, Asiatic cholera, the 
 patient suffering, the unexpected physical collapse, the 
 triumphant death, the dismay and passionate grief 
 of the bereaved circle and the mourning of the whole 
 Christian body in North India and throughout the 
 English-speaking world form the triumphant close 
 of a victorious life. 
 
 2. Miss Singh's Letter. — Details as to these may 
 in part be learned from the following letter which is 
 published in full, not only to convey an adequate idea 
 of the value of Miss Thoburn's service in India, but 
 indirectly to show the quality of an Indian woman 
 molded under Miss Thoburn's hand. While Miss 
 Singh and such as she live and teach others, the great 
 and noble woman who founded what is now known 
 
no EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 as the Isabella Thoburn Woman's College cannot be 
 said to have ceased living. 
 
 " Lucknow Woman's College, 
 
 " Sept, 12, 1901. 
 " My dear Mrs. Crandon : 
 
 " I tried to write to you last week but could not. 
 It has all been so sudden ; I cannot believe it. I get up 
 each morning and go to her room expecting to find 
 her there, thinking that the other is a horrible dream ; 
 but she is not there, and if it were not for the fact 
 that I can throw myself beside her bed and ask her 
 God, who was so real to her, to help me, I do not 
 know how I could get through these days ! It is a 
 little over twenty-three years since I came to know her, 
 and I have been with her ever since, and she has be- 
 come a mother to me, who am motherless. I forgot 
 she was an American woman and I a Hindustani 
 woman ; I was as free with her as if she had been my 
 own mother. 
 
 " Yesterday I went for a few moments to the ma- 
 tron's room which used to be her room in 1882. Sud- 
 denly I remembered the talks she had with me there, 
 the prayers she prayed with me as she tried to lead 
 me to the Savior. I felt I was on holy ground and that 
 I must bow in prayer. In fact each room, each spot 
 seems to be associated with something sacred ; here 
 she prayed with mc, there she said that to me, here 
 t saw her help such an one, until my heart cries. 
 What shall we do without her to help and inspire? 
 I remember saying to her, when she decided to give 
 us a college education : ' Miss Thoburn, do you know 
 people say you arc spoiling us ? ' She said, ' Yes, 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN III 
 
 but I want you to prove to them that love, confidence 
 and education do not spoil people.' And, dear Mrs. 
 Crandon, again and again when I have been tempted 
 to be slack in duty or low in motive, the thought. 
 Miss Thoburn trusts you, has kept me good and true. 
 What can I say about her? At present I am writing 
 in her room. I have filled her vases with favorite flow- 
 ers; I use her pen; the blotting paper she used lies 
 under this paper ; I can trace her writing on it. Every- 
 thing is here just the same, only our precious one 
 is gone. I am glad for her sake, because she worked 
 hard and needed rest which she would not take here. 
 Again and again I would say to her : ' Miss Thoburn 
 do not rise at 4.30 A.M., like the rest of us ; you are 
 not so strong as we younger ones.' But she was the 
 first to get up and the last to retire. Sometimes she 
 did look so tired. Now she and Miss Rowe can rest 
 together, but what will we do ? 
 
 " But I must tell you about that awful day. On 
 Thursday, the twenty-ninth, she went to Cawnpore to 
 see about the stone for Bishop Parker's grave. We 
 do not know whether she contracted the disease there 
 or how she got it. When she returned to us, she looked 
 well. Saturday morning she did a little gardening, 
 baked cookies for us and when I saw her at break- 
 fast she looked pale and tired. I followed her to 
 her room and insisted upon her lying down and taking 
 a little rest. I went to her room again at 4 P.M., 
 and I said : ' Miss Thoburn, you look so pale ; does 
 your head ache?' She said, ' No, I am a little tired.' 
 So I ordered the phaeton and insisted upon her going 
 for a drive. While waiting for the carriage I said: 
 * Miss Thoburn, I am a lonely woman, and I hope the 
 
112 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Lord will take me home before He does you, for I 
 cannot do without you ; I want you to lay me to rest 
 as you did Miss Rowe.' She said : ' I do not know 
 whether you will go first, or I, for ' the Son of Man 
 Cometh at an hour we know not of ' ; but if I go, I 
 want you to have Phoebe's Bible.' When the carriage 
 came she wanted me to go with her, but I said : ' If I 
 go, I will chatter the whole time, and you will get 
 no rest; I want you to have a restful time.' I sent 
 her off, and an hour later I saw her arranging flow- 
 ers in the dining room. It was Mr. West's birthday, 
 and all the missionaries were invited for dinner. At 
 dinner I noticed that she only ate her soup, and I said, 
 ' Miss Thoburn you are sick.' She declared emphat- 
 ically she was only tired. At lo P.M. I bade her good 
 night, and that was all till 3 A.M., Sunday, when 
 the night watchman came and called me and said she 
 had sent for me. I went down and sent the carriage 
 for the doctor and in the meantime applied the usual 
 remedies. She said, ' The doctor will think you very 
 foolish for troubling him for only an attack of indi- 
 gestion.' I said, ' I would feel more comfortable were 
 he around.' He came and looked grave and sent for 
 the best doctors in the town. They were with her 
 constantly. Till noon we had every hope, and I be- 
 lieve she herself expected to get well, and therefore 
 gave no message. After 12 o'clock she was too weak 
 to speak. When the cramps were very bad she said, 
 ' Let me hold your hand for I do not wish to groan.' 
 That is the way our precious one had lived ; no com- 
 plaint about the hardest thing! When the pain was 
 very bad, she said to me, ' Sing.' I said, ' What ? ' She 
 said, * Come Thou fount of every blessing.' I got 
 
ISABELLA THOBURN II3 
 
 some one in the room to sing that and others of her 
 favorite hymns. In her pain and agony she kept 
 speaking in Hindustani, It nearly broke my heart 
 to hear her. She had Hved for us, and she was dying 
 for us ; she was so one of us that in her last moments 
 she forgot her own tongue and spoke in ours. There 
 is no one like her, — our dear, devoted friend. She 
 lingered on till 8 P.M., then left us. But for Christ's 
 words, ' I will not leave you comfortless, — orphans, 
 the margin says, — I will come to you,' I do not know 
 how we could bear this sorrow. But now the cry of 
 my heart is. Make me a little like her, that people 
 when they see me may say, ' The spirit of Miss Tho- 
 burn doth rest upon her.' In her Sunday-school book 
 I found her pledge in connection with the Twentieth 
 Century Movement, by which she had promised to 
 bring ten new souls to Christ. I had taken the same 
 pledge, but now I must work hard for hers and for 
 my own; and as my beloved is so near Jesus she can 
 ask Him to help my weak efforts. 
 
 " I cannot tell you about the funeral, for I remember 
 nothing. I will get some one else to write about it by 
 and by. Miss Nichols has not been very well this 
 year and Miss Thoburn was troubled about her. Again 
 and again she said, ' I thought she was the one for 
 my place, but perhaps God has other plans.' But 
 the strange part of it is that Miss Nichols is getting 
 well in a miraculous way, and the doctors say she 
 can stay in India. I wonder if it is because Miss Tho- 
 burn has seen Jesus face to face and asked Him for 
 this that she wanted so much. But I must stop for 
 it is time to send this to the post office. I had intended 
 to write for the Branch meeting, as also for the Gen- 
 
114 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 eral Executive, but now I cannot. Give them all my 
 best love, and if you think it best, read them part 
 of this letter. Tell them to be very good to us for we 
 are orphans and, dear Mrs. Crandon, do try to send 
 some one to take the teaching off Miss Nichol's hands, 
 for we must keep her well, and she cannot teach and 
 superintend both. The plan is to have Mrs. Parker 
 live with us for a sort of adviser, but we will need 
 another missionary to teach in the College. Pray for 
 us, love us even more than you have done, for we 
 seem so alone in the world without our friend. 
 
 " Yours affectionately, 
 
 " LiLAVATi Singh." 
 
 3. God's Acre. — Miss Thoburn's body lies in the 
 Lucknow cemetery, beside the grave of Dr. Badley, the 
 founder of the Reid Christian College. The bodies of 
 these two great missionaries there await side by side 
 the Resurrection morning. 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 
 
 115 
 
Cyrus Hamlin 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 The Founder of Robert College 
 1811-1900 
 
 BY SECRETARY C. C. CREEGAN, D.D. 
 
 Introductory. — It was the privilege of the writer 
 of this sketch to know Dr. HamHn intimately during 
 the last twenty years of his life, and if there is warmth 
 in his tribute, it will not be forgotten that these words 
 come from a friend who knew him well, and who heard 
 the entire story which follows, and much more, from 
 the lips of this venerable and heroic missionary. A 
 generation from now when the historian tells the full 
 story of the founding of Robert College, not to speak 
 of the other forms of missionary service rendered by 
 Dr. Hamlin, he will be placed in the foremost rank of 
 modern missionaries. There were but few, if any, who 
 combined in so large a degree rare qualities as scholar, 
 teacher, inventor, administrator, diplomat and states- 
 man. 
 
 Birth and Childhood. — i. His ancestors were 
 Huguenots. His grandfather, Eleazer Hamlin, was a 
 well-informed farmer and was a soldier in the War of 
 the Revolution, as were also three of his sons. In con- 
 sideration of the faithful services which he rendered to 
 his country, the legislature of Massachusetts gave him 
 
 117 
 
Il8 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 a large section of land in Maine, which had not yet be- 
 come a State. Upon examination, however, he found 
 the tract rocky and so full of caves " that it had be- 
 come the headquarters of bears." Finding it worth- 
 less for farming purposes he declined to receive it. 
 Finally four farms were given to his four sons in Wa- 
 terford, Maine, which is about forty miles from Port- 
 land. 
 
 2. It was here in Waterford that the father of our 
 hero, Hannibal Hamlin, settled in 1799. During the 
 same year he was married to Susan Faulkner of Acton, 
 Mass., a charming woman, the daughter of Colonel 
 Francis Faulkner, an officer in the Revolutionary War. 
 The parents of Dr. Hamlin did much to introduce 
 Massachusetts culture in the forest of Maine. They 
 established a lyceum and a weekly spelling match, 
 which did much to increase the intelligence, especially 
 of the young people, of the thirty-five families which 
 made up the population of the town. 
 
 3. His Birth and Earliest Years. — Among these 
 forests and rude surroundings on January 5, 181 1, 
 Cyrus Hamlin was born, who in the providence of God 
 was in later years to stand before kings. Hannibal 
 Hamlin, Vice-President of the United States during 
 Lincoln's Administration, was his first cousin. Dr. 
 Hamlin, in speaking of his infancy, says : " I was pro- 
 nounced weakly, my head was too big. So the wise 
 old ladies comforted my dear mother, and told her she 
 must never expect to bring up that child." When he 
 was but seven months old his father died, leaving Mrs. 
 Hamlin with four children. It was a great struggle to 
 bring them up upon that farm, but she very soon had 
 excellent help in Cyrus and his brother Hannibal, two 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN II9 
 
 years his senior. In this widow's home the Bible was 
 read every day, and the Sabbath was kept strictly. Al- 
 though the church was two miles away, it was seldom 
 that the Hamlin pew was not well filled. 
 
 4. Hamlin's Boyhood. — When six years of age, 
 Cyrus began his school life in the old red schoolhouse. 
 Seeing a forked flame shoot out from the hearth, for- 
 getting where he was he laughed aloud and the entire 
 school joined, and for this the master seized his hand 
 and gave him " a terrible ferruling." Such was the 
 stern school which this delicate boy found in the year 
 18 1 7. Yet in writing of his teachers in these days, he 
 says : " Our teachers were persons whom we loved and 
 honored. I remember them all with great affection." 
 
 During the long nights of winter the books read were 
 " Adam's History of New England," Goldsmith's 
 " History of Greece and Rome " and his " Vicar of 
 Wakefield," " Pilgrim's Progress," " Robinson Cru- 
 soe " and Rollin's " Ancient History." He also read 
 The Panoplist — later The Missionary Herald — and 
 The North American Review. How similar his read- 
 ing was to that of Lincoln who at this very time was a 
 boy in Southern Indiana. 
 
 In speaking of the farm life of these days he writes, 
 " We were early inured to toil, we took to it kindly 
 and were ambitious to do men's work while we were 
 mere boys." He began his career as a mechanical 
 genius by making, while but a boy, from a yellow birch 
 an ox-yoke which was pronounced by the neighbors 
 " a thing of beauty." After this almost every tool and 
 article needed on the farm was made by this young me- 
 chanic who had no teacher in these lines. 
 
 His earliest interest in missions comes to the front 
 
120 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 on the annual muster day, when Cyrus was eleven years 
 old. He started alone to see the sham fight with Indians 
 in the neighboring town, and as he set out, his mother 
 gave him seven cents for gingerbread, etc. In giving it 
 she said, " Perhaps, Cyrus, you will put a cent or two 
 into the contribution box at Mrs. Farrar's." When he 
 reached the home of Mrs. Farrar he said, '' I'll dump 
 them all in," and he did, leaving nothing for refresh- 
 ments. When he returned that evening " hungry as 
 a bear " and told how he had given all his money for 
 the heathen, his mother gave him " such a bowl of 
 milk as he had never eaten." 
 
 Apprentice Years in Portland. — i. When six- 
 teen years of age, on January 6, 1827, Cyrus started for 
 Portland to learn with his brother-in-law, Mr. Charles 
 Farley, the trade of a silversmith and jezveler. It was 
 one of the coldest days of the winter, and when he 
 reached the home of his sister, he was nearly frozen. 
 During the three years of his apprenticeship, he made 
 remarkable progress, won many friends and began to 
 exhibit something of that mechanical and inventive 
 genius which won for him great fame in after years. 
 
 2. During this period he attended the preaching of 
 the saintly Edward Payson and was a member of his 
 Bible class. Dr. Payson was very feeble physically 
 and was obliged to close his work at this time. Cynis, 
 who had come to love and reverence him, writes: 
 " His farewell to his pulpit was so tender and solemn 
 that few eyes were dry. I saw the tears of one who 
 I supposed was a graceless young man." It is evi- 
 dent that young Hamlin had been much moved by the 
 ministry and life of this consecrated pastor. 
 
 In this church he joined a society of Christian young 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 121 
 
 men which met every week. It was partly social and 
 partly literary. It asked each of its members to con- 
 tribute half a dollar a week toward the education of 
 Edward Payson, Jr., in Bowdoin College. Such were 
 the social and religious influences which helped to 
 mold this country boy in a strange city. On May 
 6, 1828, when seventeen years of age, he joined this 
 Congregational church. His brother Hannibal united 
 with the home church at the same time, and the bonds 
 of affection made closer by this act were only severed 
 by death. 
 
 3. A Call to the Ministry. — Deacon Isaac Smith, 
 who had been noting the development of Christian 
 character in young Hamlin and his unusual talents, 
 called him aside one day and urged him to consider 
 the claims of the ministry for his life-work. In reply 
 he said, " The expenses make it absolutely impossible." 
 The good deacon replied : " Oh, I will see to that. 
 The church has voted to aid to the extent of $1,000." 
 With feelings of great tenderness he bade farewell to 
 the shop and store and all his friends and mounted the 
 stage for Bridgton, Maine. 
 
 In the Academy. — i. His life in the fitting school 
 at Bridgton under the excellent principal. Rev, Charles 
 Soule, was most delightful. Much of the time he 
 boarded in the home of Mr. Soule, caring for his horse 
 and receiving his board for a nominal sum. He 
 formed a warm friendship for the principal and his 
 good wife, of whom he wrote fifty years afterwards : 
 " A noble-hearted Christian gentleman, I remember 
 him with affection ; and dear Mrs. Soule can never be 
 forgotten." 
 
 2. Young Hamlin was a great student and by being 
 
122 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 permitted to work extra hours he took the fitting 
 course in about half the usual time. He began his 
 studies at five o'clock every morning and kept at 
 work until ten, allowing scant time for meals and exer- 
 cise. He was ready to pass his entrance examinations 
 for college by the autumn of 1830. During his stay 
 at the Academy, being within walking distance of his 
 home he frequently visited his mother and brother 
 and always kept up the deepest interest in the old 
 home. 
 
