* PRINCETON, N. J. , 
 
 5/5^^ 
 
 Section k 4^.»....VJ f..>».) 
 
 Number 
 
It 
 
THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
THE 
 
 SYNOPTIC PEOBLEM 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 BY 
 
 ALFRED J. JOLLEY 
 
 ILoittion 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK 
 1893 
 
 All rights res&rved 
 
Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether 
 they are of God : because many false prophets are gone out into 
 the world. Hereby knoAv ye the Spirit of God : every spirit that 
 confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God. 
 
 1 John iv. 1, 2. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The existence and importance of the Syn- 
 optic Problem are ignored by the majority 
 of Englishmen, cleric and lay. Unpre- 
 judiced study of the gospels, on which so 
 much of popular Christianity is based, is 
 surely desirable, and it is hoped may be 
 promoted by this little work. Frank ac- 
 ceptance of its results does not involve, 
 as might be hastily assumed or recklessly 
 asserted, denial of the Divine Nature and 
 Mission of Jesus. The Gospels, though 
 they have promoted, did not originate 
 belief in His Divine Nature. They are not 
 the cause, but an effect, of that belief. 
 
VI PREFACE 
 
 Doubtless the student who, first freeing 
 himself as far as possible from prejudice, 
 compares carefully the Synoptic Gospels, 
 will arrive at some conclusions not usually 
 regarded as orthodox ; but the lover of 
 truth will not be deterred by words or by 
 any fear of consequences. 
 
 The work is intended for English 
 readers ; and in the version of the Primi- 
 tive Gospel, the text of the Authorised 
 version has, as far as possible, been 
 adhered to. The original Greek has, 
 however, in every passage been care- 
 fully read, the various readings have 
 received due consideration, and it is 
 hoped that the version is not unworthy 
 of the perusal of scholars, and may be 
 suggestive and helpful to the general 
 reader. 
 
 The Appendices and Indices will facili- 
 tate reference, and may help English 
 
PREFACE vii 
 
 readers to understand not only the true 
 value of the gospels, but the difficulties 
 in the way of a complete and satisfactory 
 solution of the Synoptic Problem. 
 
Note. — The Canonical writings known as the gospels 
 according to St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, and St. 
 John are respectively referred to as the first, second, third, 
 and fourth gospels. 
 
 The abbreviations A.V. for the Authorised Translation 
 of the Bible, RV. for the Revised Version, O.T. for Old 
 Testament, and N.T. for New Testament, also, sometimes 
 P.G. for Primitive Gospel, are used. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 That the first, second, and third gospels 
 resemble each other, both in matter and 
 style, much more closely than any one of 
 them resembles the fourth, must be evi- 
 dent to every reader of the N.T. It 
 is equally evident to a careful reader 
 that each of the three clearly exhibits an 
 individuality forbidding the belief that one 
 is a mere copy of another, and sufficiently 
 pronounced to convince him of the fact that, 
 though the title Synoptic is commonly ap- 
 plied to the first three gospels, and is of 
 practical convenience, it is, from a strict 
 etymologist's point of view, indefensible. 
 
 It has been the almost universal belief 
 of Christians, from the second century to our 
 own time, that the four gospels are divinely 
 
2 -. THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 inspired ; and this belief has tended to pre- 
 vent inquiry into the causes of the general 
 resemblance of the Synoptics ; but, doubt- 
 less, even in the early centuries of our era, 
 isolated individuals asked themselves what 
 was the meaning of this similarity, which 
 in some passages extends to the most trivial 
 The details ; and the first who asked himself 
 
 Problem. 
 
 this question was the first to state the 
 Synoptic Problem. 
 
 The most obvious answer, bearing in 
 
 mind the generally received doctrine of 
 
 inspiration, was, that Matthew wrote first, 
 
 Early and that Mark, who wrote next, read and 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 in some measure made use of his gospel. 
 This explanation received the support of 
 the famous Augustine, and has been fre- 
 quently repeated down to our own day. It 
 is one of those venerable errors which are 
 regarded with especial favour by the authors 
 of not a few of our modern helps to the 
 students of the Scriptures. That Luke 
 wrote after Mark, and possibly used both 
 his and Matthew's gos]3els, was deemed a 
 satisfactory explanation of the relationship 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 3 
 
 of the Synoptics ; whilst their discrepancies 
 and contradictions were, of course, held to be 
 only apparent. 
 
 Whilst, however, as above stated, it is 
 highly probable that, in isolated cases, as 
 early as the second century, men asked 
 themselves the meaning of the general re- 
 semblance of the first three gospels, it is 
 only within the last two hundred years that 
 the importance of the Synoptic Problem 
 has begun to be realised, and its solution 
 seriously attempted. 
 
 As might be expected, many hypotheses Modem 
 have been formulated, been proved to be in 
 some measure erroneous or defective, and 
 subsequently rejected or modified. To even 
 summarise the views of each of the scholars 
 who, during the eighteenth and nineteenth 
 centuries, have striven to solve this problem 
 would require a bulky volume ; and it must 
 suffice here to say, that whilst some have 
 held that an oral tradition preserved in the 
 apostolic circle at Jerusalem would suffice 
 to explain the resemblances between the 
 Synoptics, others have more justly assumed 
 
4 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 the existence of one or more earlier docu- 
 ments wliich were used by the authors of 
 our canonical gospels. 
 Test. There is one statement which it may be 
 
 well to make, and whose importance deserves 
 emphasis, namely, that no hypothesis which 
 is inconsistent with any one of the facts can 
 be accepted. This is doubtless a self-evident 
 proposition, but it is too often forgotten or 
 ignored by speakers and, less excusably, 
 writers on the gospels. No honest and 
 intelligent man will hesitate to apply this 
 test to any theory, and reject all which fail 
 to satisfy it. It by no means follows that 
 a hypothesis which satisfies this test must 
 be accepted as true ; for it may well happen 
 that two or more divergent hypotheses are 
 consistent with all the known facts ; in 
 such cases, unless there be a strong balance 
 of probability in favour of one of the hypo- 
 theses, judgment must be suspended, 
 independ- It will bc advisablc in the first place to 
 Theory apply this test to the theory that the writers 
 of the Synoptics were under no obligation 
 to earlier documents ; that such resem- 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 5 
 
 blances as their works exhibit are due to 
 the fact that they are records of the same 
 events independently remembered. 
 
 It is probable that if the various theories 
 as to the relationship of the Synoptics, each 
 briefly stated and unsupported by argument 
 or evidence, could be submitted to all " who 
 profess and call themselves Christians," and 
 that every such Christian should record his 
 vote in favour of one of the theories, this 
 of the independence of the Synoptics would 
 receive a majority of the votes. It may 
 therefore with reason claim the title of 
 orthodox : and as it certainly seems less orthodox 
 
 ^ but 
 
 inconsistent with the generally received untenable. 
 doctrine of inspiration than most of its 
 rivals, this title -should be the more readily 
 conceded to it. Many scholars, however, of 
 unimpeachable orthodoxy reject it, as, in fact, 
 does every intelligent man who has made more 
 than a superficial examination of the gospels. 
 
 Let any one who is disposed to doubt Parawe of 
 
 •^ the Sower. 
 
 this last assertion read carefully the parable 
 of the Sower, recorded in each of the Syn- 
 optics (Matt. xiii. 1-23; Mark iv. 1-20; 
 
6 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Luke viii. 4-15); let him remember that 
 
 Jesus spoke this parable in the language 
 
 of Palestine, referred to in the N.T. 
 
 "Hebrew" as " Hebrew/' but considerably different 
 
 Aramaic. 
 
 from the old Jewish language to which that 
 name belongs, and more correctly called 
 Aramaic ; let him further remember that 
 the Synoptics were written in Greek, and 
 he will surely find it difiicult to believe that 
 the three accounts, 4:hough presenting slight 
 differences, are independent, and have no 
 closer relation than such as arises from their 
 being accounts of the same address. 
 
 For it is in the highest degree improb- 
 able that three independent ear -witnesses 
 would relate the incidents of the parable 
 (whose relative position is dictated by no 
 internal necessity), many years after they 
 had heard it, in the same order. In each 
 of the three we have first the seed that fell 
 by the wayside, then that which fell upon 
 stony ground, then that which fell among 
 thorns, and finally, that which fell upon 
 good ground. There are millions of Chris- 
 tians who have heard this parable read 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 7 
 
 in their various places of worship ; and 
 probably the majority could relate from 
 memory the four kinds of ground on which 
 the seed fell ; but how many could accu- 
 rately remember the order in which the 
 first three are named ? This consideration 
 will enable any candid inquirer to estimate 
 the measure of probability that our three 
 Synoptics are independent ; any one who 
 possesses a little Greek, and compares 
 the three narratives in the original, will 
 see that the resemblance is closer than 
 in our A.V., and the probability that 
 the three accounts are not independent, 
 but that there is some kind of literary 
 obligation, will be to him even more 
 clearly evident. Similar phenomena pre- 
 sent themselves in many parts of the 
 Synoptics, and though it would be un- 
 reasonable to attribute this resemblance in 
 every case to the use of an earlier document 
 or documents, no doubt in many, probably 
 in most, this is the true explanation. It 
 would be unreasonable to assert it in every 
 case, because we can well believe that many 
 
8 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 of our Lord's short and pithy sayings 
 impressed themselves vividly upon the 
 memories of His hearers ; and would be 
 repeated from memory, even after the lapse 
 of many years, with little, if any, variation. 
 Miracles in The improbability of the independence 
 of the Synoptics is enormously increased 
 when we compare the miracles which they 
 record ; it is well known that there is much 
 uncertainty as to the chronology of our 
 Lord's ministry ; this uncertainty being 
 evident, not only to every careful student 
 of the gospels, but to any one who, without 
 comparing the gospel narratives himself, 
 examines the results of other students' 
 labours. It is not here a matter of orthodox 
 V. heterodox ; differences obtain amongst 
 both, and with regard to the date of some 
 incidents in our Lord's life, some authori- 
 ties, both orthodox and heterodox, maintain 
 one theory, whilst others defend another. 
 The truth is, that the gospels cannot be 
 regarded as chronologically accurate ; only 
 the third claims (if it does claim, Luke i. 3) 
 to be so. The order of at least several of 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 9 
 
 the miracles is dictated by no internal 
 necessity, nor, as it would appear, did the 
 evangelists profess to know their date. 
 This being so, it is remarkable that the 
 Synoptists agree so closely in the order of 
 the miracles which they record, as the 
 following table shows : • 
 
 
 (First verse of each passage 
 
 is given. ) 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Miracles recorded by 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Matthew. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 Spirit at baptism 
 Temptations 
 Demoniac healed . 
 
 i. 10 
 „ 13 
 „ 23 
 
 iii. 16 
 iv. 1 
 
 iii. 22 
 iv. 1 
 „ 33 
 
 4 
 
 Peter's mother-in-law 
 
 
 
 
 
 healed 
 
 „ 30 
 
 viii. 14 
 
 „ 38 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Leper healed 
 Paralytic healed . 
 AVithered hand healed . 
 
 „ 40 
 ii. 3 
 iii. 1 
 
 „ 2 
 ix. 2 
 xii. 10 
 
 V. 12 
 
 „ 18 
 vi. 6 
 
 8 
 
 storm stilled 
 
 iv. 37 
 
 viii. 23 
 
 viii. 23 
 
 9 
 
 Demoniac healed 
 
 V. 2 
 
 „ 28 
 
 „ 27 
 
 10 
 
 Jairus's daughter healed 
 
 „ 22 
 
 ix. 18 
 
 „ 41 
 
 11 
 
 Woman with issue ,, 
 
 ,, 28 
 
 2"^ 
 
 „ 43 
 
 12 
 
 5000 fed . 
 
 vi. 37 
 
 xiv. 15 
 
 ix. 12 
 
 13 
 
 Jesus walks on sea 
 
 „ 48 
 
 „ 25 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 Canaanite's daughter 
 
 
 
 
 
 healed 
 
 vii. 25 
 
 XV. 22 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 Deaf mute healed 
 
 „ 32 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 4000 fed . 
 
 viii. 2 
 
 XV. 32 
 
 — 
 
 17 
 
 Blind man healed 
 
 „ 22 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 Transfiguration . 
 
 ix. 2 
 
 xvii. 2 
 
 ix. 20 
 
 19 
 
 Dumb demoniac healed 
 
 „ 17 
 
 „ M 
 
 „ 38 
 
 20 
 
 Blind man healed 
 
 X. 46 
 
 XX. 29 
 
 xviii. 35 
 
 21 
 
 Fig-tree blasted . 
 
 xi. 12 
 
 xxi. 19 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 Resurrection 
 
 xvi. 6 
 
 xxviii. 6 
 
 xxiv. 6 
 
 The above table contains all the definite 
 
10 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 miracles (unless some of the incidents at 
 the time of the crucifixion are to be so 
 regarded) recorded in the second gospel, 
 but takes no account of general statements, 
 such as that in Mark i. 34, " He healed 
 many that were sick." 
 
 It appears, then, that Mark records 
 twenty - two miracles : two of these are 
 peculiar to him (Nos. 15, 17); fifteen are 
 common to the three Synoptics, and of the 
 other five the first gospel records four and 
 the third one. In three instances (Nos. 4, 
 6, 7) the order of the first Synoptic difi'ers 
 Miracles froui that of tlic sccoud and third ; in every 
 
 point to De- 
 pendence, other case their order agrees. Of course, the 
 
 first and third record other miracles not 
 included in the table ; but restricting our- 
 selves to the twenty-two tabulated miracle- 
 records, we cannot avoid the conclusion that 
 an examination of them forbids the belief 
 that three writers relying only on memory 
 or tradition could agree so closely in the 
 order in which they related them. 
 
 This similarity of order and of matter is 
 almost certainly due either to the use by 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 11 
 
 the three writers of an earlier document ; 
 or to the fact that the two latest (which- 
 ever they may have been) read the work of 
 the earliest, and embodied in their own 
 gospels much of his language, as well as the 
 order in which he recorded certain events in 
 the life of Jesus. 
 
 In short, the examination of the miracles 
 recorded in the Synoptics leads to the same 
 result as the examination of the parable of 
 the Sower (p. 6), and justifies the assertion 
 that no intelligent man who has made more 
 than a superficial examination of the Syn- 
 optics will dispute their dependence, either 
 of the later upon the earlier, or of all upon 
 one or more earlier documents. 
 
 Dependences-literary obligation of some Nature and 
 
 Extent of 
 
 kind — is obvious and indisputable ; the exact Depend- 
 ence, 
 nature of this dependence, however, is by 
 
 no means easy to ascertain. 
 
 If we can decide which of the Synoptics 
 is the earliest we shall have advanced a 
 little way towards the solution of this im- 
 portant and interesting problem. Let the 
 following passages, which contain matter 
 
12 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 common to the Synoptics, be read and 
 compared : 
 
 Mark i. 
 
 29-34. 
 
 Matt. viii. 14-17. Luke iv. 38-41. 
 
 „ ii. 
 
 13-22. 
 
 ix. 9-17. 
 
 „ V. 27-39. 
 
 „ iii 
 
 1-6. 
 
 xii. 9-14. 
 
 „ vi. 6-11. 
 
 „ vi. 
 
 14-29. 
 
 „ xiv. 1-12. 
 
 „ iii. 19,20. 
 „ ix. 7-9. 
 'Editorial improve- 
 ment ; John's im- 
 
 
 
 •< 
 
 prisonment here 
 related in its pro- 
 - per order. 
 
 „ xi. 
 
 1-11. 
 
 „ xxi. 1-11. Luke xix. 29-38. 
 
 „ xi. 
 
 27-xii. 
 
 ( xxi. 23-27 : 
 17 ) 
 ^'"1 33-46. 
 
 „ xxii. 15-22. 
 
 „ XX. 1-26. 
 
 A careful perusal of the above passages, 
 even in the A.V., suggests that Mark is, in 
 these passages, the original which has been 
 reproduced more or less closely by the other 
 two. 
 
 The original Greek indicates this relation- 
 pa^rtie ship still more clearly ; and, in fact, there 
 can be no question that in the above, and in 
 many other passages, the text of the second 
 gospel is earlier than, and was read and 
 used by the authors of, the first and third. 
 
 It by no means necessarily follows that 
 
 Mark's text 
 in many 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 13 
 
 the second gospel is earlier than the others ; is Mark the 
 
 • . . 1 p , 1 • 1 1 earliest ? 
 
 it IS, unless lurtner evidence can be pro- 
 duced, possible to maintain, as in fact some 
 very able men have maintained, that the 
 second gospel is the latest of the three ; and 
 that the admitted fact that many passages 
 in it are in an earlier form than the parallel 
 passages in the other two, is due to the 
 closer verbal reproduction in our second 
 gospel of passages from an earlier work 
 which was read and used by the authors of 
 all the Synoptics. 
 
 Some scholars go so far as to name this primitive 
 hypothetical earlier work Primitive Mark ; 
 and speak of it as confidently as though its 
 reality were indisputable. 
 
 The existence of this assumed Primitive 
 Mark is not attested by any ancient 
 authority or by any external evidence ; 
 and if the facts which a careful study of 
 the Synoptics reveals can all be explained 
 without it, then sober students of the Syn- 
 optic Problem will not hamper themselves 
 in their efforts towards the solution of that 
 problem, with an assumption which at best 
 
14 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 is unverifiable, and has proved to be im- 
 probable. 
 The No fair-minded person will deny that 
 
 Matt, and the fact (admitted by all scholars, and 
 
 Luke read , ^ , . , , i • 
 
 and used proved, SO lar as a literary hypothesis can 
 Mark. be proved), that in some passages the 
 second gospel preserves a text which was 
 read and used by the authors of the first 
 and third, establishes a presumption in 
 favour of the hypothesis that the second 
 gospel is earlier than the others, and that 
 strong evidence may reasonably be de- 
 manded in support of any other position, 
 individu- A further presumption in favour of the 
 
 unity of priority of the second gospel arises when it 
 is read carefully through as a whole : a 
 unity of style, an individuality, is evident. 
 This, again, is much more obvious in the 
 Greek than in our A.V., though even in the 
 latter it is sufficiently striking. 
 
 Perhaps two or three illustrations of this 
 assertion of the individuality of the second 
 gospel, and of its being more obvious in the 
 original Greek than in our A.V.,maynot be 
 out of place. 
 
 Mark. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 15 
 
 There is a word very characteristic of 
 the second gospel, which occurs ten times 
 in the first chapter. Seven of the ten 
 instances of its use are pecuhar to this 
 gospel ; in three it is found (in two of the 
 three in a slightly different form) in the 
 parallel passages in one or both of the other 
 Synoptics ; yet this characteristic of the 
 second gospel is less obvious in our A.V. 
 than in the original Greek, because the 
 translators have rendered it in four different 
 ways. This Greek word is translated in 
 Mark i. 10, 18, 21, "straightway"; in 
 Mark i. 12, 28, 42, ''immediately"; in 
 Mark i. 29, 43, "forthwith"; in Mark i. 
 30, "anon"; whilst in Mark i. 23 it is 
 omitted from the Received Text, though, 
 according to the oldest manuscripts and the 
 opinion of leading textual critics, it ought 
 to be read in that verse. 
 
 From a literary point of view it may be 
 an advantage to have this one Greek word 
 translated by four different English ones ; 
 but for one who has realised the importance 
 of the Synoptic Problem, and whose ignor- 
 
16 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 ance of Greek restricts him to translations 
 (Authorised or Revised) in his efforts to 
 solve it, this literary gain is more than 
 counterbalanced by the fact that one of 
 this evangelist's most striking characteristics 
 is in some measure hidden from him. 
 
 Another word, a verb, occurs, both in the 
 singular and plural, much more freely in 
 the second than in the other Synoptics ; in 
 our A.V. (in Mark) it is uniformly rendered 
 ''began": ^'he began," "they began," we 
 repeatedly read. In several of the passages 
 in which it occurs, it sounds, even in the 
 English translation, somewhat out of place : 
 compare, for instance, Mark v. 17 with 
 Matt. viii. 34 ; the direct statement in Luke 
 ix. 2 with Mark vi. 7 : '' And he called unto 
 him the twelve, and began to send them 
 forth." In the account of James and John's 
 request for precedence (Mark x. 35-45), 
 note verse 41: " And when the ten heard 
 it they began to be much displeased with 
 James and John." 
 
 In these, and more than a dozen other 
 passages, this same word is used in a manner 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 17 
 
 which justifies the assertion that this gospel 
 has a unity and individuality of its own ; 
 and therefore strengthens the presumption 
 against the Primitive Mark hypothesis 
 (p. 13). 
 
