1 ' r, ''"'i't'.' ■ h i ■(■' ilv'Ui:;" SlOtt PJ"^-:j IoL (?v L^fccCv^ n-^ AN ELEMENTARY HEBREW GRAMMAR, WITH TABLES, READIXG EXEPtCISES, AND A VOCABULARY. BY WILLIAM HENRY GEEEN, PHOFESSOR IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINAEY AT PEINCETON, N. J. NEW YORK : JOHJSr WILEY & SOl^, 1SG6. Entered, according to Act of Congi-ess, in the year 1866, by W. n, GREEN, In the Clerk's Office of tlie District Court for the Southern District of New York. JOHN F. TROW & CO., Pbinters, Stkreotypeks, and Klkctrotypebs, No. 60 Greene Street, New York. PREFACE. This brief Manual has been prepared with special reference to the wants of beginners. The essential facts of the language are concisely stated, without the incum- brance of minute details, which would confuse their minds and impede their progress, and which belong properly to a more advanced stage of study. The tabular form has been adopted to as great an extent as possible, in order to exhibit to the eye whatever is capable of such a mode of representation. The Reading Exercises, which are of the simplest kind, have been carefully selected with a view to illustrate the forms and uses of different parts of speech, and especially the various classes of perfect and imperfect verbs ; and they are accompanied by a special Vocabulary. It will, as is hoped, meet the Avants of non-profes- sional students who seek a general knowledge of this venerable and sacred tongue rather than a thorough acquaintance with it, and who might be repelled by a larger and more costly apparatus. It is sufficiently sim- ple for private study as well as adapted for use in iv PREFACE. schools and colleges where facilities are offered for the acquisition of the Hebrew. The author will be rejoiced if this humble volume should tend in any way to a more extended familiarity with the original language of the Old Testament among intelligent and liberally educated laymen. This elementary treatise may also sen^e as an intro- duction to the author's larger Grammar (which is through- out referred to by the letter G), or as an aid in review^- ing its leading facts and principles. Por this purpose, it will be issued wdthout the Tables and Reading Exercises. Princeton, August 22(7, 1866. CONTENTS. GRAMMATICAL TABLES. I. The Letters. II. Classification of the Letters. The Points. III. Pronouns, Verbs. — Their Species. IV. Paradigm of Perfect Verbs. V. Paradigm of the Perfect Verbs with Suffixes. VI. Paradigm of Pe Guttural Verbs. ■ VII. Paradigm of Ayin Guttural Verbs. VIII. Paradigm of Lamedh Guttural Verbs. IX. Paradigm of Pe Nun Verbs. X. Paradigm of Ayin Doubled Verbs. XI. Paradigm of Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs. XIL ParadigmofPe Yodh Verbs. Xni. Paradigm of Lamedh Aleph Verbs. XIV. Paradigm of Lamedh He Verbs. XV. Declension of Nouns. XVI. Paradigm of Nouns with Suffixes. XVII. Numerals. XVIII. Inseparable Prepositions and other Prefixes. XIX. The Accents. XX. Consecution of Accents. ORTHOGRAPHY. § 1. The Letters . ...... Page 1 § 2. , Their Classification .... 2 § 3. The Vowel-Letters . . . . , . .2 8 4. Vowel-Points ...... 2 Vi ' CONTENTS. PAOE,- 8 6. Quiescence of the Vowel-Letters . . . . .3 § 6. Quantity and Quality of Vowels .... 4 §7. ShVa 4 § 8. Pattahh-furtive ....... 5 § 9. Syllables ........ 5 § 10. Kamcts and Karaets-IIhatuph . . . . . 6 § 11. Dagliesh-lene . . • . . • » ^ § 12. Daghesh-forte ....... *? § 1 3. Mappik' . . . . . ... • *< § 14. Raphe .....•». ^ § 15. Accents. . . . • • • • .8 §16. Position of the Accent . ... . . 8 . § 17. Recession of the Accent . . . . . • . ^ §18. Pause Accents ....... 10 §19. Consecution of Accents . . - . . . . 10 § 20. Makkeph . . ..... 11 § 21. Methegli . . . . . • • • H 8 22. K'ri and K'thibh . . . . . .12 ETYMOLOGY. § 23. Pronouns . . • . « • • '18 § 24. Verbs ........ 13 § 25. Peculiar Forms . - * . . • .14 § 26. Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Imperative . . 15 §27. Vav Conversive . . . • . • .15 § 28. Verbs with Suffixes . . . • . .16 § 29. Imperfect Verbs . . . ♦ • • .16 § 30. Guttural Verbs . . . . . • .17 § 31. Pe Guttural Verbs . . . . • • -18 § 32. Ayin Guttural Verbs . . . . . .18 § 33. Lamedh Guttural Verbs . . . . • -19 § 34. Pe Nun (:£) Verbs . . . . . .19 § 35. Ayin Doubled ( I'S ) Verbs . . . • • -20 §86. PeYodh('<'D) Verbs , 21 CONTENTS. Vn PAGE. § 37. Ayin Vav ( 1*3? ) and Ayin Yodh {"^^ ) Verbs • . .22 § 38. Lamedh Aleph (wS b ) Verbs . . . . .23 § 39. Lamedh He (rib) Verbs . . , . . .23 § 40. Doubly Imperfect Verbs . . . , . 24 § 41. Unusual Forms . . . . , . .25 § 42. Quadriliteral Verbs ..•.,, 25 §43. Gender and Number of Nouns . . , . .26 § 44. Feminine, Dual, and Plural ..... 26 § 45. In Feminine Nouns . . . . . . .2'? § 46, Construct State . . ' . , . , . 27 § 47. Its Formation . . . . . . . .28 § 48. Paragogic Vowels . . , , , ,28 § 49. Nouns with Suffixes - . . , , . .28 § 50. Irregular Nouns ....... 29 § 51. Numerals . , . . , , , .80 § 52. Prefixed Particles ••.... SO § 53. Separate Particles . , , . , ^ .30 SYNTAX. § 54. The Copula . . . . . . .82 § 55. The Article . . . . , , , .32 § 56. Nouns definite without the Article • ... 32 § 57. Adjectives . . . , . . . ,33 § 58. Demonstratire Pronouns . . . . . .33 § 59. Comparison of Adjectives . . . , , ; 33 § 60. Numerals . . . , _ . . .34 § 61. Apposition . ... . . . . .34 § 62. The Construct State . . . . ; .35 § 63. Tenses of Verbs . ' . , . , .35 § 64. The Preterite ....... 36 § 66. The Future . . 36 § 66. The Secondary Tenses . .... 37 § 67. Participles . . . • . . . 38 VUl - CONTENTS. PAGE. § 68. Tlie Infinitive . . . . . . .38 § 69. Object of Verbs . . . . . .39 § 70. Verbs with more than one Object . . .39 § 71. Adverbial Expressions . . ... 39 §72. Neglect of Agreement ...... 40 § 73. Compound Subject . . . , . .. .40 § 74. Repetition of Words . , . , . .41 § 75. Relative Pronoun . , . . ,. .41 § 76. Conjunctions ... ... 42 EXERCISES IN READING 43 VOCABULARY .62 ELEMENTARY HEBREW GRAMMAR. ORTHOGKAPH Y. §1. The Letters. Sounds in Hebrew are represented by letters and points. The number of the letters is twenty-two ; these are all consonants, and are written from right to left. See Table I, G. page 3. Seven of them have a twofold pronunciation, the distinc- tion being made by an accompanying dot or point. Thus n is hit or V, and 3 (5; ^ is gh, 5 g; n dh as th in the, ^ d; D kh as the German ch in ich, 5 k ; ti pk or f,^p; n th ?.s in thin, T\ A As, however, there are no sounds in English corresponding to gh and kh, the aspiration of ^ and D is com- monly neglected. The letter t with a dot over its right arm has the sound of sh, and is called shhi ; to with a dot over its left arm is called siji, and pronounced like s. n has a stronger sound than n the simple. /^ and is ac- cordingly represented by hh. « has no sound ; it has been likened to the smooth breathing (') of the Greeks or the English silent h in hour. y is a deep guttural which was always heard ; but it is so difficult of utterance by our organs that no attempt is made to reproduce it. The forms D ^ 5 s 2 are used at the beginning or in the middle of words ; at the end of words the bottom stroke is bent downward, 1 , ] , q , r, or the letter closed up, D . 2 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^^ 2-4. § 2. Their Classification. The letters may be divided, see Table II, G. p. 9, First, with respect to the organs by which they are pro- nounced. Secondly, into weak, medium, and strong. The weak consonants suffer or occasion frequent changes in the formation and inflection of words. The strong consonants are capable of entering without change into any combina- tions which analogy may require. Those of medium strength are neither so stable as the latter nor so feeble and fluctuating as the former. Thirdly, into radicals and serviles. The former, which comprise just one-half of the alphabet, are only used in the roots or radical portions of words. The latter, though they may also enter into roots, are likewise employed in the in- flection and derivation of words, in prefixes and in suflixes. % 3. The Vowel-Letters. The vowels, when written at all, were originally repre- sented by what are called the vow^el -letters. Thus "^ was used to signify not only y but its cognates % and e ; ^ stood for b and ii ; ^5 or n for a or its compounds e and o. The long vowels were, however, frequently omitted in writing, and left to be mentally supplied by the reader. This was almost always the case with the short vowels, ex- cept ^, which might be represented by "^ or n . § 4. Vowel-Points. This scanty and ambiguous notation has been supple- mented by nine vowel-points ; of these, three represent long, three short, and three doubtful, vowels. See Table II, G. p. 15. ^ 5. LETTERS. • 3 These are written under the letter after which they are pronounced, except two, viz., Hholem and Shurek. Hholem is placed over the left edge of the letter to which it belongs. When followed by C or preceded by ts it coin- cides with the diacritical point over the letter, e. g. rifc^ mds/ie, i^?.tcJ sone ; when it follows t3 or precedes iu it is written over its opposite arm, e. g. '^iailJ s/iomer, itJ&'^n tir- pos. Its presence in these cases can be ascertained by the fol- lowing rule. If preceded by a letter without a vowel-sign, © will be osh, and 't as ; if it have itself no vowel-sign, to will be so and to s/id^ except at the end of words. Shurek is a dot in the bosom of the letter Vav, thus ^ . When there is a 1 in the text the vowel «^, whether long or short, is indicated by a single dot within it, and called Shu- rek ; in the absence of 1 it is indicated by three dots placed obliquely beneath the letter to which it belongs, and called Kibbuts. § 5. Quiescence of the Vowel-Letters. When i5 51 1 '1 represent vowels, they are interpreted by the preceding or accompanying vowel-sign, that is to say, they denote the sound which it indicates. When they are consonants, but have lost their proper sound in that of a pre- ceding vowel, they are said to quiesce in that vowel, and are termed quiescents. These letters maintain their consonantal character in the body of words whenever they are followed by a vowel or a Sh'va, § 7, or have a Daghesh-forte, § 12 ; for two vowels never come together in Hebrew, and ShVa and Daghesh- forte belong only to consonants ; thus 'n''5P kOvekd, Trm vhdi/d, n^p kiyyam. At the end of words ^ and 1 are vowels whenever they are preceded by their homogeneous vowel-signs, "^ by e or i, 4 ' ORTHOGRAPHY. H 6, 7. 1 by or ff, but not othenvise, as ^^ dl, i^i do, but ''H Ma?/^ Final n is a vowel unless it has Mappik, § 13. Final x is either a vowel or a quiescent, whatever tlie preceding vowel-sign may be, ikh Id, ^^T\ hit ; if a vowelless consonant precede it is otiant, ^5n'|l^ vayyar. The combination 1\ is pronounced dv, "i*^:? and is? anciv. § 6. (Quantity and Quality of Vowels. As letters were rarely used to represent the short vowels, Shurek (i) and Hhirik with Yodh (\) are commonly long. When 1 and ^ stand for their long homogeneous vowels, these latter are said to be written fully, e. g. bip kol, T5 nir, tT\l2 miitJi ; without these vowel-letters they are said to be written defectively, e. g. '^ti^pO hVdmbthl, cbs Icdmus. The vowels may be further distinguished into pure, a, i, Uy and diphthongal, e,o; e being a combination of a and i or intermediate between them, and o holding the same relation to a and u, § 7. SJtva. Sh'va -r is placed under vowelless consonants to indicate the absence of a vowel. At the end of words, however, it is omitted unless the last letter is 1, or is immediately preceded by another vowelless letter, or is doubled by the point called Daghesh-forte, § 12. Sh'va is silent at the end of syllables, but vocal at the beginning, Avhere a shght sound as of e in yiven is always introduced between concurring consonants, ^V}^^ h'miclMar. Besides simple Sh'va, which has just been explained, there are three compound Sh vas, used chiefly with the gut- turals, see Table II, G. p. 21. These represent brief transi- tion sounds, more distinctly assimilated to one of the short vowels 6?, Cy or 9. I H 8, 9- VOWELS. SYLLABLES § 8. PattaJih-fiirtive. Pattahh-furtive — is an extremely short a, and is pro- nounced before the letter under which it is written. It occurs with 5?, n or the consonantal ?i at the end of words, when preceded by a vowel other than a, or followed by another vowelless consonant, rm ru'^hh, T\yq'd shamd't. ^ ^9. Syllables. Two vowels can never come together in the same word in Hebrew without an intervening consonant, and hence there can never be more than one vowel in the same syl- lable. Every syllable except initial i must begin with a conso- nant, and may begin with two, but never with more than two. Hence, when two vowelless consonants concur at the be- ginning of a syllable, the first will receive a short vowel. This is commonly Hiiirik ; but if one of the consonants had a compound Sh Va, the vowel corresponding will be inserted ; or if a vowel has been rejected, the new vowel may be con- formed to it. Syllables ending with a vowel are called simple ; those ending with a consonant, or, as is possible at the close of a word, with two consonants, are said to be mixed. As Pattahh-furtive and the vocal ShVas, whether simple or compound, are not vowels, but involuntaiy transition sounds, they, with the consonants under which they stand, cannot form syllables, but are attached to that of the pre- ceding or following vowel; thus, ^inr zrif-. Unaccented simple syllables always contain long vowels, and unaccented mixed syllables short vowels. But an ac- cented syllable, whether simple or mixed, may contain indif- ferently a long or a short vowel. Accordingly, if for any 6 . ORTHOGRAPHY. § 10. reason a mixed syllable becomes simple, its vowel is ordina- rily lengthened ; and if a simple syllable becomes mixed, or a long mixed syllabic loses its accent, its vowel is ordinarily shortened. AVhen the same consonant performs the twofold office of completing one syllable and beginning the next, the first is neither simple nor mixed, but is what may be called an in- termediate syllable. Its vowel is short, as though it were a mixed syllable, and yet the consonant is attached to what follows as though it were simple. Consonants which stand in this equivocal relation are mostly such as remain single when analogy would require them to be doubled, or- have a vocal Sh'va or a vowel when they might be expected to have £^ silent Sh'va. §10. Kamets ajid Kamets-Hhatujjh. Kamets a and Kamets-Hhatuph o are both represented by the same sign ( ^ ), but may be distinguished by the follow- ing rules. 