iIwli!ili,*J!i!iJlIi!i.J F— = 11 iSI LUCIUS Q. C. EL2M:ER. II || _ j: I \ r GAZETTEER STATE OF NEW JERSEY. COMPREHENDING A GENERAL VIEW OF ITS PHYSICAL AND MORAL CONDITION, TOGETHER WITH A TOPOGRAPHICAL. AND STATISTICAIi ACCOUNT COUNTIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, CANALS, RAIL ROADS, kc. ACCOMPANIED BY A MAP. BY /y THOMAS F. Gordon, PUBLISHED BY DANIEL FENTON. .lohn C. VUuk, Piintor, rinlii(l.l|.lii;i 1834. Entered l)y Thomas F. Gordon, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834, in the Clerk'sK)fRce of the District Court for tlie Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ADVERTISEMENT. The author of the following work has sought to present to the public, a full and correct portraiture of the State in the year 1833. To this end, he lias, personally, visited almost every portion of it ; communed with many of its most distinguished and enlightened citi- zens, and collected, from numerous but scattered sources, a mass of useful and curious information, which must prove alike grateful to the present and succeeding generations. Errors will undoubtedly be discovered in the work ; for such a work is peculiarly liable to them ; being exposed, not only to the misconceptions of the author, but, to those of his thousand informants. Distance of places from each other, and the area of the townships and counties are, specially, sub- ject to misstatement. The first has been given from the returns of the General Post-Office, measures upon the map, and verbal infor- mation of residents; the only and best sources, save actual admea- surement. The area of the townships has been obtained from cal- culation of their contents, as delineated on Mr. Gordon^s map, by means of a reticulated scale of square miles. The result cor- responds, so nearly, with the returns of the assessors of such town- ships, as contain no unimproved lands, as to give considerable confidence in its approximation to the truth. It must be observed, however, that this area comprises roads, lakes, ponds, marshes and, in a word, every thing within the lines. The abstract which has been given of the laws relating to the administration of the government, generally, and of the counties and townships, specially, will appear, to many, trite and familiar ; but to the great mass of the people, particularly, to the rising gene- ration, it will not prove the least acceptable portion of the work. To those about to enter on the duties of the citizen, it will commu- IV ADVERTISEMENT. iiicate mucli valuable knowledge; and will be useful to all, tor occa- sional reference ; compi'ising, in a small compass, matter of daily interest, which must, elsewhere, be sought, in many volumes. More of this species of information might have been usefully given ; but, the volume collected, exceeds, by one-third, the quantity originally proposed ; and to get it witiiin the size of a convenient manual, resort has beeji had to a small type foi* the prefatory chapters. To the many gentlemen to whom tiie author is indebted for communications, he tenders his unfcigi.ed thanks ; and solicits from them, and othei-s, such corrections and additions as may ren- der the next edition of his work, still more valuable. Philadelphia, January 1, 1834. GAZETTEER OF I¥EW JERSEY. PREFATORY CHAPTER. TILRT Z. Containing a Physical Vieio of the Stale. I. General Boundary. — II. Principal Divisions. — III. Southern and Alluvial Division. — Bounds — Surface — J\'crisink Hiils — Sandy Hook — Sea Beach — Bays or Lagtines — Soil: Forest — Pine Lands — Oak — Cedar Swamp- — Marl — Ferruginous Sand — Pro- portions of Marl 7ised in Agriculture. — Cidtivation of the Alluvial District. — Bog Ore — Streams. — IV. Middle and. Secondary District : Bounds — Area — Formation — Trap Ridges — Bergen Ridge — First and Second Mountains — Bituminous Coal — Mountains from Springfield to Pluckemin. — Pompton Plain : Abundance of Minerals there — Ridges extending to the Delaicare — Character of the surrounding Country — (Quarries of Freestone near Princeton — Sandy Hill — Primitive Rocks near Trenton. — Copper Mines: at Belleville, Brunswick, Somerville, Grcenbrook. — V. Mountaimms District: Extent — Blended Geological Formation — Limits — Pri- mitive Ridges, Minerals of — Tongue of Transition Formation, Minerals of — Primi- tive resumed — Valley of the Wallkill, or of Sparta — Singular Geology and Mine- ralogy— Valley of Paulin's Kill — Alternation of Slate and Limestone — Blue or Kittatinney Mountains — Transition Limestone on Delaware River — Precious Mar- bles— Manganese — Rivers and. Lakes of the Third Section — Timber of the Middle and JVor them Sections. — VI. Turnpike Roads. — VII. Rail Roads : Camden and Amboy, West Jersey, Patterson and Hudson, Patterson Junction, Patterson and Fort Lee, Elizabethtoicn and Somerville, J\'eiD Jersey, JVeio Jersey, Hudson and Delaware, Dela.zcare and Jobstoiim. — VIII. Canals: Morris, Delcncare and Raritan, Manas- (juan, Salem. — IX. Population — Increase — Tables — Slavery. — X. Statistical Table. XI. Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce. — XII. Climate. I. The State of New Jersey is bounded on the N. E. by Orange and Rockland coun- ties, of the State of New York ; on the E. by Hudson River and Bay, Staten Island Sound, Raritan Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; on S. E. and S. by the Atlantic; on S. W. by the Delaware Bay, dividing it from the State of Delaware; and on the W. and N. W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylvania. The N. E. line from Carpenter's Point, at the mouth of the Nevisink, or Mackackomack River, in north lat. 41° 21', to a point on the Hudson River, in 41° north latitude; is in length 45 miles; the E. 60; the S. E. from Sandy Hook to Cape May, 120; and the S. W., W. and N. W. from Cape May to Carpenter's Point, 220 miles — making the extent of its exterior limit 445 miles. The extreme length of the State, by a line almost due north from Cape May, to the northern angle on the Delaware, is 164 miles; its greatest breadth due E. and W. through Salem, Gloucester, Bur- lington and Monmouth counties, about 75 miles; and through Warren, Sussex, Morris and Bergen counties, to the extreme N. E. point, on the Hudson River, about 60 miles. It may be crossed, however, by a direct line from S. W. to N. E., from Bordentown to South Amboy, in about 30 miles. The nearest approximation we can make to its area, measuring the map by a reticulated scale of square miles, is about 7,276 square miles, or 4,656,330 acres, contained between 38° 58' and 41° 21' northern latitude.* II. This area is distributed into three strongly marked divisions ; the alluvial and southern ; the secondary, hilly and middle ; and the mountainous and northern, com- prising primitive and transition formations. III. The triangular peninsula, or southern division, bordered on the S. and E. by Delaware Bay and the Ocean, on the N. and W. by the Delaware River, about 110 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, is entirely alluvial. South of the Nevisink Hills, the surface seldom rises 60 feet above the sea. Those hills, adjacent to the Ocean, are 310 feet above its level ; and stand where the waves formerly rolled, resting in some places on banks of oyster shells and other marine relics, blended with clay and * Morse s>ives S,320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres; Smith's Hist. N. J. 4,800,000 acres; and Darby 6,851 square miles, or 4,384,000 acres. A 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. sea mud. A sandy earth, highly coloured by oxide of iron, and imbedding reddish brown sand and puddingsione, cemented by iron, composes the higher strata; and large rocks and beds of ferruginous sandstone, apparently in place, of a more recent formation than the alluvial below, containing sufhcient metal to be called an ore of iron, are of frequent occurrence. Particles of iron are blended with the sands of the beach ; and some of the streams which descend from the top of the clay strata, are red with iron oxide. Efflorescences of the sulphates of iron and alumine, are often observed ; and flame, proceeding from the spontaneous combustion of gases, gene- rated, probably, in beds of sulphuret of iron, has been noticed here. The strata of the steep eastern declivity are exposed by frequent land slips. A small portion, only, of these hills is cultivated. They are rough, broken, and covered with wood, in which deer still find covert. From their summit, a view is disclosed of the ocean, unrivalled in grandeur upon the seaboard of this State ; and the coast on the N. E. and S. may be seen as far as the ej'e can reach. The land prospect, though not so extensive, is scarce less interesting. In this hill, on the side of a branch of the Nevisink River, is a remarkable cave, 30 feet long by 15 broad, divided into three apartments. The entrance and roof are low, the latter arched, and of soft rock, through which the water percolates; the bottom is of loose sand. Sandy Hook, east of, and divided from, the Nevisink Hills by a narrow bay, is six miles in length. It was formerly, and is now, isolated by a channel running from Shrewsbury River, which was first opened in 1778, closed in 1810, but reopened in 1830. Tlie beach running northward several miles from Long Branch, invites to a promenade on the hard sand when the tide is low; but the wrecks of vessels, visible at short intervals, oppress the spectators with recollections of the perils of the sea. From the Hook, this beach extends 12-5 miles to Cape May, varying in width from half a mile to two miles, but broken in several places by channels communicating with the sea. South of Manasquan it covers a number of bays or salt water lakes, of which Barnegat, Little Egg Harbour, and Great Egg Harbour, are the chief. West of these runs a belt of marsh, in some places from four to five miles wide, intersected by small rivers, with broad and shallow estuaries. The soil of this alluvial district consists of sand and clay, sometimes one overlay- ing the other; but frequently intimately blended, forming a tolerably fertile loam, which prevails on its northern and western border with a variable breadth. Above Salem, this breadth is from five to twelve miles, but below that town it is sometimes contracted to a mile. East of this strip of loam, and west of the marsh which girds the sea shore, lies an immense sandy plain, scarce broken by any inequality, and originally covered by a pine and shrub-oak forest — a great portion of which has been once, and some of it twice, cut over. There are many square miles on which there is not a human inhabitant, and where the deer, foxes and rabbits are abundant, and the wolf and the bear find a lair to protect their race from extirpation. But in many places the echo is awakened by the woodman's axe, and the louder din of the forge hammer, and the forest glares with the light of the furnace or glass house. In this sandy desert there are found veins of generous soil, which yield a compensatory crop of corn and rye to the labours of the husbandman. This immense forest covers probably four-fifths of the alluvial district; and forty years ago a large portion of it was not worth more than from six to ten cents the acre. There was little demand for the timber, oak being preferred for architectural and economical uses, nor was the land worth clearing for agricultural purposes. The establishment of furnaces and glass manufactories first gave additional value to the woodland near their locations ; but for a while they made little apparent reduc- tion of the vast wilderness. Then came the steamboats, which for some years tra- versed our waters, propelled by timber from New Jersey, without sensibly diminish- ing the density of the forest. In a few years more, however, tiieir number was doubled, trebled, quadrupled. Their huge maws, though fed with thousands of shallop loads of pine wood, were insatiable. The demand for fuel became immense; the almost worthless pine lands rose rapidly in value, and the hitherto almost idle population of t!io sea-board, found abundant and profitable employment in supplying the growing markets. The introduction of anthracite coal diminished the consump- tion of oak wood as fuel, l)ut increased that of pine, vast quantities of charcoal being required to ignite the fossil. Yet the invention of the simple portable culinary fur- nace increased tlie demand still more, thousands of these convenient utensils being constantly, during the summer months, fed by charcoal. These circumstances have produced an entire revolution in the value of pine lands. They have risen from ten SOUTHERN DIVISION. 3 cents, to an average price of six dollars the acre; and, where very well timbered, and convenient to market, bring from fifteen to twenty-five dollars. Indeed, the soil, de- nuded of the timber, is worth from four to sixteen dollars the acre, tlie purchaser look- ing to the growth of wood for profit on his investment. Where tlie forest has been felled, an extraordinary change takes place in the subsequent product. The oak springs up where the pine has flourished, and pine where the oak lias grown. The second growth becomes fit for the axe, in a space varying from 2-5 to 40 years. Upon the clay and loam soils, oak grows abundantly; frequently of great size, and of quality much valued in the construction of ships. It is the common timber of the western border, and covers almost exclusively the central portion of the county of Cape May. In the sandy region, are extensive swamps wiiich bear the beautiful and valuable white cedar, much sought for fencing, and which sells readily at from one to three hundred dollars the acre. Throughout a great portion of the alluvial district, from four to twenty feet be- neath the surface, is a species of greenish blue earth, mixed with shells, and gene- rally known as marl. As this substance is of great importance to the agricultural interest of the section, some remarks on its physical properties and use will not be out of place here. The essential ingredient of marl, as a manure, is lime; and its value depends upon tiie proportion of calcareous matter which it contains. When this abounds in connexion witii sand only, it produces indurated marl, classed with the limestones, and frequently forming marble of great variety and beauty. We, have discovered none of this precious character; but shell limestone, similar to that of the alluvion of North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi Territory, has been dis- covered in several places, and is burned for lime on the banks of the Rancocus, be- tween Eayrstown and Vincent-town. The Jersey marls, at present, are chiefly known as the shell, clay and stone marls. The first is composed of testaceous mat- ter, in various quantities and degrees of combination; and sometimes imbeds bones of marine and land animals.* The quantity of clay in union with calcareous sub- stances, gives name to the second sort. This absorbs and retains moisture better than other kinds, and varies greatly in colour — being brown, blue, rod and yellowish. In the third species, sand is combined with calcareous and argillaceous matter, giving hardness proportionate to its quantity; when of thin and laminar structure, this is termed slate marl. From tlie clay they contain, all these species are softened by water, and, when exposed to the atmosphere, gradually fall into powder. By reason of their calcareous principle, all marls effervesce with acids ; but as water, alone, frequently produces the same effect when poured on dry clay, it may be necessary, in order to guard against mistake, in making trials upon substances supposed to be marl, to let them remain a short time in mixture with water, pre- vious to the test of acids. The best marls containing the largest proportion of cal- careous earth, it is important to know how to ascertain the quantity. Some are so poor as to have only a thirtieth part of their weight of lime. A simple method has been suggested, founded on the fact, that marl commonly contains about forty per cent, of its weight of fixed air or carbonic acid. It is merely by saturating the marl with muriatic or some otlier acid, and marking correctly the loss of weight which it sustains by the extrication of the fixed air. So, also, if the substance supposed to be marl falls readily to powder when exposed to the air ; if the powder, when dry and thrown on hot coals, crackles like salt ; and if, when dry, and mixed with water, it have a soapy feel and eflfervesces much, its quality may be pronounced good. Some marls in England, and probably here, have eighty-four per cent, of carbonate of lime, which is more than limestone generally possesses; and the refuse being often of peaty substances, is more useful as manure than that of limestone, which is mostly sand or clay. Such marl may be converted into quicklime by burn- ing; and its solution changes vegetable colours to green, possessing all the other properties of caustic lime. Marl is further distinguished by its feeling fat and unc- tuous, and appearing when dry, after exposure to the weather, as if covered with hoar frost, or sprinkled with fine salt; and even when mixed with the land, giving to the whole surface a whitish appearance. The farmers in Staffordshire, England, consider the soft blue marl, commonly * Among the latter, it is said, are bones of the rhinoceros and other animals of the eastern coTitinent, some of them of extinct species; elephant's teeth, deer's liorns, bones of the whale, shark's teeth, and entire skeletons of fish, together with grapliytos, lielemnites, car- dites, and various shell-fish. 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. found under clay, or low black ground, at the depth of seven or eight feet, the best for arable land, and the grey sort for pasture. But that which is of a brownish colour, with blue veins, and small lumps of chalk or limestone lying under stiff clays and very hard to dig, is most esteemed in Cheshire. The marl having a light sand in its composition, usually found at the depth of two or three feet, on the sides of hills, and in wet, boggy grounds, is fat and close, and reckoned the strongest and most beneficial on sandy lands. It is usually called peat or delving marl. What is sometimes called paper marl, frequently lies near coals, and flakes like leaves or pieces of brown paper, being of somewhat lighter colour. That which some call clay marl is very fat, and is sometimes mixed with chalk stones. There is another sort of marl, which breaks of itself into square cubical bits. The two last kinds ge- nerally lie under sand and clay ; sometimes about a yard deep under the former, but often much deeper under the latter. The stone, slate or flag marl, which is a kind of soft stone, or rather slate, of a bluish colour, is generally allowed very good. It easily breaks down, and dissolves with frost or rain; is found near rivers and on the sides of hills, and is very lasting when used as manure. In many places marl discovers itself to the most negligent eye, particularly on the sides of broken hills or deep hollow roads. Many rivers are bordered with a vast treasure of this sort, which is plundered by every flood. Boggy lands frequently cover it, and in them it seldom lies above three feet deep. It is somewhat lower under stiff" clays and marshy levels. The lowest parts of most sandy lands abound with it, at the depth of three, seven, nine or more feet. The depth of the marl itself can seldom be found ; for when the upper crust is removed, all that can be seen or dug is marl, to so great a depth that there are few if any instances of a pit having been exhausted. Much of the preceding description of the English marls is applicable to those of New Jersey. The marl region of this State, is classed by some authors with the ferruginous sand formation of the United States. It may be located, so far as it has yet been explored, between two lines; one drawn from Amboy Bay to Trenton, the other from Deal, on the Atlantic, to the mouth of Stow Creek, in Cumberland county, upon the Dela- ware River : but there is much reason to believe that this formation occupies a great portion of the triangular peninsula south of the Raritan River. Much of the ferru- ginous sand region, however, is overlaid by deposites of clay containing lignite. Above these is an almost uniform covering of grey sand ; yet in many places the marl, with its pecuUar fossil, is found immediately beneath the soil. This formation has been traced southward in many places, and most probably extends nearly the whole length of the Atlantic frontier of the United States. In all its localities, it has been identified by similar genera and species of organic remains, though all the genera do not exist in every locality. Thus, at the Deep Cut of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, the strata are characterized by great num- bers of ammonites, baculiles, and other multilocular univalves. These remarks apply to various parts of Burlington and Monmouth counties, in New Jersey. Near New Egypt, are ten or twelve beds, one above the other, with the genera terebratula and gryphcca. {Uslrca, Sa.y.) Near Horner's Town, the marl is extremely indurated ; and contains terebratuliE exclusively. Near Walnford, the fossils are chiefly exogyrte andbelemnites; while at Mullica Hill, in Gloucester county, the beds contain bi- valves, and ([uantitiesof belemnites ; and the calcareous beds of this county contain gryphaja, teredo, alcyonium .= sparangus, and several species of Linnican madre- pores. The mineralogical characters vary considerably. Of the species of marl in minute grains, loose and friable, and of an uniform dull bluish or greenish colour, often with a shade of grey, and called gunpowder marl, Mr. Seybert has given the following constituents: silex -19.83, ahimine 6.00, magnesia 1.8:}, potash 10.12, water 9.80, protoxide of iron 51.53, loss 89=100 grains. A less cautious analysis by Mr. J. P. Wetherill and Dr. S. G. Morton, of a specimen, apparently similar, from another lo- cality, gave silex 19.00, protoxide of iron 50.00, ;iliimine 5.50. lime 4.70; tiie re- mainder being chiefly waier and carbonic acid. Hence the predominant constituents of these marls are silex and iron. They often contain beds of a dark bluish tenacious clay, sometimes mixed with the marl, forming marley clay ; at olliers, the marl and clay alternate. Ao-ain, marl is seen of a yellowish brown colour, friable or compact, and filled with green specks of the silicate of iron. Some of the greenish varieties are also very compact, rendering it extremely difficult to separate the fossils from their SOUTHERN DIVISION, 5 matrix. The friable blue marls often contain a large proportion of mica, in minute scales. Other localities present beds of silicious gravel, the pebbles varying from the size of coarse sand, to one and two inches in diameter, cemented together by oxide and phosphate of iron, and containing fossils, similar to those above described. The most striking instance of this kind is at Mullica Hill. Some of the blue marls, which effervesce strongly with acids, contain but five per cent, of lime. But we find large beds of calcareous marl, containing at least thirty-seven per cent.; the re- mainder being silex, iron, &c. Also a hard, well characterized, subcrystalline lime- stone, filled with zeophytes. All these diversified appearances pass, by insensible degrees, into each other, exhibiting an almost endless variety of mineralogical character. The mineral substances found in these beds, are iron pyrites in profusion ; chert in the calcareous beds, amber, retinasphalt, lignite and small spherical masses of a dark green colour, and compact texture, apparently analogous to those found in the green sand of France. Their structure does not appear to be organic, although they have, often, a shark's tooth, or a small shell for a nucleus. Larger spherical bodies also occur, resembling the nodules of clay in ironstone, common in some parts of England. As the quality of the marl varies greatly, so does the quantity used in manuring lands. In Monmouth county, south of the Shrewsbury River, there is marl so strong, that five cart-loads the acre are as much as the land will bear advantageously : in other places, from twenty to one hundred and forty loads to the acre are profitably used. It is asserted, that a good dressing will last from twelve to twenty years. It would be difficult to calculate the advantages which the state has gained, and will yet derive from the use of marl. It has already saved some districts from depopula- tion, and increased the inhabitants of others; and may, one day, contribute to con- vert the sandy and pine deserts into regions of agricultural wealth. Pine lands, in the counties of Columbia, Albany, and Saratoga, and other parts of the state of New York, of a character similar to those of New Jersey, have been rendered very valuable by gypsum, and rotation of crops, often producing from twenty to twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. The sandy soil is in time changed to a rich vegetable mould — and gypsum, therefore, may probably be used with marl to render the pine lands of this State productive. The occupation of a vast proportion of the inhabitants of this section is agricultu- ral. Upon the loam soils large quantities of grass and grain, particularly rye, corn and oats, are produced; and the sandy lands, treated with marl, also give abundant crops of grain and grass. In convenient situations for supplying the mar- kets of New York and Philadelphia, the farmers give much attention to the more profitable culture of garden vegetables, potatoes, melons, fruit, &c. The peach orchards of E. and W. Jersey, give abundance of that delicious fruit to both cities; so low, at times, as fifty cents the bushel. At a distance from the navigable wa- ters, and from market, the grain is commonly fed to stock, and i'ew portions of the United States, of equal area, produce more, or better, pork, than the counties of Monmouth, Burlington and Gloucester ; scarce less famed for the quality of their horses. In the counties of Gloucester, Cumberland and Salem, upon the fresh waters of their streams whose shores are subject to overflow by the tides, many thousand acres have, by embankment, been converted into productive meadows, which maintain large herds of cattle, and furnish adequate means for enriching the upland. Adjacent to the Delaware Bay and sea coast, are wide tracts of salt mea- dow, some of which have also been reclaimed by embankment ; and the rest afford abundance of coarse hay, free in many places to all who seek it, and valuable in the maintenance of stock and making manure. The climate is so mild, near the coast, that herds of cattle subsist, through the winter, upon these meadows, and in the neighbouring thickets, without expense to the proprietors. The sea coast is said also to be favourable to the production of good mutton and wool. The great in- ducements to enterprise and industry constantly operating in the markets upon the borders of this section, have already produced wonderful effects, and cannot fail to excite the inhabitants to still greater efforts to improve the advantages they possess. Extensive beds of the variety of argillaceous oxide of iron, called bog ore, are common throughout this district, which when mixed with mountain ore, in the fur- nace, makes good iron for castings and the forge. From these furnaces, and those of the glass-houses, fed by the wood of the forest, a considerable portion of the an- 6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. nually growing wealth of the district is derived ; and if we add to these, the cord wood, and lumber, and vessels built upon its southern waters, we shall have enu- merated the chief sources of the prosperity of the peninsula. In this part of the state, 14 furnaces, including cupolas, and 14 forges, one extensive rolling and slit- ling mill and nail factory, and 11 glass manufactories, engaged in the manufacture of window-glass and hollow ware, provide a valuable and steady market for large portions of the agricultural product. The whole of this district is tolerably well watered ; but the streams are neither laro-e nor rapid, and are remarkable for the depth of their beds, which cause, indeed, almost the only inequalities of its surface. Those of the northern part of the penin- sula interlock their sources in various ways; some flow N. and N. E. as the Mill- stone and the South Rivers, with their many tributaries; some E. to the Atlantic, as the Swimmino-, Shark, Manasquan, Metetecunk and Tom's Rivers; whilst others seek the Delaware, as the Assunpink, the Crosswicks, the Rancocus, Cooper's, Big Timber, Mantua and Oldman's Creeks. Those on the south either flow S. E. to the ocean, as the Mullica. Great Egg Harbour and Tuckahoe rivers, or run S. W. into the bay, as Salem, Stow and Cohansey creeks and Maurice River. Most of the streams have a crooked course, and flowing through a flat country, are com- monly navigable some miles from their mouth. Unlike the rivers of hilly countries, they are steady in their volumes, and uniform supplies of water can be more confi- dently relied upon. IV. The second of our divisions of the State is included by a line drawn from Hoboken runnino- S. of New Brunswick to Trenton, and another from the Ramapo Mountains, on the boundary of New York, curving by the Pompton Mountain or Highlands, Morristown, Baskingridge and Flemington, to the Delaware, between Alexandria and Milford. This section, from N. E. to S. W. has about 70 miles in length, and an average breadth of about twenty miles. It possesses considerable variety of surface and soil, but is strikingly distinguished by its geological formation, which is chiefly secondary or old red sandstone, upon which rest hills of greater or less elevation, crowned with trap or greenstone rock. Its area includes four-fifths of Berwen county, the whole of Essex, a small portion of Morris, nearly all of Somerset, one-half of Middlesex, and one-half of Hunterdon counties. The sandstone base is found in various states of induration and aggregation. Generally, on the eastern portion of the section, from the Palisades, on the North River, westerly to Hunterdon county, it is compact, hard, and well adapted for building, frequently assuming the form of puddingstone and wacke, and occasionally affording considerable organic remains. Between the south branch of the Raritan and Delaware, still underlaying mountain and valley, the red rock assumes a slaty, shaly form, has more clay in its composition, and, taken from whatever depth, readily disintegrates into loam more fertile than that formed from the harder stone. But for the trap hills which have been thrown upon it, the whole of this section would be a vast plain, whose only inequalities would be formed by the excavations made by the streams in their tortuous and generally sluggish passage to the Ocean. From this general formation, however, we must admit the following exceptions. The alluvial borders the first south-eastern trap ridge, known as the first Newark Mountain, from Boundbrook to Springfield, and westward it approaches the Ra- ritan within two miles, forming the bed of that river a little below Brunswick. Wherever excavations have been made in this alluvial tract, strata of sand, gravel, and clay are disclosed, but no rocks in place. Ociires of good quality have been found in many parts of it, and at Uniontown, near Springfield, compact peat of su- perior quality, resting on marl, supposed to extend through a morass of five hundred acres. Bones of the mastodon were discovered a few years since in this swamp. Extensive beds of white pipe clay, composed principally of alumine, and infusible, have been observed between Woodbridge and Amboy, and marine shells in various parts of the district. The alluvial section we have just described, is connected with another five miles in breadth by twenty in length, formed of the deposits of the Ilackensack and Passaic Rivers, between the secondary valley and the Bergen ridge. In this tract, the depth of the deposit is from 12 to 20 feet, its basis sand and shells like the shore of the sea. The whole was formerly covered with wood, of which some groves of cedar still remain, and bodies of trees but little decayed are frequently found at va- rious depths. Indeed, so abundant and sound are the logs on these marshes, tliat they are used for the foundation of the New .lersey Rail-road, now being constructed MIDDLE DIVISION. 7 here. In this bog, N. of the turnpike road, between Newark and Jersey City, rises an island (Sccaucus) about four rniles long by one wide, composed, like the adjacent shores, of red and grey sandstone, and having a promontory at either end. That on the south known as Snake Hill, has a conical form, is of trap rock on sand- stone rising into mural precipices, and having cubical masses of the trap piled at its southern base. From its wood clad, rocky and precipitous summit, the spectator may behold the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers almost at his feet, and for several miles dragging their slow length through a sea of verdure; on the west, populous vil- lages and ranges of mountains; on the east the great city of New York, and on the south the wide expanded ocean. Through the grey sandstone of this island, mi- caceous iron ore is abundantly dispersed; and pectenites and other marine shells are found on its elevated parts. The trap ridges which traverse this division excite much interest. Trapstone is known in many cases to have an igneous origin. Whether it may be ascribed to the same cause in all, is still a vexed question. That it has been found here subse- quently to the sandstone on which it reposes, is most obvious; but when or how it has been poured over its base, throughout such great extent of country, in Connec- ticut, New York, and Pennsylvania, will probably never be discovered. We observe the first mountainous range of this district, on the eastern border adjacent to the Hudson River. It rises gradually from Bergen Point, bounds the State for about 28 miles, and runs a greater distance into the State of New Y''ork. In this State this ridge has an average widtli of two and a half miles, with a summit of table land. From its western brow there is a gradual descent into the valley of the Hackensack and Passaic. On its eastern side it is uniformly precipitous. At Weehawk, four miles N. of the City of Jersey, the mountain presents a perpendicular wall, elevated 200 feet above the Hudson, commanding a fine view of the surrounding country. From Weehawk to Fort Lee, a distance of about 7 miles, there is an alternation of precipitous ledges and steep declivities, mostly clothed with various verdure. The hills, retiring at intervals from the shore, give room for narrow but fertile and well cultivated strips of ground, adorned with neat dwellings, environed by fruit trees and diversified crops. From Fort Lee to the state line, the mountain has a uniform appearance. The eastern front rises perpendicularly from 200 to 550 feet; nu- merous vertical fissures cross each other at various angles, forming basaltic columns, from which the name of Palisades has been derived^ The face of the ledge is bare, but vegetation is occasionally seen in the crevices. From the base of the precipice to the edge of the water, a distance of 3 or 400 feet, there is a steep declivity co- vered with angular blocks of stone fallen from the heights, and shaded with trees. The summit of the mountain is slightly undulating table land, gradually rising to the north, with an average width of about two miles, generally covered with wood in all the wildness of nature. The western side of the mountain has a very gradual de- scent, is cleared and well cultivated, and neat farm houses of freestone line its base, like a village street, for near 20 miles. The prospect is one of the most delightful ; nu- merous farms, rich in luxuriant vegetation, and extensive alluvial meadows through which the Hackensack and its tributaries flow, are bounded by the mountain ranges of the west. The greenstone of this mountain, resting on sandstone, is not so dark as that of New Haven, and is an aggregate of hornblende, feldspar, and epidote, with which prehnite compact and radiated is sometimes associated. At the base of the mountain bordering the river, in many places, secondary argillaceous shist, conglomerate, red, white, yellow and purple sandstone, and indurated clay, alternate, exhibitino- a stratification nearly horizontal, the underlaying inclination being from 8 to 10 degrees. These layers are sometimes visible on the mountain's side, at con- siderable elevations above the river. The sandstone is generally a coarse aggre- gate of quartz and feldspar, often friable, but sometimes very firmly combined ; ex- hibiting winding vertical fissures. In this base may be observed, in some ?&w places, a compact white sandstone, resembling the Portland stone of England. A metallic vein was worked, at Foil Lee, at the commencement of the revolu- tionary war, under the impression that it contained gold; but Dr. Torrey has deter- mined, that the ore is pyritous and green carbonate of copper; and the matrix quartz, dipping under the greenstone. Two other prominent mountain ranges intersect the country now under view. They rise near the primitive highlands, two miles north of Pompton, and run about sixty miles in an almost semicircular course. The first ridge, at its commencement, is about twenty miles E. from the Palisades; but at, and south of Patterson, it is not 8 GENERAL DESCRIPTIOiN. more than twelve, from the North River. The most elevated point of these moun- tains is six miles N. VV. from Patterson, where a sugar-loaf peak rises near 1000 feet above the level of the ocean. Its trap rock is generally covered with a thin mould and verdant surface ; and a walnut grove, without underwood, occupies, exclusively, about forty acres upon the summit, from which there is a very exten- sive view, towards the E. N. E. and N. over a tolerably level country. On the N. W. the waving tops of the Preakness ridge are observed, extending for several miles, indented by ponds of considerable magnitude and depth. North of this ridge is another high and detached hill, sweeping in a semicircle, rising and terminating near the Highlands. Many of the summits are under cultivation, and afford fine views of t.iie great secondary valley, bounded by the Highlands, the Hudson and the Preakness ridge. On the east of the last chain is another section of the trap ranges, called the Totoway mountain. It rises near the Preakness mountain, six miles from Patterson, and unites with the Newark chain, at the Great Falls. It is in many places free from rocks, but on the east side are precipices of considerable height and extent, with waving or denticulated mural faces, presenting columns of basaltic regularity. An insulated semicircular wall of greenstone, with projecting columns, bearing some resemblance to a castle or fort in ruins, occupies a summit of the Totoway ridge. Sandstone quarries are opened in several places at the base of the greenstone; and one, three miles from Patterson, on the Preakness moun- tain, affords the best freestone of New Jersey. Fine red and grey sandstone sprin- kled with mica, alternates with argillaceous strata, dipping under the greenstone, with a western inclination of about 12^. Bituminous coal, in layers two inches thick, has frequently been found in this and other parts of the Preakness ridge, in connexion with sandstone and sliale, and the neighbourhood is supposed to exhibit indications of more valuable beds of this combustible. Gneiss, granite, pudding and sandstone, in rolled masses, abundantly cover the surface, in many parts of this region. The greenstone of the Preakness range rarely offers interesting im- bedded minerals; but prehnite, agate, chalcedony, and a mineral resembling cach- elong, have been discovered in it. At the falls of the Passaic, in Patterson, perpendicular mural precipices of green- stone, with wide vertical fissures and amorphous masses at their base, may be ob- served. The lower strata of this rock contain much argillaceous matter, which par- tially takes the place of hornblende. The ledges rest on porous rocks, horizontally posited, resembling the toadstone of Derbyshire. Carbonate of lime and other mi- nerals, subject to decay, are imbedded in it ; and by their decomposition give a cel- lular and volcanic appearance. A friable amygdaloid, with an argillaceous base, en- closino- nodules of carbonate of lime of a spheroidal oval or almond shape, from the size of a pea to that of a walnut, may also be noticed. The nodules, easily disen- gaged from the base, exhibit a smooth dark green surface of chlorite. The layers beneath tiie amygdaloid, are red and grey conglomerate, connected with red sand- stone, too porous for use, absorbing nmch moisture and breaking by the expansive power of frost. Good freestone in nearly a horizontiil position, is the basis layer, and forms the bed of the Passaic. In marjy places the greenstone occupying the summit appears but a few feet in thickness; and it is not arranged in columns of ba- saltiform regularity. Prehnite, calcareous spar and carbonate of copper, zeolite, stilbite, analcime and datholite, have been found here. Mural precipices of dark fine grained fissile greenstone, are observed at the Little Falls of the Passaic, five miles above Patterson. Vertical seams cross each other here, at various angles, in the ledges, giving to detached pieces a regular prisma- tic form, with three or four sides, often truncated on one or more of the lateral edges — the tabular form is common. Rock of similar character is observable in other parts of the Preakness ridge. Marine organic remains, such as urthorrritcs, madrepores, tubipores, pectenites, terebratulas, encrinites, bilabites, seipulites, and other species, generally in an argillaceous base, in mountain and valley, have been observed here, as in other parts of this region. From Patterson to Springfield, the trap ridges are called first and second New- ark mountains, and Caldwell mountain. Their direction is nearly south, with great unifi>rmity of altitude ; their eastern declivity steep, their western descent gradual, as is common with mountains of North America. Mural precipices are rarely seen, except at Patterson and Sjn-ingfield. Wherever ledges appear, the mountain side is covered with small amorphous stones. Tlie red sandstone appears in place, both upon the sides and base. Much of the eastern side is under cultiva- MIDDLE DIVISION. 9 tion; the summit and western declivity are generally covered by coppice of small oak, chesnut, walnut, butternut and cedar. The second Newark mountain runs a parallel course with, and is distant from, the first, about a mile. It is less ele- vated and rocky, and has a more gradual ascent than the other. The view from the first embraces the thickly settled and highly cultivated valley, whose surface appears like a plain, painted with meadows, grain fields and orcliards, and studded with the villages of Bloomfield, North and South Orange, and the large towns of Newark and Elizabeth; — beyond which we have in sight the salt meadows, the city and harbour of New York, parts of Long and Staten Islands and the distant ocean. In this valley, fine red and grey freestone alternates with shale. Bituminous coal, in thin layers, is associated with argillaceous sliale, in freestone quarries, adjacent to the Passaic. At the termination of the Newark Mountain, at Springfield, and in many parts of the trap ranges, smoke, and in some instances, flame issuing from the crevices of the rock, have been observed by the inhabitants; proceeding probably from carbonated hydrogen gas indicating coal below. Animal and vegeta- ble organic remains have been observed in this freestone. Near Belleville a tooth, almost two inches in length, was discovered, some years since, fifteen feet below the surface. The Newark Mountains terminate at Springfield, where- the continuity of the trap range is broken. From this place the greenstone ridges take a S. W. direc- tion of seventeen miles to the vicinity of Boundbrook, and thence, N. W. about tea more to Pluckemin : the second mountain following the curvature of the first. Se- condary greenstone is, exclusively, the rock, in place, of the summits and sides of both ridges, but it seldom appears in ledges of magnitude. Sandstone is as usual the base, and has been observed under the greenstone, in nearly a horizontal posi tion, with a small dip, sometimes alternating with secondary compact limestone, in layers, from two inches to two feet in thickness. Frehnite is found in considera- ble quantities, near the foot of the mountain, in amygdaloid with a greenstone base, much of it partly decomposed. It is sometimes imbedded in the rock, in long parallel columns in various directions, its fibres radiating from the centre. Ze- olite, stilbite, crystals of quartz, and carbonate of lime, are frequently seen in the valley between the mountains. North of Scotch Plains, sulphat of barytes appears associated with carbonate of lime. A small portion only of these ranges is cleared and cultivated. The mountain, running a S. W. course from Springfield, has been termed, by some geologists, tlie Granite Ridge. It is described as passing through the State, bordering the oceanic alluvial, and having its highest point near Hoboken — alluding, doubtless, to the height near Weehawk. The Greenstone Ridge would be the more appropriate name. For excepting the serpentine, at Hoboken, there are no primi- tive rocks in place, between the Hudson and Highland chains; the sununit rock of all the ranges being, uniformly, secondary greenstone. The Highland chain runs from S. E. to N. W., tlie general direction of the primitive strata; but none of the secondary ranges of New Jersey pursues a course parallel with the primitive. The latter, in many places, preserve for miles an even summit of table-land, whilst the Highland' ridges display sugar loaf eminences, and a waving profile, characteristic of the primitive. The extensive secondary range commencing near Pompton, within half a mile of the Higlilands, and extending in a semi-circular course until it again approaches them, corroborates, by its direction and the character of its sum- mit, the correctness of these positions. The broad valley, encircled by the Green- stone ridge and the Highlands, contains much fresh water alluvial. Many of its small hills have no rock in place. The plain bordering the Passaic is generally ex- tensive— in some places four miles wide. Peat is observed in several places be- tween the source of the river and Little Falls; and a considerable quantity has been cut, adjacent to the Newark and Morristown turnpike, and tlie bed discovered to be more than six feet deep. Pompton Plain, near twenty miles in circumference, and environed by mountains, presents a decided fresh water alluvion — strata of gravel, sand, and clay, without rocks in place, have uniformly been found wherever wells have been dug; and it was, probably, at a remote period, the bed of a lake. The waters of the Pequannock Long Pond and Ramapo Rivers pass through it. The southern and much of the western part of the plain is marshy, and embraces about 1-500 acres of peat ground, apparently of good quality, judging by a ditch of four miles in length which has been dug through it. In the southern part of the plain, good granular argillaceous oxide B 10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. of iron, or pea ore, is found over a space of about 200 acres. The Highlands form the west and north-west boundary of the plain, which in other directions is skirted by the Pacganack Mountain, pursuing a serpentine course from North Pompton, to the vicinity of Morristown, separating the wide alluvial plains watered by the Pomp- ton and Passaic Rivers. Upon this range, tjie summit rock, in place, is, uniformly, a fine grained dark secondary greenstone, olten in a state of partial decomposition, exhibitino- mural precipices of considerable height and extent, with sandstone at the sides and base. The first contains prehnite, zeolite, analcime, chalcedony, agate, amethyst, jasper, crystals of quartz, and narrow veins of satin spar, in jasper. The part of this range adjacent to Pompton Plains, may, perhaps, from the abundance of these minerals, be useful to the lapidary, as well as to the mineralogist. The agates are from the size of a pin's head to three pounds weight, mostly chalcedony — The eyed and fortification agate has been observed here in a few instances. A mineral specimen was found in this mountain by Judge Kinsey, of near 16 pounds weight, containing agate, amethyst, and white quartz. Another greenstone range, of minor extent, called Long Hill, is situate in the great valley, under review, rising near Chatham, and running westerly about ten miles. The trap of this ridge is in such state of decay, that rocks seldom appear in place. The Passaic pursues a winding course along the base of the mountain, some- times concealed in groves, at others glancing sheen in the verdant meadows. About the centre of Long Hill are mural precipices, composed of what the farmers call shell rock, resembling the stone on the banks of the Raritan. This secondary formation accompanies the Highlands to the Delaware, and is pierced in several places by broken ridges of the same trap character we have de- scribed. Such is the Rocky or Nashanic Mountain, the heights near Rocktown, Lambertville, Belmont, Herberttown, and Woodville, and Rocky Hill, immediately north of Princeton. The sandstone, generally, in this portion of the section, differs materially from that of the Passaic. It extends northerly to the first primitive ridge, north of Flemington, and forms the soil of the broad red shale valley, spreading from that ridge to the Rocky Hills, underlays the last, and extends south of Pening- ton. Its colour is of a darker red than the Newark stone — it appears to be without grain, yields a strong argillaceous odour when breathed upon, and is readily decom- posed by exposure to air and moisture. It is, probably, composed of iron, alumine, and silex, with a small portion of sulphur, and may be termed ferruginous shist. The rock is stratified, splitting readily into thin brittle lamin®, and is said to rest in some places on good freestone. But on the S. E. near Princeton, are quarries of excellent red and while freestone, similar to that of the Preakness ridge. Sandy Hill, an elevation of the secondary region, situate between Kingston and Brunswick, is alluvial, like the Nevisink Hills, composed of sand, white and co- loured clay, containing beds of ferruginous sand and puddingstone. Upon the south-western angle of this district, and particularly at and around Trenton, there is a small portion of primitive, rising through the secondary, into abrupt rocks of granitic character, varying from loose micaceous shale to massive granite, but composed chiefly of hard and compact gneiss. This rock forms the Falls of the Delaware at the head of tide, and stretches away in a S. W. direction through Pennsylvania. From a mass in the bed of the river, large and beautiful specimens of zircon have been taken. The portion of New Jersey which we have now described, is the most populous, and perhnpsthe most wealthy of tiie State. Its soil is not so productive as the lime- stone of tiie primitive and transition regions; but there is less of it waste, than in those regions, and it is divided into smaller farms, and more assiduously laboured, under the excitement of proximity to the markets of New York and Philadelphia, and that created in the eastern portion by its own manufacturing towns ; as Pat- terson, Little Falls, Godvvinsville, New Prospect, Bloomfield, Belleville, North and South Orange, Si)rinirfield, Plainfield, Newark, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Wood- bridge, New Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, &c. Besides the minerals already mentioned, large deposits of copper ore have been discovered in tiiis section, at Belleville, at Griggstown, near Brunswick, Wood- bridge, Greenbrook, Somerville, and Pluckemin ; and it would seem probable that a vein of this metal extends S. W. across the secondary region from Fort Lee. The following account of the mine near New Brunswick is extracted from Morse's Gazetteer; — " About the yeari 1748, 1749, 1750, several lumps of virgin copper, from 5 to 30 MIDDLE DIVISION. 11 lbs. weight, (in the whole upwards of 200 lbs.) were ploughed up in a field belong- ing to PJiilip French, Esq., within a quarter of a mile of the town. This circum- stance induced Mr. Elias lioudinot to take a lease of the land of Mr. French, for 99 years, with a view to search for copper ore. A company was formed, and about the year 1751, a shaft was commenced in the low ground 300 }'ards from the river. The spot selected had been marked by a neighbour, who, passing it in the dark, had observed a flame rising from tlie ground, nearly as large as the body of a man. At about 15 feet, the miners struck a vein of blue stone, about two feet thick, between loose walls of red sand stone, covered with a sheet of pure copper, somevi'hat thicker than gold leaf. The stone was filled with grains of virgin copper, much like copper filings, and occasionally lumps of virgin copper of from 5 to 30 pounds were found in it. This vein was followed about tiiirty feet, when the accumulation of water exceeded the means of the company to remove it. A stamping mill was erected, where, by reducing the ore to powder, and washing it, many tons of pure copper were obtained and exported to England. Sheets of copper of the thickness of two pennies, and three feet square, have been taken from between the rocks, within four feet of the surface, in several parts of the hill. At about fifty or sixty feet deep, a body of fine solid ore was struck in the same vein, but between rocks of white flinty spar, which was soon worked out." Some efforts were made to renevs^ the mining operations here, at various periods, but never with encouraging success. The excavations have been extensive. A shaft of great depth is yet visible ; an adit, it is said, was driven several hundred yards be- neath the bed of tlie river, and hydraulic pumps were worked by Lyell's Brook to free the mine from water. The stones around the vicinage are every where coloured by the oxide of copper, and beautiful copper pyrites are obtained from the neighbour- ing quarries. The Schuyler copper mine, near Belleville, on the left bank of the Passaic, seven miles from Jersey City and Hoboken, was discovered about the year 1719, by Arent Schuyler. The ore cropping out on the side of a hill was easily raised ; and as the policy of Great Britain prohibited every species of manufacture in the colonies, it was exported in the crude state to England. From the books of the discoverer, it appears that before the year 1731, he had shipped 1,386 tons to the Bristol copper and brass works. His son. Col. John Schuyler, prosecuted the work with more nume- rous and skilful hands ; but the quantity of ore raised by him is unknown, his books having been lost during the war. In 1761, the mine was leased to a company, who erected a steam engine, of the imperfect construction then in use, and worked the mine profitably for four years. In 1765, however, a workman, who had been dismissed, having set fire to the engine- house, the works were discontinued. Several gentlemen in England, acquainted with the superior quality of the ore of this mine, obtained permission from the crown to erect works for smelting and refining copper in America, and otfered to purchase the estate of Mr. Schuyler, containing the mine, at £100,000 sterling. This offer he refused, but agreed to join them in rebuilding the engine and working the mine. But the revolutionary war, and the deranged state of ihe country subse- quent thereto, and other circumstances, caused the mine to be neglected until 1793, when a new company undertook the work with much vigour, but it would seem with little prudence. They collected miners from England and Germany, purchased a freehold estate, convenient for the erection of furnaces and manufactories, with an excellent stream of water, rebuilt the engine, and commenced and partly completed other works. Their labours were interrupted by the death of the principal share- holder in the company, the whole interest of which soon after was vested in Mr. Nicholas I. Roosevelt, whose many engagements debarred him from prosecuting this enterprise. Another company, organized in 1825, procured some Cornish miners, and cleared out two adit levels, three old shafts, and sunk one new one about 60 feet deep ; erected a new steam engine, and prepared most of the necessaries for working the mine in the deep levels. But, when they were ready to break out ore, some ineffi- cient machinery designed to pump the water from the vein to the great shaft, gave way, and the funds or patience of the company were insufficient to prosecute the enterprise further. Their lease, conformable to its terms, was forfeited. We under- stand that during the present year (1833), a new association has been formed for working this mine. There are luany veins well worth working, particularly those near the surface, containing what is termed stamp ore. The principal vein, which has proved very 12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. profitable, is imbedded in a stratum of freestone, from 20 to 30 feet thick, and is called a pipe vein. It dips about 12 degrees from the horizon, rather by steps than a strai<>lit line, and increases in richness with its depth. It has been followed 212 feet below the surface, and about 112 feet beneath the adit cut for draining ; hence, the water must be pumped to that level. A large shaft has been sunk 140 feet below tlie adit, 30 feet of which have been filled with mud and rubbish. The engine at the mine has a cylinder 31^ inches in diameter, and eight feet stroke, and has ample power to free the mine from water. Excellent cast iron pumps are fixed from the level of the vein to the adit, and from the adit to the surface, for supplying the engine. The vein has been worked about 150 feet, horizontal!}', from the shaft, de- clining from the entrance a few feet: hence, though tiie leakage is inconsiderable, some method is required to carry it into the shaft, which may be readily done if the shaft be cleared to tlie bottom. The ore of the principal vein, it is said, yields from 60 to 70 per cent, of copper; and the vein will produce, it is supposed, from 100 to 120 tons of ore annually, which yields from four to seven ounces of silver to the hundred pounds; and, like most copper ores, a small portion of gold. When pure copper was sold in England at £75 sterling the ton, the ore of this mine was shipped from New York for that mar- ket at £70 the ton. The quality of the ore, and condition of the mine, are attested by several respectable persons, who have skill and proper means to judge of them. If the statement respecting the proportion of silver in this ore be correct, it is more productive than many of the much-worked and highly valued mines of Mexico. The mines of Biscayna, of Royas, of Teliuilotepec, and of Gautla, do not j'ield more than three ounces of pure silver to one quintal of the ore; vi'hilst the remarka- ble rich mines of the Count de la Valenciana, at Guanaxuato, gave only .5.1-10 ounces the quintal. The mean product of the whole Mexican mines, when in their best condition, did not exceed 2^ ounces the quintal ; and that of the ores of Peru was still less; giving at most at Potosi, 53-100, and at Pasco, 1.3-50 ounces, the quintal. If tlie ores of the Schuyler mine give from four to seven ounces of silver t^e quintal, and are abundant, they must be better worth working for the silver alone than most of tlie silver mines of th^ world; and the copper product must add enor- mously to their value. The copper mine in the trap ridge, two miles north of Somerville, commonly known as Caramam's, has been wrought at intervals for many years, but without profit; more, it is said, because of the want of capital, and public confidence in the operators, than from the poverty of the ores. The following, according to Dr. Torrey,arethe principal minerals found here, viz: native copper in irregular masses, weighing from one ounce to eight pounds, and one block has been obtained of 23 pounds; phosphate of copper, massive, and of a verdigris colour, generall)' accom- panying native copper ; carbonate of copper, green, in connexion with tlie phos- phate; red oxide of copper; the massive variety of which is the common ore of the mine, found crystallized in octaliedra, whose surfaces are extremely brilliant and beautiful; native silver, in small masses, disseminated througii the phosphate and crystallized oxide; green quartz, in tabular, partly noded masses, a beautiful mine- ral, resembling chrysoprase; prehnite, in cavities in the greenstone, very fine; and mountain leather, in thin plates, very tenacious when moistened. Drifts have been made in various directions in this mine, and the ore is said to be abundant, yielding from 25 to 75 per cent, of pure metal. Nortli of the village of Greenbrook, in the same ridge, a vein of copper, many years since, was wrought to a considerable extent ; but it, too, has been long aban- doned. To these locations of copper, we are now to add another, lately discovered, near Flemington, in a vein remarkably, but not yet extensively, explored. V. The third section, into which we have divided the State, and which we have called the mountainous, is in breadth from 10 to 40 miles, measured at right angles with the direction of the mountains. This district is tlie most interesting, as it is the most varied, in its geological formation, surface, soil, mineral and vegetable pro- ductions. The geological formations here are much blended and confounded ; and the most we can attempt is to designate and describe the strongly marked divisions. The secondary section we liave above noticed, is bounded on the N. W. throughout its range by a broad distrirt of primitive ; containing, however, a large proportion of transition. The southern limits of this district are marked by the cliain of liighlands running S. W. from the Kamapo and Pompton Mountains, on the line of New York, NORTHERN DIVISION. 