THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND . THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES DIVISIONS AND UNIONS IN SCOTLAND, IRELAND, CANADA AND AMERICA V HOy 30X910 JOHN VANT STEPHENS, D.D. Chairman of the Faculty and Professor of Church History in the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the South and Southwest PHILADELPHIA THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION 1910 Copyright, 1910, by The Trustees of The Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work Published May, 1910 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. The Presbyterian Church in .Scotland . . 1 II. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland . . . 39 III. The Presbyterian Church in Canada ... 57 IV. The Presbyterian Church in America ... 75 Appendix 110 Index 11'^ 111 AN EXPLANATORY WORD It is not the purpose of the author to record a complete history of the various Presbyterian and Reformed churches in Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States of America. He has resisted the temptation to make a thick book. His ob- ject is to give a brief outline only, by state- ment and diagram, of the origins, divisions and unions, which will enable the reader readily to trace the continuity of these vari- ous bodies. Almost everyone who under- takes to study the history of these organiza- tions, as related one to another, would be grateful for a plain, simple statement, writ- ten with the purpose of keeping the identity of each church clearly in view. It is to this task that the author has set himself. To the short, descriptive outlines are appended vi THE PRESBYTERLIX CHURCHES diagrams, or charts. Tvliich will enable the reader to trace, with the eye, the movements which affect the continnity of a chnrch. It is believed that a brief statement, in which the reader can follow easily the streams of Presbyterian history, as they flow separately or together, will be welcomed by those who are interested in Presbyterianism, and yet have not the time to consult the volu- minous literature bearing on the subject. A preliminary edition of this little work was printed some time ago. Copies were sent to representative men on both sides of the Atlantic, including the leading his- torians in these churches. Among those who were land enough to examine the work, and to make helpful suggestions, mention may be made of the following : C. G. McC rie, D.D.: Prof. James Orr, D.D.: Edward T. Corwin, D.D. ; James I. Good, D.D. : William Gregg, D.D.; Eobert Christie, D.D.; John A. Wilson, D.D.; A. G. Wallace. D.D.; John McXaugher, D.D., LL.D.: Edward W. Mil- AX EXPLANATORY AVORD ^i ler. D.D.; Thomas C. Johnson, D.D.: Samuel J. Xiccolls. D.D.. LL.D. : Charles L. Thomp- son, D.D., LL.D.: Henry C. McCook. D.D.. Sc.D., LL.D.: Andrew B. Baird. D.D. LL.D. : William H. Roberts, D.D.. LL.D.. and General Ealph E. Prime. The author has profited by the suggestions received, and it is believed that the book as now issued can l^e relied on as an accurate and clear statement of the facts with which it deals. The Ai'thor Lebanon, Tenn.. Januarv 20, 1910. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES CHAPTER I THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND The gospel was preached in Scotland at a very early date, and in a comparatively free and pure form. It does not seem probable that the Cnldee Church contained anything like diocesan episcopacy. The Church of Rome began to make inroads on the native church early in the seventh century. After the Norman conquest of England large num- bers of Saxon exiles found their way into Scotland. ^^ These exiles were headed and accompanied by what remained of the Saxon royal family, and particularly by a young prince named Edgar Ethling, who was a near kinsman of Edward the Confessor, and the heir of this throne, but dispossessed by 1 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES the Norman conqueror." This prince took with him to Scotland two sisters, named Margaret and Christian. They were re- ceived with great kindness by King Malcohn III (Canmore), who made the Princess Mar- garet his wife about 1067. Margaret was a devout member of the Roman Catholic Church. As Queen of Scotland she intro- duced various religious customs, while her charity to the poor was unbounded. Through her and the large number of court- iers that followed her to Scotland from Eng- land, the pope was able in the last half of the eleventh century to impress strongly the Roman type of Christianity upon the Scot- tish Church. In view of this fact Margaret was canonized in 1250, and became the pa- tron saint of Scotland. THE REFORMATION The battle of Bannockburn, in 1314, led to the treaty of Northampton, in 1328, in which the independence of Scotland was rec- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND ognized by England. The sturdiness and pa- triotism of the Scotch, remarkable before, were enhanced by this victory. Owing to the intimate relations existing between con- tinental countries and Scotland, the latter received the continental type of the Keforma- tion, rather than the English type. The ef- forts of Wycliife and Huss, however, had sensibly affected the Scottish Church. The Reformation in Scotland was far more radi- cal than it was in England. In the latter country the crown and bishops favored the type of Reformation there introduced, while in the former country the people and many of the great feudal lords took the lead in the Reformation. The attempts at reform preceding 1557 may be characterized as a series of sporadic outbreaks of opposition against the Romish system, by individuals. Patrick Hamilton began preaching reform in 1528, and was V seized and burned. George Wi shard ap- peared fifteen years later and shared the THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES same fate. In 1557 ^'the first covenant" was subscribed by a number of distinguished gen- , tlemen. In this covenant they promised to apply their very lives in order that they might ^'maintain, set forward and establish the most blessed word of God, and his con- gregation." Those who signed this cove- nant were called ''the Lords of _the_Congre- g^ation," the ''Congregation" consisting of the peojDle who adhered to them. "The Lords of the Congregation," the ministers who favored reform, and the "Congrega- tion" all joined in a vigorous campaign for the promotion of the Keformation. In 1538, James V of Scotland was married ^to Mary of Guise, of France. Of this union Mary Queen of Scots was born in 1542. James died, and Mary was crowned before she was a year old. The regency was com- mitted to her mother. The young queen was sent to France to be educated, and in her sixteenth year she was married to the dau- phin, who afterward reigned for a short time 4 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND as Francis II of France. By this marriage it was the hope of the queen regent and the Catholic court of France to unite the crowns of Scotland and France, and so make Scot- land a permanent Catholic country. But ^^the Protestant party, bound together by the covenant above mentioned, and renewed in 1559 as ^^the second covenant," stood in the way. The queen regent temporized for a time, but finally called to her aid French sol- diers. The safety of England being thus threatened, Elizabeth was compelled to dis- patch an army to repel the French invasion. The result was a victory for Protestantism. The queen regent died in June, 1560, and the same year a Confession, drawn up by John Knox and others, was presented to the Scotch Parliament, which sanctioned it in August, and a few days later proclaimed the Ke- formed faith to be the religion of Scotland. This was before the death of Francis II, in December, 1560, so a messenger was sent to Paris to obtain the ratification of the act, 5 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES by the queen and the consort king; but this attempt was unsuccessful. Francis soon died, and Mary returned to Scotland, in August, 1561. PRESBYTERIANISM ESTABLISHED Parliament had abrogated papal jurisdic- tion; but it had, as yet, enacted no ecclesias- tical jurisdiction in its stead. The first Gen- eral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church ^y convened later in 1560, and appointed a com- mittee to draft the First Book of Discipline, which was subsequently adopted. But a dis- agreement now arose between the Eeformers and the Protestant nobility Jjl reference to the disposition of the patrimony, which had heretofore gone to the support of the Eoman hierarch}^ The young queen, who was in- tensely Catholic, was quick to seize the ad- vantage which this dispute afforded her. It was not until 1567, after the queen's con- duct had outraged all sense of propriety, that Parliament ^^ ratified all the acts which had 6 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND been passed in 1560, in favor of the Protes- tant religion and against popery.'' The ec- clesiastical jurisdiction exercised by the Gen- eral Assembly of the church was formally ratified. This constituted the Presbyterian Church the Established Church of the realm. An act was also passed providing for the support of the church. In the settlement of pastors there was re- served ^^the presentation of lay patronages to the ancient patrons," which became a source of much trouble to Scotch Presby- terianism. This will be considered here- after. Owing to the necessity of the case, the country had been divided into departments, and over each had been placed a minister who was known as superintendent. In 1572 the regent of James VI called a convention of these superintendents and others, in order that some means might be devised to control the wealth which had formerly flowed into the lap of the Roman Church. A plan was inaugurated according to which the titles of 7 THE PRESBYTEKIAN CHURCHES archbishops, bishops, etc., should remain in force, but it was stipulated that these offi- cials should be subject to the General Assem- bly. This unpresbyterian act proved to be another source of trouble to the church. UNION OF CROWNS The crowns of Scotland and England were united, in 1603, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England, thus substi- tuting, in England, the Stuart for the Tudor dynasty. After this followed a long strug- gle in which the crown endeavored to enforce episcopacy upon the Scotch Church. It was a life-and-death struggle. In 1638 a national covenant was circulated, which was signed largely by all classes, pledging the people to resist the unlawful course of the crown. The Scotch resisted force with force. In 1643 /'The Solemn League and Covenant,'' some- times confused with ''The National Cove- nant," was circulated both in Scotland and in England. The object of this covenant 8 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND was to free England as well as Scotland from episcopacy. ""The Westminster Assembly convened in 1643, and continued its sittings until 1648, having sat 1,163 times. Scotland, through her six commissioners in this Assem- bly, helped to make the Westminster Confes- sion of Faith, after which the General Assembly of the Established Church of Scot- land accepted it, in 1647, on the understand- ing that it was ^4n nothing contrary to the received doctrines, worship, discipline and government of this Kirk." The monarchy disappeared in 1649, with Charles I. The Commonwealth and then the Protectorate were recognized until 1660, when the monarchy was restored and Charles II was placed on the throne. He was fol- lowed, in 1685, by James II. During all of these years the Scotch Church had an uneven contest in trying to