 It is universally admitted that the Greek Greek of 
 
 second 
 
 of this gospel is less refined than that of gospeiiess 
 
 pure than 
 
 the others, though all are, of course, far from that of first 
 
 . . . and third. 
 
 being written in classical Greek ; even in 
 the third gospel many evidences of Aramaic 
 (p. 6) influence are discernible, whilst in 
 the second they are very marked, both in 
 the words and the structure of the sentences. 
 It is the second gospel that records for us, 
 in a few instances, what purport to have 
 been the actual words of Jesus : Mark iii. 
 17, Boanerges ;- V. 41, Talitha cumi (or 
 coum) ; vii. 11, Corban ; vii. 34, Ephpha- 
 tha ; XV. 34, Eloi, Eloi, lama (or lema) 
 sabachthani (compare Matt, xxvii. 46) ; in 
 each case adding the translation. 
 
 In addition to the certainty that the aiso uses 
 
 1 /-N 1 Latin 
 
 second gospel is written m such Greek as words. 
 might be used by a Jew (as was Mark), 
 there are traces of Latin words, indicating 
 
 c 
 
18 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 that the author lived, or had lived, amongst 
 people who spoke that language ; and this 
 again accords with the ancient tradition 
 that the second gospel was composed at 
 Rome.^ 
 
 In the account of the beheading of the 
 Baptist, the word rendered in the A.V. 
 '^ executioner " (Mark vi. 27), or more 
 correctly, as in the margin, " one of his 
 guard," is a very slightly altered Greek 
 form of a Latin word. The same is true of 
 the word translated " farthing '' in Mark xii. 
 42 ; this Grseco-Latin word is also used in 
 Matt. V. 26, whilst in the parallel passage, 
 Luke xii. 59, a true Greek word, translated 
 in the A.V. " mite," is substituted. The 
 word Praetorium (Mark xv. 16) is, of course, 
 Latin, and occurs in the original text in 
 nearly the same form, whence it has been 
 copied (if we may anticipate so far) into 
 Matt, xxvii. 27, where however our A.V. 
 renders it " common hall," or in margin 
 " 2fovernor's house." The word " centurion " 
 
 o 
 
 ^ Too much importance must not be attached to this or 
 any of the other traditions about the publication of the 
 gosi)els. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 19 
 
 (A.V.) in tlie parallel verses, Mark xv. 39, 
 Matt, xxvii. 54, Luke xxiii. 47, is a trans- 
 lation of two different words ; that in Mark 
 being Grseco - Latin, wliilst in the other 
 gospels the correct Greek equivalent is 
 used. 
 
 There are other evidences that the writer 
 of the second gospel had mixed with Latin- 
 speaking people,^ but the foregoing may 
 suffice to confirm the belief in the indi- 
 viduality of the second gospel, and to 
 strengthen still further the presumption 
 that it is not dependent on the others ; 
 for whilst it is conceivable that the authors 
 of the first and third gospels read and used 
 the second, and that not a few of their 
 verbal diff"erences from Mark's text are due Mark not 
 
 .,..,. , , . dependent 
 
 to editorial improvements, to the substitu- onMatt. 
 tion of more accurate and refined expres- 
 sions for his abrupt ones ; it is scarcely 
 possible that the opposite position can be 
 correct, namely, that Mark read the first 
 
 ^ Doubtless some Latin words acquired currency over the ' 
 whole Roman empire, more especially military terms and 
 names of coins ; traces of such occur in the other gospels, but 
 not to such an extent as in the second. 
 
20 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 and third gospels, selected and combined 
 portions of their narratives, and substituted 
 for their more accurate language his own 
 rougher style, so plentifully disfigured both 
 with Grseco - Latin words and Aramaic 
 idioms. 
 But one It will uow be clear that there is a mass 
 
 sources, of cvidence tending to support the belief 
 that our second gospel was read and used 
 by the authors of the first and third. 
 There is no external evidence to support, 
 and internal evidence does not demand, the 
 hypothesis of a Primitive Mark, which may 
 accordingly be dismissed ; and the only 
 alternative, viz. that Mark was read and 
 used by the authors of the other Syn- 
 optics, may be accepted as being as nearly 
 certain as anything of the kind can be. 
 See Appendix B. 
 
CHAPTEE II 
 
 An examination of the Synoptic Gospels Danger of 
 
 111 -1 IT one-sided 
 
 directed solely, or mainly, to the discovery study of 
 
 gospels. 
 
 of resemblances, will almost certainly lead 
 to misapprehension and more or less errone- 
 ous conclusions. To understand the true 
 nature of these gospels, and prepare the way 
 for a satisfactory solution of the Synoptic 
 Problem, it is necessary to study their 
 discrepancies and contradictions. That there 
 are discrepancies" between the narratives is 
 freely admitted, and many apologists whose 
 orthodoxy is above suspicion have laid 
 stress on this fact ; and have, with justice, 
 insisted that these discrepancies do not 
 affect the veracity of the writers or the Their dis- 
 
 . r ^ ' crepancies 
 
 substantial accuracy oi their accounts. 
 
 It is, of course, well known to all students 
 of secular history, and is equally familiar to 
 
22 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 any one who has paid many visits to courts 
 of justice, that when several witnesses of a 
 given series* of events attempt to describe 
 those events, it is in the highest degree 
 improbable that any two will describe them 
 in exactly the same way. Without in any 
 way doubting the sincerity or veracity of 
 the witnesses, an impartial observer per- 
 ceives, under general agreement, discrep- 
 ancies of detail. When orthodox apologists 
 assert that we ought not to be surprised at 
 finding the same phenomena presented by 
 the Synoptic Gospels, we may at once agree 
 with them ; but there is a necessary and 
 obvious consequence of this admission which 
 very few apologists are prepared to accept. 
 If in respect to certain details of passages 
 common to the three gospels we find such 
 discrepancies as make it certain that in two 
 And at least, and possibly in all three, there is a 
 
 i uf 6 1*6 H C 6 s 
 
 therefrom, proportiou, howcvcr Small, of error, due to 
 what is by some divines called the " human 
 element," a presumption arises that in those 
 other passages which, being found only in 
 one of the gospels, cannot be so compared 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 23 
 
 and tested, similar errors may likewise be 
 present. 
 
 Though the presence of discrepancies in Their con- 
 
 , . - . . tradiotions. 
 
 the gospels is admitted and obvious, there 
 are many worthy people who are loath to 
 recognise the existence of contradictions. 
 Yet contradictions there assuredly are, and 
 no one can hope to understand these gospels 
 unless he recognises and examines them. 
 Let any one read carefully the narrative of 
 the events immediately preceding and fol- 
 lowing the birth of Jesus preserved in the 
 first gospel. Let him then read the narrative Matt, and 
 in the third gospel with equal care. It will pendent. 
 surely be evident to him that the two 
 accounts are independent ; that the man 
 who wrote one had neither seen nor heard of 
 the other. ^ 
 
 It is easy to say that the tw^o gospels 
 are independent, except in so far as they 
 are based upon one or more earlier docu- 
 ments ; and that in their accounts of the stonei or 
 
 Jesus' 
 
 Redeemer's ])irtli they relied upon tradi- birth. 
 
 ^ If one had read the other he paid no heed to it, and there- 
 fore did not believe it. 
 
24 ^ THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 tions, which, so far as they went, were 
 accurate, but erred by defect; and that if 
 we would form a true picture of the incidents 
 attending the birth of Jesus we must com- 
 bine the two accounts. 
 
 This explanation, though plausible, is 
 only possible if we reject at least a part of 
 one or the other of these traditions ; and if 
 we begin to tamper with the gospel texts 
 and reject portions of them, it is by no 
 means easy to give a satisfactory reason for 
 rejecting only those parts which decline to 
 accommodate themselves to the harmonist's 
 scheme. 
 
 Both gospels say that Jesus was born 
 at Bethlehem (Matt. ii. 1 ; Luke ii. 4-6) ; 
 the first, without positively asserting it, 
 implies that Joseph and Mary lived there. 
 That the writer believed this to be the case 
 is evident from the concluding verses of the 
 second chapter, in which it is stated that on 
 leaving Egypt they proposed returning to 
 Judaea, and that it was not until Joseph 
 had been warned "in a dream " that they 
 passed on " into the parts of Galilee.'' The 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 25 
 
 third gospel, on the contrary, plainly asserts 
 that Joseph and Mary lived "in a city of 
 Galilee named Nazareth" (Luke i. 26); and 
 that their being in Bethlehem at the time 
 of Jesus' birth was due to the " taxing:" 
 (ii. 1-4) ; also note, ii. 39, "their own city, 
 Nazareth." 
 
 Again, in the first gospel we read that 
 certain " wise men " came to Jerusalem to 
 see the newborn king of the Jews (Matt. ii. 
 1-2) ; they visit the king, Herod, who being 
 " troubled'^ (v. 3) summons the chief priests 
 and scribes, demanding of them where the 
 Christ shall be born ; they answer, in Beth- 
 lehem (v. 5) whither Herod sends the "wise 
 men." On their arrival they worship the 
 infant Jesus {v. 11), and the next day 
 (having been warned " in a dream ") they 
 depart " into their own country another 
 way" {v. 12). The next (?) night Joseph 
 is instructed by the angel of the Lord " in 
 a dream" to "flee into Egypt." It is not 
 asserted, but it is surely no exaggeration to 
 say that it is implied, that the following 
 night (v. 14) Joseph, Mary, and the Infant 
 
26 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 set out for Egypt, and remain there " until 
 the death of Herod." How long a period 
 elapsed between the flight into Egypt and 
 the death of Herod is not intimated. 
 
 Contrast with this the narrative in the 
 third gospel. No reference to wise men or 
 flight into Egypt ; on the contrary, at 
 " eight days " old the child is circumcised 
 (Luke ii. 21) ; at forty days old {v, 22 ; 
 comp. Leviticus xii. 1-4) "when the days 
 of her," A.V. (more correctly "their" as 
 R.V.), "purification according to the law of 
 Moses were accomplished, they brought him 
 to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord " 
 in the temple ; where the aged Simeon sees 
 the child [vv. 25-32), as does also Anna, a 
 widow (u 37), who, with the amiable weak- 
 ness so characteristic of widows, afterwards 
 took pains to spread the report of these 
 wonderful occurrences {v. 38). Now, though 
 this narrative is so strikingly diflerent from 
 the other, it is possible for any one who 
 wishes to do so to maintain that the circum- 
 cision and presentation in the temple took 
 place before the visit of the wise men to 
 
able 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 27 
 
 Herod, recorded in Matt. ii. 1 ; for it is clear 
 that Matt. ii. 11 does not assert that the 
 " young child " was newly born ; and if it 
 be assumed (an assumption certainly not 
 justified by the general tone of the narrative 
 in Matt, ii.) that the infant was seven weeks 
 old at that time, the two traditions may be 
 combined. 
 
 Before this combination can be accom- irreconcn- 
 plished, it will be necessary to reject Luke 
 ii. 39 ; for it is evident that if, desiring to 
 accept as far as possible both traditions, we 
 assume the infant Jesus to have been seven 
 weeks old at the time of the events recorded 
 in Matt. ii. 11, then Joseph and Mary must, 
 after the presentation in the temple, have 
 returned to Bethlehem ; but Luke ii. 39 
 explicitly asserts that " when they had per- 
 formed all things according to the law of 
 the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to 
 their own city Nazareth." It is surely 
 futile to pretend that there is no contradic- 
 tion between these narratives. It is possible 
 for any one to believe that he believes both 
 accounts ; but it is impossible for any one 
 
text 
 
 28 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 who has carefully stuclieel and compared 
 
 them to deny or even to doubt that there 
 
 Unless we are contradictions or, if the expression be 
 
 tamper 
 
 with the preferred, irreconcilable discrepancies be- 
 tween them, and that in order to harmonise 
 them it is necessary to reject at least one 
 verse of one of the narratives ; but why 
 should that verse (Luke ii. 39), which forms 
 an integral part of the third gospel, and is 
 in complete accord with what precedes and 
 follows it, be rejected? If it be admitted 
 that in this verse the author has made an 
 erroneous statement, have we any guarantee 
 that he has not fallen into error in other 
 parts of his narrative where we have no 
 opportunity of testing his accuracy ? It is, 
 moreover, noteworthy that this verse is not 
 a record of words spoken, which might have 
 been misunderstood or misinterpreted, nor 
 does it involve any abstruse doctrinal 
 question ; it is a simple statement of fact 
 which he had no conceivable motive for 
 making, except his belief that it was 
 true. 
 
 The same may be said of the appearances 
 
FOR "ENGLISH READERS 29 
 
 of Jesus after His resurrection, recorded in similar 
 
 T 1 'AT 1 T 1 • phenomena 
 
 Luke XXIV. JN o one could nave written m the 
 
 ^ ^ ^ accounts of 
 
 vv. 49-53 wlio knew tiiat the appearances the post- 
 
 „ - . . . resxirrec- 
 
 01 the risen baviour were not restricted to tion appear. 
 Jerusalem and the immediate neighbour- 
 hood ; and since Matt, xxviii. 16, 17 records 
 an appearance of Jesus to His disciples in 
 Galilee, it is evident that there is a contra- 
 diction between the two evangelists. It 
 may be true that Jesus did appear to His 
 followers both in Judsea and Galilee, but it 
 is obvious that Luke (whether rightly or 
 wrongly is by no means easy to decide) 
 supposed that the appearances of Jesus 
 between His Kesurrection and Ascension 
 were restricted to Judsea. These and other 
 contradictions, together with the numerous 
 discrepancies which a careful comparison of 
 the first and third gospels reveals, establish 
 a strong presumption in favour of their 
 mutual independence. This presumption Matt, and 
 
 •^ ^ , Luke inde- 
 
 is strengthened by certain differences of pendent: 
 
 ^ , » mutually 
 
 style and vocabulary in the Greek text of 
 the two gospels ; and it thus becomes in the 
 highest degree improbable that the author 
 
30 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 of one read or used the other, and almost 
 
 certain that such common passages as 
 
 Though prove literary obligation are due to the 
 
 both used i i i n t n 
 
 an earlier usc by both 01 ouc or morc earlier docu- 
 
 document 
 
 or docu- ments. 
 
 ments. 
 
 We have already seen the probability, 
 the almost certainty, that the second 
 gosjDcl was read and used by the authors 
 of the first and third (p. 20). That 
 they did not place implicit confidence 
 in all its statements is evident from the 
 Discrep- fact that there are discrepancies between 
 
 ancies 
 
 between thcmsclves and Mark, as obvious as those 
 
 Matt, and 
 
 Luke on the wliicli obtaiu bctwecn such of their own 
 
 one hand, 
 
 and Mark narratives as are based on independent 
 
 on the 
 
 other. traditions. 
 
 An examination of these discrepancies 
 will throw light on the motives or reasons 
 which led the two later evangelists to 
 modify or even contradict statements con- 
 tained in a work which on the whole they 
 valued and freely reproduced. 
 
 Such an examination, though in itself 
 profoundly interesting, would have no direct 
 bearing on the matter in hand, and it must 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 31 
 
 suffice here to give two examples of the 
 discrepancies without discussing their origin. 
 In Mark iii. 1-6, Matt. xii. 9-14, Luke vi. 
 6-11, we have the original, and two repro- 
 ductions of the narrative of a miracle of 
 healing performed in a synagogue on a a sabbath 
 Sabbath. Of course, in describing; Matt, 
 xii. 9-14 and Luke vi. 6-11 as reproduc- 
 tions of Mark iii. 1-6, it is not implied that 
 the authors of the two later versions had 
 no knowledge of the event apart from the 
 account in Mark. It is, on the contrary, 
 quite probable that they had a traditional 
 knowledge of the miracle, but finding it 
 recorded in a document which they in many 
 parts, if not in all, valued, they have relied 
 rather on the, written than on the oral 
 version of the story : their own versions 
 being reproductions of the Mark version, combina- 
 slightly modified by traditional influences. Mark and 
 
 11 tradition. 
 
 In reading the three passages, let the 
 words attributed by the evangelists to 
 Jesus be specially noticed, namely, in ]\Iark 
 iii. 3, 4, 5 ; in Luke vi. 8, 9, 10 ; in Matt, 
 xii. 11, 12, 13. That the three accounts 
 
32 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 General agree ill the main is as obvious as that they 
 
 agreement . , , i- • -i 
 
 present not unimportant discrepancies : the 
 question which, according to Mark and 
 Luke, was asked by Jesus was, according 
 to Matthew, asked by the bystanders (see 
 But Matt. xii. 10 : there are slight verbal differ- 
 
 differences . , ., , " , ., , . 
 
 of detail, cnccs) ; whilst the words attributed m 
 Matt. xii. 11, 12 to Jesus are not recorded 
 by the others. It would be absurd to ex- 
 aggerate the importance of these discrep- 
 ancies, but they at least show that we 
 cannot always be sure that words attributed 
 
 Errors in by an cvangelist to Jesus were really used 
 
 Jesus' by Him ; or that they have in all cases 
 accurately reported the substance of His 
 remarks. 
 
 Another As a sccoud cxamplc we may refer to 
 
 the narrative of Jesus walking on the 
 stormy sea to His disciples, and entering 
 their boat — an event not recorded in the 
 third gospel, but related by the other Syn- 
 optics and in the fourth gospel, as having 
 taken place after the feeding of the five 
 thousand. (Compare Mark vi. 46-52, Matt, 
 xiv. 23-33.) It is evident that only a few 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 33 
 
 persons were in the boat, possibly none but 
 Jesus and the twelve ; that they were 
 amazed at what they had seen is surely 
 natural enouo^h ; but the author of the 
 second gospel, besides recording their 
 amazement, adds an expression of surprise 
 and indignation that they even yet failed 
 to realise the divine nature of Jesus, despite 
 the displays of miraculous power which 
 they had witnessed; he says (verse 52), " For Audits 
 
 effects, 
 
 they considered not the miracle of the according 
 
 *o Mark 
 
 loaves, for their heart was hardened. 
 
 The author of the first gospel, after 
 recording the same incidents, tells us that 
 the effect on the minds of those in the boat 
 was exactly opposite. He says (Matt. xiv. And 
 
 -> ^ ^ . Matthew. 
 
 33), " Then they that were in the ship 
 came and worshipped him, saying, Of a 
 truth thou art the Son of God." Will any 
 candid reader deny that Matt. xiv. 33 con- 
 tradicts Mark vi. 52 ? 
 
 The fact that the Synoptics present dis- veracity of 
 
 , , 7 Evangel - 
 
 crepancies and contradictions in no way ists. 
 justifies doubt as to the veracity of their 
 authors, though it unquestionably justifies 
 
 T) 
 
34 ' THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 doubt as to the accuracy of their state- 
 ments. No one who studies the gospels 
 can entertain the slightest doubt of the 
 sincerity and candour of the evangelists ; 
 but it is no less evident that the earlier 
 document or documents which they read, 
 and the traditions with which they com- 
 The spirit bined them, were treated in a spirit essen- 
 tially different from that of a modern critical 
 historian ; nor can we hope to understand 
 either the contents of the gospels or the 
 problem of their origin unless we bear this 
 And object coustautly in mind. The object of the 
 work. evangelists was religious rather than his- 
 torical ; and we should always remember, 
 what so many modern writers and speakers 
 about the gospels forget, that they lived in 
 the first century, not the nineteenth, and 
 that their work may reasonably be expected 
 to display many first - century prejudices, 
 just as modern books display (though their 
 authors are often loath to admit it) nine- 
 teenth-century prejudices. 
 
 A careful study of the gospels may 
 reasonably be expected to reveal in them 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 35 
 
 not only the influence of the generally 
 current beliefs of the apostolic and sub- 
 apostolic age, but also the light in which 
 each evangelist regarded the work and 
 nature of Jesus. 
 
i'ar 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Results so Having seen how highly probable it is that 
 the second is the oldest of the Synoptics, 
 and that it was read and used by the 
 authors of the first and third ; having 
 further seen the probability that the authors 
 of the first and third were ignorant of each 
 other's work, which must therefore have 
 been written at different places, but prob- 
 ably nearly at the same time, we are ready 
 to advance a step towards the solution of 
 the Synoptic problem. 
 
 It is evident that the first and third 
 contain a large amount of common matter 
 over and above what they can have derived 
 from the second gospel. Does that common 
 matter justify the assertion that it, or any 
 part of it, was derived from a written 
 source ? Or is it possible that all which 
 
 Are Matt, 
 and Luke 
 
THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 37 
 
 they have in common, over and above what Based on 
 
 another 
 
 they may have derived from the second document 
 gospel, may have been transmitted orally ? to Mark ? 
 
 To these questions it must be replied 
 that there are a number of our Lord's 
 sayings which are recorded in slightly dif- 
 ferent forms, and which, being short and 
 impressive, might well be derived from the 
 memory of ear-witnesses ; but that there are 
 also a considerable number of longer sayings, 
 whose verbal similarity, both in our A.Y. 
 and in the original Greek, is so close as to Yes ; on an 
 forbid the belief that they were drawn from Greek 
 any other source than an earlier Greek 
 writing ; for it is inconceivable that different 
 hearers of our Lord's Aramaic utterances 
 should, thirty ar forty years later, render (see Appcn 
 those sayings into another language, whose 
 grammatical forms are so widely different, 
 in identical words. 
 
