RA 390 . A2 W55 1899 Williamson, J. Rutter The healing of the nations / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/healingofnations00will_0 The Healing of the Nations BY J. RUTTER WI (M.B., Edinburgh University) Traveling Secretary Student Vo J unt&? Movement Late Chairman British Student Volunteer Missionary Union Member of British Medical Association A Treatise on Medical Missi Statement and Ap OCT 1 9 1912 TSat roil TrarafLov Ivrtvdcv icat haiftaf fulov votovv Kapirrwc diriaui, tazra pfjva cnaa~m> q.ko6i6ovv rdv Kapron avroi , kqI ru Sanitary Reformer, sionaries are working are, almost with- out exception, devoid of proper sanita- tion or the desire to enforce precautionary methods when threatened by wholesale death through epidemic illnesses. A physician who has spent over twenty years in China says : “ Their cities and towns are unspeakably filthy, many of their busy thoroughfares being but elongated cesspools. Every householder is at liberty to throw any kind of abominable refuse into the public street before his own door, and sanitary laws, if they exist, are neither understood nor enforced. The dwellings of the poor are minus everything that makes for comfort or conduces to health, and in times of sickness the condition of the suf- ferers, especially if they have the misfortune to be women, is extremely deplorable.” “ The nasal organs of the Chi- nese seem to be deficient in sensitiveness, and they en- dure with apparent impunity stenches that would make a European ill. Many of their rooms are dark and damp. The sewers in the cities are frequently foul, and often through superstitious notions are so constructed that the sewage collects in them instead of flowing off. Most of the villages in South China have pools into which all ref- use matter is cast.” * “ China is notorious for the entire neglect of proper sanitation. There is even a lively rivalry among its most important cities as to which deserves the prize for sur- passing filthiness. Peking, the capital, seems to be by no means an unworthy candidate for the highest laurels in the contest, and has even been pronounced by competent judges as the dirtiest city on the face of the globe. ‘Above all characteristics of Peking,’ says Mr. Norman, ‘ one thing stands out in horrible prominence. Not to mention it would be wilfully to omit the most striking feature of the place. I mean its filth. It is the most horribly and * Christian Missions and Social Progress, Dr, Jas. S, DeanU. Vol. I., p. 22a. Preparation of the Medical Missionary 69 indescribably filthy place that can be imagined ; indeed, imagination must fall far short of the fact.’ ” *Dr. Theodore Duka, an Indian army surgeon, says : “ It is almost needless to enter upon a description of the sanitation of an Indian village, for there is a total absence of it. The huts composing the villages and hamlets are erected for the most part on flat land or on slightly ele- vated ground, exposed to the scorching sun and fiery winds, or drenched by rain. The people drink from the pond in which they bathe and in which their cattle wal- low, surrounded by the refuse of their daily lives. The cattle consist of cows and buffaloes, occasionally of goats, donkeys and pigs. All live under the same roof and lie upon the ground beside their master and his family. There is hardly a window or an opening for ventilation.” Moslem lands are equally wanting in common sanitary knowledge. The annual pilgrimage to Mecca by thou- sands of Muhammedans is a menace to the whole world’s health. It has been stated that every cholera visitation in any land during recent years has been plainly traceable to Mecca as its source. The crowding of the pilgrims, the water used for drinking, and every other condition seems to present an almost perfect combination for spreading contagion. The superstitious fears which are entertained in these lands of anything like scientific investigation for the purpose of public health is well illustrated by a quo- tation from t The Lancet: “ The French Statistical De- partment, anxious to obtain definite information on certain matters from Turkish provinces, sent lists of questions to which they requested replies, to the various provincial Pashas. Certain of the questions were addressed to the Pasha of Damascus, and his replies ran as follows : “ Question : What is the death rate per thousand in your principal city? “ Answer : In Damascus it is the will of Allah that all must die ; some died old, some young. “ Question : What is the annual number of births? “Answer : We don’t know ; only God alone can say. * Quoted from Christian Missions and Social Progress, Dr. Jas, S. Dennis. Vol, I., p. 219, 220. t July 16, 1898. 7 o The Healing of the Nations “ Question : Are the supplies of drinking water suffi- cient and of good quality ? “Answer: From the remotest period no one has ever died of thirst. “ Question : General remarks on the hygienic condi- tions of your city. “Answer : Since Allah sent us Muhammed, His prophet, to purge the world with fire and sword, there has been a vast improvement. But there still remains much to do. Everywhere is opportunity to help and to reform. And now, my lamb of the West, cease your questioning, which can do no good either to you or to any one else. Man should not bother himself about matters which con- cern only God. Salem Aleikum ! ” The medical missionary stands in a position of pecu- liar importance toward these things. He possesses the requisite professional knowledge, and, moreover, what is equally important, he has the confidence of the people. Who can help so well or with such authority as the physician who is already held in high esteem for his work’s sake? The single act of vaccination has been the means of pre- serving thousands of lives. In Korea it is estimated by the native faculty that about 50 per cent, of the deaths are caused by smallpox. The doctors at a single mission hospital in China are stated to have vaccinated 25,000 pa- tients in one year.* In many parts of the East where a desert touches a piece of fertile ground, the sand is constantly drifting and making barren much soil which is capable of produc- tiveness. Sometimes for a little while there is promise of fertility and then again comes the sand-drift, choking up life. But if there be some outjutting rock which will arrest the sand, then at last on the lee side of the rock there is a chance of some seed bringing forth a harvest of a hundred fold. The epidemics of disease in these lands are much like the sand blasts. They sweep across a land, stifling the life of helpless thousands and creating a sense of panic and fatalistic superstition. The missionary phy- * The remarkable success of vaccination in these countries, where in the majority of cases the insanitary conditions remain as before, is surely a striking commentary on the statement made by the opponents of vaccination that the reduced mortality from small- pox is due to merely improved sanitation. Preparation of the Medical Missionary 7 1 sician has been able again and again to arrest, in at least some measure, this drift and to stand “ as an hiding place from the wind and a covert from the tempest, ... as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land.” He has been able to instil confidence in place of fear and to secure the adoption of suitable measures for meeting the epidemic and preventing its spread. The comparative immunity of native Christians against such diseases as compared with other natives, was spe- cially noted in connection with the plague in India in 1898. Careful, regular, cleanly and right living demonstrated its influence over health in a most noticeable manner. The consideration of the high death rates in Oriental cities furnishes food for reflection. The annual mortality of infants and of women in labor is a call pathetic enough to stir our hearts as well as our brains. “ Even in the City of Calcutta the infant death rate under one year of