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MEMORIAL 
 
 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 AMERICAN Colonization Society, 
 
 CELEBRATED AT WASHINGTON, 
 
 JANUARY 15, 1867. 
 
 WITH DOCUMENTS CONCERNING LIBERIA. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 COLONIZATION SOCIETY BUILDING. 
 
 MDCCCLXVII. 
 
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP THE BOARD OE DIRECTORS. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 COKNIIII-L ritESS. GEO. C. RAND <fe AVERV. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Board of Directors of the American Colonization So- 
 ciety, at their meeting holden at Washington, Jan. 17, 1866, 
 appointed William V. Pettit, Esq., of Philadelphia, the Hon. 
 D. S. Gregory, of New Jersey, the Rev. John Orcutt, D.D., 
 one of the Secretaries of the Society, and William Tracy, 
 Esq., of New York, " to act in co-operation with the Execu- 
 tive Committee, in making arrangements for the semi-centen- 
 nial anniversary of the Society." In consultation with them, 
 the Executive Committee made the arrangements according 
 to which the exercises of the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the 
 Society, Jan. 15, 1867, were conducted. 
 
 At their meeting the next day, Jan. 16, 1867, the Board of 
 Directors adopted resolutions, tendering their thanks to the 
 several speakers who had addressed the Society the previous 
 evening, and requesting copies of their addresses for publi- 
 cation ; tendering thanks to the authors of the communica- 
 tions received from Liberia; directing that the proceedings 
 of that evening be published in a volume, in suitable style, 
 as a memorial of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Society ; 
 and requesting the Rev. Joseph Tracy, D.D., to take charge 
 of and superintend the publication. 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 For the satisfaction of those who would understand Liberian 
 mind and character, the editor has subjoined, in an appendix, 
 the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the Re- 
 public of Liberia, the Address of the Convention that formed 
 the Constitution, the first Inaugural Address of its first Presi- 
 dent, and the last Annual Message of President Warner. The 
 reader will readily perceive, in these documents, the results 
 of much careful and successful study, but no servile imitation, 
 of American State Papers of similar character. No candid 
 man, after reading them, can doubt the capacity of colored 
 men, with suitable training and experience, for the manage- 
 ment of public affairs. The reader will notice with interest 
 the difference in style, as the different occasions required, 
 between President Warner's Address at the Annual Meeting 
 and his Annual Message. That Address is printed from the 
 author's elegant manuscript, with no correction except two or 
 three evident slips of the pen. The others are reprints from 
 Liberian printed copies. 
 
 There is also appended a list, complete so far as is known, 
 of the names of all persons who have been authorized to act as 
 chief magistrates in any of the colonies which now constitute 
 the Republic of Liberia. Their dates have been given, so far 
 as they could be ascertained. In the earlier stages of the en- 
 terprise, changes and vacancies from death, disease, and other 
 causes, were frequent ; communications were infrequent, and 
 information, coming from agents worn down by sickness and 
 labor, often imperfect and indefinite. Hence, appointments 
 were sometimes made hypothetically, and the time of one 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 agent is partially or wholly included within that of another. 
 Agents of the Government of the United States for the care 
 of recaptured Africans had no authority, from that appoint- 
 ment, to act as agents of the Society, or magistrates of the 
 Colony. Yet, by a mutual understanding, the agents of the 
 Government and the Society appear to have performed each 
 other's duties when necessary, and often the same person was 
 appointed to both offices. The names of the Government's 
 agents are therefore included in the list, but are distinguished 
 by a different type. For similar reasons, the names of most 
 of the physicians appointed and sent out in the earlier years 
 of the Colony have been included. 
 
 And, finally, there is appended a table of emigrants settled 
 in Liberia by the Society, with the year, month, and name of 
 the vessel in which they sailed, and the State from which 
 they emigrated. Were it desirable, this table might be en- 
 larged, by giving the name, age, occupation, previous condi- 
 tion as bond or free, education, and religious profession, if 
 any, of every emigrant ; but the particulars given seem to be 
 enough. 
 
 It will be observed that this table does not include Afri- 
 cans recaptured from slave-traders and sent to Liberia at the 
 expense of the United States, though many of them were 
 delivered into the care of the Society in American ports, and 
 conveyed to Liberia in the Society's vessels. 
 
 In a work like this, a complete account, historical and statis- 
 tical, of the Society and its Colony, could not be given. It is 
 hoped, however, that the selection and treatment of topics is 
 
VI PKEFACE. 
 
 such, that the careful and friendly reader will be able to un- 
 derstand and appreciate the general character of the enter- 
 prise in which the Society is engaged. 
 
 Thanks are due, and are cordially tendered, to the Hon. J. 
 H. B. Latrobe, President of the Society, and to tlie Hon. G. 
 Washington Warren, of the Board of Directors, for valuable 
 suggestions and advice, and to William Coppinger, Esq., 
 Corresponding and Recording Secretary, for facts ascertained 
 by careful and laborious researches among ancient records 
 and correspondence. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Minutes of the Fiftieth Annual Meeting . . . .11 
 
 Address of President Latrobe 15 
 
 Selections from the Ajstnual Report 21 
 
 Address of President Warner .37 
 
 Dr. Tracy's Historical Discourse 61 
 
 Address of Bishop Clark 105 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Declaration of Independence 129 
 
 Constitution of Liberia 133 
 
 Inaugural Address of President Roberts .... 149 
 
 Annual Message of President Warner 162 
 
CONTENTS. VIU 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Chief Magistrates of Liberia 177 
 
 Table of Emigrants 182 
 
 Cost of Colonization 191 
 
 Original Members of the Society 192 
 
MEMO RIAL 
 
 O^ THE 
 
 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 American Colonization Society. 
 
MEMORIAL. 
 
 The Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the American Coloni- 
 zation Society was holden in Trinity Church, Washing- 
 ton, D.C., on Tuesday, January 15, 1867. 
 
 The Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe, of Maryland, President, 
 called the meeting to order at thirty minutes past sev- 
 en o'clock, P.M. At his request, the Rev. R. R. Gurley, 
 Honorary Secretary, invoked the divine blessing. 
 
 The President, after a brief address, called for the 
 Annual Report. 
 
 The Corresponding Secretary, William Coppinger, 
 Esq., read portions of the Annual Report. He then 
 presented an address, prepared for the occasion by His 
 Excellency, Daniel B. Warner, President of the Repub- 
 lic of Liberia, and " Reflections on the Return of the 
 Anniversary of the American Colonization Society," by 
 Henry W. Johnson, Attorney and Counsellor at Law in 
 that republic. These could not be read for want of 
 time. 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Tracy, D.D., of Massachusetts, pre- 
 
12 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 sented and read portions of a Historical Discourse 
 on the Rise and Progress of the Society. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, D.D., of Rhode Island, 
 delivered the Semi-centennial Address. 
 
 The Rev. John Maclean, D.D., of New Jersey, then 
 pronounced the benediction, and the Society adjourned. 
 
 The addresses at the Annual Meeting are given in 
 their order on the subsequent pages. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 HON. JOHN H. B. LATROBE. 
 
ADDEESS or HON. JOHN H. B. LATEOBE, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Members of the> American Colonization Society, 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 In calling the meeting to order, the Chair has not for- 
 gotten that the Fiftieth Anniversary of the American 
 Colonization Society has been reached. 
 
 The Fiftieth Anniversary ! Half a century of exist- 
 ence ! And yet it seems but a few years since the 
 speaker, then a mere schoolboy, attracted by the lights 
 of a church in Georgetown, peered at nightfall upon a 
 meeting which Francis S. Key was addressing, and 
 where, in all probability, Mercer and Clay and Kan- 
 dolph and Harper and Caldwell and Worthington 
 were present. Dim candles, it is recollected, in tin 
 sconces, lighted up the assembly. To the schoolboy's 
 intelligence, the only interest of the scene was in the 
 familiar voice and the gathered crowd. Of the subject 
 of discussion, nothing was understood, save, as re- 
 ported at home, that Mr. Key, a well-known friend, was 
 talking about Africa. Circumstances fix this incident 
 
IG AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 in 1816* half a century ago. How idly would the 
 schoolboy not have regarded any promise then made 
 to him, that he would live to preside at the semi-cen- 
 tennial anniversary of the Society whose feeble be- 
 ginnings he had just witnessed without comprehending 
 them ! And now, how profoundly grateful should not 
 the recipient of so high an honor be, not only to those 
 whose choice gave him the seat which he occupies to- 
 night, but most especially to Him by whose mercy, 
 while others younger and better have fallen, he has 
 been spared to witness the seed, planted in 1816, ger- 
 minate, and send forth a tree, which, through winters of 
 discouragement and summers of prosperity, has grown 
 until it has attracted the attention of the nations, and 
 has a nation sheltered beneath its branches ! 
 
 Fifty years ! And such years ! Of what other fifty 
 years has history told the same wondrous tale ? They 
 commenced while the thunder of European wars and of 
 our second contest with Great Britain still echoed 
 in our ears. Wearied with the march of battle, the 
 world was resting and gaining strength for a yet 
 grander march, — the march of progress. How aston- 
 ishing the facts of these fifty years ! How extraordinary 
 their developments! 
 
 In 1816, there were but three steamboats on the 
 Hudson, and but three west of the Alleghanies. In 
 1867, where are they not? In 1816, the postage of a 
 letter from Washington to Baltimore was ten cents ; to 
 Philadelphia, twelve ; to New York, eighteen ; and to 
 
ADDRESS OF HON. JOHN H. B. LATROBE. 17 
 
 New Orleans, twenty-five. Now the postage to San 
 Francisco is but three cents ; and the telegraph has 
 made communication with these places as instantaneous 
 as the thoughts to be communicated. 
 
 In 1816, if the winds favored, a letter from America 
 reached Europe in three weeks ; if adverse, in six. 
 Now, the Secretary of State sends to our minister in 
 Paris what the Emperor of the French receives within 
 the hour that saw it written in Washington. In 1816, 
 it was the labor of days to travel from the capital to 
 New York. Impatient at the nine hours now occupied, 
 the public desire a still more rapid transit. Railroads 
 cover the land as with a net, and are already penetrat- 
 ing the wilderness at the rate of a mile of construc- 
 tion daily, on their route to the Pacific. In 1816, we 
 were staggering under a war-debt of but a few mil- 
 lions. Now we are paying off a war-debt of more than 
 two thousand millions, at the rate of two hundred mil- 
 lions annually. 
 
 If to these comparisons were to be added the im- 
 provements in science and the arts, hours would be re- 
 quired for the enumeration. 
 
 Progress in science, progress in art, progress in all 
 the appliances of human comfort, have signalized the 
 half century whose close we this night commemorate. 
 
 But, of all that has been referred to, nothing has 
 been more grand in conception, more wonderful in exe- 
 cution, or of more promising results, than African colo- 
 nization. Grand in conception, because it solves the 
 
18 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 problem presented by the presence in the same land of 
 two races, both free, that cannot amalgamate by inter- 
 marriage. Wonderful in execution, because with the 
 humblest means, without the patronage of Government, 
 and with few better materials than ignorant free ne- 
 groes and emancipated slaves, it has built up a republic 
 holding an honorable rank in the family of nations, 
 with churches and schools, with free institutions mod- 
 elled after our own, and already attracting to it the de- 
 scendants of those who, brought naked and helpless 
 from Africa, acquired here the religion and civilization 
 with which their children are returning, clothed as with 
 bright raiment, to their ancestral home. More promis- 
 ing of results, because its agencies are at work, not 
 for the welfare of one people only, but for two quar- 
 ters of the globe itself, benefiting America, blessing Af- 
 frica; obviating in the one an otherwise inevitable 
 strife, securing in the other the fulfilment of prophecy ; 
 illuminating the latter, without diminishing the lustre of 
 the former ; blessed of the Almighty in its progress, 
 and finding, in an almost miraculous success, encourage- 
 ment in the belief that his hand will support it to the 
 end. 
 
PORTIONS 
 
 FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 
 
PORTIONS OF THE FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT, 
 
 KEAD AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 
 
 The American Colonization Society commemorates 
 the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of its formation. 
 Profound thanks are offered to God for marked pro- 
 gress in its noble work, and for the wider field of activi- 
 ty opened, and that its labors during the year just 
 closed have been more extended and beneficial than for 
 many years past. 
 
 Since the last meeting, seven more of the Vice-Presi- 
 dents of the Society have been removed. The first who 
 was called away was James Bookman, Esq., of New York, 
 a liberal giver to promote the benevolent enterprises 
 of the times, and a model of Christian integrity and 
 judgment. Following him, in rapid succession, were 
 Lieut-Gen. Winfield Scott, whose goodness of heart 
 and humanity shone not less brightly than his military 
 genius and love of country ; Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, of 
 London, who spent his life in the service of his fellow- 
 creatures of all races, and was universally esteemed for 
 his consistency of character and the utter unselfishness 
 
22 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 of his devotion to this and every good cause ; William 
 W. Seaton, Esq., long an active and highly-prized mem- 
 ber of the Executive Committee of this Society," and its 
 public advocate and defender, who has left behind him a 
 bright example of disinterested benevolence ; Gen. John 
 H. Cocke, of Virginia, for many years spared as the 
 senior Vice-President of the Society, and who had fer- 
 vently labored for his servants by furnishing the facili- 
 ties for their spiritual improvement, and the settlement 
 of some, and the preparation of others to enjoy their 
 freedom in Liberia ; Daniel Chandler, Esq., of Alabama, 
 justly held in high esteem for his piety and philan- 
 thropic character ; and Commodore Robert F. Stock- 
 ton, of New Jersey, eminent for civic acquirements and 
 naval renown, and for intrepidity in meeting and suc- 
 cessfully surmounting the bitter opposition of the na- 
 tives, and in securing the territory upon which has 
 arisen Monrovia, the capital city of the Liberian Re- 
 public. 
 
 It is fitting here to notice the great loss sustained by 
 the Society in the decease of John P. Crozer, Esq., of 
 Pennsylvania, a man of rare generous sympathies and 
 abounding liberality, long identified with the religious 
 and charitable institutions of the country. Bound to 
 our cause by the heroic dedication and sacrifice of a 
 younger brother, — Dr. Samuel A. Crozer, who was the 
 first agent and physician appointed by the Society, and 
 who sailed with the first company of emigrants de- 
 spatched to Western Africa, — he was always much 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 23 
 
 interested in our labors and progress, and frequently 
 attended and participated in the deliberations of the 
 Board of Directors, where he was distinguished by a 
 sound judgment, catholic disposition, uniform courtesy, 
 and genuine kindness. By his will, he made provision 
 for the promotion of the purposes of our organization 
 to the extent of five thousand dollars. 
 
 Death has also removed from the ranks of the pat- 
 rons and efficient friends of the Society, Francis Hall, 
 Esq., of New York ; William Crane, Esq., of Baltimore ; 
 and Hon. Abraham Hanson, the first Commissioner and 
 Consul-General of the United States to Liberia, whose 
 address at our last annual meeting was full of interest 
 and encouragement. 
 
 In the departure of these constant and able advo- 
 cates of the cause of African colonization, the members 
 and friends of the Society are admonished of the uncer- 
 tainty of all human supports, and of the necessity of 
 arousing themselves to higher efforts in the light of the 
 ever-shining glory of these excellent and lamented 
 men. 
 
 To accommodate the numerous applicants for passage 
 and settlement in Liberia, and in view of the great 
 economy and pressing necessity of having a vessel of 
 our own, adapted to our wants, it was determined to 
 purchase, in September last, the ship "Golconda," 1016 
 tons, or 303 tons larger than the packet " Mary Caro- 
 
24 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 line Stevens," whose place she takes in the service of the 
 Society between this country and Liberia. 
 
 The purchase was not effected until after a thorough 
 examination of the markets for vessels on charter or for 
 sale. She was secured at a very reasonable price for 
 cash. To Dr. James Hall is the Society indebted for the 
 selection, purchase, and fitting out of this ship. 
 
 The "Golconda" was purchased and provisioned at 
 Boston, and sailed thence, on Saturday, Oct. 20, for 
 Charleston, S.C., as the nearest and most convenient 
 port for the embarkation of the expected emigrants. 
 On the afternoon of Wednesday, Nov. 21, being the 
 first day of high water on the bar after her arrival at 
 Charleston, she was towed safely out to sea and set sail 
 for Liberia. 
 
 She started with exactly six hundred emigrants on 
 board, of whom 194 were from Macon, Ga. ; 167 from 
 Newberry, S.C. ; 144 from Knoxville, Tenn. ; 52 from 
 Charleston, S.C. ; and 43 from Columbia, S.C. Of these, 
 206 are to settle at Sinou, 181 at Carysburg, 155 at 
 Cape Mount, and 58 at Cape Palmas. 
 
 A large proportion of the emigrants are professors of 
 religion ; of whom it is known that 70 are Methodists, 
 56 are Baptists, 13 are Presbyterians, and 2 are Epis- 
 copalians. Among them is a regularly organized 
 church, — " The Macon Baptist Church of Sinou County, 
 Liberia," — consisting of pastor, two deacons, and twen- 
 ty-six members. 
 
 A high degree of intelligence is shown, in that 77 can 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 25 
 
 read, 20 can both read and write, and 2 have had the 
 advantao-es of a collegiate education. 
 
 The trades or occupations are represented by 78 
 farmers, 33 laborers, 15 carpenters, 13 shoemakers, 9 
 bricklayers, 9 blacksmiths, 4 wheelwrights, 3 coopers, 3 
 tailors, 2 millers, 2 cooks, 1 iron-moulder, 1 silversmith, 
 1 ginmaker, 1 waterman, 1 gunsmith, 1 engineer, 1 
 goldsmith, 1 dentist, and 1 photographer. 
 
 The " Golconda " had five cabin passengers, among 
 whom are the venerable Rev. John Seys, for the past 
 thirty years identified with the interests of Liberia and 
 of the cause of African colonization, now returning as 
 Minister-Resident and Consul-General of the United 
 States to that Republic ; and Rev. H. W. Erskine, son 
 of one of the most estimable colored ministers who ever 
 went to the African coast, who was educated in Liberia, 
 entered the ministry, and is now Attorney-General of 
 that rising State. This was his first visit to the land of 
 his birth, made in part to take with him an aged sister 
 and her husband, with their children, grandchildren, and 
 great-grandchildren lately made free, and now joyfully 
 accompanying him. 
 
 Since the departure of the " Golconda " from Boston, 
 applications have been received with the names of 78 
 persons at Winnesboro', S.C. ; 25 at Lagrange, Ga. ; 
 78 at Columbus, Ga. ; 178 at Newberry, S.C. ; and 
 291 at MuUins Depot, S.C: in all, 642 for passage to 
 Liberia. Companies are known to be forming, each 
 promising to be at least 150 strong, at Macon, Ga. ; at 
 
26 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Florence, S.C. ; at Apalachicola, Fla. ; and at Newbern, 
 N.C. ; while smaller parties have applied from other 
 places, among which may be named Edenton, N.C, and 
 Albemarle County, Va., all hoping to set sail the com- 
 ing spring for " Fatherland." 
 
 Inquiries for information about Liberia, and how to 
 get there, continue to reach the office of the Society, 
 showing that multitudes are using the means, which 
 they never had before, of learning the actual condition 
 and real promise of a country which appeals to them 
 with its ancestral claims, and offers them such advan- 
 tages as they can hope to obtain nowhere else on the 
 face of the earth. 
 
 It is to be distinctly understood that each and all of 
 the movements which resulted in the unusually large 
 emigration by the " Golconda," and those just referred to, 
 were, and are, purely local and spontaneous. The peo- 
 ple sought the Society in each and every instance. 
 
 Ought not these people also to be helped ? Shall 
 we close our hands against those who prefer a home in 
 Liberia, and seek of us the needful aid ? If they desire 
 and choose to go to Africa, is it not our duty to aid 
 and encourage them to do so ? Can we, in any better 
 way, repay them for their services, or make amends for 
 the past, than by restoring them to their long-lost her- 
 itage in their ftitherland ? And shall we fail to supply 
 Africa with intelligent Christian industry in the persons 
 of her own offspring ? 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 27 
 
 '•As teachers, missionaries, and colonies, they will go self-moved ; 
 and the waves of the Atlantic, that heard the wail and the groans 
 from the hold of the slave-shij), will yet resound with the song, 
 the psalm, and the prayer, from the lips of colored people re- 
 turning to found empire and Christian civilization in Africa. How 
 vast, then, are the results of the problem of the colored people in 
 America! They involve all sections and populations here, and ex- 
 tend their influence over two continents. Such a problem may 
 well claim the sympathy and thought of the nation." 
 
 In his last annual message, President Warner thus 
 dwells upon the advantages which Liberia is offering to 
 the people of color : — 
 
 " On the subject of immigration, we cannot but feel a deep inter- 
 est. Our need of population is immediate and urgent. Our im- 
 mense resources cannot be developed ; the fruits of the earth, 
 spontaneously produced, cannot be gathered ; the fat of the land 
 cannot be made available, — simply for the want of minds and hands 
 to engage in the necessary operations. Surely, with the vast la- 
 tent capabilities of this country, we have the ability to become a 
 power by no means to be despised in the agricultural and com- 
 mercial world. 
 
 "We have again and again invited our friends in the United 
 States to come over and help us to fill up the vast solitudes, which 
 for centuries have remained uninhabited; while they, in exile in 
 the Western Hemisphere, are jostled and elbowed and trampled 
 upon by an oppressive race. But my hopes are as strong as ever, 
 and my confidence remains unshaken in the destiny of Liberia. 
 She is yet to be the asylum for the oppressed American negro, and 
 a beacon for the guidance of the benighted tribes of this continent. 
 I may not be able to predict the methods by which Africa's exiled 
 sons arc to be restored to her bosom; but I feel certain such an 
 occurrence will in some way or other take ])lace." 
 
28 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Rev. Edward W. Blyden, lately Secretary of State of 
 Liberia, and now Fulton Professor "of Languages in Li- 
 beria College, on a recent occasion said : — 
 
 " Any one who has travelled at all in Western Africa, especially 
 in the interior of Liberia, and has seen how extensive and beauti- 
 ful a country, marvellously fertile, lies uninhabited, with its at- 
 tractive and perennial verdure overspreading the hills and val- 
 leys, cannot but come to the conclusion that this beauteous do- 
 main is in reserve for a people who are to come and cultivate it ; 
 and we can see no people so well prepared and adapted for this 
 work as the negroes of the United States. 
 
 "Africa will, without doubt, be the final home and field of opera- 
 tion for thousands if not millions of them. And the powerful 
 agency that Avill thus be brought into that land, — of family influ- 
 ences, and the diversified appliances of civilized life in the various 
 mechanical, agricultural, commercial, and civil operations, will rap- 
 idly renovate the spirit and character of the Afiican communities; 
 and whole tribes, brought under the jiervading influence of Chris- 
 tian principles, will be incorporated among us. And then Anglo- 
 American Christianity, liberty, and law, under the j^rotection of 
 the Liberian flag, will have nothing to impede their indefinite 
 spread over that immense continent." 
 
 Liberia is gradually growing in the elements of nation- 
 al stability. The natural riches of that region are enor- 
 mous, and are such as, sooner or later, will support a 
 commerce to which that at present existing on the 
 coast is merely fractional. The Liberians own and run 
 a fleet of "coasters," collecting palm-oil, cam -wood, 
 ivory, gold-dust, and other commodities, A schooner 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL EEPOET. 29 
 
 of eighty tons was built, costing ^11,000, and loaded 
 last fall at New York, from money and the proceeds of 
 African produce sent for that purpose by an enterpris- 
 ing merchant of Grand Bassa County. A firm at Mon- 
 rovia are having a vessel built in one of the ship-yards 
 of New York, to cost $15,000, which it is expected will 
 be ready to sail about the middle of February next. 
 
 Bishop Payne, for the past thirty years connected 
 with the Episcopal Mission on the West Coast of Afri- 
 ca, and now temporarily in this country, thus describes 
 what he witnessed at Monrovia on his recent homeward 
 voyage : — 
 
 " We enter Monrovia Roads, and find two vessels at anchor. 
 One, a brigantine of 137 tons, English built, is owned by Dr. S. F. 
 McGill and brothers. She is commanded by Captain Kelly, Li- 
 berian, and a navigator. The other is a regular English brig, just 
 out, consigned to the firm just named, with a fixll cargo, and to be 
 loaded entirely by them. Boats are passing rapidly to and from 
 the shore, loaded with palm-oil and sugar. Her " lay days," or 
 days for loading, are forty, but she will be freighted in thirty days. 
 Dr. McGill ships on board of her thirty thousand gallons palm-oil 
 and twenty-five thousand pounds of sugar, from the St. Paul's 
 River. 
 
 "Just as we come to anchor, several boats come alongside the 
 bark ' Thomas Pope,' loaded with sugar. It is freight from Mr. 
 Jesse Sharp, one of the prosperous sugar-planters on the St. Paul's. 
 Mr. Sharp judiciously purchased a small steam sugar-mill for 
 $2,500, and paid for it the first year. For fourteen days we are 
 receiving cargo, all from iNfonrovia. We ship thirty-six thousand 
 gallons 2>alni-oil, sixty-two thousand jxjunds of sugar, near four- 
 teen thousand pounds of cottl-e, seven hundred puunds of ivory, 
 besides sundry smaller amounts of freight." 
 
30 a:\iekican colonization society. 
 
 The same devoted laborer for the redemption of Af- 
 rica affords the following cheering account of what he 
 saw of the thrift, comfort, and progress along the St. 
 Paid's River, during a trip made Friday, April 20, 
 
 18G6: — 
 
 "Emerging from Stockton Creek, we feel we are in a civilized 
 country. On the riglit, in Lower Caklwell, is the neat establish- 
 ment of Mr. Powers. Here, too, is a modest frame building, with 
 quite as modest a congregation, called St. Peter's Episcopal 
 Church. Proceeding up the river, we saw two Baptist and Meth- 
 odist churches, each of brick, on either side of the river. Just op- 
 posite to Mr. Powers's, on the Virginia side of the river, is the neat, 
 home-like residence of Rev. John W. Roberts, Bishop of the Li- 
 beria Methodist Church. The settlement of Virginia here ex- 
 tends back three or four miles from the river. Above Mr. Rob- 
 erts's, we soon see the fine brick houses of Mr. William Black- 
 ledge and Rev. A. F. Russell. , Presently we come to Clay- 
 Ashland, where, besides Grace (Episcopal) Church, are three others. 
 Here are many fine brick houses, the township of Clay-Ashland 
 extending back four or five miles; and now we never lose siglit 
 again of cultivated fields and comfortable brick houses. Best 
 amongst these are those of the Messrs. Cooper, DeCoursey, An- 
 derson, Howland, and Washington, sugar-planters. By the time 
 we reach the Gaudilla farm, we have passed four steam-mills, all 
 hard at work. There are many wooden mills, besides those pro- 
 pelled by steam. An intelligent friend has given us the following, 
 as an approximate estimate of the sugar croj) on the St. Paul's, in 
 1866: Sharp, 120,000 lbs.; Cooper, 30,000 lbs.; Anderson, 
 35,000 lbs.; Howland, 40,000 lbs.; Roe, 30,000 lbs. ; sundry small- 
 er formers, 150,000 ; total, 575,000 lbs. The coffee crop also is 
 considerable, though we are not able to state how much." 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL EEPORT. 31 
 
 Several of the leading powers of the world have re- 
 cently given evidence of their regard for Liberia. By 
 order of the Emperor of Russia, a first-class Russian 
 frigate made a complimentary visit in January to Mon- 
 rovia. Sweden and Norway also sent a national vessel 
 on a similar errand, — the first arrivals of the armed 
 representatives of these two northern European nations 
 in the waters of the African Republic. The celebrated 
 ship " Kearsarge " lately called on her way home from 
 the Mediterranean, — the first American cruiser ordered 
 there since the beginning of the war. The highest 
 diplomatic representative accredited to Liberia is from 
 the United States, — the title being lately changed to 
 that of Minister-Resident and Consul-General. Hol- 
 land, and Sweden and Norway, have created consulate 
 officers to reside at Monrovia; and it is expected that a 
 treaty of amity and commerce will soon be concluded 
 between Russia and Liberia. 
 
 As we close this annual record, we turn our eyes to 
 survey the way in which the Lord hath led us this fifty 
 years. 
 
 The American Colonization Society was founded in 
 Washington, D.C., Dec. 21, 1816, by eminent individu- 
 als from the several States, memorably prominent 
 among whom was the Rev. Robert Finley, D.D. A 
 Constitution was adopted at an adjourned meeting held 
 in the Hall of the House of Representatives on the 
 " following Saturday," Dec. 28, and officers elected Jan. 
 1, 1817. Not one, it is believed, of those who took part 
 
32 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 in these proceedings, or of the officers chosen at the 
 first meeting, is living to witness its Semi-Centennial 
 Anniversary ! 
 
 The Society has had five Presidents, viz. : — 
 
 Jan. 1, 1817, Hon. Bashrod Washington. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1830, Hon. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1833, Ex-President James Madison. 
 
 Dec. 15, 1836, Hon. Henry Clay. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1853, Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe. 
 
 The whole amount of its receipts during the fifty 
 years has been $2,141,50777; and the State Coloniza- 
 tion Societies received, while acting in an independent 
 capacit}^, as nearly as we can arrive at it, $417,399.33; 
 making a grand total of $2,558,907.10. 
 
 The Society has given passage to 11,909 persons of 
 color, sent in 147 vessels or voyages ; and, what is a re- 
 markable providence, not one of the vessels with emi- 
 grants on board has been permitted to bew recked or 
 lost! Of these people, 4,541 were born free, 344 pur- 
 chased their freedom, 5,957 were emancipated for the 
 purpose of going to Liberia, the status of 68 is un- 
 known, 346 were sent, in 1865, from Barbadoes, W.I., 
 and 753 of the class popularly known as "freedmen" 
 have left this country since the termination of the war. 
 Besides these, 1,227 have been settled at "Maryland in 
 Liberia," by the Maryland State Colonization Society. 
 The total emigration, therefore, under colonization au- 
 spices and expense, has been 13,136. 
 
 The Government of the United States has made the 
 
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 33 
 
 settlements founded by the Society the asylum of 5,722 
 recaptured Africans, mostly taken on the high seas by 
 its men-of-war. 
 
 The Society has strictly confined its labors to the 
 " colonizing, with their own consent, the free people of 
 color residing in our country, in Africa." 
 