 If it be admitted that certain passages 
 are inexplicable, save on the hypothesis that 
 the authors of the first and third gospels 
 used, in addition to the second, another 
 Greek document, it l)ecomes not unreason- 
 
38 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM , 
 
 able to suspect that other passages where 
 the relationship is not so certain may also 
 be based on that document ; and if we 
 have any reason to suppose that the docu- 
 Eariier mcut had bccn written before the second 
 used'by, gospcl, it bccomcs possiblc that the author 
 of the second, like those of the later Syn- 
 optics, made use of it. There are certain 
 passages, notably in Mark xiii., which be- 
 come clearer if we make this assumption ; 
 and a careful comparison of the parallel 
 passages in the Synoptics gives good reason 
 for the assertion that an earlier Greek writ- 
 ing was used by the authors of each of our 
 Synoptic gospels. 
 Can it be Whether it be possible to exactly repro- 
 
 restored? ^ ^ . 7 . 
 
 duce from our canonical gospels this primi- 
 tive document may be open to doubt. It 
 may, however, be justly urged that it is 
 easy to exaggerate the difficulties in the 
 way of a substantial restoration of it. 
 
 Such a restoration, based on the work of 
 Dr. B. Weiss, and carefully and repeatedly 
 tested in every passage, is here given, as 
 nearly as possible, in the words of the A.V. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 39 
 
 That a Greek document, not very differ- Yes ; 
 
 f, .-,. -, approxi- 
 
 ent from this, was faminar to, and more or mateiy. 
 less used by, the authors of our Synoptics, 
 is almost certain. It is hoped that by a 
 perusal of it as a whole, and a detailed com- 
 parison of it verse by verse with the Syn- 
 optics, English readers may gain clearer 
 notions of the genesis of our gospels than 
 have hitherto been possible.^ 
 
 1 The most important various readings, and the Aveight of 
 critical opinion in favour of one or other, are readily access- 
 ible to English readers in Eyre and Spottiswoode's Variorum 
 Teachers' edition of the Holy Bible. 
 
PEIMITIVE GOSPEL 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. iii. 1-3 
 Mark i. 2-4 
 
 Luke iii. 2-4 
 
 Matt. iii. 7-10 
 Luke iii. 7-9 
 
 Matt. iii. 11, 12 
 Mark i. 7, 8 
 Luke iii. 16, 17 
 
 See Ajp2oendices C and D, and Index I 
 
 There was John that baptized in the wilder- 
 ness and preached, saying, Eepent. As it 
 is written in Esaias the prophet. The voice 
 of one crying in the wilderness, prepare ye 
 the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. 
 Then he said to those that came to be 
 baptized of him, generation of vipers, who 
 hath warned you to flee from the wrath to 
 come ? Bring forth therefore fruit meet 
 for repentance ; and think not to say within 
 yourselves. We have Abraham to our father ; 
 for I say unto you that God is able of these 
 stones to raise up children unto Abraham. 
 And now also the axe is laid at the root of 
 the trees ; therefore every tree that bringeth 
 not forth good fruit is hewn down and cast 
 into the fire. And he preached, saying, I 
 indeed baptize you with water ; but he that 
 Cometh after me is mightier than I, whose 
 shoes I am not worthy to bear ; he shall 
 baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 41 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. iii. 16, 17 
 Mark i. 10, 11 
 Luke iii. 21, 22 
 
 Matt. iv. 1-11 
 Mark i, 12, 13 
 
 Luke iv. 1-13 
 
 fire. Whose fan is in his hand, and he will 
 throughly purge his floor, and gather his 
 wheat into the garner ; but he will burn up 
 the chaff with unquenchable fire. Now 
 when all the people were being baptized, it 
 came to pass that, Jesus also being baptized 
 and praying, the heaven was opened, and 
 the spirit, like a dove, descended upon him, 
 and lo, a voice came from heaven, Thou art 
 my beloved Son ; in thee I am well pleased. 
 And straightway the spirit driveth him 
 into the wilderness, and when he had 
 fasted forty days and forty nights, he was 
 afterward an hungred. And the tempter 
 came and said unto him. If thou be the 
 Son of God, command that these stones be 
 made bread. But he answered and said. 
 It is written, man shall not live by bread 
 alone. Then the devil taketh him up into 
 the holy city and setteth him on a pin- 
 nacle of the temple, and saith unto him, If 
 thou be God's Son cast thyself down ; for 
 it is written, He shall give his angels charge 
 concerning thee ; and in their hands they 
 shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou 
 dash thy foot against a stone. Jesus said 
 unto him, It is written again, Thou slialt 
 not tempt the Lord thy God. Again the 
 devil taketh him up and showeth him all 
 the kingdoms of the world and the glory 
 of them ; and saith unto him, All these 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 i. 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
42 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Coiiii)are 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 V. 3 vi. 20 
 4 
 
 G 21 
 
 7 
 
 11 22 
 
 12 23 
 
 17 
 
 IS xvi. 17 
 
 10 
 
 things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall 
 down and worship me. Then saith Jesus 
 unto him, Get thee hence, Satan ; for 
 it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord 
 thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. 
 And it came to pass after these things that 
 Jesus taught his disciples saying: Blessed 
 are the poor ; for theirs is the kingdom of 
 God. Blessed are they that mourn; for 
 they shall be comforted. Blessed are the 
 meek ; for they shall inherit the earth. 
 Blessed are they which hunger ; for they 
 shall be filled. Blessed are the merciful ; 
 for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are 
 the pure in heart for they shall see God. 
 Blessed are the peacemakers ; for they 
 shall be called the sons of God. Blessed 
 are ye when men shall revile you and 
 say all manner of evil against you for my 
 sake. Eejoice and be exceeding glad ; for, 
 behold, your reward is great in heaven for 
 so persecuted they the prophets which were 
 before you. Think not that I am come to 
 destroy the law or the prophets : I am not 
 come to destroy but to fulfil. For verily 
 I say unto you. Till heaven and earth pass, 
 one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass 
 from the law, till all be fulfilled. Whoso- 
 ever therefore shall break one of these least 
 commandments and shall teach men so, he 
 shall be called least in the kingdom of God, 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 i. 14 
 
 ii. 1 
 2 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 43 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. V. 20 
 
 •21 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 3(5 
 
 but whosoever shall do and teach them, 
 shall be called great in the kingdom of 
 God. For I say unto you that except your 
 righteousness shall exceed the righteous- 
 ness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall 
 in no case enter into the kingdom of God. 
 Ye have heard that it was said to them of 
 old time, Thou shalt not kill, and whoso- 
 ever shall kill shall be in danger of the 
 judgment : but I say unto you whosoever 
 is angry with his brother shall be in danger 
 of the judgment, and whosoever shall say 
 to his brother Kaca shall be in danger of 
 the council, but whosoever shall say Thou 
 fool shall be in danger of hell fire. Ye 
 have heard that it was said, Thou shalt 
 not commit adultery : but I say unto you 
 that whosoever looketh on a woman to lust 
 after her hath committed adultery with her 
 already in his heart. Ye have heard that 
 it was said to them of old time. Thou shalt 
 not forswear thyself, but shalt perform 
 unto the Lord thine oaths : but I say unto 
 you. Swear not at all ; neither by heaven, 
 for it is God's throne ; nor by the earth, for 
 it is his footstool ; neither by Jerusalem, 
 for it is the city of the great kiug. Neither 
 shalt thou swear by thy head because thou 
 canst not make one hair white or black. 
 But let your communication be. Yea, yea : 
 Nay, nay : for whatsoever is more than 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 
 ii. it 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
44 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 V. 38 
 
 39 vi. 29 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 these Cometh of evil. Ye have heard that 
 it hath been said, an eye for an eye and 
 a tooth for a tooth ; but I say unto you 
 that ye resist not evil ; but whosoever shall 
 smite thee on thy right cheek turn to him 
 the other also : and him that taketh away 
 thy cloke forbid not to take thy coat also. 
 Give to him that asketh of thee and from 
 him that would borrow of thee, turn not 
 thou away. Ye have heard that it hath 
 been said. Thou shalt love thy neighbour 
 and hate thine enemy : but I say unto 
 you, Love your enemies and pray for them 
 which persecute you : that ye may be the 
 sons of your Father which is in heaven ; 
 for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil 
 and on the good, and sendeth rain on the 
 just and on the unjust. For if ye love 
 them that love you what reward have ye ? 
 Do not even the publicans so ? And if ye 
 do good to your brethren only, what do ye 
 more than others ? Do not even sinners 
 the same ? Be ye merciful as your Father 
 also is merciful : and judge not that ye be 
 not judged for with what judgment ye 
 judge ye shall be judged, and with what 
 measure ye mete it shall be measured to 
 you. And why beholdest thuu the mote 
 that is in tliy brother's eye, but considerest 
 not the beam that is in thine own eye ? 
 Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 ii. 14 
 
Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 4«; 
 
 40 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 45 
 
 me pull out the mote out of thine eye; 
 and behold a beam is in thine own eye ? 
 Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out 
 of thine own eye ; and then shalt thou see 
 clearly to cast out the mote out of thy 
 brother's eye. Beware of false prophets 
 which come to you in sheep's clothing, but 
 inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye 
 shall know them by their fruits. Do men 
 gather grapes of thorns or figs of thistles ? 
 Even so every good tree bringeth forth 
 good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth 
 forth evil fruit. For a good tree cannot 
 bear evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree 
 bring forth good fruit. A good man out of 
 the good treasure of his heart bringeth 
 forth that which is good ; and an evil man 
 out of the evil bringeth forth that which 
 is evil : for of the abundance of the heart 
 his mouth speaketh. Wherefore by their 
 fruits ye shall- know them. And why call 
 ye me Lord, Lord, and do not the things 
 which I say ? Therefore whosoever heareth 
 my sayings and doeth them, shall be likened 
 unto a wise man which built his house 
 upon a rock ; and the rain descended and 
 the floods came and the winds blew and 
 fell upon that house ; and it fell not for it 
 was founded upon a rock. And everyone 
 that lieareth these sayings of mine and 
 doeth them not, shall be likened unto a 
 
 P.O. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 ii. 20 
 
 21 
 
 •23 
 
 24 
 
46 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. 
 
 Luke 
 
 vii. 27 
 
 A-i.49 
 
 28 
 
 vii. 1 
 
 viii.l, 
 
 2 V. 12 
 
 3 13 
 
 4 14 
 
 (Also 
 Mark i. 40-45) 
 
 .5 vii. 1 
 2 
 6 
 
 9 7 
 
 10 9 
 
 foolish man, which built his house upon 
 the sand; and the rain descended and the 
 floods came and the winds blew and beat 
 upon that house ; and it fell ; and great 
 was the fall of it. And it came to pass 
 when Jesus had ended these sayings, that 
 great multitudes followed him ; and be- 
 hold, there came a leper kneeling to him 
 and saying, If thou wilt thou canst make 
 me clean. And he put forth his hand and 
 touched him, saying, I will ; be thou clean. 
 And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. 
 And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no 
 man; but go thy way, show thyself to the priest, 
 and offer the gift that Moses commanded 
 for a testimony unto them. And when 
 he was entered into Capernaum, there came 
 unto him a centurion beseeching him and 
 saying, Lord, my boy lieth at home sick of 
 the palsy. Jesus saith to him, I will come 
 and heal him. The centurion answered 
 and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou 
 shouldest come under my roof; but speak 
 the word only and my boy shall be healed. 
 For I also am a man set under authority, 
 having soldiers under me ; and I say to 
 this one. Go, and he goeth ; and to another. 
 Come, and he cometh ; and to my servant, 
 Do this, and he doeth it. When Jesus 
 heard it, he marvelled, and said to them 
 that followed, Verily I say unto you, in no 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 47 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. viii. 13 
 
 Luke vii. 10 
 Matt. ix. 18-26 
 Mark v. 22-43 
 
 Luke viii. 41-56 
 
 Matt. xi. 2-6 
 
 Luke vii. 19-23 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 ,\i. 7 vii. 24 
 
 one have I found so great faith in Israel. 
 And to the centurion he said, Go thy way ; 
 and as thou hast believed, so be it done 
 unto thee. And his boy was healed in that 
 hour. And behold there came a ruler 
 saluting him and saying, My daughter died 
 even now ; but come, lay thy hand upon 
 her, and she shall live. And Jesus arose 
 and followed him. And behold, a woman 
 which was diseased with an issue of blood 
 twelve years, came behind him and touched 
 the fringe of his garment. But he turned 
 and looking upon her said ; Daughter thy 
 faith hath saved thee. And when Jesus 
 came into the ruler's house and saw the 
 minstrels and the people making a noise, he 
 said unto them, Give place : for the maid is 
 not dead but sleepeth. And they laughed 
 him to scorn. But when the people were put 
 forth, he went in and took her by the hand, 
 and the maid- arose. And wlien John had 
 heard in prison of the works of Jesus, he sent 
 by his disciples, saying. Art thou he that 
 should come, or are we to look for another. 
 Jesus answered and said unto them. Go and 
 show John those things which ye do hear and 
 see ; the blind receive their sight, the lame 
 walk, the lepers are cleansed and the deaf hear, 
 the dead are raised up and the poor have the 
 gospel preached to them. And blessed is he 
 who shall not be offended in me. And as they 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 iii. 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 ICi 
 
 18 
 
48 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 xi. 8 vii. 25 
 
 9 26 
 
 10 27 
 
 11 28 
 
 13 xvi. 16 
 
 12 
 
 vii. 31 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 34 
 
 3-i 
 XV. 3 
 
 departed, Jesus began to say unto the multi- 
 tudes concerning John, What went ye out into 
 the wilderness to see ? A reed shaken with 
 the wind ? But what went ye out for to see ? 
 A man clothed in soft raiment ? Behold, 
 they that wear soft clothing are in kings' 
 houses. But why went ye out ? To see 
 a prophet ? Yea, I say unto you, and more 
 than a prophet. This is he, of whom it is 
 written. Behold, I send my messenger be- 
 fore thy face, which shall prepare thy way 
 before thee. Verily I say unto you. Among 
 them that are born of women there hath not 
 arisen a greater than John the Baptist : not- 
 withstanding he that is least in the kingdom 
 of God is greater than he. And he said. The 
 law and the prophets were until John ; since 
 that time the kingdom of God is preached, and 
 every man presseth into it. And he said, 
 whereunto shall I liken this generation ? It 
 is like unto children sitting in the markets, 
 which calling unto their fellows, say. We 
 have piped unto you and ye have not danced ; 
 we have mourned and ye have not lamented. 
 For John came neither eating nor drinking, 
 and they say. He hath a devil. The Son 
 of Man came eating and drinking, and they 
 say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a wine- 
 bibber, a friend of publicans and sinners. 
 But wisdom is justified of her cliildren. 
 And he spake this parable unto them say- 
 
 P. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 iii. 10 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 49 
 
 Compare 
 Matt 
 
 Luke 
 XV. 4 
 
 2<J 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 xiv. 1 
 
 ing, What man of you, having an hundred 
 sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not 
 leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, 
 and go after that which is lost, until he 
 find it ? And when he hath found it, he 
 layeth it on his shoulders, rejoicing. And 
 when he cometh home, he calleth together 
 his friends and neighbours, saying unto 
 them, Eejoice with me : for I have found 
 my sheep which was lost. I say unto you, 
 that likewise joy shall be in heaven over 
 one sinner that repenteth, more than over 
 ninety and nine just persons, which need 
 no repentance. Either what woman having 
 ten pieces of silver, if she lose one piece, 
 doth not light a candle, and sweep the 
 house and seek diligently till she find it ? 
 And when she hath found it, she calleth her 
 friends and her neighbours together, saying, 
 Eejoice with me : for I have found the 
 piece which L had lost. Likewise I say 
 unto you, there is joy in the presence of the 
 angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. 
 And he said. Come unto me all ye that 
 labour and are heavy laden, and I will 
 give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, 
 and learn of me ; for I am meelc and lowly 
 in heart : and ye shall find rest unto your 
 souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden 
 is light. And it came to pass, as he went 
 into the house of one of the cliief Pharisees 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 iv. 
 
 10 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Luke xiv. 2 
 
 10 
 
 to eat bread on the Sabbath day, that they 
 watched him. And behold, there was a 
 man before him which had the dropsy. 
 And Jesus answering, spake unto them, 
 saying, Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath 
 day or not ? And they held their peace. 
 And he took him and healed him and let 
 him go : and answered them, saying. Which 
 of you shall have a son or an ox fallen into 
 a pit, and will not straightway pull him out 
 on the Sabbath day ? And they could not 
 answer him again to these things. And 
 he put forth a parable to those which were 
 bidden, when he marked how they chose 
 out the chief rooms ; saying unto them, 
 when thou art bidden of any man to a 
 wedding, sit not down in the highest room ; 
 lest a more honourable man than thou be 
 bidden of him ; and he that bade thee and 
 him come and say to thee, Give this man 
 place; and thou begin with shame to take 
 the lowest room. But when thou art bidden 
 go and sit down in the lowest room ; that 
 when he that bade thee cometh, he may say 
 unto thee. Friend, go up higher ; then shalt 
 thou have worship in the presence of all 
 them that sit at meat with thee. Then 
 said he also to him that bade him. When 
 thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not 
 thy friends, nor thy brethren, nor thy 
 kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours ; lest they 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 51 
 
 Compare 
 
 Luke xiv. 13 
 
 14 
 
 Matt. xiii. 1-23 
 Mark iv. 1-20 
 Luke viii. 4-15 
 
 also bid thee again, and a recompence be 
 made thee. But when thoii makest a feast, 
 call the poor, the maimed, the lame, the 
 blind : and thou shalt be blessed ; for they 
 cannot recompense thee : for thou shalt be 
 recompensed at the resurrection of the just. 
 And. it came to pass after these things that 
 he said. Behold a sower went out to sow 
 his seed, and as he sowed some fell by the 
 wayside ; and it was trodden down and the 
 birds ate it. And some fell upon a rock : 
 and as soon as it was sprung up it withered 
 away because it lacked moisture. And 
 some fell among thorns ; and the thorns 
 sprang up with it, and choked it. And 
 other fell on good ground and sprang up 
 and bare fruit some thirty, some sixty and 
 some an hundred fold. And when he had 
 said these things he cried, he that hath ears 
 to hear, let him hear. And his disciples 
 asked him what this parable was ; and he 
 said, Unto you it is given to know the 
 mysteries of the kingdom, but to others in 
 parables, that seeing they may not see and 
 hearing they may not hear nor understand. 
 Now this is the parable. The seed is the 
 word ; Those by the wayside are they that 
 heard ; then cometh the devil and taketh 
 away the word out of their hearts, lest they 
 should believe and be saved. They on the 
 rock are they which when they hear, receive 
 
 p. G. 
 cli. vcr. 
 
 iv. 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
52 
 
 THE SYXOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matl. xiii. 24-30 
 
 Matt. xiii. 31, 32 
 
 the word with joy ; and these have no root, 
 which for a while believe and in time of 
 temptation fall away. And that which fell 
 among thorns, are they, which, when they 
 have heard, go forth and are choked with 
 cares and the deceitfulness of riches and 
 bring forth no fruit. But that on the good 
 ground are they which having heard the 
 word, keep it and bring forth fruit with 
 patience. Another parable put he forth 
 unto them, saying, The kingdom of God is 
 likened unto a man which sowed good seed 
 in his field ; but while men slept, his enemy 
 came and sowed tares among the wheat, 
 and went his w^ay. But when the blade 
 was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then 
 appeared the tares also. So the servants 
 of the householder came and said unto 
 him, Sir, didst thou not sow good seed in 
 thy field ? From whence then hath it 
 tares ? He said unto them. An enemy 
 hath done this. The servant said unto 
 him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather 
 them up ? But he said, Nay ; lest while 
 ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the 
 wheat with them. Let both grow together 
 until the harvest : and in the time of har- 
 vest I will say to the reapers. Gather ye 
 together first the tares and bind them in 
 bundles to burn them ; but gather the wheat 
 into my barn. Another parable spake he 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 iv. 26 
 
 V. 1 
 
Compare 
 3Iark iv. 30-32 
 Luke xiii. 18, 19 
 
 Matt. xiii. 33 
 Luke xiii. 20, 21 
 
 Matt. xiii. 44 
 
 4.5 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 Matt. V. 14-lG 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 53 
 
 unto them, The kingdom of God is like 
 unto a grain of mustard seed, which a man 
 took and sowed in a field. Which indeed 
 is the least of all seeds ; but when it is 
 grown it is the greatest among herbs, and 
 becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air 
 perch on the branches thereof. Another 
 parable spake he unto them. The kingdom 
 of God is like unto leaven which a woman 
 took, and hid in three measures of meal till 
 the whole was leavened. Again he said 
 the kingdom is like unto treasure hid in a 
 field ; the which when a man hath found, 
 he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and 
 selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that 
 field. Again, the kingdom is like unto a 
 merchant seeking goodly pearls ; who, when 
 he had found one pearl of great price, went 
 and sold all that he had and bou£jht it. 
 Again the kingdom is like unto a net, that 
 was cast into tlie sea and gathered of every 
 kind ; which, when it was full they drew to 
 shore, and sat down, and gathered the good 
 into vessels, but cast the bad away. Have 
 ye understood all these things ? They say 
 unto him. Yea. Then said he unto them, 
 Therefore every scribe that is made a dis- 
 ciple of the kingdom is like unto a man 
 that is an householder which bringeth forth 
 out of his treasure, things new and old. 
 Again he said, No man, when he hath 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
54 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 C'oinpai-e 
 
 Mark iv. 21 
 Luke 
 viii. IG xi. 33 
 
 Matt. vi. 22, 23 
 Luke xi. 34-36 
 
 Matt. vii. 12 
 Luke vi. 31 
 
 Matt, vii. 13, 14 
 Luke xiii. 23, 24 
 
 ?.5;itt. V. 31, 32 
 Mark x. 11, 12 
 Luke xvi. IS 
 -Matt. viii. lS-27 
 Mark iv. 35-41 
 Luke viii. 22, 25 
 Luke ix. 57-60 
 
 lighted a lamp, covereth it with a vessel, or 
 putteth it under a bed ; but settetli it on a 
 lampstand, that they which enter in may see 
 the light. Again he said, The lamp of the 
 body is the eye; if therefore thine eye be 
 single, thy whole body shall be full of light. 
 But if thine eye be . evil ; thy whole body 
 shall be full of darkness. If therefore the 
 light that is in thee be darkness, how great 
 is that darkness ! And he said, All things 
 whatsoever ye would that men should do to 
 you, do ye even so to them ; for this is the 
 law and the prophets. And he said, Enter 
 ye in at the strait gate ; for wide and broad 
 is the way that leadeth to destruction, and 
 many there be which go in thereat ; how 
 strait and narrow is the way which leadeth 
 unto life, and few there be that find it. 
 Again he said, Whosoever shall put away 
 his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, 
 causeth adultery to be committed upon her. 
 Then Jesus seeing a great multitude about 
 him, gave commandment to depart unto the 
 other side. And a certain man said unto 
 him. Master I will follow thee whither- 
 soever thou goest. And Jesus said unto 
 him. The foxes have holes and the birds of 
 the air nests ; but the Son of man hath not 
 where to lay his head. And another of his 
 disciples said unto him. Lord suffer me first 
 to go and bury my father. But Jesus said 
 
 p. G. 
 ch. ver. 
 
