!P^,'-PiP^oP^ F83 1831 6'^ # ALUMNI LIBRARY, f THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, PRINCETON, N. J. Case, Div Book, No, .._. ie^S^Cr ^A V ^ '-^ //^. ./ r^i ft. . i A iipsw Edition I^^J^a^.^ t OF A CONSIDERABLY ALTERED, MUCH ENLARGED. BY JOSEPH SAMUEL C. F.^RET, EDITOR OF A NEW EDITION OF VANDERHOOGHT S HEBREW BIBLI^ AND AUTHOR OF A HEBREW LEXICON IN LATIN AND ENGLISH. NEW- YORK: PUBLISHED BY S. HOYT & CO. Framkung BUILDIMGy, 1831. 'L. Southern District of Ktw-York, ss. m&smt* 33e it Hmemftetrt, that on the 4th day of October, In i r c I the 48th year Of the Independence ofthe United States Of America, ^ ^ • I E Bliss k. E White, of the said District, have deposited in this of- ♦Ha^HaiC* fice the title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in thfSTfollowing, to wit : " A new Edition of a Hf- Gramma^ cons.de^ rablv altered, and much enlarged. By Joseph Samuel C. F. Frey, Editor of a "ewEdSn of Vanderhooght's Hebrew Bible, and Author of a Hebrew Lexicon "^rl"ontrm''i?y'tfthe Act of Congress of the United States, entitled ''An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books!to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during «he t^e therem men^ tioned •• And also to an Act, entitled " an Act, supplementary to «?»«:«'/'"<'•'«* an Ac for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Chart and Books, to%he authors ami proprietors of such copies, during the times Iherein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of design- ing, engraving, and etching historical and other P"^*^j^j,g ^^^^ Clerk of the Southerri District ofNew-Ywh. rxu5i*ACE or the rmsT EDZTZoiff. 1 HE knowledge of different Languages has ever been con- sidered the only genuine key to the records of history and the learning of past ages. The Greek and Latin, amongst the more ancient languages, have each their peculiar advantages, which have been estimat- ed by the learned of all countries. Of late years, the Arabic, Persian, and other Eastern tongues, have also been studied with considerable success and great augmentation to the ge- neral stores of literature. But to the Scholar, to the Chris- tian, and more especially to the minister of the Gospel, the acquirement of the Hebrew language, (it being that in which the Old Testament was originally written,) presents itself with peculiar force and propriety, as an object very greatly to be desired. At the present enlightened period of the world, and in the happy country in which we live, where zealous endeavours are making to promote the conversion of the Jews, it might be urged that the Hebrew language, if well understood, rightly pronounced,* and brought into use, for that purpose, might be most efficacious to Drove, from Moses and the Prophets, that Jesus is the Christ. There are, however, comparatively, but very few persons who have a knowledge of the Old Testament in the original • If Christian preachers were sensible of the good or bad effects produced upon the minds of the Jews, according as they pronounce the Hebrew language correct- ly or incorrectly, they would think no time too long, and no pains too great, to ac- quire the correct and accurate pronunciation. This Note is particularly worlliy the consideratioQ of the ADti-Puncluitts. IV tongue : one cause of which, may be the want of suitable Gram* mars ; those in use being, in general, either so bulky as to ex- haust the strength and patience of the student, or so intricate as to perplex and bewilder him ; and there are yet others, which, in order to avoid these evils, are so short that they fail entirely of conveying the desired instruction. There are, in- deed, a few which are, in some measure, free from these defects; but, being written in Latin, they are to the generality of readers pealed up and useless. Thus many persons, who, from love and veneration to the Bible, would gladly study Hebrew, are either afraid to begin, or are soon wearied with the task. A consideration of these several circumstances has led the author to revise and enlarge the present work, originally com- posed for the instruction of the students in the Missionary Se- minary at Gosport; and, for a number of years together, it has been his study to improve, from every source of which he could avail himself in the Hebrew, Latin, English, and German languages, and to render it as simple, yet, at the same time, as comprehensive, as possible. From the office of Hebrew Teacher, which the author sus- tained amongst his own nation, and from the numerous pupils he has since had amongst Christians, he has had opportunities of trying and altering the Rules, as long as the pupils met with any difficulty ; and he humbly hopes he has, in some measure, succeeded in opening the way to obtain the knowledge of this most ancient and sacred language, in less time, and with far less difficulty and perplexity than any other language, whether ancient or modern. This Grammar is divided into distinct chapters, and each chapter followed by exercises according to the preceding Rules, that practice and theory might go hand io hand. THE AUTHOR. tanion .'—Jdount Street, Whilechapel Road. } May, 1813. \ A rREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. In the preface to this edition the author intended to have introduced several important dissertations on the antiquity and utility of the Hebrew Language, on the authority and import- ance of the Vowel Points, k,c. &c. but time and circumstances will allow him to add only a few words to the original preface. 1. This is a new edition of the author's own Grammar, pub- lished in London, in 1811. This observation appears to be necessary, lest he should be charged with plagiarism by those who have seen " a Hebrew Grammar, published at Harvard College, in 1817, by Professor Willard," in which almost every Rule and Exercise appears to be taken from the above edition of 1811, with the exception of the chapter on Syntax, and some alteration in the Pronunciation. 2. The author's indefatigable labours in the original com- position of this Grammar, and the great expense in its publica- tion, have been abundantly recompensed by the public appro- bation the work hath met with. A large edition was soon dis- posed of It hath been reprinted in London, and several edi- tions have appeared in an abridged or slightly altered form. The high encomiums the work hath received from some of the best reviewers and critics are too many and too large to be inserted here. A single testimony from the Rev. James Kidd, professor of Oriental Languages in the Marishal College and University of Aberdeen, must suffice. "After an attentive perusal of Mr. Frey's Grammar, and after comparing it with others, I have to remark that, in gene- VI ral, it equals the best Hebrew Grammars that have appeared ; that his plan is altogether of a different nature, and highly superior j that in his attempts to procure an accurate pronun- ciation of the Hebrew Language, he exceeds all his predeces- sors ; that his view of the particles is a most superior and elaborate article ; that, in fine, the Grammar possesses a rank high in Oriental literature." 3. In this edition the author hath made considerable altera- tions and additions. To remove every stumbling block out of the way, and to make the student's path as smooth as possible, most of the exceptions, and, at first, unnecessary rules, have been thrown into an Appendix. As the greatest difficulty in the study of the Hebrew Language arises from the numerous irregular verbs, which dropping one or more of their radicals, leave the student in perplexity how to find the Root, by which not a few have been so discouraged as to give up the whole in disgust, the author hath added in this edition all the irregular verbs, about 800 in number, arranged in alphabetical order, under their respective classes, and hopes the student will trea- sure up eight or ten words a day, which will greatly facilitate his labour. 4. It hath been a matter of deep regret to the author that so many typographical errors had crept into the former edition. Great care hath been taken to make the present work as perfect as possible, yet should any mistakes be discovered by the author, or be pointed out to him, they may easily be corrected, as the work is stereotyped. 5. It is impossible for the author to express his pleasure and satisfaction in witnessing the great attention which hath been excited to the study of the Hebrew Language within the last twenty-five years. Surely this is an omen for good. Not only will the study and knowledge of the Old Testament be pro- moted thereby, but may it not be considered an encouraging sign, that the salvation of Israel is at hand ? Who knows not that whilst the Hebrew Nation flourished the Hebrew Language was a vernacular tongue ? When the tribes of Jacob were led captive the Hebrew Language was mixed with, and almost ef changed for, the Chaldaic ; and since Judah hath been scattered amongst all nations, and become the object of hatred and sub- ject of persecution, the Sacred Language also hath been ne- glected, and become a hissing and proverb amongst the people ; but of late both the Hebrew Nation and the Hebrew Language have been remembered for good, and it is hoped that the chris- tian world will never cease to promote their true honour and glory till that happy day shall arrive, when " the Lord shall turn to the people a pure language," and " all shall speak the language of Canaan." That this Grammar may at least in some measure be sub- servient in forwarding this important end, is the desire and prayer of THE AUTHOR. Jfcw-Yorki September, 1823. Chapter. Pas' I. The Alphabet . . . Exercise 1. Letters only II. Points Sec. 1. Vowels . . 2. Maph-pik 3. Dagesh . . 4. Mak-kaph 5. Accents . . Exercise 2. Letters and Points .... Exer. 3. Letters, points, and Accents . . . III. Reading .... Exer. 4 to 9, Spelling and Reading Lessons 9 IV. Article .... 20 V. Nouns 20 VI. Adjectives ... 22 VII. Pronouns .... 23 Pronouns Declined 24 Do. affixed to Nouns 25 VIII. Verbs 26 Example of a regular Verb 28 Exer. 10. Verbs conju- gated like "107 . 38 Tables or Paradigms of a regular and of irregular Verbs : Paradigm L Of a regular Verb HdS . . 40' Chapter. Pagt' VIII. Parad. 2. Of an irregu- lar Verb K'^fi S^JJ 42 3. ♦"'D ^^"J 44 4. y^ \l^^ 46 5. VV Dip 48 6. 'y Geminatum ^5p 50 7. N*S NVO 52 T T 8. T}"h nS:i 54 T T 9. The Substantive Verb . . rT\1 56 T T IX. Pronominal affixes to Verbs .... 60 Paradigm of a Verb with Pronominal Affixes 61 X. Particles .... 63 XI. Servile letters . . 69 XII. Rules for finding the Root .... 71 XIII. Changes of Letters and Points ... 72 XIV. Numerals .... 74 XV. Syntax .... 75 Analysis .... 78 Appendix, containing addi- tional rules and exempli- fications in the order of the preceding chapters 89 Genesis, chapters 1 to 5, in Hebrew 119 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I. THE ALPHABET. Col. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tinal Letters. Figure. Names. Correspond- ing Letters. Numerical Power. Similarity in sliape. J< 1 Aleph 1 3j. Baith B 2 D 1 Vaith V :i 3 Gimmel G 3 i :i 1 4 Dalelh D 4 n 5 Hay H 5 T^"' 1 6 Wav W 6 r 7 Zayin Z 7 n n n n 8 Cheth Ch 8 D 9 Telh T 9 pT ♦ 10 YoAd Y 10 ijn Caph C 20 D D T Chaph Ch -- S 12 Lamed L 30 D D D 13 Mem M 40 I J 14 Noon N 50 if r D 15 Samech S 60 i; 16 Ayin 70 tr j^' n > Pay P 80 Phay Ph r y 18 Tzade Tz 90 P 19 Koof K 100 '-120 Raish R 200 Sheen Sh 300 Seen S D f^?oc» Tav T 400 J n5"" Thav Th -- Rule 1. The Hebrew Alphabet contains twenty-two letters all of which are consonants, see column 2. R. 2. The five letters in col. 1, are called by the same name as those opposite in col. 2, with the addition of the word Jinal, be- cause they are used only at the end of a word, whilst the others are only used in the beginning and middle of a word. R. 3. In pronouncing the names of the letters in col. 3, and wherever a Hebrew word is represented by English letters, be careful to pronounce the^ always broad, like a in Father; the E like the first e in Leger ; the I like i in Machine ; and the CH as a guttural, and never like an H or K. R. 4. Aleph and Ayin have no corresponding letter, their pro- per sound being now unknown. N. B. Before the student proceeds to the next chapter he should be able readily to distinguish between the letters in col. 6. EXERCISE I. LETTERS ONLY. JVbfe. In this exercise the student will simply call over the name of each letter. d^hSn nni Dinn ^^D-Sy ^trm inni )nn nnsi -iix^^nn -n5< %t dsiSn "i!2Nn D^orr ^i^Q-hv nsnnD nii^n p:n D^'^SK hiy) did-o n1^^n-n^< D'hSn nyi nS»S Nnp "]irnSi dv ni^S D\nSj< Kipn ^^i^nn [oi jo hn^D ^T1 D^orr ^im r^pn ♦n^ d^hSn idnm y»pnS SrD nir>$ D^DH pni or^p^nS nnnD "itj'f* £) »ity" DV npr%Ti 3 pN ntra^S D^'^S^< ^npn p-»nn nt^■n^'^ nt<-ini IDKn aiD-»3 D»nS}< Nnn D»0» Knp D^D.I MipoSl ns p rnr rnro nw n**^*t pxn NC'-in D\nSK Kvini p-»nn y^nn hv ^T^v^t n:^N irnS ns ntrir n£3 ntri^ j^ri inroS ynr rnro dot Nt:'"! y^nn f) »jr»W' Dv ipD ■♦nn p^ SnrinS D^Dtr'n r^pn^ nnxo %n» ama no^n ^n^) pxn-Si? n\^nS o^Dtrn r^pn:^ nniNoS vm CHAPTER II. POINTS. R. 5. The varions characters, besides the letters, are explained in the following sections. Section 1. Vowels. R. 6. The vowels are ten in number. Five Long. Ka-maitz 1 like a in Father. T Tzai-ray 1 ay in Hay. Chi-rick ♦"! i in Machine. Cho-lam It in Lo. Shu-raik 11 oo in Boot. Fire Short. Pa-thach 1 like a in Art. Se -gol "1 e in Leger. Chi-rick "J i in It. Kiv-bootz T u in Must. She-wa 1 e in Below. N. B. The letter *1 is used merely to show the position of the vowel. R. 7. The long Chirick is generally distinguished from the short by a * following it, as * 7* R. 8. The Cholam is sometimes without a "I, as N? Lo ; and its place is sometimes supplied by the dot on the 5?^, as H^O Mo-she; and sometimes by the dot on the b^ as KJ)C^ So-nay. M>'.u. , R. 9. The ") which bears the Cholam or Shooraik is not sounded as piDfl Te-cho-nayn, pmOJI Te-moo-thoon, except when ? It has a vowel, as nlH Ho-wa. 1;*' R. 10. Shewa ( : ) is pronounced in the following instances only, and is called Shewa Na, i. e. to move : i. In the beginning of a word, as *J|3 Be-ni. I ii. In the middle of a word after a (:) as IID^fl Til-me-doa. ' iii. In the middle of a word, after a long vowel, without the ionic accent, as |1 Ji^ 71 Oo-le-shon, or a short vowel with a nietheg, as '>tl''^ Wa-ye-hi. iv. Under a letter that is followed by the same letter, as nnSSn Ha-le-loo-yah. In all other cases the (:) is not sounded, and is therefore called Shewa Nach, i.e. to rest, or to be quiescent; and the letter to which vt belongs, whether expressed or understood, is pronounced with the preceding vowel, as HDl^!! Nish-math. R. 1 1. When the ( ) Na ought to be under one of the gutturals, i. e. l/nHK, a vowel is added, namel}' (-) (••) or (t), and is called, in general, a Compound Shewa, but receives its particular name from that vowel with which it is compounded, and which is united with the word fl^H cha-taph, (to snatch,) as Chataph Pathach '■ ) t:- ,. , { ^ e Pathach -= ) ( Segol^ v:S ^j,^^^^ j.