 Eev. Samuel J. Mills and Rev. Ebenezer Burgess 
 went on board the " Electra," at Philadelphia, for Lon- 
 don, Nov. 16, 1817. They set sail in the "Mary," from 
 London, Feb. 3, 1818, and arrived at Sierra Leone 
 March 22, following. They selected Sherbro Island, 
 about 120 miles from that celebrated British colony, 
 and left thence for the United States May 22, having 
 passed just two months on the west coast of Africa. 
 Mr. Mills died on the homeward voyage. His worthy 
 colleague still lives in a good old age. 
 
 The ship " Elizabeth," the " Mayflower " of Liberia, 
 sailed from New York Feb. 6, 1820, with 86 emi- 
 grants, and arrived at Sierra Leone March 9. These 
 pioneers were landed at Campelar, Sherbro Island, 
 March 20, 1820. This place was soon abandoned, and 
 the survivors removed to Fourah Bay. 
 
 A treaty was signed at and for Mesurado Dec. 
 15, 1821, the colonists removed, and the American flag 
 raised there, April 25, 1822. 
 
 The several settlements, with one exception, were 
 formed into a Commonwealth, the Legislature of which 
 began its first session Aug. 30, 1839. 
 
 The people, in Convention assembled, July 26, 1847, 
 
34 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 constituted and declared themselves a " free, sovereign, 
 and independent State, by the name and title of the 
 Republic of Liberia." 
 
 The flag of the new Republic was raised Aug. 24, 
 1847, with demonstrations of joy and gratitude. 
 
 The territory owned by the Liberian Government ex- 
 tends some six hundred miles alono; the West-African 
 coast, and reaches back indefinitely toward the interior, 
 the native title to which has been fairly purchased. 
 
 It has brought within its elevating influence at least 
 200,000 of the native inhabitants, who are gradually ac- 
 quiring the arts, comforts, and conveniences of civilized 
 life. It has a regularly organized government, mod- 
 elled after our own, with all the departments in suc- 
 cessful operation. Schools, seminaries, a college, and 
 some fifty churches, belonging to seven different denom- 
 inations, are in a hopeful condition. Towns and cities 
 are beino- built where once the slave-trade flourished 
 with all its untold cruelty, bloodshed, and carnage. Ag- 
 riculture is extending, and commerce is increasing. 
 
 Liberia has exercised, for nigh twenty years, all the 
 powers and attributes of an independent Government, 
 and has been recognized as such by the leading powers 
 of the world. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY D. B. WARNER, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF LIBERIA. 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 
 
 3Ir. President, and Gentlemen of the American Colonization 
 Society : 
 
 Doubtless the occasion on which you have come 
 together to-day is one of thrilHng interest to every 
 philanthropist present. It dates the semi-centennial 
 existence of an institution, which, fifty years ago, entered 
 upon the prosecution of an enterprise which has already 
 achieved much, and is destined to revolutionize for good 
 an entire continent. A period of fifty years in the age 
 of a nation just beginning its career is short, when 
 compared with the object it has in view and the length 
 of time such an organization is expected to exist ; but 
 when viewed in connection with a private association, 
 such as your Society is, it occupies in the catalogue of 
 dates a high and prominent place. 
 
 Among the circumstances which led to the founding 
 of your Society, there may be enumerated the frightful 
 proportions to which slavery had grown in the United 
 States of America ; the deep moral and physical degra- 
 dation and immense suffering of its victims ; the wide- 
 spreading demoralizing effects it was producing upon 
 
38 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 the morality, civilization, and Christianity of the country ; 
 and the awful sense of the great guilt and immeasurable 
 responsibilities the country was incurring by allowing 
 an institution so reproachful to continue in it and to 
 receive aid and comfort under its flag. The former of 
 these circumstances had produced in some of the States 
 very distressing alarm, causing them to give the question 
 of slavery a serious consideration ; and the sufferings of 
 the slave had appealed with powerful effect to the jus- 
 tice, humanity, and benevolence of all the States. 
 
 Respecting the first and chief object of the Society at 
 its founding, there have been made various statements ; 
 some of which, if true, attribute to it a selfishness which 
 finds a parallel only in that which clinches the hands 
 and petrifies the heart of the most detested and aban- 
 doned miser. But such a selfishness as that could not, 
 I think, have continued so long, and been productive of 
 such great and good results as we see flowing from 
 the operations of the scheme of African colonization. 
 But whether it was self-interest, or any thing akin thereto, 
 which prompted the founding of the institution, and has 
 ever since been the mainspring of all its operations, the 
 signs of the times seem to favor the opinion of many, 
 that an enterprise was set on foot, which, in process of 
 time, will become a standing wonder of the world ; and, 
 in eternity, millions will remember it as the door through 
 which they entered the church militant, and thence the 
 church triumphant. 
 
 Perhaps the pages of modern history contain a record 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 39 
 
 of no beginnings so small, instruments so weak, and 
 wielded by a power so feeble, that have, in the same 
 time, accomplished more than the Society has through 
 its African colonization scheme. This remark should be 
 regarded as neither boastful and extravagant on the part 
 of Liberia, nor enthusiastic and exaggerative in favor of 
 the Society. It is rather an expression given to convic- 
 tions which are daily being strengthened and confirmed 
 by the progressive movements, both of the Society and 
 of Liberia, and in which the world itself will concur, 
 when the objects and operations, achievements and pros- 
 pects of both shall have been thoroughly understood 
 by it. 
 
 The Society was no sooner formed, than its object and 
 operations became an offence to the hardened slave- 
 holder. By him they were said to be in antagonism to 
 his interest, and the interest of those he held in bondage. 
 He, therefore, hurled against them all the formidable 
 weapons he could command ; calling, at the same time, 
 for the curse of Heaven to fall upon them, and blast them 
 forever. 
 
 There seems, however, to have been, in the earlier 
 stages of slavery in the United States, some little just 
 and humane consideration for the slave and man of 
 color ; but, when this feeling assumed the form of pro- 
 tection and stern justice, the creed of the pro-slavery 
 man was made to run thus : " Go, therefore, now, and 
 work, for there shall no straw be given you, yet ye shall 
 deliver the tale of bricks." 
 
40 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 As friends to the Society and African colonization 
 multiplied, the opposition of the pro-slavery men grew 
 stronger, seconded even by some of those for whose 
 especial benefit the association was founded. It was 
 fierce and malicious and formidable enough to discourage 
 and even check a movement much more popular than 
 African colonization. 
 
 That there may be brought under view something 
 more of the greatness of the task which the Society 
 imposed upon itself, — or will it be as correct to say, that 
 was imposed upon the Society ? — when it assumed to 
 found a colony of the American blacks on the West 
 Coast of Africa, — this dreaded land, — we must take into 
 the account the very limited geographical knowledge it 
 possessed of the country about to be occupied, of the 
 character of the people inhabiting it, the distance of 
 three thousand miles emigrants would have to be trans- 
 ported who were to be the colonists, and the protection 
 which would have to be afforded these from the violence 
 and depredations of the natives in the country. Here, 
 too, in active operation, was a powerful branch of that 
 great laboratory — the slave-trade — that was furnishing 
 the Western World with its victims of cruelty, suffering, 
 and death. It was being carried on by civilized and 
 Christian governments, who made their navies sentinels 
 to watch and repel the approaches of any one that 
 would have the temerity to come to molest them in 
 their infamous work of blood. Long had the horrid 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 41 
 
 flag of this nefarious traffic waved over the land, sup- 
 ported and worshipped by its kings and its princes. 
 
 Against this array of might and power, a handful of 
 men, comprising the American Colonization Society, — 
 an association of very limited means, and equally so in 
 point of skill in the management of African affairs, — set 
 out to contend, relying for success upon the pureness of 
 their intention, the justice of their cause, and the hope 
 of receiving aid from Him by whom "kings reign and 
 princes decree righteousness ; " and who had said, 
 " Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God." How 
 they began and succeeded, we will narrate presently. 
 
 For more than three centuries previous to the found- 
 ing of your Society, the African slave-trade had been 
 crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Western Hemisphere. 
 Annually, it had torn away from their native homes and 
 beloved country, thousands and thousands of the chil- 
 dren of Africa, burying thousands of them in the sea, as 
 they expired in the middle passage, and transporting the 
 remainder of them, sick, feeble, and distressed, to foreign 
 countries ; there subjecting them to a servitude and to 
 brutalities to which a speedy and violent death is pref- 
 erable. For years this wicked and unjust traffic had 
 been passing from East to West, attended with sufferings, 
 cruelties, and barbarities, which torture the mind to 
 reflect upon. The Western World had been made black 
 with the shrivelled forms of its victims, and their 
 oppressors drunk with their blood. 
 
 But, from the beginning of the foul monster's career, 
 
42 AMKKK'AX rOLOXTZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 there was an eye, which never sleeps, looking on upon 
 his work. It took cognizance of all his deeds ; of each 
 of his victims that fell in the middle passage, and now 
 lies on the bed of ocean ; of all that breathed out 
 their souls on the bloody plantation, whose bones have 
 no resting place but in the open air, exposed to the foot 
 of the impious and the ravages of the night beasts. 
 
 True, the American people, as a nation, retired from 
 the trade, declaring it piracy, and those of themselves en- 
 gaged in it worthy of death ; but this declaration was, in 
 effect, like the decrees of King Ahasuerus, and its hy- 
 pocrisy has received a terrible reward. But the time 
 in the purpose of this All-seeing One having come, 
 when a counter current should set in, — when there 
 should be, at least, a beginning of a returning to their 
 father-land of the suffering African captives, a star 
 appeared to guide them to the spot : — 
 
 ^' It was their guide, their light, their all ; 
 It bade their dark forebodings cease ; 
 And through the storm, and danger's thrall, 
 It led them to the port of peace." 
 
 Purposely inspired, as I very believe they were, by 
 Omnipotence, with his will to that end, a few philan- 
 thropic individuals banded themselves together, and, in 
 the year 1816, founded the American Colonization 
 Society. This is the star which appeared to shed light 
 on the surrounding darkness of American slavery, and 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 43 
 
 to point out to the bondmen the way from the " House 
 of Bondage " to the " Land of Promise." This was the 
 more earnest beginning by those devoted philanthro- 
 pists, to do that ivill of Heaven with which they had 
 been so impressively inspired. 
 
 Still pressing towards their object, the Society, in 
 1818, employed, commissioned, and sent to the coast of 
 Africa, two commissioners. The honored forerunners of 
 the heaven-blessed scheme, and bearers of credentials 
 sealed with an impress deeper and broader than that 
 which mortals use, Avere Messrs. Samuel J. Mills and 
 Ebenezer Burgess, — names honored in Liberia by all 
 who hear them. Theirs was the duty to " spy out the 
 land," and to select and purchase a suitable site for the 
 location of a colony. This was to be an asylum, — a 
 peaceful retreat from slavery and oppression — for as 
 many of the African exiles in America as could and 
 would avail themselves of the provisions made by the 
 Society for reaching it. It was to be the foundation of 
 a Christian negro nationality, and a beacon to the count- 
 less thousands and millions of Africa's sons who are 
 sitting in darkness and in the region and shadow of 
 death. 
 
 Promptly did those agents fulfil their mission, the 
 many obstacles which lay in their way notwithstanding. 
 In treating with the owners of the land selected, they 
 were brought in contact with all that duplicity and 
 treachery for which the natives connected Avith the 
 slave-trade are so signally famous. This rendered their 
 
44 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 negotiations both irksome and perplexing. But all 
 these difficulties were heroically encountered and over- 
 come ; and then the commissioners turned their faces 
 homeward. 
 
 On the return of Mr. Burgess to America (Mr. Mills, 
 his co-adjutor, having resigned his gentle spirit to Him 
 who gave it, while on his way to those who had sent 
 him), and the communication to the Society of his re- 
 port, the Society determined at once to give their novel 
 enterprise a thorough and practical trial, so soon as 
 circumstances would allow it to do so. After the lapse 
 of two years, matters being favorable, the undertaking 
 was resumed ; when in February, 1820, the ship "Eliza- 
 beth " was chartered, and sent to the Sherbro Island with 
 a company of eighty-eight emigrants, under the care 
 and superintendence of the Society's new agent. Dr. 
 S. A. Crozer. This was the forming germ of a subse- 
 quent growth ; and who at that time, judging from its 
 formation and tenderness, could determine the size of 
 the tree it would produce ? Who could estimate the 
 number of other happy events depending upon its suc- 
 cess? Or who, even now, at its advanced age and 
 growth of only forty-six years, will undertake to figure 
 up the good which has already accrued from it to civil- 
 ization and Christianity ? And what circle less than that 
 which bounds eternity will be sufficiently great to 
 enclose the influence it is now exerting upon the world ? 
 Had the opportunity afforded the Society at that time 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 45 
 
 for planting a settlement in Africa been lost, a second 
 one would probably have never occurred. 
 
 The location selected for the colony being, as it sub- 
 sequently and sadly proved to be, one of extreme 
 unhealthiness, the emigrants were early stricken down 
 by its pestilential fevers. Great suffering followed ; and 
 death did his work so fast and terribly, that it was 
 found necessary to abandon the island, and remove the 
 surviving colonists to the colony of Sierra-Leone. Here 
 they remained until they were re-enforced by a company 
 by the brig "Nautilus;" and here both companies 
 located until a second and permanent place was found 
 for them in 1821, at Cape Mesurado. At this place the 
 care-worn wanderers utterly demolished the tent, substi- 
 tuting it with the more substantial and firmly-fixed 
 lodge, composed of brick, wood, and the durable granite. 
 Here a remnant of that pioneer band and their offspring 
 are resting, having stood the shock of war, endured 
 intense suffering, and undergone and lived through most 
 of the trials and vicissitudes peculiar to newly-founded 
 countries. And here are thousands of others who have 
 come after them, enjoying, in the fullest sense of the 
 word, " liberty and equality." Here no " public senti- 
 ment frowns them down," so long as they obey their 
 country's laws. 
 
 It was to be out of the " house of bondage," that 
 those way-faring and self-sacrificing men, stoojiing under 
 the weight of weary years of slavery, launched upon 
 the tumultuous ocean, crossed it, and became the sub- 
 
46 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 jeets of suffering and privation which put to the test all 
 of human and divine virtues they possessed. And the 
 fortitude and heroism displayed by those founders of 
 Liberia, during their day of trial, were indeed worthy 
 the cause calling them into action ; and the names of 
 the veterans themselves, with that of the illustrious 
 Ashmun, and those of your numerous other self-sacrili- 
 cing agents, and that of the Gordons who fell in the 
 cause of African colonization, — died here that Liberia 
 might live, — will descend in radiance of glory, gather- 
 ing brightness as years roll on, to generations yet 
 unborn. 
 
 All this was done to reclaim from slavery, superstition, 
 and idolatry, and to prepare and garnish the home of 
 the millions of Africa's descendants in America, and to 
 bring within the range of morality, civilization, and 
 Christianity, the untold millions of her sons and daugh- 
 ters dwelling in darkness on her soil, and in gross dark- 
 ness which can be felt. 
 
 What a fabric of " civil and religious liberty " was 
 begun at the laying of the corner-stone of the Colony 
 of Liberia ! What a monument of God's favor and 
 loving-kindness to the sons of Ham was then being 
 created ! What an achievement was being effected in 
 favor of the gospel of peace ! And what tongue will 
 refuse to speak His glories forth, who put it into the 
 hearts of those who undertook the work, and, until 
 their death, devoted themselves to its execution, to go 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. ■ 47 
 
 forth and build up the waste places in Africa which sin 
 had made ! 
 
 Thus far I have attempted very little in detail. I 
 have already passed over, unnoticed, hundreds of inci- 
 dents which occurred between the arrival at Sherbro of 
 the ship " Elizabeth " with the first emigrants, and the for- 
 mal occupation by the colonists of Cape Mesurado ; and 
 there are hundreds of others strewed between that 
 period and the time I am occupying in addressing you. 
 
 Some of those incidents were truly afflicting and dis- 
 tressing; and a recollection of them, even at this distant 
 period of time, produces in the mind very sad and pain- 
 ful reflections. Others were cheering and gratifying, 
 and in their more happy effects are still looming up 
 before us in the most flattering prospects of success, 
 both to the Society and to the Republic of Liberia. 
 
 In my last inaugural address, I have already noticed 
 what I think should be regarded by us all as very re- 
 markable in the enterprise of your Society, viz. : the 
 exemption from those more sad and distressing casual- 
 ties or disasters, so common to the maritime world, of 
 all its vessels but one, I think, transporting emigrants 
 to Liberia.* Are not such remarkable instances of the 
 preservation of ships very rare ? And have we another 
 such instance given, as in the case of the Society, in 
 which a company has sent its vessels across the ocean 
 for forty-six years, consecutively, and has lost but one 
 of them ? Were I certain that the case of the Society 
 
 * In that single instance of wreck, no emigrant was lost. — [Ed.] 
 
48 A^SIERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 furnished tlie only instance of the kind, I would seize 
 upon it with the greater tenacity, as an incontrovertible 
 proof of God's special favor towards the returning 
 bondmen of America, and of his pre-determined pur- 
 pose that they should once more visit, and permanently 
 settle in, their country, — long lost and disgraced though 
 it may have been, — driving out the Canaanite, and 
 breaking down and trampling under foot the power of 
 the slaver. 
 
 Granting that some vessel and her company of emi- 
 grants shall be lost, — sunk in the depths of the sea, — 
 will that be sufficient to break down the opinion, that the 
 Supreme Being has willed and fore-ordained that there 
 shall be an exodus of the colored population of America 
 to their own land ? No more so, I think, than the fall- 
 ing in the wilderness of all the Jews, except two, over 
 twenty-one years of age, that left Egypt for Canaan, 
 before they reached that place, was sufficient to prove 
 that it had not been pre-ordained that they should leave 
 Egypt, and go into Canaan. If any of the descendants 
 of Africa in America start hither, despising the country 
 — their sacredly reserved inheritance — to which they 
 are coming, should it be thought strange if they do not 
 reach it ? 
 
 The late war in America, — that terrible " uprising of 
 a great people," — if it could be viewed in all its phases 
 and connections, would probably furnish an exact key 
 to the question, " Shall the people go to their own 
 place ? " The very watch-word of that war was, " Let 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 49 
 
 my people go, that they may serve me in the wilder- 
 ness." The burden of President Lincoln's administration 
 was, Loose the shackles, and let the oppressed go free ! 
 And President Johnson, extending the order, says to 
 the people, " Go to Liberia." 
 
 All the propositions, from 1777 to the present time, 
 made by various Governments, the Government of the 
 United States of America not excepted, for the settle- 
 ment of the people elsewhere than their own country, 
 have failed, — failed, may we not say, like the building 
 of Babel, because they were in direct opposition to that 
 plan for settling them, designed by Him who is the Great 
 Designer of the universe itself He saith, " Surely, as I 
 have thought, so shall it come to pass ; and as I have 
 purposed, so shall it stand." * 
 
 It would seem, then, that it is no wilderness in Mis- 
 sissippi, in any of the north-western Territories, nor in 
 Central America, to which the people should remove or 
 be removed, but to the wilderness of Western and of 
 Central Africa. These, doubtless, are the localities 
 ordained of old to be the future dwelling-places of the 
 returning captives of Africa, and the deep solitudes 
 requiring the melody of their songs, that the solitary 
 places may be glad ; and the people themselves should be 
 constantly pleading, " Send me away, that I may go 
 unto mine own place." 
 
 On being invited to come to Liberia, the colored 
 
 * Isaiah xiv. 24 
 
50 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 people of America should not regard the invitation in 
 the light of a request made of them to surrender their 
 own country, and come to one belonging to others. 
 The contrary is the true state of the case. Africa, and 
 not America, is their country. It was made theirs when 
 
 " Grod drave asunder, and assigned their lot 
 To, all the nations." 
 
 It has been for centuries, and is still being, kept in 
 sacred reserve for them, and none shall inherit their 
 portion until they come. And they ought to come ; and 
 come they will, when it shall be said to them, — and it 
 will be said to them in a manner they shall not be able 
 to resist, — " Get thee out from this land, and return to 
 the land of thy kindred." 
 
 Here is ample room to receive them, bread enough to 
 feed them, wealth to enrich them, and a way open 
 before them to the object of their highest aspirations. 
 
 " Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard 
 his spots ?" So neither can finite minds change or frus- 
 trate the mind and purposes of the Infinite. " For the 
 Lord of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it ? 
 His hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back ? " 
 
 But, you ask me. What is that purpose ? The sura 
 total of the answer is with Him whose " thoughts are not 
 as our thoughts ; " but the opinion entertained by many 
 respecting it is, that, in the course of time, the two races 
 — the black and white races — must separate ; and the 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARXER. yl 
 
 deep blue Atlantic Ocean will be the dividing — the 
 Mason and Dixon — line between them. Besides this, 
 there seems yet to be solved but one other question 
 remaining ; viz., Can the blacks be absorbed by the 
 whites ? That is, can there or will there be, through 
 the means of a spontaneous amalgamation, a gradual 
 passing away of the former into mulattoes, and these 
 again into the dominant race, so that, in a few centuries, 
 the whole of the present negro population of America 
 will have been changed into the white element? This 
 is not probable ; neither should it be thought desirable. 
 It will be but increasing the difficulty (perhaps I am 
 too dogmatical in my opinion on this, and some of the 
 foregoing subjects), the settling of the people by them- 
 selves in any part of America, where they and the 
 whites can have easy and frequent intercourse with each 
 other. This opinion is based on the probability, that, 
 under such circumstances, one or the other people will 
 invade the rights of his neighbor. This will gender into 
 an unpleasant altercation between them ; and, if the 
 cause of offence proceed from the side of the blacks, will 
 there not always be found among the whites those who 
 will shoot down a score of blacks for an injury done, nay, 
 even for an insult offered, to one of the whites ? If such 
 an occurrence were to take place near or at the allotted 
 home of the four millions of blacks, would it not be 
 resented ? And, if resented, the consequences would 
 probably be such as I need not, if 1 could, describe. 
 If it was not resented, I can think of but two things to 
 
52 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 which such an enlightened and successful restraint upon 
 depraved human nature would be attributable. First, 
 that the blacks, in separating from the whites, solemnly 
 vowed never to quarrel with them (the whites), except 
 in a legal way, under any circumstance whatever ; and, 
 secondly, that they felt themselves numerically too w^eak 
 to contend successfully with their white neighbors in a 
 quarrel in which deadly weapons would be used. If the 
 latter conclusion should be the barrier to their protect- 
 ing and defending themselves when they should do so, 
 then the blacks would not be living in the enjoyment of 
 that social and political ease and equality for which they 
 are, but vainly, contending in America. 
 
 But to return. If I could be less commendatory in 
 my remarks while I address you, I would prefer it ; but 
 I cannot well be so, and give utterance to what I feel to 
 be genuine convictions relative to your Society and the 
 Eepublic of Liberia. The life-long interests of millions 
 of the African race in the Western Hemisphere are in- 
 volved in the question. Shall those millions remain 
 where they are, and let Africa go down, and sink yet 
 lower ; or should they return to their fatherland, and 
 redeem it from the stigma and reproach which have 
 rested upon it for ages, dishonoring its name, and throw- 
 ing a darker shade over its ancient glory ? The salva- 
 tion of an entire continent of many millions of inhabi- 
 tants is at stake ; and it is but just, that every laudable 
 means sh(nild be called into requisition to secure it ; 
 and that those means should be regarded with a proper 
 
ADDRESS OF PKESIDENT WARNER. 53 
 
 appreciation, and their operations promoted ; and every 
 thing ought to be said and done that will have, upon 
 the whole subject, a wholesome and profitable bearing. 
 
 But for the inauguration of your Society, and the 
 subsequent founding of Liberia, and the emigrating to 
 it from American slavery of a few of the civilized de- 
 scendants of Africa, what a fund of native, but rare and 
 brilliant, talent would have lain hidden in the minds of 
 thousands who are now employing it in diffusing useful 
 and saving knowledge among thousands of thousands, 
 who, but for receiving it through this channel, would 
 have gone without it from the cradle to the grave ! 
 
 History, in all probability, never would have had im- 
 pressed on its pages, as men of great common sense, 
 unflagging fortitude, and dauntless courage, the names 
 of Elijah Johnson, Lot Cary, Daniel Hawkins, Allen 
 James, Richmond Sampson, Thomas Spencer, John 
 Lawrence, and the names of numbers of others who 
 emigrated to Liberia in the darkness of the night of 
 African slavery, fought here, and died in the work of 
 laying the foundation of a negro Christian empire, and 
 erecting the standard of freedom and of the cross of 
 the Saviour. They toiled hard and long at this, pray- 
 ing, at the same time, that the sun of righteousness 
 would shine on this benighted land, and chase hence, 
 forever, the thick darkness in which it has been envel- 
 oped for thousands of years. 
 
 The oratorial powers of the lamented Hilary Teage, 
 the diplomatic abilities of Joseph J. Roberts, the states- 
 
54 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 manship of the late President Benson, the legal abilities 
 of Chief-Justice John Day, and the ecclesiastic endow- 
 ments of James S. Payne, and the admirable acquire- 
 ments and abilities of many others in Liberia, would 
 have been so many gifts vainly bestowed, but for a 
 place for their display, and opportunities for their im- 
 provement ; and these places and opportunities were 
 not to be found in a land of slavery and proscription. 
 
 The banks of the St. Paul's, St. John's, Since, and Far- 
 mington River, and of the River Cavalla, now teeming 
 with civilized life and industry, presenting to view com- 
 fortable Christian homes, inviting school-houses and 
 imposing church edifices, but for the founding of Liberia 
 would have remained until this day studded with slave 
 barracoons, the theatres of indescribable sufferings, wick- 
 edness, and shocking deaths. And what is to be said of 
 the site on which is erected Liberia College ? And 
 have we, in truth, lived to see a college in Liberia ? Its 
 site is now no more a place of concealment for the sub- 
 tile and sinewy boar, and the stealthy leopard. Its 
 former forest echoes no longer the horrifying yell of 
 the perfidious and murderous Dey, invading Monrovia ; 
 it is no longer made vocal with the doleful noise of the 
 nightrbird. An edifice, dedicated to the arts and sci- 
 ences, stands there ; and its halls are thronged with 
 Liberia's youthful aspirants, preparing themselves to 
 assert the rights of Africa, and to redeem her from her 
 present thraldom. 
 
 And what can I say more ! From every stand-point 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 56 
 
 I have yet been able to occupy, I can see nothing in 
 the founding of the American Colonization Society, and 
 its subsequent operations, but a lofty philanthropy en- 
 gaged in the prosecution of a purpose which can be 
 appreciated justly only by the mind that can grasp 
 eternity. And yet we have the mortification to hear 
 the Society pronounced a cheat ; its agents, knaves ; 
 emigration, a gross injustice ; the Republic of Liberia, a 
 sham and a grave-yard ; and the whole enterprise a de- 
 ception ! But all these pitiful indulgences and unjust 
 criminations fail most shamefully to disprove the fact, 
 that this day the sun, in the brightness of his glory, 
 shines most majestically upon a palpable contradiction 
 of all of them, in the real form of the highly respected 
 and extensively recognized Republic of Liberia. Let 
 its traducers come and see it. While they, on their 
 side of the wall, are pouring water on the flame to ex- 
 tinguish it, on the opposite side there is a Hand, se- 
 cretly, and as constantly, keeping it alive by feeding it 
 with grateful oil. 
 
 With all her faults and failings, her poverty and 
 weakness, Liberia is endeavoring to prove herself 
 grateful to those who founded her, and have watched 
 over her, cared for and fostered her for forty-six years, 
 and so render hei'self worthy of the relations she sus- 
 tains to Africa, and to the civilized nations with whom 
 she has treaties. 
 
 Your offspring, Mr. President, and gentlemen of the 
 society, is yet existing, and, withal, is growing, — grow- 
 
56 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 ing in that which is of " good report." Her growth may 
 be tardy; so may it be of long continuance. But, if our 
 colored brethren would come over and help us, we 
 should get on faster, and our prosperity would be much 
 more abundant. They have been so frequently invited 
 to come, and the advantages they would have in this 
 country have been so clearly and repeatedly set before 
 tliem, that I deem it unnecessary to say any thing fur- 
 ther to encourage them to come than I have already 
 said. If they will persist in building Babels in the land 
 of Shinar, and pyramids in Egypt, which will eventually 
 be to them only so many eye-sores whenever they look 
 at them from this side of the waters, we have only to 
 say to them, huild on. 
 
 Since your founding, you have been called to lament 
 the death of many of your once active and efficient 
 members, whose presence in your meetings was so ani- 
 mating and cheering. In the far-off land of Africa, re- 
 pose the dust of some of them. But there are yet re- 
 maining among you faces that have been familiar with 
 each other, perhaps for fifty years. Doubtless there is 
 among you your venerable and superannuated corre- 
 sponding secretary, whom you sent to Liberia in 1824, 
 to rconnoitre the colony, and to inspect the Agency of 
 the great Ashmun, your then Colonial Agent, whose in- 
 trinsic worth, as a person for the times, the Society did 
 not at that time know. There are also yet in Liberia, 
 among the living, a few of the Crozer band, and a rem- 
 nant of the Ashmun contemporaries. But Liberia, as 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 57 
 
 well as the Society, has had her bereavements. Her 
 great men passed away just at the time, in hmnan cal- 
 culations, when their services were most wanted. They 
 are gone from their labor and toil, and their works fol- 
 low them. 
 
 Notwithstanding many evil reports have gone abroad 
 against our "land of promise," deterring many in 
 America, and perhaps elsewhere, from coming to help 
 us possess it — and there are yet being uttered predic- 
 tions that we must "eventually fail and come to naught," 
 — yet both you and we have abundant reasons to re- 
 joice, and to believe that He who has begun the work 
 of Africa's redemption will carry it on to a glorious 
 completion. That great Architect of the universe has 
 given us already too many assurances of his good will 
 towards us — and he is able to make that good will 
 abundantly effectual — to allow us to doubt one mo- 
 ment his faithfulness in all things pertaining to his 
 creatures, or to believe he will abandon us while we 
 are yet trusting in him. The sure and immutable word 
 is, " Righteousness exalteth a nation ; but sin is a re- 
 proach to any people." By securing the first, the sec- 
 ond may be avoided. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. President and gentlemen, I have 
 only to remark, that, thus far, through the vicissitudes 
 of fifty years, amidst the sneers and scoffs of those 
 who would scoff and sneer at your imdertaking, against 
 the spiteful and virulent opposition of anti-colonization- 
 ists, with a determination of purpose, having a sanctified 
 
58 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 reference to the glory of God, you have steadily held 
 on your way, using your best endeavors for the re- 
 demption of Africa, and the salvation of her milHons of 
 souls. Were I permitted to speak a word in behalf of 
 myself, in your presence, I would say, I shall never be 
 able to command language to express my gratitude 
 to God for guiding my infant feet to the Colony of 
 Liberia. My time hi Liberia is almost coeval with the 
 existence of the place, and I have yet to feel the slight- 
 est regret at my being here. 
 