 BowDOiN College. — i. Cyrus Hamlin turned his 
 face toward Bowdoin with fear and trembling, for his 
 opportunities had not been the best possible, but he 
 received his certificate of admission without difficulty 
 to the largest freshman class that had ever been ad- 
 mitted. Among his beloved professors was the dis- 
 tinguished poet, Henry W. Longfellow, and among 
 his class-mates — several of whom rose to distinction 
 — was Professor Henry B. Smith, who shared with 
 him the honors of his class. 
 
 2. Feeble health. — Always rather feeble, at the 
 end of the first year of constant work in college, his 
 physician said to him : " Go home to your mother ; 
 this is no place for you." Later Dr. Lincoln told 
 Professor Smyth, " You must not expect to see that 
 student back here." A short time at home, however, 
 with his mother's excellent care and plenty of fresh 
 air and sunshine, restored him and he continued his 
 studies to the end of the course without a break. 
 
 3. At this time that relic of barbarism, college hav- 
 ing, was at its height in Bowdoin, and Cyrus Hamlin 
 did more perhaps than any one else to break it up. 
 In order to check the power of this evil which had 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I23 
 
 reached the danger point, more than to punish an 
 outrage upon himself, he had several of the hazers 
 arrested and brought before the court. The case was 
 settled by the hazers making written confession and 
 apology and payment of all expenses. In this move- 
 ment he had the cordial support of the leading cit- 
 izens and the sympathy of the students. This ex- 
 hibition of courage made for him a few enemies, but 
 it did much to check, if it did not completely break, 
 the hazing craze in the college for many years. 
 
 4. During a portion of his course Mr. Hamlin was 
 assistant librarian. Since Professor Longfellow was 
 librarian, it was not only the means of earning a por- 
 tion of the term bills, but it brought him in close 
 contact with the great poet. Speaking of Longfellow 
 he says : " Any inquiry about an author usually 
 brought him out, but he was always busy with some 
 investigation of his own, and we did not intrude upon 
 him. He was universally liked." 
 
 5. The Great Revival. — It was during Hamlin's 
 college days that a revival of great power occurred, 
 the greatest ever witnessed in Bowdoin College and 
 in the town of Brunswick. Some of the leading men 
 of the community — among them Governor Dunlap 
 and Dr. Lincoln — were converted. Of the more than 
 fifty students who decided to enter upon the Chris- 
 tian life were Professor Henry B. Smith, the famous 
 theologian, Professor Harris of Yale, and others who 
 became leaders in the American Church. It was a 
 grief to Mr. Hamlin that his beloved teacher Professor 
 Longfellow had no sympathy with this movement. 
 
 6. Missionary Spirit in Bozvdoin. — In the winter 
 of 1831-32 Munson and Lyman, later the martyrs of 
 
124 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Sumatra, were taking lectures in the medical college, 
 and it was doubtless due to the influence of these 
 devoted young men that Hamlin, as well as several 
 others, decided to volunteer for the foreign field. 
 Bond, Dole and Parris went to the Sandwich Islands, 
 where they did a noble work. When Mr. Hamlin 
 told his mother of his decision to be a missionary, 
 she said, " Cyrus, I have always expected it, and I 
 have not a word to say." Not a whisper of opposi- 
 tion came from his brother or sisters. 
 
 7. Society Life. — The two rival societies were the 
 Peucinian and the Athenaean. Mr. Hamlin was pres- 
 ident of the Peucinian, the Prayer Circle, and the 
 Theological. It fell to him to give the public oration 
 before the Peucinian Society, and he selected for his 
 subject, " The Philosophical Errors of the Middle 
 Ages." The day after its delivery Professor Long- 
 fellow meeting him said, " Hamlin, that was the best 
 oration I ever heard from lips studential." 
 
 8. Hamlin's Steam-engine. — The visitor will be 
 shown to-day in the Cabinet of Bowdoin College the 
 complete condensing engine with condenser and air 
 pump, which was made by Cyrus Hamlin during his 
 student days. Hearing Professor Smyth lecture on 
 the steam-engine and learning that but a few had 
 ever seen one, he said to his professor, " I believe I 
 could make an engine that would make any one see 
 its working." The professor said, " Hamlin, I wish 
 you would try it." In speaking of this conversation 
 with Professor Smyth Dr. Hamlin writes : " In two 
 minutes I embarked in a scheme which has had an in- 
 fluence upon all my life. I was in for it and I resolved 
 to do or die." The Honorable Neal Dow, then a 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I25 
 
 young man in Portland, took a deep interest in the 
 scheme and rendered some assistance. In about three 
 months HamUn's steam-engine, the first ever made in 
 Maine, was completed and the college gave him $175 
 for it as a model to be placed among the philosophical 
 apparatus. It is now in the Cleaveland Cabinet, 
 Bowdoin College. 
 
 In Bangor Seminary. — i. Having graduated 
 with the highest honors and having decided to enter 
 upon missionary work, he turned his face toward 
 Bangor Theological Seminary. Professor Pond and 
 Professor Leonard Woods, both of whom had a na- 
 tional reputation for scholarship, were the great 
 teachers in Bangor at this time, and they took a deep 
 interest in their pupil, whose exceptional talents were 
 quickly recognized. His first theological year passed 
 with nothing worthy of remark. He writes, " I felt 
 sure that I stood in right relations to God and man in 
 my African outlook." At this time his heart was set 
 upon the life of a missionary explorer in the Dark 
 Continent, and if this plan had been carried out, who 
 knows but that his name would have gone down in 
 history by the side of that of Livingstone ! 
 
 2. His Lectures. — During his second year, in ad- 
 dition to his seminary work he delivered a course of 
 lectures upon physical science with experiments in the 
 Classical School for which he received $70. He also 
 delivered a lecture upon " Africa, its Resources and 
 Prospects," which was well received and afterwards 
 published in The Literary and Theological Review. 
 
 3. Missionary Work in New Ireland. — Mr. Ham- 
 lin was so full of the missionary spirit that he could 
 not wait until he reached a foreign land before be- 
 
126 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ginning work. In the neighborhood of the Seminary 
 there were 500 Irishmen who had come to the city 
 to find work, but who, on account of the severe winter 
 with its deep snow, were left in great distress in their 
 shanties, which were not fit for human beings. Their 
 priest was a drunkard, and there was hardly a man 
 among them who was temperate. Hamlin went one 
 day to this settlement when the thermometer was 
 twenty-four below zero, and finding several families 
 without food and practically without clothing, he se- 
 cured at once from his friends a load of dry wood 
 and plenty of clothing, bedding and food. This opened 
 a missionary effort among these needy people, which 
 was continued notwithstanding the bitter opposition 
 of the priest and which resulted in great good. 
 
 4. Engaged in Public Debate. — At this time it was 
 proposed by some to build a theater in Bangor. There 
 was much opposition by the good people of the town, 
 and it was proposed that the question be discussed be- 
 fore the Lyceum. Mr. Hamlin was asked to uphold 
 the negative, a young lawyer taking the affirmative. 
 Hamlin read Plato, Rousseau and all the other books 
 upon the subject and held his own with the brilliant 
 lawyer for three nights. It was believed that this 
 discussion resulted in the postponement of a theater 
 in Bangor. 
 
 5. Offers Himself to the American Board. — Early 
 in his senior year Hamlin wrote to the Prudential 
 Committee of the American Board, stating that he 
 was ready for any field, but expressing a special in- 
 terest in China, as Africa had been declared out of 
 the question chiefly on grounds of health. Moreover, 
 one of the secretaries had told him that he might 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 12/ 
 
 hope for an appointment to China. During the month 
 of February he received a letter from Secretary Arm- 
 strong informing him that he had been appointed to 
 Constantinople and to educational work. He shut 
 himself up in his room and began to study the map 
 and then said : " What does this mean ? It means 
 a good work and excellent and noble associates, 
 Goodell, Dwight, Schauffler and Homes." He felt 
 well acquainted with them from the reading of their 
 letters in The Missionary Herald. He then added : 
 " The climate is unsurpassed. If Henrietta Jackson 
 has a predisposition to pulmonary disease, she will 
 live longer there than here ; and now, as I live, I 
 will know from her own self whether she will go with 
 me and share my life in that great country." And so 
 his choice both as to field and life companion was 
 settled. 
 
 A Year's Delay. — i. It must have been a great 
 trial to this restless soul, full of missionary zeal and 
 longing to begin his life work in Turkey, to find the 
 American Board, for financial reasons, unable to send 
 him out at once. It was a full year before he was 
 able to sail, but he found plenty to do in the mean- 
 time and perhaps afterwards saw that this extra year 
 spent in the home-land only fitted him the better for 
 the great work which God had for him to do. Under 
 the direction of the secretaries Hamlin delivered lec- 
 tures upon foreign missions in various parts of New 
 England, especially in Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
 shire and Maine. In this way he made not only 
 friends for the cause which he advocated, but not a few 
 personal friends who followed him with their prayers 
 and gifts during all the years of his missionary service. 
 
128 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 2. Supplies the Payson Church. — Being earnestly 
 invited to supply the church in Portland where Ed- 
 ward Payson had spent his life and where young 
 Hamlin was converted, he consented to do so, think- 
 ing it would only be for a few weeks. He continued 
 to preach here and perform all the parish duties for 
 seven months. Having received a hearty call to be- 
 come the pastor of Union Church in Worcester, Mass., 
 Mr, Hamlin made reply in these characteristic words, 
 " Not until the Board sends me notice of my unso- 
 licited release, will I allow any such propopsition to be 
 made." 
 
 3. His Marriage and Ordination. — He was mar- 
 ried to Miss Jackson of Dorset, Vt., a woman of rare 
 gifts, on September 3, 1838. The ladies of the Port- 
 land Church, where his ministry had been greatly 
 blessed to the people, sent him a wedding suit. He 
 was ordained October 3, 1838, in Portland at the close 
 of the meeting of the American Board, which was 
 held in the Payson Church. 
 
 Commencement of Missionary Work. — In Jan- 
 uary, 1839, Mr. and Mrs. Hamlin arrived in Constan- 
 tinople, where they received a most cordial welcome 
 from the missionaries, Drs. Goodell, Schauffler and 
 Homes and their wives. 
 
 I. Language Study. — The second day after land- 
 ing, the Hamlins began the study of the language 
 with Avedis Der Sahakin as teacher. There were 
 signs of an awakening in the Armenian Church all 
 over the Empire, and these devoted Americans were 
 anxious to enter upon their work at the earliest possible 
 moment. Their faithful teacher was soon driven away, 
 and no Armenian dared enter their house. They at 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 1 29 
 
 once began the study of Modern Greek and French, 
 which with the knowledge of languages already pos- 
 sessed, were soon mastered. Mr. Hamlin's motto was : 
 " Keep to work; if cut off from one thing take the 
 next." 
 
 2. Russia's Hostility. — It was at this time that 
 Mesrobe Taliatine, a linguist, poet, historian and Chris- 
 tian teacher, was carried off to Siberia by order of the 
 Russian Ambassador. Dr. Schauffler made protest 
 to the Ambassador, stating that all the missionaries 
 knew him to be a good man and they were ready to go 
 bail for him. The Ambassador replied : " I might 
 as well tell you now, Mr. Schauffler, that the Em- 
 peror of Russia, who is my master, will never allow 
 Protestantism to set its foot in Turkey." Dr. Schauf- 
 fler made the famous reply : " Your Excellency, the 
 Kingdom of Christ, who is my Master, will never ask 
 the Emperor of all the Russias where it may set 
 its foot." From this time- down to the present hour 
 the attitude of Russia toward the work of the Amer- 
 ican missionaries in Turkey has been most unfriendly. 
 
 3. Conversion of Marcus Brown. — It was at this 
 time that a profane American sailor was found, ap- 
 parently dying in the pains of cholera. Mr. Hamlin 
 and his associates cared for him and saved his life ; 
 afterward they led him to Christ. A year later this 
 sailor offered the following prayer in Father Taylor's 
 Church, Boston : " O God, I thank Thee for the Amer- 
 ican missionaries. When I was dying, a poor blas- 
 phemous dog, in Constantinople, Thou didst send Thy 
 servants, Hamlin and Goodell, to save me, soul and 
 body." While Hamlin had gone to save the people 
 of Turkey, God used him in this instance, as He did 
 
130 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 many times afterward, to save one of his own country- 
 men. 
 
 4. Lozvering Skies. — Reports were heard on every 
 hand that the missionaries were all to be driven out of 
 the Empire. Not only the Turks but the Greeks, 
 Armenians and Catholics as well were against them. 
 The situation was most critical. Even the sanguine Dr. 
 Goodell became most anxious. The American Minis- 
 ter, Commodore Porter, advised the missionaries to 
 retire from the country at once. There was not much 
 that the missionaries could do at this critical period 
 but continue daily in prayer and wait for deliverance. 
 While they were waiting before the Lord, the Sultan 
 died, his army was defeated and his entire fleet cap- 
 tured. The young Abdul Medjid ascended the throne 
 and England took the lead, rather than Russia, in set- 
 tling the questions of the war. Daniel Webster, then 
 Secretary of State, sent a message touching the rights 
 of American citizens in Turkey including the mis- 
 sionaries, which is remembered to this day. 
 
 Bebek Seminary. — i. In the winter of 1839-40 it 
 was decided by the station to establish a Seminary. 
 After long search a house which had been occupied by 
 an Englishman was secured for the school. On the 
 opening day there were but two pupils, though it was 
 not long before there were twelve. Board and instruc- 
 tion were free, but every pupil provided himself with 
 bedding, clothing, books and stationery. 
 
 2. Workshop and Philosophical Apparatus. — Mr. 
 Hamlin, true to his mechanical genius, fitted up a 
 workshop and made all sorts of tools and much of 
 the philosophical apparatus used in his class experi- 
 ments. The Moslem Orientals attribute all mechan- 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I3I 
 
 ical skill and invention to Satan. Visitors came in 
 large numbers, not only to see the marvels of elec- 
 tricity and other experiments in the laboratory, but 
 also in many cases to make inquiries concerning the 
 Christian faith. 
 
 3. Opposition from the Patriarch and Others. — One 
 afternoon a shabby-looking personage, bent double with 
 rheumatism, called on Mr. Hamlin and said : " The 
 Patriarch's Secretary sends his compliments to you 
 and wishes you to know that his holiness has the names 
 of your students and their parents. To-morrow they 
 will be called to the patriarchate and thrown into 
 prison. Nishan tells you this that you may think what 
 to do, and he entrusts himself to your honor." After 
 saying this he disappeared. Mr. Hamlin called the 
 students together and told them of the approaching 
 storm and urged them to go at once to their homes. 
 He advised them to go in the morning with their 
 parents and carry his compliments to the Patriarch 
 and say that " Mr. Hamlin had come to assist his 
 people, not to contend against him, and that he had 
 closed the Seminary and dismissed every pupil." They 
 went as he suggested and bore the message to his 
 holiness who stroked his beard and said : " Mr. Ham- 
 lin is a good and wise man to do this thing. It relieves 
 me of the unpleasant duty of using force. Now come 
 and kiss my hand and go home with my paternal bene- 
 diction," After a vacation of a few weeks Mr. Hamlin 
 went quietly on with his school with more pupils than 
 ever. In speaking of this, Dr. Hamlin writes, " It 
 seemed to me that I was divinely led to do instanta- 
 neously the right thing, when there was no time for 
 reflection." The Greeks and Armenians, however, did 
 
132 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 not relish the idea of having a heretic among them. 
 They threatened to drive Mr. HamHn away by force. 
 The gamins threw stones from their hiding-places on 
 the hill and stoned the house causing the roof to leak. 
 When at length his wife was hid he went to the police 
 and made complaint. This frightened the rascals and 
 there was quiet for a time. 
 
 4. Enlarging the Seminary. — In view of the growth 
 of the school the station voted to seek a larger build- 
 ing. In 1841 it was removed to the Demirgi Bashi's 
 house in the same village. The grounds were ample 
 and the view overlooking the Bosporus was all that 
 could be desired. The Armenian Patriarch still kept 
 up his opposition and now and then would succeed in 
 persuading a pupil to leave the school, but in nearly 
 every instance they would return after a brief period. 
 