1. In an accented syllable, w^hether simple or mixed, and in an unaccented simple syllable, it is Kamets ; in an unac- cented mixed syllable it is Kamets-Hhatuph. 2. Before a letter with simple ShVa the distinction is mostly made by Methegh ; without Methegh it is always Kamets-Hhatuph, with it commonly Kamets. 3. Before a guttural with Hhateph-Kamets or Kamets- Hhatuph it is frequently o, though accompanied by Methegh. 4. Sometimes it can only be decided by the etymology. If the vowel be derived from Hholem, or the grammatical form requires an o or a short vowel, it is Kamets-Hhatuph ; but if it be derived from Pattahh, or the form requires an a, or a long vowel, it is Kamets. §§ 11-13. DAGHESH. MAPPIK. 7 § 11. Dagliesli'lene. Daghesh-lene is a point inserted in the six letters 1 r\ "7 D 5D h (technically called B'ghadh K'phath) to indicate the loss of their aspiration, § 1 . •These letters retain their aspiration only when immediately preceded by a vowel or vocal ShVa ; and consequently always receive Daghesh-lene after a vowelless consonant or after a pause, i. e. at the be- ginning of a verse, or preceded by a word which has a dis- junctive accent. § 12. Baglieslt-forte, Daghesh-forte is a point inserted in the bosom of a letter to show that it is to be doubled ; thus ^%T^ vayyimmdl. It is never found in the gutturals i5 Ji n 5? and rarely in ^ . A point in one of the aspirates is Daghesh-forte if a vowel precedes, otherwise it is Daghesh-lene. The aspirates when doubled likewise lose their aspiration. A point in Vav is Daghesh-forte if a vowel precedes ; otherwise it is Shurek. Daghesh-forte is sometimes inserted for euphony. When the first letter of a word is doubled in order to link it with the final vowel of the word preceding, it is called Daghesh- forte Conjunctive. Daghesh-forte is frequently omitted from a voweUess let- ter, whether in the middle or at the end of words. In the former case the following ShVa generally remains vocal. § 13. Mapptk', Mappik is a point inserted in a final He to denote that it is a consonant and not a vowel, ^%^^ artsah, ^i'^^5 artm. 8 - ORTHOGRAPHY. §^ 14-16. § 14. Rujjlie. Raphe is a small honzontal stroke placed over a letter, and denotes the opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh-forte, or Mappik, as the casa may be : - n'lD^n hwvdsdha^ not hivvdsdhilh. ' § 15. Accents. An accent is written upon every word, with the twofold design of marking its tone-syllable and of indicating its rela- tion to other words in the sentence. Accents are either disjunctives or conjunctives, see XIX, G. pp. 36, 37. The former indicate that the word upon which they are placed is more or less separated from those that follow ; the latter that it is connected with what folio w^s. The place of the accent is either over or under the letter preceding the tone-vowel, Avith the exception of the preposi- tives (marked p-ep. in the table), which always accompany the initial letter of the w^ord, and the postpositives (marked postp.), which stand upon its final letter. Silluk has the same form as Methegh ; but the former invariably stands on the tone-syllable of the last word in the verse, while Methegh is never written under a tone-syllable. Pashta is likewise distinguished from Kadhma, and Y'thibh from Mahpakh, only by their position. Ih the poetical books. Job, Psalms, and Proverbs, a differ- ent system of accentuation prevails from that which is in use in the rest of the Old Testament. § 16. Fosition of the Accent, The accent always falls either upon the ultimate or penultimate syllable, and is governed by the following rules : 1. In their uninflected state all words, whether primitive or derivative, are accented on the ultimate, 'ih'i , ^nn . § 17. ACCENTS. 9 But Segholate words and forms, that is, such as have an unessential vowel in the ultimate, inserted to soften the harsh- ness of concurring consonants, are accented on the penulti- mate, tfbb for ^bia, b?^ for b.^^! . 2. If the v/ord receive an addition at the end consisting of a vowel or beginning with one, this will attract the accent to itself or to its initial vowel, Q'^'nn^ , ihnn . Eoocejotions. — a. Suffixes added to the 3 fern, preterite of verbs, t3J!]i'^0- ^- Personal terminations of verbs and the paragogic vowels y\^ , n. and '^. , when they do not cause the rejection of the vowel previously accented, ni2^, ^^"^nnn, but : IT 3. When a simple syllable is attached to a word either directly or by means of a union vowel, the accent is given to the penult, cm, no^ti, ^i^nos-a, bp_, nib]?. "The suffix Tj follows the general rule, when preceded by a union vowel, but draws the accent upon itself when it is not, T^«, ^i:- 4. A consonant appended to a long final vowel draws the accent to the ultimate, ^n'^^;', i^fri^^. 5. Appended mixed syllables always receive the accent, nmbn, DDSbia. 6. The only prefixes which afibct the position of the ac- cent are the Vav Conversive of the future, which draws it back from a mixed ultimate to a simple penult, "iiaS^^l ; and the Vav Conversive of the preterite, which throws it forward from the penult to the ultimate, jf^'!>^^'i . § 17. Becession of the Accent. A conjunctive is frequently removed from the ultimate to the penult, if a disjunctive immediately follows, whether upon a monosyllable or the penult of a dissyllable, nb^b i^'i]? Gen. 1:5. 1* 10' ORTHOGRAPHY. §§18,19. § 18. Pause Accents, The greater disjunctives, which mark the limits of clauses and sections, arc called pause accents. These sometimes stand upon the penult in words ordi- narily accented on the ultimate, ''ibij , "^pjij ; or vice versa upon the ultimate in place of the penult, "^^^'^l . They also occasion certain vowel changes, viz., they 1. Lengthen short vowels, "li?^ , n^s: . 2. Restore vowels dropped in inflection, ^^^"^ , ^"^l*^- 3. Change simple Sh'va to Seghol, '^n^, '^fT; . 4. Change compound Sh'va to the corresponding long vowel, ^i:iit, ^pij . §19. Cotisecution of Accents. The last word in every verse receives Silluk, and is fol- lowed by two dots vertically placed ( : ) called Soph Pasuk (i. e. end of the verse). If the verse consists of two clauses, the last word of the first clause is marked by Athnahh. If of three clauses, which is the greatest number that any verse can contain, the first is limited by Segholta, the second by Athnahh, and the last by Silluk. These clauses are divided into sections, if necessary, by one or more of the disjmictives, Zakeph Katon, Zakeph Gadhol, R'bhi% Pazer, and T'Hsha G'dhola. In the sections thus created the accents are disposed relatively to the disjunctive which marks its close, see XX, G. p. 48. Each disjunctive of the first class is regularly preceded by one conjunctive and a disjunctive of the second class ; disjunctives of the second class by two conjunctives and a disjunctive of the third class ; disjunctives of the third class by three conjunctives and a disjunctive of the fourth class ; ^ 20, 21. ACCENTS. 11 and disjunctives of the fourth class by four or more con- junctives. The trains of accents thus formed are adapted to sections of different length and character by omitting such of the Conjunctives and more rarely by repeating such of the Dis- junctives, as the mutual relations of the words may seem to require, and breaking off the series whenever all the words in the section have been supplied. ^ 20. MaUepl, Malvkeph' ( " ) is used to connect words. Monosyllabic particles especially are frequently thus Unked with the suc- ceeding or preceding word, '^S'ni^5^n"ayj . Where two or more words are united in this manner the last only has an accent. Hence a long mixed syllable, fol- lowed by Makkeph, must be shortened, ?)i3?"bD , or else receive the secondary accent Methegh, M2k'7^";''&i5 . % 21. Methegh. Methegh ( — ) represents a minor stress of the voice, which usually falls upon the second syllable before the ac- cent, and again upon the fourth, if the word have so many, If the syllable, which should receive it, is mixed, it may be given in preference to an antecedent simple syllable ; or if none such precede, it may be omitted altogether. It is always given to simple syllables, followed by a vocal ShVa, ^"i^^^ ; also to intermediate syllables followed by com- pound ShVa, or a vowel which has arisen from compound Sh'va, "^1^2^,^, ^^^i^l!! , and frequently when the Sh'va is sim- ple, nistib . The place of Methegh is often supplied by an accent chosen agreeably to the laws of consecution, DD'ansiji . 12 " ORTHOGRAPHY. § 22. ^ 22. K'ri and K'fhibh. 1. K'rl {read) is the technical name of a marginal read- ing in the Hebrew Bible, which is sanctioned by tradition as a substitute for the correspondhig reading in the text, or the K'thlbh {loritten). The vowels of the K'ri are connected with the letters of the text and a reference made to the mar- gin Avhere the letters of the former may be found. 2. If a given word is to be omitted in reading, it is left unpointed, and the note ^'^p i^bi n^^nn ivriiten hut not read, placed in the margin. If, on the other hand, a word is to be supplied, its vowels are inserted in the text, and the letters placed in the margin with the note, I'TiD i^bl "rnp read hut not written, 3. In some words of frequent occurrence, a different read- ing is suggested by the points alone, without a marginal explanation. Thus the sacred name inin** , which the Jews have a superstitious dread of pronouncing, is read by them as if it were "^T^^, Lord, whose points it accordingly receives, n'in^ , unless these two names stand in immediate connection, when to avoid repetition, it is read D'^n'^ijl and pointed !Tin;i ; so the pronoun i^in is read )SrT\ , ETYMOLOGY. § 23. Pronouns, The HebreAv pronouns are personal, demonstrative, rela- tive, and interrogative or indefinite, see III, G. pp. 95-100. When the personal pronouns stand in a relation of de- pendence to verbs, nouns, and particles, they are appended to them in abbreviated forms called the pronominal suffixes. The personal pronoun of the third person ^"n is used for the remote demonstrative that. The vowel of the interrogative nia varies with the first let- ter of the following word, see XVIII, G. pp. 99, 100. In a few instances its vowel-letter is dropped, and it is converted into a prefix, nj^ for rij n^ . § 24. Verbs. Hebrew verbs have seven different forms, called species, or conjugations, which represent as many modifications of the verbal idea, see III, G. pp. 100, 109. The first of these species is called Kal li(/ht, because in it no other than the tliree radical letters appear, and these only in their single power. The names of the other species are derived from bi^B to do, the form assumed by this verb in each species serving as its designation. To each of these species belong a preterite and future, two forms of the infinitive called respectively the absolute and the construct, a participle, and, except to the Pual and Ho-' phal which as pure passives cannot express a command, an imperative. The Kal alone has two participles. Verbs are called perfect when they conform throughout 14 ETYMOLOGY. § 25. to the standard inflection, see IV, G. pp. 114, 115 ; and im- perfect when they are compelled to deviate from it by the presence of a weak letter or some other peculiarity in the root. The vowel of the second radical in the Kal preterite of perfect verbs is commonly Pattahh, sometimes Tsere or Hho- lem ; in the Kal future and imperative it is commonly Hho- lem, thoudi it is sometimes Pattahh. Such as have Tsere or Hholem in the preterite regularly take Pattahh in the future and imperative. Tav of the prefixed fin in Hithpael is transposed with the first radical of the verb, if it be one of the sibilants o , T23 or ilJ ; with ii the in is transposed and in addition changed to t: ; with 1 , t: or n , and occasionally with other letters, the n is assimilated to the first radical and united with it by Da- ghesh-forte, banon, pTJ2fn, pi^n. § 25. Peculiar Forms. AVhen the last radical is t\ or 5, it is united by Da- ghesh-forte with personal endings beginning with the same letter. The vowel-letter n may be added to the 2 masc. sing, of the preterite and dropped from the fem. plurals of the future and imperative. Pinal ) is sometimes added to u of the preterite, and to u and I of the future. The Kal construct infinitive in a few instances has Pat- tahh in place of Hholem, niio, bsiij ; and occasionally it takes a feminine ending, tipDn for pn'^ . The Niphal absolute infinitive may be either l^bpp or A few verbs have Pattahh or Seghol as the vowel of the second radical in the Piel preterite ; Pattahh also occurs in the Hithpael. §^ 26, 27. PARAGOGIC FUTURE, 15 Pual sometimes has Kamets-Hhatupli and Hophal Kib- buts in the first syllable. ^26. Faragogic and Apocopated Fidiire and Imperative. 