 And now, to Him w^ho hath sustained you, and given 
 you of his free Spirit to guide you in all your acts and 
 deliberations, be ascribed might, majesty, and dominion, 
 now and forever. 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 
 
HISTOEICAL DISCOUESE. 
 
 Mr. President : 
 
 A PUBLIC notice has promised " An Historical Discourse 
 on the Rise and Progress of the Society " which now 
 celebrates its fiftieth anniversary. The treatment of 
 the first topic — the Rise — may, perhaps, be aided by 
 an illustration. It shall be drawn from the practice of 
 the ancients, mentioned by Seneca, of building altars and 
 offering worship at the sources of rivers. Remains of 
 such temples, evidently Grecian, are still seen at the two 
 sources of the Jordan ; and substructions, older than 
 Grecian, at that of the Chrysorrhoas, esteemed by the 
 people of Damascus "better than all the waters of 
 Israel." In both these instances, however, the water 
 from these sources soon unites with less pretentious 
 streams, coming from a much greater distance. But 
 what if there be no vast flood bursting forth at any one 
 point ? What if we find only here the bubbling fount- 
 ain, at which the wild bird scarce slakes her thirst ; 
 there, the drops trickling from the face of a cliff; yon- 
 der, the superfluous moisture escaping from a bed of 
 moss ; and moisture from a thousand other places, in 
 
62 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 varied forms, all collected by the slopes and channels 
 which the Great Creator has provided for that pur- 
 pose, into one vast Father of Waters, fertilizing the 
 plains and bearing the" commerce of half a continent ? 
 Plainly, you can erect your altar in no one place. You 
 can worship only the Beneficent Wisdom which is every- 
 where, and which has so made the world that kindred 
 good intluences naturally flow together, and combine 
 into broad streams of blessing to mankind. 
 
 So of the origin of our Society, and of our work. The 
 sentiment out of which it grew, more or less definitely 
 formed into specific plans, was everywhere, tending to 
 realize itself in beneficent action for the colored race. 
 This sentiment gushed forth at many points; so that 
 many persons have been named as the originators of 
 our enterprise. And there is some ground for each of 
 these claims, and, doubtless, for many others that might 
 have been advanced. They were originators, as truly as 
 if there had been no others. Their relative merits can- 
 not be settled by chronology, for the thought was often 
 as fresh and original in the later projector as in any that 
 had preceded him. 
 
 The earliest movement known to have any historical 
 connection with our Society was the visit of the Rev. 
 Samuel Hopkins of Newport, RI. to his neighbor, the 
 Rev. Ezra Stiles, April 7, 1773. The diary^"^^of Dr. 
 Stiles has preserved the record. Dr. Hopkins pro- 
 posed to educate two pious negro youths for the ministry, 
 and send them to Africa as missionaries ; hoping, evident- 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 63 
 
 ly, to send more in time. He needed assistance to meet 
 the expense. The more practical mind of Dr. Stiles 
 suggested that the enterprise would not succeed in that 
 form ; that thirty or forty suitable persons must be sent 
 out, and the whole conducted by a societ}^ formed for 
 the purpose. This idea of a purely missionary settle- 
 ment grew, in a few years, into a definite plan for a 
 colony, with its agricultural, mechanical, and commercial 
 interests. Aug. 31, 1773, Drs. Stiles and Hopkins issued 
 a circular, inviting contributions to their enterprise. 
 Feb. 7, 1774, a society of ladies in Newport had just 
 made their first contribution ; and aid had been received 
 from several parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
 Nov. 2r,'^wo of the young men sailed for New York, on 
 their w^ay to Princeton, N.J. to be educated under 
 Dr. Witherspoon, president of the college. Three days"^ 
 later, bills were drawn on London for amounts col- 
 lected in aid of their enterprise in England and in 
 Scotland. April 10, 1776, another circular was issued. 
 They then thought their colony would be on the Gold 
 Coast, near Annamaboe, where one of their young men 
 had influential relatives, who were anxious for his re- 
 turn, as had been learned by letters from Africa, confirm- 
 ing his own account. 
 
 The war of Independence suspended these labors ; 
 but the plan and the purpose survived it. In 1784, and 
 again in 1787, Dr. Hopkins endeavored to induce mer- 
 chants to send out a vessel with a few emigrants, to 
 procure lands and make a beginning, and with goods, 
 
 
64 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 the profits on which would, of course, dhninish the 
 expense. In March, 1787- lie had consultations with 
 Dr. William Thornton, "a young man from the West 
 Indies," who proposed to take out a company of free 
 blacks, and found a colony in Africa. A number volun- 
 teered to go with him, but the enterprise foiled for 
 want of funds. Dr. Thornton was afterwards a member 
 of the first Board of Managers of the American Coloni- 
 zation Society. 
 
 A month later, Granville Sharpe and others sent the 
 first colonists from London to Sierra Leone. This design 
 was already known to Hopkins. Perhaps, too, Sharpe 
 had heard of the plans of Hopkins, as they had been well 
 known in England for some years ; but they had no 
 direct intercourse with each other till Hopkins wrote to 
 Sharpe, Jan. 15, 1789, inquiring whether, and on what 
 terms, and with what prospects, blacks from America 
 could join the colony. There were then " Christian 
 Blacks " desirous to emigrate, enough to form a church ; 
 and one of them was fit to be its pastor. 
 
 Unsuccessful in this, he continued his labors. In 1791, 
 he wished the Connecticut Emancipation Society to be 
 incorporated, with power to act as an education and 
 colonization society. In 1793, he preached a sermon 
 before a kindred society at Providence, which was pub- 
 lished with an appendix, in which he advocated almost 
 the exact course of action afterward adopted by this 
 Society, and urged its execution by the United-States 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 65 
 
 Government, the several State Governments, and by 
 voluntary societies. 
 
 Hopkins died Dec. 20, 1803 ; but the influence of 
 these labors still lived. They must have been well 
 known to Capt. Paul Cuffee of New Bedford, and the 
 thirty emigrants whom he took to Sierra Leone in his 
 own vessel, early in 1815 ; and in 1826, two of his 
 " hopeful young men," Newport Gardner, aged seventy- 
 five, and John Nubia,* aged seventy, hoping to move 
 their brethren by their example, sailed from Boston in 
 the brig " Vine," the eighth vessel sent out by this 
 Society. 
 
 The next movement having any historical result was 
 in Virginia. Dec. 31, 1800, the Legislature, in secret 
 session, — 
 
 " Resolved, That the Governor be requested to correspond with 
 the President of the United States, on the subject of purchasing 
 lands without the limits of this State, whither persons obnoxious 
 to the laws or dangerous to the peace of society may be removed." 
 
 The Governor, Monroe, in communicating this Reso- 
 lution to the President, stated that it was passed in con- 
 sequence of a conspiracy of slaves in and around Rich- 
 mond, for which the conspirators, under existing laws, 
 might be doomed to death. It was deemed more hu- 
 mane, and it was hoped not less expedient, to transport 
 
 * Known in Hopkins's correspondence as Salmur Nubia, and familiarly iu 
 Newport as Jack Mason. 
 
66 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 such offenders beyond the limits of the State. President 
 Jefferson favored the idea, discussed the objections to 
 several locations, said that " Africa would offer a last and 
 undoubted resort," and promised his assistance. The 
 Legislature, Jan. 16, 1802, directed a continuance of 
 the corresjDondence, "for the purpose of obtaining a 
 place without the limits of " the United States, " to which 
 free negroes or mulattoes, and such negroes or mulattoes 
 as may be emancipated, may be sent or choose to re- 
 move as a place of asylum ; " requesting the President 
 " to prefer Africa, or any of the Spanish or Portuguese 
 settlements in South America." This resolution differs 
 from the former, in that it does not contemplate a 
 penal colony, and does contemplate increased facilities 
 for emancipation, in a mode which the State did not 
 esteem dangerous. The President corresponded with the 
 British Government concerning Sierra Leone, and with 
 the Portuguese concerning their possessions in South 
 America, but without success. In 1805, Jan. 22, a reso- 
 lution was passed, instructing the senators and request- 
 ing the representatves from that State to endeavor to 
 procure a suitable territory in Louisiana. No action 
 followed, and the matter slept ten years. Yet the pro- 
 position of Ann Mifflin, and the correspondence of John 
 Lynd with Thomas Jefferson in 1811, showed that the 
 idea was still alive and at work. 
 
 Another of these numerous origins must be noticed. 
 In the spring of 1808, a few undergraduates of Williams 
 College, Mass., formed themselves into a society, whose 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 67 
 
 object was, " to effect, in the persons of its members, a 
 mission or missions to the heathen." In about two 
 years, this society was transferred to the Theological 
 Seminary at Andover, of which most of them had become 
 members. Here they procured the formation of a " So- 
 ciety of Inquiry respecting Missions ; " and there was 
 thenceforth the chief seat of their labors. With becoming 
 modesty, they regarded themselves as little else than 
 mere school-boys, competent, indeed, to make inquiries, 
 collect information, and discover wants that ought to be 
 supplied, but needing the guidance of older and wiser 
 men to mature judicious plans and execute them suc- 
 cessfully. The proposal of four of them to go on a mis- 
 sion to the heathen in foreign lands, led directlj^ to the 
 formation of the American Board of Commissioners for 
 Foreign Missions. Suggestions from these young men, 
 or some of them, also led to the formation of the 
 American Bible Society, and, though in some cases less 
 directly, several other kindred institutions, for which the 
 state of feeling in the religious world was prepared. 
 
 Samuel J. Mills has been commonly regarded as the 
 leader of these inquirers. With a companion, he made a 
 journey of inquiry through large parts of the new settle- 
 ments in the United States, especially the south-western 
 part. He came back with the knowledge of many wants 
 to be supplied, and fully convinced, that, to use his own 
 words, " We must save the negroes, or the negroes will 
 ruin us;" and that there was so much at the South of right 
 feeling towards the negroes, that something might be 
 
68 AMKKirAX COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 done towards saving them. The matter was abundant- 
 ly discussed. A colony was proposed, somewhere in the 
 vast wilderness between the Ohio and the great lakes. 
 But one of them at length objected to that location. 
 " Whether any of us live to see it or not," said he, " the 
 time will come when white men will want all that region, 
 and will have it, and our colony will be overwhelmed 
 by them." So they concluded that the colony must be 
 in Africa. 
 
 Mills went to New Jersey, to study theology with Dr. 
 Griffin at Newark, and still more, as Dr. Griffin soon 
 thought, to engage him and other leading men in that 
 region in considering whether certain good objects could 
 be accomplished, and how. While there, he originated 
 the school for the education of pious blacks at Parsip- 
 pany, some thirty miles from Princeton. It was placed 
 under the care and patronage of the Synod of New 
 Jersey ; and thus the Presbyterian clergy of that State 
 were brought into active connection with Mills, and his 
 idea of saving the negro. His project of a colony north 
 of the Ohio, or somewhere else, was well known to Dr. 
 Alexander of Princeton, and doubtless to others. 
 
 Among the most eminent of that clergy was the Rev. 
 Dr. Robert Finley. No record has been found of any di- 
 rect intercourse between him and Mills ; and there is no 
 reason to suspect that Mills furnished him with a plan 
 of a society, to be formed at Washington, for colonizing 
 free blacks in Africa. That plan seems to have developed 
 itself in his own mind, while contemplating that class of 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 69 
 
 facts to which Mills was so busily calling attention ; and 
 it is certain that he had it under consideration as early 
 as February, 1815. From about that timCj he was in- 
 dustrious in recommending it to his friends ; but they, 
 while admitting that its object was good, generally dis- 
 trusted its success. After probably nearly two years of 
 such labor, he called a public meeting at Princeton, to 
 consider the subject ; but few besides the Faculties of the 
 College and the Theological Seminary attended, and 
 only Dr. Alexander appears to have aided him in com- 
 mending it. Still he persevered ; and when Congress as- 
 sembled, early in December, 1816, repaired to Washing- 
 ton, to attempt the formation of his proposed society. 
 On his arrival, he went at once to his brother-in-law, 
 Elias B. Caldwell. That these brothers had previously 
 corresponded on the subject, is a probable conjecture, but 
 not a known fact. Yet the idea of colonization was not 
 then new to Mr. Caldwell. It had already been sug- 
 gested from another source. 
 
 Late in February, 1816, the Virginia secret resolutions 
 and correspondence of 1801-05 first became kiiown to 
 Charles Fenton Mercer, a member of the Legislature of 
 that State. Not being under the obligation of secrecy, he 
 at once made them known extensively in the State, and 
 pledged himself to renew them at the next session of the 
 Legislature. Being at Washington, — it must have been 
 in March or April, — he made known the facts and his 
 intentions to two friends. One was his old schoolmate 
 at Princeton, Elias B. Caldwell, who approved his object, 
 
70 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 and promised to use his influence with his Presbyterian 
 friends in New Jersey in favor of it. The other was 
 Francis S. Key, who would attempt a similar movement 
 in Maryland, Gen. Mercer redeemed his pledge. His 
 proposed resolution passed the House of Delegates, Dec. 
 14, by a vote of 132 to 14, and the Senate, Dec. 23, 
 with one dissenting vote. This was done without any 
 knowledge of the plans and movements of Dr. Finley for 
 forming a society, and indeed without any expectation 
 that a society would be formed. His idea was, that 
 colonization would be carried by the State Govern- 
 Inents, under the sanction and protection of the National 
 Government. Still, this expression of Virginia's mind 
 rendered important and perhaps indispensable aid to 
 the formation and success of the Society ; for the action 
 of the House of Delegates was known in Washington 
 before Gen. Mercer's resolution had passed the Senate, 
 and before any public meeting was holden to form a 
 society. 
 
 To arrange that meeting, and secure attendance upon 
 it, cost Dr. Finley no slight labor. The goodness of the 
 object was generally admitted ; but, at the preliminary 
 consultations, those invited and expected were generally 
 absent. Charles Marsh, member of Cong^ress from Ver- 
 mont, noticed this disposition of almost everybody to 
 leave this good work to others; and, as this was the 
 only project that he had ever heard of, promising great 
 good to the black race, he determined that it should not 
 be allowed to die in that way. He decided that those 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOUKSE. 71 
 
 who knew the plan to be a good one should attend the 
 meetings. Of course, as all who ever knew his inex- 
 haustible adroitness and persistency will easily under- 
 stand, "a very respectable mumber" of them at- 
 tended the first public meeting, Dec. 21, 1816. Henry 
 Clay, in the necessary absence of Judge Washington, 
 was called to the chair. Elias B. Caldwell, the brother- 
 in-law of Dr. Finley and the schoolmate and friend of 
 Gen. Mercer, perfectly informed of the plans and move- 
 ments of both, made the leading argument in favor of 
 forming a society. He stated that public attention had 
 been called to the subject in New Jersey, New York, 
 Indiana, Tennessee, Virginia, and perhaps other places. 
 He was supported by remarks from John Randolph of 
 Virginia, and Robert Wright of Maryland. A committee 
 was appointed to prepare a constitution, and the meet- 
 ing adjourned for one week. 
 
 At the adjourned meeting, Dec. 28, the committee 
 reported a constitution, which was adopted. Fifty 
 gentlemen affixed their names to it as members. The 
 twenty-third name on the list is Samuel J. Mills. What 
 brought him there at that time, and what he was about 
 while there, we can only infer from other parts of his 
 history. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1817, the day fixed by the Constitution, the 
 Society met for the election of officers. Hon. Bushrod 
 Washington, of Virginia, was chosen President, with 
 twelve Vice-Presidents, from nine States, including 
 Georgia, Kentucky and Massachusetts, and one from 
 
72 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 the District of Columbia. Dr. William Thornton, whose 
 visit to Dr. Hopkins in 1787 has already been men- 
 tioned, was a member of tlie Board of Managers. 
 
 Thus the Society was formed and organized, not by 
 the labors of any one projector, or by the influence of 
 a movement in any one part of the country, but by the 
 union of the tendencies which, remote from each other 
 and independent of each other, had been working 
 towards that result for more than forty years. That 
 the Virginia movement, or the New-Jersey movement, 
 or the New-England movements, would have accom- 
 plished any thing without the union of all, some may 
 perhaps believe, but flxcts have not proved. Its true 
 origin was, in the desire of good men everywhere to 
 do the best thing then practicable for the black race, in 
 this country and in Africa; that desire prompting all 
 these movements, and sustaining them when providenti- 
 ally united in one. 
 
 Gen. Mercer was not present at the formation of the 
 Society. His plan was, colonization by the National and 
 State Governments; and, late in life, he expressed a 
 doubt whether more good would not have been done 
 by such action, if no Society had been formed ; as the 
 movement would then have had the united support of 
 the South, which was lost by bringing Northern men 
 into the movement, and thus throwing important South- 
 ern interests " open to the public discussions and acts of 
 a Society spread through the United States, and to the 
 interference of other counsellors and agents than their 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 73 
 
 own Government." At the time, however, he made no 
 such objection. His confidential friends took a leading 
 part in the formation of the Society, and he himself be- 
 came one of its most active and efficient supporters. 
 In a few weeks, he procured the formation of several 
 auxiliaries in Virginia. He procured, by personal solici- 
 tation, large donations to its funds. He wrote several 
 of its earlier Reports. He rendered various services, 
 without which it is not easy to see how the Society 
 could ever have become active. 
 
 The first step towards planting a colony in Africa 
 was, to find and procure a location where it might be 
 planted and prosper. For this purpose, Africa must be 
 visited, and preliminary arrangements made. Samuel J. 
 Mills offered himself for that service, was accepted, and 
 authorized to select his companion. He selected his 
 friend, Ebenezer Burgess, now Rev. Dr. Burgess, of 
 Dedham, Mass., the man who, years before, had opposed 
 the plan for colonizing north the Ohio, because white 
 men would want that country, and argued that the 
 colony must be in Africa. Their letter of instructions 
 was dated Nov. 6, 1817. Money to repay the expense 
 of the expedition was borrowed, and the loan repaid 
 from funds raised by Gen. Mercer and Rev. William 
 Meade, afterwards Bishop Meade of Virginia. 
 
 They sailed Nov. 16 ; Mills remarking to one of his 
 associates in these movements, as he was about to em- 
 bark, " This is the most important enterprise in which 
 I have ever been engaged." Arriving in England in 
 
 10 
 
74 am?:rican colonization society. 
 
 December, thej were courteously received by His Royal 
 Highness the Duke of Gloucester, Patron and Presi- 
 dent, and by the other officers of the African Institution. 
 Mr. Wilberforce introduced them to Lord Bathurst, 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies, who gave them 
 letters to the Governor and other officers at Sierra 
 Leone, directing them to aid the explorers in their ex- 
 plorations. Having touched at the Gambia, they arrived 
 at Sierra Leone, March 22, 1818. The Governor and 
 other officers received them with great personal kind- 
 ness, and very literall}^ obeyed the instructions of the 
 Home Government, as to furnishing facilities for inquiry, 
 but did not conceal their unwillingness that an Ameri- 
 can Colony should be established in their vicinity. The 
 principal merchants felt the same unwillingness. 
 
 They w^ere more cordially received by the members 
 of the " Friendly Society," instituted among the colo- 
 nists at the suo;o:estion of Paul Cuffee in 1811. Its 
 President, John Kizell, who had been a slave in the 
 West Indies and the United States, entered heartily into 
 their plans, accompanied them on some of their explo- 
 rations, and introduced them to native chiefs over whom 
 he possessed much influence. They examined the coast 
 as far as Sherbro, obtained promises, that, on the arrival 
 of colonists, suitable land should be furnished for their 
 settlement, and being unable, for want of time and funds, 
 to visit the Bassa Country, Cape Palmas, Accra, and the 
 Bight of Benin, as they desired, returned to Sierra 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 75 
 
 Leone, and, May 22, embarked for England on their 
 homeward voyage. 
 
 When they left home, Mills was suffering from a pul- 
 monary disease. The climate of England aggravated 
 it. That of Africa suspended its operation, as it often 
 does. A few days after leaving Sierra Leone it re- 
 turned, aided by a severe cold ; and on the 16th 
 of June, he gently expired, and at sunset his body was 
 committed to the ocean. Nearly thirty years ago, I 
 wrote, " It was fitting that the remains of such a man, 
 whose character no monument could suitably represent, 
 should rest where none could be attempted." Now, it 
 has been made my duty to say, that, if the Society will 
 cause a monument to his memory to be erected in Libe- 
 ria, the funds are ready to defray the expense. Liberia 
 has recorded her debt to both explorers, by uniting their 
 names in the name of Millsburgh, which, as the record 
 states, was devised for that purpose. 
 
 Their report established the fact, that territory might 
 be procured and a colony planted. But how was the 
 Society to plant a colony, with less than three thousand 
 dollars in its treasury, and its receipts less than one 
 hundred dollars a month ? "A great political necessity " 
 furnished the means. 
 
 The Act of Congress of March 2, 1807, had prohib- 
 ited the importation of slaves after the end of that 
 year, and provided for punishing the importer ; but the 
 slave so imported became subject, like all other persons, 
 to the laws of the State in which he was found. In 
 
76 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 several of the States, laws were enacted and legal pro- 
 ceedings devised, under which it was still found profita- 
 ble to import slaves, and incur the penalty, if it could 
 not be evaded, as it often was. The first attempt to 
 interfere with this policy of the slave-traders was made 
 by the legislature of Georgia. That legislature enacted, 
 Dec. 19, 1817, that the Governor should take all such 
 imported slaves out of the hands of private speculators 
 into his own custody, and sell them at auction for the 
 benefit of the State treasury ; provided, however, that 
 if the Colonization Society would undertake to trans- 
 port them to Africa, and would pay all expenses in- 
 curred by the State, the Governor was requested to aid 
 the Society as he might deem expedient. This was the 
 first official movement, if not the first suggestion, for 
 the return of recaptured slaves to Africa. 
 
 The Act of Congress of April 20, 1818, increased the 
 penalties of importation, but still left the slaves im- 
 ported subject to the laws of the several States, and the 
 work still went on. 
 
 While Gen. Mercer was prepari^ig the Second Annual 
 Report, to be presented in January, 1819, his attention 
 was drawn to these laws, and the practice under them. 
 The Report discussed the subject, and about forty pages 
 of its appendix were filled with documents showing the 
 facts. In Congress, Gen. Mercer procured the drafting 
 of a bill to remedy the evil, which passed both Houses, 
 and was approved by the President, Monroe, March 3, 
 1819. By this Act, all slaves illegally imported, or taken 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 77 
 
 at sea, were to be kept in the custody of the United- 
 States Government till removed beyond the limits of the 
 United States ; and the President was to appoint an 
 agent or agents on the coast of Africa to receive them, 
 and the sum of one hundred thousand dollars was 
 appropriated to meet the expense. 
 
 About six weeks after this Act was passed, the Hon. 
 W. H. Crawford of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury, 
 found, in a Georgia newspaper, an advertisement of 
 illegally imported slaves, to be sold at auction under the 
 State law of 1817. He immediately informed the Soci- 
 ety ; and the Rev. William Meade was sent to Georgia 
 as its agent, to receive them in behalf of the Society. 
 Litigation with Spanish claimants prevented immediate 
 success ; but, some years afterwards, they were delivered 
 to the Society, and sent to Africa. There was then 
 about fifty thousand dollars in the State treasury, as 
 the proceeds of such sales. This the Society hoped to 
 obtain ; but there was no law authorizing the Governor 
 to pay it over, and it was not done. 
 
 President Monroe, as appears by his Message of Dec. 
 17, 1819, understood the law of March 3 to mean, that 
 a suitable residence must be provided, on the coast of 
 Africa, for the agents and those intrusted to their care. 
 For this purpose he determined to send a ship to the 
 coast, with two agents, and the necessary men and 
 means to procure a place and make it habitable. 
 
 Evidently, this work of the Government and the en- 
 terprise of the Society might best be prosecuted by 
 
78 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 their united action in establishing one settlement, where 
 the agents of both should reside, and to which emigrants 
 and recaptured slaves should be sent. The Government 
 appointed the Rev. Samuel Bacon, already in the service 
 of the Society, as its agent, with whom Mr. John P. 
 Bankson was afterwards associated. The Society ap- 
 pointed Dr. Samuel A. Crozer its sole agent. The Gov- 
 ernment chartered the ship " Elizabeth," of three hun- 
 dred tons, and " agreed to receive on board such free 
 blacks, recommended by the Society, as might be required 
 for the purposes of the agency." Dr. Crozer took out 
 goods and stores for the purchase of land and the use of 
 the emigrants. The emigrants were all considered as 
 attached to this joint agency of the Government, and 
 were to be entirely subjected to its control till regularly 
 discharged. They were to erect cottages for at least 
 three hundred recaptured Africans, and cultivate land 
 for their own subsistence. For the expenses of the 
 expedition, the Government placed more than thirty 
 thousand dollars in the hands of Mr. Bacon, and sent a 
 ship of war to co-operate. Thus provided, the " Eliza- 
 beth" sailed from New York, Feb. 6, 1820, with eighty- 
 eight emigrants from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, 
 and New York. 
 
 And in this co-operation, to which the Government 
 found itself forced by its own necessities, the Society 
 first found the power to go forward and accomplish its 
 work. And if the ancients were right in considering 
 the immense fountain which bursts forth by the side of 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 79 
 
 a streamlet and transforms it into a river, the true 
 source of the river, to be honored by altars and worship, 
 with equal propriety may your monuments distinguish 
 this j)oint in the stream of your history. 
 
 President Monroe appears to have been a constant 
 friend of colonization ever since 1801, when, as Governor 
 of Virginia, he corresponded with Jefferson on the sub- 
 ject. He gave an attentive ear to the Annual Reports 
 of the Society, showing the condition of the slave-trade, 
 and the need of action for its suppression. His known 
 sentiments encouraged Gen. Mercer to prepare and pro- 
 cure the enactment of the law of 1819. His interpreta- 
 tion and execution of that law furnished the means by 
 which the work was begun. And the then youthful and 
 ardent friend, whose presence forbids fit eulogy now, 
 was right, when he first suggested that the metropolis 
 of the nascent State should, by its name, commemorate 
 his merits. 
 
 The first emigrants were to erect houses for three 
 hundred recaptured slaves. The whole number of such, 
 for whom the Government has found it necessary to 
 provide through the Society, has been five thousand 
 seven hundred and twenty-two. The resident agency 
 of the United States for recaptured Africans continued, 
 though occasionally vacant, till the declaration of Libe- 
 rian independence. All this could not have been done, 
 and well done, without a colony large and strong enough 
 to live by its own vitality ; and, therefore, the substan- 
 tial success of our enterprise was a national necessity. 
 
80 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Such, as we have seen, were the forces which caused 
 this Society to be formed ; such the process of its for- 
 mation ; such the national need of its aid, which pro- 
 cured for it the means of successful activity. Having 
 seen these, let us pass rapidly over events, the exciting 
 and tragic interest of which have caused them to be 
 abundantly recorded elsewhere, — the arrival of the 
 " Elizabeth " at Sierra Leone ; the cordial reception of 
 the emigrants by Kizell, at Campelar, his own place on 
 Sherbro Island ; the discouraging attempts to purchase 
 land for a permanent settlement, defeated, — not by the 
 treachery of Kizell, for he was no traitor, — but by 
 secret influences from those at Sierra Leone, who wished 
 the colony all success, but at a much greater distance 
 from themselves ; the hardships, sickness, and deaths 
 heroically endured ; the removal from Campelar to 
 Fourah Bay ; the purchase of Cape Mesurado by Capt. 
 Stockton and Dr. Ayres, at the risk of their lives ; the 
 arrival of the colonists, and their lodgment on an island, 
 Jan. 7, 1822 ; the occupation of the Cape, April 25; the 
 return of the agents, and the proposal that the emi- 
 grants also should return, and the enterprise be aban- 
 doned ; the heroic reply of Elijah Johnson, " No : I 
 have been two years searching for a home in Africa, 
 and I have found it; and I shall stay here;" the heroic 
 determinatiom of the others to remain with him ; his ap- 
 pointment as sole agent ; the troubles and dangers from 
 the first, and then, and afterwards, from a host of native 
 kings, who regretted the sale of the Cape, and determined 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 81 
 
 to expel or exterminate the colony, lest it should inter- 
 fere with the slave-trade ; the offer of a force of marines 
 from a British man-of-war, if Johnson would only cede 
 a few feet of ground on which to erect a British flag ; 
 his prompt reply, " We want no flag-staff put up here, 
 that will cost more to get it down again than it will to 
 whip the natives ; " the arrival of Ashmun, and his 
 assumption of the agency, Aug. 9, 1822 ; his energetic 
 labors, both diplomatic and military, for the protection 
 of the colony ; the assault on the settlement on the 
 morning- of Nov. 11, by about eight hundred natives, 
 and their repulse by the thirty-five colonists, capable 
 of bearing arms ; the second assault, by perhaps twice 
 their former number, Dec. 2, and their final defeat. 
 Passing by all these, let us examine a crisis in the affairs 
 of the colony, involving and elucidating a principle, and 
 itself needing elucidation. 
 
 There had been complaints against the colonists of 
 turbulence and insubordination. They, in turn, accused 
 the Agents of oppression and other offences. The trouble 
 grew into what was called " mutiny " and " sedition." 
 Numbers utterly refused obedience to the Agent, and 
 proceeded to take forcibly their supply of food from the 
 public store. How can we account for the fact, that such 
 men as Lot Cary, and others, were betrayed into such 
 conduct ? True, there had been complaints about the 
 distribution of lands, and other acts of the several Agents, 
 and representations had been sent to the Society ; but 
 
 these are insufficient to explain it. 
 11 
 
82 AMEKICAJS" COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 The explanation must be found in the fact, that the 
 colony had really no civil government. What occupied 
 the place of a civil government was a pure despotism 
 of an agent, resting on no legal basis, and possessing 
 no physical force with which to compel obedience. Of 
 course, the colonists, though they appear to have been 
 far from comprehending the difficulty, felt that some- 
 thing was wanting, something out of order, something 
 wrong; and were " insubordinate," 
 
 That such an assertion may be received, it needs to 
 be proved. Consider, then, that the " Elizabeth " and 
 her company were sent out by the United States, and not 
 by the Society. Ship, mone}^, and men were under the 
 direction of the government's agents, with instructions 
 to build houses for three hundred recaptured slaves. 
 Their instructions said, " You are not to exercise any 
 power or authority founded on the principles of coloni- 
 zation, but to confine yourselves to that of performing 
 the benevolent intentions of the Act of Congress of 
 March 3, 1819." And the President, in his message of 
 Dec. 20, 1819, said that they would receive "an ex- 
 press injunction to exercise no power founded on the 
 principle of colonization, or other power than that of 
 performing the benevolent offices above recited, by the 
 permission and sanction of the existing government 
 under which they may establish themselves." There is 
 not only no authority given to the agents to establish a 
 government, but an express assumption that the place 
 selected would be under a government existing inde- 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. §3 
 
 penclentlj of them, " by the permission and sanction " 
 of which they would act. Evidently the colonists had 
 no civil government derived from this source. 
 