 V. 15 
 
 vi. 1 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 55 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. viii. 28-34 
 Mark v. 1-20 
 Luke viii. 26-39 
 
 Matt. ix. 2-8 
 
 unto him, Follow me and let the dead bury 
 their dead. And Avhen he was entered into 
 the ship his disciples followed him. And 
 behold there arose a great wind on the sea, 
 so that the ship was covered with the waves ; 
 but he was asleep. And they came to him 
 saying, Master, we perish. And he saith 
 unto them, Why are ye fearful, ye of 
 little faith ? Then he arose and rebuked 
 the winds and the sea, and there was a 
 great calm. And they marvelled, saying. 
 What manner of man is this that even the 
 winds and the sea obey him ! And when 
 he was come to the other side there met 
 him one possessed with devils ; and behold, 
 they cried out, What have we to do with 
 thee, thou Son of God ? And there was a 
 good way off from them an herd of many 
 swine feeding. So the devils besought him, 
 saying, If thou cast us out, send us away 
 into the herd -of swine. And he said unto 
 them. Go. And, behold, the whole herd 
 ran violently down the steep into the sea 
 and perished in the waters. But they that 
 kept them fled and went their ways into 
 the city, and told everything, and what was 
 befallen to the possessed of the devils. 
 And, behold, the whole city came out to 
 meet Jesus, and when they saw him, they 
 besought him that he would depart out of 
 their coasts. And it came to pass after 
 
 p. G. 
 
 oil, ver. 
 
 lU 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
56 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Mark ii. 1-12 
 Luke V. 17-26 
 
 Matt. X. 1 
 Matt. ix. 37, 38 
 
 Matt. X. 5 
 Mark vi. 8-12 
 Luke ix. 3-6 
 Luke X. 1-16 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 X. ;t ix. 3 
 
 10 
 
 X. 8 
 
 these things that behold, they brought to 
 him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a 
 bed ; and eJesus, seeing their faith, said to 
 the sick of the palsy, Thy sins are forgiven. 
 And behold, certain of the scribes said 
 within themselves, This man blasphemeth. 
 And Jesus seeing their thoughts said, Why 
 reason ye in your hearts ? For whether is 
 easier, to say, Thy sins are forgiven, or to 
 say, Arise and walk. But that ye may 
 know that the Son of Man hath power on 
 earth to forgive sins (then saith he to the 
 sick of the palsy) Arise, take thy bed, and 
 go unto thy house. And he arose and went 
 unto his house ; but the multitude which 
 saw it were afraid and praised God which 
 had given such power to men. And when 
 Jesus had called unto him his twelve dis- 
 ciples, he said unto them. The harvest truly 
 is plenteous but the labourers are few ; 
 pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, 
 that he will send forth labourers into his 
 harvest. Then he sent them forth, saying, 
 Go not into the way of the Gentiles and 
 into any city of the Samaritans enter ye 
 not : but go rather to the lost sheep of the 
 house of Israel. And as ye go preach, say- 
 ing, The kingdom of God is at hand. Take 
 nothing for your journey, neither staff, nor 
 scrip, nor brass in your purses, neither have 
 two coats apiece. And into whatsoever city 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 vi. 15 
 
 vii. 1 
 
FOR ENGLISH* READERS 
 
 bi 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 X. 11 X. (3 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 22 14 
 
 23 15 
 
 X. 40 16 
 
 Mark ix. 37 
 
 ye enter, enquire who in it is worthy ; and 
 there abide till ye go thence, and when ye 
 come into the house, salute it. And if a son 
 of peace be there, let your peace come upon 
 it ; but if not, let your peace return to you. 
 And whatsoever place shall not receive you, 
 when ye depart thence shake off the dust of 
 your feet. Verily I say unto you, It shall 
 be more tolerable for Sodom in the day of 
 judgment than for that city. Woe unto 
 thee Chorazin ! Woe unto thee Bethsaida 1 
 for if the mighty works which were done in 
 you had been done in Tyre and Sidon they 
 would have repented long ago in sackcloth 
 and ashes. But, I say unto you, it shall 
 be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the 
 day of judgment than for you. And thou, 
 Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted to heaven? 
 thou shalt be brought down to hell : for if 
 the mighty works which have been done in 
 thee had been done in Sodom it would have 
 remained unto this day. He that receiveth 
 you, receiveth me, and he that receiveth 
 me, receiveth him that sent me. He that 
 receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet 
 shall receive a prophet's reward, and he that 
 receiveth a righteous man in the name of a 
 righteous man shall receive a righteous man's 
 reward. And whosoever shall give to drink 
 to one of these little ones a cup of cold 
 water only in the name of a disciple, verily 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 vii. G 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
58 
 
 THE SYNOn^IC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 ix. 10 
 
 X. 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 xi. 25 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 xiii.K'. 23 
 
 17 24 
 
 Matt. xix. 27-30 
 Mark x. 29-31 
 Luke xviii. 28-30 
 Luke xiii. 30 
 
 I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his 
 reward. And the disciples returned and 
 told him all that they had done ; saying, 
 Lord even the devils are subject unto us 
 through thy name. And he said unto 
 them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from 
 heaven ; behold, I have given you power to 
 tread on serpents and scorpions and over all 
 the power of the enemy ; notwithstanding 
 in this rejoice not, that the spirits are sub- 
 ject unto you, but rejoice because your 
 names are written in heaven. At that time 
 Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, 
 Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou 
 hast hid these things from the wise and 
 prudent and hast revealed them unto babes ; 
 even so, Father, for so it seemed good in 
 thy sight. All things are delivered unto 
 me of my Father; and no man knoweth 
 the Son but the Father, neither knoweth 
 any man the Father save the Son and he to 
 whom the Son is willing^ to reveal him. 
 Again he said. Blessed are the eyes that see 
 what ye see. For verily I say unto you 
 that many prophets and kings have desired 
 to see the things which ye see, and have 
 not seen them, and to hear the things which 
 ye hear and have not heard them. And 
 Jesus said. Verily I say unto you. There is 
 no man that hath left house or brethren, 
 ! or sisters, or father, or mother, or children. 
 
 p. G. 
 ch. ver. 
 
 vii. 14 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 59 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 XXV. 14 xix. 11 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 or lands, for iny sake and the gospel's, but 
 he shall receive an hundredfold now, in this 
 time, houses and brethren and sisters and 
 mothers and children and lands, with 
 persecutions ; and in the world to come 
 eternal life. And behold, there are last 
 which shall be first, and there are first 
 which shall be last. And he said to his 
 disciples a certain man went into a far 
 country, and calling his servants, he gave 
 unto one five pounds, to another two and 
 to another one, and took his journey. 
 Straightway he that had received the five 
 pounds went and traded with the same and 
 gained other five. And likewise he that 
 received two ; he also gained other two. 
 But he that had received one went and 
 digged in the earth and hid his lord's 
 money. After a long time the lord of 
 those servants cometh and reckoneth with 
 them. And he that had received five pounds 
 came and brought other five, saying. Lord 
 thou deliveredst unto me five pounds ; 
 behold, I have gained beside them five 
 pounds more. His lord said unto him. 
 Well thou good and faithful servant, thou 
 hast been faithful over a few things, I will 
 make thee ruler over many things. He 
 also that had received two pounds came 
 and said. Lord, thou deliveredst unto me 
 two pounds ; behold, I have gained beside 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 vii. 20 
 
 viii. 1 
 
60 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 XXV. 23 
 
 24 xix. 20 
 
 25 22 
 
 26 
 
 27 23 
 
 28 24 
 
 20 26 
 
 xvi. 1 
 
 them two pounds more. His lord said 
 unto liim ; Well thou good and faithful 
 servant, thou hast been faithful over a 
 few things, I will make thee ruler over 
 many things. Then he which had received 
 the one pound came and said. Lord, I knew 
 thee that thou art an austere man, reaping 
 where thou hast not sown and gathering 
 where thou hast not strawed ; and I was 
 afraid and went and hid thy pound ; be- 
 hold, thou hast that is thine. His lord 
 answered and said unto him. Thou wicked 
 and slothful servant, thou knewest that I 
 reap where I sowed not and gather where 
 I have not strawed. Thou oughtest there- 
 fore to have put my money to the ex- 
 changers, and then at my coming I should 
 have received mine own with usury. Take 
 therefore from him the pound and give it unto 
 him that hath ten pounds. For to every 
 one that hath shall be given; but from 
 him that hath not, shall be taken away 
 even that he hath. And he said unto his 
 disciples, There was a certain rich man 
 which had a steward ; and the same was 
 accused unto him that he w^as wasting his 
 goods. And he called him and said unto 
 him. How is it that I hear this of thee ? 
 give an account of thy stewardship ; for 
 thou mayest be no longer steward. Then 
 the steward said within himself, AVhat 
 
 p. G. 
 ch. ver. 
 viii. S 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 61 
 
 Compare 
 
 Luke xvi. 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 shall I do ? for my lord taketh away from 
 me the stewardship : I cannot dig : to beg 
 I am ashamed. I am resolved what to do, 
 that, when I am put out of my stewardship, 
 they may receive me into their houses. 
 So he called his lord's debtors and said 
 unto the first, How much owest thou unto 
 my lord ? And he said an hundred 
 measures of oil. And he said unto him. 
 Take thy bill and sit down quickly, and 
 write fifty. Then said he to another, And 
 how much owest thou ? And he said an 
 hundred measures of wheat. And he said 
 unto him. Take thy bill and write four- 
 score. And his lord commended the unjust 
 steward, because he had done prudently : 
 for the children of this world are, as to 
 their own generation, more prudent than 
 the children of the light. And I say unto 
 you. Make to yourselves friends by means 
 of the Mammon of unrighteousness ; that, 
 when it fails, they may receive you into 
 the everlasting habitations. He that is 
 faithful in a very little is faithful also in 
 much ; and he that is unjust in a very 
 little is unjust also in much. If therefore 
 ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous 
 mammon, who will commit to your trust 
 the true ? And if ye have not been faith- 
 ful in that which is another man's, who 
 shall give you tliat which is your own ? 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 viii. 15 
 
 IG 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
62 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 JIatt. Luke 
 vi. -24 xvi. 13 
 
 xviii. 1 ix. 46 
 
 48 
 
 4 (Also 
 Mark 
 
 5 ix. 33- 
 37) 
 
 xxiii. 12 xiv. 11 
 
 (Also 
 
 Markix. 
 
 3S-40) 
 
 ix. 49 
 
 50 
 
 xi. 1 
 
 vi, 7 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 No man can serve two masters, for either 
 he will hate the one and love the other ; 
 or else he will hold to the one and despise 
 the other. Ye cannot serve God and 
 Mammon. And there arose a reasoning 
 amongst the disciples, which of them should 
 be the greatest. And Jesus knowing the 
 thought of their heart, called a child and 
 set him by him, and said unto them, Verily 
 I say unto you, Whosoever shall humble 
 himself as this child, the same shall be 
 great; and whosoever shall receive this 
 child in my name receiveth me. And he 
 said. Whosoever exalteth himself shall be 
 abased ; and he that humbleth himself 
 shall be exalted. And John answered and 
 said. Master, we saw one casting out devils 
 in thy name and we forbade him because 
 he followeth not with us ; but Jesus said. 
 Forbid him not : for he that is not against 
 you is for you. And his disciples said. 
 Lord teach us to pray, and he said. When 
 ye pray use not vain repetitions, as the 
 heathen do ; for they think they shall be 
 heard for their much speaking. Be not 
 ye therefore like unto them : for your 
 Father knoweth what things ye have need 
 of before ye ask him. 
 say. Father, hallowed 
 
 kinodom come 
 
 But when ye pray, 
 be thy name ; thy 
 us day by day our 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 viii. 25 
 
 daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 63 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 vi. 12 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Matt. XV. 21-38 
 Mark vii. 24-30 
 
 for we also forgive every one that tres- 
 passetli against ns ; and lead us not into 
 temptation. And he said unto them which 
 of you shall have a friend, and shall go 
 unto him at midnight and say unto him, 
 Friend, lend me three loaves ; for a friend 
 of mine in his journey has come to me 
 and I have nothing to set before him. 
 And he, from within, shall answer and say, 
 Trouble me not; the door is now shut, 
 and my children are with me in bed ; I 
 cannot rise and give thee. I say unto you. 
 Though he will not rise and give him, 
 because he is his friend, yet because of his 
 importunity he will rise and give him as 
 many as he needeth. And I say unto you, 
 Ask, and it shall be given you ; seek, and 
 ye shall find; knock, and it shall be 
 opened unto you. For everyone that 
 asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh 
 findeth ; and- to him that knocketh it shall 
 be opened. If a son shall ask bread of 
 any of you that is a father, will he give 
 him a stone ? or if a fish will he for a 
 fish give him a serpent ? or if he shall ask 
 an egg will he give him a scorpion ? If 
 ye then being evil, know how to give good 
 gifts to your children; how much more 
 shall your heavenly Father give good 
 things to them that ask him ? Then Jesus 
 departed into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 ix. 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
64 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. ix. 27 
 
 2,S 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Matt. ix. 32-34? 
 
 Matt. xii. 22-30 
 
 and behold, a woman of Canaan came and 
 cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, 
 Lord, thou son of David ; my daughter 
 is grievously vexed with a devil. But he 
 answered and said. It is not meet to take 
 the children's bread and to cast it to dogs. 
 But she answered and said, Yea, Lord, for 
 even the dogs under the table eat of the 
 children's crumbs. Then Jesus answered 
 and said unto her, woman, great is thy 
 faith, be it unto thee as thou wilt, and her 
 daughter was healed from that hour. And 
 when he departed thence two blind men 
 followed him, crying and saying, Have 
 mercy on us, thou Son of David. And 
 when he was come into the house the blind 
 men came to him ; and Jesus saith unto 
 them, Believe ye that I am able to do 
 this ? they said unto him, Yea, Lord. 
 Then touched he their eyes, saying, Accord- 
 ing to your faith be it unto you. And 
 their eyes were opened : and Jesus straitly 
 charged them, saying. See that no man 
 know it. But they, when they were de- 
 parted, spread abroad his fame in all that 
 land. And he was casting out a devil and 
 it was dumb. And it came to pass, when 
 the devil was gone out, the dumb spake ; 
 and the people wondered. But some said. 
 He hath Beelzebul, and by the chief of the 
 devils casteth he out devils. But he, 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 
 ix. 1-4 
 
 X. 1 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 65 
 
 Compare 
 3Iark iii. 22-30 
 Luke xi. 14-23 
 Luke xii. 10 
 
 Matt. xii. 38-42 
 Matt. xvi. 1-4 
 Mark viii. 10-12 
 Luke xi.lG, 29-32 
 
 knowing their thoughts, said unto them, 
 Every kingdom divided against itself, is 
 brought to desolation, and a house divided 
 against a house falleth. If Satan also be 
 divided against himself, how shall his 
 kingdom stand ? And if I by Beelzebul 
 cast out devils by whom do your sons cast 
 them out ? Therefore they shall be your 
 judges. But if I by the finger of God cast 
 out devils then is the kingdom of God 
 come upon you. No man can enter into 
 the strong man's house and spoil his goods 
 without he first bind the stronci' man ; and 
 then he will spoil his house. He that is 
 not with me is aQ;ainst me : and he that 
 gathereth not with me scattereth. Verily 
 I say unto you, Whosoever shall say a 
 word against tlie Son of Man it shall be 
 forgiven him ; but unto him that blas- 
 phemeth against the Holy Ghost it shall 
 not be forgiven. And it came to pass 
 after these things that certain of them 
 asked of him a sign from heaven tempting 
 him ; but he answered and said, This evil 
 generation seeketh after a sign and there 
 shall no sign be given to it but the sign of 
 the prophet Jonas. For as Jonas was a 
 sign unto the Mnevites, so shall also tlie 
 Son of Man be to this generation. The 
 men of Nineveh shall rise up in the judg- 
 ment with this generation and shall condemn 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 ]0 
 
 11 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. xii. 4G-50 
 Mark iii. 31-35 
 Luke viii. ]9-21 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 xii. 43 xi. 24 
 
 44 2c 
 
 45 26 
 
 Matt, xxiii. 15 
 
 it ; for tliey rej)ented at the preaching of 
 Jonas, and behold, a greater than Jonas is 
 here. The queen of the south shall rise 
 up in the judgment with this generation 
 and shall condemn it, for she came from 
 the utmost parts of the earth to hear the 
 wisdom of Solomon ; and behold, a greater 
 than Solomon is here. Then came to him 
 his mother and his brethren, and could not 
 come at him for the press. And it was 
 told him by certain which said. Thy mother 
 and thy brethren stand without, desiring 
 to see thee. And he answered and said. 
 My mother and my brethren are these 
 which hear the word of God, and do it. 
 And he said, When the unclean spirit is 
 gone out of a man he walketh through dry 
 places seeking rest ; and finding none, he 
 saith, I will return unto my house, whence 
 I came forth. And when he cometh, he 
 findeth it empty, swept and garnished. 
 Then goeth he, and taketh seven other 
 spirits more wicked than himself, and they 
 enter in and dwell there; and the last 
 state of that man becomes worse than the 
 first. And it came to pass after these 
 things that he said. Woe unto you scribes 
 and Pliarisees, hypocrites ! for ye compass 
 sea and land to make one proselyte, and 
 when he is made, ye make him twofold 
 more the child of hell, than yourselves. 
 