13 by Morristown, Baskingridge and Flemington to, and across, the Delaware, near Sax- tonville. The extension, northward, is limited to a line running west of the Wallkill Mountains, and thence crossing the Delaware in the neighbourhood of" Belvidere. A belt of transition, having an average breadth of about six miles, including Long Pond, R,aftenberg and Greenpond Mountains, continues, we believe, along the eastern foot of Musconetcong and Schooley's Mountains, across the State. The continuity of tlie eastern ridges of the primitive, with its belt of transition, is interrupted in many places by the streams ; yet the hills form few valleys of considerable extent, and are generally less elevated in this State than in the vicinity of the Hudson River, where they rise to 1600 feet. They are usually crowned by sugarloaf eminences, forming a waving profile, characteristic of primitive regions. The summits are commonly covered with masses of rock, which render them unfit for culture. The primitive ridges contain rocks of pretty uniform character; in general coarse, well crystallized aggregates of quartz and feldspar; often enclosing shorl, garnets, hornblende and epidote, with little mica; and in many places, for a considerable ex- tent, none. These simple materials, variously combined, form granite, gneiss and sienite. Primitive greenstone is observable also in some cases. In the transition section, grauwacke and grauwacke slate, are the most common rocks. The extensive ranges in Bergen and Morris counties, of Long Pond, Raflfen- berg, and Green Pond Mountains, for miles present stupendous mural precipices, facing the east, of a reddish brown grauwacke, composed of red and white quartz, red and grey jasper, and indurated clay. The rocks are stratified, inclining to the north-west at an angle of about 40°. They are scattered in abundance on the banks of the Pequannock, from Newfoundland to Pompton. Grauwacke, in place, is some- times observed, resting on sienite adjacent to the Pequannock. Extensive beds of magnetic iron ore are found on these ranges at Ringwood and Mount Pleasant, and at Suckasunny, at the mines of General Dickenson, being on the strata which ex- tends 300 miles from the White Hills of Newhampshire, to the end of the primitive ridge near Black River. These beds are from 8 to 12 feet thick; and the ore from the mine of General Dickenson produces the best iron manufactured from highland ore. Calcareous spar and asbestos are frequent, and sulphuret of iron abounds in various parts of the Highlands. Probably, the most extensive bed of the last is in Morris county, near the eastern base of Copperas Mountain, and opposite to Green Pond. Copperas was manufactured here extensively during the late war with Great Britain. Many rich beds of iron ore in this region, are rendered useless for the forge by sulphur. Graphite or black lead, in various stages of purity, is common. At Monro Iron Works, (N. Y.) on the River Ramapo, large plates of black mica., crystallized in hexaedral form, are seen sometimes a foot in diameter. Compact feldspar and epidote, are in the elevated primitive ranges west of the transition dis- trict, and compact limestone at various parts of the transition range ; and in the vici- nity of New Germantown, and on a line running N. E. and S. W. from that point, pudding limestone, not inferior in beauty to that employed in the capitol of Wash- ington, is abundant, and frequently converted into lime. In the primitive range of Morris county, west of Pompton Plains, called Stony Brook Mountains, chlorite slate is common, and granular limestone has recently been found in the same moun- tain. The latter is in colour clear white, admits of good polish, and is often asso- ciated with beautiful amianthus and talc, alternating in narrow veins. In the same vicinit}' there is a greyish white marble, rendered porphyritic by grains of noble ser- pentine disseminated through it. It is hard and receives a fine polish. In t!ie talc, metallic crystals supposed to be chromate of iron, have been observed. From the last mentioned mineral an acid is extracted, which, united with lead, forms chromate of lead, a valuable pigment. Galena has been observed in the grauwacke rancres adjacent to Green Pond, and beautiful tremolite is connected with the white granu- lar limestone of Stoneybrook. North-west of the transition, the primitive resumes its empire, and includes the Wallkill and Hamburg Mountains, which are continued in Schooley's and the Mus- conetcong Mountains, from the line of New York to the line of Pennsylvania, un- divided by any stream. In this ridge and the portion of the primitive sections west of it, the primitive, the transition, and the secondary formations seem combined. This region also includes Marble Mountain, Scott's Mountain, Jenny Jump, Furnace Mountain, Pimple Hill, Pochuck Mountain, and other innominate hills. This, also, is a remarkable mineral district. Schooley's Mountain and the Musconetcong, abound with highly magnetic iron ore, blended however with foreign substances, 14 GENERAL DESCRIPTION which render liquefaction difficult. Along the valleys and hill sides of this moun- tain there is an abundance of excellent flints suitable for guns. West of the Hamburg Mountain lies the valley of the Wallkill, or, as it is some- times called, the Valley of Sparta; running east of north twenty miles to the State of New York, much noted for the number and variety of its minerals. A white crystalline limestone and marble occupies the bottom of the valley, and rises on the west into a low subsidiary ridge following the course of the stream eight or nine miles. The metalliferous deposits, however, claim the greatest interest. The first or eastern bed, which at Franklin appears like a black mountain mass, contains an ore of iron commonly little magnetic, and, as a new metalliferous combination, has received the name of Franklinite, and is composed of 66 per cent, of iron, 16 of zinc, and 17 of the red oxide of manganese. On its supposed richness the great furnace of Frank- lin was built, but it was soon discovered that this ore was not only irreducible to metallic iron, but that it obstructed the fusion of other ores. If employed in quan- tity exceeding one-tenth of the magnetic oxide of iron with which it was economi- cally mixed, there resulted what the smelters term a salamander ; an alloy of iron with manganese, which resisted fusion and crystallized even under the blast, so that all the metal was lost, the hearth demolished, and 10 or 12 yoke of oxen required to drag away the useless mass. At Franklin, it is but sparingly intermixed with the red oxide of zinc. About two miles north, the bed ceases to be apparent at the surface, but may be traced seven miles to the south-east. Three miles from the fur- nace, at Stirling, is another huge mass of this mineral, but so combined with the red oxide of zinc, that the crystals of Franklinite are imbedded in the zinc, forming a metalliferous porphvr3-. This ore, merely pounded and mixed with copper, was profitably employed during the late war for foruiing brass. Often, within a few feet west of the Franklinite, appear beds of well characterized magnetic oxide of iron, but always accompanied by hornblende rock. A species of this last ore, found near the furnace, is intimately blended with plumbago. Here, also, are curious beds of yellow garnet, imperfect sienitic granite, in which are beautiful opaque blackish brown masses of garnet of a high resinous lustre, and crystallized on the surface, accompanied with laminated epidote; white and compact massive or minutely lami- nated augite, in some parts intimately blended with specks of violet, granular feld- spar, resembling petrosilex; sphene, brown garnet, dark green granular augite, like the cocolite of Lake Champlain; phosphate of lime; spinelle and black spinelle or fowlerite, from Dr. Fowler, of Franklin, its discoverer; specular iron ore ; brucite, bronzite, pargazite and idocras, zircon, tremolite, imbedded in crystals of white au- gite; actynolite, short crystals of augite almost black, like those of volcanic rocks; apatite, a beautiful apple green feldspar, in crystalline carbonate of lime, accom- panied with perfect crystals of mica, and hexagonal plates of plumbago, soft and almost as fusible as hornblende ; a very brilliant pale green hornblende, passing into actynolite, which has been denominated maclureite, in honour of him who has done so much for American geology, and natural science in general; — blue and white sapphire, enormous green crystals of augite, at least an inch and a half in diame- ter, presenting hexaedral or octahedral prisms, with almost equal faces, and termi- nated by oblique tetrahedral pyramids, accompanied, near the junction of granite and crystallized carbonate of lime, with large crystals of feldspar; scapolite, or wer- nerite ; arsenical pyrites, mixed with others resembling the sulphuret of cobalt, or nickel, with a substance like blende, accompanied by dendrodite, and argillaceous fluate of lime. The crystalline calcareous rock which here alternates with granitines of feldspar and quartz, or with beds of sienitic granite, at other places, disappears, and a conflu- ent grauwacke, almost porpl.yritic, and contemporaneous, apparently, with the other formations, is observed, directly overlaid by a bed of leaden, minutel}^ granular, se- condary limestone, containing organic remains of the usual shells and corallines,- and layers of blackish hornstone or petrosilex. This rock, as well as the grau- wacke hcncalh has disseminated crystals of blue fluate of lime. In the limestone the cavities are sometimes very numerous, and lined both with pseudnmorphous masses and cubes, and while fluate and cjuartz crystals. Thus we have here before us, as at Lake Champlain, the rare and interesting spectacle of an union of every class of rocks, but passing decidedly into each other, as if almost contemporaneous. This singular formation, to which slate should be added, extends into Orange coun- ty. State of New York. Immense masses, some miles in length, of the red oxide of zinc, lie in the mountains, near Sparta; and as thia ore may be easily converted NORTHERN DIVISION. 15 into metal, they will probably one day add greatly to the wealth of this portion of the State. The white crystalline limestone, which is so interesting a feature of this reo-ion, has been distinctly traced from Mounts Adam and Eve, in the state of New York, to Byram township of Sussex county, in an uninterrupted line of twen- ty-five miles, with a width varying from two and a half miles, to that of a few rods, its greatest breadth being at the state line. Its inclination, except at Mounts Adam and Eve, is low, often falling below the adjoining limestone of more recent date. It crops out, only here and there, in large masses; and its continuity is to be ob- served, solely, by boulders and loose stones, scattered over the surface. It most probably extends, with occasional breaks, to Easton on the Delaware. Silver and gold are asserted to have been found in several places of the primitive re- gion, and attempts have been made at various times, by the ignorant, wiio have been self-deceived, and by the knavish who have deceived others, to work veins of pyrites, which have a resemblance to those metals. Among these primitive ridges, we must notice, upon the S. W., Scott's Moun- tain, and Jenny Jump, in both of which, are extensive deposits of magnetic iron ore, and other interesting minerals. In tlie first, near Oxford furnace, the mijiing of iron was many years ago very extensively conducted, and shafts of great depth, and drifts of great length, are still visible. The works, however, had been long abandoned, when Messrs. Henry and Jordan, from Pennsylvania, with praisewor- thy enterprise recommenced them in 1832. They are now prosecuting a vein of productive magnetic ore, blended with carbonate of lime, fiom 10 to 12 feet wide, enclosed by parietes of mica shale. Throughout these mountains, the elements of primitive rock may be found variously and curiously combined ; but we are not aware, that they have been subjected to minute examination by the naturalist. N. W. of the primitive hills we have described, there lies a valley, having an average breadth of about 10 miles, but broadest near tlie Delaware, extending over the northern parts of Sussex and Warren counties. It is drained for the greatest part by Paulin's Kill, flowing to the Delaware, and may, therefore, properly be termed Paulin's Kill Valley. It is bounded on the N. W. by the Blue Mountain. The valley is covered with knolls and low ridges, at first view apparently in much confusion, but which may be traced on the inclination of the mountains. Transi- tion limestone alternates here with slate. A notable ridge of the latter bounds the Paulin's Kill on the S. E. side, from near its mouth to Newton, whilst the N. W. side is as strikingly distinguished by its range of limestone, which may be traced to Orange county. New York. North of the limestone, there is another ridge of slate, of a character well adapted for roofing and ciphering slate, quarries of which are extensively worked on the Delaware. Between this slate and the Blue Moun- tain lies a bed of grauwacke. The mountain contains the usual species of transition rocks, grauwacke, in every variety of aggregation, slate, mountain limestone, and greenstone, and rising from 1400 to 1600 feet high, is covered with wood, in which the deer, bear, wolf, and most wild animals, indigenous, still roam. N. W. of the mountain, bounded by the Delaware River, lies a fertile tract of transition lime- stone land, watered by the Flat Kill, and varying in width from one to seven miles. The mountains of this third section are, generally, in a state of nature. There are, however, some cultivated spots, which reward the husbandman. But the val- leys form the most fertile portions of the State. They are generally based on lime- stone; and since lime has been extensively adopted as manure, they have rapidly improved. This is especially the case among the Highlands, at Clinton, New Ger- mantown, in the valleys of the north and soutii branches of the Raritan and of La- mington rivers, in the valleys of the Musconetcong, the Pohatcong, the Pequest and its tributaries, and valleys of Paulin's Kill and Flat Kill. All these produce wheat in abundance, and where wheat abounds and finds a ready way to market, no other good thing is absent. Wheat and iron are the staples of the country, which in the lower part of the section, seek the market by the Morris canal. There were, in 1832, by the report of the assessors, fifteen furnaces and eighty-seven forcre fires in operation in the counties of Sussex, Warren, Morris and Bergen. By the com- pletion of the Morris canal, the iron mines are growing into vast importance; great demand for the ores liaving been created in West Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York. From the valley of the Musconetcong immense quantities of wheat are exported, individual farmers raising from one thousand to three thousand bushels per annum. Marble for ornamental architecture ia abundant in this district. At Mendham, 16 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Morris county, it occurs with dendritic impressions in which it resembles the beau- tiful marble of Florence. White marble and noble serpentine, we are told, are found in large masses on the Pompton Mountain, and also near Phillipsburg. Man- ganese, too, is said to be abundant in various parts of the section, and a water lime, similar to that of New York, has been discovered at Mendham and other places. South-east of the Musconetcong Mountain, this district is drained by the Rama- po River, which divides the primitive formation from the secondary, in Bergen county; by Longpond or Ringvvood River, which rises in Longpond or Greenwood Lake; by the Pequannock, which has its source in the Wallkill Mountains : these streams uniting in Pompton and Saddle River townships, Bergen county, form the Pompton River, which joins the Passaic, about four miles N. W. of the Little Falls. The Passaic receives also the Rockaway, Whippany and Dead Rivers. The re- mainder of this part of the section is tributary to the Raritan River, which receives from it, three of its main branches; the North, the Lamington and the South; each of which has a tortuous course, and waters a great extent of surface, bat all hav- ing their source S. W. of the Musconetcong and Hamburg Mountains, which sepa- rate entirely the whole of tiie section. There are several lakes, of from four to six miles in compass, and others larger. The principal is Greenwood Lake, upon the confines of New York, about 16 miles in circumference ; lying in a narrow valley of the Highlands, scarce a mile wide. Mackepin, in the soutiiern part of Pompton township, covers less surface, and is supposed to be 600 feet above the waters of an adjacent mountain valley. Green- pond, on the south of tiie Hamburg turnpike and near the valley of Newfoundland, is a beautiful slieet of water, about eight miles in circumference, bounded E. by the woodclad Copperas Mountain, and W. by a high and savage hill, which bears its name. Two or three farm houses, pleasantly situated, on a sandy beach, on its northern bank, serve as an hostelrie, for the sportsmen of Morris and Bergen coun- ties, when resorting to this their favourite spot. Some of the lakes in the transition region have their borders girded by lofty walls of grauwacke, and rival in their ro- mantic scenery the celebrated sheets of Cuniberland and Westmoreland. ' Budd's Pond upon Schooley's Mountain is also remarkable for its fish, as were Hurds and Hopatcong Lakes ; but the last is now celebrated as the perennial source of the sup- ply of water for the Morris Canal, being on the summit level, and the principal feeder. In its natural state the Hopatcong poured forth its waters to the Delaware, only, by tiie Musconetcong Creek, which courses the north-western base of the Musconetcong Mountain. The streams that drain the interval, between the Musconetcong and the Blue Mountain, westwardly, are. the Musconetcong, Pohatcong, Lapatcong, Pequest, and Paulinskill ; and eastwardly, the Wallkill. In this valley there are also several small lakes, the most curious of which are the White Ponds, near Marksboro', and Pimple Hill, both noted for the quantity of the shells of the small white fresh water snail, which covers the bottom and banks. At the first, the ma.'ss of these shells is enormous, covering the sides and bottom of the pond many feet thick. North of the Blue Mountain the only stream worth special notice is liie Flatkill. Oak, walnut, beach, birch, ash, elm and sugar maple, are the predominant timber of the third section. Pine, hemlock, and cedar, are scattered through tlie forest, adja- cent to the lakes and streams. On the high points of ground, walnut and oak are the most common trees. Shrub oak is the most frequent in the transition highland district which passes throagh Morris county. It occupies almost exclusively an ex- tensive level interval on the north of Suckasunny Plain, attaining the heigiit of six or eight feet, and forming an entangled thicket, beneath which the ground is co- vered with loose stones. We have already mentioned the number of peach orchards in the alluvial of the State, and we may observe here, tliat tlie apple orchards of the secondary, primitive, and transition sections, are not less worthy of notice. The cider of New Jersey is justly preferred to any otiier of tlie United States, and the quantity of ardent spirit distilled from it, may be conjectured by a glance at the list of distilleries in the ge- neral statistical table. For a more particular notice of the rivers of tlie State, and of the bridges which cross them, we refer the reader to the names of the streams, respectively, in the subsequent part of the work. But we will conclude this physical sketch by a view of the turnpike roads, rail roads, and canals, which traverse the State NORTHERN DIVISION. 17 VI. Turnpikes. Since March, 1801, authority has been given for making 54 turnpike roads. The object of these improvements seems threefold. 1. Tlie facili- tating the communication between the great cities of New York and Philadelphia. 2. The more ready approach from the interior to the markets of New York and Eas- ton, for the products of agriculture and the mines ; and 3. The drawing the produce of the Delaware river, to the waters of East Jersey and New York, all which has been much aided by the capital of that great city. The following list gives the titles of these acts, the dates of their enactment, with their respective supplements. Those marked with an asterisk, (*) have been wholly, or partially, carried into ef- fect. 1801, March 9. *1. Morris Turnpike, from Elizabethtown, through Morristown and Newton, over the Minisink Mountain, at Culver's Gap, to the Delaware, opposite Milford. Supplement, Nov. 10, 1803. 1802, Nov. 30. *2. Hackensack and Hoboken. Supplement, Nov. 16, 1807. 1804, Feb. 23. *3. Union, from Morristown to Sparta. 1806, Nov. 11. *4. Union continued from Sparta, through Culver's Gap, to the Delaware. Supplement, Feb. 4, 1815. 1804, Nov. 14. *5. Trenton and New Brunswick. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806. Feb. 1, 1814. 1804, Dec. 1. *6. City of Jersey and Hackensack. To which the state subscribed $12,500. Supplement, Nov. 4, 1808. 1806, Feb. 24. *7. Newark and Pompton. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806. Jan. 28, 1830. „ 27. *8. Newark and Mount Pleasant. Supplement, May 9, 1820. „ *9. Jersey, from New Brunswick to Easton Bridge, on the Dela- ware. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806. Feb. 22, 1811. Feb. 14, 1815. Feb. 15, 1816. Feb. 16, 1831. ,, March 3. *10. Essex and Middlesex, from New Brunswick to Newark. Sup- plement, Nov. 17, 1821. „ ,, *11. Washington, from Morristown to the Delaware, opposite to Eas- ton. Supplement, Nov. 15, 1809. „ J, *12. Patterson and Hamburg, from Acquackanonck landing to Deck- ertown. Supplement, Nov. 26, 1806. Nov. 23, 1822. 1806, March 3. 14. Springfield and Newark. ,, *15. Franklin, from New Prospect to the New York line. ,, March 12. 16. Hunterdon and Sussex. 1807, Dec. 3. *17. Princeton and Kingston — branch of Trenton and New Bruns- wick turnpike. „ „ 18. Jefferson, through Berkshire valley to the Patterson and Ham- burg road. „ Nov. 16. 19. Belleville, from Belleville bridge to the Newark and Pompton road, between Bloomfield and Cranetown. 1808, Nov. 22. *20. Perth Amboy, to Boundbrook. Supplement, Feb. 18, 1820. „ „ *21. Woodbridge, from New Brunswick, through Piscataway and Woodbridge, to Rah way. ,, Nov. 24. 22. Burlington, through Bordentown, to intersect the Trenton and New Brunswick turnpike. Supplement, November, 1809. Feb. 6, 1811. „ Nov. 28. 23. Jersey and Acquackanonck, from Acquackanonck to Belleville turnpike. „ 28. *25. Deckertown and Milford. Supplement, Feb. 10, 1813. Dec. 7, 1825. Dec. 16, 1826. 1809, Nov. 28. *13. Patterson and Hamburg, continued from Deckertown over the Blue Mountain, to the Delaware opposite to Milford. Sup- plement, Feb. 11, 1815. Feb. 15, 1816. January 23, 1818. „ 29. *24. Parsippany and Rockaway, from Vanduyns, tJirough Rockaway, to the Union turnpike. 1811, Feb. 8. 26. Water Gap, from the Morris and Sussex turnpike, near the 34 mile post, through Milton and Hope, to the Delaware, near the Water Gap.' Supplement, Feb. 3, 1813. „ 9. *27. Ringwood and Longpond, and division line between the 29th and 30th mile stones. Supplement, Feb. 10, 1813. Feb. 6, 1819. C 18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 1811, Feb. 9. 28. Farmers, from Springfield, through New Providence, Long Hill, Pluckemin, to the Jersey turnpike near Potterstown. „ 11. "29. Newark and Morris, from Newark, through S. Orange to Bot- tle Hill or Morristown. Supplement, Feb. 12, 1817. Jan. 15, 1818. Feb. 7, 1820. Dec. 5, 1823. „ 14. 30. Vernon, from the division line, near Decay's, to the Patterson and Hamburg turnpike. „ 31. New Milford, from the division line between the 29th and 30th mile stones. 1813, Jan. 12. 32. Dover, to Suckasunny. „ ''33. Spruce Run, from Clinton, in Hunterdon county, to the Wash- ington turnpike road, near Sherard's mill, in Sussex county. Supplement, Jan. 26, 1814. Jan. 27, 1818. ,, Feb. 11. 34. Hope and Hackettstown. *3.5. New Germantown, from Bayle's Mill and White House to New Germantown. 1814, Jan. 27. *36. Deckertown and Newton. Supplement, Feb. 4, 1817. Feb. 4, 1831. jj 37. Vernon and Newton, from Decay's, in the division line, by Hamburs:, to Sussex Court House. „ Feb. 11. 38. New Brunswick and Middleburg. 1815, Jan. 18. "39. Hackensack and Hoboken. Supplement, Jan. 21, 1818. ,, Feb. 6. *40. Patterson and Hackensack. Supplement, Feb. 27, 1824. Nov. 6, 1827. „ Feb. 11. 41. Mount Hope and Longwood. Feb. 7, 1820. „ 42. New Providence, from Morristown to Scotch Plains. 1816, Feb. 15. 43. Georgetown and Franklin. Supplement, Jan. 20, 1819. Dec. 12, 1823. Feb. 25, 1828. ., Feb. 16. *44. Bordentown and South Amboy. Supplement, January 20, 1817. Nov. 6, 1819. Dec. 8, 1826. ,j 45. Belleville, to the Newark and Pompton road, at the Little Falls. „ 46. Woodbridge, to the New Blazing Star. „ 47. Patterson and Hamburg, to the Hudson, from Acquackanonck Bridge, to the Hackensack and Hoboken roads near the Three Pigeons. Supplement, Dec. 7, 1824. 1817, Feb. 12. *48. Pochuck, from Hamburg to Goshen, N. Y. 1819, Jan. 21. 49. Columbia and Walpack, to intersect the Sussex and Morris turnpike. „ Feb. 6. 50. Newton, from near Andover furnace, through Newton, to the third district of the Morris and Essex turnpike, near the Blue Mountain. 1825, Nov. 23. 51. Patterson and New Prospect. „ 52. Patterson and New Antrim, from Patterson through Saddle River and Franklin townships. 1828, Jan. 23. 53. Hackensack and Fort Lee. ,, 54. Passaic, from Patterson to Little Falls. Not more than half the projects for roads, which have received legislative sanc- tion, have been executed ; but in some instances the new laws were wholly, or partly, substituted for others, of which the designated routes had been abandoned. There have been made, however, about 550 miles of turnpike road, principally of earth and gravel. We do not recollect to have seen, in any direction, five conti- nuous miles of road paved with stone. The main iiighways of the State are pre- served in pretty good condition, and generally during the summer and fall seasons may be travelled with pleasure, in every direction. Some of them are preferable to the turnpikes, particularly such as pass over the slate and sandstone regions, where the hard rock approaches the surface. VII. Up to the year 1833, nine companies have been chartered for making rail- roads, with authority to employ the sum of $7,140,000 towards these objects. The Camden and Amboy Rail-road Company was incorporated under the act of February 4th, 1830, authorizing a capital stock of $1,000,000, with privilege to increase it $500,000, divided into shares of $100 each, to be employed in the construction of ml-road or roads, with all necessary appendages, from the Delaware River, at some NORTHERN DIVISION. 19 point between Cooper's and Newton Creeks, in the county of Gloucester, to some point on the Raritan Bay ; the road to be one hundred feet wide, with as many set of tracks as may be necessary, with a lateral road to Bordenlown ; reserving to the legislature the right to subscribe one-fourth, or less, of the capital stock, within a limi- ted time — which right was not exercised — with condition, also, that the road should be commenced within two, and be completed within nine, years; and that the com- pany should make quarterly returns of the number of passengers, and tons of mer- chandise, transported upon the road, to the state treasurer; and pay a transit duty of ten cents for each passenger, and fifteen cents for each ton of merchandise, in lieu of all other taxes. The company was empowered to decide upon the descrip- tion of carriages to be used on tiie road, the weight to be transported on each, the times of starting and rates of travelling, and to regulate the tolls ; and was required to provide suitable steam or other vessels, at either extremity of the road, for the transportation of passengers. The State, also, reserved to itself the right to pur- chase the road at and after the expiration of thirty years, at a valuation to be made according to law ; stipulating, that if the legislature shall authorize the construc- tion of any other rail-road for the transportation of passengers across the State from New York to Philadelphia, which road shall be constructed and used, and which shall commence and terminate within three miles of the commencement and termi- nation of the road authorized by the act, then the transit duties shall cease ; and that such other rail-road shall be liable to a tax not less than the amount payable to the State by this company. By an act passed 4lh February, 1831, it was further stipulated between the State and the company, tJiat the latter should transfer to the former 1000 shares of the capital stock, the instalments thereon to be paid by the company ; the State to appoint one director, on condition, that it should not be lawful to construct any rail- road for the transportation of passengers across the State, within three miles of the road of the company, until after the expiration of the term of nine years from the date of the act of incorporation, (Feb. 4th, 1830.) And that when any other rail- road for the transportation of passengers and property between New York and Phila- delphia shall be constructed and used, by virtue of any law of this State or of the United States, authorizing or recognising such road, that the dividends on the stock should cease, and the stock be retransferred to the company. By the act of 15th February, 1831, the Camden and Amboy Rail-road and the Delaware and Raritan Canal Companies were consolidated, for the purposes of com- pleting the canal and road, subject to the provisions, reservations and conditions of their respective charters ; the directors appointed under which are empowered to manage the affairs of the companies in joint meeting ; and the companies are jointly liable on the contracts made by either; and are prohibited from charging more than three dollars for the transportation of passengers from and to the cities of New York and Philadelphia. This act further provides that the canal and rail-road shall be completed within the time specified in the respective charters ; and that if one of the works at the expiration of such time be completed without the other, that the work completed shall be forfeited to the State. By the act of 2d March, 1832, 1000 shares of the joint capital stock are transfer- red to the State; and tlie companies contract that, if within one year from the time that the rail-road shall be completed, the transit duty received by the acts incorpora- ting such companies, and the dividends on the stock so transferred, shall not amount to $30,000, the companies shall pay the deficiency to the State ; and so, annually, out of the joint funds, and before any dividend be made to the stockholders, so as to secure to the State the sum of $30,000 at least, annually, during the charter; and that the State may appoint one director to represent the stock, but shall not vote thereon at any election of the stockholders. The state directors are appointable by the governor. The companies further covenant to construct a lateral rail-road from the village of Spottswood to the city of New Brunswick, to be completed so soon as any rail-road shall be made from that city to the Hudson River ; and that they will not charge more than $2. -50 for every passenger carried to and from the cities of New Brunswick and Philadelphia. The condition of these grants, however, is, that it shall not be lawful at any time during the rail-road charter, to construct any other rail-road in the State, without the consent of the companies, which shall be intended or used for the transportation of passengers or merchandise between the cities of New York and Philadelphia, or to compete in business, with the Camden and Amboy Rail-road. 20 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The united companies have completed one track of rail-road from a point below Bordentown, on the Delaware River, to South Amboy, passing through, or rather over, Hight's Town and by Spottswood, a distance of 35 miles, at an expense, it is said, of more than J^18,()00 the mile. Upon this road passengers and merchandise have been carried since February, 1833. It is constructed in a very substantial man- ner of cast iron rails, supported upon blocks of stone, or wooden sleepers, placed three feet distant from each other in the line. Until September, 1833, the carriages were commonly drawn by horses ; at that time steam locomotives were applied to one of the three daily lines which traverse it. The remainder of the road from Bordentown to Camden is in progress, and is being constructed of wood, faced with iron bars; it being supposed that it will not be employed more than two or three montlis in the year, and will therefore not re- quire the strength of the portion between Bordentown and New York. By the power which this company has to regulate the tolls on the road, they are enabled to exclude all other persons from its use, and to secure to themselves a mo- nopoly thereof; and this they have effected. The West Jersey Rail-road was designed to be connected with the Camden and Amboy Rail-roads, at Camden; and to run, thence, to any point upon the Delaware River, in the township of Penn's Neck, in the county of Salem. The company was authorized to have a capital of half a million, and to increase it to one million of dollars; and the road was to be commenced within two years from the passage of the act, (12th February, 1831.) and to be completed within five years. The road not having been commenced, the charter may be deemed void. The Patterson and Hudson River Rail-road Company^ was incorporated under the act of 21st January, 1S31, with a capital of !|;250,000, and the privilege to extend it to half a million; and was authorized to make a rail-road or lateral roads from one or more suitable places in the town of Patterson, one at least of which to commence at or pass in its course within 50 feet of the corner of the present lower race-way in the town of Patterson, at the intersection of Congress and Mill streets, near the Catholic Chapel, to Weehawkin ; and from thence to any other suitable place or places on the Hudson River opposite to the city of New York, within 50 feet of high- water mark, not exceeding 66 feet wide, with as many tracks as they may deem necessary, crossing the Hackensack River upon or near the bridge of the New Bar- badoes Company. By act ISth November, 1831, the company was empowered to locate the road from the east side of Berry's Hill, in the county of Bergen, to the Hudson River, and on making a tunnel through Bergen Hill, to charge additional toll. The company are empowered also to purchase and employ all means necessary in the transportation of merchandise, passengers, &c. upon the road, but the road is declared a public highway, free to all persons paying the prescribed toll, and may be purchased by the State after the expiration of fifty years from its completion. The treasurer of the company is required to make to the State treasurer annual returns of the number of passengers, and tons of merchandise, &e. transported on the road, and after the expiration of five years from the passing of the act, to pay to the State, annually, one-quarter of one per cent., and after the expiration of ten years, one-half per cent, on the capital stock paid in, in lieu of all taxation. B}' an act of 3d February, 1831, tlie Patterson Junction Rail-road Company was incorporated with a capital of ^20,000, which may be increased to ,^40,000, and a power to construct a rail-road or lateral roads from the Morris Canal, distant not more than one and a half miles from the corner of Congress and Mill streets, in the town of Patterson, to intersect the Patterson and Hudson River Rail-road, within the town of Patterson. This is also declared a public highway, and the compan}' are required, when the road shall be completed, to file a statement of its cost in the office of the secretary of state, and annually tiiereafter to report to the legislature the proceeds of the road, until they shall amount to seven per cent, upon its cost, and afterwards annually to pay to the State a tax of one-half per cent, on such cost in lieu of all taxes. And the legislature have reserved the right to purchase such road upon terms similar to those annexed to the charter of the Patterson and Hud- son River Rail-road Company; and the charter of tliis, as of that company, is de- clared void, if the road be not commenced in one year, and finished in five years from the 4lh July, 1831. The Patterson and Fort Lee Rail-road Company, incorporated by the act of 8th Mfl.rch, 1832, has authority to employ a capital of f 200,000 in making a road NORTHERN DIVISION. 21 from the town of Patterson to Fort Lee, on the Hudson River, not further than 50 feet from high-water mark ; to be commenced within one year from the 4th July, 1832, and completed within six years from that time, under penalty of forfeiture of the charter; and subject to be purchased by the State at the expiration of thirty years from the completion of the road, and to a transit duty of the one-quarter of one per cent, yearly, after the expiration of six years from the passage of the act, and the half of one per cent, after tlie expiration of ten years, upon the capital stock, in lieu of all other taxes. The Elizabethtown and Somerville Rail-road Company, by the act of 9th Fe- bruary, 1831, was empowered to construct a road from the village of Somerville to Elizabethtown, passing as near as practicable by Boundbrook, Plainfield, Scotch Plains and Westfield, subject to a tax of one-half of one per cent, upon the cost, an- nually, after the proceeds of the road shall yield seven per cent, thereon, and to the avoidance of the charter in case the road be not completed within seven years from the 4th July, 1831. This road is to be a public highway, and may be purchased by the State on the terms established in the case of the Patterson and Hudson road, and the Slate may subscribe $25,000 to the stock of the company, at any time before, or within, twelve months after the road shall be completed. The capital stock originally permitted to the company, was $200,000, with the privilege of increase to $400,000; but, by the act of 8th February, 1833, authority was given to add $500,000 immediately to the stock, and, eventually, should it be found necessary, $500,000 more; and to extend the road from the village of Somer- ville, by the village of Clinton, in the county of Hunterdon, to the Delaware River, opposite to the village of Belvidere, in the county of Warren, with a branch, if the company deem it expedient, to the Delaware River, between the mouth of the Mus- conetcong Creek and the Easton Delaware Bridge ; subject to all the restrictions and reservations made by the original act. The great object of this extension'of the road, is to unite it with the North-western Rail-road, which it is proposed to com- mence at the Delaware, opposite Belvidere, and to run through the Blue Mountain at the Water Gap, and by Stroudsburg, through a densely wooded country to Pittston, on the Susquehanna; being located for about 18 miles upon an inexhaustible coal bed. From this coal region, the road may be connected with several authorized roads into western New York. If this road be executed, it will open a convenient way to the New York market, not only from one of the most fertile and interesting portions of the State of New Jersej^, but will give a direction to the produce of a portion of New York territory, otherwise destined to reach the city of Philadelphia. A portion of the stock for this route has, we understand, been subscribed. The New Jersey Rail-road and Transportation Company was incorporated by the act of 7th March, 1832, with a capital of $750,000, and the privilege to double it, divided into shares of .$50 each; with power to make a rail-road not more than 66 feet wide, with as many tracks as they may deem proper, from such point in the city of New Brunswick, as shall be agreed upon by them and the corporation of that city, through or near the villages of Railway and Woodbridge, within half a mile of the market house, in Elizabethtown, and through Newark, by the most practicable route, and thence contiguous to, or south of the bridges, over the Hack- ensack and Passaic River; crossing Bergen Ridge, south of the turnpike road to some convenient point not less than 50 feet from high-water mark, on the Hudson river, opposite to the city of Nev/ York : and to make a branch road to any ferry on the Hudson opposite to New York, which shall join the main road within 100 yards of the Hackensack River, if the main road cross that river within 100 yards of the present bridge: but if more than 100 yards from that bridge, then the branch to join it, at such point, west of the river, as shall best give to the ferries equal fa- cilities of communication with Newark. And if the company do not construct such branch, as soon as the main road from Newark to the Hudson shall be made, then the law authorizes the owner of the ferry so to do, with the same power and liabi- lities as the company. The act, also, empowers the company to regulate the time and manner of transporting goods and passengers, the description and formation of carriages; and the rates and modes of collecting toll within the following limits; viz. for empty carriages, weighing less than a ton, two cents; more than one, and less than two tons, four cents; above three tons, eight cents per mile ; and in addition thereto, six cents per ton for goods, and three cents for each passenger, per mile. Provided, that no farmer of the State shall pay toll for carrying the produce of his farm, in hig own wagon, not weighing more than a ton, when such produce does not 22 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. weigh more than 1000 lbs.: but shall pay, only, for carriages, as if empty. It also authorizes the company to construct branches to any landing, on or near the Pas- saic, not north of Belleville, and to any place in the township of Newark; and requires them to commence the road at Jersey City and New Brunswick, within one year, and to complete the whole route in five years, under penalty of forfeiture of their charter. The company are further empowered to purchase any turnpike road and bridges on the route; but the act reserves to the State and individual stockholders of the Newark Turnpike Company, the right, at any time, within two years from the opening of the books, to take stock of the company in exchange, or to sell to the companj', at market value; but the Newark turnpike and the bridges over the Raritan, Passaic and Hackensack, are to be kept as public roads, without obstruction : to build or purchase carriages for the transportation of persons or pro- perty ; but not to charge more than six cents a mile for transporting passengers and each ton of goods, nor more than $1.25 for carrying passengers from New York to New Brunswick : to hold real estate, at the commencement and termination of their roads, not exceeding three acres at each place ; and to build thereon, ware- houses, stables, machine shops, &c. and over the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, such bridges, piers, &c. as may be necessary. The State has reserved the right to purchase the road after the expiration of the charter, (30 years) and of subscribing one-fourth of the stock, and has imposed an annual tax of 1-4 per cent, upon the capital paid in ; and should the road be continued across the State, a transit duty of 8 cents for each passenger and 12 cents for every ton of goods transported over the whole road. By a supplement to the act relative to the Delaware and Raritan Canal, and Amboy Rail-road, the companies are required to construct a lateral rail-road from the village oi' Spottswood to the city of New Brunswick, as soon as a rail-road shall be made from New Brunswick to the Hudson River; consequentl}^, when the Camden and Amboy Rail-road and the New Jersey Rail-road shall be completed, there must be a rail-road through the state, from Jersey City to Philadelphia. The New Jersey Rail-road Company commenced operations in the summer of 1832, and have confident expectations of completing the road from Hackensack River, through Newark to Elizabethtovvn, by the fall of 1833; and from the Hud- son to Elizabethtown in the summer of 1834; and the whole line, from the Hudson to New Brunswick, within two years. The estimated cost of the whole road for one track, with suitable passing places, including the purchase from the Bridge and Newark Turnpike Companies, the bridges over the Hackensack, Passaic and Rari- tan, and the moving power, cars, &c. as per report of N. Beach, the engineer, is - $718,912 Cost of superstructure for a second track on the whole line, 30 miles, at $4,710 80 per mile, - - - - - - 141,324 Total, - - - $860,236 Upon this capital, the company, after paying for annual repairs, cost of moving power, cars, &c. the sum of $35,640 per anwum, anticipate to receive a profit of $134,775, equal to 15-^ per cent. By an arrangement with Ihe Patterson Rail-road Company, the road for both companies, from the west side of Bergen Ridge, through the Deep Cut, and across the heavy embankments, on the east of the Ridge, and to the Hudson River, is to be constructed under the charter of this company, as joint property of the two com- panies; the Patterson company paying two-fifths, and this company three-fifths of the expense of construction, each company using the road without accounting to the other. This arrangement reduces the expense of the New Jersey Company $55,171. The company, in order to avoid litigation, has purchased of the United Passaic and Hackensack Bridge Companies their stock, at $150,000, equal to $150 per share, upon which amount it had, for some years, paid seven per cent, and created a surplus fund of .$30,000. With this stock, they obtained also all the right which the bridge company possessed, to pass the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, by bridges, for sixty years to come. A very large majority of the stockholders of the bridge companies used the right of election stipulated for, to take rail-road stock, and have thus become identified in interest with the compan}'. The New Jersey, Hudson and Delaware Rail-road Company was incorporated by an act of 8th March, 1832, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, and authority to in- crease it to $2,000,000, to be employed in making a rail-road and public highway, NORTHERN DIVISION. 23 commencing at any point on the Delaware River, between the New York state line and the mouth of Paulin's Kill, (and constructing a bridge over said river,) and to run thence to SnufFtown, in the county of Sussex, and thence to the Hudson River, opposite the city of New York ; or to join any rail-road chartered or to be chartered, leading to or terminating at the Hudson River, opposite the city of New York : but if extended to the Hudson, not to cross the Passaic south of the village of Belle- ville, nor to approach any point within three miles of the present bridge over the Passaic, at Newark, nor to run south of the turnpike road, a causeway leading from Newark to Jersey City ; such road to be commenced within two and finished within twenty years; and when the dividends upon its stock shall amount to seven per cent, to be subject to a tax of one-half of one per cent, per annum on the cost of the road and appendages, in lieu of all taxes ; reserving to the State the right, at any time within three years after the expiration of ninety-nine years, of taking the road and appendages at cost. The Delaware and Jobstown Rail or Macadamized Road Company, was incorpo- rated under the act of lUh February, 1833, with a capital of $60,000, and liberty to increase it to ^200,000, for the purpose of making a public road from the mouth of Craft's Creek, upon the Delaware River, by the villages of Columbus, Jobstown and Juliustown, to New Lisbon, a distance of 13 miles ; the road to be commenced within three and completed within ten years from the passage of the act, on penalty of for- feiture of the charter: and when the annual net proceeds shall amount to more than seven per cent, to pay half per cent, tax annually to the State ; reserving the right to the State to purchase thejoad upon appraisement after the expiration of fifty years. The stock of this road, we are told, is subscribed. VIII. There are four canals in the State completed or about to be completed, viz. the Morris Canal, the Delaware and Raritan Canal, the Salem Creek Canal, and the Manasquan Canal. The Morris Canal is among the most original and boldest efforts of the spirit of internal improvement. The idea of making it was first conceived by George P. M'Culloch, Esq. of Morristown, whilst on a fishing party at the Hopatcong Lake, near the summit of the Musconetcong Mountain, more than 900 feet above the level of the sea, and the enterprise was commenced through his zealous and active exer- tions. This lake, the source of the Musconetcong River, in its original state covered an area of about five square miles. To dam up its outlet, husband the spring fresh- ets, to double its capacity, and by leading its accumulated waters to the eastern de- clivity and valley of the Rockaway, to pursue the western descent until a practical route could be obtained across the country to Easton, were the means he proposed to open the way to market for the rich mineral products and the iron manufactured at the many furnaces and forges of this mountainous district. At one period, 81 forges and 12 furnaces flourished in the di.strict, biit when the canal was proposed, 30 of the former and 9 of the latter had fallen into ruins; whilst the remainder were greatly limited in their operations by the growing scarcity of fuel and increas- ing cost of transportation. A ton of iron might haye been brought to New York from Archangel on the White Sea, at nearly the same price it could have been trans- ported from Berkshire valley ; and thus, this great branch of manufacture, alike inte- resting to the State and the Union, was in imminent danger of perishing. But how might a canal penetrate from the Delaware to the Hudson, 100 miles, througli the mountainous chain repeatedly crossing its path ^ How might the eleva- tion, rapid and unavoidable, be surmounted, and how should the pecuniary sources be provided for an enterprise vast, novel, hazardous and expensive.' The lake at the summit level would supply water to be sure; but to raise boats 900 feet high, and again to lower them to their first level of lockage, would have required an amount of money for the construction, and of time in the passage, alike fatal to the enter- prise. Mr. M'Culloch, therefore, adopted the expedient of inclined planes for the greater lifts, and locks for the less. Sucli planes had never before been applied to boats of much magnitude, nor to an operation so extensive. Mr. M'Culloch endeavoured to induce the State to adopt the enterprise; and at the instance of him and others, the legislature, by act 15th November, 1822, ap- pointed G. M'Culloch, Charles Kinsey, of Essex, and Thomas Capner, Esqrs. com- missioners, with authority to employ a scientific engineer and surveyor to explore, survey and level the most practicable route for this canal ; and to report an estimate of the expense thereof, with such information relative to the minerals along its lines as they could obtain, and to deposit specimens thereof in the state library. The 24 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. commissioners reported, in 1823, and received the thanks of the legislature for the intelligence, industry and zeal displayed in the execution of their commission. But that cautious and prudential policy which has hitherto prevented the State from yielding her treasury and resources to the blandishment of projectors, charm they ever so wisely, deterred her from making the Morris Canal a state enterprise. A private company was therefore formed, and incorporated under the act of 31st De- cember, 1824, with a capital of .$1,000,000, and the right to increase it to $1,500,000, for canal purposes; and, likewise, to employ in banking operations, additionally, the sum of $200,000, for every $200,000 actually expended on the canal, so that the banking capital did not exceed a million of dollars. The route of the canal was selected, and the estimate of cost made, by Major Ephraim Beach, under whose direction the work was executed. This route, and the estimate of cost, were approved by General Bernard and Major Totten, of the engineer corps of the United States, and by Judge Wright; and the plan of inclined planes, suggested by professor James Renvvick, of Columbia College, New York, also received the sanction of the like authority; but much modification was after- wards found necessary in this particular. In 1825, the excavations were prosecuted with alacrity, while the planes were de- ferred; an arrangement which experience proves should have been reversed, since the latter could be perfected only by many and tedious experiments. The erection of the planes, too, was entrusted to ordinary mechanics, who, deficient in scientific knowledge and manual skill, caused much disappointment, which was aggravated by great and useless expenditure ; but, finally, proper engineers were employed, and the planes have become effectual to establish a regular intercourse along the line of the canal with the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and with the Hudson The ma- chinery of the inclined plane, so far as we have examined it, consists of a double rail- way connecting the upper and lower portions of the canal, up which a carriage sup- porting a boat is drav.-n by means of iron chains, wound round a cylinder, set in mo- tion by a water wheel turned by a stream from the upper level ; whilst another chain regulates the descent of another boat to the lower level, if there be one to pass, or if none, of the empty cradle. The cost of the canal, originally estimated at $817,000, has been about $2,000,000. The length completed is about 90 miles from the Passaic River, at Newark, to the Delaware, at Philipsburg, opposite to Easton; 11 J miles between Jersey City and Newark remain to be executed, and are estimated to cost $100,000; but the cost will, as usual, probably exceed the estimate. This excess of cost over the estimate is not peculiar to the Morris Canal, but is common, perhaps unavoidable, in all the public works of the country. The engineer can judge only from an imperfect know- ledge of the surface of the ground through which he is to make his wa3-: an unex- pected bed of stone, a limestone sink, a quicksand, a sudden freshet or frost, may mock his calculations. Adventurers, therefore, in canals and rail-roads, should be content when their agents display reasonable intelligence and full fidelity. The canal was completed to Newark in August, 1831. It is deeply in debt, and pays no dividend to the stockholders ; but its use has been most beneficial upon the busi- ness of the country through which it passes, and its portage will increase with popu- lation and business; and should the anthracite coal be successfullj' applied to the ex- traction of iron from ore, the consumption of that article alone will add greatly to the tolls. The transportation of the Lehigh coal to the New York market, originally counted on by the projectors of this canal, will be effected by the Delaware and Ra- ritan Canal. The Morris Canal was adapted to boats of 25 tons only, which in many cases have proved too heavy for the chains of the inclined planes. The passage from Easton to Newark has been performed in less than five days. The width of the canal is 32 feet at top, and 20 feet at bottom, four feet deep. The locks are 75 feet long between the mitre sills, and nine feet wide. The line is naturally divided into two divisions, the Eastern and Western. The first has 12 planes, whose united elevations make 748 feet, and 18 locks rising, together, 166 feet, making the whole rise, 914 feet. The highest lift by planes is 80 feet. There are two of tliat height, one at Boontoon Falls, and another at Drakeville ; and the highest lift of the locks is 10 feet. This division now ends at the Passaic River, near Newark — the section designed to connect it with the Hudson, 11 ,' miles, has not yet been commenced. The length of the division is 51 miles 32-lOOths. The western division has 11 planes rising 691 feet, and 7 locks, whose aggregate lifts are 69 feet — total, 760 feet. Its length from the summit level to the Delaware, it NORTHERN DIVISION. 25 38 miles, 91-lOOths, making the length of the whole line 90 miles 23-lOOths. The annexed table shows at one view the number of the planes and locks, their location, elevation, grade of the planes, and lift of the locks; and is, perhaps, the best expo- sition that can be given of the work short of an engraved profile. EASTERN DIVISION. No. of No. of Elevation Inclina- Lift of the Plane. Lock. the plane LOCATION. the sec- of plane tion of the Lock in or lock. tion. in feet. plane. feet. 1 1 Summit. o 50 1-12 1 2 Drakeville. 4 80 1-10 1 3 Near do. 5 38 1-12 2 land 2 do. do. 6 20 1 4 Baker's Mills. 12 52 1-8 1 3 Near do. 13 8 1 5 Above Dover. 15 66 1-9 1 4 do. 16 9 1 5 do. 17 9 2 6 and 7 At do. 19 18 1 6 Rockaway. 25 52 1-12 1 8 Near do. 29 7 2 9 and 10 Povverville. 34 15 1 11 Booneton. 36 10 7 Booneton Falls. 37 80 1-10 I 12 Near do. 38 12 1 8 Montville. 40 76 1-1 1 1 9 do. 41 74 1-11 1 10 Near Pompton. 48 56 1-12 1 13 do. 42 8 11 Bloomfield. 84 54 1-12 1 14 Near do. 86 10 1 15 Above Newark. 95 10 1 12 Newark. 96 70 1-12 3 16,17,18 do. 97 748 166 30 12 17 166 Planes and Locks. 914 WESTERN DIVISION. No. of No. of Elevation Inclina- Lift of the Plane. Lock. the plane LOCATION. the sec- of plane tion of the Lock in or lock. tion. in feet. plane. feet. 1 1 Great Meadow. 3 58 MO 1 2 Stanhope. 5 70 1-11 1 1 Near Sayers. 6 12 3 do. do. 6 55 1-12 1 4 Old Andover. 10 80 1-8 1 2 Guinea Hollow. 16 10 1 5 Near Anderson. 38 64 1-12 1 6 Monte Rose. 41 50 1-10 1 3 Near do. 43 10 D 26 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Western Division, continued. No. of No. of Elevation Inclina- Lift of the Plane. Lock. Ihe plane LOCATION. the sec- of plane tion of the Lock in or lock. tion. in feet. plane. feet. 1 7 Poliatconff. 47 75 1-10 1 4 Near N. Village. CI 10 1 8 Hulzesers. G3 62 1-11 1 9 Near Bridleman's Brook. 67 100 1-10 1 10 Nr. Green's mills. 70 44 1-12 1 5 do. do. 71 9 land 2 6 and 7 do. do. 72 18 1 11 Delaware River. 74 33 1-12 11 Planes and Locks. G91 69 760 69 RECAPITULATION. Planes. Locks. Eastern Division, 12 748 Western Division, 11 691 1439 feet. 22 Eastern Division, 17 . 166 Western Division, 7 69 — 235 24 locks. 1674 feet. Of the interesting works on the line of the canal, our limits permit us only to no- tice, the aqueduct of stone of a single arch, 80 feet span, 50 feet above the river, over the Passaic at the Little Falls, built of beautiful dressed freestone, in the most substantial and durable manner — and the vi'ooden aqueduct 236 feet long, supported by nine stone piers, over the Pompton River. The State is indebted, as we have already observed, for the inception of this great work, to the genius and zeal of George M'Culloch, Esq., and she is not less indebted to the skill and perseverance of Cadwallader D. Golden, Esq., the actual president of the company, for its completion. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, one of the great links of the chain of internal navigation, which is to give to the domestic trade of the country the greatest fa- cility and security, has for years been a subject of deep interest to all who have re- flected on the means of increasing our prosperity. The construction of this canal has been a favourite project, — with speculators desirous to deal in a marketable com- modity; with cai)italists seeking for safe and profitable investments; and with many statesmen of New Jersey, who believed they saw, in it, tlie means of creating a per- manent and large revenue for the State, which would forever relieve her citizens from taxation, for the ordinary support of government. So early as the year ISOl, the project of a canal to connect the waters of the De- laware and Raritan Rivers, was earnestly considered. A route was then examined by a company of e.xperienced and intelligent gentlemen, and a law passed autho- rizing its construction by a private company; but the state of our trade, and our inexperience in works of this character, prevented its execution. In 1816 and in 1823, commissioners, appointed by the legislature, explored the route, and by accurate examination demonstrated its practicability. At a subsequent pe- riod, a second joint-stock company was authorized to make this canal, and paid to the State treasury, for the ])rivilege so to do, the sum of $100,000; but failing to obtain the sanction of the Slate of Pennsylvania to the use of the waters of the Delaware, tiiey were compelled to abandon the enterprise, receiving back from New Jersey the premium they had paid. Many citizens of the State rejoiced in this failure, by which the power of making the canal reverted to her ; anticipating that NORTHERN DIVISION. 