maintain pure Presbyte- rianism. In 1669 what was known as ^'the first indulgence" was enacted, and this was followed iu 1672 by ^4he second indulgence." THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Doubtless one object of these ''indulgences" was to effect a division in the Presbyterian forces, and in this it was successful. WILLIAM III AND MARY The revolution drove James II from the throne, and placed thereon William, Prince of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of James. William was a sturdy Dutch Presbyterian, and is the only genuine Presbyterian who was ever recognized as the head of the church. He showed a saneness of judgment in reference to religious tolerance, which does great credit to his heart as well as to his head. Possibly he inherited this disposition from his renowned ancestor, William the Si- lent. REFORMED, OR COVENANTING, CHURCH As a result of divisions among the Presby- terians, caused partly by ''the indulgences," at the time of the Revolution Settlement there were three well-defined parties in the Estab- 10 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND lislied Church of Scotland, viz., about sixty ministers who had been ejected from their charges at the beginning of the persecution in 1661, and who were now the proper repre- sentatives of the Church of the Second Eef- ormation; three ministers who represented the ^^Cameronians," or ^^Covenanters," known later as ^'Reformed Presbyterians"; and more than double the number of minis- ters in these two classes, who had more or less conformed to prelacy at some time dur- ing the persecution, and who had accepted the ^indulgences," above mentioned, repre- senting those who had ^^ become tainted some- what with a tendency to laxity and indiffer- ence in doctrine, discipline and government. ' ^ But the three ministers of the second class approved the Revolution Settlement, so the ** Covenanters" were left entirely without ministers. Having formed themselves into ** societies," they met as best they could for prayer and mutual edification. Occasionally they had a minister, but it was not until 1743 11 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES that a presbytery was organized among them. The first division in Scotch Presbyterianism was now an accomplished fact. Yet no exact date can be fixed when the ^* Covenanters" withdrew from the Establishment, or rather declared that the Establishment had with- drawn from them. But the year 1688, the time when William and Mary reached Eng- land, is the date usually named, since that year marked the close of the Revolution, and the ^^Covenanters" refused to acknowledge William and Mary as king and queen, *^ these personages being in their eyes without cov- enant qualification, and supporters of prelacy in England." amyraut's via media This presbytery constituted in 1743 was called *^The Reformed Presbytery." The presbytery was enlarged into a synod in 1810. There have been two divisions in *^The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland." About the middle of the seven- 12 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND teentli century Amyraut, a French theolo- gian, ^^ boldly propounded the doctrine of hypothetical grace," which was *^an attempt to find a middle ground between Augustinian- ism and Arminianism. " In 1749 there was published a book in Scotland, which substan- tially reproduced the theory of the conti- nental divine, under the caption, ^^ A Treatise in Justifying Faith.'' In 1753 ^'The Ee- formed Presbytery" felt constrained to take some action in reference to the book. It was declared to contain *^ dangerous doctrine." Some members of the presbytery withdrew on account of this declaration, and constitu- ted an independent presbytery, under the name of ^^The Eeformed Presbytery of Edin- burgh," but all traces of this organization have disappeared, since 1817. DIVISION IN THE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In 1832 the passage of the Eeform Bill largely extended the franchise, after which some of the members of the Eeformed Pres- 13 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES byterian Churcli were able to vote. The pro- priety of their doing so, however, was called in question. The synod of 1833 gave a de- liverance to the effect that the exercise of the franchise, nnder this bill, was ^incon- sistent with the enjoyment of the privileges of this church." This question was one of more than passing interest for a number of years. In 1863 the synod virtually reversed itself. The minority being dissatisfied, with- drew and formed themselves into ^^The Re- formed Presbyterian Church of Scotland," the only difference in the corporate names of the two churches being in the preposi- tions ''in" and ''of." The dissenting body still maintains an existence, though it is very weak. The principal body formed an or- ganic union, in 1876, with the Free Church of Scotland, hereinafter to be considered. LAY PATRONAGE Another separation from the Established Church occurred in 1733, at which time "The 14 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND Associate Presbytery" was formed. There appear to have been two causes which led to this division. One was of a doctrinal na- ture, which cannot be discussed in this trea- tise. Suffice it to say, however, that the cases of Professors Simpson and Campbell, the Auchterarder Creed, and the Marrow of Modern Divinity furnished ample interest in matters theological for the church courts for some time. The second cause, and perhaps the main one, was of a constitutional nature. The question of patronage has already been noted. According to this law, the patron, a landed proprietor, had the right to present a candidate of his own choosing to be in- ducted into the office of pastor, when a va- cancy occurred, irrespective of the prefer- ences of the people to be served. It does not appear that it was the design, in the beginning, to deprive the people of this right, but an old, inherited custom was followed without seeing where it was likely to lead. As its trend became more ajDparent, 15 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES the Scotch Parliament, in 1649, abolished patronage, but when the crown resolved to thrust episcopacy upon Scotland, patronage was restored, in 1661. After the accession of William and Mary, it was once more abol- ished, in 1690. The Scottish and English Parliaments were united in 1707, at which time all possible precautions were taken to safeguard the interest of the Scottish Church. But in 1712 the English Tories and the Scottish Jacobites in Parliament com- bined and restored patronage, though the act was a most shameful violation of the terms of the union a few years before. Various efforts were made by the Scottish Church to throw off this incubus, but it was not able to do so. For the relief of the church, a bill was introduced in Parliament in 1735 to abolish patronage, but the measure failed to pass. As might have been expected, the re- sult was finally a clash between the church and the state, the latter having to resort to force in some instances, to compel the former 16 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND to yield; and as might have been expected, too, the church became divided on the issue. THE ASSOCIATE, OR SECESSION, CHURCH, So ^'The Associate Presbytery" was formed, and it rapidly took hold of the pop- ular sympathies. By October, 1744, it had grown to such dimensions that it was divided into three ]3resbyteries, under the jurisdic- tion of ^'The Associate Synod." About this time, controversy found its way into the new church on the question of renewing the na- tional bonds and approving the burgess oath. This oath contained a clause, ^^the true re- ligion presently professed within this realm," exacted only in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Perth, which was differently construed. One party regarded the language as merely an approval of the true religion, without committing one to an approval of the partic- ular manner in which it was professed in Scotland; while the other faction regarded the language as expressing an approval of 17 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES the existing Establishment with all of its doctrinal errors and violations of the consti- tution. BURGHER AND ANTI-BURGHER Those favorable to the former construc- tion finally proved to be in the majority. They continued to be known as ''The Asso- ciate Synod/' while the minority which had withdrawn in 1747, organized ''The General Associate Synod." The two parties were respectively known as "Burgher" and "Anti-Burgher." Further trouble was in store for both organizations. In 1799, be- cause of a difference of opinion in reference to the province of the civil magistrate, three ministers and three elders from the Burgher Church formed an independent presbytery, which was known as "Old Light," while the body from which they withdrew was known as "New Light." A controversy, somewhat of the same nature, disturbed "The General Associate Synod," or Anti-Burgher Church. 18 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND In 1806, four ministers withdrew from the jurisdiction of the synod, and organized an independent body, which was called the ' ' Old Light Anti-Burgher," while the synod from which they withdrew was called ^^New Light Anti-Burgher." The two New Light bodies were drawn together, and in 1820, formed an organic union as ^'The United Secession Synod of the Secession Church." It was from this church that the Evangelical Union withdrew in 1843, which was finally absorbed by the Congregationalists. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In 1847, ^^The United Secession Synod" entered into a union with the Eelief Church, hereinafter to be considered, and was known as ^^The Synod of the United Presbyterian Church." This United Church, in 1900, formed a union with the Free Church of Scotland, which will receive notice in the proper place. In the meantime the Old Light Burgher 19 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Churcli conducted negotiations looking to a union with the Established Church, which re- sulted in 1839 in about three-fourths of the members of that church uniting with the Es- tablished Church. The one-fourth perpetu- ated the existence of the body until 1842, when a union was formed with the Old Light Anti-Burghers, the new organization taking the name of ^ ' The Synod of the United Orig- inal Secession Church." This latter church by a very small majority determined to unite with the General Assembly of the Free Church. This union was accomplished in 1852. The non-union minority have perpet- uated the name of the United Original Se- cession Church, but it has never grown to any considerable proportions. CREED REVISION C. G. McCrie, D.D., the historian, says that ''when the synod of the United Presbyterian Church met at Glasgow in May, 1877, there was a group of overtures on the table which 20 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND timid ecclesiastics and conservatively inclined members must have regarded with consider- able apprehension, if not anxiety. The papers were four in number and all fell under the common designation ^anent the Eevisal of the Subordinate Standards.' '' The whole subject was referred to a com- mittee. In this committee the conservative element was outnumbered, and the aggres- sive element was held in check. A decided majority favored a ^^ mediatory line of ac- tion," and so reported. The synod adopted the report of the committee substantially as it was presented, and transmitted it to the inferior courts for their action. When the synod convened in 1879, '4t was found that the great majority of the inferior courts ap- proved the document, '^ which is as follows: DECLARATORY ACT. Whereas the formula in which the subordinate standards of this church are accepted requires assent to them as an exhibition of the sense in which the* Scriptures are understood: Whereas 21 THE PEESBYTERIAN CHURCHES these standards, being human composition, are necessarily imperfect, and the church has already allowed exception to be taken to their teaching or supposed teaching on one important subject : And whereas there are other subjects in regard to w^hich it has been found desirable to set more fully and clearly the view which the synod takes of the teach- ing of the Holy Scriptures: Therefore, the synod hereby declares as follows :• 1. That in regard to the doctrine of redemption as taught in the standards, and in consistency therewith, the love of God to all mankind, his gift of his Son to be the propitiation for the sins of the whole world, and the free offer of salvation to men without distinction on the ground of Christ's perfect sacrifice are matters which have been and continue to be regarded by this church as vital in the system of gospel truth, and to which due promi- nence ought ever to be given. 