 5. Rev. G. W. Wood becomes Hamlin's Associate. 
 — The work needed more teachers and the Board 
 sent Rev. G. W. Wood, a man of beautiful spirit and 
 fine scholarship, who lifted many burdens from the 
 overloaded shoulders of Mr. Hamlin. For eight years 
 Mr. Wood continued in the school, and his services 
 are mentioned by Dr. Hamlin in these words, " He was 
 an able, faithful, honored and beloved coadjutor." It 
 is an interesting fact that both of these noble men 
 lived to attend together the recent Ecumenical Mis- 
 sionary Conference, were warm friends to the last and 
 died about the same time. 
 
 6. Sir Stratford Canning. — England, noted for 
 great diplomats, has had but few men who rank with 
 Sir Stratford Canning, who was ambassador at this 
 time. He exhibited his courage and powers as a states- 
 man and diplomat, ^hen the head of the Armenian 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 133 
 
 martyr, Hovakim, was borne with defiant air through 
 the streets. He succeeded without any sympathy or aid 
 from the Russian Ambassador in forcing the Sultan to 
 give his pledge that no Christian apostate should in 
 future be executed. In speaking of Canning's noble 
 act, Dr. Hamlin says, " The Turks now well under- 
 stand that any repetition of that scene would involve 
 the expulsion of the Government from Constantinople." 
 7. Opposition to the Workshop. — There were some 
 missionaries who feared that manual training would 
 " secularize the missionary work." This department 
 did not at that time have the sanction of the Prudential 
 Committee in Boston. Secretary Anderson was es- 
 pecially opposed to this department of the Seminary. 
 At one of the station meetings, when Hamlin was 
 absent, it was voted that the Seminary workshop be 
 closed, the material and tools be sold and the result put 
 into the treasury of the mission. This was a great 
 blow to him, for his heart was set upon this line of 
 effort ; but he was loyal to the majority and resolved 
 upon immediate compliance. The students were as- 
 tonished when they saw their teacher getting ready to 
 dismantle the shop. He at once sent a note to the 
 station saying that, while surprised at their decision, 
 he was going to comply and had begun preparations 
 for the sale of tools and materials. He declined, how- 
 ever, to pay the money into the treasury, since he had 
 not received the funds for this department from the 
 Board but from personal friends. Dr. Hamlin then 
 requested the station to take in hand the forty-two 
 students who had no way to provide themselves with 
 clothing without the workshop. To quote his own 
 words : " I cannot attend to this clothing affair without 
 
134 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 injuring my moral position. Do not expect of me 
 the impossible. I give that department entirely into 
 your hands." For a time absolute silence followed the 
 reading of Dr. Hamlin's note ; then Dr. Goodell burst 
 into a laugh and moved that " brother Hamlin take 
 his own way to keep out rags." 
 
 8. Mr. Arthur Stoddard of Glasgozv. — It was a 
 great surprise to Mr. Hamlin to receive from Mr. 
 Stoddard a very sharp letter about his " secular oc- 
 cupation," who had written, " Let the shoe-maker 
 stick to his last, and let the missionary stick to his 
 spiritual work." In his reply Dr. Hamlin informed 
 his friend that he could not see from Scotland to 
 Constantinople, and that the reason he felt as he did 
 was his lack of knowledge of the work. In due time 
 Mr. Stoddard wrote in a very different spirit, saying 
 that he had " misjudged the case entirely," and he en- 
 closed a check for $500. This was the beginning of a 
 warm friendship which continued through life. One 
 of the last things which Mr. Stoddard did before his 
 death was to send Dr. Hamlin a check for $1,000 " to 
 lighten the burden of age." 
 
 9. The First Protestant Burial. — The first death in 
 the little Protestant community was that of a venerable 
 and dignified man named Oscan. He had lost property 
 and position by the stand he had taken, but in his 
 death he was very happy and expressed the hope and 
 expectation that the gospel would spread through the 
 Empire. The enemies of the Evangelical movement 
 boasted that his body should never be buried. It was 
 an occasion of great anxiety. All the male members 
 of the Church and others in sympathy with them to 
 the number of 200 gathered to do honor to the dead 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 135 
 
 and to guard his remains. The American Minister, 
 Mr. Carr, took steps to prevent the mob from carrying 
 out their threat. Troops were on hand, and although 
 thousands of angry men were on the street the casket 
 was placed in the grave and the benediction was pro- 
 nounced without any outbreak. Upon the return of 
 the procession there burst upon them a howling mob 
 hurling brickbats and stones. Dr. Dwight and a few 
 of the Armenian converts were hit, but no one was 
 seriously hurt. This was one of many such experi- 
 ences which the missionaries had during those pioneer 
 days in Turkey. Indeed, even now mobs and perse- 
 cution and massacre are not infrequent in the land 
 of the Sultan. 
 
 lo. Relief for the Persecuted Armenians. — The 
 success of the workshop enabled Dr. Hamlin to give 
 employment to those having families who could not 
 secure work. One man was established in the manu- 
 facture of camphine as a burning fluid. Others were 
 engaged in the manufacture of stovepipe. Still others 
 were taught to make rat traps of simple construction 
 for which there was a large sale. Among the other 
 industries introduced and successfully carried on by 
 this versatile missionary we may name bookbinding, 
 printing and the making of " a certain kind of prints 
 for women's headdresses." 
 
 A New Enterprise. — i . Learning that among the 
 Chapters of Privileges it was stated that " Every for- 
 eign colony settling at the Capital should have the 
 right to its own mill and bakery free from interfer- 
 ence from the guilds," Dr. Hamlin regarded it as 
 an open door, and he resolved to establish a mill and a 
 bakery. He mentioned his plan to Mr. Charles Ede, 
 
136 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 an English banker, who said : " Get your firman, and 
 I will advance all the money you want. A steam mill 
 and bakery may be a gold mine." In connection with 
 this conversation, which took place upon the Bosporus, 
 Dr. Hamlin writes, " The memory of that hour on that 
 steamer's deck is imperishable." But even he, san- 
 guine as he was, could not foresee what wonderful 
 results would come from the word of encouragement 
 given by the banker. 
 
 2. Vieivs of the Station. — When this matter was 
 brought before the band of missionaries, none except 
 Drs. Schauffler and Everett had any confidence in it. 
 They asked, " Do you know milling, bread-making, 
 steam-enginery?" When he answered, "No," they 
 said : *' This thought is absurd ; you will become in- 
 volved in debt, and injure your own reputation and 
 that of the mission." The reply of Dr. Hamlin was 
 worthy of his heroic soul : " The missionaries live in 
 safety and comfort; they, — the Armenians, — in pov- 
 erty, contempt and danger, I am going to do more 
 than I have yet done to help them. Mr. Ede assumes 
 all the financial risks, and as to my reputation, let me 
 fail in trying to do something rather than to sit still 
 and do nothing. But I shall not fail." After some 
 discussion, the following vote was passed with the un- 
 derstanding that no record of it would be made on the 
 minutes : " While we do not have confidence in the 
 measure, we leave Brother Hamlin to act upon his 
 own responsibility." 
 
 3. The Viezvs of the Board. — Dr. Hamlin peti- 
 tioned the Prudential Committee to give him credit for 
 $600 to purchase from a firm in Boston the millstone, 
 bolt, duster, etc., promising payment within a year 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 137 
 
 at six per cent. Dr. Anderson thought it very strange 
 that the Board was asked to go into the miUing busi- 
 ness, for which they had no precedent. John Tappan, 
 Esq., a member of the Prudential Committee, offered 
 to pay the entire bill from his own pocket, and Dr. 
 Anderson made no further opposition. It was not un- 
 til years afterward that Dr. Hamlin learned that but 
 for the sympathy and generosity of Mr. Tappan the 
 request would have been vetoed. 
 
 4. The Work Expanding. — About two months after 
 the mill was opened the patronage — notwithstanding 
 combinations against it — was as much as they could 
 attend to. There was a constant demand for the flour, 
 as well as for the bread which Dr. Hamlin and his 
 pupils were making. At the end of the first year Mr. 
 Ede was repaid one-half the money furnished and eight 
 per cent, for its use. In view of the loss made in ex- 
 perimenting this was a fine showing. It gave employ- 
 ment to a considerable number of Protestant Arme- 
 nians, — who were thrown out of work when they 
 joined the Evangelical movement, — as well as the stu- 
 dents. 
 
 5. Hard Experiences with the Mill. — At first it 
 worked well, but after a time the stones needed dress- 
 ing, A dozen steel picks, which came with the mill, 
 were sent to an English blacksmith, but " he made 
 them so hard that they broke like glass, the next 
 time so soft that they did no execution." Dr. Hamlin 
 saw at once that he must learn to temper those picks 
 or the enterprise would be a failure. He shut himself 
 up " with his forge, with charcoal, a can of olive oil 
 and Ure's ' Dictionary of the Arts.' " After consid- 
 erable experimenting he caught the right shade, and 
 
138 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 this perplexing problem was solved. Writing of this 
 experience he says : "There is something divine in these 
 occult causes of matter and their relations to man. He 
 who constituted nature constituted also the mind, and 
 we ought to worship God in every triumph over na- 
 ture's laws, so called." 
 
 6. The men, including students, were industrious 
 and intelligent. They were well paid, but it was dis- 
 tinctly understood that " no lazy person would be tol- 
 erated in the camp, any more than a leper in Israel." 
 Dr. Hamlin informed the station that he would give 
 work in milling, baking, or distributing, and that 
 there was no further need of money for any who 
 wanted to work for a living ; " and for the rest let 
 them starve." It seemed a severe gospel, but it was 
 undoubtedly needed, and as a result the lazy were 
 weeded out. 
 
 The Crimean War. — i. A Bread Conspiracy. — 
 In the Autumn of 1853 the war between England and 
 Russia began over the Crimea. Thousands of troops 
 began to arrive and the English established a hospi- 
 tal at Scutari. The fame of Dr. Hamlin's flour and 
 bread reached the ears of Commissary-General Smith, 
 who at once made a contract which called for several 
 thousand pounds a day for that hospital alone. When 
 the purveyor and head physician saw that the demand 
 for bread was so great, they demanded that Dr. Hamlin 
 should give them a share of the profits. They in- 
 timated that it would uot be well for him to refuse. 
 A conspiracy was formed ; the bread was heated to 
 an intolerable temperature and of course it fermented 
 and was reported as " bad bread." The contract was 
 thrown up at once and an appeal was made to Lord 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 139 
 
 Raglan at Sebastopol. A despatch was at once sent 
 by him, reheving Dr. HamHn of the penalty named 
 in the contract, ordering the hospital to pay for every 
 loaf condemned and also ordering the bread supply 
 to a new competition. The result was that Dr. Ham- 
 lin was saved from great financial loss, for flour 
 had risen fifty per cent., and Dr. Menzies was con- 
 demned as the chief of the conspiracy. 
 
 2. It was at this time, when the hospitals were in 
 disorder and filth, that Florence Nightingale came 
 with forty assistants. Very soon this noble woman 
 transformed the hospital. She divided her forces into 
 night watches and there were competent nurses on 
 duty in the wards all night long. Every want was 
 attended to and every thing was done to relieve pain. 
 The death rate was reduced at once as a result of 
 woman's care and sympathy, and brutal treatment from 
 surgeons ceased. Dr. Hamlin, speaking of this hero- 
 ine, writes : " Her clear views, her executive ability, 
 her unselfish and absolute devotion to her work, gave 
 her a position of peculiar power. She seemed to me 
 a person in perfect health, graceful and agile in form 
 and movement, with the light of a high and holy pur- 
 pose pervading her whole personality." 
 
 3. The Army Demands More Bread. — As the num- 
 ber of troops increased. General Smith sent an orderly 
 to Dr. Hamlin informing him that he wanted him to 
 supply with bread the entire camp at Hyder Pasha. A 
 contract was made that in thirty days he would begin 
 to furnish from twelve to twenty thousand pounds per 
 day. By heroic efforts the ovens were built and ready 
 in ten days. Dr. Hamlin was careful to put a clause 
 into the contract that the bread for Sunday would 
 
140 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 be delivered Saturday evening — " as at the hospital, 
 so at the camp." When the first delivery of Sunday 
 bread was made on Saturday evening, as was antici- 
 pated the provost of the camp said, '' Dr. Hamlin you 
 will take every loaf right back and bring the bread in 
 the morning." He thought to frighten the missionary 
 with his blasphemy and threats to pitch every loaf 
 into the Marmora, but he had attacked the wrong 
 man. Dr. Hamlin replied, " I leave you the bread — 
 eight thousand loaves — and you can do what you 
 please with it." In relating this experience Dr. Ham- 
 lin says : " H Christian men will stand conscientiously 
 firm to the Sabbath, they will very rarely meet with 
 any insuperable obstacles to carrying out their de- 
 termination." 
 
 4. Invented a IVashing Machine. — After the battle 
 of Inkerman in November, 1854, several hundred 
 wounded and sick soldiers, almost destitute of proper 
 clothing and suffering from the cold, were sent to 
 Constantinople. Upon investigation it was found that 
 their clothing was full of Crimean lice, and that the 
 soldiers preferred to suffer for lack of clothes rather 
 than from the vermin. The women who were found to 
 undertake the task of washing these infested garments 
 soon fled and declared that they would never enter the 
 place again. Dr. Hamlin was equal to the emergency, 
 and by the next day he had transformed some empty 
 oak beer-casks into washing machines. After much 
 effort and persuasion he secured some women who 
 came to his assistance. He took up the articles with 
 tongs, put them in 'the machine, turned on the water 
 and in six minutes the water ran off with a filthy, 
 muddy color. Pure water was added, and in a short 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I4I 
 
 time the articles were taken out transformed. With 
 six machines and a force of thirty persons 3,000 ar- 
 ticles were put through in one day. In speaking of the 
 invention of the washing machine, Dr. Hamlin writes : 
 " I am told that my dear college friend, Dr. Bartol, 
 has humorously assigned to me sixteen professions. I 
 have never seen the list which his brilliant imagination 
 has produced, but I presume he did not include what 
 I am most proud of, the profession of a washer- 
 woman." 
 
 5. Dr. Hamlin's Cholera Remedy. — In 1855 the 
 cholera broke out and many deaths were reported. Dr. 
 Hamlin prepared a remedy and, filling a carpet bag 
 with his medicines, he gave a boatman twenty times the 
 usual price to carry him over to Scutari. He found 
 the men in the bakery utterly demoralized. Under his 
 treatment the sick all recovered. In the hospital there 
 were about 100 deaths, among them six doctors. This 
 is but one of many examples of the skill and courage 
 of Dr. Hamlin in meeting great emergencies. 
 
 6. Building Mission Churches. — At this time it was 
 found that the net proceeds of the various industries 
 which Dr. Hamlin had started amounted to more than 
 $25,000. Dr. Anderson would not receive it into the 
 treasury of the American Board, because he thought 
 that it would bring discredit on the mission to have 
 one of its missionaries make money at that rate ; then, 
 too, he had opposed all these movements from the 
 beginning. With the cordial agreement of the mis- 
 sionaries Dr. Hamlin paid every dollar of this money 
 into a Church-Building Fund. It helped build thirteen 
 churches with schoolhouses annexed. And thus it was 
 that these industrial schemes had vindicated themselves. 
 
142 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Dr. Hamlin Visits England and America. — i. 
 After eighteen years of untiring work, Dr. and Mrs. 
 Hamlin with their children sailed for America. He 
 spent a few weeks in England delivering addresses 
 under the auspices of the Turkish Missions Aid So- 
 ciety, which had been formed in Dr. Hamlin's study 
 in Constantinople. He was received by the Earl of 
 Shaftesbury and by many of the most distinguished 
 people of England. A note from Shaftesbury con- 
 tained these words : " We are convinced that Bulgaria 
 would be a fruitful field for the labors of evan- 
 gelical missionaries ; and we are satisfied that to none 
 could the work be so safely confided as to those who 
 have already produced such happy results in the Turk- 
 ish Empire." Then followed a pledge sufficient to 
 support two missionaries for the new mission in Bul- 
 garia. It will be seen from this that the work of the 
 American Board in Bulgaria began as a result of Dr. 
 Hamlin's conference with Shaftesbury. 
 
 2. During his brief stay in America he visited Bos- 
 ton, Portland, Brunswick and his old home at Water- 
 ford. He was everywhere received with the honor 
 due to one who had already earned a place among 
 the foremost living missionaries. Everywhere he had 
 to speak upon the Crimean War, which had just closed, 
 and was always greeted with crowded assemblies. 
 