age in 1894 was 402 per 1000 and in 1893 it was 415.” (Chris- tian Missions and Social Progress. Dr. Jas. S. Dennis. Vol. I., page 220.) The death rate of infants under one year of age in the United States in census year ending May 31, 1890, was 225.9 P er 1000 of total deaths, or al- most half the proportion obtaining in Calcutta. “ The mortality of London has been reduced to about 20 per 1000 per annum. The mortality of most Oriental cities is over 45 per 1000, or more than double that of London.” * Considering the vastly reduced mortality to-day of sur- gical operations and the safe character of ordinary obstet- ric procedures it is probable that modern medical science under favorable conditions could remove or prevent more than half of the disease and pain suffered by peoples of mis- sion lands. As they number more than half the popula- tion of the world, it will be seen what an immense burden of the world’s physical woe might thus be lifted ! Oh ! for more men and women to stand and break the great drifts of sickness which blow from the deserts of disease ; for men and women who will be a shadow of a great rock to their brothers and sisters in a weary land, * Medical Missions at Home and Abroad. March, 1892. Page 86. See also Situ dent Volunteer, Nov., 1895, p. 28, for interesting statistics. 72 The Healing of the Nations who are scorched with the burning heat of fever and tossed by the tempests of pain ! The law of the Kingdom is that to whom Preparation of the much has been given, of him shall much Profession. be required. Noblesse oblige is true of princes in knowledge as well as princes in rank. To-day the responsibility of the profession is greater than on the day when organized foreign missionary enterprise had its beginning. The past century has wrought wonders in Medicine as well as in every other branch of science. In every age the instincts of brotherly love toward the sick made demands which could not be denied by the fol- lowers of the God of Love. There was a challenge as well as a gibe enshrined in Lucian’s famous words con- cerning Christians. “ Their Master,” said he, “ has per- suaded them that they are all brothers.” This fraternal feeling was naturally manifested in an especial degree to- ward those who were sick and suffering, though the means and requisite knowledge possessed at that early date were but scanty for the alleviation of any but the simplest mal- adies. Christian physicians of this age have vastly greater powers for demonstrating their brotherliness in this direc- tion than had their predecessors. To the ignorant and superstitious the achievements of hospital surgery seem little short of miraculous. Without question they per- form a somewhat similar function to that of the miracles wrought by Christ in the early days of Christianity. They call attention and by their very nature make the recipients inclined to listen to the teaching with which they are ac- companied. “ They soon learn that a religion of which such work is the fruits cannot be altogether bad ; that a religion that the foreign physician believes and that prompts him to work among them under such disagreeable conditions, and do for them things that their relatives are seldom will- ing to do, must have some reason in it. In short, they hear the Gospel more regularly, and in a state of mind produced by leisure, by freshness and by the spirit of the Preparation of the Medical Missionary 73 place, better calculated to produce deep and lasting im- pressions than is usually the case at the church.” A hundred years ago Medical Missions to the heathen might have been organized. Great good would assuredly have resulted. But it would have been comparatively diffi- cult in many lands to have demonstrated the superiority of Western Medicine over many of the methods in use among these peoples. Of course there would have been supe- riority observable and distinctly so ; but not of the spectac- ular nature which to-day is easy and which is such a power in breaking down prejudices and winning confi- dence. However superficially the history of Christianity be reviewed the impression is left vividly upon thought that for every great onward movement there has been a singular preparation of the world and of the agents through whom the world was to be impressed. The po- litical conditions of the world’s great powers at the ad- vent of Christianity was a remarkable illustration of this. The preparation in this present century for world-wide missions is seen in the drawing together of all parts of the globe through rapid transit, railroad and steamship, telegraphy and postal systems, and the speedy propaga- tion of thought by enormous hourly outputs from the printing press. Associate these material things with the revival of interest in foreign missions, exemplified by the concerts of prayer, foundation of missionary societies, ris- ing interest among young people and the dedication of thousands of students and others to the cause of foreign missions, and it will be seen how the two forms of prep- aration meet at a focal point where they become capable of working in harmony for a great and widespread move- ment for the progress of the Kingdom of our Lord. Just such a duplex preparation is seen in the world to-day for the wide establishment of Medical Missions in heathen lands. A very brief survey will enable us to compre- Technicai hend the wonderful technical armament Preparation. w hich has become the property of the medical profession during this century of missions. We have already alluded to one discovery which has so illumined the century — the discovery of the protection 74 The Healing of the Nations afforded against smallpox by vaccination. In our judgment, that one item of knowledge would be an almost price- less gift to bestow upon the rest of mankind. While it is to Jenner that we are indebted for this discovery it was many years before the scientific principles upon which its pro- tection was based were clearly defined. Pasteur’s splen- did work on low forms of vegetable life not only put vac- cination on a sure footing, but gave enormous impulse to an entirely new and very important department of science, which has shed light on scores of morbid proc- esses, previously little understood. It was a stride of in- calculable importance which was made when it was dis- covered that a large number of acute diseases were due to the presence in the body of some minute parasitic vege- tation — germs or micro-organisms. This was but the beginning of still greater triumphs in the science of Bacte- riology, or the study of these microscopic organisms. The great complementary discovery to the above fact was made when it was found that many of these very viru- lent organisms manufactured a material which at last be- came inimical to their own existence. Not only has it thus been possible to identify the actual morbific agent of a disease, but also to single out and apply the remedial product in the form of “ anti-toxins.”* To give but one example (and that perhaps the most striking) of the reduction of deaths through this new method of treatment, we would instance the use of the diphtheria anti-toxin. This has only been before the pro- fession as a whole since the fall of 1894. The reduction of mortality through its use has been one of the modern triumphs of therapeutics. In some hospitals the number of deaths occurring has been considerably less than one- third the mortality previous to its use. That is to say, that out of every 100 persons who formerly would have died, sixty-six lives are now saved.! Research along sim- ilar lines has yielded results of varying degrees of value in the treatment of cholera, bubonic plague, hydrophobia, * Thi9 is an exceedingly rough and popular statement of the facts, and is not scien- tifically precisely the case in many instances. t Medical readers maybe referred to very interesting and instructive articles in An- nual of Gynaec. and Pediat., No. 7, 1897, by F. L. Morse, and Brit. Med. Journal, Jan. a8, 1899, P- » 97 - Preparation of the Medical Missionary 75 and tuberculosis. It is even claimed already that it has yielded light on the origin of cancer, though this latter claim has by no means been established as a scientific fact.