1. The vowel n^ is appended to the first person of the future, and, in a very few instances, to the third person sin- gular, to express desire or determination, J^i^r^Di we ivill break or let us break. This is called the paragogic or cohortative future. ' 2. The apocopated or jussive future is a shortened form of the second or third persons singular and expresses a wish or command, or with a negative dissuasion or prohibition. In perfect verbs it is distinguished from the simple future only in the Hiphil species, in which the *> . of the ultimate is changed to (..), ^?i?ri thou may est understand or understand thou, 3. Paragogic n^ is sometimes appended to the masculine singular of the imperative, softening the command into an entreaty or expression of desire, "^W^, oh, hear I or prag, hear ! § 27. Vav Conversive. Vav Conversive is a modification of the copulative 1 and, and is so called because it has, in certain cases, the remarka- ble effect of converting the future into a preterite and the preterite into a future. Vav Conversive prefixed to the future takes Pattahh fol- lowed by Daghesh-forte in the next letter. If this be Yodh with Sh'va, Daghesh is usually omitted. Before i5 of the first person, which cannot receive Daghesh, Pattahh is lengthened to Kamets. The verb commonly suffers the same change as in the apocopated future, § 26. 2, and in the first person sometimes has paragogic n^ . 16 ETYMOLOGY. H ~8, 29. Vav Conversive prefixed to the preterite has the same pointing with Vav Conjunctive, see XVIII, G. p. 262. For the influence of Vav Conversive on the accent, see §16. 6. § 28. Verbs ivith Suffuxes. The personal pronouns are frequently suffixed to the verbs of which they are the object. The suffixes are joined directly to those verbal forms which end in a vowel ; those forms which end in a conso- nant insert before ^ , tD? and ■)? a vocal Sh va, and before the remaining suffixes a full vowel, which, in the preterite, is mostly a, and, in the future and imperative, mostly e. Nun epenthetic is sometimes inserted between the future of the verb and the suffix, particularly in emphatic and pausal forms. The suffixes are given in Table III, G, (folded leaf), both in then- primary forms, and as modified by the union vowels and Nun epenthetic. Various parts of the verb in connec- tion with suffixes are shown in Table V, G. pp. 138, 139. The first and second persons of the verb do not receive suffixes of the same person with themselves. § 29. Inqoerfed Verbs. Imperfect Verbs depart more or less from the standard inflection, as the nature of their radicals may require. They are of three classes, viz. : I. Guttiu^al verbs, or those which have a guttural letter in the root. II. Contracted verbs, two of whose radicals are in certain cases contracted into one. III. Quiescent verbs, or those which have a quiescent or vowel-letter in the root. There are three kinds of guttural verbs : § 30. GUTTURAL VERBS. 17 1. Pe Guttural verbs, or those whose first radical is a guttural. 2. Ayiu Guttural verbs, or those whose second radical is a guttural. 3. Lamedh Guttural verbs, or those v/hose third radical is a guttural. There are tv^^o kinds of contracted verbs : 1 . Pe Nun verbs, or those whose first radical is Nun. 2. Ayiu Doubled verbs, or those whose second and third radicals are alike. There are four kinds of quiescent verbs : 1. Pe Yodh verbs, or those v/hose first radical is Yodh. 2. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh verbs, or those whose second radical is Vav or Yodh. 3. Lamedh Aleph verbs, or those whose third radical is Alepli. 4. Lamedh He verbs, or those in wliich He takes the place of the thud radical. These names, like those of the verbal species, § 24, are derived from the verb ^?& to do ; a Pe Guttural verb is one which has a guttural in that place Avhich Pe occupies in b>'3 , that is, as its first radical ; and so with the rest. § 30. Guttural Verbs. Gutturals have the four foUoAving peculiarities : 1 . They prefer the vowel Pattahh. 2. They receive Pattahh-furtive. 3. They take compound in preference to simple ShVa. 4. They do not admit Daghesh-forte. Resh shares the last peculiarity, but partakes of the others only in a very limited degree. 18 ETYMOLOGY. §§31,32. § 31. Pe Guttural Verbs, see VI, G. pp. 147, 148. Hliirik of the prcformative is changed to Pattahh or Se- ghol ; to the latter chiefly in those parts or tenses in which the second radical has prevailingly a. For simple Sh'va the guttural takes compound, either Hhateph-Pattahli, or a Hhateph conformed to the preceding short vowel. Before a vowelless letter this compound ShVa becomes a short vowel in an intermediate syllable. Upon the omission of Daghesh-forte in the infinitive fu- ture and imperative Niphal, the precedhig Hhirik is length- ened to Tsere. A few verbs, whose first radical is i5, receive Hholem in the first syllable of the Kal future, the second vowel being Pattahh or Tsere. This is called the Pe Aleph (xb) mode of inflection. § 32. Ayin Guttural Verbs, see VII, G. p. 155. The vowel following the guttural is converted into Pat- tahh in the future and imperative Kal and in the feminine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. When the second radical should receive simple ShVa, it takes Hhateph-Pattahh instead ; and to this the new vowel formed from Sh'va in the feminine singular and masculine plural of the imperative is assimilated. Daghesh-forte is always omitted from the second radical in Picl, Pual, and Hithpael, in which case the preceding vowel may remain short in an intermediate syllable, or Hhi- rik may be lengthened to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamcts, and Kibbuts to Hholem. §§ 33, 3-1. LAMEDII GUTTIJUAL VERBS. 19 § 33. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, see VIII, G. p. 160. The vowel preceding the thh'd radical becomes Pattahh in the future and imperative Kal and in the feminine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. Tsere preceding the third radical may either be changed to Pattahh or retained ; in the latter case, the guttural takes Pattahh-furtive. Hhirik, Hholem (of the infinitive), and Shm'ek suffer no change before the final guttural which receives a Pattahh- furtive. The guttural retains the simple Sh'va of the perfect verb before personal terminations beginning with a consonant, though compound Sh'va is used before suffixes. When, however, a personal affix consists of a single vow- elless letter, as in the second feminine singular of the pre- terite, the guttural receives a Pattahh-furtive. § 34. Fe Nun (ss) Verbs, see IX, G. p. 164. Nun, as the first radical of verbs, has two pecuharities, viz. : 1. At the end of syllables it is commonly assimilated to the following consonant, the two letters being WTitten as one, and the doubling indicated by Daghesh-forte. In the Ho- phal Kamets-Hhatuph becomes Kibbuts before the doubled letter. 2. In the Kal imperative with Pattahh it is frequently dropped, its sound being easily lost at the beginning of a syl- lable when it is without a vowel. A like rejection occurs in the Kal infinitive construct of a few verbs, the abbreviation being in this case compensated by adding the feminine ter- mination n. ■jnj assimilates its last as well as its first radical. rjpb has the pecuharities of Pe Nun verbs. 20 • j:tymology. § 35. § 35. AijU Douhled i^vi) Verbs, see X, G. pp. 170, 171. In the Kal, Niphal, Iliphil, and Hoplial the repetition of the same sonncl is avoided by vniiting the two similar radi- cals and giving the intervening vowel to the previous letter, thns : 30 for nno , nb for nno . In the Kal this contraction is optional in the preterite ; it is rare in the infinitive absolute though usual in the con- struct, and it never occurs in the participles. With these exceptions it is universal in the species already named. Tliis contraction produces certain changes both in the vowel, which is thrown back, and in that of the preceding syllalde. 1. When the first radical has a vowel (pretonic Kamets) this is simply displaced by the vowel of the second radical, nno , no • nhsn , nibn . 2. When the first radical ends a mixed syllable, this will become simple upon the shifting of the vowel from the second radical to the first. Then a Daghesh-forte may be given to the first radical in order to preserve the preceding short vowel, or the preformative may take the simplest of the long- vowels c2, or its previous vowel may be lengthened from Hliirik to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamets, and Kamets-Hhatuph to Shurek, thus : nsD^ becomes no^' or nb^ , and "^b"'?? "i"^!! . 3. The vowel, which has been thrown back, is com- pressed as vowels usually are before two consonants. Thus in the Niphal future and imperative, niS';' , i&? ; ^4?»7 , ^^H (comp. biap, pbtbp?) ; in the Hiphil, =i^5?n, ^k^ (comp. b^i?)::), n:bbpn). Although the letter, into which the second and third radicals have been contracted, represents two consonants, the doubling cannot be made to appear at the end of the word. But, ] . When in the course of inflection a vowel is added, the letter receives Daghesh-forte and the preceding vowel, even § 36. PE YODII VERBS. 21 where it would be dropped in perfect verbs, is retained to make the doubling possible, and hence preserves its accent, T - ? T 2. Upon the addition of a personal ending which begins with a consonant, the utterance of the doubled letter is aided by inserting o (i) in the preterite, and e C'..) in the future. By the dissyllabic appendage thus formed the accent is car- ried forward, and the previous part of the word is shortened in consequence as much as possible, noJi , tniapn ; no^ , T V \ : 3. When, by the operation of a rule already given, the first radical has been doubled, the reduplication of the last radical is frequently omitted in order to relieve the word of too many doubled letters, "^n©^ , njnibn . The Piel, Pual, and Hitlipael sometimes preserve the per- fect forms, sometimes reduplicate the contracted root, as tjDDD , bpbj^nn , and sometimes give up the reduplication alto- gether and insert the long vowel Hholem after the first radi- cal, nnio , b%m . In the Kal and Hiphil futures, when the penult is a sim- ple syllable, the accent is drawn back by Vav Conversive and the vowel of the ultimate is shortened, ^o^ , no^ ; np^, noh . § 36. Fe Yodh (^s) Verbs, see XII, G. p. 179. The first radical is mostly Yodh at the beginning, and Vav at the close, of a syllable. In the Kal future, if Yodh be retained it will quiesce in and prolong the previous Hhirik, and the second radical will take Pattahh, e. g. '^%^") ; if the first radical be rejected the previous Hhirik is commonly lengthened to Tsere, 'ig;? , the Pattahh of the second syllable being sometimes changed to Tsere to correspond with it, iffi*^ ; in a few instances Hhirik is preserved by giving Daghesh-forte to the second radical as in Pe Nun verbs, "r^k^. , pi? . 22 ETYMOLOGY. § 37. Those verbs which reject Yoclh in the Kal future, reject it Kkevvise in the imperative and infinitive construct, the infini- tive being prolonged as in Pe Nun verbs by the feminine termination. In the Niphal preterite and participle, Vav quiesces in its homogeneous vowel liholem ; in the infinitive, future, and imperative, Avhere it is doubled, it retains its consonantal character. In the Hiphil, Vav quiesces in Hholem ; a few verbs have Yodh quiescing in Tsere, n'^b'^n , n^t:''.';' ; more rarely still the first radical is dropped and the preceding short vowel is pre- served by doubling the second radical, ^^^^ , ^^k"} . In the Hophal, Vav quiesces in Shurek ; occasionally the short vowel is preserved and Daghesh inserted in the second radical, ^k^ . In the Hithpael the first radical is commonly Yodh, but a few verbs have Vav. ^ 37. J7/{?t Vav {^i>) and Ayiii Yodh i^b) Verbs, see XI, G. pp. 186, 187. 1 . The quiescent may be rejected and its vowel given to the preceding radical. So in the Kal preterite : Dp for DiJ^, where d is in partial compensation for the contraction, tifi for TT\yi . Active participle d;^ for dijp, ™ for t^j'a, the ordinary participial form being superseded by that of another verbal derivative. Hiphil and Hophal : d'^pin for D^ijpn , D'lp;' for D'^^i)?!' , Gp^'^ for Dlf?v^, the short vowel of the prefix being pro- longed in a simple syllable. 2. Or it may be converted into its homogeneous vowel u or i, Dip, I'^'i ; Dip;*, ^'^"1^, the prefix usually taking the simplest of the long vowels, a, ; u combined with a preceding or accompanying a forms D, Kal abs. infin. Dip =r /caum, Niphal Dips for Dip? . 3. In the first and second pei-sons of the Niphal and Hiphil preterites, o ( i ) is inserted before the affixed termina- § 38, 39. LAMEDll ALEPH AND HE VERBS'. 23 tions, and sometimes c C"..) in the feminine plumls of the Kal future. In the Niphal preterite, when the inserted i receives the accent, the preceding i is for euphony changed to ^ . 4. In the Kal and Hiphil species the apocopated future takes o and e in distinction from the ordinary future, which has u and f, nif;';' , nij;" . With Vav Conversive the accent is drawn back to the simple penult, and the vowel of the last syllable is shortened, m?'^!!, nt?'^l. In the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, the form of perfect verbs is rarely adopted, the second radical appearing as 1, e. g. 1?.^, or as '^j e. g. D!