2. That the doctrine of divine decrees, including the doctrine of election to eternal life, is held in connection and harmony with the truth that God is not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance, and that he has pro- vided a salvation sufficient for all, adapted to all, and offered to all in the gospel; and also with the responsibility of every man for his dealing with the free and unrestricted offer of eternal life. 3. That the doctrine of man's total depravity, 22 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND and of his loss of ' ' all ability of will to any spiritual good accompanying salvation," is not held as im- plying such a condition of man's nature as would affect his responsibility under the law of God and the gospel of Christ, or that he does not experience the strivings and restraining influences of the Spirit of God, or that he cannot perform actions in any sense good; although actions which do not spring from a renewed heart are not spiritually good or holy — such as accompany salvation. 4. That while none are saved except through the mediation of Christ, and by the grace of his Holy Spirit, who worketh when, and where, and how it pleaseth him ; while the duty of sending the gospel to the heathen, who are sunk in ignorance, sin and misery, is clear and imperative; and while the outward and ordinary means of salvation for those capable of being called by the word are the ordinances of the gospel: in accepting the stand- ards, it is not required to be held that any who die in infancy are lost, or that God may not ex- tend his grace to any who are without the pale of ordinary means, as it may seem good in his sight. 5. That in regard to the doctrine of the civil magistrate, and his authority and duty in the sphere of religion, as taught in the standards, this church holds that the Lord Jesus Christ is the only King ancl Head of the church, and '' Head over all things to the church, which is his body"; dis- 23 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES approves of all compulsory or persecuting and in- tolerant principles in religion; and declares, as hitherto, that she does not require approval of any- thing in her standards that teaches, or may be sup- posed to teach, such principles. 6. That Christ has laid it as a permanent and universal obligation upon his church, at once to maintain her own ordinances, and to ''preach the gospel to every creature"; and has ordained that his people provide by their free-will offerings for the fulfillment of this obligation. 7. Tliat, in accordance with the practice hitherto observed in this church, liberty of opinion is al- lowed on such points in the standards, not entering into the substance of the faith, as the interpretation of the ' ' six days ' ' in the Mosaic account of the crea- tion ; the church guarding against the abuse of this liberty to the injury of its unity and peace. The following question of the formula con- tains the terms in which the subordinate standards are accepted by the office-bearers of the church: — ^^Do you acknowledge the "Westminster Confession of Faith and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms as an ex- hibition of the sense in which you under- stand the Holy Scriptures, this acknowledg- 24 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND ment being made in view of the explanations contained in the Declaratory Act of synod thereanentr^ THE RELIEF CHURCH The Established Church was no longer homogeneous, either in spirit or polity. As Henry C. Sheldon, D.D., well observed: ^'The two rival parties continued within its bounds; the one known as the popular or evangelical, the other as the moderate party. Of these the latter was in the ascendant in the eighteenth century, first under the leader- ship of Patrick Cuming, and then of William Robertson. This party, if not from convic- tion enthusiastically in favor of patronage, believed in accepting it as the existing law of the church, and was disposed to grant little indulgence to those who felt themselves aggrieved on this score. Its policy, con- ceived in a rather arbitrary spirit, had its advantages; but it had also its disadvan- tages, ^li introduced order within the 25 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES church. It crushed the revolt of presbyter- ies. It silenced in many cases popular clamor. But it quietly and gradually alien- ated the masses of the people from the Es- tablishment.' As the eighteenth century advanced, the rigid spirit of Scottish ortho- doxy found itself invaded by more liberal tendencies." This condition of ecclesiastical affairs pro- duced another division in the Established Church. In 1761 three ministers withdrew and formed ^^The Presbytery of Belief. " As the name indicates, the new presbytery was intended to furnish relief to those who could no longer tolerate the Establishment. This new church grew so fast that in 1773 it constituted its chief judicatory into a synod. In 1847, as has already been shown, it formed a union with the United Secession Church, under the name of ^'The United Presbyte- rian Church.'' 26 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND THE FREE CHURCH It now remains to consider the last exo- dus from the Established Church. The same old trouble of patronage was responsible for the withdrawal of over one-third of all the ministers of the Established Church, in 1843. It was a bold stroke for the four hundred and seventy seceding ministers to surrender their livings, and to cast themselves upon the liberality of the people, who had hereto- fore been accustomed to look to the state for the support of the church. * ^ The whole body of missionaries to the Jews and heathen cast in their lots with the Free Church. The great mass of the Highlanders, to whom lay patronage had proved particularly distaste- ful, went over to the ranks of the new party. Parochial schoolmasters suffered equally with the seceding ministers, being ejected from their schools and obliged to depend upon voluntary support. Chalmers had wrought out beforehand a scheme for church 27 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES extension, and the Free Church at once took measures for covering with its work the whole of Scotland." The obstacles over- come and the success attained by the Free Church have no parallel in modern church history. CREED REVISION" As has been already observed, the Free Church, in 1852, absorbed the greater part of the United Original Secession Church; and by a union, all of ^'The Reformed Pres- byterian Church in Scotland" (Covenanters), in 1876, were added to the Free Church. As early as 1889 the attention of the Free Church was drawn to creed revision. This revision took the form of a ^^Declaratory Act," which passed the General Assembly in 1892. Eobert Eainy, D.D., said; ^^The Declara- tory Act was framed by a committee care- fully chosen from men of various shades of opinion on church questions. This commit- 28 PEESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND tee had been appointed by the Assembly because of overtures which came up from many presbyteries stating that difficulties and scruples were felt by men elected to of- fice as elders, as well as by students, about statements in the Confession of Faith. Some were afraid that certain statements in the Confession would pledge them to doctrines they did not find in the word of God; and some were afraid that views they believed to be taught in the word of God were hardly allowable by the Confession. So they had difficulty about receiving it as the Confession of their own faith." DECLARATORY ACT Whereas it is expedient to remove difficulties and scruples which have been felt by some in reference to the declaration of belief required from persons who receive license, or are admitted to office in this church, the General Assembly with consent of presbyteries declares as follows: 1. That, in holding and teaching, according to the Confession, the divine purpose of grace towards those who are saved, and the execution of that pur- 29 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES pose in time, this church most earnestly proclaims, as standing in the forefront of the revelation of grace, the love of God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, to sinners of mankind, manifested especially in the Father's gift of the Son to be the Savionr of the world, in the coming of the Son to offer himself a propitiation for sin, and in the striving of the Holy Spirit with men to bring them to repentance. 2. That this church also holds that all who hear the gospel are warranted and required to believe to the saving of their souls ; and that in case of such as do not believe, but perish in their sins, the is- sue is due to their own rejection of the gospel call. That this church does not teach, and does not re- gard the Confession as teaching, the foreordination of men to death irrespective of their own sin. 3. That it is the duty of those who believe, and one end of their calling by God, to make known the gospel to all men everywhere for the obedience of faith. And that while the gospel is the or- dinary means of salvation for those to whom it is made known, yet it does not follow, nor is the Confession to be held as teaching, that any who die in infancy are lost, or that God may not extend his mercy for Christ 's sake, and by his Holy Spirit, to those who are beyond the reach of these means, as it may seem good to him, according to the riches of his grace. 4. That, in holding and teaching, according to 30 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND the Confession of Faith, the corruption of man's whole nature as fallen, this church also maintains that there remain tokens of his greatness as created in the image of God; that he is responsible for compliance with law and with the gospel; and that, although unable without the aid of the Holy Spirit to return to God, he is yet capable of affec- tions and actions which in themselves are virtuous and praiseworthy. 5. That this church disclaims intolerant or per- secuting principles, and does not consider her office- bearers, in subscribing the Confession, committed to any principles inconsistent with liberty of con- science and the right of private judgment. 