* But perhaps the greatest contribution that Bacteriology has made to the realm of practical Medicine has been its surgical aspect. The work of Pasteur, Tyndall and Lister is now almost classical and finds its popular expression in the term “ listerism.” These scientists each contributed to the others’ work, which led Lister at last to the dis- covery that the inflammation of surgical wounds was due to the fermentative processes of these minute organisms. That discovery made, it was but a step to the finding that certain chemical solutions were poisonous to these germ- bodies. Lister found that by using solutions of certain germicidal chemicals the putrefactive changes could be controlled or abolished. Such a discovery has done nothing less than revolutionize the whole of surgical pro- cedure. Lord Lister, it has been stated, has probably, by means of this discovery, saved more lives and mitigated more suffering than any man living in this or any past generation. This seems excessive tribute, and yet when one compares the frightful death rate in the past in se- rious operations with that of the present day, one realizes it is probably the statement of an actual fact.t The enun- ciation of antiseptic and aseptic principles has not only widened our scope, but has permitted the entrance into surgical fields unthought of in our fathers’ time. The safety and brilliancy of cranial and abdominal operations lies as a heavy hand of responsibility upon us to devote our securer knowledge and safer manipulative skill to this supremest and noblest service of God among those to whom we can be an agent of physical salvation and a messenger of spiritual hope. Many injuries no longer form a noli me tangere to the surgeon which before were cause of intense anxiety as to whether he was justi- fied in attempting surgical alleviation. But even this priceless boon could not have been fully appropriated, if * See Practitioner., April, 1899, for latest views of American and British authorities t “ Eighty per cent, of all wounds treated ” in Nussbaum’s clinic in Munich “ were attacked by hospital gangrene. Erysipelas was the order of the day to such an extent that its occurrence could almost have been looked upon as the normal course,” (Deutsche Zeitschrift flir Chirurgie. 1877.) ;6 The Healing of the Nations there had not also come to mankind the discovery of an- aesthetics in this century. We hardly know which is the greater gift; their benefits seem to interact one upon the other, and each of these twin discoveries is indispensable to modern surgery. Yet perhaps the palm is to be ac- corded to the sister of sleep. It is now easy for the sur- geon to conduct his investigation into regions which would have been impossible but for the benign influence of the “ deep and painless slumber ” induced by chloro- form or ether. And we would give the palm the more readily to the discovery of anaesthetics when we grate- fully remember its special service to motherhood in the “ hour of trial.” The use of chloroform is always a wonder in a Med- ical Mission hospital. The performance of painful pro- cedures without the patient feeling anything, is a new to- ken to a Chinaman of the wonderful power of the foreign doctor. This century has been rich in its inventiveness, which has made the discovery and investigation of disease far more definite and exact. The stethoscope has been a sixth sense to the physician in his knowledge of chest and heart diseases, and even now its capabilities are annually being enlarged and improved upon. The ophthalmoscope is to the surgeon what the photographic plate is to the astronomer — a piercing eye which can see further and find more than could unaided vision. The laryngoscope and clinical thermometer are other outstanding products of scientific Medicine. The discovery of oxygen at the close of the eighteenth century and the demonstration of its relation to the blood, the manufacture of quinine, strychnine, iodides, bromides, and a score of other “ ines ” and “ ides have all been of the past one hundred years. The work of Buffon, Cuvier, Hunter, Owen and Dar- win in natural history has laid a sure foundation for bio- logical data and the principles deducible from them. The first sanitary commissions were instituted in 1838 and 1844, and from those commissions went out impulses for betterment of the public health of the people which have been felt in nearly every civilized land. “ Nursing, from time immemorial, the tending of Preparation of the Medical Missionary 77 the sick as a work of pure charity, has been carried on by religious communities. It is within our own times that the science and art of nursing have risen to their high standard, combining the highest motives with the highest efficiency, thanks to the completeness and the discipline of hospital training and to the advanced teaching of the phy- sician and surgeon. To Miss Florence Nightingale's no- ble service is this specially due.” The treatment of the insane has been humanized since Pinel began his investigations in France. It was strange how long even in Christian lands the superstitions re- mained as to those mentally afflicted being possessed by evil spirits, or at least being “ uncanny ” and to be dreaded and treated with cruelty. Even physicians publicly advo- cated such treatment. Happily a party possessing such opinions no longer exists among the members of the pro- fession to-day, and we can ask with Hans Breitmann, “ Vhere ish dot barty now ? ” without fear of its discov- ery in any corner of our land. We have enumerated but a very few of the advances of Medicine in this century. It would have been a pleas- ant task to review it with some fullness, believing as we do that we are but recording events which conspire to- gether in making this era the most favorable ever known for the prosecution of Medical Missions. This, then, is our heritage to-day! What are we doing with it? We are to-day as men holding ten talents of latent power, and God does not expect from us the smaller services of two- talent men. Whether we stay at home or abroad, we are weighted with responsibility to invest all for the glory of God, Who bestowed them. Never before in the history of Medicine has the Chris- tian physician had at his command such immense re- sources. Are the benefits of these resources to be con- fined to about one hundred million people of America and Europe? Are the sufferings of two-thirds of the world’s population to go untended ? Is maternity to be a dreaded nightmare to our sisters in India and China, Persia and Africa, when the women of our own lands are tended with care and considerateness? Are thousands to lose their sight each year because there are no surgeons at hand to couch cataracts ? 78 The Healing of the Nations The answer to all this is far deeper than the mere claims made upon us because of the wonderful prepared- ness of the profession. Once more we may say that the answer spells itself out in love to God. When the fire from off the altar of love touches our lips, shall we not be constrained to cry, “ Here am I ; send me ” ? The preparation of the profession is spiritual Preparation ot not technical alone; it is spiritual, the Profession. For many generations there have been men who illumined the profession not by their medical work alone, but because they stood enrolled as humble followers of Jesus Christ. The names of Haller and Boerhaave, Cheselden and Pare, Sydenham and Abercrombie , and in later days, Simpson, the discov- erer of chloroform ; Sir Andrew Clark, “ the prince of physicians and one of the noblest of men,” and a host of others, will be remembered for their deep personal faith as well as their scientific attainments.