 Does the deed of cession by which the territory 
 was holden throw any light on the subject ? That 
 deed 
 
 " Witnesseth, That whereas certain persons, citizens of the 
 United States of America, are desirous to establish themselves on 
 the western coast of Africa, and have invested Capt. Robert F. 
 Stockton and Eli Ayres with full powers to treat with and purchase 
 fi-om us, the said kings, princes and headmen, certain lands 
 [which are described], we do hereby, in consideration of [certain 
 specified articles of merchandise], forever cede and relinquish the 
 above-described lands to Capt. Robert F. Stockton and Eli 
 Ayres, To Have and To Hold the said premises for the use of 
 these said citizens of America." 
 
 We must carefully observe that Capt. Stockton and 
 Dr. Ayres do not appear in this transaction as agents of 
 the United States, or of the Colonization Society, but 
 as agents of " certain persons " who were " desirous of 
 establishing themselves on the western coast of Africa," 
 that is, of the colonists. The colonists, the deed says, 
 had invested them with full powers to treat with kings 
 for the cession of territory. Certainly, land bought by 
 their authorized agents for their use, and ceded for their 
 use " forever," was their land. It never became the 
 property of the United States, or of the Society. The 
 next paragraph confirms this view : — 
 
84 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 "The contracting parties pledge themselves to live in peace and 
 friendship forever ; and do further contract not to make war, or 
 otherwise molest or disturb each other." 
 
 The " contracting parties " who thus mutually pledge 
 themselves are evidently the kings, princes and head- 
 men, on the one part, and the colonists on the other. 
 
 With the right of soil, the right of jurisdiction passed 
 from the kings to the other contracting party, — the 
 colonists. They were the supreme lords of the soil, and 
 had a natural right to organize and establish a govern- 
 ment for it. But they had not exercised that right. 
 There was no existing civil government resting on that 
 basis. 
 
 The Society had acted on this subject seasonably. Its 
 Board of Managers, June 26, 1820, while the emigrants 
 were still at Campelar, adopted a " Constitution for the 
 
 Government of the African Settlement at ." Of 
 
 course, it could not go into operation as a civil gov- 
 ernment " at ," or at all, while they were living 
 
 within the jurisdiction of some other government 
 already established. Its first article, as amended Dec. 
 20, was, — 
 
 "All persons born within the limits of the territory held by the 
 
 American Colonization Society in , or remaining there to 
 
 reside, shall be free, and entitled to all such rights and privileges 
 as are enjoyed by the citizens of the United States." 
 
 By its own terms, it applied only to territory held by 
 
HISTOEICAL DISCOURSE. 85 
 
 the Society; and Cape Mesurado, as has been shown, 
 was not held by the Society, but by Capt. Stockton and 
 Dr. Ayres, as agents of the emigrants ; that is, by the 
 emigrants themselves. What authority had a consti- 
 tution, formed by an unincorporated association of 
 private individuals in another country, three thousand 
 miles off, over a territory which was not their property, 
 but the property of its inhabitants, who, acting as a 
 sovereign people, had procured it by a treaty of cession 
 and peace with sovereign princes ? The seventh arti- 
 cle however, provides that " every settler coming to the 
 age of twenty-one years, and those now of age, shall 
 take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution." 
 Mr. Ashmun, in his address to the colonists, March 22, 
 1824, reminded them that they had taken that oath. By 
 that oath, the individuals who took it certainly placed 
 themselves under a moral obligation to obey the consti- 
 tution thus made for them by others, though they had 
 never adopted it, as a body, by any public act. Let us 
 look, then, at its provisions. 
 
 The first article, as we have seen, provides that all 
 the colonists should be entitled to " all such rights and 
 privileges as are enjoyed by the citizens of the United 
 States." The word " citizens," having been substituted 
 by amendment for "free people," must be taken to 
 secure all the rights and privileges by which citizens are 
 distinguished from " people " merely " free." The oath 
 bound them to support this article as much as any 
 other. 
 
86 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 " Art. 2. — The Colonization Society sliall, from time to time, 
 make all such rules as they may think fit for the government of 
 the settlement, until they shall withdraw their agents, and leave 
 the settlers to govern themselves." 
 
 This expressly takes from these " citizens " the " right 
 and privilege " of making any law or " rule " for their 
 own government, and subjects them to whatever rules 
 the Society shall " see fit " to make for them ; and, taken 
 in connection with the tenth article, restrains them from 
 the '' right and privilege " of altering or amending their 
 own constitution, and confers that right on the Man- 
 agers of the Society. The eighth article confers unlim- 
 ited legislative power on the Society's resident Agents, 
 subject only to repeal by the Board of Managers. 
 
 The third article invests the Agents with all judicial 
 power, except such as they should delegate to Justices 
 of the Peace of their own appointment, if they should 
 choose to appoint any. 
 
 The fourth article gives the Agents the appointment 
 of all officers not appointed by the Board of Managers, 
 and of judging for themselves what officers are needed. 
 
 The "settlers" being thus deprived of all voice in 
 their own government, either in the making of laws or 
 the choice of officers to administer them, it is not easy 
 to see what rights and privileges enjoyed by citizens 
 of the United States, in distinction from people merely 
 free, were left to them. 
 
 It does not appear from any published record, that 
 the colonists understood those legal difficulties ; but it 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 87 
 
 is evident from their conduct that they did not feel that 
 reverence for laws thus made for them, which American 
 " citizens " usually feel for laws in the making of which 
 they have borne their part. There was " insubordina- 
 tion." Ashmun, faithful to the Society and to his own 
 convictions, did his best to repress it, but in vain. Com- 
 plaints were sent to the Society against his administra- 
 tion ; and the evil increased, till, in utter discouragement, 
 he put the government into the hands of Elijah John- 
 son, and embarked for the Cape Verde Islands. He had 
 already informed the Board of Managers, that, in his 
 opinion, " the evil was incurable by any means which 
 fall within their existing provisions." 
 
 In this emergency, the Government, on representa- 
 tions of the Society, sent out the armed schooner "Por- 
 poise," with Ralph Randolph Gurley, a young man then 
 unknown to fame, duly commissioned and empowered 
 by the Government and the Society to ascertain the 
 condition of affairs, and " to make such temporary ar- 
 rangements for the security of the public interests and 
 the government of the establishment, as, upon proper 
 consideration, circumstances might, in his judgment, 
 require." Touching at Porto Praya, he unexpectedly 
 met Mr. Ashmun, who returned with him to Cape 
 Mesurado, where they arrived Aug. 13, 1824. 
 
 On their voyage of three weeks to the Cape, they 
 carefully discussed these troubles, their causes, and their 
 remedy. After their arrival, the colonists were heard 
 and consulted, misapprehensions were dispelled, and 
 
88 AJVIERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 specific grievances received satisfactory attention. But 
 the chief attention was given to estabHshing " an effi- 
 cient government, founded in the approbation of the 
 people, and adaptable not only to their present but 
 future necessities." The probable necessity of such a 
 work had occurred to Mr. Gurley on his voyage from 
 the Cape Yerdes, if not before ; and facts ascertained 
 after his arrival fully proved it. 
 
 In the end, a "Plan for the Civil Government of 
 Liberia" was adopted, according to which there was to 
 be a Vice-agent, appointed by the Agent from three 
 nominated by the people, unless he saw fit to disapprove 
 the choice and order a new election. He was to advise 
 and assist the Agent, and perform his duties in case of 
 absence or disability. Two Councillors, to be associated 
 with the Vice-agent as a council on all public aflflxirs, and 
 several important committees, were to be appointed in 
 like manner. There was to be a judiciary, consisting of 
 the Agent and two Justices of the Peace appointed by 
 him; and he was to appoint the necessary executive 
 officers. The supremacy of the Society, in cases of last 
 resort, was retained and established. 
 
 The colonists, now increased to a hundred, were con- 
 vened "beneath the thatched roof of the first rude 
 house for divine worship ever erected in the colony." 
 The Plan of Government was read and explained to 
 them, and received their unanimous approval, and sol- 
 emn pledge "to maintain it as the constitution of their 
 choice." Receiving also the assent of the special Agent 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 89 
 
 of the Society and the United States, sent out with full 
 power on their part " to establish a government," no one 
 could deny that it was, from that hour, in force on a 
 legitimate basis; and, with amendments and changes 
 regularly made as occasions have required, it is in force 
 still. 
 
 True, the Society had still the ultimate decision of all 
 questions of government; but it henceforth held this 
 power, not by its own assumption, but by the vote of 
 the people, who, by their own act, made the Society a 
 department of their own government. 
 
 This change was not the work of Mr. Ashmun. He 
 distrusted the fitness of the colonists to take any part 
 in the government, and only consented to it as an ex- 
 periment, because some change must be made. He was 
 even alarmed at its ready and unanimous acceptance by 
 the people, fearing that they did not understand it, or 
 reserved the expression of their dissent for a more 
 favorable opportunity. 
 
 Neither was it the work of the Board of Managers. 
 When reported to them, they resolved, Dec. 29, 1 824, 
 that " such parts as could not well be dispensed with 
 might be tried as an experiment of the Agent," but 
 gave it no further sanction ; and in their Annual Report 
 in January, without publishing it, plainly intimated 
 their dissent. 
 
 The whole responsibility, therefore, for this Plan of 
 Government, rested on him who proposed it and those 
 who adopted it. Events soon justified their action, even 
 
 12 
 
90 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 in the judgment of those who at first condemned it 
 At a meeting held May 18, 1825, it was 
 
 " Resolved, That tlie Board of Managers, considering the satis- 
 factory information aftbrded by recent accounts from the colony 
 of the successful operation of the plan for the civil government 
 thereof, as established by their Agents in August last, and seeing 
 therein reasons to reconsider their instructions to the Agent of the 
 29th of December, 1824, now approve the principles in that form 
 of government, and give their sanction to the same." 
 
 And in their next Annual Report, January, 1826, they 
 say,— 
 
 " The new system of government organized in the colony im- 
 mediately after the return of the present Agent, Mr. Ashmun, fi'om 
 the Cape de Verdes, has i-esulted in the most beneficial effects. 
 It was deemed important to render, as far as practicable, all the 
 political arrangements of the colony, so many preparatory meas- 
 ures to its independence ; and to this end is the government which 
 has been established believed to be particularly adapted. The 
 whole system went into operation with the full sanction of the 
 people. The spirit of restlessness and insubordination ceased from 
 the first day of its operation ; indolence, despondency, and distrust 
 were succeeded by industry, enterprise, and confidence ; and the 
 experience of more than a year has confirmed the hope, that it 
 will, at least for a considerable time, fulfil all the pur])oses of its 
 institution." 
 
 Mr. Ashmun's distrust, also, soon disappeared. His 
 despatches authorized and compelled the change of opin- 
 ion in the Board of Managers. He soon disbanded, as 
 
 J 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. Ql 
 
 useless, the military guard of twelve men, which he at 
 first thought necessary for his own protection amidst 
 the dangers of the experiment. And, early in 1828, the 
 Board received from him a plan of government, the 
 same in principle, and to some extent in language ; but 
 drawn out in much greater detail, and placing a much 
 greater amount of power directly in the hands of the 
 people ; and at a meeting of the Managers, Oct. 22, 
 1828, it was adopted by them as the Constitution of Li- 
 beria. 
 
 The modesty of the principal actor, and his delicate 
 regard for the feelings of others, in his Life of Ashmun 
 and in the Annual Reports prepared by him, have made 
 the part he acted less prominent than its merits deserve. 
 He has even left it doubtful how far he saw the defects 
 and inconsistencies of the original constitution. But it 
 is enough for his glory, that he alone among white men 
 saw the safety of trusting a negro people with some 
 part in the management of their own concerns; and 
 that, by boldly acting on his belief, he placed his name 
 on the not long list of legislators whose wisdom organ- 
 ized States on principles that secured peace, permanen- 
 cy, coherence, and a healthy growth. 
 
 The second decade, and the first half of the third, — 
 from 1830 to 1845, — were distinguished by the inde- 
 pendent action of State societies ; of Maryland first, 
 purchasing and settling Cape Palmas ; then of New 
 York ; then of Pennsylvania ; then of Pennsylvania 
 and New York united, and the planting of the settle- 
 
92 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 ments on tlie St. John's River by their united action ; 
 the setting apart, by the parent Society, of lands for 
 the Kentucky, Mississippi, and Louisiana Societies, on 
 which, however, separate colonies were never organized ; 
 the plan for uniting all these colonies, planted and pro- 
 jected, in one federal republic ; all these things leading 
 naturall}^ to changes in the constitution of the Parent 
 Society, making its supreme Board of Directors mainly 
 a Board of Delegates from the State Societies. A prop- 
 er discussion of this period would require a laborious 
 examination of the published and unpublished docu- 
 ments of the Parent and the several State Societies, 
 and of the often conflicting recollections and opinions 
 of living witnesses. Its discussion is the less impor- 
 tant, because those arrangements, however expedient 
 or even necessary they may have been or appeared to 
 be at the time, have passed away. Those colonies are 
 now only parts of a single republic, " one and indivisi- 
 ble ; " and though most of the State Societies still retain 
 the power of separate action, they find little occasion 
 to use it. Let us, therefore, pass on to the next topic 
 involving a crisis. 
 
 January, 1845, the Legislature of Liberia was in ses- 
 sion ; for, by successive amendments of her constitution, 
 she now had a legislature, with power to make all neces- 
 sary laws, subject, however, to the veto of the Society. 
 She had a governor, — Joseph J. Roberts, — first elected 
 lieutenant-governor by the people, and appointed gov- 
 ernor by the Society after the death of Governor Bu- 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 93 
 
 chanan, in 1841. Her government was authorized to 
 make treaties with the neighboring tribes ; but these, 
 also, were subject to the veto of the Society. For sev- 
 eral years, however, the Society had found no occasion 
 demanding the exercise of its veto power. By treaties 
 with the native powers, several valuable tracts of terri- 
 tory had been acquired, including some important points 
 for trade ; and settlements had been made upon them, 
 and regular government established. Laws had been 
 enacted, regulating commerce, and imposing duties on 
 imported goods. 
 
 For several centuries, British subjects had been ac- 
 customed to trade on this coast for slaves and other 
 African commodities. Even after the act of Parliament 
 of 1807 prohibiting the slave-trade, they continued the 
 traffic as they could. Some of them dealt in slaves, at 
 least till June, 1813, when His Majesty's ship "Thais" 
 landed forty men at Cape Mesurado, and after a battle, 
 in which they lost one man killed, stormed the barra- 
 coons of Bostock and McQuinn, British subjects, and 
 captured their owners. When direct participation in 
 the slave-trade had become too dangerous to be con- 
 tinued, they still carried on a lucrative commerce with 
 the natives, and with slave-traders of other nations, who 
 were glad to find on the coast a supply of such English 
 goods as were necessary for their business. Very natu- 
 rally, such men were unwilling that a regular govern- 
 ment, with law, civilization, and Christianity, should take 
 possession of their old haunts of trade. They refused 
 
94 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 to obey the laws. They landed goods without paying 
 duties ; and when the goods were seized by the col- 
 lector, and sold according to law, they applied to the 
 British Government for redress. 
 
 That Government seems to have been, at first, some- 
 what embarrassed. It opened a correspondence with 
 ours, to ascertain whether Liberia was a colony of the 
 United States. Our government replied, through Mr. 
 Everett at London and Mr. Upshur at Washington, that 
 Liberia was not a colony of the United States, but " an 
 independent political community," founded for benevo- 
 lent purposes, in which all nations ought to desire its 
 success ; and that, as such, it needed and had a right to 
 acquire territory and govern it, which right all nations 
 ought to respect. 
 
 Having ascertained this, the British Government at 
 once proceeded to sustain the claims of the British 
 traders, denying the right of the Liberians to acquire 
 territory by treaty, or to govern that lately acquired ; 
 though, for more than twenty years, they had been 
 allowed, without objection, to acquire and govern Cape 
 Mesurado and other important places ; and they were 
 made to understand that the British navy would enforce 
 this decision of the British Government. 
 
 These difficulties were now before the legislature. 
 What could be done? A treaty must be negotiated 
 with Great Britain. The Liberian Constitution made 
 no provision for negotiating treaties, except with the 
 neighboring tribes, and those subject to the veto of the 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 95 
 
 Society. The Society was not a sovereign power, with 
 whom Great Britain could negotiate ; nor had it, under 
 its own constitution or that of Liberia, any power con- 
 cerning treaties, except that of veto. A crisis had come, 
 to which the structure of the Liberian Government was 
 not adapted. The legislature informed the Society of 
 the difficulties and dangers growing out of their al- 
 leged want of national sovereignty, and requested its 
 consideration and advice. 
 
 When the Directors of the Society met in Januafyj 
 1846, these matters had been before their minds for 
 months, and they were prepared to act. The constitu- 
 tion of the Society was amended in several respects, and 
 especially by striking out whatever related to the gov- 
 ernment of the colonies. It was then 
 
 Resolved, That, in the opinion of tliis Board, tlie time has 
 arrived when it is expedient for the people of the Common- 
 wealth of Liberia to take into their own hands the whole work of 
 self-government, including the management of all their foreign 
 relations ; and that this Society should cease to exercise any part of 
 the same. 
 
 Resolved, That we recommend to them so to amend their 
 constitution, as is necessary for the accomplishment of this object. 
 
 Resolved, That we recommend to them to publish to the world 
 a declaration of their true character, as a sovereign and independ- 
 ent State. 
 
 The resolutions took this shape for the sake of avoid- 
 ing all appearance of conferring rights of sovereignty on 
 the people of Liberia. Those rights were theirs already, 
 
96 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 and had been ever since they were a people. They were 
 advised, not to make themselves into a new sovereign 
 State not before existing, but to publish a declaration of 
 their true character, as being one already. It was not 
 for the Society to give them a new constitution. It was 
 their right and their duty, as a sovereign people, to 
 make one for themselves. The Society did not relin- 
 quish to them its power in their government. What it 
 had, they had conferred upon it by their constitution, 
 and they were advised to take it away. 
 
 On the reception of this advice in Liberia, the legisla- 
 ture, at a special session, instructed the governor to 
 submit the question to the people in their primary 
 assemblies. The people voted, Oct. 27, 1846, in favor 
 of assuming the entire responsibility of their govern- 
 ment. The legislature, at its next session, ordered a 
 convention of delegates to form a new constitution. 
 The convention assembled, and, after twenty-one days 
 of deliberation, adopted, on the twenty-sixth day of 
 July, 1847, their new Constitution and Declaration of In- 
 dependence. In September, the Constitution was ratified 
 by the almost unanimous vote of the people in their 
 primary assemblies. The Governor, Joseph J. Roberts, 
 was elected President. On the third day of January, 
 1848, he delivered his inaugural address ; and the new 
 government went into operation. In the course of that 
 year, the independence of the Republic was formally 
 acknowledged by the governments of Great Britain and 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 97 
 
 France. It has since been acknowledged by nearly 
 all the leadmg States of Europe and America. 
 
 Nor is the young Republic without influence in the 
 family of nations. In 1853, agents of the British Gov- 
 ernment were endeavoring to prosecute the coolie-trade 
 in the vicinity, and even within the legal jurisdiction, 
 of the Republic. The vigorous and decided measures of 
 President Roberts checked it; and, after a few words in 
 Parliament, the atternpt was abandoned. A few years 
 afterwards, agents of the French Government engaged 
 in a similar attempt so pertinaciously, that President 
 Benson was obliged to send his predecessor as ambassa- 
 dor to Paris on the subject. The result was the entire 
 abolition of that traffic on the whole coast of Africa, east 
 as well as west. 
 
 It was a remark of one of the wisest men who ever 
 acted as agent for a colonization society, that Divine^ 
 Providence intends Liberia as a proof to all nations, that 
 free institutions are adapted to the wants and capacities 
 of every race of men. To prove it, God has taken a 
 portion of the race that the wisdom of this world would 
 pronounce — indeed, had pronounced — the most inca- 
 pable of successful self-government, and has placed the 
 duty and burden of self-government upon them ; and they 
 have borne it, and they are bearing it, with complete 
 success. The whole history of Liberia corroborates this 
 remark, — from the first years of Ashmun, when affairs 
 went badly for want of self-government ; from Gurley's 
 first visit, when the introduction of the principle, 
 
 13 
 
98 AMEIJICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 and a little of the practice, gave peace and pros- 
 perity ; down to the present time, when that little 
 young republic is not only recognized as one in the 
 family of nations, but commands a degree of respect, 
 and exerts an amount of influence, among the nations, 
 altogether out of proportion to her population or her 
 resources. 
 
 The principles and designs from which she originatr 
 ed, and the whole course of her history, and of God's 
 dealings with her, authorize us to offer with confidence 
 the prayer for her perpetuity, Esto perpetua. 
 
 A few words are demanded by a topic which could 
 not be introduced in its chronological place without dis- 
 turbing the continuity of the narrative. 
 
 It will be remembered that when Dr. Hopkins visited 
 Dr. Stiles, in 1773, it was to consult about educating 
 two young men as missionaries to Africa, and their plan 
 for a colony grew out of their conviction of the neces- 
 sity of such a basis for missionary labors ; and that, of 
 the young men educated through their exertions, two, 
 in 1826, when they were old, actually sailed to Liberia, 
 not expecting to live and labor, but to set an example 
 of Christian enterprise for the land of their fathers. 
 The missionary element, it is w^ell known, was strong in 
 the minds of Mills and his associates at Andover, and 
 of Finley and his brethren in New Jersey. However 
 strong it may have been in the minds of individuals in 
 Virginia, it could not well show itself in their legislative 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 99 
 
 action, and does not, therefore, appear on the record. 
 But it was actively alive among the colored people in 
 that State. They, even as early as 1815, before our 
 Society was formed, organized an African Missionary 
 Society in Richmond, which contributed from a hun- 
 dred to a hundred and fifty dollars annually. This 
 might be, and probably was, expended in the support 
 of English missions at or near Sierra Leone. In 1818, 
 a similar society was formed in Petersburg, which, in 
 April, 1819, proposed to our Society that some of its 
 members should be sent out as colonists for missionary 
 purposes. The Richmond Society sent out its most able 
 and zealous member, the Rev. Lot Gary, who went out in 
 our second company, by the "Nautilus," arriving at Sierra 
 Leone in March, 1821, and was among the first who 
 took possession of Cape Mesurado. The Richmond So- 
 ciety is understood to have made remittances to him 
 for several years, and perhaps to the close of his life, in 
 1828. Besides his labors at and near his home, he com- 
 menced a mission, fifty miles distant, among the Vey 
 people at Cape Mount ; employing John Revey, after- 
 wards Secretary of the Maryland Colony at Cape Pal- 
 mas, as a schoolmaster. It was of short continuance ; 
 but its influence on the mind of one of the puj^ils led to 
 the invention, years afterwards, of the syllabic alphabet 
 for the Vey language, the discovery of which by a Ger- 
 man missionary, after it had been long in use, excited 
 much interest in the literary world. 
 
 This opening for missions attracted attention in 
 
100 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Europe. In October, 1825, the Rev. Dr. Bliimhardt, 
 Principal of the Missionary College at Basle in Switzer- 
 land, wrote to Mr. Ashmun, requesting information on 
 the subject. Mr. Ashmun replied favorably the next 
 April. Four young men were sent out as missionaries. 
 The climate did not allow this mission to be permanent. 
 Some died, and the health of others failed ; but, before 
 its dispersion, it exerted a beneficial influence, especially 
 on the minds of some young Liberians, which is felt to 
 this day. 
 
 The first white missionary from the United States 
 appears to have been the Rev. Calvin Holton, a Baptist, 
 who sailed from Boston in the " Vine," in 1826. " He 
 was not suffered to continue, by reason of death." He 
 was followed by a noble army of martyrs. Baptist, Meth- 
 odist, Presbyterian, and Episcopalian ; but their use- 
 fulness has consisted mostly in the support and direction 
 given to pious Liberians who have labored under them 
 or with them, and who often well supplied their places 
 when vacant. As a result, nearly all the churches in 
 the Republic contain native communicants, who are con-' 
 verts from heathenism. 
 
 In February, March, and April, 1819, two missionary 
 explorers from Sierra Leone, with an interpreter, care- 
 fully examined the whole coast from Sherbro to the St, 
 John's River. They suffered repeatedly from theft, de- 
 tected and defeated two conspiracies to rob and murder 
 them, and returned, having found no place where a 
 mission could be hopefully attempted. Our first emi- 
 grants sailed in February, 1820. 
 
HISTORICAL DISCOURSE. 101 
 
 Now, that whole line of coast, with as much more be- 
 yond it to the south and east, some five hundred and 
 twenty miles in all, is under the jurisdiction of a Chris- 
 tian State, with Christian laws and institutions; with 
 its common schools, high schools, and college ; with a 
 nominally Christian population of some fifteen to twen- 
 ty thousand, and a native population of some hundreds 
 of thousands, among whom heathenism has lost much 
 of its power, and is fast losing the remainder ; among 
 whom missionary stations are numerous, both on the 
 coast and in the interior; the line of apparent danger, 
 or even difficulty, silently and quietly receding before 
 them as they advance. And Liberian Christians are 
 planning and acting very intelligently for their advance- 
 ment. 
 
 Attorney-General Erskine, of Liberia, emigrated from 
 East Tennessee with his father in his boyhood. He has 
 been, for many years, one of the most able and influen- 
 tial Presbyterian missionaries there. If our ship, the 
 " Golconda," has made a successful voyage, she has just 
 landed at Cape Mount a hundred and forty-four emi- 
 grants, selected by him in his native region, to strength- 
 en the settlement at Cape Mount, so as make it a better 
 base for missionary operations among the Veys. 
 
 The Vey people are intimately connected with the 
 Mandingoes, the great trading-people of Western Africa, 
 who read, write, and keep accounts in the Arabic 
 language, and whose commercial intercourse extends 
 to the comparatively civilized nations of Central Africa, 
 
102 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 where the Arabic is vernacular. To those nations, 
 European missionary societies have been in vain seek- 
 ing access through Egypt and Abessinia for half a cen- 
 tury. Liberia College has already begun to distribute 
 Arabic books, from the press of the American mission at 
 Beirut in Syria, among the Mandingoes ; and that 
 mission has furnished books for further distribution, con- 
 taining a Circular Letter "from the learned men of 
 Mount Lebanon to the learned men of Moghreb," that 
 is, of the West, inviting correspondence, and offering a 
 supply of books through Liberia College, the geogra- 
 phical position of which, and its objects, are described. 
 As things move slowly in Africa, the desired result, 
 though confidently expected, must be distant. But the 
 planting of those hundred and forty-four missionary 
 colonists at Cape Mount is exactly the right thing, 
 at the right place, to hasten it ; and it is only one of 
 many instances showing the care and thought of Li- 
 berian Christians for their brethren still in the darkness 
 of heathenism. 
 
 Thus the early missionary plans of Hopkins and 
 Stiles, of Mills and Burgess, and Finley and Caldwell, 
 and of Lot Cary and his society at Richmond, are more 
 than executed already ; and of their ultimate hope, the 
 Christian civilization of Africa, the dawn distinctly ap- 
 pears. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 RT. REV. THOMAS M. CLARK, D.D. 
 
ADDRESS OF ET. REV. THOMAS M. CLARK, D.D. 
 
 BISHOP OF PliOTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 We celebrate the present anniversary of the Ameri- 
 can Colonization Society under peculiar and interesting 
 auspices. Fifty years ago a few far-sighted Christian 
 men, actuated by a pure and earnest faith, and having 
 in view simply the elevation of the African and the res- 
 cue of Africa from barbarism, laid the foundation of an 
 enterprise which has ever since pursued its quiet and 
 unobtrusive way, gradually gaining favor and influence, 
 and commending itself more and more to the favor of the 
 judicious and the good. It has not failed to encounter' 
 some opposition, and this has come from very different 
 quarters. On the one hand, it has been objected that 
 the policy of the Society tended to rivet the chains 
 of African slavery, and, on the other, that it must result 
 in disturbing and making insecure the relations of the 
 master and the slave. Both of these objections could 
 hardly be valid ; and now that, in the providence of God, 
 the institution of slavery in this Republic no longer 
 exists, both have ceased to have any pertinence, as in- 
 deed neither ever had any foundation. 
 
 14 
 
106 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 The cause of African colonization stands before the 
 nation to-day in a new and most important aspect. By 
 a process which, ten years ago, no one dreamed of or 
 thought possible, four millions of slaves have been sud- 
 denl}^ emancipated. The freedom of the African has 
 been purchased at a terrible price ; and the wrongs 
 which our fathers inllicted upon these people when they 
 tore them from their native homes, and brought them 
 here to labor and die on a foreign shore, we have been 
 made to expiate in tears and blood. Neither has this 
 great end been accomplished without the endurance of 
 terrible suffering on the part of the slaves themselves. 
 Thousands upon thousands have perished by the high- 
 way, of cold and hunger ; and, in this bleak January 
 night, tens of thousands are wanderers without a roof 
 to shelter them. 
 
 What is to be done for this great multitude of human 
 beings, thus suddenly cast upon their own resources ? 
 How are the new relations in which they stand to socie- 
 ty to be adjusted? What is to be their social condition 
 and their final destiny ? These are questions involving 
 one of the most delicate, difficult, and solemn problems 
 ever presented to the consideration of man. They de- 
 mand the broadest, profoundest, and most impartial 
 judgment. It is unfortunate for the country, and un- 
 propitious to the liberated slave, that they have become 
 so intimately identified with political controversy, and, 
 therefore, so much in danger of being handled mainly 
 with a view to political and party ends. The call is all 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 107 
 
 the more imperative upon those who really have at 
 heart the welfare of the African, and honestly desire his 
 elevation, to rally in his behalf, and, if possible, save him 
 from being crushed between the Northern and the 
 Southern mill-stone. 
 