6. That while diversity of opinion is recognized in this church on such points in the Confessions as do not enter into the substance of the Reformed faith therein set forth, the church retains full au- thority to determine in any case which may arise, what points fall within this description, and thus to guard against any abuse of this liberty to the detriment of sound doctrine, or to the injury of their unity and peace. C. G. McCrie, D.D., speaking of this ** Declaratory Act,'' says: ^^ Viewed and ac- cepted simply as a declaration of the mind of the church regarding some parts of the 31 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Westminster standards liable to misconcep- tions, and about certain views which may be held without contradicting the Confession, the Declaratory Act brought relief to a large number of Free Churchmen, and these, not the least thoughtful, conscientious and loyal of her sons. In the judgment of many of her office-bearers and members, the church brought herself, through the Declaratory Act, not only into more perfect agreement with the permanent in Scripture teaching, but also into touch with ^the church's present faith,' with ^the living faith of the church' — phrases which were much in evidence during the drafting and passing of the measure." But there were a few in the Free Church who were opposed to all creed revision. This opposition, in 1893, led two ministers and one elder to sign a ^^Deed of Separa- tion" from the Free Church. The new or- ganization which was formed was called ^'The Free Presbyterian Church of Scot- land." It is a small, insignificant body. 32 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND UNION OF FREE AND UNITED CHURCHES It has already been said that the Free Church and the United Church formed an organic union in 1900. C. G. McCrie, D.D., says: ^'Once the United Presbyterian and the Free Churches were in possession of separate yet similar Declaratory Acts the tide of sentiment in favor of closer relations was not long in setting in." In the course of a few years organic union was consum- mated. The new organization is known as the United Free Church. A handful, prob- ably not exceeding ten thousand members, of the Free Church refused to go into the union. Under a peculiar law of Great Britain this very small minority laid claim to all the property of the Free Church, and although all the Scotch judges decided against the claimants, the court of highest resort sus- tained the claim. But there was such mani- fest inequity in the decision that a wave of discontent swept over Britain. Parliament 33 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES gave the question such attention as its merits deserved. A commission was apj)ointed, which was charged with the responsibility of dividing the property between the two bodies on the principles of equity, and its work has been done thoroughly. DIVISIONS This brief sketch reveals the fact that there have been in Scotch Presbyterianism nine divisions, not counting the two, viz., ^'Tlie Eeformed Presbytery of Edinburgh" and ^*The Evangelical Union," which have disap- peared from the Presbyterian family roll; nor in this count is any notice taken of rem- nants which sometimes refused to enter unions effected between churches. These nine divi- sions are as follows: (1) the separation of the Reformed Presbyterians (or Covenant- ers) from the Established Church in 1688; (2) ^'The Eeformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland" withdrew from ^'The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland" in 1863; 34 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SCOTLAND (3) the Associate or Secession Church drew out of the Establishment in 1733; (4) ^'The General Associate Synod" (Anti-Burgher) withdrew from ^'The Associate Synod" (Burgher) in 1747; (5) the Burghers sepa- rated into Old Light and New Light, the former severing its connection with the lat- ter, in 1799; (6) the Anti-Burgher Church followed the example of the Burgher Church, the Old Light withdrawing from the New Light in 1806; (7) the Eelief Church aban- doned the Establishment in 1761; (8) the Free Church of Scotland withdrew from the Established Church in 1843; (9) and finally the Free Presbyterian Church severed its connection with the Free Church of Scotland in 1893. UNIONS There have been six unions effected, as follows: (1) ^^The Eeformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland" with the Free Church of Scotland in 1876; (2) the New Light .35 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Burgher Church with the New Light Anti- Burgher Church in 1820; (3) the larger part of the Old Light Burgher Church with the Established Church in 1839; (4) the remnant of the Old Light Burgher Church with the Old Light Anti-Burgher Church in 1842; (5) the majority of the United Original Seces- sion Church with the Free Church of Scot- land in 1852; and (6) the Free Church of Scotland with the United Church in 1900. Through the various movements and by the various unions which have been formed nearly all of the Presbyterian elements have been collected together, in Scotland, into two great churches, viz., the Established Church and the United Free Church. In forming some of the unions certain fragments refused to enter the broader relation, thereby per- petuating several small and weak churches. 36 CHART OF SCOTCH PRESBYTERIANISM Kef. .n..dPr„b.,t,.i ,„ Ch^ *<.iSf« , ■ g .1 slon Ck K A,i S^YUr -^ su»; ?c<; ^ f ,. -i^- "■•"IH ^ - £ < 8 ReLef Ck:,rck ?:l lAn r«. ^ Cl,..rhyiet^./VUi^r 7 Sy».d .Z Uh ............. CHAPTER III THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA The Presbyterian Church in Canada is itself the result of seven organic unions, which were effected from time to time be- tween bodies of both independent and schis- matic origin. This denomination presents one of the finest illustrations in church his- tory of the beneficial results accruing from organically united, instead of divisive, ec- clesiastical effort. In its earlier history Canadian Presbyterianism was very badly divided; but for the last thirty years it has presented the very finest example of consoli- dation, unity of purpose and successful evan- gelism. SCOTCH ENVIRONMENT In order that a clear statement of Cana- dian Presbyterianism may be presented, it 57 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES is necessary to mention certain conditions once existing in Scotch Presbyterianism, which impressed themselves on the Canadian kin. About three and one-half centuries ago the Roman Catholic Church was displaced by Protestantism, when the Presbyterian Church was recognized by the state as con- stituting the national church of the realm. In 1560 a confession of faith was drawn up by John Knox and his associates, which, in the same year, the Estates ^^ ratified and ap- pointed as wholesome and sound doctrine grounded upon the infallible truth of God's word." In 1567 Parliament ratified all the acts which had been passed in 1560, and from this time the Presbyterian Church became the Established Church of Scotland. This church has had a most interesting history from various view points. From time to time schismatical parties split off from the parent body, and these again sometimes di- vided up, until Scotch Presbyterianism be- 58 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA came quite intricate. These various divisive questions were often transferred with emi- grants to their new homes. This was true in Canada. In 1733 the Secession or Associate Presby- terian Church was constituted in Scotland, by ministers who withdrew from the Estab- lished Church. The cause leading to their withdrawal was both of a doctrinal and con- stitutional nature, which need not be dis- cussed in this connection. But after the formation of the Associate Church, a note of discord entered into the new household of faith. This was occasioned by the fact that Edinburgh, Glasgow and Perth inserted into the burgess oath, which was exacted, the clause, ^^the true religion presently professed within this realm." Some construed these words as a mere indorsement of Protestant- ism, while others saw in them an approval of the acts of the Established Church. The contention between the two parties in the As- 59 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES sociate Churcli became so acute that they sep- arated, in 1747, into two churches, known as Burgher and Anti-Burgher. Sympathizers with both divisions emi- grated to Canada, and this led to the estab- lishment of churches in Nova Scotia repre- senting both of the above-named branches in Scotland. In 1786 the Presbytery of Truro, representing the Burghers, was organized, with ^ve ministers and two elders. In 1795 the Presbytery of Pictou was constituted by three ministers and two elders, belonging to the Anti-Burghers. Soon after the organi- zation of the latter presbytery, the former proposed that each should recognize the other as a court of Christ; but transatlantic prej- udice was too strong, and the fraternal over- ture was rejected. But as time went on, both sides came to see that there was no good reason for remaining apart, so in 1817 the two bodies united, and were known as ''The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia,'' which was composed of three pres- 60 PRESBYTERIAxN CHURCH IN CANADA byteries. Of the nineteen ministers belong- ing to the synod, three had been connected with the Established Church of Scotland and two with the English independent churches. When this union took place there were only a few ministers of the Established Church of Scotland in the eastern provinces, but in the next few years the number considerably increased. These refused to enter *^The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia," so they constituted, in 1833, '^The Synod of Nova Scotia in Connection with the Church of Scotland." This synod, at its or- ganization, had ten ministers on its roll, di- vided between three presbyteries, as follows : Halifax, Pictou and Prince Edward Island. THE FREE CHURCH OF NOVA SCOTIA In 1843 the great disruption of the Church of Scotland took place. What was known as the law of patronage had been restored by the British Parliament, in 1712; and this was done in violation of the articles of the 61 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES union between the two kingdoms at their consolidation. According to this law some nobleman, or other party, called a ^^ patron," had the civil right to select a pastor for a vacant church, the wishes of the members of the church not being consulted. This law became a source of great annoyance to Scotch Presbyterianism. The trouble be- came so serious in 1843 that a very large part of the Established Church withdrew and formed the Free Church. Naturally, the mem- bers of ^'The Synod of Nova Scotia in Con- nection with the Church of Scotland'' took a deep interest in this controversy. In 1844 this synod, in order that its sympathy for the Free Church of Scotland might be more thor- oughly understood, changed its name to ^'The Synod of Nova Scotia Adhering to the West- minster Standards.'' This action led to its being called generally ^^The Free Church"; so in 1848 it made another change in its name. This time it took the title of ^'The Synod of the Free Church of Nova Scotia." 