Compare 
 I\Iatt. Luke 
 xxiii. 16 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 25 xi. 39 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 27 
 
 J3 
 
 44 
 
 Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, 
 Whosoever shall swear by the temple, it is 
 nothing ; but whosoever shall swear by the 
 gold of the temple, he is a debtor! Ye 
 fools and blind ; for whether is greater, the 
 gold, or the temple that sanctified the gold ? 
 And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, 
 it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by 
 the gift that is on the altar, he is a debtor. 
 Ye blind ; for whether is greater, the gift, 
 or the altar that sanctifieth the gift ? 
 Whoso therefore shall swear by the altar, 
 sweareth by it and by all things thereon. 
 And whoso shall swear by the temple, 
 sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth 
 therein. And he that shall swear by 
 heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, 
 and by him that sitteth thereon. Woe 
 unto you, Pharisees ! for ye make clean 
 the outside of the cup and platter, but your 
 inward part is -full of ravening and wicked- 
 ness. Woe unto you, Pharisees ! for ye 
 tithe mint and anise and cummin, and 
 omit the weightier matters of the law, 
 judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought 
 ye to have done and not to leave the other 
 undone. Woe unto you, Pharisees ! for ye 
 love the uppermost seats in the syna- 
 gogues and greetings in the market-places 
 and to be called of men, Piabbi. Woe 
 
 unto you ! for ye are as 
 
 graves 
 
 which 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 10 
 
68 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 JIatt 
 
 ,ou 
 
 pare 
 Luke 
 
 xxiii. 
 
 4 
 
 xi. 46 
 
 
 13 
 
 52 
 
 
 29 
 
 47 
 
 
 34 
 
 49 
 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 51 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 Matt 
 
 xvii. 22, 23 
 
 ^lark 
 
 ix. 
 
 31, 32 
 
 Luke 
 
 ix. 
 
 43-45 
 
 Matt 
 
 X. 
 
 19, 20 
 
 Matt 
 
 X. 
 
 24-33 
 
 :^Iark 
 
 xiii. 11 
 
 Luke 
 
 xii 
 
 . 1-12 
 
 appear not and the men which walk over 
 them are not aware of them. Woe unto you, 
 lawyers ! for ye lade men with burdens 
 grievous to be borne and ye yourselves 
 touch them not with one of your fingers. 
 Woe unto you, lawyers ! for ye have taken 
 away the key of knowledge ; ye entered not 
 in yourselves and them that were entering 
 in ye hindered. Woe unto you ! for ye build 
 the tombs of the prophets and your fathers 
 killed them. Truly ye bear witness that 
 ye allow the deeds of your fathers. Where- 
 fore, behold, I send unto you prophets and 
 apostles and some of them ye shall slay 
 and persecute : that the blood of all the 
 prophets which was shed from the foundation 
 of the world, may be required of this 
 generation ; from the blood of Abel to the 
 blood of Zacharias, whom ye slew between 
 the altar and the sanctuary. Verily I say 
 unto you, it shall be required of this genera- 
 tion. And he said to his disciples. The 
 Son of Man shall be delivered into the 
 hands of men ; and they understood not 
 that saying, and feared to ask him. Again 
 he said unto his disciples, There is nothing 
 covered that shall not be uncovered, neither 
 hid that shall not be known. Whatsoever 
 ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard 
 in the light, and that wliicli ye have spoken 
 in the ear shall be proclaimed upon the 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 69 
 
 0111 pa re 
 
 Malt 
 Mav]< 
 
 I.Mkf 
 
 xiv. 13-21 
 vi. 30-44 
 ix. 10-17 
 
 housetops. And I say unto you, Fear not 
 them that kill the body, and after that have 
 no more that they can do. But I will fore- 
 warn you whom ye shall fear; fear him 
 w^hich after he hath killed hath power to 
 cast into hell ; yea, I say unto 3'ou, fear 
 him. Are not five sparrows sold for two 
 farthinos ? and one of them shall not fall 
 to the ground without your Father. But 
 even the very hairs of your head are 
 numbered. Fear not : ye are of more 
 value than many sparrows. But I say unto 
 you, whosoever shall confess me before men, 
 him shall the Son of Man confess before the 
 angels of God : but he that denieth me be- 
 fore men, shall be denied before the angels 
 of God. And when they bring you before 
 synagogues and magistrates and authorities, 
 take ye no thought how or what ye shall 
 answer or what ye shall say : for the Holy 
 Ghost shall teach you in the same hour 
 what ye ought to say. And a great multi- 
 tude followed him and when it was evening, 
 his disciples came to him, saying. This is 
 a desert place and the hour is late ; send 
 away the multitude that they may go into 
 the villages, and buy themselves victuals. 
 But Jesus said unto them, They need not 
 depart ; give ye them to eat. And they 
 say unto him, We have here but five loaves 
 and two fishes. He said, bring them hither to 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 . 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
Compare 
 
 Matt. xxii. 35-40 
 Jfark xii. 28-34 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 vi. 25 xii. 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 70 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 P. G. 
 
 cli. vcr. 
 
 me. And he commanded the multitude to I xii". 4 
 sit down, and took the five loaves and the 
 two fishes and looking up to heaven, he 
 blessed and brake, and gave to the disciples, 
 and the disciples to the multitude. And 
 they did all eat and were filled : and they 
 took up of the fragments that remained 
 twelve baskets full. And they that had 
 eaten were about five thousand men. And it 
 came to pass after these things that a certain 
 lawyer came to him and tempted him say- 
 ing, Master, which is the great command- 
 ment in the law ? Jesus said unto him. 
 Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all 
 thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with 
 all thy mind. This is the great and first 
 commandment. And the second is like 
 unto it. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as 
 thyself. On these two commandments hang 
 all the law and the prophets. And he 
 said to his disciples, Therefore I say unto 
 you. Take no thought for your life, what ye 
 shall eat ; neither for your body, what ye shall 
 put on ; for the life is more than meat and 
 the body than raiment. Consider the birds ; 
 for they sow not neither do they reap nor 
 gather into barns ; and God feedeth them ; 
 how much are ye better than the birds? 
 And which of you by taking thought can 
 add one cubit unto his stature ? And 
 why take ye thought for raiment ? Consider 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 71 
 
 Compare 
 Malt. Luke 
 
 30 xii. 2S 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 the lilies of the field, how they grow ; they 
 toil not, neither do they spin ; and, yet I 
 say unto you, That even Solomon in all his 
 glory was not arrayed like one of these. If 
 God so clothe the grass of the field, which 
 to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the 
 oven, how much more will he clothe you, 
 ye of little faith ? Therefore take no 
 thought, saying. What shall we eat? or 
 what shall we drink ? or wherewithal shall 
 we be clothed ? For after all these things 
 do the Gentiles seek; and your Father 
 knoweth that ye have need of them. But 
 rather seek ye his kingdom and these 
 things shall be added unto you. Again he 
 said, Lay not up for yourselves treasure 
 upon earth where moth and rust doth 
 corrupt and where thieves break through 
 and steal : but lay up for yourselves treasure 
 in heaven, where neither moth nor rust 
 doth corrupt and where thieves do not break 
 through nor steal : for where thy treasure is, 
 there will thy heart be also. Again he said, 
 Let your loins be girded and your lights 
 burnino- ; and ye yourselves like unto men 
 that wait for their lord, when he will re- 
 turn from the wedding; that when he 
 cometh and knocketh, they may open to him 
 immediately. Blessed are those servants, 
 whom the lord when he cometh shall find 
 watching ; verily, I say unto you, that he 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 xii. 15 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
72 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 xxiv. 43 xii. 39 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 shall gird himself, and make them to sit 
 down to meat, and will come forth and serve 
 them. And this know, that if the goodman 
 of the house liad known what hour the 
 thief would come, he would not have 
 suffered his house to be broken through. 
 Be ye ready also, for the Son of Man cometh 
 at an hour when ye think not. And again 
 he said. Who then is that faithful and wise 
 steward whom the lord shall make ruler 
 over his household, to give them their 
 portion of meat in due season ? Blessed is 
 that servant whom the lord when he cometh 
 shall find so doing. Verily, I say unto you, 
 He will make him ruler over all that he 
 hath. But, if that servant say in his heart. 
 My lord delayeth his coming ; and shall 
 begin to beat his fellow-servants and to eat 
 and drink and to be drunken. The lord of 
 that servant shall come in a day that he 
 looketh not for him, and in an hour that he 
 is not aware of, and shall cut him asunder 
 and appoint him his portion with the 
 hypocrites. Again he said. Think ye that I 
 am come to give peace on earth ? I tell you, 
 Nay, but rather division. For from hence- 
 forth there shall be five in a house divided, 
 three aciainst two and two against three. The 
 father shall be divided against the son, and 
 the son against the father ; the mother 
 against the daughter, and the daughter against 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 xii. 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 xiii. 1 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 73 
 
 Coniiiare 
 ilatt. Luke 
 
 xvi. 2 xii. 54 
 
 5G 
 
 2G 
 
 59 
 
 xiii. 1 
 
 the mother ; the mother-in-law against her 
 daughter-in-law, and the daughter-in-law 
 against her mother-in-law. Again he said, 
 When ye see a cloud rise out of the west 
 ye say, There cometh a shower ; and so it 
 is. And when ye see the south wind blow, 
 ye say, There will be heat; and it cometh 
 to pass. Ye hypocrites, ye can discern tlie 
 face of the sky and of the earth : but how 
 is it that ye know not how to discern this 
 time ? Again he said, Agree with thine 
 adversary quickly while thou art in the way 
 with him ; lest he deliver thee to the judge, 
 and the judge to the officer, and thou be 
 cast into prison. Verily, I say unto thee. 
 Thou shalt not come out thence till thou 
 hast paid the uttermost farthing. There 
 w^ere present at that season some that told 
 him of the Galikeans, whose blood Pilate 
 had mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesus 
 answered and' said unto them, Suppose ye 
 that these Galileans were sinners above all 
 the Galilseans, because they suffered such 
 things ? I say unto you, Nay ; but except 
 ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. And 
 those eighteen upon whom the tower in 
 Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that 
 they were sinners above all men that dwelt 
 in Jerusalem ? I say unto you, Nay ; but 
 except ye repent ye shall all likewise perish. 
 And he spake this parable; A certain man 
 
 r. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 xiii. 4 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
74 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 had a fig-tree planted in his vineyard ; and 
 he came and sought fruit thereon and found 
 none. Then said he unto the dresser of 
 his vineyard, Behold, these three years I 
 come seeking fruit on this fig-tree, and find 
 none, cut it down ; why cumbereth it the 
 ground? And he answered and said unto 
 him, Lord, let it alone this year also, till 
 I shall dig about it and dung it ; and if it 
 bear fruit after that, well, but if not, thou 
 shalt cut it down. After these things he 
 said to his disciples. The kingdom of God 
 is like unto ten virgins, which took their 
 lamps, and went forth to meet the bride- 
 groom. And five of them were foolish and 
 five were wise. For the foolish took their 
 lamps, and took no oil with them ; but the 
 wise took oil in their vessels, with the lamps. 
 While the bridegroom tarried, they all 
 slumbered and slept. And at midnight 
 there was a cry made. Behold the bride- 
 groom ; go ye out to meet him. Then all 
 those virgins arose and trimmed their lamps. 
 And the foolish said unto the wise, give us 
 of your oil ; for our lamps are gone out. 
 But the wise answered and said, Nay, lest 
 there be not enough for us and you ; but 
 go ye rather to them that sell and buy for 
 yourselves. And while they went to buy, 
 the bridegroom came ; and they that were 
 ready went in with him to the wedding ; 
 
 P.O. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 xiii. 12 
 
 13 
 
 xiv. 1 
 
Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 XXV. 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 vii. 13 
 
 xiii. 23 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 .iii.ll 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 75 
 
 [ P. G. 
 cli. ver. 
 
 and the door was shut. Afterward came xiv. s 
 also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, 
 open unto us. But he answered and said, 
 Verily, I say unto you, I know you not. 
 Watch therefore for ye know neither the 
 day nor the hour. Then said one unto 
 him, Lord are there few that be saved ? 
 And he said unto them. Strive to enter in 
 at the strait gate : for I say unto you, many 
 will seek to enter in and shall not be able. 
 When once the master of the house is risen lo 
 up and hath shut to the door, and ye begin 
 to stand without and to knock at the door 
 saying. Lord, open unto us ; and he shall 
 answer and say unto you, I know you not 
 whence ye are. When ye begin then to 
 say. We have eaten and drunk in thy 
 presence and thou hast taught in our streets ; 
 he shall say, I never knew you, depart from 
 me, ye that work iniquity. And he said, 12 
 Verily I say unto you, that many shall 
 come from the east and from the west 
 and shall sit down with Abraham and 
 Isaac and Jacob in the kiugdom ; but 
 the children of the kingdom shall be cast 
 out into outer darkness ; there shall be 
 weeping and gnashing of teeth. And there 13 
 came unto him certain of the Pharisees, 
 and said, Get thee out and depart hence : 
 for Herod will kill thee. And he said i-i 
 unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Be- 
 
 11 
 
76 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 xiii. 33 
 
 xxiii. 37 
 
 34 
 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 :.iatt 
 
 xxi 
 
 . 33-40 
 
 Murk 
 
 xii. 
 
 1-12 
 
 Luke 
 
 XX. 
 
 9-18 
 
 hold,. I cast out devils, and I do cures 
 to-day and to-morrow, and the third day I 
 shall be perfected. Nevertheless I must 
 work to-day, and to-morrow, and the day 
 following ; for it cannot be that a prophet 
 perish out of Jerusalem. And he said, 
 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the 
 prophets and stonest them that are sent 
 unto thee ; how often would I have 
 gathered thy children together, as a hen 
 doth gather her brood under her wings, 
 and ye would not ! Behold, your house is 
 left unto you ; and verily I say unto you, 
 Ye shall not see me until ye shall say, 
 Blessed is he that cometh in the name of 
 the Lord. And he said, A certain man 
 planted a vineyard and let it forth to 
 husbandmen, and went into a far country : 
 and at the season he sent a servant to the 
 husbandmen, that he might receive of the 
 fruit of the vineyard. And they caught 
 him, and beat him, and sent him away 
 empty. And again he sent another servant 
 unto them ; and him they wounded in the 
 head and handled shamefully. And again 
 he sent another ; and him they killed. 
 Then sent he unto them his son, saying. 
 They will reverence my son. But the 
 husbandmen seeing the son, said amongst 
 themselves, This is the heir ; come, let us 
 kill him and let us have his inheritance. 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 xiv. 15 
 
FOR EIs^GLISH READERS 
 
 // 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 xxii. 1 xiv. 1(5 
 
 3 17 
 
 5 IS 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 9 23 
 
 24 
 
 And they caught him, and cast him out of 
 the vineyard and killed him. What there- 
 fore shall the lord of the vineyard do to 
 those husbandmen ? They say unto him, 
 He will miserably destroy those wicked 
 men and will let out his vineyard to others. 
 Again he said, A certain man made a great 
 supper and bade many ; and sent his 
 servant at supper-time to say to them that 
 were bidden. Behold, all things are now 
 ready. And they all, with one consent, 
 began to make excuse. The first said unto 
 him, I have bought a piece of ground and 
 I must needs go and see it ; I pray thee 
 have me excused. And another said, I 
 have bought five yoke of oxen and I go to 
 prove them : I pray thee, have me excused. 
 And another said, I have married a Avife 
 and therefore I cannot come. So that 
 servant came and showed his lord these 
 thino-s. Then the master of the house 
 being angry said to his servant, Go out 
 quickly into the streets and lanes of the 
 city, and bring in hither the poor, and the 
 maimed, and the halt and the blind. And 
 the servant said. Lord it is done as thou 
 hast commanded, and yet there is room. 
 And the lord said unto the servant. Go out 
 into the highways and the hedges, and 
 compel them to come in, that my house 
 may be filled. For I say unto you, That 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 xiv. 22 
 
Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 xxii. S 
 
 xviii. 2 
 
 X. 37 xiv. 26 
 
 88 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 :;o 
 
 78 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 none of those men which were bidden shall 
 taste of my supper. Again he said, There 
 was in a city a judge, which feared not 
 God, neither regarded man : and there was 
 a widow in that city ; and she came to 
 him, saying, Avenge me of mine adversary. 
 And he would not for a while : but after- 
 ward he said within himself, Though I fear 
 not God, nor regard man ; yet because this 
 widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, 
 lest by her continual coming she weary 
 me. And the Lord said, Hear what the 
 unjust judge saith. And shall not God 
 avenge his own elect, which cry day and 
 night unto him, and he bears long with 
 them ? I tell you that he will avenge 
 them speedily. Nevertheless when the 
 Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on 
 the earth ? Then he said, He that loveth 
 father or mother more than me, cannot be 
 my disciple ; and he that loveth son or 
 daughter more than me, cannot be my 
 disciple ; and he that taketh not his cross 
 and followeth me, cannot be my disciple. 
 And he said, Which of you intending to 
 build a tower, sitteth not down first, and 
 counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient 
 to finish it ? Lest haply, after he hath 
 laid the foundation, and is not able to 
 finish it, all that behold it begin to mock 
 him, saying, Tliis man began to build, and 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 79 
 
 Compare 
 Luke xiv. 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Matt. V. 13 
 
 Mark ix. 50 
 
 Luke xiv. 34, 35 
 
 Matt, xviii. 6, 7, 
 15 
 
 Mark ix. 42 
 
 Luke xvii. 1-6 
 
 Matt. xvii. 1-13 
 Mark ix. 2-8 
 Luke ix. 28-36 
 
 king 
 
 was not able to finish. Or what 
 going to make war against another king, 
 sitteth not down first, and consulteth 
 whether he be able with ten thousand to 
 meet him that cometh against him with 
 twenty thousand ? Or else, while the 
 other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an 
 ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace. 
 So likewise, whosoever he be of you that 
 forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot 
 be my disciple. Then he said, Salt is 
 good ; but if even the salt have lost his 
 savour, wherewith shall it be salted ? It 
 is neither fit for the land, nor for the 
 dunghill, but men cast it out. He that 
 hath ears to hear, let him hear. Again he 
 said. It is impossible but that offences will 
 come ; but woe unto him, through whom 
 they come ! And whosoever shall cause 
 one of these little ones to stumble, it w^ere 
 better for him that a millstone were hanged 
 about his neck, and that he were cast into 
 the sea. Take heed to yourselves : if thy 
 brother trespass, rebuke him, and if he 
 repent, forgive him. And if he trespass 
 against thee seven times in a day and 
 seven times turn again to thee, saying, I 
 repent : thou shalt forgive him. And it 
 came to pass after these things that he 
 took Peter and John and James and went 
 up into the mountain to pray ; and as he 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ell. ver. 
 