* To-day, however, this spiritual phalanx is vaster and stands more compact in the army of medical practitioners than ever before. A man of great experience and keen insight told the author that it was hard, forty years ago, to find Chris- tian doctors in England ; now they are numerous. The spiritual awakening among medical students is even more remarkable. Thousands are to-day enrolled in Christian associations in medical colleges in North America and Europe. This has practically been entirely the growth of the past fifteen years. The medical students who have decided to become foreign missionaries during the past eight years may be counted by hundreds. What does this preparation, both technical and spirit- ual, mean ? Does it not mean that the Spirit of God would lead forth a band of men and women who have studied in the schools of Western Medicine, into a fuller, larger, ho- lier and nobler service, in lands whose need sorely cries out for helpers and healers, and whose spiritual darkness requires the rising of the Sun of Righteousness if the black clouds of ignorance, superstition, cruelty and sin are to be rolled back and a fairer day is to dawn? * We have purposely omitted names of any living physicians. It would be easy to compile a very long list of such. M APPEAL “ I cared not where or how I lived, or what hardships I went through, so that I could but gain souls to Christ. While I was asleep I dreamed of these things, and when I waked the first thing I thought of was this great work. I longed to be a flame of fire, continually glowing in the service of God and building up Christ’s Kingdom to my latest, my dying mcxuents.” — David Brainerd. “ To the spirit select there is no choice. ' He cannot say, This will I do or that. A hand is stretched to him from out the dark, Which grasping without question, he is led Where there is work that he must do for God. To the tough hearts that pioneer their kind And break a pathway to those unknown realms That in the earth’s broad shadow lie enthralled, Endurance is the crowning quality. And patience all the passion of great hearts.” — James Russell Lcrwell. “ The day is short, and the task is great, and the workmen are slug- gish, and the reward is much, and the Master of the House is urgent.” — Rabbi Tarphon . “ Wanted — men : Not systems fit and wise, Not faiths with rigid eyes, Not wealth in mountain piles, Not power with gracious smiles, Not even the potent pen : Wanted — MEN. ” SO VI AN APPEAL The work of the medical missionary is many- The Day’s sided. It is not bisected into two parts desig- Work. nated as spiritual and medical. Like the shield, it has two sides, but it is a whole — a spiritual whole. The medical missionary goes as a spir- itual agent to do spiritual work and that motive domi- nates his task just as truly when he is amputating a limb as when he is lending a hand to some poor fellow battling and beaten with the waves of sin. Like the water filling the empty vase the work takes on different forms accord- ing to the delimiting surroundings. It might roughly be enumerated as follows : ( i ) Work among patients in hospital, hospital employees and among students or nurses. This would include a simple service every morning in the wards, the loaning of books and tracts and as much personal conversation with patients as possible. This is needed to deepen the feeling in patients that the doctor cares for their higher natures far more deeply than for their mere physical needs ; that they are not “ cases,” but brothers and sisters of himself. It is needed also to find out how far his more public exhorta- tions are being understood and to very simply explain the real meaning of these strange doctrines which are so new and often so incomprehensible to their minds. Sometimes a special meeting is held each week for detailed explanation of the Bible and often a prayer meeting for the Christians is a regular feature of a mission hospital. This is prob- ably the aspect of work which bears the greatest fruitage ; it is more costly in time and sympathy and therefore is more productive. In a very real spiritual sense it is axiomatic that “ whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.” 8l 82 The Healing of the Nations (2) Service for the out-patients on receiving days. As a rule the out-patients are gathered together into two halls or rooms, one for men and one for women. A Christian service of a very simple nature is held previous to each company being seen by the physician. This service is usually conducted by the doctor, and is followed up by native evangelists and Bible-women. In some missions each patient is given a ticket with a number upon it and a text of Scripture. The number allows them to proceed in the order in which they arrived. This impartiality is in itself a striking lesson, as difference of rank is thus neglected, and the rich or high caste are not permitted to take precedence over the poor or pariah. (3) House-to-house visitation is partly engaged in at the call of those natives in need of medical aid. It is also done among those who have left the hospital after treat- ment. Some very valuable results have accrued from this outside visiting. Often it has been to some high official's house, and has afforded a splendid opportunity for intro- ducing the Gospel to those who would be reached in no other way. The majority of medical missionaries, how- ever, seem inclined to believe that this outside work should not be cultivated, as taking away time from the sphere of work in the hospital which is usually deemed most fruitful. Occasionally, however, it is found emi- nently expedient to embrace such opportunities. An im- portant addition to outside calls is that often made by the presence of other missionary families needing attendance, either in or near the Medical Mission. (4) Medical itinerating. The value of this form of effort varies greatly according to the country. Dr. Grace N. Kimball, of Van, Turkey, so well known for her brave services at the time of the Armenian massacres, speaks of this form of effort as being almost unworthy of the time expended : “A medical missionary goes on an itinerating trip, visiting a large number of villages, staying a day or two in each, seeing all the multitude who come, free, giving each a dose of medicine, preaching the Gospel and passing on. This makes a very telling letter to the missionary magazine, yields a great and fascinating excitement to the missionary . . . and yet the price paid for this has An Appeal 83 been a lavish expenditure of physical strength on the part of the medical missionary and of medicines and other medical adjutants, much of which can legitimately be considered thrown away.” On the other hand, there is a chorus of praise ac- corded by missionaries in other parts of the world to this plan, which on the surface harmonizes so nearly with that adopted by Christ. Sometimes the spectacular dem- onstration of minor surgical procedures is enough to stimulate further inquiry into the doctrines preached and to bring other and more serious medical cases from dis- tant villages to the hospital. These returning to their own homes, become propagating centres of Christianity. It also makes a profound difference whether there are na- tive workers in the districts visited to follow up the work. In Japan, such medical touring has had to be done in co- operation with the local physicians and copies of the pre- scriptions given handed to him, on account of the legal re- quirements regulating medical practice in that Empire. Itinerating is often of value as a help to little churches distant and scattered, and cheers on the natives who may be working among their countrymen. It is the means also of leaving the permanent influence of books and leaflets in the hands of very many who have listened to the preaching of the missionary physician. (5) In addition to all the above, comes the actual med- ical work of the physician. It consists in seeing patients, prescribing, operating, dressing their wounds and very often dispensing medicines, making and adapting appara- tus, as well as the exacting work of recording cases, or- dering drugs and keeping accounts. A medical mission- ary may also have on his hands the training of several young men as dressers or as qualified practitioners. No wonder that a man needs to be well qualified where he has to be his own anaesthetist, dresser, clerk, hospital archi- tect, and superintendent, dispenser and compounder, nurse and house surgeon ! Diseases Many of the diseases dealt with find their coun- '.Prevalent, terpart in any large hospital at home, yet there are others which are frequent in these lands and are excessively rare among ourselves. 