62 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA After this repudiation of the Established Church of Scotland and change of name by the synod, it was drawn into closer fellow- shiiD with ''The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia/^ which resulted in an organic union of the two synods in 1860, under the name of "The Synod of the Pres- byterian Church of the Lower Provinces of British North America/' THE CHURCH OP NEW BRUNSWICK, In January, 1833, in the same year in which ''The Synod of Nova Scotia in Connection with the Church in Scotland" was con- stituted, an independent presbytery was formed, which was called "The Presbytery of New Brunswick in Connection with the Church of Scotland.'' William Gregg, D.D., the Canadian Presbyterian historian, speak- ing of this presbytery, says: "A pro- posal was made to them by the Synod of Nova Scotia in the same connection, which was organized a few months afterward, to 63 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES form one of its presbyteries, but the pro- posal was declined." This declination led the synod to constitute a presbytery of the same name of the independent presbytery, and the name seems to indicate that the two presbyteries occupied substantially the same territory. Thus without any apparent good reason there were two churches of the same faith and sympathy where there was no need of more than one. In 1835 ^ ' The Presbytery of New Brunswick in Connection with the Church of Scotland'' was expanded into a synod. The synod had the names of ten ministers on its roll. This number increased to thirteen by 1845, at which date three of them withdrew, and organized ^^The Synod of New Brunswick Adhering to the Stand- ards of the Westminster Confession." This body is usually called *^The Free Church of New Brunswick." The occasion of this di- vision grew out of the disruption in Scotland, already mentioned. In 1866 this dissenting body formed an organic union with ^'The 64 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces of British North Amer- ica. '^ THE CHURCH OF N. S. AND P. E. I. Mention has already been made of the fact that in 1833 ^^The Synod of Nova Scotia in connection with the Church of Scotland" was constituted, after which it twice changed its name ; and that the name adopted at the first change, in 1844, was ^'The Synod of Nova Scotia Adhering to the Westminster Stand- ards." Four ministers took exception to this action, and withdrew from the synod, two of them returning to Scotland. Later, other ministers came over from Scotland, and in 1854 a new synod was organized by ten ministers, which came to bear the name of ^^The Synod of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in Connection with the Church of Scotland." As has already been stated, **The Free Church of I»Jew Brunswick" withdrew from 65 1 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES *' The Synod of New Brunswick in Connection m with the Church of Scotland," in 1845. The main body of the synod, however, continued its existence until 1868, when a union was effected with '^The Synod of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in Connection with the Church of Scotland," the united church being known as ''The Synod of the Presby- terian Church of the Maritime Provinces of British North America in Connection with the Church of Scotland." THE UNITED CHURCH OF UPPER CxiNADA It now becomes necessary to go back to the year 1818, in order to take up another strand of Canadian Presbyterianism. It was at this date that "The Presbytery of the Can- adas" was constituted with ^ve ministers. This presbytery grew into a synod in 1820; but became practically dissolved by 1825. A reorganization was effected. But as its membership was confined to the upper prov- ince, the new organization was called "The 06 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA United Presbytery of Upper Canada.'^ With a view of participating in *^the Clergy Reserves/^ the presbytery was converted in- to ''The United Synod of Upper Canada, '^ in 1831. In 1791 the British Parliament passed an act, according to which about three million three hundred thousand acres of land in Can- ada were reserved ''for the support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy.'' The revenue from these lands finally constituted what was called "the Clergy Reserves," which led to the action of the presbytery just cited. THE CANADA PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In the same year, 1831, some ministers of the Church of Scotland, without ecclesiastical affiliation on this side of the Atlantic, were moved by the same motive, viz., "the Clergy Reserves," to form an independent organ- ization, which bore the name of "The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in 67 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Connection with the Church of Scotland." This synod, at its organization, had the names of nineteen ministers on its roll, di- vided into three presbyteries. These two last-named churches formed a union in 1840. But in 1844 the effects of the Scottish disrup- tion led a score or more of the ministers of the synod to constitute ''The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Canada," which is also known as ''The Synod of the Free Church of Canada." This latter church maintained an independent existence until 1861, when it formed a union with "The Synod of the United Presbyterian Church in Canada." This latter church was the outgrowth of "The Missionary Presbytery of the Canadas in Connection with the United Associate Synod of the Secession Church in Scotland." This presbytery was organized in 1834. In 1843 the presbytery was consti- tuted into "The Missionary Synod of Can- ada in Connection with the United Associate Church in Scotland." In 1847 the name was 68 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA changed to ^'The Synod of the United Pres- byterian Church in Canada/' In 1861, when the union was entered into with **The Synod of the Free Church of Canada/' the united church was called ^'The Synod of the Can- ada Presbyterian Church." In 1870 this united synod was erected into ^^The General Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian Church. ' ' CHURCH UNIONS, In this attempt to trace the various ele- ments in Canadian Presbyterianism, ten sep- arate churches have been named, not count- ing the united churches. Six unions have been mentioned, as follows: (1) The union of the Burgher and the Anti-Burgher churches, in 1817; (2) the union of '^The Synod of the Free Church of Nova Scotia" with ' ^ The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia" in 1860; (3) the union of **The Synod of New Brunswick Adhering to the Standards of the AVestminster Confes- 69 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES sion" with '^The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces of British North America," in 1866; (4) the union of ^ ' The Synod of New Brunswick in Connection with the Church of Scotland" with '^The Synod of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in Connection with the Church of Scot- land," in 1868; (5) the union of ^^ The United Synod of Upper Canada" with ^'The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in Con- nection with the Church of. Scotland," in 1840; and (6) what is generally known as ^^The Synod of the Free Church of Canada" with ^ ' The Synod of the United Presbyterian Church in Canada," in 1861. After these six unions had been effected there were four Presbyterian Churches in Canada, as follows: (1) ^^The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Maritime Prov- inces of British North America in Connection with the Church of Scotland," (2) ^^The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Can- ada in Connection with the Church of Scot- 70 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA land,'' (3) ^^Tlie Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces of British North America" and (4) ^'The Synod of the Canada Presbyterian Church.'' This last synod was changed to a General Assembly in 1870. It will be observed that the first two churches mentioned in this list were ^'in connection with the Church of Scotland," while the last two named were not. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA The most glorious union of all took place in 1875, when these four churches united as ^'The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada." Besides this great Canadian church there are in Canada two small organizations, viz., ^'The Presbyterian Church in Canada in Connection with the Church of Scotland" and the church of the ^'Maritime Provinces in Connection with the Church of Scotland." 71 I CHART OF CANADIAN PRESBYTERIANISM ""•"'■ "Jf,„a-/j*'...p-«-''*. '"■""■"""■" ,tjj rr.tCl ^f-y.r^sc^:«^ % K„ r,.. :ri't"7"r""^ :lj^ '• " _,,,.,^.JL. «.-.-i CHAPTER IV THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA REFORMED AND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES Many of the early immigrants to America were disciples of Calvin and Knox. Those from the Continent of Europe were known as Eeformed, while those from the British Isles were called Presbyterians. In the Ref- ormation, the first object of the reformers was to reform the Catholic Church, of which the}^ were all members, of its errors and abuses. For this reason they were called Reformed. So when they found that they were not able to reform the Catholic Church and had to leave it, they were still called Reformed. This name was given to the fol- lowers of Calvin and Zwingli, on the Conti- nent, while those who adhered to Luther, on the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, were 75 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES called Lutherans. The word Presbyterian was applied to the followers of Calvin and Knox in Scotland and England and subse- quently in other places. The Eeformed Churches in the United States of America, holding the Presbyterian system, have sprung from the Reformed Churches of the Continent and the Presby- terian Churches of Great Britain. As a mat- ter of convenience these churches may be di- vided into five groups, as follows : the Amer- ican Churches, the Scotch Churches, the Dutch Churches, the German Churches, and the Welsh Church. This outline does not undertake to deal with the organization and growth of local congregations, but with de- nominational life as exhibited in presbyterial and higher judicatories. I. THE AMERICAN CHURCHES This group is called the American Churches, because it largely discarded for- eign influences, and undertook to set up 76 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA ecclesiastical organizations peculiar to the environment of the New World. The Pres- bytery of Philadelphia was organized in 1706. Its growth was rapid. By 1716 the original presbytery was divided into four presby- teries, and the Synod of Philadelphia held its first meeting in 1717. In 1729 the Adopt- ing Act was passed, according to whose terms, subscription to the Westminster Con- fession of Faith was required. Previous to this enactment, the synod did not require subscription to any creed; but in order to protect itself from dangers incident to immi- gration it was forced formally to adopt a Confession of Faith. OLD SIDE AND NEW SIDE Prof. A. C. Zenos, D.D., says that, as the church continued to grow, ^^The question of the kind of education to be given to the min- istry, combined with the question of the status of revivalists in the church and their relation to the regular ministry, produced a 77 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES controversy/' which waxed warmer and warmer, until it rent asunder the synod, in 1741. After vain efforts to reconcile the two parties, known as Old Side and New Side, the Synod of New York (New Side) was or- ganized in 1745. The two synods continued their separate work, the New York Synod growing much faster, until 1758, when a un- ion was effected, the united body being called the Synod of New York and Philadelphia. A NAME CHOSEN Soon after it became apparent that the thirteen colonies would constitute a nation, known as the United States of America, the General Synod, in 1788, determined that the church should be called ^^The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America,'' and it has been known by this name ever since. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ORGANIZED Notwithstanding the ravages of war, the Synod of New York and PhiladeliDhia made 78 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA such rapid strides that it was found neces- sary to divide the body into four synods, which was done in 1788, and in 1789 the first General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America con- vened, and from that time until the present, a General Assembly has met every year, the last one being held in Denver, Colorado, in May, 1909, this being the one hundred and twenty-first. THE CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH A large part of the sturdy settlers in the territory now comprising the states of Ken- tucky and Tennessee were of Presbyterian extraction. It was in this section of the coun- try that the Kevival of 1800 produced some of its marvelous results. As controversy arose in the East, in connection with the awakening of 1740, so controversy arose in the West, in connection with the awakening of 1800. As the former resulted in the or- ganization of the Synod of New York, in 79 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES 1745, so the latter resulted in the establish- ment of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, in 1810. The growth of the new church was very rapid. In 1813 its first synod was constituted, and this expanded into a General Assembly in 1829. Before the Civil War the new church had spread well over the South and Southwest. THE CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ( COLORED) In 1869 the Cumberland Presbyterian Gen- eral Assembly met at Murfreesboro, Tenn- essee. At the same time a convention of the colored ministers of the church was in ses- sion at the same place. This convention adopted a paper, which was presented to the General Assembly, in which the Assembly was requested to set off the colored members of the denomination into a church of their own. The request was complied with, which brought into existence the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Colored. This latter church, under discouraging circumstances, 80 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA has rendered a good service for the race in whose interest it was created. OLD SCHOOL AND NEW SCHOOL In 1801 a Plan of Union (not organic) was adopted by the Presbyterian and Congrega- tional Churches, in order that the two bodies might cooperate in missionary work. Ac- cording to the Plan of Union ^* churches of either body might call a pastor from the other, and when any dispute arose the appeal might be to either the presbytery, or a coun- cil chosen from both bodies. Presbyterian churches might be represented in associa- tions by ruling elders, and Congregational churches in presbyteries by messengers chosen in church meetings.'' This provision ^^ brought into the Presby- terian Church a large number of pastors and churches which were more or less in touch with the doctrinal movements of New Eng- land, and thus helped to impart to American Presbyterianism that dual character which 81 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES resulted in the division of 1837." The two parties which stood opposed to each other were known as ^^Old SchooP' and ''New School." The differences became more ac- centuated until 1837, when the ''Old School" party, finding itself in the majority in the General Assembly, exscinded four synods, composed mostly of "New School" men. The "New School" party formed a General Assembly, the following year, and became known as "the New School Presbyterian Church," but in fact claimed the same name which the other body held, viz.: "The Pres- byterian Church in the United States of America." THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE U. S. Owing to the agitation of the question of slavery, six synods, in the South, comprising twenty-one presbyteries, with fifteen thou- sand communicants, withdrew from the New \^<^^^ School Assembly in 18^, and constituted "the United Synod of the Presbyterian 82 PEESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA Church." *^ During the summer and fall of 1861, forty-seven presbyteries in the South by formal, official action severed their organic connection with the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America," Old School. On December 4, 1861, commissioners from these presbyteries met and constituted the General Assembly of ^'the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America." This assembly, at its organization, represented about seventy thou- sand communicants, and took with it two theological seminaries. ^^The Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of Amer- ica," in 1863, effected an organic union with ^'the Independent Presbyterian Church," lo- cated in the Carolinas ; and in 1864 it formed a union with ' ' the United Synod of the Pres- byterian Church," noted above. At the close of the Civil War, in 1865, the church found it expedient to change its name; consequently the title of ^^The Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America" gave place 83 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES to the name of '4he Presbyterian Church in the United States.'' Since the change of the name, the chnrch has formed unions with the following bodies : the Presbytery of Patapsco, in Maryland, in 1867; the Alabama Presby- tery of the Associate Eeformed Church, in 1867 ; the Synod of Kentucky, which was the southern wing of the Old School Church in the state of that name, in 1868 ; the Associate Reformed Presbytery of Kentucky, in 1870; and the Synod of Missouri, which was the southern wing of the Old School Church in the state of that name, in 1874. The seven bodies with which unions were formed by the Southern Assembly represented about thirty- five thousand communicants, which partly ac- counts for the rapid growth of this church in the first fifteen years of its existence. UNION OF OLD AND NEW SCHOOL In 1862 ^'a friendly interchange of com- missioners" was arranged between the Gen- eral Assemblies of the Old and New School 84 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA Churches. This led to an organic union. In the language of Charles L. Thompson, D.D., ''at ten o'clock on Friday morning, No- vember 12, 1869, each assembly notified the other of the action of the presbyteries. Each body formally declared the basis of un- ion of binding force and voted its own dis- solution, calling the united assembly to meet in the First Church in Philadelphia in 1870. ' ' The consummation of the union was made the occasion for ''an expression of joy that filled all hearts." After thirty-three years of division the church was most happily united. A memorial thanksgiving fund was called for, and the sum of $7,607,491 was secured for the enlargement of the work of the united church. The union has been a most happy one for all concerned. The church was now well organized for the achievement of its mission abroad, and for the accomplishment of its work at home. At no previous time did it give better prom- ise of fulfilling the import of its name. 85 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES CREED REVISION Believing that it was ' ^ desirable to express more fully the doctrine of the church con- cerning the Holy Spirit, missions, and the love of God for all men, ' ' the necessary steps having been taken, the General Assembly, in 1903, declared that two new chapters (XXXIV, '^Of the Holy Spirit,'' and XXXV, ^^Of the Love of God and Missions") are ^'hereby added to the Confession of Faith." By an enactment of the same General As- sembly the Declaratory Statement, the pres- byteries having approved it, was made a part of the Confession of Faith of the church, which is as follows: DECLARATORY STATEMENT While the ordination vow of ministers, ruling elders, and deacons, as set forth in the Form of Government, requires the reception and adoption of the Confession of Faith only as containing the System of Doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures, nevertheless, seeing that the desire has been form- 86 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA ally expressed for a disavowal by the church of certain inferences drawn from statements in the Confession of Faith, and also for a declaration of certain aspects of revealed truth which appear at the present time to call for more explicit statement, therefore the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America does authoritatively declare as follows : First, With reference to Chapter III of the Confession of Faith: that concerning those who are saved in Christ, the doctrine of God's eternal decree is held in harmony with the doctrine of his love to all mankind, his gift of his Son to be the propitiation for the sins of the whole world, and his readiness to bestow his saving grace on all who seek it. That concerning those who perish, the doctrine of God's eternal decree is held in har- mony with the doctrine that God desires not the death of any sinner, but has provided in Christ a salvation sufficient for all, adapted to all, and freely offered in the gospel to all; that men are fully responsible for their treatment of God's gra- cious offer; that his decree hinders no man from accepting that offer ; and that no man is condemned except on the ground of his sin. Second, With reference to Chapter X, Section 3, of the Confession of Faith, that it is not to be regarded as teaching that any who die in infancy are lost. 'We believe that all dying in infancy 87 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES are included in the election of grace, and are re- generated and saved by Christ through the Spirit, who works when and where and how he pleases. UNION OF PRESBYTERIAN AND C. P. CHURCHES The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America completed the revision of the Confession of Faith, in 1903, at which time committees were appointed by the As- semblies of this church and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, for the purpose of ne- gotiating a basis of reunion and union be- tween the two churches. A basis was agreed upon, and was duly approved and adopted by the two churches, according to the provisions of their organic laws; and the reunion and union was declared consummated, on May 24, 1906, '^on the doctrinal basis of the Con- fession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, as revised in 1903, and of its other doctrinal and eccle- siastical standards." Thus after a separa- tion of ninety-six years the two churches 88 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA were again united and on a basis which was '' honoring alike to both." A part of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church repudiated the action of their church courts, and refused to enter the reunited church. At the time the organic union was consummated the Presbyterian Church had 1,158,662 resident members, all of whom con- curred in the union; while the Cumberland Presbyterian Church had 145,411 resident members, about 55,000 of whom refused to acquiesce in the union, and undertook to perpetuate the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. II. THE SCOTTISH CHURCHES The Eeformed Presbyterians are eccle- siastically descended from the Cameronians, or Reformed Presbyterians of Scotland, also called Covenanters. The first presbytery was organized in Scotland in 1743. During the persecution in Scotland