^"/ / Kamaitz t: ) ( o R. 12. Kamaitz (t) before a single (:) Shewa, either expressed, or understood by double dagesh, or before compound (: ) without a metheg or accent between, is pronounced like an o, and is called Kamaitz Chataph, as lOSn Hol-mad, 'PDH Ko-so-mi. R. 13. In the Hebrew language there is but one diphthong, vi«. a( ♦ ) without a vowel, preceded by (■'), (-), (1 ), or ( 1) as ^JTK A-do-ny, ^HlDVi^ Atz-mo-thy, MJI Goy, n'i'J Ga-looy. Section II. Maph-pik. R. 14. Maphpik is a dot in a H at the end of a word, the sign of the third person singular feminine of the possessive pronoun, and strengthens the sound of the H. D "1 i !1 C D G B D 1 J n Ch Dh Gh V 5 Sectioh III. Dagesh. R. 15. Dagesh is either single, double, or euphonic. R. 16. The single Dagesh is only to be found in the letters n|)D "1^5 Be-GaD Ca-PHaTH, and causes the letter in which it stands to be pronounced harder, as With a Dagesh, j ^ p Without a Dagesh, < rpi pj Kote. With respect to the jl and T we have now no different sound. R. 17. This Dagesh is used only in the beginning of a word, as *^2 be-ni, i<*l*l ba-ra, and after a Shewa Nach, as tOflJi'D Mish-pat. R. 18. The double Dagesh may be found in any letter, except the gutturals and "1 ; and the letter which has such a dagesh is con- sidered us if written twice, the first of which has a Shewa Nach understood, as "1^7 lim-maid, instead of "IPP?. JVote. The nature and design of the Euphonic Dagesh will b»' found in the appendix. Section IV. Mak-kaph. R. 19. Mak-kaph is a small stroke like a hyphen, between tw( words, joining thera together, as *^i3"7,17 al pe-nay, and wher preceded by a word of one syllable, it changes the long vowe into its correspondent short one, as r^lNH"?!) Col Ha-a-retz except it be prevented by Metheg, or by H or }>{ ending the word, as nnD'nn Taith Co-chah, -nn Mah, "vsS Lo, "N^ Tzay. T I" ">" Section V. Accents. R. 20. Every word in the Bible, except when followed by Mak kaph, has an accent, a table of which will be given in the appendix, but the following should be particularly remembered, as they supply the English stops. ii i^'^n Re-vi-a ^ , , > Comma K NHtDD Tiph-cha ( K T : 1 i Se-gol-ta > Semi Colon ^( m npi Sa-kaiph Ka-ton ) mne^ Ath-nach i' Colon IK p^p? Pe-sik C or Period ^5 pAd Sil-look Period Note 1. p1D|)"iliD Soph pa-sook (=) is placed at the end of every verse in the Bible. Note 2. A circle (°) over a letter, shows that the word is read otherwise than it is written, i. e. according to the vowels in the text and the letters in the margin. The word in the text is called 3^r)3 Ke-thiv, and that in the margin ♦*lp Keri ; and an as- ter" '" (*) refers to a difference in the accents only. EXERCISE II. LETTEBS AND POINTS. DHip rr3""n5S n^Sin p^Sj?"! : po^^'iiN* n^Sin : ''ty^-n^ n^Sin 1:21^1 rinp iDir'nkX n^Sm rpin mh'^n : nniNt ntr'{< nn;n i^'^i ni^o .ibbti^' T -: - T • -: V • T : - : t : - : ~ T T T T ■•■ , ' T T : T T . '■ ' 7 .-: V • .1-: • : t) ■ : ■ v nnNi : Sn:^ ni^:i nrS vnt<-nKi inoD»T)j< n^Sin - - : V T T ■• : TV •.• : t : t : v • •■•:-: •••:-. v • t : t : v t t ■■n{< T^Sin D»p^|:'{<) D»)T^;^-nj< n»Sin n1no^?l "ni^ "i^Sin pnv) pny-'^*'? "^^^'i'^ ^''^l^l ♦ '^''^V JVo^e. — In this exercise the student Is simply to call over the names of the letters and the vowels, as Samech, Tzayray, Phay, Segol, Raish, Stc. &ic. and not to attempt spelling till he has learned the rules in chapter 3. This observation is applicable to the next exercise also. Let your motto be, slow and sure. EXERCISE III. LETTERS, POINTS, AND ACCENTS. T'^in ^i.tSni : ■^1n*S^^-n^t n^Sin doni Do^{ <• v.-v I ■ :■: V J- \- T : At )■ UT - I AT - V I' T ;t : V : t t : v -nr inoi ninn nb^r t nrnn^ in-ii; Dn'i:}ND - • T • T JT TJT : - ■ T '^ T JT; - " ^- V -JT T I I- f> T JT T IT : - V T T ( T JT T IT : - - ;• T - i»N^ DnD nv'nn nbn nn\i n^i^'^rr ri^'* mSi jt:. :• : jtit-'t-^- •• — •: m^f2 n-irr hkvd^ ri^^ Ya-shav, and If^V A-mad, in Ps. i. 1. in •TT TT which it becomes a short vowel. R.26. A short vowel requires a consonant besides its own, as *)D Sar, except when accented, or followed by Metheg, as OHpi}! Pe-ka-da-ni, 'IJS^Nl Wa-a-sher, or by Shewa single or com* Dound. EXERCISE IV. Pure or One Syllable. — ^Rule 22, i. N a N ay *K i* IN IN oo 3 ba ^ bay O bi 1:J bo ^2 boo T 2 va 5 vay , O vi in vo O voo i ga jj gay ^A gi 1J go )3l goo *1 da 1 day n di in do 17 doo n ha n hay ^n hi in ho in hoo 1 wa 1 way n wi 11 wo n woo t za r zay n zi ir zo It zoo n cha n chay ♦17 chi in cho in choo ^ ta CD tay ♦p ti ItO to ID too I ya \ yay M yi V yo V yoo i ka 3 kay ♦2 ki 13 ko 13 koo r\ 5 cha p chay ♦D chi ID cho 13 choo 7 lay ♦S li lS lo iS loo a ma T may ♦P mi ID mo ID moo r J na tI t A "«y »J ni U no 1J 1100 D sa D say ♦D si ID so ID soo y a i^ ay 7 i 1;? ir oo 5 pa ^ pay ♦3 pi ID po liD poo 5 pha Q phay ♦D phi ItD pho 15 phoo i»' tza T V ^^ay ♦V tzi 1y tzo IV tzoo J^ote. In this and the following Spelling exercises, let the student cover over the English and write down the pronunciation, and then compare it with the printed, and wherever he finds a difference he must examine into the cause, by referring to the pre- ceding rules. A patient perseverance through these exercises will make the student perfect in reading Hebrew, which is the only difficult part of the language. His future exercises will be easy and pleasant. '* Remember the i is to be pronounced like double ee in Bee and not like t in Like 2 10 EXERCISE V. A mixed Syllable. — Rule 22, ii, and Rule 25. f}N aph 15 bad nS vad hy gal D1 dam •)(! har *)^ wav "^l zar ih chag 7 to tal 1^ yad {13 kaph *15 char hS lach *)p mar J^"j nash fjD saph Si; al nS pach hh phal f]^^ tzaph 1p kan ^i*l rav S^" shal 1^ sar on tam Df) tham Sn el DN im DN uv r)12 badt I? ben nbin S? vil [i bun ni^ bart |i ven D5 vum riuJ'^ gasht tJ'Jl gesh -I^ gid ^^ guj^ nSl dalt S"|. del rii div fl dun npl dakt on hem jn hin Sri' hul nSn" bait Tl wer P win tJ^i wush h?7 zazt Dt zem tl? ziph D.f zum ni? zart □ n chem Dfl chit illl chuph hjr? chant f?P ten Qjp tim Db turn nin chart nS^ talt t^> yesh W yim 1^ yud 15 ker tJ^3 kish Di kuv n*?.^. yaivch D5 chem *13 chir 75 chun iS lud IT yaird nS led fS lin ilt^* yaisht ?D men IP min nb muth rioS laicht 1J ner "1^ nid Jli nug nip mairt ID sed ID sir lb such 11^ naird. n^ er r:!; iz S5 pil f J^ ulz niD sart jb pen Si? phel Sv tzel D5 pus nir art 15 phir ID phur rips phakt f^ tzin f^ tzun ni^ tzart ^j^ kev Dp kiv Dp kum 6l^p kosht D"! rem ;il rig f'l rutz nil rart. ntr' sher ItJ^' shir 3t^' shuv D^ sev Dti^ sim D^ sum jn ten in tir 1^ tud on them ^n thiph t^ti thnph II EXERCISE VI, Words of Two Syllables, 1 The first syllable pure, the other mixed. 2. Both mixed. *1DN A- mar - T 2m Ek-kov (R. 18.) *in3 Ba-char nlD^3 Bil-mod hli Ga-dal - T t^ll Da-rash " T nnn Ha-dar ~ T ^ni Wa-hav - T D^t Za-vath - T pSn Cha-lak n^D Ta-rach nT Ya-dad nni Ka-vad - T *1Q7 La-mad - T DIG Ma-wath - T tlfy^ Na-gash ^^p Sa-gar ni); A-vod T ^Jn3 Pa-thar Observation. As all grammarians agree in the following rules r 1. That a Begad Caphath letter, without the Single Dagesh, is pronounced soft ; (R. 16.) 2. That it has this Dagesh only in the beginning of a word, and in the middle after a (: ) Nach; (R. 17.) 3. That the Double Dagesh doubles tlie letter, the first of which has a ( :) Nach understood; (R. 18.) does it not hence follow, that when a Double Dagesh is in a Begad Caphath letter, the first must be pronounced soft, and the second hard, as D^p Kiv-both, as if written Jn 35 p' ^^ly, then, do grammarians not stick to> their rules, if they expect their pupils ta do so t i'\'>^p} Goph-rith (R. 12.) ninS"l Dal-thoth nin Hav-woth (R. 18.) Vt^T)) Oo-the-sha D*1Dt Zich-ram T : * nnn Chad-ray riNOtO Tum-ah i^^fl^ Yiph-sha nlD^D Kan-photh n^S Lom-mah (R. 12.) yii^*pf2 Mak-shiv n^DO Nish-matb Dr)")D Sar-tem r)yV Ez-rath Poth-hen 12 EXERCISE VII. Words of Three Syllables. ^niOi< A-mar-ti rilDl? Lo-rae-deth DlT^D^J Av-ra-ham T T ; ~ D*"11D7 Le-moo-dim DJIDD^ Bith-voo-nam T : • ♦rilSlD Mo-lad-ti DlinjJS Big-day-hem n^7p Me-lam-mayd niSriJ Go-za-loth T n"TN: Ne-e-dar Tv; iv n)^y Ga-a-wah (R. 26.) n'lp'?^ Nil-rae-deth VnhSl Dal-tho-thav T n^DDD Se-ma-mith • T : nnlm De-vo-rah T : n^Jiyp Si-no-nith T];SNirirT Hith-av-baych nin^nj; A-thi-doth h^Hiiri Hith-av-bayl ir^DDr Ach-ka-vish lON^t Wy*-yo-mer D^C^'ir"lfl Par-o-shira N"lpn Wy-yik-ra *^Vp5 Pis-yo-nay DD^n^t Ziv-chay-chem »;i1i;|)V Tziph-o-ni »Srilr Zo-cha-lay DnDV Tziph-pa-rira D'^g^n Cash-ma-lim D^iTlp^ Ko-da-shim 7D^n Cha-na-mal T T -: D^P^np Ke-do-shim n^3^ Tav-ba-ath D'D^::^ Re-vi-vim D'Snp Te-voo-lim D^P^pn Re-si-sim SNnb'^ Yis-ra-ayl D^^S*^^' Shin-an-nim DIXn* Yith-ad-dam T - : • D^iDlb^ Se-ra-phim h^^^ Ka-a-vel noSri Til-me-di DOI^ID Ke-roo-vim rrnioSn Til-mo-de-nak • Althongh the » expressed by the Dagesh hath a (: ) understoo»jl>. yet as it is not pronounced; it comes under R. 13. 13 EXERCISE VII. Words of Four and Five Syllables. n^JVDK Ev-yo-ne-ha 1innripj< Em-te-cho-thay-noo IpDJ^n^ Be-hay-ov-ko 05^1^103 Be-mo-a-day-chem DriS:iS:i Gul-ge-lo-tham Tl'nvn^ Ge-di-yo-tha-yich *^D*D1 De-chi-tha-ni D5*n1"n Do-ro-thay-chem riDlNn Ha-a-da-mah T T -: IT n^^Nintf *n Hy-yis-re-ay-lith ?ltDJl!3N1 We-av-nay-te-cha 1D!Il^J^^') Wy-yith-av-be-choo DD^n^t Ziv-chay-chem 'liWl^t Ze-nach-ta-noo jTi"lfl*)t3n Cha-phar-phay-roth ?iriDpn Choch-ma-the-cha Dnii^3p Tav-be-0-tham Dn^'^"il^?t3 Tav-be-o-thay-hem lOn^?!. Ya-a-di-moo nnnSv Yo-lad-te-cha *ipiyS*l"lD Ke-dor-la-o-mer ih^DS Ke-chal-lo-tho m^lH/ Le-bo-va-dah 14 lyjhl^N? La-a-vo-ihay-noo D^pl^Np Ma-a-voo-sim n»D!}ND Ma-a-vu-se-ha T V i\ -: I- niNj Ne-e-da-ri • T '.MV 1V^^1151^^ Ne-voo -chad-re-tzar *^1DDD Se-va-voo-ni n^nia^DD Se-vi-vo-the-ha TV ■ : DyhVV O-lo-ihay-chem DJhl^pSpI^ A-kal-kal-lo-tham ?]*nnfl Pe-di-thi-cha Dil^P^SlD Pe-li-tay-hem Jli^n'pnV Tzid-ko-thay-noo D^»K5f^*5f Tze-e-tz-c ay-hem V •• ^ v; IV ** ^J^'lp Kor-ba-ne-cha Dn^^^'^ir Kor-ba-nay-hem D'^fl-1*! Riv-bo-tha-yim ^13*1*^ Re-da-phoo-cha VriWtr' Sha-a-shoo-av T -: I- ^n^^fC'■ She-ay-rl-the-cha n^Up'iri Tar-ne-go-leth D5*J11J7J1 Te-lu-no-thay-chem. 15 EXERCISE IX. READING.— LESSON I. ha-a-retz we-aith hash-sha-ma-yim ayth E-lo-him : ba-ra Be-ray-shith pe-nay al we-cho-shech wa-vo-hooj tho-hoo ha-ye-tha we-ha-a-retz, J" : * I V I : T jT : IT | v t t : hatn-ma-yirc. pe-nay al me-ra-che-pheth E-lo-him ; we-roo-ach the-hom ; •IT - J-- : - V v.- - ; • v: - j : rt = E-lo-him wy-yar or. wa-ye-hi or: ye-hi E-lo-him wy-yo-mer oniS^ NT1 n^^^ -^nn -)•i^^ ^T D^'^■S^e "iDi^n •;■ v: :s — i ■ :i- rt J- : i- v; v j- 00-vayn ha-or bayn E-lo-him ; wy-yav-dayl tov : ki ha-or eth I V V T I 1- ■ ■:: J- : - - ^ ^ f ka-ra we-la-ch^-shech yom ; la-or E-lo-him wy-yik-ra ha-cho-shech. \^^p ritrnS tuv HinS iD^ri^K NiSpn M\^r^n t)jt |v 1. - : T <• v: t|: - | v i- wy-yo-mer e-chad. yom vo-ker wa-ye-hi e-rev wa-ye-hi ly-lah : n!DN*n nn^^ dv -)pii -^nn n-^r "^nn nS^S J- IT V I Jvi -.1- :>:• ■ :\- t : ^t bayn mav-dil ; wi-hi ham-ma-yira : be-thoch ra-ki-a ye-hi E-lo-hira pn S^'iDO ^m D^^^n rjin? j;^[pn ♦n; u^rh^ wy-yav-dayl, ha-ra-ki-a; eth E-lo-him wy-ya-as la-ma-yim. ma-yira Sinn i^^pnn TIN* D^iiSi^ trri : d^oS d»d ••: -- ^ r tit • v: -j — • it t • i- hara-ma-yim ; oo-vam la-ra-ki-a ; mith-ta-chalh a-sher ham-ma-yim bayn • - - I J-- - I • tit - J- • V -: . - - I .... E-Io-him wy-yik-ra chain, wa-ye-hi la-ra-ki-a : may-al a-sher d^hSk N"ipn : p -^nn rpnS Sx^d "1i^^■^^ 7- v: st|: •- li- • -i- - I^tit >- •• i,v -: yom vo-ker wa-ye-hi e-rev wa-ye-hi sha-ma-yim : la-ra-ki-a Di» nph "Mn :inv -»nn o^otr" vp^h AT T 16 Mith-ta-chath ham-ma-yim yik-ka-woo £>lo-him, wy-yo-mer shay-ni - <- • - - |, ■ • v: V J - 1- •• hy-yav-ba-shah : we-thay-ra-eh e-chadj raa-kom el hash-sha-ma-yiin ^T T VV T !•• : T V I J T V ■ - T - e-retz; ly-yav-ba-shah E-lo-hira wy-yik-ra chayn. wa-ye-hi ki E-lo-him wy-yar yam-mim: ka-ra ham-raa-yim oo-le-mik-waih "O D^iSK j.• - |>--._ J- I •• T rt- : t.- - ;-•• l;-T I IT r : V- ^ . ,.. . ,..-,._ . ., , - J- : - V ;•■ - : •; T - s- : - •■ - : ;j •• : - • t ■.• ':'1|7 iN*f J tj^DV Sip :^^'7^^; ^,^9 f^vS np^? njjic^'t < : • I I • IT : ; : : ■ I • - : I • <- j- rt ■ ": jt ; - Sn"i lai; nin^ Dnro oSti^n^ niDnrr nm ijii^ (.- T ^ T : <- r ■ AT -r i : i. : t t : - : - D»i;in"S3 0T7 l::np ri"irri{< nin» fitrn : oStj^n* rt- - t (.•••• : :|t - j; v r : l<- t it t ,; ™" I" v: ;- : i," | vt ■• : - t t: 1N*^ ir^irrS^ NDJo od'o iK^f nib mo J : AT • - i." t t • j : ^ < iN*kn rir^nn ^vS o : nin^ ^^d \v&!M niin ni3iJno ■•••It-: < J- IT : ;■• ; j,' : i t • t DDf)DN*Qi nin> b^'JifiS riSh-o roSn nS rrDijD:3i I-.- : • - : T : ■.•••:• |<- r I a • i- -J it : • on^ nnr Sotr» n:in :SN"ii:^» ^iS^e IT rt- : - .'^' ■ " •'" " !•• T : • J- VJ nntr'D-p D»D"i tSi^ idok^" ^l^\n{d :ino nn:ii ^^ti^J1 ;- : • I •■ ■ - I V T < : IT :■ —. t- I : i.- t : •^t ■ : vSr D^ii'n Dn:i nr p :di« ^^3^ nvvm inxno ty>NO ^T T ■ - J- v- l<- ITT /• : • (,-: I : rt" : " V " ntJ'Ni ixn bnS nsD"N7 ^b'ii o D.Tfl aoSo iviDp* /.• -.» T V T <- ■. I V -i • rtV • V T : J : ti ' 18 LESSON II. (Continued.) vr : - i: rt" t r-. : • I i- ■■-.w r it : • T : it i T- I vjv •• V -: tt; I" - ^-- tit:' y '^- I" : • ■•' : 1.V ; - i : j- : ■ : ^t t j : i - i \ <••:-: • rt - J ■ V ; - ; • j- -:i- v : • Nti'i Nin \y^n r2^ nn^ntrn nSi nn^ i^^do b^^iD T T J •• t t; I <•• T I •. ; - -; > : \.; : ■ ■; ■ • t £D»nSN* HDD rij: ininc^n i:injNn dSdd 'irnNODi (.- v: ;■• •. - •; T •-. : - -: :j- -:i- rt^ t ; i,- ; - <- rt- -:■• VT ••. : •• T : • j- _ : iv ■.. : irrn rxvD b7D : ijS-n*£)-):i in-iDnni v'^j; bbi'^t:'* • T I J - T ••. IT T : • I T|.. -:i- T "V : b^b n:i':'3 fir nj< 13 x^^Ji^n ninn i:ni3 onnS tr>^« I T •.. I ; -: (,•• - J- : • T I- rt' T '. : - : j- f •• T : T - J-.- T V - • - : ■ J : v -: - j : . T : • • V < ■ r V- : • J : t^ t ;| v t i/ : i )■■ ; rtT : (.- T V : ; )• ■ t : v I <•• - it -/.- ^- - iNDi rfln ninn :v3n non^ n'Si ntrr D/tDn-j^? Sr j| : - I <•■ t t 1- r : ^t : • ^ : r t jt t i -< C3^Q» t^n^<» vi? riisn^ lire:) dc^n* d^dti-dn ♦^^nrr 5?:3b^» nj<-)» itrsj Sdi^d :n7V^ n*!j nin^ r^sni •^ T : • jv : • : - <--:!•• it : • j r : ^t : ) .. j.. '. 'ih^o' Nin Dniun d'S"iS nni; p^^; pnv» irir"i:i nnh '^Str" pSm □♦oivrTiNM D^innn iS-p'^HN pS I - - T T I J-- - : -: 'y ■> ( V - -: I •• T - r : - V- ; I - : t r j- - : .. r^3 nSn-N*S 'Snvi nn '^nvs niS» n*S nnp:^ ^jn jj I- T T 1 • -: I- : -:i" • ^; - : • jv -: j <• : T I (J- • !■• • : - : t rtv : T t : - : ^'^?i? ^^3? f'S*np »6jj>^ ™n ngn;) n^ 'n;^:i;p ♦ni^S ^\45"S5i tj^^n-^^^^S r]SnrS?i n;jpj;? y^jsiS • I V •■ |<- -: I- -AT • liT T : • li-T ) : i,- : t : VT ; I J- I IT •• i-J: • I r t • : • ■ t • j ♦nt^'in bii< ?rr :Slfl» T]'^^ 1^^^* ^^'^^ ^^"i^^^ Di3J< JT T -it !<•• I • l-J-f •'■■^ ■. -IT • rt' I- V 1.V •J- IT : A- -: I- ! K- : )■ r :■ j- : - •• t r T : • J I • - T <- • : T I •• - : (.• : - ■ ir y - -:|- ^ f\- ■ ~ <.T ! ■ - hT ■ I IT I ,( T T : IT I ■., ; V • I" vtJt : • : jt : " s - CHAPTER IV. The Article. R. 27. The Hebrews have but one article, expressed by t^Hay, with a (-) Pathach prefixed to the Noun and a Dagesh in the succeeding letter, as W_t2l^*il the Heavens. CHAPTER V. JVouns. R. 28. Nouns are either Masculine, Feminine, or Common. i. Masculine are generally those words that consist of the radical letters only, as 1^1 a word. ii. Feminine are those that end in }1 or ri, as jlDIK Earth j ^7"T a Door. iii. Common are names of beasts, as ^p^ cattle, he. also the numerals 20 0''^p^, &c. R. 29. The feminine noun is formed by adding H and a pre- ceding (t) to the masculine, as HD/P a Queen, from Tlyp a King. But if the last letter be H, the points only are changed, as masc. n£3\ fem. JlDN and when the masc. ends in ♦, a D is V T T T generally added, as HVP an Egyptian man, JinVP an Egyptian woman. R. 30. Nouns have three numbers : i. Singular, speaking of one thing only. ii. Dual, speaking of two things, and is used particularly in reference to those things which are two by nature, or by art, as hands, ears, eyes, &ic.^ pair of scales, mill stones, &,c. iii. Plural, speaking of two or more things. R. 31. The masculine forms its dual by adding to the singular the termination D*, and a (-) under the preceding letter, as I* a hand, dual has Q^l^ two hands: and its plural by adding D and * and a (• ) under the preceding letter, as *1^1 a word, plural has 0**1^*1 words. R. 32. The feminine forms its dual in the same manner as the masculine, but changes likewise the H into n, as HDb'' a lip, dual D^nflb' lips 5 and its plural is formed thus ; If the singular ends in H that letter is changed into JTi, as n*1i?^ a damsel, plural ill*li^l If in H* with a ( • ) preceding, the ♦ receives a 1 as nnVOj plural MinVP' 1^^^^ termination be t)) the 1 is changed into a 1 with a dageshed ^ preceding it, and a (.) under the preceding letter, as nO/Ojplural HVdSd. 33. The cases in Hebrew Nouns are not distinguished by ter- minations as in other languages, but by particles prefixed to the noun, and which are the same in the different numbers and genders, as Nom. ^70 a king Gen. rf7D'h^ * of a king to a king a king o king from a king in a king JYote. Though this example is given to point out the cases commonly signified by the prefixes, yet it is necessary to observe that the 7, T)^, D, and ^ are sometimes used to point out all the cases except the voc. and H is used to point out the gen. and ace. The connection will best determine the cases of nouns. R. 34. When two nouns are related to each other so as to require the preposition of between them, the former is governed and undergoes a change, and is said to be in regimen, or contracted. i. The masc. sing, shortens the vowels, as Tl'l'l^ the Son of David, instead of |!3; or D'rl7N ^l^"! the word of God, in- stead of ll^*! ; and the plural drops its Q and changes the pre- ceding (•) into a (••), as D%'i7K Hll the words of God, instead of DH^I. • T : ii. The fem. sing, changes the M into Jl and the preceding (t) into (-), as D%iSN* n^in the law of God, instead of rTllH * This Prefix is used oalj a few times in Scripture, but frequently in Rabbinical writings. ^ 22 a law; and the plural shortens its first vowels, as ^*5^ niD*l!J the blessings of thy father ; instead of DlDI^ blessings. iii. The dual of both genders is contracted by dropping its final D together with the preceding ( ), and changing the pre- ceding (-) into (••), as D^li'JK v-^*^ *^^ ^^^* ^^ ™®"' instead of CHAPTER VL— Adjectives. R. 35. An Adjective must agree with its Substantive in Gender and Number, as ^1 JO ''\^2si good had; H^lD •I'T^^ a good Damsel; DOlD Dn^^ good Lads; JlblD riVl];^ good Damsels. R. 36. An Adjective (also verb or participle) belonging to two or more Substantives must be in the plural number ; and if one of the Nouns be masculine, the adjective (verb or participle) must be of the masculine gender, as D'^p? nib") DH^^D^^ Abraham and Sarah were old. DUin^ ^*r)i^2^ ^^-3!3 thy sons and thjr daughters shall be given. 37. The degrees of comparison are three : First, the Positive, as ^"JtO good. Second, the Comparative, which is formed by prefixing to the Substantive to which the preference is given, or to the adjective belonging to that noun, a with a ( ) and a dagesh in the suc- ceeding letter, as Dl^Spl O^^^D ^ItD G^' ^riHJl And I will give thee a name better than sons and daughters ; rftl S^Tl^ni n^n 730 0)1]^ and the serpent was more subtle than any beast; and if the letter does not admit of a dagesh, the (■) is changed into (..),as .^pDI ::n| »£)^i