27 she would immediately use it. To this end, many petitions were presented to the legislature, at their session of 182S-9; and a committee appointed thereon, made an able and elaborate report, accompanied by a bill, authorizing the canal to be con- structed by the State. But the settled policy of the State, safe at least, if not emi- nently prosperous or sagacious, which carefully eschews all prospective advantages to be purchased by loans, or by the taxation of her citizens, marred this measure. Fi- nally, by the act of 4th February, 1830, the enterprise was again committed to a joint-stock company, with certain beneficial reservations to the State. The act provides, that a capital stock be created of $1,000,000, which may be enlarged to $1,500,000, divided into shares of $100 each, and that the company have all the powers necessary to perfect an expeditious and complete line of communication from Philadelphia to New York : That, if the capital were not subscribed within one year, or the canal and feeder not commenced within two, and completed within eight, years, the charter should become void : That, the company might make the canal between, and improve the rivers below, where the canal shall empty into them; the canal to be at least 50 feet wide at the water line, and at least five feet deep, and the feeder not less than 30 feet wide and four feet deep : That they may charge tolls for the transport of persons and merchandise, not exceeding five cents per mile for the first, nor four cents per ton per mile for the second, nor more than half those rates respectively on the feeder : That they may alter the route of the canal ; that it shall be a public highway ; and that, no other canal shall be con- structed within five miles of any point of the canal or feeder, without the assent of the company : That at the expiration of thirty years from the completion of the canal and feeder, a valuation of them shall be made by six appraisers, appointed by the company and State ; who, in case of difference, may choose an umpire ; that such appraisement shall not exceed the first cost, with the lands and appendages, and that the State shall have the privilege for ten years of taking the canal and feeder at the appraisement, upon payment of the amount thereof : That the trea- surer of the company shall, on oath, make quarterly returns of the number of pas- sengers and tons of merchandise transported on the canal across the State, and pay to the treasurer of the State, eight cents for each passenger, and eight cents for each ton of merchandise so transported thereon, except for coal, lumber, lime, wood, ashes and similar low priced articles, for which two cents only per ton shall be paid; and that no other impost shall be levied upon the company. By the act of 3d February, 1831, in consideration, that the company would make the canal 75 feet wide on the water line, seven feet deep throughout, and the locks at least 100 feet in length, by 24 feet in width in the clear, the State extended the time after whicii the appraisement should be made, to 50 instead of 30 years, and engaged that neither the company, nor any other person, should construct any rail- road across the State, between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers, within five miles of any point of the canal, until after the expiration of the period allowed for the con- struction of the canal, reserving existing rights. As we have already mentioned, when speaking of the Camden and Amboy Rail- road, the Canal and Rail-road Company were consolidated pursuant to the act of 15th February, 1831. By act 2d March, 1832, the united company, in considera- tion, that no other rail-road should be constructed which might compete with that road, covenanted to convey to the State one thousand shares of the joint stock, and guaranteed to the State an annual income of $30,000 at least, should not the divi- dends on stock and the transit duties amount to that sum; and engaged that they would annually divide the whole of the net profits, except such surplus fund as might be necessary, not exceeding $100,000. Under these provisions the canal was commenced, and has progressed nearly to its completion. (Oct. 1833.) It begins at the confluence of the Crosswicks Creek and the Delaware, at Bordentown, and runs thence, through tlie city of Trenton and the valley of the Assunpink, crossing the creek by a noble stone culvert, to Law- rence's Meadows, whence it passes into the valley of Stony Brook; thence down the right side thereof, one mile S. of Princeton, to the junction of Stony Brook with the Millstone River; thence across the river by an aqueduct of eigiit arches, and by the right bank of the river to the Raritan River; thence along the right bank of the Raritan to New Brunswick, where it unites with the tide. It passes througli or near Bordentown, Lamberton, Trenton, Princeton, Kingston, Griggstown, Millstone, Somerville, and Boundbrook. Its whole length is 42 miles, within which there are 116 feet lockage, viz: 58 between Trenton and the Delaware River, overcome by 28 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. seven locks; one at Trenton of seven feet; one at the State Penitentiary of seven feet; three at Lamberton of nine feet each; one below Lamberton of seven feet, and one at Bordentown of 10 feet, lift. The last, by reason of the badness of the foun- dation, has cost an e.ictraordinary portion of lime, labour and money, in its construc- tion. The lockage between Trenton and New Brunswick is also 58 feet, and is over- come by seven locks; one at Kingston, one at Griggstown, and one at the mouth of the Millstone, each of eight feet ; two opposite to Boundbrook, seven feet each ; one two miles below Boundbrook, of eight feet, where a dam has been constructed across the river to use it as a feeder, and one at New Brunswick, of twelve feet, lift. At this city, there is also a tide lock sufficiently capacious to admit a steamboat, and a basin extending the whole front of the town, formed by an embankment in the river. By turning the river into the canal, a water power will hav^been gained at Bruns- wick, equal, it is supposed, to. 400 horse power. Upon the line of the main canal, there are 17 culverts, some of them very large ; one aqueduct, and 29 pivot bridges. The canal is 75 feet wide on the water line, and seven feet deep, and the depth may be increased to eight feet should it be found necessary. To avoid bridgmg, the company have purchased a large quantity of land, in many cases whole farms, at great expense. The feeder commences at Bull's Island, in the Delaware River, and runs thence along the left bank of the river to Trenton, where it intersects the canal, a distance of 23 miles, with an inclination of two inches in the mile. The works, beside the excavation, consist of a lift lock of 10 feet at Lambertsville; two guard locks, one at Bull's Island, and the other at Frallsville ; 15 culverts, and 37 pivot bridges. The width of the excavation is throughout 50 feet; at the water line, its depth six feet; but, where it could be effected without great expenditure, the width has been in- creased to 60 feet, and thus three-fourths of the distance will afi'ord good sloop navi- gation. A large basin has been constructed by the company, upon the feeder near the centre of Trenton, for the accommodation of the city. The canal is adapted to vessels exceeding 150 tons burden, and has been exe- cuted in the most substantial manner. Its cost is now estimated at two millions of dollars. The estimate, when the proposition was made to the State to undertake the enterprise, was stated at $1,142,741 ; but the present canal is every way larger than that originally proposed. The Manasquan River and Barnegat Bay Canal Company, was authorized under the act' of 21st February, 1833, with a capital of .^5,000, to make a canal 40 feet wide and five feet deep, from the mouth of the Manasquan River to the head waters of Barnegat Bay, at Layton's pond or ditch, in the county of Monmouth; to erect tide gates, and to take toll for passing through the canal for every scow, eight cents per ton; sail boat or small craft 10 cents per ton; and for every fish boat or skiff, 25 cents per ton; provided that the canal be commenced within two, and finished within five years. A short canal of about four miles in length, in Upper and Lower Penn's Neck Township, Salem County, connects the Salem Creek witli the Delaware River, about four miles above Kinseyville, and saves to sloops that ply in the creek, from 15 to 20 miles of tlie distance to Philadelphia. IX. The population of New Jersey, derived from European ancestry, is composed chiefly of tlie descendants of the Dutch, Swede, English, and New England settlers. For nearly half a century, the country was in the undisturbed possession of the Dutch, who, in that period, spread themselves extensively over East Jersey; not, however, without an intermixture of tiieir New England neiglibours, who very early displayed a disposition to abandon their sterile soil for more fertile lands and milder skies; and who had also found their way to the shores of the Delaware, and made one attempt, at least, to colonize them. After the year 1664, the English authority was established over the province, and the settlement of West Jersey was then zea- lously commenced by English emigrants, chiefly of the sect called Quakers. The liberality of the provincial government must necessarily have drawn population from other European sources ; but such acquisitions were not great, inasmucli as lier aspiring and successful neighbours. New York and Pennsylvania, possessed greater attractions. These attractions, too, have operated to prevent that increase of population in the State, which must otherwise have taken place from natural causes. Abounding in all that is necessary to tlie comfortable enjoyment of life, and stimulated to industry by the growth of the neighbouring cities, whose wants she in no inconsiderable de- NORTHERN DIVISION. 29 .-3 «*H aj »H to aj • iH ■S .^ ■-= - o" 5 M -^ ~ c _r; o 2-S . 2 ci S > tS ^ C M "' 5 ^ „ - .2 •£ «> n pj t^ F^ ja •s •- c cS £ 0^ o "> ■is 0) ■- ^3 a »j n, FT .« a; C ra .S 01 M ^ T3 cd 2 "^ «*- & ■ w fcj - — /^ 2i o ,^ ... ~ o a; D c *j '^ -^ t», c3 "02 ^ C W -i -o ^ E 3 O g S fe o -^ a ■* o o) ■- .S'i>- •S S^4^ ^ » ci-r- 3 d a> o — ' J3 0,^-^0 a; --g-"^ -a s 2^^ = ^ S i s g-SC-T3-2ooc3 bD_^ o J ^ » a) t- " aj ri 1; .£ t^ ^~ 2 0; " - ^ =Li3 S 1 c .? j= s a; o ■t: a fe ;;? o s " -^ ■^J^cS^Saj^-a m Z '-^ "^ "^ -^^ "^2 ^ ^ . 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LO O I -iasjaf isa^ -yCasjaf :(st33 SCO ;a 3 ' 3 ^°- 30 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. o cc c m ^; w o •jaquinu Jb^ioj^ ■J CO c*i o r^ LO o i-H o tm j> wx> !^i_ o, i-o, oj, x„ t>-„ x_ i-H^ Cj^ oD^ M o_ o rt" oT —'' oT ~r t-T bT -^"^ irT of ^" cT e^ OJOJO»OJ'-<-HrHr^T-,1-Hr-l rl o» •saATJis 1 ,220 514 188 1,521 1,633 775 1,564 61 2,82.5 l,8(i3 85 75 98 of ■paxT3; ;ou suTiipuj idaa -xa 'suosja J aajj jaq^o ny ooloxirooc-: — OJLOt -^ C^Ol^C;--CC:w':r=:t^Ol^X o< •spj^Avdn puB SIP' JO o l^ — t o Ol OJ ir: L-^ t^ X i^ c; 1^ co(>jojTi-xcoc:'q"t-':i^ — u-cc (??_--_ r-<_'ri_c^o^r; 00 XI t- TT TT 1— 0 •-s •oj; japun puB 9S jq Lfi CO ^ X "o 'O i^ ^ cr o — --1 ~ 'sSi'5'OaOCO — t>.-H^i-l^ i-T T-T (tT of rn" ^" r-T T-T i-T -T -T CO CO lO^ 95 japun puB gx JO c: CO CO <- o> -^ l^- O c: X lO T 0{ OJ — CO >-0 -H -^ ~j X -T w' Cv ■^ l>- & O^Cl^OD^^^iC^CO^OJ^w O XI X OJ rH of rt" rn" r-T rt~ T-" r-T X •9t japun puB oi JO - t^ X X C-. t^ X r-. oo i^ ic uo t>. O — ( -H -H — i^ l^ O O O -^ X OJ ip l^^^-q" t>. 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CV X O C-. i^ CO i^ CO -^ t^ i^ CO L.0 •^ CQ •^5 japun oijo CQ tt-^uOfh^cOCQ^ B. •sjBaA" 01 Jopufj " - "^ X < •spjBMdn puB 001 JO „ « ^ CO 001 Japtin eg ^q =-. n O lO CQ C: CQ X 1-1 = J>. CQ 1-1 CO CO >^ CQ 3 CQ •gg japun 9C JO OCXuOlOi-iiCiOCQCQ CJ ^ (N 00 -C" OJ CO CO X 00 •()i: japun x-gjo CQ CO S — t^ -1 rt CO -q- LO CQ 1-1 O CO CO —4 l^ 1.0 CO •»9" iIO CO •fr. Japan oiJO CO CQ C>1 CO « — 25 •sji!0.{ o[ japufi " - .c Names of Counties. Bergen Essex Morris Sussex Warren Somerset Middlesex Hunterdon Burlington Monmouth Gloucester Cape May Salem Cumberland 35 CENSUS, 1830 (continued). WHITE PERSONS SLAVES &COLOURED INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING. Included in the foregoing. u O lO a Um QJ LO o 01 > OJ > o >ot > -a o o -3 o 3 c -O I, J3 C -O t. JO 3 C3 o C3 d o a ^ -='2 J3 J3 -3 -3 ^ S "" 3 s S 3 C 5 = 3 3 "^ = 3 3 Names of Counties. Q « — 1 -3 Q ^ a m Q^ Q a; "a cs ■^ s ^ -3 n '3 5 ^ 5 r^ ■O ra c S c « £ E Oi C 01 C C3 to C Q) rt >, rt n CO >-, m 3 >, " CO CO p^ "— .rt. 1*. Tf 0) '— ,^ -a a ^ .rt ■». Tt< v 0) _s Q Q Q 5 < Q Q Q s Bergen 6 2 2 12 213 3 5 Essex 7 1] 9 22 1176 1 Morris 2 6 12 11 497 2 1 1 1 Sussex 1 2 3 14 89 Warren o 2 1 12 236 5 2 Somerset 4 4 6 17 118 3 Middlesex 5 4 3 7 174 3 Hunterdon 11 11 12 19 210 2 Burlington 5 7 8 41 129 1 1 2 Monmouth 8 5 G 14 81 1 1 Gloucester 11 13 '5 22 357 2 Cape May 1 Salem 2 2 2 7 8 Cumberland 1 3 7 27 64 71 72 205 3365 5 2 8 22 \ 36 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The vice of slavery was early introduced into the State, and took deep root, par- ticularly, in the eastern portion. In the county of Bergen, in 1790, the slaves amounted to near one-fifth of the population; and in Essex, Middlesex, and Mon- mouth, they were very numerous, the counties having most Dutch population being most infected. In the counties settled by " Friends," Burlington, Gloucester, Sa- lem, Cumberland, and Cape May, there were, comparatively, few slaves: the first, at that period, had only 227 : the second, 191 ; the third, 120 ; and the last, 141. The whole number in the State was then, 11,423. At the subsequent census, the num- ber had increased to 12,422. The small increase of 999, in ten years, proves that the inhabitants, generally, had discovered the moral and physical evils of slavery, and had applied themselves to diminish them. This became more apparent by the act of 1.5 Feb. 1804, entitled " An Act for the gradual Abolition of Slavery," under which the number of slaves was reduced, in 1810, to 10,851; and in 1820, to 7,557. This act is supplied by the act of 24th February, 1820, which embraces and extends its principles, and provides, that every child, born of a slave, within the State, since the 4th of July, 1804, or which shall be thereafter born, shall be free; but shall remain the servant of the owner of the mother, as if it had been bound to service by the overseers of the poor; if a male, until the age of 25 ; if a female, to the age of 21 years: that the owner shall, within 9 months after the birth of such child, deliver to the clerk of the county, a certificate, subscribed by him, containincr the name and addition of the owner; the name, age and sex of the child, and the name of the mother; which certificate, whether delivered before or after the nine months, must be recorded by the clerk. The owner neglecting to file such certificate, witiiin the nine months, is liable to a fine of five dollars, and the sum of one dollar per month afterward ; but not exceeding in the whole $100, to any one suing therefor, one half to the prosecutor, and the other half to the poor of the township; and for delivering a certificate containing a false relation of the time of the birth of such child, $100, recoverable in the same manner: one-half in favour of the child, and the other, of the township. The time of birth may be inquired into, notwithstanding the certificate. The traffic in slaves, between this and other states, was prohibited by the act of 14th March, 1798, and by act of 1820, last recited, under the forfeiture of ves- sels, and severe penalties on persons concerned therein. But slaves may still be brought into the State, by persons removing thereto, with a view to settled, or temporary residence ; during the stay of the master only, in the latter case. By these acts, also, the manumission of slaves was permitted under certain formalities therein preseribed. And such has been the beneficial operation of these provisions, that in 1830, the State contained 2,254 slaves only; the counties of Gloucester and Cumberland, none; the county of Cape May, 2; and Salem, 1. So that it is probable, that in another 20 years, this pest will be entirely eradicated from the State. We may remark, as a curious fact, and one that may prove most encouraging to the southern states, in an attempt at the abolition of slavery, that the coloured po- pulation, under the system of manumission adopted by this State, has increased in 40 years only, about 44 per cent, including the free and the slaves ; whilst the whites have increased in the ratio of nearly 75 per. cent. In considering this subject, it must be observed, on one hand, that the coloured population has uniformly been treated with humanity and indulgence ; and upon the other, that the great cities have absorbed a portion of their increase. But yet, the white population of the State has been kept down in a much greater degree by emigration. Indeed, New Jersey has received a large and unwelcome increase of coloured population from the fugitive slaves of Delaware, Maryland, and the southern states. To complete our view of the physical condition of the State, we annex a table, framed from abstracts returned by the assessors of the several counties, showing the species and the amount of taxable property, and the amount of tax raised for state, county and township purposes. The returns from several counties have not been as full as they should have been, for our purpose; particularly, in respect to town- ship charges; and we have been compelled, in some cases, to estimate the amount of road and poor tax, in some townships, by the ratio of population compared with that of others. w < H W M H o w PQ H H (J} H H |-Xiqm08sv ui •luaso.ulaa |"'0'-"'0->-'^-i--»--fccM«m | g •0E8I 'uoiiBindoj 22,412 31,107 4,936 14,093 41,911 28,431 31,060 23,1.57 29,233 23,666 14,155 17,689 20,346 18,627 Si •xBxamig 3 a 2,631.43 4,607.12 64601 1,586.18 3,822.04 3,379.26 4,535 84 3,253.26 3,723.68 3,171.23 2,156.60 2,642.86 2,025.70 2,185.50 40,-366.71 •iBX Xjnnoo "o O 5,000 15,000 2,000 4,115 10,000 9,99:i 10,000 4,000 11,769 7,100 7,00(1 6,000 5,475 6,714 tc o H a, la c o c o Dolls. 100 766 500 1366 Road. Dolls. 600 • 1,650 4,000 13,800 1,5,100 8,300 3,600 9,646 10,900 4,620 5,837 8,600 6,146 QD, (£'q 500 450 125 150 261 993 850 850 650 650 076 476 400 700 c^ c) « ^MCi'J'Oio'.sm're^mio CO •ss!io,,s.,i --ii - ?;'^ -- -' .^ ■sngpug 1|0J, pun s.iuiaj cc cn c. .^ u= <.. " - - ■sagBig cM ^'--^-^''^^ "- lis asjO]i jno,j[ puR o.mj^ "j-i ^ "2<^"?! ■'^ 2!"^ Ip •suoSb^ pajBAOO gS §'"^§'^ f puT, 'suoiaBirj 'satp«nr, -r«aaPUG'sa,,„ns'sa.m,o "'^ '- =^ °^ ■" ■■<^'<« 5: ■sos.oHpn;S =2 ---g22S?SS^?, 1 si e jaAO sappi 1^ sasjoH ^ |> g-^"'3-^'^--5-5-~-$-S-3- •siTiaX £ laAO ainso i^aNT |||-5llJ!^-f |-&i'|& g[ •saA«,sa™ S -"^ ESS g"-- 1 •S.AU.X Si -iSiiieSSgg P •sairaiinsifi lapi,-) ^'^ "^ "'Si A « 5:iH ~ s> n o! g •saiiiqaBi'j SiiipjEQ 3;i;^'~'"'^rt'~S^^ — ti^ j« •saijoiOB^ u.i||0c lO — MO* « '^ 1 S ■saijoiaE ,1 uoi o^ g!'»- ^"^ I'i? ■sa.ujag,o,jiS" - S 5 ^- 1 •saoRnjn J 1 '^ '^ -^ "^ * ""-^ " ?j ■smiv sunnis P"ii ■■'i"ll"H 1 "•"' -" ".2 •s|M,v-I.M -- =i - ?. •siiuv.-u.lin.q ^ - - - - £ ^ 2 - - <- c>. ."^ ■s„,WM^S §*S5^55.-?=.?^PS?S?5 1 ■S9uoigjoan.i_si|!ivis!i0 5 ?; "^ 5 ^ i3 ,? ? t; ig j?S '£ 3 g ■siapBJx puB siuBnaiai\[ SSSiSooSSoodirffiioK ft •saiqBXEX 5,796 6,549 1,000 2,742 8,100 5,600 6,000 6,000 6,000 4,836 3,092 3,500 3,611 3,489 66,315 •uan aiSuig c^ '.I X c^ r;i X r: I - r-. CO ^ .-^ c^ ^ C^ ~ GO C^ — i- (- t- o "* en CJ -** ^ 00 •sjap[oqasnojj 1,262 3,2.56 669 774 3,370 3,075 841 1,385 1,083 1,103 668 1,075 1,062 to •S9J0B 01 Japun puB jo sjo^^ 660 1,86: 188 475 3,316 1,113 1,167 1,143 786 437 254 196 132 •pUE^ paAoiduiiun jo sajay 108,766 123,524 59,.52S 209,380 205,913 6,272 127,505 58,989 135,555 89,356 •Bajay JO jaqiun^ WX 267,500 553,0I)J 161,500 335,460 154,680 713,.320 324,572 217,000 665,000 292,900 204,936 189,800 352,300 224,360 tc" s Names of Counties. Bergen . . Burlington . Cape May . Cumberland Essex . . Gloucester . Hunterdon . Middlesex . Monmouth . Morris . . Salem . . Somerset Sussex . . Warren - - 37 — >, o a> ».5 H2 ■£■5 " =.S J *- •a lU-i ^, a, 03 a ed -a > a J= g J5 o S $ c a £ o Si " p^ >■ S^ o •S"^ » U •ss s. o = g E c - - S i->. O ■S " = 11.' S c 88 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. XI. It will be seen by reference to the preceding table, that the State is, in the aggregate, agricultural ; and such is the character of all the counties, except Es- sex, part of Bergen, and part of Morris. The glass and iron manufactures of the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, and Cumberland, are not sufficient to exempt them from this classification. Of the agricultural products of the several por- tions, we have already spoken, and will observe, only, generally, here, that the valleys of the two northern sections are well adapted to wheat, and that under the improved mode of culture they may become equally productive with any lands east of the mountains. The southern district, composed of the alluvial country, is pro- ductive, chiefly of corn, rye, fruits, grass, and vegetables; and sends to market large quantities of pork, cured in a manner that can scarcely be surpassed. New Jersey hams, bacon, and barrelled pork, bear the highest prices in all markets. Nor is the reputation of the farmers of this district, much less for their beef, and espe- cially for their veal. Its gardens and orchards supply the Philadelphia markets with the best fruits. Indeed the wliole state is remarkable for the abundance and quality of its peaches and apples, and tlie quantity of cider, and brandy made from the lat- ter. Notwitlistanding the influence of Temperance Societies upon distilling, and it has been confessedly great, there are yet in the Slate 38S cider distilleries. The counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Monmouth, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sus- sex, are renowned for the number and quality of the horses which thej^ breed. Yet, notwithstanding this agricultural character of the State, she claims no mean rank in manufactures. By the preceding table, 28 furnaces are given; but 12 of these, only, we believe, are blast furnaces, employed in making iron from the ore; the remainder are cupola furnaces, used in the reduction of pig and other metal to castings. Tlie furnaces of New Jersey, by the report of the committee of the ta- riff" convention, holden in New York, October, 1831, produced in 1830. 1,671 tons of pig iron, and 5,615 tons of castings; and her 108 forges, 3000 tons of bar iron. The first valued at $30 the ton, yields $50,130 The second, at $60, 336,900 The third, at $90 the ton, - - 270,000 Making . . . . $657,030 for her manufacture of iron in pigs, castings and bars. This iron, however, is fur- ther improved in value by the aid of 10 rolling and slitting mills, 16 cupola furnaces, and the extensive machine shops of Patterson. And we shall not, we presume, underrate the annual value of the iron manufacture of the State, when we state it at one million of dollars; all of which is obtained from her mines, her forests, and her labour, not one cent of foreign matter entering into the composition. There are in tlie State, 1 flint glass manufactory, 'producing annually, .... $80,000 12 glass houses, employed On hollow ware and window glass, estimated each to produce annually $30,000, 360,000 440,000 And 1 delf ware establishment, whose product may exceed $ - 50,000 $490,000 Beside several extensive clay potteries. We may set down, tlierefore, the annual product of glass and potter}' ware at full half a million. Of the 25 woollen manufactories most are small; and having no data for determin- ing their respective products, we conjecturally average them at ,*!10,000 per annum. From the Abstracts of the Assessors, we obtain but 45 cotton manufactories in the State; but the Committee of the New York Convention, of 1831, return 51 — of which they give the following interesting results : Capital employed $2,027,644 Pounds of cloth 1,877,418 Number of spindles 62,979 Males employed 2,151 Number of power-looms 815 Wages per week, each ,$6 00 Pounds of 3'arn sold 3,212,184 Females employed 3,070 Yards of cloth 5,133,776 Wages per week, each $1 90 NORTHERN DIVISION. 39 Children under ] 2 years of age 217 Bushels of charcoal 820 Wages per week, each $1 40 Gallons of oil 13,348 Pounds of cotton used 5,832,204 Value of other articles 18,208 Bbls. of flour, for sizing 975 Spindles building 11,000 Cords of wood 671 Hand weavers 1,060 Tons of coal 1,007 Total dependants 12,750 The price of the raw material, viz. 5,832,204 lbs. at 11 cts. was $641,542 Price of yarn sold, 3,212,184 lbs. at 30 cts. the lb. average, was $963,655 Price of cloth, 5,133,776 yards, at 15 cts. 770,066 Gross return of cotton manufacture $1,733,721 The six calico bleaching and printing establishments, belong to the cotton manu- facture. Some of these, as at Patterson, Belleville, and Rahway, are very exten- sive, but we have not the means to give their results. The four machine factories at Patterson alone, employ above 400 hands ; and the Phoenix Manufacturing Company, in addition to their cotton establishment, have 1,616 spindles employed in spinning flax, consuming 493,000 lbs., and employing 196 hands. The flax is manufactured into duck and bagging. In the cotton esta- blishment of Mr. John Colt, there were manufactured in 1831-2, 460,000 yards of cotton duck. The 29 paper mills produce large returns. Some of these mills, as at Patterson, Springfield, Mount Holly, &c. are built on the best models, and employ the most improved macPiinery. The manufacture of leather from the hide into the various articles of its use, is very extensively conducted. There are 2,876 tan vats ; and the fabric of ahoes, boots and harness, gives employment and wealth to many individuals in Newark, Bloomfield, Rahway, Burlington, &c. &c. ; and its product forms a large item in the exports of the commonwealth. Hats and clothing for the southern market, are also made in the first three towns last mentioned; and, also, in large quantities in the thriving village of Plainfield. Coaches, cabinetware and chairs, form also large articles of export both from East and West Jersey, from Camden, and from Newark and Rahway. Unfortunately, we do not possess the means of giving in detail, or in gross, the results of many of these valuable branches of business; for we want, in relation to this state, the usual data for determining the quantum of surplus production, which an account of her exports would afford. Her whole foreign trade, and the far greater proportion of her domestic business, centers in New York and Philadelphia, to swell the business tables of these two great marts. But we are assured that, from Rahway alone, the amount furnished to the general coasting trade is not less than a million of dollars annually ; whilst the products of the manufactures of Belleville and its vicinity, are valued at 2,000,000, and those of Patterson at more than double that amount. By the treasury report of 1832, the whole tonnage was 573 90.100, registered, and 32,499 24.100, enrolled and licensed. And the whole amount of exports, foreign and domestic, $11,430; but of the tonnage of the State, 5,000 are said to be enregistered in the New York districts. We confess, that the view we have thus given of the condition of the State is very imperfect; but it suffices to show, that, in agriculture, in manufactures, in the great improvements by canals and rail-roads, she nobly maintains a course of emulation with her great adjacent sister states. By the Morris and Raritan Canals, and by the rail-way of the Trenton Falls Company, new and great acquisitions of water power for machiney have been attained, with increased facilities of communication with the best markets ; and there remain unemployed upon the mountain streams, now cheaply accessible, a vast number of mill sites, among which we may mention those at Bel- videre and Clinton as entitled to great attention. The Musconetcong river through- out its course may also be profitably employed, since ready communication may be had with the Morris Canal from ail points. The upper falls of the Passaic, the waste waters of the Rockaway, the Pequannock and Ramapo Rivers, will all, pro- bably, be brought into use by the improvements already made and projected. Her mines, her limestones, her marbles, her marls, nay her very sands and clay, will be shortly all better known and more highly valued, and will greatly increase her wealth ; her copper profusely scattered over a large area, accessible as any in tha 40 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. world ; her inexhaustible and unsurpassed beds of iron ; her stupendous veins of zinc will, at no distant day, give employment te additional thousands of intelligent and contented labourers, and instead of pouring forth her population to fertilize, eniich, and bless other lands, she will give to her sons full employment, and the means of wealth, within her own limits. Already has tlie reflux of population com- menced. Newark, Patterson, Bloomfield, Trenton, Boonton and Rahway, will, in ten years, have doubled their population; and New Jersey will, we believe, at the census of 1840, have increased her inhabitants in a ratio equal to that of any of the original states ; and among the stars which form the bright constellation of the Union, though small, she will not be the least brilliant. Climate. — It is supposed that the climate of our country has undergone, and is still undergoing, a material change; that thunder and lightning are less frequent; the cold of our winters, and heat of our summers, less, and more variable ; the springs colder, and the autumns more temperate. It is possible, but we think doubtful, that the variability of the climate has increased; but the average severity of heat and cold has not been diminished. The following description of the weather, by a settler of East Jersey, in 1683, will be recognised as true at the present day. " As for the temperature of the air, it is wonderfully suited to the humours of mankind; the wind and weather rarely holding in one point, or one kind, for ten days together. It is a rare thing for a vessel to be windbound for a week together, the wind seldom holding in a point more than 48 hours; and in a short time we have wet and dry, warm and cold weather, which changes we often desire in England, and look for be- fore they come."* Alternations of cold and mild winters, of hot and cool summers, of early and late commencements of frosts, of drought and superabundant rain, have been continued, from the earliest period to which our knowledge of the country ex- tends. A review of the seasons from 1681, shows no less than 39 years in which the navigation was obstructed by ice, in the month of December. On the 10th of that month, 1678. the good ship The Shield, moored to a tree before the town of Bur- lington ; and, on the following morning, her passengers walked to the shore upon the ice, so hard had the river suddenly frozen. In 1681, December 10th, the Bristol Factor arrived at Chester; and, on the next day, her passengers, also, went on shore on the ice. On the 19th December, 1740, the navigation was stopped, and the river remained closed until the 13th March. In 1790, it closed on the 8th, and in 1797, on the 1st of that month. In 1831, rigorous cold weather began in November ; and the Delaware was frozen fast on the 7th December. In 1780, in the month of January, the mercury stood, for several hours, at 5° below 0, F. ; and, during the month, except on one night, never rose in the city of Philadelphia to the freezing point. In 1817, February 7, the water froze in most of the hydrant plugs, and some of the street mains, in that city. The earliest notice we Jiave seen of tlie weather, on the shores of the Delaware, is in the Journal of De Vries. He left the Texel on the 12th December, 1630, and arrived in the Delaware at the close of January, or commencement of February, the period of our coldest weather ; when, unimpeded by the season, which he reports as so mild that his men could work in the open air, in their shirt sleeves, he erected, on Lewis's Creek, the fortress of Oplandt. The winter of 1788-9, was also uncommonly mild; but there was ice sufficient to obstruct the navigation. On the 22d March, the orchards were in full bloom, and the meadows as green as ordinarily in the month of June ; but, on the 23d, snow fell two feet deep, destroying nearly all the fruits of the year. In 1827-8, the naviga- tion of the Delaware was altogether unobstructed. The atmosphere was filled with dense fog, in the months of December, January and February ; during which, in- cluding days when the sun was apparent for some hours, there were not more than 17 days of clear weather. By a table for January, during 20 years, from 1807 to 1827, the mean temperature of the month varied from 42^ to 27"^; and the mean of the whole period was 39° of Fahrenheit. There are seldom more than from 20 to 30 days, in summer, in which the mercury rises above 80^, or, in winter, falls below 30°. The warmest part of the day is from 2 to 3 o'clock ; from which time the heat gradually diminishes until the ensuing morning. The coldest part of the four-and-twenty hours is at the break of day. There are seldom more than three or four nights of the summer, in which the heat of the air is nearly the same, as in the preceding day. After the hottest days, the evenings are generally agreeable, and often delightful. The higher the mercury * Smith's N. J. 169. NORTHERN DIVISION. 41 rises in the day, the lower it falls the succeeding night. From 80°, it commonly falls to 66°; but from 60° only to 50~^. This disproportion between the temperature of the day and night, in summer, is always greatest in the month of August, when the dews are heavy in proportion to tlie coolness of the evening. They are some- times so considerable as to wet the clothes; and marsh meadows and creeks, drained by tlie heat, Jiave been supplied with their usual water from this source, in this month and the first weeks of September. Tlie violent heats of summer seldom continue more than two or three days, without intermission. They are generally broken by showers of rain, sometimes accompanied by thunder and lightning, and succeeded by a north-west wind, which produces an agreeable and invigorating coolness in the air. The warmest weather is generally in July ; but intensely hot days are often felt in May, June, August and September, and the mean heat of August has been greater than that of July. The transitions from heat to cold are often sudden, and sometimes to very distant degrees. After a day in which the mercury has been at 86"^ and even at DO"^, it has fallen in the course of a single night to 60", and fires have been found necessary the ensuing morning, especially if the change in the temperature of the air has been accompanied by rain and a S. E. wind. In a sum- mer month, the mercury has been known to fall 20° in an hour and a half. There are few summer months in which fires are not agreeable in some part of them. Mr. Rittenhouse informed Dr. Rush, that there was not a summer during his resi- dence in the country, in which he did not discover frost in every month. The weather is equally variable during the winter. The mercury has fallen from 37 to 4^" below 0 in 24 hours. In this season, nature seems frequently to play at cross-purposes. Heavy falls of snow are often succeeded by a thaw, which, in a short time, wholly dissolves them. The rivers are frozen sufficiently hard to bear horses and carriages, and thawed so as to be navigable, several times in the course of the winter. Ice is commonly formed gradually, and seldom until the rivers have been chilled with snow. Yet, sometimes its production is sudden, and the Dela- ware has frequently been frozen over in a night, ro a.q to bear the weight of a man. In the alluvial district of New Jersey, frost and ice appear in the latter end of October, or beginning of November. But intense cold is rarely felt, until about Christmas. Hence the vulgar saying, "as the day lengthens, the cold strengthens." The coldest weather is from the middle of January, to the middle of February. As in summer there are often days in which fires are agreeable, so in winter they some- times are incommodious. Vegetation has been observed in all the winter months. Garlic was tasted in butter in January, 1781 ; the leaves of the willow, the blossom of the peach, and the flowers of the dandelion, were all seen in February, 1779, and Dr. Rush says, that 60 years since, he saw an apple orchard in full bloom, and small apples on many of the trees in the month of December. In February, 1828, we gathered flowers from the unprotected garden, and saw cattle cropping good pas- turage in the fields. A cold day is often the precursor of a moderate evening. The greatest degree of cold recorded in Philadelphia, is 5° below zero, and of heat 95^ F. The standard temperature of Southern Jersey may be 52°, which is that of our deepest wells and the mean heat of common spring water. The spring is generally unpleasant. In March, the weather is stormy, variable and cold ; in April, and sometimes far in May, moist and raw. From the variable- ness of the spring, vegetation advances with unequal pace in different seasons. The colder the spring, the more favourable the prospect of fruit. The hopes of the farmer from his fruit-trees, are, in a warm spring, often blasted by frost in April or May, and sometimes even by snow, at a later period. The colder the winter, the greater is the delay of the return of spring. Sometimes the weather, during the spring months is cloudy and damp, attended occasionally with gentle rain resem- bling the spray from a cataract. June is the only month of the year which resembles the spring in the southern countries of Europe. Then, generally, the weather is temperate, the sky serene, and the verdure of the country universal and delightful. The autumn is the most agreeable season of the year. The cool evenings and mornings, which begin about the middle of September, are attended with a mode- rate temperature of the air during the day. This kind of weather continues, with an increase of cold scarcely perceptible, till the middle of October, when it is closed by rain, which sometimes falls in such quantities as to produce destructive freshets; at Others, in gentle showers, which continue, with occasional interruption by a few fair F 42 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. days, for two or three weeks. These rains are the harbingers of winter, and the In- dians long since taught us, that, the cold of that season is proportionate to the quan- tity of rain which falls during the autumn. From this account, it is apparent, that there are seldom more than four months of the year in which the weather is agree- able without fire. In winter the winds generally come from the N. W. in fair, and from the N. E. in foul weather. The N. W. winds are dry and cold. The winds, in fair weather in the spring, and in warm weatlier in the summer, blow from the S. W. and W. N.W. The S. W. winds usually bring with them refreshing showers of rain in spring and summer, which moderate the heat when succeeded by a N. W. wind. Sometimes showers come from the W. and N. W. The moisture of the air is said to be greater than formerly; occasioned, prebably, by the exhalations which fell in the form of snow, now descending in rain. The depth of tlie snow is sometimes between two and three feet; in 1S28-9, it vvas near four, but in general it is from six to nine inches. Hail frequently falls with snow in the winter. At intervals of years, heavy showers of hail fall in the spring and summer, running commonly in veins from 40 to 50 miles long, and from half a mile to two miles in breadth. On such occasions, destruction of grain, grass and win- dows, to great value, is not unfrequent. From sudden changes of the air, rain and snow often fall together, forming what is commonly called sleet. In the northern parts of the State, in protected spots, snow sometimes lies until the first of April. The backwardness of the spring has been ascribed to the passage of the air over the ice and snow which remain, after the winter months, on the plains and waters of the north-west country. The dissolution of the ice and snow is sometimes so sudden, in the spring, as to swell the creeks and rivers to such a degree as to lay waste the hopes of the hus- bandman, and in some instances to sweep his barns, stables, and even his dwelling into their currents. Of this power of the flood, the years 1784 and 1832, afford memorable examples. The wind, during a general thaw, comes from the S. W. or S. E. The air, when dry, has a peculiar elasticity, which renders the heat and cold less insupportable tiian tlie same degrees of both in moister countries. It is only when summer showers are not succeeded by N. W. winds, that the air becomes op- pressive by combination with moisture. With the removal of the forest the waters have decreased considerably. The average quantity of water which falls yearly, is from 24 to 26 inches, ac- cording to the statement of Dr. Rush : but this would seem much too small, since a table of 20 years, from 1810 to 1S29, inclusive, 14 of which were kept by P. Le- geaux, Esq. at Springmills, and 6 at the Pennsylvania Hospital, give 35.16 inches; and a table for 10 years, ending 1827, kept by Dr. Darlington, of West Chester, gives 49.92. In the first table, the highest was 43.135 inches, in 1814; and the lowest, 23.354, in 1819. In the last table the highest was 54.1 inches in 1824, and the lowest 39.3 inches in 1822. From the foregoing remarks we may justly conclude that, in New Jersey no two successive years are alike; that even the successive seasons and months diflTer from each other every year. Perhaps there is but one steady trait in the character of our climate, and that is, that it is never steady, but uniformly variable. The foregoing remarks apply generally to the whole State, yet with some variation. Thus, in the low flat country in the alluvial district, the climate is warmer in winter and hotter in summer, than in the more northern and elevated lands of the other sections. The heat of the summer and the cold of the winter are, however, tempered by the wa- ters which bound it on three sides. In summer, upon the ocean and bay, the sea breeze prevails, and with the prostration of the forest, it finds its way yearly further interior. As the country north of Trenton rises in aerial height, as well as in lati- tude, its temperature necessarily decreases from both causes. The change, however, is not very considerable until we reach the mountains, where the diminution of heat is apparent in tiie difl'erence of the seasons. Vegetation in the spring is from one to two weeks later than in the lower country, and the approach of winter is so much earlier. It is to their altitude more than latitude, that the mountains owe their cool and invigorating breezes which render them attractive in the summer season. 43 PREFATORY CHAPTER. FAUT II. Containing a Moral Vietv of the State. Division of the PuUtical Pmcer into Tfiree Great Branches. — I. Legislative Council and Jissemblij — by whom Elected — J^ominations — Form of Elections — Legislative Council — hoio Composed — Powers — Jissemblij — hoic Constituted — Poicers. — II. Executive Branch — What — Governor — his Powers and Duties — Secretary of State — Poicers and Duties — Treasurer — Poicers and Duties — Reveiine and Expenditures of the State — Burden on the Citizens — Attorney General — Sheriff — Coroner — Officers of State Prison — Political Division of Counties and Townships — of Toumship Officers — Services in Taxation — Relief of the Poor — Making and Repairing Roads — Executive Duties of County Clerk — Militia Syste^n. — III. Judiciary — Courtsfor Trials of Small Causes — Court of Quarter Sessioiis — Common Pleas — Orphans' Court — Supreme and Circuit Courts — Court of Chancery — Court of Appeals — Compensation of Officers. — IV. Pro- visions for Religious, Moral, and Intellectual Improvement — Religious Societies — Li- terary Institutions established by Individual Largess — Common Schools established by the State — Publication of the Laics — JYewspapers in the State. In the organization of the Commonwealth, the political power here, as elsewhere in well constituted States, has been divided into tJiree great branches; the Legisla- tive, Executive, and Judicial. But, in the existing constitution, these divisions have not been well preserved, the first having received tlie greatei proportion of the province of the second, and iiaving the third wliolly dependent upon it. I. The legislative power is vested in a council and assembly, chosen by qualified electors, on the second Tuesdny of October, and the day succeeding, annually. The election is then holden for State officers, and on the first Tuesday of November, when occasion requires, for members of congress and electors of president and vice president. Such electors must be free white citizens, of full age, who have resided within the county in which they claim to vote, for twelve months immediately preceding the elec- tion, and who have paid a tax or been enrolled on any duplicate list of tlie last State or county tax, and possess fifty pounds, clear estate. But, from the requisite of taxation or enrolment, as the case may be, are exempted persons who may have arrived at the age of twenty-one years since the date of tlie last duplicate; persons removing from the township where they have paid tax, to another in the same county ; and persons who have been inadvertently overlooked by the assessor; the names of the last being immediately entered upon the tax list. The property qualification, though demanded by the constitution, has been virtually annulled by the act of 1st June, 1820, providing that every person paying a State or county tax, whose name shall be enrolled on such duplicate list, shall be taken to be worth fifty pounds clear es- tate; and thus by the omnipotence of the legislature, things essentially different are made the same. The electors vote only in the township in which they reside. An attempt to vote a second time, is punishable by a fine of fifty dollars to the use of the poor, recover- able by the overseer of the township. The assessor or collector enrollino- one under age, or non-resident in the township, with intent to admit him to vote, is subject to the penalty of ^100 to the like use, and recoverable in like manner. Such elections are conducted after the following mode. The clerks of the re- spective courts of Common Pleas, attend at the court house, on the first Mondays of September, annually, to receive from voters, lists of candidates for public suffrage, signed by the nominator, and transmitted by letter or delivered in person. From these, the clerk makes a general list of the nominees for the several offices, a copy whereof he sends, within a week from the nomination, to the clerks of the several precincts of the county; and, in case of nominations for congress or electors of pre- sident, a copy to the governor, who transmits a copy of all the nominations to the clerk of every county, who sends these also to the township clerks. At the elec- tion, no vote can be given unless for such nominee. The precinct clerks, by public advertisement fourteen days before that of the election, make known the time and place of holding it, and the names of the candi- dates, when and where the election officers, viz. the judge, assessor, collector, and town clerk, attend. The clerk posts on the door of the house where the election is 44 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. holden, the list of the nominees, and the other officers open the polls at 10 o'clock of the day. If any one of such officers be in nomination, he is disqualified from assist- ing at the election, unless before its commencement he publicly decline ; and should he assist, and be elected, his election is void. The town, clerk, with the approba- tion of his fellow officers, may appoint a substitute; or, if he be absent, dead, or otherwise disqualified, and no substitute have been appointed, such officers may no- minate a clerk for the occasion. Ajad if the judge, assessor, or collector be absent or disqualified, his place may be filled by the vole^-s present, and the absentee is subject to punishment by fine, unless he satisfactorily excuse himself to the court of common pleas. Malfeasance by an officer of the election, is punishable by a fine of $100 for the use of the poor. Each officer swears or affirms to the faithful perform- ance of his duty, and may administer like oath or affirmation to his fellows. For the preservation of order, tiie judge and inspectors may commit riotous or disorderly persons either to the charge of the constable, or to the common gaol for any time not exceeding twenty-four hours. The poll is open for two days ; but may be adjourned for short periods, as occasion may require, in case no voters appear. On the evening of the first day, it is closed at 9 o'clock; and opened on the morning of the 2d at 8 ; and is finally closed at 7 o'clock of the evening of the second day. All elections, for representatives in Congress, electors of President and Vice- President of the United States, members of council and assembly, sherifl's and coroners, are by ballot, which may be written or printed, or partly both, and must be delivered by the voter to the judge or either of the inspectors; and the name of such voter, being pronounced, by the officer, in an audible voice, and beino- unob- jected to, is entered upon the poll-list, and the ballot deposited in the ballot-box. When the poll is closed, the poll-list is signed by the officers, the ballots read, registered, and filed. If there be a greater number of ballots than names on the list, no more ballots are enumerated than names: if two or more ballots be folded, or rolled together, or a ballot contain more names than it ought, or otherwise appear to be fraudulent, it is rejected, and as many numbers, deducted from tlie poll-list as there are ballots, cast away. The number of votes being ascertained, the election officers, or any two of them, certify the number for each candidate, after a prescribed form; a duplicate of which, duly attested, is filed in the office of the town clerk, with the poll-list; and the original is transmitted to the clerk of the pleas, on or before the Saturday, next after the day of election ; who makes a list of the votes for each can- didate, from the several certificates, and ascertains who are duly elected, by a plu- rality of votes ; files the certificates and list in his office, and makes a certificate of the election of each officer, a copy of whicli, with a copy of the list filed, he trans- mits to the governor. In case the election be for members of Congress, or electors of President, the governor, within five days of the receipt of the list, before a privy council, deter- mines the persons elected, whom the governor commissions under the seal of the State. In case two or more candidates, nominated for council, assembly, sheriff, or coro- ner, have an equal number of votes, there not being a sufficient number having a plurality, the county clerk proclaims, by advertisement, that he will attend at the county court-house, at a day certain, to receive nominations of persons to supply the vacancy; and the nomination and the election, holden thereon, are conducted in the manner already described ; except that, the nominations are made ten days, only, previous to the election. In case of vacancy in the council, or assembly, the vice-president of council, or speaker of the house, as the case may be ; or in case there be no vice-president or speaker, the governor, causes the vacancy to be filled ; unless it be probable that the services of the member will not be required during the remainder of the unex- pired legislative year. But if the board of freeholders, of the county in wliich the vacancy happens, desire that the vacancy be filled, it is done without delay. Thus, if a member refuse to take his seat pursuant to his election, or to send a satisfactory excuse witliin twenty days after the meeting of the legislature, die, remove from the state, or be expelled, the vice-president, or speaker, as the case may be, issues his warrant, to the clerk of tiie county, who takes measures similar to those above de- scribed, for filling the vacancy. The legislative council consists of the governor, who is its perpetual president, having a casting voice ; of a vice-president elected by the members, who presides in LEGISLATIVE POWER. 45 the absence of the president; and a member from each county, elected annually. It has powers co-ordinate with the assembly, except in the preparation or alteration of money bills, which is reserved to the latter. It is convened, from time to time, by the governor, or vice-president, and must be convened at all times, when the assembly sits ; its members must be, and have been, for one whole year, next before election, inhabitants and freeholders in the county for which they are respectively chosen, and worth at least one thousand pounds of real and personal estate, within such county. Seven members form a quorum for business. This property qualifi- cation, in practice, is scarce more respected than that of the voters. The assembly is composed of such number of delegates, from each county, as the legislature may, from time to time, direct ; making together, not less than thirty- nine. The delegate must be, and have been, for one whole year next before his election, an inhabitant of the county he represents, and worth five hundred pounds, in real and personal estate, therein. The assembly have power to choose a speaker, and other their officers; to judge of the qualifications and election of their own members; sit on their own adjournments; prepare bills to be passed into laws; and to empower their speaker to convene the members when necessary. No judge of the Supreme, or other court, sheriff, or person holding any post of profit under the government, other than justices of the peace, may sit in the assem- bly. On the election of such person his office becomes vacant. On the second Tuesday next after the day of election, the council and assembly meet, separately, and the consent of a majority of all the representatives in each body, is requisite to the enactment of a law. At their first meeting, after each annual election, the council and assembly, jointly, by a majority of votes, elect the governor; they appoint the field, and general officers of the militia; the judges of the Supreme Court for seven years, the judges of the inferior courts of Common Pleas, justices of the peace, clerks of the Supreme Court, and of the Common Pleas and Sessions, the attorney general and secretary of state, for five years; and the state treasurer, for one year; all of whom are commissioned by the governor; are capable of reap- pointment, and are liable to be dismissed, when convicted by the council on the im- peachment of the assembly. Each member of council and assembly makes oath, that he will not assent to any law, vote, or proceeding which shall appear to him injurious to the public welfare, nor that shall annul or repeal that part of the third section of the constitution which makes the election of members of the legislature, annual ; nor that part of the twenty-second section, which provides for trial by jury ; nor the eighteenth and nineteenth sections which relate to religion. And such oath may be administered to the members by any member of the respective houses. The oath of the legislators being to preserve a part only of the constitution, sound construc- tion warrants the induction, that they have a constitutional authority to change all other parts of that instrument; and thus, their power is unrestrained, as much as that of the British Parliament, which may, by a simple act of legislation, remodel the State, as has been lately done in Great Britain. II. The executive power is vested in the governor, secretary of state, treasurer, the attorney general, and county prosecutors, and in the officers of the several town- ships, counties, and other precincts, viz : in the township clerks, assessors, collectors, commissioners of appeals, surveyors and overseers of the highways, pound keepers, overseers of the poor, judges of elections, township committees, and constables: and in the chosen freeholders of the county, the county clerk, collector, sheriff, coroners, and the militia. By the 8th article of the constitution, the governor is said to have the supreme executive power; but his executive duties are circumscribed by very narrow limits and in their performance he may be aided, perhaps controlled, by any three or more of the council, whom he is authorized to call as his privy council. Before entering on his office he swears faithfully and diligently to execute his office, and to promote the peace and prosperity, and to maintain the lawful rights of the State to the best of his ability. He is captain-general, and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and other military force of the State, and is by special act of assembly, trustee of the school fund. He is empowered, when the post of. vice president of council, or speaker of assembly is vacant, to cause vacancies in the respective chambers to be filled. He may proclaim rewards of not more than $!300 for one offender, for the apprehension of any person charged with murder, burglary, robbery, or other dan- gerous outrage upon the person or property of the citizen, for the apprehension of their accessories, and for the arrest of any unknown perpetrator of such offences; 46 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. may demand fugitives from justice from this State, and draw his warrant for the expenses of their reclamation ; may remit costs of prosecution and debts due to the State, from any criminal, on the recommendation of the inspectors of the State prison ; may suspend the execution of the sentence of death against any criminal until the rising ot' the next meeting, thereafter, of the governor and council; and in conjunction with the legislative council, may grant pardon for any ofience after condemnation ; he may authorize the owner of a slave condemned for certain offences, to send him from the State ; distribute copies of the laws to the United Stales and other States ; license pedlars ; appoint notaries, who hold their offices during good behaviour; appoint inspectors of flour in certain cities, removable at his pleasure ; order out the militia in case of invasion or other emergency, when and so long as he may deem necessary, not exceeding two months ; and perform other du- ties specially imposed upon him by the legislature. The secretary of state, as we have seen, is elected by the assembly in joint meet- ing, for five years. Before entering on the duties of his olRce, he makes oath that he will faitiifully perform them, and gives bond conditioned to like effect. He must reside at Trenton. He must file in his office the laws of the State as they are enacted, so that those of each session be kept in separate bundles, and give copies of them when required, under his hand and seal of office; and, within four weeks from the end of every session, deliver a copy of the laws therein passed, to the printer thereof, assist him in comparing the proof sheets with the laws, and make marginal notes thereto. He must record all papers vvhich come to his hands pertaining to liis office ; and tri-monthly report to the governor, an account of the business done in his office, relating U> tlie record of wills, letters of administration and guardian- ship, and of the unfinished business therein; and must lay a general statement of the business in his office before the legislature at their first session, annually; must keep the books and papers of the late auditor's office, and settle the accounts, if any be unsettled, of any of the agents of forfeited estates ; must record all deeds delivered to him for record, duly acknowledged and proved, and must index such deeds; must in all cases, where money is paid into the public treasury, and tlie receipt of the treasurer therefor is brought to him, enter the same in the public books in his office, in an account with the treasurer, and indorse such entry upon the receipt, without which it is not available against the State. He must prosecute clerks of courts, on the report of the treasurer, who fail to return the abstracts of fines, amercements and judgments on forfeited recognizances for use of the State. He is register of the prerogative office and court, and is required to record the names of testators of all wills, and of intestates, the inventories of whose estates he may receive, and to file such wills and inventories. He must record bonds given by the keeper of State prison ; and the partition lines of townships and counties, as returned by the com- missioners of survey. He is also clerk of the court of appeals, and trustee of the school fund ; and he must keep suspended for public view a list of the fees payable in his several offices. The treasurer, before entering on his office, is required to take and subscribe an oath of office, and give bond with sufficient sureties approved by the legislature, in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties and for the fidelity of those em])loyed by him; vvliicli oath and bond are to be made before the vice president or justice of the Supreme Court, and to be deposited in the office of the secretary of state. His duly is to receive and keep the monies of the State, and to disburse them agreeably to law; to take receipts for all payments; to keep accounts of receipts and expenditures, and of all debts due to, and from the State; to make reports and give information to either branch of tlie legislature in person or in writing, as he may be required, respecting matters referred to him by the council or assembly, or appertaining to his office; and generall}- to perforui all services relative to the finances which he may be directed to pf-rform ; to state, in books, the account of monies whicli he shall receive for taxes, or other account in behalf of liie Slate, or which he siiall pay, in pursuance of the acts and resolutions of the legislature, so that, the net produce of the whole revenue, as well as of each branch thereof, and the amount of disbursements, may distinctly appear; and to lay such accounts, from time to time, before the legislature ; to receive reports of clerks of courts, of fines, amercements and judgments on forfeited recognizances, and within two days after the first day of November, annuall}', to return the name of every de- linquent clerk, to the secretary for prosecution ; to cause to be set up in his office, that clause of the act of 19th Nov. 1799, which requires tiie treasurer's receipt for EXECUTIVE POWER. 