 The opinions of men as to the probable future of the 
 African in this country are various and discordant. The 
 remark most common upon the lips of those whom you 
 meet in ordinary intercourse is, that the race will, sooner 
 or later, fade away and become extinct. All history, we 
 are told, shows that it is impossible for two distinct races 
 to dwell together on terms of equality in the same land ; 
 and the inferior must yield either to the process of ab- 
 sorption or extermination. 
 
 The statistics of our Northern cities are cited in con- 
 firmation of this theory. When the census of 1860 was 
 taken in Philadelphia, it was found that, during a period of 
 six months, there were among this people only one hun- 
 dred and forty-eight births to three hundred and six 
 deaths ; the deaths being more than double the births. 
 In Boston, from the years 1855 to 1862, there were 
 three hundred and four births and five hundred deaths. 
 This ratio, of course, is very much affected by the laws 
 of climate. The North is not the natural home of the 
 African, and he can hardly be expected to thrive there ; 
 but the returns from the whole United States show that 
 while the rate of annual deaths among the whites is less 
 than two and throe-quarters per cent, or about one in 
 every thirty-seven of the living, among the colored, it is 
 
108 AMKKICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 about three and a half per cent, or one in every twenty- 
 eight. 
 
 In rejoinder to this theory, it is argued, that inasmuch 
 as labor is the great want of our land, and there are de- 
 partments of work which this race can supply to better 
 advantage than any other people, it will be for our in- 
 terest to save them from decay and extermination. 
 Unlike the original Indian, they are a laboring people, 
 and they will, therefore, always continue to live amongst 
 us, and increase and multiply, although it may be that 
 their social position in many respects will be, as it has 
 been, inferior and subordinate. 
 
 There are others who take much higher ground as to 
 the future of the Republic. They affirm that w^e have 
 only to give him all his political rights, and place him 
 on precisely the same ground of political equality with 
 other American citizens, and he will soon become com- 
 petent to use those rights wisely and intelligently. The 
 social bar which has thus far impeded his elevation will 
 in time give way before the fact that he is endowed 
 with all the privileges and immunities which belong to 
 every other member of the Republic, and all distinc- 
 tions of caste will gradually cease to exist. 
 
 I do not feel qualified to cast the horoscope of the Af- 
 rican ; neither do I think that any man living, with the 
 material now on hand, is able to do it. The argument 
 upon which I base the claims of this Society does not 
 require that we should penetrate the secrets of the fu- 
 ture. That the great body of this people are needed 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 109 
 
 here, and that at present no other class is competent to 
 take their place ; that they are capable of education, 
 and have a claim upon us to give them this great boon 
 without stint or measure ; that they possess such quali- 
 ties as may, with proper training, make them useful 
 members of society ; that every protection should be 
 thrown around them which the most impartial law can 
 provide ; that full political rights should be conferred 
 upon them, just as soon and just as far as they become 
 capable of exercising those rights intelligently, — on 
 these points I do not think there is room for debate. 
 
 But, supposing all this to be done, and all the bene- 
 fits to accrue which might reasonably be expected, still 
 in this land the African will always be an exotic. It is 
 not the region for which the Almighty endowed him. 
 He cannot thrive here as he will under his native skies. 
 He will have difficulties to overcome peculiar to his race 
 and condition. He will have to fight against obstructions 
 which are not shared by the white man. No legislation, 
 no change or improvement in public sentiment, can 
 avert this result; and these embarrassments he will feel 
 all the more as he rises in rank and culture. They are 
 experienced at the North, where slavery has been long 
 abolished, and where no distinction of color is recoo-- 
 nized by law, just as keenly and painfully as ever ; and, 
 therefore, there will always be a class of men and wo- 
 men of African descent, and this of the higher order, 
 who will desire to extricate themselves from these un- 
 propitious circumstances, and find a home for themselves 
 
110 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 and for their children in that land where their race are 
 supreme, independent of protection or patronage, and 
 where they may become the architects of their own 
 destiny. 
 
 I have the same respect for God's image, whether it 
 stands before me blanched or bronzed. It is the manvihom 
 I regard ; and intelligence and virtue make the man, not 
 the pigment under his skin. But, if African blood ran 
 in my veins, I would not live here, to be kicked about 
 like a foot-ball from pillar to post, while politicians play 
 their game ; to be insulted by the very patronage of 
 those who assume to be my special advocates ; to be 
 made a public spectacle of wonder if 1 happened to ex- 
 cel in any great thing, and to be charged with natural 
 and invincible infirmity if I could not break through 
 the iron walls which encompass me. I would go to the 
 land of my fathers, where I could feel that ray soul is 
 my own ; where I should be called to make no apology 
 for the impertinence of having been born ; where I 
 could rule, instead of being ruled ; where the highest 
 posts of honor and influence are open to me and my 
 children ; where no white man is to say whether I shall 
 vote or not ; and, if none would help me to go, I would 
 live on a crust and grind my bones with labor, till I had 
 earned enough to carry me there. And yet there are 
 those, calling themselves the exclusive friends of the 
 African, who are exerting all their efforts to hinder him 
 from doing this very thing. Here let me quote the 
 words of Edward Everett: " Suppose any one had gone 
 
 J 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. HI 
 
 among that little company of persecuted Christians in 
 England, in the year 1608, who afterward became the 
 Pilgrim Church at Leyden ; or suppose any one had 
 gone in 1630 to the more important company of Gov. 
 Winthrop, the great founder of Massachusetts ; had tried 
 to excite their feelings against the projected emigra- 
 tion ; had told them that England belonged to them 
 as much as it did to their oppressors ; had led them to 
 stand upon their rights, and, if necessary, bleed and 
 die for them ; had depicted the hardships and sufferings 
 of the passage ; had painted in the darkest colors the 
 terrors of the wilderness into which they were about to 
 venture. Would that have been true friendship ? Would 
 it have been kindness? Would it have been human- 
 ity ? Or to come nearer home : suppose, at the pres- 
 ent day, one should go into Ireland, or France, or Swit- 
 zerland, or Germany, or Norway, or any of the coun- 
 tries from which hundreds of thousands of men, in a de- 
 pressed, destitute, and unhappy condition, are emigratr 
 ing to the United States to find a refuge, a home, a 
 social position, and employment; suppose any one 
 should go to them, and try to stimulate a morbid pa- 
 triotism, a bitter nationality, telling them the country 
 where they were born belonged as much to them as to 
 the more favored classes ; inducing them to stay where 
 they were born ; telling them that it was doubtful wheth- 
 er they would get employment in the new country ; 
 talking of the expense, the diseases, the hardships of 
 the poor emigrants, and in this way endeavor to deter 
 
112 AMERICi\JSr COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 them from this great adventure, which is to end in pro- 
 curing a home and a position in the world and an edu- 
 cation for themselves and their children. Would this be 
 friendship ? Would this be kindness ? Would this be hu- 
 manity ? But these are the appeals which are made to 
 the free colored population of this country ; and it is 
 by appeals like this that the Society and the colony 
 have become, as I am sorry to believe is the case, highly 
 unpopular among them." 
 
 There is a ground upon which the American Coloni- 
 zation Society rests its claims to sympathy and support, 
 that is lifted above the level of all the discordant views 
 at which I have briefly glanced, and which seems to be 
 impregnable. One of the great continents of the earth, 
 up to the present time, has remained, for the past, unde- 
 veloped. Until very recently, its vast interior was known 
 upon the map only as a blank, and was supposed to be 
 a sterile, uninhabited desert. The explorations of trav- 
 ellers have just revealed to us, in that unknown region, 
 navigable rivers, a prolific soil, and a swarming popula- 
 tion. The multitudinous tribes of Africa are not, like 
 the inhabitants of the East, a worn-out, effete, debili- 
 tated people. The experiment of culture has not been 
 tested with them, and it remains to be seen of what they 
 are capable. 
 
 Is Africa never to be redeemed ? Is that magnificent 
 land never to have a history ? Is she never to take 
 rank with the empires and peoples? Is the darkness 
 that has brooded over her from the beginning, never to 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 113 
 
 be lifted ? Are lier great resources never to be devel- 
 oped ? Will her broad rivers never be traversed by the 
 steamship, and her fertile plains never resound to the 
 thunder of the locomotive? Is she never to have a lit- 
 erature ? Is the light of the gospel never to shine 
 there ? God made that continent, and he did not make 
 it for nought. This moral wilderness is destined here- 
 after to blossom with the noblest fruits of civilization 
 and the sweetest flowers of religion. Splendid cities 
 will rise there, her dark jungles will be disinfected by 
 the increase of pure and unde filed religion, and Ethiopia 
 stretch out her hands, not in deprecating supplication 
 before the spirit of infernal wrath and evil, but in grate- 
 ful sontrs and thankso^i vino's to a kind and merciful God, 
 
 But now the practical question arises, How is Africa 
 to be redeemed ? It is very evident that, left to herself, 
 she will make no advance. This land is to-day in sub- 
 stantially the same condition that it has occupied for 
 ages. The tendencies are all stationary. Even the 
 Dutch who settled in the interior of Southern Africa 
 have so far relapsed into barbarism, that they are hardly 
 distinguishable from the Hottentots among whom they 
 live. Without the infusion of some powerful element, 
 strong enough to counteract the native torpor of the 
 land, Africa will probably be the same a thousand years 
 hence that she is to-day. 
 
 How is this controlling, counteracting element to be 
 introduced ? Some will say, by opening the continent 
 to the commerce of the world. But there is an impor- 
 
 15 
 
114 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 tant preliminary work to be done, before any extensive 
 trade with this people can be possible. There must be 
 exports, in order that there may be imports ; and, when 
 a people raise only what is necessary for their own sub- 
 sistence, there can be nothing to send away. Thus far, 
 traffic with this portion of the world has been confined 
 to a few articles ; and it is a melancholy fact that the 
 first thing which ever stimulated the African to any sort 
 of enterprise was, the discovery that he could find a 
 market abroad for the captives whom he had taken in 
 war. The trade which has been opened with this peo- 
 ple has been a curse, and not a blessing. Gunpowder 
 and rum in exchang-e for slaves are neither a means of 
 civilization nor of grace. 
 
 " Throw open this continent to the influences of civil- 
 ization by conquest. War is a rough and frightful pro- 
 cess ; but it has been one of the great civilizers of the 
 world. Send fleets and armies, and break the spell of 
 death by the thunder of artillery." 
 
 No foreign army will ever subjugate this land. There 
 is an invisible cordon of defence encircling it, against 
 which powder and steel would contend in vain. The pes- 
 tilence that walketh in darkness is stronger than any 
 forces that can be gathered at noonday. 
 
 May we not, then, rely upon the labor of the Chris- 
 tian missionary, armed with the weapons of the gospel 
 of peace, to subdue and regenerate this continent by 
 the power of love, and so bring it into loving sympathy 
 with the civilized world ? 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 115 
 
 What has been the result of his self-denying labors 
 in that benighted land ? " The Roman Catholic mis- 
 sionaries labored in Western Africa for two hundred 
 and fourteen years ; but every vestige of their influence 
 has been gone for many generations. The Moravians, 
 beginning in 1736, toiled for thirty -four years, making 
 five attempts, at a cost of eleven lives, and accomplished 
 nothing. An English attempt, at Bulama Island, in 
 1792, partly missionary in its character, was abandoned 
 in two years with the loss of a hundred lives. A mis- 
 sion sent to the Foulahs from England, in 1705, returned 
 without commencing its labors. The London, Edinburgh, 
 and Glasgow societies commenced their stations in 1797, 
 which were extinct in three years, and five or six mis- 
 sionaries dead. Then there are eighteen Protestant 
 missionary attempts, before the settlement of Liberia, 
 all of which failed." There is now an Episcopal mission 
 imder the shadow of Liberia, that has done a good 
 work ; but it has been at a woful sacrifice of valuable 
 lives. 
 
 The fact seems to be demonstrated, that, if Africa is 
 ever to be redeemed, it must be through the instrumen- 
 tality of the African. 
 
 The problem of slavery has always been hard to solve. 
 What was the design of the Almighty in permitting 
 this institution to exist ? It certainly was not to bene- 
 fit the land where these Africans were brought. In any 
 respect our country would have been more prosperous, 
 more peaceful, and more united, if not one of that race 
 had ever set his foot upon our territory. 
 
116 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 But if Africa is to be lifted out of barbarism through 
 the agency of the African, and if he could not be reached 
 by the hand of civilization on his native soil ; if there 
 were no natural tendencies towards a higher develop- 
 ment in the race itself, and if they were inaccessible to 
 any direct influence from without ; if neither commerce, 
 or conquests, or peaceful instruction could be brought 
 to bear upon them at home, — we may begin to see why 
 it was permitted that they should be taken from their 
 own country, and placed under such circumstances as 
 would bring them in contact with civilization and Chris- 
 tianity, even though this was to be done in a way which 
 shocks our sense of justice, and was far from favorable 
 to their own highest culture. 
 
 The only conceivable process by which the great con- 
 tinent of Africa can ever be civilized and Christianized 
 is, through the system of colonization, and transplant- 
 ing to her shores all the institutions of civilization and 
 Christianity, under the auspices and supreme control, 
 not of the white man, but of the children of the soil. 
 Every well-conducted and prospei'ous colony will gradu- 
 ally become a power, before which the ancient struc- 
 tures of idolatry and superstition and barbarism must 
 sooner or later fall. The material for this work has 
 been provided in a rough and strange manner, which is, 
 however, not without striking precedents in history. 
 It was a nation of liberated slaves that colonized and 
 possessed the " promised land." 
 
 The opponents of colonization have sometimes asked. 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 117 
 
 with a sneer, if we consider the plantation negro a com- 
 petent and fit representative of American culture, quali- 
 fied to act as a Christian missionary, and to introduce 
 the arts of civilization, science, education, commerce, 
 manufactures, and ac>:riculture into Africa. If it had been 
 the policy of this Society to send out cargo after cargo of 
 the lowest and most degraded class of Africans to be found 
 in the land, there might be some good foundation for 
 this contemptuous question ; but it has not been so. 
 Not a few who have emigrated to Liberia have been 
 men of more than ordinary culture ; and the great body 
 of colonists have been sufficiently well trained in me- 
 chanical and agricultural pursuits to qualify them for 
 the position of useful and productive members of 
 society. It is not the lowest order who are likely to 
 seek a refuge in Liberia. They have the same local at- 
 tachments which the domestic animal has for its home. 
 They love the quiet nooks and the warm shelter and the 
 abundant food which they find there. They do not care 
 to tempt the perils of an ocean voyage, and to encount- 
 er the hardships of a new settlement. They do not care 
 for Africa because it was the home of their ancestors. 
 They do not care for Africa because they may assert 
 their manhood there, and lay the foundation of great 
 things for themselves and their children. They are trou- 
 bled with no such lofty sentiments as these ; and there- 
 fore they would rather grind cane in Louisiana, and 
 gather cotton in Carolina, than become the founders of 
 a great nation on the other side of the sea. 
 
118 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 But, after all, the great question to be considered on 
 such an occasion as the present is this : What have 
 been the actual results of African colonization? Has 
 Liberia, upon the whole, proved to be a success, or failure ? 
 Forty-six years ago, the first band of emigrants landed 
 and established themselves on Cape Mesurado. Nine- 
 teen and a half years ago, Liberia ceased to be a colony, 
 and became an independent republic. Have the la- 
 bors, and the sacrifices, and the means which have been 
 expended upon this enterprise, resulted favorably or 
 not? 
 
 The work of colonizing one region of the earth from 
 another and a distant quarter has always been slow 
 and difficult, and liable to peculiar and serious embar- 
 rassments. 
 
 Seventeen years after the first colony was planted at 
 Jamestown, Va., it appears that about one hundred and 
 fifty thousand pounds sterling had been expended ; 
 more than nine thousand persons had been sent from 
 Europe to people it ; and yet the population was reduced 
 to eighteen hundred. Seventy-eight years after the 
 settlement of Connecticut, the population amounted to 
 only seventeen thousand. The Maine colony, after the 
 lapse of one hundred and twenty years, numbered ten 
 thousand. Of the original members of the Massachu- 
 setts Bay Company, quite a large number soon returned 
 to England, wearied and discouraged. 
 
 The Republic of Liberia numbers to-day among its 
 civilized inhabitants about thirty thousand persons, 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 119 
 
 about fifteen thousand of which are American Liberians ; 
 that is, those who have emigrated from the United 
 States with their descendants. More than three hun- 
 dred thousand aborigines reside within the territory of 
 Liberia, and are brought more or less directly under the 
 influence and control of her civilized institutions. There 
 are nearly fifty churches in the Republic, representing 
 five different denominations, with their Sunday schools 
 and Bible classes, and contributing something every 
 week for missionary purposes. The exports last year 
 amounted to about three hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The undeveloped capacities for trade, no one can 
 estimate. With a most prolific soil, and a climate capable 
 of producing almost every variety of tropical fruit, the 
 resources of the land are beyond computation, A sea,- 
 coast line six hundred miles in length, and an interior 
 stretching indefinitely into the heart of the country, 
 offer the most splendid facilities for foreign commerce. 
 
 For a thousand miles along the coast, and two hundred 
 miles inland, the influence of the government has been 
 brought to bear upon domestic slavery among the na- 
 tives, and upon the extirpation of the slave-trade, until 
 both have ceased to exist. 
 
 A well-ordered and well-governed community has 
 been established on the coast of Africa, with its courts 
 of justice intelligently presided over ; with its legisla- 
 tive assemblies wisely constructed and equitably con- 
 ducted ; with its schools and college furnishing a sound 
 and thorough education, and with its Christian churches 
 
120 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 teaching the people the practical duties which pertain 
 to the present life, and also revealing to them the way 
 of salvation through Jesus Christ. 
 
 Has the work of African colonization proved to be a 
 failure ? Are these results nothing ? All may not have 
 been accomplished that was anticipated by some of the 
 more sanguine friends of the enterprise. The Society 
 has been called to contend with difficulties which could 
 not have been foreseen in the beginning ; it has encoun- 
 tered opposition in quarters where it least expected ; 
 vigorous efforts have been made to prejudice the colored 
 people against us ; but still there stands the Republic of 
 Liberia to-day, free, independent, and prosperous. All 
 nations recognize and salute her flag. She needs no gov- 
 ernmental protection from any other land. All that she 
 asks of us is this, — send us people, industrious, moral, 
 intelligent. If they have not the means themselves, aid 
 them to establish themselves on these shores. We will 
 give them land, if for a few months you will only assist 
 them in their preparation to become self'supporting 
 citizens. And this is the simple work which the Ameri- 
 can Colonization Society proposes to do. 
 
 A strange thing occurred in the history of the world 
 on the last twenty -sixth of July. It was the nine- 
 teenth anniversary of the independence of Liberia ; and 
 on the heights of Lebanon in Syria, at the house of the 
 United-States consul, the Rev. Mr. Blyden, Fulton Pro- 
 fessor in Liberia College, was requested to deliver an 
 address appropriate to the day. I do not think that I 
 
 i 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 121 
 
 can do better than to give yon a few words taken from 
 his speech : " Most wonderful," he says, '' have been the 
 changes, which, within a few years, the moral and re- 
 ligious aspects of that jDortion of Africa have undergone. 
 Where, a few years ago, stood virgin forests or impene- 
 trable jungles, we now behold churches erected to the 
 living God ; we hear the sound of the church-going bell, 
 and regular Sabbath ministrations are enjoyed. If you 
 could see Liberia as she now is, with her six hundred 
 miles of coast snatched from the abominations of the 
 slave-trade, her thriving towns and villages, her spacious 
 streets and fine houses, her happy homes with their 
 varied delights, her churches with their Sabbath schools 
 and their solemn and delightful services ; could you 
 contemplate all the diversified means of improvement 
 and enjoyment, and indications on every hand of ease 
 and happiness, and plodding industry of her population, 
 without those feverish and distracting pursuits and 
 rivalries which make large cities so unpleasant ; could 
 you behold these things, and contrast the state of things 
 now with what it was forty years ago, when the eightyr 
 eight negro pilgrims first landed on these shores, where 
 the primeval forests stood around them with their aw- 
 ful, unbroken solitudes; could you listen, as they listened, 
 to the rush of the wind through those forests, to the 
 roar of wild beasts, and the savage music of treacherous 
 foes all around them ; were you, I say, in a position to 
 make this contrast, you would exclaim, ' What hath 
 God wrought ! ' You would acknowledge that the 
 
 16 
 
122 AMEKICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 spirit of Christianity and civilization has moved upon 
 the face of these turbid waters, and that beauty and 
 order have emerged out of materials rude and unprom- 
 ising ; you would recognize on that coast a germ of 
 moral renovation, which shall at length burst into 
 glorious efflorescence all over the land : the wilderness 
 and the desert shall bloom and blossom as the rose." 
 
 What is to be the history of African Colonization 
 during the next fifty years ? No one believes it possi- 
 ble that this new nationality is destined to die out ; that 
 this people are doomed to show that they are incapable 
 of self-government, and incompetent to hold a place 
 among the kingdoms of the earth. So far from this, I 
 believe that they are destined to draw around them a 
 class of colored men, endowed with a constantly-increas- 
 ing intelligence, and a more and more advanced manli- 
 ness. With the broader and higher education which 
 this class are now receiving amongst us, it may be an- 
 ticipated that, from time to time, large numbers will say, 
 " Let us go back to our own land, and show the world 
 what Africans can do in Africa ; let us do for that con- 
 tinent what the Anglo-Saxon has done for America ; let 
 us plant the same institutions there which have made 
 these United States such a power in the earth — only, 
 instead of exterminating the aboriginal inhabitants, as 
 has been done here, let us try to civilize and Christian- 
 ize the millions that now grovel in barbarism there." 
 
 I was very much impressed with a thought that was 
 suggested in an address on the future of the African 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 123 
 
 race, which I heard some years since from the lips of 
 the Rev. Professor Crummell, of Liberia. It was sub- 
 stantially as follows : If the Hindoos or the Cliinamen, 
 or the common order of people in any of the European 
 States, were to undertake the experiment of self-gov- 
 ernment, they would labor under a great disadvantage, 
 from the fact that they are familiar with no form of free 
 institutions which would serve as a model and guide in 
 framing and regulating a representative government ; 
 whereas the settlers of Liberia, although many of them 
 were born and trained in slavery, could not help becom- 
 ing, in a degree, familiar with our religious and political 
 habits and principles. They are, therefore, better quali- 
 fied to establish and conduct a republic of their own, 
 than any other people in a corresponding position. 
 
 There is at this moment among the colored popula- 
 tion of the United States, such a spontaneous tendency 
 towards emigration as has never been known before ; 
 and, when they find that they are no longer an impor- 
 tant faction in the political struggles of the country, 
 they will see still more clearly than they now do, that it 
 is for their own comfort and interest, as well as for the 
 good of Africa, to make that land their permanent 
 abode. They have, indeed, the same right to dwell here 
 that any of us have ; they have a claim to the same 
 just and equitable treatment ; and we are bound to see 
 that the freedom which has been suddenly given them 
 shall prove to be a blessing, and not a curse. But cer- 
 tain races seem to have been intended for certain re- 
 
124 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 gions ; and as the palm-tree could never flourish in our 
 cold valleys, so the African can never develop his best 
 energies, and find his highest level, in any foreign land. 
 And this will always be to him, in some respects, an alien 
 country. He can never forget the wrongs that have been 
 done to him and his ancestors here ; and there is noth- 
 ing in his reminiscences of the past to make him proud 
 of his American citizenship. We may want to keep him 
 here to do the drudgery that we shrink from ourselves ; 
 we may be willing to give him the right of suffrage, 
 that we may use it for our own political advantage ; but 
 he must either sink his own individuality, or retain it at 
 a cost, which, in the end, will make him suffer. 
 
 Why, then, not go to a republic that he can call his 
 own ? There are great fortunes to be made in that land, 
 whenever the same industry and skill shall be brought 
 into action there which have made men rich here. There 
 are posts of honor and influence open to him in that 
 land, lofty enough to satisfy one's proudest ambition. 
 There is a magnificent work to be done for a magnifi- 
 cent continent, which he alone is competent to do. A 
 greater field for enterprise, a greater field for the spread 
 of the gospel of Christ and the establishment of a no- 
 ble civilization, was never opened to man. 
 
 It may demand some sacrifice at first ; there may be 
 ties which it is hard to sunder, trials to be endured which 
 it will demand a vigorous Avill to face ; but no great 
 work is accomplished without suffering. White men, 
 bred in luxury and affluence, accomplished women, 
 
ADDRESS OF BISHOP CLARK. 125 
 
 moved by the love of Christ, have gone to that distant 
 land to carry the unsearchable treasures of a pure and 
 holy faith to a people perishing in darkness ; and they 
 went forth to encounter perils which the black man has 
 comparatively little cause to fear. 
 
 It is not impossible that, in process of time, the work 
 of the Colonization Society may cease any longer to be 
 needed. The citizens of Liberia, in their prosperity, 
 may themselves provide the means for the removal to 
 that land of all who wish to go there, and are unable to 
 pay the cost, as thousands from Great Britain and Eu- 
 rope are brought to our country every year by the vol- 
 untary offerings of those who have preceded them. 
 
 Bat, meanwhile, there is likely to be a great demand 
 upon the resources of this Society. If the multitudes 
 of that unhappy and ill-treated people, who are, at this 
 moment, floating about, dependent upon public charity 
 for their support, and over whose future such an imper- 
 vious and gloomy cloud is suspended, could all be gath- 
 ered up, and removed to a pleasant home, a section of 
 land be there secured to them, and the implements placed 
 in their hands, with which, by ordinary labor, they would 
 be able to earn for themselves a comfortable livelihood, 
 would not this be an act of real Christian charity ? 
 
 We owe an enormous debt to the African : how can 
 we best discharge that debt ? Our brothers' blood cries 
 to us from the ground. God hears that cry, and holds 
 us accountable. As we would avert further calamitj^ 
 from our own land, as we would protect ourselves from 
 
126 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 the slow but certain dispensations of justice, let us, as 
 far as we can, redeem and expiate the wrong we have 
 done the African. We have all eaten the fruit of his 
 unrecorapensed labor. Let us now give him back some 
 portion of that which we have taken from him. Let 
 your wealth flow by thousands and tens of thousands 
 into the treasury of this National Society. It will be 
 well used, and bring forth abundant fruit. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 We, the representatives of the people of the Commonwealth of 
 Liberia, in Convention assembled, invested with authority for 
 forming a new government, relying upon the aid and protection 
 of the Great Arbiter of human events, do hereby, in the name and 
 on behalf of the people of this Commonwealth, publish and de- 
 clare the said Commonwealth a free, sovereign, and independ- 
 ent State, by the name and title of the Republic of Liberia. 
 
 While announcing to the nations of the world the new position 
 which the people of this Republic have felt themselves called upon 
 to assume, courtesy to their opinion seems to demand a brief ac- 
 companying statement of the causes which induced them, first to 
 expatriate themselves from the land of their nativity and to form 
 settlements on this barbarous coast, and now to organize their 
 government by the assumption of a sovereign and independent 
 character. Thei-efore we respectfully ask their attention to the 
 following facts : — 
 
 We recognize in all men certain natural and inalienable rights ; 
 among these are life, liberty, and the right to acquire, possess, 
 enjoy, and defend property. By the practice and consent of men 
 in all ages, some system or form of government is proven to be 
 necessary to exercise, enjoy, and secure these rights; and every 
 people has a right to institute a government, and to choose and 
 adopt that system or form of it, which, in their opinion, will most 
 effectually accomplish these objects, and secure their happiness, 
 which does not interfere with the just rights of others. The 
 17 
 
130 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 right, therefore, to institute government, and to all the powers 
 necessary to conduct it, is an inalienable right, and cannot be 
 resisted without the grossest injustice. 
 
 We, the people of the Republic of Liberia, were originally the 
 inhabitants of the United States of North America. 
 
 In some parts of that country, we were debarred by law, from 
 all the rights and privileges of men ; in other parts, public senti- 
 ment, more powerful than law, frowned us down. 
 
 We were everywhere shut out from all civil office. 
 
 We were excluded fi'om all participation in the government. 
 
 We were taxed without our consent. 
 
 We were compelled to contribute to the resources of a country 
 which gave us no protection. 
 
 We were made a separate and distinct class, and against vis ev- 
 ery avenue to improvement was eifectually closed. Strangers from 
 all lands, of a color different fi'om ours, were preferred before us. 
 
 We uttered our complaints ; but they were unattended to, or 
 only met by alleging the peculiar institutions of the country. 
 
 All hope of a favorable change in our counti'y was thus wholly 
 extinguished in our bosoms, and we looked with anxiety abroad 
 for some asylum from the deep degradation. 
 
 The westeni coast of Africa Avas the place selected by Ameri- 
 can benevolence and philanthropy for our future home. Removed 
 beyond those influences which depressed us in our native land, it 
 was hoped we would be enabled to enjoy those rights and privi- 
 leges, and exercise and improve those faculties, which the God of 
 nature has given us in common with the rest of mankind. 
 
 Under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, we 
 established ourselves here, on land acquired by purchase from the 
 lords of the soil. 
 
 In an original compact with this Society, we, for important rea- 
 sons, delegated to it certain political powers ; while this institution 
 stipulated, that whenever the people should become capable of con- 
 ducting the government, or whenever the people should desire it, 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 131 
 
 this institution would resign the delegated power, peaceably with- 
 draw its supervision, and leave the people to the government of 
 themselves. 
 
 Under the auspices and guidance of this institution, which has 
 nobly and in perfect faith redeemed its pledges to the people, we 
 have grown and prospered. 
 
 From time to time, our number has been increased by emigra- 
 tion from America, and by accession from native tribes ; and from 
 time to time, as circumstances required it, we have extended our 
 borders by acquisition of land by honorable purchase from the 
 natives of the country. 
 
 As our territory has extended, and our population increased, our 
 commerce has also increased. The flags of most of the civilized 
 nations of the eartli float in our harbors, and their merchants are 
 opening an honorable and profitable trade. Until recently, these 
 visits have been of a uniformly harmonious character; but as they 
 have become more frequent, and to more numerous points of our 
 extending coast, questions have arisen, which, it is supposed, can be 
 adjusted only by agreement between sovereign powers. 
 