Verbs, Participles, and Adverbs. 25 Those affixed to Nouns are contained in the following table. TO A NOUN SINGULAR. A plural Pronoun. Jl singular Pronoun. 3. fern. 3. mas. 2. fem. 2. mas. 1. com. 3. fem. 3. mas. 2. fVm. 2. mas. 1. com. I? I, on 10 Q their T 13, your U 1J T our n T her 1 in., n i his '2.^. ri thy 1* my r ro A NOUI V PL URAL , w\. f^. DD^ U' n» in» 1 V T-- ♦ » A NOUN MASCULINE. A pi. JVoun DHD*! Words. A sing. Noun "1^*1 « Word. plur. pron. sing. pron. plur. pron. sing. pron. I^*"!?"! -T : uipi • T ; Com. 1, D?*1?1 ^n.?"! V ; T : Tin >2. pn?i T^-?T ISI?"! ni?-! VI31 T T : T V T : D-I3T TT : 1-131 T : A NOUN FEMININE. nnin Laws. n"l1n a Law. irninin ^riinifi i:inniri •• T 'min T Com. 1. oj^nnin ^I'Ji^inin D^rriin rjn-iin M. ) I5*ninin rj^nimn IjrJ'^in ^r^-y^rs r. f Dn^rmin vniiin T Dn^in T T innin T •^•(3 frr'riinifi n^ninin T tnnin nn^in T T F. S'- The Vowel preceding the Affix belong^ to t)ie last letter af tl)« ^oun« 26 CHAPTER Vllh— Verbs. A Verb is either K7O perfect and regular, or ^IpH imperfect and irregular. | R. 41 . A V«rb generally consists of three radical letters, the first ; with a (t) and the second with a ( -), as 7]^Q', but sometimes the i second radical has a (••), as V^tl, or a ( 1 ), as ptOp ; and always i a (t) when the third radical is X or H, as N^O (17^1. ■ ^ ' T T T T In a regular Verb is to be noticed its Conjugations, Voices, ; Moods, Tenses, Numbers, Persons, and Genders. 42. In the Hebrew language, correctly speaking, is but one conjugation, called V^^ Binyan, but has seven significations, which are distinguished from each other by difierent names and characteristic marks, as !• 7^3 he wrought, and is called 7p, i. e. light, because it is simple in its signification, and not burthened with any charac- teristic marks. ii. 7^£) J he was wrought upon ; characterized by a prefix J, or by a Dagesh in the first radical. iii. 7^Q he wrought diligently j characterized by a Dagesh in the second radical, as ID 7. iv. hVQ he was diligently wrought upon ; characterized by a ( ..) under the first radical, and a dagesh in the second, as 1^7 V. V^Sn he caused another to work ; characterized for the most part by a ,1 prefix and a * inserted between the second and third radicals. vi. 7j[7Dn he was caused to work; characterized by a (:) under the first radical, and a ( , ) or (t:) under the prefix. vii, 7i^5rin he wrought upon himself; characterized by the syllable fin prefixed, and a Dagesh in the second radical, as R. 43. A Verb has two Voices, the Active and the Passive : except. in those verbs in which the nature of the action cannot admit of a passive, called intransitive verbs, as I sleep, I walk, &jc, R. 44. In the preceding paradigms Pa-al or Kal, Pi-ail and HiphJl are active; Niph-al, Pu-al, and Hoph-al, are passive j and Hith-pa-ail is both active and passive, B, 45. The Mood? are three. 27 The Indicative, describing the action as done, doing, or to be done, with certainty. ^ The Imperative, commandmg a thing to be done. . ' The Infinitive, simply speaking of the action without any regard to time. R. 46. The Tenses are three only. *)D1^ past or preterite, expressing the action already done, and includes the preterperfect, the preterimperfect, and the preter- pluperfect. 'l''nV Future, declaring the action yet to be done. 'Jly^ Intermediate, i. e. between the past and future, of which there are two, 7^iS, or present participle, and 71^5, or past, passive participle. R. 47. Numbers are two, the Singular and the Plural. R. 48. There are three persons in most parts of the Verb. The first person, the person speaking of himself. The second person, the person spoken to. The third person, the person spoken of. R. 49. Genders are two, the Masculine and Feminine, except the first person singular and plural in the preterite and future, and the third person plural preterite, which are common. R. 50. The difierent numbers, persons, and genders, are formed by prefixes and affixes, joined to the Root of the Verb in the fol- lowing order, in which, observe, the dots represent the radicals. PARTICIPLE. Imperative Affixes. Future Prefixed and affixed. Preter Affixed. Passive. \ Present. SINGULAR. Sing. sing. •••» ... he - Mas. -n n- she n;- nZJFem ♦••• thou mas. thou fem. ...^ ^n- I com PLURAL. Plur. Plur. QV" Mas. V V" on- they com. they mas, they fem. ye mas. ri- nV" Fem. 1 ^r J or riy-D in- ye fem. "■: ij- we com. 28 R. 51. A perfect Verb is conjugated after the example of IJD?* i J^ote. The word used by the ancient Grammarians for an ex- ample of a Verb was /i^iD, from whence the different paradigms ' have derived their names (see R. 41.) Hence the first letter i L of a Verb is called f), the second 1^, and the third 7. But ' modern Grammarians have justly chosen another word instead of 7i^3 because of the dagesh lene in the 5, which might be mis- taken for the characteristic dagesh ; and because of the V, which admits of no dagesh at all. R. 52. 1. Paradigm hv.^ or Sp. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. Person. 3* SINGULAR. Gender. ^o!? he^ ^Mas. T ; IT > did learn, she ) (Fem. rinoS; ) f Mas. T :-T ( > thou didst learn, ^ > CFem. : - T I did learn, PLURAL. Com. : IT they did learn, Com. 0^1^?" ) ( Mas. jriioS } ye did learn, ) (Fern. in^S we did learn, Com. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 nloW I shall or will learn 2 < ; ■> thou shalt or wilt learn, C 11dS» he ^ 3 < . L / shall or will learn, ) niD^n shei Cora. (Mas. (Fern. CMas. ^Fem. • The third person is used first because it is the JJ'")^ Root of the whole Verb. 29 Person* Venier 1 *11^7^ W6 shall or will learn, Com. ( npSriJ (Mas. 2 < * f' > ye shall or will learn, < ^nniD^nj ^Fem. ( npS» ) C Mas. 3 < » • L, / *^^y ^^^^^ learn, IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR, 1 ; < ■ J > learn ye PLURAL. SINGULAR. ■h) PLURAL. Fein nlD^ ) ( Mas, { > learn thou, < 1?? ) ( Fem ntt^) CMas. (Fem. INFINITIVE MOOD. *TlD7 to learn. T PRESENT PARTICIPLE. ID 17 he is learning, Mas. J ^ ■ '} > she is learning, Fem. C Dnpl7) (Mas. 3 < 'r > they are learning, < I ni-lDiSi iFem. R. 53. The first and second person are formed by prefixing their respective pronouns, as IDl 7 UN I am learning, IDI? ^i^^f thou art learning. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR ( *T1D7 he is learned, Mas ) iTTIO/ she is learned, Fem» m 30 Person, plural. Gender. C DniD7) (Mas. 3 < J > ihey are learned, < |nniD>5 (Fern. R. 54. 2. Paradigm, Sj^Sl INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. ( "IdSj he J ^Mas. ( mo'i'3 ) < Mas. 1 *)]T1P7J I was taught, Com. PLURAL. 9 ^Itliy^ they were taught, Com. ' ilpiD^4'' ""'"''' ire.. 1 IJID?^ we were taught, Corn. FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR. 1 *^P^?!if I ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ taught. Com. ( *iP^n ) ( Mas. 2 < L / ^hou shall or wilt be taught < ( *1?./^i (Fern. ( 10^: he ) r Mas. 3 < } "^ > shall or will be taught, < ( ^P7il she J (Fem. PLURAL. 1 *^^/^ ^^ s^*^^ ^^ will be taught, Com. ( ^IKi^D ) ( Mas. * S >- »•. Jl .- ? y® ^^^^^ O"" w^^^ ^c taught, < (nnp?^) (Fern. ( ^IDT ) I : IT • f 8 ( )'^D'7' ) ( Mas. % 31 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. singular. Gender nO^n ) C Mas. Fem. 2 < r > be thou taught, < PLURAL. ( Mt^hn J C Mas. INFINITIVE MOOD. "Ip7n being taught. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. •to'?;) ) nip /J > being taught, nnpS;i ) . PLURAL. R. 55. 3. Paradigm S^S- INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. C naS he J ^Mas. < L / did teach diligently < 1 moS shei ^ ^ ^Fem. riinS) CMas. t) thou didst teach diligently. Fem. 1 ♦fllD? I did teach diligently, Com PLURAL. 3 1*^^? t^ey did teach diligently, Com. c DmaS> ^Mas. 1 lil^/ we did teach diligently, Com 32 FUTURE TENSE. Person, singulak. Gender^ 1 *^^^i< I shall or will teach diligently, Com. C naSri) , (Mas. 2 { I ' ) thou shalt or wilt teach diligently, ( ( n?7Jn) ^ (Fern. i IdSi he ) (Mas. 3 \ I ' I shall or will teach diligently, < ( HDin she) (Fern. PLURAL. ^D 7^ we shall or will teach diligently, Com. ( n^Sfl) (Mas. < L / y^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^'^ teach diligently, ( ( n^ng7;i ) ( Fern. ( naS») ^ (Mas. I L ) *^^y ^^^^^ ®^ ^^^^ teach diligently, ( SMas. Fem. SMas. Fem. IMPERATIVE. SINGULAR. I > teach thou diligently, PLURAL, ■ : > teach ye diligently, T : .. - / INFINITIVE. *1D7 to teach diligently. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR npSp he ^ rMas. •7*1,979 fgjjg > is teaching diligently, -l n-ittSg^ ) (rem PLURAL. ( D»nttSo> (Mas. \ ■ ' 1 ■ > they are teaching diligently, < ^nn»7p) (Fem. 33 R. 56. 4. Paradigm S^$. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. Person. singular. Gender. C If^h he ) (Mas. 3 / was taught diligently, <' 7 > was laugm uiiigeuuy, 2 I tiyp she) (Fern. ( ni^sS) , (Mas. 2 ^ L / ^^^^ ^^^^ taught diligently, < I ^1^.(> (Fem. 1 *rilf^^ I was taught diligently, Com. PLURAL. 3 )1tp7 they were taught diligently, Com. C DnnoS) (Mas. 2 < yin-irgS ( ^^ ^^""^ ^^"^^^ diligently, ^ 1 IJID? we were taught diligently. Com FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 1!S /^i I shall or will be taught diligently, Cora. ( lfp%) _ _ (Mas. 2 < L / ^hou shalt or wilt be taught diligently, < ( np?ri^ (Fem. ( "T»S» he iMas. Fem. n^?n she , PLURAL. 1 *1^ 7^ ^^6 shall or will be taught diligently. Com. ( n^V^ ) C Mas. ^ I nn^^il^^"' ?Fem. C nsS^^ (Mas. Fem IMPERATIVE. NOT USED. INFINITIVE. *1lD7 to be taught diligently. 5 94 PRESENT PARTICIPLE. Person. singular. Gender r nfil^p he ^ ^ Mas. 3 < J^l^^p) j^C is taught diligently, V i ^"!.??9j 3 )Fem. PLURAL. c ant^ht^} cMas. 3 < V^ S they are taught diligently, ^ R. 57. 5. Paradigm, S^V^rT. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. C n^P^rr he J ( Mas. 3 < {_ > caused to teach, / ( nTP?.*! shei ^Fem. ( plO^n) CMas. 2 { ^ ' { / thou causedst to teach, -s ( ri1P7n^ ^Fem. 1 ♦mQ/H I caused to teach, Com. PLURAL. 3 l^l^p/H they caused to teach, Com (oriipSn) (Mas. 2 < L } y^ caused to teach. Fem. ( frinpSn 1 ^JTDyn we caused to teath, Com. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 n^pbi;;? I shall or will cause to teach, Com. 2 c n*P7r) ) c Mas. ? t > thou shalt or wilt cause to teach, < I n:D)r\^ ^Fem. C n^pS.^ he ^ } Mas. ^ > ■ > shall or will cause to teach, ^ ( I^Pyi? she> (Fern. PLURAL. I^P?^ we shall or will cause to teaclit Com 3^ Person. Gender c n»pSn) (Mas. 2 < L / y^ s^*^^ ^'^ ^^^^ cause to teach, < (nnp7r)J (Fem C n»pS» ) C Mas. 3 < ; ■ > they shall or will cause to teach, < ^nnp^nj (rem. INFINITIVE MOOD. to cause to teach. IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. S.l) ( Mas. cause thou to teach, PLURAL. CDn>P7P) (niTp'po^ Fern. C n»P7ri) (Mas. < L > cause ye to teach, < PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. nVpSp he J fMas. rri^P/p r , > caused to teach, n"i.p^p^ ) PLURAL. * hi. they caused to teach, R. 58. 6. Paradigm ^511. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. ( "tpS!7 he ] (Mas. \ ' L^ > caused to be taught, < ( rriDpn she) (Fem. 36 Person, Gender. 2 < ^ f ^ > thou caused St to be tauQ;ht, < I r^-lO^n^ ^ (Fern. 1 ^nnobn I caused to be taught, Com. PLURAL. 3 ITOyll they caused to be taught, Com. (orino^n^ cMas. 2 thou shall or wilt cause to be tauffht, < I ''^P?^:) (Fem. C noS;. he ^ ' ^Mas. 3 < 1 ^ )> shall or will cause to be taught, < ( "1??C she^ (Fem. PLURAL. 1 "1^-27^ we shall or will cause to be taught. Com. MD^r) ) i Mas. 2 < L / y^ ^^^^^ ®^ ^^'^^ cause to be taught n^"lD7r) ) ( Fem. npS;) , (Mas. I ^ > they shall or will cause to be taught, \ r\p^fpyn\ (Fem INFINITIVE MOOD. 1p7'1 to cause to be taught. IMPERATIVE. NOT USED. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. (1*1079) / caused to be taugnt, < she i i Fem. moba 37 Person. plubal. Gender. ( DnpSo) (Mas. 3 { L / *^^y caused to be taught, i ( nn975) (Fem. R. 59. 7. Paradigm, hv^Htl. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. i ifphnn he ) aias. 3 < I ' / did leach himself, { (nntplOn she) (Fem. (ri-j^Snn) (Mas. 2 \ ' f / thou didst teach thyself, { (]1-|a'2nn) (Fern. 1 *n"1!D7rin I did teach myself. Com. PLURAL. 3 n^7nn they did teach themselves, Com. (on-T^Snn) (Mas. 2 { ' ' L / ye did teach yourselves, { K ril^Pnn) (Fem. 1 l^'lO^rin we did teach ourselves, Com. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. * 1 *!^ SpNt I shall or will teach myself, Com, ( nsSnn) (Mas. 2 < I ' / thou shah or wilt teach thyself, { (na:?riri^ (Fern. C -T»Sn» he^ rMas. 3 < } ■ /- shall or will teach himself, < ( n^l^nn shei ^Fem, PLURAL. 1 no 7^1^ we shall or will teach ourselves, Com. ( n^Snn) fMas. 2 \ I /ye shall or will teach yourselves, < (nn»7W) (Fem, I naSn!i (Mas. { ? ^^ \ they shall or will teach themselves. \ 3 38 INFINITIVE MOOD. *T!p7nrT to teach one's self. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. singular. Gender c if2ihnn) (Mas. 2 < ['} teach thou thvself. ? PLURAL C nDSn-"! ) ( Mas. 2 S^.^..Lf_^/ teach ye yourselves, { PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR naSrip lie ^ rMas. •T^^/ripfgUg / is teaching. 1 ( nnjpinr^) ^ cms. 3 < L / they are teaching themselves, ? X. EXERCISE. The following Verbs are conjugated in the same manner as Sp3 Balal, he did hinder. 70-1 Gamal, he recompensed, p^"! Davak, he cleaved. * Few Verbs, however, are conjugated in all the parts of the Verb. In manj of the Verbs changes take place in some of the points, which will be noticed in the proper place, 39 *13f Zachar, he remembered. 7^11 Chadal, he ceased. ^On Chasar, he diminished. - T ^*VD Taraph, he tore, spoiled. ^?3 Car.av, he failed, deceived lDp7 Lakat, he collected, gathered. tJO/ Lavash, he clothed. Tj'^O Malach, he reigned. ni^D Mashach, he anointed. "IJD Sagar, he shut. 130 Saphad, he mourned. *li3D Saphar, he counted. D?l^ Azav, he forsook. C^pJ7 Akash, he perverted. "ItOfl Patar, he dismissed. tif'lb Parash, he scattered. pli Tzadak, he justified. *]'V^ Tzaraph, he purged. "nCp Kashar, he bound together tJ^lp Kadash, he separated, sanctified. 