84 The Healing of the Nations A graphic and very representative picture of a physi- cian’s daily ward visit is given by Dr. James A. Greig, of Kirin, Manchuria : “ In the early hours of the morning we pay our visit to the wards to see how our patients are getting on. We can accommodate between forty and fifty, and usually the wards are nearly full. As I enter a ward the word goes round, ‘ Ta-fu lai la ! Ta-fu lai la ! ’ ‘ The Doctor has come ! The doctor has come ! ’ and many pale faces turn toward me, and anxious hearts ea- gerly await my words of advice, of cheer or of warning. As each temperature chart is examined and surgical dress- ing changed, one realizes the enormous power we in West- ern lands have received for doing good and relieving suf- fering in the dark places of the earth. How delightful to watch the return of health to the frame wasted by disease, and to see the cruel, fiery hand of ophthalmia arrested ere the sunshine of life dies out and the darkness of incurable blindness sets in. To soothe the fevered brow and re- lieve the racking pain is at once our privilege and reward. That bronzed and emaciated fellow is a martyr to tubercu- lar disease. One of his limbs had to be removed and sev- eral other operations had subsequently to be performed. He has had a long and trying time of it, but now he is be- ginning to mend. Months ago he would have died in a miserable dirty hovel but for the kindly help he has re- ceived. “ The man in the second bed from the door was brought to us from a town a hundred miles away, suffer- ing from a form of cancer. The growth has been com- pletely excised, and the wound has now healed. He has had a severe struggle breaking off the opium habit, which he had acquired while seeking relief from pain. He has succeeded in stopping the use of the drug, and is return- ing home in a day or two. The lad in yonder cot broke his thigh when playing with some comrades. As he calm- ly slept under an anaesthetic, we set and comfortably band- aged his limb in a rigid apparatus, and now it is only a matter of time, and without deformity or lameness he will be able to romp and play once more. “ These three young men, with their arms in slings, were injured in the arsenal. The making of silver coins, An Appeal 85 which has recently been instituted, has caused a number of accidents, as the machinery is new and not well under- stood. These men were injured in this department. “ That little boy was dreadfully burnt about the neck and chest while making percussion caps. For some nights we feared he would not survive, but he did. Then his eyes were our chief anxiety. He begged and prayed us to give him back his sight. After many weeks one of his eyes was restored, and he is very happy over it. “ The sallow, careworn-looking man next the window is, I fear, beyond hope of cure. He came to us with very advanced bone disease, and although he has had two oper- ations under chloroform, and everything has been done that our skill could suggest, his chance is not good. He is an only son, and his old father bends over him day by day with all his paternal tenderness, but there is little im- provement. But most of our cases do well, and it is glad work.” Skin diseases are frequent and doubtless the uncleanly habits of the people have a large place as the causa caus- ans of many of them. Eye troubles of all kinds abound. A fruitful source of disease of the eyelids in China is the custom of barbers turning them over and “ cleaning ” them. After this process the eye is found to be inflamed, which being considered proof of insufficient cleaning of the lids, the practice is persisted in, leading to serious and often permanent injury. The poor food, the use of salt provisions and the gen- eral irregularity in eating cause a great deal of dyspep- sia in certain countries. Inflammatory diseases are not so common with the Chinese as in our own lands, and their lymphatic constitutions make them unexcelled as patients in bearing pain of operations. Leprosy is preva- lent in India and China ; malarial fevers, tumors, and epi- demic illnesses are common in the majority of Medical Mission lands. Some of the difficulties encountered in the work Difficulties, are due to ignorance or superstition which in time will disappear. Impatience is not peculiar to these lands ; every hospi- 86 The Healing of the Nations tal surgeon at home has had sad experience in dealing with it. But united with ignorance it is perhaps more un- manageable. As an example, we might instance a case that Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie received into his hospital — a man with fracture of the thigh-bone. “ It had been re- peatedly explained to him that he must on no account re- move the splint and appliances and that time would be re- quired to effect a complete cure ; but at the end of a week, seeing no manifest improvement, his friends removed the bandages and splint and carried him off.” The meddlesomeness of patients and their desire to ex- hibit their wounds to friends and relatives cause many a heart burning to the surgeon who has just dressed the wound with every precaution of “ surgical cleanliness.” Again and again has a patient lost an eye through subse- quent inflammation from caring nothing for the warning not to touch the dressing, repeated over and over by the physician. Injurious dietary is another difficulty even with hos- pital patients. In mission hospitals in China one or more friends of the patient come to nurse him. It requires ex- cessive vigilance on the part of the doctor to prevent inju- rious food being administered surreptitiously by friends. A typhoid case on the high road to recovery has been hurried to a fatal termination through such mistaken kind- ness of so-called friends. These are but samples of the thousand and one petty troubles of a missionary doctor. “ What with the strain of grasping the essential details of every case, and choos- ing the appropriate remedy for each, the cramped posture while bending over and operating on some surgical case, and the necessity during all of seeing everything that is going on and maintaining order, it is no wonder if one is tempted to lose patience. What superhuman patience must Christ have had ! Thronged by multitudes who came only to witness miracles, worried about a thousand trifling ailments, and where not trifling or fanciful, about sickness, to a great extent the direct consequences of lust, dirt and greed, argued with by sneering priests and un- derstood by none. We speak of following Him ; we speak An Appeal 87 of Christlike work ; but, oh ! how different is the spirit and power of its performance.”