 For years past, the American Colonization Society has virtu- 
 ally withdrawn from all direct and active part in the administra- 
 tion of the government, except in the appointment of the govern- 
 or, who is also a colonist, for the apparent purpose of testing the 
 ability of the people to conduct the affairs of government; and 
 no complaint of crude legislation, nor of mismanagement, nor of 
 mal-administration, has yet been heard. 
 
 In view of these facts, this institution, the American Coloniza- 
 tion Society, with that good faith which has uniformly marked all 
 its dealings with us, did, by a set of resolutions in January, in the 
 year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, dis- 
 solve all political connection with the people of this Republic, 
 return the power with which it was delegated, and left the people 
 to the government of themselves. 
 
 The people of the Republic of Liberia, then, are of right, and in 
 
132 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 fact, a free, sovereign, and independent State, possessed of all the 
 rights, powers, and functions of government. 
 
 In assuming the momentous responsibilities of the position they 
 liave taken, the people of this Republic feel justified by the neces- 
 sities of the case ; and, with this conviction, they throw themselves 
 with confidence upon the candid consideration of the civilized 
 world. 
 
 Liberia is not the offspring of grasping ambition, nor the tool of 
 avaricious speculation. 
 
 No desire for territorial aggrandizement brought us to these 
 shores; nor do we believe so sordid a motive entered into the high 
 considerations of those who aided us in providing this asylum. 
 
 Liberia is an asylum from tlie most grinding oppression. 
 
 In coming to the shores of Africa, we indulged the pleasing hope 
 that we would be permitted to exercise and improve those facul- 
 ties which impart to man his dignity, to nourish in our hearts 
 the flame of honorable ambition, to cherish and indulge those aspi- 
 rations which a beneficent Creator had implanted in every human 
 heart, and to evince to all who despise, ridicule, and oppress our 
 race, that we possess with them a common nature, are with them 
 susceptible of equal refinement, and capable of equal advance- 
 ment in all that adorns and dignifies man. 
 
 We were animated with the hope that here we should be at lib- 
 erty to train up our children in the way they should go, to in- 
 spire them with the love of an honorable fame, to kindle within 
 them the flame of a lofty philanthropy, and to form strong within 
 them the principles of humanity, virtue, and religion. 
 
 Among the strongest motives to leave our native land, to 
 abandon forever the scenes of our childhood, and to sever the 
 most endeared connections, was the desire for a retreat, where, free 
 from the agitations of fear and molestation, we could, in composure 
 and security, approach in worship the God of our fathers. 
 
 Thus far our highest hopes have been realized. 
 
 Libeiia is already the happy home of thousands who wore once 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 133 
 
 the (loomed victims of oppression ; and if left unmolested to go on 
 witli her natural and spontaneous growth, if her movements be 
 left free from the paralyzing intrigues of jealous ambition and un- 
 scrupulous avarice, she will throw open a wider and yet a wider 
 door for thousands who are now looking with an anxious eye for 
 some land of rest. 
 
 Our courts of justice are open equally to the stranger and the 
 citizen for the redress of grievances, for the remedy of injuries, 
 and for the punishment of crime. 
 
 Our numerous and well-attended schools attest our efforts and our 
 desire for the improvement of our children. 
 
 Our churches for the worship of our Creator, everywhere to be 
 seen, bear testimony to our piety and to our acknowledgment of 
 his providence. 
 
 The native African, bowing down with us before the altar of 
 the living God, declare that from us, feeble as we are, the light 
 of Christianity has gone forth ; while upon that curse of curses, 
 the slave-trade, a deadly blight has fallen as far as our influence 
 extends. 
 
 Therefore, in the name of humanity and virtue and religion, 
 in the name of the Great God, our common Creator and our com^ 
 mon Judge, we appeal to the nations of Christendom, and earnest- 
 ly and respectfully ask of them that they will regard us with the 
 sympathy and friendly considerations to which the peculiarities of 
 our condition entitle us, and to extend to us that comity which 
 marks the friendly intercourse of civilized and independent com- 
 munities. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Declaration of Rights. 
 The end of the institution, maintenance, and administration of 
 government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to pro- 
 tect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it with the 
 
134 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 power of enjoying in safety and tranquillity their natural rights, 
 and the blessings of life ; and, whenever these great objects are not 
 obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, and to 
 take measures necessary for their safety, prosperity, and happiness. 
 
 Therefore we, the people of the Commonwealth of Liberia, in 
 Africa, acknowledging with devout gratitude the goodness of God 
 in granting to us the blessings of the Christian religion, and polit- 
 ical, religious, and civil liberty, do, in order to secure these bless- 
 ings for ourselves and our posterity, and to establish justice, insure 
 domestic peace, and promote the general welfare, hereby solemnly 
 associate and constitute ourselves a free, sovereign, and independ- 
 ent State, by the name of the RepubUc of Liberia ; and do ordain 
 and establish this constitution for the government of the same. 
 
 Sectiozs^ 1. All men are born equally free and independent, 
 and have certain natural inherent and inalienable rights, — among 
 which are the rights of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of 
 acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and of pursuing and 
 obtaining safety and happiness. 
 
 Sect. 2. All power is inherent in the people : all free govern- 
 ments are instituted by their authority and for their benefit, and 
 they have a right to alter and reform the same when their safety 
 and happiness require it. 
 
 Sect. 3. All men have a natural and inalienable right to worship 
 God according to the dictates of their own consciences, without 
 obstruction or molestation from others. All persons demeaning 
 themselves peaceably, and not obstructing others in their religious 
 worship, are entitled to the protection of law in the free exercise 
 of their own religion; and no sect of Christians shall have exclu- 
 sive privileges or preference over any other sect, but all shall be 
 alike tolerated ; and no religious test whatever shall be required as a 
 qualification for civil office, or the exercise of any civil right. 
 
 Sect. 4. There shall be no slavery within this Republic ; nor 
 shall any citizen of this Republic, or any person resident therein, 
 deal in slaves, either within or without this Republic, directly or 
 indirectly. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 135 
 
 Sect. 5. The people have a right at all times, in an orderly and 
 peaceable manner, to assemble and consult upon the common good, 
 to instruct their representatives, and to petition the government or 
 any i:)ublic functionaries for the redress of grievances. 
 
 Sect. 6. Every person injured shall have remedy therefor by 
 due course of law. Justice shall be done without denial or delay ; 
 and in all cases not arising under martial law or upon impeachment, 
 the parties shall have a right to a trial by jury, and to be heard in 
 person or by counsel, or both. 
 
 Sect. 7. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infa- 
 mous crime, except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the 
 army and navy, and petty offences, unless upon presentment by a 
 grand jury ; and every person criminally charged shall have a right 
 to be seasonably furnished with a copy of the charge, to be con- 
 fronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process 
 for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have a speedy, public, 
 and impartial trial by a jury of the vicinity. He shall not be com- 
 pelled to furnish or give evidence against himself; and no person 
 shall, for the same offence, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. 
 
 Sect. 8. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, property, or 
 privilege, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the 
 land. 
 
 Sect. 9. No place shall be searched nor person seized on a 
 criminal charge or suspicion, unless upon waiTant lawfully issued, 
 upon probable cause supported by oath or solemn affirmation, spe- 
 cially designating the place or person, and the object of the search. 
 
 Sect. 10. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
 fines imposed, nor excessive punishments inflicted; nor shall the 
 legislature make any law impairing the obligation of contracts, 
 nor any law rendering any act punishable in any manner in 
 which it was not punishable wdien it was committed. 
 
 Sect. 11. All elections shall be by ballot; and every male citi- 
 zen of twenty-one years of age, possessing real estate, shall have 
 the riirht of suffrage. 
 
136 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Sect. 12. The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for 
 the common defence. And as, in time of peace, armies are dan- 
 gerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the 
 consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be 
 held in exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed 
 by it. 
 
 Sect. 13. Private property shall not be taken for public use 
 without just compensation. 
 
 Sect. 14. The powers of this government shall be divided into 
 three distinct departments, the legislative, executive, and judi- 
 cial ; and no person belonging to one of these departments sliall 
 exercise any of the powers belonging to either of the others. This 
 section is not to be construed to include Justices of the Peace. 
 
 Sect. 15. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of 
 freedom in a State : it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this 
 Republic. 
 
 The press shall be free to every person who undertakes to ex- 
 amine the proceedings of the legislature or any branch of govern- 
 ment ; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the rights thereof. 
 The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the 
 invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may freely speak, 
 write, and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of 
 that liberty. 
 
 In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the 
 official conduct of officers, or men in a public capacity, or where 
 the matter published is proper for public information, the truth 
 thereof may be given in evidence. And in all indictments for li- 
 bels, the jury shall have a right to determine the law and the facts 
 under the direction of the court, as in other cases. 
 
 Sect. 16. No subsidy, charge, impost, or duties ought to be 
 established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, 
 without the consent of the people, or their representatives in the 
 legislature. 
 
 Sect. 17. Suits may be brought against the Republic in such 
 manner and in such cases as the legislature may by law direct. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 137 
 
 Sect. 18. No person can, in any case, be subjected to the law- 
 martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law (except 
 those employed in the army or navy, and except the militia in act- 
 ual service), but by the authority of the legislature. 
 
 Sect, 19. In order to prevent those wdio are vested with au- 
 thority from becoming oppressors, the people have a right, at such 
 periods and in such manner as they shall establish by their frame 
 of government, to cause their public officers to return to private 
 life, and fill np vacant places by certain and regular elections and 
 appointments. 
 
 Sect. 20. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sure- 
 ties, unless for capital offences when the proof is evident or pre- 
 sumption great ; and the privilege and the benefit of the writ of 
 habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this Republic, in the most free, 
 easy, cheap, expeditious, and ample manner, and shall not be sus- 
 pended by the legislature, except upon the most urgent and press- 
 ing occasions, and for a limited time, not exceeding twelve months. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Legislative Powers. 
 
 Section 1, The legislative power shall be vested in a Legisla- 
 ture of Liberia, and consist of two separate branches, — a House 
 of Representatives and a Senate, — to be styled the Legislature of 
 Liberia, each of which shall have a negative on the other ; and 
 the enacting style of their acts and laws shall be, " It is enacted 
 by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of 
 Liberia in Legislature assembled," 
 
 Sect. 2. The representatives shall be elected by and for the in- 
 habitants of the several counties of Liberia, and shall be appor- 
 tioned among the several counties of Liberia as follows: The 
 County of Montserado shall have four representatives, the County 
 of Grand Bassa shall have three, and the County of Sinoe shall 
 have one ; and all counties hereafter which shall be admitted in the 
 
 18 
 
138 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Republic shall have one representative, and for every ten thousand 
 inhabitants one representative shall be added. No person shall be 
 a representative who has not resided in the county two whole 
 years immediately previous to his election, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of the county, and does not own real es- 
 tate of not less value than one hundred and fifty dollars in the 
 county in which he resides, and who shall not have attained the 
 age of twenty-three years. The representatives shall be elected 
 biennially, and shall serve two years from the time of their elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Sect. 3. When a vacancy occurs in the representation of any 
 county by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be filled by a 
 new election. 
 
 Sect. 4. The House of Representatives shall elect their own 
 speaker and other officers. They shall also have the sole power of 
 impeachment. 
 
 Sect. 5. The Senate shall consist of two members from Mont- 
 serado County, two from Bassa County, two fi'om Sinoe County, 
 and two from each county which may be hereafter incorporated into 
 this Republic. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
 resided three whole years immediately previous to his election in 
 the Republic of Liberia, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
 inhabitant of the county which he represents, and who does not 
 own real estate of not less value than two hundred dollars in the 
 county which he rejiresents, and who shall not have attained the 
 age of twenty-five years. The senator for each county who shall 
 have the highest number of votes shall retain his seat for four 
 years ; and the one who shall have the next highest number of votes, 
 two years ; and all who are afterwards elected to fill their seats 
 shall remain in office four years. 
 
 Sect. 6. The Senate shall try all impeachments, the senators 
 being first sworn or solemnly affirmed to try the same impartially, 
 and according to law ; and no person shall be convicted but by the 
 concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present. Judgment in 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 139 
 
 such cases shall not extend beyond removal from office, and dis- 
 qualification to hold an office in the Republic ; but the party may 
 still be tried at law for the same offence. 
 
 When either the President or Vice-President is to be tried, the 
 Chief Justice shall preside. 
 
 Sect. 7. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as con- 
 veniently may be after the adoption of this constitution, and once 
 at least in every ten years afterwards, to cause a true census to be 
 taken of each town and county of the Republic of Liberia ; and a 
 representative shall be allowed every town having a pojmlation of 
 ten thousand inhabitants ; and, for every additional ten thousand in 
 the counties after the first census, one representative shall be added 
 to that county, until the number of representatives shall amount to 
 thirty. Afterwards, one representative shall be added for every 
 thirty thousand. 
 
 Sect. 8. Each branch of the legislature shall be judge of the 
 election returns and qualifications of its own members. A major- 
 ity of each shall be necessary to transact business ; but a less num- 
 ber may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of 
 absent members. Each house may adopt its own rules of proceed- 
 ing, enforce order, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, may 
 expel a member. 
 
 Sect. 9. Neither house shall adjourn for more than two days 
 without the consent of the other ; and both houses shall sit in the 
 same town. 
 
 Sect. 10. Every bill or resolution which shall have passed both 
 bi'anches of the Legislature, shall, before it becomes a law, be laid 
 before the President for his approval. If he approves, he shall 
 shall sign it ; if not, he shall return it to the Legislature with his 
 objections : if the Legislature shall afterwards pass the bill or reso- 
 lution by a vote of two-thirds in each branch, it shall become a law. 
 If the President shall neglect to return such bill or resolution to 
 the Legislature, with his objection, for five days after the same shall 
 have been so laid before him, — the Legislature remaining in session 
 
140 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 (iuring that time, such neglect shall be equivalent to his signa- 
 ture. 
 
 Sect. 11. The Senators and Representatives shall receive from 
 the Republic a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
 law ; and shall be privileged from arrest except for treason, felony, 
 or breach of the peace, while attending at, going to, or returning 
 from, the session of the Legislature. 
 
 AETICLK III. 
 
 .Executive Power. 
 
 Section 1. The Supreme Executive power shall be vested in a 
 President, who shall be elected by the people, and shall hold his 
 office for the term of two years. He shall be commander-in-chief 
 of the army and navy. He shall, in the recess of the legislature, 
 have power to call out the militia, or any portion thereof, into 
 actual service in defence of the Republic. He shall have power 
 to make treaties, provided the Senate concur therein by a vote of 
 two-thirds of the senators present. He shall nominate, and, with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint and commission, all 
 ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, secretaries 
 of state, of war, of the navy, and of the treasury, attorney- 
 general, all judges of courts, sheriffs, coroners, marshals, justices of 
 the peace, clerks of courts, registers, notaries public, and all other 
 officers of State, civil and military, whose appointment may not be 
 otherwise provided for by the constitution, or by standing laws. 
 And, in the recess of the Senate, he may fill any vacancy in those 
 offices, until the next session of the Senate. He shall receive all 
 ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that 
 the laws be faithfully executed ; he shall inform the Legislature, 
 from time to time, of the condition of the Republic, and recom- 
 mend any public measures for their adoption which he may think 
 expedient. He may, after conviction, remit any public forfeitures 
 and penalties, and grant reprieves and pardofis for public oflcnces, 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 141 
 
 except in cases of impeachment. He may require information 
 and advice from any public officer, touching matters pertaining 
 to his office. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the 
 Legislature, and may adjourn the two houses whenever they can- 
 not agree as to the time of adjournment. 
 
 Sect. 2. There shall be a Vice-President, who shall be elected in 
 the same manner and for the same term as that of the President, 
 and whose qualifications shall be the same. He shall be President of 
 the Senate, and give the casting vote when the house is equally 
 divided on any subject. And in case of the removal of the Presi- 
 dent from office, or his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
 on the Vice-President ; and the Legislature may bylaw provide for 
 the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
 President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act 
 as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- 
 ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 Sect. 3. The Secretary of State shall keep the records of the 
 State, and all the records and papers of the legislative body, and 
 all other public records and documents not belonging to any other 
 department, and shall lay the same, when required, before the 
 President or Legislature. He shall attend upon them when re- 
 quired, and perform such other duties as may be enjoined by law. 
 
 Sect. 4. The Secretary of the Treasury, or other persons who 
 may by law be charged with the custody of the public moneys, 
 shall, before he receive such moneys, give bonds to the State, with 
 sufficient sureties to the acceptance of the Legislature, for the 
 faithful discharge of his trust. He shall exhibit a true account of 
 such moneys when required by the President or Legislature ; and 
 no moneys shall be drawn from the treasury but by warrant from 
 the President, in consequence of appropriation made by law. 
 
 Sect. 5. All ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, 
 the Secretary of State, of War, of the Treasury, ;ind of the Navy, 
 the Attorney-general, and Postmaster-genei-al, shall hold their 
 
142 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 offices during the pleasure of the President. All justices of the 
 peace, sheriffs, marshals, clerks of courts, registers, and notaries 
 public, shall hold their office for the terra of two years frora the 
 date of their respective commissions, but may be removed from of- 
 fice within that time by the President, at his pleasure ; and all 
 other officers whose term of office may not be otherwise limited by 
 law, shall hold their office during the pleasure of the President. 
 
 Sect. 6. Every civil officer may be removed from office, by im- 
 peachment, for official misconduct. Every such officer may also be 
 removed by the President, upon the address of both brandies of 
 the Legislature, stating the particular reasons for his removal. 
 
 Sect. 7. No person shall be eligible to the office of President 
 who has not been a citizen of this Republic for at least five years, 
 and shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years ; and who 
 shall not be possessed of unincumbered real estate, of not less 
 value than six hundred dollars. 
 
 Sect. 8. The President shall at stated times receive for his 
 services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor di- 
 minished during the period for which he shall have been elected. 
 And, before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take 
 the following oath or affirmation : — 
 
 I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of the President of the Republic of Liberia, and will 
 to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the con- 
 stitution, and enforce the laws, of the Republic of Liberia. 
 
 article IV. 
 
 tTudicial Department. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power of this Republic shall be vested 
 in one Supreme Court, and such subordinate courts as the Legis- 
 lature may from time to time establish. The judges of the Su- 
 preme Court, and all other judges of courts, shall hold their office 
 during good ]>chavior, but may be removed by the President on 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 143 
 
 the address of two-thirds of both houses for that purpose, or by 
 impeachment and conviction thereon. The judges shall have sal- 
 aries established by law, which may be increased, but not dimin- 
 ished, during their continuance in office. They shall not receive 
 any other perquisite or emoluments whatever, from parties or 
 others on account of any duty required of them. 
 
 Sect. 2. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in 
 all cases affecting ambassadors or other public ministers and con- 
 suls, and those to which the Republic shall be a party. In all 
 other cases, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, 
 both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
 regulations, as the legislature shall from time to time make. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 Miscellaneous Provisions. 
 
 Section 1. All laws now in force in the Commonwealth of 
 Liberia, and not repugnant to this constitution, shall be in force 
 as the laws of the Republic of Liberia, until they shall be re- 
 pealed by the Legislature. 
 
 Sect. 2. All judges, magistrates, and other officers now concerned 
 in the administration of justice in the Commonwealth of Liberia, 
 and all other existing civil and military officers therein, shall con- 
 tinue to hold and discharge their respective offices in the name 
 and by the authority of the Republic, until others shall be ap- 
 pointed and commissioned in their stead pursuant to this Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 Sect. 3. All towns and municipal corporations within this Re- 
 public, constituted under the laws of the Commonwealth of Li- 
 beria, shall retain their existing organizations and privileges ; and 
 the resj^ective officers thereof shall remain in office, and act under 
 the authority of this Republic, in the same manner and Avith the 
 like powers as they now possess under the laws of said Common- 
 wealth. 
 
144 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Sect. 4. The first election of President, Vice-President, Senators 
 and Representatives, shall be held on the first Tuesday in October 
 in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and forty-seven, in the 
 same manner as elections of members of the council are chosen in 
 the Commonwealth of Liberia ; and the votes shall be certified and 
 returned to the Colonial Secretary ; and the result of the election 
 shall be ascertained, posted, and notified by him as it is now by law 
 provided in case of such members of council. 
 
 Sect. 5. All other elections of President, Vice-President, Senat- 
 ors and Representatives, shall be held in the respective towns on 
 the first Tuesday in May, in every two yeai-s, to be held and regu- 
 lated in such manner as the Legislature may by law prescribe. The 
 returns of votes shall be made to the Secretary of State, who 
 shall open the same, and forthwith issue notice of the election to 
 the persons apparently so elected Senators and Representatives ; 
 and all such returns shall be by him laid before the Legislature at 
 its next ensuing session, together with a list of the names of the 
 persons who appear by such returns to have, been duly elected 
 Senators and Representatives ; and the persons appearing by said 
 returns to be duly elected shall proceed to organize themselves ac- 
 cordingly as the Senate and House of Representatives. The votes 
 for President shall be sorted, counted, and declared by the House 
 of Representatives ; and, if no person shall appear to have a ma- 
 jority of such votes, the Senators and Representatives present 
 shall in convention, by joint ballot, elect from among the persons 
 having the three highest numbers of votes a person to act as 
 President for the ensuing term. 
 
 Sect. 6, The Legislature shall assemble once at least in every 
 yeai', and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in January, 
 unless a different day shall be appointed by law. 
 
 Sect. 7. Every legislator and other officer appointed under this 
 constitution, shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office, 
 take and subscribe a solemn oath or affirmation to support the Con- 
 stitution of this Republic, and faithfully and impartially discharge 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 145 
 
 the duties of such office. The presiding officer of the Senate shall 
 administer such oath or affirmation to the President, in convention 
 of both houses ; and the President shall administer the same to 
 the Vice-President, to the Senators and to the Representatives in 
 like manner. If the President is unable to attend, the Chief Jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court may administer the oath or affirmation 
 to him at any place, and also to the Vice-President, Senators and 
 Representatives in convention. Other officers may take such 
 oath or affirmation before the President, Chief Justice, or any other 
 person who may be designated by law. 
 
 Sect. 8. All elections of public officers shall be made by a ma- 
 jority of the votes, except in cases otherwise regulated by the con- 
 stitution or by law. 
 
 Sect. 9. Officers created by this constitution which the circum- 
 stances of the Republic do not require that they shall be filled, 
 shall not be filled until the Legislature shall deem it necessary. 
 
 Sect. 10. The property of which a woman may be possessed at 
 the time of her marriage, and also that of which she may after- 
 wards become possessed, otherwise than by her husband, shall not 
 be held responsible for his debts, whether contracted before or after 
 marriage. 
 
 Nor shall the property thus intended to be secured to the woman 
 be alienated otherwise than by her free and voluntary consent ; 
 and such alienation may be made by her either by sale, devise, or 
 otherwise. 
 
 Sect. 11. In all cases in which estates are insolvent, the widow 
 shall be entitled to one-third of the real estate during her natural 
 life, and to one-third of the personal estate, which she shall hold 
 in her own right, subject to alienation by her by devise or otherwise. 
 
 Sect. 12. No person shall be entitled to hold real estate in this 
 Republic unless he be a citizen of the same. Nevertheless, this 
 article shall not be construed to apply to colonization, missionary, 
 educational, or other benevolent institutions, so long as the prop- 
 erty or estate is applied to its legitimate purposes. 
 
 19 
 
146 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Sect. 13. The great object of forming these colonies being to 
 provide a home for the dispersed and oppressed children of Africa, 
 and to regenerate and enlighten this benighted continent, none but 
 persons of color shall be admitted to citizenship in this Republic. 
 
 Sect. 14. The purchase of any land by any citizen or citizens 
 fi"om the aborigines of this country, for his or their own use, or for 
 the benefit of others, as estate or estates in fee simple, shall be con- 
 sidered null and void to all intents and purposes. 
 
 Sect. 15. The improvement of the native tribes and their ad- 
 vancement in the arts of agriculture and husbandry being a cher- 
 ished object of this govei-nment, it shall be the duty of the President 
 to ajDpoint in each county some discreet person, whose duty it 
 shall be to make regular and periodical tours through the coun- 
 try, for the purpose of calling the attention of the natives to 
 these wholesome branches of industry, and of instructing them 
 in the same ; and the legislature shall, as soon as can conveni- 
 ently be done, make provision for these purposes by the appro- 
 priation of money. 
 
 Sect. 16. The existing regulations of the American Colonization 
 Society, in the Commonwealth, relative to emigrants, shall re- 
 main the same in the Republic, iintil regulated by compact be- 
 tween the Society and the Republic : nevertheless, the Legis- 
 lature shall make no law prohibiting emigration ; and it shall 
 be among the first duties of the legislature to take measures to 
 arrange the future relations between the American Colonization 
 Society and this Republic. 
 
 Sect. 17. This Constitution may be altered whenever two-thirds 
 of both branches of the legislature shall deem it necessary ; in 
 which case the alterations or amendments shall first be consid- 
 ered and approved by the legislature, by the concurrence of 
 two-thirds of the members of each branch, and afterwards by 
 them submitted to the people, and adopted by two-thirds of all 
 the electors at the next biennial meeting for the election of sen- 
 ators and representatives. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERIA. 147 
 
 Done in Convention at Monrovia, in the County of Montsera- 
 do, by the unanimous consent of the people of the Commonwealth 
 of Liberia, tliis twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of our L^rd 
 one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, and of the Repub- 
 lic the first. 
 
 In witness whereof we have hereto set our names. 
 
 S. BENEDICT. President, -] 
 
 J. N. LEWIS, 
 
 H. TEAGE, 
 
 BEVERLY R. WILSON, 
 
 ELIJAH JOHNSON, 
 
 J. B. GRIPON, 
 
 JOHN DAY, 
 
 A. W. GARDNER, 
 
 A"MOS HERRING, 
 
 EPHRAIM TILLER, 
 
 R. E. MURRAY, County o? Sinoe. 
 
 J. W. PROUT, Secretary of Convention. 
 
 Montserado County. 
 
 Grand Bassa County. 
 
 Monrovia, July 29, 1847. 
 
 Fellow-Citizens, — Having finished our labors, we now have 
 the honor of submitting to your consideration, through the Govern- 
 or, that Constitution which, in our opinion, will best suit the pe- 
 culiar circumstances of the people of this infant Republic. That 
 our labors will meet the full approbation of every individual citi- 
 zen is scarcely to be expected. We trust, however, that a large 
 majority of our fellow-citizens will approve our doings, and adopt 
 the constitution herewith submitted. 
 
 In our deliberations, we endeavored to keep our minds steadily 
 fixed upon the great objects of civil government, and have done 
 what we conceived to be best for the general interest of this rising 
 Republic. We endeavored carefully to arrange every subject that 
 might possibly arise, calculated to disturb in the least the friendly 
 
148 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 feeling which noM' so happily subsists between the different coun- 
 ties of this Republic. We felt deeply the importance and magni- 
 tude of the work submitted to our hands, and have done the very 
 best we could in order to afford general satisfaction. 
 
 In view of the peculiarity of our circumstances, the new posi- 
 tion we have assumed is indeed a gigantic one ; and the govern- 
 ment now calls to its support every citizen who is at all concerned 
 for the safety and future prosperity of this our only home. 
 
 Knowing, however, that our cause is just, we feel encouraged, 
 and believe that under God, by a speedy perseverance, we shall 
 fully succeed. 
 
 In publishing to the world our Independence^ we have thought 
 proper to accompany that document with a declaration of the 
 causes which induced us to leave the land of our nativity, and to 
 form settlements on this coast ; and also an appeal to the sympa- 
 thies of all civilized nations, soliciting their aid and protection, 
 and especially that they would, notwithstanding our peculiar cir- 
 cumstances, speedily recognize our Independence. 
 
 And that the flag of this Republic at no distant day may be seen 
 floating upon every breeze, and in every land respected. 
 
 It is our earnest desire that the affairs of this government may 
 be so conducted as to merit the approbation of all Christendom, 
 and restore to Africa her long-lost glory ; and that Liberia, under 
 the guidance of Heaven, may continue a happy asylum for our long- 
 oppressed race, and a blessing to the benighted and degraded 
 natives of this vast peninsula : to secure which is our ardent wish 
 and prayer. 
 
 With great respect, we have the honor of being 
 
 Your obedient and humble servants. 
 
 By the unanimous order of the convention, 
 
 Samuel Benedict, 
 
 President. 
 
 1 
 
ADDRESS OF PKESIDENT ROBERTS. 149 
 
 FLAG AND SEAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA. 
 
 The following flag and seal were adopted by the Convention 
 as the insignia of the Republic of Liberia, and ordered to be em- 
 ployed to mark its nationality : — 
 
 Flag. — Six red stripes with five white stripes, alternately dis- 
 played longitudinally. In the upper angle of the flag, next to 
 the spear, a square blue ground covering in depth five stripes. In 
 the centre of the blue, one white star. 
 
 Seal. — A dove on the wing, with an open scroll in its claws. A 
 view of the ocean, with a ship under sail. The sun, just emerging 
 from the waters. A palm-tree, and at its base a plough and spade. 
 Beneath the emblems, the words Republic of Liberia, and above 
 the emblems, the national motto, the love of liberty brought 
 us here. 
 
 The former seal of the Commonwealth is ordered to be used 
 until that for the Republic shall be engraved. 
 
 By order of the convention. 
 
 S. Benedict, 
 
 President. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS 
 
 OF HIS EXCELLENCY J. J. ROBERTS, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF 
 
 LIBERIA. 
 
 Delivered at the first meeting of the Legislature of the Republic, Jan. 3, 1848. 
 
 Fellow-Citizens, — Before I proceed to add the solemnity of 
 an oath to the obligations imposed on me, it is with great pleasure 
 I avail myself of the occasion, now presented, to express the pro- 
 found impressions made on me by the call of ray fellow-citizens to 
 the station and the duties to which I am now about to pledge 
 myself So distinguished a mark of confidence, proceeding from 
 the deliberate suffrage of my fellow-citizens, would, under any cir 
 cumstances, have commanded my gratitude and devotion, as well 
 as filled me with an awful sense of the trust to be assumed. But 
 I feel particularly gratified at this evidence of the confidence of 
 my fellow-citizens, inasmuch as it strengthens the impression on 
 me, that my endeavors to discharge faithfully the duties which de- 
 volved on me as Chief Executive officer of the Commonwealth, 
 during the last six years of our political connection with the 
 American Colonization Society, have been favorably estimated. I 
 nevertheless meet the responsibilities of this day with feelings of 
 the deepest solicitude. I feel, fellow-citizens, that the present is a 
 momentous period in the history of Liberia; and I assure you, 
 imder the various circumstances which give peculiar solemnity to 
 the crisis, I am sensible that both the honor and tlie responsibility 
 alloted to me are inexpressibly enhanced. 
 