80 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. xvii. 14-20 
 Mark ix. 14-27 
 Luke ix. 87-42 
 
 prayed, the fashion of his countenance was 
 altered and his raiment became white and 
 glittering. And behold, there appeared 
 unto him two men, which were Moses and 
 Elias, talking with him. But Peter and 
 they that were with him were heavy with 
 sleep. And when they were awake they 
 saw his glory and the two men that stood 
 with him. And it came to pass, as they 
 departed from him, Peter said to Jesus, 
 Master, it is good for us to be here ; and 
 let us make three tabernacles ; one for 
 thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias ; 
 not knowing what he said. While he thus 
 spake, there came a cloud, and over- 
 shadowed them ; and they feared as they 
 entered into the cloud. And there came a 
 voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my 
 chosen Son : hear him. And when the 
 voice was passed Jesus was found alone. 
 And it came to pass that on the next day, 
 when they w^ere come down from the 
 mountain, behold, there came to him a 
 man, saying. Master have mercy on my 
 son; for he is lunatic and sore vexed: for 
 ofttimes he falleth into the fire, and oft into 
 the water. And I brought him to thy 
 disciples, and they could not cure him. 
 And Jesus answering said, faithless and 
 perverse generation how long sliall I be 
 with you ? how long shall I suher you ? 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 
 XV. 25 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 81 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. xxiv. 4-0 
 Mark xiii. 5-7 
 Luke xxi. 8-9 
 
 Matt. xxiv. 7, S 
 Mark xiii. S 
 Luke xxi. 10, 11 
 
 j\[att. xxiv. 15-22 
 Mark xiii. 14-20 
 Luke xxi. 20-24 
 Luke xvii. 31 
 
 bring him hither to me. And he rebuked 
 the devil ; and he departed out of him, and 
 the child was cured from that very hour. 
 And he said unto his disciples, Take heed 
 lest any man deceive you ; for many shall 
 come in my name, saying, I am the Christ ; 
 but when ye hear of wars and rumours of 
 wars be not troubled, for these things must 
 needs be, but the end is not yet. Then he 
 said to them, Nation shall rise up against 
 nation, and kingdom against kingdom ; and 
 there shall be famines and earthquakes in 
 divers places ; but all these things are the 
 beginning of sorrows. When therefore ye 
 see the abomination of desolation stand- 
 ing where it ought not (whoso readeth let 
 him understand) ; then let them that be in 
 Judaea flee into the mountains : and let him 
 that is on the housetop not come down to 
 take the things out of his house : neither 
 let him that i« in the field return back to 
 take his coat. But woe unto them that 
 are with child, and to them that give suck 
 in those days ! But pray ye that your 
 flight be not in the winter ; for there shall 
 be tribulation, such as hath not been from 
 the beginning of the world to this time, 
 no, nor ever shall be. And except those 
 days should be shortened, there should no 
 flesh be saved ; but for the elect's sake 
 those days shall be shortened. And he 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 XV. 34 
 
82 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. xxiv. 26-35 
 Mark xiii. 24-31 
 Luke xxi. 25, 33 
 TAike xvii. 23, 24 
 
 Matt. Luke 
 xiv. 87 xvii. 26 
 
 38 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 said to his disciples, If they shall say to 
 YOU, Behold, he is there, or behold, he is 
 here, go not after them nor believe them. 
 For as the lightning when it lighteneth 
 out of the east is seen even unto the west, 
 so shall the Son of man be. And im- 
 mediately after the tribulation of those 
 days, the sun shall be darkened and the 
 moon shall not give her light, and the stars 
 shall fall from heaven, and the powers of 
 heaven shall be shaken. And then shall 
 they see the Son of man coming in the 
 clouds with great power and glory. And 
 then shall he send the angels and shall 
 gather together the elect from the four 
 winds, from the uttermost part of the earth 
 to the uttermost part of heaven. And he 
 said to his disciples, Behold the fig-tree, 
 when her branch has now become tender 
 and putteth forth leaves ye . know that 
 summer is nigh ; so likewise ye, when ye 
 see these things come to pass, know that it 
 is nigh, even at the doors. Verily I say 
 unto you, that this generation shall not 
 pass, till all these things be done. Heaven 
 and earth shall pass away; but my words 
 shall not pass away. And he said, As the 
 days of Noe were so shall the coming of 
 the Son of man be : they did eat, they 
 drank, they married and were given in 
 marriage, until the day that Noe entered 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. Aer. 
 
 xvi. 9 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 83 
 
 Compare 
 Matt. Luke 
 
 xxiv. 40 xvii. 34 
 41 35 
 
 into the ark, and the flood came, and 
 destroyed them all : so shall the commg of 
 the Son of man be. Then shall two be in 
 the field, one shall be taken and one left : 
 two women shall be grinding at the 
 mill, one shall be taken and one left. 
 And they answered and said unto him, 
 Where, Lord ? And he said unto them. 
 Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the 
 eagles be gathered together. Again he 
 said the kingdom of God is likened unto a 
 certain king, which would take account of 
 his servants. And when he had begun to 
 reckon, one was brought unto him, which 
 owed him ten thousand talents. But for- 
 asmuch as he had not to pay, his lord 
 commanded him to be sold, and his wife, 
 and children, and all that he had, and 
 payment to be made. The servant there- 
 fore fell down and worshipped him, saying, 
 Have patience with me and I will pay 
 thee all. Then the lord of that servant 
 was moved with compassion, and loosed 
 him, and forgave him the debt. But the 
 same servant went out, and found one of 
 his fellow -servants, which owed him an 
 hundred pence ; and he laid hands on him, 
 and took him by the throat, saying. Pay 
 whatever thou owest. And his fellow- 
 servant fell down and worshipped him, 
 saying, Have patience with me and I will 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 
 xvi. 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 •21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
84 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Compare 
 
 JIatt. xviii. 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Matt. XX. 20-28 
 ]\[ark X. 35-45 
 Luke xxii. 24-27 
 
 pay tliee. And he would not; but went 
 and cast him into prison, till he should pay 
 the debt. So when his fellow -servants 
 saw what was done, they were very sorry, 
 and came and told unto their lord all that 
 was done. Then his lord called him and 
 said unto him, Thou wicked servant, I 
 forgave thee all that debt, because thou 
 desiredst me ; shouldest not thou also have 
 had compassion on thy fellow-servant, even 
 as I had pity on thee ? And his lord was 
 wroth, and delivered him to the tormentors, 
 till he should pay all that was due unto 
 him. So likewise shall my heavenly 
 Father do also unto you, if ye from your 
 heart forgive not every one- his brother. 
 After these things there came to him John 
 and James desiring a certain thing of him 
 and saying, Grant unto us that we may 
 sit, the one on the right hand, and the 
 other on the left, in thy kingdom. And 
 Jesus answered and said. Ye know not 
 what ye ask. Are ye able 
 cup that I shall drink of? 
 him, We are able. And 
 them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, 
 but to sit on my right hand, and on my 
 left, is not mine to give, but for whom it 
 is prepared. And when the ten heard it, 
 they were much displeased with John and 
 James. But Jesus called them unto him 
 
 to drink of the 
 
 They say unto 
 
 he saith unto 
 
 p. G. 
 
 ch. ver. 
 xvi. 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 xvii. 1 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 85 
 
 Compare 
 
 Matt. xxvi. (5-13 
 Mark xiv. 3-0 
 Luke vii. 3(3-50 
 
 and said, Ye know that the princes of the 
 Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and 
 they that are great exercise authority 
 upon them. It is not so among you : but 
 whosoever will be great among you, he 
 shall be your minister : and whosoever will 
 be chief among you, he shall be your 
 servant : even as the Son of man came not 
 to be ministered unto, but to minister, and 
 to give his life a ransom for many. And 
 being in Bethany, in the house of Simon 
 the leper, there came unto him a woman 
 having an alabaster box of very precious 
 ointment, and poured it on his head as he 
 sat at meat. But when the disciples saw 
 it, they had indignation, saying, To what 
 purpose is this waste ? For this might 
 have been sold for much, and given to the 
 poor. Then Jesus said to them, Why 
 trouble ye the woman ? She hath wrought 
 a good work* upon me. For ye have the 
 poor always with you ; but me ye have not 
 always. For in that she hath poured this 
 ointment on my body, she did it for my 
 burial. Verily I say unto you. Wheresoever 
 this gospel shall be preached in the wdiole 
 world, there shall also this, that this woman 
 hath done, be told for a memorial of her. 
 
 p. G. 
 
 cli. ver. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 The 
 
 restored 
 
 The writer is conscious that his version of 
 the Primitive Gospel, if widely circulated, 
 will be looked upon with suspicion by many 
 earnest Christians. But if it be admitted 
 
 textofp.G. that some earlier docum^ent underlies our 
 three synoptics, and this is as nearly certain 
 as anything of the kind can be, then it 
 is surely worth an effort to ascertain the 
 nature, and, if possible, restore the text of 
 that document. 
 
 If, after carefully comparing the parallel 
 passages in our synoptics, we have, from 
 them and other related sections, recon- 
 structed an approximately accurate text of 
 
 Should be the earlier document, we ought not to allow 
 our preconceptions of the beliefs of the 
 first generation of Christians, or any a 
 priori theories of inspiration to interfere 
 
 with 
 candour 
 
THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 87 
 
 with a candid examination of the restored 
 text. 
 
 Such a restoration cannot and ought not And 
 
 without 
 
 to claim exemption from the severest criti- prejudice 
 cism ; but it may and ought to be claimed 
 for it, that criticism, whilst severe, thorough, 
 and searching, shall also be fair and free 
 from prejudice. 
 
 The original was probably somewhat 
 longer than the restoration ; for, since we 
 find that the author of our first gospel 
 omitted some parts of the primitive docu- Though 
 ment which have been embodied in his fuuy 
 work by the author of the third, we may 
 well believe that their borrowings did not 
 so exactly supplement one another as to 
 leave nothing behind. Our first Synoptic, 
 however, so largely and closely reproduces 
 this Primitive Gospel as to justify us in it is largely 
 
 . , reproduced 
 
 saymg that not mucli has been omitted. mMatt. 
 The title Primitive Gospel has been given 
 to it, as being the most colourless and least 
 question-begging that could be devised. It 
 is, of course, possible that there may have 
 been earlier gospels, and that it is therefore 
 
88 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 not entitled to be called Primitive. There 
 is, however, no evidence of the existence 
 of any earlier gospels ; the silence of the 
 apostolic epistles suggests that there were 
 none ; and it is at any rate Primitive as 
 compared with our Synoptics. 
 Its opening It may be said that its beginning is too 
 
 compared ^ i n i i • • 
 
 with abrupt for that oi a gospel ; but it is cer- 
 tainly little more so than the beginning of 
 the canonical St. Mark. (Compare the first 
 five verses of St. Mark in R.V.) 
 
 It may be said that it is inconceivable 
 for a gospel to have been written which 
 contained no account of either the Passion 
 
 Why did it or Resurrection. To this it must be replied 
 
 omit the i i n i • i i 
 
 Passion? that much depends on the time and place 
 of writing and the object of the writer ; and 
 the objection really suggests a reason why 
 the P.G. should have so completely dis- 
 appeared, leaving no traces of its existence, 
 save such as can be gathered by a careful 
 analysis of our three Synoptics, and a few 
 doubtful traditions recorded by some early 
 Church writers. A gospel which contained 
 no account of either the Birth, Death, or 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 89 
 
 Eesurrection of the Saviour would possess 
 little interest for later generations of Chris- 
 tians ; and since the greater part, if not the 
 whole, of its contents had been embodied in 
 the canonical gospels, there was no reason 
 for multiplying or preserving copies of it. 
 
 As to the date of the P.G. we have its date 
 
 1 • 1 1 T 1 66 63A.D 
 
 no external testimony that can be relied 
 upon ; and of internal evidence there is little 
 that can be regarded as satisfactory. One 
 passage, however, seems to be decisive : it 
 is reproduced in Mark xiii. 14 and Matt, 
 xxiv. 15, the Greek words being identical, 
 though the translations in our A.V. differ 
 slightly : " AVhoso readeth let him under- 
 stand," Matt. ; and " Let him that readeth 
 understand," Mark. It becomes important, 
 then, to be certain whether this passage was 
 in P.G., or whether it was interpolated by 
 the author of our second gospel, and then 
 copied from him by the author of the first 
 gospel. 
 
 It is in the highest degree improbable its exhorta- 
 tion 
 that this passage was interpolated by the 
 
 author of the second gospel, for its original 
 
90 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 purpose was to exhort readers living in 
 Judaea to remember the warning prophecy 
 of Jesus — an exhortation which would be 
 without meaning save when a temporary 
 triumph of Jews over Eomans rendered it 
 possible for Jewish Christians to waver in 
 their belief in the Messiahship of Jesus and 
 the accuracy of His prophecies of the down- 
 fall of Jerusalem. Since the second gospel, 
 as is certain both from tradition and from 
 internal evidence, was not written for the 
 Jewish Christians of Palestine, it is in- 
 credible that its author should have inter- 
 polated a passage which, for his readers, 
 would be without meaning ; though it is 
 natural enough that he should reproduce 
 the words, if (as seems certain) he found 
 them in the earlier writing which he used ; 
 more especially if he knew that this exhorta- 
 tion to remember the words of the Messiah 
 Was had been effective in stirring up the Chris- 
 tians of Jerusalem to a livelier faith in Jesus, 
 and in inducing them to act on His prophetic 
 warning, and save themselves from the ruin 
 and misfortunes of the city. If this be so, 
 
testimony 
 
 FOR ENGLISH READERS 91 
 
 and it is highly probable, then the P.G. 
 must have been written during the period 
 66-68 A.D., for the exhortation to remember 
 the Saviour's prophecy would at any other 
 time have been unmeaning. 
 
 The only external testimony bearing on External 
 this question of the origin of the P.G., 
 though not very reliable, tends to confirm 
 the above date. It is derived from the 
 tradition, which is both ancient and widely 
 attested, that St. Matthew wTote his gospel 
 in Hebrew. (Aramaic, p. 6.) 
 
 We have seen (comp. p. 6 ff. p. 37) 
 that there is not the slightest room to doubt 
 that the canonical gospel according to St. 
 Matthew is a Greek writing ; and that its 
 author not only wrote in Greek, but used 
 one or more written sources which were 
 also in that language. We have also seen 
 that the P.G. which was used by the 
 authors of our three Synoptics was written 
 in Greek : how, then, did the widely-spread 
 belief that St. Matthew wrote in Hebrew 
 arise ? 
 
 It will be evident to readers of the 
 
92 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Restoration restoi'atioii of tlic P.G. tliiit expressioHS, 
 
 Aramaisms such as ''Beliolcl" and "Verily I say unto 
 you," frequently introduce sentences ; these 
 expressions, and others, which are well 
 known to students of the original language 
 of the Synoptics, show that the Greek text 
 of the P.G. was disfigured with Aramaisms, 
 which may have been due either to the 
 author's native language being Aramaic and 
 his Greek a later acquisition, or to the fact 
 
 Their that this P.G. was first written in Hebrew 
 (Aramaic), and subsequently translated into 
 Greek by some one who, consciously or un- 
 consciously, reproduced in his translation 
 some of the Aramaic idioms of the original. 
 If this original were the work of the Apostle 
 St. Matthew, we have a satisfactory explana- 
 tion of the origin of the generally received 
 
 Conflict of tradition that St. Matthew wrote in Hebrew ; 
 
 traditions. 
 
 whilst the fact that our first gospel, more 
 closely than either of the other Synoptics, 
 reproduces the Greek version of that Aramaic 
 original, gives a satisfactory explanation of 
 the origin of the Church tradition which, 
 since the middle of the second century, has 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 93 
 
 unhesitatingly attributed our first gospel to 
 St. Matthew, despite the difficulty presented 
 by the other and earlier tradition that St. 
 Matthew wrote in Hebrew. 
 
 It must be understood that the evi- 
 dences of the existence of a Primitive 
 Gospel are much more decisive than those 
 for believing St. Matthew to have been its 
 author. 
 
 It is scarcely possible for a careful and un- 
 prejudiced student of the Synoptic Problem 
 to doubt that there was a Primitive Gospel ; 
 or, if exception be taken to the title gospel, 
 an earlier document, which was used by the 
 writers of each of our Synoptics. 
 
 The evidence for the belief that this 
 earlier document was written by St. Matthew, 
 though not without weight, is far from con- 
 clusive. Whoever may have been its author, st. Matt.'s 
 it seems certain that it was written for of^p.G^^^^^ 
 Jewish Christians about 66-68 a.d. As 
 Greek was extensively used in Palestine, 
 and was the only language understood by 
 many of the Jews of the Dispersion, it is Aramaic 
 probable that a Greek version of the P.G. 
 
94 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Greek was Hiacle very soon, perhaps immediately, 
 
 version of „, , , . . . . , 
 
 p.G. alter the Aramaic original. 
 
 Relates As to the contents of the P.G., it is 
 
 mtnis^ry evident that most of the incidents which it 
 relates occurred in Galilee or its immediate 
 neighbourhood ; whilst the main object of 
 the work is to record the words and teach- 
 And words, iug of Jcsus rather than His deeds, and to 
 deeds, of emphasise the fact that He was the Messiah. 
 The omission of any account of the 
 Passion or Kesurrection is natural enough 
 It was in a writing primarily intended for the 
 for judaean Christians of Judsea, some of them witnesses 
 of the Crucifixion, and all, probably, familiar 
 with the incidents of the Saviour's Judsean 
 ministry, as well as with the events preced- 
 ing and following the Passion, especially 
 when we remember that the author had no 
 intention of writing a biography. 
 
 The inartistic way in which sayings of 
 
 Jesus are strung together is no argument 
 
 against the genuineness of the P.G. or the 
 
 substantial accuracy of its restoration. The 
 
 Its style same phenomena repeatedly, though some- 
 
 fluenced what Icss cous^Dicuously, present themselves 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 95 
 
 ill our canonical gospels. " Another parable our 
 spake he unto them," " Then said he to renderings 
 
 . -, 1 J? 1 ' •! n 1 of parables, 
 
 the jDeople, and similar lormulse, occur over etc. 
 and over again, and clearly show that the 
 evangelists, whilst believing themselves to 
 be in possession of authentic sayings of their 
 Master, were ignorant of the events which 
 had accompanied or elicited His remarks. 
 
 If, as seems to have been the case, the 
 P.Gr. was received by the Christians of 
 Jerusalem as authoritative, the presumption p.g. re- 
 
 CPlVPrf Alt 
 
 that it was the work of an apostle is strength- Jerusalem ; 
 ened ; and some support is given to the 
 tradition that St. Matthew was its author. 
 However this may be, we cannot suppose 
 that a Church which had been till recently 
 presided over by James, the Lord's brother, 
 and many of whose presbyters must have 
 been familiar with some at least of the 
 apostles, would accept a document, whose 
 author was unknown to them, and whose 
 contents differed from the teachinof which 
 had been current among them. There is 
 no reason to doubt that the miracles which 
 the author of the P.G. records, and the 
 
96 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 words which he attributes to Jesus, are 
 substantially those which, in the Christian 
 Church at Jerusalem, were believed to have 
 been wrought and spoken by Jesus. 
 Its records That tlic actual words of the Saviour, 
 
 of Jesus' IP, 1 p 
 
 words sub- spoken nearly lorty years beiore, were m 
 
 stantially, . , . 
 
 not rigidly, cvery instance accurately recorcied, is, oi 
 course, in the highest degree improbable ; 
 but that they were in most cases substanti- 
 ally, and in many of the short and impres- 
 sive sayings verbally, accurate, we may 
 reasonably believe. 
 
 It is, of course, possible that some of our 
 Lord's hearers may have put into writing 
 memoranda of His utterances at a very early 
 date ; but that this was extensively done is 
 improbable, and can only be believed by 
 those who persistently attribute the habits 
 of the nineteenth to the men of the first 
 century of our era. The silence of the 
 apostolic epistles, the earliest Christian 
 writings, is proof that no authoritative 
 record of the Lord's sayings was then in 
 existence ; and it is important, in reading 
 the restoration of the P.G., to remember 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 97 
 
 that we have before us the words of Jesus influences 
 in the form which was accepted in Judaea sented m 
 
 P Gr 
 
 about thirty-six or thirty-seven years after 
 the Crucifixion. This form had probably 
 been moulded by the combined recollections 
 of such of the apostles and immediate fol- 
 lowers of Jesus as had remained in Jerusalem 
 and its neighbourhood. It is worthy of 
 special notice that St. Peter took little if Not 
 any part in the development of this tradi- 
 tion ; for after the execution of James, the 
 son of Zebedee (a.d. 44?), he (like perhaps 
 the other survivors of the Twelve) seems to 
 have spent the greater part of his time in 
 missionary work, visiting Jerusalem only for 
 short times and at long intervals. The 
 Church at Jerusalem for about the next 
 twenty years was presided over by the 
 James who is called " the Lord's brother." james. 
 
 In describing the P.G. as a record of the 
 tradition of the words and miracles of Jesus, 
 which had been developed in the Jerusalem 
 Church, it may be well to emphasise the 
 fact that no conscious development, exaggera- uncon- 
 tion, or falsification is to be suspected ; but veiopLent. 
 
 H 
 
98 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 simply the unconscious development natur- 
 ally arising from the combined recollections 
 of a number of earnest Jews, whose sincerity 
 was beyond question, but who had been 
 trained in all the beliefs of Judaism, and 
 whose conceptions of. the nature and teach- 
 ing of Jesus were more or less influenced 
 by that training. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 If it be admitted that a hypothesis which 
 explains all the facts has at least a strong 
 presumption in its favour, then the follow- 
 ing is presumably a true account of the 
 genesis of the Synoptic Gospels ; and, unless Genesis of 
 
 111 1 , • PI Synoptics 
 
 some more probable explanation oi known 
 facts is suggested, or some new facts are 
 discovered inconsistent with it, may be (See also 
 
 , T , Appendix 
 
 accepted as accurate. a). 
 
 For more than thirty years after our 
 Lord's death no written record of His life 
 and teaching existed ; or if anything of the 
 kind did exist, it must have had a very 
 restricted circulation, and every trace of it 
 has disappeared. 
 
 About the beginning of the war which Earnest 
 ended, in the siege and destruction ofwa^po. 
 Jerusalem a.d. 70, some one (possibly St. 
 
100 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Matthew) who was well known to and 
 respected by the Christians of Jerusalem, 
 embodied in an Aramaic Gospel, which was 
 soon afterwards translated into Greek, an 
 account of the life and teaching of Jesus, 
 from His baptism to the anointing which 
 took place shortly before His crucifixion. 
 This gospel was a version of the Saviour's 
 words and deeds in accordance with, if not 
 Embodying bascd on, the recollections of such of the 
 
 Apostolic 
 
 teaching apostlcs and hearers of the Messiah as had 
 
 and 
 
 perhaps remained in Judaea. It w^as written mainly 
 
 personal re- 
 collections as an exhortation to the Christians of 
 
 (See also p. Judaea to prevent apostasy and strengthen 
 faith, and called special attention to the 
 prophecies which Jesus had uttered, fore- 
 telling the destruction of Jerusalem and 
 denouncing woes on the Jews who had 
 rejected Him. That this Primitive Gospel 
 
 p.G. had a served its purpose of preventing the relapse 
 
 temporary ^ 7^ _ ^ , 
 
 into Judaism of Jewish Christians, and 
 leading many, if not all of them, to flee, 
 before it was too late, from the doomed city, 
 seems certain. 
 