 The Founding of Robert College. — As it had 
 been decided by the Mission that Bebek Seminary 
 should be removed to Marsovan, Dr. Hamlin, upon his 
 return from America, resigned his connection with the 
 Board in May, i860, and in conjunction with Mr. 
 Christopher R. Robert of New York began the work 
 of founding a college at Constantinople, now known 
 
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CYRUS HAMLIN I43 
 
 the world over as Robert College. It is only true to 
 history to say that Dr. Anderson, Secretary of the 
 Board, had opposed Dr. Hamlin in all his educational 
 methods and doubtless the latter felt that if a great 
 college were built up in Constantinople, Dr. Anderson's 
 system of vernacular education could not prevail. 
 
 1. Selecting the College Site. — After examining 
 twenty-four sites, the one overlooking the Bosporus — 
 one of the best in all Europe — where the college now 
 stands was decided upon and purchased for $7,000. 
 The different steps which were taken to secure this 
 site are too many to recite here. No better location 
 could have been secured, and the College stands as a 
 landmark to people of all nations as they pass up that 
 beautiful sheet of water. 
 
 2. The Design of the College. — It was the purpose 
 of the founders to make this a missionary college for 
 all languages and peoples in the Empire, but " the 
 English language was to be the medium of study and 
 instruction." There are probably more languages rep- 
 resented in this college on the Bosporus than in any 
 other similar institution in the world. 
 
 3. Effort to Secure Funds. — It was thought wise 
 for Dr. Hamlin to visit America with the hope that 
 a large sum, perhaps $100,000, might be raised and the 
 College be placed on a firm financial foundation from 
 the start. When he arrived in this country in 1861, 
 the War of the Rebellion was just breaking out and 
 men of wealth were full of apprehension for fear lest 
 they might lose all they had ; therefore no large sums 
 could be raised. However, Dr. Hamlin secured some 
 pledges and made many friends for his enterprise, 
 among them Professors Felton and Agassiz of Har- 
 
144 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 vard, Governor Washburn of Massachusetts and others. 
 Finally to Hamlin's great joy Mr. Robert said one day : 
 " Yesterday I put $30,000 worth of railroad bonds into 
 the hands of trustees. You return and erect the build- 
 ings as far as that money will go. By that time this 
 affair with the South will be finished." As the war 
 continued between the South and the North, Dr. Ham- 
 lin was fearful that Mr. Robert, for financial or other 
 reasons, would abandon the enterprise. He sent a 
 letter to him every two weeks, recounting everything 
 that had been done. Mr. Robert wrote : " We will 
 fight it out to the end. You and I, Dr. Hamlin, will 
 still see this thing through." In writing of Mr. 
 Robert at this critical period. Dr. Hamlin says, " He 
 was the man for the time and the work." 
 
 4. College Opens in the Seminary Building. — Since 
 it was not possible on account of various obstacles to 
 build at once, it was decided to secure from the Ameri- 
 can Board the building now made vacant by the re- 
 moval of Bebek Seminary. The building was thor- 
 oughly repaired and the College opened in 1863 with 
 four students. The number soon increased to forty. 
 The College remained in these quarters for eight years. 
 
 5. Securing Permission to Build. — During these 
 years Dr. Hamlin was untiring in his efforts to secure 
 leave from the Government to build upon the beautiful 
 site which had been purchased. Mr. E. J. Morris, 
 minister resident, was not ready to take an active part 
 in protecting the interests of the College. Mr. Morris 
 held that our treaty was a commercial one, and he ac- 
 cordingly did not feel any responsibility for a mis- 
 sionary college. When Dr. Hamlin asked, "If the 
 question involved a cargo of rum belonging to a mer- 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN 145 
 
 chant, what would you do ? '' he at once made reply, 
 " I should certainly interfere in such a case." Meeting 
 with little sympathy from the American Minister, he 
 turned to Sir Henry Bulwer, the English Ambassador, 
 who took it up with spirit and promised that soon the 
 legal permit would be issued. Shortly thereafter he 
 received a note from Sir Henry saying : " You have 
 made an unwise bargain in purchasing such a prom- 
 inent site on the Bosporus. The Turks will never allow 
 you to build there." It was soon learned that Sir 
 Henry had taken a bribe of $50,000 from the Khedive 
 of Egypt to settle a quarrel he had with the Sultan. 
 The Grand Vizier agreed to settle it if Sir Henry would 
 abandon three questions, one of which was the Ameri- 
 can College. This affair cost Sir Henry his place. 
 It would be impossible in our brief space to speak of 
 the many efforts which Dr. Hamlin made through 
 Midhat Pasha, the Grand Vizier, through Mr. Seward, 
 Secretary of State, and others. The full history of this 
 struggle to build Robert College would fill a volume 
 and would read like a romance. Few men would have 
 had the patience, diplomacy and heroism to accomplish 
 what many statesmen of the time, familiar with all the 
 facts, pronounced an impossible undertaking. 
 
 6. Visit of Admiral Farragut. — It was at this time 
 that the great naval officer, fresh from the victory of 
 Mobile and New Orleans, sailed into the Bosporus with 
 a few of his war vessels. His coming awakened great 
 interest and moved the whole city. It was destined 
 to settle the college question, although he had not gone 
 there with this in view, and what he did was not fully 
 known until two years afterwards. While the Admiral 
 was in port. Dr. Hamlin took his son Alfred down to 
 
146 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 see him. They received a cordial welcome. During 
 the conversation, when Dr. Hamlin told him of the 
 difficulty he was having in building the college, he re- 
 plied : " I am sorry the Turks should treat you so 
 unjustly; but I am not here on any diplomatic mis- 
 sion." Just at that moment Dr. Seropian, a friend of 
 the College, entered and said, " You have come here 
 just in the nick of time to help Dr. Hamlin out of this 
 difficulty." The Admiral again said, " I have no 
 diplomatic mission here." " Just for that reason," said 
 the doctor, " you can do everything. You have only to 
 ask the Grand Vizier, when you dine with him, why 
 this American College cannot be built ; that is all." " I 
 will readily do that," said the Admiral. 
 
 A few days after Admiral Farragut had dined with 
 the Grand Vizier, Dr. Hamlin received a note from the 
 American Minister reading as follows : " I congratulate 
 you, Dr. Hamlin, on the termination of your long con- 
 test with the Turkish Government. I have just received 
 a note from the Grand Vizier saying, ' Tell Mr. Hamlin 
 he may begin the building of his college when he 
 pleases. And in a few days an imperial iradc will be 
 given him.' " In due time the trade was received, and 
 the college was placed under the protection of the 
 United States. To-day the American flag may be seen 
 by all who pass up the Bosporus, proudly floating 
 over the main college building. Dr. Hamlin's triumph 
 was complete, but he always felt that but for the visit 
 of Admiral Farragut success would have been im- 
 possible. 
 
 7. Building and Formal Opening. — Having staked 
 out the ground, the faculty and students gathered, and 
 every one used a pick or shovel in breaking the ground. 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I47 
 
 When the work was ready for the cornerstone, a great 
 assembly gathered on the fourth of July, 1869, and 
 addresses were made in seven different languages by 
 as many speakers, including Honorable E. J, Morris, 
 the American minister. 
 
 The transfer of the College to the new and com- 
 modious building was made in May, 1871, but the 
 formal opening did not take place until July 4 of the 
 same year. Honorable William H. Seward, ex- 
 Secretary of State, then on his journey around the 
 world, was present and delivered a brilliant address. 
 Thus the noble institution, which will stand for genera- 
 tions as a monument to the heroic services and sacri- 
 fices of Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, was opened " with great 
 eclat." 
 
 8. Missionary Spirit of the College. — Dr. Hamlin 
 was as devoted to the missionary and evangelistic work 
 of the College as he had been during all the years in 
 which he had charge of Bebek Seminary. Many of 
 the leading pastors and laymen of all the churches con- 
 nected with the American Board were either brought to 
 Christ by the teaching and preaching of Dr. Hamlin, 
 or else their spiritual lives were largely molded under 
 his influence 
 
 9. Tribute to Dr. Hamlin. — In 1873, as Dr. Hamlin 
 was about to return to America on College business, 
 the English and American colony, including the mis- 
 sionaries, presented to him a " beautiful gold watch, 
 and a silver tea-set, upon a fine silver-plated tray." In 
 the address, which was read by Rev. Dr. Thomson, 
 agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, we find 
 these words : " Those years will ever be associated in 
 our minds with the events of the Crimean War, and we 
 
1I48 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 recall with gratitude the important services you ren- 
 dered to the British army by erecting a washing estab- 
 lishment for the hospitals, and also by supplying them 
 with wholesome bread, while with the profits you 
 created a fund which has largely aided the erection of 
 churches for the native Protestant congregations of this 
 country. Equally conspicuous were your exertions 
 during the terrible visitation of cholera in the capital 
 in 1865. In connection with the noble institution over 
 which you now preside, we admired the prudence and 
 perseverance with which you surmounted the opposi- 
 tion which so long resisted its establishment. Now 
 that you have been privileged to erect for it so befitting 
 a habitation, may you be spared for many years to 
 watch over its interests." 
 
 Endowment for Robert College. — i. Returns 
 to America. — It was the earnest wish of Mr. Robert 
 that Dr. Hamlin should return to America and under- 
 take the work of raising at least $100,000 for endow- 
 ment. Dr. Hamlin never undertook any task with more 
 reluctance, and to the closing day of his life he was 
 sorry that he permitted the New York merchant, whose 
 name the College bears, to induce him to leave Constan- 
 tinople, where he felt that he was greatly needed, and 
 take up a work for which he had no taste or special fit- 
 ness. The times were most unfavorable. Chicago had 
 just been burned, and the war with Servia had become 
 imminent. Then, too, men of means were not anxious 
 to give money toward a college which was to stand for 
 all time as a monument to a rich man, who was abund- 
 antly able to provide all the necessary funds. With 
 all these burdens upon him, and worn by the unceasing 
 efforts of many years in Turkey, Dr. Hamlin was 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I49' 
 
 obliged to undergo a critical operation. He was under 
 the care of Dr. Bigelow for eighty-five days. Mrs. 
 Baker and other kind friends provided for the hos- 
 pital expenses, and also for a much needed trip to 
 Florida, where he soon regained his strength. 
 
 2. His Constantinople Work Closes Abruptly. — 
 After having secured $56,000 toward the endowment, 
 notwithstanding all the difficulties in the way, and 
 finding that men of wealth, in view of the war, thought 
 the empire would go to pieces, Dr. Hamlin resolved 
 to tell Mr. Robert that he had decided to give up the 
 effort and return at once to Constantinople. After 
 making this statement there was a short but painful 
 silence; then the merchant, whose name at the sug- 
 gestion of Dr. Hamlin had been given to the College, 
 said, " Dr. Hamlin, it has been thought best that you 
 should not return to Constantinople." Does the reader 
 ask why this noble missionary hero, who had given 
 nearly forty years of faithful service to the missionary 
 work in Turkey, half of the time to the founding of 
 Robert College, should be dismissed in this almost 
 brutal way without any reason being given? The 
 writer asked Dr. Hamlin this same question a few 
 weeks before he went to his reward, and his answer 
 was characteristic of the man, " I have been trying for 
 twenty-five years to find out but do not expect to know 
 until I meet Mr. Robert in the New Jerusalem." 
 
 God Providing for His Servant. — i. Literary 
 Work. — Dr. Hamlin was now reaching old age, and 
 during these forty years in Turkey he had saved no 
 money for himself, although he had given to the mis- 
 sionary work $30,000 from his own earnings. Mr. 
 Robert had promised him $15,000 to provide for his 
 
150 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 old age, but he died suddenly soon after this interview, 
 and the name of the devoted missionary was not found 
 in his will. While waiting before God to learn what 
 further work, if any, there was for him to do, he was 
 offered $500 to write the volume, " Among the Turks." 
 This provided for his family for a few months. 
 
 2. Educational Labors. — While he was reading 
 the proof-sheets of his book, an unexpected call came 
 for him to fill for a time, the chair of Theology in 
 Bangor Theological Seminary, where he was grad- 
 uated forty years before. These were quiet, restful 
 years without any incident which needs to be noted in 
 this sketch. 
 
 As Dr. Hamlin's term of service was drawing to a 
 close at Bangor, an unexpected call came to the presi- 
 dency of Middlehury College, with a salary of $2,000 
 and furnished house ; thus God cared for his own. The 
 splendid services which Dr. Hamlin rendered during 
 these five busy years at Middlebury were cordially 
 acknowledged when upon reaching his seventy-fifth 
 birthday he felt that the time had come for him to turn 
 over these cares to a younger man. In receiving with 
 great reluctance his resignation the Board of Trustees, 
 among other things, say : " He has organized the 
 Department of Natural History, Chemistry and Gen- 
 eral Physics ; reconstructed, catalogued, enlarged, and 
 rendered more practically useful the library; and pro- 
 vided the students with a reading-room, gymnasium, 
 and commodious club-house, where good fare may be 
 had at minimum cost by all who desire to practice 
 economy. We assure Dr. Hamlin of our affection and 
 esteem, and our hope that for many peaceful years he 
 may enjoy his well-earned rest." 
 
CYRUS HAMLIN I5I 
 
 Closing Years. — i. Although Dr. HamHn had 
 reached an age when most men are either too feeble 
 for service or are not in demand, his physical and 
 mental vigor were still remarkable for one of his years. 
 It occurred to him to offer his services to the American 
 Board as a field agent. It was most fortunate that 
 the Board which sent him to Turkey nearly fifty years 
 before, and for which he had always had a warm affec- 
 tion, should have the benefit of his council and the 
 churches should hear from his own lips the story of 
 the triumphs of the gospel in the land of the Sultan. 
 He continued to speak for the Board as often as his 
 strength would permit to the close of his life. He was 
 for several years the missionary editor of Dr. Joseph 
 Cook's magazine, Our Day. He was made a corporate 
 member of the Board, and was always present at its 
 annual meetings. His farewell address at the Board 
 meeting in Providence, a few months before his death, 
 will never be forgotten by those present. The entire 
 audience arose and remained standing in deep silence 
 while " The Grand Old Man " spoke of his firm con- 
 fidence in the triumph of Christ's kingdom. 
 
 2. Quiet and Peaceful Death. — While attending 
 the one hundredth anniversary of the Payson Church 
 in Portland, with which he united when a boy, he fell 
 peacefully asleep in the home of a relative. Thus 
 ended serenely in the city of his early struggles and 
 triumphs, at the age of eighty-nine, honored and 
 beloved by all who knew him, Cyrus Hamlin, the 
 founder of Robert College. 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 
 
 '53 
 
^^s^^^^ /«, 
 
 Reproduced from "Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy Neesima' 
 By permission of Houghton^ Mifflin & Co. 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA, LL.D. 
 
 A Christian Maker of the New Japan 
 
 I 843- I 890 
 
 BY REV. JEROME D. DAVIS, D.D. 
 
 Early Life and Surroundings. — i. Parentage 
 and Birth. — Mr. Neesima's father was one of the 
 retainers of a daimio of the Province of Kozuke, the 
 castle-town of which was Annaka, seventy miles north- 
 west of Tokyo. He was born in Tokyo, February 12, 
 1843, i" the house of Itakura, a prince of the above 
 Province. 
 
 2. The moral earnestness and religious fervor of his 
 nature early manifested themselves. In later years 
 he wrote as follows of his mother : " She was a very 
 kind-hearted woman, always ready to assist her neigh- 
 bors, although she found so much to do in her own 
 family. One day she was sick in bed. I was very 
 anxious for her and wished to procure some remedy, 
 though she had something from the doctor. So I went 
 to the temple and prayed to the god that he would 
 cure my mother. I bought a little bit of cake, which 
 was a portion of the morning offering, and gave it 
 to her for a remedy, hoping earnestly that it might 
 do some good to her. I knew not, indeed, whether 
 nature cured her, or whether her will or faith in the 
 
 ^55 
 
156 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 god made her whole ; but she became better soon after 
 she received the cake. I had done the same thing for 
 my neighbors and was often successful in curing them." 
 Again, he writes : " I was obedient to my parents, 
 and, as they early taught me to do, I served gods 
 made by hand with great reverence. I strictly observed 
 the days of my ancestors and departed friends, and we 
 went to the graveyards to worship their spirits. I often 
 rose up early in the morning, went to a temple which 
 was at least three and a half miles from home, where 
 I worshipped the gods, and returned promptly, reach- 
 ing home before breakfast." 
 