^p. Commonly the third radical is reduplicated instead of the second, which then quiesces in Hholem, Pi. Q^aip, Pu. Q^ip, Hith. oiiK'S^. Sometimes the quiescent letter is omitted from the root, and the resulting biliteral is reduplicated, Pi. b^bs, Pu. bsbs. § 38. Lamed/i Aleph {^^) Verbs, see XIII, G. p. 193. Aleph, as the third radical of verbs, retains its consonantal character only when it stands at the beginning of a syllable. At the 'end of the word it invariably quiesces in the preceding vowel, and if this be Pattahh, it is lengthened to Kamets ; so always in the Kal future and imperative, where K as a guttural requires a, ^isio';^ for ^Vi^, . Before syllabic affixes « quiesces in Kamets in the Kal preterite 1^K?'59, except in those words which have Tsere as their proper vowel, 1^^^"}^ In the preterites of the derivative species it quiesces in Tsere, and in all futures and impera- tives in Seo-hol. % 39. Lamedh He (n"b) Verls, see XIV, G. pp. 198, 199. The third radical, which is Yodh or Vav, does not appear at the end of the word except in the Kal passive participle 24 • ETYMOLOGY. § 40. ^^% ; in all other cases it is rejected or softened, the resulting vowel termination being usually expressed by the letter n. The various preterites end in n^ . The futures and participles in n... The imperatives in n.. . The absolute infinitives in !t or n.. . The construct infinitives have the feminine ending ni . Before personal endmgs beginning with a vowel, the last radical (though occasionally retained in prolonged and pausal forms ^"'gn), is commonly rejected, and its vowel given to the antecedent consonant, ^^J for ^^^5 . Before personal endings beginning with a consonant the radical ^ remains and quiesces in either Hhirik or Tsere in the preterites and in Seghol in the futures and imperatives. The third person feminine of the preterites retains the pri- mary characteristic n^, t^'ji?, which is commonly softened by an appended n^ , nnbj . Forms not augmented by personal endings lose thoir final vowel before suffixes, e. g. ^^%j ^)i from n^j. The preterite 3 fern, takes its simple form, e. g. "^nn^j or '^'pi^ . The final vowel n.. is rejected from the futures wlien apocopated, or when preceded by Vav Conversive, e. g. bi^, bi^n from T\h"^ . The concurrence of final consonants thence resulting in the Kal and Hiphil is commonly relieved by in- serting an unaccented Seghol between them, Kal, b^p or bj"?. from n^.):' ; Hiph. "^^ , bj^.l from nS.);) . The final vowel n.. is sometimes rejected from the imper- ative in the Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael species, e. g. % for ^h, ^^^T} for nbi^n, bhnn for rrkm •rjn to he, fut. riV*';' , npoc. Ti^ , part. nh"n . Tm to live, fut. n"Jn7 , apoc. '^ri;' . § 40. BoubJ// Imperfect Verbs. Verbs which have two weak letters in the root, or which are so constituted as to belong to two different classes of im- ^ 41, 42. UNUSUAL FORMS. 25 perfect verbs, commonly exhibit tlie peculiarities of both, mi- less they interfere with or limit one another. Thus, a verb which is both ^'b and Tib will follow the analogy of both para- digms, the former in its first, and the latter in its second syllable. But in verbs which are both lb and Ji"5 , the 1 is invariably treated as a perfect consonant, and the ti'b pecu- liarities are alone preserved, § 41. Umtsual Forms. Verbs belonging to one class of imperfect verbs occasion- ally adopt forms from another and closely related class. Thus, a ^b verb may appear with a T\b form, or an 13? verb with an i'^ form, or vice versa. A few verbs of different classes adopt the peculiar ^'"P or lb modes of forming the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, inserting the vowel o instead of the usual reduplication, e. g. t^niJJ and tl3iiij , Piels of cni? , 'lio^jnf and ^^nT}": from tn, or doubling the third radical in place of the second, e. g. 1??*^ , bbiz'i^ , tr\)^)_ ( = nii^j) from nb ( == ikj), ninnirn (fut. fii^nT?:^ , with Vav. Conv. ^^fei?!^]) from "rh"^ , or reduplicating an entire syl- lable, e. g. ^^'i^n, ^mno. A very few instances occur of what may be called com- pound species ; thus, Niphal of Pual 'i^^iljj , Niphal of Hith- pael ^"^tSllp , "1S23D , J njniBD . ^42. Qtiadrilitercd Verbs. The number of quadriliteral verbs is very small. Some adopt the voAvels and inflections of the Piel and Pual species, while others foUoAV the Hiphil. 26 etymology. §§ 43, 44. Nouns. ^43. Gender and Number. Nouns in Hebrew are of two genders, masculine and feminine. The masculine has no characteristic termination ; the feminine ends in n^ or ti . There are three numbers, the singular, dual, and plural. The plm^al of masculine nouns ends in d''. , or more rarely "}*>. , and that of feminine nouns in Jni . It is to be observed, however, that a number of feminine nouns lack the characteristic ending in the singular. Also that some masculine nouns take tii in the plural, some femi- nines take D"^. , and some of each gender take indifferently D^ . or ni . The dual is restricted for the most part to the names of objects occurring in pairs. It ends in d\ in nouns of both genders. % 44. Feminine, Dual, and Plural, see XV, G. pp. 246, 247. The following changes result from appending those ter- minations to nouns. I. The feminine ending n . 1. If the ultimate is simple there is no change. 2. If the ultimate is mixed, a Segholate form is adopted, i. e. an unaccented Seghol, or, if the last letter be a guttural, Pattahh is inserted before the termination. • II. The feminine n^ , the plural D''. or tii, and the dual D^ . In a mixed ultimate, 1. Tsere is rejected except from monosyllables, or when the preceding voAvel is a pretonic Kamets. Other vowels suffer no change. ^^45,46. FEMININE NOUNS. 27 2. The final letter is doubled in nouns from contracted S'b roots, in those in which consonants concurring at the end have coalesced, and in a few others. 3. Segholates, i. e. nouns with an unaccented vowel in the ultimate, resume their primary monosyllabic form before the feminine ending n^ ; in the plural, and occasionally in the dual, they receive pretonic Kamets, and the original vowel of the monosyllable falls away. In a simple ultimate, 1. n.. is rejected. 2. '^. becomes tij. , U^\ or D"". , W. . In the penult, Kamets and Tsere are rejected, except from nouns in ?i.. . § 45, lu Feminine Nouns. Feminine nouns in n^ , if derived from Segholates, § 44, insert pretonic Kamets in the plural, and drop their original voAvel ; if not, they simply substitute the plural for the sin- gular ending. Feminine nouns in tn.. substitute the plural for the singu- lar ending, and either reject the preceding vowel, or restore it to what it would have been, if n.. had not been appended. Nouns in ln"> and til take tii\ and lii^ . § 46. Construct State. When one noun stands in a relation of dependence on another, the first is put in the construct state. A noun which is not so related to a following one, is said to be in the absolute state. Thus, ^^^ tvord, is in the absolute state ; but in the expression ^';^n ">^^ the word of the king, ^V\ is in the construct state. The construct is a shortened form, the speaker naturally 28 ETYMOLOGY. §§ 47-49. hastening forward from tlie first noun to the second, which is necessary to complete the idea. § 47. Its Formation, see XV, G. pp. 246, 247. The following changes occm^ in the formation of the construct : 1. The feminine n^ becomes ti. ; the dual D^", and the plural D"^. become ''. . 2. In a mixed ultimate Kamets is shortened to Pattahh ; so is Tsere when preceded by pretonic Kamets. 3. Medial 1 and ^ commonly quiesce in Hholem and Tsere in the construct ; so, frequently, in the absolute dual and plural, and before suffixes ; final ^_ becomes ''.. . 4. In a simple ultimate n.. becomes n. . 5. Kamets and Tsere are rejected fi:om the syllable pre- ceding the accent ; and, if this occasions a concurrence of vowelless consonants, a short vowel is inserted between them. § 48. Faragogic Voioels. The unaccented vowel n^ added to nouns indicates mo- tion or direction toAvards a place, whence it is called He directive or He local. Paragogic '^. , i or n^ are sometimes appended to nouns without affecting the sense. § 49. Nouns with Suffixes. The pronominal suffixes are appended to nouns in the sense of possessive pronouns. The forms which they assume when attached to singular nouns, or combined with ^ .. of nouns in the dual and plural, are shown in Table XVI, G. p. 254. I. Before the grave suffixes (viz. : DD , "JD , Dn , "jn). § 50. IRREGULAR NOUNS. 29 Nouns of both genders and of all. numbers take the form of the construct. II V Before the Hght suffixes, 1. Singular or plural nouns with a feminine ending adopt the construct form, only in_ is changed to fi, . 2. Singular or plural nouns not having a feminine end- ing adopt the same form as before the absolute plural ter- mination. 3. Dual nouns retain the form which they have before the absolute dual termination. III. Before all suffixes, grave or light, 1. Segholate nouns in the singular revert to their mono- syllabic form, as before the feminine ending n^ . 2. Pinal letters, which are doubled in the plural, or in which two consonants have coalesced, are doubled. 3. Final n.. is dropped. § 50. Irregular Nouns. The following nouns of frequent occurrence are irregular in the plural : TlJ'^k man ' plur. D'^faiit rarely ^^^W"^ r\^)^ woman, const. ™s plur. D'ifcj n'bsj maidservant plur. ^i»il2i5 ri;^i house plur. D'lpa 1^1 son plm\ D'^sa T\% daugJtter, suf. ''nin plm\ riiba Di*^ day plur. D^^bj rarely f^i^J n^^ citi/ plur. D'^n? once n^n;;'? m\ head plur. W^insry The nouns S^ father, Hi} brother, and !i| mouth, take the vowel ''. in the construct and before suffixes, e. g. const. ^ii? , suf. ^n« , iTj^nij . 30 ETYMOLOGY. §§ 51-53. § 51. Numerals, see XVII, G. pp. 255-258. The cardinals from tliree to ten are in form of the sinc-u- lar number, and have a feminine termination when joined to mascnhne nouns^ but omit it when joined to feminine nouns. The tens are formed by adding the masculine plural termination to the units, D'^'^i)^? twenty being, however, de- rived not from two but from ten "^i^i? . There are no distinct forms for ordinals above ten, the cardinal numbers being used instead. Fractional parts are expressed by the feminine ordinals, as well as by special terms. § 52. Prefixed Particles. Particles of one letter are prefixed to the following word, and their vowels are regulated by its initial consonant. This is the case with the definite article * v} the, the sign of interrogation Ji, the inseparable prepositions S in^ 3 ac- cording to, ^ to, • "52 an abbreviation of ^j^ from, and the con- junction 1 and ; see XVIII, G. pp. 258-2G3. After the prepositions i , 3 , b , the letter n of the article is generally dropped, and its vowel given to the preposi- tion. The initial n of the Hiphil and Niphal infinitives is occasionally rejected in like manner. Initial i^ sometimes quiesces after the inseparable prepo- sitions and Vav Conjunctive, ''^^55 for '^inxa, nrs^b for "i'^^*^, in'bxi for ''n'bi^i . Before suffixes d assumes the syllable i"'^ and 'J'a redu- plicates itself, see-XVIII, G. p. 262. § 53. Sejjarate Particles. The longer particles, whether adverbs, prepositions, con- • junctions, or interjections, are written as separate words. ^ 53. SEPARATE PARTICLES. 31 The prepositions "in^ after, "b^ to, n:? unto, b^_ upon, and Mi^r) under, assume before suffixes the form of nouns in the masculine pbral, e. g. ^^T^y^., ^""^^jj ; ^k between, adopts sometimes a singular, sometimes a masculine plural, and sometimes a feminine pku'al form, ir:n and l^'b''^, ^-"^^^ and ^5^ni3^5. The preposition n^ loith, commonly becomes T\^ before suffixes, e. g. "^jnii^ , dini? , and is thus distinguished from m^^ the sign of the definite object, which becomes ^155 , or before grave suffixes, tiij , e. g. ""rii^ , Dsriij . SYNTAX. § 54. The Cojmla, The predicate of a sentence, if a substantive, adjective, or pronoun, may be directly connected with its subject without an intervening copula, Ql^? n'^nin'^riS-bD all her paths (are) j)eace^ f ^T ^"^^ ^^^^ ^^'^^ (was) good. Or the verb n':;n to he, or the pronoun )^^ of the third person, may be used as a copula, ^nh nn^n "fl^iJO ^/^^ ^^r/^ was desolate, t^'t'S i<^n '^i^'^n'in insn the fourth river is Euphrates. § 55. :7%^ Article. The article is used in Hebrew as in English to distinguish an object as one which ' has been mentioned before, as well known, as the only one of its class, or as distinguished above others of like kind. It is also prefixed to nouns employed in a generic or uni- versal sense, isijn gold, S^^^nn wisdom. So in comparisons, li?? as a (lit. the) nest, Isa. 10 : 14. It is likewise found in some cases where the English idiom requires a word still more specific, as a possessive pronoun : she took 5:]''2?2in the veil. Gen. 24 : 65, i. e. the one which she had, her veil ; or a demonstrative, as before words denoting time, Di^n to-day, riji^n tlds year ; or the sign of the voca- tive, tjbian Uny I § 56. Nouns definite icithout the Article. The following are definite without the article : §^ 57-59. ADJECTIVES. 33 1. Proper nouns, which only receive it if they were ori- ginally appellatives. 2. Nouns with pronominal suffixes. 