 "We have just entered upon a new and important career. To 
 
ADDEESS OF PRESIDENT ROBERTS. 151 
 
 give effect to all the measures and powers of the government, 
 we have found it necessary to remodel our Constitution and to 
 erect ourselves into an independent State, which, in its infancy, 
 is exposed to numberless hazards and perils, and which can never 
 attain to maturity or ripen into firmness, unless it is managed 
 with affectionate assiduity and guarded by great abilities. I 
 therefore deeply deplore my want of talents, and feel my mind 
 filled with anxiety and uneasiness to find myself so unequal to 
 the duties of the important station to which I am called. When 
 I reflect upon the weight and magnitude now belonging to the 
 station, and the many difficulties which, in the nature or things, 
 must necessarily attend it, I feel more like retreating from the 
 responsible position, than attempting to go forward in the discharge 
 of the duties of my office. 
 
 Indeed, gentlemen of the Legislature, if I had less reliance upon 
 your co-operation and the indulgence and support of a reflecting 
 people, and felt less deeply a consciousness of the duty I owe my 
 country, and a conviction of the guidance of an all-wise Provi- 
 dence in the management of our political affairs, I should be com- 
 pelled to shrink from the task. I, however, enter upon the duties 
 assigned me, relying upon your wisdom and virtue to supply my 
 defects, and under the full conviction that my fellow-citizens at 
 large, who, on the most trying occasions, have always manifested a 
 degree of patriotism, perseverance, and fidelity, that would reflect 
 credit upon the citizens of any country, vnW support the govern- 
 ment established by their voluntary consent, and appointed by their 
 own free choice. 
 
 While I congratulate my fellow-citizens on the dawn of a new 
 and more perfect government, I would also remind them of the 
 increased responsibility they too have assumed. 
 
 Indeed, if there ever was a period in the annals of Liberia, for 
 popular jealousy to be awakened, and popular virtue to exert itself, 
 it is the present. Other eras, I know, have been marked by dan- 
 gers and difficulties which "tried men's souls;" but, whatever was 
 
152 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 their measure, disappointment and overthrow have generally been 
 their fate. That ])atriotism and virtue which distinguish men of 
 every age, clime, and color, who are determined to be free, never for- 
 sook that little band of patriots — the pioneers in this noble enter- 
 prise — in the hour of important trial. At a time when they were 
 almost without arms, ammunition, discipline, or government, — a 
 mere handful of isolated Christian pilgrims in pursuit of civil 
 and religious liberty, surrounded by savage and warlike tribes bent 
 upon their ruin and total annihilation, — with "a staff and a sling" 
 only, as it were, they determined, in the name of the " Lord of 
 Hosts," to stand their gi-ound, and defend themselves to the last 
 extremity against their powerful adversary. And need I remind 
 you, fellow-citizeus, how signally Almighty God delivered them, 
 and how he has hitherto prospered and crowned all our efforts 
 with success? 
 
 These first adventurers, inspired by tlie love of liberty and 
 equal rights, supported by industry aud protected by Heaven, 
 became inured to toil, to hardships, and to war. In spite, how- 
 ever, of every obstacle, they obtained a settlement, and happily, 
 under God, succeeded in laying here the foundation of a free 
 government. Their attention, of course, was then turned to the 
 security of those rights for which they had encountered so many 
 perils and inconveniencies. For this purpose, a constitution, or 
 form of government, anomalous, it is true, was adopted. 
 
 Under the circumstances, expediency required that certain 
 powers of the government should be delegated to the American 
 Colonization Society, their patrons and benefactors, with the 
 understanding, that, whenever the colonies should feel themselves 
 capable of assuming the whole responsibility of the government, 
 that institution would resign the delegated power, and leave the 
 people to the government of themselves. 
 
 At that time it was scarcely supposed, I presume, that the colo- 
 nies would advance so rapidly as to make it necessary, or even de- 
 sirable, on the part of the colonists, to dissolve that connection 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROBERTS. 153 
 
 within the short space of twenty-five years. Such, however, is the 
 case. Necessity has demanded it. 
 
 Under the fostering care of the American Colonization Society, 
 these infant settlements soon began to prosper and flourish ; and 
 a profitable trade, in a few years, opened an intercourse between 
 them and the subjects and citizens of foreign countries. This in- 
 tercourse eventually involved us in difiiculties with British tra- 
 ders, and, of consequence, with the British Government, which 
 could not be settled, for the want of certain powers in the govern- 
 ment here, not provided for in the Constitution. Nor, indeed, 
 would the British Government recognize in the people of Liberia 
 the rights of sovereignty — " such as imposing custom dues and 
 levying taxes upon British commerce " — so long as their politi- 
 cal connection with the Colonization Society continued. Under 
 these circumstances, a change in our relations with the Society, 
 and the adoption of a new constitution, were deemed, by a large 
 majority of the citizens of the Commonwealth, absolutely neces- 
 sary. Such also was the opinion of the Board of Directors of the 
 American Colonization Society, who recommended the measure as 
 the only means of relieving the government from these embarrass- 
 ments, and the citizens from innumerable inconveniences. 
 
 In view of these facts, to have shrunk from the responsibility, 
 notwithstanding weighty reasons adverse to the measure sug- 
 gested themselves, would have betrayed a weakness and timidity 
 unbecoming fi*eemen. 
 
 Therefore, on full consideration of all the circumstances, it ap- 
 peared that the period had arrived when it became the duty of the 
 people of Liberia to assume a new position, — such a one that 
 foreign powers would consider them an independent nation. 
 
 As you are aware, fellow-citizens, the independence of Liberia 
 has been the subject of much speculation and some animadversion, 
 both at home and abroad. 
 
 1st. We are told that the pecuniary assistance the governnjent 
 here has hitherto received from the Colonization Society will now 
 
 20 
 
154 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 cease ; and tliat in a few years we will find ourselves gi-oaning 
 under enormous taxes, or the affairs of the govenimcnt will he 
 exceedingly embarrassed, if not totally paralyzed. 
 
 I am persuaded, however, that this conclusion by no means fol- 
 lows. To what extent, if at all, the Society contemplates with- 
 drawing the pecuniary aid hitherto granted to the Commonwealth, 
 from the new government, I am not advised ; nor have I any data 
 upon which to form even an opinion in regard to it. We have 
 this assurance, however, from Rev, Mr. McLain, Secretary of the 
 Society, " that the interest of the Board of Directoi-s, in all that 
 concerns the people of Liberia, will not be diminished, but rather 
 increased, by the alteration in the present relations subsisting 
 between them and the American Colonization Society ; and that it 
 is the intention of the Society to prosecute its work as vigorously 
 as heretofore, and on the same high and liberal principles." 
 
 We are truly, fellow-citizens, under many obligations to the Colo- 
 nization Society. Indeed, it is impossible for one people to have 
 stronger ties upon the gratitude of another than that Society has 
 upon the people of Liberia, 
 
 To the wisdom, philanthropy, and magnanhnity of the members 
 of the Colonization Society, who, for more than a quarter of a cen- 
 tury, have watched with the deepest solicitude the progress of 
 these colonies, and have devoted much of their time and substance 
 to support them, we owe, under God, the political, civil, and reli- 
 gious liberty and independence we this day enjoy; and I have no 
 doubt in my own mind, but that they will continue to aid us in 
 every way the circumstances of the Society will admit of. 
 
 The necessity of imposing additional taxes upon the people to 
 meet the additional expenses of the government consequent upon 
 the new order of things, is very evident; but I confess, fellow- 
 citizens, I can see no just grounds of fear that they will be 
 enormous or oppressive. 
 
 It is true, that for the first few years, in the absence of any for- 
 eign assistance, we may find our finances somewhat limited, per- 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROBERTS. 155 
 
 haps barely sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the gov- 
 ernment ; but in a country like ours, abounding in a sufficiency of 
 natural resoui'ces, which are so easily developed, it is scarcely prob- 
 able that the government at any time will be greatly embarrassed, 
 certainly not totally paralyzed. 
 
 2d. It has been urged that the numerical strength of the gov- 
 ernment is yet too small ; and that we have not sufficient intelli- 
 gence, experience, or wealth, to command respect abroad ; and that, 
 in the event foreign powers should refuse to acknowledge our in- 
 dependence, the embarrassments of the government and its citi- 
 zens will be increased, rather than diminished. 
 
 Now, according to the best computation I am at present able to 
 make, and which I believe is pretty nearly correct, the j^opulation 
 of Liberia Proper — including, of course, the aboriginal inhabitants 
 who have incorporated themselves with us, and subscribed to the 
 constitution and laws of the Republic — is now upwards of eighty 
 thousand ; and we may reasonably suppose that the inhabitants 
 will increase almost in the ratio of compound interest. I have no 
 doubt that the natural poj^ulation of the Republic, in the course of 
 twenty years, will be doubled ; and we have great reason to be- 
 lieve that the number of immigrants arriving from America, and 
 perhaps other countries, will be very considerable. The free peo- 
 ple of color in the United States, wearied with beating the air to 
 advance themselves to equal immunities with the whites in that 
 country, and tired of the oppression which weighs them down 
 there, are seriously turning their attention to Liberia as the only 
 asylum they can flee to and be happy. 
 
 While we exceedingly lament the want of greater intelligence 
 and more experience to fit us for the proper or more perfect man- 
 agement of our public affairs, we flatter ourselves that the adverse 
 circumstances under which we so long labored in the land of our 
 birth, and the integrity of our motives, will plead our excuse for 
 our want of abilities ; and that, in the candor and charity of an 
 impartial world, our well-meant, however feeble, efforts will find 
 
156 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 an apology. I am also persuaded that no magnanimous nation 
 will seek to abridge our rights, or withhold from the Republic those 
 cirilities and " that comity which marks the friendly intercourse be- 
 tween civilized and independent communities," in consequence of 
 our weakness and present poverty. 
 
 And, with respect to the independence of Liberia, I know it to 
 be a favorable object with many great and good men, both in Eu- 
 rope and the United States, and, I have great reason to believe, 
 with several European powers, who entertain commercial views. 
 
 3d. We are gravely accused, fellow-citizens, of acting prema- 
 turely, and without due reflection, in this whole matter, with 
 regard to the probable consequences of taking into our own hands 
 the whole work of self-government, including the management of 
 our foreign relations ; and I have also heard it remarked, that fears 
 are entertained by some persons abroad, that the citizens of Libe- 
 ria, when thrown upon their own resources, will probably not sus- 
 tain the government, and that anarchy and its attendant ruins Avill 
 be the result of their independence. 
 
 The impression, however, that the people have acted premature- 
 ly, and without regard to consequences, is evidently erroneous. 
 And, to judge of the future from the past, I have no hesitancy in 
 asserting that the fears entertained respecting the disposition of 
 the people here to insubordination are totally groundless. No 
 people, perhaps, have exhibited greater devotion for their govern- 
 ment and institutions, and have submitted more readily to lawful 
 authority, than the citizens of Liberia ; which, indeed, must be ob- 
 vious to every one at all familiar with the past history of these col- 
 onies. But to return. It is well known that the object of inde- 
 pendence has been agitating the public mind for more than five 
 years, and that every consideration for and against it, has been 
 warmly discussed. 
 
 I am sensible, however, it is no uncommon thing for men to be 
 warm in a cause, and yet not know why it is they are warm. In 
 sUch cases, the passion of one is lighted up by the passioli of 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROBERTS. 157 
 
 another, and the whole circle is in a flame ; but the mind in the 
 mean time is like a dark chamber, without a single ray of light 
 to pervade it. In this case it will happen, that, when the hasty 
 passion shall have spent its force, all virtuous and patriotic resolu- 
 tions which it kindled up will also die with it ; as, in the great af- 
 fairs of religion, a strong flash of ideas on the fancy may excite a 
 combustion of devotion ; but, unless the reason is engaged to feed 
 and supply the burning, it will die away, and neither light nor heat 
 will be found remaining in it. 
 
 It was the commendation of a certain people of whom we read 
 in the Bible, that, when the gospel was first preached to them, 
 " they searched the Scriptures daily, whether these things were so." 
 Those who, without examination, had received it, without exami- 
 nation might also give it up : but this more " honorable " people 
 had maturely weighed the doctrine ; and, embracing it, they gave 
 ground to believe, that as they were rational, so they would be 
 persevering Christians. 
 
 The political concerns of Liberia have been equally the objects 
 of attentive consideration. And it aSbrds the most pleasing re- 
 flection, that the people of these colonies have not acted rashly or 
 unadvisedly with respect to their independence, but all the meas- 
 ures which have been adopted in regard to it are strongly marked 
 with great caution and matured deliberation, and will bear the 
 strictest scrutiny of reason and conscience. 
 
 The time has been, I admit, when men, without being charge- 
 able with timidity, or with a disposition to undervalue the capaci- 
 ties of the African race, might have doubted the success of the 
 colonization enterprise and the feasibility of establishing an inde- 
 pendent Christian State on this coast, composed of and conducted 
 wholly by colored men ; but, fellow-citizens, that time has passed. 
 The American Colonization Society has redeemed its pledge, and I 
 believe in my soul, that the permanency of the government of the 
 Republic of Liberia is now fixed upon as firm a basis as human wis- 
 dom is capable of devising. Nor is there any reason to aj)prehend 
 
158 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 that the divine Disposer of human events, after liaving separated 
 us from the liouse of bondage, and led us safely through so many 
 dangers, towards the land of liberty and promise, will leave the 
 work of our political redemption and consequent happiness unfin- 
 ished, and either 2)ermit us to perish in a wilderness of difficul- 
 ties, or suffer us to be carried back in chains to that country of 
 prejudices, from whose oppression he has mercifully delivered us 
 with his outstretched arm. 
 
 And, fellow-citizens, it must afford the most heartfelt pleasure 
 and satisfaction to every friend of Liberia, and real lover of liberty 
 in general, to observe by what a fortunate train of circumstances 
 and incidents the people of these colonies have arrived at absolute 
 freedom and independence. When we look abroad and see by 
 what slow and painful steps, marked with blood and ills of every 
 kind, other States of the world have advanced to liberty and inde- 
 pendence, we cannot but admire and praise that all-gracious Provi- 
 dence, who, by his unerring ways, has, with so few sufferings on 
 our part compared with other States, led us to this happy stage in 
 our progress toward those great and important objects. And that 
 it is the will of Heaven that mankind should be free, is clearly evi- 
 denced by the wealth, vigor, virtue, and consequent happiness of 
 all free States. But the idea that Providence will establish such 
 governments as he shall deem most fit for his creatures, and will 
 give them wealth, influence, and happiness without their efforts, is 
 palpably absurd. In short, God's moral government of the earth 
 is always performed by the inteiwention of second causes. There- 
 fore, fellow-citizens, while with pious gratitude we survey the fre- 
 quent interpositions of Heaven in our behalf, we ought to remem- 
 ber, that as the disbelief of an overruling Providence is atheism, 
 so an absolute confidence of having our government relieved from 
 every embarrassment, and its citizens made respectable and happy 
 by the immediate hand of God, without our own exertions, is the 
 most culpable presumption. Nor have we any reason to expect 
 that he will miraculously make Liberia a paradise, and deliver us 
 
ADDEESS OF PEESIDENT ROBEETS. 159 
 
 in a moment of time from all the ills and inconveniences conse- 
 quent upon the peculiar circumstances under which we are placed, 
 merely to convince us that he favors our cause and government. 
 
 Sufficient notifications of his will are always given, and those 
 who will not then believe, neither would they believe though 
 one should rise from the dead to inform them. Who can trace the 
 progress of these colonies, and mark the incidents of the wars in 
 which they have been engaged, without seeing evident tokens of 
 providential favor ? Let us, therefore, inflexibly persevere in ex- 
 erting our most strenuous efforts in an humble and rational de- 
 pendence on the great Governor of all the world, and we have the 
 fairest prospects of surmounting all the difliculties which may be 
 thrown in our way. And that we may expect, and that we shall 
 have, difficulties, sore difficulties, yet to contend against in our pro- 
 gress to maturity, is certain. And as the political happiness or 
 wretchedness of ourselves and our children, and of generations yet 
 unborn, is in our hands, nay more, the redemption of Africa from 
 the deep degradation, superstition, and idolatry in which she has 
 so long been involved, it becomes us to lay our shoulders to the 
 wheel, and manfully resist every obstacle which may oppose our 
 progress in the great work which lies before us. The gospel, fel- 
 low-citizens, is yet to be preached to vast numbers inhabiting this 
 dark continent; and I have the highest reason to believe that it 
 was one of the great objects of the Almighty in establishing these 
 colonies, that they might be the means of introducing civilization 
 and religion among the barbarous nations of this country. And to 
 what work more noble could our powers be applied, than that of 
 bringing up from darkness, debasement, and misery, our fellow-men, 
 and shedding abroad over them the light of science and Christi- 
 anity ? The means of doing so, fellow-citizens, are in our reach, 
 and if we neglect, or do not make use of them, what excuse 
 shall we make to our Creator and final Judge ? This is a question 
 of the deepest concern to us all, and which, in my opinion, will 
 materially aflect our happiness in the world to come. And surely, 
 
160 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 if it ever has been incumbent on the people of Liberia to know 
 truth and to follow it, it is now. Rouse, therefore, fellow-citizens, 
 and do your duty like men ; and be persuaded that Divine Provi- 
 dence, as heretofore, will continue to bless all your virtuous efforts. 
 
 But if there be any among us dead to all sense of honor and 
 love of their country; if deaf to all the calls of liberty, virtue, and 
 religion ; if forgetful of the benevolence and magnanimity of those 
 who have procured this asylum for them, and the future happiness 
 of their children ; if neither the examples nor the success of other 
 nations, the dictates of reason and of nature, or the great duties 
 they owe to their God, themselves, and their posterity, have any 
 effect upon them ; if neither the injuries they received in the land 
 whence they came, the prize they are contending for, the future 
 blessings or curses of their children, the applause or reproach of 
 all mankind, the approbation or displeasure of the great Judge, 
 or the happiness or misery consequent upon their conduct in this 
 and a future state, can move them, — then let them be assured that 
 they deserve to be slaves, and are entitled to nothing but anguish 
 and tribulation. Let them banish forever from their minds the 
 hojie of obtaining that freedom, reputation, and happiness, which, 
 as men, they are entitled to. Let them forget every duty, human 
 and divine, remember not that they have children, and beware 
 how they call to mind the justice of the Supreme Being. Let them 
 return into slavery, and hug their chains, and be a reproach and 
 a bj^-word among all nations. 
 
 But I am persuaded, fellow-citizens, that we have none such 
 among us ; that every citizen will do his duty, and exert himself 
 to the utmost of his abilities to sustain the honor of his country, 
 promote her interests, and the interests of his fellow-citizens, and 
 to hand down unimpaired to future generations the freedom and 
 independence we this day enjoy. 
 
 As to myself, fellow-citizens, I assure you I never have been indif- 
 ferent to what concerns the interests of Liberia, my adopted coun- 
 try ; and I am sensible of no passion which could seduce me know- 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROBERTS. 161 
 
 iiigly from the path of duty or of justice. The weakness of human 
 nature, and the Timits of my own understanding, may, no doubt will, 
 produce errors of judgment. I repeat, therefore, that I shall need 
 all the indulgence I have hitherto received at your hands. I shall 
 need, too, the lavor of that Being in whose hands we are, who has 
 led us, as Israel of old, from our native land, and planted us in a 
 country abounding in all the necessaries and comforts of life; who 
 has covered our infancy with his Providence, and to whose good- 
 ness I ask you to join with me in supplications, that he will so en- 
 lighten the minds of your servants, guide their councils, and pros- 
 per their measures, that whatsoever they do shall result in your 
 good, and shall secure to you the peace, friendship, and approba- 
 tion of all nations. 
 
 21 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT WARNER, 
 
 DECEMBER, 1866. 
 
 Felloio-Citizcna of the Senate and Houxe of Representatives of the Republic 
 of Liberia : 
 
 The expiration of another twelve months has brouglit aronncl 
 the period when it becomes my duty to lay before you a statement 
 of the affairs of the Republic, and to recommend such measures 
 as appear to me calculated to enhance the welfare of the nation. 
 In discharging this duty, I have to invite you to unite with me in 
 rendering unfeigned thanks to our heavenly Father for the blessings 
 with which the past year has been crowned. The immunity we 
 have enjoyed from those epidemic diseases which have been the 
 scourge of other lands, the bountiful harvests that have blessed the 
 labors of the husbandman, the peace that has prevailed, to a great 
 extent, within our borders, are unmistakable marks of divine f:ivor ; 
 and for these mercies we should show ourselves grateful by pursu- 
 ing such a course of conduct as will meet the approbation of the 
 Almighty. 
 
 Foreign Relations. — Our relations with foreign nations are 
 satisfactory, with the exception of the North-western boundary 
 dispute. This question, which has been pending for the last five 
 years without having yet come to a solution, must be settled before 
 it can be determined which of the two governments — this or Her 
 Britannic Majesty's — is responsible for the numerous atrocities 
 which have been committed, as well as for those which are daily 
 being committed, by the natives in the territories in dispute. The 
 predatory wars waged by the natives in those parts of the country 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 163 
 
 against the peaceful natives living in close proximity to our settle- 
 ment at Grand Cape Mount, and to the great detriment of that 
 settlement ; the vast amount of merchandise introduced from ad- 
 joining provinces without bringing a revenue to this Government ; 
 the open rebellion of the natives, instigated by unprincipled traders 
 living within the territories claimed by this Government, — are 
 evils which are likely to continue for a long time, and to affect 
 most injuriously the interests of the Republic, unless this question 
 of boundary be at once set at rest. 
 
 The finances of the Government have not been in such a condi- 
 tion as to allow us to occupy those windward territories with 
 civilized settlements, or we might long since have availed ourselves 
 of the surest method of confirming the claim which we have right- 
 fully acquired by fair and honorable purchase. 
 
 On this subject, the Government has renewed the correspondence 
 which two years ago was broken off by the brief reply of the 
 British Government to the last requisition of the Liberian Govei'n- 
 ment. And it is to be hoped that the magnanimity and keen sense 
 of justice of the British Government will allow the question to be 
 put at rest speedily and amicably. 
 
 I have appointed Monsieur L. Carrance Consul for this Repub- 
 lic, at Bordeaux, in France. I have also granted a commission to 
 Senor Senmartity Brogues as Liberian Consul at Barcelona and 
 Madrid, in Spain. I felt particular gratification in making this 
 latter appointment ; and, in a despatch from the Spanish Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs, we are assured that it was hailed by Her Cath- 
 olic Majesty's Government as the forerunner of the establishment 
 of friendly and commercial relations between the two countries. 
 
 During the year, I have granted my exequatur to Samuel F. 
 McGill, Esq., Consul for Sweden and Norway; also to C. T. W. 
 F. Jantzen, Esq., Consul for Hamburg, at Monrovia. 
 
 It is with feelings of inexpressible sorrow that I have to announce 
 to you the death of Abraham Hanson, Esq., late United-States 
 Commissioner and Consul-General, which occurred in the month of 
 
164 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 July last, at the legation in Monrovia. The dcatli of Mr. Hanson 
 cast a deep gloom over our coniuiunity. Never has a foreign func- 
 tionary stood higher in the estimation of a people than Mr. Hanson 
 did in that of the Liberian, nor succeeded in establishing a better 
 understanding than that which subsisted between Mr. Hanson and 
 the Government to which he was accredited. As a gentleman of 
 Christian cliaracter, of kind and benevolent disposition, endearing 
 himself to all who knew him, and as a liberal-minded public func- 
 tionary, Mr. Hanson justly merited every mark of respect shown 
 to him; and his memory claims a prominent place in the aifections 
 of this people. 
 
 To fill the office made vacant by the death of Mr. Hanson, the 
 Governmeiit of the United States has appointed William A. John- 
 son, Esq., Vice-Consul General at Monrovia ; and I have accorded 
 to him my exequatur. 
 
 The Government has been invited to participate in the Interna- 
 tional Exhibition to be held in Paris during the next year. It will 
 be to me a matter of profound regret if, from any consideration, 
 the Government should be compelled to decline the friendly offer. 
 Such exhibitions tend, to a great extent, to bring into notice the 
 products and commodities of different countries ; and considering 
 the limited commerce of Liberia, notwithstanding her vast but 
 undeveloped resources, we should put forth a vigorous effort to 
 improve the opportunity now afforded the country of exhibiting to 
 the world its rich products. 
 
 In the latter part of 1864, we made application to the Govern- 
 ment of the United States for the purchase of a gunboat. The 
 application was generously responded to, and the sale of a vessel 
 on very liberal terms was provided for. 
 
 A treaty of amity and commerce has recently been negotiated 
 between this Republic and the Empire of Austria, which I will 
 lay before the Senate for ratification. 
 
 The Mails. — The postal convention between this govern- 
 ment and that of Great Britain continues in operation. Recent 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 165 
 
 arrangements provide that the steamers bearing the montlily mails 
 shall touch at Monrovia as well as Cape Palmas. This gives us 
 increased facilities for communicating with foreign countries. But 
 in order to have regular intercourse between our settlements, and 
 to prevent those serious delays which too often occur in the opera- 
 tions of tlie Government from want of mail carriage, it is necessary 
 that you provide some sure and economical means for conveying 
 the mails to and fi'om the different settlements along the coast. 
 
 InterxatiojStal Hospital. — A proposition has been made to 
 this government, by a wealthy and influential gentleman in France, 
 to establish in this city, under the patronage of our Government, 
 an International Hospital. He petitions for a grant of land suitable 
 for this benevolent object, and a small appropriation to assist iu the 
 enterprise. I hope you will take this subject under favorable con- 
 sideration. The seaport towns all over the civilized world could 
 not give a stronger expression of their appreciation of the severe 
 toil and abundant services of seamen, than by erecting buildings in 
 their respective localities for their accommodation when distressed 
 either from shipwreck, sickness, or other causes. Travellers, also, 
 to this coast, would experience an inexpressible feeling of relief 
 from a knowledge that such an asylum existed for their reception 
 when assailed or wasted by the diseases of the climate. 
 
 The Public Revenue. — It is necessary that vigorous meas- 
 ures be adopted and executed in order to enhance the public 
 revenue. It is true there is in the paper currency a marked im- 
 provement, which tends greatly to the advantage of the citizens 
 generally; but it cannot be of material benefit to the Government, 
 unless tlie receipts of the treasury constantly exceed, or at least 
 equal, the expenditures it may be necessary to make to carry on the 
 Government. While I admit that all unnecessary expenditures 
 should be abolished, I am not inclined to favor the opinion that 
 the expenses generally of the Government are a waste, because 
 they make no return in kind for the capital invested. The citizens 
 need protection in the prosecution of their various interests; and 
 
106 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 thiis tlie Govt'rnineiit sliouUl not only huve tlic ability to give, but 
 its ability should be so fully known and seen as to render it unne- 
 cessary, except in extraordinary cases, to j)ut it to the test. 
 
 The Native Tribes. — I have for a long time thought that the 
 native tribes residing within the near jurisdiction of the Republic 
 could be brought into closer relationship with us, by being required 
 to contribute to the support of the Government, and by being 
 allowed such a representation in our national council as will easily 
 commend itself to their comprehension. Such a measure inaugu- 
 rated among these, will induce those tribes more remote to seek to 
 sustain similar relations to us. No desire to exterminate these 
 people and aggrandize their teri'itory brouglit us here. They are 
 our brethren, deluded though they often appear ; and our consti- 
 tution expressly declares that their improvement is a cherished 
 object of this Government. The Government, then, being for 
 mutual advantage, is one that calls for mutual support. The 
 aborigines should assist in the great work we have to perform. 
 Like the civilized population, they should give something in 
 return for the protection and redress which our courts always, 
 and our armies often, are required to render them. And I 
 doubt not that many of them are now willing to assist; and 
 when they shall have been convinced that the civilization of which 
 the Republic is the nucleus must spread far and wide over this 
 continent, enlightening and refining its inhabitants, and raising 
 them in the scale of being ; that it is a work designed by the 
 Almighty himself, and cannot be stayed, — I am sure they will be- 
 come willing coadjutors. 
 
 I therefore recommend that the discretionary powers given to 
 the Executive in the fifth section of an act regulating taxes and 
 licenses, passed by the Legislature in 1858, to require our aborigi- 
 nes to contribute to the support of the Government in such a man- 
 ner as he shall deem best, be made a positive law, to be enforced in 
 common Avitli other revenue laws. There are in these forests men 
 of royal blooil, and of minds susceptible of the most exalted ideas 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OP PRESIDENT WARNER. 167 
 
 of systematic and well-balanceel governineiit; and, by a proper 
 appreciation of them, they could be made to sustain to us a much 
 nearer and dearer relation than that of being mere contributors to 
 our treasury. 
 
 Passports. — I have also to suggest that, for each passport 
 issued by the Secretary of State, a fee of two dollars be charged, 
 to go into tlie treasury; that said passport be issued only on the 
 presentation of the treasurer's receipt acknowledging the payment 
 of the fee ; and that the receipts be passed quarterly from the 
 Department of StAte to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Our passport law needs other important amendments. At all 
 times and under all circumstances, the present law allows persons 
 of all characters to obtain passports, simply by giving ten days' 
 notice of their intention to leave the Republic, and paying a fee of 
 fifty cents for each passport. Taking advantage of these easy cir- 
 cumstances under which they can leave the Republic, many of a 
 wilfully thriftless class, whether long in the country or recent 
 comers to it, go to foreign countries only to find the obstacles to 
 be surmounted by indolent persons more numerous than they are 
 in Liberia. In a short time, they become reduced to extremities in 
 the communities they enter. Did they break off their allegiance 
 to the Government of this Republic, we should be saved all further 
 concern about them ; but, to avoid the duties and responsibilities of 
 citizens of the new State to which they may have gone, they retain 
 their passports and their allegiance, and in this way, to say the least 
 of it, occasion this Government considerable anxiety, as it is often 
 called upon to relieve its destitute citizens. 
 
 Patents. — The patent law in force in the Republic should be 
 so amended, as to require every person filing a caveat in the patent- 
 oftice to pay a small fee for the privilege thus secured to him. 
 