many families 89 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES of the Covenanters fled to Ireland. As early as 1720 some of these families emigrated from Ireland to America. Other Covenant- ers followed, and in this way the Covenant- ing or Eeformed Presbyterian Church was established in America. The presbytery in Scotland took all the interest it could in its adherents in America, and in 1774 the Ee- formed Presbytery of America was consti- tuted. THE ASSOCIATE, OR SECESSION, CHURCH In 1733 the Associate Presbytery was formed in Scotland, by Ebenezer Erskine and three other ministers who withdrew from the Established Church. The Associate body in Scotland, in 1747, divided into Burghers and Anti-Burghers. In the mean- time Scotchmen, who were in sympathy with the Associate movement in their native land, reached America. They were, however, without a minister. As early as 1742 they sent a petition to the Associate Presbytery 90 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA in the home land for a minister or a proba- tioner. But at that time no one could be sent to their relief. About 1750 the peti- tion was renewed, being made to the Anti- Burgher Synod, which had come into exist- ence since the first request had been made. Two ministers were sent to their aid, and in 1753 they organized the Associate Presby- tery of Pennsylvania, under the jurisdiction of the Anti-Burgher Synod of Scotland. The increase of ministers, and their geo- graphical locations, led to the erection of the Associate Presbytery of New York, in 1776, ^^ coordinate with the Presbytery .of Pennsylvania, and subordinate to the Synod of Scotland." The Burgher controversy from the old country was handled with great moderation. It was not permitted to divide the forces in America. UNION OF ASSOCIATE AND REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES In 1782 the two Associate Presbyteries joined with the Reformed Presbytery of 91 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES America in an organic union to form ^Hhe Synod of the Associate Eeformed Churcli." Every minister and fully organized con- gregation of the Eeformed Presbytery went into the union. ^^Most of the isolated so- cieties which were not under direct pastoral influence took no part in this union, but went on as before, and wrote to the fatherland for a supply of ministers." The Reformed Presbytery in Scotland complied with the request, and in 1798, the Reformed Presby- tery of America was organized anew. This presbytery expanded into a synod in 1809. DIVISION IN THE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In 1833 the Reformed Presbyterian Church divided on the question as to what the atti- tude of the church should be toward the Con- stitution of the United States, since it does not in express terms acknowledge God, or tender homage to Christ. One party, known as ^^New Lights, '* bears the legal name of ^^the General Synod of the Reformed Pres- 92 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA byterian Church in America"; while the other party, known as the ^^Old Lights," takes the name of 'Hhe Synod of the Ee- formed Church in North America." In 1840, the Covenanted Eeformed Church was organized by two ministers and three elders who withdrew from the synod, or branch known as the ^^Old Lights," on the ground, as they claimed, that the latter ^^ maintained sinful ecclesiastical relations and patronized or indorsed moral reform societies with which persons of any religion or no re- ligion were connected." The combined strength of the Eeformed bodies is about fifteen thousand communicants. ASSOCIATE MINORITY But there was also a dissenting minority in the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania, which refused to recognize the terms of union of 1782, by means of which the synod of the Associate Eeformed Church was con- stituted. The minority decided to file a pro- 93 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES test against the action of the presbytery in favor of union, which contained an appeal to the synod in Scotland. But as the Asso- ciate Presbytery of Pennsylvania no longer acknowledged the jurisdiction of the Scotch judicatory, the protest could not be admitted. ^'The protestors then withdrew, and elected a new moderator and clerk, and claimed to be the true and original Associate Presby- tery of Pennsylvania, on the ground of their loyalty to the faith and discipline of the Associate Church." The Scottish Synod heard the appeal, and sent missionaries to aid them. In 1798 the Associate Presbytery of Kentucky was organized, coordinate with the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania, and subordinate to the Scotch judicatory. The two presbyteries cooperated in the or- ganization of a synod in 1801, which re- mained in close relation with the Scotch body, until 1852, when the Scotch judicatory entered a union, which discontinued the re- lation with the American presbyteries. 94 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA In 1841 a schism was produced which re- sulted in the organization of an Independent Synod, which maintained a separate exist- ence until 1854, when the two synods united. ^'The controversy involved some important principles in church government, and sub- mission to lawful authority, even though not lovingly administered." In 1851 the Keformed Dissenting Presby- tery, which had withdrawn from the Asso- ciate Eeformed Synod, in 1801, as noted in the following paragraph, formed a union with the Associate Synod. The Associate Synod was a party to a union in 1858, which will receive further notice. THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED CHURCH It is now in order to trace the history of the synod of the Associate Keformed Church, which was constituted in 1782, by the union of the Reformed Presbytery of America with the two coordinate Associate Presbyteries. Years were spent in formulating the stand- 95 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES ards of the church. In 1799 the synod ^^ju- dicially ratified'' the standards, as agreed upon; but in so doing it modified the West- minster Confession of Faith ^^ concerning the power of the civil magistrate in matters of religion.'' Against this action a few min- isters entered their protest, and withdrew and constituted the Eeformed Dissenting Presbytery, referred to in the preceding A paragraph. In 1802 the church was divided ,^?^ru# ^^^^ ^^^^' synods, and a General Synod was erected. But the church seems to have been wanting in cohesive force. Among the causes assigned for this condition of things were ^^the development of the several synods on diverting lines, owing to geographical separation," the ^^ psalmody controversies," and ^^ unpleasant cases of discipline," to- gether with ^^considerable jealousy," and possibly ^*a little lordly dominion." The result was that the Synod of Scioto, in 1820, constituted itself into an independent judi- catory, under the title of the Associate Ee- 96 ^^ PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA formed Synod of the West ; in 1821 the Synod of the Carolinas became independent, and is now known as the Associate Reform Synod ed^ of the South. In 1822, three of the remain- ing presbyteries united with the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. This left the Synod of New York practically alone to main- tain the perpetuity of the original Associate Reformed Church. In 1855 the Associate Reformed Synod of New York and the Gen- eral Synod of the Associate Reformed Church, which was the outgrowth, in 1839, of the Associate Reformed Synod of the West, formed a union under the name of the General Synod of the Associate Re- formed Church. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In 1858 the General Synod of the Asso- ciate Reformed Church and the Synod of the Associate Church formed an organic union, under the 4itle of the General Assembly of 97 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES the United Presbyterian Clmrch of North America. The basis of the union was the Westminster Confession of Faith, ^'with a modification in reference to the power of the civil magistrate circa sacra, so as to free it from all Erastianism, the Catechisms, the Larger and Shorter, and a Judicial Testi- mony." The United Presbyterian Church has become one of the strong, vital forces in the religious life of the country. When the organic union was formed in 1858 between the General Synod of the Ee- formed Presbyterian Church and the Synod of the Associate Church, some in the latter church protested against the union, and re- solved to maintain the old landmarks. The result, after nearly fifty years of effort, is the Associate Church of North America, which is very small. III. THE DUTCH CHURCHES Motley ^s graphic story of the rise of the Dutch Kepublic has popularized the traits 98 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA of a noble people. A race which could win its independence against such great odds would be expected to impress mankind with the arts of trade, education and religion, as well as that of war. These people attained their greatest national prosperity about the middle of the seventeenth century. The Eeformation of the sixteenth century com- pletely revolutionized Holland in an eccle- siastical sense. The Dutch accepted the teachings of Calvin rather than those of Luther. It was at Dort that the first ecu- menical conference of Protestantism was held, in 1618-19. SETTLEMENT IN NEW YORK In 1609 Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch, sailed up the Hudson River. Trading posts were soon established on Man- hattan Island and up the Hudson River. The Dutch West India Company, chartered in 1621, planted permanent colonies. Henry William Elson says: ^'No people in America 99 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES presented a more attractive picture of quiet, pastoral contentment, of unruffled satisfac- tion in life, of thrift and plenty, than the Dutch rural population of New York. Thus these people continued their rustic life, main- taining their customs and language for nearly two centuries; but after the Eevolu- tion they were forced to yield to the ever- increasing tide of the English race until they gradually lost their identity and their language." These Dutch settlers established in their midst the Eeformed Church, to which they were devoutly attached. E. T. Corwin, D.D., says: ^'For more than half a century the Dutch Church was the only church on Manhattan Island and along the Hudson." Until 1747 the history of this church is con- fined to the local congregations, which rec- ognized an ecclesiastical authority across the Atlantic. Interesting as it is, this period of history must be passed over. The legal name of the organization which is now under 100 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA consideration is "the Reformed Church in America." This name was taken in 1867, in lieu of "the Reformed Dutch Church"; but the word "Dutch" is yet used in common parlance in order that this church may be distinguished from other churches which have in their names the word "Reformed." THE COETUS The first organization, which was called the Coetus, was formed on September 14, 1747. It had very little ecclesiastical power, being subordinated to the Classis of Amster- dam. While it was stipulated that all min- isters settling in the colony should belong to the Coetus, yet the Classis left no room for doubt that it reserved to itself the right to examine and ordain men to the ministry. This course compelled the Coetus to send every candidate for ordination across the ocean. Such exactions were nothing less than unreasonable hardships, which materi- ally stood in the way of the growth of the church. 