 Such a gospel, though its record of the 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 101 
 
 words and some of the miracles of Jesus 
 possessed a special value, was not likely to 
 attain more than a local and temporary And 
 circulation. Isolated copies might be found circulation. 
 in widely distant Jewish Christian com- 
 munities, but the fact that it contained no 
 history of the Birth, the Passion, or the 
 Resurrection of the Messiah would inevit- 
 ably lead to its supersession by gospels 
 containing accounts of those events. 
 
 Peter, as we have seen (p. 97), was, 
 after the murder of James the son of Zebe- 
 dee, only a rare visitor to Jerusalem, and it 
 is probable that his representation of the 
 life and words of Jesus differed, at least in 
 minor details, from that current in Judaea. 
 The author of -our second gospel, probably Mark 
 
 ' 1 r '1- 'i-r* 7 contains 
 
 Mark, was certainly lamiliar with reter s Petnne 
 teaching, was himself a Jew by birth, and traditional 
 
 . , . . teaching 
 
 was the nrst to write a gospel containing and matter 
 an account of the Passion and Resurrection. 
 He was acquainted with the P.G., which 
 lie freely used, thougli relying mainly on 
 that knowledoe of the Messiah's life and 
 work which he had derived directly from 
 
102 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 St. Peter. This Petrine character of the 
 second gospel is universally admitted and 
 sometimes exaggerated. That the gospel 
 Written was Written during the lifetime of the 
 Peter's apostlc is improbable, and it is possible 
 that its author, whilst relying mainly on 
 his knowledge of St. Peter's teaching, and 
 borrowing freely from the P.G., made a 
 fuller use than is generally supposed of 
 other traditional information. His abrupt 
 and graphic style gives to some of his 
 second or even third hand narratives quite 
 the air of being told by an eye-witness. 
 
 We have seen (p. 23) that our first and 
 third gospels are mutually independent. 
 That they were written at different places 
 at nearly the same time ; for if a long period 
 had elapsed between their composition, it is 
 scarcely conceivable that the author of the 
 later would not have known and used the 
 earlier. As a matter of fact, however, there 
 is the strongest reason for believing that 
 neither author was acquainted with, much 
 less made use of, the other's work. 
 
 Taking them in the order in which they 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 103 
 
 stand in our N.T., we see that our Can- Matthew 
 onical Gospel according to St. Matthew expanded 
 
 T r* 1 1 • r 1 ^^°^ Mark 
 
 IS a somewhat modmed reprocLuction oi the and tradi- 
 tion. 
 P.Gr., to which has been prefixed a tradi- 
 tional narrative of the Redeemer's birth ; 
 whilst Mark's account of the Passion and 
 Resurrection has been added and slightly 
 expanded, presumably from a not very 
 trustworthy tradition (comp. Matt, xxvii. 
 52, 53). Most of the incidents of our 
 Lord's ministry recorded by St. Mark, and 
 a few derived from tradition, are also added. 
 
 The author of our first, as of our second, its author 
 gospel was undoubtedly a Jew of the 
 Dispersion ; his gospel, though primarily 
 intended for Jewish Christians, was not 
 exclusively so ; for though he repeatedly 
 insists on the fact that Jesus came not to 
 destroy, but to fulfil the law, he is equally 
 emphatic in proclaiming that salvation was 
 for Gentiles as well as Jews (comp. Matt. v. 
 17 ; xxviii. 19). 
 
 His apparent ignorance of the geography Not st. 
 of Palestine forbids the belief that he was 
 the apostle St. Mattliew. He was able to 
 
104 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 use both the Hebrew and Greek versions 
 of the O.T., and does so freely, apparently 
 selecting, at least in some instances, the 
 version which best answered his purpose. 
 Date, 70 80 His work shows clearly that he wrote at a 
 time and place when it was no longer 
 possible for a gospel to gain wide accept- 
 ance unless it contained fuller details about 
 the life of Jesus than had sufficed for the 
 Palestinian readers of the P.G. His almost 
 universal substitution of the phrase " king- 
 dom of heaven " (literally " the heavens ") 
 for the "kingdom" or "kingdom of God" 
 of Mark and the P.G. seems to point to a 
 time when the belief in the establishment 
 of an earthly kingdom governed by the 
 returned Messiah was dying out ; and there 
 are other indications that he wrote some 
 time between 70 and 80 a.d. 
 
 The author of our third gospel, who was 
 most likely, as Church tradition has always 
 insisted, Paul's sometime companion Luke, 
 has employed another source, and worked up 
 his materials in a manner distinctly different 
 from that of the author of our first gospel. 
 
FOR, ENGLISH READERS 105 
 
 Whereas our first is essentially the Primi- Luke con- 
 
 IIP c^i\/ri 1 ^^^^^ Mark 
 
 tive Gospel expanded from bt. Mark and expanded 
 tradition, our third is essentially 8t. Mark a lost 
 
 ... Ebionite 
 
 expanded from the Primitive Gospel, a lost Gospei, and 
 
 T^i • • /^ 1 1 T • T 1 tradition. 
 
 Ebionite Gospel, and tradition. Luke, re- 
 lying mainly on Mark's Gospel, has yet 
 considerably modified, and in some cases 
 expanded, his narrative from another, which 
 had been written for Jewish Christian 
 readers, and presented traces of those 
 doctrines which at a later time and in a 
 more developed form were called Ebionite. EUiomte 
 This Ebionite Gospel supplied him with the 
 greater part of the matter contained in his 
 opening chapters, the incidents connected 
 with the birth and youth of Jesus, as well as 
 the birth and- mission of the Baptist. It 
 also supplied the matter which he has 
 added to St. Mark's account of the Passion, 
 and a number of miracles and parables. 
 
 As, save for its probable relationship to second cen- 
 
 til W 1 1*3.06 S 
 
 the second -century apocryphal gospel ac-ofit. 
 cording to the Hebrews, and its influence 
 on our third gospel, all traces of this 
 Ebionite writing have disappeared, we can- 
 
106 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 not speak about it, or restore it with the 
 same confidence as we can the P.G. It is 
 probable, however, that it was the work of 
 a Jewish Christian writer, who had himself 
 used as one of his sources the P.G. 
 
 This may suggest that possibly the only 
 
 written sources used by St. Luke were Mark 
 
 and the Ebionite Gospel ; that he had no 
 
 direct knowledge of the P.G., his extracts 
 
 Luke, like from it bciug derived at second hand from 
 
 Matthew, . . . . . i • t i p • 
 
 based in tllC EblOUltC Writmg lU whicll mUCll 01 its 
 
 P.G. matter was embodied. This is, of course, 
 
 (See Appen- possiblc ; but tlic Verbal similarity between 
 many of the extracts from the P.G., which 
 are found in both our first and third gospels, 
 is so great as to render the belief that Luke 
 had no direct knowledge of it highly im- 
 probable. 
 
 In conclusion, a w^ord of warning. The 
 dyer's hand, we are told, is oft subdued to 
 that it works in; and long study of the 
 Synoptic Problem has led some very learned 
 men into very grave error. The evangelists 
 were not mere compilers, nor did they, 
 with the nice discrimination of nineteenth- 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 107 
 
 century critics, select and test the materials 
 which they used. Though at times they 
 copied from earlier documents, they, as a 
 rule, used their materials with considerable 
 freedom ; and it is certain that they in 
 some cases attached a greater value to inde- 
 pendent oral tradition than to the written 
 matter which lay before them. 
 
 They lived in the first century, and their 
 work accordingly displays not a few first- 
 century prejudices. 
 
 Of their veracity there is not the slightest 
 room to doubt. That their statements are 
 invariably accurate, no one who reads their 
 work carefully can believe. 
 
 That each of our Synoptics displays a 
 certain individuality is indisputable ; to 
 trace it through the fibres of each gospel, 
 however, would necessitate a much more 
 elaborate work than this claims to be ; and 
 would also be passing from the Synoptic 
 Problem into the realm of the commen- 
 tator. 
 
 These general considerations, which, 
 though obvious, are often forgotten or 
 
108 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 ignored, should ever be kept in mind when 
 studying this important problem. 
 
 Only those whose faith is of the feeblest 
 type can doubt that the cause of Christ is 
 identical with the cause of truth ; and that 
 blind reverence for traditional opinion is as 
 harmful to Christianity as indifference or 
 mocking incredulity. 
 
 The student of the Synoptic Problem 
 who rejects certain statements of the evan- 
 gelists, is only doing consciously and scien- 
 tifically what the majority of Christians do 
 unconsciously and haphazard ; for, however 
 energetically they may deny it, it is impos- 
 sible for them to believe contradictions, and 
 the majority accept, not the gospel state- 
 ments, but unconscious modifications of 
 them. 
 
 Every friend of truth and Christianity 
 must hope that the circle of students will 
 OTOW until it is co-extensive with the Chris- 
 tian Church. If this book in any way 
 helps to that end it will have achieved its 
 purpose. 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 DIAGRAM OF GENESIS OF THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 
 
 In A.D. 60 there were still living many who 
 had seen and heard Jesus. Nevertheless it seems 
 probable that even then some inaccurate tradi- 
 tions about incidents in His life and details of 
 His teaching were becoming current. Twenty 
 years later these traditions had gained far greater 
 currency, and had increased in number if not in 
 accuracy ; whilst those who had themselves seen 
 and heard the Saviour must, with few excep- 
 tions, have passed away. This transition, and 
 the fact that the gospels took shape in an atmo- 
 sphere saturated with tradition, is indicated by 
 the numerous dotted lines. The lines, single, 
 double, or treble, indicate the more or less close 
 relations between the apostles and the gospels, 
 and between the gospels themselves. No line 
 connects James and P.G., but it is placed near 
 him, as reproducing teaching closely resembling 
 his. 
 
 The diagram may also emphasise the fact 
 that our gospels were at first regarded merely as 
 
110 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 records of tradition : that for many Christians 
 traditions not so recorded had a greater value, as 
 is evident from some of the earlier of the second- 
 
 A ?? Personal Reminiscences , , , . 
 
 \ \,\ mingeaiiuith^ some, traditions. '' ^^ ^ ' i' ' 
 
 6o 
 
 i: I, I ' I . I ,' 
 
 70 
 
 8o 
 
 Traditions 
 
 \mihgled with ^sqme' personal reminiscences 
 
 century heresies ; and that through being read, 
 at first occasionally and then regularly, at Chris- 
 tian worship, they gradually came to be regarded 
 as divinely inspired works, whose statements it 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 111 
 
 was sin to doubt, whilst their true value as 
 records of Christian belief in the period 67-80 
 A.D. was forgotten. 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 THE TEXT OF THE SYNOPTICS 
 
 The text underlying our A.V. of the gospels, 
 though substantially accurate, is defaced by many 
 errors of detail. The marginal notes in the 
 E.Y. will make this sufficiently clear to English 
 readers. It is not unusual for two very ancient 
 MSS. to differ in the wording of a particular 
 passage ; and the external testimony being equal, 
 it is by no means certain which, if either, repro- 
 duces accurately the original text. A note as 
 to these various readings w411 be found on 
 p. 39. 
 
 That there are passages in which the true 
 reading is doubtful ought not to surprise any one 
 who thinks a little about the origin of the 
 gospels. The original MSS. were written on 
 papyrus paper, and with frequent handling would 
 soon be worn out. At a comparatively early 
 date copies were freely multiplied, and every 
 transcription is a possible source of error. We 
 know that by the middle of the second century 
 they were regularly read at public worship ; and 
 it is probable that at that time there were scat- 
 tered over the many countries in which Chris- 
 
112 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 tianity had taken root, thousands of copies of the 
 gospels. The original MSS. had been worn out 
 or lost long before ; and, unless every one who 
 copied a gospel MS. had been miraculously 
 endowed with a more than Papal or even Apos- 
 tolic freedom from fallibility, it is reasonable to 
 suppose that there would be a large number of 
 discrepancies between the thousands of copies 
 then in use. Errors of transcription were prob- 
 ably slight though numerous. Editorial revision 
 has produced more serious though fewer modifi- 
 cations of the original text. There is, however, 
 no reason to believe that any of the gospels has 
 suffered very extensively either from omissions, 
 additions, or alterations. Their early and wide 
 circulation, whilst a source of small errors, has 
 been a safeguard against serious ones ; and such 
 interpolations as John v. 4, viii. 1-11, are very 
 rare. 
 
 The opinion that the last twelve verses of 
 St. Mark A.V. did not form part of the original 
 gospel, but have been added by a later hand, 
 seems probable, and is held by the majority of 
 modern scholars, orthodox and heterodox. There 
 is, however, a small but by no means insignifi- 
 cant minority who maintain that they are an 
 integral part of the gospel; whether spurious or 
 not, the disputed verses are very ancient. If 
 not genuine they must have been added early in 
 the second century, for they were certainly known 
 to Trenrcus, and probably to Justin Martyr. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 113 
 
 This addition (if it be one) of verses to St. 
 Mark is the most serious alteration presented by 
 the Eeceived Text of the Synoptics. Occasionally 
 in parallel passages verses, or parts of verses, 
 have been harmonised ; and in some cases, what 
 were originally marginal notes have, by later 
 scribes, been embodied in the text ; but these 
 alterations have been neither so extensive nor of 
 such a character as to seriously disfigure or 
 distort the picture of our Saviour's life and work 
 drawn by each evangelist. The individuality of 
 each gospel has remained unaffected. 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 PASSAGES IN MARK BASED ON P.G. 
 
 The following passages show decisive traces 
 of (some reproducing verbatim) the P.G. If 
 these be deducted, the remainder of St. Mark's 
 gospel rests on oral teaching, whether of St. Peter 
 or of less trustworthy persons it is by no means 
 easy to decide. 
 
 Even in these passages the influence, both 
 of tradition and of the author's personality, is 
 evident. 
 
 Mark i. 2-4, 7-8, 10-13, 40-45. ii. 1-12. iii. 22-35. 
 iv. 1-21, 30-32, 35-41. v. 1-20, 22-43. vi. 8-12, 30-44. 
 vii. 24-30. viii. 10-12. ix. 2-8, 14-27, 31-40, 42, 50. 
 X. 11, 12, 29-31, 35-45. xii. 1-12, 28-34. xiii. 5-8, 11, 
 14-20, 24-31. xiv. 3-9. 
 
114 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM , 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 
 ANALYSIS OF MATTHEW AND LUKE 
 
 In the following scheme of our first and third 
 canonical gospels, the letter A after a passage 
 signifies that the passage is due to the author, 
 who is there relying on traditional information ; 
 B, that he is relying upon, or even copying from, 
 St. Mark's gospel ; C, that he is relying upon the 
 P.G. ; and D, that he is relying upon the lost 
 Ebionite gospel. 
 
 Such a scheme can at best be only approxi- 
 mately accurate, for the authors, though often 
 copying from, have usually modified the passages 
 based on their written sources ; and have at 
 times so combined their written sources both with 
 one another and with independent, and, as it 
 would seem, not always trustworthy tradition, as 
 to render a perfect analysis impossible. 
 
 Matthew i., ii., A. iii. 1-3, C ; 4-6, B ; 7-12, C ; 13-15, 
 A; 16-17, a iv. 1-11, C; 12, B; 13-16, A; 17-22, 
 B; 23-25, A. v. 1-2, A; 3-9, C; 10, A; 11-22, C; 
 23-24, A ; 25-28, C ; 29-30, A ; 31-40, C ; 41, A ; 
 42-48, C. vi. 1-6, A ; 7-13, C ; 14-18, A ; 19-33, O ; 
 34, A. vii. 1-5, C ; 6, A ; 7-18, C ; 19-21, A ; 22-28, 
 C ; 29, A. viii. 1-13, C ; 14-16, B ; 17, A ; 18-34, C. 
 ix. 1-8, C; 9-17, B; 18-34, C; 35-36, A; 37-38, C. 
 X. 1, C ; 2-5% B; 5^^-15, 0; 16-18, A; 19-20, C; 
 21-23, A ; 24-38, C ; 39, A ; 40-42, C. xi. 1-13, C ; 
 14-15, A ; 16-19, C ; 20, A ; 21-30, C. xii. 1-14, B ; 
 15-21, A ; 22-30, C ; 31-37, A; 38-50, C. xiii. 1-33, 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 115 
 
 C ; 34-43, A; 44-48, C; 49-50, A ; 51-52, C ; 53-58, 
 B. xiv. 1-12, B; 13-21, C; 22-27, B; 28-31, A; 
 32-36, B. XV. 1-11, B; 12-14, A; 15-20, B; 21-28, 
 C; 29-39, B. xvi. 1-4, C ; 5-16, B; 17-19, A; 20-28, 
 B. xvii. 1-20, C ; 21-23, B; 24-27, A. xviii. 1-5, C ; 
 6-9, B ; 10-14, A; 15, C ; 16-22, A; 23-25, C ; 26-35, 
 A. xix. 1-9, B ; 10-12, A ; 13-26, B ; 27-30, C. xx. 
 1-19, A; 20-28, C; 29-34, B. xxi. 1-27, B; 28-32, 
 A ; 33-46, G. xxii. 1-9, C ; 10-14, A ; 15-34, B ; 
 35-40, C ; 41-46, B. xxiii. 1-3, A ; 4, C ; 5, A ; 6-7, 
 C; 8-11, A; 12-13, C; 14, A; 15-25, C; 26-28, A; 
 29, C ; 30-33, A ; 34-39, C. xxiv. 1-3, A ; 4, B ; 5, 
 C ; 6, B ; 7-8, C ; 9-14, B ; 15-22, C ; 23-24, B ; 25, 
 A; 26-35, C ; 36, B; 37-41, C; 42, A ; 43-51, C. 
 XXV. 1-30, C; 31-46, A. xxvi. 1-52, B; 53-54, A; 
 
 55-75, B. xxvii. 1-2, B ; 3-10, A ; 11-18, B ; 19, A ; 
 
 20-23, B; 24-25, A; 26-42, B; 43, A; 44-50, B; 
 
 51-53P*', A ; 53P<^-61, B. xxviii. 1-8, B ; 9-20, A. 
 
 Luke i. 1-4, A; 5-80, D. ii. 1-2, A; 3-52, D. iii. 
 
 1-2% A ; 2M, C; 5-6, A ; 7-9, C ; 10-14, D ; 15, A ; 
 
 16-17, C ; 18, A ; 19-20, B ; 21-22, C ; 23-28, D or A. 
 
 iv. 1-13, C; 14-30, A (D ?) ; 31-44, B. v. 1-11, D; 
 
 12-16, B; 17-26, C; 27-39, B. vi. 1-19, B; 20-23, C; 
 
 24-26, A ; 27-33, C ; 34, A ; 35-38, C ; 39-40, A ; 
 
 41-49, C. vii. 1-2, C; 3-5, D; 6-10, C; 11-16, D; 
 
 17-18, A; 19-28,- C; 29-30 A; 31-50, C (D ?). viii. 
 
 1-3, D; 4-16, C; 17-18, A; 19-39, C; 40, A ; 41-56, 
 
 C; ix. 1-6, C; 7-9, B; 10-17, C; 18-22, B; 23-27, 
 
 A; 28-50, C; 51-56, A (D ?) ; 57-60, C; 61-62, A 
 
 (D ?). X. 1-24, C ; 25-42, D. xi. 1-26, C ; 27-28, D ; 
 
 29-36, C ; 37-38, A ; 39, C ; 40-41, A. ; 42-44, C ; 45, 
 
 A ; 46-47, C ; 48, A ; 49-52, C ; 53-54, A. xii. 1-12, 
 
 ; 13-21, A (D ?) ; 22-59, C. xiii. 1-9, C ; 10-17, D ; 
 
 18-21, C; 22, A; 23-35, C. xiv. 1-35, C. xv. 1-2, 
 
 A ; 3-10, C ; 11-32, D. xvi. 1-13, C (D ; 14-15, A ; 
 
 16-18, C; 19-31, D. xvii. 1-6, C; 7-18, D; 19, B; 
 
 20-22, A ; 23-27, C ; 28-30, A ; 31-37, C. xviii. 1, A ; 
 
 2-8, C ; 9-14, D ; 15-27, B ; 28-30, C ; 31-43, B. xix. 
 
 1-10, A (D?); 11, A; 12-26, C; 27, A; 28-38, B; 
 
116 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 39-44, A (D ?) ; 45-48, B. xx. 1-8, B ; 9-18, C ; 19-47, 
 
 B. xxi. 1-7, B ; 8-11, C ; 12-19, B|; 20-33, C ; 34-38, 
 
 A. xxii. 1-23, B and D ; 24-27, C ; 28-71, B and D. 
 
 xxiii. 1-xxiv. 43, B and D. xxiv. 44-53, A. 
 