 Two Awakenings. — i. The First Awakening. — 
 The coming of Commodore Perry into the Bay of 
 Yedo when Neesima was ten years old, greatly stirred 
 the young boy's heart. He wished to become a brave 
 soldier and fight for his country, and he often went to 
 the temple of the god of war and prayed that he would 
 give him strength for valiant service. One day, how- 
 ever, he found a famous motto, penned by a Chinese 
 hero whose life he was reading: "A sword is only 
 designed to kill a single man, but I am going to learn 
 to kill ten thousand enemies " ; that is, he was going 
 to gain a great victory by strategy. This helped Mr, 
 Neesima to leave off his sword exercise and give 
 himself to study. He writes, " I studied very dili- 
 gently, and often went to bed after cock crow." He 
 took up the study of the Dutch language, and he 
 was sometimes flogged by order of the prince because 
 he ran away from the office to study with his Dutch 
 teacher. 
 
 2. The Second Awakening. — When Neesima was 
 fifteen years old he borrowed several Chinese books 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 157 
 
 from a friend. The opening sentence of one of them 
 was, " In the beginning God created the heaven and 
 the earth." He had often asked his parents and his 
 teachers concerning these things, but they had not 
 given him any satisfactory answer. He writes con- 
 cerning this revelation : " I put down the book and 
 look around me saying, Who made me? my parents? 
 No, my God. God made my parents and let them 
 make me. Who made my table? a carpenter? No, 
 my God. God let trees grow upon the earth. Al- 
 though a carpenter made up this table, it indeed came 
 from trees ; then I must be thankful to God, I must 
 believe Him, and I must be upright against Him." 
 He at once recognized his Maker's claim to love and 
 obedience and began to yield them. He prayed : " Oh, 
 if you have eyes, look upon me ; if you have ears, 
 listen for me." From this time his "mind was ful- 
 filled to read English Bible," and he " burned to find 
 some teacher or missionary " who could teach him. 
 But he waited for six years in darkness, only pray- 
 ing every day to this unknown God. 
 
 The Resolve and Its Execution. — i. The Re- 
 solve. — In the spring of 1864, when twenty-one years 
 old, after receiving a refusal and a flogging for ask- 
 ing to go to Hakodate, Mr. Neesima finally gained 
 permission from a noble higher in authority than his 
 own prince to go in a sailing vessel to the distant 
 port. He told his mother that he might be gone a year, 
 little thinking that it would be ten years before he 
 would again look in the faces of those whom he loved. 
 During his three months stay in Hakodate, Mr. Nee- 
 sima was the teacher of the Russian Priest (now 
 Bishop), Nikolai, and he formed the great resolve 
 
158 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 to leave Japan and go to America where he could learn 
 about the true God and the civilization which his own 
 country needed. 
 
 2. The Escape. — He made a confidant of a young 
 Japanese in a foreign store and secured permission 
 to go on board the brig Berlin, then about to sail for 
 Shanghai. It was an offense punishable with death 
 to leave Japan at this time, but his friend rowed him 
 out to the brig in the midnight darkness, and he 
 was so effectually hidden by the captain that the of- 
 ficers who searched the ship the next morning, did not 
 find him. Arrived at Shanghai, he engaged to work 
 his passage around to Boston on the Wild Rover. 
 God had so ordered it, that the ship on which he went 
 was owned by that merchant prince of Boston, the 
 Honorable Alpheus Hardy, who had for his aim in 
 life, to " make money for God." Hence, when the 
 long year's voyage was over, Mr. Hardy took this 
 earnest exile into his heart and home and for ten 
 years gave him the best education that New England 
 afforded. 
 
 The Student and Interpreter. — i. The Student. 
 — After some years of preparation in Phillips Acad- 
 emy, Andover, where he publicly accepted Christ as his 
 Savior and united with the church, Mr. Neesima 
 entered Amherst College from which he was graduated 
 in 1870. The statement of President Seelye, when 
 asked for testimonials for Mr. Neesima as he was 
 about to return to Japan, is a sufficient comment on 
 his faithfulness in college. Said the President, " You 
 cannot gild gold." His faithfulness and thorovighness 
 as a student are shown by the fact that he had in his 
 possession a pile of large note-books more than a foot 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 159 
 
 high, containing lectures or notes which he copied or 
 wrote out while in college and theological seminary. 
 He entered Andover Theological Seminary in the fall 
 of 1870 and gave himself to study there with the same 
 devotion which he had manifested in his earlier courses. 
 
 2. With the lujakura Embassy. — In the winter of 
 1871-2 the second Japanese Embassy, consisting of 
 Messrs. Iwakura, Okubo, Kido, Ito, Terashima and 
 Tanaka, crossed the Pacific and came to Washington. 
 They asked Mr. Neesima to come thither to them. 
 He did so, meeting them in the Western fashion in- 
 stead of prostrating himself before them. The result 
 was that he spent a year with the Embassy, visiting 
 all the capitals of Europe and devoting all his energies 
 to help them gain the information which they desired. 
 His " stableness " and firm Christian principle shone 
 out during this visit to Europe. In most continental 
 countries the railroad trains ran on the Sabbath as on 
 any other day, and the Embassy often travelled on 
 that day. Mr. Neesima, however, never journeyed on 
 the Sabbath. He always stopped off Saturday night 
 alone and followed on after them on Monday. By his 
 faithfulness and conscientious adherence to principle, 
 he gained the confidence of these men, a confidence 
 which lasted till the day of his death. When he came 
 back to Japan and wished to start his school, these 
 men were at the head of the Government, and to his 
 intimacy with them and their firm confidence in him, 
 the Doshisha school owes its existence. 
 
 First Fruits of His Great Purpose. — Our hero 
 was graduated from the Theological Seminary in June, 
 1874, and he was soon after appointed a correspond- 
 ing member of the Japan Mission of the American 
 
l6o EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 Board, Mr. Hardy assuming his support. He was 
 asked to speak on the closing day of the Annual Meet- 
 ing of the American Board, at Rutland, Vermont, in 
 October, 1874. He wrote as follows of his attempt at 
 preparation the night before and of his speech the 
 next day. " I found my heart throbbing and was ut- 
 terly unable to make a careful preparation. I was then 
 like that poor Jacob, wrestling with God in my prayers. 
 On the following day, when I appeared on the stage, 
 I could hardly remember my prepared piece — a poor 
 untried speaker ; but after a minute or two, I recovered 
 myself, and my trembling knees became firm and 
 strong. A new thought flashed into my mind, and I 
 spoke something quite different from my prepared 
 speech. My whole speech must have lasted less than 
 fifteen minutes. While I was speaking, I was moved 
 with the most intense feeling over my fellow-country- 
 men, and I shed much tears instead of speaking in 
 their behalf. But before I closed my poor speech 
 about $5,000 were subscribed on the spot to found a 
 Christian College in Japan." 
 
 Return to Japan. — Mr. Neesima reached Japan 
 in December, 1874. Great changes had taken place 
 during his ten years' absence. The Mikado was re- 
 instated ; his capital was changed from Kyoto — where 
 his ancestors had ruled for more than a thousand years 
 — to Tokyo ; the daimios had relinquished their feudal 
 rights, and the pensions of their retainers were capital- 
 ized ; the Julian, or Gregorian, calendar had been ^^ 
 adopted, and the Sabbath was made a holiday; the ^ 
 post-office, with a money-order system, a savings- "^ 
 ized ; the Julian, or Gregorian, calendar had been / 
 established; newspapers were being printed and cir- 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA l6l 
 
 Ciliated ; an army and navy on a foreign plan were 
 formed ; a mint was established ; the coast was being 
 surrounded with lighthouses ; the first railroads were 
 opened ; a network of telegraphs was unifying the old 
 feudal kingdom ; and a general system of education, 
 which Mr. Neesima had helped to prepare, was being 
 put in operation all over Japan. Most of these changes 
 had taken place one or two years before Mr. Neesima's 
 return. The great question of constitutional liberty 
 was being agitated, and the men whose confidence and 
 love Mr. Neesima had gained in his intercourse with 
 the Embassy, three years before, were at the head of 
 the Government. Mr. Neesima was offered again and 
 again places of high position under these men and was 
 urged to accept them, but he steadily declined. He 
 allowed nothing to turn him from the great purpose 
 of his life, to establish a Christian college in his native 
 land. 
 
 Founding of Doshisha. — After a few weeks spent 
 with his aged parents, who were living at Annaka in 
 their native Province and where he boldly preached 
 the gospel, Mr. Neesima came to Kobe and Osaka, 
 where the Mission of the American Board had opened 
 their first two stations, and where the preceding spring 
 the first two churches were organized. He tried for 
 several months to get permission to open his Christian 
 school in Osaka, but while the Governor would have 
 been glad to have a school opened in the city, he said 
 that no missionary would be allowed to teach in it. 
 Kyoto had been closed to foreigners for 250 years, and 
 for more than a thousand years it had been the center 
 of Buddhism and Shintoism in Japan. It was the most 
 bigoted city in the Empire. God had, however, pre- 
 
l62 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 pared the way for a Christian school to be opened in 
 that city. Kyoto had been opened to foreigners for 
 loo days on the three previous years for an Exposition, 
 and Rev. O. H. GuHck, Dr. M. L. Gordon and other 
 missionaries had met the Wind Yamamoto, the coun- 
 selor of the Governor of the Kyoto Fu and had given 
 him Christian books, so that he was much interested 
 in Christianity. Through his influence the Governor 
 gave his consent to Mr. Neesima to open his school 
 in Kyoto. Mr. Tanaka, Mr. Neesima's special friend 
 while with the Embassy in America and Europe, was 
 then at the head of the Department of Education, and 
 he finally gave a reluctant consent to the opening of 
 the school in Kyoto, although he feared trouble. Per- 
 mission was also at last gained for Rev. J. D. Davis to 
 teach in the school and for his family to reside in Kyoto 
 for one year. Mr. Neesima and the blind Yamamoto 
 formed the first Japanese company under whom the 
 school was opened with eight students in a rented 
 building, November 29, 1875. The name " Doshisha," 
 " One Endeavor Company," was chosen for the school. 
 Marriage, Trials and Victory. — i. Marriage. — 
 Soon after Mr. Neesima came to Kyoto, he became 
 acquainted with Yamamoto Yaye, a sister of the blind 
 counselor of the Kyoto Fu ; and meeting her repeatedly 
 at her brother's house, acquaintance ripened into af- 
 fection, and in the autumn of that year they were 
 engaged. On Sabbath, January 2, 1876, the Lord's 
 Supper and also the ordinance of baptism were cele- 
 brated for the first time in the city at the regular 
 service at the house of Mr. Davis. Yamamoto O Yaye 
 received baptism at that time, and the next day, Janu- 
 ary 3, in the presence of all the members of the school, 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 163 
 
 of the ex-daimio of Tango and his daughter, with 
 other friends, including Mr. Yamamoto's family, Mr. 
 Neesima and O Yaye were united in marriage, the first 
 Christian marriage in the city. 
 
 2. Trials. — As before stated the school was opened, 
 but the ten thousand Buddhist and Shinto priests in the 
 city banded together to oppose and crush it. The 
 Governor turned against it, and for six years this op- 
 position continued. Mr. Neesima wrote to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Hardy : " We are hated by the magistrates and 
 priests, but we have planted the standard of truth here, 
 and will never more retreat. To no one else but you 
 will I say that this Christian school could have no 
 existence here if God had not brought this poor run- 
 away boy to your kind hands. The only way to get 
 along in this country is to work courageously, even 
 under many difficulties." The coming of the Kuma- 
 moto Band of over thirty, graduates and undergradu- 
 ates of Captain Janes' English school, at the beginning 
 of the second Doshisha school year was a great en- 
 couragement and help to the school. But the whole 
 situation during the first six years was a great strain 
 on Mr. Neesima and seriously affected his health which 
 was never rugged. It seemed again and again as if the 
 enterprise must fail, and he often felt that he had only 
 God on whom to lean. He once exclaimed, " Oh, 
 that I could be crucified once for Christ and be done 
 with it ! " He held on and held in and held out, how- 
 ever, for six years, when there appeared outward as- 
 surances of that victory of which the founder of the 
 school had been sure in his own heart from the begin- 
 ning. 
 
 3. Victory. — A Governor friendly to the school 
 
164 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 came to Kyoto, and the first graduates, members of the 
 Kumamoto Band, were beginning such important work 
 in various places as called attention to the Doshisha 
 and evoked praise in its behalf. 
 
 Broadening Plans. — i. The University Idea. — 
 In the year 1883 Mr. Neesima began to think and plan 
 actively to enlist interest among Japanese friends in the 
 establishment of a university, or in the broadening out 
 of the Doshisha into a Christian university. Up to this 
 time the institution had only been known in Japan as 
 a Christian school, and the general idea among the 
 leading men in the Empire was that it was a school 
 simply for training Christian preachers and evangelists. 
 This was the very natural conclusion from the fact that 
 most of the graduates up to this time had engaged in 
 active Christian work. For this reason it was a very 
 difficult matter to appeal to the Japanese public for 
 help for the school ; but Mr. Neesima never swerved 
 from his great purpose of a Christian school, nor from 
 stating that publicly in his appeals. 
 
 2. Neesima' s Appeal. — It was important to show 
 the public that something beside the Bible and theology 
 was taught in the school, and that its aim was a broader 
 one than simply the training of evangelists ; but it was 
 always made very clear that the foundation of the 
 school was Christian, and that Christianity was the 
 foundation of the morality taught in it. This was 
 clearly stated in every appeal which was made by voice 
 or pen. In the first printed appeal which was put forth 
 in the Japanese language in 1884, occurs the following 
 eloquent and forcible paragraph : " Some are trying 
 to improve the morality of the people ; but they demand 
 that the old morality of China shall be used with the 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 165 
 
 people, and hence we cannot rejoice at their efforts, 
 for the Chinese moraHty has not influence upon the 
 mind of men generally. All Oriental states are almost 
 destitute of liberty and Christian morality ; they cannot, 
 therefore, rapidly advance in civilization. The growth 
 of liberty, the development of science, the advance- 
 ment of politics and the power of morality have brought 
 forth the European civilization. These four important 
 effects have come from the study of the advancing 
 sciences upon the foundation of Christian morality. 
 We cannot believe, then, that without morality and 
 science, civilization can come in Japan. To put the 
 foundation of our state upon this foundation is just 
 like putting the foundation of a building upon a rock. 
 No sword can conquer it ; no tempest can break it ; no 
 waves can overcome it. If it is founded upon the old 
 Chinese morality, it will be just like putting it upon 
 a sandy beach of the sea; when the rough waves beat 
 against it it falls into ruin. We are therefore hoping 
 for a university which is founded upon pure morality, 
 and which teaches modern advanced science," 
 
 Second Visit to America. — In the early part of 
 1884 it became evident that the strain of the last nine 
 years had so exhausted Mr. Neesima that he must have 
 a complete change. He had tried in vain to rest in 
 Japan ; he could not escape from the many calls which 
 pressed upon him everywhere; he could not forget the 
 great work he had undertaken ; it was always before 
 his eyes and on his heart. He at last yielded to the 
 earnest solicitations of his friends and accepted Mr. 
 Hardy's generous invitation to go to the United States 
 by way of Europe, and on the sixth of April, 1884, 
 he started from Kobe on his long journey. He was a 
 
1 66 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 close Student of all schools and educational methods 
 in every place to which he went. In Switzerland while 
 climbing the St. Gothard Pass, he was overcome with 
 weakness or partial failure of the heart and thought 
 that the end had come. He there wrote in what he 
 supposed would probably be his last words the follow- 
 ing : " My plan for Japan will be defeated ; but thanks 
 be to the Lord that He has already done so much foi* 
 us! I trust He will yet do a wonderful work there. 
 May the Lord raise up many true Christians and noble 
 patriots for my dear fatherland. Amen and amen." 
 Mr. Neesima rallied again, reached the United States 
 in the early autumn and remained there in great weak- 
 ness for a year. His soul was on fire all the time, 
 however, for Doshisha and for the evangelistic work in 
 Japan. He was writing to the teachers and students 
 and making plans and appeals for the university. 
 