47 monies paid him, to be entered in the office of the secretary, and endorsed by him; to receive taxes collected for the State from the county collector, and to prosecute for the same when wrongfully withheld ; to prosecute for tlie recovery of the tax upon bank stock, when not paid according to law ; to sue for all sums of money which may become due to the State, and receivable in his office, and to make dis- tribution, annually, of the laws o/ the State according to law ; he is also a trustee of the school fund. The following abstract from the report of the State Treasurer made to the Legisla- ture. Oct. 1832, exhibits the condition of ths Treasury, and the sources of its revenue, with the exception, that $30,000 at least is to be added to receipts of the current and future years, for the annual bonus of the Camden and Amboy Rail-road, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal. It will also be observed, that besides the $40,000 tax levied directly upon the State, there is a further sum of about $11,000 annually, but indirectly, levied upon the holders of Bank stock, and appropriated to the school fund. We append, also, the treasurer's report on the banks, exhibiting in detail the income derived from that source, and the actual condition of this branch of business in the State. We may also remark, here, that the only property possessed by the State, save a small tract of land at Patterson, and some lots and buildings at Tren- ton, and the oyster beds in her rivers and on her coasts, and the stocks mentioned in the treasurer's report, consists of 2000 shares of Camden and Amboy Rail-road stock and Delaware and Raritan Canal stock, valued at par at $200,000. Dr. 1832. Dolls. Cts. Surplus monies loaned $20,000 00 Commissioners for negotiating loan 50 00 Deaf and Dumb, amount of account 2,089 04 State Library, do. 117 48 Jurisdiction, amount of account for defence of suit against New York in relation to boundary 1,401 36 Legislature, amount of account 18,728 98 Printing account, do. 2,253 00 State Prison, do. 5,800 20 Salaries, do. 6,636 00 Incidentals, do. Transportation of Criminals, do. Pensions, do. Inquisitions, do. Militia, do.* State account, including salaries of Gover- nor, Judges, &c. 4,019 00 Constable's account 15 00 Bills receivable — Due from T. G. $1000 Due from Presbyterian Church at Patter- son 150 57,076 06 1,150 00 Trenton Bank, Due from Bank Due from State Bank at Morris Due from State Bank at Newark Due from George Sherman Trenton, October 23d, 1832. 10,552 9,779 91 195 47 87 45 300 00 10 ^.R" 34 83 $77,991 23 * The annual charge for militia expenses is $6'20^viz: $30 to the brigade inspector of each county, and $'200 to the (juarterniaster and inspector generals. 48 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Contra. 1832. Cr. Dolls. Cts. $20,000 00 50 14,819 00 66 40,000 00 $ 509 34^ 1,150 80 1 finO 34i 760 00 77 osQ noA ■""" 4 1 ,^0£7 vug 306 22^ 3 00 585 00 Bills receivable — Received for surplus money loaned Received for commissions paid, being part of interest Balance on hand, October 25th, 1831 Taxes — Received from the several counties Debts outstanding — Amount received on this account Amount due this account Fines and forfeitures — Received on this account Premiums — Received on this account Revised laws — Received for one copy sold Pedlar's license — Received for this account Interest account — Received balance of interest for use of surplus money loaned 808 00 1,702 22i 78,991 23 Balance due as above per contra — Deposited in Trenton Bank 9,779 91 Do. State Bank at Morris 195 47 Do. State Bank at Newark 87 45 Due from George Sherman, for advance made for printing law reports now in progress 300 00 Balance on settlement 10,362 23 49 < - < o o o ira lo o o o O O <:Z! o< 3>} o o o o'lo'f-rcvrTjTr-ro" n o oo o s o o O O O lO o o o o o o ira ic o o -^o o O OJ (M o o 0 O m GO ---o o o oj (M o o c^o ;r^ = . o s o J? ■ • • • ?3: |2i ■ ^ < c o -a _ji i.o i^ o o TT o o ri m (M o o o o o " O lO o o o O C t^ O O lO O O TO lO O t^ (>} lO ^ r-1 ^ CO O O' o o o o CO o o o o o t^ O O O IC o CO -: o i-o (?i o O ■^ CO rr 1— 1 o O 0C00 0t)0 O^ l>^ O 0_ C:__ C;__ 0_ ■<3<__ o" rf o o~ x" cf — " to" lO — 1 c; o oc ro aj i>. 00 OJ CO rl C\! o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O O C' o o o o c o o o o o O! o — o o o o '-o o o c; o o o c^" o r>r cT c^ o" cT co" o" o '^ v.o~ o" o" lO o 3>j CO :o t--. -^ ai o x> " (M o L.0 OwC;~oooo oooowcioc:^ o'o'o'' cro'"o'~o~o'''T^o'"o'~o" o" ifto"©"— ' ■_ 0000~OOOU300001>.LOC:~C 00 O O! at) ^ CM rr c>{ v_xOj (>} r^ „ (j; o_C\J — I . OC'OOOOOO :i;~~scc; ^o o o o lo o o — -— — ' ~''o'~o"o" s o « o c I- >> 3 C tn ea ^ s^ ^ o c far bfi c = & £ & s 5 n ii O g', y J^H S . ca c C5« C3 C3 C3 eS C3 Jii ^ Jx! ^ ^ c c c c c eqmeqcQeq s s flj 03 CJ hi «-' -a "~::§e;5 cS^530«£,S>Sj^Bai ■=M S::) "co "qoooqo EOJ Eo» oj SCO rco CO 00 QO XI 30 00 00 ra big So C j3 03 bD ^^ °-" m -S 2 2- c c o .?-5 2-' 5-00 ,„ ® -^ d 3 vw — 2 " ^ 1-1 Oi Amt. paid surer 1 ^ o c ^ O " «*- o -H ^O OO© fm^ ■*-* Eft O oO OOO O c = o_ t> o_o_o_o__ o 2 = i-H .i: T)< uo^'^ltd" Ci O o t> OJ o_o__o__c_o ooo o_ c« O* O" lO o" o" o" o" o" LO" o _; OOl>.lOOOOO O) *j C3 CO OJ r-i lO OJ Tjl CO c ■" (7i~ a o ^fe' m E < ■>§■■■■ ..p.... E o ,^a: o^ ■ ' bfloi ' ■ ■ ■ .s >> '^ s • •§!••• • ""i^ • •'gO;^ -^ £ I U c >> 03 <« hi) IB c o H H Bank at Trenton Bank at Jersey City and Philadelphia Manufacturing ersey Manufacturing and Bankin lin Bank of New Jersey at Jersey oulh Bank at Freehold ersey Protection and Lombard B en Banking and Grazing Compa State : Jersey Salem New J Frankl Monm New J Hobok TJ c 2 ^ ■" S CJ 00 OJ CO -^ ^ S r-«-^ojc<)(M s;; = > - 00 00 CO 00 00 & m 1-1 t-l rt 1-H rH -c u EXECUTIVE POWER. 51 Perhaps no country of equal territorial extent and population, in the world, is governed at less cost than the State of New Jersey; and if the happiness of the people be the object and evidence of good government, we do not hesitate to say, that none is better governed. The sum actually levied on the people directly and indirectly, for the maintenance of the State government, exclusive of the township and county polity, will not exceed $ 55,000, and is more likely to be diminished than increased. The whole population, at the present period, 1833, is not less than 330,000, which gives to each individual 16 2-3 cents tax; or dividing the number of individuals by six, for the number of families, gives one dollar for every head of a family in the State. This, it will be observed, is only the tax levied by the State, as contradistinguished from township and county taxes. To ascertain the burden actually supported by the people, we must include not only the latter, but also the sums paid for the maintenance of the militia, and of religious instruction. An opportunity is thus afforded, we trust, of settling, satisfactorily, the question which has lately been agitated, relative to the proportions paid by the inhabitants of the Noith American republics, and the subjects of European kingdoms, for the mainte- nance of the social relations. By the singular character of our political association, each citizen contributes to the maintenance of two governments. The sura paid to the general government, by the whole community of the United States, is the net amount of duties after the deduction of drawbacks. Taking that amount at twenty-five millions,* and dividing it by fourteen millions, the probable population of the United States, in January, 1834, we have a charge of $ 1 78i nearly. But a more favorable view may be taken of this subject. The extent of revenue, required for a liberal administration of the government, is esti- mated at fifteen millions of dollars, and it is highly probable, that the nation will not, for many years, consent to pay a larger sum than is requisite, and which, from accumulation, may become dangerous to her we^lfare. This sum would impose a tax, supposing it be collected from commerce alone, and the proceeds of lands to be divided among the states, of ^1 06 and a fraction upon each individual. From the general statistical table of the State, it appears, that for the year 1832, there were levied, for State purposes, exclusive of the tax on banks, ^40,366 71 Tax on banks, per treasurer's report, ..... 11,585 44 County tax, as per return of assessors, ... - - 104,166 00 Township taxes, viz : Poor, - - - 78,131 00 Road, ... - 192,859 00 School, - - - 1,366 00 271,386 00 427,504 15 The militia expenses, actually paid by the treasury of the State, are included in the foregoing amount; but the time devoted, we had like to have said, wasted, in militia duties, together with the money uselessly expended, cannot be estimated at less than one dollar for every prescribed day of service, for each person enrolled, or placed on the exempt list. There are three training days in the year. The fine for non-attendance is two dollars per day, and the sum paid by the exempt is five dollars per annum, in form of tax. Every officer and private expends, on the day of service, more than would support him at home. The military force of the State, by the adjutant general's report for 1832, amounted to ,f 35,360; that number multiplied by four dollars, which we take as the mesne expense of each officer, private, and exempt, gives a total annual amount of ..... 141,440 00 The annual cost of religious instruction, according to the statement hereinafter given, 120,000 00 General government for duties at 179 per head, .... 590,700 00 State charges, including township and county rates, at one dollar twenty-nine cents and five mills per head, nearly, - - 427,504 15 $1,279,644 15 * The receipts of the treasury, for the three first quarters of 1832, were $21,730,717 19; and the treasurer's estimate, for 1833, was twenty-one millions; bul it is generally supposed that the receipt will much exceed the estimate. 52 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. This sum divided by the number of inhabitantsi^ (330,000,) gives a charge of $ 3 86," nearly, upon each inhabitant, — for the payment of principal and interest of the public debt — the pension list — for the support of the General and State go- vernments— for the maintenance of schools in part — for the support of the clergy, and the founding and preservation of churches — for the support of the poor — for making and repairing all other than turnpike roads, and the erection of bridges by the townships and counties — and in a word, i«)r all kinds of public expenditure. The attorney general is the representative of the State in all the courts of the commonwealth, and prosecutes in her name all offenders against her peace and dignity, and sues and defends all suits in which she has an interest. Deputy attornies are appointed by the legislature for the counties respectively, whose term of office is five years; they aie vested in their respective districts with the same powers, entitled to the same fees, and subject to the same penalties as the attorney general. Yet, notwithstanding such appointment, he may act in such counties when present; and any court is empowered to appoint a special sub- stitute, for the term, in case neither the attorney general nor the general deputy shall attend. For neglect of duty, in prosecuting forfeited recognisances, fines, debts, &c. due to the State, he may, on conviction before council, on impeachment by the assembly, be disabled to act as attorney or solicitor in any court of the State, for one year. The attorney general is one of the trustees of the school fund. A sheriff is annually elected by each county, who is eligible three times consecu- tively, but who, after the third year, cannot be again re-elected, until after the lapse of three years. He must be, and have been, an inhabitant and freeholder of his county for at least three years next preceding his election; must give bond to the State with five sureties in the sum of .f 20,000, approved by the judges of the Com- mon Pleas, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duty, and make oath or affirmation to like effect; both of which are filed in the office of the county clerk. If he fail to give sucli bond and take such oath, a new election may be had; but this done, he may act before receipt of commission from the governor. When occasion requires, suits may be instituted on his bond, by order of that officer. He is far excellence the executive officer of his county, is the chief conservator of its peace, and has authority to call forth and direct its physical force to maintain the laws. He has charge of the jails of the county, and is responsible for the conduct of their keepers. He summons all juries, and executes all process civil and criminal issuing from the courts, and carries their judgments into effect. He may appoint deputies, who give bond and make oath for faithful performance of their duties, and have their appointment filed with the county clerk. At the request of the United States, and by the statute of this State, he has charge of prisoners committed by authority of the general government. He may not, during the continuance of his office, act as justice of the peace or keep tavern; nor become bail in any suit. In case of his death, removal or disability, a new election is had upon certificate thereof by a jus- tice of the peace, to the county clerk ; and during the vacancy, the duties of his office may be performed by the coroner. Three coroners are annually elected in each county, must be inhabitants and freeholders, and be commissioned by the governor; but may act before commis- sion; and must take oath, faithfully to execute their duties. The coroner, as we have seen above, is the substitute for the sheriff where the office of the latter is va- cant, or where under particular circumstances, as when the sheriff is interested or * The Revue Britaniqne, No 12, for 1831, avers, that notwithstanding the asserted economy of the American republic, its expenses exceeded, prn])ortionably to its popula- tion, those of the French monanliy. Tiie charjje upon each individual in France is admit- ted, by the reviewer, to be 31 francs, and that in the United States is asserted, to he 3.t h-ancs. The French estimate does not include ecclesiastical expenses, the st\n>s paid for the extinction of the pnl)lic debt, the maintenance of tlie poor, the char2:es for education and other expenses, whilst our cstiniati- cniitaiiis all thes<". Valuing; the dollar at 5 francs 33 centimes, the charge on each indi\idnal in the Slate of New .li-rscy vould he i20 francs 69 cts. But if we include, in the Ann rican impost, no otiier «liarncs than those of tlie French estimate, the American citizen, by tiie rate paid in tiiis Slate, docs not pay for every species of taxation, more than one-thii-d of the amount of the French subject, whose burden is less than that of Ihr sniijcci r)f any other of tiie [jrincipal monarchies in Ein-ojK'. The burden on the people, of Niu .liiscy is, jjerhaps, soiiiething less than that upon tlic citizens of some of the olhc r Stales, which may have contracted considerable debts; but it is larger than is imposed in most of ilu- Western Stales, and, we think, may he taken ag a fair average of ciiarges thronghout tlic Union. EXECUTIVE POWER. 53 has not given bond, he is disqualified. Where any writ from any court is directed to the coroner, the return made and signed by one of them is sufficient, but such re- turn does not prejudice or aftect the rest. The most ordinary duty of the coroner, however, is to take inquests relative to deaths in prison, and of all violent, sudden or casual deaths within his county ; which he performs through a jury summoned on liis writ, by the constable, and over which he presides. The constable is the next in grade, but is not the least important of the executive officers. He is annually elected by the qualified voters of the townsliip, of which he may be considered the sheriff. He makes oath or atfirmation, and gives bond to the township, for the faithful performance of his duty. He executes all process from the justices' courts, and that issued by coroner on inquest of death ; and he is charged v/ith various executive duties, the performance of which moves from him- self. Thus, he is a conservator of the peace, and may arrest and confine persons found in breach of it, or contravening the act for the suppression of vice and immo- rality; may call out the inhabitants to extinguish fires in forests, &c. ; may make proclamation in case of riots, and seize rioters ; may arrest and disperse slaves meet- ing together in an unlawful manner, and the like. All officers of the State appointed by the legislature in joint meeting, must reside within the State, and execute in person such office; except, that, the surrogate ge- neral may appoint deputies; officers of counties must reside within their respective counties, and are prohibited from farming out their offices to others, under penalty of five jmndred pounds. Such officers desirous of resigning, must make their resigna- tion during the sitting of the legislature, and to the members thereof in joint meeting, attending in person for that purpose, or by letter. And eveiy officer issuing or executing a warrant for removing a prisoner out of the State, an inhabitant thereof, as prohibited by the habeas corpus act, is disqualified to hold office, and is punish- able by fine and imprisonment at hard labour. The civil office of any person held under the State, is vacated by election and acceptance by the incumbent of a seat in congress ; the office of governor is also vacated, if incumbent accept of any office or appointment under the United States, except such as may be for defence of the State or adjoining posts; and the seat of a member of council or assembly is also vacated by such election and acceptance, and by the acceptance of any appoint- ment under the government of the United States. All officers elected in joint meet- ing neglecting or refusing to qualify themselves for the space of two months after information of their election, make void their posts. No alien can hold, or elect to any office. The officers of the state prison are essential arms of the executive power, since they aid in executing the judgments of the law. They consist of three inspectors, two of whom make a quorum, appointed annually, in joint meeting by the assem- bly ; the keeper nominated and removable by the inspectors, and his deputies and assistants appointed by him and approved by the inspectors. The inspectors are empowered to examine the accounts of the keeper, and any witness in relation thereto, including the keeper, upon oath; to appoint annually or oftener, one of their number acting inspector; to meet as often as shall be necessary, and at least quarterly; and the acting inspector is required to attend the prison, at least once a week to inspect tiie management thereof, and the conduct of the keeper and his de- puties; to make regulations to give effect to the law, for the jiunishment of crimes and the good government of the prison; to punish prisoners in case of refractory, disorderly behaviour, or disobedience to the rules of the prison, by confinement in the cells and dungeons on bread and water for any time not exceeding twenty days for one offence, and for prevention or escapes, to put prisoners in irons ; to appoint an agent where they may deem proper, for the sale of articles manufactured in the prison. If any vacancy happen in the board during the recess of the legislature, it may be filled by the governor. The inspectors are allowed one dollar and fifty cents per day, for every day necessarily employed in the duties of their office. The keeper, before entering on the duties of his office, is required to give bond to the State treasurer, with two sureties in the sum of ^1,000, conditioned that he, his deputy and assistants, shall faithfully perform their trusts, to be filed in the office of the secretary of state. He receives a salary of .f 1,000, and his six assistants each $475, per annum. The keeper is required to receive all prisoners duly committed to his custody, to treat them as directed by law and the rules of the prison ; to pro- vide, with the approbation of the inspectors, stock, materials and tools for prisoners; to contract for their clothing and diet, and for the sale of the produce of their la- 54 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. bour; to keep accounts of tlie maintenance of offenders, of the materials furnislied, and manufactures produced, subject to the inspection of inspectors, and to furnish an abstract thereof to the legislature. He may punish offenders guilty of assaults, where no dangerous wound or bruise is given, of profane cursing or swearing, inde- cent behaviour, idleness, negligence or wilful mismanagement in work, or disobe- dience to regulations, by confining offenders in the cells or dungeons on bread and water, for a time not exceeding two days; and in case of offences which he is not authorized to punish, he is required to make report to the inspectors. The keeper, his deputy or assistant, who shall obstruct the inspectors in the exercise of their powers, is subject to a fine of .^30, and removal from office. It is not within the scope of tliis work to detail the system of criminal jurispru- dence in the State. But we may, with propriety, observe, that so early as 1789, she adopted the humane principles which now characterize the criminal laws of the Union ; abolishing the punishment of death in all cases, save treason and mur- der, and applying imprisonment and hard labour to the correction of other offences in proportion to their enormity, and seeking to reclaim the offender from the evil of his ways. With these views she has constructed and regulated her penitentiary, and advancing with tlie improvements of the age, has, in the year 1833, directed the building of a new State prison upon the latest and most approved models. The first steps in the science of reforming criminals in this, as in other States, have been unsteady, uncertain, and tending to thwart, rather than to effect, the pro- posed object. The prisons have every where been too small, and have not been con- structed upon plans which would admit of the indispensable separation of the prisoners; and have, from the free intercommunion of the criminals, been converted into schools of vice, instead of asylums for repentance, where the convict might se- curely and unimpeded by ridicule or seduction, pursue the work of his own regene- ration. The effects of this system are but too truly stated by the late governor De Vroom, in his message to the legislature of 1832. "The situation of our prison," he says, "is such as to invite to the commission of crime within our State. Its condition is well known to that class of offenders who are familiar with punish- ments. It offers to them all the allurements of that kind of society which they have long been accustomed to, freed from the restraints to which they would be obliged to submit in other j)]aces of confinement, and at the same time holds out a prospect of speedy escape. To this may be attributed the great number of our convicts, and as long as it continues, we may expect our prisons to be filled. Within the last three years, tlie number lias increased from eighty-seven to one hundred and thirty, being an increase of fifty per cent. The remedy for these evils, now obvious, was the adoption of a system of penitentiary discipline, combining solitary confinement at labour, witli instruction in labour, in morals, and religion." This system has been partially adopted by the act of 13th February, 1833, authorizing the construction of a penitentiary on the plan of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, with such alterations and improvements as the commissioners may approve, adhering to the principle of separate confinement of the prisoners, with hard labour. The estimate of the cost of this building is $150,000, and it is to be of sufficient capacity for the confinement of one hundred and fifty persons. The system will be further perfected by modelling the criminal law to the new species of punishment, when the prison shall liave been completed. That the reader may have some idea of the plan of the penitentiary now being erected on the lot belonging to the State, near the old state prison, we give the following description of its model. " The Eastern State Penitentiary is sitnated on one of the most elevated, airy, and healthy sites in the city of Philadelpiiia. The ground occupied by it, contains about 10 acres. The material with which the edifices are built is gneiss, in large masses; every room is vaulted, and fire proof. The design and execution, impart a orrave, severe and awful cliaracter to the external aspect. The effect on the ima- gination of tlie spectator is peculiarly impressive, solemn and instructive. The ar- chitecture is in keeping with the design. The broad masses, the small and well proportioned apertures, the continuity of lines, and the bold simplicity which cha- racterize the facade, are happily and judiciously combined. This is the only edifice in this country, which conveys an idea of the external appearance of those magnifi- cent and picturesque castles of tiie middle ages, which contribute so eminently to embellish the scenery of Europe. The front is composed of large blocks of hewn stone ; the walls are 12 feet thick at the base, and diminish to the top, where they are 2 3-4 feet in tliickness. A wall of forty feet in height, above the interior plat- EXECUTIVE POWER. 55 form, incloses an area 640 feet square ; at each angle of the wall is a tower, for the purpose of overlooking the establishment; three other towers are situated near the gate of entrance. The fa(;ade or principal front is (i70 feet in length, and reposes on a terrace, which, from the inequalities of the ground, varies from three to nine feet in height; the basement or belting course, which is 10 feet high, is scarped, and extends uniformly the whole length. The central building is 200 feet in length, consists of two projecting massive square towers, 50 feet high, crowned by projecting embattled parapets, supported by pointed arches, resting on corbets or brackets. The pointed, munnioned windows in these towers, contribute in a high degree to their picturesque effect. The curtain between the towers is 41 feet high, and is finished with a parapet and embrasures. The pointed windows in it are very lofty and narrow. The great gateway in the centre is a very conspicuous feature; it is 27 feet high, and 15 wide, and is filled by a massive wrought iron portcullis, and double oaken gates, studded with projecting- iron rivets, the whole weighing several tons; nevertheless, they can be opened with the greatest facility. On each side of this entrance, (which is the most imposing in the United States,) are enor- mous solid buttresses, diminishing in oflfsets, and terminating in pinnacles. A lofty octangular tower, 80 feet high, containing an alarm bell and clock, surmounts this entrance, and forms a picturesque proportional centre. On each side of this main building, (which contains the apartments of the warden, keepers, domestics, &c.) are screen wing walls, which appear to constitute portions of the main edifice; they are pierced with small blank pointed windows, and are surmounted by a para- pet; at their extremities are high octangular towers, terminating in parapets, pierced by embrasures. In the centre of the great court is an observatory, whence long corridors, eight in number, radiate. On each side of these cor- ridors, the cells are situated, each at right angles to them, and communicating with them only by small openings, for the purpose of supplying the prisoner with food, &c., and for the purpose of inspecting his movements without at- tracting his attention ; other apertures, for the admission of cool or heated air, and for the purpose of ventilation, are provided. A novel and ingenious con- trivance in each cell, prevents the possibility of conversation, preserves the purity of the atmosphere of the cells, and dispenses with the otherwise unavoidable necessity of leaving the apartment, except when the regulations permit — flue.s conduct heated air from large cockle stoves to the cells. Light is admitted by a large circular glass in the crown of the arch, which is raking, and the highest part 16 feet six inches above the floor, (which is of wood, overlaying a solid foundation of stone.) The walls are plaistered, and neatly whitewashed; the cells are 11 feet nine inches long, and seven feet six inches wide ; at the extremity of the cell, op- posite to the apertures for inspection, &c., previously mentioned, is the door-way, containing two doors; one of lattice work or grating, to admit the air and secure the prisoner; the other, composed of planks, to exclude the air, if required; this door leads to a yard (18 feet by eight, the walls of which are 11^ feet in height,) at- tached to each cell. The number of the latter, erected on the original plan, was only 266, but it may be increased to 818 without resorting to the addition of second stories." For the better administration of the government, the State has been divided into Counties, townships, cities and boroughs. The object of these divisions is to allocate and circumscribe the duties of the various administrative officers, in the enforce- ment of the laws, civil and criminal, the collection of the revenues required by the commonwealth and its subdivisions, and, more especially, the better to enable the ci- tizens to promote their own happiness by the improvement of the roads, bridges, &c., the education of their offspring, and the maintenance of the indigent. The division into counties is the most general, and embraces the others, all of which were readily adopted by the first English settlers, upon their coming hither, from models to which they had been accustomed in Europe. Several of the counties were or- ganized before the year 1709; but many inconveniences having arisen from the im- perfect definition of their boundaries, the limits of Bergen, Essex, Somerset, Mon- mouth, Middlesex, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, and Cape May, were accurately designated by an act of assembly, passed 21st January, of that year. These limits have been since modified, in the erection of Hunterdon, Morris, Salem, Sussex, Warren, and Cumberland counties (for which see the titles respectively of these counties). By an act of 9th March, 1798, provision has been made for ascertaining the bounds of each county and township, in case of any dispute in relation to them. 56 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The State contains at present 14 counties and 125 townships. The use of these divisions will be better understood by examining- first the constitution of the town- ships. These are made bodies corporate by the act of 21st February, 1798; and new ones are created, and so constituted, by special laws, as the public convenience requires. Tlie}' are thus em])owered to sue, and be sued, by process left with the county clerks. And the qu;ilitied inhabitants are authorized to hold town meetings in their respective townsiiips, upon specified days, and, also, on special convocation, at such places as the electors may from time to time appoint. At such meetings, every white male citizen of the State, of the age of twenty-one years, having re- sided within the township six calendar months, and paid taxes therein ; or being seized of a freehold, or having rented a tenement, of the yearly value of five dollars, for the term of one year therein, is entitled to vote. A presiding officer, appointed by a plurality of voices, directs the business of the meeting, and deter- mines who have or have not the right to participate therein ; and to preserve order he may expel, and fine not exceeding one dollar, the unruly, and even im- prison an offender during the session of the meeting. The voters of the township may make regulations and by-laws, from time to time, as they may deem proper, for improving their common lands in tillage or otherwise, and for the making and main- taining pounds ; and may enforce such regulations by fine, not exceeding twelve dollars, for each offence ; the regulations to be recorded by the clerk of the township, in a book kept for the purpose. Such meeting may, also, provide and allow rewards for the destruction of noxious animals ; may raise money for the support of the indi- gent, and education of poor cliildren ; the building and rearing of pounds, the making and repairing of roads, the ascertaining the lines of the townshij), defending its rights, and for other necessary charges and legal objects and purposes as the major part may deem proper ; being such as are expressly vested in the inhabi- tants of the several townships, by some act of the legislature. The meeting may elect annually, and whenever there shall be a vacancy, one clerk, one or more assess- ors, one or more collectors, who must give bond, with surety, for the faitiiful per- formance of their duties; three or more freeholders, to determine appeals relative to assessments in taxation ; three school committee men ; two freeholders, commonly called chosen freeholders; two surveyors of the highways; one or more overseers of the poor; one or more constables; so many overseers of the highways, and pound- keepers, as they shall judge necessary ; one reputable freeholder as judge of elec- tions; and five freeholders, denominated the township committee — whose duty is to examine and report to the town meeting the accounts and vouchers of the township officers, to superintend the expenditure of monies of the township, and in case of neglect of the township meeting to supply vacancies, to fill such vacan- cies, among the township officers as may occur. Service in a township office for one year, or payment of a tine for refusal to serve, excuses the party from services in such office for five years thereafter. The townships being thus empowered to select their officers, and to provide for their wants, are made responsible for the proper performance of duty by tiieir agents; and may be fined for the bad condition of the roads, and compelled to make good any loss sustained in the collection of state and county taxes, by the unfaithfulness of the collectors. The chosen freeholders of the several townships of each county, form the admi- nistrative council, or board of the county. They are, also, incorporated, by the act of 13th February, 1798, with power, to sue and liability to be sued; to hold lands and chattels, &.c. in trust for their respective counties, and for such uses as may be desig- nated by law, and to sell and dispose of the same; to make and enforce such regu- lations as may be necessary for the government of their respective corporations, not contrary to the laws of the State; to raise, at their annual or other meeting held for the purpose, monies for the building, purchase or rei)airs of poor-houses, gaols, court-houses and bridges; the surveying and ascertaining the lines, the prosecuting and defending the rights, defraying the public and other necessary charges, and ex- ecuting the legal purposes and objects of the county, as the major part of them shall deem proper; which monies are expended under the direction of the corporation : to elect, annually, and pro tempore in case of absence or refusal to act, a director to , preside at the meetiuir of the board ; to meet, annually, ujjon the second Wednesday in May, at the county town; to elect a clerk annually, who shall record the pro- ceedings of the board ; and a county collector, a freeholder and resident of the oounty, who shall give bond, with sureties, for the faithful performance of his duty : EXECUTIVE POWER. 57 to raise monies voted by the board, by precepts to the assessors of the respective townships, commanding tliem to assess such amount on the inliabitants and their es- tates, agreeably to the law for the time being, for raising money by taxation for the use of the State. When the lines of the county have not been surveyed and distinctly marked, the freeholders, by prescribed form, may apply to the Supreme Court for commissioners to survey them. They may, also, at their discretion, build or purchase a workhouse within their county, and provide for its government, and the employment of its inhabitants; and may establish a market, once or oftener in every year, within the county, for the sale of live stock, to continue not more than four days, and establish laws for its regulation. From all assessments, an appeal lies to the commissioners of appeal, who hold stated and special meetings at the usual place of the respective town meetings, at- tended by the proper assessor, and have power to summon and qualify witnesses, and whose decision upon the case is final. The township collector is charged, with the collection, within his precinct, of all taxes, whether levied by the township, county or state; to make return of default- ers in payment, on oath, to a justice of the peace, who is required to issue his war- rant, to the constable of the township, for levying the tax by distress and sale of the goods, or imprisonment of the delinquent ; and the constable must account with the township collector. And such collector and constable are respectively required to render to the people, in township meeting, an account of monies by them received, and to pay, according to their direction, any overplus which may be in their hands. All monies levied for county use are to be paid by the respective township collec- tors, on or before the 22d day of December, annually, to the proper county collector, who, in case of default, may proceed summarily against them. Monies levied for State use, are to be paid to the state treasurer by the county collector on or before the 30th December, annually ; and such tax money, as he may receive from sheriffs, within ten days after the same shall have been paid ; and in case of the default of any county collector, the state treasurer may recover from him, for the use of the State, the penalty of fifxy dollars, before a justice of the Supreme Court, who has ex- clusive cognizance thereof; and when such collectors shall not have paid over monies received by them, the same may be recovered by the state treasurer by proper action at law. The counties are responsible for all monies belonging to the State, received by the county treasurer, and not paid over by him to the state treasurer. And it is the duty of the latter to add the annual deficiency of each county, to the quota of the county for the subsequent year ; and of the county collector to charge such deficiency, and also deficiency of county tax, to the delinquent township. The county collector disburses the monies of the county upon the orders of the board of chosen freeholders, and for neglect or refusal so to do, or to perform any of the duties connected with the levy of taxes imposed by such board, he is subjected to a penalty of 300 dollars. Thus, in these subdivisions of the State, we have examples of a pure democracy and simple representative government. The people in their township meetings, (and the word township comprehends precincts and wards,) discuss their common wants, propose the remedies, and appoint the agents to give them effect. In the larger dis- tricts, where legislation in their proper persons would prove inconvenient, as well by the distance of the people from each other, as from their number when collected, the citizens have devolved the necessary legislative power upon agents, endowed also with an adequate executive capacity. This system works well, and might, possibly, be beneficially extended, by enlarging the sphere of action of the chosen freeholders, particularly, in giving effect to a general and uniform system of education. Having thus incidentally noticed the taxation of the townships and counties, we may give here the provisions for raising revenues for the State, to which those in other cases are analagous. [See Note A.] 1. The legislature annually ascertains what sum of money will be requisite for State expenses during the succeeding year, and passes an act apportioning such suril among the several counties, in a ratio of their wealth and population, and fixes a day for the payment of the respective quotas. 2. On certain subjects of taxation, they direct specific sums to be levied, viz: on stud horses above three years old, any sum not exceeding 10 dollars; on other horsea and mules of like age, any sum not exceeding six cents; and on neat cattle three years old and upwards, any sum not exceeding four cents. H 58 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 3. The following subjects of taxation are valued and rated at the discretion of the assessor, viz : tracts of land at any sum not exceeding 100 dollars the hundred acres. But houses and lots of ten acres and under, are rated with regard to their yearly rent and value.* Householders, (under which description all married men are included, the esti- mated value of whose rateable estate does not exceed 30 dollars.) three dollars over and above their certainties and other rateable estate ; merchants, shopkeepers and traders, not exceeding ten dollars; fisheries, ten dollars; grist mills, six dollars the run of stones ; cotton manufactories thirty dollars ; sail duck manufactories, ten dollars; woollen manufactories, ten dollars; carding machines, unconnected with cotton or woollen manufactories, and propelled by water or steam, three dollars; all furnaces, (other than blast) ten dollars; blast furnaces, thirty dollars; sawmills, for each saw, eight dollars; forges that work pig iron, and forges and bloomeries that work bar iron immediately from ore or cinders, for each fire, six dollars ; rolling and slitting mill.-;, ten dollars ; paper mills, eight dollars ; snuff and oil mills, nine dollars ; powder mills, fifteen dollars; fulling mills, unconnected with woollen manufactory, four dollars ; every ferry or toll bridge, twenty dollars; tan yards, each vat, thirty cents; every single man, two dollars; but if he possess rateable estate, the tax whereof amounts to that sum, then for such estate only; no person taxed as a single man may be taxed as a householder; every male slave, able to labour, under the age of sixty years, one dollar; distillery for grain, molasses or other foreign material, thir- ty-five dollars; other distillery, nine dollars ; coach or chariot, five dollars; phteton, coachee or four-wheeled chaise, with steel or iron springs, four dollars; four horse stage wagon, five dollars; two horse stage wagon, two dollars and fifty cents; covered wagon, with frame or fixed top, one dollar; two horse chair, curricle, and every two horse riding chair, with steel or iron springs, one dollar and fifty cents; riding chair, gig, sulkey or pleasure wagon, dearborn wagon, with steel, iron or wooden springs, seventy-five cents; printing, bleaching and dying company, five dollars; glass factory, five dollars. The assessor is required to enter in his tax book and duplicate, a valuation of the real estate, having regard to the yearly rent and value thereof, and the amount of tax assessed in each township, above that raised from the certainties, is to be levied by a per centage upon such valution. He is required between the 20th of June and 20th August, annually, to make an exact list of the persons, lands, chattels and estates, including certainties, made rateable by law in that year, by which all assessments during the year is regulated ; and persons refusing to render an account, or rendering a false one, are liable to be doubly taxed. The assessors of the several townships of the county meet at the seat of justice, on the first Monday of September, annually, to ascertain the amount of the certain- ties, and to estimate the estates, real and personal, taken by the assessors of each township, at such valuation as a majority present shall think just, according to law, and thereby to adjust and fix the quota of tax to be levied in each township ; and it is their duty at such meeting to make out two abstracts of the rateables in each town- ship, signed by the assessors present, and to deliver the same to the county tieasu- rer, who is required to lay one of such abstracts before the legislature during the first week of their stated annual session ; and within fifteen days after their meet- ing, a duplicate of such assessment shall be delivered by the assessors to the town- ship and county collectors; the last of whom is required also to laj' such duplicate, at the time abovementioned, before the legislature. The amount of the certainties being deducted from the quota of each township, * The rationale of tliis arbitrary limitation to the valiu" of the lands, is not very apparent. It is not possible in hiiv case, due rep;ard to relative value bein,e: preserved, that the valuation can approximate to the true marketable value of lands, which is in many cases more than fifty times the raa.\iniuni of tiie statutory limitation. Tiie assessor nuist make his valuation by adopting a maximum or minimum, always arbiti'ary, from which to commence his gradation, and determine the value of the several classes of pro])erty by the l)est comparison in his power. If the rule for valuation be uniform in all the counties, the taxation v\ ill be e(|ual' But how- ls this uniformity to be olitained — lo what standard shall an appeal be made. It is certain that this mode of valuation alVords no means of judging of the wealth of the several counties, nor of comparing tlie value of lands in this state with that of lands in other states. If the standard of valuation were the marketable value of lands, though a variable one, it would be one of easy attainment ; and inequality, desijj^ncd or accidental, could be detected by a standard that was notorious. EXECUTIVE POWER. 59 the remainder, with the fees of assessment, collection and paying over to the trea- surer, is assessed on the other taxable property within the township, at such rate per dollar as will produce the sum required. Any party aggrieved by such assessment, may seek redress from the commissioners of appeal, who, for that purpose, meet on the second Tuesday of November, annually. The township collector is required, within thirty days after receipt of the dupli- cate, to demand payment of the tax from each individual of his township, in person or by notice left at his place of residence, and also to give notice of the time and place of the meeting of the commissioners of appeal; and to pay the taxes, fines and forfeitures by him received, by virtue of any law of the State, to the collector of the county, by the 22d December, annually; and such sums as may be recovered by prosecution, thereafter, as soon as received. If the taxes be not paid at the time appointed, the collector is to make return to a justice of the peace, on the 22d De- cember, annuall}', of delinquents, with the sums due from them, declaring on oath that lie had in relation to them, respectively performed his duty according to law; and to take a receipt for such list from the justice. Within five days after receipt of such list, it is the duty of the justice to deliver warrants to the constables, requiring them to levy the tax in arrears, with costs, &c. by distress and sale of chattels of delinquent — or, in default of clialtels, to imprison the body until payment be made ; giving four days notice, at least, by advertise- ment, of the time and place of such sale. And i). is the duty of the constable to pay such tax to the townsliip collector, within forty-five days from the date of the warrant ; to return tlie warrant to the justice, with an account of the manner of his executing the same; a copy of wliicli warrant and return, the justice sliall. if de- manded, give to the collector, and return the original warrant, if not fully executed, to the constable. The constable is liable for so much of the taxes, which by sucii warrant he was required to collect, as shall not be paid over to the collector, unless the deficiency happen without neglect, fraud or default, on his part, in suit, by township collector, before a judge of the Common Pleas; and like suit may be brought against township collector, by the county collector, for monies collected by him, or received from constable, and not paid over, according to law; and in case the constable be prose- cuted, such warrant, on cause shown, may be taken from him, and transferred to another. Tenants or persons having charge of lands, and tenements and their chattels, are liable for taxes imposed on such lands; and on payment, may deduct the amount from their rent, or recover it by suit, where no contract prevents ; and when the tax is on unimproved or untenanted land, or the tenant is unable to pay, the tax may be levied by the constable on the warrant of a justice, at the instance of the collector, by sale of timber, wood, herbage, or other vendible property of the owner, on the premises. The justices, constables and township collectors, render to the township commit- tee, when required, an account of the monies they or any of them may have re- ceived on any assessment, and not paid to the county collector, and must pay to such committee, on demand, such monies; and in default, are liable to suit by the clerk of the township, in the name of the inhabitants thereof. Due provision is made for the compensation of the respective township and county officers, for enforcing performance of their duties by proper sanctions, and for levy- ing monies becoming due from them by virtue of their oflicial stations. Another prominent use made of the township and county division, is in the system for the maintenance of the poor. The provisions for this purpose, like the political subdivisions themselves, have, in their principal features, been copied from Great Britain. The wisdom of this system is less than equivocal, but the genius of legislation has not yet been able to substitute a better. Each township, or precinct, is required to maintain the poor settled within it. A settlement is gained by the acquisition of a freehold estate of fifty pounds value, and residence of a year; apprenticeship, or servitude by inden- ture, for a year; residence of one year by a mariner, or a person arriving directly from Europe; and such residence and notice to the overseer, recorded by the town clerk, in case of other persons. From these provisions are excepted servants pro- cured from gaols and hospitals in other states. Bastard children have the settlement of the mothers. Penalties are inflicted upon such inhabitants as receive into their houses, vagabonds, vagrants, sturdy beggars, and idle strolling aad disorderly per- 60 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. sons ; and they are liable to maintain such wanderers, and to pay the expenses of their funerals in case of death. A person may remove from one precinct to another, bearing the certificate of tiie overseers of the poor of the precinct in which he has a settlement, attested and allowed by two justices of the peace, declaring such set- tlement, and delivering such certificate to the overseers of the district into which he shall remove. But sucli person, becoming chargeable, may be returned to his place of settlement; residence under the certificate not giving settlement; and ex- penses incurred by the township for maintenance, relief or burial of such resident, must be paid by tlie precinct in vi^hich he has a legal settlement. Relief is granted to paupers, on the order of a justice, at the application of the overseers; the order fi.xing the amount, and serving as the voucher for expenditure. And, as a check upon the overseers, they are required to register the name and de- scription of the pauper, and such order, in the township book, together with the account of monies received or disbursed for the use of the poor, and registry of transactions of their office, and to lay such book before the inhabitants in town meeting. Before relief granted, the goods of the applicant are to be inventoried, and in case of death, sold; and the proceeds applied to reimburse the expenditure for the pauper. Poor children, who have no parents, or whose parents are applicants for relief, and children of paupers brought up in sloth and ignorance, may, by the overseers, with the assistance and application of two justices, be bound apprentices for such number of years as they may think proper, males until 21, and females until IS years ; inserting in the indenture, a clause binding the master to cause such apprentice to be instructed to read and write. And the overseers and justices continue the guar- dians of the apprentice. Where the father deserts his family, or a widow her children, leaving them a public charge, and leaving estate, real or personal, such estate may be taken by the overseers, upon the warrant of two justices, and the rents of the land, and the pro- ceeds of the sale of the chattels, applied to the maintenance of the deserted family. The overseers, with the assent of the town meeting, may purchase or rent a workhouse, in which to employ and maintain the poor of the precinct, applying the proceeds of their labour to the poor fund ; and such house may be erected by two or more townships conjointly. Or the overseers of the township may contract with the overseers of any other place, for the maintenance and employment of the poor of such other place ; or the chosen freeholders of the county may purchase or build a poorhouse for the whole county. Persons claiming relief and refusing to be lodged, kept to work, and maintained in such house, are rejected. When the overseers have reason to believe, that any person not having a settle- ment in their precinct is, or is likely to become, chargeable, they may bring him, by warrant from two justices, directed to and served by the constable, before such ma- gistrates, who shall examine such person on oath touching his last place of settle- ment, and direct him to remove thither by a stated time; and on his neglect or re- fusal to comply with such order, may issue their warrant to the constable, connnand- ing him to convey such person to the constable of the next precinct; and so, from precinct to precinct, until he reach the place of his legal settlement. And in case such person return to the place from whicli he was removed, and does not depart therefrom, within 24 hours after notice given, such person, if male, is liable, on the order of a magistrate, to receive fifteen lashes; if female, in the discretion of the magistrate, to be sent away again, or committed to close confinement, and fed, at the expense of the township, on bread and water only ; and both to be sent back to the place to which they may have been first ordered. But if any person complained of, as a pauper, give bond with two sufficient sureties, conditioned to indemnify the precinct against the charge of his maintenance, he shall not be removed. The overseers of the townsiiip, to which such pauper shall be legally removed, are required to receive him, under penalty of five pounds, on conviction of refusal, before a justice, to the use of the place from which the removal was made. An ap- peal from the order of removal lies by the pauper, or other person aggrieved, to the sessions. An idle vagrant, vagabond, or beggar, strolling and begging through the country, may be ap])rehendod by the constable, or any inhabitant, and carried before a jus- tice, who is required to examine him on oath; and if it appear that he have a set- tlement, to grant a warrant for removal as abovementioned, but if he have no set- tlement in the State, then to direct by such warrant that he be conveyed back by EXECUTIVE POWER. 