 APPENDIX E 
 
 BOOKS, ETC. 
 
 A list of tlie books and articles bearincj on 
 the Synoptic Problem would itself constitute a 
 bulky volume. The following are readily acces- 
 sible, and may help English readers who are 
 interested in the problem to realise some of its 
 difficulties, and to estimate the value of some of 
 the proposed solutions. A perusal of the text of 
 each Synoptic in both the A.V. and E.V. is a 
 necessary preliminary. The admirable Variorum 
 Bible of Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode (see 
 note, p. 39) may be again referred to. The 
 article " Gospels " in the E}icydo2Jceclia Britannica, 
 and the articles "Gospels," "Luke," "Mark," 
 " Matthew," " Papias," in the new edition of 
 Chambers's Encyclopccclia, should be read, but with 
 caution. The article " Papias " in Smith's Dic- 
 tionary of Cliristian Biography (which, like the 
 two above-mentioned Encyclopajdias, is, or ought 
 to be, on the shelves of every public library) 
 should also be read ; it will show clearly, even 
 to a reader who has no Greek, how small a basis 
 of fact supports some solutions of the Synoptic 
 Problem. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 117 
 
 lnt7'oduction to the Neio Testament : G. Salmon, 
 D.D. Loudon : John Murray. 4tli edition, 
 1889. This is a work whose value is very great, 
 and which deserves a wide circulation. This is 
 said all the more readily because I have ventured 
 to differ, by no means slightly, from some of the 
 conclusions of its learned author, whose trans- 
 parent fairness and interesting style may easily 
 blind his readers to the extremely slender founda- 
 tion of fact on which some of his opinions rest. 
 
 A Manual of Introduction to the New Testa- 
 ment : B. Weiss (English translation by A. J. K. 
 Davidson). London : Hodder and Stoughton, 
 1888. This, though less interesting in style, is 
 equal in value to the work of Professor Salmon, 
 is as readily accessible, and may with equal ad- 
 vantage be consulted in the sections bearing on 
 the Synoptic Gospels. 
 
 The Composition of the Four Gospels : Eev. A. 
 Wright. London: Macmillan and Co., 1890. 
 This book contains some suggestive passages, and 
 enunciates a form of the oral hypothesis which, 
 despite some ingenious modifications, is, as I 
 venture to think, inadequate to explain all the 
 coincidences of order and of words which the 
 Synoptics present. 
 
 Critical Studies in St. Luke's Gospel : its De- 
 monology and Ehionitism : Colin Campbell, B.D. 
 London : W. Blackwood and Sons. A valuable 
 critical examination of the third gospel in the 
 two aspects named in tlie title. 
 
118 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM ^ 
 
 As throwing light on the conditions of society 
 and the modes of thought amongst which our 
 gospels took shape, the Bishop of Manchester's 
 admirable little work Bangers of the Apostolic 
 Age (T. Fargie : Manchester, 1891) may be read ; 
 also the articles '•' Demoniacs " and " Exorcism " 
 in Smith and Cheetham's Dictionary of Christian 
 AntiqiiitieSy in reading which it will be well to 
 remember that in all probability the men of the 
 first century of our era were not less credulous 
 than their descendants of the second and third. 
 
 Articles by Professor (now the Eight Honour- 
 able T. H.) Huxley in the Nineteenth Century 
 Magazine of February, March, April, and June 
 1889, and December 1890, may be helpful, and 
 are certainly interesting. They have recently 
 been republished with others under the title 
 Essays upon some Controverted Questions (London, 
 Macmillan and Co., 1892). The one in the 
 March 1889 number is less conspicuous for fair- 
 ness and displays more of doubtless unconscious 
 bias than any of the others. 
 
 APPENDIX F 
 
 Some of the passages from the first and third 
 gospels, which prove their use of an earlier Greek 
 document other than the second gospel, viz. P.G. : 
 
 Matt. iii. 7-10, 12 Luke ill. 7-9, 17 
 
 iv. 3-11 iv. 3-13 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 119 
 
 Matt. vi. 25-33 Luke xii. 22-31 
 
 vii. 3-5 vi. 41-42 
 
 vii. 7-11 xi. 9-13 
 
 viii. 8-10 vii. 6-9 
 
 xi. 2-11 vii. 19-28 
 
 xii. 43-45 xi. 24-26 
 
 xxiii. 37-39 xiii. 34-35 
 
 xxiv. 43-51 xii. 39-46 
 See pp. 37, 38. 
 
INDEX I 
 
 Passages in the Synoptic Gospels, with first 
 
 verse of related passage in the version of P.G. 
 (pp. 40-85). 
 
 Matt. 
 
 P. 
 
 G. 
 
 Matt. 
 
 P. 
 
 G. 
 
 Matt. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 iii. 1-3 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 vii. 15-18 
 
 ii. 
 
 21 
 
 xi. 12-19 
 
 iii. 22 
 
 7-10 
 
 
 3 
 
 20-21 
 
 
 23 
 
 21-23 
 
 vii. 8 
 
 11-12 
 
 
 6 
 
 22-23 
 
 xiv. 
 
 11 
 
 25-27 
 
 16 
 
 16-17 
 
 
 8 
 
 24-28 
 
 ii. 
 
 24 
 
 28-30 
 
 iv. 8 
 
 iv. 1-11 
 
 
 9 
 
 viii. 1-13 
 
 iii. 
 
 1 
 
 xii. 22-30 
 
 X. 1 
 
 V. 3-9 
 
 ii. 
 
 1 
 
 11-12 
 
 xiv. 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 ii. 23 
 
 11-12 
 
 
 5 
 
 18-27 
 
 vi. 
 
 1 
 
 38-42 
 
 X. 10 
 
 13 
 
 XV. 
 
 18 
 
 28-34 
 
 
 9 
 
 43-45 
 
 17 
 
 14-16 
 
 V. 
 
 14 
 
 ix. 2-8 
 
 
 14 
 
 46-50 
 
 14 
 
 17-22 
 
 ii. 
 
 7 
 
 18-26 
 
 iii. 
 
 10 
 
 xiii. 1-23 
 
 iv. 18 
 
 25-26 
 
 xiii. 
 
 6 
 
 27-31 
 
 ix. 
 
 17 
 
 16-17 
 
 vii. 18 
 
 27-28 
 
 ii. 
 
 11 
 
 32-34 
 
 X. 
 
 1 
 
 24-30 
 
 V. 1 
 
 31-32 
 
 V. 
 
 19 
 
 37-38 
 
 vii. 
 
 1 
 
 31-32 
 
 V. 6 
 
 33-40 
 
 ii. 
 
 12 
 
 X. 1 
 
 vii. 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 42-48 
 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 44-48 
 
 9 
 
 vi. 7-13 
 
 ix. 
 
 5 
 
 9-11 
 
 
 4 
 
 51-52 
 
 12 
 
 19-21 
 
 xii. 
 
 18 
 
 13-15 
 
 
 6 
 
 xiv. 13-21 
 
 xii. 1 
 
 22-23 
 
 V. 
 
 15 
 
 19-20 
 
 xi. 
 
 17 
 
 XV. 21-28 
 
 ix. 13 
 
 24 
 
 viii. 
 
 25 
 
 24-33 
 
 xi. 
 
 17 
 
 xvi. 1 -4 
 
 X. 10 
 
 25-33 
 
 xii. 
 
 11 
 
 34-36 
 
 xiii. 
 
 1 
 
 2-3 
 
 xiii. 4 
 
 vii. 1-5 
 
 ii. 
 
 18 
 
 37-38 
 
 XV. 
 
 13 
 
 xvii. 1-13 
 
 XV. 24 
 
 7-11 
 
 ix. 
 
 10 
 
 40-42 
 
 vii. 
 
 11 
 
 14-20 
 
 31 
 
 12-14 
 
 V. 
 
 17 
 
 xi. 2-6 
 
 iii. 
 
 16 
 
 22-23 
 
 xi. 15 
 
 13 
 
 xiv. 
 
 9 
 
 7-11 
 
 
 18 
 
 xviii. 1-5 
 
 ix. 1 
 
THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 121 
 
 Matt. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 Mark. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 xviii. 6-7 
 
 XV. 20 
 
 V. 22-43 
 
 iii. 10 
 
 vii. 19-23 
 
 iii. 16 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 vi. 8-12 
 
 vii. 2 
 
 24-28 
 
 18 
 
 23-25 
 
 xvi. 20 
 
 30-44 
 
 xii. 1 
 
 31-35 
 
 23 
 
 xix. 27-30 
 
 vii. 19 
 
 vii. 24-30 
 
 ix. 13 
 
 36-50 
 
 xvii. 7 
 
 XX. 20-28 
 
 xvii. 1 
 
 viii. 10-12 
 
 x. 10 
 
 viii. 4-15 
 
 iv. 18 
 
 xxi. 33-46 
 
 xiv. 18 
 
 ix. 2-8 
 
 XV. 24 
 
 16 
 
 V. 14 
 
 xxii. 1-5 
 
 XV. 1 
 
 14-27 
 
 31 
 
 19-21 
 
 X. 14 
 
 8-9 
 
 8 
 
 31-32 
 
 xi. 15 
 
 22-25 
 
 vi. 5 
 
 35-40 
 
 xii. 7 
 
 33-37 
 
 ix. 1 
 
 36-39 
 
 9 
 
 xxiii. 4 
 
 xi. 11 
 
 37 
 
 vii. 13 
 
 41-56 
 
 iii. 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 43 
 
 38-40 
 
 ix. 4 
 
 ix. 3 
 
 vii. 4 
 
 12 
 
 ix. 3 
 
 42 
 
 XV. 20 
 
 3-6 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 xi. 12: 
 
 50 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 15-25 
 
 1 
 
 X. 11-12 
 
 V. 19 
 
 10-17 
 
 xii. 1 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 29-31 
 
 vii. 19 
 
 28-36 
 
 XV. 24 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 35-45 
 
 xvii. 1 
 
 37-42 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 xii. 1-12 
 
 xiv. 18 
 
 43-45 
 
 xi. 15 
 
 34-36 
 
 14 
 
 28-34 
 
 xii. 7 
 
 46-48 
 
 ix. 1 
 
 37-39 
 
 xiv. 16 
 
 xiii. 5-8 
 
 xvi. 1 
 
 49-50 
 
 4 
 
 xxiv. 4-8 
 
 xvi. 1 1 
 
 11 
 
 xi. 17 
 
 57-60 
 
 vi. 2 
 
 15-22 
 
 3 
 
 14-20 
 
 xvi. 3 
 
 X. 1-16 
 
 vii. 2 
 
 26-35 
 
 8 
 
 24-31 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 xiv. 3-9 
 
 xvii. 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 37-41 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 11-16 
 
 7 
 
 43-51 
 
 xii. 22 
 
 Luke. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 17-24 
 
 14 
 
 XXV. 1-13 
 
 xiv. 1 
 
 iii. 2-4 
 
 i. 1 
 
 xi. 1-13 
 
 ix. 5 
 
 14-20 
 
 viii. 1 
 
 7-9 
 
 3 
 
 14-23 
 
 X. 1 
 
 21-29 
 
 6 
 
 16-17 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 xxvi. 6-13 
 
 xvii. 7 
 
 21-22 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 iv. 1-13 
 
 9 
 
 29-32 
 
 10 
 
 Mark. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 v. 12-14 
 
 iii. 1 
 
 33-36 
 
 V. 14 
 
 i. 2-4 
 
 i. 1 
 
 17-26 
 
 vi. 14 
 
 39-46 
 
 xi. 7 
 
 7-8 
 
 6 
 
 vi. 20-23 
 
 ii. 1 
 
 xii. 1-12 
 
 17 
 
 10-13 
 
 8 
 
 27-28 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 X. 9 
 
 40-45 
 
 iii. 1 
 
 29-30 
 
 14 
 
 22-37 
 
 xii. 11 
 
 ii. 1-12 
 
 vi. 14 
 
 31 
 
 V. 17 
 
 39-46 
 
 22 
 
 iii. 22-30 
 
 X. 1 
 
 32-33 
 
 ii. 17 
 
 51-59 
 
 xiii. 1 
 
 31-35 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 xiii. 1-9 
 
 8 
 
 iv. 1-20 
 
 iv. 18 
 
 36-38 
 
 18 
 
 18-19 
 
 V. 6 
 
 21 
 
 v. 14 
 
 41-49 
 
 19 
 
 20-21 
 
 8 
 
 30-32 
 
 6 
 
 vii. 1 
 
 iii. 1 
 
 23-24 
 
 18 
 
 35-41 
 
 vi. 1 
 
 1-2 
 
 4 
 
 23-35 
 
 xiv. 9 
 
 V. 1-20 
 
 9 
 
 6-10 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 vii. 19 
 
122 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 Luke. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 P. G. 
 
 xiii. 31 
 
 xiv. 13 
 
 xvi. 1 7 
 
 ii. 7 
 
 xix. 11-13 
 
 viii. 1 
 
 xiv. 1-14 
 
 iv. 10 
 
 18 
 
 V. 19 
 
 17-26 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 ix. 3 
 
 xvii. 1-6 
 
 XV. 20 
 
 XX. 9-18 
 
 xiv. 18 
 
 16-24 
 
 XV. 1 
 
 23-24 
 
 xvi. 9 
 
 xxi. 8-11 
 
 xvi. 1 
 
 26-33 
 
 13 
 
 26-27 
 
 15 
 
 20-24 
 
 4 
 
 34-35 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 25-33 
 
 9 
 
 XV. 3-10 
 
 iv. 1 
 
 34-37 
 
 17 
 
 xxii. 24-27 
 
 xvii. 1 
 
 xvi. 1-13 
 
 viii. 12 
 
 xviii. 2-8 
 
 XV. 9 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 iii. 22 
 
 28-30 
 
 •vii. ]9 
 
 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 Passages of Scripture referred to elsewhere 
 than in the restoration of P.G. The verse, or 
 if more than one, the first verse of a passage, is 
 given, and then the page or pages on which it is 
 cited : the page numbers in brackets. 
 
 Leviticus xii. 1-4 (26). 
 
 Matthew ii. 1 (23-27) ; iii. 16 (9) ; iv. 1 (9) ; v. 17 (103), 26 
 (18) ; viii. 2 (9), 14 (9, 12), 23 (9), 28 (9), 34 (16) ; ix. 2 (9), 9 
 (12), 18 (9), 22 (9) ; xii. 9 (12, 31, 32), 10 (9) ; xiii. 1-23 (5) ; 
 xiv. 1 (12), 15 (9), 23 (9, 32, 33) ; xv. 22 (9), 32 (9) ; xvii. 2 
 (9), 14 (9) ; XX. 29 (9) ; xxi. 1 (12), 19 (9), 23 (12), 33 (]2) ; 
 xxii. 15 (12) ; xxiv. 15 (89) ; xxvii. 27 (18), 46 (17), 52 (103), 
 54 (18) ; xxviii. 6 (9), 16 (29), 19 (103). 
 
 Mark i. 5 (88), 10 (9, 15), 12 (15), 13 (9), 18 (15), 21 (15), 
 23 (9, 15), 28 (15), 29 (12, 15), 30 (9, 15), 34 (10), 40 (9), 42 (15), 
 43 (15) ; ii. 3 (9), 13 (12) ; iii. 1 (9, 12, 31), 17 (17) ; iv. 1-20 
 (5), 37 (9) ; V. 2 (9), 17 (16), 22 (9), 28 (9), 41 (17) ; vi. 7 (16), 
 14 (12), 27 (18), 37 (9), 46 (32, 33), 48 (9) ; vii. 11 (17), 25 (9), 
 
 32 (9), 34 (17) ; viii. 2 (9), 22 (9) ; ix. 2 (9), 17 (9) ; x. 35 (16), 
 41 (16), 46 (9) ; xi. 1 (12), 12 (9), 27 (12) ; xii. 42 (18) ; xiii. 1 
 (38), 14 (89) ; xv. 16 (18), 34 (17), 39 (19) ; xvi. 6 (9). 
 
 Luke i. 3 (9) ; i.-ii. (23-28) ; iii. 19 (12), 22 (9) ; iv. 1 (9), 
 
 33 (9), 38 (9, 12) ; v. 12 (9), 18 (9), 27 (12) ; vi. 6 (9, 12, 31) ; 
 viii. 4-15 (6), 23, 27, 41, 43 (9) ; ix. 2 (16), 7 (12), 12, 29, 38 
 (9) ; xii. 59 (18) ; xviii. 35 (9) ; xix. 29 (12) ; xx. 1 (12) ; xxiii. 
 47 (19) ; xxiv. 1 (29), 6 (9). 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 123 
 
 INDEX III 
 
 SUBJECTS 
 
 Apostles : their influence on 
 Gospels indirect, 97, 100, 102 ; 
 their missionary work, 97 
 
 Aramaic : language of Jesus, 6, 
 17, 20, 37, 91, 92, 100 
 
 Augustine : his Synoptic the- 
 ory, 2 
 
 Discrepancies between Synop- 
 tics, 21-33 
 See also Gospels. 
 
 Ebionite Gospel, 105, 106 
 
 Gospels, Synoptic, Arauiaisms 
 of, 17, 20, 92 ; Augustine's 
 views, 2 ; dependence of, 5- 
 12, 37 ; genesis of, 99-106 ; 
 individuality, 1, 14, 107 ; 
 mutual contradictions and 
 discrepancies, 21-33 ; Avhich 
 do not affect the Synoptists' 
 veracity, 21, 33, 107 ; but 
 throw light on their motives, 
 30 ; the Synoptists' object, 
 34 ; and prejudices, 34, 107 ; 
 not chronologically reliable, 
 8, 94 ; order in which they 
 were written, 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 
 20, 36, 101-106 ; order of 
 their miracles, 9 ; traditions 
 in, 96-105 ; tradition theory, 
 3 ; written in Greek, 6 
 See also Matthew, Mark, 
 Luke, 'and Primitive Gospel 
 
 Harmonists ; usually tamper 
 
 with text, 24, 28 
 Hebrew. See Aramaic 
 Inspiration (doctrine of), one 
 of its consequences, 1 ; '* hu- 
 man element," 22 
 James, the Lord's brother, 95, 
 97 
 
 Jerusalem, Church of, 90, 94, 
 95, 96, 99 
 
 Jesus, His language, 6 ; His 
 prophecies remembered, 90, 
 100 ; His words remembered, 
 6, 96 ; not always correctly, 
 32, 96, 97, 107 ; narratives 
 of His birth, 23-27, 103, 105 ; 
 and of his post-resurrection 
 appearances, 29, 103 ; order 
 of His miracles uncertain, 
 8 ; no written record of His 
 words for a generation after 
 the crucifixion, 96-99 
 
 Luke, Gospel according to St., 
 based partly on Ebionite 
 Gospel, 105 ; on Mark, 14, 
 20, 30, 105; on P.G., 37, 
 87, 105 ; on tradition, 105 ; 
 its author, 104 ; it is not 
 based on Matt., 23, 29; 
 which it in parts (as also 
 Mark) contradicts, 21-33 
 
 Mark, Gospel according to St., 
 based on Peter's teaching, 
 101; on P.G., 38, 101 ; on 
 tradition, 102 ; earliest of 
 the Synoptics, 12, 14, 20, 
 
 36, 101 ; for whom written, 
 18, 90; its Aramaisms, 17; 
 Latinisms, 17 ; and style, 
 14-20 ; Primitive Mark, 13 ; 
 its existence improbable, 14, 
 17, 20 
 
 Matthew, Gospel according to 
 St., based partly on JNlark, 
 14, 20, 30, 103; on P.G., 
 
 37, 87, 103 ; on tradition, 
 103 ; contradicts Luke and 
 Mark at times, 21-33; its 
 
124 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM 
 
 author, 103 ; not based on 
 Luke, 23, 29, 102 ; written 
 in Greek, 6, 37, 91 ; though 
 according to tradition Mat- 
 thew wrote in Hebrew, 91 
 
 Miracles in Synoptics, their 
 order, 9 
 
 Parable of Sower, 5 
 
 Peter, 97, 101 
 
 Primitive Gospel, basis (in part) 
 of Luke, Mark, and Matthew, 
 36-39, 99-105 ; contents, 94, 
 97, 100; intended for Judsean 
 
 hearers and readers, 90, 93, 
 94, 100 ; its author, 91-97 ; 
 its criticism, 86 - 97 ; its 
 date, 89 ; disappearance, 88 ; 
 its original language, 91-94 ; 
 not Petrine, 97 ; restored 
 in A.V. text, 40 - 85 ; un- 
 conscious development in, 
 97 
 Synoptic theories, Augustine's, 
 2 ; independence, 4 ; modern, 
 3, 99-106 ; test of, 4 
 See also Appendices 
 
 THE END 
 
 Pj-intedby R. &: R. Clakk, Edinburgh. 
 
January 1893 
 
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