 The Last Heroic Struggle and Last Victory. — 
 I. Work in Kyoto. — In the autumn of 1885 Mr. Nee- 
 sima returned to Japan somewhat improved in health 
 but still suffering from weakness and headache. He 
 at once began to work quietly for the establishment of 
 the university. He made many earnest friends for the 
 enterprise, and many sums of money were promised 
 toward its endowment. This quiet work and the issue 
 and circulation of small circulars in regard to the 
 university continued during two or three years, but it 
 was not until 1888 that a public and determined effort 
 was made for its endowment. About 650 of the of- 
 ficials, scholars and leading business men of Kyoto 
 assembled in one of the large temples of the city and 
 were addressed by Mr. Neesima and others, and much 
 interest was aroused. 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 1 6/ 
 
 2. The Fund Increases. — In the summer of that 
 year Mr. Neesima went to Tokyo and worked in the 
 interest of the university. But so great was his weak- 
 ness that one evening, as he met a few influential 
 friends to present his plan, he fainted quite away. In 
 July of that year, however, Count Inouye gave a dinner 
 to men of rank and wealth, inviting Mr. Neesima to 
 be present, and after dinner he introduced the subject 
 and asked Mr. Neesima to speak of the university, 
 and the result was that Count Inouye subscribed i,ooo 
 yen, Count Okuma i,ooo yen, Viscount Aoki, then 
 Vice-minister of State, 500 yen, a prominent banker 
 6,000 yen and others enough to bring the amount up 
 to 31,000 yen. This gave great enthusiasm to the 
 movement. Early in August, 1888, after the money 
 mentioned above had been secured for the university, 
 Mr. Neesima became so weak that some physicians in 
 Tokyo told him that he had only a short time to live; 
 one other physician told him that if he took a complete 
 rest for two years he might possibly live several years ; 
 but he decided to do what he could while life lasted. 
 He prepared an appeal for the university in the autumn 
 of 1888, which was published simultaneously in twenty 
 of the leading papers of Japan. He spent the most of 
 the next winter in Kobe in great weakness, but with the 
 spring of 1889 he seemed to regain his strength in some 
 measure. He spent a part of the next summer at a sea- 
 side resort, and while there the news came to him that 
 his alma mater, Amherst College, had conferred upon 
 him the degree of LL.D, He was greatly troubled 
 because they had given him this degree, and he wrote 
 to a friend that he had always refused any position 
 which had been offered him in his own country, that 
 
l68 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 he felt he was not worthy of it, and he ended by ask- 
 ing : " What shall I do with it ? " 
 
 3. The Doshisha had been groiving all these years ; 
 the Girl's School had increased its buildings and more 
 than doubled its numbers ; the Hospital and Training 
 School for Nurses had been established ; a preparatory 
 department for young men had been added ; the first 
 two dormitories had increased to thirteen ; a large 
 recitation hall, a chapel to seat 600, and a large library 
 building had been erected, the three latter of brick and 
 stone. The Honorable J. Harris, of New London, 
 Conn., had become interested in the work of the Dos- 
 hisha, mainly through Dr. Learned's letters, and he 
 gave at first $15,000 for a Hall of Science, and during 
 1889 his interest increased so that he made his gift 
 $100,000 to endow the Science Department. Mr. Nee- 
 sima saw the foundations of the new Hall of Science 
 laid before he went to Tokyo in October, 1889. The 
 students had also increased, so that during the school 
 year of 1888-89 there were in all departments over 
 900 young men and women. There were also twelve 
 foreign and thirteen Japanese teachers connected with 
 the school. 
 
 4. Latest Actiz'ities. — The autumn of 1889 found 
 Mr. Neesima far from well, and yet he kept at work 
 for the university. He went to Tokyo in October and 
 saw a great many friends in that vicinity, talking of 
 the university endowment and receiving many promises 
 of aid. He contracted a severe cold in November, 
 which confined him to his bed for a week and left him 
 so feeble that he went in December to Oiso, a quiet 
 place on the sea-shore near Yokohama, for rest. The 
 new year came, and Dr. Neesima sent out many New 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA {69 
 
 Year's letters to his friends, especially to the leading 
 pastors and workers. In one of these he said that 
 the greatest need of the Church in Japan for the new 
 year was a new baptism, so that we might be prepared 
 to take Japan for Christ. He sent an acting pastor in 
 Niigata a letter nearly three yards long, urging upon 
 him the desirability of planting workers in the im- 
 portant centers of that Province; he sent another long 
 letter to a man in the west end of the Empire, urging 
 the planting of the gospel in that region. 
 
 5. His Passing. — On January eleventh he began to 
 decline, and he grew worse from day to day, so that 
 on the seventeenth, one of the best physicians in Tokyo 
 was summoned to see him. He pronounced his disease 
 peritonitis and said that he was in a very dangerous 
 condition. Mrs. Neesima reached him on the evening 
 of the twentieth. He grew steadily worse but was 
 conscious up to the last. He dictated his last words 
 about the school and the missionary society, marking 
 on a map the strategic points which should be oc- 
 cupied. He also dictated his last wishes in reference 
 to the Doshisha, his last words to Secretary Clark, 
 of the American Board, and the following message 
 to Mrs. Hardy : " I am going away. A thousand thanks 
 for your love and kindness to me during the many 
 years of the past. I cannot write myself. I leave this 
 world with a heart full of gratitude for all you have 
 done for my happiness." This message was but an 
 epitome of the love and gratitude which he had poured 
 out in his letters during twenty years to his benefactors, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hardy. A few hours before his death 
 he asked that the third chapter of Ephesians be read 
 to him, friends prayed with and for him and at twenty 
 
170 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 minutes past two o'clock, January 23, 1890, with the 
 words, " Peace, joy, heaven," on his lips, he entered 
 into rest. 
 
 6. At Rest. — The body was brought to Kyoto, 
 and more than 3,000 people assembled at the funeral, 
 and the long procession marched to the foot of the 
 mountain east of the city and wound up its side, the 
 students of the school acting as bearers ; and there, 
 in accordance with his direction, a simple rough stone 
 with the words, " Joseph Hardy Neesima," marks the 
 spot where his ashes repose. 
 
 The Inner Life and Its Results. — It is not 
 easy to find the inner springs and fountains of such 
 a life and character as those of Dr. Neesima. Here 
 was one among the millions of young men in Japan 
 in that twilight period when only dim rays of the 
 civilization and Christianity, which are now flooding 
 the land, were visible ; one young man, who seems 
 almost to have lifted himself out of the depths of 
 darkness in which he was born and to have climbed 
 to a height of honor and influence such as few men 
 reach. What is the explanation? 
 
 I. Loyalty to Truth. — This is shown by Dr. Nee- 
 sima's earnest search for truth. He began this quest 
 very early. He asked his parents and teachers again 
 and again how the world and all things came into being 
 as they are. When the first verse of Genesis, " In the 
 beginning God created the heaven and the earth," 
 shone as a ray of light in the darkness, he kept his face 
 toward that ray. He studied it, he pondered it and fol- 
 lowed it for six years. He tried to trace it to its 
 source, and since the man who wrote the Chinese book 
 which contained it was an American, he reasoned 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA I7I 
 
 that if he could go to America he could learn more con- 
 cerning this God who created the heaven and the earth. 
 He was ready to leave his home and friends and native 
 land and risk his life in doing it. He set out, a pen- 
 niless wanderer, not even daring to let his friends or 
 his parents know that he had gone lest they might be 
 put to death. He trusted himself to men of a strange 
 speech, from an unknown land, as for a year he 
 worked his toilsome way westward in quest of truth. 
 
 But it was not only that he made a loyal search 
 for truth ; he obeyed the truth when he found it. There 
 is truth which appeals only to the intellect and carries 
 with it no impulse of duty ; for example, mathematical 
 truth. Moral truth, however, carries with it a con- 
 viction of something which ought to be done. 
 Happy is the man who obeys the truth. As soon 
 as Dr. Neesima found the Creator, he bowed before 
 Him in worship and began to ask Him to guide him 
 into farther truth and light, and God heard his prayers. 
 His was an example of the truth of Christ's promise, 
 " He that willeth to do his will shall know of the doc- 
 trine." So, also, when he found the great truth of a 
 Savior, he was ready to commit himself to Christ and 
 obey Him. He was ever loyal to duty and principle. 
 He would leave the embassy when traveling with them 
 in Europe and stop over alone and rest on the Sab- 
 bath ; and when he came back to Japan, he stopped off 
 from the overland train at Green River station in 
 Wyoming and spent a lonely Sabbath with the Chinese 
 section-hands there. 
 
 2. A Great Aim and a Definite Purpose. — His was 
 not a low aim ; it was not a selfish one. It was in 
 harmony with God's great aim. It was the establish- 
 
172 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 ment of a great Christian university for the sake of 
 lifting up through that, so far as he could, his whole 
 nation toward God and a Christian civilization. It 
 was to be a Christian school; Christianity was its 
 foundation. He began to put forth his appeals for the 
 university when there was still a great deal of prejudice 
 against Christianity, but it was always made clear 
 that Christian morality was the foundation on which 
 all enduring civilization must rest. " Christianity is 
 the foundation of the moral education promoted by 
 this company," was one of the unchangeable articles 
 of the Constitution of the Doshisha company. 
 
 An extract from the first appeal which Dr. Neesima 
 issued for the university has already been given. In 
 1888 he issued another appeal which was published 
 simultaneously in twenty of the leading newspapers 
 in Japan. In this document, after giving a brief ac- 
 count of the founding of the Doshisha, he continues : 
 " Thus the Doshisha was established ; and its purpose 
 was, not merely to give instruction in English and 
 other branches of learning, but to impart higher moral 
 and spiritual principles and to train up, not only men 
 of science and learning, but men of conscientiousness 
 and sincerity. This we believe can never be attained 
 by one-sided intellectual education nor by Confucian- 
 ism, which has lost its power to control and regulate 
 the mind, but only by a thorough education, founded 
 on the Christian principles of faith in God, love of 
 truth and benevolence to one's fellow men. That our 
 work is founded on these principles is the point in 
 which we have differed from the prevailing views on 
 education, and owing to this we failed to gain the 
 sympathy of the public for a number of years. At 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 1 73 
 
 that time our condition was very weak, with almost no 
 friends in the whole country, with our principles of 
 education not only despised by the ignorant, but 
 treated with contempt even by men of enlightenment. 
 Nevertheless, being convinced of the ultimate victory 
 of truth, helping and strengthening each other, we 
 proceeded on our way with a single eye to the end, 
 and with strong determination, amid the greatest dif- 
 ficulties. . . . To express our hopes in brief, we seek 
 to send out into the world, not only men versed in 
 literature and science, but young men of strong and 
 noble character by which they can use their learning 
 for the good of their fellow men. This we are con- 
 vinced, can never be accomplished by abstract specu- 
 lative teaching, nor by strict and complicated rules, but 
 only by Christian principles, — the living and power- 
 ful principles of Christianity, — and we therefore adopt 
 these principles as the unchangeable foundation of our 
 educational work and devote our energies to their re- 
 alization." 
 
 Dr. Neesima allowed nothing to turn him aside from 
 his great purpose. He began his school in the most 
 humble way, in the midst of great prejudice and oppo- 
 sition ; but he held steadily to his purpose until suc- 
 cess came. No matter how dark the outlook, no mat- 
 ter how great the opposition, no matter how tempting 
 were the offers in other lines of work, he kept steadily 
 on. " This one thing I do," was his motto. In his 
 note-book, written in Italy when on his way to America 
 the second time in 1884, we read : " Be single minded 
 for a single purpose. We shall sooner or later reach 
 our mark," 
 
 3. Intense Devotion to His Purpose. — He had a 
 
174 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 holy, absorbing ambition to reach his great aim. He 
 counted not his hfe dear to him if he could accomplish 
 his great object. A year or two before he died, when 
 the question was raised of his going to the United 
 States a third time to try and secure money for the 
 endowment of the university and his physicians told 
 him that it would be almost certain death for him to 
 go, he replied that that would make no difference with 
 him, if he felt that by going he could secure the money. 
 His going to Tokyo and working during the last 
 months of his life were done in a similar spirit. He 
 died in the harness. He believed in a divine fire and 
 zeal. Speaking of this in his note-book, he says : 
 " This fire can only be got by daily seeking. Those 
 who depend very much upon their talent and knowl- 
 edge are very apt to forget to seek this much needed 
 divine fire for themselves, as well as for their hearers. 
 How cold such a heart must be to a congregation ! If 
 each professing Christian has this divine fire, Christ's 
 Kingdom will come much faster. O Heavenly Father, 
 give us this fire ! However small we may be, if we 
 have genuine fire we shall consume even the whole 
 world. How small a spark of fire burned up a vast 
 forest in Canada ! How small a lamp-light consumed 
 two-thirds of the great city of Chicago ! " He was 
 so absorbed in gaining his great object that he would 
 forget himself and give up his own plans, if he felt 
 that this would unite all and secure the end in view. 
 He could yield everything but vital and fundamental 
 principles, but those he would never yield. 
 
 4. Unwavering Faith in God and His Union zvith 
 Christ. — He felt with Paul, " I can do all things 
 through Christ who strengtheneth me." He com- 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA I75 
 
 mitted himself and his great plan to God, with a firm 
 faith that God would give him success. He never 
 wavered in the darkest days. In the last English 
 letter, which he wrote a few weeks before his death, 
 this shines out. He speaks of his " day-dream to found 
 a Christian college " and how he received no human 
 encouragement ; but he adds, " However, I was not 
 discouraged at all ; I kept it within myself and prayed 
 over it." Then he speaks of the night before he made 
 his Rutland appeal for money for the school, and how 
 he could not sleep, and says, " I was then like that 
 poor Jacob, wrestling with God in my prayers." And 
 he writes in the same letter : " I have a full hope that 
 my vague day-dream for a Christian university will 
 sooner or later be realized, and in some future we shall 
 find occasion to give thanks to Him who has led us 
 and blessed us beyond our expectation." 
 
 Eleven days before he died, he wrote a New Year's 
 poem of which the following is a free translation : 
 
 " Seeing the old year go, 
 Do not lament over the sick body ; 
 For the cock's crow is the harbinger 
 Of happy times at hand. 
 
 " Although inferior in ability, 
 Poor in plans for the good of my generation, 
 Yet, still cherishing the greatest hope, 
 I welcome the spring." 
 
 5. His Desire for Japan's Salvation. — The most ab- 
 sorbing object in Neesima's life was his desire to bring 
 the millions of Japan to Christ. This was fundamental 
 to his whole plan for a Christian college and univer- 
 
176 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 sity. " For Christ and the Church " would express 
 his thought for the school. He had no faith in any 
 education or civilization which had not Christianity 
 as its foundation and as its moving and controlling 
 power. When a member of the mission visited him 
 for an hour in Ikao, where he rested in great weakness 
 during the summer of 1888, he was no sooner seated 
 than Dr. Necsima said, " I have something I want to 
 show you " ; and he went into an adjoining room and 
 brought out a map of his ancestral province, on which 
 he had marked every town where there was a church, 
 every place where the gospel was regularly preached 
 and other places for which he was praying and planning 
 to secure evangelists. In his round-the-world-diary, 
 in 1884, we read : " April 7, Monday. Prayer for 
 theological students." " April 8. Came to Nagasaki 
 6.30 A.M. Pray for fifth year " ; and so on, day after 
 day, we read, " Pray for theological class," " Pray 
 for vernacular class." He carried around the world 
 with him this intense desire for workers to be raised 
 up to reap the waiting fields of Japan and presented 
 this object in earnest prayer to God every day. 
 