3. Nouns in the construct state before a definite noun. The article is often omitted in poetry where it would be required in prose. § 57. Adjectives. Both qualifying and predicate adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns to v/hich they belong. Qualifying adjectives usually stand after the noun and agree with it likewise in definiteness, that is to say, if the noun is made definite whether by the article or in any of the waj^s specified in the preceding section, they receive the arti- cle. Din ]% a ivise son, nniton f"i^*n the good land. Predicate adjectives commonly stand before the noun, and do not take the article, even though the noun is definite, ^3'^n nib the loord is good. § 58. Demonstrative Fronouns, Demonstrative pronouns follow the same rule of position and agreement, only the nouns which they qualify are inva- riably definite, n^Kn D^^^^n these things, D^^n'^n n|i5 these are the tilings. If both an adjective and a demonstrative quahfy the same noun, the demonstrative is placed last^ fii^tn nnir^n f"iKn this good land. § 59. Comparison of Adjectives. Comparison is expressed by means of the preposition 1^ from, placed after the adjective or other word expressive of quality, D'^b^ss^ n^DH nhiD loisdom is better than rubies, ht. is good from rubies ; ^wi bky^_ I will be greater than thou. 34 SYNTAX. H ^0> ^1- The superlative degree may be expressed, 1. By adding ^^ all to the comparative particle l^p, D'lp-'^.ra-bs^a binj greatest of all the sons of the east, lit. great from all, etc. 2. By an emphatic use of the positive, so as to imply the possession of the attribute in an eminent degree, D'^iSf^ J^^jn fairest among toomen, lit. the fair one, etc. § 60. Numerals. The cardinal ^n« c;^^ and the ordinal numbers are treated like other adjectives, and follow the rules of position and agreement already given. The other cardinals may stand, 1 . In the absolute state before the noun to which they belong. 2. Before it in the construct state (if they have such a form). 3. After it in the absolute state. Nouns accompanied by the cardinals from 2 to 1 are almost invariably plural, while those which are preceded by the tens (20-90) or numbers compounded with tliem (21, etc.) are commonly put m the singular, D'li© s^niri n;© D^'i©:? twenty years and seven years. The cardinals above one may receive the article when the noun is not expressed, but not when joined to a definite noun, D-^in^s^n the forty, Di'^n D^3??^s* the forty days. § 61. Apposition. One noun may be in apposition with another, not only when both denote the same person or thing, but also when the second specifies the first by stating the material of which it consists, its quaUty, character, or the like, ricnsn "ij^an the oxen the brass, i. e. the brazen oxen ; ITQ^ D^'i^D "^ = l^f^^'^^ measures (consisting of) meal. ^§ 62, 63. THE CONSTRUCT STATE. 35 § 62. The Construct State. When one noun is limited in its meaning by another, the first is put in the construct state. The relation thus ex- pressed corresponds for the most part to the genitive case, or to that denoted in English by the preposition of. When the relation between two nouns is expressed by a preposition, the first commonly remains in the absolute state ; it may, however, especially in poetry, be put in the construct, l^Sbiin ^'Sri mountains in Gilhoa. Nouns are sometimes in the construct before a succeeding clause with which they are closely connected ; thus, before a relative clause, "niiJ^ Dipt) the place ivhere, etc., particularly when the relative is itself omitted, Jibirn-i^a bi/ the hand of (him whom) thou wilt send; and even before the copulative, t^TX) t^^^n loisdom and hioioledge. An adjective, participle, or demonstrative, qualifying a noun in the construct state, cannot foUow it immediately, but must be placed after the governed noun, bi'ijn nin^ m'^?^ the great work of Jehovah. An article or suffix belonging to a noun in the construct must be attached, not to it, but to the governed noun, b^riD ^^^"^"^ the mighty men of valour, inriT ^^T^^.. his idols of gold. The preposition b to, belonging to, with or without a pre- ceding relative pronoun, may be substituted for the construct relation in its possessive sense, S^tO'^bisib n^^in the house of Elisha, TOi?^ ^m l^^n her father s sheep. § 63. Tenses of Verbs. The Hebrew has distinct forms of the verb corresponding to the two grand divisions of time, the past and the futm^e ; but all subordinate modifications or shades of meaning are either suggested by accompanying particles, or left to be in- 36 SYNTAX. H 64, 65. ferrecl from the connection. Whatever is or is conceived of as past, is put in the preterite ; the future is used for all that is or is conceived of as future. §64. The Preterite. The preterite may a^ccordingly be employed to denote, 1. The past, whether it be, a. Absolute, i. e. the historical imperfect, God i^^S created. b. Relative to the present, i. e. the perfect, tohat is tJtis that tn''p:j thou hast done ? c. Rektive to another past, i. e. the pluperfect, God ended his work which Snp? he had made. d. Relative to a future, i. e. the future perfect, he shall he called holj/, ivhen the Lord f n*! shall have loashed, etc. e. Conditional, except the Lord had left a remnant, ^S'^'^.J^ we shoidd have been as Sodom. f. Optative, ^snb'^b that tve had died. g. Subjunctive, tJJii^'i^ ']:?'ab in order that ye mi(/htfear. 2. The present, regarded as a continuation of the past, ^tfa^ L am thirsty, prop. L have been and still am thirsty. 3. General truths, embodying the experience of the past, an ox "Syi hioweth his owner, oxen always have done so, and always will. 4. The future, when described by the prophets as though it had already taken place, Babylon nS&j has fallen. § 65. The Future, The future tense is used in speaking of, 1. The future, whether it be, a. Absolute, npyjs^ / loill make. h. Relative to a past, Elisha loas fallen sick of his sick^ ness, wlbereof tn^^a^ he was to die. & 66. THE SECONDARY TENSES. 37 c. Conditional, dut (if it were my case) tD^^^ / wotcid see/c unto God. d. Optative, expressing desire, determination, permission, or command, so ^1D2^'^ may all thine enemies perish ; all that thou commandest us, ™5JJ toe loill do ; of the fruit ^?t?52 we may eat ; mine ordinances ^.I'aisn j^5:£^^ they loent out (of) the city. 2. Any verb may govern its cognate noun, or a noun which defines the extent of its application, V^jn"rib5 Ji^n he was diseased in his feet. The verb usually stands first, its subject next, and its object last, unless the emphasis requires a difierent order. § 70. Verbs with more than ojie Object. Some verbs have more than one object, viz, : 1. The causatives of transitive verbs. 2. Verbs whose action may be regarded under different aspects as terminating upon different objects. 3. The instrument of an action, the material used in its performance, its design, or its result, may be its secondary or remote object, "jnij inb5 TO^'i^l and they overwhelmed him with stones, ^^S' Q'lfi^n-nij ^^^'^;i and he formed the man of dust. If an active verb is capable of governing, a double object, its passive m.ay govern the more remote of them. § 71. Adverbial Expressions. Adverbs commonly stand after the words to which they belong. 40 SYNTAX. ^ 72, 73. Nouns may be placed absolutely to express the relations of time, place, measure, number, or manner. §72. Neglect of Agreement. 1. When a predicate adjective or verb precedes its noun, it often prefers a primary to a secondary form, that is to say, the masculine may be used instead of the feminine, and the singular instead of the plm^al. 2. Collective nouns may have verbs, adjectives, and pro- nouns agreeing with them in the plural. 3. Nouns plural in form, but singular in signification, commonly have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the singular. 4. Plural names of inanimate or irrational objects of either gender are occasionally joined with the feminine singular. 5. The masculine is sometimes used, when females are spoken of, from a neglect to note the gender, if no stress is laid upon it. G. Singular predicates and pronouns are sometimes em- ployed in a distributive sense of plural subjects. 7. Nouns in the dual have verbs, adjectives, and pro- nouns agreeing with them in the plural. § 73. Compound Subject. When the subject consists of two or more words con- nected by the conjunction and, the predicate, if it precedes its subject, may be put in the masculine singular as its primary form, or it may be put in the plural, referring to them all, or it may agree with the nearest word. If the predicate follows a compound subject, it is com- monly put in the plural, though it may agree with the prin- cipal word to which the otliers are suliordinate. §§ 74-76. REPETITION OF WORDS. 41 If a predicate refers equally to two words of different genders, it will be put in the masculine in preference to the feminine ; if they are of different persons, the predicate will be put in the second in preference to the third, and in the first in preference to either of the others. § 74. Bejpetitmi of Words. Repetition may denote distribution, niij T\\yb year hy year, plurality, "irr^h yeneration and generation, i. e. many generations, or emphasis and intensity, pis? ptilj exceeding deejj. In verbs the absolute infinitive is joined with the finite forms for the sake of emphasis or intensity, nifan nib thoit shalt surely die. § 75. Relative Pro7ioim. When the relative "ifcis: is governed by a verb, noun, or preposition, this is shown by appending the appropriate pro- nominal Suffix to the governing word, thou ^^nnnin -liiJiJ; whom I have chosen, ^by_ '^m whose seed. When the relative is preceded by nk the sign of the definite object, or by a preposition, these pertain not to the relative, but to its antecedent, which is to be supplied. The relative is frequently omitted, not only, as in English, when it is the object of its clause, but also when it is tlie subject, and he forsook God''>r\p^ (who) made him. The demonstrative r.T or ^T is frequently used in poetry with the force of a relative, in which case it suffers no change for gender or number. 42 SYNTAX. § 76. § 76. Conjunctions. The simple copulative !i is used in Hebrew, where our idiom requires different conjunctions ; the relation between clauses so connected must often be inferred from their signification. Vav also serves, 1. To introduce the apodosis or second member of a con- ditional sentence, if God loill he with me and keep me •^';^7'^ then shall Jehovah he my God. 2. To connect a statement of time or a noun placed absolutely with the clause to which it relates, on the third day DO"^^^ ^P^!! Abraham lifted up his eyes. EXERCISES IN READING. 1. Pronouns. If IT J- !• T • v / V : • -: <• -: i- : j it ; <• -: ^y n^i»5?^ n^^rn'a inVdjc ^D:n nr nr^a^n^ i^:::i^ r\r\^ iis :Dbi)b^ K T J* T V - I • V : •/:• IX - I- !• ; \t - r it : « - r? - ••• ": • t - t !• j ' ; : • »• • t : j- • i t t< » •• -:i- :v : • it v.- : - : ;v : : - rr t -: it ' § 54. * D^ with suffix. ^ prep. 03? with suf. * 12 with suf. ^ § 52. " 2 masc. sing, Kal pret. of M^^. ' 2 m. s. Hi. pret. of *1J3. s f^^^ ^ith suf. « §8 60, 52. " § 18. " plur. of Sit with suf. 2. Perfect Verbs, Kal. / - • rr : • F •■■ jv r ; c- / : - Ij- i- t : • < : - 'jt : it ^n-i^TD- \^^'iw^ ^:^^ -linia ih't riiti^ ^^sk tnin^n 'li^^n^n^ • : V- T !•• T : • /•• ; ' V ; I ■• T : j- -: , . . , ^ . . _ I : • / T : V- T ^ IT f: • iv t -r- - t rr : i- s - IT T : - y- : • TIT it - - •.- I v.- : - : i- : •• >t t (•-• 'jt: it :nn55 is'ii^ DDSi biri2-DX bs^in^^ ^53 biD ©^x^ IT •■• <: I-.' r / : • -_.._. J.. . < >§56. '^ §57. '§§50,56. * § 8. ''§18. '§50. '§53. « He interrogative § 52, inf. in the construct before its subject § 68. ® § 60. 3. The Remaining Species. -nx :n^™n-ra nnb oDb Tt^^^a ^::t\ iuT\^:th ncaDi n«!^V • IT T - / • V ir .;••• r r : - • : i- iv •• : • it : : • f v rr t : f T • V I •.. - •.• » k -: I- V T : /- ; • I" I- -: it t ■.• : 7 / -: ~ 44 EXERCISES IN READING. bii'iTC'^ ^^53 nins '^ntD^pa :DDin3 b'l.^n '^^lo-nx ^r^t-rrp :nn5?n A" T : • J" : ' V : •:-':• it : v t - /• : :• • : v- ' • v rr t Diptiia t]Dn^5 ^n23T»- jnD^b72n^ni< ^:nairn :ddiJj'ip^^ nin'' ^^2^5 nn^'i :Dbi5'-i5?i Dbi3?"pb. wnin&5b ^nns^ ^;r&5 vik^ nkn V : • V V \ : • >• I" T • IV •• -: • ; j- r :■ -: v : ■• : - ^ For TiS'nl^'? vowel shortened on account of the removal of the accent, § 9. ^ for ■ipiiinj. ^ fern. Pual participle §44. ■* Kal act. participle of Kia. 4. AViTH Vav Conversive, Suffixes, etc. Tsnri^^n iiD'^'ipnb f■1^^5 b^i^^i^ :^t:3 nin^ tj^^d*) mn ni^n IT r I »•»:-: ' -: i- j" r • - r t : vt : , ' : v - : ■/ :■ - t - !• : (rr • : t ; j- —. r ; it : v it •.• •.• v t » /- : • - it - DD^n ^n^^ntjni^ tnb^^n D^Tr:5in niBbio^ ^n^iuj^i^ jDrr^r^^b ddi V •• ; <• : • : V I" T ;• t -: IT V I : •/::•- iv " •" : iv t • - T : • T • • v: V : !• • it ; :• t ; ».-:•: •• t T^'^TC,^ ttjiabb x^ni bb&5b nnb ^b-tn^i -^bin ^Db&5 rnzji^ ntn tr^i^a it T : A : • V jv i v: iv ■.•/•.• <• ' -it: ' •• j- it jv -: v - ' 7 »v - ni^)2 n'^tjs ^a^'^i^ ^i^^TiD^'i ^"13^ b^c^iic'i '^m jD'^n'bi^b ^b nin'i A : J : • I : • - 7 ; : • - J t •• t : • j- : i- i- v 7T : :^ffiS5 n^itt©^ :n-'rn nipiaa DD!n&5 nssir^ icini^^ v*ixn i^b^ni r : - I - IV : v »t : - -: it i v it t ;•• t • — -n» nbis"' 5?vbDti innia©^ nih'' :^^r\"i^tD^ ^tjs?^ ^z^-:^ nin V : • at T • ' : T ; • T : '!•:-; ' t • -it •• • ^ In this and the following exercises, the preterite with Vav Conversive should be translated as though it were preceded by a future ; and the future with Vav Con- versive as though it were preceded by a preterite, § 66. ^ § 60. .^ §72. 3, Kal fut. 3 m. s. of n'jri. ■• apodosis, § 76. 1. ^ Kal pret. 3 pi. of fTnQ. ^ Kal fut. 3 m. pi. of ni"! . ' direct object after verb of plenty, § 69. * § 26. 3, Kaniets- Ehatuph on account of the rejected Hholem, § 9. " pausal form for T^'aSJ . 5. Pe Guttural Verbs. IT": / : it : / : -i-- it t v • ":i- r i •« • i -:i- -: •;v T 5 -: 1- T : v j -: i- ; •• r- : - • : ' v • : ' r t r : - r - IV -: T - 1- / •• V / v:iv I- T - I- J «- •.