* Still deeper difficulties are the malicious reports which may be placarded about and which have to be lived down ; and the indifference of patients to the spiritual side of the work — coming for what they can get of physical benefit, but caring nothing for the call of the Great Shepherd of Souls to return home to the Father’s house. “ Into a desolate land White with the driven snow, Into a weary land (Their) truant footsteps go. Yet doth Thy care, O Father, Even Thy wanderers keep ; Still doth Thy love, O Shepherd, Follow Thy sheep.” How the chilling apathy of patients must oppress the physician ! The enormous inertia to be overcome, even by such favorable means as Medicine, must sometimes al- most crowd optimism out of the field ; and hope, and even faith, are beleaguered on every side by the crushing weight of difficulty. But the sun shines again and grati- tude and humble following of Jesus Christ is the glorious result in the lives o f many others; and that is reward enough. The author is quite unable to pronounce on Qualifications the qualifications necessary for such work as Needed. the foregoing pages indicate. The remarks following are almost wholly drawn from those who are able to speak with authority. t 1. There can be no question that the foremost qualifi- cation needed for a medical missionary is that he should be a sincere and earnest follower of Jesus Christ. It would seem superfluous to write this down. Yet from the author’s personal knowledge it is a most needed statement. Not once or twice, but many times, have medical students spoken to us about becoming medical missionaries when * Dr. Arthur Neve in Medical Missions at Home and Abroad. March, 1889 Page 265. t This section is largely adapted from Chap. 10 of u The Medical Mission.** Dr. W. J. Wanless. 1898. 88 The Healing of the Nations the)' freely acknowledged that they were not followers of Jesus Christ. We would bid God-speed to every man or woman who will help to heal the world’s heart disease from whatever motive. We rejoice in every humanita- rian and humane effort for the alleviation of suffering, and we wish that such efforts might be extended and aug- mented in these needy lands ; but we would nevertheless remind ourselves of the difference between such works of philanthropy and the work of healing the sick in the name and for the sake of the Lord Jesus and with the clearly de- fined purpose of letting the work of healing be subordinate and introductory to preaching the Good Tidings of the love of God and salvation from sin. As a visitor stands in the busiest part of the City of London at noonday he hears the peal of a score of church bells ringing out the hour. Louder than all the chimes of London booms out the great bell of St. Paul’s Cathedral, on whose rim, suspended high above all other bells, are engraved the words, “ Woe is unto me if I preach not the Gospel.” A hundred lesser bells are ringing out the mes- sages of altruism, humanity and the brotherhood of man, but far higher than these peals out the glorious Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, a Gospel setting forth not an ideal alone, but bringing a strength into the individual life for the attainment of that ideal. It is this ideal for which the medical missionary lives. If men and women are going with this message, it is requisite that they know very personally the Saviour of whom they speak and experience in daily life the salvation which they, as ambassadors, offer to others. It is true that much of the work is what is termed secular and rou- tine. That is greater reason for the medical missionary being thoroughly furnished unto every good work, and having all the checks and stimuli to be found from a life hid with Christ in God. 2. He should he a good doctor . — “ In the mission field he will be thrown back on his own resources. He is often alone in face of the gravest responsibilities. He is not sustained by an educated public sentiment which will in- sure for him an enlightened and charitable view of all that he does. He is surrounded by envious charlatans, who An Appeal 89 will spare no efforts to injure him by detraction and mis- representation. In such circumstances he has need of all the knowledge and skill furnished by a thorough medical training, of all the resources of a well-balanced mind and a courageous heart. His failure will not injure him alone. His success will advance the cause of Christ.” * Professional efficiency does not necessarily mean pro- fessional celebrity. It means a thorough, all-round med- ical education, such as any diligent student may secure by a four to five years’ curriculum in a high-grade medical college. A year’s hospital or post-graduate experience will be a very valuable addition to such a course. In any case suf- ficient knowledge should be gained to insure personal confi- dence and progressive efficiency when on the field. The large amount of surgical and ophthalmic work to be done will naturally suggest those subjects as worthy of specialization in theyearafter graduation. Do not let any think that their brilliant talents will be wasted and find no adequate field of effort in this work. The highest and best is too low and too poor for the Master’s royal service. Harold Schofield did not throw away his talents, which had won him $7,000 in prizes and scholarships, when he went out to China and lived and died there inside of a decade. China is still feeling the vibration of that heart beat ; the stray snatches of music in scores of lives have reset themselves into a scheme of a higher and more con- sistent harmony, through the controlling influence of his life’s song. Is it a light or irresponsible work that any should fancy the best is far too good for use where the remunera- tion is but that of a satisfied conscience and a heart filled with the quiet joy of being serviceable? Ruskin says finely, “ It is an incomparably less guilty form of robbing, to cut a purse out of a man’s pocket than to take it out of his hand on the understanding that you are to steer his ship up channel, when you do not know the soundings. The medical man has precious human ships to steer up the channel of disease, which is studded with rocks and shoals, to the harbor of health, and heavy and stringent is the ob- ligation that rests upon him to make himself intimately ac- ts. E, Pott, M.D., Beyrout, 9© The Healing of the Nations quainted with its pathological soundings ; only by assid- uous and prolonged study can he hope faithfully to pre- pare himself for his work.” 3. Good health . — Clearly the work is intense with heavy responsibilities. Physically and mentally he is ever subject to an exceptional strain. “Add to this the enerva- tion of a foreign climate and the occasion for sound health is at once manifest. The student who is able at the present time to endure the pressure of a three or four years’ medical course in addition to a preliminary educa- tion without impairment of his general health or nervous system, will promise well for successful endurance on the foreign field. It is not always necessary that a student possess an athletic physique or robust appearance, but the work does call for the power of endurance, a tempera- ment neither nervous nor phlegmatic, a disposition devoid of irritability, but hopeful and courageous. An extraor- dinarily healthy appearance, though desirable, is not al- ways demanded, but good staying qualities are indispensa- ble. It is not always those who apparently are best fitted to withstand the strain of work and climate that actually enjoy the best health. Indeed the reverse is often the case. A previous record of good health under continued mental pressure and physical trial at home augurs well for continued good health abroad, and is probably the best guide in the decision as regards bodily endurance abroad * 4. It is desirable, though not essential, that the mis- sionary doctor be apt to teach. “ He is often the enter- ing wedge for others, he is a buttress to his evangelistic colleagues, he is often preaching best when practising in the name and spirit of Christ. But if he has also the gift of speech, not necessarily of making speeches, but of apt, ready use of his opportunities by well-chosen words of sympathy, advice, rebuke, instruction and inspiration, his influence will be two-fold. For this purpose he should be specially grounded in the Scriptures and imbued with the spirit of prayer. As his acumen in diagnosis is only a