7JlS Ragal, he walked about, investigated. tlT) Radaph, he pursued, persecuted. *12C^ Shavar, he broke. t:S^' Shalat, he ruled. TjOn Tamach, he sustained. i I Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. Faragogic Letters, i. nnpSn i^'ip'pO r'lP':^? ^riipbn i"^p'?d DHipSn |n"tp*7'5 ; - : t: "i^pSn onipSn jrnpSn ynpSr? -ID nnp n"ip ♦nip' np' inp^ re re ' ' re" re a^ a re re S a- np'Sn nnpSri T : - : t: ■T07N TP^l npS np^-. -1P.S nD'7 np3i nnp7'i n:ipV O T 1 "''Pbrin *• : t: "^pS"^ "lis: make it emphat T : i- - : ■ J\i''ot used. T • I- : - JVof W5erf.i re a Dn^Srip nnpSnp TT): T Dnp'7.0 T : T n^pSp nn^p^p riip'j'p" Dn^bVp nn»P7P ri"fp7i Dn',^7^ F. ni"TlDS they DHIoS M. MniD^ 1 Piayl. Niphal. Kal. If^h nnh: IDh he moS niD^j hid':?' she CT :- 1- hthou^M. ' ^niiih ^riio^j ♦rn2:3 I re re H- 1 ^it^h noSj no^ they re •^ oma^ Dm^^: Dnio'? 1- 1^: [^"t'^."? ij-id'^ we. § . •^ "^»S^< -iD^i^^ "iIdSn* I & "TOT |.ho„|M. re^ -i^S' Doh' he ^ n;2Sn "TP,7^ "ilo^n she & re^ -i O "i!D^j no^j n^oSj we S -1 «§. n^'^n n!3^n noVn > (M. • 2 n^if^hn nnoSn nj-nb^n P If. re T : !■■ T »• T : I- T • ]...ey|M. a re -J "T^'? •■ T nioS Infinitive. n^S "Tpf^n hidS 1""™1f; 1^ naS' nD7n no'^ re >- VidS no7n no"? F^ If. a re 2- nn0' -n^ndjn T : , : re fi- re S n^So ^dS: lOlS he ms9b n-!oS:i mmS C <;hp tn mo9b n-TD^: nnoiS ? Dn'a'Sp nnpSp T |-.l^; ; DDh h e. Pas t or Passive Participle. 1 Pages. 40 41. Hithpaayl. nSDxnn Hophal. nSSSn onSDNH Hiphil. DnSpNn s ?5^ ?;:- n a a- n nj7DNnn S :)N^< T : j- t: T :: n \ h :iiinr\ S^Nn h Dxn ??* a ll:lSb^?nrT JVbf used. SnNn y'^^'6 ) T t: T F. niSlDK they D'S1^^? M. Piayl. ^^ DN n:i7DNn ^:3iVN Kal. he she Sdn* ^Di*- DKH *7pNn I thou I M. they we. thou he she ye (M. IF. M. F. ^ ^DN b DN .hey|M. Infinitive. tri ^ a I he ^ she M. |.hey|M, h3 •^^ ^o^< he. Past or Passive Participle. Pages. 42, 43. Hitlipaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. re re r^y^^r^ nyi:^')n 3 on: e. letters added at the end of a wo T : ,- - : ■ T : — )ymn n^y^n ^)ym^ T : |- 2^ )y^ T : - : 1 ^i^':rin ':imr\ ymn y 2 ft ^ re T re a J^ot used. ^yy)n T : !•• Not use nin££^':np T ny^)D rfy^/^D D'ythD r\yi. D6k T M. niDitr"» they n^y^''. f. nDijy) Piayl. 1JDti^» Niphal. Kal. he she 1 thou I J, • I they F^ If. we. I I thou ] he she we ]. { ] they I M. F. M. F. M. F. & :it^' rjt^^'in nnc^' Injinitive. thou M. F. ) (M. l^' If. he she I they I M. F. ^ a yii;^ he. Past or Passive Participle. Pages. 44, 45, V Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. P.aragogic Letters, t. on 2^" e. letters added at the end of a wc T : r-- : • T : I" - T : - ■. ^ n ? ^nm tr^in ts^'^n tJ'l 3 ?r- n re f re ■1 whnn T : I-- : • JVb< wed. T : !•• - Abf used 5- ♦ T T '.. D^P^'^P T *• tr'»JiP n^>iip D'^'^^p nitr'»;ip T T .^ T •.. M. nic^'i:i^ they D»:r"i:ip f. n*f'i;jje Piayl. Niphal. Kal. ! tr'Ji: trJ: ly:^ he nc^jij nt:^"!^ n^Jj she > thou (M. ? ^nii^'aa ♦nc^ji^ ♦ntrj: I J5" < V^2i^ itj'j: ic^;: they 2. re ^ : - ■ we. (M. If. tr'jjK t:^nH tr'JN I [ thou (M. IP- Co ^i^' t^'il' tj^j' he 1^ t^jjh trj^n e^jn she ? ti'iijj t:;yn tr'jj we C5 T : I- - : T : !•• T • |ye [ they CM. IF. (M. If. i '5. ^1^ •■ T • ri^;^ Infinitive. > thou If. 1 ■•I.* >• f6 T : !••- T : i-T • |ye (M. IF. 3 f: t:^'jijD z^n r:ii:i he ? > she nir'iijp T • : 1 [ they CM. }f. J ti^'u; h e. Pas t or Passive I articiple. 1 Pages. 46, 47. Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. Doipnn op^n D^pn Dpi; nDDipnrr nopp n^'pn nobi ^ n r\DO)pnn nopin riio'pn T * ^ nDDipnn riopin niD'pn nPPi f ^riooipnn ♦hbpin ^niQ^pn ♦nppi iDDipn'n iDpin 'iQ'pn ibpi DnQDipnn Dnf2i;))n oniD'pn Drippi (« 2 [noaipnn inppin [nio»pn \bW' ••• ^ypD^pr^r^ ^jppin liiD'pn ijppi i?* n DQipnx opiN D^pN Dpip DDipnn Dpin D'pn Dpip rs add ^DDipnn ^pp^n ♦P'pn »ppip DDipn^ DpV D'P» DPT a. DDipnn Dpin D'pn Dpip £. ^ Doipn:i Dpi: D'p; Dpi f6 iDOipnn lopin lo^pn IDPip a- n:oDipnn n^opin T : ||-T njpp"i|: ^ I iDOipn^ ^opv ID'P' IDPI a ' ^ ni 1- n T : I- i : ■ njppin T : )i-T n^^pip DpiDrin Dpin D^pn DP DDipnn Dpn thou (M. IF. ^rip^ip ♦nioipi ♦nop I ft < IDOlp mp^ IDp they ^ Dnppip fripoip Viippip Dnioip: jniDip: iJiQipii DnDp i:pp we. (M. IF. ^5 DOlpN DipN DIpN I □pipn ^PDipn Dipn ♦pipri Dipn ♦pipn > thou (M. IF. s opip' Dlp^ Dip: he ^ Dpipn Dipn Dipn she S^ DOlp: Dip: Dip: we )t2D)pn njDpipn n^opipri loipn n^Dipn T : 1 1 • 10lp» .i:oipn T ; il loipn n:Dipn loip; n:Dipn T : ,1 T ]ye [ they (M. If. (M. re D Dpip Dipn Dip Infinitive. Dpip 'PDip Dipn »pipn Dip »p1p > thou }f. I' IDDip T : 1- 1 loipn n:pipn IDIp n:oip |ye (M. b. 1 O Co DpipD Dip: Dp. he ^ ■^ riDoipp npip: ^^n she «o D'Dpipp niQpipp D'pip: nioip^ D^Dp mop [ they CM. J Dip s he. Pas t or Passive Partlcip e. Pages 48, 49. Hitlipaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. Paragogic Letters, i. HDinpn npSinpn nininpn niiDinpn Dnnhinpn fniiinpn Dpin n^pin fiiSpin ninpin ispin Dnup^n 'i;:)i:3pin ^PD •^?p6 jnibpn nispn ^ni3Drr ^^pn I^i^spn ^ji^pn nn: in: s. letters added at the end of a wo DDinpN riiinpn »:niDinpn D;?ir)p» !j?inpj ^:}:}inpn »\^5i}inpn :ipin ipr :3pin ' lipv n:opiii ^P^ ^PO i3pri nr?pn ' bp» nriDDri T '.■ ■ : DD1 O T 1 Dninpn npin •' T ^3 3 ^ n re ▼ re ■1 ^pinpn ^Dainpn ^:3innpn T : •• ; - JVoi used. n^^^pn JVo2 u^ex re DDinpp n^Dinpo D^pninpp nn^inpp njpio DOpiD ninpiD ^PP ni3pp T F. niaiD they D^ID M. HDID $ Piayl. Niphal. Kal. ) d:j1d DDJ no he < ) nnniD n^Dj HDD she 3 r)22)0 3 nijiiD ni3pj nup ni3D > thou (M. If. ^ •i 3 »n::niD ♦ni:jp: ^n):^b I ^ 3 ^22)0 13DJ 1DD they e3. (0 ;s 3 on^DiD oniDDj Dnino |ye 1^- ■^ 3 fnn^iD fnupj inisp :? 3 3 1J331D i:i3p;i ^:i:jp we. Co t 22)0H DD« D1DK I 1 ♦:DniDn > thou (M. (F. 5^ » :3DiD» DD' DID' he a 8 n:iiDri UDD niDn she & 2 :i3iDj ::d^ ::id:i we S ;2 '^ miDn i3pn IDiDD 5 ye (M. If. Til" nr3pi;i > they (M. a 1 U -a D;?iD SIDH niD Infinitive. npn DID ♦DID [ thou CM. If. 1 )2Dn nrnbn T '.- - • i:3iD T •.' jye (M. If. Co S o e duidd DD^ niD he nD:3iDD nsDj nD!:iD she Co D^nniDD D'^DJ D':jdid f they CM. (f. ■ ni3p^ ninpiD DIDO T he. Pas t or Passive Particip e. Pages 50, 51. Hithpaayl. Huphal. Hiphil. Pual. Ni'^nn {- T )i<)iDnn 1^:p th ey M. F. M. F. M. F. Infinitive. the ye (M he 1- 1^: I they I M. I 5:, N*1V0 he. Past or Passivp Partlciole. r Pages 62, 53. n a a. a ^ n a< a Hithpaayl. n5inn n.Vjihn Huphal. n.Sjin nSj N nj»7-3hn ♦Sin Hiphil. nSjrr nn^in n'Sin ♦'i'.in nSj'n n^»7;n ni'^jnn niSjrr niSj n 3 a nS Jinn i7inn nrVjinn nSjin Aof tuecf. ny^in n!?Jino n^inp Dyinp niSino nSjD n7i6 nnJD onJD niSio F. ninSj they D^nSji M. nn' Piayl. Niphal. Kal. J n>j nSj: nSj he } nn'^j nn^j: nnS7 she \ > thou } y ' ? < 'D^^JI ^d^Sj: »n^5j I ^-< ■^^J ^^jj iSi they c* ^3 Dn;Sji Dn'Sjj Dn*7j ) • ^ n:i^^ih n^^Sin n:»Sin 1 T V ~ : 5 they ^ p^ 3 niSj niSjn ni^^ Infinitive. nSj nSjin nSj ] ^^""^ 1 F.* ^ ^9i ♦SJm »^j|- I'^i i7jin 6'} ) (M. r' If. a 1 T •.■ - T V T • T •/ : (% & a- ) n^jio nSji nSiji > ..„ ^ M. -1 n^iD nSi^ .fi^ i^^ IF. p D^^ib D^yn ^ ni9ip ni7Ji 1 1 1 (0 he. Past or Passive Participle. Pages #4, 55, 56 IX. Paradigm of the Substantive Verb H^H to be, INDICATIVE MOOD.—PRETER TENSE. Person. singular. Gender. 3 C n^n he ) { Mas. 2 c n:n he I < > was, l^0\\} she( ( DO'. ? ? INFINITIVE. vn or ni^rj w»g» ltd •^- » IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAB. Fein. !n*\1 ) ( Mas. J,4.1C thou wast, < 0*!0) (Fern. 1 TI^M I was, Com. PLURAL. 3 i)*,*! ihey were, Com. T Mas. 2 < •■ " V ye were, ( W*!0 ^ < Fern. 1 1J**n we were. Com FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 n^il?^ *"' *ni?^^ ^^'^^^ °'' ^^^'^ ^®> Com. 2 n^iiri "'* "^T^^ thou shall be, ( Xy'^Ty''^'^ ♦n* he) ( Mas. 3 ? ■•■" " Sshallbe, < (•T.rtno'-^nn she> ( Fern. PLURAL. 1 n*rfi <"' ^Hi^ w® ^^^ ®'' ^'^^ '^^j Com. Mas. / ' > ye shall be, 7 > they shall or will be, < Fem. Mas. Fem. < ■ > be thou, < £7 PLURAL. C Vn) ( Mai. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. ^nin he > r Mas. ( nln she J * ( Fein. PLURAL. ( D'ln ) ( Mai. R. 60. Irregular Verbs are generally arranged under seven classes, (exhibited in the preceding Paradigms,) of which the third and fifth are called defectives, and the other quiescents, as 1, When S (>• e. the first radical, see the note in Rule 51,) ii an t<, as 7^^J, he did eat 2, When £3 is a ♦, as D^*, he did sit. 3, When flis a j, as 12/}^, he drew near. 4, When 1^ (i. e. the second radical) is a \ as Dipi he did arise. 5, When ^ is Gerainatum, (i. e. the same as the third radical,) as iDD, he surrounded. 6, When 7 (i. e. the third radical) is an N, as NVD, he found. > 7, When 7 is a ,1, as Ttv}, he revealed. The following Rules will greatly assist in learning the Irregu- lar Verbs. . 1. Quiescent N"3, l^H. 61. The first radical N, is generally omitted to prevent two Alephs coming together, as75 J^ ^or .^NNI. Exception. ^HJj?, ^HNI. and ^DN are sometimes formed likelDS. 2. Quiescent »'£), ^tif\ 62. *, the first radical, is omitted alter every one of the letten ♦lliONn, and its place is generally supplied by a long vowel^ aiS:31« 58 The ♦ is also omitted in the Imperative of Kal, as ^t/lf ', and in the Infinitive of Kal, but has a jl added, as D^ty. Excep. 1. l^T, ITI^, ny and IDJ, change » into 1 in Hith- paail, as 1^*1 IflH. Excep. 2.' These four ^D*, 7T, p^», and ]f2\ retain the ♦, as D»£p\n. Excep. 3. The following Verbs in ^5 arc more or less con- jugated after the manner of tJ^'^J, as i^f^ ^V*, ^i^ TVS and t]p», constantly; p^;^ "1^^ and'^lDS generally; ^JlS DHS rp% and "ItJ^^ only once. 3. Defective ib , :r'Jl^ - T 63. The j radical is dropped in the Infinitive and Imperative of Kal; also after any of the 'flJQNin letters, the j is omitted and compensated by a Dagesh in the second radical, except in the future of Niphal, in the whole of Piail, Paul, and Hithpaail. 64. When the second radical is a Guttural, the j is not omitted ; and those whose second radical is a 1, are conjugated after the ex- ample of Dip. 65. The Verb |rii hath in the second per. Fret, il^n^ and nnn, in the infinitive |ri^j|hijn^n»nri and "Jljl, with the suffix ^riri, the imperative jf)* "jflj nJHj ^Jfl, future |^l^fJ [HP ♦^rin, plural |n^,|ni, inf. Niphal |h^n, future Hophal f^^ 4. Quiescent f^,* Dip. 66. TheWav is omitted or quiescent in most parts of the Verb, as will be seen by the Paradigms. 67. The grave Paradigms (i. e. those characterized by a Da- gesh,) double the second radical, as DDip, and in some Verbs both radicals are doubled, as 72i/D from 713. 5. Defective ]/ Geminatum, 230. 68. The second radical is frequently omitted, and the omission compensated, either by a long vowel under the iormatives * To this class, belong those Verbs whose second radical is t. 59 *ilJDKri> or by a Dagesh in the first or second radical when an addition is made to the root ; see the Paradigms. 69. The characteristic Dagesh is usually omitted, and instead of it, the first radical takes 1 as DDiD for D5p. 6. Quiescent J<''^, NVD. 70. After the Example of ^{^D, all Verbs whose third radical is Aleph, are conjugated with the following exceptions. Excep. 1. Sometimes Aleph is omitted, as ^^V^ Excep. 2. The infinitives often end in HK, as MJiC7p. Excep. 3. The third per. sing. fern, often terminates in Jl instead of H, as DN*)p for HN'^j^. Excep. 4. The Verb Hb^J sometimes in the participle pas- sive changes N into ♦, as nb^^ for N^tJ'l 7. Quiescent .T?, H7^. 71. The n is frequently changed into ♦ or H, as will be seen by the Paradigms. Excep. The Verbs HD^, H^i, T\f2Pl, are regular. 72. In some Verbs the first and second radicals are doubled in the grave Paradigms, as V^^\^. 73. The infinitives end generally in Hi, as Ml7il, some with Jl, as n?}, and others in 1, as I7JI. 74. In the Imperative of Piail and Hithpaail, both the radical n and the characteristic Dagesh are often omitted. Also in the future, the H and Dagesh are omitted when prefixed by "J conver- sivum, or the particle 7J<. 75. When a Verb has ♦, or i, for the first radical, and tl for the last, it has a twofold irregularity ; and is conjugated in the be- ginning like Dr^» or \:fy}, and at the end like nSf "%■%- 60 CHAP. IX. I Pronominal Affixes to the Verbs. R. 76. Affixes to Verbs are the parts of Pronouns joined to Verbs active only, to point out the Patient, i. e. the person or thing acted upon, as 0107, he learned or taught me; but in the Infinitive it may signify the Agent or Patient, as iNinS^ when he cries ; 1"lDlt5^ / to keep him. The following are the Affixes used to Verbs, and the next ex- ample will show the manner in which they are affixed. Number. Person. ♦J '>). '').. '^v 1 me I C. S. , 1 1J. 1J T 1|. us we c. P. r T : .1... \ \ thee thou M. S. >2 ^3 '?.. n.. thee thou F. s. °?: you ye M. s. 1? = you ye F. P. ^ 1.T in in. nj. 1 him he M. s. s. T V n n T her she F. D. T D. them they M. p. * 1- I, ].. them they F. p. FEMININE. nips her fipi? ^^^'^ nnioj? her [nno'? them nnioS her iniD^ them n^nip^ her pflip? them nnb^ her ]np^ them rnnnp.'? ^er "pnipS them timD"! her 'pnp^ them her n-J6'7» jy'jipr.them nnpji'n her nnbS^ her j» them JlbSthera nnpS her pips them nnoS her them n^1"n"!"n"tpS he MASCULINE. inyilpj? him lO'DnoS t'^'^'" IHiT'irTlp^ him DnTD^ ther inri"iriip^ wm " Onip'? them in*n"vri"ip'7 him D»r)"ip'7 them innbS him Dnp*? them imnipl? him Dinnp'? them in^Jip'? him D^JIOS then IIPS* him ;-ioS' Dn'DiPl^lthem innbVfi him Dnp'pn them imnpS^. him OnD^^ ther Dips them innp9 him DnpS then innpS him DnbSthen ?inTnp'7 him DTDI^Sthem FEMININE. r^lOb thee p"ipj? you tjnip? thee tj'nip.S ^^^*^ p'iilpS you ^lioS thee I^npS 3'ou ^inpS thee T1.'PV. thee ♦ you )♦ thee D-JpS IPIPS y thee ou DDIC ■ Wm.llH.I. UfliHTW ICULINE. "?)"!0S thee jnip'? thee jrno'? you ♦rinoS thee ^fiiD^ you :|n"05 thee 3n^S you pnD.7 thee i1^"]D^ you IV T : • ^ DlD^^you inpSl thee 3nQ^» you ; r\iph thee DDTQ^you COM. ijnio'? us ♦Jjrn'pS me ij'nioS us ♦J'niP7 me •irrrib^ us ♦inpS me i^np? us ♦:iniP7 me i:in"io^ us ^^j_f2^\ > me inoS: us ♦jnbVn me ir"!P7n us ijnoT us *:nD,S me 1j-ipS us ♦rnp'? me ^ynpS "s *:npS me i^hdS us ^n.-npS n npS he taught niD? she taught T : IT iTlO? thou taughtest, in. T J - T flloS thou taughtest, f. ri"]P^ I taught ^l^h they taught Dfl^P? ye taught, m. ye taught, f. 1J107 we taught 7 C S i Ti)27» he shall teach «.ii^LL| ^ »he shall teach ''"(?•( thou shall teach, m IIQ7K J shall teach we shall teach npSri thou Shalt teach, f. llpV they shall teach, m. np7ri ye shall teach, m. *ll0 7 teach thou, m. np7 teach thou, f. 1*1p7 teach ye, m. teach ye, f. iidS to teach 61, 62. -!i^ CHAPTER X. ni^P PARTICLES. R. 77. Under the word particles is comprehended : 1. Adverbs, words joined to verbs or adjectives, explanatory of some circumstance or quality. 2. Prepositions, expressing the relations of nouns to verbs, with respect either to situation, time, or cause of motion or rest! 3. Conjunctions, joining words or sentences together. 4. Interjections, expressing a sudden emotion of the mind, whether of joy, grief, or passion. Kote. That the student may with greater facility refer to any of the particles, they are here mixed and arranged alpha- betically. 7!Jk>? Nevertheless, but, yet. Cqjjj nriN Woe! oh! ah! alas! Int \V Either. Adv. n^lKJlN* Woe! to! {yc\ oh! ah! alas! Int. t^'lf^ Peradventure. j^jy^ dS'i^N? Verily, truly. ^j^] DSk Nevertheless, notwithstanding. Conj. *rN* r?;? Then, at that time. ^^^ HN Woe! oh! ah! alas! ' im. * ^iriN* Back, behind. ^j^^ n^l'llnN* Backward. ^^j^] VO^ v't^j/ Oh that! I wish ! Int^ * *16J< "in^V After, after that. Ad'^ *"!l!i^* "IHN* After, liehind. p *^ p'nnx After that, after that time. y^dv ^CJN One. Adv. m Slowly. Adv. iTN 'Nf Where ? at what place. Adv.' ♦K Woe to ! {ye \ j^ * T^? H«-- Adv. nj^N How, m what n^anner, also, as. Adv 10 64 npD'fjt ^y^!^ How, in what manner, alas, as. Adv. y.H r^ ^^' "*'*• ^^^' nlfi^N Where? Adv. tlX Only, at least, but, except. Adv. T]K But, but yet. Conj. ?*3{< Truly, verily. Adv. 9k Not. Adv. ^i^ To, for, against it, in behalf. Prep. .•^^y*^ j^ Beyond, over, against, on the other side. Prep. " "-iQ Perhaps. Prep. *7}< Towards, against, unto. Prep. ^hlH Woe is me. Int. DN If, whether, since. Adv. Conj. KS Dl< If not, unless. Adv. Conj. JpN So be it. Int. n^P^ Verily, truly. Adv. JlpK Truly, indeed, verily. Adv. n^N [N Where. Adv. NJN I pray, beseech, entreat. Int. rjje Also. Conj. ♦3"flN Much more, much less. Adv. h)i^ Near, beside. Prep. y^^ That, because, since. Prep. ■ SlDhk^ Yesterday. Adv. hh)^ Because of, for the sake of. Prep. n!3 In, near by, by reason of. Prep. '3 I pray, beseech, intreat. Int. 