•-;•/ I -: I- /• v v - li^^p^ ©"^ifn-ni^ 'jnnr::) m n^b i^^i^i i^nbsHi^ n'aii'^i :bDN^n i^b / r.' : '• • T V ' JV : : T n-DX tonb bDi^'^n ib ' J T VT - T : V- - IV : V ' -:i- V •. : - I- • v it - / : » ^T^sn-p- D-1 T^2S-Da nf:ii5-D5 ^:ii-bm bx-i'^^-tj-'s*^ ^itts^i tnirri 'av : ' V J- , ' : ■ - t - - t t 1 •• t : • « : i - it j EXERCISES IN READING. 45 / : . IT : '.v T i: : ' : • : v t • -: < : :• i v ■• -: :• j - J y^^n-^^ nnb b^^-^-itJic c^i^n nins^ : dds V IV /- V -: -AT J T * § 25. ^ The preposition is idiomatically repeated in Hebrew. ' fern. part. § 44. * § 50. ^ for njX'ip 2 f. pi. imp. Kal of ^«^)? . ^ used in a_collective sense, § 72. 2. 6. Ayin Guttural Verbs. I •• I IT : vT : i" ■>' : 'att it i- / -t jt : i : - : <• t vir.-- I- : - it -: it v r* • t t it t ": it <•• : v" •• - • t : - •• nin^ ^D"in^ anb niis^^ b)^^-^^ "^iia-n^ ^D'lnn j wi2i^2^-b3 i^i^snn VT : , ' : V it : v t t a" t : • j- : ••• v -: it ; it : - t v : it : • • IT ; • • «. : I I* I" T "IT - •/••-: IT ■ T ; V J - ' IV : : • : J" : I : ' -: : - v <•••:■: it t i- it v ^t • ' v t : r v t t t • < -; bb n5?nn nD"i3inni b^^n n'^snb^n-bs n« Tis^nrb 'innii^ D^ti^n (. '"::-: jt : it : • : a" t v t -: it t i" '"::-: J" ":it ; • - t - IT J" t -: • : - r J- : it : >•• : iv : :• : i- •■ ^ :■ it t > 1 as before '^sS.S: § 22. 3. ^ apocopated fut. Kal of n'jri § 39. =* § 55. * § 38. . ^ abbreviated relative. ^ to say, i. e. saying. ' § 50. ® § 17. " for 7. Lamedh Guttural Verbs. S'^tn «b ,^5r"!S :'^2'ii2>^i ^5S-ni5 nbo :bDkb Dnbi s^^^b i^^T mi V- T • / 7T : - •!••:- 1- : v : v i- - i- it v »v : - .. - - ... ) -«t : npib : bip iisi s^ttTS-i-i^b : i^r^xt] bi?ni»^-iD:n-ni5 nbii? : n^i^n x'bi )... - »i VT y- T • , I : - f (f T ; • I" ; V /- • - !• : - y ; T • v: V J - !• » ; : - v- T 1 I IV T i- - - V IV T : ' v : - v j- : i^i^n'^'i Drr^s^SJ-ni^ hSir^ nps^i ^i^n^i nbi5-^5^5>-nb5 rvo'^ riHrri I : • - V •• j~ V T : f »- : • - a : . : v »■ •■• r- :• h- : r ; nsmi :DDnj^ s^^'atjx ;b^5nir^ ^3S"bi5 nni&5 ^5i^ nbitj aii^-p JT T - IV : V - V : - ' I" T : • i- ; :• ,1 : i .»• -: -j- t t J v n"b«* x'bn j2?"iTn ^b niiEi nin^b^ n^© r^i^b n^rri^ nniiJ ni^^nt^n ~ t -: IT ; • / J ' : IT at I- VT - > V T t jv : r t - • • : - ibips ^^-n^^ nit:-Di5 :^b« riDbn-^^b n^b ^b-^npb ^^bis* ^TMibtj 'J : T • : J • IT •• T : v- T i t /t ' t h ' ? v •• • : «- t {5>'aT»5 i^bi^ irini^ D^nbi^ ^Dn:« nir^^ ^i^nb« nin^ IT : • VT •• 7 ' : I /• : I : - -: v -: •• j t : ^ apoc. Hi. fut. of n!l5 . « Kal fut. of rrirr . ^ § 22. 3. * § 74. ' I^Bx . . , nBx Mw^o whom, § 75. 46 ' exercises in reading. 8. Pk Nun Verbs. tnb^xb D^bi ?ib n-^ni brix^ nci^ bDiiia-b^-a rib-np nr.i^i tn*' IT ; T : IV T : V ' : /t t : •• t." jv -: t -: i- t • ' : »- jt - : it biD. ^S nin "liin^ iTi'aiz? N*3-nT5n :^b i^nD ri'i'^^i bibn ^rin^^ » • ~ •-. ■■ •.. ' IV : \r t • - 'it j-t \. > ; it • - j ' ; • V -: .' ■• J v: t : • -; ll v" ; V IT - t - j v it i- t V *: r5tt iirsni : i^^DS pii-nx DDb nnb o^^ns^a r'^^5•a DDtix ^^ni^sin^ - /• - J : ' -IT : r V f; ■: vv t i- -r • at : • 1 •: jv ■• iv ; :• • /•• jD'TTb^n tj-'s a53^ n'axb' ib-^^'^i :n!bsn n:ni5i in^'^^iijn^ I v: iT i- IT " J - \ - T ; I • T \* - ; t : it r - "^Dbi^ nit:^-i^b ^d ''irsD np nin"' nnr : n^br bs'^^ nihn-nx np^n \ IT y •/• • ; - fj- t : «i - t IV r v • - V v - V f^ • " IT -: ■•• ' § 55. "^ § 52. 3 § 74. * 2 f. s. pret. Kai of n^r . Ms. pret. Hi. of xi;' . * § 48. '' to say, i. e. sai/hig. " 8 m. s. pret. Kal of Xi2 . " § 59. 9. Ayin Doubled Verbs. T ' JV -: I -IT »T T 1 : A- T J- : - ' •.• v.- t - • i" : i : v : ' • IV : IT ": y- • T it t t : t - : 'it ' iv -: it : i ini^ ni5"!i : "1^5^*1 ^b5n ^m^ ii'^hi2 frinn-m»i5 ni5 ^r\^i^ ^3 rixn «. /T T : it V t IV ": 1- ' t : ' •• t : v ": «" ' : - t j- f v at t V -: V A • : v.- •.. JV ": - J t iv •• v- t /• • -:i- rr^ ^^^ r\2^ : nnb bsj^-^b^ r:&-ni? nts^i : ?ri'in 'in'i^-b^ ''"ss* 'ismb'i j*T ■• ■ V IT - ; vt t : 1 - / - ITT -: ^ itwo 6^ ^MJO, § 74. 2 2 f. s. imp. Kal. ' § 64. 1/. * § 26. 2. ^ for njH § 30. 1. " 8 56. 3. 7 l^al act. part, of n^^5 . « 8 74. ^ § 73. '° 8 50. 12. Lamedh Aleph and Lamedh He Verbs. TS'^Ta "iDbi? mrx-nii^ niiDi^b niairjb ^n^n^bi? nirri bipa 5?"b©n 2?i'aT23 ,'.•-: '• IT •;••• ": v ": |- : • ' m: •;: jt : K ; - : • - j r jni5-i^ bib ^32 :d^« 'ism-bi^ ^bipi i^npi^ "O^t^t^ ns'^b^^ : ci^n IV : • / V- T IT T /■• : V K ' : at': v c • n •• —. i - V !••■:•: 7 /•••;•: • : j- •• j- • it /•■ • t c • t •• ": T : V < - K T : \- : ■ -. • : ■ : •: ■: ■:■■ iv i- i ; ) : ■ ^2nDi5^ :^n^^22: mj3i53 npin^ ii)2^i$n jTi'T^ii n'^mrbsn-nK inx ihr^s : - -:i- • I" •.. ri ": |- 'v V - - /- T ' ivT : v; ; ■ : - v ' ■)•■ :• ' jt r •i^ji^ni : ^-iss-^ 1^11 nm'^n ^rw'p «^m o^n ib t niuys-n^ 5?^d b- ; - r ■ --. i- v ; •-• v - 'at v -: i- v- v t ■ it : ri^i»5? rra ^b i^msn Jd'^it'a'a ^^n^bs^n m nizb : nss^b'sn-biD-nij^ ~ " ~ — - — .. _ , ,j .. . IT • v: IV «v r IT it t : - t IT-,':-: ,:■-.,- T !• t n k n 48 EXERCJSES IN READING. 13. The Creation and Fall. Genesis 1-3. CIIAPTEK I. t^ »T : IT I •/ T T : I V ,T T J- : • v- T - /•• A- Jt » ^ .. ^ "112^^^ : s'i'En ^:^'b^j t^trnn D"h'bi5 n^^i oinn ^rs-b:? tiTsni ^n'di 3 :• ' ~ -IT - J'* : - V IV - : • v: - j ; a : j" ; - ' v v ; t J- : A • IT V I- :■: : j — i • : i- A j- : V v: ^n*' D^'nbK "itj^^i s : ^r\^ oii "iph-in">i n"iS'"''n'ii nb^b o '• : • ■•■ J ' IT v / /v V • : I- V r: • : i- t : at y-ip^in-n^^ Q^n'b^ 'b^^^i : a-i^b d^^ rn bi'rintj '^n'li a^^n ^ira 5?^pi 7 - »• T IT V • -J-- • IT r • \r I /" • : - J- • ■ at - ' j : - Is; t : '^511) Di^ nph-^rrii n^iSJ-'-'H^i )2^)2W i^'^p^b o'^n'bj^ ^ip^i : 'iD-^n'in s r •• •> '••• V • : I- :• !■: • : i- • at t - K- t it -r :•■■ »t): • - 'i- ■ : i- D^t:n rrip^b^ pk hirz^b 1 D^n'bs^ «np^i ; iD-'^n^''^ ncs^n n«^ni •» • t- - I"); • : J '.• V t t <• v: t J; • - Ji- • : |- at t - - iv t i" ; "p^^n N^iij'in n^n"b&5 ni^ij^^n j nrj-^D D'^n'bx n^^^i d^igi v^^p 11 » •.• t t <- : I- • ■.•: V J - I • V v: : /- - A" - JT *t • : - •.• - <• : - ■: j- v v J v t t •• - / 1- • : i- » v at t V >■: • : I- I • V ■■■: : / — a- • : v. : - /•.• -: •/• : •••if t- : - Ij- : ■ : <• : • v: v j - r ■ : / )v i • ; |- D^io'^bi D^^ir^i^b^ jnhb5b ^^ni nb^bn I'^ni Dirn I'^in b'l^nnb D^t^^n « t : • -: J : : < t : t : at - / j™ \. - 1 y • : - : • - t - J p'^ii^^ p^n-b2? "i\^nb D^isT^n i^^p'nin nhiK^b ^^r-\^ i d^^tsi ita nbtj^'ab b^jn ni^isn-n^ ta^^b^^n nhk^n "^^t^-m D^n'by; iD:?_;:!i ig '<•••- r T I - V : t : - - v jv : v : F It - < r - v : - rh^m Qi^3 ^mb^ : p^n-b^' ^^^r^b o'^'aii^n s^'^pnn d'^n'b^^ nnb^ is T : - - J - : • : i v it t - < t : • at t - - (j- : • « v: rr ■•• <••• • : I- 1 • V* v: :j — ' V A - /J- V T If • : - : f T'Mb n^^n ^^int^i w^rib^ n-ajj^^i & t^s^^^n^. ni'^ ^.ph-'n'^i a ' ••• v.- . - - J : : • • v: v J - r • ; j h >. • : i- ^nn^i I n^-om i^-^pn 'liB-bs? v^^5n-b5> ssi^:'^ ^'iss'i r^T] rss 21 jT : • - • it T - - '/• : V : - F v t t - Ij- ; I ; at - vjv :• : :■ :• n jt - i- vjv t j- ; A" : - ^ . _ - ... . ...; I « v: :;-- •• • : It r I < t •• ; v " |. : . - - ; it • - - . - . ... , . . , . J . A •• IS •:: >T ' V »t : - *"• ''n::'^ 'i V. 1. EXERCISES IN READING. 49 oq . . . p«-in^ni to"ii yrann .^ijitjb n^n irs;^ r-i^^n ^iin n^n"bj<5 X ... - .... T • : » V T T - - V • v: -J-- 1 1" • : f- AT • : 26 ntt^^i J nrj"*^3 D^n'bi^ «-^^i iro-^'ob n'a'^^n is'Dvb^ n^^i nb^ttb V J - I • « v: : )~ - A" • : it t -: it v /v t y : t • i I J : ■ T - - : • : • : a- : • f : - : 7t r zv -:i- • .,, T : • - J v IT T - )■• rr •.• iv r t : J t t t t : t •• ; - • - r - nnpDi IDT inj^ i^nm w^nba^ Dbi^^ itbi:^ b^ii^rrrb^i < c^-n'b^^ «»•• : ITT A JT T « ■;: V »•: : : - : t t rr t ■^' vi 28 ^n"i^ ^*i9 n^r\bi< ohb ^^^^^ n^n'bi^ ori^ rr-m'^'i : Dr^ k^s V : ' : • V TV- • vt t ' v jt : - it /t t »T - t : • - T - I J : T - ^ - ; . ; t a-.. : ■ : I v it t :• / : • 29 ' ntJ5>"bD-ni5 Dsb ^nni ri^n n'^n"b« ^nr^^i : ps^n-br' nie^'nn V J" t V V t • - t •• • • v: V J - 1 ■: it t - v jv it i^'n'T rs?"*^"!*: in""no« p^n-bs-riKi rn^n-bD ^5&-b5? "I'lr^ :?^t 5?")T -J" I V • : / V -: I 7" T t V : F v t t t j- : - v -; - v — j- ^ I bbbi D^biiJn &i:^-bDbi y'^'^fi n^n-b^bi : nbDsb n^n^ DDb snr J : • - T - I T ; 7 V T t j- - T t IT : T : r.- : i- ;tt -at J p-^n'ii nbD^b nil?:? p'l'^-bis-ns^ n^n rsD "is-nt^i^ V'^^?^"^^' ircain ; 1" • : 1- AT : t : v v > •: it t •.• t - vj-: v -: F v t t - j- • : 1- •: rt • ; I- A : v •• • : t r jv -: t v • v: : «- - CPIAPTER 11. n • • : - J - • •.•: <- : - it t : t : F v a t : • ;- t - 7 \ : - it t ;v -: V : - : t • • • : - j - : • - at t jv -: i : - ; 3 "b2)a nmi? in ^s in*^ liJip'^i ^i^^nisn ci^-n^^ D'ln'b^ tinn^i t • ^- T < J- A »• I- : - • • : - J •■• • • ■;: ' v - T - J : I v J- 1 -: I- « v: /T T v -: ; - : n n^ii) I bb^ J n^i2tJi f i^ D^n'bs* nin'i riib:> ni-^n Di^^s^n 7^i«rn - J" J : • IT T : F v iv v it : j '•■ : at ; it • : 1 v vt t ; ^^b^n b5'b ^3 ^2:^'' nn-j nnir^n nir^^-bDi r-iikn n^^n^ c^-j n'i'f n • ; • • AT : • V j\ vv T - V !■• t : F v t t jv ; r v v< v t - JV -:|- V : it T -: it v \ -: 1- 7 ■ - jt r ; I v t t - • v: «t : v: T ; V * - IT T -: IT j" ; t v ht ; • : F v at t ' • a T IT !• ; - K - J- : • *t - : i- • - r t —. jt I • t t t t it 8 ')ni? Q'O DtJ^i D'lp^ n2?3 p u^nb^ nin'i 5?ib^n ■• : r.^n ifsrb t vjt - V Iav • ' V V : h- r ■■■: it : - . - it - :■ ri : /t : V F •/• t t t -: JT / • • v: i bsfi^tib nit:i n^iTob ITT 7 - V- - I ■• : Ft- ' j : • - i- I ^" : at ": i- : J : iv : - : . ns^n^i^b n^ni 'rne'^ d^-^i prrr.i^ n^'p-rnb "j^y^a ^*s'-' '^roi ;t T : - : it t : •• t • t ■ 'at - •/ K : - : I ..... .. j.. t r : 11 nb^iinn yn^-bis in« nnbn ^'^t\ 'litj'^s "inxn di» : d^Xi^'n t • -: I- ! ■.. J... t -x .. _ J F A • rr v rr /" r t 12 J dntjn pi5i nb^nn dio nit: \^^r\r\ vnt^n nnr^ t nn-in d^nicx - I - I ■; It : - I : - /t a v - F v ^nnn •in-rn n^iDi^ n^np trbhn &5^n bp-^n ^ir-b^n i-T : / < • : IT If - : A - J- : »^' 'f r ' r.- v • • • : - : n-i-Q'rb^ m3:?b ini^-pn ^nnsn D";^{n-n&5 n'^n'bN r.in-' n)?^i ^c IT : T : IT : T : /•.•••)-: j- • — at t it •» « v: /r : [*- • - J •• •• I" < t /it - I I" / • A •• IT t rr - • v: jr : ~ : ~ 1 7 :r^rn nils ^3tii2 rib^;}^ oi-^a ^'2 ^213^ bsi^n i^b 5?^i nSt: nrin ^rj ib-ntt':?^ iinb D^r.^n ni->n nii:-«b D^h'b« r.'-'ni. nr^^i is ■.• V / v: IV A - : IT T IT / V: V I • V! JT : _ J. »J &i:?-b3 rii^i ii^x5r\ n^n-b3 nia'ixn-i^ n^nbx nin'^ "iit^i : i^^SD^ 19" I J T •• : V T - .- - T T r -: rr J • • v: t : v • - i : v : m^n ib-i :ni^rnnpb tj'^ii'a ^5 r\m fc^'np'^ mb •^-lir'n'Q 24 • T -:i- 7 •• - , T»T;i\, V •■ f r ■ j-fr ' : H t : • DH^riJ r^r^'^^ : '^r\^ "nienb rni iniij^n • pn'ri ii2X-nxi vn^^-n^^ ns V •• : « : r - rr ••• rr t : k. t : : • : P j- t i a • v ; « t nirtJnn'i )kh^ inaJi^i Dii^n D'^S'iny it : • 1 : rt : • ; »t T i r • -: CHAPTER III. i\ •ittb^^i d^n'bi^ r\^r\^ rto n©w>5 nit?n r^n Sb^ t:^*i5? n^^n irnrn'i » A v. JT J VT t iV -: V T - J- - • T JT T T T - : fiV ^'m7\^ \ m f 2? bb-a ^ss^n b^b a^h'bs^ n'ai{-'i3 jin: r4'i{n-bb5 2 / - I it - ; ) V • : I J • v: j- T r ' -< r • jt v prrijins npij; pn "^ns^a^ jbs^D pn-n ^nc^ rn:n-b&5 mri^n 3 ' T - < I . J. . I •• T J- : ■ I" I,, . J J.. J- ; • -SIT - V »t • rr ^:c:^'l^ : l^n-an-]?? in ^3?5n s^bi ^^is-a ^br^^n ^b D^ii'bs* "itt« 4 ' ' I ••. : ' V A V : • i : v • : i < • v: j- r QDbDi^, Di-15 'li n^Kbs* :p^s 13 : rT\*av\ ni-a-^b r.^i?n-bi5 \tn3n n J • ■ "^ • . ■ • V! - J" •« ; , .. . V I at ■ it V »tt - T it . j it t ' V : I • !•• v • : r AV •• f t ': ; • : v • b-^birnb )r:5?n nansi n:r::?b i5^n-n\vn ^di bbi^iob virn nrj ^s ' ^ -. t » -:i-- t •• : J" -: . . . ,_ ^.. ^ ._ ,.. ,. .j-- ... .. ; ^p:^ K;np^i : i^n ri? ^ira ti'^Hb^ nirr^ ^2Ba intx^ o^nxn 9 /T . /T'. /IT - > ^•' ' V : • •.•! JT : •■ : • : • ; t t it lan '^ns^atg ?|bp-n« nai^^'i : n3^« ib n^^^^i D^ri^n-bs* tD-^n'bx n AT . V T y ' • 'I V - T |... - V ■.. / - /,T r IT V « V! T AT \ I' ' : J" • •« - I" T I" T • V T / •. r >T • IT p-'.iu ^nx WT V. 25. EXERCISES IN READING. ' 51 13 -i^«^i tbsii^n V3>n-p '^^-reni Nin ^^tJS' nnns "n»« nuj^^n ~ I" rr I V T / • I' T : IT -r • t • t j-t jv -.- t • rr ^^a^^m T»nsn nfe^^n 'iiai^ni tr^w:> ir\)k^"r\i2 rnrxb n^n'b^^ nirr^ • V~ • • /TT - T • IT V - *• T J - »T • IT -J- VI IT : 14 hr^^ ^"^it!^ htk^ t^'^w 'IS cnsn-bi^ i a'lnpi^ nin*! n-a^^i : bDi^i T - < T T J" T <• T T - V J- V: T : V - I" IT <•• : T S- /T T : I •• .. J I ; ; - ^.. T _ J- _ ^ . T .. , _ ^ . AT : - ' J- »'-::- / /•• t • it ' j- ' : i- • t jt •• : ' r.* - - T JT • IT •-• h" t /» : IT - : J ' : I : « trnp^cn ?rT2J''i5-bi5i n^2i -'"ibn nsr^^a ^bhm ^sinsrs? h^^a^ nann ' •• *T J : / .• . ... : K r j- : i- v vv : ' •• i" : 'j" : • •■• : - -nb5 nbDi^i ' : 1 <- V V - ji ' V - .c- •• ; r.* T - V /•• V »T : - IT : ^ ss^"ip^i J '2wr\ ^&2?"bi5i nr\^ ^•d^-^'d nnpb ns-E-Q ^'d nian^^n JTf: • - I T »T T V : T - JT T !• T ; MT •.. T IV • <• T T ": JT T : rr T i- >t : it r •<• at - i : • /•• » t r rr 22 I niai^^i s : Dmb'^i ni5> ntnD intJi^b^ d^ia^b n'^h'ba^ V J - , i" • ; V J : r 7 : • : it t : • v: inns^i 5?*!^ nii3 ns^'ib ^nis-a ^n^s n^n b'^i^n p D^n'bi^ nirr^ JT - : AT t J - V- T V • J- - : T T T T it » <" • v: JT : 23 ^nnbtj'^i : dbi^b ^n^ bsb^i D^^nn y^^ oa npbi i'l^ nbi»'^-'}&- T- : - : r- jt : /- t <- t : • - i- I j- ■• ^« '- t ; t j" : • ' v 24 Tcn^^'i t DTS^a npb ^m n^'ii^n-n^ ^h2?b ps^-p-a ts'^n'bi^ nir.:* V it : I- IT • Tv" \ r: ■: t t -: jt •; ": r- ' v a" ' - • x '■"• n ' Masoretic Notes Explained. ^mn^ 'n . . . . Large Beth. i^^^5>r 'n . . . . Small He. pni^ ^ni5 12J:\^ . . , . Daghesh after Shurek. VOCABULARY. ak n. m. (const. ^3^5 , pi. trh^) father pk n. m. f. stone "li^ n. m. mist, vapour D^i< n. m. man, Adam T T ' *^^^^. n. f. ground, earth fnnij n. m. Aaron ^^'^^ adv. perhaps ni« V. K. (imp. "liX) N. to shine. H. to cause to shine, give light tiii^ n. m. f. (ini) sign 'ini^ num. one T V •1^^. adv. (suf. i^«) inhere 7 T\y^)^_ n. f. emnity y% (const. X"^) nothing, there is not or ivas not t^^, n. m. (Q^'fcjs:, n^t}^^) ?nan, husband bbif V. K. to cat, devour. N. Pu. to be eaten. H. to cause to cat nbDX n. i.food bs? adv. not, gives an impera- tive sense to the apoc. future "b^ prep, to, unto 'IJ'i^^ commonly in the pi. D%nbiJ n. m. God 57i?"