prelude to his skill in prescribing the medicine or per- forming the operation which offers hope and life, so * The Medical Mission. W. J. Wanless. Pages 72, 73. The italics are our own. An Appeal 9i should his spiritual insight into the wants of his patient be a preparation for the words which may reform his life and save his soul.” We have seen the need of the heathen world ; we Appeal, hayg realized a little of the value of Medical Mis- sions, directly, indirectly and reflexly. What are we going to do? Shall we stay here in America, where there is a physician to about every 550 people, or shall we go to India, where it is estimated by no less an authority than Sir William Moore that not 5 per cent, of the population is at present reached by medical aid? It is stated that even in Calcutta, one of the best medically equipped cities of Asia, three-fifths of the peo- ple have no medical attendance in their last illness. And this in India, with her government hospitals and dispen- saries and her magnificent Lady Dufferin Scheme of re- lief. Do we not hear the mute appeal from China? In North America there are considerably more than 4,000 physicians to every two and a half million people. China has but one medical missionary for a similar population, though her need is a hundred-fold greater.* We have in addition to the physicians our great hos- pitals, nursing institutions, orphanages, convalescent homes, and homes for the incurable and dying. We have the knowledge of the laws of health, hygiene and sanita- tion. If recovery of a friend is unsatisfactory, there are specialists and consultants by the score in our great cities, whose help may be secured. Skilled nurses are obtain- * “ The following statistics include data which have been verified and may stand as a fairly approximate — not absolutely complete — representation of the philanthropic agencies of missions. The total of medical missionaries at present is 680 ; of this num- ber 470 are men and 210 women. There are 45 medical schools and classes, with 382 male and 70 female students — making a total of 461. There are 21 training schoo's for nurses, witn 146 pupils. Neither of these statements includes 240 female medical stu- dents now in training as physicians, nurses and hospital assistants, under the care of the Lady Dufferin Association in India. There are 348 hospitals and 774 dispensaries. Exact statements as to the number of patients annually treated have been obtained from 293 hospitals and 661 dispensaries, the total patients recorded in these returns being 2,009,970, representing 5,087,169 treatments. If we make a proportionate estimate for the 55 hospitals and 113 dispensaries from which reports of the number of patients have not as yet been received, tne sum total of those annually treated will be not far from 2,500,000. If we allow an average of three separate visits or treatments for each patient the total of annual treatments will be 7.500,000. There are 97 leper asylums, homes and settlements, with 5453 inmates, of whom 1087 are Christians. There are 227 orphan and foundling asylums, with 14,605 inmates/ (Christian Missions and Social Progress, Yol. II. Dr. jas. S. Dennis.) 92 The Healing of the Nations able at an hour’s notice, and the presence of sickness in our midst draws forth at once the tenderest of care and sweetest forethought from relatives and friends. It does not state the case therefore to look merely at the lack of doctors alone, though that is to pronounce China’s need as four thousand times greater than our own. Her cry is loud and long and so few hear or heed. Accountability is equal to capability. Our training in the school of sympathy, our knowledge of the remedial agents of disease and our personal realization of the need of sin for a supernatural salvation constitute a call from God. Coal on a great vessel is only so much ballast un- til turned into steam. So these talents given by the Spirit of God are only ballast in our lives till employed for the highest purposes for which they were granted. If the reader is a follower of Christ, it is to Christ that he must look for instruction as to his life-work. We have no right to drift into it through forces of environment or heredity ; nor have we a right to choose it because it pleases our scientific tastes or because it offers a congenial employment with pecuniary remuneration, and social status. Before all or any of these things must be heard the definite asking of God for the light of His plan for our lives. “ Every man’s life is a plan of God,” and until that is seen let us not step into our life-work. Emerson says that the great crises of life are not marriages and deaths, but some afternoon at the turn of a road when your life finds new thoughts and impulses. Such crises occur as a man hears the strong crying of a great need unrealized before, and which he is conscious could be met by his own life service. In some great hospitals a bell is rung each time an ac- cident case arrives. Can you not fancy — and after all it is not very largely imagination — that you hear the sound of that accident bell, reverberating round the world? Did you hear it just now — it was from China that the sound came. A poor Chinaman has fallen from a tree and injured himself. A crowd gathers round ; they gaze and laugh at his sufferings, and when they have had enough, move off and leave him to die.* Exaggeration, * This, and each of the following cases, is a fact. An Appeal 93 •you say? No, sober truth; there is no Red Cross man there to take him to a hospital, no ambulance to carry him, no hospital to which to take him. If he cannot move, his fellow countrymen will not help him. He will lie there and die. The bell is ringing in India. A boy has broken his leg. A string will be tied tightly round the fractured limb until at last gangrene sets in and a foreign doctor is sent for to amputate in order to save his life. The sound of the bell in Persia is wafted to us across the great plains and mountains of Asia. It tells of a woman in the hour of nature’s sorest trial. The husband is by and also a medical missionary. “ No, thanks ; you needn’t trouble to operate; it’s only a wife; I can easily get a new one, and I want a change.” Now, it is booming and tolling in Africa, for a child in convulsions. What is to be done? A red-hot iron is pressed to the skull till a hole is burned down to the brain to let the demons out. Why not, it’s only a girl; let her die. The bell sounds clearer and nearer now ; it is ringing in a city of America. Some poor fellow has had his arm wrenched off by machinery. What is going to be done? He is taken to a hospital, an interne or house surgeon sees him, a nurse is there to carefully tend him, to-morrow he will be seen by a visiting surgeon. If it is an operation, it will be done under an anaesthetic. It rings again in the home land; this time a child is sick. If it is a poor child, our splendid children’s hospi- tals are open for its reception. If it is the child of rich parents, the nursery will be made bright, relatives and friends will bring flowers and toys and fruit; a trained nurse will be y to relieve every discomfort and a physi- cian stands there doing his noble best for the little life which hovers on the borderland of life and death. And all for a little child. It rings once more a loud and urgent summons. A sister in the pangs of motherhood. Thank God, there are gentle voices, hushed footsteps, the skill and care of doc- tor and nurse — all these are immediately and as a simple 94 The Healing of the Nations right bestowed on her and on the little life for whose sake she is in sore travail. Thank God it is so ! Brothers, and sisters, why this difference? Has the voice of Jesus become so feeble that we cannot hear it? Or, are we standing out of hearing distance ? These are no imaginary instances ; they are real. Thousands are dying every day because Christian physicians have pre- ferred to stay at home