'ii'2 Between. Prep. JIO n*5 Inside, within. Adv. nD5 As, in like manner. Adv. p3 After such manner. Adv. |3i Then, not, before, hereupon. Adv. hi No, not. Adv. ^Sin Without. Prep. ♦73 Not, without. Adv. Prep. ♦Hi^Si Excepting, beside, saving. Adv. Prep. 65 *ri7? N^*' besides, unless, excepting. Adv. ^n% Without. Prep. 10i^3 Because of, for the sake of. Prep. *\1Di^5 Because, for that. Conj. Dil Also. Conj. ♦p DJI Although, even. Conj. NH Here! behold! Int. nnr] Ha! ha! oh! Int. Oijih Whether, truly. Adv. Dil nun Come on! goto! well! prepare! Int. thil Woe! ah! as! Int. ♦in Woe to! fye! Int. ♦in ♦in Ho! hark ye! Int. Dl*n To day, this day, at this time. Adv. tl^n How. Adv. n^Sn Beyond, on the further side. Adv. D"l7n Hither. Adv. niin [li Lo, behold, observe. Int. njn Hither, here. Adv. n!3nn Much, many. Adv. kSi Although. Conj. Vin* nri* Together, i. e. united together. Adv. ntS^ND As soon as. Adv. *)33 Long ago, formerly. Adv. n^ So, even so, as. Adv. ♦2 Ahhough, because for that. Conj. Dl< ♦:? But if. Adv. DJ<"0 But. Conj. nDD So, even so, as. Adv. y T D'lDD 1Q5 As, in like manner. Adv. P So, thus. Adv. i^S No, not. Adv. p"N*S Not so. Conj nD? Only, excepting. Adv. Y) Perhaps. Adv. ^17 Perhaps, if. Conj 66 Y) Pray! bese^b ! intreat! Int. ^)h O that ! I wish ! Int. KpiS Not, unless, but, that. Conj. p7 Therefore. Conj. nSv Why, wherefore. Adv. R*p7 Because of, for the sake of Prep. jl^D 7 Because, for that, Conj. ^^Q^ Before. Prep. 0*^37 Before, formerly. Adv. llXb Very much, greatly, earnestly. Adv. rXp From whence. Adv. n^3p M^?P From inside. Adv. ^S?Q Without me Prep. ^)'1D Why, wherefore. Adv. ^1P Thenceforth, thereupon. Prep, rfinp ^nb Hastily, quickly, swiftly. Adv. 710 Against, over against. Prep. 1^1 HD From without. Adv. ITinO ini2 To-morrow. Adv. ^^jri^^'P Othat! 1 wish. Adv. ntSO Bottom, below. Adv. 1^70 Excepting, beside, saving. Prep. riD07P From below. Adv. t^h^.diD From above. Adv. hf^Vy^ Nigh by, near to, towards, over against. Prep. D'i3£)70 Heretofore, formerly. Adv. ^100 Against, over against. Prep. Jl'inOP On the morrow. Adv. ♦iS t^ From, out of, by, of. Prep. : ■ *^5i^P ^^ ^^^ ^^^^' ^^^^ against. Prep. 103; p Less, a little. Adv. pi^P C3VP By little and little, by degrees. Adv. Tn^_J2 hilO Above. Adv. Ifib lisp From hence, from here. Adv. I ♦JQD Because of, for the sake of. Prep. V DlpD I» time past, a good while ago, anciently. Adv. 67 DIS^P From thence. Adv. ♦no When. Adv. - T ii^ I pray! beseech! entreat' Int *7JJ Before, opposite. Prep. (IpJ Against, opposite. Prep. nVJ Eternal, for ever. Adv. D*5D Round about. Prep. 15^ Over, past, beside. Prep. Jn^'I^I^ '^ Hebrew woman. Adv. I^l Unto, up to, even to. Prep. DN'iy Until. Adv. ]^"1]^ Till, when. Adv. n^r?""!!* Ihus far, to this time. Adv. "0""ir TJiitil that. Adv. ?D'"11/ Tlius far, to this time Prep. 'nD""!r nO""^i/ How long. Adv. *"1^' Unto, up to, even to. Prep. "Tli? As yet, hitherto. Adv. 0711^ Always, for a continuance, perpetually. Adv. ^7^ p^ Over head, above, upon, near. Prep. ^'2}^'^]^ On the side, over against. Prep. [p-Sj; Therefore. Conj. ^IXDI^ Dl^ With, together, in conjunction with. Prep. n^V Nigh by, near to, towards, over against. Prep. iir\^ At present. Adv. ^pV Because, for that. Conj. 13 rtfl Here. Adv. [5 Least. Adv. D^iii Before, heretofore, formerly. Adv. DlNHp Suddenly, unlooked for, on a sudden. Adv. D"ip In time past, a good while ago. Adv. 2"^ Much, many. Adv. i^jl") Momentary, in an instant, suddenly. Adv. Op^"} Emptily, foolishly. Adv. ii)l*^ Vainly, in vain. Adv. f)^\i;'^^y Third. Adv. 08 D1tt*'St£^ The day before yesterday. nSty bii^ There, thither. ' ^nOC^ Second. nnn under, underneath, instead of. SlOn Yesterday. l^DH Always, continually. • T Adv. Adv. Adv. Adv. Adv. Adv. R. 78. From the preceding particles, the following have pro- nominal Affixes. PEB. 1 Com. (Mas. ^ J Fern. jMas. I Fern. 1 Com. !Mas. Fern. (Mas. ^ JFem. 1 Com. SMas, Fern. ( Mas. ^ ^Fem. 1 Com. SMas. Fem. (Mas. ^ ^Fem. 1 yVt not. SING. t^yjjt not I. nyK not thou. TirNI not thou. ^^yiji not he. tliyi^ not she. T V 2 II^D like us. inioD 1 niDD 1 ike me. ike thee, ike thee. ike him. ike her. 3 l^JI before me. n^i before me. ^ly), before thee. Tjiii before thee. llJl.^ before him. iTlii before her. 4 DV with. ♦)5); with me. "TlfS]^ with thee. rtfty^ with thee, ISV with him. T\f2]^ with her. PLUllAL. ^^y^ not us. DD^K not ye. pr{< not ye. DyjSI not them. |i^N not them. n:lD3 likens. T DDIOD like you. ji'i'^? like you. DHiO? like her. inlDD like them. liljl^ before us. DD^I^.? before you pn.JlJ before you. Dnn^;j before them; Tiinilj before them. ^^fl^V with us. T DD^V with you. D't?y with them. |Q4^ with them. 69 CHAPTER XL— Servile Letters ' R. 79. The Hebrew letters are divided into Radicals and Serviles. The following eleven ^pV^l^DtOnn^ are always radicals ; but those, usually called 2/^) Ht^XD jH^N may be radicals or serviles, but the letters JJ'^/N in the middle and end of a word are always radicals. The servile letters are used in the following manner. R. 80. K is one of the heemantiv letters, and is used 1st. to form nouns from vei'bs, and which are called verbal or hee- mantiv nouns ; 2nd. to form the first person singular Com. in the future tense. R. 81. D is used, 1st, as an inseperable preposition in, pre- fixed to nouns to denote the ablative case, as r*lN3 in the earth ; 2d, it is prefixed to the infinitive to form the Gerund, as 1lJ3 73 in learning. R. 82. n is one of the heemantivs, and is used 1st, in the formation of nouns ; 2nd, as the definite article ; 3rd, it is pre- fixed to the participle as a relative pronoun, as Ipi^H he who is learning ; 4th, to particles as an interrogative, as ti7r\ is it not .'* 5th, It is suffixed to denote the feminine Gender ; 6th, it is added to nouns and verbs as a paragogic letter ; 7th, it is affixed to nouns in the dative instead of the prefix 7, as nV*^^( for riN 7 ; 8th, it is also added to nouns, with or without a maphpik ; 9th, it is prefixed to verbs as a performant in the in- finitive of Niphal, and as a characteristic in Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpaail ; Lastly, it is suffixed to the preterite in the third person singular feminine. R. 83. 1 is used 1st, as an Heemantiv to form nouns ; 2d, it is prefixed to nouns and verbs as a conjunction copulative, dis- junctive adversative, casual or conversive ; 3d, it is suffixed as an inseparable pronoun to nouns and to verbs. R. 84. ♦ is used 1st, as one of the Heemantivs; 2d, it is af- fixed to nouns as the first person common of the possessive pro 70 noun singular and plural ; 3d, it is used to form the ordinal numerals from the cardinals, as ^7'^* three, from ''l^wiy the third ; 4th, to form a national noun, as n)»Q an Egyptian ; Sth, to denote the singular and plural regimen ; 6th, it is used in the verb as a prefix to denote the third person masculine in the future, and suffixed to denote the second person feminine future and imperative ; 7th, it is also used as a pronominal af- fix, as ^J1p£D he visited me. R. 85. D is prefixed, 1st, to nouns and pronouns to form a comparison, as li^IDD "Hl^?' ^^^^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^ Pharaoh ; 2d, to form the Gerund, as ilQ/D when learning ; 3d, it is suffixed to nouus and verbs to denote the second person singular and plural masculine and feminine. R. 86. 7 is prefixed 1st, to nouns to point out the cases j 2d, to the infinitive to form the Gerund. R. 87. D is one of the hetmantiv letters to form nouns. It is prefixed to nouns: 1st, to denote the ablative case; 2d, to make the comparative. To verbs it is prefixed to denote the participle PLail, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpaail, and to the infinitive to form the Gerund. It is sufiixed to nouns to form the plural masculine and the dual common, and also to form adverbs: as from jpj< is formed DJDK truly; and as the se- cond and third person pronoun plural masculine. To pronouns to denote the second and third qerson plural masculine, and to verbs to denote the second person plural masculine preterite. R. 88. ^ is likewise used as an heemantiv letter. It is pre- fixed to verbs to denote the second and thiixl person future plural, and also as the characteristic of JNiphal. It is affixed to nouns to denote the second and third person pronoun plural fe- minine, to nouns and verbs before the pronominal ) affix to the first person plural. It is suffixed to verbs to denote the second person plural feminine preterite, the second person feminine im- perative, the second and third person plural feminine future also as a pronominal affix to the verb, as OID^ teach me. It is used to form the second and third person pronoun feraininei 71 R. 89. '^' is prefixed instead of the pronoun "^^^ and siff- ni/ies who, or which. '' " R. 90. n is used as an heemantiv letter. When suffixed to nouns it denotes; 1st, the feminine gender ; 2d, it makes the regimen feminine ; 3d, it forms the feminine plural. To verbs it is prefixed in the future to denote the second person mascu- hne and feminine singular and plural, and the third person sin- gular and plural feminine, and as the characteristic of Hithpa- ail. And it is suffixed in the preterite to denote the second person singular and plural masculine and feminine. CHAPTER XII. Ruhs for finding out the root of every word. R. 91. If after the rejection of the serviles, if there be any there should remain four letters which will rarelj be the case' these are the radicals, as nilD^JI and desolate. R. 92. If three letters remain, they are the radicals; as *^1Pf ^* I ^ ill remember thee, ^< is the sign of the first person singular future, I will ; the second 2 is the pronominal affix se- cond person singular feminine, thee ; and the » is a paragogic letter ; the remaining letters ^^Jf are the radicals. R. 93. Should there be only two letters remaining : 1. If the first has a dagesh prefix, either a J, as tJ^J] from the root ^^ ; or a •,, ss lY from the root n^»; and 'in one instance prefix a ^, as HP from HpS. 2. If the second hath a dagesh, double the dageshed letter • as )2D from :jpp ; in some instances insert a J between the two radicals, as H^r? from D^H. 3. If neither of the letters has\ dagesh, insert a 1, as nOD from Dip. If a ) precedes the two radicals, change it 'into S as rnin from i^T; and if a » succeed the two radicals add a H, as ♦7Jin from til}. ■ : ■ T T 11 72 R. 94. If one radical letter only remains, prefix a 1 or ♦ and add a H, as 0*1 from HDJ ; nnln? from n"V. J^ote, Some exceptions might be added to the above rules, but these, and all other difficulties respecting the roots, the student will be master of before he has examined many chap- ters in the Bible. CHAPTER XIII. — Changes of Letters and Points. R. 95. The letters nHX, and those of the same organ, &c. frequently change with each other. To prevent the increase of syllables, when the word increase* in letters, the long vowels are generally changed into short ones. The occasion on which words increase in letters are, Gender, Affixes, Numbers, or Regimen. R. 96. Gender. 1. When the feminine gender is formed from the masculine, the (^ ) is generally changed into {■), as hSIIJI from 7ll^, except nouns of one syllable, as H^'l from y% 2. When the last vowel is ( ' ) and not preceded by ( "^ ) it is changed into {' ), as r[y\V from '^)];^, but IDD makes 11*153, and when the word increases with n the ( " ) is changed into (■••), asnnnj^ from-ins*. 3. When the vowels are two Segols, the first changes to ( " } or ( • ) and the second to ( ^ ), as Htt'^D from b'lO. R. 97. Number. 1. In forming the plural, 1, the first vowel ("^ ) (" ) or (•• ) is changed into {■), as D^^lD"! ^^'^^ "^^"1' D^?? from "liDD, ^'>y^f2 from tl7D ; but to compensate for an omitted dagesh, the {^) remains," as D^^'lH from L^'lH. 2. If the first vowel be ( 1 ) and followed by ( • ) it is chang- ed to ( = >, as D'VPp ^'''^"^ r?P ' ^ vi^P ^'■om 7^3 ; but if the first letter be a guttural, it has a {■'■■), as O^01tl from 3. If the first vowel be (" ) and followed by ( ' ), the (- ) 73 Is changed to ( = ) and the ( ' ) into ( ' ) or both are contraeted into one (" ), as O^l^in from tT'n ; D^nt from nU- 4. If the latter be ( " ) and not preceded by ( ^ ) it is changed into (= )> as D'p^ItT from D^pltT'. 5. If the latter vowel be ( •' ) and succeeded by a quiescent n, the n is dropt and the (•) changed into ( ' ), as D'£3* from nfl^ V T JVote. — Feminine nouns do not often change their points, but when they do, it is generally according to the foregoing rules. R. 98. Regimen. 1. The first vowel both in masculine and feminine singular and plural, is changed to ( = ) ; and the other ( "^ ), if not fol- lowed by a quiescent X, is changed into ( " ), as *^^1 for "^^1. 2. In the plural masculine and feminine ( • ) is changed to ( = ) and the preceding ( = ) to ( • ), as ^Jpr for Q'Jpi J Hill^i for ninnf . ■ 3. If the last be ( " ) and followed by tl quiescent, it is chang- ed into ( • ), as r]!lpf2 for HJpP ; and in plural, if there be two ( •• ) the first is changed to ( " ) or ( ' ) and the second to ( = ), as 'D70 for tj'^P ; and if the word has ( •• ) and ( " ), the (• ) is changed into ( • ), as pSD for 150, except gutturals, which change the ( • ) into ( •■ ) and the ( •• ) into {■ ), as ^^^^j^ for 4. Those words which have ( * ) and ( - ) contract both into (■•). as n^5 forn^5. 5. Words of one syllable with ( -^ ) seldom change, but when they do, it is to ( " ), as D{^ for :}}<. If the word be followed by makkaph, ( 1 ) is changed to Kametz-chataph and ( " ) to (•••), as-S^for'^D; "ll for J3. R. 99. Afiixes to Nouns. 1. Two ( -^ ) change like *^2X See Rule 40. 2. ( - ) and ( •• ) change (' ) into ( = ), as V^pf for fpj. 3. ( ••• ) and ( ^ ) generally change ( - ) into ( ] ),as »rilO from V T 4. Those pointed with ( t ) or ( • ) and ( ■'), change the C' ) into ( = ), as Hli? from 1)^^; ]yt: from ytj 74 5. ( "f ) and ( " ) chauge the latter into ( ' ), as O^ r fro"* T •• 6. Two ( •■ ) or ( •■ ) and ( " ) change the first ( •■ ) or ( " ) in the singular into ( * ), and the second into {• ), as IDD^ from t]pjl ; but in the plural they are changed like two ("^ ). See ^il, Rule 40. 7. ( ••) and ( 1 ) change (1) into {^), as Vp^^V from piV. 8. ( •■ ) and ( 1 ) change ( 1 ) to Kametz-chataph, and the ( •*) to ( = ), as ♦^in from t^^-jn. 9. ( * ) and ( " ) contract both to one ( " ), as *J7*3 from CHAPTER XlV.—JVumerals. R. 100. Numbers are expressed by distinct words as well as by letters, and are either Cardinals or Ordinals. ORDINALS. CARDINALS. Fern. Mas. Fem. Mas. niic'isn pL^'Xn First. T]m -inkV One. ^T)'yd 0^ Second. nrnp D.;:^' Two. r^'pn^ »tr>'?P'' Third. ^biy r^p^P Three. n»i;oi ^V'^il Fourth. ^■J1^{ nr^lN Four. ilT''PI-T ''P^pn Fifth. J^'pn nVpn Five. ry>p\:; ^\^f^ Sixth. ^^ r\fp Six. n»r^a^' ''T^P Seventh. v^'^ nVy^ Seven. n^mif ♦rpir' Eighth. njDp^' r\}m Eight. T\'V'^n »r^:^'n Ninth. vpn nrcrri Nine. Jin^ij'i; ^^'pi. Tenth. ^"kv. ^\m.i^ nb^r: Ten. R. 101. From Ten upwards, there is no difference between the Ordinals and Cardinals. 75 'r]pt^') D^yn?/ Eighty-eight. ^jj^i; ^f,^.. rt^^ni D'lTn Ninty-nine. n^j^r ntH^lr^r HND One hundred. n^i^'J;^rl^| \ D.^n^p Two hundred. H^h^' yy^ ) m{