 His first work when he reached his native land in 
 December, 1874, after ten years' absence, was to preach 
 the gospel in his ancestral Province, and he did it so 
 earnestly that it brought forth an abundant harvest. 
 When he came to Kyoto in 1875, he immediately 
 started a religious service in his house on the Sabbath, 
 where he preached Christ to a company of men and 
 women. He was always and everywhere known as an 
 earnest Christian. The impression of him among his 
 countrymen was well voiced by a high official who 
 remarked, when Dr. Neesima had persisted in holding 
 
JOSEPH HAEIDY NEESIMA 177 
 
 firmly to his Christian principles, " Well, you are a 
 slave of Jesus Christ, are you not ! " 
 
 Dr. Neesima spent the summer months of 1885, 
 while in the United States and far from well, at West 
 Goldsborough, Me., a retired country place. On July 
 28 he wrote to Mr. and Mrs. Hardy as follows : " I 
 went to church here last Sabbath. After service, I 
 asked for the Sunday-school. To my surprise the 
 reply was negative. I thought it too strange and too 
 bad that these young folks should grow up here with- 
 out it. A thought came to me at once, Why cannot 
 we start a Sunday-school here? I proposed to a lady 
 that we should offer ourselves as teachers. I thought 
 I would not show forth myself as the originator of the 
 idea and tried to put the preacher forward to execute 
 it. He was most glad to do so. I took the respons- 
 ibility of getting the Sabbath-school papers for them, 
 because I had no least doubt you will take share in 
 the work and get others interested in it." Professor 
 Hardy says in his " Life and Letters " : " In his sub- 
 sequent letters from Japan, when burdened with many 
 cars and feeling the hand of death not far from him, 
 Mr. Neesima asks again and again, * How is my 
 Sunday-school getting along ? ' " 
 
 What are the Results? — i. Dr. Neesima was 
 an object lesson to the nation. Gaining the love and 
 confidence of the Iwakura Embassy as he did, the 
 men who were at the head of the nation during his 
 active life in Japan, he was a marked man. Their 
 eyes were upon him. The great company of mourning 
 friends who assembled from all parts of the Empire 
 at his funeral and the hundreds of sympathetic tele- 
 grams which came from leading men show how wide 
 
178 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 was the influence of this great commoner. Viscount 
 Aoki, Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, sent a 
 letter, saying, " I have lost a great and good friend." 
 Count Inouye telegraphed to those at his sick-bed, 
 " You must keep him alive." He still lives ; though 
 dead, he still speaks to the whole nation. 
 
 The great educator. Air. Fiikncazva, in The Con- 
 temporary Reviciv, prepared an editorial soon after 
 Dr. Neesima's death, of which the following is an 
 extract : " Mr. Neesima, living in a corrupt age, was 
 not corrupted by it. Working earnestly in the cause 
 of education and religion, his purpose was ever single. 
 He was indeed an example of independence. His body 
 perished, but his name is beyond the reach of oblivion. 
 Many of the coming generations will hear of him to 
 take heart and follow him." A month after Dr. 
 Neesima's death, a large commemorative meeting was 
 held in Tokyo. Mr. Kato, President of the Imperial 
 University, made an address on that occasion of which 
 the following extracts are given : " From what I have 
 heard of Mr. Neesima, I know very well what kind of 
 a man he was — one greatly to be honored and re- 
 spected. All who have spoken of him unite in ascrib- 
 ing to him an invincible purpose. It is this uncon- 
 querable spirit of his which I honor. I do not praise 
 him because he was a Christian. I care not whether 
 he believed in Jesus or not. I praise him for that 
 steadfast spirit so essential in every sphere of religion, 
 learning, politics, or trade. I believe this spirit a great 
 necessity in this country, although it is, of course, 
 everywhere important. . . . While there are un- 
 doubted exceptions, yet I think this is our weakness, 
 that we have not the endurance, the indefatigable 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA I79 
 
 Spirit, of the men of the West. In the case of Mr. 
 Neesima, however, from the very first, when he de- 
 cided to go to America, to the close of his Hfe, this 
 invincible spirit was conspicuous. Such success as he 
 atained cannot be brought by mere cleverness. . . . 
 I do not say that we are altogether destitute of this 
 element of strength, for if this were so, the future 
 would be hopeless. But I do say that for the young, 
 Mr. Neesima is in this respect a great example. Not 
 only those who follow him in his religious faith, but 
 all — merchants, statesmen, scholars — should strive to 
 acquire his spirit." 
 
 Mr. Takegoshi, editor of The Christian, said at this 
 same meeting : '' If a hero is one who can command 
 an army, who rides among flying bullets and glittering 
 swords, then Mr. Neesima was not one. If a hero is 
 one whose eloquence like a mighty wind sweeps away 
 all opposition, or whose fluent speech and practical 
 tact insure success in every undertaking, he was not 
 one. But if he is the true hero whose life is a poem, 
 a lesson which can be sung and which is capable of 
 stirring the enthusiasms of future generations, then 
 Mr. Neesima may well be given that title. Does any 
 one charge me with extravagant praise? I can only 
 say what I believe. Often the fame of great men is 
 larger than the reality. The shadow is greater than 
 the body itself, so that on drawing near the reality 
 disappoints us. For this reason great men are often 
 compared to a picture which must be observed at a 
 certain distance. But this is not the case with Mr. 
 Neesima. Great as was his fame, when we approach 
 nearer to see and speak with him, he wins a larger 
 respect. Those who knew him personally testify to 
 
l8o EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 his gentleness and meekness. But there burned within 
 him a fire of mighty power. It is a very rare thing 
 to see these two traits in a single individual. A merely 
 good man is often weak-minded, while ability fre- 
 quently leads to rashness and imprudence. Gentleness 
 and force co-existed in Mr. Neesima in a rare degree. 
 In one of his letters to me he wrote : ' Young man, 
 fighting once, do not stop there. Fighting the second 
 time, do not stop there. Do not stop even after fight- 
 ing the third time. Your sword shattered, your arrows 
 all spent, yet do not stop fighting till every bone is 
 broken and every drop of blood is shed for the truth. 
 Yes, if we do not fight for the truth, is not our life a 
 useless one? ' These words rouse me to action. When 
 I read them, I sit upright. Within his spirit raged like 
 the billowy sea, but it flowed out calm and peaceful in 
 meek and gentle conduct. So a mighty river foaming 
 with a power to move mountains while in its bed, when 
 it reaches the sea spreads tranquilly over the vast sur- 
 face without a ripple. The secret of this combination 
 of gentleness and strength was his confidence in 
 Heaven. He entrusted all to God." 
 
 Dr. Neesima especially impressed the young men 
 of Japan. Not only those who came under his influence 
 in the Doshisha, but all who knew him and all who 
 read his life are impressed. His life is published in the 
 Chinese language also and is impressing thousands of 
 young men in China. 
 
 2. The First-fruits of the School. — At the end of 
 the seventeenth school year, it could be said that less 
 than ten of the 178 men who had been graduated from 
 the collegiate department of the school were not pro- 
 fessing Christians when they left it. Of those men. 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA l8l 
 
 thirty-six were preaching or studying theology, fifty- 
 eight were teachers and forty-five were still pursuing 
 their studies. At that time no had been graduated 
 in theology. During the first twenty-five years of 
 the Doshisha's life 4,611 students entered the school. 
 Of these 936 had been graduated. Of those graduates 
 147 were engaged in teaching, ninety-five were preach- 
 ing the gospel, seventy-eight, graduates of the Train- 
 ing School for nurses, were engaged in their calling; 
 over 200 were engaged in mercantile pursuits, in banks 
 and on newspapers ; 102 graduates of the Girls' School 
 were in homes of their own, most of them centers of 
 Christian influence. Besides these, about 3,400 had 
 left the school before graduation, and very many of 
 them are engaged in useful Christian work as preach- 
 ers, teachers, etc. No one can measure the influence 
 for good which has come to this nation of 45,000,000 
 people, just waking to new life, from this Christian 
 output of the Doshisha. It has changed and is chang- 
 ing the history of the nation. 
 
 3. Present Condition and Prospects. — Dr. Neesi- 
 ma's death was a great loss to the school. Its discipline 
 and its earnest Christian spirit declined ; its numbers 
 diminished ; it was powerfully affected by the waves 
 of nationalism and rationalism which swept over 
 Japan; it was separated from the Mission and the 
 American Board. Finally, in February, 1898, came 
 the Coup de grace when the fundamental principles of 
 the Constitution were changed, and it seemed for a time 
 as if Dr. Neesima's great purpose was to fail. It 
 cost a long and painful struggle to restore the school, 
 but it was accomplished. The Constitution was re- 
 stored and incorporated under the provisions of the 
 
l82 EFFECTIVE WORKERS IN NEEDY FIELDS 
 
 'New Civil Code. It was declared that " the Christi- 
 anity which forms the basis of the moral teaching in 
 all departments of the Doshisha, under the unchange- 
 able principles of its Constitution, is that body of living 
 and fundamental Christian principles believed and ac- 
 cepted in common by the great Christian churches of 
 the world." An earnest body of Christian directors 
 have charge of the institution. The most earnest and 
 united body of Christian Japanese teachers which the 
 school has had since Dr. Neesima's death are working 
 in the school, and the Honorable Kenkichi Kataoka, 
 for many years Chairman of the Lower House of 
 Parliament and a most earnest Christian man, for 
 twenty years an elder in the Presbyterian Church, has 
 just signified his willingness to accept the position of 
 President of the Board of Directors, and the hope is 
 entertained that he will in the near future retire from 
 political life and devote his whole time to the institu- 
 tion. The students are increasing, and the Christian 
 life and spirit of the school are greatly improved. It 
 seems as if the great purpose of the earnest soul who 
 gave his life for the Doshisha is to be realized. 
 
 4. Finally, we see what God can do with one man 
 who puts himself in God's hands to use him as He will. 
 Here was a boy in the midst of a worse than Egyptian 
 darkness. God sent one ray of light down to him, and 
 he opened his heart to receive that ray. He walked and 
 lived in its light for six years, trying to find out and 
 follow it to its source, until the God of that ray led 
 him around the world and flooded his soul with light. 
 He opened his heart more and more to the incoming 
 and the indwelling of the Divine One and put himself 
 into the hands and under the guidance of this abiding 
 Guest. 
 
JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 183 
 
 God raised him up and led him and used him as 
 really as He did Moses of old to save his people. He 
 made an impression on the whole nation. He founded 
 a school which has already changed the history of 
 Japan. But the results already seen are only the first- 
 fruits of the work, its mission is not ended; it has 
 only just begun. That mission is not simply to raise 
 up educated men and women of noble Christian char- 
 acter to bless the world. It will be a pattern and a 
 stimulus to the government schools of the true system 
 and the true foundation of education. The stone 
 which marks the last resting place of the founder of 
 Doshisha may sometime crumble into dust, like the 
 monuments erected to the memory of the heroes of 
 Thermopylae, but the influence of that life which was 
 given to the school will live on as an inspiration as 
 long as Japan shall live, yea, through the eternal 
 years of God. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND 
 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 The literature indicated below is recommended for auxiliary 
 reading. It is very desirable that every class should secure 
 some of the material suggested ; otherwise its members will 
 gain too little additional information to make the class sessions 
 very profitable. The most helpful literature in this list is pre- 
 ceded by an asterisk (*), while two asterisks (**) indicate 
 the preferable one of two very superior sources of information 
 
 DAVID LIVINGSTONE 
 
 **Blaikie, W. G. — The Personal Life of David Livingstone. 
 1888. 
 
 Ellis, J. J. — David Livingstone. 1892. 
 *Hughes, T. — David Livingstone, in English Men of Action 
 Series. 1889. 
 
 Johnston, H. H. — Livingstone and the Exploration of Cen- 
 tral Africa. 1891. 
 
 Lee, S., editor. — Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 
 XXXIII, article David Livingstone. Excellent ii-page 
 sketch by R. H. Vetch. 
 
 Livingstone, D. — Missionary Travels and Researches in 
 South Africa. Second edition. 1875. 
 
 Livingstone, D. — Narrative of an Expedition to the Zam- 
 besi and its Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the 
 Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864. 1865. 
 
 Marrat, J. — David Livingstone, Missionary and Discoverer. 
 1877. 
 
 Montefiore, A. — David Livingstone. 1890. 
 
 Mossman, S. — Livingstone, the Missionary Traveler. 1882. 
 
 Roberts, J, S. — Life and Explorations of David Living- 
 stone. 1884. 
 
 Stanley, H. M. — How I Found Livingstone, pp. 408-515, 
 558-627. 1874. 
 
 187 
 
[05 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 *Waller, H. — The Last Journals of David Livingstone in 
 Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, Continued by 
 a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings. 
 1875. 
 
 GEORGE LESLIE MACKAY 
 
 Bliss, E. M., editor. — Encyclopaedia of Missions, article 
 
 Formosa. 1891. 
 Campbell, W. — Missionary Success in Formosa. 1889. 
 General encyclopaedias, article Formosa. 
 Johnston, J. — China and Formosa, chs. IX, XVI, XVII. 
 *Mackay, G. L. — From Far Formosa. 1895. 
 Missionary Review of the World : 1894, pp. 421 ff., 491 ff. ; 
 
 1896, pp. 81-87. 
 Pierson, A. T. — Miracles of Missions, Second Series, pp. 
 
 17-42. 1895. 
 Students and the Missionary Problem, pp. 383-394. 1900. 
 
 ISABELLA THOBURN 
 
 Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York, 1900, vol. 1, 
 
 p. 47; vol. II, pp. 72, 73, 132, 133, 135-140. 
 Northwestern Christian Advocate, September 11, 1901. 
 *Thoburn, J. M. — India and Malaysia, chs. XXVI-XXVIII, 
 written by Miss Thoburn. 1892. 
 
 CYRUS HAMLIN 
 
 Hamlin, C. — Among the Turks. 1877. 
 Hamlin, C. — Arena, July, 1899, pp. 25-38, article American 
 Education in the Ottoman Empire. 
 *Hamlin, C. — My Life and Times. 1893. 
 Missionary Review of the World: 1896, pp. 431-435; 1901, 
 pp. 31-39. 
 
 JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA 
 
 Davis, J. D. — A Maker of New Japan, Rev. Joseph Hardy 
 Neesima, LL.D. 1894. 
 *Hardy, A. S. — Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy Neesima. 
 1891. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 Besides Indicating the location of important topics, this 
 Index is also intended for use in preparing the various studies. 
 Having read over its analytical outline before taking up each 
 study, the student sees exactly what ground is covered by the 
 section to be mastered. So, too, after having studied this sec- 
 tion, its outline can again be used in lieu of questions put by 
 the leader, thus enabling the student to see what topics have 
 been forgotten. The numerals following each topic and sub- 
 topic refer to the pages where they may be found. 
 
 DAVID LIVINGSTONE, 1813-1873 
 
 I. Ancestors and parents, 3, 4. 
 
 1. Livingstone's forefathers, 3, 4. 
 
 2. His parents, 4. 
 II. His early life, 4, 5. 
 
 1. His boyhood, 4. 
 
 2. Work and study in the cotton mills, 4, 5. 
 
 3. His religious education, 5. 
 
 III. Contemporary events, 5, 6. 
 
 IV. Influences leading him to the mission field, 6, 7. 
 V. Preparation and choice of field, 7, 8. 
 
 1. His preparation, 7. 
 
 2. Influences leading him to Africa, 7, 8. 
 VI. Departure and arrival in Africa, 8-1 1. 
 
 1. The departure from home, 8. 
 
 2. His arrival at Cape Town, 8, 9. 
 
 3. First experiences and impressions, 9, 10, 
 
 4. His adventure with the lion, 10, 11. 
 VII. Marriage and work at Chonuane, 1 r. 
 
 1. His first four years and marriage, 11. 
 
 2. The chief, Sechele, 11. 
 VIII. His spirit and methods, 12, 13. 
 
 1. Dominating desire to penetrate Africa, 12. 
 
 2. The missionary and physician, 12. 
 
 3. Large plans versus small ones, 12, 13. 
 IX. His family in England, 13-1S. 
 
 I. Their absence a great trial, 13, 14. 
 a. One of Livingstone's letters to his wife, 14, 15. 
 X. His work while alone, 15-21. 
 
 1. He explores the interior, 15. 
 
 2. " Sinking the missionary in the explorer," 16. 
 
 3. Determined to open a way to the West Coast, 16, 17. 
 
 4. From Linyanti to St. Paul de Loanda, 17-19. 
 
 (1) Horrors of the slave-trade, 17, 18. (2) Devotion to his 
 men, 18. (3) His condition at the end of the journey, 
 18, 19. 
 $, Experiences at St. Paul de Loanda, 19, 20. 
 6. From the West Coast to the East, 20, 21. 
 
 (i) A two years' journey, 20, 21. (2) Letter from Sir 
 Roderick Murchison, 21. 
 XI. His first visit to England, 21-23. 
 
 1. Honors bestowed upon him, 21, 22. 
 
 2. His Cambridge address, 22, 23. 
 
 189 
 
190 
 
 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 XII. Return to Africa, 23, 24. 
 