and fight for a living with fellow practitioners, instead of forsaking all to follow our Lord and fight the battles of the King. Do you think that if you go there will be a single case untended, a single acci- dent untreated? You know that scores are pressing and pushing behind you and will take up all the work that you lay down. But over there — if you neglect the opportu- nity of this love-service, they must suffer in unrelieved pain, and if death occur, there will be no comforter at hand to point them to the Guide of the shadowed valley. Not because of the needs of the heathen, not because of their ignorance or superstition or cruelty, but for the sake of Him Who loved us and gave Himself for us, shall we not go? Duty, opportunity, altruism are in themselves motives insufficient to impel us forward with fire and fervor which shall stand the strain and stress of disappointment and in- gratitude and fatigue. There is but one motive powerful enough ; it is the greatest thing in the world — Love. What holds us back? A silver dollar, a medical di- ploma, a life of comfort or distinction — these may loom so large in our vision as to shut out the face of Jesus as He bends in compassion over the suffering ones and turns to us with that piercing look and says, “ Inasmuch — inas- much — as ye did it not ... ye did it not unto Me.” If He, the Master of men, were here on earth to-day and wandered into one of our out-patient departments, would not we esteem it a royal privilege to bind up a finger of the Lord Christ, to be even for once His court physician? And this is the privilege to which He invites us, if we would hear some day those other words : “ Inasmuch as ye did it unto one of these, My brethren, even these least, ye did it unto Me.” An Appeal 95 “ God said : * Break thou these yokes ! Undo These heavy burdens ! I ordain A work to last thy whole life through — A ministry of strife and pain. “ ' Forego thy dreams of lettered ease ; Put thou the scholar's promise by ; The rights of man are more than these.’ He heard and answered, ‘ Here am I.’ ”* * The author Is indebted for some of the illustrations used in this last section to " A Cry of Pain,” by Miss Garvock, Church Missionary Society, England. BIBLIOGRAPHY Note. — The literature on Medical Missions is not large. Much of it is in the form of biographies of missionary physicians. It does not, there- fore, provide a great deal of available material for the study of the subject per se. With the exception of biographies, the literature is also for the most part contained in magazines and periodicals. It would obviously be use- less to give numerous references to denominational magazines, as very few colleges have the past files of many missionary periodicals issued by the numerous boards. For these reasons it is suggested that each study class secure and use three pamphlets along with the foregoing chapters. These pamphlets are : The Medical Mission, by W. J. Wanless, M.D. The Medical Arm of the Missionary Service. (A. B. C. ) Murdered Millions, by Geo, D. Dowkontt, M.D, Files should, if possible, be obtained of the following medical mis- sionary magazines : The Double Cross and Medical Missionary Record. Medical Missions at Home and Abroad. Frequent reference will also be made to “Medical Missions : Their Place and Power,” by J. Lowe. Additional Readings for Chapter I. Barnes, I. H. : Behind the Great Wall. 1896. pp. 113, 114. Bird-Bishop, Isabella : Korea and Her Neighbours. 1897. pp. 202-204. Double Cross, The : Oct., 1896, p. 216 ; March, 1897, p. 59 ; April, 1898, pp. IIS, 11 9- Dennis, James S. : Christian Missions and Social Progress. 1898. pp. 187-189, 191, 193, 198. Douglas, R. K. : Society in China. 1894. p. 115. Dowkontt, Geo. D. : Murdered Millions. 1897 ed. pp. 20-25, 27, 59-6i. Gale, J. S. : Korean Sketches. 1898. pp. 34-36. Gospels, The Four. Lowe, J. : Medical Missions. 1887. pp. I-23, 147-164. Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The : 1898 p. 5. Medical Missions at Home and Abroad: June, 1894, p 133; Feb., 1896, p. 69. Student Volunteer : Nov., 1897, p. 21. Wanless, W. J. : The Medical Mission. 1898. Chapters I. and II. Williams, S. W. : The Middle Kingdom. 1895. Vol. I., p. 376 ; Vol. II., pp. 122, 123. Bibliography Additional Readings for Chapter II. Balfour, Edw. : Cyclopedia of India. 1871-3. Article, Medicine. Barnes, I. H. : Behind the Pardah. 1897. p. 178. Bryson, M. I. : John Kenneth Mackenzie (n. d. ). pp. 287, 288. Christie, Dugald : Ten Years in Manchuria (n. d. ). p 85. Dennis, James S. : Christian Missions and Social Progress. 1898. Vol. I., pp. 102, 103, no, 187-189, 192, 198, 207 210, 212. Double Cross : May, 1896, p. 91. Dowkontt, Geo. D. : Murdered Millions. 1897 ed. pages 28-54. Lowe, J. : Medical Missions. 1887. pp. 164-169. Missionary Review of the World: Sept., 1895, pp. 679, 680, 688; Sept., 1896, pp. 672-674; Feb , 1897, p. 159. Wanless, VV. J. : The Medical Mission. 1898. Chapter III. Women in Missions, p. 150. Additional Readings for Chapter III. British Medical Journal : Dec. 17, 1898, p. 1857. Browning, Robert : Poem, The Strange Medical Experience of Karshish. Bryson, M. I. : John Kenneth Mackenzie (n. d ). p. 177. Centenary Conference on Foreign Missions, London : 1888. Vol. I., p. 384. Dowkontt, Geo. D. : Murdered Millions. 1895. pp. 62-68, 74-86. Encyclopedia of Missions : 1891. Vol. II., p. 52. Lowe, J. : Medical Missions. 1887. pp. 171-174, 51-87 ; chapters IV., V. Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The : 1898. pp. 35, 37- 40 , 52 . Missionary Review of the World: Sept., 1895, p. 719. Pennell, T. L. : An Episode of the Afghan Medical Mission (n. d. ). pp. 1-12. Tracy, C. C. : Talks on the Verandah. 1893. pp. 223, 224. Wanless, W. J. : The Medical Missions. 1898. Chapters IV. -VIII. Wanless, W. J. : Medical Missions, Facts and Testimonies. Wanless, W. J. : Medical Mission Work in India (n. d.). Additional Readings for Chapter IV. Acland, Sir Henry : Medical Missions in relation to Oxford. 1898. p. 27. Centenary Conference on Foreign Missions, London, 1888. Vol. II. p, no. Coltman, R. : The Chinese. 1891. p. 175. Dennis, James S. : Christian Missions and Social Progress. 1898. Vol. I., pp. 120, 121, 125. Dowkontt, Geo. D. : Murdered Millions. 1895. pp. 86-88. Graves, R. H. : Forty Years in China. 1895. pp. 237, 248. Laurie, T. : Missions and Science. 1885. pp. 125, 408, 411, 415. Lowe, J. : Medical Missions, 1887. Chapter VII. Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The : 1898. pp. 52-54. Woman in Missions, pp. 154, 156. Bibliography Additional Readings for Chapter V. Douglas. R. K. : Society in China. 1894. p. 152. Dennis, James S. : Christian Missions and Social Progress. 1898. Vol. I., pp. 120, 121. Foster, A. : Christian Progress in China. 1889. p. 207. Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The : 1898. pp. 28, 29, 31. Medical Missions at Home and Abroad: March, 1892, p. 86; June, 1894, P. 33 - Missionary Review of the World : Sept., 1895, p. 679. Outlook: Sept., 1897, pp. 167-172. Thoburn, J. M. : India and Malaysia. 1892. p. 384. Women in Missions, pp. 160, 169. Wanless, W. J. : The Medical Mission. 1898. pp. 25-27. Additional Readings for Chapter VI. Beach, H. P. : Dawn on the Hills of T‘ang. 1898. pp. 117, 118. Double Cross, The: May, 1896, p. 104; Sept., 1896, p. 187; July, 1898, p. ill ; Sept., 1898, p. 145. Dowkontt, Geo. D. : Murdered Millions. 1895. pp. 12-19, 95, 96. Isaiah, Chapter LXI. Lowe, J. : Medical Missions. 1887. pp. 263-283. Luke, Chapter XVI. 14-18. Matthew, Chapter XXV. 31-46. Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The : 1898. pp. 12, 13. Medical Missions at Home and Abroad : August, 1890, p. 164 ; Jan., 1899, p. 235. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart : The Story of Jesus Christ. 1898. pp. 135-160. Wanless, W. J. : The Medical Mission. 1898. Chapters X., XI. Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library 012 0 128 9 07 Date Due