Ae same nou„„ as p.-e'^-xeX^ro'i'::';;:" ' v- r^^ ""-^ '^''=='' - suceeea./,eUef;ec:ivral:^^r;,V:^^^^ *)5"l/:Dn3. '^1^^ instead of and case, exeep. n^^s „'f d^n l^^.^^j'^lVr'^r' hand of „,y servant David ; -f^pi, Oryi^^ ^ ' "" R. 105. If the first noun be orpfivfri k„ " • . .be second noun has .he sa.e! f ^^^g.^^-P"-!;" "' ?-"■'. B. 106. When two things are compared with e'ach other, th. 76 D comparison is prefixed to the second as well as to the first noun, as TIDIED ^^V-^' R. 107. Adjectives, pronouns, and participles are placed im- mediately after the noun, and generally agree with it in gender, number, and case. But nouns of the common gender have ad- jectives ofboth genders, as pUl) n7njl fl)"!', and a collective noun singular may have a plural adjective, as DO 71 11 H DJ^ a people walking. R. 108. A singular adjective joined to a substantive plural, often signifies distributively, as '7\''^Q^f2 "Ity^ thy judgments (Heb. is) are right, i. e. every one of them. R. 109. Numeral nouns, from 1 to 10 inclusive, are plural,, though the adjective be singular, all the other numeral adjec- tives are plural and the substantive singular, as D^^C^ SJ^pH iive years; HJC^' D'^PH fifty years, R. 110. In numbers from 3 to 10 inclusive, a masculine noun takes a feminine numeral, and a feminine noun takes a masculine numeral, as DU^ 11^7^ three sons: niJ2 ti^V?^ • T T : ' T T three daughters. R. 111. An adjective belonging to a noun in regimen gene- rally agrees with the second noun, and is not put in regimen^ R, 112. The place of an adjective is sometimes supplied by a noun, prefixed by the preposition D, 7, or D, as t^Jt^l** 7D£^0 a wise counsellor ; n"lln*7 *^lDtp a Psalm of praise j *ji^!P nnjSI, a lion from the forest, i. e. a wild lion. R. 113. The inseparable pronoun is suffixed to the adjective instead of the noun, as ^JJ'lD 1''^ thy holy city, instead of R. 114. A verb agrees with the nominative case in gender, number, and person. But sometimes a masculine verb is joined with a noun feminine to express excellence and dignity, as n"ll^in n^'^1, and vice versa, to denote something base and mean,"asnbVin m^iTV. 7T i R. 115. A plural verb to a singular nominative case, or vice versa, signifies distributively, as iTlJPl^pN IvSoj sweet are thy words, i. e. every one of thy words. R. 116. The preter tense is often used to express the present i. e. to be done at any time, as T]7n walketh, Ps. i. 1 ; and for the future to denote certainty, as Ihf^ shall see, Is. ix. 1, 5 ; liii. 4, 6 ; Amos vii. 1, viii. 1. See Abarbanel on Jonah ii. 5. R. 117. The future is often used to denote the past, as Gen. ii. 25; and to express the sense of the imperative, as Gen. i. 3. JVofe. — A 1 prefixed to a praeterite changes the signification to the future, and is called ") conversivum, as *10J<1; and he shall or will say ; but when preceded by a preter tense, it then retains its signification, and 1 is conjunctive, as Gen. xxxvii, 3 ; *' Israel IDHX loved Joseph more than all his chilr dern ; T^t^V) and he made him a coat of many colours." A 1 prefixed to a future with Pathach and followed by Da- gesh, is also called conversivum, and changes the signification to the past, as "lOi^^l, and he did say. R. 118. An infinitive before a verb signifies certainty, as 7?Nri 7bX thou mayest /ree/y eat ; but after a verb it sig- nifies continuance, as CDlflK^' Co'SLTn and he will always be a judge 19 ACCORDING TO THE PRECEDING RULES J^oie, — ^The student will find it of considerable use to observe the order exemplified in the following Analysis. First of all mention the part of speech. If a noun, state its gender and number ; (case is of little im- portance,) the root from whence it is derived, whether it be from a regular or irregular verb ; what connection it hath with the verb, whether it be the nominati^'<> to it, or governed by it 5 describe the serviles, if any, whether prefix, affix, or in- sertion. If a verb, mention its person, number, gender, tense, para- digm and root, whether regular or irregular. JVo. Text. Root. JVb. Gen. chap. i. ». 1. 1 M^tJ'N*}!!! ti'N*! 1 In the beginning, noun fem. sing. R. tJ^N") with pret. 3 pref. in, and fem. ter. n*, abl. case. 2 iil^ ii'^'2 2 He created, third pers. sing. mas. JT T TT ' L pret. kal ; the Root itself, {<"7, to create, bring into being. 8 D♦^iS^i hSk 3 Gorf, orgods.nounmas.pl.R.nSi^- ii"Q and r\"7, he was sworn, abju- red, reviled, cursed, bound himself or another by an oaih with an im- precation annexed. 4 nN iltMi 4 j1 particle, the sign of the ace. when preceded by an active verb, but the nom. when preceded by a passive or 79 JMb Text. Root. M. Gen. chap. I v. 1, 9. Deut. R. nriN. t^'Q and ,tS. he or it came, or befel. 5 D.^DtS^n D1^ 5 TAe heavens, n. mas. pi. dual form, wiih the article H, R. Dltt^'? Y]^t he put, set, placed, laid upon, gave, ap- pointed, settled, ordained, imputed set in array, put on, attended. 6 flKI 4 — Jlnd, a part. See no. 4. with conj. ), 7 p,!!jH pJ< 6 ^^« ««'"^^' n- com. sing. R. p>e, {^''fl, not in use, with article H) ('') instead of ( ' ), because of K. Verse 2. ' 8 r'lNn') 6 — And the earth. See text 7; conj. 1. 9 nrrn ^^'^ 7 Was, third per. fem. sinff. pret. kal ; ;t :|T TT ' . R. rrn, he ^as, became, famted, T T sunk, was exhausted. 10 inn T\rtn S Empty, or emptiness, adj. or n. R. nnn, not in use. 11 inbl tin^ 9 Confused, confusion, adj. or n. R. T nn^, not in use. 12 nC^tT) T|12^I1 10 ^7irfc?fir^nm,n. mas. sing. R. t]*^"rT^ he was dark, made dark; coni. "). 13 'hi/ ^h]? 11 Upon, particle, R. ,1^;; H"?, he ascented, went up, arose, grew, made to go up, offered, lighted, kindled, sacrificed, exalted himself. 14 t^Q nJ3 12 The face, n. mas. pi. reg. R. Hllfl n"^5 he turned himself, turned away, turned hither and thiiherj looked to- wards, regarded, prepared. hSnn V^nri? _ The abyss, or deep, .n. com. sing. raged, roared, made a great noise, ■^2 moved, disturbed, agitated. 60 Ab. Text. 16 nni Root. 14 17 DflnnD V ^v - : 18 D*on JVo. Gen. c^/;. i. r. 2, 3, 4. And the Spirit, n. com. sing. reg. R. np» V'i^, he breathed, was refresh- ed, was large, or airy. t^\^\1 15 Gently moving, participle ben. piail, fern. sing. R. fini, he trembled, moved gently, brooded. ^ D*0 ? 1 f^ The waters, collective n. dual form, I D> ) art. n. R> not in use. Veuse 3. 19 "ipi^*! *lOf< 17 w3nd ^e sai(?, third per. mas. sing. fut. kal. R. *^l2Hf ^"3, he spoke, said, declared, related, commanded, ap- pointed, thought, designed, resolved; 1 conversive, changing the future to he past. 20 *n* 1 — Let there be, or it shall be, third per. sing. com. fut. kal. R. n\1. See R.7. 21 nljjt nit< 18 Light, n. mas. sing. R.^^)^ N*fl, and Y^, he shined. 22 ♦ri^l 7 — Audit xoas, text. 20, R. 7, 1 conver- sive. Dagesh in ♦ omitted and com- pensated by metheg. Verse 4. 23 ^y'X '"^^"^ ^^ ^nd /le sat«, third per. sing. mas. fut. kal. R. HNl. iT'S, he saw, beheld, T T ' observed, considered, appeared, showed ; it should be HK")*, but the n is dropped by reason of the accent, and the( • ) changed into ( ") * to increase the sound before the gut ■). 1 is conversive. U ' "O nnD 20 That, particle, R. nriD. T^'h, he became dull, was dimsighted, fainted, repressed, curbed. 81 Mt.^ Text. Root. Ab. Gen. chap. i. v. 4, 6. 85 :iiD ilD 21 Good, adj. agreeing with *)1K. R. DTL3 Vl^, he was good, goodly, beautiful, pleasant, did good. 26 z'^?*'' /*13 22 And he divided, third per. sing. mas. fut. hiph. ( •■ ) instead of ( * ) on ac- count of T conv. R. 7"13, he sepa- rated, divided, selected, made a dis- tinction between. 27 ]»3 [13 23 Between, particle. R. p^, Y];, he perceived, observed, weighed, consi- dered, distinguished, judged, under- stood, taught, instructed. Vekse 5. 28 Nnn p*"J i^'^p 24 .^ncZ Ae called, third per. sing. mas. fut. kal. R. Nnp. N"S, he called, in- vited, called together, invoked, called upon, cried, proclaimed, preached, read, met, befel. 29 Sli.9— 11. Verse 9. ^Yr. •^,^p 37 TAey sAaZ/, or let them be gathered together, third per. plur. mas. fut. niphal, R. rrjj^. rV and H'^S, he waited, hoped, gathered together. 7N 38 To, particle, R. not in use. Dip 39 A place, n. sing. mas. R. Q)p, yy, he rose, stood, stirred up, raised up, set, established, confirmed, appoint- ed, performed. 19 — And shall be seen, third per. sing, fern. fut. niphal, R. See 19. ^y 40 The dry (land,) adj. sing. fem. R. ^y, >"t}^ he became dry, whithered, made dry or dried up. HV^N is understood. Veuse 10. 37 — And to the gathering, n. fem. sing. reg. R. 37. ) conj, and 7 prep. 16 — Seas, n. mas. plu. R. 16. Verse 11. iiti^l 41 She shall bring forth, third per. fem. sing. fui. hiph. R. f^^-j, i^"^^ hg sprang up, sprouted. 41 — Grass, n. sing. mas. R. 41. ^'Z*y 42 Herb, n. mas. sing. R. not in use. ^"It 43 Yielding seed, participle, hiph. R. ^1J^, he drew forth, sowed, planted j she conceived, brought forth seed. 43 — Seed, n. mas. sing, R. 43. nVi; 44 A tree, n. m. sin. R. tT^);, n*S, he shut. n*lQ 45 Fruit, n. mas. sing. R. rrifl, j*!*^^ 50 nijpp'pi 51 D*a» 51 NtJ'nn <•• : 1- 52 N^"7 53 ^b^r 54 rnrS 55 i^if 57 >13 84 ffo. Tat. Root. Jfo. Gen. cAop. i.e. 11— 16. he was fruitful, grew, brought forth fruit, made fruitful. . 58 "iytph m^ 46 His kind, n. m. sing. R. H^O' '^''^' he numbered, computed, reconed, told, appointed, prepared ; part or portion ; ^ pref. to, and pron. affix third per. sing. mas. 59 ^lyit 43 His seed, n. mas. sing. 1 pron. affix third per. mas. sing. 50 "ii In /"wi, compound of prep. ^ in, and third per. pron. mas. sing. Verse 12. 61 Kilfll Ki** 47 Md (she) brought forth, third per. sing. fut. hiph. R. { not used. Verse 19. ♦Jt^O*< r5"» 56 The fourth, n. adj. R. ^^^^ he was squared, lay down with, caused to rome together in bestial coition. Verse 20. •|V"ltJf» V*1tt^' 57 They shall bring forth abundantly, '' ' third per. fut. kal. R. p_^", he crept, propagated abundantly. 74 V**^^ ^"^ — i?epft7e, n. mas. sing. R. 57. 75 15'£) J tySi 58 Animalj soul, n. fem. sing. R. JJ'Di 86 ftb. Text. Root. Ab. Gen. diap. i. v. 20—22. y^, he breathed, rested, was re- freshed. 76 n*n n*n 59 Living, adj. sing. fem. R. n^H. iT^. he lived, recovered health, revived, kept alive, restored life. 77 filial H'l^ ^^ *^"^ ^*^^' "^^ ^^™' ^^"S- ^- ^li^' *^^ flew, fluttered, flew away, brandish- ed, shone forth. 78 rifil)^* 60 — Shall fly, third per. sing. fut. piail, R. 60. Verse 21. 79 D*^*2irin pn 61 The fish, n. mas. plu. R. not in use. 80 ' "Sb SSd 62 All, adj. R. ^73, he perfected. 81 ritJ'pin C^^*^ 63 That moveth, participle, fen. sing. kal, R. J2^pn, he crept. 82 C]5!3 tliD 64 That flieih, or that hath a wing, n. sing. mas. R. fj^D, he fled away, re- moved to a distance. Verse 22. 65 And he blessed, third per. sing. mas. fut. piail, R. T]'^3, he blessed, sa- luted, bent his knees. 84 ^*13 45 — Be fruitful, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. 45. 85 ^y^) nm^ 66 And multiply, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. D!3*l, or rather il^% IT''' 7, he multiplied, increased, grew up, nourished, brought up ; was r increased, multiplied j shot, darted, made great ; 1 conj. 96 IJi/Hpl N^*^ 67 And fill ye, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. nSo. ii'\ he was full, filled ; he consecrated. 87 JVb. Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 22—27. 87 D"1* 66 — Shall multiply, third per. sing, mas- fut. kal, R. 66. Verse 23. 88 ♦tt^'^pn tJ'pn 68 The ffth, num. adj. R. tJ^DH, he took the fifth, prepared, armed, ar- rayed. Verse 24. 89 ilDH^ DnS 69 Ca«Ze, n. fem. sing. R. DHD, not in use. 90 DIK D"tN 70 Jkfan, n. m. sing. R. D"l^^. N^fi, he was red. 91 ^^07^5 D7if 71 In our form, n. mas. sing. R. D7lf» not in use. ^ prep, in, and 1J pron, affix, first per. com. plu. 92 1jni013 riD"! 72 LiA;ncss, n. fem. sing. R. HOT n*V. he resembled, likened, thought, was silent, failed, ceased, cut off, de- stroyed ; D pref. similarity, )} proa, \ affix, first, com. plu. 93 I"!*!**! r7*T"^ 73 And they shall rule, third per. plu» com. fut. kal, R. nTl, ,tS. he ruled, had dominion, held in sub^ jection, took. 94 JlJI^ JI1*1 74 In, or among the Jish, n, fem. sing* reg. R. j|1*l, he fished. Verse 27. 95 IDf ^^t 75 ji male, n. mas. smg. R. IJjr, he was vigorous, especially in a potent scent, burned, remembered, men- tioned, celebrated. 96 n^pJI 3p4 76 ^/emfl/e, n, fem. sing. R. rjpJ.yC). 12 he bored, pJerced, thrust through^ 88 Ab. Texi. Root. Ifo. Gen. chap. \. v. 27—29. marked, named, appointed, stligma> tized, blasphemed, cursed. Verse 28. 97 n^DD") ^^^ 77 And subdue it, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. tt^^3, he subdued,' kept under, enslaved. Verse 29. 98 »^^t} \^ ^^ Behold, particle, R. |n, not used. 99 057 4 — To you, second per. plu. mas. per- sonal pron. R. 4. 100 nS^JJ^ SdN 79 For food, n. fem. sing. R. SdIJ. ii'^Q, he ate, devoured, consumed, overturned, destroyed, fed, nou- rished. 101 p;^* p'lj 80 Green, adj. m. sing. R. p")*, ^''^, he spat, did spit, bore leaves, became green. 102 *TNO "INO 81 Very, particle, R. not used. 103 ♦tS^lS^n ti/iaf 82 The sixthf num. adj. R. not used. 89 CHAPTER l.—Alphahet. Ao ^'^ '"' ^^' more particularly, K always a, the e.A of a word and also in the m.ddle, »he„ without a vowel, as «->?. nXV?. , n at the end of a word, as nN> except it has a n,apho.fc |";:;t U Te^rf'.i'e'ho.en, or shuricU, e.cept it ha.« ' vowel. See R. 9. I 91 ♦ when preceded by ( " ) or ( " ), or the suffix V > as V^ JVote. — When the *^^f^{ letters are quiescent, they are ge- nerally preceded by the following vowels, as t< or n by ( ^ ) or ( • ), 1 by 1 or ), and ♦ by ( • ) or ( • ). Or are frequently omitted and called, *)pn or deficient, as }< in m for IJNJ, prp for ]mp, ri^^P' for nS^Nti^', »pnn for N^pnn. 'n in the middle, as »J for ^'-IJ, n!lS for n^^h. "li^ for ♦ 'in the middle, as 0^-3 for D^^lJ. D^pNI for D^p^J*. II. When a word or syllable is to be long, they are unneces- sarily inserted, as N* in "jNI^. hii72t^, DNJ^V DIONI III. They are often exchanged for each other, as D*5tJ^{< for D'y^n, ♦ri^jp for ^rin^p> pfl'P^^■n for fis'b'in" )rmn for )yD'n, vp) for liipi, nh^i? for "ly];, n\n for mn, ni31for J^Dn. ' T T T : T : R. 122. The letters are divided into Radicals and Serviles. See R. 79. i00ai CHAPTER IL— Points. i ■f R. 123. Chlrik without a i in the last syllable, having an accent, or in the middle of a word, not followed by ( = ) shewa or dagesh, is along chirik, as "iTl, D^ 7*D^. R, 124. The following words are some of those where long ( "^ ) becomes ( "^ ) chataph or short o, and the ( ■ ) is Nach : as urx, iniN*, dS^k, iSiJ' no^n, 'nn, 'ty'ip. :t :t t:t :t t:t -.t -Jt R. 125. The single Dagesh is omitted, — 1. In the beginning of a word, when the preceding word ends with one of the Ehevi letters, without a pause or kingly accent. But if the preceding^ word be niH* Je-ho-wah, or if the dageshed letter be sac- 92 'ceeded by a similar letter, the dagesh remains, as D.*P?^5 ^V^\ Ye-ho-wah Bash-sha-ma-yim, p'! \i? Be-nay Dai.dan-2. In the affixes DD chem, and JD chen; in the regimen or plural form, as niDni Bir-choth, Oil Dar-chay ; before the pa- ragogic n, as^ni:ii Neg-dah; before the infinmve suffix as I^Son Be-mol-cho, or before the termination ni ooth, as Mai- chooth'niD7D. R 126 The Euphonic Dagesh is generally used in the be- ginning of a word when preceded by Makkaph, as nrHO' Ld is pronounced thus : Maz-zeh. Also a tone-syllable wUh a pause-accent, as ^S^n chad-dail-loo for ^SlH chad-loo. R 128 In some instances words of more than one syllable also have their long vowel changed, through the influence of the Makkaph, as ]r^:iip mid-bar txin, mstead of -)^1D . 1.:? n\^!2 be-yad Mo-sheh, instead of 1'% jVofe-A correct acquaintance with the accents is very de- sirable,' for they do not only assist in ascertaining the sense of a sentence, but they even change the signification of a number of words, particularly verbs, according to their bemg placed either h^V^D or V^^D, as T^^^ she cones, -^ "e word thus accented ^2 signifies she came, n^?,! with yriO signifies she remembered, without a jinp it sigmfies, re- member thou. « The Jews," (saith David Livi) " firmly believe that both the points and accents were from Moses, but affixed to the let- ters by fe«, who being a ready scribe m the law of God, was thoroughly acquainted with the true signification of every accent, and which we, through the length of our captivity and ' the severe persecution we have undergone, together with the loss and destruction of the writings of our eminent men, are at present unable to comprehend. But, although we cannot boast of thorough knowledge of every one of the accents, we however, have yet some small knowledge remaining of the uti- lity and signification of many of them. Heb. Gram. p. 338. H. 127. The accents, when placed on the last syllable, 93 called i^'y^D, but when placed in the beginning or middle of a word, it is called 7*XvP R. 128. The accents are divided into kings, ministers, and servants, and are distinguished by their names and forms, as will be seen by the adjoining table. ^pS™ioS? KINGS. K n^TM^ Ath-nach (S - : - K Cn:i Ge-resh If K D*ti''lJ| Gair-sha-yim 5 Nj^nr Sar-ka 6 Sn^ CJpr Sa-kaiph Ga-dol K |l£0j5 i]pr Sa-kaiph Ka-ton K NhiDP Tiph-cha i^ .