^b^ n. m. Elisha Di^ n. f. (niriic) mother U)^ adv. if, in a disjunctive question c\' J yq^ V. K. to say. N. to he said. H. ^0 cause to say. Hith. ^0 talk of one^s self ^Di5 , ""pb^J pron. / ?]5< n. m. (D^Bi^) nostril STji^ conj. also, even £^1^1 1 Wani^ num./o?/r iny<35vk> f^il^.-with art. f'iNtn n. m. f. (ni) earth, land n'lJ^ V. K. P. ^0 curse. N. Ho. - T to be cursed. n-^x n. f. (const, ncx , pi. D'^ij) looman, ivife l^lljj? n. Assyria "lij^ pron. ?rAo, icJiich ; conj. ^Aa^, because n&5 sign of the definite object nrii< pron. Mo?^ VOCABULARY. 53 a prep, in, into, loith ^55 n. Babylon 155 n. m. garment ^a n. m. (i'^a) sejyaration. i^Db in his separation, i. e. alone ^13 V. H. ^0 separate, divide. N. ^0 6e separated nb'lil n. hdelliiun ^nia n. m. emptiness rraH^ n. f. beast, cattle i5ia V. K. (flit. «ih;) ifo co7?ze, come in. H. ^0 cause to come, bring. Ho. /o 6e brought ©is V. K. (fut. tih:!) Hith. ^0 6e ashamed. H. ^0 make ashained ^n^ K. ^0 choose. N. ^0 6e c/i05en l"^!?! prep, betioeen DH^ tT'il n. Bethlehem ^Tb^ adV^. ?jo^; prep, except 15 n. m. 50?z ; pi. 0^53 sons, children JlDa V. K. to build. N. ^0 ^e T T built ■^^ni^la prep, on account of *^J?3 n. m. 7norning ^5^5 V. K. /fo create. N. ^0 &e ?|n| V. K. P. ^0 bless. N. Pu. ^0 6e blessed. Hith. ^0 6Ze55 07ie'5 self "im n. m. flesh na n. f. (suf. "^n^, pi. nib) daughter bi'ij adj. ^rea^ "jinj n. m. 6eZ/y lirr^a n. m. Gihon D5 conj. also 'jS n. m. (Q''35) garden tDna V. K. P. to drive out. N. Pu. to be driven out pn'n V. K. (pret. e in pause, fut. a) to cleave, adhere. H. to cause to cleave. Ho. to be caused to cleave t%y^ n. i. fish t\^W n. f. likeness "^^^ n. m. thistle X}/}. n. m. f. way, journey ^"^"^ V. K. to spring up, said of grass. H. to cause to spring up, bring forth grass ^W n. m. grass •n art. the n sign of interrogation i5^n m. i5^,n, ^^r\ f. Ae, ^/ie, 2V, that n^Jl V. K. /o be. N. /o become l(iT\ or tf?;* V. K. P. to go. H. ^0 corz^^e to go. Hith. ^0 go for one^s self, icalk about in, ry_ n. m. greenness bknic;' n. in. ZsraeZ 'jfc;' V. K. (fut. 1©^'') to sleep. P. ^0 caz«5e to sleep S prep, according to, as T»i? V. K. P. to subdue. N. ^0 be subdued VOCABULARY. 55 ;iDi3 n. m. star T Tl?^3 n. m. Gush ^ir^^ n. m. Cushite^ Ethiopian ^S conj. that^ because^ for. ^^ 5]i5 is it even so that bb n. m. (1^5) «^^3 every ^ the whole np3 V. K. ^0 co;?^e to an end. P. to finish. Vu.to he finished 13 adv. 50 ; "JS b;? therefore 1??3 n. Canaan 5133 n. f. ir^io- 2^*15 n. m. cherub nsro , npns n. f. coat^ tunic b prep, to., for i^^ adv. ?io^ mb or lJ3ib K. (fut. a) /o put on, wear, be clothed with. H. to cause to put on, to clothe. Pu. to be clothed tinb n. m. flame ^bint. Oif! O that ! DJlb n. m. i. food, bread b';b n. m. (rii) rti^A^ npb V. K. to take, talce away. N. Pu. Ho. to be taken 1^12 n. might ; adv. mightily, very ; nm IbiiaS ?^i^A wz^/i^ o/* might, exceedingly "lifi<^ n. m. (D^ and ni) /z^/i^, lumi?iary bh^)Z n. m.food ni2 pron. i^j/ia^ ? whatever ; n^S /or ?^^a^ ? ivherefore ? li?i^ n. m. (D"^. and 3ni) season r\ra y.K. to die. P. H. ^o caw^e ^0 die, kill. Ho. ^o 6e killed, put to death "yo*g v.H. to cause to rain. N. to be rained upon '^p pron. who ? whoever D^ia n. m. pi. water )^*Q n. m. species, kind ^% V. K. to fill or be full. P. ^0 ^//. N. Pu. to be filled. Hith. to complete each other nSi^b^ n. f. (const, t^^i^b^, suf. ihDNbti) work nbljm n. f. (const, nbfe^^) (/o- m^inion, rule XQ prep, /rom, oz^^ of yd^ id. b D"!]^^ 071 the east of ^Tq v. K. /o /?^6^. N. to be found. H. ^0 cause to find tT'hra n. ^^y/»if n^fp'a n. m. gathering together, collection Dip's n. m. f. (fii) place riij'^l'a n. m. sight, appearance bir^ V. K. to rule, with 3 before its object. H. to cause to rule ^J particle of entreaty, noxo, I pray thee "lij V. H. to tell. Ho. to be told "I53 prep, before, over against. ^55 3 corresponding to, a counterpart 56 VOCABULARY. I5?ip V. K. to tovch^ with S be- fore its object. P. to touch with violence J to smite. N. Pu. to he smitten. H. to touch or cause to touch 'nnj n. m. (D"^. and rii) river n^D V. K. to rest. H. n^bn or in'^sn to cause to restj jjut. place. Ho. to be caused to rest nb n. m. Noah TOnj n. m. serpent 2>ij V. K. to plant. N. to be planted nsj V. K. H. to breathe, blow. Pu. to be blown bsj V. K. to fall. H. to cause to fall, throw doion. Hith. to throw ojie^s self down tJBD n. in. f. (a'', and mi) soul^ life nspj n. f. female N^ V. H. to deceive. N. to be T deceived Q^iTD see nfei< ■ T T • n'btr: n. f. ftreai/i T T : inj V. K. to give, put. N. Ho. to be given nno V. K. N. p. ifo tnrn in- — T trans., surround. H. ^o /z/r?? trans. Ho. to he turned ^yo V. K. P. to shut up, deliv- er. N. Pu. to be shut up. H. to cause to shut up ^ny V. K. to serve, work, till. N. Pu. /o be served. H. to cause to serve. Ho. to he caused to serve ^:^ prep, unto, until ni? n. Eden DpiS? n. m. eternity, antiquity t^V n. n\. fowl, birds ':\rj! V. K. P. to fly. Hith. ^o fly aioay lis? n. m. (ni) shin IIV V. K. to leave, forsake. N. Pu. to he forsaken ^iti? n. m. help or before the eyes of DTO n. m. naliedness, naked bs? prep, ore?', ?«po?i Tvp^ V. K. ^0 ^0 up. H. ^0 cause to go 2ip, bring up. N. Ho. to be brought up. Hith. to lift one^s self up nplf n. ni. leaf n"^^ see "d^ySi T T D5? prep. (''iziS? or "Girls') i£7i7/i nD? n. m. (ni) (/z/5^ "fS? n. m. ifree isy n. ni. pain, sorrow 'jiisiS' n. m. /^ai/i, sorrow DSJ? n. m. f. (D\ (fc ni) ho7ie nplP n. m. (D\ ifc ni) /ice/ n*;^i^ n. m. f. (ni) evening Din? adj. (n^n?^) ?za^'ec? D'^^'lIJ adj. dinning, subtle ntoi? n. ni. (ni) herh VOCABULARY. 57 tiW V. K. to do, make, produce. N. Pu. to be done, made nril? adv. now 'JiZJ^'S) n. m. Fison D^ni^bs n. m. pi. the Philis- tines "IS conj. lest, that not n^33 n. m. pi. /ace; ^isb m the face of, before; ^':m from the face of, from before D^i? n. m. f. (D\ and ni) time nJ5S V. K. to open. N. to be opened "rnS V. K. p. H. to separate, part. N. Pu. to be parted. Hith. to separate one^s self, part from one another nSs V. K. to be fruitful. H. to m.a'ke fruitful '^^IS n. m. fruit fins n. m. Euphrates Ss*i| 11. m. (a\ and ni) host •^"2 V. p. to command. Vw. to be commanded uyi n. m. image ^"j^ n. f. (const. ^b^_, n\ and S^i) 6-zt/e, n6 ni2if V. K. p. ^0 5proz^if, 5//oo^ forth. H. ^0 ca7/5e ^o sprout D^lj? n. m. ea5^ nb^P n. f. ea^if 3* tj"l]p V. K. (pret. e in pause, fut. a) to be holy. P. H. to make holy, halloio, sanctify. N. Pu. to be sanctified. Hith. to sa7ictify one^s self ?"0j? V. N. to be gathered to- gether bip n. m. (mi) voice, sound fip n. m. thorn 1'^i?; 151? (^1^1?) adj. little, small ^^^ V. K. to call. N. Pu. ifo be called nkn V. K. (fut. with Vav b^"l^) r}) to make many, tnulti- ply trans. "'i^^n'l imm. fourth ri"'l V. K. to rule, have dominion "nT^ n. in. f. (ni) breath, ivind, Spirit v^n^ V. P. to brood, hover over to'n V. K. to creep W^^ n.m. creeping thing, reptile 5? J adj. (nij-i) evil I ^''p'l n. m.. finnameiit n^irin. m. (D\ andrii)^e/(^ 58 VOCABULARY WW or D"^Tp V. K. H. fo place. Ho. to be placed n'^to n. m. bush, shnib bilD V. K. to be loise. P. to act - T loisely. H. to nuikc ivlse, act wiseli/ ''l^ili© num. seventh T\$ytt num. seven T : Qii^ntp num. seventy t\2tt V. K. (fut. and «) /o re^/, cease, Iceep sabbath. H. /o cause to rest or cease. N. /o /;(? ca2ised to cease riaw n. m. f. (const. ri2T^, suf. inaiS) Sabbath fiJl^ n. m. o;?y:r n^lD V. K. ^0 re^z«r/i. P. H. to cause to retttr7i, brmg back. Pu. Ho. to be brought bach t^tt V. K. to bruise, crush tT^lp V. K. to put. Ho. to be put •jDtD V. K. (pret. e in pause) to dwell. P. H. ^0 cause to dwell, to station npiB K. P. H. ^0 se7id, put forth, let go. N. Pa. to be sent ^ti^hi: num. third mcbizJ num. three DTP adv. /Acre ; ntiTS /AiVAer T / T T D© n. m. (ni) name 'ik'^'-aw n. m. Samuel D'^^tj n. m. pi. heaven yi3tC V. K. /o Aear, with'a direct - T J object or with 3. N. to be , heard. P. H. to cause to hear Hil^ n. f. (D"^. and tli) year ■^'DtD num. second 0*^3 ip m. D^J^tp f. num. two M|5T5 V. H. to cause to drink, to icater. Pu. to be watered ■j^ntD V. iv. to creep, teem- with, increase abundantly yi^ n. ni. creeping thing, rep- tile ^'m num. sixth "^T^^y^ n- f- desire r6^V\ n. f. {n^ ,) fig-tree ^np n. m. desolateness Dinn n. m. f. (rii) ocean, the deep tfiri n. m. midst '*TIT^'^ n- f- generation nrir) prep, under, instead of X^ir\ n. m. sea-7nonster ^Sr\ V. K. P. i^O 5626* •^^'il^'f? ^' f- c^eep 5/ee/J Mj^^TSin n. f. desire GEAMMATICAL TABLES. I. The Letters, §1. Order. Forms and Equivalents. Names. Eabbinical Alphabet. Numerical values. 1 K J ?bjk Aleph 1 2 n Bh/B rr^a Beth 3 2 3 :\ Gh, G ^^''^ Gi'-mel * X 3 4 n Dh, D '.' T DaMeth 7 4 5 n H i5n He Xi 5 6 n V 11 Vav \ 6 7 T Z rt Zayin 1 7 8 n Hh n"^)! Hheth P 8 9 t2 T n-^p Teth P 9 10 1 Y li*^ Yodh ♦ 10 11 5 n Kh, K n? Kaph 1 = 20 12 b L V T La'-medh i 30 13 12 D M D^ Mem Dr 40 14 3 1 N 1^5 Nun i^ 50 15 D S 5?? Sa'-mekh P 60 16 y ( r^ Ayin r> 70 17 5D 51 Ph, P «3 Pe ^5 80 18 Sf Ts •• T Tsa'-dhe T^ 90 19 P K ^ip Koph r 100 20 "1 H 125^^ Resh ■? 200 21 t> Sh, s r^ Shin t 300 22 n Th, T in Tav p 400 II. Classification of the Letters, §2. Guttarals, « n n r Palatals, ^ ^ :> p Linguals, T t: b D n Dentals, T o s i» Labials, n 1 "a B •1 shares the pecuUarities of the Gutturals. Weak, Medium, Strong, 2. i5 n 1 "^ Vowel-Letters. i^ n n 3? Guttiu-als. b t) s n Liquids. T 2 12? Sibilants. Aspirates and Mutes. Serviles nbDl rw)2 'jni^. Radicals the rest of the Alphabet. The Points, §4. Long Vowels^ Ka'mets a ^ Tse're e " Hholem o ^ Sho7't Voioels. Pattahh a ~ Seghol e — Ka'mets-Hhatuph o -v Doubtful Vowels. Hhi'rik ~ i or i Shu'rek - Kib'buts T u or u Pronounce d as in father, a as in fat, e as in there, e as in met, I as in machine, K as in pin, o as in note, 6 as in not, €i as in rule, u as mfuU. ^ 7. Simple Sli Va — silent or vocal. r Hhateph-Pattahh - ; thus "im "modh. Compound J Hhateph-Seghol -r; thus ^bi?^ 'mor, \ Hhateph-Kamets ~ ; thus ^"^^ °nl. § 8. Pattahh-furtive ^ with 5^, n or ?n at the end of words. §11. Daghesh-lene in S 5 1 D 5 n removes aspiration. § 12. Daghesh-forte doubles; not found in i^ n n 5?, rarely in "^ . § 13. Mappik in final ^ when a consonant. § 14. Rapha -- opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh- forte, or Mappik. § 20. Makkeph (") connects words. § 21. Methegh — second syllable before the accent. III. Personal Pronouns, § 23. 8INGULAE. PLTJEAL. 1. I ^5b«, '^DJSJ We wbif}, wi, li^t 2. f Thou ^/^. nn^ , nb? Ye ^;^. DPi? (Thou/ ni?,'^^^? Ye/. ^n^, njps? 8 j He a5in They m. C3n, n^n t/. 1 She ^^T), i^in § 22. 3. They / Suffixes. iri, ^10 Simple. With union Vowels of VerT)s. With Sing. Nouns. With Dual and 1 c. "^h ^. ■•?. ^^.. '^?... 0?-) 1 pi. ?li ^5 1^5 ^3 T ^3.. 0=,) ^3\. 2 m. ^("^) aj a) 5..- G?...) n, a.) T... pi DD 35, D?\. 2/ ^OP) ^. ,n,.. ^.. ^.. M\ pi 1? 1?, i?r. 3 m. ^n ^n^ ,i in.. 13. _. («..) i (ri, in..) t^, On\.,''ni) pi D(i)3) D^ ,D. D.. D T Q^?^. 0*^^.) 3/. n ?:i n na T — T TV TV T n*' T •.' pi U"?) 1, I. T. V\ Demonstrative. Masc. Fern. Common. Sing, nr (it) nu^r (it, nr) ^f/^^>. Plur. bj;?, n^ik z/^^^^. Relative. "iT^is: «(;yJ.o or wliicli ; abbreviated form 't (•!», 15, u?) Interrogative and Indefinite. ^13 ?^?/^o .-^ or whoever, Tsfi what ? or whatever. Verbs. — Their Species, § 24. 1. Simple act. Kal b^p to MIL 2. " pass. Niphal 3. Intensive act. Piel 4. " pass. Pual 5. Causative act. Hiphil bt?;:? to be hilled. btbp to kill many or ^fo massacre. biDp ^0 /5/? massacred. 6. " pass. Hophal b^j^n to he caused to kill. 7. Reflexive Hithpael btsptin to kill ones self. - IV. Paradigm oi KAL. NIPUAL. PIEL. PUAL. Fret. 3??i. ^?. 5^!?? 5^tQP i^P. 3/. ~^^5 nbtpj:? fl^tpp nbtop 2 m. nbtp T : -'r nbiip? ^^^I? ^bibp 2/ rhhp : : — 't r^b^!?? nb^p ^^^P 1 c. "nbap ^^nb^pD '^bt^P ^nbfap Plur. 3 c. : 'IT *t?p? ^btpp *tpp 2 m. Cl^ftil^ csnbtipp Dnb^p CJjnbt^p 2/ i^f^r? l^^^i?? inb^p ■jinbtop 1 c. ^^15 ^5bibpD ^Dbibp ^5b^p Infin. absol. bibu biipri btip blip FUT. constr. btbj^ >^)?n ^^2 ■(^^1?) 3 m. btbp^ btDp^ •• Ir • biop^ b^p^ 3/. btij^n bipn •■It • ^*^p^ bbpn 2 VI. btbj^n btbpn "It • btopn biopn 2/ ^bi^i^n ^btpjjn ^btfpn ^5tppn 1 c. btifpi^ bibpi< "ir V ^^E^ ^^pJ^ Plur, 3 m. *^i?: ^btop^ : liT» ^btop:^ ^^p!' 3/ n^btipn T : ': • HDbbpn T : "It • nsbtopn T : "»— : njbi^pri 2 ??i. ^btppn ^bppn ^btppn ^bt^pn 2/ nibtipn T : ': • n^btpn T : "It • njbtopn nsbiopn T : — '•., : 1 c. ^^I?? bf3S3 "It* bibpn ?^top5 btop5 Imper. 2 m. bbfp 2/ ^btpp ^'btipn • : liT • ^btpp Plur. 2 7?l. fep fepn : liT • ^btpp wanting 2/ »^.5btip n:bt)pn T ; -Ir • iiDbtpp Part. ac^. btbp biop^ pass. b^i:p ^^P? b^p^^ Perfect Verbs, ^ 24. HirmL. HOPHAL. niTHPAEL. *e:al (w2<7. c). KAL (77ii{?. o). b-tppn ^m btbpnn lis •• T bDir T • *: • nSapn nbt^pnn T : IT nbiDii: n^ipn ^bispri nbDpnn T : — T nbiir nbbpri J^bt^pr; ribbpnn n^is nb'D^ ^^r^p»7 '^nbtipri ^pibtbgriri ^nniiD ^nbiiir ^b^^pn *r:pn : ': T iibtppnn il123 iiblj^z: Dtibtipri nnbtopn onbT^prin Dnin? (Dnb^td) l^btopn ipibtipri V : — ': T "(r^ib^pnri W^^ (l^r?^) ^Dbt:pri ^jbiipn : — ': T ^2b6pnn : — T : T biDpri ^^!?0 (btignri) T biiia b-'ipptj iai?M ^^priri niis b'ii^ ^'PI?! ^^i?: bfe2pr\: "^^?' biti^ ^'^p^ -?i?p bfopnn ^isn bitin b-'iipn ii6pPi — ': T btopnn ^ipn bisirn ^b'^ippn ^Btipn • : ': T ^biopnn ^^stDn ^b^'^n b^iip^ 'tl?« ^■^p^s^ -IZL^DJ^ bsirs^ ^b^i?p^_ 6t:pri;^ ^inr:^ *3115^ "?bi2pn nAiipn T : — >: T nsbf^priri n3":i:Dn n^bsuin ^b'^ipn 6t:pri ^bt^pnn ^^^^n ^bsirn nsbtiipn T : ••»: — MDbDpn riDbiopnn riTihi::^ nibi)tn T : — : • ^'t:p5 ^^!?? btopnp ^1?? ^|t?= ^^Pl! btoprin "^i? ^b'^tbpn '^^E^rj ^nn3 iib'^ippn wanting ^tcpnr; ^^n? nSbipn njb^pnn nj^ns ^'^|?