61 every precinct through which he had wandered, until he be transported out of the State : and such vagrant returning into the State, is liable to punishment by whip- ping. Tliese provisions respecting the removal of indigent persons, though in force, are not often executed. The fund for maintenance of the poor is augmented by fines imposed for breach of the laws, and by the personal estates of such persons as may die intestate, with- out any representative. The pauper may sue without costs, and have counsel ap- pointed him by the court, who shall conduct his cause without fee or reward. Authority is given to the respective townships to raise, as for other township purposes, such sum of money as may be deemed proper for the education of pauper children and children of paupers. The father and grandfather, mother and grandmother, child and grandchild, when competent, are liable to maintain the pauper. A third essential benefit, promoted by the territorial subdivision of townships and counties, is the formation and preservation of roads. The common roads of the country are either public or private. When ten or more freeholders deem a new public road necessary, or one existing, unnecessary or proper to be altered, they may by petition, after giving ten days public notice in the townships through which the road is intended to pass, obtain from the court of Common Pleas the appointment of six surveyors of the highways, liaving regard to those of the township in which the road lies or is to be made. When the road is to be on the county line, the applica- tion must be made to, and the surveyors appointed by, the Supreme Court, three being taken from each county. The surveyors, after a prescribed notice has been given, meet and view the road or ground proposed for the road, and lay out, vacate or alter it, as the case may require ; and return a map thereof, with the time when the same may be opened, to the clerk of the Common Pleas, or to the clerk of the Supreme Court, as the case may be, who records the return, and tlie road so laid out and opened becomes, or if vacated ceases to be, a public highway ; unless a caveat be entered thereto within fifteen days, which operates as a supersedeas of proceedings until the succeeding court. Upon the complaint of any one alleging himself aggrieved, the court will appoint six of the chosen freeholders of the county, who, alter due notice as prescribed by law, also view the road proposed to be made, vacated or altered, and concurring in report with the surveyors, it is definitively confirmed, so that no further proceedings may be had thereon for one year. But, if their report diff"er from that of the sur- veyors, the latter becomes void, and tiie road or alteration may be again applied for under a year. If no caveat have been entered, or the person entering it do not pro- secute it according to law, or the freeholders make no unfavourable report, or be equally divided in their opinions, the proceedings of the surveyers become valid. If the application for review be in Cape May county, and the proposed or actual road run through lands of any of the chosen freeholders, one or more justices of the peace may be appointed on the review. And where the application relative to the road is in tile Supreme Court, three such freeholders from each county are appointed to re- view, and like proceedings are had in regard to their report, as in tlie former case. Any neglect of the officers in regard to these proceedings, is punishable by a fine of sixteen dollars, to the use of the prosecutor. Four of the surveyors or freeholders where the road proposed to be made or altered is in one county, and two from each of the counties, where there are more than one, are necessary to, and sufficient for the return. The proceedings for making, vacating, or altering private roads, are similar in most respects, to those in the case of public ones. Such roads, however, are made and preserved at the expense of those interested in them, who may hang gates thereon, which are protected by a penalty against those injuring them. By-roads if shut up, may be laid out by three of the chosen freeholders, and remain as private roads until vacated, or altered in the manner abovementioned. For the purpose of making or repairing roads, the township committee assign, in writing to the overseers of the roads respectively, their several limits of the high- ways within the township. And it is the duty of such overseers to provide la- bourers, animals, implements and materials for the work, and to erect such bridges as can be built by common labourers ; the monies for which are raised by order of the town meeting, as in other cases of township expense, and the overseer accounts with the town meeting. If the township be fined upon the presentment of the grand jury, or information 62 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. of attx)rney general, for the bad condition of the roads, the overseer within whose limits the cause arose, is responsible therefor with costs, or he maj be proceeded against in the first instance. The road tax payable by any individual, may be paid in labour on the road by himself or substitute; and the roads over mill-dams are to be kept in good and safe condition by the owners of the mills respectively, so long as they shall be upheld. The town meeting may determine whether the highways shall be maintained by hire or by labour. But if the resolution be to maintain the roads by labour, the township committee divide the highways, in their township, into convenient districts, and assign the inhabitants to them, in equitable proportions. And whatever mode be thus adopted, must be continued for three years. Inhabitants who neglect to perform their quota of vpork, are each finable one dollar per day, for absence them- selves ; one dollar and a half for a horse and cart, and two dollars for wagon or cart with two horses or oxen, which have been warned out and shall be absent. If the township vote to maintain the roads by hire, but do not supply the money therefor, the overseers must resort to the labour system. If the overseer neglect his duty, he is liable to an action, and the magistrate on complaint of three freeholders, may issue his precept against overseer, and on conviction, fine him any sum not over twenty, nor under five dollars. The board of freeholders is authorized, at the county's ex- pense, to erect guide posts and mile stones, where they may deem expedient. When bridges are required in a township, or between two townships, they are built at the county expense, and if between two counties, at their joint expense. Where the cost does not exceed thirty dollars, the overseer and chosen freeholders of the township, are competent to order its execution; where the cost does not ex- ceed one hundred and fifty dollars, tlie approbation of the overseers of the township, and of the chosen freeholders of that, and of the two adjacent townships, are neces- sary ; and where the expense will exceed one hundred and fifty dollars, the assent of the overseers of the highway, and of the board of chosen freeholders of the county, is required. In addition to his services as register of the proceedings of the Circuit Courts, the Court of Sessions and Common Pleas, the county clerk performs many other execu- tive duties. We have already noticed his ministry in general elections. He is the recorder of deeds, mortgages, and other conveyances of lands in his county, and re- gister of marriages returned to him by justices of the peace and ministersof the gospel ; the receiver of monies for tavern licenses, which he pays over to the county freeholders; and is the depository of the dockets of the justices of his county, after their deaths. He is forbidden to act as surrogate, or practice as an attorney, within his county. The township clerk records the proceedings of the town meetings, registers es- trays, and receives for the use of the township its share of money produced by the sale of unclaimed beasts impounded for damage feasance; and registers all births and deaths in his township dul^'^ communicated to him. The present militia system of the State, is founded on the act of 18th February, 1815, and the supplements of 1818, 1819, and 1830 ; which require, that every free able bodied white male inhabitant, of the age of 18, and under 45, years, shall be en- rolled by the commanding officer of the company within whose bounds he may reside. From this requisition are exempted, ministers of the gospel ; the vice president of the United States; the officers, judicial and executive, of the government of the United States; the judges of the Supreme Court of this State; the members of both houses of congress, and their respective officers; all custom house officers, with their clerks; all post ofliicers and stage drivers employed in the transit of the mail; ferrymen; inspectors of exports ; pilots; mariners actually employed in the sea ser- vice of any merchant within the United States ; all students of divinity and students of the two colleges in this State, except in cases of actual invasion ; and persons who shall have served ten years in any uniform corps of the State ; and, at the discretion of the brigade board, an officer who has held a commission for one year in the army of the United States, or under the authority of any one of the States, and any sol- dier who may have faithfully served IS months in the late war. A brigade is formed in each county, except Cape May; in that, there is an inde- pendent regiment, under the command of a lieutenant colonel, whose field officers form a regimental board, with the power of a brigade board, in many particulars. The brigades are formed into four divisions, of which those of Burlington, Glouces- ter, Salem and Cumberland, with the Cape May regiment, make the first; those of EXECUTIVE POWER. 63 Bergen, Essex, and Morris, the second; those of Somerset, Middlesex, and Mon- mouth, the third; and those of Hunterdon and Sussex, the fourtli. The governor is commander in chief. There is a general staff, of which he ap- points his four aids-de-camp, with the ranli of lieutenant colonel; one quartermas- ter and one adjutant general, with the rank of brigadier; and, when the service may require it, one deputy adjutant, and one deputy quartermaster general, to each brio-ade or division, with rank of lieutenant colonel. To each division there is one major general, and two aids-de-camp appointed by him, with the rank of major ; to each brigade, one brigadier general, with a brigade inspector, acting also as brigade major, one aid-de-camp taken from the line, appointed by the general, judge advo- cate, paymaster and quartermaster ; to each regiment, one colonel ; to each battalion or squadron, one major; to each company of infantry, light infantry and grenadiers, one captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, one drujnmer, and one fifer ; to each troop of horse, one captain, two lieutenants, one cornet, four sergeants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, one trumpeter, and the foot and cavalry companies contain not more than 64, nor less than 40, privates. Compa- nies of horse can be raised only bj' permission of the commander in chief. To each company of artillery there are a captain, two lieutenants, four sergeants, four cor- porals, one drummer, one fifer, not more than six, nor less than three, gunners and bombardiers, nor more than 62, nor less than 15, matrosses. The regimental statf consists of one adjutant and quartermaster, ranking as lieutenants, taken from the subalterns of the regiment, a paymaster to each battalion ; a surgeon, surgeon's mate, chaplain, sergeant major, drum major, fife major, and quartermaster sergeant; all of wliom, except the paymasters, are appointed by the field officers. To each company of riflemen there belong a captain, three lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, and drummer, fifer, or bugler. Such companies are attached to the bat- talion in whose bounds a majority of the members reside. To each troop of horse artillery, there are a captain, four lieutenants, one quartermaster sergeant, four ser- geants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, one bugler, one trumpeter, and not more than 100, nor less than 40, privates. All oflicers take rank from the date of their commissions, except when they are of the same date, and then by lot. The captains, and ail other inferior officers of the militia, are chosen by the companies; but field and general officers by the council and assembly, and all are commissioned by the governor. The brigade and regi- mental staff officers, are commissioned by him on certificates of their appointment by the officers making them ; non-commissioned oflicers and musicians, are appointed by the captains and subalterns. The uniform is that worn by officers of the United States. The commanding officers of each regiment, independent battalion, and squadron, are required to convene their respective officers twice a year; and at one of such meetings, the orderly sergeants; and at the meeting not attended by the non-com- missioned officers, may direct the attendance of one of the companies under their command, for the purpose of military improvement. The attendance of such com- pany is in lieu of company training, and absence is punishable as in other cases of neglect of military service. And the non-commissioned officers attending such drill, is entitled to fifty cents per day. The militia meet three times, annually, for improvement in discipline and martial exercise ; once by companies or troops, on the 3d Monday in April ; once by batta- lion or squadron, and once by regiment or independent battalion. The fine for non- attendance on days of exercise, absence from roll call, or leaving parade without permission, is, on a field officer, eight dollars ; every other commissioned officer, four dollars; on every non-commissioned officer and private, two dollars per day; and for appearance on parade v^ithout appropriate arms, fifty cents, where the soldier is able to provide them. When called into active service, every militiaman must appear fully equipped, with every article required by act of congress, under penalty, if an officer, of ten dollars; and if a private, two dollars. No militiaman having a substitute in actual service, is therebj' excused from duty on parade days. But no militiaman is finable more than two dollars in one year, for neglect of duty, if he have attained thirty-five years; provided, that when he shall attend at any one of the days required by law, and perforin military duty, he shall be fined one dollar for every other day's absence therefrom. And when the brigade board shall disband any company, its officers may be exempted from military duty. Delinquents are marked at roll call by the orderly sergeant, and reported to the 64 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. company court, composed of the officers of the company or troop, of which the of- ficer first in rank is president. Such court is empowered, to hear and decide on, the excuse of delinquents reported, and tlie president is required to make return within ten days, to the commanding officer of the battalion, of all delinquents, and the sum imposed on each. The battalion court of appeal, consists of the command- ing officer of the battalion, the surgeon, or surgeon's mate, and the senior captain, or, in his default, of the captain next in rank ; and is empowered to hear excuses on appeal, and to remit fines ; and in case of permanent inability, by certificate, to dis- charge from military duty. The president of this court, makes returns of delin- quents and the fines imposed, to the battalion and brigade paymasters. Failure to attend such court by its members, or the president to make return, is punishable, in the first case, by a fine often, and in the second, by a fine not exceeding thirty, nor less than fifteen, dollars. The battalion paymaster, on receipt of the return, and such fines as may have been collected by the battalion commandant, after efforts to collect, and after the first Monday in September, delivers the list of delinquents to a justice of the peace, who issues execution against them, as in case of taxation; the constable being re- quired to levy the same on the goods of the delinquent, or in default of goods, to commit him to prison, until payment, &c. But the brigade board, or any three of them, may discharge delinquent unable to pay. If, upon levy and sale, there be a balance in the hands of the constable which the delintjuent will not receive, he pays it to the paymaster of the battalion, to be accounted for in his settlement with the brigade board, and certifies the same to the judge advocate, or brigade board. The fines and penalties imposed on minors, are payable by the parent, guardian, or master. The battalion paymaster returns to the brigade board the list of delinquent com- missioned officers certified by the orderly; keeps a journal of their proceedings; an account of fines and the modes of their payment, whether voluntary or involuntary, and of such as may not be recovered, with the reason thereof; all which is submitted to the brigade board. The battalion and brigade paymasters are appointed by such board, and give bond with sureties, the first in five hundred, and the second in two thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of their duties; to which effect, they, also, make oath before the county clerk. The brigade paymaster re- ceives all vouchers and returns, and keeps distinct accounts of the monies arising from fines and forfeitures in the several regiments and battalions in the brigade, and of monies received and paid by him, subject to the examination of the brigade board ; collects the fines imposed by the board on delinquent officers, and, in case of non- payment for sixty days, puts the list into the hands of a justice of the peace, which is then proceeded upon as above stated. The brigade board is composed of the brigadier general, brigade major and commandants of regiments, independent battalions, and squadrons of the re- spective brigades ; a majority of whom form a quorum, meeting annually on the third Monday in December, at a place of their own appointment, within the brigade. The officer of first grade and seniority presides, and the board has power : To com- pel the attendance of its members by fine, not exceeding twenty dollars — to ar- range the regiments, battalions, squadrons, troops, and comjianies, as they may deem expedient — to authorize the formation of new uniform companies, and to at- tach them to such battalion or regiment as they may deem proper — to draw orders on the brigade paymaster for lawful expenses — to make a reasonable compensation to the brigade and battalion paymasters for their services; adjust their accounts, re- move them in case of malfeasance, and to appoint a successor who in case of bri- gade paymaster shall prosecute his predecessor for monies of the brigade in his hands — and also the battalion paymasters who may be in arrears — to allow adju- tants for extra services — to compensate brigade judge advocates — to assess fines on delinquent officers, returned by the brigade major or battalion paymaster — to pre- serve order at their meetings by imposition of fines not exceeding ten dollars, upon transgressors, and to erect a covering for the protection of field artillerj' — to keep an account of all sums by tliem received from their several battalion paymasters, and disbursements, with an account of the expenses of the militia system, and the ap- propriations made for arms, &c. — and make reports thereof, annually, to the legis- lature. The judge advocate is appointed by the brigade board, of which he is ex officio clerk, and is required to attend its meetings and record its proceedings. EXECUTIVE POWER. 65 The adjutant general distributes all orders of the commander in chief, to the se- veral corps, attends public reviews, if required, when the commander in chief re- views the troops, — obeys all orders from him, executing- or perfecting the military system established by law, — furnishes blank forms of the different returns directed by the commander in chief, — receives from the several officers returns of all militia under their command, together with reports of the state of the arms, ammunition, &c. from which he reports proper abstracts to the commander in chief, who lays them before the legislature. He annually reports all the militia of the State to the president of the United States — Keeps a record of all orders, returns names of com- missioned officers, and proceedings relative to the details of the military force ordered out by the commander in chief upon requisitions of the president or Congress of the United States, in cases of invasion, or other emergency — Records all certificates of election of officers before commissioned by the commander in chief — and lays his accounts, annually, before the legislature, who appropriate, annually, one hun- dred dollars for his services. The brigade inspectors attend the brigade, regimental and independent battalion meetings of the militia composing their several brigades, during the time of their being under arms, to inspect their arms, &c. — makes returns, annually, to the ad- jutant general of the militia of his brigade, reporting particularly the name of the reviewing off.cer, the state of the arms, &c. and every thing which, in his judg- ment, may advance good order and military discipline. He receives for ordinary duty, thirty dollars per annum, and for extra duty, such allowance as the brigade board may direct; and is subject to a fine of fifty dollars for malfeasance, and the forfeiture of his annual salary, unless he produce the acknowledgment of the adju- tant general for his returns. In the absence of the brigade inspector, the command- ing officer appoints some one to perform his duties. Company officers report their acceptance of office to the commanding officer of the battalion, within ten days after notice of their election, otherwise the election is deemed void. Resignations are made to the brigade commander; and where vacan- cy happens in the company, by death, removal or resignation, such commander di- rects his warrant to the battalion commandant, to hold an election to supply the va.- cancy. Persons enrolled in a uniform company are, upon the certificate of the command- ing officer, excused from service in the militia : but such certificate may not be given until such persons have appeared in uniform, under penalty of ten dollars upon the officer. The majors are charged with organizing the several companies under their respec- tive commands. Where the militiamen of any company or district, fail to choose offi- cers, the major may appoint a sergeant, to take command of the company until pro- per officers are duly qualified; and to constitute his company court, such sergeant may appoint persons from the list of the company, who may elect one of their num- ber president. No officer or private, on his way to, or return from, militia service, may be charged toll or ferriage, and refusal to permit his passage is punishable by fine of eight dollars; nor can he be arrested on civil process on any legal day for training, nor can his arms, &c. be levied on and sold under execution. The commander in chief may, in case of invasion or other emergency, order out any proportion of the militia of the State, to march to any part thereof, and conti- nue so long as he may think necessary, not exceeding two months. In such case, substitutes may be received for any person called on to do a tour of duty, but no substitute is admissible at ordinary training, under penalty on the officer, of ten dollars. Horses of militiamen, taken into service, are registered and appraised, and their value paid to the owner, in case the horse be killed or taken by the ene- my. The accounts of the quartermaster, for rations or ammunition, must be ap- proved by the commanding officer of the regiment or independent battalion, and by the governor, before payment at the treasury. Courts martial are appointed, for the trial of officers above the rank of field offi- cers, by the commander in chief, — for field officers, by the major generals, in their respective divisions, — for captains and subaltern commissioned officers, by the bri- gadier generals, each in his own brigade. And the commandant of regiments and independent battalions may institute a regimental court martial whenever they shall find it necessary. Officers appointing such court nmst, in all cases, a[)])rove or dis- approve its sentence, and may mitigate or remit the punishment, except where the I 66 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. offence is of a personal nature, when the sentence is conclusive. And such officer may, incase of emergency, appoint a judge advocate, 2''>^o tempore. The regimental court martial is composed of five members, the president of whom shall not be under the rank of captain. The general court martial consists of thir- teen commissioned officers, not under the rank of captain, tlie senior of whom is president. The concurrence of two-thirds of the court is necessary, in every sen- tence for inflicting punishment; and each member, with the judge advocate, swears to determine the case according to the evidence, that he will not divulge the sen- tence until it have been approved or disapproved ; and will at no time, discover the vote or opinion of any member, unless required to give evidence thereof in a court of justice. The expense of a court martial, trying an officer of the general staff, is payable from militia fines in the State treasury ; trying an officer above the grade of major, by the paymaster of the brigade ; trying a major, or inferior officer, by the battalion paymaster. Members of courts martial receive $1 50 per day, and witnesses fifty cents — payable on certificates of tlie judge advocate. Commissioned officers guilty of unofficer-like conduct, may be cashiered by the court, or punished by fine, not exceeding fifty dollars. The commanding officer of a regiment, battalion, or squadron, failing to give orders for assembling his command, as directed by his brigadier, or in case of invasion, may be cashiered, and punished by a fine not e.xceeding one hundred dollars: and a commissioned officer of a com- pany, guilty of like offence, under the orders of tlie commandant of the regiment, &c., is subject to like punishment; and a non-commissioned officer, to a fine not exceeding thirty dollars. The commanding officer of a compan}', &.C., failing to return a list of persons, notified to perform a tour of duty, to the colonel, &c., may be cashiered, or fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. Non-commissioned officers, or privates, appearing drunk upon parade, disobeying orders, using reproachful or abusive language to officers, quarrelling or promoting quarrf'ls among fellow-soldiers, may be disarmed and put under arrest, until the company be dismissed, and be fined by court martial, not exceeding eight dollars. A militiaman deserting whilst on a tour of duty, may be fined not exceeding one hun- dred dollars, and imprisoned not more than two months: and if a non-commissioned officer, shall be degraded to the ranks. Non-commissioned officer, or private, bringing on parade, or discharging, within a mile thereof, any loaded fire arms, on the day assigned for improvement or inspection, without permission from a commis- sioned officer, is subject to a fine of one dollar. When ordered out for improvement or inspection, the militia are under military discipline, from the rising to the setting of the sun, and none, during such time, may be arrested on civil process: on days of exercise they may be detained under arms, on duty, in the field, six hours; but not more than three hours without time being allowed to refresh themselves. The retailing of spirituous liquors, on, or within a mile of the parade, is prohibited under a penalty of forfeiture of such liquors. The rules of discipline are such as may be established by Congress for dis- ciplining the regular troops of the United States. By-standers at any muster, molesting or insulting, by abusive words or behaviour, any ofiicer or soldier, while on duty, may be put under guard, and kept at the discretion of the commanding officer, until sundown; and if guilty of like misconduct, before a court martial, may be fined not exceeding twent}^ dollars, and costs of prosecution. Fines imposed by courts martial, are certified by tlie judge advocate to the brigade board, and are collected by the brigade paymaster, in the manner above directed. The sur])lus money in the hands of the brigade paymaster, is appropriated to the purchase of arms, accoutrements, colours, instruments of music, and the preserva- tion of arms (the arms being subject to the order of the commander in chief, in case of invasion, insurrection, or war). And the judge advocate is required, after the annual meeting of the brigade board, to transmit to the adjutant general, a statement of the disbursements, and arms, &c., to be laid by him before the legislature. The commandants of regiments, independent battalions, and s(]uadrons, account to the brigade board for the monies received by them for teaching music, and oilier pur- poses. The commander in chief, or of brigade, when the militia may be called into actual service, may receive uniform com[)anies from any brigade in the State as volunteers, who having served their tour, are exempted from draft, until their battalions, regi- ment, or brigade shall have performed like service ; and their brigade is accredited EXECUTIVE POWER. 67 for the number so volunteering. Due authority is given to the commander in chief for organizing companies on the sea-board when necessary for its protection: and he may furnish any uniform company with arms, tlie property of the State ; the officers giving bond for keeping them in repair, and returning them when required. Uniform companies are attached to the battalion within the bounds of which a major- ity of the company resides- Any person desirous to be exempt from militia dut}-, is required, on or before the first of April, annually, to report himself to the commanding officer of the com- pany, in the bounds of which he may reside. Such officer returns the list of exempts to the township collector, on or before the twentieth of June, annually, who taxes each, the sum of five dollars, in addition to his other taxes ; designating it in his duplicate, delivered to the township collector ; and he, also, furnishes the collector of the county, on or before the first of December, annually, two certified abstracts of the names of such exempts. The township collector pays to the county collector, such taxes, and his certificate of the death, insolvency, or absconding of the exempt, is a sufficient voucher against the tax ; and the county collector pays to the State treasurer, the exempt taxes, with other State taxes, and the treasurer carries them to the credit of the school fund. The commanders of the respective companies enrol all persons within their bounds liable to perform militia duty, not returned as exempts, and fine them for non-attendance on days of parade, according to law, under the penalty of thirty dollars for omission. But exempts may be classed as enrolled militia when called into actual service. And due provision is made by law for classifyng the militia for actual service when required. The following is the state of the militia, apparent from the last return of the ad- jutant general, viz: Commander in chief, 4 aids-de-camp; 1 quartermaster general, 4 deputies ; 1 adjutant general, 4 deputies; 4 major generals, each having two aids ; 13 brigades and brigadiers, and the independent battalion of Cape May county. Brigade Staff, consisting of 13 brigade majors and one adjutant, 13 paymas- ters, 11 quartermasters, 6 surgeons, 13 judges advocate. Cavalry : — 1 brigadier general, 4 colonels, 9 majors, 31 captains, 63 lieutenants, 25 cornets, 86 sergeants, 73 corporals, 11 saddlers, 10 farriers, 36 trumpeters, and 1673 privates, making an aggregate of 1810. Cavalry arms: sabres 734, pairs of pistols 609, holsters 733, cartridges 376, cartridge-boxes 359, horses, saddles, and bridles, each, 963. Artillery: — 30 captains, 54 lieutenants, 93 sergeants, 75 corporals, 40 bombar- diers, 68 gunners, 36 drummers, 25 fifers, 1802 privates, — total 1886. Ordnance apparatus and equipments: 18 six pounders, 8 four pounders, 1 two pounder, 1 swivel, 18 tumbrels and wagons, 25 ramrods and screws, 16 port-fire stocks, 33 dragropes, 14 handspikes, 159 muskets, 19 bayonets, 329 swords, 39 cartouche boxes, 23 powder horns and wires, and 43 knapsacks. Rifle Corps : — 17 captains, 44 lieutenants, 48 sergeants, 16 corporals, 22 drum- mers, 16 fifers, 12 buglers, 1052 privates, — total 1115. Jlrrns and cqjupments : 54 swords, 336 rifles, 132 fusees, 117 muskets, 17 powder horns and pouches. Infantry: — Colonels 47, majors 96, adjutants 58, paymasters 98, quartermasters 48, surgeons 47, surgeon's mates 37, drum majors 20, fife majors 21, sergeant- majors 33, captains 406, lieutenants 397, ensigns 327, sergeants 1065, corporals 664, drummers 329, fifers 263, privates 28,882, — aggregate 30,456. Arms and equipments: swords 796, espontoons 57, muskets 8268, bayonets 3565, iron rara rods 5084, firelocks, other than muskets, 3373, cartridge boxes 1293. 68 GENERAL DESCRIPTION RECAPITULATION. III. The judiciary, as established under the colonial government, was recognised by the constitution, in the general clause continuing the laws existing at the time of its adoption, and in that, limiting the tenure of oflice of the judges. Some modifi- cations and enlargement of jurisdiction have, however, since been made ; and tiie judiciary power is now vested in a Court of Appeals, Court of Chancery, Supreme and Circuit Courts, Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and General Jail Delivery: Courts of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and Orphan's Court, and Courts for the trial of small causes, holden by Justices of the Peace. These institutions will be best viewed, passing from those of the lowest to those of the highest order ; and at- tempting an outline of the constitution of each. The courts for the trial of small causes or Justices' Courts, now depend upon the act of 12th of February, 1818, and its supplements. J3y these, every suit of a civil nature, at law, including suits for penalties, where the matter in dispute does not exceed the value of one hundred dollars, is cognizable before a justice of the peace of any county, who holds a court of record, endowed with the usual pow- ers of such courts. From this jurisdiction, however, are excepted, actions of re- plevin, slander, trespass for assault, battery, or imprisonment, and actions wherein the title to real estate may come in question. The territorial jurisdiction of the jus- tice is coextensive with his county, and his process is confined to it, except in the case of the subpana ad testificandum, which may run into other counties. The con- stables of the several townships of the county are the ministerial oilicers of the court, who execute its process, tested on the day it is issued, and signed and sealed, by the justice. The initiatory process is summons or warrant. The first is required when the de- fendant is a freeholder, and resident of the county where issued, and in cases where defendant cannot be held to bail; and m.ay be used on all occasions, at the election of plaintiff; the warrant may issue against persons not freeliohlers, or against free- liolders about to abscond from the county. The summons is returnable in not less than five, nor more than fifteen days from its date ; and must be served at least five days before the day given therein for appearance, personally, upon the defendant, JUDICIARY. 69 or by a copy left at his dwelling. The warrant is returnable forthwith. Upon ar- rest the defendant either gives bond, with freehold surety, to the constable for his appearance at a stated day, not more than eight from the service, or is carried be- fore the justice, where he enters into recognisance with like security, conditioned for his appearance, or is committed to prison to await the time of hearing, which must not be more than three days from the return of the warrant ; or he is held by the constable, until the plaintiff be notified and have time to proceed to trial. The amount of the sum demanded is endorsed upon the writ, with the costs, and may be paid to the constable in full discharge of the debt and arrest. On the appearance of the parties, the trial is had, or the hearing is adjourned, by the justice himself, or on cause shown by either party, not longer than fifteen days : but if the defendant do not appear, judgment may be rendered by default; and by consent of parties may be entered, without process, for any sum within the juris- diction of the justice. After appearance of defendant, and plea entered, and before inquiry into the me- rits of the cause by the justice, either party may demand a trial by jury; upon which, where the sum claimed does not exceed sixteen dollars, six jurymen, and where over sixteen dollars, twelve jurymen may be summoned. The costs of the jury of twelve, when finding for the applicant, above five, and not exceeding twenty- five dollars, are paid, in part by him; but if finding for him, five dollars, or under, then the whole costs are paid by the applicant; the costs of the jury of six, finding in favour of the applicant, under five dollars, are wholly payajjle by him. By consent, and at request of the parties, the justice may enter rules of refer- ence of the matters in difiierence to such persons as shall be nominated by the par- ties. Upon judgment rendered before the justice, no execution can issue against a fe- male, when the debt is under two dollars. Where the debtor is a freeholder, and when sued by summons, he is to be taken as sucli, unless the presumption be dis- proved, or when a sufficient freeholder of the county shall join with him in confes- sion of judgment to the adverse party, stay of execution may be had, where the judgment is over five, and under fifteen dollars, for one month; when over fifteen and under sixty dollars, for three months, and when over sixty dollars, for six months. The execution continues in force for one year from the time it is issued ; but may be renewed upon scire facias, and judgment thereon, and takes priority from the time of levy made, and the surplus proceeds of sale under the first execution are applicable to the satisfaction of others, in successive order. The levy is made on the goods and chattels of defendant ; and if another claim property in the goods le- vied upon, the constable stays the sale for ten days, unless indemnified by plaintiff"; during which, the claimant, on application to a justice, may have his rights tried by a jury of six men, and if the application be not made within that time, the claim is deemed abandoned. The verdict, if against the claimant, protects the constable in making sale of the goods. For want of goods whereon to levy, the body of the de- fendant is liable to imprisonment until the debt and costs be paid, or until delivered by due course of law: and where there are no personal effects an action may be brought in the Common Pleas, on the judgment before the justice, in order to reach the real estate. From the judgment of the justice, on default, on absence or confession of defen- dant, or when the matter in dispute does not exceed three dollars in value, there is no appeal. In other cases, an appeal lies by either party to the Common Pleas to be holdennext after rendition of judgment; the appellant giving bond, with surety, to the other party conditioned for the prosecution of his appeal. The justice de- termining the cause is excluded from sitting upon it in the appellate court. The judgment of the justice may, also, be revised by the Supreme Court, by certiorari (but not by writ of error) issued within eighteen months from the rendi- tion. Any justice is authorized, in cases in a Justice's Court, to take the deposition of infirm, sick, or going witnesses, and to issue commission for the examination of witnesses. The justices (among whom are to be esteemed the mayor, recorder, and alder- men of any city, borough, or town corporate, within their respective territorial ju- risdictions) are chosen by the legislature in joint meeting, for the term of five years, and may be reappointed for such terms, indefinitely, and dismissed upon impeach- ment by the assembly, and conviction by the council. Such justices are, by the act of 1794, conservators of the peace, and as such, are charged and empowered to 70 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. cause the laws to be observed, and to apprehend and punish oiFenders as the laws may direct. They exercise also many ministerial duties, as notaries in certain cases; and act as substitutes for the coroner, &c. &c. As the Justices' Court is that which disposes of the major part of the disputes among the citizens, we have occupied more space in relation to it than we shall give to the courts of higher order. The Court of Quarter Sessions, in each county, is composed of the justices of the county, or any three of them ; and is a court of record, having cognisance of all in- dictable offences perpetrated in the county : and authority by its precepts to the sheriff, to summon grand and special juries, and to do all necessary things relative thereto, as directed by law ; sending, however, all indictments found for treason, murder, manslaughter, sodomy, rape, polygamy, arson, burglary, robbery, forgery, perjury, and subornation of perjury, to be tried in the Supreme Court, or Court of Oyer and Terminer. To this court the several justices of the county send their re- cognisances for keeping the peace or good behaviour, and the examination of of- fenders, taken before them ; and generally return to it the recognisances of witnesses and of bail in criminal cases. It has cognisance of cases of bastardy ; may grant tavern licenses, the sums payable for which, not less than $10 nor more than $70, pertain to the county treasury; may recommend to the governor persons for license as pedlars; may hear appeals from the order of justices, between master and ser- vant, and in pauper cases, and from conviction, by justices, under the acts for sup- pressing vice and immorality, &c.; and has, generally, the powers of a court of record, relative to the subjects of its jurisdiction. The Common Pleas consist of judges appointed by the legislature, in joint meet- ing, who hold their otfices for five years. The number in each county is unlimited, and varies from time to time. Any one of the judges may hold the court. They choose their own president for a year, and receive no salary or compensation, but certain bench fees, divided among them, rarely amounting to their expenses at the court. Their territorial jurisdiction is only coextensive with the county, but they may issue subpoenas for witnesses throughout the State. The court has unlimited ori- ginal jurisdiction, at common law, in all personal actions where the freehold does not come in question, with some restriction as to costs, in cases cognisable before a justice. Its proceedings may be revised on writ of error to the Supreme Court. The judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in the several counties, or any three of them, constitute the Orphans' Court ; which is a court of record, and is holden four times a year, in the same week with the Courts of Quarter Sessions, and at such other times as the judges may deem proper. This court is empowered : to determine all ■controversies respecting the existence of wills, the fairness of inventories, the right of administration and guardianship, the allowance of the accounts of executors, ad- ministrators, guardians, or trustees, audited and stated by the surrogate ; to award process lo bring before them all persons interested, or witnesses, in any pending cause; or who, as executors, administrators, guardians, trustees, or otherwise, are accountable for any property belonging to an orphan, or person under age. And the ordinary, his register, and surrogates, are required to transmit into this court, upon application, copies of all bonds, inventories, accounts, &c., relating to estates of orphans, &c. Where insufficient surety has been taken on granting letters of administration, or guardianship, this court has power to require administrators or guardians to give further security ; and upon refusal, or nialfeasance in tiieir trust, to dismiss them and substitute others: and where an executrix having minors of her own, or is concerned for other minors, or is like to marry without securing the minors' estates; or where an executor, guardian, or other trustee of minors' estates is like to prove insolvent, refuses or neglects to account for such estates, to order that he give security to those for whom he is concerned, by mortgage or bond, in such sum as the court may deem proper; conditioned for the performance of their respective trusts : and, where the surely in bond given by an administrator or guar- dian, alleges that such officer is wasting or mismanaging the estate, whereby the complainant is liable to damage, the court may compel such officer to render an ac- count, and if tlie malfeasance be apparent, may, on pain of dismissal, compel him to give separate security to his surety for the faithful performance of duty : and W'here there are two or more acting executors, guardians, or administrators, the court may, from time to time, on the application of any one of them, and sufficient reason shown, order the executor, &c., to account with his coexecutor, &c., and compel him to give separate security to such executor, &c., and on refusal, to authorize such coexecutor, &c., to sue for the assets in the hands of the executors, &c., refusing. JUDICIARY. 71 The court has also authority, to make partition of the lands of an intestate, among his heirs, when any of them are under the age of twenty-one years ; and also of the landis devised to two or more devisees, under such age, where the bounds of each devisee's share is unascertained ; and to appoint commissioners for the ad- measurement of dower. But where the lands of such intestate or devisor lie in two or more counties, the duty of partition devolves upon the surrogate general. The court may order sale of lands for the payment of debts when the personalty is ex- hausted, either upon application of the executor, administrator, or creditor ; or the sale of lands of orphans, when necessary for their maintenance and education ; and direct the fulhlment of contracts for the conveyance of real estate, made by the testator or intestate, in his life time: and may also compel creditors of the estates of decedents, to render their accounts, within astated time, under penalty of being barred of tiieir actions. And in case the estate prove insolvent, may direct distribution of pro- ceeds among creditors; and where the debts are paid, may divide the balance among the representatives of decedent. This court has jurisdiction, also, in the settlement of the accounts of assignees, under the assignment of a debtor for the benefit of creditors. By the 8th article of the constitution the governor is tx officio ordinary, or sur- rogate general. One deputy or surrogate, in each county, is appointed by the legis- lature, for five years, whose power is confined within the same, and whose duty is — to take the depositions to wills, (ten days after death of testator) adminis- trations, inventories, and administration bonds, in cases of intestacy, and issue thereon letters testamentary and of administration ; but where doubts arise on the face of the will, or a caveat be put in against proving it, or disputes hap- pen respecting the existence of a will, the fairness of an inventory, or tiie right of administration, he is to issue citations to all persons concerned, to appear at the next Orphans' Court, of the county, where the cause is determined in a summary way, subject to an appeal to the Prerogative Court, to which all other proceedings of the surrogate may, also, be carried directly by appeal: To record all wills and inventories proven before him, or the Orphans' Court, with the proofs ; all letters of guardianship and letters testamentary by him granted, a copy of which, under his hand and seal, is evidence in any court of the State. He transmits to the register of the Prerogative Court, on the first Mondays of February, May, August, and November, annually, all wills and inventories proved by him, and a return of all letters of administration granted during the preceding three months, to be filed in the register's office. Files all administration and guardianship bonds, and other writings, required by law, in conducting the business of his office: Gives bond for the faithful performance of his duties, with sureties in the sum of two thousand dollars : Audits and states the accounts of executors and administrators, exhibited to him, and report the same to the Orphans' Court, giving at least two months' no- tice of his intention, in at least five of the most public places of the county, as near as may be, to tlie place of residence of the parties concerned. He is required to keep up in his office, at all times, in some conspicuous place, a true list of all fees lawfully demandable by him as surrogate, or as clerk of the Orphans' Court; and he is punishable for extortion by fine. The jurisdiction of the ordinary or surrogate general extends only to the grant- ing of probate of wills, letters of administration, letters of guardianship and the hearing and finally determining all disputes that may arise thereon. For the last purpose, he holds, at stated periods, a Prerogative Court, at the times and places for holding the Court of Chancery, where he hears, and finally determines, all causes that come before him, either directly or by appeal from any of the surrogates or from the Orphans' Court. Of this court the secretary of state is register, and is required to record the names of the testators of all wills he may receive, in alpha- betical order, with the year in which they were proved, and to file such wills in his office, the wills of each year and county to be put by themselves ; and in like man- ner to record the names of all intestates, and all inventories in manner aforesaid ; and transcripts of any will or testament registered by him are receivable in evidence in all courts of the commonwealth. Supreme and Circuit Courts. — The first consists of a chief justice and two as- sociates, and holds, annually, at Trenton, four terms, commencing on the last Tuesday of February, the second of May, the first of September, and the second of November, by the chief justice or any one of the justices. Issues in this court, determinable by jury, are tried in the county where the lands in question 72 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. lie, or the cause of action arises ; unless upon motion upon behalf of the State, when the State is party, or where the amount in dispute is three thousand dol- lars, and either party order the trial at bar, which he may do, receiving only the costs of a Circuit Court if he do not recover that sum. Transitory actions, at the discretion of the court, are tried in the county in which the cause of action arose ; and trials by foreign juries may be had where the court deem it proper. The court has original jurisdiction in all cases without regard to amount, but the party recovering not more than two hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, is not entitled to costs, unless the freehold, inheritance or title to real estate may come in question, or the suit be removed into this court by the defendant. But no suit may be re- moved from an inferior court by habeas corpus unless the value of the matter in con- troversy exceed two hundred dollars. It has power to appoint commissioners of bail, and to make rules for justifying such bail ; to try treason committed out of the State; to review proceedings of justices in eases of landlords and tenants; to authorize the filing of an information in the nature of a quo warranto; to make partition of land and tenements between jointtenants and tenants in common ; to appoint com- missioners to ascertain county lines; to entertain prosecutions against vessels seized for engaging in tiie slave trade; to issue writs of dower, and admeasurement of dower, &c.; and writs of error in all cases to the Common Pleas, and to determine thereon, and also to determine causes removed hither by certiorari from the Or- phans' Cijurt : to apjjoint viewers of roads in certain cases, and to receive and de- termine on tlieir report. The chief justice, or one of his associates, twice in a year, holds a Circuit Court in every county except in that of Cape May, for the trial of issues which have been joined in, or brought into tlie Supreme Court, and which may be triable in the county: but the same judge does not hold the court twice in succession in the same county, unless on special occasions; and the clerks of the Common Pleas, in the several counties, are clerks of the Circuit Courts, and of tlie Courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery. The Court of Oyer and Terminer is holden semi-annually, in each county, except that of Cape May, where it is holden annually only, by one of the justices of the Su- preme Court, and the judges of tiie Courts of Common Pleas, or any three of them. It has cognisance of all crimes and offences within the county; and authority to de- liver the jails of tlie prisoners therein. Its process runs into all the counties of the State, and it may direct that indictments found in it for offences indictable in the Quarter Sessions be sent to the sessions for trial. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in criminal cases, and appellate ju- risdiction from the Court of Oyer and Terminer, &c. The governor is, by the constitution, chancellor of the State, and holds at Tren- ton, annually, four stated terms on the third Tuesday of January, the first in April, the second in July, and the second in October, and such stated terms as he may from time to time ajjpoint. If the court be not opened at any of tlie said terms, the pro- cess returnable, and the suits pending tiierein, are continued, of course, until the court shall sit. This court is considered as always open for the granting of injunc- tions, writs of nc ticat to prevent the departure of defendants from the State, and other writs and process in vacation. 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The Baptists in New Jersey have sixty-one churclies, whose location and condition, in some measure, appears from the following table. Their general affairs are directed by a state convention, which assembles, annually, on the first Wednesday of Novem- ber, at such place as may be fixed at the prior meeting. It maintains six missiona- ries, and its funds, in 1832, amounted to $1143 74. The cost of maintaining each church, including the funds raised for all kinds of ecclesiastical purposes, is esti- mated at $300, making in the whole, $18,300. STATISTICAL TABLES OF ASSOCIATIONS AND CHURCHES. NEW JERSEY ASSOCIATION.—" There is a healthful action in this body. Sabbath schools, tracts, temperance and inissioniiry operations, are encouraged to a very laudibl'.i extent by the churches; and in many of them seasons of rel'resliing have been enjoyed during the year past. There is an efficient body of ministers belonging to the association, most of them in the prime of manhood." CHURCHES. Cohansey, Cape May, Salem, Dividing Creek, Tuckahoe, Pemberton, Pittsgrove, Upper Freehold, Manahawkin, - Jacobstown, West Creek, Burlington, Mount Holly, - Evesham, Trenton and Lam- berton, Williamsburg, Port Elizabeth, Haddonfield, - Canton, - Bordentown, - Woodstown, 2d Cohansey, AUowaystown, 2d Cape May, - Churches 24. MINISTERS. H. Smalley, TV. Sheppard, Samuel Smith, Charles J. Hopkins, Thomas Brooks, - William Clark, - Clarence W. Mulford, - William Bacon, James M. Challiss, C.C.Park, - - - - — Ezekiel Sexton, — G. Allen, P. Powell, J. Boozer, J. Sheppard, J. Maylin, J. E. Welsh, £. W. Dickerson, Morgan J. Rhees, John Sisty, 5. Hervey, E. M. Barker; J. P. Thompson, J. C. Harrison, Ambrose Garrett, Ministers 24. POST OFFICES. Roadstown, - Cape May, - Salem, - - Dividing Creek, Tuckahoe, - Pemberton, - Pittsgrove, - Imlaytown, - Manahawkin, New Egypt, - Burlington, - Mount Holly. Evesham, Trenton, - - Princeton, Millville, - - Haddonfield, Canton, - - Bordentown, Bridgetown, AUowaystown, Cape May, - Bap. Total Consti. 55 18S 1900 7 80 1712 5 141 1755 5 55 20 1762 28 170 1764 4 34 1771 16 196 1766 5 25 1770 6 62 1785 4 33 1792 1 77 1801 7 92 1801 12 58 1803 20 159 1805 2 38 1805 2 11 1805 2 54 1818 12 64 1811 36 1821 11 43 '1821 5 74 3 50 1830 42 1828 l213 1802 NEW YORK ASSOCIATION. CHURCHES. MINISTERS. CLERKS. POST OFFICES. Bapt. Total Consti. Middletown, - . , . Middletown, - 14 132 1688 Piscataway, - . - - New Brunswick, 18 129 1689 Scotch Plains, John Rogers, E. Frost, • - - Scotch Plains, 18 126 1747 Morristown, - P. C. Broome, . Morristown, - 1 39 1752 Mount Bethel, M. R. Cox, - - - 22 83 1767 Lyon's Farms, P. Sparks, - J. Wilcox, - - - 14 58 1769 Northfield, - A. Elliott, - . - o 72 1785 Samptown, L. Lathrop, - . - 30 133 1792 Newark, - - Daniel Dodge, . Newark, 8 120 1801 Randolph, — M. Quin, sup. - - 20 1802 New Brunswick, G. S. Webb, - P. P. Runyon, New Brunswick, 29 111 1816 Perth Amboy, Jacob Sloper, . - 1 35 1818 Plainfield, D. T. Hill, D. Dunn, - Plainfield, 24 113 1818 Paterson, D. D. Lewis, - - Paterson, 1 48 1825 Churches 15. Ministers 14. Totals 190 1319 79 WARWICK ASSOCIATION. CHURCHES. JIINISTEUS. CLERKS. POST OFFICES. Bap. Total Consti. 1st Wantage, 2d Wantage, Newfoundland, Hardiston, - 1st Newton, - Hamburg, - Tim. Jackson, A. Harding, - Henry Ball, - T. Teasdale, - John Teasdale, Ministers 4. H. Martin, - Israel Dillison, I. Deaii; - - T. Beardslcy, J. B. Maxwell, I. H. Wood, Deckertown, Newfoundland, Newton^ - - Hamburg, Totals 1 4 23 11 24.5 39 27 C3 50 88 1756 1797 Churches 6. 39 512 CENTRAL ASSOCIATION. CHURCHES. MINISTERS. POST OFFICES. Bap. Total Consti. 1st Hopewell, John Boggs, Hopewell, 7 172 1715 Hightstown, John Seger, Hightstown, 5 220 1745 Amwell, C. Bartolett, Thos. Burrass, Wm. Pollard, E. Burrass, - 23 164 1798 2d Hopewell, C. Suydam, - 1 48 1803 Sqiian, — Manasquam, 40 Nottingham Square, — Trenton, - 115 Sandy Ridge, - Joseph Wright, - 7 79 Lambertsville, - D.B. Stout, Lambertsville, - 4 27 Oxford, — - 18 30 1831 Washington, J. C. Goble, South River, 27 129 Churches 10. Ministers 10. Totals 92 1024 HUDSON RIVER ASSOCIATION. 2d Newark, P. L. Piatt, Newark, 15 33 1831 PHILADELPHIA ASSOCIATION. Kingwood, Wm. Curtis, j3. lVilliamson,\Kingwood, W. R. Robinson, - I 198 1742 CENTRAL UNION ASSOCIATION. Camden, - — A. Smith, C. Sexton, Camden, 33 1818 UNASSOCIATED CHURCHES. Schooly's Mountain, Hackensack, — Michael Quin, Henry Tonkin, - Schooly's Mountain, Hackensack, 14 1832 1832 SUMMARY VIEW. ASSOCIATIONS. rn d 6 > i o 21 9 13 4 1 1 2 2 53 a 'a o c o MEETINGS IN 1833. New Jersey, - Central, - . New York, Warwick, - - Hudson River. Philadelphia, '- Central Union, Unassociated chs. 24 10 15 6 1 1 1 3 61 9 3 3 1 1 17 3 1 1 fi 7 213 92 190 39 15 7 4 560 1802 1024 1319 512 33 198 33 GO 1811 1791 1791 1815 1707 1832 Upper Freehold, Sept. 24. Washington, Oct. 16. 1st. Ch. N. Y. city. May 28. Orange, N. Y. June U. Oliver Street Church, June 19. Spruce Street Church, Oct. 1. Second Street Church, May 28. Totals 3981 80 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The clergymen report, that during the years 1831 and 1832, 1000 persons have been baptized in the State, and that a spirit of enlightened liberality is diffusing itself among the churches. In addition to what is done for the objects of the convention, from two to three hundred dollars are annually raised for foreign missions. The Methodist Episcopal Church, in New Jersey, is divided into three districts, each under the charge of a presiding elder, always a minister, appointed by the bishop, and changed at least once in four years. Each district is divided into cir- cuits and stations ; thus, the district of West Jersey, compreliending Burlington county, and the country south thereof, contains eight circuits and three stations, and supernumeraries included, twenty-three ministers ; the district of East Jersey, in- cluding the country as far north as Flemington and Belleville, four circuits and ten stations, and twenty-three ministers ; and Asbury district, comprehending the re- mainder of the State, eight circuits, three stations, and eighteen ministers. Circuits are formed of territories of greater or less dimensions, including several churches, under the charge of one pastor, aided, commonly, by one or more assistants, who serve the churches in rotation. Stations consist, generally, of one church, but occasionally, of more, confided to the care of one pastor, who, sometimes, where there are more churches than one, has an assistant. The circuits and stations de- pend, in their government, upon the annual conference of Philadelphia, and upon the quarterly conferences held in them respectively. Disputes among the members of any church, may be considered, in the first instance, by a committee of their church, from whose decision an appeal lies to the quarterly conference, composed of the pastor, local preachers, exhorters, stewards, and class leaders, at whose head is the presiding elder of the district; and its determination is conclusive, unless one of the parties be a minister ; in such case, he may appeal to the annual conference ; and if he be a travelling minister, from the annual, to the general, conference. The whole number of clergymen of this denomination, in the State, is sixty-four; the cost of whose maintenance, including donations of every character, together with the expenses of maintaining the churches, is estimated at about $412 each, per annum ; which, distributed among the whole number of members, (15,467,) gives an average charge of $1 77, annually, upon each member. And the annual cost of establishing and repairing churches, is stated at twenty-five cents, each member; so that the whole average annual charge, for religious instruction, upon each mem- ber of the Methodist Church, may be set down at about two dollars. The following table shows the circuits and stations of the several districts, with the number of communicants and clergymen, in each, for the year 1832. WEST JERSEY DISTRICT. Men's. Min's. Burlington, - - 424 2 Pembertoii, - - 878 4 Tuckerton, - - 848 2 Baigaintnvvn, - 989 2 Cumberland, - 894 2 Bridgeton, - - 357 1 Gloucester, - - 955 2 Salem, - - - IIBO 5 CamdeB, - - 713 2 Presiding Elder, - - 1 7218 23 EAST JERSEY New Brunswick and Somerville, Freebold, Trenlon, Crosswicks, - Pennington, - Plainlield, Railway, Elizabcthtown, Woodbridge, Bloomfield and Oran, Belleville, Newark, Somerset Mission, - Bergen Neck, do. - Presiding Elder, DISTRICT. Mem's. Min'i } 268 678 360 539 156 32 152 136 75 ;e, 450 160 779 106 33 3924 ASBURY DISTRICT. Mem's. Min's. Kingswood, - - 170 Asbury, - - 698 Belvidere and Warrent. 167 Newton and Hamburg, 937 Jlilford, IFaverstraw, - Paterson, Essex, - Morristown, - New Providence, 30 210 420 445 178 150 4425 18 3924 23 7218 23 15,567 64 The condition of the Episcopalian Church is drawn from the report of the gene- ral convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States of Ame- rica, held in the city of New York, October 1832, and from the report of the 50th annual convention of the church in the diocese of New Jersey, lield at Camden in May 1833. From these it appears that during the year, ending October 1832, there were three persons admitted to the order of the priesthood, and one to that of dea- con: That there have been eleven institutions within the last three years; that eight clergymen have been received in the diocese, and there were therein eighteen resident, all presbyters: That the number of Episcopal families is 310 ; of comma- RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 81 nicants, 900; baptisms reported, 517; persons confirmed, 168; candidates for the ministry, 2 ; and congregations, 33; located and supplied, as mentioned in the fol- lowing list. NAME. Christ, St. Matthew's, St. Paul's, Trinity, Christ Chapel, St. John's, St. Mark's, St. Peter's, Christ, St. Luke's, St. James's, St John's, St. Peter's, St. Peter's, Christ, Christ, St. Peter's, St. James's, Trinity, St. Thomas's, St. Michael's, Trinity, St. Mary's, St. Andrew's, St. Mary's, St. Paul's, St. Peter's, Trinity, St. Thomas's, St. John's, St. Stephen's, St. John's, St. George's, PLACE. New Brunswick, Jersey City, Paterson, Newark, Belleville, Elizabethtown, Orange, Morristown, Newton, Hope, Knowlton, Johnsonsburgh, Spots wood. Freehold, Shrewsbury, Middletown, Perth Amboy, Piscataway, Woodbridge, Alexandria, Trenton, Princeton, Burlington, Mount Holly, Colestown, Camden, Berkeley, Swedesborough, Glassborough, Chew's Landing, MuUica Hill, Salem, Penn's Neck, INCUMBENTS. J. Croes. E. D. Barry, D. D. R. Williston, Minister. M. H. Henderson. (Vacant.) B. G. Noble. B. Holmes. H. R. Peters. C. Dunn. P. L. Jaques, dea. M'y. P. L. Jaques, dea. M's. P. L. Jaques, dea. M'y. J. M. Ward. J. M. Ward, Minister. H. Finch. H. Finch. J. Chapman. W. Douglass, Minister. W. Douglass, Missionary. W. Douglass, Missionary. F. Beasley, D. D. (Just organized.) C. H. Wharton, D. D. G. Y. Morehouse. (Vacant.) (Vacant.) (Vacant.) N. Nash, Rector Elect. (Vacant.) (Vacant.) (Vacant.) H. M. Mason. H. M. Mason. It also appears, that the Sunday schools flourish, and are gradually connecting themselves with the diocesan Sunday school society ; that the missionary fund amounts to $4,500, which contributes to aid, most materially, in reviving and sup- porting eld and decayed, as well as new congregations; the episcopal fund, to $2,049.33 ; that the fund for the relief of widows and children of deceased clergy- men, has of late years rapidly increased, and now amounts to almost $15,000; and that the Episcopal Society for the promotion of Christian Knowledge and Piety pur- sues the even and noiseless tenor of its way, doing good by the distribution of Bi- bles, prayer books, tracts, and aiding the missionary fund, and candidates for orders. Its permanent fund exceeds $1,500. Six hundred dollars per annum is estimated as the annual expense of each church. The want of full parochial reports renders it impracticable to give an accurate statement of the actual condition of the respective churches. The Reformed Dutch Church of New Jersey consists of three classes, attached to the particular synod of New York, the condition of which is apparent from the annexed tables. We are unable to furnish a detailed account of the cost to the members of maintaining this cliurch, but we are instructed, from good authority, that $650 will amply cover all the expenses of each church. There are 36 churches, and consequently the whole charge, about $23,400, annually, including theological and missionary contributions. 