^ . yn^. Ye-thiv K ' ni7D Sil-look \ ^ KnSl:ip Se-gol-ta K ^ irfl Pa-zair ( p^ok Pe-sik J i n^p'lJl? Le-gar-may - K t?btS^i> Pash-ta S rrnfl »'jSp Kar-nay Pa-ra ^ "' I^pS Re-vi-a N t)ht^^\^ Shal-she-leth K ' Tbri Te-vir ■J • : jj nSn^ iSn Te-n-sha Ge-do-lah. MINISTERS. K NJI11 Dar-ga ^ 1D1» I^'HT. Ye-rech Ben-yo-mo J< m^b Moo-nach K nSHD Mah-pach if KJ^P Mair-cha 94 A kVDiP Kad-ma j5 n^^P NJi^'^r^ Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na SEUVANTS. K nS^5? ^^^1P Mair-cha Ke-phoo-lah i^ ^ ' ]r)D Me-theg I ■ ■ R. 129. Te-li-sha Ge-do-lah is always in the beginning of the word, but Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na is placed at the end of a word, as nLJ^N Te-li-sha Ge-do-lah, HtT^^ Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na. R. 130. Le-gar-may is generally followed by Moo-nach and Re-vi-a, or Ue-vi-a alone, as □'hSn* HJiH^ I "IPN*^^ or n^t^N ' HD^Nl by which it is distinguished from Pe-sik, which is always a pause, and is generally between a king and a minister, as »n^ ^biXS ' HC^oS > niJ^i^'^j'^p-S^- R. 131. There must always be a syllable or Shewa na, or Dagesh between the accent and the metheg, as DINH Ha-a- dam, ^Sd{< A-che-loo. R. 132. When two accents of the same kind are placed upon a word, the first of them marks the tone-syllable, as ^nD to- hoo 5 but when two of a different kind are placed on a word^ the last accutes, as DniJlD/l- CHAPTER lU.— Reading. R. 133. Shewa Na and compound Shewa form a syllable without any other consonant, as ii<\ We-al, Tjpnnp Me-ra- cha-maic^. CHAPTER IV.— TAe Article. R. 134. When the letter which follows the H article does not admit of a dagesh, the ( " ) is commonly changed into ('} , 95 as ti'^kSfn. p^^H' t^'ii^il; but if the letter be M or h, the (-) generally remains unchanged, as ^/hn. ^12^'nrT, and when the guttural hath a ( "^j the article commonly takes (•), as R. 135. The Dagesh is, commonly, omitted before a word beginning with f2 or ♦, having a single ( = ), as rTp20n> ^N^H; but before the ( ^= ) the article hath, in some instances, a ( •• ), as niannn. T t; V R. 136. To distinguish the article from the tl interrogative. — Observe : 1. The latter commonly hath a (-=), as H^ltOH whether it be good. 2. Before gutturals it hath a ( - ), as t] 7^{ll, shall I go.^" but before guttural with (■^) it hath(-), as DDIirT, whether he be wise.'' and before ( • ) it has ( " ), as nJlrOn. 3. When it is succeeded by dagesh, the dagesh is in the prefix and not in the noun, as j^?!!* CHAPTER v.— Nouns. In nouns is chiefly to be noticed their formation, gender, number, case, government, or regimen. R. 137. Nouns are generally formed from the third person singular of the preterite tense, first conjugation active : 1. By changing its vowel or vowels, as "ID"!, a word, from ^^"1, he spake ; or TpD, a kin^, from T[7p, he did reign ; or, 2.^ By dropping a radicaUeiter, as JH, grace, from p|l, he was gracious ; or, 3. By adding one or more of the VflilOJ^n letters, as npDp, a covering, from HDiD, he did cover ; or hlD, a word, from hht2, he spake ; or H^fip, a gift, from [H^^e gave, R. 138. With respect to Genders, observe : 1. Masculine, are generally the names of men, as Dfl*!^}^; of offices occupied by men, as T|*7p, a king; of idols, as jljl'l; of angels, as SxD^O J of nations, as DHVO J ^^ rivers, as TltJ'^i? ; of mountains, as 7D")p ; and of months, as jD^J. 2. Feminine, are names of women, as 7n"n| ; of cities, ftS J1*V J ^^^ ^^ countries, as [JL^^D. 96 CHAPTER VL— Adjectives. R. 139. The Superlative is also formed by prefixing the ad- jective, or by a genitive or suffix following the adjective, as D^Vl^n nj^Vl fD|^n Xin nnj, and David was the youngest, and the three eldest followed Saul. ^IJT) JPlNin* V-D3, Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons. pTHD D^lD the T T ^ . J V •• : T best of them is as brier. Example of JVouns and Adjectives, according to their variations in JVumber and Resrimen. MASCULINE. Words undergoing the same PLURAL. SINGULAR. variations as those in the op- - posite column). Regimen. Absolute. Regimen- Absolute. Signification. Nn^ '^ly^ ^c^'D n?^ nn2i 111 ^?1 a. wurd m m m ^pbn ■ T -: □DH T T A wise maD nnp 'i'^'n °'^'"3[7 irnn D'ln a smith notr Snx Sdh - •• T ■• T •• T ipl an old man desirous anj h'h'D ^'py nop* P9 a shield a hireling ^i^i^ onb Y^Q 'V^'^ D^vnr ]>nr fni? terrible ' ^ ^p3 goD 'iv6 D'r:;p rir^ nri) a forti£cation ptDp ip3 ''n^ ^^y SiS? i^)y^ high born T D^V^nn rnn P'^O diligent l^'f D^sV ns' nfi^ beautiful m ^ ^niD D^niQ niD riiS death | D»i,Dr on ^^n Dv^n Dh on warm i D"! ID rn *pv Dni; pv nv an enemy T Jt T nir% 0'^.'?V i^^v I'^Vv a rib ^y. 'N*^P d^nSd N^P ^*^^ full ^*li^* not used. -liTb' nptJ' a hair *^''iD D^trnn ^'"6 i^n.D deaf ^ D»3pp^ *?p^ ^ni3pp^ not used. ^DD round about 97 MA SCULINE.— Confmwerf. Words undergoing the same PLUltAL. SINGULAR. varicitions AS tnose posite columns. lu V.11C up- Regimen. Absolute. Regimen. Absolute. Signification. "ir^p nflD Dn$p *^^P "^5p a book Dtrr 'Vsn D'Vsn pn pn desire '^l 'nji ^i;r O'vi b YV. a tree t^k rn rii^ D^rj; rv w a goat f$i\ ^;?^i^ D»331D T 3313 3313 a star npN* pji» D.^N nDiLT' anD)c^ -IDltr "IDltJ^ a keeper 'kl3 D^ini) in^ in^ a priest •np^ '^'no D'^'IO ^1n ^ln a month ^IPN* ''Sn.s* T Shk Sn■^? a tent ni^ nil D13 ^nib D^niD 31 D 31 D ^ood pn Dl '^V D^rj; r;^ rr strength nn "11D mv Dniv m^; ni^ a rock ^?P n?D '?;i,^ D';i,^.i 3^^ 3|J a thief n^jV pnv n'^^'? Dn^sS n^flS "f'.i^'? a torch p^n ^ti'iSK D'iJI^N w^iSn qi'^N a prince nrc^' '^.^.?. Dnr: ni^j n::^'^ a lad r.: ^'b V.S ^'^h D'Kn ^"'! nu An olive tree ''b^^ • T •-■ Snj hm a conl np.^ v^:^"i ODJ □ ODJ m ib^ a drink-offer- H"!'^ m oSq T ; ing. a king m ^l^ii Dnar "T?l^ -i3r a servant ^i^^'3 ri^D 'i^ll U'^IJ ri'r rSr seed 133 T " T Dn^Jj n3N n3N a husband- nij; >p^pi; D'^'pv ^''pi^ z'py. perverse niD? nis^ nn)!pb 'Tl/*2^ -na^ learned ■■^S? o'h^i ^^^ ^'^^^ a vessel ni ■ w'^v T : '^V ':iv a roe IniND^fj ^'Sri 5 o"5n? • T t: • t: • t: a decease 98 DUAL. 1 Words undergoing the same variHtions as those in the opposite columns. DUAL. SINGULAR. Significa- tion. Begimen. Absolute Regimen. Absolute, 'ml nob' A lip a wing^ a thigh a hand a tooth an ear a shoe an eye a nose a foot a door a knee FEMININE. 1 T T T T n^ptrp T T V T T - T" : T •• -: nv:b' rii:)Spp nviSp' niSp'pp ninpb* mnsc^'p niDxSp ni^Spp nrS'^p niSc'pp ninip'p niDxSp not used. ^P^'PP rioSp rip%* np^r riStrpp nnpj?' nns'wTp •TP5 n7;rpp nnptr nnsp'p beautiful wisdom counsel the second a request a kingdom a kingdom a garment a virgin a damsel reproach dominion joy a family a blessing a pool cattle a work a pit 99 R. 140. Some nouns are irregular, having tne niasculinf» termination in the singular, and the feminine, or both, in the plural, as Dt^, a name; H'iOt^, names; ^J7, a cloud; DOI^» and nlDi^, clouds : others have the feminine termination in the singular, and the masculine in the plural, as HiJ^Nj a woman; W^^, women: and some have both the dual and plural terminations joined together, as nOltlj a wallj D^nlDln, walls. Examples of Irregular JVouns. Words undereoing the SHine variatious as those in the opposite , columns. PLUKAL. SINGULAR. Signification. Reginven. Absolute. Regimen. Absolute. ni3N* ninN '^i^ DN a father on *nN D^HN ^N T a brother T *^? 0^3 I? P a son ' *^? D^nS n»? n'5 a house ^P^h D^C^Nn itnS c'nS a head ^^' D'PJ DV D1» a day T'^i< D^^'JN tS^'I^N* t^'lJN a man - ^\v D'nj nl n'j a kid *-!V D»:v Q''v *v *v a ship , nirr nitr^ ♦piir' ^'pW p)ti/ pitr a street ni^s d"3 »3 n£) a mouth , n)in::i ni:h5 1^3 frts a thumb i ♦P^D 'D WD water niaN niDN D^? DN* a mother niDn T nvriN nvfiN niDN DinN* a sister ( my? niJ5 ni n5 a daughter r^'in^k ninoN MP^ noi^ a maidservant 1 T Djp n:p T T a portion "'^'^ O'^l ^?^'i^ ne^'N a woman ' n? ^T -i»j; a city 1 1 i L 100 r CHAPTER VII.— Pronoun* R. 141. The dagesh in the second person singular and pln- Tul, is an assimilated J ; the original words being nT}}^ or R. 142. HD before Mak-kaph is commonly shortened, and joined by dagesh Euphonic, with the following word, as "Mg n^ ; and before gutturals with (-^ ), ilD becomes Hp. Examples of relative, demonstrative, and interrogative pronoum. (See R. 38. II. III. &i IV.) VW'^ nS *1?^>? tr^Srt niT]\ " And it shall come to pass, that the man that will not hearken." DnVP:?'"iJr^>>* ^n^'^^? ngiti^'NI " And I wni return unto my brethren that are in Egypt." ^3nn *^^^. ^''r\''^'^i^\ "And I win teach thee, what thou shalt say." | :qt^5;^3 " Thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy man- «ervant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger th(^ is within thy gates." j l^pny. nr nOi^S hb lD^''nJ< N^p^.l " And he called his name'Noach, saying, This shall comfort us." Kp'^nS n^lJ ^^ " ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ""*° *^® giants.* S^n DliJin *' r/io5« nations." , are the three sons of Noach, and of them was the whole earth overspread." ni mSln nSx *' These are the generations of Noach.*, I^i^ri rlr'xS) tin^in nr^S " This is not the way, nojd 19 (his the city." OnVP T"?.?? t^^^l*? "^^ " ^^" ^^*^^ ^® ^^"'^ derision In the land of Egypt," 101 Vts'ir nx*r " Do this» rrp|)rr npr» nx'r " This is the ordinance of the passover." )t "liin'jD *' From this generation." Jl/NJ It QV " T^t5 people whom thou hast redeemed." r^n rSon'Si^ " Upon this rock." nr^n C^^NH'^D " what man is ihisr VT - • T ilfjt *P"r)5 " fVhose daughter art thou .?" nrii< ♦P " ?^o art thou." ^9 h^N ♦p " fVho are those with thee .?" C^■^J^J np " what is man.?" nS Nin np " ^af he was unto her." 1i:3'D^*np1 lOt^'Trp " ^a< is his name, and what is his son's name f " '^h nitrrS'np " ?F7ia< can be done for thee ?" 17 n^rrrrD '' ^Aa< is become of him f" T T *«o«* CHAPTER VIII.— FerSj. The author takes leave to state briefly the reason why he aiffers from the most eminent grammarians that have gone be- fore him, who numerate seven distinct conjugations. In the Latin language, all grammarians are agreed that there , are four conjugations, and that every regular verb is declined I or conjugated after the example of one of these conjugations; I but in Hebrew all perfect verbs are conjugated after the one I example of Pa-al. And though the verb varies in its significa- I tion seven times, yet it would be very improper to call these I variations distinct conjugations. No one ever supposed that amo and amor are two different conjugations, why then should the , active and the passive in Hebrew be styled so ? Is it to be wondered at, therefore, that many a Hebrew student has been i 102 . discouraged by being told he had to learn seven conjugations, especially after he had experienceo the great difficulty of mak- ing himself master of the four Latin conjugations. Would it not naturally suggest to him the idea, that he has to learn in each conjugation, an active and passive voice, which would make fourteen paradigms, and the Indicative and Subjunctive of each voice would double the number, and make it twenty- eight, whilst in reality there are but seven simple paradigms, and differing so little from each other, that if the first be once learned, the others will soon be known. - R. 144. When the first radical is D, tT', or tJ^ the charac- teristic n in Hithpa-ail changes place with the first radical, at Ssnpn, for Sspnn; "i^n^^n, and not nprrirr; ^iDDb^n for 13 **^nn.— When the first radical is ^*, the H is' changed into *J,^ and the t3 changes place with the first radical, as T)lt:nr\ for p-IVnn—And when the first radical is n- t:> or n, the characteristic H is omitted, and a Dagesh placed in the first radical, as HS'IN* for H^in^ ; "inpr? for nn^nn ; )r\f2r)n for inonr^n. CHAPTER XUh— Changes of Letters and Points. R. 145. 1 Conjunction, when followed by ( = ) changes its usual vowel ( = ) into 1, as SdSi ; but if the succeeding {■■)he under ♦ n or n the ( = ) conjunction is then changed into ( • ) and sometimes'to ( - ), -« ^H^' D^T^HV VHl. H^nr If the 1 conjunction be followed by D- 0- or Q, it commonly changes ( : ) into 1, but if the letter hath the tone, it takes ( - ), as n'DI' "nSpi. nr"<51. ^n^^l; especially when it joins two synonimous words,^ 'as Cny:]; afflicted and poor. Before a guttural letter with a compound ( = ) 1 takes the corres- ponding short vowel, as H^nj "^^V.).' 103 R. 14&. *| Convenive (see R. 117. Note) prefixed to the future, whose praeformative hath ( • ) loses its Dagesh, as 7^p!lJ and before the formative prefix {< the (") is length- ened, as ':JDplSIV R. 147. The prepositions 3, 3, 7, before a compound ( = ) assume the corresponding short vowel, as |^*^^5 5 before the article they commonly remove it, and take its punctuation. (See R. 103.) Before a tone-syllable they take ( •'), as r\^)p. R. 148. The preposition ^!2 frequently drops its ?, and is sup- plied by Dagesh in the next letter, as 71*7^0 instead of T] 7p"|P, if followed by guttural or *1, its ( • ) is changed into ( " ), as CHAPTER X.V.— Syntax. R. 149. Two substantives in apposition are sometimes so joined together, that the latter supplies the place of an adjec- tive, as DPP D^^^N, men fewness ; i.e. few men. i R. 150. A substantive is often repeated to signify, 1. the whole, with reference to each of the same kind, as tJ^^i«{ SJ^'{<» man man ; i. e. every man. 3. Multitude and succession j as *)prT nnNS ni")}:}!}, pits, pits of day; i. e. many and suc- cessive. 3. Distribution, as he delivered to his servants, *TT'I? ■)*1i^, drove, drove ; i. e. a drove to the care of each. R. 151. The noun following the regimen is often used as an adjective, as C^"ipn *1il3) garments of holiness ; i. e. holy gar- ments ; and sometimes the regimen noun is used as an adjec- tive, as *3D"| y^^i wi^h the multitude of my chariots ; i. e. with many. R. 152. A noun hath sometimes the same form as if in regimen, when a particle intervenes, as DI^TT. DDDH, wis- dom and knowledge ; 13 'Din, trusting in him ', 'J!l*75 ^5'9 n*lD, a stroke without cessation. 15 104 ' R. 153. Collective nouns in the singular number have plura. words to agree with them, as D^^V?^^ ^V?:' ^^^ P^^'P** that were to be found. R. 154. The pronoun is sometimes redundant, as H^J^rj ♦V'nirii J^in, the woman (she) gave me; Tii^ ^HN"]!!! lS*n, and she saw (him) the child. The pronoun affix with the "particle h is also sometimes redundant, as ^V'n^liy'Jf* I will return. R. 155. The particle ?|S before the preter or future, denotei an optative sense, as ^^tliD lS, O, that we had died ! ^'"5 after h^i<. CHAPTER XVII. The following chapter contains a complete list of irregular verbs. If the student will store his memory with eight words every day, he will surmount the greatest difficulty in the He- brew language in the space of three months. 17* to beget, to bring forth t|7* to go, walk, Sic. TjDMo enlarge JQMo turn to the right py to suck "ID Mo lay the foundation ID* to anoint tip* to add ID Mo discipline, chastise ■)^^Mo form - T "IpMo burn t>pMo awake 1p* to be precious, esteemed JJ'p* to spread a snare 11* to descend -T tDl* to turn aside -T Ji^l* to possess (something) in succession ^l^'i to sit — T tOC^* to extend - T DJJ^^ to waste "^1 to perish to go away nm to gird rn'N to lay hold on inf{ to delay to eat m 10X to teach to believe to say to be mortally diseased to collect to reserve niii to treasure up ^1^ to lie in ambush ^'Q after ^t^\ ^5!^ to bring ti/y to dry up, to wither l]|* to shrink back for fear T in Mo unite 711* pihel, to expect patiently on* to conceive 3 JO* to seem good S*!!)