^i? ^^^rr'? ^^125^^^ V. Paradigm of the Peiifect 1 com. Singular. 2 masc. 'ifem. 3 masc. 2> fern. Kal Preterite. Sing. 3 mam, ^D^Iip ^bt5p T|5t:p ^H^tip ^ t^^tip 3/m. ^3in5?I^ ^r^^^I? "^^^^h^ ^nri?t:p ^ MnBt^p ^n5i:p^ 2 w«sc. • T : — »: ^pribtip 2/6771. '"p'^jnb^p 1 C(?7?i. rnbt^p \ !r]^nbt5p "i^^nbtip rn^t:p .^"nyj^ plue. 3 C.777. ^?6t^p !rj*t:p Ti6r:p ^n^btjp rj^btjp 2 7?^«..c. ^a^inbtop •— — ^n^nb^p n^ny^p irj^Dbtip Tj^ib'i^p ^n^iibt^p n^ibt^p 1 C6>7;7. INF.N.T.V... ^3ti]j) ^bDj5 TiBtig -iBag tnBaj: ^Bt3p ... : >T Future. Sing. 3 ttj^.c. ^f^px>^^ ) ^btjp^ ) T|bt:p^ ^nStop;^ '?bpp' ) .I^PI?? ) ^-.^^I?' Plue. 3 mmc. ^?^3tip: ^^tJp^ t]fep: ^n^tpp^ nsbiip^ TV : ' : • Imperative. Sing. 2 77iasc. *^??Pp nbt^p TV : 'r PiEL Preterite. Sing. 8 mam. ^pbtOp ijb^p tjbtfp ibt^p rrStpp HiPHiL Preterite. Sing. 3 mam. ^?b^t?pri ^^ib^topri "qb^tppn ib^tppri ^ib^tppn SRBS WITH Suffixes, § 28. 1 com. 2 masc. Plural. '2ifem. 3 masc. \fem. ^Dbt:p^ ) Dibtip^ libtip*^ J V : r • : • t^bpp: iiDbtji^ ciibi?!^ -j^btDj^ Dbtij^ ^snbtji^ oiinb^fp li^btjj: Qf^^^p "iribt^p Dnbt:;^ -jribt^p D^nbtDp "i^nbt:!^ f ' Di'snbt:;: ^i'^btsfp Q'Jnbtip "fnbt^p ^5*t:p D?*?)? l^^^^l? ■ t]^^?I? 5i5^ribt:p D^n Di^Dbt:p ji^^b^I? D^i:bt?i7 Tiii^oi? ^^b^l? D5btjp5 libt:p 1 V : T : dbtip 1m 1^*91?^ ^5*t5p;' tD^^btpp;' l?^^Pl?r CD^pp;^ "pStpp; ^3^ai? nStip •• : It T : '• c^ibt^p i?^^i? t=?^I? i^^P 5i5b-^t:pn T • 1; • 15V?l?n D^'tppri i^'^i?" VI. rARADIGM [ OF rE liUTTURAL VERBS, §(51. KAL. NIPHAL. rypHiL. HOPHAL. i^3 FUT. Pret. 3 m. — T ^g>;3 • / • ■:: r: , 1 — t: IT 1 bh^,^ 3/ T : IT nTO53 rn^z22?ri T • v; IV T : T IT bDikr\ 2 m. T : — T T : — v;iv T : —v.- IV riTOs^n T : — t: it by^Ti 2/ ^7^? ^7^^5? ^7^^?v : : — t: nr • : 1 1 c. ''^7^? '^7^^?^,? ^^TkrijQ • : — t: it bii< Plur. 3 c. : IT ^^'t?? ^"i'^^V : T IT 1 fes- : 1 2 m. ^^7"?? ^^7^?? dm^j^^n DnTO:5?n V : — t: it T : — 2/ 1^7^^? 1^7^=??. ■jm^j^^n 1 V : - t: it : 1 1 c. : — r '^^7^^?.? ^^7^^?^ ; —T. IT ' T : — Infin. Absol. T r 1" ^t??;0 " TO3''n •• t: it Constr. TO? .. T !•• • -; 1- — t: IT ^^ Kal (/<n T : — t: it -jpTt^n r • : — v: iv 2 m. ilT;2?Fl : IT •• • -: 1- : T IT • : V IV 2/ T : -: 1- T : •• T 1" T : ••-: 1- r : — t: ct njppinri 1 c. to:^^5 -:i- TO5>5 • -:i- — t:it Pi^^ Imper. 2 m. TO? •• T 1" "^50 pTn 2/ ■"i^? • : IT •• • • -: 1- wanting ^pTn Plur. 2 m. iin^^? : IT •• • -: I- iiptri 2/ n5TO3) r : -: T : •• T 1" T : •• -: 1- ^?I?tn Part. Act. "li'y ^^^T? ! Pass. T TO2?D T V.IV ih^)2 T -n 1 T ! VII. Paradigm 01? Ayin Guttural Verbs, §32. ^ PUAL. ,_j*-=^ — KAL./V' ' NIPHAL. riEL. JIITHPAEL. :et. 3 m. bs5 ^''bi^ro -^? bi?b bkr^nn •• r ; • 3/. riBss n'ScD nb^r; T -:i" nbvHb T -: 1 nb^^snn T -'.IT : • 2 m. nbu^r* nbi^r^^ nb^r. nbto T : — nb^-inn T : — T : • 2/ nb^r» mbi^ro nb^r* nb.^b nb^^nn : : -T : • Ic. ^bkts ^rb^ro ^nb^r» ^nbtVri • : — r : • Plur. 8 c. *.^B ^b.^ro 6t-^-n *.^r» ^ib^snn -:iT : • 2 ?;i. DPibjj^s Dnb!s;:o srib^.M Drb^b Dnb^r^nn 2/ "p^^? 1^!}^^?? inb^^ "i?^^'?*? "inb^r^rin ) V : -IT : • 1 c. : — r ^2bik:o ^^b^? ^^b^b : — T ; • Infin. vlZ's^??. biv<53 bfen bks "' T Gonstr. biiii b^r^n •• T • bi«a •• T bk^nn ••T : • FUT. 8 7?l. b^T bkt>^ bt?:."' ••t: bk:o 3/. bton b^^T\ b5?;n ••T : bi^bn bksnm 2 771. b^^n ■ 'bi^■^^\ bi«:.n bi^bn bkr^rin •• T : • 2/ ^bjj^r^n • -:iT • • -:iT ; •^b^bn ^b.H-inn • —.IT ; • Ic. b^r^5^ b;krij^ ••T -; . bto^ bkr,r.^ •• T ; V Pkr. 8 m. -;iT» -:it: *u^b^ -:iT : • 8/ n:3bi^jn n^b:kr^n rijbjf^r^n T : — T : nsbv^Binn T : — T : 2 «z. ^bi^r^n ^lb^^rin -:iT : ^b^bn -:iT : • 2/ nsbikr^n rijb.<<-in nDbkr^n T : — T : nsbi^bn T : — : T : — T : ' Ic. 5^v^f? b^35 •• T* bs?:o ^5533 bkr^ns •• T ; • Lmpee. 2 wi. b^B •• T • •• T bksnn •• T : • 2/ ^b^r, ^b^^sn "b^r* • -:iT ■svanting ^b.^:rn P?M7'. 2 «2. 6>5;s -:iT • -:iT ~:iT : • 2/ T : — : T : — T • n:bi53 r : — T T : — T : • Part. Act. b^3 ••T : Pass. b!iilJ3i?^Fl in^i^jijijinn • T T : I" T (TO^pn) n5/::/bipnn '•T 0)2^2 ■Qtipn? a-n3 • T spO Q^blpnn -n ^^to wanting ^7b!ai|:5nri -a^n ^•rpn ^/b^^ijDinri ^a^n ^5'?P0 ns/j/bipnn T : •• » : • {^•m n-^pj DtSpin^j an T D]b^-3 a^n 15 XII . Paradigm of Pe Yodh Verbs, §36. .^^^:^^l'':- / NIPFAJ-. niPHiL. HOPHAL. KAL. Peet. 3 m. — r niTiD .n^toin ni^n "T 3/ T ;iT T : 1 nn^iziin T • T : 1 T : IT 2 m. T ; — T T : — T : — T : — T ; — T 2/ : : — T nniiiD .nn-iiin nizir^n : : — r Ic. • : —T ^nniiiD ^nniziin ''nnir^n ^rTiri"^ Plur. 3 c. : IT ti'iTiD ^n'^irin : 1 : IT 2 77^. C3r]?^" DnniilD Dnnuiin V : - 1 Dnm*: 2/ •jnnii:": I V : - i •jMir^rj W^5: Ic. : — T ^::ni5i3 ^DniBin ^snir'^n ; — T « Intin. Ahsol. T niin T Canstr. ^5^' ••T • • nir^n iiin;^ FUT. 8 771. ^'ID'' nij^^ t^'-^r liiv m^^ 3/ ^'i?^^ •"T • n^irin nfe^n irn^ri 2 77^. ^^!^ n^^in nii^n iDd'^n 2/ • ;iT • ^n^uiin Ic. ^i?^ "T • n^iri)^ n^iiu^ iri\N: PZW7\ S W. : 1" :iT • ^n^iDi"^ t ^i:i^^ 3/ T : — •• T : "T • nnib'in T : — T : — • 2 m. :iT • ^n^ir'in ^iti^n 2/. T : "T • T : •• T : — r : — 1 c. ^t?? ••T • n^fciD :iiD'ii3 ■ci-? j Impee. 2 m. , ^^. ••T • n^in ^i^ 2/ PZwr. 2 m. • :iT • :iT • wanting 2/ T : •• T : "T • nr^i; Paet. -4c ^. 2'i!d'' n'^iri-j izjiv Pass. T T T T 16 XIII. Paradigm of Lamedh Aleph Verbs ', §38. KAL. NIPHAL. PIEL. nipniL. niTHPAEL. Peet. 3 m. T T r : • ^^?'^ ij^-^r^n ^k-'^m &/. T ; IT T : : • T : • T • : • n^ssi/^nri 2 m. T T T T •• : • T •• • T •• : • r .• — ; . 2/. T T ri^i-^? t^-^'4^ nji^k^n nv^k"^m Ic. • T T ^n«i:j? *mk'2 ^sn^k^^n ^n&^k^nn Plur. 3 c. : IT ^,^^9? "^iai^ ^vH^k^ri ^k^^m 2 m. r : Dr;.^:?i23 timT'2 cim^/^ri tsh^^^^^m 2/ •jtiwsrj?^ it!^?'^? 'jn.r^^ •jin^rori -im^i-^r.ri Ic. T T ^iHi'.:? ^^v^k"^ r.^T^Ti ^5^k-^m Infin. ^5wZ T ^i'j? ^k-g ^-?^L! Constr 1^'i^^ t^.r^ jj^^r^n ;^k'^nr; FuT. 3 m. ^k-2'' •• T • mr^T ^^%''2l ^k-;n^ 8/ T : • •• T • ^k^^n ^''%^qT\ ^k:2t\T\ 2 w. T ; • •• T • ^k)^n K^k^n ^k:2T\T\ 2/ ^•^T2V] . : IT • ^te/^n ^^^k/^n ^k^)2t\T\ 1 c. T : V •• T V ^k"^^^ ;^"k:2v^ ^k:2T\^ Plur. 3 w. ^^:^=9: ; IT • ^k!^/J^ ^^^^rr ^]k-?^ri;; 8/ T V : • T V T • nj^k^n n:&^k^2n T V : — T ••• — ;• 2 w. ^^:^^^ri : IT • ^i^%i2v\ ^.^^i'^n ^k!|/«nrn 2/ T V ; • T V T • fmk'2T\ rij^k'^rn n^^.^r^rin Ic. T : • •• T • t-^k-^: W'%'21 TiirEK. 2 7?i. ^t'2 T : •• T • mi2 ^^k-^ri ^4"^m 2/ \^:^^; • : IT • ^k^'2 ^^^k^n ^^i^"^r.ri P^i^r. 2 TO. Ji^^/^ : IT • ^^"¥•2 ^.H-r^n ^^r^tnri 2/ T V : T V T • T V — n^Kk'^n T V : — Paet. .4c^. isiib ^5r^9 ij^-^k/^^ Nk^^ra Pass. r T : • * 17 "61^ XIV. Paradigm OF Lamedh KAL. NIPDAL. PIEL. PiiET. 3 ra. 3/. T T T : IT T ; • nn55r T : : • nnba 2 m. 2/ T • T • T T •• : • n^b;o ri^53 T • • ri'b3 \c. Plur. 3 c. 2 m. ^n^'Ja dh^ba 2/ ■jn-'ba ir)'^?3 ■jn^ba • 1 c. • T ^r);a Infin. ^JsoZ. A T iH'ji Constr. {ni!ii T • PiV'5 FuT. 3 m. nSr Y X.^ nb'j-' 3/ rii^n nbsm n&n 2 ??j. n5r»n nb'iin V T • nb':,n 2/. P^MT*. 3 m. ^b'3n • T • T • 4V 3/ nrb'iin T V T • ra'5an 2 w. 6?n *ib'an T • ^"jan 2/ 1 c. ns-'b'an 'n535 V T • Imper. 2 m. nBa •■ T • nb'a 2/ ^?3 ^53n ^b'a Plur. 2 w. 6a ^ar: ^%. 2/ T V : ns^b'-in T V T • M^Va Part. Act. n5a nb'j'o Pass. ^63 T n.3?? - 18 He Verbs, § 39. PUAL. niPHiL. HOPHAL. HITHPAEL. n% nb^n nb^n in^'BinM nh^-i Hri5?n nnbjH T : : T T : — : • n^b'a n^b'r^n T • — : • n^Vs n^b'jM n^bbn " J T ri^bsnri ^n^Vn ^m^^b'^n • •• : T ^n^^nnn ^% ^^^n ; T ^b-inn Dh^^!i Din^b::^n V •• : T Dh^b-iinn l-n"^? l^^^?n it'^fO -|n^br»nri tire's ^rbbn ^::^b'5n ^rbsriri (^^?) ^b'?L! nb'^n (ri%ir;) niSr^n (ni!:?n) riib^nri n^'j"' nbb^ nb';- n&r^^ nV^n ri^n V : T nb'iinn nV::^ri nb-"^n V : r nb'r»nn ^Vr^n ^bbn • : T ^b'linn nb'r^K nb3Jj^ V : T nb-ins ^^r ^!5?: : T ^^sn^ ni'^^'.nn ns'^bbn T V : T ns^b'snn ^^^n ^S^n : T ^bunn ni^b'nn nr^-nn T V : r .nrb'-inn TV—: • V \ : ^y?^ nb'ro V : r ^^.)'2S?? . nbr^n nV^nn wanting ^>'^n wanting ^y^nri ^3:^n ^b^riri n^^bbn T V : — •r V — : • r^Tz nV-in/j inVrj^J nb'j/j V : T 19 XV. Declension of Garden. Fish. Guard. Vengeance. Cloud. Heart. Flower. Tree. Wall. Suckling. Interpreter. Statute. Turtle-dove. Memorial. King. Hiding-place. Strength. Death. Hebrew. Appearance. Absol. T ;t t •• T ph T • V T Singular. IS nib n^ir. or 1^5 • PH •nb^b Plueal. Absol. Constr. • T d^inb ^'P?t ^^%^)^ d^nh d^biiDT d^ib^^ • T : d^nno d^7b^^ • T t; d^lhi'j d^^nns' or d^nn? d-^jtkn:j '?5 Singular. Absol. Constr. Palm. ^1 5ll Hand. T r "Wing. ^?? 51=1 Tooth. 1^ 1^- Foot. i^ro y^h Ear. T!i« il^ Eye. Pl r=? Lip. T T PSIB Dual. Absol. d:^5 • — T d'^sss • — r : d^5U3 "^ d^iT]^ • — ; T d^'nsb • ~ T : ""20 Co72str. "DTK Plural. Absol. Constr, nfe5 nir T T : d^b:n T -; Nouns, §§44-47. Singular. Plural. Adsol. Gonstv. Absol. Constr. Garden. T — t\n nih riii5 Fish (collective ' T T ni'H T nii'n Observance. V V : • V V : • T : • riiT^uJ7j Vengeance. ^?I?? f^^^r?? r.i:'ipD nirp5 Cloud (coUecti^ re.) n:3? ' TT -: snDp!? T -: nibs? Sin. T — n.^^n T — ni^ton Flower. T • snk? riikp snikp Counsel. T •• ni?; niis? nii?^ Wall. rn^-^ sn^^r» ninji* nin^ri Sucker. ^I??.'^'" ^I??.^"' nif:)Di; snipjv Poem. T • : ni^b/j xnii^b/j niii^b^^ Statute. npn njin nipn nipn Law. nnin ninin ninin Skull. nVib? ^bi^? nib^b^ mibsbri Queen. T : — t\^12 ' ni5b!a T ; miib^g Hiding-place. T : • mnnp ■ T : minnD Strength. , T : T — ; T T t: Kingdom. WDb'J r^^Db^^ tni^sb)^ nibb"^ Hebrew- worn an. XTl^ "nils' n^nn? ni^'in? ni^D? Vision. T : — in.^n/j ni&^n^5 nik^'j Adjectives and Participles. SiNGITLAE. Plural. Masc. Fern. Ifasc. i^^7?2. Many. in nin D^i:i niin Small. 1^1? ^s;t5i: t^i^p nS3t:p Heavy. "lis n^ns •• T T •• : t3'^;;? ni^ns Great. bii-i nb'i-is T T : Q^b'iiB nibi-i3 Deep. pW T\^12l d^pi:^ nip^? Kal act. part. btsp nbbj^ or ribi^p t^'bbp nibtpj: Kal pass. part. b^t:]5 nbVc:i:p a^b'^t^p nib^tip Niphal part. btbpD nbiipi t': • T T>: • or r^bipp n''bbpp nib'^pp XVI. Paradigm of N OUNS WITH Suffixes, H9. Singular. ] lieart lib king -Tib/b queen »l-b*5 hand 1^ T Const, 5ib Tib^j V V nsb/j ^: Sing. 1 c. my -nab (( -:?b:o <; • T ; ■" u • T 2 m. thy ^?5^ u ^3ba u %T\ffq a n?.: 2/ thy ^4?^ a ^^i'j u ^b?k a ^i: 3 m. his iinb c; i^a u ih|b/j u in" 3/ her T T ; a nibba u a XT Plur. 1 c. our •• T : u *i=5^'5 a •• T : — u •'T 2 w. your Dinnb u I3=#J a ^5^?^*"^ u DD7: 2/. your "l???^ a ■jisb^j u 15^?^^ u 157." 3 m. their T T I u niib-3 T ; "" u dhsb/^ T T ; — u TT 3/. their 1=?^ u 1^^? u ihsb^j 1 TT : - u ITT Plural. D UAL. hearts Q^i^lb • T : king 3 D-5ba queens Iniib^J hands Q'^l'^ Const. -iab '?^a nibb^j ^X Sing. 1 c. my (( — T ; u ^niDb^j (( ••T 2 m. thy T??^ (; 1 -.-T : a T^^'4'^ U •••r 2/ thy ti-inb • — T : a T^^^ (( ■^^^'^^^ a ^rr 3 m. his rb.±> (( TDba T T ; (( rhiDb^'j T : — u TT 3/ her ri^inb T V T : a n^Db^j T V T ; u n^iDb^j TV ; — (( T VT Plur. 1 c. our •' T : (( ^i-'Db-j ••T : (( ^rniiDb'^ (I ••T 2 7?i. your Di^nnb C( oi'?!?^ u Di^ni^pb-^ (C ^?'T 2/. your ir??^ u 15'5t'"^ (C •)i^ni::b^ i( 15'T 3 m. their c^n^nnb a t3\!'?^'5 n tDn-nib^j u ^0'"? 3/. their 1\!'^^^ u in'5^^ u in^nS:Db?j J V •• 1 : — u IQ""^- 22 XVII. Numerals, §51. Cardinals. Masculine. Ab&ol. Constr. Feminine. Ahsol. Constr. One ins: T V nfij? "T\m nn« Two Three T • ^5123 to3u3 T Four T T I ^ n^^ni^ ^bn^ 5?5nx Five ni?7brt •• T ■^"^n Six ^^■i? iriD 12:^5 Seven T : • sninii 5^5'i? ^Jhxi Eight T : nibir nbb"^ nibti Kine T I • n?irn 3J^r} ^■ibn Ten T T ~J ^7^? ™ij '^''?? Eleven 1 ^i?? 1in« •nnto Twelve V T r Thirteen 'libs? T T ^"'^w tibis I:ourteen T T ni?:anu5 T T : — nniij? 5?in^ E^teen T T T • -: nnw ^^^.n Sixteen nib:? T T T • nnw iria Seventeen T r ni?:nta T : • J^"]'^? 5?itD Eighteen ib3? T T n;'53ir ti^to nibiD Nineteen nib:? T T T : • ^^.to yirn Tvrenty n^^m I 3ixty Q-^fct? One hundred T •• Thirty Q^fcb© ! Seventy D^5?nip Two hundred • - T Forty D'^:ban« ] Eighty Q^bb© One thousand '^\k Fifty Q'^^^n N-inety n^i?T2JP\ Ordinals. Ten thousand siai First liiiji^n Fifth ^c^-an Eighth "^b-^tJ© Second ^i.V. Sixth •'^© Ninth ^i^Wn third iic-)bT» Seventh '^i?'^!© Tenth ^n'^ip^? ':1ourth 'li'^n-i "^ n •n •ni3* 12 n n ntt 13 n n T T tt n n ntt XVIII. Inseparable Prepositions and Vav Conjunctive, § 52. Primary form, 3 3 ^ n Before vowelless Consonants, ;2 3 ^" '^ Before Gutturals with Compound Sh'va, the corresponding short vo^cel Before monosyllables and accented syllables, fa 3 \i ^ With the contracted article, a, vowel of the article. ' * Also before the labials 2 , 53 , and B , but 1 before vowelless Yodh. t With the interrogative ,1X33 , ht)3 , na^ or nib The Preposition ya, He Inteerogative, the Article. AND THE Interrogative tra. Before strong consonants, Before vowelless consonants and strong ) gutturals, ° > Before weak gutturals, Before gutturals with Kamets, * But with a disjunctive accent commonly nja . Inseparable Prepositions with Suffixes. Singular. 8/. inia rib' ni:b3 nsirj " T T T T f * T Pltjeal. ic. ^ik i^sb iisiis ^'h)2 T T r V • 2m. C]i:n dbb d53,d5vj3 Dib^j V T VT V T ' V : -' • 24 XIX. The Accents, ^15. DISJUNCTIVES. Class I. Emperors. *1. Silluk (,) :psi^p *S. Athnahh (.) ^m Class II. Kings, 3. S'gholta i-) postp. 4. Zakeph Katon (■) v"i? m 5. Zakeph Gadhol C) ^1'^^, m *6. Tiphhha U VT { • Class III. DuTces. *7. R'bhr / • \ 5'''^'? *8. Shalsheleth /is V V : - *9. Zarka / *^\ i^i^li postp. 10. Pashta /• %\ T : - postp. 11. Y'thlbh : \< / prep. 12. T'bhir V Class IV. Counts. *13. Pazfir / H V •• T 14. K-arne Phara f'KP. T T " :>- 15. T'lisha Gh'dhola ( ^\ T : T • : prep. 16. Geresh f \ 17. G'rashayim f "\ • ~ T : *18. P'slk (') ipiD& CONJUNCTIVES. Servants, *19. Merka \l / *20. MQnahh \ J / 21. Merka Kh'phGla ^ Ji' /;t : T : ••• *22. Mahpakh V< / •r^sna 23. Darga \t ) »T : - *24. Kadhma f '*\ ^^115 *25. Yerahh ben Yomo Vv/ 26. T'il^ha K'tanna 2 25 risap xiaiptn postp. XX. Consecution of Accents, § 19. Primary Sections. Disjunctives. Class I. <£ U o CO my I' H O D ■-> c O 1 Disjunctives. "* Cla.ss III. u H O o O m m O J? O * * 1 .; r 1 / v(.,«) .C)C)' /(") A J .'. ..(.) oo i.)\.)' ^CH 1. Secondary Sections. ' ■J J L) x)\S ■■• 1 ' J[j\s) lJ\j) 5 H " -1 J J J ^ J ;» Unusual Sections. i 1 <