101 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES THE CONFERENTIE But the church was to experience a further hindrance in its work. In 1755 a small num- ber of members of the Coetus ^* seceded from that body,'' and established what they called a Conferentie. T. C. Corwin, D.D., says that ^ * several ineffectual attempts were made to unite the parties, but the Conferen- tie were unwilling that the majority should rule. Churches and even families were di- vided, and religion was disgraced." But at length, in 1771, the two parties were united. According to the terms of the union ^'one general body and five particular bodies were to be organized, which were to meet annu- ally. This general body was to assume the long-desired privilege of licensing and or- daining men to the ministry''; but still a cer- tain bond of union was acknowledged with the church in Holland, until the close of the Eevolution, when independent action was taken, and the mother church notified. The 102 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA bond of union was finally and fully severed by the adoption of the American Constitu- tion in 1792, and the organization of a Gen- eral Synod, whose first meeting was in 1794. Kevisions of the constitution were made in 1833 and 1874. *^The standards of doctrine have remained unaltered, and consist of the Belgic Confes- sion, the Heidelberg Catechism, with the Compendium of the same, and the Canons of the Synod of Dort.'^ DIVISIONS AND UNIONS In 1822 l^ve ministers seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church, and constituted the True Reformed Dutch Church. The reason assigned for this action was that the mother church was tolerating looseness in doctrine and discipline. In 1835 a separation from the state church in Holland occurred, because of dissatisfac- tion which had arisen on account of differ- ences in ,views on doctrine and polity. In 103 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES 1846 representatives of the Holland seces- sion organized in the United States the Christian Eeformed Church. In 1882 this church absorbed some of the membership of the True Reformed Dutch Church, and in 1889 most of the remnant followed their brethren into the new organization. IV. THE GERMAN CHURCHES Like the Dutch, the German Church in this country for a time used a word to indicate its national extraction; but dropped the word ^^ German'' from its title in 1869. So both churches have discontinued the use of the foreign patrial adjective. The church which is now under consideration is styled *4he Reformed Church in the United States," though the word ^'German" is fre- quently used in speaking of it, for the same reason that the word ^' Dutch" is used in speaking of ^^the Reformed Church in Amer- ica." 104 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA THE REFORMED CHURCH IN GERMANY Ulric Zwingli, who was born in 1484, is regarded as the founder, and John Calvin, who was born in 1509, as the organizer of the Reformed Church in Germany. Toward the close of the seventeenth cen- tury those of the Reformed faith in the Palatinate were subjected to the most shame- ful and severe persecutions. This led many in their impoverished condition to seek free- dom in America. By 1731 there were thirty thousand Grermans, of whom fifteen thousand were of the Reformed faith, in Pennsylvania. The Germans were also represented in other colonies. ^^At first they had no regular pas- tors but sometimes would employ a pious schoolmaster who would read sermons to them or they would appoint one of their own number to hold such a service, and thus they would worship God as best they could.'' But as time passed by they became better sup- plied with ministers, and gave attention to the organization of churches. 105 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES THE COETUS IN AMERICA By authority of the Classis of Amsterdam, a Coetus was organized on September 29, 1747, just fifteen days after the Coetus in the Dutch Church was organized, and through the same authority. James I. Good, D.D., says: ^^The word Coetus is taken from the organization of John a'Lasco, who first organized the ministers at Emden in northwestern Germany into a Coetus in 1544. It was a synod with limited powers.'' But the German Church in America could not permanently remain subject to foreign juris- diction in Holland; and yet the church in Holland deserves great credit for the assist- ance rendered to the Eeformed German Church. Without the aid so extended it is doubtful whether the German Church would have been able to survive in the New World. ANEW CONSTITUTION In 1793 the church adopted a new consti- tution, having declared their independence 106 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA of the foreign judicatory. The first synod of the church met the same year. THE FREE SYNOD In 1820 a resolution was passed by the synod looking to the establishment of a theo- logical seminary, but the action of the synod was not everywhere received with favor. This together with other frictions led to the establishment by ministers, who withdrew from the synod, in 1822, of *Hhe Free Synod." It is claimed that the tendency of those who led the secession movement was at first in the direction of Congregationalism. But time demonstrated the mistake of the constitution of the Free Synod, and it re- turned in a body to the parent organization in 1837. In 1824, owing to a difference of views about administration, a Classis in Ohio with- drew from the jurisdiction of the synod, and constituted itself into the Evangelical Re- formed Synod of Ohio, which was popularly 107 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES known as the Western Synod. In 1842 the two synods agreed on a modus vivendi, and the Western Synod adopted the constitution of the Eastern. A plan of correspondence by delegates was agreed upon. In 1846 some German ministers, discarding the authority of the Western Synod, organized the Ger- man Independent Synod, but in 1852 it was absorbed by the Western Synod. In 1863 the Eastern and Western Synods formed a union, by subordinating themselves to ^^the General Synod of the Keformed Church in the United States," which was constituted the same year, and still remains the supreme judicatory of the church. The creed of the church is the Heidelberg Catechism. V. THE WELSH CHURCH The first Welsh Calvinistic Methodist con- gregation was organized in this country in 1826. The first presbytery was constituted in 1828. As the name indicates, the Ameri- can branch is a lineal descendant from the 108 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA church of the same name in Wales, which had its origin independent of, and prior to, that of English Methodism, with which it is sometimes confused. The doctrines of the Confession of Faith of this church are in substantial harmony with the doctrines of the Westminster Con- fession of Faith. The polity of the church is practically Presbyterian. Its General As- sembly, which was constituted in 1870, meets triennially. 109 APPENDIX. STATISTICS * SCOTLAND The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland.. 1,040 The United Original Secession Church 3,000 The United Free Church of Scotland 506,088 The Free Church of Scotland 10,000 The Free Presbyterian Church 3,000 The Church (Established) of Scotland. ......... 700,653 IRELAND The Presbyterian Church of Ireland 106,516 The Original Secession Church 1,230 The Eastern Reformed Presbyterian Church The Reformed Presbyterian Church 3,852 The Associate Presbyterian Church CANADA The Presbyterian Church in Canada 269,688 The Church of Scotland in Canada 10,000 THE UNITED STATES The Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A 1,321,386 The Presbyterian Church in the U. S 279,803 The Cumberland Church, including non-residents 72,500 The Cumberland Presbyterian Church Colored... 20,000 The Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America and Canada 700 The Reformed Presbyterian Church (General Synod) 3,500 * There are about 5,400,00u communicants in the Presbyterian Churches of the world, and about 30,000,000 adherents. 110 APPENDIX The Reformed Presbyterian Church (Synod) .... 9,503 The Covenanted Reformed Presbyterian Church.. 17 The Associate Reformed Synod of the South.... 14,036 The United Presbyterian Church 100,803 The Associate Church of North America 786 The Reformed (Dutch) Church in America 116,174 The Christian Reformed Church The Reformed (German) Church in the U. S 293,000 The Welsh (Calvinistic Methodist) Presbyterian Church 14,500 111 INDEX CANADA: ^^^^ Canada Presbyterian Church 67 Church of New Brunswick 63 Church of N. S. and P. E. 1 65 Church unions 69 Free Church of Nova Scotia 61 Presbyterian Church in Canada 71 Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia 61 Presbytery of Pictou (Anti-Burgher) 60 Presbytery of Truro ( Burgher ) 60 Union of Presbyteries of Pictou and Truro 60 IRELAND: Associate Presbytery 52 Associate, or Secession, Church 47 Beginning of modern history in 39 Immigration ( Protestant ) to 40 Insurrection in 42 Original Secession Church 49 Presbyterian Church of 50 Presbyterians in the Establishment 41 Presbytery of Antrim 44 Presbytery of Ulster 43 Reformed, or Covenanting, Church 51 Remonstrant Synod of Ulster 40 Ulster opened for settlement 40 SCOTLAND: Amyraut's via media 12 Associate Presbytery 15 Burgher and Anti-Burgher 18 " Cameronians," the 11 Conf essiop of Faith drafted 5 113 INDEX PAGE " Congregation," the 4 Covenant, the First 4 Covenant, the Second 5 " Covenanters," the 11 Crowns, union of Scottish and English 8 Declaratory Act of the Free Church 21) Declaratory Act of the United Presbyterian Cliurch 21 Divisions in churches 34 Francis II 5 Free Church, the 27 French invasion 5 French invasion repelled .by Elizabeth 5 Hamilton, Patrick 3 Independence of, recognized by England 2 James V 4 James VI ( I of England) 8 Knox, John 5 " Lords of the Congregation " 4 Mary of Guise 4 Mary Queen of Scots 4 National Covenant, the 8 Parliament, union of the Scottish and English. ... 1(3 Patronage, la}^ 7, 14, 27 Presbyterianism established () Reformed Presbvterians 11 Relief Church . ." 25 Solemn League and Covenant, the 8 Type of Reformation in 3 Union of Free and United Presbyterian Churches 33 Unions of churches in 35 United Presbyterian Church 19 Westminster Assembly 9 Westminster Confession of Faith framed 9 William III and Mary 10 Wishard, George 3 THE UNITED STATES : Adopting Act 77 Associate Reformed Church 05 Associate, or Secession, Church 90 Creed revision 86 114 INDEX PAGE Cumberland Presbyterian Church 79 Cumberland Presbyterian Church (colored) 80 Declaratory Statement 8(i General Assembly (Presbyterian) organized 78 Name chosen 78 Old School and New School 81 Old School and New School, union of 84 Old Side and New Side 77 Presbyterian Church in the U. S 82 Reformed Presbyterian Church divides 92 Reformed (Dutch) Church in America 101 Reformed (German) Church in the U. S 104 Statistics 110 Synod of New York organized 78 Synod of New York and Philadelphia 78 Synod of Philadelphia organized 77 Union of Associate and Reformed Presbyterian Churches 91 Union of the Presbyterian and C. P. Churches. ... 88 United Presbyterian Church 97 Welsh Church 108 CHART OF AMERICAN PRESBYTER IAN ISM ;ehican churches fy^>^frj .:i^ 'lt"°^ -|y "T*'"" ^ ^""^'^ '^rgJj'/.tP'^ P".l...l',.-,^ SCOTCH CHURCHES DUTCH CHURCHi T ^Trtrcftr ^"*'""'" *'-''■• a B R M AN CHURCHE ,^f===f^^a:L. "WELSH CHURCK Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMir ~ ~ 1 1012 01057 4251