* to be able W'' to sleep in* to abound, make plente- ous yQ after B^Jl DDi to look with expectation 106 Sd J to fade away 1J3 to declare liji to shine, to be luminous T T fijli to smite *1jli to diffuse, pour out t£/y^ to come near -T JB'JIJ to oppress 31^ to be liberal fjlj to drive or hurry away *lli to vow -T *]?i to boil vTJ) to distil, trickle, flow 'nyj to set apart, to be seques tered 7tDJ to impose, lay on tjDJ to distil in drops *)^J to keep, to retain anger C^tOJJ to loose, stretch out, for- - T sake *)3J| pihel, to acknowledge, to estrange* ^Di to recede, go back - T ^pJ to pour out (as a libation) ppi to climb up, to ascend Shi to fall - T Y^l to dissipate, disperse 7^^ to take away, to deliver *)^J to keep, preserve ip J to perforate, to mark, dis tinguish D|!3^ to avenge f]pi to cut off - T on: - T pb} - T - T 'pr' to bore a hole to lay snares, to ensnare chald. to dash to breathe, blow, (as ivind) to reach, to overtake to bite, to damage to remove by force to blow to kiss to kindle to be in a state of fusion ^ to demolish to draw asunder to be moved loosely, to- leap chald. to flow to pluck up to place steadily to pour out to surround, to go round rr afier Dip. to make hollow to despise to be entangled, per- plexed to discern, to understand to trample upon to be ashamed, abashed This is one of those Roots which have opposite significations attached to them, as JJf-fp n-^^ ^Q^. tIJI to take off or away 71 jl to exult, leap for joy fjlJI to clap or shut to *)1J| to sojourn Jin to fish '^)1 to crush Oil to be quiet, still, compo' sed p'l to direct, rule, judge Y)1 to leap, spring, bound "nil to inhabit, dwell tJ'"!)'^ to thresh ^1t to gush, to issue out lit to swell, be presumptu- ous 71? to be loose, vile pr chald. to nourish *)ir to squeeze, to be aliena- ted Jlir? to describe a sphere nin to propose a parable 71 n to tremble, to be in la- bour with Din to spare, pity tJ'in to hasten ^1D to be good 71£3 to cast, send forth U^)tD to set loose, spread forth 713 to contain, comprehend J13 to make ready, to fit, es- tablish t17 to turn aside, depart PI 7 to hide, involve, enwrap ?17 to stay, abide, remain V17 to scorn, scoff 107 1 mh to knead JIID to dissolve, melt DID to slide, slip aside TjlD to decay, fall to decay, grow poor 71D to cut, to circumcise plO to be dissolved, to rot, to pine or waste away 1)t2 to change, alter, ex- change tJ^ID to decline, to remove I}1J to put forth, bud, germi- nate 11 J) to move, be agitated tJli to incline, bow D1J to slumber, doze DIJ to flee, wave f]1 J to reach out, stretch forth 1^1 J to shoot forth, or spring JlID to recede, turn back T\)D to overspread, anoint fjlD to sweep away, consume, to finish, accomplish 11 D to decline, turn aside J1D to fail, intermit p3 to turn this way, and that pD to disperse, to burst open p15 to totter, stagger 115 to break, burst, rive 12^13 to spread 11^ to hunt, to catch side- ways Dlif to be empty, to abstain from meat and drink, to fast ^)'£ Dip ,pp Dip VP ^ip t^"'1p :jn nn Dn fin fn :3ib^ r]itj^ Dity pity' ^liy fc^ib^ 108 to overflow to press, distress to bind close, besiege, oppress to lothe, nauseate to rise, stand up to lament to cut or pluck off to fret, to be fretted to cause to spring up, cast out to spread a snare to strive to subdue to be lifted up, exalted to yield, give way to run to lack, be poor to turn back to be or grow old to smear over with lime to run to and fro to decline, turn aside to fence, hedge to place, constitute, dis pose to bruise, cover, over whelm to desire earnestly, have eager appetite To regulate the voice in singing, to sing to direct, rule to be brisk, active, spright- ly, cheerful, to rejoice iiri chald. to return ■)?in to go round, investigate 'lO to split, to plough y*"^ to flower, blossom n^^ to burn *n*P to destroy pn to evacuate, exhaust, draw forth, attenuate ^n, to excern, ooze with 1^ GeminatumMfter ^^D* TT^ to be all alone TT UB to spoil, plunder, strip 77*1 to mix, confound, destroy pp 3 to make entirely empty or waste 'l*!^ to clear, cleanse t^J2^3 to delay, to be tardy 11 J chald. to assault, attack 11 J to cut oneself ^ ?*jl to take off, cut off hi] to roll P^ to protect, defend IIJ! to ruminate, to saw s^\^^ to feel, grope for DUI to cause to murmur 151 chald. 11- to afflict 77I to be entirely exhausted D01 to be silent, composed, to expect, wait for pp"^ to beat, to thresh ID? to cleanse, purify Dot to imagine, devise, think ppr to strain off, purify by fusion 55 n to hide, to love ^ 109 Jjin to dance round and round - T in circles, celebrate a feast *T]n to penetrate, be sharp, acute 7 7(1 to make a hole, to pierce or wound, vitiate, pro- fane, begin Dttrr to be or grow warm 7jn to be gracious wl^in to cover, shelter r^n to divide into shares, to dart ppO ^^ mark, delineate, de- fine, determine, or decree ^"in to burn, to be parched, dry 7 /D to cover, shelter "T1^ to cast forth, project 7/2 to hold, contain, com- - T prehend DpD to reckon, number, count vlD3 to bow, bend down ^*1D the same as JUlH- pp 7 to lick with the tongue nip to measure, lengthened out DDO to slide, be disabled TjDD to decay, be impoverished 7 7p to speak articulately, to talk DDO to melt, be dissolved - T yyp to squeeze, wring ppD to rot, pme, waste away *1*10 to be very bitter tS^'^'D to feel, to search Dp^ to erect, or display 35p to turn, encompass ^5p to cover, protect 7 7p to raise, or cast up on high ^"np to be rebellious, refrac* tory t?|) to be consolidated, strengthened 7 73 to pronounce or execute judgment, intercede, mediate, pray Dps to diminish, fail nnS to partor divide minutely 7 7^ to shade, overshadow, tingle or sound, {as th» ears,) quaver, dart into the deep "Tiy to bind up closely, be- siege, distress, afflict exceedingly ^5p to curse, execrate Tip to bow down the head 77p to be vile, to curse, blas- pheme f^P to build a nest *f >P to fret, lacerate, harass 'I'lp to grow frigid, to con- geal I2^^j^ to collect, pick up ^5") to be many, to multiply, to shoot 1*1*1 to subdue entirely tjpl to be soft, tender, deli- cate no D)0*n to raise on high, exalt or extol P*l to exult, shout, sing DD"1 to moisten, temper with moisture Y)i^ to dash, bruise by col- lision pp^ to spue, spue out ti/\i/1 to lack, be in want, be reduced to extreme poverty !l^^ to err, transgress through - T mistake "11 tl^ to shatter to pieces, de- stroy 11\i^ to lime, smear over with - T lime tl^ti^" to assuage, subside 77t:^' to strip off, spoil DD!^ to be desolate and waste, be amazed or asto- nished ntJ; to whet, sharpen DD^* to tear in pieces, to pil- lage nptJ' to rush forward violently ^"ih to rule, hold dominion jyfl to cut, to shake off SSn to overhang, be heaped up to perfect T T T T mi T T NT ••T T T T : DDH N'6 a/i:er N^O. to devise of himself alone to speak rashly, foolishly chald. to wear out, con- sume T T T T Nip T T to create to sup up, swallow to crush, tread down, humble, oppress to sprout forth, germinate to hide, conceal to deviate from, miss, sin, offend to pollute, defile to fear, to venerate, reve- rence to separate, restrict, re- frain to clap together (the hands) chald. to reach unto to be full, to complete to find, meet with, obtain, procure, to supply, suffice to raise or swell up to prophecy to drink hard, guzzle to be compared to be extraordinary, wonderful chald. to will, be desirous to assemble (in troops) chald. to pray, supplicate to thirst to be hot, inflamed, burn with zeal, jealousy to be congealed, con- densed to call, meet, name, pro- nounce, announce Ill i^^l to restore to a former T T State, to heal ^{V*1 to run T T ^JJ1C^ chald. to expatiate, in- crease f<^y*^ chald. to finish, com j>lete N^tr to hate, dislike ^"ll^ chald. to dwell, remain TT'h after nhy- ■^ T T nt-J to contemn, slight HDD to weep, bewail r n 73 to wear out, waste away nji to build T T ni3 to feed, eat il?} to remove, carry away, discover, reveal rr^il to excite, move, stir up nil'l to multiply n*!"! to step, march on slowh nri'l to drive, impel, push riD*! to break in pieces, bruise n?"! to draw, exhaust, exalt T T ' ' riQ'l to make equable, equal, to put on a level, compare nOf to clear, clean, pure njr to commit whoredom TT JTir to scatter, ventilate, win now il'2tl to hide T T nin to brighten, exhilarate ilin to fix, see, behold n^|l to wait, expect or rrprr to be languid, faint, sick afflicted, grieved, con- cerned il^tl to fix, pitch npn to shelter, hope, trust ntjH to cover, veil nyn to part, divide np^n to imprint, incide, en- grave n'lfl to burn with anger, grief, or zeal nt^n to be silent, inactive nrin to keep fire active, light- ed 01- in a smoke by the constant access of fresh air (inD to impel, drive forward n^D to extinguish, quench (173 to finish, bring to nought nOD to be hot with desire, to pant njD to surname HDD to cover, veil, conceal lisp to curve, bend, appease^ rriD to cut, dig, cut out n^D to cover, be inclosed nnp to wipe clean, blot out njp to distribute, compute, reckon up, appoint, assign, ordain nOO to melt, dissolve T\1{^ to squeeze, press, wring out rr^^ to resist, rebel, disobey nC'D to draw out or forth, withdraw, remove TT T T T T n73 T T T T to remove, reject, cast out or away to lead, guide, diffuse to complete, consummate to sweep, remove, de- molish to strew, be valued, com- pared to scrape, sweep to- gether or away to separate, deliver to run out, be diffused to separate, distinguish judge, intercede, me- diate to turn, advert, look to provide, prepare to let loose, to open to bear or produce fruit to spread, diffuse to draw aside, withdraw, persuade, entice, se- duce to swell, grow turgid to lie in wait, to hunt to roast, toast, bake to overspread, survey look around, con- template, watch, wait for to roast, parch, fry to hold, contain, possess, get, gain, acquire to make an extremity or end, to cut off, scrape 112 T T T T T T nn T T T T T T T T T T T T rthb T T It t to meet, join, light upon occur, befal, happen to be stiff, rigid, stud- born, hard to become many or grea^, increase, multiply, magnify to subdue, bring imder subjection to be wet, satiated to diminish, waste, mafte lean to cast, throw, deceive to sound to give way, assuage, dissolve, be feeble, re- miss, idle to be pleased with, ac- cept to lead captive to wander, err, trans- gress to incline, to bend, bow to swim to decline, go aside to be like, resemble, view, look to be quiet, secure, happy to iterate, repeat, change to rob, pillage to be eminent, exalted, to be broken, craggy to irrigate, wet, moisten water, give drink to to loose 113 I TV^^ to be strong njlB' to drink, swallow liquids , rr^n to hang, suspend njjll to hire, to wail Class 1. !i. t^'f) with ny- JjniJ to love /HK io pach a tent ,, 2. N*fl wVA V'lr. I? V1{< to urge, hasten ''Sfc? to be light, to shine 3. N'D with ]^ geminatum. ^|D^< to face on all sides, sur round, encompass *1*1i< to curse, curse greatly 1 tS'tS'N to behave like men, to be on fire, to be grieved 4. i<"fi with n*7. n!}t< to be willing niN to desire, covet, lust after t]/H to curse, denounce a curse n^X to occur, to happen tlhk to bake T T n*lN to gather, pluck off, crop IJiriN to come T T 5. N"iD «n7A rr'S. mSk to be filthy, putrid n^K to sigh, groan n"lX to go in a track or high road Class 2. ^N* to desire earnestly '^KMo determine, consent, begin lifH^ to despair of DX^ to consent, agree 2. ♦'^iJ with n'T. ^n* chald. to give nn* to judaize, becamea Jew in religion. 3. ♦'^£3 with ^ geminatum. * ^5* to cry out aloud, exclaim "1"!^ to cast, cast forth, cast out 77* to howl, to yell 4. ♦''fl with N'-'b. } to be strong tO^^ to cover; chald. tocoun sel, advise 7i7* to profit, benefit t\))'' to dissolve, melt, dissi- pate, be tired, spent V)^'> to advise, give counsel 8. '>"^ with r\'h' hD* to prove, argue, reprove ny to place, settle, permit. give leave nfi* to breathe or blow - T 9. *"fl with 1?*7. y^* to labour, be weary with labour ^'V to perceive, know, take notice of ^i)* to shine, shine forth J?V* to spread out, as a bed );n» to strain, distend, hang up i;*n» to displease, hurl i^tJ'Mo keep, save Class 3. 1. y^ with y Geminatum. mi to be in motion, unsettled -T condition V»Vi to shoot out, to sparkle 2. yfj with N*7. J I V rt - I J" 1. T I ;•• • ; - : I t : - - j - : • : 19 tDV npb-'nn :iii^-»nn : niD-'3 D*nS« j.- •_ :|- | vit t v>- 24riVP^ *^l^ ^S-? r'l-^C' ^*^"^^ o'n'^i^ ^^^^'^ -J — I !•• • ;i- AT • : I v^v : 1- : v -yv t jt ■■ : -♦3 D\iSK Knn inroS HDiiVn tJ^on-S^ nN*i r v; :; — A- • : >.t. t -: it :■ y: t .;.• : 26 i^nionD I2t2h)i2 Dii< nt^r: D'piSj^ nDN*n : ::id ■"" A" : ■ I,- ; - : -^t t ;v -:i- - r: v j- 1 "Sd.:;ii hon^^*! ^'Pf^ ^"jiy^i D^'l n)i:i hy) T : • - ) -.IT T - /-IT V IV T T : I VT T ini^ Kn:3 B'rihn D7vn idS^^d cnj^n-nN i d'hSk A -ITT I,- v: V ;v : : - : ttit v <• ■:; 28 *ipi<'') D^nSx DDK rin^n : onx ^7:1 nDp:ii no.t • - • v: T I vjt:i- it ;t t i,tI": ^t't T Av i • : I' v^T T V J : • -J i I : • vi U Tr GENESIS, CAP. 1, 2. 3 i< "ni< dSS mh^ nin d^hSn iD^n t n^<^■Sr29: CAPUT 2. 1 D'r\hi< r]^y) : nb^y nc^'N* ijipN^p-^3p 'i*'?:^'n 3 "Sdd nn^' 15 o iriK Dnpn. ^roti^'n DV"nN* CD10 D^njrin nN^'^> D'o:!'r7 ninSin m^n* 4 ^ AT . IT . I . IT T . •■;- T - S ; I VJ- -" -• • f '■''■' *■' '■'■ •'"' • ■■' • Ditp rri.^n :it!^r-'?:Di tns^D n^'^» onto nib*n •J- I.- T . ;.. T : J V T T J-.- : I- ■.<■•■ IV T - ■, ? > q IT T -: IT V i. -:,- ] ■'- • '^ • ' T T -. IT » ■ T T T T IT fin r|iri5 b^^hp r^.l ^J^p'? :31m riNipS * CAP. 2, 3. ^2 n»tyKn3 11 Dir' : D^tj^Nn ny^nxS n»ni iSs* biroi nn"nK i2Dtr' DID Ninn Y"^^^ ^nri : nntn dij^'tj^k. Nin 'ronn nn:ini iit!'j< noip TiSnn Kin bp'in J r • :iT JT T - : rt - -J- '.I- U- I- ■! (••• V • I- : J- rtT T IT ^ V t- v: IT : )j-- it: - ■ v: JT : - :- it : t : v.t : t : I v^- I " ■• I- / T Kt - I I" J ■ rt ■' IT T IT I : T -: ^ ■; : • A-' ' >." j'^tt j --- •; I • v: JT : V - IT t (,•.•• ignvn : ii:ijd nrr iS-nb'i;N* n^S Dixn nvn V • - I : V : vi.- y^ V •.-.iv A" : it t it ; v: T •• : V t - < — T T T -; IT I • • v: t ; ft t|: • - V : ■ T T JT •• T- . _ T - I *j : io:r' iXin n*n sr'D:i oixn iS-j^'ip^ n^N* ^ji D D'o^'n niySi noHDH-SiDS nist:^' din.i Nnpn • - T - ) J : T •■ : - T : t t it t|: •- 1 : V : V V- ^T T I T T ; ^■.- t - j i. : 21 npn v^'>^^ Dn^?n-Sr nDiin i d^hSn riin» SVi I IrtT ■- IT T IT "i- ;t ■■ : - I- :•: t : •• — nt2^'NS DnN^n-ra npS-i:^'^ rW.Tnx i D^i7^< /,T ■ : 1.TTIT I • );-T V -: ■;t •• - v j- •.•; 23 Di^i^ orsn riN? biN*n id^') : DnN*n-7N nN*Dn V V< - - - J T T IT V - \T T IT V T I. V • : - {r>No »3 nti^"i< Nnp' nN*rS nti^^D ntj^ni »DvrD (.•••;• T • j-It ■ ; A' T : ■ IT T - r -: I" "" rt • >.• T V T -.1- I •• <- IT Hi-.. V •• : < ; I" - IT V ;t T : 1. T : : • r ( j- t : : it^'^'^n^ ah) inij'N"! dikh D^^nr IT : • \, : rt : • i t.T r it -: CAPUT 3. ;| VT T ;v -: V t - a- - ■ r jr t t t' — ^ GENESIS CAP. 3. J Nnm : rni niD »r"i» D^rtSNO nn'^n}. Dp^rr e jnrn. Sp^ni insp nfp.ni ybi^r^) fi^n -ipri^i ..... J.. .. T ; |- T • - I ^"f '^ iritr'Ni Dixn N?nnn. DVn nn'? 1^5 i^^^f^f^ DH^n np^^;^ : riV?N ^^igP'^^J? '^'p^^ T?'^>' ^^ ri'TP V^^.^rP. ^'""r '^^^ '"^^i^^ ^-'^ '^^^- n^jrv ni^rnp ng^xS D^rtSx n-in; npNn_ : Sp^j is nin^'npx'n : Sdnv^xth tifmn n^xn ^-)gi{ nsnn im CAP. 3, 4. "] ^ n'tt'J^n!! (•.■:• |j : T : - T j- - t jt t : niiSDNn rinvrn nnnr:i noij^n nnnN i:iaD TV -: I I T • : I V -:i- t t -: rT - T 1.- T : • - 1- I J" •• ^ -< |- T : ;v -: T T-;jT V -;i- I v^' •- • *.• v: rr t }-: ■:}■; ■ !•• : -- rt^ t it v vi.t:i-' |t K- \ CAPUT 4. -T j< "rSni ^^r^h^ int!^>< nin-nx r^ onNni 2 f^pni : nini'n?;} tr'^K ^no,^ "ipNni y.\>'r\^ 3 pp XDfi d^d: rf5.p \np. ; ngni< -i^ir .th ppi .; - V- •• V V : IT I- VT ; ■ -jt t -; it j- : • GENESIS CAP. 4. 1. .• : ... < -: I IV T ; : IT t ^t : | t tjt inpit:^n ^'hh^ r^i nxtsn nnsS D»D*)n iih dni ■ :i - rt' T V J .• .'••'," I >.- ■•• / - it:- it - : : )ny^r\') vhK Sdh-^^^ vp opn nit^'s onvn:: ,.. . _, — ^. T v;.- V I |v- )t;t- V t - jt : r J - I rt- T .JV I- I •)- t : .• <- Sip n^c^r HD nDNn : oiK ^nx notrn ^nri* ♦ |< T rt' T JV ••• 1. - -IT V T )■■ -: ■ -T T • JT : IT J-.- -: T T -: IT I • t ^t j t nDiiVn-riK i^^n ♦d : ^i'd ^»ni< ♦oTn^nnpS 12 T T-.JT V *: I- <■• I IVT • I I.- T A- : V - )y-T iD.^n MnxD n^nn -lii rj n^ nnb-nn w^idh-n^S 13 ;- I VITT )■: : I' ITT 1,T I^T \.T •• \ I- 1 T : -■ 1 •• I ; • V -: rr ^t^ : v 1 ■ K- r:i ^n^^'ni nnoK ^^jsoi nbii^n ^J3 '3j;o di\i ipi noxn : ,10^23 CAP. 4, 5. r\l fl^E'N^:! 26 -n^? Nin-D^ ntJ'Si : pfj^ i^nn o S^D nrrn CDjr? xnjpS Snin m tyi^N ipB^-n{< ^npn ja IT CAPUT 5. n I* D^^^ D%iSK J^'n? dv? ni^ ri'lSiri n?)p m At T : IT I ■• : ;t T I ;t T i . . j . lY : IT ■ ^ '■ T T T . . *.T( . ^ T ) .JT. 3 idSv^ inioin nSin nii::^' fiNoi D*L*^^tr" onx »nn ^ : - : I : ■ v / - T T - : <■ • t t j .1 : ni^ni D^n iSin njc^' nK*p n^b^' n^'ni^ 7 n;i''"»nn : :r■1J^?■n^t nSin n^c* nxpi d^j^' ::'prT 8 D\n:?^' nir'-^p'-SD vnn_ : ntui D^jn nSin. n^g' D : nb^l nj^' niNp :;'^n) nk^> nn^:^ ^ . '♦ niiDi D\^? "iSvn n^^' nixp n^D^n n^^' FINIS. ^jM'Mlt'-]-i C ^' ^*^ '% %, ^u .0