 Pay of Members. — I am fully aware that most men in the 
 public service are already required to make some sacrifice. Still 
 they should always set examples of patriotism, in order that the 
 citizens generally may be induced to second their efforts the more 
 
168 AJMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 cheerfully. In this connection, I liave again to propose to you a 
 recoinincudation made during the session of 'G4, — that each 
 member of the legislature receive for liis services a salary, not to 
 exceed the amount to which he wonld he entitled for a session of 
 a moderate length, at a reasonable ]»ay per diem. 
 
 Licensk-Feks. — I have often considered, that, in the adminis- 
 tration of the atfairs of a nation, justice requires that burdens 
 imposed should be borne equally by the citizens, or in proportion 
 to each man's ability. In our system of licenses, this principle 
 does not operate. There are only three classes of citizens — mer- 
 chants, lawyers, and auctioneers — who pay a license-fee for being 
 allowed to follow their various vocations. It is not clear to my 
 mind, upon what principle certain classes of oiu- citizens are taxed 
 for procuring a livelihood, while others are exempt. I have on a 
 previous occasion spoken of the propriety of requiring persons 
 following other trades or 2:)rofessions to pay a reasonable license- 
 fee, and I would again bring this subject to your notice. 
 
 Manufactuee of Ardent Spirits. — There is pursued in the 
 country an occupation which, to say the least of it, brings no good 
 either to proprietors or customers. I refer to the distilling of 
 ardent spirits. We are, it is true, under a free government, with a 
 liberal constitution ; and while total prohibition may appear to 
 some as an invasion of the rights of citizens, yet I cannot see u])on 
 what principle of political economy or justice the trade in distilling 
 ardent spirits has been encumbered with the lightest tax, while 
 wholesome, unobjectionable occupations pay to support a Govern- 
 ment which knows that its people are demoralized, and shuts its 
 eyes ui)on the fact. Each still erected or in operation in the 
 Republic should pay a tax propoitioned to the capacity in gallons 
 of the said still. 
 
 It would be very far from fulfilling our mission to this country, 
 that we continue to demoralize the natives by the abundant sale to 
 them of ardent spirits. It seems clear to my mind that, as in the 
 case of individuals, God holds men responsible for thus putting 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT "WARNER. 169 
 
 into the hands of their fellows materials capable of so much harm, 
 inciting them to rapine, murder, and war. So in our case, as a 
 nation, God will not hold us guiltless of this sin which we have been 
 committing to the destruction of our heathen brethren, as well as 
 ourselves ; and surely their blood will he require at our hands, and 
 will hold us chargeable for the evils which these tribes commit 
 under the influence of this destructive drink. 
 
 The manufacture of ardent spirits, and the traffic in them by 
 other civilized countries, should not be argued by us in justification 
 of the Republic of Liberia engaging in the same thing. The 
 prosperity of those other countries might have been much more 
 abundant and abiding, and there would have been committed in 
 them a less number of murders, had there been in them a total 
 absence of ardent spirits. And may not the secret of the slow 
 progress we are making, compared with the great advantages we 
 have of a fertile soil, a uniformly favorable climate, and the enor- 
 mous percentage of the yield of our crops, and the evanescent 
 character which the accumulations we make from time to time 
 assume, be attributed to the sin of manufacturing and selling rum ? 
 Ardent spirits had much to do with the kidnapping and forcing of 
 our forefathers from their ancient homes to a laud of slavery. It 
 caused the opening in that laud of many premature graves, which 
 closed over the mangled bodies and broken hearts of the victims 
 of American bondage. We may not hope to escape similar mis- 
 fortunes and evils, if we persist in manuflicturing and selling ardent 
 spirits. 
 
 Besides this, the ease with which these natives procui'e fire-arms 
 and ammunition increases the hostilities, and protracts those bloody 
 struggles in which they engage, but which is our duty to check. 
 The Government of Liberia is the guardian of the tribes which 
 have placed themselves under its jurisdiction ; and we should 
 advise, admonish, and gently coerce them into that subjection to 
 law and order which they sometimes appear reluctant to yield. 
 And when our civilized communities so far forget their duty to 
 
170 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 these heathen as to place in their hands the instruments of death, 
 encouraging tlicm to lawless and murderous acts, they, too, should 
 be restrained by law. I have, therefore, to recommend the placing 
 of a high duty on the importation of fire-arras, powder, and ardent 
 spirits. These articles are by no means essential to the traffic of 
 the country. 
 
 Intkrcourse w ith the Natives. — There is no subject which 
 more affects the interests of this Government than that of the tribes 
 by whom we are surrounded. It must be admitted that the rela- 
 tion we sustain to these aborigines is very different from that held 
 by any other civilized people to the natives of a barbarous country 
 which they have entered. We often find the circumstances attend- 
 ant on this relation exceedingly embarrassing. These people are 
 our brethren, and yet we sometimes find them in antagonism to 
 us. And then, again, in their own case, another and very import- 
 ant difficulty arises from the fact, that there are chiefs under our 
 jurisdiction who have laws, which we find it difficult to abrogate 
 at once, conflicting with our statutes; thus keeping their subjects 
 in constant dread of violating our laws on the one hand, and incur- 
 ring the penalty of their own code on the other. 
 
 I have already referred to the propriety of making these tribes 
 understand the necessity of contributing to the maintenance of 
 this government ; and I have now to suggest that there be some 
 restriction placed on the intercourse of the civilized settlers with 
 the natives, defining how far that intercourse shall extend, and 
 when and for what purposes it shall be allowed. Many disturb- 
 ances, and during the present year sevei'al of a serious nature, have 
 arisen, resulting fi-om that unlimited intercourse with the natives, 
 which has been continued for years by persons ostensibly engaged 
 in trade, who have gone among these tribes to the demoralizing of 
 themselves and to the great disprofit of the natives. 
 
 I am of opinion that persons going among the aborigines to 
 reside should be made to show that they are engaged in some 
 lawful and necessary enterpi-ise, and to give bond and security, to 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OP PRESIDENT WARNER. 171 
 
 be renewed from time to time, for their conforming to law and 
 conserving the public peace; and, whenever it might appear that 
 such persons are no longer prosecuting lawful business with the 
 natives, they should be required to withdraw from them; and, for 
 being allowed to prosecute trade among the natives, they should 
 obtain a license, for which they ought to pay a tax proportionate 
 to the amount of capital invested in such native trade. 
 
 Prince Boter. — I have to inform you that in the month of 
 June last, Prince Boyer, of Tradetown, seized and detained the 
 Hon. J. M. Horace, at said place. By this act of Boyer, the Gov- 
 ernment was placed in a serious dilemma. To have attempted to 
 force the exasperated chief while Mr. Horace was in his power, 
 would have endangered the life of the latter; and the conditions 
 proposed by Boyer, on which his prisoner could be released, were 
 such as the Government could not accede to and maintain its dig- 
 nity, and preserve the majesty of our laws. 
 
 The Government sent a note to Boyer, requiring him to set Mr. 
 Horace at liberty. Mr. Horace has been released. Boyer, how- 
 ever, gives the following ground of grievance : 1st, That an annu- 
 ity promised him in 1849, and fixed by law, has not been regularly 
 paid him ; 2d, That, after he had become reconciled to the port-of- 
 entry law, the domestic trade was interdicted to him, simply because 
 it was rumored by his native enemies that he was contemplating a 
 descent upon the settlements in Grand Bassa County; 3d, That 
 his confessions of repentance for the wrong he had done, by refusing, 
 when commanded to do so, to surrender the goods of foreigners 
 detained by him, Avere spurned by the Legislature ; 4th, That his 
 officers, while on a peaceful mission to the Government, were de- 
 tained at Grand Bassa, and stripped of their insignia ; 5th, That a 
 present which he sent to the Government as an assurance of peace, 
 was seized at Bassa ; 6th, That the passage of the law interdicting 
 the domestic trade seemed to be a last resort to crush him ; 7th, 
 That Senator Horace, by coming within the territory interdicted, 
 violated the law which he himself assisted to make, and tliat he. 
 
172 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Boyer, under the circumstances, could not but act according to the 
 natural impulse of a man. He has written to the Government, 
 earnestly imploring a removal of the interdict. 
 
 On the other hand, it is clear that the tribes within our jurisdic- 
 tion have no right to indulge in the spirit of reprisals which they 
 manifest either towards ourselves or each other. When they have 
 complaints against the laws or any proceedings of the Government, 
 they should set forth their grievances in a proper manner. And 
 no men know better the force and virtue of law than some of the 
 powerful chiefs who preside over these tribes. Neither Boyer nor 
 any other chief has any right to execute our laws, or to set up his 
 authority against the majesty of the Republic. 
 
 But these chiefs and their subjects have, undoubtedly, certain 
 rights, both natural and political, which should be highly respected 
 by this Government and people. And when this is done, and the 
 natives are not provoked by us to the commission of lawless deeds, 
 or instigated by dishonorable foreigners to insubordination, there 
 will subsist between us and them a permanent good understanding 
 and the greatest cordiality of feeling. 
 
 Murder at Settra Kroo. — Sometime in the month of Oc- 
 tober last, one James Douglas, of Greenville, Sinou, was wantonly 
 murdered at Settra Kroo, by a native of that place. Immediately 
 after intelligence of the tragical afiair reached the Government, I 
 sent down to Sinou a proclamation, interdicting all intercourse with 
 Settra Kroo until such time as satisfaction should be given for the 
 murder committed. By the vessel bringing the legislators to this 
 city, I received a communication from the King and head men of 
 Settra Kroo, assuring the Government that the murderer shall be 
 delivered up to justice as soon as he can be placed in the hands of 
 the Nanna Kroo natives. 
 
 Seizure for Violating Revenue Law. — Presuming upon 
 another illustration of the might of the British naval force on this 
 coast over the just riglits of the Republic, one J. M. Harris, a sub- 
 ject of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, who has for some 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT WARNER. 173 
 
 time kept a trading establishment at Solyma contrary to the laws 
 of the Republic, arrogantly sent, a few weeks ago, his vessel into 
 the little Cape Mount River to prosecute a trade with the abori- 
 gines of that place, as if to see how far and with how much im- 
 punity he could contravene the laws of the Republic. It will be 
 remembered that this vessel is one of the two that were brought 
 into this port from Solyma by the gunboat "Quail," in 1860, to be 
 tried for trading at that place contrary to our revenue laws, but 
 were forcibly taken out of our harbor by Her Britannic Majesty's 
 cruiser " Torch." The vessel, having been seized by order of the 
 Government, has been brought to this port, and now lies in the 
 river awaiting the investigation of her case by the proper authori- 
 ties. 
 
 Proposal for a Bank. — In connection with the subject of 
 finance, I have further to inform you that the plan proposed by 
 Messrs. McFarlan & Co., of London, for transacting financial busi- 
 ness for this Government, and which was adopted by you at your last 
 session, has not been acted upon by that firm ; they preferring to 
 operate on a totally diflerent basis, merging their i^roposal into the 
 plan of a bank, of which the details will be duly laid before you. 
 
 Codification of the Laws. — The revision and compilation 
 of our statute laws, which are at present in such inconvenient 
 publications, require your authorization. I have to solicit an ap- 
 propriation for this object. 
 
 Education. — During the year, Liberia College has continued 
 in operation. The Preparatory Department, under the care of 
 Mr. H. R. W. Johnson, has given the greatest satisfaction in the 
 training of its scholars. 
 
 In connection with this I am happy to inform you, that we have 
 intelligence from the United States of a growing and active spirit 
 of emigration to Africa among the blacks. In a week or two, 
 some five or six hundred will probably be landed on our shores. 
 The Attorney General of this Republic, now on his way home, 
 made an interesting tour, during the last summer, over a portion 
 
174 AMERICA!^ COLONIZATION SOCIETY, 
 
 of the "Western States ; and he assures us, that, from what he has 
 witnessed among the blacks with whom he came into contact, a 
 steady stream of emigration has just begun. We are doubtless all 
 glad to receive such intelligence. But the question that occurs to 
 every thoughtful mind is. Can Liberia, with her feeble institutions, 
 take up and absorb safely this influx of our down-trodden breth- 
 ren, unaccustomed as they are to the duties and responsibilities 
 of building up new States? I answer, without hesitation, that 
 we can. But it becomes us, as legislators, and executors of law, 
 to make provisions to guard and perpetuate more effectually the 
 liberties of our country. And, among the provisions necessary, a 
 most important, and, indeed, indispensable one, is the establishment 
 of an eificient common-school system. We have in our statute 
 books many laws referring to common schools, but they need re- 
 vision and consolidation. Depend upon it, unless this matter is 
 attended to, our free institutions will be in danger. Let knowledge 
 be generally diffused, and we need not fear the debates and dis- 
 cussions which 2>eriodically take place among us as to our political 
 affairs. 
 
 But the diffusion of education among us Avdll, for some time, be 
 dependent chiefly upon legislative action in the establishment and 
 maintenance, throughout the country, of common schools. The 
 Government must here, as in other countries, take this subject into 
 its hands, — a subject which, to my mind, involves the whole mat- 
 ter of what is generally termed popular education, comprising not 
 only schools established by the Government, but also mission 
 schools in our townships or within our jurisdiction. 
 
 System of Common Schools. — By having the education of 
 the people under some system — I mean something like the fol- 
 lowing — so as always to keep the subject of education promi- 
 nently before the people : — 
 
 1. Let the different counties be divided into school districts, 
 and let the peo])le in those districts be taxed to provide school- 
 houses and help to support the schools, the Govern incut furnish- 
 ini; a certain amount. 
 
ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT WAENEE. 175 
 
 2. Let a Secretary of Education be appointed, to regulate the 
 educational interests of the country, in connection, if thought ad- 
 visible, with a committee of Council. All appointments of in- 
 structors to common schools to be made by the Secretary, with 
 the advice of the Council ; and no teacher to be appointed with 
 out a certificate of capability from recognized examiners, i.e., 
 any of the professors in Liberia College, or any other well-known 
 instructor. 
 
 3. School teachers to be examined twice a year by the Secretary 
 of Education or his deputy. 
 
 4. Provision to be made for schools for girls, in which, besides 
 mere book learning, they may be taught domestic economy and 
 general habits of industry. This is a sore and pressing need of 
 Liberia. 
 
 5. Children of the aborigines in our settlements and their neigh- 
 borhood to have the same rights to education as emigrants ; and the 
 Government to have the right to establish schools in purely 
 heathen districts. 
 
 Our brethren who flee from the United States to this country 
 for freedom, find, on arriving here, a large and superabundant free- 
 dom ; but they lose the advantages of enlarged education afforded 
 them in their native country, — advantages which, since the war, 
 have been increasing in various parts of the United States. It 
 is therefore meet and proper that in a system of common schools, 
 such as I have just referred to, efiiciently established, they 
 should find some compensation for the sacrifices they have vol- 
 untarily made. 
 
 Pension Recommended. — Before closing this statement, I 
 would request for Jonas Carey a stated pension during his life- 
 time. He is one of the only three male pioneers of Liberia sur- 
 viving, and connecting the present with the past. He took part 
 in the memorable battle of Dec. 1, 1822, on the issue of which de- 
 pended the question whether Christian civilization should be estab- 
 lished on this coast by black colonists from America, or not. He 
 
176 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 is now aged and feeble, and deserves whatever aid or patronage 
 the government can render him. 
 
 Conclusion. — And now, in conclusion, I beg to assure you of 
 the cordiality and cheerfulness with which I will co-operate with 
 you in any measure for the promotion of the public weal. In all 
 your deliberations, fail not to keep steadily before your mind the 
 great object we should all have in view, viz — the vindication, up- 
 building, and honor of the negro race, and the opening up of this 
 great continent to civilization and religion. Kee2:)ing this elevated 
 and glorious aim always before you, your labors will be consider- 
 ably lightened, and hannony, peace, and fraternal feelings will 
 mark your whole intercourse during the session. 
 
 D. B. Warner. 
 Monrovia, Dec. 6, 1866. 
 
CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF LIBERIA. 
 
 This table is believed to include the names of all persons who 
 were ever authorized to act as chief magistrates of Liberia. The 
 original plan was, that an agent appointed by the Colonization 
 Society should be the chief magistrate, and an agent appointed by 
 the Government of the United States should have the care of the 
 recaptured Africans : but the same person often held both offices ; 
 and there seems to have been an understanding, that, when either 
 agent was absent, his duties should devolve on the other. After 
 the adoption of the constitution proposed by Mr. Gurley, August, 
 1824, the duties of the Society's agent, in his absence, devolved on 
 a vice-agent, elected by the people. After July, 1836, the Society's 
 agent was styled governor, and the vice-agent, lieutenant gov- 
 ernor. Since the Declaration of Independence, in 1847, presidents 
 have been elected by the people. The names of all who are known 
 to have acted as chief magistrates by authority from the Society 
 or by popular election are placed in small capitals. The names 
 of agents of the United States Government, who may have some- 
 times acted in that capacity, are placed in other type. The dates 
 are given with as much completeness as has been practicable. Two 
 agents of the Society and two of the Government died before the 
 removal from Sierra Leone to Cape Mesurado ; but their names 
 none the less deserve to be retained. The names of physicians 
 appointed by the Government or the Society, who may have acted 
 as agents in case of necessity, are also given, 
 
 23 
 
178 AMEEICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Dr. Samuel A. Ckozer. — Instructions dated Dec. 10, 1819; 
 sailed Feb. 6, 1820; died April 15, 1820. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Bacon. — Appointed Jan. 8, 1820; sailed Feb. 6, 
 1820; died May 21, 1820. 
 
 John P. Bankson. — Sailed Feb. 6, 1820; died May 13, 1820. 
 
 Rev. Daxiel Coker, emigrant. — Appointed by Dr. Crozer, 
 just before his death ; he was the Society's agent at Campelar, and 
 at Fourah Bay, Sierra Leone, where he remained when the other 
 colonists removed to Cape Mesurado. 
 
 Rev. Ephraim Bacon. — Sailed Jan. 23, 1821; returned 1821. 
 
 Jonathan B. Winn. — Sailed Jan. 23, died Aug. 25, 1821. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Akdeus. — Sailed Jan. 23, died July 28, 1821. 
 
 Christian Witlberger. — Sailed Jan. 23, 1821 ; returned 
 June 4, 1822. 
 
 Dr. Eli Ayres. — Appointed July 25, 1821; acquired Cape 
 Mesurado Dec. 15, 1821, and removed the colonists thither; ap- 
 pointed United-States Government agent. May 15, 1822; returned 
 June 4, 1822; sailed again May 24; and returned December, 1823. 
 
 Elijah Johnsox, emigrant. — Appointed by Dr. Ayres as So- 
 ciety's agent during his absence, from June 4, 1822. 
 
 Rev. Jehudi Ashmun. — Agent for the Society and the Govern- 
 ment, sailed May 20, 1822; appointment confirmed, under the new 
 constitution, August 1824; sailed, on his return, March 25, 1828; 
 died Aug. 25, 1828. 
 
 Rev. R. R. GuRLEY. — Agent of the Society and Government, 
 arrived Aug. 13, 1824; confirmed Ashmun's authority, under a new 
 constitution, and returned Aug. 22, 1824. 
 
 Dr. John W. Peaco. —Arrived March 26, 1826; returned 1826. 
 
 Dr. George P. Todsen. — Appointed June, 1827 ; afterwards ap- 
 pointed Society's physician, Nov. 17, 1830, to 1834. 
 
 Rev. Lot Gary, emigrant. — Vice-agent, administered from 
 Mr. Ashmun's departure, March 25, 1828; died Nov. 8, 1828. 
 
 Rev. Colston M. Waring, emigrant. — - From Nov. 8 to Dec. 
 22, 1828. 
 
CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF LIBERIA. 179 
 
 Dr. Richard Randall. — Ajipointed by the Society Sept. 8, 
 and by the Government October, 1828 ; arrived Dec. 22, 1828; 
 died April 19, 1829. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Mechlin. — Appointed assistant agent and physi- 
 cian Oct. 17, 1828; succeeded Dr. Randall April 19, 1829; ap- 
 pointed agent Sept. 14, 1829; appointed Government agent to 
 succeed Dr. Randall; returned May, 1830; sailed again October, 
 1830; returned July, 1832. 
 
 Dr. J. W. Anderson. — Appointed assistant agent and physi- 
 cian Jan. 1, 1830; arrived Feb. 27; died April 20, 1830. 
 
 Anthony D. Williams, emigrant. — Vice-agent, administered 
 in Dr. Mechlin's absence in 1830, and after his departure in 1832. 
 
 Rev. John B. Pinney. — Appointed Oct. 24, 1833; from ill 
 health, transferred his duties to Dr. Skinner in the summer of 1834. 
 
 Dr. EzEKiEL Skinner. — Sailed as Society's i^hysician June 21, 
 1834; appointed agent Jan. 26, 1835; returned late in 1836; again 
 appointed physician Oct. 27, 1837. 
 
 Anthony D. Williams. — Formerly vice-agent, succeeded Dr. 
 Skinner in 1836. 
 
 Thomas Buchanan. — Appointed governor, Dec. 10, 1838, on 
 the union of the settlement of the New- York and Pennsylva- 
 nia Societies with the Commonwealth of Liberia. Also United- 
 States Government agent. Arrived April 1, 1839 ; died Sept. 3, 
 1841. The last white chief magistrate. 
 
 Dr. J. W. Lugenbeel, Society's j^hysician, and Government 
 agent. Appointed by the Society July 27, 1843 ; sailed Sept. 16, 
 1843 ; returned May, 1849. 
 
 Joseph J. Roberts, emigrant. — Succeeded Gov. Buchanan, as 
 lieut. -governor, Sept. 3. 1841 ; appointed governor Jan, 20, 1842 ; 
 administered till the organization of the Republic, Jan. 3, 1848. 
 
 Joseph J. Roberts, emigrant, president, 1848 to 1856. 
 
 Stephen A. Benson, emigrant, president, 1856 to 1864. 
 
 Daniel B. Warner, emigrant, president, 1864. 
 
180 AMEKICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 GOVERNORS OP^ MARYLAND IN LIBERIA. 
 
 Dr. James Hall. — Founder and first governor. Appointed by 
 tlie Maryland Colonization Society, October, 1833 ; sailed Nov. 23, 
 1833; purchased Cape Palmas, the site of the colony, by treaty, 
 Feb. 13, 1834 ; resigned, and returned July, 1836. Dr. Hall had 
 been assistant physician in Liberia from October, 1831, to June, 
 1833. As early as 1832, he urged the appointment of colored 
 governors. 
 
 Dr. O. W. Holmes, temporary agent, a few months from June, 
 1836. 
 
 John B. Russwurm, emigrant. — Appointed 1836; died June 
 9, 1851. 
 
 Dr. Samuel F. McGill, emigrant. — Succeeded Gov. Russ- 
 wurm in 1851 ; administered to June, 1854. 
 
 William A. Pbout, emigrant. — Elected governor under the 
 new Constitution of the colony as an independent state. Inaugu- 
 rated, June 6, 1854; administered till April, 1856. 
 
 Boston J. Dratton, emigrant. — As lieutenant governor, he 
 succeeded Gov. Prout in Ajml, 1856, and administered till the 
 annexation of the State to the Republic of Liberia, March 3, 1857. 
 
 GOVERNORS AT BASSA COVE. 
 
 Rev. Rufus Spalding. — The New-York Colonization Society, 
 Dec. 13, 1833, while he was on his voyage to Liberia as a mission- 
 ary, appointed him as their special agent to plant a new settle- 
 ment under their auspices. He arrived at Monrovia Dec. 31, 
 1833 ; had the ordering of the erection of mission buildings at 
 Bassa Cove, but was unable, from sickness, to visit that place. He 
 returned in May, 1834. 
 
 Israel W. Searle. — Appointed by the same Society as sub-agent, 
 Feb. 17, 1834. He was instructed to consult with Mr. Spalding 
 as to a location fur the pro])osed settlement, and to direct their 
 
CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF LIBERIA. 181 
 
 attention to Cape Mount and Bassa Cove. He sailed June 23, 
 1834, and died in a few weeks after his arrival. That Society had 
 already sent out a few emigrants. 
 
 Edward Y. Hankinson. — Appointed by the Pennsylvania 
 Colonization Society; sailed Oct. 24, 1834, with emigrants to 
 found a colony at Bassa Cove. The two Societies were then 
 negotiating on terms of co-operation. 
 
 Thomas Buchanan. — Appointed by the united Societies ; ar- 
 rived at Monrovia Jan. 1, 1836. 
 
 Rev. John J. Matthias. — Appointed by the united Societies; 
 arrived Aug. 4, 1837 ; returned, landing at New- York June 17, 
 1838. 
 
 Dr. Wesley Johnsok. — Succeeded Gov. Matthias as acting 
 governor ; administered till all the settlements were united under 
 Gov. Buchanan in 1839. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI COLONY AT SINOU. 
 
 Rev. JosiAH F. C. FiNLET. — Appointed by the Mississippi 
 Colonization Society ; sailed April, 1837 ; robbed and murdered 
 by natives, while on a journey, September, 1838. The settlement 
 was united with the Commonwealth of Liberia in 1839. 
 
182 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
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186 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
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 Jan., '47 
 Sept., '47 
 
 Jan., '48 
 Feb., '48 
 April, '48 
 May, '48 
 Sept., '48 
 
 Jan.. '49 
 
 ^^'t't inininmmin ir 
 
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 Names of 
 Vessels. 
 
 Mary Wilkes .... 
 Liberia Packet . . 
 
 Nehemiah Rich. . 
 
 Liberia Packet . . 
 
 Col. Howard 
 
 Liberia Packet . . 
 
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 Liberia Packet . . 
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TABLE OF EMIGRANTS. 
 
 187 
 
 Total 
 Years. 
 
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 Names of 
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 Morgan Dix . . . 
 Liberia Packet . 
 
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 Jos. Maxwell . . 
 Linila Stewart. . 
 
 Shirley 
 
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 Isla de Cuba . '. '. 
 General Pierce . 
 
 Sophia Walker. 
 
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188 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
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 Nov., '54 
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 May, '55 
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 May, '56 
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 May, '57 
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 Names of 
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 Elvira Owen . . . 
 M. C. Stevens. . 
 
 M. C. Stevens., 
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 G. T. Ackerly. . 
 M. C. Stevens. . 
 
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TABLE OF EMIGRANTS. 
 
 189 
 
 
 •l^^'^ox 
 
 •S3opcq.ti!g 
 
 00 00 O I t- -H ,-( 
 
 rt — ;£) t^ (M 
 
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190 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Total 
 
 bv 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 CI 
 
 2 
 
 C3 
 
 •I«^ox 
 
 Tf O tC CO 
 
 1 
 
 •saopeqacg; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 63 36 
 
 Date of 
 Sailing. 
 
 Mar., '66 
 Nov., '66 
 Dec., '66 
 Dec., '66 
 
 O en 
 
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COST OF AFRICAN COLONIZATION. 
 
 The following Tabic will show the Annual Keceipts of the American Coloniza- 
 tion Society during the fifty years of its existence. 
 
 Years. Receipts. 
 
 1817-9 $14,031 50 
 
 1820-2 5,627 66 
 
 1823 4,758 22 
 
 1824 4,379 89 
 
 1825 10,125 85 
 
 1826 14,779 24 
 
 1827 13,294 94 
 
 1828 13,458 17 
 
 1829 20,295 61 
 
 1830 26,683 41 
 
 1831 32,101 58 
 
 1832 43,065 08 
 
 1833 37,242 46 
 
 1834 22,984 30 
 
 1835 36,661 49 
 
 1836 33,096 88 
 
 1837 25,558 14 
 
 1838 10,947 41 
 
 1839 51,498 36 
 
 1840 56,985 62 
 
 1841 42,443 68 
 
 1842 32,898 88 
 
 1843 36,093 94 
 
 1844 33,640 39 
 
 1845 56,458 60 
 
 1846 39,900 03 
 
 1847 , 29,472 84 
 
 1848 49,845 91 
 
 1849 50,332 84 
 
 1850 64,973 71 
 
 1851 97,443 77 
 
 1852 86,775 74 
 
 Years. Receipts. 
 
 18.53 $82,458 25 
 
 1854 65,433 93 
 
 1855 55,276 89 
 
 1856 81,384 41 
 
 1857 97,384 84 
 
 1858 61,820 19 
 
 1859 160,303 23 
 
 1860 104,546 92 
 
 1861 75,470 74 
 
 1862 46,208 46 
 
 1863 50,900 36 
 
 1864 79,454 70 
 
 1865 23,633 37 
 
 1866 59,375 14 
 
 $2,141,507 77 
 
 The Maryland State So- 
 ciety, since its organiza- 
 tion, received $309,759 33 
 
 The New- York State So- 
 ciety and Pennsylvania 
 Society, during their 
 independent condition, 
 received 95,640 00 
 
 Tlie Mississippi Society, 
 during its independent 
 operations, received. . . 12,000 00 
 
 Making a total to Janu- 
 ary 1, 1867 .^ $2,558,907 10 
 
 (191) 
 
ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 
 
 H. Clay, 
 
 E. B. Caldwell, 
 
 Tho. Dougherty, 
 
 Stephen B. Balch, 
 
 Juo. Chalmers, Jun., 
 
 Thos. Patterson, 
 
 John Randolph of Roanoke, 
 
 Robt. H. Goldsborough, 
 
 William Thornton, 
 
 George Clarke, 
 
 James Laurie, 
 
 J. I. Stull, 
 
 Dan'l Webster, 
 
 J. C. Herbert, 
 
 Wm. Simmons, 
 
 E. Forman, 
 
 Ferd'no. Fairfax, 
 
 V. Maxcy, 
 
 Jno. Loockerman, 
 
 Jno. Woodside, 
 
 William Dudley Digges, 
 
 Thomas Carberry, 
 
 Samuel J. Mills, 
 
 Goo. A. Carroll, 
 
 W. G. D. Worthington, 
 
 John Lee, 
 Richard Bland Lee, 
 1). Murray, 
 Robert Finley, 
 B. Allison, 
 B. L. Lear, 
 W. Jones, 
 J. Mason, 
 Mord. Booth, 
 J. S. Shaaf, 
 Geo. Peter, 
 John Tayloe, 
 Overton Carr, 
 P. H. Wendover, 
 F. S. Key, 
 Charles Marsh, 
 David M. Forest, 
 John Wiley, 
 Nathan Luf borough, 
 William Meade, 
 William 11. Wilmer, 
 George Travers, 
 Edm. I. Lee, 
 John P. Todd, 
 Bushrod Washington. 
 
DATE DUE 
 
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 CAYLORD 
 
 
 PKJNTEO IN U.S.A. 
 
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