82 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. CLASSIS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. CHURCHES. PASTORS. Census. Comniun cants. Ba pt. S O m a i^ • — o c o o . o o 15 bi a .is 1^ Rc'd. •T3 a E "3 Q. -d 3 e s o o .S c c to « 'J ■Jo 3 o fi c o O Q cn Q O s 25 < 3 New Brunswick, Samuel B. Howe, 20 24 5 2 345 Six Mile Run, Vacant, Hillsborough, J. L. Zabriskie, 130 279 8 14 9 8 2S4 26 4 Rarilan, A. Messier, 310 1700 7 12 8 11 355 16 Bedminster, Isaac M. Fisher, North Branch, A. D. Wilson, Rockavvay, Jacob I. Shultz, 78 508 101 9 1 ] 108 17 2 Lebanon, Do. 110 cm 100 1 3 3 1 100 12 1 Spotswood, Henry L. Rice, 208 1160 15 1 115 21 5 Freehold, S. A. Van Vranken, Middletown, J. T. Beekman, 110 GOO 125 17 142 8 12 25 Minisink, C. C.Ellinge, 90 2 2 2 190 11 Mahakkamak, Do. ] 29 2 3 130 4 5 Walpack, Vacant, ( CLASSIS OF BERGEN. Bergen, Hackensack, E. Neighbourhood,* Belville, Fairfield, Pompton Plains, Pompton, Montville, Ponds, Preakness, Wyckoff, Bergen Neck, Jersey City, Schraalenberg, Stonehouse Plains, B. C. Taylor, J. V. C. Romeyn, Philip Duryea, Gustavus Abeel, Henry A. Raymond, James R. Talmage, Isaac S. Demund, Frederic F. Cornell, Z. H. Kuypers, Do. Do. Ira C. Boice, Vacant, Vacant, Vacant, 185 90 100 120 170 170 130 100 65 55 78 64 56 166 1050 1000 1060 500 353 251 4.57 384 254 195 98 118 133 108 100 50 46 48 62 35 63 157 12 10 198 24 2 71 145 132 114 111 70 65 53 67 39 61 Minister without charge — Rev. John Duryea. * N. B. The Report from the Church at English Neighbourhood is for four years. CLASSIS OF PARAMUS. Tappan, N. Lansing, 161 617 150 1 13 4 5 155 34 3 Clarkstown, Alex. H. Warner, 159 714 3 3 5 160 11 Saddle river and ~) Pasgack 5 Stephen Goetchius, 147 61] 248 1 5 3 2 3 250 16 Do. 72 225 51 51 8 ParannK«»&lstRef ) W. Ellingc, 170 incin 286 10 3 o 291 25 D. C. ofTotowa, 5 Do, 130 765 112 !l 121 23 2 Warwick, J. I. Ciiristie, o 5 7 1 3 1 2dRef. D.C.Tolowa, Isaac D. Cole, ion 450 11 5 4 90 23 Aquackinunck, Wm. R. Bogardus, 200 1068 119 3 42 o 160 29 2 West New-Hamp- ) J. Wvnkoop, stead «& Ramapo, \ Do. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, as is well known, have been divided into two great parts, each claiming to hold the ancient doctrines of the church. Ai tiieso RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 8S parts do not concur in the account of their former or present condition, we have deemed it proper to publish the statement of each. Both parties claim the vene- rated name of "Friends," but we are compelled to distinguish them by the titles they give to each other. The first of the following statements is given by the Hic/isUe, and the second by the Orthodox party. 1st. "Friends' meetings in New Jersey, and members. — Burlington quarterly meet- ing, before the division, was composed of five monthly meetings, eighteen meetings for worship, and 1S49 members. Burlington quarterly meeting of Friends, since the division, is composed of four monthly meetings, fourteen meetings for worship, and 1049 members. And that of the Orthodox Friends, four monthly meetings, thirteen meetings for worship, and 800 members. Haddonfield quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of five monthly meetings, ten meetings for worship, 1686 members. — Haddonfield quarterly meet- ings of Friends, since the division, is composed of four monthly meetings, six meetings for worship, 859 members. That of the Orthodox Friends consists of five monthly meetings, nine meetings for worship, and 827 members. Salem quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of five monthly meetings, ten meetings for worship, 1536 members. — Salem quarterly meeting of Friends, since the division, is composed of five monthly meetings, ten meetings for worship, and 1238 members. And that of the Orthodox Friends, three monthly meetings, four meetings for worship, and 298 members. Shrewsbury quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of four monthly meetings, eight meetings for worship, and 925 members. — Shrewsbury quarterly meetino- of Friends, since the division, is composed of four monthly meetings, eight meetings for worship, and 750 members. And that of the Orthodox Friends, of two monthly meetings, three meetings for worship, and 175 members. About 6000 members, in New Jersey, in all." 2d. " The following statement of the number of members in the Society of Friends previous to the late division, and also of the two portions into which it has been senarated, is made out from authentic sources, and a careful examination of the state of the respective meetings. At the time of the separation, there were in the state of New Jersey four quarterly meetings, nineteen monthly meetings, and forty-six meetings for divine worship. Friends now hold five quarterly meetings, fourteen monthly meetings, and twenty- nine meetings for divine worship. The quarterly meetings are as follow: — Burlington quarterly consisted, before the separation, of five monthly meetings, and eighteen meetings for worship, comprising two thousand one hundred and twenty-five members. Since the separation, it has four monthly meetings, twelve meetings for worship, and one thousand one hundred and eighty-eight members. The Hicksites, in this quarter, are nine hundred and thirty-seven in number, and hold four monthly meetings. Haddonfield quarterly meeting, both before and since the separation, consisted of five monthly meetings, and ten meetings for worship, embracing one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight members, of whom six hundred and forty-four went with the Hicksites, and forty-seven remained undivided, leaving one thousand and ninety-seven Friends. The Hicksites, in this quarter, hold four monthly meetings. Salem quarterly meeting, before the division, had five monthly meetings, and ten meetings for worship, including one thousand six hundred and three members. Since the separation. Friends hold four meetings for worship, and three monthly meetings, embracing four hundred and fifty-four members. The Hicksites have one thousand one hundred and forty-five members, and hold five monthly meetings. Shrewsbury and Rahway quarterly meeting, at the time of the separation, was composed of four monthly meetings, eight meetings for worship, and eight hundred and eighty-eight members. Friends now hold two monthly meetings, and three meetings for worship, including two hundred and thirty-three members. The Hicksites, in this quarter, are six hundred and fourteen in number, and hold four monthly meetings. There were forty-one members who did not side with either party." 84 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The whole number of Friends in New Jersey is, 2 972 Hicksites, 3,344 Neutrals, 81 Total, 6,404 See Foster's Report, vol. II. p. p. 388 and 395. Of the forty-five meeting houses in which meetings of Friends were held previous to the separation, there are now five, in the exclusive possession of Friends — fifteen which are occupied by Friends and Hicksites, jointly, — and twenty-five in the exclu- sive possession of the Hicksites." RECAPITULATION. Thus it appears that the Presbyterians have 85 churches. Baptists, - - - 61 do. Methodists, - - 64 ministers. Episcopalians, - 33 churches. Dutch Reformed, 36 do. Quakers, - - - 67 meetings. Other denominations, conjectural, 10 Total number, 356 In this summary, we have given, wc believe correctly, the number of churches of each denomination, save that of the Methodist, which has many more churches than ministers; but we have not been able to ascertain the number of churches, although we have taken much pains for that purpose. In the circuits, there are commonly not less than two churches or congregations to a minister ; but in such cases the congregations consist of few members. Many of the churches have no pastors. The Quakers, it is well known, have none; and of the 289 churches which remain in the list after deducting their meeting houses, we consider that 39 may continue constantly vacant. We have then 250 churches whose maintenance maybe deemed a steady charge upon the people. In the maintenance of the churches, we include all the expenditures for religious purposes, comprehending the sums conventionally paid to the pastors, the donations of every kind, made directly to them or for their use, the amount expended in the erection and repair of churches, and in aids to bible missionary and tract societies; and we, upon consultation with distinguished clergymen of various denominations, set down as an average expenditure for each church, the sum of $480 per annum, which, multiplied by 250 churches, make the actual charge of ,f 120,000, upon the state for all the expenses of religion, and which we consider sufficiently liberal to cover the expenses of the Society of Friends for the like purpose. The Quakers, have no salaried clergy; and the expenses of their association consist of the very small sums requisite to keep their meeting houses and grave yards inrepair, and the contributions for the support and education of their poor members. Demands of this kind are rare and occasional, only; and the interest of funds vested for schools, by Friends, has been employed in the education of the poor children of other denomi- nations. In addition to the 356 churches of all'denominations, which the State contains, the inhabitants have exemplified their disposition to sustain and improve their moral condition, by the establishment of bible societies, missionary societies, Sunday school unions, and temperance societies. In every county there are bible societies, in most, considerable sums are collected for the missionary cause, and almost every thickly settled neighbourhood has its Sunday school. Temperance societies, in many districts, have effectually bruised the head of the worm of the still. The cultivation of literature and science has, until of late years, been too little regarded ; but not less, than in the adjacent and more wealthy states. Yet in the higher departments the " College of New Jersey," at Princeton, has for more than ^'^'it^y years maintained a reputation unsurpassed in the Union ; Rutger's College, at New Brunswick, has, for several years, been in successful operation ; academies have been established in most of the county towns and large villages ; and common schools are every where seen in populous districts. The " School Fund," which has lately been established, will rapidly increase, and will, at no distant day, furnish LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 86 means to teach the rudiments of science to the whole population. We proceed to give a more particular notice of the colleges and the school fund. The " College of New Jersey" was first incorporated in the year 1746, and in 1748 obtained, through the aid of Governor Belcher, an ample and liberal charter from George II., which, after the revolution, was confirmed by the legislature of this State. The institution was located, first, at Elizabethtown, under the direction of the Rev. Jonathan Dickenson. Upon his death, in 1748, it was removed to New- ark, and the Rev. Aaron Burr became its president. In the year 1756, it was per- manently established at Princeton, whither president Burr removed with his pupils, and where for nearly eighty years it has maintained a high and unvarying repu- tation, as a seat of literature and science; and, with occasional diminution of num- bers, has continued to command a large share of public confidence and patronage. The present number of under graduates (1833) is one hundred and forty-four. The faculty consists of a president, seven professors, and three tutors. Provision is made for imparting instruction in the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, German, Italian, and English languages ; in mathematics, (the study of which is pursued to an extent, not excelled by any college in the country,) in natural philoso- phy, in chemistry, and the various branches of natural history ; in belles lettres, in mental and moral philosophy, in logic, political economy, natural theology, the evi- dences of Christianity, and the exposition of the holy scriptures ; in anatomy and physiology, in architecture, and civil engineering. The libraries of the college, and two literary societies connected with it, contain about twelve thousand volumes. The college has a very valuable philosophical and chemical apparatus, a museum of natural history, a small anatomical museum, and a mineralogical cabinet. The principal edifice, called Nassau Hall, is one hundred and seventy-six feet long fifty wide, and four stories high, and is used chiefly for the lodging of students : another building, erected for the same purpose in 1833, is one hundred and twelve feet in length, and four stories high. There are two other buildings, each sixty-six feet in length, by thirty-six in breadth, and three stories high. One of them contains the li- brary and recitation rooms ; the other the refectory, museum, and chemical laboratory. There are also, at Princeton, several other literary institutions, (see Princeton,) among which, the theological seminary claims the first place. This school was founded by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, and is under its control and patronage. The plan of the insti- tution was formed in 1811, and carried into effect in May, 1812, by the appoint- ment of trustees, and a professor of didactic and polemical theology. The latter was inaugurated, and entered upon his duties, with three students only, on the 12th August following. In May, of 1813, a professor of ecclesiastical history was named, and ten years afterwards, the plan was completed by the nomination of a professor of oriental and biblical literature. The edifice for the use of the seminary, commenced in 1813 and rendered habit- able in the autumn of 1817, is of stone, one hundred and fifty feet long, fifty wide and four stories high, including the basement; and is regarded as a model of econo- mical, neat, and tasteful architecture. Besides the apartments for the library reci- tations, refectory, and the steward, there are accommodations for eighty students. This institution is conducted on very liberal principles ; for, though founded and supported by the Presbyterian church, and primarily intended to promote the train- ing of a pious and learned ministry for that church, students of all Christian denomi- nations are admitted into a full participation of its benefits, upon equal terms. It is wholly unconnected with the college, but enjoys, by contract, the free use of the college library. The funds of the institution, though considerable, are yet inadequate to the full support of its officers. The endowment of four professorships has been commenced but none is fully completed. Twenty-three scholarships have been founded, by as many benevolent individuals, and maintain that number of poor and pious youth in a course of theological study. There are, here, two public libraries; one called after the Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D. L. L. D., one of the most ardent and liberal of its contributors ; and the other presented by the synod of the Associate Reformed Church, and named the " Mason Library," in honour of the Rev. John M. Mason, D. D. by whose exertions, chiefly, it was collected. The former contains six, and the latter four thousand volumes. The course of study is extended through three years. The first is devoted to the Hebrew language, exegetical study of the scriptures, biblical criticism, biblical anti- 86 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. quities, introduction to the study of the scriptures, mental and moral science, evi- dences of natural and revealed religion, sacred chronology, and biblical history. The second to the continued exegetical study of the Hebrew and Greek scriptures, and to didactic theology and ecclesiastical history. The third to polemic theology, church government, pastoral theology, composition and delivery of sermons. The classes are distinguished, numerically, into First, Second and Third. The members of the first, or highest class, are required to exhibit original compositions, once in two weeks ; those of the second class, once in three weeks ; and those of the third class, once in four weeks. There are three vacations in eacli year. The first of si.^ weeks, from the first Thursday of May ; the second of six weeks, from the last Wednesday of September; and the third of two weeks, in the month of Feb., at the discretion of the professors. Board may be obtained at various prices, from ,fl 25 to $1 75 per week; fire- wood from $4 to $6 per annum; washing, $7; each student pays to the seminary $10 per annum, towards the general expense fund; but there is no charge for tui- tion, use of library, «&c. The number of students on the catalogue of the institution for the current year (1833) is 132. Rutgers' College, located at New Brunswick, was chartered by George III. in 1770, and was called Queen's College, in honour of his consort. The present name was substituted by the legislature of the State, in 1825, at request of the trustees, in honour of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York, to whom the institution is indebted for liberal pecuniary benefactions. The charter was originally granted to such Pro- testants as had adopted the constitution of the reformed churches in the Netherlands, as revised by the national synod of Dordrecht, in the years 1618 and 1619. That synod, composed of distinguished delegates from almost all denominations of Protes- tant Europe, formed one of the most august ecclesiastical assemblies of modern times. Their doctrines as embodied in the confession of faith and catechisms of the Reformed Dutch Church in America, substantially comports with the 39 articles of the church of England, and entirely with the doctrines of the Presbyterian church in the United States ; and the government of the church is strictly Presbyterian. This denomination of Christians is established chiefly in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. In the city of New York, alone, it has twelve churches, in which divine worship has long been exclusively conducted in the English language. Dr. Jacob R. Hardenburg, an American, was appointed first president of the col- lege, in 1789 ; he was distinguished by a powerful mind, great piety and industry, and success in the ministry. He died in 1792. The Theological College of the Reformed Dutch Church is established here, and intimately blended with the literary institution. At a meeting in New York, Oct. 1771, of Coetus and Confercntie, until then, contending parties in the church, peace was restored, and a plan laid for the organization of this, the first theological school in America. Its completion, however, was delayed by the revolutionary war, until 1784, when the Rev. Dr. John H. Livingston, was chosen professor of didactic and polemical theology, who performed the duties of this office, in New York, in con- nexion with his pastoral services. In 1807, by a covenant between the trustees and the synod, the professorate was united with the college; of which, in 1810, Dr. Livingston was chosen president, on the death of Dr. Ira Condict. The duties of the literary institution were at this time suspended, for want of funds. Dr. Li- vingston died, 20t]i Januarj^ 1825, in the 79th year of his age, the 55th of his mi- nistry, and the 41st of his professorial labours. At a general synod, convened at Albany, in February, 1825, the Rev. Philip Milledoler, D. D., was chosen professor of didactic and polemical theology ; and in the September following, was elected, by the trustees, president of the college, and professor of the evidences of Christianity and moral pliilosophy. At the same time a plan was matured for reviving the literary institution ; by which, one of the theo- logical professors must alwa3's be chosen president of the college, and each of such professors must hold a professorship therein, and be a member of its faculty. The effect of this amalgamation of theology and literature, is said to have been highly favourable to the moral character of tlie institution, and not to have imparted to it a sectarian influence. The college edifice, of dark red freestone, is a handsome spacious building, sur- mounted by a cupola. It is reared on an eminence near the town, a site of great beauty, presented to the institution by the honourable James Parker, of Amboy. The views from thence, embracing great variety of scenery, of mountain and valley, LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 87 forest and river, are delightfully picturesque, and the country is as healthy as it is lovely. The institution may be considered in a flourishing condition. The number of students in September, 1833, was eighty, with the prospect of much increase during the session. The charge for board and tuition is about f;12.5 per annum. The students board in re.spectable private families, under the supervision of the faculty, where their habits, morals, and manners are duly regarded. The number of students in theology has varied from sixteen to thirty. There are three libraries ; that of the college is large and valuable, and those pertaining to the Peithesopian and Philoclean Societies, are respectable. The cabinet of minerals is considerable, and increasing ; and the philosophical and chemical apparatus extensive. The faculty (in 1833) consists of the Rev. Philip Milledoler, D. D., president, professor of moral philosophy and didactic and polemical theology ; the Rev. Jacob J. Janeway, D. D. vice president and professor of rhetoric, evidences of Christianity, political economy, &c.; the Rev. James S. Cannon, D. D., professor of metaphysics and piiilosophy of the human mind, of ecclesiastical history, church government, and pastoral theology ; Theodore Strong, A. A. S., C. A. S., professor of mathematics and natural philosophy; the Rev. Mezander M' Clelland, D. D., professor of oriental and biblical literature; Leicis Black, M. D., professor of chemistry and natural his- tory ; Joh7i D. Ogilby, A. M., professor of languages; and Frederic Ogilby, A. B., assistant instructer of languages. Tlie grammar school attached to the college, and under the immediate inspection of the trustees and faculty, is committed to the rectorship of the Rev. Cornelius D. Wcsibrook, D. D., assisted by Isaac A. Blauvelt, A. M., an alumnus of the college. The location of this college equidistant from Philadelphia and New York, the healthfulness and beauty of the adjacent country, the excellent morals which prevail in the city as in the college, the high character and capability of the professors, and the cheapness of tuition and subsistence, give this institution strong claims to the attention of the public. The first step towards the establishment of the school fund of this Slate, com- menced with the act of 9th February, 1816, which directed the treasurerto in- vest in the public six per cent, stocks of the United States, the sum of $15,000, arising from the payment of the funded debt, and from the dividends on the stock held by the State in the Trenton Bank ; and at the end of every year, to invest the interest on the capital, in the same manner. On the 12th February of the succeeding year, the " Act to create a fund for free schools" was passed, setting apart the stock and its accumulations vested under the act of 1816 ; the dividends on the stock held by the State, in the Cumberland Bank, and in the Newark Turnpike Company, the proceeds of the sale of a house and lot, in New Brunswick, the property of the State, and one-tenth part of all monies, there- after raised by tax for State use; and the treasurer was instructed to vest these as they came to-his hands, in the public stocks of the United States. By the act of 12th February, 1818, the governor, vice-president of council, speaker of assembly, the attorney general, and secretary of state, for the time being, were appointed " Trus- tees for the support of Free Schools;" and the treasurer was directed to transfer to them the school funds, to be by them applied in the mode to be prescribed by the State, reserving to the legislature the authority to change the existing fund, and to dissolve the trust at pleasure; and requiring an account of the fund to be annually laid before the legislature. This act made the following additions to the fund. — The balance of the old six per cent, stock, due 12th February, 1817, with the interest and reimbursement thereof since 9th Feb., 1816; the three per cent, stock of the U. States, belonging to the State on the 12th February, 1817; the shares of the State in the Trenton and Cumberland Banks, with the dividends since 9th February, 1816; all monies receivable from the foregoing items, future appropriations, and such gifts and grants, bequests and devises, as should be made for the purposes con- templated by the act; and one-tenth part of the State tax for the year 1817. The last appropriation, being, specifically, one-tenth of the tax, has been construed as repealing the general appropriation on the tax under the act of 1817. The fund thus augmented and transferred to the trustees amounted to $113,238 78, and consisted of the following sums : — 1st. Six per cent, stock U. States, purchased under the law of 1816, $15,000 00 2d. Six percent, stock United States, purchased under act 1817, 16,224 15 3d. Stock in Newark Turnpike Company, .... 12,500 00 4lh. Three per cent, stock of United States, .... 7,00912 88 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 5th. Interest, and reimbursement, of the principal of the deferred six per cent, stock of United States, - . . . . 7,810 73 6th. Twelve hundred'shares Trenton Bank stock, - - - 36,000 00 7th. Forty shares in the Cumberland Bank, .... 2,000 00 8th. Interest and dividends from the several .stocks since 9th Feb. 1816, 10,429 66 9th. Cash and one-tenth of State tax for 1817, ... - 6,265 12 Since 1818, there have been added to the principal of tlie fund the following items by legislative appropriation : — 1st. Proceeds of sale of the State House in Jersey City, - - $4,907 64 2d. Twenty-two shares in Sussex Bank, - - . - . 1000 00 3d. Donation from William J. Bell & Co. .... 23 15 4th. Bonus of People's Bank at Paterson, reed. 26th Sept. 1825, 4,000 00 5th. Bonus from Monmouth Bank, 9th June, 1825, - - - 800 00 6th. Sale of part of a lot in Trenton, 1,061 00 7th. Under the act 28th December, 1824, one-tenth of State tax, and tax on Monmouth bank for the year 1826, - - - 2,200 00 Same, 1827, 2,200 00 Same, 1828, 3,200 00 8th. Under the act 5tli March, 1828, repealing act of 28th December, 1824, and in lieu of one-tenth of the State tax, giving all the tax from banking, insurance and other incorporated companies, which, in the year 1829, amounted to - . . . . 11,709 58 And estimated to produce, annually, $10,000. $31,101 37 Making whole amountof appropriations by legislature, in 1830, $144,240 15 In the management of the fund, great advantage has arisen from the act of 18th Feb. 1829, directing the investment of the annual income in advance, by which the trustees were empowered, to invest on or before the first of March, annually, an amount equal to the estimated receipts of the fund during the year, to be advanced by the State treasurer, and to be replaced by him as the monies accruing from the fund shall be received ; thus enabling the trustees to invest at one time all the in- come of the year. The sources of income of the school fund, are now, the dividends on the various stock which the trustees hold, and which, in October 1832, amounted to $228,611 75. And the annual tax of half per cent, upon the dividends of the several bank and in- surance companies of the State, which amounts annually to near $11,000. The first expenditure which has been directed out of the fund, was by the " act establishing common schools," passed 21st February, 1829, appropriating annually $20,000 from the income of the fund, for the establishment and maintenance of schools. This act was altered and amended by the act of 1st March, 1830. But both acts were repealed by that of 16th February, 1831, by which the system of common schools is now regulated. That act appropriates $20,000 annually, from the in- come of the school fund, to the establishment and maintenance of such schools; and directs, in case sucii annual income shall not have been received in full on the first Monday of April, or shall be insufficient to cover the appropriation, the trustees to draw from the State treasury for the deficiency ; such amount to be replaced from the annual receipts of the school fund. The act further provides, that the trustees shall apportion the sum, so appropriated, among the several counties, in the ratio of their taxes paid for the support of government, and shall file a. list of such appoition- ment with the treasurer, that he may notify tiie collectors of the several counties, to draw for the same ; that the boards of chosen freeholders, of the respective coun- ties, shall at their annual meetings, apportion among the several townships, the mo- nies received by the collectors, in the ratio of the county tax paid by the several townships, a list of which api)ortionments, the clerk of the freeholders is required, to file, to deliver a copy thereof, to the county collector, and to notify the collectors of the several townships of the amounts so apportioned, suce collectors report such amounts to the inhabitants, at their next annual town meeting ; thatj'.may, (and they are recommended so to do,) at such meetings, raise, by tax or otherwise, such addi- tional sum for the same object, as they may deem proper ; and may authorize the township collector, to draw on the county collector, for the amount apportioned, and LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 89 may (ipply the sum received from the State, to schooling the Indlgentpoor of tlie town- ship, if they so elect; that the inhabitants at their town meetings, annually, shall choose, as other town officers are chosen, three or more persons, who shairconstitute the sciiool committee, and whose duty is to recognise and ascertain the number of common schools within their respective townships ; that the patrons, supporters, or proprietors of the several common schools in the respective townships, be authorized to organize such schools, by tlie appointment of a board of trustees, in such form, and consisting of such number, as they may deem proper ; and any board of trustees so or- ganized shall transmit to the school committee, of the proper township, a certilicate of its organization, and sliall thereon be recognised by the committee as entitled to an ap- portionment of the monies assigned to such township from the school fund. And such trustees are required to render to the school committees, on or before the first Monday of April, annually, a statement of the average number of scholars resident in the township, taught in such school during each quarter of the preceding year, and where from convenience, scholars from an adjoining township attend such school, to report their number &.c. to the school committee of such adjoining town- ship; to visit and inspect the affairs of their respective schools, to apply the mo- nies received, at discretion, for their benefit, and at the end of every year, to exhibit to the school committee, a correct account of the expenditure of such monies; that the school committees, at or before the end of their term of service, shall apportion the whole of the monies assigned to their respective townships, and raised therein, amonc such common schools, in the ratio of the number of scholars reported to them, respectively, during the preceding year ; or where any township may elect to appropriate such funds exclusively to the education of the poor, to apportion the same among the several schools, in proportion to the number of poor children taught; and shall draw in favour of the boards of trustees respectively, for the amount of their several dividends, on the town collector; and shall on or before the first Wednesday of May, yearly, transmit to the clerk of the board of chosen freeholders of their respective counties, a written statement, embracing the number of common schools duly organized within tlieir respective townships, the number of scholars taught therein, the amount of the monies received by them from the township col- lector, and raised by the township, and the manner in which the same has been ap- plied; that such clerk shall condense such statements into a report, in writing, and transmit the same to the trustees of the school fund, to be laid before the legislature, in a condensed form. No compensation is allowed under this act. It will be observed, that in framing this system, no attempt has been made to co- erce the respective townships into raising monies, in addition to their allotted share of the sum appropriated from the school fund ; but, in accordance with the spirit of the government of the State, which considers the townships as integral corporations, vphose inhabitants are competent to judge of their wants, and possess the means to supply them, the legislature has, we think, wisely left with each township, the li- berty to tax itself for the purposes of education, as to it may seem meet ; whilst it has promptly offered all the aid which it has to bestow. It is possible, that learn- ing may advance less rapidly, than if urged by a forced culture ; but we are not sure, that the happiness of the people will be less promoted. We would not be under- stood to mean that literature is not a source of happiness; but it is not the only one. He who is compelled to a diet which is unacceptable to his appetite, will not boast of his enjoyment; and we have no difficulty in determining, which is the most hos- pitable host, he who forces manna upon the revolting stomach of his guest, or he, who, placing the dish before him, permits him to eat at pleasure, whilst he expa- tiates upon its agreeable and nourishing properties. None, properly instructed, would reject the joys of paradise; but, were paradise a prison, we should long to leap its crystal walls. Emulation, we think, will soon be awakened among the townships of each county, and among the counties, upon this all-important subject; and although the sum of $20,000 is a small one to distribute among a population of 330,000 souls, it will have one excellent effect; it will turn, periodically, the at- tention of the people to the means of mental improvement, will set them to com- pare their condition with that of their neighbours, and when inferior, to improve it. For it may be taken as a truism, that when the people are at liberty to consider and improve their condition, they will, when dissatisfied, amend it. Among the provisions for enlightening the public mind, we may justly include those for publishing the laws, not only of the State, but also of the general govern- M 90 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. ment. The act of 7th June, 1820, directs : 1st, That the secretary of state ehall cause the laws of the State to be published immediately after the passing thereof, in one of the public newspapers, of the city of Trenton ; and that they shall also be published in a pamphlet form, together with the votes and proceedings of assembly, the journals of council, and minutes of joint meetings, and delivered by the printer within sixty days from the rising of the legislature, to the State treasurer, who shall distribute them in the following manner, at the expense of the State, viz : — to him- self, two copies ; to the governor, for himself, three copies, and also to be forwarded by him, and presented to the secretary of%tate of the United States, four copies ; to the executive of each state, and territory of the United States, for the use of the executives and legislatures, three copies ; to each of the senators, and representa- tives of this State, in congress, one copy; to the president of the American Anti- quarian Society, one copy ; to the justices of the Supreme Court, the attorney ge- neral, secretary of state, clerk of council, assembly, Courts of Chancery and Su- preme Court, each one copy ; to the clerk of the council, for the use of council and assembly, sixty copies; and the remainder among the several counties in the ratio they contribute to the support of the government, directed to the county collector. The county collector, retaining a copy for himself, transmits, at the ex- pense of the county, one set of the laws and proceedings, to each of the following officers: — the judges and clerk of the Common Pleas, the justices of the peace, the magistrates of corporate towns, the sheriff, surrogate, clerk of the board of chosen freeholders, and the representatives of the county in the legislature, and each incor- porated library company ; and divides the remainder among the several townships of the county, transmitting equal proportions to the clerk of each township, who, retaining one copy for the use of the township, causes the residue to be distributed amonor the officers of the township, giving preference in the following order : — to the assessor, collector, chosen freeholders, and overseers of the poor, each one set. The laws of the United States, apportioned to this State by Congress, are distributed by the treasurer, at the expense of the State ; to himself, to the governor, attorney general, justices of Supreme Court, secretary of state, members of the legislature, each one set ; to the clerk of council, and the clerk of the assembly, four sets ; to the librarians of Princeton college, and to the two library societies in the college, each one set ; and the remainder, among the counties in proportion to their quota of State taxes, to be transmitted to the collectors, and by them distributed to the clerk and judges of the court of Common Pleas, each one set, and to every public library one set; and the residue, as may be directed by the board of chosen freeholders. Reports of the decisions of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are annually pre- pared by officers appointed by the legislature for a term of five years, who re- ceive a compensation of $200 per annum. Such reports are printed, and distri- buted, annually, with the pamphlet laws. Lastly, and certainly not least, among the agents of moral improvement, we must rank the periodical journals of the State. The commonwealtii partakes largely in the benefits flowing from the press, in the cities of Philadelphia and New York, and we therefore might suppose would not extensively encourage newspapers within her own boundaries ; yet she has not less than thirty-one weekly papers, engaged in sowing broadcast the germs of literature and science. Of these useful auxiliaries we annex the following table. NEWSPAPERS. Bergen County Courier, Sussex Register, N. J. Herald, Belvidere Apollo, Warren Journal, Palladium of Liberty, Jersey man. Railway Advocate, Fredonian, Times, Sentinel of Freedom, Daily Advertiser, Newark Monitor, Do. Eagle, Hall, Grant Fitch, Franklin Ferguson, Fitch & Co. John R. Eyres, Robbins, Thomas Green, Randolph and Carman, George Bush &Co. S. L. B. Baldwin, Bartlett and Crowell, WHERE PCBLISHED. Jersey City, Bergen Co. Newton, Sussex Co. Do. do. Belvidere, Warren Co. Do. do. Morristown, Morrii Co. Do. do. Rahway, Middlesex. New Brunswick, do. Do. do. Newark, Essex. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 91 Princeton Courier, American System, Somerset Messenger, State Gazette, National Union, Emporium, Hunterdon Gazette, Monmouth Enquirer, Burlington Herald, Mount Holly Mirror, Camden Mail, National Republican, Village Herald, Salem Statesman, Do. Messenger, Washington Whig, Bridgeton Observer, Baker and Connolly, J. Robinson & Co. Gore and Allison, George Sherman, E. B. Adams, Joseph Justine, Chas. George, John J. BartlesoH, Joseph Pugh, Nathan Palmer, Sickler and Ham, Josiah Harrison, Joseph Sailor, H. H. Elwell, Elijah Brooks, Nelson and Powers, F. Pierson, Princeton, Somerset. Do. do. Somerville, do. Trenton, Hunterdon. Do. do. Do. do. Flemington, do. Freehold, Monmouth, Mount Holly, Burlington. Do. do. Camden, Gloucester. Do. do. Woodbury, do. Salem, Salem. Do. do. Bridgeton, Cumberland. Do. do. GAZETTEER OF NFIW JERSEY. ACQ Absecum, post town of Galloway t-ship, Gloucester cc, 50 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 95 from Trenton, and 105 from W. C, upon Absecum creek, about two miles above Abse- cum bay, contains a tavern, store, and 8 or 10 dwellings, surrounded by sand, and pine forest. Absecum Creek rises by several branches, on the line between Gallo- way and Egg Harbour t-ship, Glou- cester CO., and flows S. E., by a course of 8 or 9 miles, into Abse- cum bay. It gives motion to several saw mills. Absecum Bay, a salt marsh lake, Gloucester co., on the line of Egg Harbour and Galloway t-ship, cir- cular in form, and about 2 miles in diameter, communicating with Reed's bay, and by a broad channel, called Absecum Inlet, 4 miles in length, with the ocean. Absecum Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean; extends, eastwardly, from Great Egg Harboin- Inlet, about 9 miles to Absecum Inlet ; broken, how- ever, by a narrow inlet, near mid- way between its extremities. Ackerman's R^in, small stream, 2 miles long, flowing to the Passaic River, about 3 miles below Pater- son, from Saddle River t-ship, Ber- gen CO. Acquackanonck, t-ship, Essex co., bounded on the N. W., N. E. and E. by the Passaic river, wliich forms a semi-ellipsis, N. by Paterson t-ship, and S. by Rloomficld and Caldwell t-ships ; centrally distant, N. from Newark, 10 miles; greatest length, E. and W. 7, breadth N. and S.' Gi miles; area about 14,000 acres. Mountainous on the W., rolling on the E. ; soil red shale, and where well cultivated, productive. Acquackan- onck, Little Falls, and Weasel are ALA villages, of the t-ship ; the two first, post towns. Acquackanonck, on the Passaic river, distant 5 miles S. E. of Paterson, is at the head of tide water, and consequently the outport of Paterson. Pop. in 1830, about 1,300. In 1832, the t-ship contained 300 taxables, 125 householders, 47 single men, 7 merchants, 6 grist mills, 2 cotton factories, 5 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 13 tan vats, one print- ing and bleaching establishment, 1 woollen factory, 345 horses and mules, and 766 neat cattle above 3 years of age ; and it paid state tax, $230 62 cents; county, $607 37 c. ; poor, $500; and road, $700. Aquack- anonck town is a p-t, 8 miles N. E. of Newark, 224 from W. C, 58 from Ti-enton, 10 from New York, to which there is a turnpike and rail road. It contains 3 taverns, 6 stores, about 80 dwellings, and a Dutch Reformed church; has six sloops trading whh New York. A small stream, which maj?^ be termed the Fourth river, runs near the town, and gives motion to se- veral mills. Blatchley's mineral spring lies about 1^ miles W. of the town. This is the depot of lumber for the neighbourhood. Alamuchc, p-t. of Independence t-ship, Warren co., on the eastern part of tlie t-ship ; by the post route 228 miles N. E. of'W. C, and 65 from Trenton, and 17 from Belvidere the C. T.; vseated on a small tributary of Request creek, and near a lake of the same name, contains a grist and saw mill, a grain distillery, a store, tavern, and 12 or 1.5 dwellings. It is sur- rounded by a limestone soil of excel- lent quality, well cultivated. Alamuchc Lake is one of the many mountain ponds whicli characterize this country, and which are, in many cases, reservoirs formed in limestone ALL 93 ALL yock. This is about a mile in diame- ter, and sends forth a tributaiy to the Pequcst creek. Alamuche Mountain is one of the chain of hills which bounds the valley of the Musconetcong creek in War- ren county. Alberson's Brook, a tributary of Spruce Run, a fork of the south branch of the Raritan river, rises at the south foot of the Musconetcong mountain, and flows easterly by a course of 7 or 8 miles to its reci- pient. Alexandria, p-t. of Alexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the bank of the Delaware river, at the junction of Nischisakawick creek with that stream, 11 miles W. of Flemington, 35 N. of Trenton, 189 from W. C; contains a tavern, store, grist mill, and 8 or 10 dwellings, a Presbyte- rian and an Episcopalian church. Alexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded on the N. E. by Bethlehem t-ship, N. W. by the Musconetcong creek, which separates it from War- ren CO., and S. W. by the river Dela- ware; centrally distant, N. E. from Flemington, 12 miles ; greatest length, E. and W., 12 miles ; breadth, N. and S., 9 miles ; area 33,000 acres. Sur- face on the N., mountainous, the Musconetcong mountain running N. W. across the t-ship. Soil, on the S. E., red shale ; at the foot of the moun- tain, grey limestone; and on the mountain, clay, sand and loam. It is drained, S. W. by the Nischisakawick, the Hakehokake, and other small mill streams. Alexandria, Milford, Mount Pleasant, and Pittstown are p-towns of the t-ship. Pop., in 1830, 3,042. In 1832, the t-ship contained 10 saw mills, 7 grist mills, 4 oil mills, 4 ferries and toll bridges, 6 distilleries, 8 stores, 861 horses, 1287 neat cattle above the age of 3 years ; and it paid poor tax, $1000; road tax, $800 ; and state and county tax, $1413 48 cents. Allentown, p-t. of Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., near the west- ern line of the county, between Doc- tor cre-ek and Indian run, on the road from Bordentown to Freehold, 8 miles from the former and 18 from the lat- ter, 177 from W. C, and 11 from Trenton; contains from 75 to 80 dwellings; 1 Presbyterian church, with cupola and bell, handsomely si- tuated on the hill on the west; an academy, 2 schools, 1 Methodist Church, grist mill, saw mill, and tilt mill, on Doctor creek, and saw mill on Indian run; below which, at a short distance west of the town, is a cotton manufactory. This is a com- pact pleasant village, with some very good frame and brick houses ; but the lands around are sandy, and not of the best quality. A considerable business is done in the town. Alexsocken Creek, a small miU stream of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon CO., which flows westerly into the Delaware river, by a course of 5 or 6 miles, about a mile above Lam- bertville. Alloways Creek, Salem co., rises in the N. W. angle of Pittsgrove t-ship, and flows by a S. W. course of more than 20 miles, through Up- per and Lower Alloways, and Elsin- borough t-ships, to the Delaware ri- ver, below Reedy island. It is na- vigable above Allowaystown, in Up- per Alloways t-ship, a distance of about twelve miles from the mouth, for wood shallops ; along its margin for about 10 miles, are some excellent banked meadows. Allowaystown, p-t. of Upper Al- loways t-ship, Salem co., about 7 miles E. of Salem, 177 N. E. from W. C, and 71 S. from Trenton; con- tains from 70 to 80 dwellings, 2 ta- verns, 4 or 5 stores, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist church. The Messrs. Reeves, have here 2 very powerful saw mills, engaged principally in cutting ship timber, and a valuable grist mill, on the Alloways creek. They employ from 75 to 100 horses in drawing timber &c., to their works. Alloways Creek, Upper, t-ship, Salem co., bounded N. E. by Pitts- grove t-ship, S. E. by Deerfield, Hopewell, and Stow creek t-ships, Cumberland co. ; S. W. by Lower ALL 94 AND Alloways creek t-ship, and N. W. by Elsinborough and Mannington t-ships ; centrally distant, S. E. from Salem 7 miles. Greatest length E. and W. 10^, breadth iV. and Sl 9 miles. Area, about 34,000 acres; of which more than 10,000 are unim- proved. Soil upon the N. E., stiff clay and loam; on the S. E. sand and gravelly loam, with rolling sur- face. The forest known as the " Barrens," runs here, producing much white oak and pine wood for market, which finds its way to Phi- ladelphia, by Alloways creek. By the census of 1830, the township contained 2136 inhabitants, and by the assessor's abstract of 1832, 415 taxables, 5 grist mills, 10 saw mills, 2 carding machines, 1 ful- ling mill, 2 distilleries, 416 horses and mules, and 854 neat cattle, upwards of 3 years old; and it paid t-ship tax, $400; county tax, $834 10; State tax, $218 74. The t-ship is drained by Alloways creek, which runs centrally through it, by a S. W. course, and by Stow creek, which forms part of the southern boundary. Allowaystown and Quin- ton's Bridge, are villages and post- towns of the t-ship. Guineatown is a name given to a few negro huts, on the northern boundary. Friesburg, lies near the south line. Alloways Creek, Lower, t-ship, Salem co., bounded N. by Elsinbo- rough, Salem and Upper Alloways creek t-ships; on the E. by Upper Alloways creek t-ship; on the S. by Stow creek, which divides it from Stow creek and Greenwich t-ships, of Cumberland co., on the W. by the river Delaware ; centrally distant, S. from Salem, 9 miles; greatest length N. and S. 12 miles; breadth E. and W. 9 miles ; area, about 30,000 acres; surface level; soil on the W. for more than half the t-ship, marsh meadow, much of which is embanked; and on the E. a deep clay and loam well cultivated. It is drained by Alloways creek on the N., and Stow creek on the S., and by Hope creek, Deep creek, and Muddy creek, small streams which flow into the Delaware, from the marsh between them. Pop. of the t-ship by census of 1830, 1222. By the assessor's abstract of 1832, it con- tained 260 taxables, 3 stores, 2 grist mills, 2 distilleries, 255 horses and mules, and 881 neat cattle above 3 years old. It has 3 schools, 1 Metho- dist, and 1 Friend's meeting house. Amboy. See South Amboy, Perth Amboy. Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. by Lebanon t-ship, N. E. by Readington t-ship, E. by Hills- borough t-ship, of Somerset |Co., S. E. by Hopewell t-ship, and S. W. by the river Delaware, and N. W. by Ringwood t-ship. Greatest length N. and S. 16; breadth E. and W. 15 miles; area, 77,000 acres; sur- face hilly on the N. W. and S. E. ; on the first, there being a clay ridge well timbered and productive, and on the latter, a chain of trap hills, rough, broken, and barren. The interven- ing space is undulating valley, of red shale, which, where covered with suf- ficient soil, is grateful for the care bestowed upon it, producing particu- larly fine crops of grass. The t-ship is drained on the N. E. by the south branch of the Raritan, on the N. W. by the Laokatong and Wickheche- coke creeks; S. W. by the Alex- socken and Smith's creeks, on the S. by Stony brook, flowing easterly to the Raritan river. Pop. in 1830, 7385; in 1832, the t-ship contained 2 Presbyterian churches, 4 stores, 8 fisheries, 15 sawmills, 21 grist mills, 3 oil mills, 2 ferries and toll bridges, 88 tan vats, 12 distilleries, 4 carding machines, 2 fulling mills; and it paid poor tax, $1200; road tax, $2500 ; State and county tax, $3722 62. Flemington, Scrgeants- ville, Ringoes, Prallsville, Lamberts- ville, are p-ts. of the t-ship. Anderson, p-t. of Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., on the turnpike road leading from Philipsburg to Schoo- ley's mountain, and between the Mor- ris canal and Musconetcong creek, within a mile of cither; distant by the ASS 95 BAB post route from W. C. 205, from Trenton 49, and from Belviderc, the CO. town, E. 11 miles; 16 miles from Easton, and 25 from Morristown; contains 2 stores and 15 dwellings; situate i in a fertile limestone vall«y. Lands valued at $50 the acre. Andover p-t., Newton t-ship, Sus- sex CO., on the south angle of the t-ship on the Newton turnpike road, distant by the post-route Irom W. C. 228, from Trenton 65, and from Newton 5 miles. Andover Forge, Byram t-ship, Sus- sex CO., on the N. bank of the Mus- conetcong river, at the junction of Lubber run with that stream, and within 2 miles of the Morris canal, is situate in a very narrow valley, and has around it a store, saw mill, and some 6 or 8 dwellings. Anthony, hamlet on Schooley's mountain, Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon CO., 18 miles N. E. of Flemington, on Spruce run ; contains a saw mill, and some half dozen dwellings. Arneystown, p-t. of Hanover t-ship, Burlington co., near the eastern line; 13 miles N. E. of Mount Holly, 175 from W. C, 11 from Trenton S. E., and 8 E. from Bordentown ; contains a store, tavern, 15 dwellings, and a large meeting house pertaining to " Friends," surrounded by a country of fertile loam. Arthw^s Kill. Sec Staten Island Sound. Arties' Brook, tributary of the north branch of the Raritan river, Bedminster t-ship, Somerset co., unites with its recipient after a S. course of five miles. Ashiiry, p-t. of Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., in the S. W. angle of the t-ship near the Musconetcong creek, by post-route 199 miles from W. C, and 40 from Trenton, 11 miles S. E. from Belvidere; lying in a deep and narrow valley on a soil of rich limestone, contains a Me- thodist church, 2 giist mills, 1 saw mill, an oil mill, a woollen factory, 1 tavern, 3 stores, and about thirty dwellings. Assiscunk Creek, Burlington co., rises on the line between Mansfield and Springfield t-ships, and flows westward about 14 miles, forming, for the greater part of that distance, the boundary between the t-ships, uniting with the Delaware river, be- tween the city of Burlington and the point of Burlington island. It has one or two mills upon it. Atqnatqiia Creek, branch of the Atsion river, rising on, and forming part of the S. W. boundary of Bur- lington CO. It may be deemed the main stem of the river under another name. Atsion, p-t. and furnace, on the Atsion river, partly in Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., and partly in Washington t-ship, Burlington, co., 9 miles above the head of navigation, 12 miles from Medford, 17 from Mount Holly, on the road leading to Tuckerton, and 57 from Trenton. Besides the furnace, there are here, a forge, grist mill, and three saw mills. The furnace makes from 800 to 900 tons of castings, and the forge from 150 to 200 tons of bar iron annually. This estate, belonging to Samuel Richards, Esq., embraces what was formerly called Hampton furnace and forge, and West's mill, and contains about 60,000 acres of land. There are about 100 men employed here, and between 6 and 700 persons de- pending for subsistence upon the works. Atsion River, main stem of Little Egg Harbour river, forming in part, the boundary between Gloucester and Burlington cos. It bears this name for about 14 miles above Pleasant Mills, and is formed by the union of the Atquatqua and Tuscomusco creeks. Atsion furnace is on the north side of the river, in Burling- ton CO. Augusta, p-t. of Frankford t-ship, Sussex CO., distant by post-route from W. C. 233, from Trenton 75, and from Newton 7 miles, contains 7 or 8 dwellings and a Presbyterian church. Bahcock^s Creek, Hamilton t-ship, Gloucester co., rises by 4 branches. BAR 96 BAT viz: North, East, Main, and Jack Pudding, which, uniting near May's landing, flow westerly into the Great Egg Harbour river at that village. Back Creek, Fairfield t-ship, Cum- berland CO., flows about 6 miles into Nautuxet cove, Delaware bay. Back Water, branch of Maurice river, Millville t-shi]), Cumberland CO., has a westerly course to its re- cipient, of about 7 miles. Bacon Creek, a tributary of Pe- quest creek. Independence t-ship, Warren co., having a westerly course of 2 or 3 miles. Bacon's Neck, a strip of rich land, in Greenwich t-ship, Cumberland co., between Cohan sey and Store creeks. Back Neck, a strip of land of Fair- field t-ship, Cumberland co., compre- hended by the bend of Cohansey creek and Cohansey cove. Bambo Creek, small tributary of the Lamington river, rising in Ches- ter t-shi]), Morris co., and flowing by a southerly course of about 4 miles, to its recipient in Bedminster t-ship, So- merset CO. Baptisttown, Middletown t-ship, Hunterdon co. See Holindel. Baptisttown, p-t. Ringwood t-ship, Hunterdon co., 9 miles W. of Flem- ington, 33 N. of Trenton, and 187 from W. C, contains a tavern, a store, 8 or 10 dwellings, and a Baptist church. There ' is a Presbyterian church within a mile of the town. The surrounding country is level, with soil of red shale, of good quali- ty, and carefully cultivated. Bargaintoivn, Egg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester co., p-t., on Cedar Swamp creek, 4 miles from Great Egg Har- bour bay, 45 S. E. from Woodbury, 90 from Trenton, and 200 by post- route from W. C, contains 2 taverns, 1 store, a gristmill, Methodist church, and about 30 dwellings. Barnegat Bay, Monmouth co., extends N. from Barnegat Inlet to Mctctecunk river, the distance of 20 miles, varying in breadth from 1 to 4 miles. It is separated from the ocean by Island Beach and Squani Beach, narrow strips of land no where exceeding a mile in width. It receives the waters of Metetecunk river. Kettle creek, Toms' river. Cedar creek, and Forked river. The inlet from the ocean is over a mile wide. By act of assembly, 21 Feb. 1833, authority was given to a company, by a canal, to connect the head of this bay with Manasquan Inlet, by which much time and space will be saved to ves- sels bound thence to New York. The capital proposed for this undertaking is $5000. Barnegat, p-t. of Stafford t-ship, Monmouth co., near Barnegat Inlet, 36 miles S. from Freehold, 78 S. E. from Trenton, and 202 N. E. from W. C, contains about 50 dwellings, 3 taverns, 4 stores, ozi a sandy soil, surrounded by pine forest. Barneshoroiigh, village, of Green- wich t-ship, Gloucester co., 6 miles S. W. from Woodbury, contains a store, tavern, and 12 or 15 dwellings. It lies on the edge of the pines. Barrentown, Freehold t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., on the road from Free- hold to Middletown, 4 miles from the one, and 10 from the other, contains some 6 or 7 dwellings, in a poor sandy country. Baskingridge, p-t. of Bernard t-ship, Somerset co., 11 miles N. E. of Somerville, 213 from W. C, and 47 from Trenton, beautifully situ- ated in a high, rich, well cultivated, and healthy country ; contains a Pres- byterian church, an academy for young gentlemen, in much repute, formerly under the care of Drs. Brownlee and Findlay. The resi- dence and estate of General Lord Sterling were near this town. Bass River Hotel, p-o.. Little Egg Harbour t-ship, Burlington co., 183 miles N. E. from W. C., and 71 S. E. from Trenton. Batsto River, Washington t-ship, Burlington co., a large branch of Little Egg Harbour river, which rises in Northampton t-ship, and flows by a southerly course of 16 miles, to the 7\.tsion river, below Pleasant Mills ; the united streams form the Little Egg Harbour river. Batsto Furnace is BEA 97 BED on the former within 2 miles of their junction, and near the head of the stream, are Hampton Furnace and Forge, now in ruins. Batsto Furnace is about 8 miles above Gloucester Furnace, about 30 miles S. E. from Woodbury, and one from Pleasant Mills. There are made here 850 tons of iron, chiefly castings, giving employment to 60 or 70 men, and maintaining altogether near 400 persons. There are here also, a grist and saw mill, and from 50 to 60,000 acres of land appurtenant to the works. Bear Fort Mountain, near the W. boundary of Pompton t-ship, Bergen CO. It is broken through by Wood- ruff's Gap, from which runs a branch of Belcher's creek, and by which passes the Ringwood and Long Pond turnpike road. The whole length of the range of hills in this t-ship is about 11 miles. Bear Brook, western branch of Pequest creek, rises in Hunt's Pond, Green t-ship, Sussex co., and flows S. W., through the S. E. angle of Hard wick t-ship, Warren co., and joins the main stream, in the Great Meadows, Independence t-ship, hav- ing a course of about 10 miles. Bear Swamp, a noted swamp of Downe t-ship, Cumberland co., near Nantuxet or Newport, through which flows the Oronoken creek. The timber upon it is chiefly oak and poplar. Bear Stvamp, Burlington co., near the west boundary of Northampton t-ship, about 2 miles in length by 1 in breadth. Beasley''s Point, Upper t-ship, Cape May co., on Great Egg Harbour Bay. There are here, upon a neck of land, between the salt marshes, of about 1 mile wide, 2 taverns, and se- veral farm houses, where visiters to the shore may find agreeable accom- modations. Beatty''s Town, on the N. E. angle of Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., on the bank of the Musconetcong creek, and at the west foot of Schooley's Mountain, within 2 miles of the mine- ral spring, and 16 E. of Belvidere. The Morris Canal is distant 2 miles from it on the north. The village contains 1 store, 1 tavern, a grist and saw mill, a school, and from 15 to 20 dwellings. The land around it is limestone, of excellent quality, and valued, in large farms, at 50 dollars the acre. Beaver Brook, tributary of the Rockaway river, Pequannock t-ship, Morris county, flows by a S. W. course of 8 miles through a hilly country, giving motion to several forges. Beaver Brook, Warren co., rises by two branches, one in Hardwick t-ship, from Glover's Pond, the other in Knowlton t-ship, from Rice's Pond, which unite in Oxford t-ship, near to, and south, from the village of Hope, and thence join the Pequest creek, about 3 miles from its mouth, having a course of about 14 miles. Beaver Run, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., a tributary of Nacote creek, flowing to its recipient below Gravelly Landing. Beaver Dam Run, a tributary of the south branch of Rancocus creek, which flows to its recipient, by a north course of about 4 miles, at Vincent- town. Beaver Branch, of Wading river, rises in Little Egg Harbour t-ship, and flows westerly by a course of about 6 miles, to its recipient, about a mile below Bodine's bridge and mill. Beden^s Brook, a mill stream, rises in the Nashanic mountain, Hopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co., and flows E. about 8 miles, through Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co., to the Millstone river, receiving several tributaries by the way. Bedminster Township, Somerset CO., bounded N. by Washington, Chester, and Mendhain t-ships, Mor- ris CO. ; E. by the north branch of the Raritan, diWding it from Bernard t-ship; S. by Bridgewater t-ship, from which it is divided by Chamber's brook and Lamington river; and W. by Lamington river, forming the boundary between it and Tewksbury BEL 98 BEL and Readington t-.ships, Hunterdon CO. ; Centrally distant, N. W. from Somerville, 8 rniles ; greatest length, N. and S., 8 miles; breadth, E. and W., 4^ miles; area, 19,300 acres; surface, hilly; soil, lime, clay, and red shale; generally well cultivated and fertile. Pepack, Little Cross Roads, Pluckemin, Lamington, and Cross Roads, are villages; the three first, p-ts. of the t-ship. Pepack and Artie's brooks are tributaries of the N. branch, flowing through the t-ship. Pop. in 1830, 1453. In 1832, the t-ship contained about 300 taxables, 60 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30, 40 single men, 8 mer- chants, 6 saw mills, 6 grist mills, 19 tan vats, 3 distilleries, 499 horses and mules, and 818 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards ; and paid state tax, $242 48; county tax, 626 30. There is a Dutch Reformed church in the t-ship. Belcher Creek rises near the cen- tre of Pompton t-ship, Bergen co., and flows northerly about 7 miles, to min- gle its waters with those of Long Pond, or Greenwood lake. Belle Mount, a circular hill in the N. W. angle of Hopewell t-ship, Hun- terdon CO., on the shoi'e of the Dela- ware river, between which and an oval hill on the south, flows Smith's creek. Belvidere, p-t., and seat of justice of Warren co., situate on the river Delaware, in Oxford t-ship, at the junction of the Pequest creek, with that stream; hy the post road, 210 miles from W. C., and 54 from Tren- ton, 69 from Philadelphia, 13 from Easton, 70 from New York, and 1 9 fi*om Schooley's mountain springs. The town is built on an alluvial flat, based on limestone, and extends for about half a mile, on both sides of the ci-cek, over which there arc 2 bridges for carriages, and 1 for foot passengers. The town, v.'hich rapidly increases, contains a spacious court house, of brick, with oflices attached, and a prison in the basement story ; the doors of which, to the honour of the county, are commonly unclosed, and its chambers tenantless, save by the idle warder ; a very large and neat Presbyterian church, a Methodist church, an academy, in which the classics are taught ; a common school, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, a clover mill, 6 stoi-es, 3 taverns, a turning lathe, driven by water, and an exten- sive tannery; a bank, chartered in 1829, with a capital of $50,000, but which may be extended; a county bible society, a county Sunday school union, auxiliary to the great charity established at Philadelphia ; tract and temperance societies ; 2 resident clergymen, 3 lawyers, and 2 physi- cians ; 2 weekly journals, viz : The Apollo, edited by Franklin Ferguson ; and the Warren Journal, by James J. Browne; and above 80 dwellings, most of which are neat and commo- dious, and many of brick and stone; among which, the residence of Dr. Green deserves particular notice, as well from its size and finish as from its beautiful and commanding situa- tion. A very extensive business is done here, in general merchandise, in flour and lumber, the saw mills being abundantly supplied with timber from the Delaware. The Pequest creek having a large volume of water, and a rapid fall, aflbrds very advantageous mill sites. Within 144 chains from the mouth of the creek the available fall is 49 feet 64-100, equal to 768 horse power, the whole of which is the property of Garret D. Wall, Esq., who ofters mill seats for sale here on advantageous terms. But in addition to this great power derived from the creek, the Delaware river, within 2 miles of the town, offers a still greater, where the whole volume of that stream may be employed. A company has been incorporated, with a capital of $20,000, for erecting a bridge across the river at or near this place, for which thj-ee sites have been proposed. 