 1. The results of his Ijome visit, 33. 
 
 2. Death of his wife, 23, 24. 
 
 XIII. Livingstone's second visit to England, 24, 25. 
 
 1. The two objects had in view, 24. 
 
 2. The reception and honors accorded him, 24, 2g. 
 
 XIV. He again returns to Africa, 25, 26. 
 
 1. He disappears for three years, 25. 
 
 2. The year 1871, 25, 36. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Stanley and Livingstone, 26-28. 
 
 1. Stanley's journey inland, 26, 27. 
 
 2. The story of his finding Livingstone, 2T. 
 
 3. Livingstone's influence on Stanley, 27, 28. 
 
 The missionary explorer's final work, 28, 29. 
 
 1. His birthday record, 28. 
 
 2. Letter to the New York Herald, 2Q. 
 %. The weary months following, 29. 
 
 4. Dies on his knees, 29. 
 
 XVII. The body brought to England, 29, 30. 
 
 1. Faithfulness of his African servants, 30. 
 
 2. Inscription on his tomb in Westminster Abbey, z'^- 
 
 XVIII, Tributes and influence, 31-33. 
 
 1. The tribute of Sir Bartle Frere, 31. 
 
 2. Posthumous influence, 31, 32. 
 
 3. His spirit and method, 32, 33. 
 
 GEORCE LESLIK MACKAY, D.D., 1844-190I 
 
 I. His parentage and early years, 37, 38. 
 X. Mackay's parents^ 2,t. 
 
 2. Birth and early influences, 3y, 38. 
 
 3. His personal appearance, 38. 
 
 II. Mackay's education, 38-41. 
 
 1. The old log schoolhouse, 38, 39. 
 
 2. Mackay's habits of study, 39, 40. 
 
 3. Memories of his student life, 40. 
 
 4. The influence of Dr. Duff, 40, 41. 
 
 III. Mackay's appointment, 41, 42. 
 
 IV. Personal characteristics, 42, 43. 
 
 1. Intensity in home agitation of missions, 42, 43. 
 
 2. Mackay s social qualities, 43. 
 
 V. Mackay sails for China, 44, 43. 
 VI. His choice of a field, 45. 
 
 VII. Formosa, " the Beautiful," 45-48. 
 
 1. The name of the island, 45. 
 
 2. Its physical features, 46. 
 
 3. Formosan inhabitants, 46, 47. 
 
 4. Products of the island, 47. 
 
 5. The climate, 48. 
 
 6. Dutch supremacy, 48. 
 
 VIII. The Dutch occupation, 48-51. 
 
 1. Dutch missions in Formosa, 48, 49. 
 
 (i) Work of early missionaries, 48, 49. (2) A similar 
 policy in Ceylon, 49. 
 
 2. The Dutch expulsion, 50. 
 
 3. Early missionary heroism, 50, 51. 
 
 4. A consecrated island, 51. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 191 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 xin. 
 
 Mackay begins his Formosan work, Si-SS- 
 
 1. Spirit in which he began it, 51. 
 
 2. The first home, 51, 52. 
 
 3. Manner of learning the language, 52, S3. 
 
 4. The religions of China, 53, 54. 
 
 5. Mackay's first convert, 54, 55. 
 
 Planting Formosan churches, 55, 56. 
 
 1. The first out-station, 55, 56. 
 
 2. The church at Sin-Tiam, 56. 
 
 The taking of Bang-kah, 57, 58. 
 
 1. The Gibraltar of heathenism in North Formosa, 57. 
 
 2. After ten years, 57, 58. 
 
 Mackay training his students, 58-64. 
 
 1. A peripatetic school, 58, 59. 
 
 2. Oxford College, 59-61. . , , „ 
 (i) Establishment and opening of the college, 59, 60. 
 
 (2) Beauty of the campus a part of education, 60, 61. 
 
 3. Mackay's methods of teaching, 61-63. ^ ^ rr., 
 (i) His characteristics as a teacher, 61, 62. (2) The evening 
 
 program, 62. (3) His use of the museum, 62, 63. 
 
 4. The place of music in his work, 63, 64. 
 
 Mackay's marriage, 64-66. 
 
 1. A Dutch view of marrying natives, 64. 
 
 2. Dr. Mackay's argument and marriage, 64, 65. 
 
 3. The wedding journey, 65, 66. 
 
 XIV. The Girls' School at Tamsui, 66, 67. 
 
 XV. The French invasion, 67-69. 
 
 1. Events in Formosa, 67, 68. 
 
 2. Dr. Mackay in Hongkong, 68. 
 
 3. A brief captivity, 68, 69. 
 
 XVI. Mackay as a church builder, 69, 70. 
 
 1. Three stone churches erected, 69. 
 
 2. His reasons for building spires, 69, 70. 
 
 XVII. Mackay's abundant labors, 70-72. 
 
 1. His powers of endurance very remarkable, 70. 
 
 2. Defense against criticisms, 70-72. 
 
 (i) His own defense, 70, 71- (2) Statement of a member 
 of the mission, 71. (3) A Hoa's testimony, 71, 73. 
 
 XVIII. Times of refreshing, 72-74. 
 
 1. Revival four days' journey from Tamsui, 72. 
 
 2. Work at points on the eastern coast, 73, 74. 
 
 XIX. Mackay's medical work, 74, 75. 
 
 1. Preparation for it, 74. 
 
 2. Practice in the hospital and in homes, 74, 75. 
 
 3. Medical instruction of his students, 75. 
 
 4. Lay dentistry, 75. 
 
 XX. Mackay's spiritual power, 7S-77- 
 
 1. Prevailing prayer illustrated, 75, 76. 
 
 2. Communion of saints, 76, 77. 
 
 XXI. The Japanese war, 77, 7^. 
 
 1. The Japanese victorious, 77, 78. 
 
 2. Results upon mission work, 78. 
 
 XXII. Mackay's martyr spirit, 78, 79. 
 
 XXIIL The end, 79. 80. 
 
 1. His death, 79, 80. 
 
 2. Mackay's post-mortem influence, 80. 
 
 XXIV. His colleagues in Formosan work, 80, 81. 
 
192 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 ISABELLA THOBURN, 1840-190! 
 
 I. Her Scotch-Irish ancestry, 85, 86. 
 
 1. The Thoburns in Ireland, 85. 
 
 2. They emigrate to America, 85, 86. 
 
 II. Ohio homes and schools, 86-89. 
 
 1. The Thoburn family, 86. 
 
 2. Parents of Miss Thoburn, 86, 87. 
 
 3. Isabella's education, 87, 88. 
 
 4. Her early teaching, 88. 
 
 5. Further teaching experiences, 88, 89. 
 
 III. The call from India, 89-97. 
 
 1. Her brother's message, 89, 90. 
 
 2. Woman in India, 90-92. 
 
 (i) Woman's condition described in three phrases, 90, 91. 
 (2) Defenses offered, 91, 92. (3) A Hindu woman's 
 prayer, 92. 
 
 3. Unmarried women missionaries, 92, 93. 
 
 4. Missionary boards and woman workers, 93, 94. 
 
 5. The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society organized, 94, 95. 
 
 6. Its first public meeting, 95-97. 
 
 (i) The meeting described, 95, 96. (2) Bishop Moore's en- 
 dorsement of the Society thus begun, 96, 97. 
 
 IV. Miss Thoburn's early years in India, 97-100. 
 
 1. Her work defined, 97, 98. 
 
 2. The true romance of missions, 98, 99. 
 
 3. Her first school, 99, 100. 
 
 (i) Location and attitude toward her project, 99, 100. 
 (2) The beginning made, 100. 
 
 V. The higher education for women in India, 100-107. 
 
 1. Miss Thoburn's ideas on the subject, 100-102. 
 
 2. Miss Singh's plea, 102, 103. 
 
 3. Lai Bagh, the Ruby Garden, 103, 104. 
 
 4. Boarding schools in mission lands, 104-106. 
 
 5. Women evangelists, 106. 
 
 6. Lucknow Woman's College, 106, 107. 
 
 (i) Occasion of its founding, 106, 107. (2) Importance of 
 this movement, 107. 
 
 VI. Home furloughs, 108, 109. 
 
 1. Twice in America, 108. 
 
 2. Her interest and participation in deaconess work, 108, 109. 
 
 VII. The fatal illness and death, 109-114. 
 
 1. The end, 109. 
 
 2. Miss Singh's letter describing the last days, 109-114. 
 
 3. God's Acre, 114. 
 
 CYRUS HAMLIN, iSlI-IQOO 
 
 I. Introductory, 117. 
 
 II. Birth and childhood, 117-120. 
 
 1. Hamlin's ancestors, 117, 118, 
 
 2. His parents, 118. 
 
 3. Birth and earliest years, 118, 119. 
 
 4. Hamlin's boyhood, 119, 120. 
 
 (1) His school life, 119. (2) Books read, 119. (3) Work 
 on the farm, 119. (4) Earliest interest in missions, 
 119, 120. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX I93 
 
 III. Apprentice years in Portland, 120, 121. 
 
 1. Apprenticed to a silversmith, 120. 
 
 2. Church life, 120, 121. 
 
 (i) Influence of Edward Payson, 120. (2) Unites with 
 the Church, 121. 
 
 3. A call to the ministry, 121. 
 
 IV. In the academy, 121, 122. 
 
 1. At the home of Mr. Soule, 121. 
 
 2. Hamlin a great student, 121, 122. 
 
 V. Bowdoin college life, 122-125. 
 
 1. Admissiop to the college, 122. 
 
 2. Hamlin's feeble health, 122. 
 
 3. Attitude toward hazing, 122, 123. 
 
 4. Assistant librarian under Longfellow, 123. 
 
 5. The great revival, 123. 
 
 6. Missionary spirit in Bowdoin, 123, 124. 
 
 7. Society life, 124. 
 
 8. Hamlin's steam engine, 124, 125. 
 
 VI. In Bangor Seminary, 125-127. 
 
 1. His first year in theology, 125. 
 
 2. Hamlin lectures, 125. 
 
 3. Missionary work in New Ireland, 125, 126. 
 
 4. He engages in public debate, 126. 
 
 5. Offers himself to the American Board, 126, 127. 
 
 VII. A year's delay, 127, 128. 
 
 1. Lectures upon foreign missions, 127. 
 
 2. Supplies the Payson Church, 128. 
 
 3. His marriage and ordination, 128. 
 
 VIII. Commencement of missionary work, 128-130. 
 
 1. Language study, ij8, 129. 
 
 2. Russia's hostility, 129. 
 
 3. Conversion of Marcus Brown, 129, 130. 
 
 4. Lowering skies, 130. 
 
 IX. Bebek Seminary, 130-135. 
 
 1. The opening day, 130. 
 
 2. Workshop and philosophical apparatus, 130, 131. 
 
 3. Opposition from the Patriarch and others, 131, 132. 
 
 4. Enlarging Seminary, 132. 
 
 5. Rev. T. W. Wood becomes his associate, 132. 
 
 6. Sir Stratford Canning, 132, 133. 
 
 7. Opposition to the workshop, 133, 134. 
 
 8. Mr. Arthur Stoddard of Glasgow, 134. 
 
 9. The first Protestant burial, 134, 135. 
 
 10. Relief for the persecuted Armenians, 135. 
 
 X. A new enterprise, 135-138. 
 
 1. Establishes a mill and a bakery, 135, 136. 
 
 2. Views of his colleagues, 136. 
 
 3. Attitude of the American Board, 136, 137. 
 
 4. The work expanding, 137. 
 
 5. Hard experiences with the mill, 137, 138. 
 
 6. Laziness not tolerated, 138. 
 
 XL The Crimean War, 138-141. 
 
 1. A bread conspiracy, 138, 139. 
 
 2. Florence Nightingale's coming and reforms, 139. 
 
 3. The army demands more bread, 139, 140. 
 
 4. A washing machine invented, 140, 141. 
 
 5. Dr. Hamlin's cholera remedy, 141. 
 
 6. Building mission churches, 141. 
 
 XII. Dr. Hamlin visits England and America, 143. 
 
 1. In Englandj 142. 
 
 2. Brief stay in America, 142. 
 
194 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 XIII. The founding of Robert College, 142-148. 
 
 1. Selecting the college site, 143. 
 
 2. The design of the college, 143. 
 
 3. Efforts to secure funds, 143, 144. 
 
 4. College opens in Seminary building, 144. 
 
 5. Securing permission to build, 144, 145. 
 
 6. Visit of Admiral Farragut, 145, 146. 
 
 (i) Hamlin's interview with Farragut, 14S, 146. (2) Far- 
 ragut's appeal secures the Sultan's permission to build, 
 146. 
 
 7. Building and formal opening, 146, 147. 
 
 (i) Breaking ground for the college, 146, 147. (2) It'i 
 formal opening, 147. 
 
 8. The missionary spirit of the college, 147. 
 
 9. Tribute of Constantinople citizens to Hamlin, 147, 148. 
 
 XIV. Endowment for Robert College, 148, 149. 
 
 1. Dr. Hamlin returns to America, 148, 149. 
 
 2. His Constantinople work closes abruptly, 149. 
 XV. God providing for his servant, 149, 150. 
 
 1. His literary work, 149, 150. 
 
 2. Educational labors, 150. 
 
 (i) In Bangor Seminary, 150. (2) President of Middle- 
 bury College, 150. 
 XVI. Dr. Hamlin's closing years, 151. 
 
 1. Offers his services to the American Board as field agent, 
 
 151- 
 
 2. His quiet and peaceful death, 151. 
 
 JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA, 1843-189O 
 
 I. Neesima's early life and surroundings, 155, 156. 
 
 1. Parentage and birth, 155. 
 
 2. His moral earnestness and religious fervor, 155, 156. 
 II. Two awakenings, 156, 157. 
 
 1. The first awakening, 156. 
 
 2. The second awakening, 156, 157. 
 
 III. The resolve and its execution, 157, 158. 
 
 1. His decision, 157, 158. 
 
 2. Escapes from Japan, 158. 
 
 IV. The student and interpreter, 158, 159. 
 
 1. Student life in America, 158, 159. 
 
 2. With the Iwakura Embassy, 159. 
 
 V. First fruits of his great purpose, 159, i6o. 
 VI. Return to Japan, 160, 161. 
 VII. The founding of Doshisha, i6r, 162. 
 VIII. Marriage, trials and victory, 162-164. 
 
 1. Marries Yamamoto Yaye, 162, 163. 
 
 2. Trials in connection with the new school, 163. 
 
 3. The victorious outcome, 163, 164. 
 IX. Broadening plans, 164, 165. 
 
 1. The university idea, 164. 
 
 2. Neesima's appeal, 164, 165. 
 
 X. Second visit to America, 165, 166. 
 XI. The last heroic struggle and final victory, 166-170. 
 
 1. Work in Kyoto, 166. 
 
 2. The Doshisha fund increases, 167, 168. 
 
 3. The institution's growth, 168. 
 
 4. Neesima's latest activities, 168, 169. 
 
 5. His death, 169, 170. 
 
 6. Funeral and burial-place, 170. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX I95 
 
 XII. Neesima's inner life and its results, 170-177. 
 
 1. His loyalty to truth, 170, 171. 
 
 (i) His search for truth, 176, 171. (2) Obedient to the 
 truth, 171. 
 
 2. A great aim and a definite purpose, 171-173. 
 
 (i) His great desire, 171, 172. (2) His widespread appeal, 
 172, 173. (3) Unswerving purpose, 173. 
 
 3. Intense devotion to his aim, 173, 174. 
 
 4. Unwavering faith in God and union with Christ, 174, 175. 
 
 5. His desire for Japan's salvation, 175-177. 
 
 (i) This desire fundamental, 175, 176. (2) His first work 
 after returning from America, 176, 177. 
 
 6. His labors at West Goldsborough, Maine, 177. 
 
 XIII. The fruitage of his life, 177-183. 
 
 1. Neesima an object lesson to the nation, 177-180. 
 
 (i) All Japan watching him, 177, 178. (2) Estimate of Mr. 
 Fukuzawa and Kato, 178, 179. (3) Mr. Takegoshi's 
 statement, 179, 180. (4) Neesima's power to impress 
 young men, 180. 
 
 2. The first fruits of the school, 180, 181. 
 
 3. Its present condition and prospects, 181, 182. 
 
 4. What God can do with one man, 182, 183. 
 
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