1st. At the Foul Rift, where the chan- nel is 170 yards wide. 2d. The mouth of the Pequest, where it is 205 yards. 3d. At the Deep Eddy, above the creek, where the channel is divid- ed by Butz's island, and the stream, on the Jersey side, is 127 yards, the island 86 yards, and the remaining y BEL 99 BER water 23 yards. The proposed rail road through New Jersey, from ]3]iza- bethtowii, is designed to cross the Delaware here, and to connect with tlie Delaware and Susquehanna rail road. Belleville, p-t. of Bloomfield t-ship, Essex CO., beautifully situated on the I'ight bank of the Raritan river, 3^ miles N. E. from Newark, 218 from W. C, 52 from Trenton, and 9 from New York. The margin of the river, here, has width sufficient lor a road or street, and for dwellings with spa- cious lots on both its sides, from which the gently sloping hill, clad in rich verdure, has a very pleasant appear- ance. Including North Belleville the town is considered as extending 3 miles along the river, and in that dis- tance contains a handsome Dutch Re- formed church, having a very large congregation, 1 Methodist and 1 Epis- copalian church, 2 large schools for boys, a school for girls, under the su- perintendence of a lady, a boarding school for males and females, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Lathrop ; 2 public houses, one a very large and well finished hotel, kept by Mr. Chand- ler, where many summer boarders may be accommodated, in this de- lightful retreat, from the bustle and noise of the great neighbouring city ; 6 stores, and about 200 dwellings. Two streams, which flow into the Pas- saic, at about 3 miles distance from each other, and which, within 2 miles of their course have, respectively, a fall much over an hundred feet, render this place as interesting for its manu- factures as for its beauty. There are here 1 brass rolling mill and button manufactory, belonging to Messrs. Stevens, Thomas, and Fuller, occa- sionally engaged in copper coinage for Brazil ; the copper founderies and rolling mills of Messrs. Isaacs, and of Hendricks and brothers ; the calico print works of Mr. Andrew Gray, the silk printing establishment of Messrs. Duncan and Cunningham ; the Brit- tania metal factory of the Messrs. Lee ; the lamp factory of Stephens and Dougherty, and the grist mill of Mr. Kindsland. These works are estimated to produce, annually, manu- factured articles worth two millions oi" dollars. Two thousand tons of merchandise are supposed to be trans- ported to and from the wharves of Belleville annually. Belleville, p-o., Sussex co., 241 miles N. E. from W. C, and 75 from Trejiton. Ben Davis' Point, W. Cape of Nantuxet cove, in the Delaware bay, and in Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co. Bergen Countij, was established with its present boundai'ies, by the act of 21 January, 1709-10, which directed " That on the eastern divi- sion, the county shall begin at Con- stable's Hook, and so run up along the bay and Hudson river, to the parti- tion point betvv^een N. Jersey and the province of N. York, and along that line between the provinces, and the division line of the eastern and west- ern division of this province, to Pe- quanock river; thence by such river and the Passaic river, to the Sound ; thence by the Sound to Constable's Hook, where it began." Bounded N. E. by Orange and Rockland co., N. Y.; E. by N. Y. bay and North river ; S. by the strait, which con- nects N. Y. bay with Newark bay, S. W. by Essex and Morris co., and N. W. by Sussex co. It is shaped like an '1 . Greatest width N. W. and S. E. 32 miles ; greatest breadth N. E. and S. W. 28 miles. Area 267,500 acres, or about 418 square miles. S. E. of the Ramapo mountain, the county consists of the old red sandstone formation, which ap]iears under the form of red shale, and of massive stone, well adapted to buildings; large quar- ries of which, have been worked on the Passaic near Belleville, and at other places. This formation is in places, covered with trap rock, which in the Closter mountain, assumes a columnar form, in the palisades, 400 feet high, on the North river; and the same form is visible in the continua- tion of the First and Second mountains across the Passaic at Paterson and **- BER 100 BER Little Falls. ]n the Ramapo moun- tain, and upon the N. VV. ofit, the primitive lljrmation prevails, and the large township of Pompton is broken into ridges and knolls, of considerable elevation. Limestone is found in the valleys, here, and magnetic iron ore in the hills. The great vein of such ore, which is first discoverable in the White Hills of New Hampshire, may be traced through this county. The surface of the country W. of the Saddle river, is hilly, with broad and fertile valleys. The left bank of that river, is also high ground, and a very fine valley lies between it and the Clostcr mountain, which is drain- ed by the Hackcnsack river. The southern part of the valley is low, and admits the tide to the town of Hack- cnsack, 20 miles from the sound. In this distance, there is a body of salt marsh and valuable cedar swamp. The northern part of the valley and its banks, on the Saddle river, the Passaic and the Hudson, are divided into small well cultivated farms, whose neat, cleanly, and cheerful appearance, declare the thrift and content of their owners. There are few spots in New Jersey presenting more pleasing at- tractions than this country above the Hackensack, and on the highlands on each side of the river. The houses, generally, built in the ancient Dutch cottage form, of one full story, with its projecting pent houses, and dormi- tories witliin the slopes of the roof, are sometimes large, always painted white, and surrounded with verdant lawns, shrubbery, and well cultivated gardens. And we may here remark, that the taste for horticiil'.urc and or- namental slirubberies, appears more general in the central and northern parts of New Jersey, than in the southern parts, or in the state of Pennsylvania. Extensive deposits of copper are found on the banks of the Passaic, in Lodi t-sliip, about 1 mile S. K. of Belleville. The county is well watered, having, beside the rivers on its boundaries, Ring wood, Ramapo, and Saddle rivers ; all of which, rising in New York, flow S. to the Passaic; each having considerable tributaries, which though sliort, are by their rapid falls made available lor hydraulic purposes. Ringwood river receives a consider- able accesion to its waters, from Long pond or Greenwood lake, in a high and narrow valley between a ridge of the Wawayanda mountains and Sterling mountain. The lake is near- ly 5 miles long, but only about a mile of its lensth is within the state of New Jersey. It pours forth its tribute through Long Pond river. Hohokus Brook is a rapid stream of Franklin t-ship, which, after hav- ing, in a course of 9 miles, given motion to many mills, unites with the Saddle river. The Hackensack, also rising in New York, has an indepen- dent course to Newark bay, and re- ceives several tributaries from either hand. In this county, the first settlements of the state by Europeans were made. The Hollanders were here the pio- neers of civilization, aided probably by some Danes or Norwegians, who adopted the name of Bergen from the capitol of Norway. Their descend- ants occupy the lands of their ances- tors, and retain much of their primi- tive habits and virtues, their industry, cleanliness, and love of flowers; for the latter is a taste so pure and de- lightful, that we dare to rank it among the virtues. New York is much in- debted to the Dutch gardeners for her supplies of flowers and vegetables. After the country was reduced un- der the English rule, in 1764, Eng- lish settlers came in considerable num- bers from Long Island and Barbadoes. They were not so numerous, how- ever, as immediately to lose their character of strangers, and they re- sided chiefly in the ^'■Emrlisk Neigh- boiirJi oofi ,'"' and at New Barbadoes. In 1830, the population of the coun- ty was 22,412, divided as follows: white males 10,299, white females 9634, free coloured males 1061, fe- males 834, male slaves 306, female slaves 280. Of these, there were BER 101 BER aliens 213; deaf and dumb whites 10, blacks 3; blind, whites 12, blacks 5. The provisions for moral instruc- tion are the religious societies, con- sisting of the German Reformed, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ; a county bible socie- ty, Sunday schools, and temperance societies ; academies in the larger vil- lages, and common schools in every populous vicinity. The chief towns are Jersey City, Hoboken, Bergen, Hackensack, the seat of justice, Closter, New Milford, New Prospect, Godwinsville, New Manchester, Ryerson's, Ramapo, Boardville, Ringwood, Stralenberg, Old Bridge, New Bridge, New Dur- ham, English Neighbourhood, Com- munipaw, and Pamrepaw. In 1832, the county contained 5796 taxables, 1262 householders, whose rateables did not exceed 30 dol- lars, 533 single men, 75 merchants, 7 fisheries, 84 run of stones for grind- ing grain, 16 cotton factories, 5 wool- len factories, 10 carding machines, 4 furnaces and 16 forges, 93 saw mills, 3 paper mills, 4 fulling mills, 127 tan vats, 13 distilleries, 1 flint glass, and 1 china manufactory, both extensive ; 1 printing, dyeing and bleaching es- tablishment, and 4025 horses and mules, and 10,188 neat cattle above 3 years of age ; and it paid state tax $2631 43, county tax $5000, poor tax $2500, school tax $100, road tax $6000. The county is extensively agricul- tural, raising a large surplus of grain and esculent vegetables for its ma- nufacturing population, and for the New York market. The improved means for trans- porting its produce to market, are beside the ordinary country roads, nine turnpikes and two rail-roads, ex- clusive of that made by Mr. Stephens along the North river. The turn- pikes are, two from Jersey City to Newark, one from Hoboken to Pa- terson, one from Hoboken to Hack- ensack, one from Hackensack to Paterson, one from New Prospect to the Ramapo works, in the State of New York, the Ringwood and Long Pond road, the Newark and Pomp- ton, and the Paterson and Flamburg. These have been made, and others have been authorized by law. A rail-road has been completed from Jersey City to Paterson, and another is now being made from the Hudson river through Newark, Elizabeth- town, Rahway and Woodbridge, to New Brunswick. The courts of the county are holden at Hackensack; the common pleas, orphans' and general quarter ses- sions, on the following Tuesdays, viz. 4th January, 4th March, 2d August, 4th October; and the circuit courts, on the Tuesdays of 4th March and 4th October. Bergen sends 1 member to the le- gislative council, and 3 to the assem- bly. The following notice of the coun- try embraced by this county, taken from Smith's History of New Jersey, will be interesting to its present inha- bitants. " Near the mouth of the bay, upon the side of Overprook creek, adjacent to Hackensack river, several of the rich valleys were then, (1680,) settled by the Dutch; and near Snake hill was a fine planta- tion, owned by Pinhorne and Eickbe, for half of which, Pinhorne is said to have paid £500. There were other settlements upon Hackensack river, and on a creek near it, Sarah Kiex*- stcd, of New York, had a tract given her by an old Indian sachem, for services in interpreting between the Indians and Dutch, and on which several families were settled; John Berrie had a large plantation, 2 or 3 miles above, where he then lived, and had considerable improvements; as had also near him, his son-in-law, Smith, and one Baker, from Barba- does. On the west side of the creek, opposite to Berrie, were other plan- tations; but none more northerly. There was a considerable settlement upon Bergen point, then called Con- stable Hook, and first improved by Edsall, in NicoU's time. Other small plantations were improved along Ber- BER 102 BER gen neck, to the cast, between the point and a large village of 20 fii- milics ( Commwdpaw). Further along lived 16 or 18 families, and opposite New York about 40 families were seated. Southward from tliis, a k\v families settled together, at a place called Duke's farm; and further up the country was a place called Ho- buck, formerly owned by a Dutch merchant, who, in the Indian wars with the Dutch, had his wife, chil- dren and servants murdered by the Indians, and his house and stock de- stroyed by them ; but it was now set- tled again, and a mill erected there. Along the river side to the N. were lands settled by William Lawrence, Samuel Edsall, and Capt. Beinfield; and at Haversham, near the High- lands, governor Carteret had taken up two large tracts; one for himself, the other for Andrew Campy ne, and Co., which were now but little improved. Tlie j)lantations on both sides of the neck, to its utmost extent, as also those at Hackensack, were under the jurisdiction of Bcrgentown, situate about the middle of the neck ; where was a court held by selectmen or overseers, consisting of 4 or more in number, as the people thought best, chose annually to try small causes, as had been the practice in all the rest of the towns at first; 2 courts of sessions were held here yearly, from which, if the cause ex- ceeded £20, the party might appeal to the governor, council, and court of deputies or assembly." " Bergen, a compact town which had been fortified against the Indians, contained about 70 families; its in- habitants were chiefly Dutch, some of whom had been settled there upwards of 40 years." STATISTICAL TABLE OF BERGEN COUNTY ,d Population. Townships, &lc. ri Surface. 1810 1820 1830 Barbadoes, New, 7 4 11,500 level, 2835 2592 1693 Bergen, 13 4 20,000 part hilly. 2690 3137 4651 Franklin, 10 9 45,000 hilly, rolling, 2839 2968 3449 Hackensack, 9 n 24,000 hill and valley, 1918 2076 2200 Harrington, 9^ 7 34,000 do. do. 2087 2296 2581 Lodi, 10 5 22,000 flat, 1356 Pompton, 14 12 70,000 mountainous. 2060 2818 3085 Saddle River, 10 8 41,000 267,500 do. 2174 2291 3397 16,603 18,178 22,412 Bergen, village, of Bergen t-ship, Bergen co., about 16 miles S. of Hackensack, and .3 west of Jersey city, upon the summit of Bergen ridge, and equiflistant between the turnpike roads leading to Newark, contains a Dutch Reformed church, and some twenty or thirty houses. This town was scittled about 161G, ])robably by Danes, who accomjja- nied \\\v. Hollanders. Bergen t-ship, Bergen co., is boundc^d N. by Hackensack t-ship, I*', by Hudson river and New York bay, S. by the .strait r.iiled Kill Van Kuhl, W. by the Hackensack river and Newark bay; greatest length N. and S. 13, breadth 4 miles; area, 20,000 acres. Surface hilly on the N. E., on the W. and S. level. Soil, red shale and marsh. A large body of the latter, with Cedar swamp, lies on the Hackensack river, extending from the head of Newark bay, through the t-ship. The t-ship is intersected by several turnpike roads running in various directions. New Durham, Weehawk, Hoboken, Jersey City, Bergen, ('ommuni])aw, and Pamre- paw, are towns of the t-ship. Tfeere are post-oflices at Jfsrsey City and Hoboken. Pojiulation in 1830, 4651. BER 103 BIL In 1832, there were in the t-ship 1 167 taxables, 366 householders, whose ratable estate does not exceed 30 dollars, 191 single men, 22 mer- chants, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 3 ferries, 1 toll bridge, 10 tan vats, 1 grain distillery, 1 glass and 1 china manufactory, and 1 woollen manu- factory, 446 horses and mules, and 1287 neat cattle above the age of three years. The t-ship paid state tax, $422 74; county, $613 36; poor, $800; road, $1500. Berkely. (See Sandtown.) Berkshire Valley, the S. W. part of Longwood valley, Jefferson t-ship, Morris co., W. of Greenpond moun- tain, 12 miles N. W. from Morris- town, 237 from W. C, and 71 from Trenton. A wild and rocky spot, through which runs a branch of the Rockaway river, giving motion to se- veral forges, &c. There is also a post-office and a Presbyterian church liere. Bernard t-ship, Somerset co., bounded N. by Mendham t-ship, Morris co.; E. by the Passaic river, dividing it from Morris t-ship, of the said county; S. E. by Warren t-ship, S. W. by Bridgewater t-ship, and W. by Bedminster t-ship*. Centrally, distant N. E. from Somerville, 7 miles ; greatest length, N. and S. 9 ; breadth, E. and W. 7 miles; area, 25,000 acres; surface hilly, and in great part mountainous ; soil on hills, clay and loom; in the valleys, lime- stone ; well cultivated by wealthy far- mers. The north branch of the Ra- ritan flows on the western boundary, and receives from the t-ship Mine brook and smaller tributaries. Dead run flows to the Passaic, on the S. E. line. Baskingridge, Liberty Corner, Logtovvn and Vealtown, are villages of the t-ship ; the two first post-towns. Population in 1830, 2062. In 1833, the t-ship contained about 400 taxa- bles, 68 householders, whoso ratable estate did not exceed 30 dollars, 34 single men, 5 stores, 8 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 1 fulling mill, 5 distille- ries, 461 horses and mules, and 1105 neat cattle 3 years old and upwards. and paid state tax, $306 70 ; county tax, $695 50. Berry''s Creek, a marsh creek of Lodi t-ship, Bergen co., has a south- erly course of about 4 miles. Bethany Hole Run, small tributary of Hains' creek, Evesham t-ship, Bur- lington CO., flows by a course of about 3 miles into the dam of Taun- ton furnace. Bethel, mount and church, Mans- field t-ship, Warren co., 12 miles E. of the town of Belvidcre. Bethlehem t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. W. by the Musconetcong river, which divides it from Wari*en CO., N. E. by Lebanon t-ship, S. E. by Ringwood, and S. W. by Alexan- dria. Centrally distant N. W. from Flemington, 13 miles ; greatest length E. and W. 9 miles, breadth N. and S. 9 miles ; area 25,000 acres ; sur- face mountainous on the north, else- where hilly ; soil, clay, red shale, and loam, with a vein of hmestone on the cast foot of the Musconetcong moun- tain; drained chiefly by Alberson's brook, a tributaiy of Spruce run, and some small tributaries of Musconet- cong creek. Charleston, Bloomsbury, Hickory, Pattenburg, are villages of the t-ship — Vansyckles and Perry- ville, post-towns. Population in 1830, 2032. In 1832, the t-ship contained a Presbyterian church, 3 stores, 3 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 1 oil mill, 25 tan vats, 5 distilleries, 480 horses and mules, and 820 neat cattle above the age of 3 years; and paid poor tax, $900; road tax, $700; county and state tax, $791 68. Bevens, p-o., of Sussex co., named after the postmaster, James C. Be- vens, 241 miles N. E. from W. C, and 83 from Trenton. Billingsport, more properly writ- ten Byllingsport, named after Edward Bylling, a merchant of England, the purchaser of Lord Berkeley's undi- vided moiety of the province. It lies upon the river Delaware below the mouth of Mantua creek, and 12 miles below Camden, and was rendered fa- mous by the fort erected here during the revolutionary war, for defence of BLA 104 BLO the channel of tlic river, remauis of which are still visible. It contains a tavern and ferry, and some half dozen dwellings. Birmingham, small hamlet of Trenton t-shi]), Hunterdon co. 5 miles N. W. from the city of Trenton, con- tains a tavern and some half dozen dwellings. Birmingham, formerly called New Mills, village, on the north branch of the Rancocus creek, Northampton t-ship, Burlington co., 4 miles S. E. of I\Iount Holly, contains a cotton manufactory, a grist mill, saw mill, fulling mill, a cupola furnace, and from 15 to 20 dwellings. Shreve's calico printing works are within two miles of the village, upon the same stream. Black Creek, Vernon t-ship, Sus- sex CO., rises on the S. E. foot of the Pochuck mountain, flows northward- ly, about 5 miles to the Warwick creek. Blackwoodtown, village of Glou- cester CO., uj)on the main branch of Big Timber creek, near the head of navigation ; 8 or 9 miles from its mouth, 5 miles S. E. of Woodbury, and 11 miles from Camden; contains 1 Presbyterian and large Methodist church, an extensive woollen manu- factory chiefly employed on kcrsey- nctte, telonging to Newkirk and Co., 3 stores, 1 tavern, and about 50 dwellings; a 2 horse stage plies daily between this town and Camden. Black's Creek, S. W. boundary of Chcsterheld t-ship, rising by several branches in Hanover t-ship, flowing W. and N. W. about 8 miles to the river Delaware, below Bordentown. The Amboy rail-road crosses its mouth over a wooden bridge. Ba- con's run is a branch oC the stream, and part of the aforesaid boundary ; the creek drives several mills. Black Horse. (Sec Columbus.) Black Run, tributary of the S. branch of Toms' river, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co. Black Brook, tributary of tlic Pas- saic river, rises ;U the N. E. base of Long hill, Chatham t-ship, Morris CO., flows westerly along the hill, by a course of 7 or 8 miles to its reci- pient in I\Iorris t-ship. Blackleifs Mineral Spring, Ae- quackanonk t-ship, Essex co., 10 miles N. W. from New York, 4 S. E. from Paterson; formerly much frequented as a useful chalybeate. Blackicood Meadow Brook, a small tributary of the Passaic river, flowing W. to its recipient in the N. W. angle of Livingston t-ship, Essex CO. Black River, is the name given to the Lamington river, above Potter's Falls. It rises by 2 small branches, on the borders of Roxbury and Ran- dolph t-ships, flows under this name a S. W. course of about 16 miles, to the falls at the point of junction, be- tween Hunterdon, Somerset and Mor- ris CO., draining a valley of conside- rable extent, and in parts very fertile. Black River, or Cooper''s Mills, is also the name of a small village on the above stream, situate in Ches- ter t-ship, Morris co., on the turnpike road leading from Morristown to Easton, 14 miles N. W. from the for- mer; contains 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, a store, and 6 or 8 dwellings ; it is a place of considerable business ; the country around it is hilly, and not very fertile. Blackwells, hamlet of Hillsbo- rough t-ship, Somei'sct co., on the left bank of the Millstone river,- 62 miles S. of Somerville, pleasantly si- tuated, in a fertile country ; contains a large grist mill, fulling mill, store, and several dwellings ; a bridge crosses the Millstone river here. Black Point, at the confluence of the Shrewsbury and Nevisink rivers, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co. Blazing Star Ferry, over Staten Island Soimd, on the road from Woodbury to Staten Island, about 7 miles N. E. from Amboy ; the post- route to New York, formerly lay by this ferry. Bloomfnld 1-shi]), Fssex county, bounded N. by Acquackanonck t-sp, li. by the Passaic river, which di- vides it from Bergen co., E. by New- BLO 105 BLU ark t-ship, S. and S. W. by Orange, and W. by Caldwell. Centrally dis- tant N. from Newark, 6 miles ; greatest length 5, breadth 4^ miles ; area, 14,000 acres; surface hilly; mountainous on the west; on the eastern boundary, the ground rises gradually from the river, and offers beautiful sites for country seats, many of which are thus occupied. It is drained by two streams which rise near the foot of the mountain, and flow by tortuous courses to the river, known as the Second and Third ri- vers. The first has a length scarce exceeding 6 miles, and the last, which forms a semi-ellipsis, and rises in the notch in Acquackanonck t-ship, may be double that length. These streams are the source of the wealth of the t-ship, and have converted it almost wholly into a manufacturing- village. The soil is based on red sandstone, in which are exhaustless quarries of fine building stone, vast quantities of which have been sent to New York, and other places. The villages of the t-ship are Belleville, Bloomfield, Spring Garden, and Speertown. At the two first are post-offices. Pop. in 1830, 4309; in 1832, the t-ship contained 500 taxa- bles, 206 householders, whose ratable estate did not exceed $30 ; 82 single men, 17 merchants, 6 grist mills, 2 cotton manufactories, 5 saw mills, 4 rolling mills for copper, 3 paper mills, 1 paint factory, 2 calico printing and bleaching works, 1 very extensive; 40 tan vats, 3 woollen factories, and several very extensive shoe factories ; 387 horses and mules, and 862 neat cattle above three years old. And the t-ship paid state tax S754 50; county $238 37; poor $1200; and road $1200. The annual value of manufactured products, probably ex- ceed 2^ millions of dollars. Bloomfield, p-t. of the above t-ship, 3^ miles N. of Newark, extending for near 3 miles in a N. W. direc- tion, and including what was former- ly known as West Bloomfield. The chief part of the town lies upon the old road, but part of it on the turn- O pike; it contains about 1600 inhabi- tants, above 250 dwellings, 2 hotels, an academy, boarding school, 4 large common schools, 12 stores, 1 Pres- byterian church, 2 Methodist church- es ; a very extensive trade is carried on here in tanning, currying, and shoemaking, and the following manu- factories are considei'ed as annexed to the town: 2 woollen factories, 1 mahogany saw mill, 1 cotton mill, 1 rolling mill, 1 calico printing work, 2 saw mills for ordinary work, 1 paper mill, and 1 grist mill. Bloomingdalc, village on the Pe- quannock creek, Pompton t-ship, Ber- gen CO., 20 miles N. W. from Hack- ensack, upon the Paterson and Ham- burg turnpike road ; contains 1 forge, a saw mill, grist mill, machine fac- tory, bark mill, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and some 8 or 10 dwellings; the country around it is mountainous and barren. Bloomshury, p-t. of Greenwich t-ship, Warren co., on the turnpike road from Somerville to Philipsburg, and on both sides of the Musconet- cong creek, part of the town being in Hunterdon co. ; by the post-route 198 miles from W. C, 49 from Tren- ton, and 14 S. from Belvidere, 18 miles N. W. from Flemington; con- tains 1 grist mill, 1 oil mill, a cotton manufactory, 2 taverns, 1 store, and from 30 to 40 dwellings; the soil of the valley around it is rich limestone. Bloomshury, village of Notting- ham t-ship, Burlington co., a suburb of the city of Trenton, below the As- sunpink creek, and at the head of the sloop navigation of the river. The bridge across the Delaware runs from the centre of the village ; there are here a Presbyterian meeting, several taverns and stores, steam-boat landings and wharves, with about 150 dwellings and 900 inhabitants. The race-way of the Trenton water power company, will pass through the vil- lage. (See Trenton.) Bine Ball, village of Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., 4 miles S. from Free- hold ; contains a tavern and store, 10 or 12 dwellings, 1 Presbyterian and BUR 106 BOR 1 Methoelist church. The soil here ha6 been so greatly improved by marl, that lands which 15 years since would not bring S|20 the acre, now command $oO. Blue Anchor, tavern and hamlet of Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester co., in the heart of the pine forest, about 25 miles S. E. from Camden. Boonton, manufacturing village of Hanover t-ship, Morris co., on the N side of Rockaway river, 9 miles N. of Morristown, situate on the side of a high hill, at the entrance ofa dark, nar- row, rocky valley ; contains the works of the East Jersey Iron Manufactur- ing Company, consisting of an exten- sive rolling mill, a blast furnace and foundery, 3 stores, and about 40 dwell- ings, a school house and a handsome church. In forcing the Trowbridge mountain here, the stream has form- ed a rapid and a picturesque cascade of about 30 feet fall, and this circum- stance has made the site a very ad- vantageous one for hydraulic works. The Morris canal ascends from the valley by an inclined plane 800 feet long, having a lift of 80 feet, which is passed over in from 12 to 15 mi- nutes. Pop. between 300 and 400, principally English j the village was founded in 1828, and is one of the most romantic spots in the state. Bonhiunfown, Woodbridge t-ship, Middlesex co., 5 miles N. E. from New Brunswick, on the turnpike road leading thence to Woodbridge, from which it is distant G miles; contains 10 or 12 dwellings, 2 taverns, 1 store and school house; surrounded by a gravelly .and poor soil. Boardville, on Ringwood river, and on the Ringwood and Longwood turnpike; road in Pomi)ton t-ship, Ber- gen CO., 21 miles N. W. from Hack- ensack; contains a Dutch Reformed church, a forge, distillery, a school house, and several farm houses. The narrow valley in whicii it lies is rich and well cultivated. Bordcntown, borough and p-t., of Chesterfield t-ship, Burlington co., si- tuate on the bank of the Delaware river, nl the junction of tiie Cross- wick's creek with that stream, 11 miles N. W. from Mount Holly, 170 N. E. from W. C, 30 from Phila- delphia, 10 from Burlington, and 7 S. E. from Trenton; contains about 1000 inhabitants, 200 dwellings, a Quaker meeting house, a Baptist and a Methodist church, 5 stores and 5 taverns, and is surrounded by a fer- tile and well cultivated country of sandy loam. The Camden and Am- boy rail-road passes through the town, by a viaduct beneath its prin- cipal streets ; and stages run from the town, daily, to Trenton, Princeton, New Brunswick, Long Branch, New Egypt, Mount Holly, &c. &c., and 4 steam-boats, to Bristol, Burlington, and Philadelphia. This town was founded by Mr. Jo- seph Borden, an early settler here, and a distinguished citizen of the state, and has borne his name for nearly a century. It was incorpo- rated 9th December, 1825. Its site is perhaps the most beautiful on the Delaware, and the village is alike re- markable for its healthiness and clean- liness, and the neatness of its dwell- ings. Built upon a plain 65 feet above the surface of the river, and from which there is a descent upon three sides, its streets, speedily drain- ed after the rain, are dry ; and lined by umbrageous trees, furnish always an agreeable promenade during the summer season. From the brow of the hill, there is a delightful view of the majestic Delaware, pursuing for miles its tranquil course through the rich country which it laves. The beauty of this scene is greatest in the autunm, when the thousand varied and brilliant tints of the forest trees are contrasted with the deep a/Aire of the sky, and the limpid blue of the mirror like waters. The attractions of the scene determined Joseph Buo- naparte, C'ount (le Surveilliers, in his choicf! ofa residence in this country ; and this distinguished exile, who has tilled two thrones, and has preten- sions based on popular suffrage to a third, has dwelt here many years in philosophic retirement. He has in BOT 107 BRI the vicinity about 1500 acres of land, part of which possessed natural beau- ty, which his ta^te and wealth have been employed to embellish. At the expense of some hundred thousand dollars, he has converted a wild and impoverished tract, into a park of sur- passing beauty, blending the charms of woodland and plantation scenery, with a delightful water prospect. The present buildings, plain but commo- dious, are on the site of the offices of his original and more splendid man- sion, which was destroyed by fire, together with some rare pictures from the pencils of the first masters, whose merit made them invaluable. With characteristic liberality, the Count has opened his grounds to the public, but we regret to perceive, that he has been ungratefully repaid, by the de- facement of his ornamental struc- tures, and mutilation of his statues. Bordentown is much resorted to by the citizens of Philadelphia during the hot months, who find excellent enter- tainment in the large commodious public houses, and in private and more retired mansions. Few places near the city are more desii-able as a summer residence, which is now ren- dered uncommonly convenient to ci- tizens by the almost hourly means of communicating with Philadelphia and New York. The benefit of these ad- vantageous circumstances to the town, becomes apparent in its increase, ma- ny new houses having been built in 1832 and 1833. The outlet lock of the Delaware and Raritan canal is in front of the town, which will in all probability become a depot, for much produce of the surrounding country destined for the New York or Phila- delphia market. Under these pros- pects the value of property here, we are told, has risen 50 per cent, within two years. BorderCs Run, an arm of the S. branch of Toms' river, Upper Free- hold t-ship, Monmouth co., flows E. about 7 miles through the S. E. an- gle of the t-ship. Bottle Hill, p-t., Chatham t-ship, Morris co., on the turnpike road from Elizabethtownto Morristown, 13 miles from the one, and 4^ from the other ; 223 N. E. from W. C. and 57 from Trenton; contains a tavern, three stores, a Presbyterian church, an academy, and above 40 dwellings, genei'ally very neat ; the surrounding country gently undulating, and well cultivated. Bound Brook, p-t., of Bridgewater t-ship, Somerset co., on the S. W. boundary of the county, at the con- fluence of the Green Brook with the Raritan river. A part of the village is in Piscataway t-ship, of the adjoin- ing county of Middlesex, on the turn- pike road from New Brunswick to Somerville, 7 miles from the one, and 4 from the other. The town, in- cluding Middle Brook, extends a mile from Green Brook to Middle Brook, and contains a large and neat Pres- byterian church, an academy, 3 ta- verns, 4 stores, a large grist mill, &c., and about 50 dwellings. There is a bridge over the river here. The surrounding country is fertile. The Delaware and Raritan canal runs near the town. Bound Brook, small stream rising in Newark t-ship, and running S. E. through the marsh, into Newark bay, forming the boundary between Eliza- beth and Newark t-ships. Bound Brook. (See Green Brook.) Boicentmvn, Hopewell t-ship, Cum- berland CO., a small hamlet, of some half dozen houses, midway on the road from Bridgetown to Road's town, about 2| miles from each. Branchville, p-t., of Frankford t-ship, Sussex co., on the Morris turnpike road, by the mail route, 235 miles from Washington city, 77 from Trenton, 7 from Newton, and 2 from Augusta. There are several mills here upon a branch of the Paulins- kill, within the space of two miles. Bread and Cheese Run, tributary of the south branch of Rancocus creek, Northampton t-ship, Burling- ton CO., unites with that stream 8 or 10 miles below its source. Brigantine Inlet, Old, formerly BRI 108 BRI through Bngantine Beacli, on the Atlantic, now closed. Brlgantine Beach, on the Atlantic ocean, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester CO., extends from Quarter's Inlet, eastwardly, to Old Brigantine Inlet, about 6 miles, by about a half a mile in width. Several salt works have been established here. Brick.shoroiigh, village, of Maurice t-ship, (J umber land co., upon the left bank ol" Maurice river, 12 miles I'rom its mouth, within 2 of I'ort Elizabeth, and 14 of Bridgcton, contains from 12 to 15 dwellings. It lies at the conflu- ence of Muskee run, with the river. Bridgeport, small hamlet of Wash- ington t-ship, Burlington co., upon the left bank of Wading river, 29 miles S. E. from Mount Holly, and 5 from the confluence of Wading with the Little Egg Harbour river, contains a tavern, store, and some 4 or 5 dwell- ings, in sandy, pine country. The river is navigable above the town. Bridgcton, p-t. and seat of justice of Cumberland co., upon the Cohan- sey creek, 20 miles from its mouth, 175 N. E. from W. C, and sixty S. of Trenton. The town is built on both sides of the creek, over which is a wooden drawbridge, from whence it has its name. It formerly bore that of Cohansey. It contains a court- house of brick, in the centre of a street, upon the W. bank of the creek, a prison of stone, and public oflices, on the E., a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Methodist church ; a bank with an authorized capital of $200,000, of which $50,000 have been paid in ; a public library, a Masonic lodge, an academy, a woollen manufactory, a grist mill, an extensive rolling mill, foundery, and nail factory. It ex- ports lumber, flour, grain, nails, and iron castings. Thirty schooners and sloops, of from 50 to 80 tons bur- then, sail from the port, which is one of entry and delivery. The collection district of Bri a rail or Macadamized road from the mouth of this creek to the neighbourhood of New Lisbon, a distance of 13 miles 39 chains. Cranberry p-t., lying partly in South Brunswick t-ship, and partly in South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex CO., on the turnpike road leading from Bordentown to South Amboy, 16 miles from tlic former, 185 from W. C, and 15 from Trenton; plea- santly situated in a level country, and light sandy soil ; contains a Presby- terian church with cupola and bell, an academy, a grist mill, 2 tanne- ries, 3 taverns, 2 stores, and from 60 to 80 dwellings. Cranberry brook, tributary of the Millstone river, flows through the town. Cranberry Inlet, formerly from the ocean to Barnegat Bay, between Island beach and Squam beach. Crane's Gap, in the first moun- tain, Bloomfield t-ship, Essex co., through which passes the turnpike road from Newark to Rockaway. Craven'' s Ferry, p-o., Salem co. Cropivell, village of Evesham t-sp, Burlington co., near the western boundary, 11 miles S. W. of Mount Holly; contains a tavern, store, 12 or 15 dwellings, and a Quaker meet- ing house; soil, sandy loam. Cross Keys, hamlet of Trenton t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the road from Trenton to Pennington; con- tains 4 or 5 dwellings. Cross Creeks, name given to small tributaries of Back creek, Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co., near the De- laware bay, which intersect each other. Cross Roads, Bedminster t-ship, Somerset co., between 7 and 8 miles N. W. of Somerville, on Artie's brook, in a level, fertile, limestone country ; contains a store, tavern, and 5 or 6 dwellings. Cross Roads, hamlet of South Brunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., 9 miles S. W. Irom New Brunswick; contains 2 taverns, a store, and seve- ral dwellings; soil, light and sandy. Cross Roads, hamlet of Evesham t-ship, Burlington co., 8 miles S. from Mount Holly; contains a ta- vern, a store, a Methodist church, and 8 or 10 dwellings; soil, sandy loam. Crosstmck''s Creek, the Indian name of which is said to be Clossweeksvnk, a separation, rises by two branches, the north in Hanover t-ship, Bur- lington CO., near Wrightstown ; and the south in Upper Freehold, Mon- mouth CO., uniting in the latter t-ship and county near New Eijypt, thence running northerly antl north westerly across Chesterfield t-ship, Burlington CO., to the River Delaware, at Bor- dtmtown. It is a steady and service- able mill-stream, whose course is se- micircular, and in length about 25 miles ; it is navigable to Grove Mill, about 6 miles from the mouth ; marl is frequently found on its banks. Crosswicks, p-t. of Chesterfield t-ship, Burlington co., on the high CUM 125 CUM southern bank of Crosswick's creek, 4 miles E. from Bordentown, 14 N. E. from Mount Holly, 174 from W. C, and 8 S. E. from Trenton ; contains from 40 to 50 dwellings, a very large Quaker meeting house and school, 4 taverns, 5 or 6 stores, a saw mill and grist mill ; the village is pleasantly situated in a fertile coun- try, whose soil is sandy loam ; near the town is a bed of iron ore, from which considerable quantities are taken to the furnaces in the lower part of the county. Culverts Pond, Frankford t-ship, Sussex CO., at the foot of the Blue mountain ; one of the western sources of the Paulinskill. Culverts Gap, in the Blue moun- tain, between Sandistone and Frank- ford t-ships, Sussex co., through which the turnpike road from Milford passes ; distant from Newton N. W. 10 miles. Cumberland County, was taken al- together from Salem, by the act of 19th January, 1748, with the follow- ing boundaries. Beginning at the mouth of Stow creek, thence up the creek to John Buck's mills, leaving the mills in this county; thence up Stow creek branch to the house of Hugh Dunn, leaving such house with- ■ in the new county; thence by a straight line to Nathan Shaw's house, also within the new county; thence by a N. E. course, intersecting the Pilesgrove line ; thence leaving Piles- grove, in Salem co., along such line till it intersects the line dividing the counties of Gloucester and Salem ; thence S. E. down the Gloucester line to the boundaries of Cape May CO.; thence by such county to the Delaware bay, and up the bay to the place of beginning. By the same act, the county was divided into six precincts or townships, viz. Green- wich, Hopewell, Stow creek, Fair- field, Deerfield, and Maurice river; to which Milleville, taken from Mau- rice river and Fairfield t-ships, in 1801, and Downe t-ship, have been since added. The county is bounded by the Delaware bay on the S. S. W., Salem co. N. W., Gloucester N. E., and Cape May co. on the S. E. Its greatest length is about 30 miles N. and S., and breadth 30 miles E. and W. ; area, 524 square miles, or 33,500 acres ; central lat. 39° 20' N. ; Long. 2° E. from W. C. Geologically considered, Cumber- land CO. belongs to the belt of dilu- vial and alluvial formation, which ex- tends along the continent of North America, ti-om Long Island to the Gulf of Mexico, and contains in place, the deposits of greenish blue marl, intermixed with shells, similar to those found in the limestone and grauwacke of the transition, and abundantly in the secondary horizon- tal limestone and sandstone, with beds of bog iron ore, and ochre. The ele- vated ridges between the streams, are crowned in places with sandstone and puddingstone cemented with iron ore. The marl beds yet developed, lie chiefly on Stow creek, and the iron ore in Greenwich t-ship. The marl is used for manure with much advantage upon the lighter soils, and its use is daily extending. The sur- face of the country is generally flat ; the soil south of Cohansey creek is generally sandy. A salt marsh ex- tends along the Delaware bay, in breadth from half a mile to two miles, adjoining which, eastwardly, is a strip of clay and loam, having an average width of about a mile, tole- rably fertile and covered with fai'ms. A prolific marsh borders the creeks, which are embanked, at various dis- tances from their mouths, and em- ployed for grazmg cattle. The northern part of the county, particu- larly, that portion of it lying north and west of the Cohansey creek, is composed of clay and sandy loam, on which considerable quantities of wheat, oats and corn, are grown. The timber above Cohansey, consists of white oak, black and red oak, and hickory, which also characterize the clay and loam of the western belt. I Below Cohansey, it is generally pine ; forests of which cover the greater portion of the eastern part of the CUM 126 CUM county, which, having been generally once, at least, cut over, are now in various stages of growth. The principal streams are Stow creek on the N. W. boundary; Co- hansey creek in the N. W. section, Maurice river running centrally through the co., and Tuckahoe river upon the east. The chief towns are Bridgeton, the seat of justice, Greenwich, Deerfield, Roadstown, Millville, Port Elizabeth, Nantuxet, or Newport, Dividing Creek, Mauricetown, Bricksboro', Dorchester, Leesburg, and Marshall- ville, or Cumberland Works, Ccdar- ville, and Fairton. There are in the county 2 fur- naces, one at Millville, and the other above Port Elizabeth, on the Mana- muskin creek; and three extensive glass manufactories, one at Millville, one at Port Elizabeth, and the third at Marshall ville. At the last place, and on Maurice river, there is con- siderable ship building, in vessels of from 50 to 100 tons burthen. Large quantities of grain are exported from Bridgeton, and timber and cordwood from every creek of the county. The religious sects are Episcopali- ans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Metho- dists, and Quakers. A county Bible society holds its meetings at Bridgeton, and tempe- rance societies have been established with great success in the townships. The provisions for education consist of an academy at Bridgeton, another at Port Elizabeth, and common schools in the several towns and townships. The inhabitants of the county are derived chiefly from English, Swiss, and German settlers ; and it is proba- ble, from several circumstances, that a colony of Puritans, from Newhaven, was settled near the margin of the Delaware so early as 1640, some of whose descendants may yet remain. By the census of 1830, the popula- tion amounted to 14,093, of whom 6723 were white males; 6582 white females ; 2 female slaves ; 431 free coloured males; 355 free coloured females ; of which 27 were aliens, 4 deaf and dumb, and 7 blind. By the abstract of the assessors, there were, in 1832, in the county, 2742 taxables, 774 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 33 single men; 54 storekeepers, or merchants; two fisheries, 1 woollen manufactory, 1 cupola furnace, 2 blast furnaces, 44 runs of stones for grinding grain, 21 saw mills, 1 forge, 1 rolling and slitting mill, 1 fulling mill, 6 tanneries, 4 glass manufacto- ries, 4 distilleries for cider, 2053 horses, 5713 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years, and 9 stud horses. By the act of 3d November, 1814, the county sends 3 members to the Assembly, 1 member to Council. The courts of common pleas and general quai'ter sessions, are holden annually at Bridgeton, on the third Tuesday of February, the fourth Tuesday of September, the first Tues- day of June, and the last Tuesday of Nov. The circuit court is holden at the same place on the first Tuesday of June, and last Tuesday of Novem- ber, annually. DEC 127 DEE STATISTICAL TABLE OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ^ -a Population. Townships. ^ Area. Surface J n generally level. 1810 1820 1830 Deerfield, 11 9 34,000 1889 1903 2417 Downe, 14 iM 58,240 1501 1749 1923 Fairfield, 15 s 46,720 2279 1869 1812 Greenwich, 7 6 13,440 858 890 912 Hopewell, 10 6 20,000 1987 1952 1953 Maurice River, 19 11 79,360 2085 2411 2724 Milleville, 16 16 73,500 1032 1010 1561 Stow Creek, 7 6 10,240 1039 884 791 335,460 12,670 12,668 14,093 Cumberland Furnace, on Mana- muskin ci-eek, Maurice river t-ship, about 5 miles above Port Elizabeth, and 17 east of Bridgeton. Cumberland Works, (See Mar- shallville.) Daretotvn, Pittsgrove t-ship, Salem CO., near the N. W. boundary, on the head waters of Salem river, 13 miles, a little N. of E. from Salemtown; contains 12 or 14 dwellings, 2 stores, one Presbyterian, and one Methodist church. Dead River, a tributary of the Passaic river, rising by several branch- es in the Mine mountain of Bernard t-ship, Somerset co., and flowing E. to its recipient, along the N. base of Stony Hill ; including Harrison's brook, its longest branch, its length may be about 9 miles. I)ayton''s Bridge, post-ofRce, Sa- lem county. Danville, post-office, Warren co. Deal, small hamlet, and watering place, 220 miles N. E. from W. C^ and 64 from Trenton, on Poplar Swamp creek, about a mile from the sea, in Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth CO., 16 miles E. from Freehold, and f3 S. of Long Branch boarding houses. There are several boarding houses at this place, where from 50 to 100 per- sons may be comfortably accommo- dated. Deckerfown, p-t., of Wantage t-ship, Sussex co., at the intersection of the Newton and Bolton, with the Paterson and Hamburg turnpike road; 244 miles from W. C, 86 from Trenton, and 14 from Newton. The town contains a grist mill, a Presbyterian church, 4 stores, 2 ta- verns, and from 15 to 20 dwellings, and lies in a rich limestone country. Deej) Brook, Caldwell t-ship, Es- sex CO., rises in the Second mountain, and flows N. to the Passaic river, having a semicircular course of 3 or 4 miles, and receiving a small tri- butary, called Green Brook. Deep Creek, Lower Alloways creek t-ship, Salem co., rises in that t-ship, and flows S. W., a meander- ing course, through the meadows and marshes for 7 or 8 miles, to the Dela- ware. It is not navigable. Deep Creek, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., makes in from the ocean, between 1 and 2 miles ; less than a mile above Shark inlet. Deep Clove River, a tributary of Wallkill river; rises at the east foot of the mountain, in Wantage t-ship, and flows S. E. by a course of 12 miles, to its recipient; receiving from the S. W. the Papakating creek, a short distance below Deckertown. There are several mills on both these streams. Deep, or Great Rtm, a tributary of the Great Egg Harbour river, Hamilton t-ship, Gloucester co., into which it flows from the west, about a mile below Weymouth furnace. Deep Rtm, tributary of South ri- ver, rises in Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., and flows by a N. W. DEL 128 DEL course of between 8 and 9 miles, to its recipient, in South Amboy t-ship, Mickllesex co., a mill stream. Deerfeld Township, Cumberland CO., bounded N. E. by Pittsgrove t-ship, N. W. by Upper AUoways creek t-ship, Salem co. ; S. by Fair- field and Millville t-ships, and VV. by Hopewell t-ship, Cumberland CO. Greatest length, N. and S. 11 miles, breadth, E. and W. 9 miles; area, 34,000 acres. Surface, level; soil, clay, gravel and sand, and not remarkat)le for fertility, but improv- ing under the application of marl. It is drained by the Cohansey creek, which runs southward along its west- ern boundary, and by Muddy run, a branch of Maurice river, which flows on the S. E. line. Population in 1830, 2,417: In 1832, there were in the t-ship, taxables, 305; 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church; 1 academy and several schools; 118 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 11 stores; 9 pairs of stones for grinding grain ; one wool- len manufactory; 2 saw mills; 1 full- ing mill; 316 horses, and 560 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years ; and the township paid for township pur- poses, $500, and for county and state tax, $835 25. Bridgeton," Deerfield and Carllsburg are towns of this t-ship. Deerfeld Street, post town of Deerfield t-ship, Cumberland co., 7 miles N. of Bridgeton ; 165 miles N. E. of Washington city, and 63 S. from Trenton; contains from 20 to 25 dwellings, occupied chiefly by agriculturists, 1 tavern, 1 store, and a Presbyterian church. DelVs Brook, small branch of the Rockaway river, flowing eastwardly about 5 miles through Pleasant val- ley, Randolph t-sliip, Morris co. Delmrnre Hirer and Bay, called by the Indians, Poiitaxaf, Marisqve- ton, Makerish-itton, Mdl-eriskkiskon, Lenape- Wihitftick (stream of the Le- nape,) by the Dutch, ^7/7/c7^ or South river, Charles river, and Nassau river, and by the Swedes, New Swedeland stream, one of the most considerable in N. America, rises by two princi- pal branches, in the state of New York. The northernmost, the Mo- hawk or Cooqvago, issues from Lake Utsaemthe lat. 42° 45', takes a S. W. course, and turning S. E. crosses the Pennsylvania line in lat. 42°. Seven miles below this point it re- ceives the Popachton branch, which rises in the Katskill mountain, from the S. E. It touches the N. W. cor- ner of N. Jersey, in lat. 41° 24', at Carpenter's Point, at the mouth of the Nevisink or Mackackomack ri- ver. The course of the current, above and below the Blue mountain, is crooked; and is through a moun- tainous country, until it leaves the Water Gap. The Delaware Water Gap is one of the greatest natural cu- riosities of the state. It would seem, from the quantity of alluvial lands, above the mountain, that at some remote period, a dam of great height, here, impeded the progress of the river. Had the dam been half as high as the mountain, it would have turned the water into the North river. It may have had an elevation of 150 or 200 feet, forming a lake of more than 50 miles in length; extending over the Minisink settlements. It has been conjectured that this dam was engulphed by some gi-eat con- vulsion of the earth ; and the opinion is supposed to be sustained by the ex- traordinary depth of the channel in several places of its passage through the mountain. An hundred years ago the boatmen I'cported, that they could not reach the bottom with their longest lines ; and even now we are informed that the bottom in these places cannot be attained with two plough lines attached to each other. But we see nothing in these appear- ances that renders it necessary to resort to the conjecture, that an earth- quake was emjiloyed to open an ade- quate passage for the river, and that it performed its ofRce with such ac- curacy, and economy of power, as to do no more than was indispensable, and to leave the rugged and lofty wall, 1600 feet high, rising almost precipitously from the water's edge, DEL 129 DEL unbroken. The distance through the mountain is about two miles. The rock presents a great variety of strata, in which granitic rock, slate, grauwacke and the old sandstone alternate. The sandstone is, at one place, at least, and probably at others, so soft as to disintegrate rapidly. At the place re- ferred to, the water has scooped out a basin from the hill of many acres in extent, which are now under cultiva- tion. Before the bed of the river was broken down, there must have been a cataract here, higher than that of Niagara. Supposing the waters to have been poured over the precipice upon a bed of soft or disjointed stones, very deep excavations must have been made, which the great mass of waters, in seasons of freshet, would continue to preserve. It is probable that, so much of the mountain as forms the present bed of the river was, throughout, of soft or very fria- ble material. The stream has obvi- ously sought the most practicable passage ; and to attain it, has formed an almost riffht-angled course through the mountain. Whatever may have been the resistance, the conquest has been complete, and it now flows through the deep ravine in calm and silent majesty, without a ripple to tell of its whereabout; and occasion- ally resting in motionless pools, of from two to three hundred yards wide, as if to reflect the picturesque scenery which surrounds and hangs over it. The lovers of diversified nature cannot visit this spot without high gratification. The " Gap," the break, in the almost unvarying line of the Kittatinny mountain is visible at nearly as groat a distance as the mountain itself. As we approach it from the S. E., the ground rises ra- pidly, almost precipitously, differing in this particular, as do all the moun- tain ranges of our country, from the N. VV. declivity, whose descent is long and gradual. At the entrance, the sides of the mountain, close to the water's edge, leave scarce room for a road, overhung by immense masses of rock, threatening destruction to the travel- ler beneath. The passage, however, widens as we proceed, and the scene- ry assumes a less imposing character. Verdant isles stud the bosom of the stream, and contrast beautifidly with the rocky and wood-clad eminences, which now have a more rounded form. These islands are rich, and bear the most luxurious harvests. About two-thirds of the way through the mountain from the Jersey shore, may be seen, most advantageously, near Dutotsburg, on the Pennsylva- nia bank, the pretty cascade formed by Cherry creek, which precipitates its waters in foam and spray, over a declivity of more than 50 feet. " The sunl)ow's rays still arch The torrent with the many hues of heav'n,. And roll the sheeted silver's waving co- lumn O'er the crags headlong perpendicular, And fling its lines of foaming light along, And to and fro, like the pale courser's tail, The giant steed, to be bestrode by Death,^ As told in the Apocalypse." — Byron. On the top of the mountain, 2 miles from the " Gap," is a large chalybeate spring, which deposits much ferrugi- nous ochre, similar to that of the Paint spring of Freehold t-ship, Monmouth CO. ; and, also, a deep lake, near a mile in circumference, well stored with fish. The margin of the river, above the mountain, is narrow, but very fertile ; and, on the Pennsylva- nia side, abounds in lime. A road follows each bank through the njoun- tain. That on the Jersey shore, rough, but safe, was made in the year 1830, by the aid of a donation of $2000 from the state. Before its completion, we are told, that the in- habitants, north of the mountain, made their way over the precipices by means of ladders of ropes. We know no more admirable spot for a summer retreat than at the foot of the mountain, on the north side of the Gap. Here might be en- joyed the charms of diversified and al- ways delightful scenery; a revivify- ing breeze, which follows the river through the sinuosities of its valley — fine rides on its banks, into the rich DEL 130 DEL limestone country of the Wallpack; renovated vigour I'rom the bracing mi- neral fountain; fine fishing upon the lake, the river and mountain brooks, of which the richest spoil is the gilded perch and speckled trout ; and the more manly exercise of shooting, the country abounding in game. A good house established at Brotzmanville, upon the prattling stream, which there makes the air musical, and which might be used with great convenience for baths, and other purposes, we think would be much encouraged, provided the road through the moun- tain be kept in good order. From New Jersey, the principal tributaries to the Delaware, above tide water, are Flatkill, Paulinskill, Pequest, Musconetcong, Laokatong, the Wickhechccoke, and the Assun- pink ; below tide, the Crosswicks, Rancocus, Cooper's, Oldman's, Sa- lem, Stow, and Cohansey creeks, and Maurice river. At Easton, the Dela- ware receives, from Pennsylvania, the Lehigh river. From the South mountain, below Easton, to the tide water at Trenton, the river has a S. W. course of about 60 miles, in which there are 25 noted rapids, with an aggregate fall of 165 feet. But the navigation has been improved, and is safe at the ordinary height of the wa- ter. From Easton to Bristol, the Delaware division of the Pennsylva- nia canal has been completed, and in connexion with the Lehigh canal, af- fords advantageous communication with the cf)al mines, and the valley of theLohiiili river. Two surveys have been made for a canal along the val- ley of the Delaware from Easton to Carpenter's Point. The Delaware and Raritan canal receives its water by a feeder, which taps thi; river on the left bank, about 23 miles above Trenton. The Mor- ris canal ent<'rs the river below Phil- lipsburg, and orer t-sliip, Monmouth co., bound- ed N. by Howell and Freehold t-ships, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Staf- ford t-ship, S. W. by Northampton and Hanover f-ships, Burlington co., DOV 133 DRA and N. W. by Upper Freehold. Cen- trally distant S. from Freehold, 24 miles ; greatest length E. and VV. 22 ; breadth N. and S. 17 miles; area, including Barnegat bay, and the At- lantic beach, 200,000 acres. It ex- tends from the Atlantic Ocean to the western line of the county. Surface generally level, but there are some hills in the south, at the head of Forked river, called Forked River mountains; soil, generally sand or light gravel, covered with pine forest, whence enormous quantities of tim- ber and cord wood are taken for the New York market, and for the supply of iron works in the t-ship. It is drained E. by Toms' river and its several branches. Cedar creek, and Forked river; on the W. by some branches of the Rancocus. Toms' river, Cedar creek, and Goodluck, are villages; the two first post-towns of the t-ship. Population in 1 830, 2898. In 1832, the t-ship contained about 550 taxables, 201 householders, whose ratables did not exceed 30 dol- lars, 72 single men, 9 stores, 7 saw mills, 2 grist mills, 3 blast furnaces, 350 horses and mules, and 925 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards; and paid in state and county taxes, i|1265 00. Dover, p-t. of Randolph t-ship, Mor- ris CO., on the Rockaway I'iver, 8 miles N. W. from Morristown, 233 N. E. from VV. C, and 67 from Tren- ton ; the mountains recede here, and form a small plain, on which the town is built, on several streets and on both sides of the river, which is passed by one, perhaps more bridges. It con- tains 3 large rolling and slitting mills, boring and turning engines, a cupola furnace or foundery, and saw mill, the property of the heirs of the late Mr. M'Farlane, of New York, a factory of machinery, owned by W. Ford, a bank with an actual capital of $50,000 and the right to extend it to $150,000, an academy, used also as a church, and about 30 dwellings; much busi- ness has formerly been done here; the Morris canal descends into the valley by an inclined plane and 4 locks ; a valuable iron mine, known as " Jackson's," near the town, is extensively worked, and governor Dickerson's mine is about 3 miles distant. Downe t-ship, Cumberland co., bounded N. by Fairfield and Mille- ville t-ship, E. by Maurice river, S. and W. by the Delaware. Cen- trally distant, S. E. from Bridgeton, 14 miles; greatest length E. and W. 14, breadth N. and S. 12 miles ; area, 58,240 acres; surface, level; soil, marsh upon the bay and Maurice river; loam for a narrow strip of about a mile in width, adjoining the marsh, the remainder sandy. Mau- rice river follows the whole of the east boundary; Nantuxet creek the north-west, between which flows Di- viding, Oranoken, Fishing, Broad, Oyster, and Fortescue creeks. Po- pulation in 1830, 1923; in 1832, there were in the t-ship, taxables, 310, householders 93, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; stores 6, grist mills 5, saw mills 2, carding ma- chine 1 ; 120 horses, 901 cattle above the age of 3 years ; Mauricetown, Newport, Dividing Creek, Port Nor- ris, and Buckshutem, are villages of the t-ship, of which the three first are post-towns. Double Pond, a sheet of water in the Wawayanda mountain, Sussex CO., which sends forth northwardly a small stream called Double Pond creek, which unites with Warwick creek, in the state of New York. Drakestown, Morris co., on the line dividing Washington from Rox- bury t-ship, on the road from Morris-> town to Hackettstown, 15 miles from the former and three from the latter, and upon Schooley's mountain ; con- tains a store, and from 12 to 15 dwellings. Drakesville, Roxbury t-ship, Mor- ris CO., on the turnpike road leading from Morristown by Stanhope fur- nace, 12 miles N. E. from the for- mer, and upon the Morris canal ; con- tains a tavern, a store, and from 12 to 15 dwellings. The country on the S. and S. E. is level, sandy, and DUG 134 EDG poor ; on the N. hilly and rough, but improving by the use of Ume. Drowned Lands, on tlie line sepa- rating Wantage irom Vernon t-ships, Sussex CO., and extending thence into CR'ange co., of New York. This is a morass of unusual extent for the northern states, and celebrated for the yearly inundation to which it is subject, and the malaria which it occasions during the autumn. It is twenty miles long, and varies in breadth from 1 to 5 miles. Through it flows the Wallkill, with a current scarce perceptible, to whose waters, when swelled by the spring freshets, it owes its annual submergence. It is composed of an accumulation of ve- getable matter, whose surface is im- perfectly converted into soil, abound- ing with carbonaceous substance, em- pyrcumatic oil, and gallic acid, and covered in midsummer with rank and luxuriant vegetation. The ditches, made in several places, in forming roads across it, disclose peat of excel- lent quality. This equivocal lake en- circles several islands, the largest of which contains 200 acres of excellent land, well cultivated ; the smaller ones are uninhabited, and generally cover- ed with wood, among which the beau- tiful flowering shrub. Rhododendron Maximum, laurelled leaved rose tree, grows abundantly. The rocks on the island, and upon the borders of the morass, indicate that it reposes on blue chcrty limestone; but in one place, at least the island near Wood- ville, primitive limestone, the rock of the neighbouring country appears. No successful eifurt has yet been made to drain this vast swamp, which is abandoned as pasturing ground to cattle on the sui)si(lcncc of the spring inundation, fur a few weeks only, and is for the rest of the year a desolate waste. • Dry Branch, tributary of Paulin's creek, Knowlton t-p. Warren co. Duck Island, in the Delaware ri- ver, above Hordentown, in Nottinir. ham township, iiurlingfon county. It is somewhat more than a mile in length. Dimker Pond, south of Bear Fort mountain, Pompton t-ship, Bergen co., sends forth a small tributary to the Pequannock creek. Dunks's Ferry, a noted and long established ferry on the Delaware ri- ver, Willingboro' t-ship, Burlington CO., 4 miles below the city of Burling- ton. Dyer's Creek, a small marsh stream of Middle t-ship. Cape May CO., which flows into the Delaware, after a course of 3 or 4 miles. Dutch Neck, viHage of W. Wind- sor t-ship, Middlesex co., 18 miles S. W. from Trenton ; contains a tavern and 3 or 4 stores ; soil, gravelly and poor. East Creek, mill stream of Dennis t-ship. Cape May co., flowing about 7 miles S. W. into the Delaware bay. East Windsor. (See Windsor, East.) Eayrstown, village of Northamp- ton t-ship, Burlington co., on the S. branch of Rancocus creek, near the junction of Haines' creek with that stream, and at the head of tide, be- tween 3 and 4 miles S. W. from Mount Holly ; contains a cotton fac- tory, a grist mill, saw mill, fulling mill, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 12 or 15 dwellings; soil, sandy loam, fertile and well cultivated. Edinburgh, W. Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co., on the Assunpink creek, 18 miles S. W. from N. B., and 8 miles E. of Trenton; contains a Presbyterian church of wood, 1 store, 1 tavern, a grist mill, and 12 or 14 dwellings; soil, sandy and light. Eaton, p-t. of Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., 2 miles S. from Shrewsburytown, upon Shrewsbury river, 11 miles from Freehold, 48 from Trenton, and 213 from W. C, on a branch of Swimming I'iver, 1^ miles above navigable water; con- tains about 30 dwellings, 5 or 6 stores, 2 taverns, a grist mill, and an aca- demy, in a pleasant and fertile coun- try. ' Edgepeling, a tributary of Atsion river, rising in Evesham t-ship. Bur- EGG 135 EGG ^ lington CO., and flowing by a south- ^ erly course of 8 or 9 mileSj to its re- cipient in Washington t-ship. Egg Harbour, Little, t-ship, Bur- lington CO., bounded N. by Oswego, or east branch of Wading river, which separates it from Northampton t-ship, S. E. by StafFoi'd t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., S. by Little Egg Harbour river and bay, and W. by Washington t-ship. Centrally distant from Mount Holly, S. E. 35 miles; greatest length N. and S. 20 miles ; breadth E. and W. 10 miles; area, 76,800 acres, including bays and inlets; surface, level; soil, gravel and sand. The northern part of the township, call- ed the Plains, is of the former, cover- ed with low pines and scrub oaks, forming an excellent covert for deer and grouse, which find abundant food in the mast produced by the latter. The southei'n part of the t-ship is sandy, covered with forest. It is drained chiefly by branches of Little Egg Harbour river, of which Bass ri- ver is here the chief. Tuckerton, upon Shorl's mill branch, is the post- town. Population in 1830, 1490. Li 1832, the t-ship contained 150 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed $30; 347 taxables, 51 single men, 6 stores, 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 1 two horse stage, 7 dearborns, 36 covered wagons, 10 gigs and sul- kies, 640 neat cattle, 170 horses and mules ; and it paid state tax, $127 48 ; county tax, $444; road tax, $300. Egg Harbour Bay, Little, partly in Little Egg Harbour t-ship, Bur- lington CO., and partly in StaflxDrd t-ship, Monmouth co. ; extends about 14 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 in breadth, from Little Egg Harbour inlet to Barnegat inlet, and contains many islands, the haunts of ducks, geese, and sea-fowl. Egg Harbour, Little, or Mullica''s River, rises by several branches in Burlington and Gloucester cos.; the chief of which are Batsto river, near Burlington, Atsion river, on the boun- dary between the two counties, Me- chescalaxin and Nesochcaque, which unite near Pleasant Mills, 25 miles from the sea. Hg»lf way below this point. Wading and Bass rivers blend with the main stream, which is navi- ^ij gable, for sloops, to Batsto furnace, '"'' 25 miles. The Little Egg Harbour bay and inlet, and Great bay, form a sheet of salt water, separated from the ocean by Brigantine, Tucker's and Long beaches, the connnunica- tion with which, from the sea, is chief- ly by the New inlet, which admits vessels of from 15 to 18 feet draught, many of which, during the late war, entered and discharged valuable car- goes. The Old inlet, to the north from Tucker's island, is now little used, except for vessels of very light burden. The collection district of Little Egg Harbour, comprehends the shores, waters, bays, rivers and creeks, from Barnegat inlet to Bri- gantine inlet, both inclusively. Tuck- erton is the sole port of entry, at which the collector resides. Egg Harbour River, Great, rises in Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester co., by Inskeep's branch, and flows a S. E. course through Deptford, Hamil- ton, Weymouth, and Egg Harbour t-ships, to the ocean, about 45 miles ; receiving in its way several, but not very considerable tributaries, on either hand, and draining a wide extent of sandy soil and pine forest. It is na- vigable for sloops of considerable bur- den, above May's Landing, more than 25 miles; and from this point flows through a continued marsh. Large quantities of wood, coal, and lumber, are annually exported from this river. Great Egg Harbour bay is entered by Great Egg Harbour inlet, between Absecum and Peck's beaches. The bay is about five miles long, and has a very irregular breadth, varying from half a mile to 4 miles. The inlet, at its mouth, is more than a mile in width, and communicates with the bay by several channels. Egg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester CO., bounded N. E. by Absecum creek, bay, and inlet, which separate it from Galloway t-ship ; S. E. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. W. by Great Egg Harbour inlet, bay, and river, and N. ELI 136 ELI W. by Hamilton t-sliip. Centrally distant from Woodbury S. E. 48 miles; greatest length E. and W. 12; breadth N. and S. 12 miles; area, 85,000 acres, including beaches, bays, and rivers ; surl'ace level ; marsh several miles in width, within the beach; sandy elsewhere, and, gene- rally, covered with jiine forest. Bar- gaintovvn and Somers' Point are post- towns of the t-ship; population in 1830, 2510. In 1832 the t-ship con- tained 122 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; 5 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 carding machine, 6 saw mills, 510 neat cattle, and 260 horses and mules; and paid county taxes, $307 59.^; poor tax, $153 90; road tax, $M00. Great Egg Harbour, collection district, comprehends the river of Great Egg Harbour, together with all the inlets, bays, sounds, rivers, and creeks, along the sea coast,'from Brigantine inlet to Cape May. Egg Island, Downe t-ship, Cum- berland CO., Dt>laware bay, off the western point of Maurice Cove, of a triangular form, extending about half a mil(^ upon each side. Egg Island, false, a point of Downe t-ship, about 4 miles higher up the bay, than the foregoing, and which, from similarity of configuration, is oitrn mistaken for it. Egg Islands, Barnegat bay, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., about 3 miles below the mouth of Toms' bay, each near a mile in length. Eight Mile Branch, of Cedar creek, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., rises west of the Forked mountains, and flows eastwardly to its recipient. Elizahethtoxcn, and t-ship, Essex CO., thus named after Lady Elizabeth Carteret, the wife and executrix of Sir (Jeorge (Jarteret. The town lies upon Elizabeth creek, 1^ miles W. from a point of fast land, runninjr through the marsh to Staten Island Sound, and on the turnpike; road and rail-road, from New Brunswick to New York, 17 miles by the post road from the former, and 15 from the latter; 42 from Trenton, and 210 from W. C; pleasantly situated, in a level and fin-tile country, of clay loam; contains 400 dwellings, 3 handsome churches of brick, one be- longing to the Episcopalians, and two to the Presbyterians, the first congre- gation of whom, is, probably, as old as the town, itself; and 1 Methodist church, of wood. There were two churches in this town, in 1748, which the Swedish traveller, Kalm, prefer- red to any in Philadelphia: 2 tem- perance societies, having together 450 members, whose beneficial influ- ence is said to be extensively felt, there not being a distillery in the t-ship, and all the respectable farmers conducting their labours without the stimulus of ardent spirit; a bank called the " State Bank at Eliza- beth,^^ with an authorized capital of $200,000, of which $132,924, have been paid in, conducted reputably and profitably ; 5 taverns in the town and two at the Point ; 9 stores, at none of which is ardent spirit sold ; 1 book store, 2 boarding schools for girls, at which there arc about 100 pupils from various parts of the country ; 1 clas- sical boarding school for boys, con- taining 40 boarders, under the care of the Reverend Mr. Halsey, all of which are in high repute; 2 public libraries, one religious, the other mis- cellaneous, called the Elizabethtown Apprentices' Library, much and ad- vantageously used ; 1 printing office, from which is issued the newspaper called the New Jersey Journal, origi- nally founded by the venerable judge Hallock, at Chatham, in 1779, re- moved to this town in 1786, and con- ducted by him for nearly half a cen- tury; an oil mill, large grist and saw mill, 2 large saw mills for cutting mahogany, with circular saws for veneers; 2 large oil cloth manufac- tories, belonging to the same compa- ny ; 2 earthenware, and 1 earthen and stoneware jiotteries; flax works, which brc^ak and dress 2 tons per day, driven by steam; a rope, twine, and cotton bagging factory, also driven by steam, and employing 20 hands; 2 tin, sheet iron, and stove ELI 137 ELS factories, 1 clock manufactory, and 1 shears manufactory, moved by steam ; 2 carriage makers, 2 tanneries, one of which dresses oil, morocco, and alum, leather; 1 iron foundery for making malleable castings, connected with which is a steam engine factory, and machine shop, worked by steam ; and a book bindery. . The town or t-ship is bounded N. by Newark t-ship, E. by Newark bay and Staten Island Sound, S. by Rahway, and W. by Union t-ships; greatest length N. E. and S. W. 5 miles; breadth, 3| miles; area, 10,000 acres ; soil, red shale, clay, loam, and marsh ; from the last of which, large quantities of grass are cut, chiefly for manure. The soil is of excellent quality, and repays the la- bour of the husbandman abundantly. Bound Brook runs on the north, and Morss Brook on the south boundary. There are 470 dwellings in the t-ship, and the population was, in 1830, 3455. In 1832, the t-ship contained 550 taxables, 235 householders, whose ratable estate did not exceed 30 dol- lai's, 83 single men, 22 merchants, 289 horses and mules, 579 neat cat- tle over 3 years of age ; and it paid in 1833, state tax, .1^3 13 13; county, $819 17; road, $800; poor, $900. The t-ship has a house and farm of 50 acres, upon which its poor are kept. This town was the first English settlement made in the state. The land was purchased for a company called the Elizabethtown Associates, from the Indians in 1664. These Associates, 74 in number, were origi- nally from Jamaica, Long Island. They held adversely to Berkeley and Carteret, the grantees of the Duke of York; and their pertinacious adhe- rence to the right, real, or supposed, obtained under the Indian grant, ^\'us cause of disturbance and commotion, not only during the government of the proprietaries, but for many years of the royal administration. During the revolution, the town suffered much from its contiguity to New York. On the 21st January, 1780, the first Presbyterian church was burned by the British, and in the following No- vember, its minister, the Rev. James Caldwell, was shot. Elizabethtown is a desirable resi- dence, whether health, business, or pleasure, be in view. The excellent order and morals which prevail here, the advantages derived from its schools, the short distance from New York, to which the inhabitants, three times a day, have access, by steam- boats from the Point, and at other times by stages; the rail-road now being constructed through the town, and that to be made by Somerville to Belvidere, cannot fail to increase its population, and the price of its lands. The town is built upon streets un- commonly wide, and has many very handsome buildings, surrounded by large well improved lots. The t-ship was originally incorporated by Go- vernor Philip Carteret, about the same time as its neighbour Wood- bridge, by a most liberal charter; and subsequently, 28th November, 1789, by act of Assembly, with bounds including parts of the present adjacent townships. Its area has been greatly diminished by various acts. The corporate officers of the '■'•Borough of Elizabeth^'' are a may- or, deputy mayor, recorder, seven al- dermen or assistants, a sheriff, coro- ner, treasurer, clerk, high constable, and seven constables. It has power to regulate general police, markets, roads, &c., and has a court of com- mon pleas and general sessions, holden 4 times annually, vdth a ju- risdiction like to, and exclusive of, that of the county courts. At Eliza- bethtown Point there was formerly a ferry by which passengers, from and to New York, crossed to Staten Island. Ellishvrg, small hamlet, of Wa- terford t-ship, Gloucester co., 6 miles S. E. from Camden, 9 miles N. E. from Woodbury, and 2 from Had- donfield ; contains a tavern, store, smith shop, and several dwellings. Elsinborough, t-ship, Salem co., bounded N. by Salcjn creek, and Sa- ENG 138 ESS lein t-ship, E. by Lower AUoways t-ship, S. by Alloways creek; and W. by the Delaware river. Cen- trally distant from the town of Sa- lem, 3 miles ; greatest length N. and S. 6 miles; breadth E. and W. 4 miles ; area, about 8000 acres ; sur- face, level ; soil, rick loam and marsh meadow, highly cultivated. The t-ship is drained by Alloways creek on the south, and Salem creek on the north. Population in 1830, 503. In 1832, the l-ship contained 56 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed 30 dollars, 117 taxables, 118 horses and mules, and 547 neat cat- tle, above the age of 3 years. Empty Box Run, Upper B'reehold t-ship, Monmouth co., a small branch of the Assunpink creek. Englishfown, p-t., of Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., upon Matcha- ponix creek, near the N. W. boun- dary of the t-ship and county ; con- tains a grist mill, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and about 30 dwellings, surrounded by a light sandy soil. English Neighbourhood, pleasant village, of Ilackensack t-ship, Rergen CO., 5 )iiiles S. E. from llackensack- town, and 51 from Hoboken, on the turnpike road to Ilackensack ; con- tains a post-otlice, a Dutch Relormed church, and a church of Chris-ti-ans, 3 taverns, 2 stores, and from 15 to 20 dwellings. This village is at a convenient distance from New York, by a good road, which, through a pleasant country, affords a very agreeable drive on a summer's after- noon, to the business-worn citizens. English Creefc, a smart mill stream, of Egg Harbour t-ship; Gloucester CO., which flows by a S. W. course of 4 or 5 miles, into the Great Egg Harbour river, about 5 miles from the bay. English Creek, a tributary of the ilackensack river, which rises, and has its course, in ilackensack t-ship, I3ergen co.; and almost the whole of its length of 7 miles is through a ce- dar swamp. This creek formed the deR-nce of th(^ garrison of 3000, who retreated from Fort Lee, attacked by Lord Cornwallis, 18th November, 1776. Essex County, had its boundaries fixed by act 21st January, 1709-10, commencing at the mouth of I^ah- way river, where it falls into the Staten Island Sound ; thence up the river to Robeson's branch; thence west to the line between the former eastern and western divisions of the colony ; thence by the same line, to Pequannock river, where it meets the Passaic river; thence down the Pas- saic to the Bay and Sound ; thence down the Sound to the place of be- ginning. These limits were modified by the act of 4th November, 1741, annexing part of the county to Somer- set. Essex is now bounded W. N. and E. by the Passaic river, which separates it, W. and N. W. from Mor- ris CO., N. and E. from Bergen co., S. E. by Newark bay and Long Island Sound, S. by Middlesex co., and S. W. by Somerset co. Greatest length N. and S. 28 miles, breadth E. and W. 19 miles; area in acres, 154,680, or 241 ^: square miles. Central lat. 40° 45' N.; long. 2° 45' E. from W. C. Geologically considered, this coun- ty will be classed with the secondary or transition formation, as the old red sandstone shall be determined to be- long to either. The whole seems based upon this substratum. It is crossed, however, diagonally from S. W. to N. E., by 2 mountain ridges, entering New Providence and West- field t-ships from Somerset county, which extend for 25 miles, unbroken by any stream of water, to the Pas- saic, at Paterson. These are known by the local names of First and Se- cond Mountains, and the latter by that of Short Hills. These ridges, from 1 to 2 miles asunder, are of trap formation, and in some points as- sume, particularly at the Great and Little Falls, on the I'assaic, a colum- nar character and appearances of the action of fire in their cellular form, which support the igneous origin of that rock. These hills, generally covered with wood, send forth tribu- ESS 139 ESS taries to the cardinal points of the i compass, and their rocky basis have caused the beautiful cataracts of the Passaic Falls. The great river of the county is the Passaic, whose main stream en- compasses it on all sides, save the south, and receives, with few excep- tions, all the other streams. On the west of the mountains, these tributaries are Deep, Pine, Black Rock, Meadow, and River Canoe, brooks; on the east. Second and Third rivers, and several inconsidera- ble streams. Peckman's river runs northward, in the valley between the mountains, emptying into the Passaic, about 2 miles below the Little Falls. The Rahway river, which rises in the same valley, and whose source is not a mile south of the former, runs by an opposite course into Staten Island Sound. Green brook, which rises in the Short Hills, has a south- west course to the Raritan, on the line below Somerset and Middlesex counties. On the east side of the mountains, there are 2 noted chaly- beate springs; one in Acquackanonck, and the other in Orange township. The soil of the county is generally of red shale, except where formed of the debris of the mountains. The first is almost every where well cul- tivated, and in many places highly productive in grain and grass; and, as a large proportion of the popula- tion is employed in manufactures, an advantageous market is produced at the door of the farmer for all his pro- ductions ; consequently, the whole country, almost without exception, has the air of growing wealth and present enjoyment. A large portion of the surface of the county, on each side of the mountains is level, but some of it, hilly. The principal towns are on the east of the mountain; Newark, the seat of justice ; Paterson, Weasel, Acquackanonck, Bloomfield, Belle- ville, Orange, South Orange, Camp- town, Springfield, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Westfield, Scotch Plains, Plainfield, &c. Four turnpike roads cross the county, north-westerly, leading from Elizabethtown, Newark, and Jersey City, respectively. In the north part of the county, a considerable portion of the agricultu- ral population is of Dutch descent, whilst the south has been peopled from English sources, and principally from Long Island and New Eng- land. The inhabitants have the love of order, decorum, industry, and thrift of their ancestors. In 1830, the census gave an ag- gregate of 41,911 souls, of whom 20,242 were white males; 19,502 white females; 921 free coloured males; 1018 free coloured females; 107 male slaves; 111 female slaves. There were 1176 aliens; whites, deaf and dumb 27, and 22 blind ; and 1 coloured person blind. In 1832, the county contained 7710 taxables, 3370 householders, whose ratable estates did not exceed 830; 1412 single men, 306 merchants, 42 grist mills, 22 cotton, and 13 wool- len manufactories, 41 saw mills, 5 furnaces, 5 carding machines, 19 paper mills, 1 fulling mill, 223 tan vats, 3 bleaching and printing esta- blishments for cotton, &.C., and 5 dis- tilleries. Besides these sources of trade, a very large business is done in the manufacture of shoes and hats for foreign markets. In the same year, the county paid state tax, $3822 04, county tax, $10,000, poor tax, $10,570, road tax, $10,204. The means for moral improvement consist of many religious institutions, such as churches pertaining to Epis- copalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, and Dutch Reformed — bible, missionary, and temperance societies ; academies in the principal towns, at which the languages and the higher branches of an English education are taught, and common and Sunday schools, in every vicinity. EVE 140 FAI STATISTICAL TABLE OF ESSEX COUNTY. ^ 13 I 1 Population. Townships, «&c. be a cs Area. Surface. 1810. 1820. 1880. Acquackanonck, 7 H 14,000hilly, 2023 3338 7710 Bloomfield, 5 42 14,000 do. 3085 4309 Caldwell, 7 6 16,500, do. 2235 2020 2004 Elizabeth, 5 3i 10,000i do. 2977 3515 3455 Livingston, 5 4i 13,000 do. 1056 1150 Newark, 7 6 12,000 level, 8008 6507 10,953 New Providence, 6 2. 7680 pt. hill, pt. valley. 756 768 910 Orange, 7 5 14,000 hilly, rolling, 2266 2830 3887 Rahway, 8 4i 10,000 level, 1779 1945 1983 Springfield, 6 5 13,500 hilly. 2360 1804 1653 Union, 5i 5 12,000>vel, 142S 1567 1405 Westfield, 7 6 18,000 pt. hilly pt. level, 2152 2358 2492 154,680 25,984 30,793 41,911 Etna, furnace and forge, and grist and saw mills, on Tuckahoe creek, Weymouth t-ship, Gloucester co., about 15 miles from the sea. Everittstown, Alexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., 11 miles N. W. of Flemington, upon the Nischisakawick creek, contains 1 tavern, a grist mill, a Methodi.st church, and several dvvell- ings. Evesham t-ship, Burlington co., bounded on the N. E. and E. by Northampton t-ship, S. E. by Wash- ington t-ship, S. W. by Waterford t-ship, Gloucester co., and on the N. W. by Chester t-ship. Centrally distant S. W. from Mount Holly 8 miles; gi*eatest length N. and S. 15 miles; breadth 10 miles; area, 67,000 acres; surface, generally level; soil, sand and sandy loam; the north-v/cstern portion jjrefty well cultivated and productive. The south branch of the Rancocus forms, in part, the N. E. boundary ; Haines' creek, and several other tributaries, are on the E.; and on the S. the t-ship is drained by the head waters of the Little Egg Harbour river. Evesham, Medford, Colestown, Lumberton, Fostertown, Evesham Cross Roads, Bodine, Cropwell, «Sic. arc the villages of the t-ship, the two first are po.st- towns; population in 1*^30, 4:239. In 1832 the f-ship contained taxables 850, householders 366, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30, single men 90, stores 9, saw mills 12, gri.st mills 7, fulling mills 2, distilleries for cider 4, phaetons and chaises 3, two horse stages 1, dearborns 40, covered wa- gons 221, chairs and curricles 39, gigs and sulkies 11, 2303 neat cattle, and 1016 horses and mules, above 3 years old ; and it paid state tax, $607 21; county tax, $2119 15; and t-.ship tax, $1500. Eiiesham, p-t., Evesham t-ship, Burhngton co., 8 miles S. W. from Mount Holly, and 4 miles S. E. from Moorestown, 34 from Trenton, and 147 from W. C; contains a Quaker meeting house and several dwellings. Evesham Cross Roads, Evesham t-ship, Burlington co., 6 miles S. W. from Mount llolly. Ewing''s NecJi, on the Delaware bay, between Tarkiln creek and Mau- rice river t-ship, Cumberland co. Factory Branch, of Cedar creek, small stream of Dover t-ship, Mon- mouth CO. Fairfeld t-ship, Cumberland co., is bounded on the N. by Deerfield, Hopewell, and Greenwich t-ships, from the two last of which, it is sepa- rated by the Cohansey creek ; E. by Milleville t-ship, and S. by Downe t-ship and the Delaware bay. Cen- trally distant S. from Bridijeton 7 FAI 141 FLA miles; greatest length E. and W. 15 miles; breadth 8 miles ; area, 46,720 acres; surface, level; soil, with the exception of a strip of marsh and up- land on the bay, the latter of which is clay and loam, is of sand. The t-ship is drained on the north line by the Cohansey creek, on the south line by Nantuxet creek, and intermediate- ly, by several small streams, of which Cedar creek is the most considerable ; all of which flow westward ; eastw^ard it sends forth some small tributaries to Maurice river ; population in 1830, 1812. In 1832 there were in the t-ship 410 taxables, 105 household- ers, whose ratables did not exceed in value $30; 9 stores, 6 run of stones for grinding grain ; 2 saw mills, 1 tanneiy, 310 horses, and 1188 neat cattle, above 3 years old ; and it paid road tax, $100; county and state tax, $868 55. Cedarville and Fairton are post-towns of the t-ship. There are in the t-ship a Presbyterian and Methodist church. Fairfield, small village, in the northern part of Caldwell t-ship, Essex CO.; contains a Dutch Reform- ed church, and some 8 or 1 0 dwellings, distant 1 1 miles north west from New- ark. Fairton, p-t. of Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co., in the fork formed by Mill creek and Rattle Snake run, which unite and flow into Cohansey creek ; distant about 4 miles S. of Bridgeton, 179 N. E. from W. C, and 73 S. from Trenton ; contains from 30 to 40 dwellings, 2 stores, a Methodist church, and about 200 in- habitants. There is also a Presbyte- rian church near the town. Marl has been lately discovered here on the estate of Michael Swing, the use of which adds much to the fertility of the lands. Fairvietv, or Quakertown, p-t. of Kingwood t-ship, Hunterdon co., 7 miles N. W. of Flemington, 29 from Trenton, and 188 from W. C; con- tains a Quaker meeting house, 2 stores, a tavern, and some 12 or 15 dwellings, and several mechanics' shops. The soil here is a stiff clay. which is becoming fertile by the use of lime. Faraway Branch, small tributary of Hospitality creek, an arm of the Great Egg Harbour river, in Franklin and Deptford t-ships, Gloucester co. Fenwicke Creek, Mannington t-sp. Salem co., named after John Fen- wicke, the first Quaker settler in this country, rises by two branches, one of which, and the main stem, form the eastern and northen boundary of Salem t-ship, separating it from Man- nington. The greatest length of the stream may be 6 miles. It empties into Salem creek, at the town of Sa- lem, where it is crossed by a neat covered bridge, to which it is navi- gable. Finesville, small village on the Musconetcong creek, a mile above its mouth, and 19 miles S. W. from Belvidere, the county town, and 8 from Easton; lies in a very narrow but fertile valley ; contains a grist mill, saw mill, and oil mill, a woollen manufactory, 1 tavern, 1 store, and fi'om 15 to 20 dwellings. Finn^s Point, a noted point on the Delaware, of Lower Penn's Neck t-ship, Salem co., about 4 miles above Salem creek, and 1 above Fort Dela- ware. It has its name from the first landing or residence of the Finn's here. Fishing Creek, a small stream of Downe t-ship, which flows from Ora- noken creek, through the salt marsh, into the Delaware bay. Fishing Creek, S. W. boundary of Middle t-ship. Cape May co., flows westerly 4 or 5 miles to the Dela- ware bay. It gives name to a post- office; distant 109 miles from W. C., and 112 from Trenton. Five Mile Beach, between Here- ford and Turtle Gut inlets, partly in Middle and partly in Lower t-ship, Cape May co., of a" wedge-like form, having in its greatest width about a mile. Flaggtown, p-t., of Hillsborough t-ship, Somerset co., 6 miles S. W. from Somerville ; contains 1 tavern, and about a dozen houses. It is 1 91 FLE 142 FOR miles N. E. from W. C, and 25 from Xrenton. Flanders, p-t., of Roxbury t-ship, Morris co., in the valley of the south branch of the Raritan river, and in a fertile country, at the east foot of Schooley's mountain,* 13 miles N. W. of Morristown, 54 N. E. from Trenton, and 220 from W. C. ; con- tains a grist and saw mill, a Metho- dist church, a school, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and from 20 to 25 dwellings. Flatkill, Big and Little, creeks, of Sussex CO., both of which rise in Montague t-ship, and unite near the southern boundary of Sandistone t-ship; thence the stream flows S. W. into the river Delaware, at the Wal- pack Bend. The course of the main stream is parallel with the Blue moun- tain from its source, and for the length of 25 miles, in which it re- ceives some inconsiderable and inno- minate tributaries from the mountain. Flat lirookville, post-office, San- dystone t-ship, Sussex co., 247 miles N. E. from AV. C, and 89 from Tren- ton. Flcmington, p-t., of Hunterdon co., situate at the northern extremity of the valley, lying between Rock moun- tain and Mount Carmcl, and near the S. E. foot of the latter, and 2 miles E. of the south branch of the Raritan river, 23 miles N. from Trenton, 45 from Philadelphia, and 182 from W. C, 25 N. W. from Brunswick, and 25 S. E. from Easton ; the two last are the principal markets for this por- tion of the country. The surface for many miles south and east is gently undulating; the valley between the moimtains extending about 8 miles ; the soil is of red shale, underlaid by the old red sandstone formation, and if not generous in spontaneous pro- duction, is grateful for the careful cultivation it receives, yielding abun- dance of grass, wheat, rye, oats, In- dian corn, and flax ; of the last, many farmers sow from 12 to 15 acres, for the product of which fhey find a ready market at Philadelphia. The town is also famed for excellent cheese, made at the extensive dairy of Mr. Capner. Much attention is also given here to raising horses, of which the breeds are greatly admired, and ea- gerly sought for. The town contains 50 dwellings, and about 300 inha- bitants; a very neat Presbyterian church, of stone, built about 35 years since; a Methodist church, of brick, a neat building ; and a Baptist church, of wood ; two schools, one of which is an incorporated academy, and 3 Sunday schools ; a public library, un- der the care of a company also in- corporated; a court-house, of stone, rough-cast, having a Grecian front, with columns of the Ionic order. The basement story of this building is used as the county prison : the se- cond, contains an uncommonly large and well disposed room for the court : the third, a grand jury room ; and other apartments. From the cupola, which surmounts the structure, there is a delightful prospect of the valley, bounded by mountains on the S. and S. W., but almost unlimited on the S. E., and of the hill, which rises by a graceful and gentle slope on the N. and N. W., ornamented with well cultivated farms to its very summit. The houses, built upon one street, are neat and comfortable, with small court yards in front, redolent with flowei's, aromatic shrubs and creep- ing vines. The county offices, de- tached from the court-house, are of brick and fire-proof. There arc here, 5 lawyers, 2 physicians; a journal, published weekly, called the Hunter- don Gazette, edited by Mr. Charles George; a fire engine, with an in- corj)()rated flre association. The name of the i)Iace is from its founder, Mr. Fleming, who resided here before the revolution. A valuable deposit of copper is said to have been lately found here. Fork Bridge, over Maurice river, about 2 miles below the village of Malaga, on the line between Glou- cester, Salem and Cumberland coun- ties. It takes its name from the fork of the river above it. There are here two mills and several dwellings. Forked River, Dover t-ship, Mon- FRA 143 FRA mouth CO., rises at the foot of the Forked river mountains, and flows E., about 10 miles, to the Atlantic ocean. Forked River Mountains, two considerable sand hills in the south- ern part of Dover t-ship, Monmouth county. Forstertoicn, Evesham t-ship, Bur- lington CO., 6 miles S. of Mount Hol- ly, is a cluster of some 8 or 10 farm houses, upon an excellent soil of sandy loam, highly cultivated. Fortesciie Creek, Downe t-ship, Cumberland co., flows from the Oran- oken creek, through the salt marsh into the Delaware bay. Fort Lee, on the North river, and in Hackensack t-ship, Bergen co., about 5 miles E. of Hackensack town. This was a noted post dur- ing the revolutionary war, command- ins in common with Fort Washing- ton, on the New York side, the na- vigation of the river. Both forts were strongly garrisoned by the Ame- rican troops, and bridled the English forces in New York, after the battle of Long Island. Possession of them was unfortunately holden after their insufficiency to prevent the passage up the river by the British vessels had been experimentally proven. The capture of Fort Washington lost the Americans 3000 men, and the like number in Fort Lee were saved from the same fate only by the timely abandonment of the works, by order of Gen. Greene, on the 18th Novem- ber, 1776. A metallic vein was worked near this fort, at the com- mencement of the American war, under the impression that it contain- ed gold. But it has been determined by Dr. Torrey, that the ore is pyri- tous and green carbonate of copper, in a matrix of quartz and siliceous and calcareous breccia, dipping under green sandstone. Frankford t-ship, Sussex co., bounded N. by Wantage; E. by Hardiston; S. by Newton, and W. by Sandiston t-ship. Centrally dis- tant, N. from Newton, 8 miles; greatest length, 11 ; breadth, 8 miles; area, 28,800 acres. The surface of the t-ship is hilly towards the west ; the boundary on that side running on the Blue mountain. The remainder consists of valley lands. At the foot of the mountain, Long pond and Cul- ver's pond, are the principal sources of Paulinskill creek, which flows S. W. towards the Delaware. On the N. the t-ship is drained by the Papakating creek, a tributary of the Wallkill river. Two turnpike roads, that from Morristown to the De- laware, opposite Milford, running north-west, and the Newton and Bolton, running north-east, cross the township. Augusta and Branchville are post towns, lying on the for- mer. Population "^ in "^ 1 830, 1996. Taxables in 1832, 370. There were in the t-ship, in 1832, 110 house- holders, whose ratables did exceed 830; 6 stores, 14 run of stones for grinding grain, 2 carding machines ; 1 fulling mill, 460 horses and mules, and 1540 neat cattle, above three years old ; 48 tan vats, 5 distilleries. The t-ship paid state and county tax, $812 70; poor tax, 8900; road tax, 8800. Lime and slate alternate in sevei'al veins or beds, in the town- ship. Their soils are fertile. Franklin t-ship, Somerset co., bounded N. by Bridge water t-ship and river; N. E. by Raritan river, separating it from Piscataway t-ship, Middlesex co. ; S. E. by North and South Brunswick t-ships, of that county ; and S. W. and W. by Millstone river, dividing it from Mont- gomery and Hillsborough t-ships, Somerset co. Centrally distant, S. E., from Somerville, 7 miles. Great- est length, N. E. and S. W., 13,- breadth, E. and W., 8 miles; area, about 30,000 acres. Surface on the S. W., hilly, elsewhere gently un- dulating. Drained by the Millstone and Raritan rivers, and by several tributaries, of which Six. Mile Run is the chief. Griggstown is a village of the t-ship; near it, at the foot of Rocky hill, is a deposit of copper ore, not wrought. Part of Kingston and Six Mile Run villajies are within the east FRA 144 FRE boundary, on the Princeton and New Brunswick turnpike. Population in 1830, 3352. In 1832, there were 716 taxahles ; 67 houseliolders, whose ratables did not exceed $30, and 58 single men, 10 stores, 4 saw mills, 4 grist mills, 13 tan-vats, 2 distil- leries, 862 horses and mules, and 1335 neat cattle above the age of three years; and it paid, state tax, $709 30; county, $996 11. Franklin t-ship, Bergen co., bounded N. by Rockland co., state of New York ; E. by Saddle river, which divides it fi-om Harrington t-ship ; S. by Saddle river t-ship, and W. by Pompton. Centrally dis- tant, N. W. from Hackensack, 13 miles; greatest length, N. and S. 10 miles; breadth, E. and W. 9 miles; area, above 45,000 acres. There are elevated grounds on the E. and W. ; on the W. lies the Ra- mapo mountain. The greater part of the township is valley, with undu- lating surface and diluvial soil, of gravel, loam and sand, poured over a sandstone base; generally well cultivated and productive; and a large portion of the produce is con- sumed at the numerous manufrictories of the townshi|). It is drained by the Ramnpo river, coursing the base of the Ramapo mountain, in the N. W. angle, and by Saddle river on the east l)oundary, with their tributaries. Population in 1830, 3449. In 1832, the t-ship contained 862 taxables, 83 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 7 merchants, 18 grist mills, 13 cotton mills, 25 saw mills, 3 paper mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 furnace, 2 fulling mills, 22 tan vats, 4 distilleries, 803 horses, and 1780 mules, above 3 years old; and it paid state tax, $370 51, county tax, $753 25, poor, $500, roads, $2000. In Franklin there are 4 Dutch Re- formed, 2 Scceders, and 2 Methodist churches. Franklin, t-ship, (lloucesfer co., bounded N. E. by Deptlord t-ship, S. E. by Hamilton, S. VV. by Mill- villc t-ship, Cumberland co., and Pittsgrovc t-ship, Salem co., and N. W. by Greenwich and Woolwich t-ships. Centrally distant, S. E. from W^oodbury, 15 miles, greatest length 16 miles; breadth, 7 miles; area, 72,000 acres ; surface, level ; soil, sandy, and generally covered with pine forest. It is drained northward by the head waters of Raccoon cx'eek, S. W. by the sources of Maurice ri- ver, and S. E. by branches of the Great Egg Harbour river. Glassboro', Malaga, Little Ease, and Union, are villages of the t-ship; at the two first are post-offices. There are iron works at Union. Population in 1830, 1574. In 1832, the t-ship contained 276 4 householders, whose ratables did not ' exceed $30; 4 stores, 2 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 1 distillery, 3 glass fac- tories ; and paid county tax, $392 72, poor tax, $196 33, and road tax, $1000. Franklin Furnace, and village, Hardiston t-ship, Sussex co., in the valley of the Wallkill river, 1 1 miles N. E. of Newton, contains 2 forges of 2 fires each, a cupola furnace, a blast furnace not now in operation, a woollen manufactory for the manu- facture of broad cloth, a grist and saw mill, a school house, and a new stone Baptist church, and 24 dwell- ings. Dr. Samuel Fowler is the chief proprietor here, and is ahke dis- tinguished for his hospitality and his pursuit of mineralogy. He has a cabinet of minerals richly meriting notice, and the country around him is considered as one of the most in- teresting mineral localities of the United States. The manufactures of this place seek a market at New York, or at Dover and Rockaway. Franklin, small village of Cald- well t-ship, b^ssox CO., 11 miles N. W. of Newark. Freehold, Upper, t-ship of, Mon- mouth CO., bounded N. and N. W. by b^ast Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co., E. by Lower Freehold, S. and S. E. by Dover t-ship, and W. and S. W. by Northampton t-ship, Burlington CO. Centrally distant S. W. from PVechold, the countv town, 15 miles. Greatest length N. W. and S. E. 16; FRE 146 GAL breadth 10 miles; area, about 90,000 acres ; surface, level ; soil, clay, sandy loam, and sand. The western part of the t-ship contains some excellent lands, abundantly productive in rye, corn, oats, and grass ; wheat is not a certain crop, and is not extensively cultivated. The south-eastern part of the t-ship is covered with pine forest. Population in 1830, 4862. In 1832, the t-ship contained about 900 taxa- bles, 253 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; 80 single men, 20 stores, 12 saw mills, 15 run of stones for grain, 1 fulling mill, 3 carding machines, 50 tan vats, 16 distilleries for cider, 1036 horses and mules, 2438 neat cattle, 3 years old and upward ; and paid state and coun- ty taxes to the amount of $3669 33. The t-ship is remarkable for the large quantities of pork which it annually sends to market. It is drained on the N. E. by the Millstone river, on the S. E. by the head waters of Toms' river, N. W. by Crosswick's creek and its tributaries, Lakaway and Doctor's creeks, and by branches of the Assunpink ; and S. W. by the tributaries of the Rancocus. Wrights- ville, Imlaystown, Allentown, Var- minton, Prospertown, and Hernes- town, are villages of the t-ship. Freehold, Lower, t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., bounded N. E. by Mid- dletown t-ship, E. by Shrewsbury and Howell, S. by Dover, S. W. by Upper Freehold, and N. W. by South Amboy t-ships, Middlesex co. Great- est length N. E. and S. W. 23 miles; greatest breadth 1 1 miles ; area, 104,000 acres; surface, level; soil, sand and sandy loam, not more than half of which is in cultivation, being barren, or covered with pine forest. Thei-e are, however, some very good farms, which produce abundance of rye, corn, &rc. Pork is also a staple product. Englishtown and Freehold are villages and post-towns. The t-ship is drained by the Millstone ri- ver on the N. W.; Matcha[ionix brook, a tributary of the South river, on the north; by branches of the Swimming river on the N. E., and by arms of the Manasquan and the Metetecunk on the S. E., and by Toms' river on the south. Popula- tion in 1830, 5481. In 1832, the t-ship contained about 1100 taxables, 203 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30, 71 single men, 11 stores, 11 saw mills, 16 run of grist mill stones, 2 fulling mills, 4 carding machines, 16 tan vats, 14 distilleries for cider, 1245 horses and mules, and 2569 neat cattle, 3 years ola and upwards ; and it paid state and county tax, $3563 86. Freehold, or Monmouth, post-town of Freehold t-ship, and seat of justice of Monmouth co., about 4 miles W. of the east boundary of the t-ship, 201 miles N. E. from W. C, and 36 S. E. from Trenton, situate upon a level soil of sandy loam, which is fast improving under the present mode of culture. The town, though long stationary, is now thriving, and contains from 35 to 40 dwell- ings, a court house, prison, and public offices, an Episcopal, a Me- thodist, a Presbyterian, Dutch Re- formed, and a Baptist church, 3 ta- verns, 5 or 6 stores, 4 practising at- tornies, 2 physicians, an academy and printing office. This place is noted in the revolutionary history, on account of the battle of Monmouth, which was fought near it. Frieshurg, a small German settle- ment of Upper AUoways Creek t-ship, near the south-east boundary, 12 miles S. E. from Salem, and 5 from Allowaystown ; contains 1 ta- vern, a Dutch Reformed church, and a school. Fredon, post-office, Sussex co., 232 miles N. E. from W. C, and 74 from Trentonl Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., bounded on the N. E. by Atsion ri- ver, and Mullica or Little Egg Har- bour river, and Great Bay, which separate it from Burlington co., S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. W. by Hamilton and Egg Harbour t-ships, and N. W. by Gloucester and Here- ford t-ships. Centrally distant S. W. from Woodbury, 35 miles; greatest GIB 146 GLO length, 38; breadth, 10 miles; area, 147,000 acres; surface level, and soil sandy. The sea coast is girded by Brigantine beach, within which, for a depth of seven miles, is a space co- vered with lagunes and salt meadows. Among the small lakes, Absecum, Reed's and Grass bays, are the most considerable. The remainder of the township is chiefly covered with pine forest, through which flow many streams of water, tributary to Little EfTg Harbour river. Pleasant Mills, Leed's Point, Gloucester Furnace, Absecum and Smith's Landing, are villages of the township. Population, in 1830, 2960; and in 1820, only 1895, presenting an instance of the greatest increase in the state. In 1832, there were in the township, as reported by the assessor, 165 house- holders, whose ratables did not exceed $30, 7 stores, 3 grist mills, 1 cotton manufactory, 1 blast furnace, 5 saw mills, 375 neat cattle, and 205 horses and mules over three years of age. Georgctou'ii, hamlet of Mansfield t-ship, Burlington co., near the N. E. boundary line, 6 miles S. E. from Bordentown, and 9 N. E. from Mount Holly. Georgia, a small hamlet of Free- hold t-ship, Monmouth co., 5 miles S. from Freehold town. German Valley, Washington t-sp, Morris county, and in Schooley's mountain. It is about 10 miles long, varying, in width, from one to two miles. The soil is grey limestone throughout, and is well cultivated, and highly productive. The inhabi- tants are of German descent, and re- tain the industrious and thrifty habits of their ancestors. The valley is drained by the south branch of the Raritan river, and is crossed by the turnpike road from Morristown to Easton, which passes through the post town of Washington, lying in the vale. There is a Presbyterian church here. Gibson's Creek, small tributary flowing eastwardly into the Great Egg Harbour river, Weymouth t-bhip, Gloucester co. Glassboro\ p-t. of Franklin t-ship, Gloucester co., 14 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 22 from Camden, 49 from Trenton, and 155 from W. C; contains an Episcopal and Methodist church, 2 glass houses or factories which make hollow ware, belonging to Messrs. Stangeer & Co., 1 tavern, 2 stores, and about 30 dwellings. Gloucester County, was first laid off in 1677, forming one of the only two counties of West Jersey ; and its boundaries were fixed by the act of 21st of January, 1709-10: begin- ning at the mouth of Pensaukin creek; thence, running up the same to the fork thereof; thence along the bounds of Burlington co., to the sea; thence along the sea coast to Great Egg Harbour river; thence up said river to the fork thereof; thence up the southernmost and greatest branch of the same to the head thereof; thence upon a direct line to the head of Old Man's creek ; thence down the same to the Delaware river; thence up Delaware river to the place of begin- ning. It is, therefore, bounded N. W. by the Delaware river, N. E. by Burlington co., S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. W. by the counties of Cumberland and Salem. Greatest length, from Absecum inlet, on the S. E. to Red Bank, on the N. W. 55 miles : greatest breadth, from the head of the Great Egg Harbour bay, to Tuckahoe river, 30 miles; area, 1114 square miles, or 713,000 acres. Centra! lat. 39° 40', N. long, from W. C. 2° 10', E. The whole county pertains to the alluvial formation. Along the shores of the Delaware, and for se- veral miles inward, a black or dark green mud is raised even from a depth of forty feet, in which reeds and other vegetables, the evi- dences of river alluvion, are distinctly visible. The remaining part of the county seems to have been gained from the sea; and beds of shells, whole and in a state of disintegra- tion, are found, at various depths, in many places. The green earth, or marl, in which these are imbedded GLO 147 GLO together witli the shells, are used with great advantage upon the soil, especially in the cultivation of grass, clover particularly. Bog iron ore is found near Woodbury, and exported for manufacture. The surface is uniformly level, ex- cept where worn down by the streams, and the soil sandy; having, on the N. W. an admixture of loam or clay, in many places. S. E. of a line drawn about 7 miles from the Delaware river, N. E. across the county, the country is universally sandy and covered by a pine forest, generally, (but with occasional cleared patches of greater or less extent,) from which large quantities of timber and cord wood are taken for market. Along the coast, within the beach, is a strip of marsh of an average width of four miles, in which are lagunes, the chief of which are Grass, Reed's, Absecum, and Lake's bays. The county is drained southward- ly by Maurice river, which flows fruni it, through Cumberland county, into the Delaware bay ; by Tuckahoe ri- ver, forming the line between it and Cumberland ; by Great and Little Egg Harbour rivers, which rise far north in the county, and empty into the Atlantic ; the latter, throughout its whole course, forming the boundary between Gloucester and Burlington counties. All these streams are na- vigable some miles from the sea, and afford great facilities in transporting the lumber and cord wood, the most valuable products of this region, to market. Their inlets, and the small bays on the coast, abound with oys- ters and clams, the fishing for which gives subsistence to many of the in- habitants. These rivers have also many tributaries, which intersect the forest in almost every direction. The streams on the N. W. are Oldman's, Raccoon, Little Timber, Repaupo, CloniTiell, Mantua, Big Timber, New- ton, Cooper's and Pensauken creeks, most of which are navigable lor a short distance, and furnish outlets for an amazing quantity of fruit and gar- den truck and firewood, for the sup- ply of the Philadelphia market, and other towns on the western side of the river. The post towns of the township are, Absecum, Bargaintown, Cam- den, an incorporated city. Carpen- ter's Landing, Chew's Landing, Clarkesboro', Glassboro', Gloucester Furnace, Gravelly Landing, Haddon- field, Hammonton, Jackson Glass- works, Leeds' Point, Longacoming, Malaga, May's Landing, Mullica Hill, "Pleasant Mills, Smith's Land- ing, Somers' Point, Stephens' Creek, Sweedsboro, Tuckahoe, and Wood- bury, the seat of justice of the county. There are several academies for teaching the higher branches of edu- cation ; and primary schools in most of the agricultural neighbourhoods. There are also established, Sunday schools, in most, if not all, of the popu- lous villages ; a county bible society, various tract societies, and many tem- perance associations ; which have al- most rendered the immoderate use of ardent spirits infamous. In 1832, by the report of the asses- sors, the county contained 3075 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed $30 in value; 978 single men, 102 stores, 21 fisheries, 45 grist mills, 2 cotton and 2 woollen manufactories, 4 carding machines, 4 blast furnaces, 3 forges, 63 saw mills, 4 fulling mills, 8 ferries, 9 tan yards, 29 distillei'ies, 7 glass factories, 2 four horse stage wagons, 967 covered wagons with fixed tops, 204 riding chairs, gigs, sulkies, and pleasure carriages, 4 two horse stage wagons, 31 dearborns with steel, iron, or wooden springs ; and it paid county tax, $10,000 ; poor tax, iSOOO; and road tax, $15,000; state tax, By the census of 1830 Gloucester CO. contained 28,431 inhabitants, of whom 13,916 were white males; 12,962 white females; 14 female slaves; 835 free coloured males; 714 free coloured females. Of these there were deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 64; above 14 and under 30, 73 ; above 25 years, 80 ; blind, 205 white, 22 black ; aliens 3365. GLO 148 GLO There is a cx)unty poor bouse esta- blished upon a farm near Blackwoods- town, but in Deptford t-ship, contain- ing more than 200 acres of land. The following extract from the re- cords of this county, presents singu- lar features of the polity of the early settlers. It would seem that the in- habitants of the county deeined them- selves a body politic, a democratic commonwealth, with full power of legislation, in which the courts parti- cipated, prescribing the punishment for each offence, as it was proven be- fore them. Gloucester, the 28th May, 1686. By the proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants of the third and fourth tenths, (alias county of Gloucester) then agreed as follows : Inprimus. That a court be held for the jurisdiction and limits of the afore- said tenths, or county, one time at Axwamus, alias Gloucester, and at another time at Red Bank. Item. That there bo four courts, for the jurisdiction aforesaid, held in one year, at the days and times here- after mentioned, viz: upon the first day of the first month, upon the first day of the fourth month, and the first day of the seventh month, and upon the first day of the tenth month. Item. That the first court shall be held at Gloucester aforesaid, upon the first day of September next. Item. That all warrants and sum- mons shall be drawn by the clerk of the court, and signed by the justice, and so delivered to the sheriff or his deputy to execute. Item. That the body of each war- rant, &c., shall contain or intimate the nature of the action. Item. That a copy of the declara- tion be given along with the warrant, by the clerk of the court, that so the deft, may have the longer time to con- sider the same, and prepare his an- swer. Item. That all summons and war- rants, &c., shall be served, and decla- rations given, at least ten days before the court. Item. That the sherilf shall give the jury summons six days before the court be held, in which they are to appear. Item. That all persons within the jurisdiction aforesaid, bring into the next court the marks of their hogs, and other cattle, in order to be ap- proved and recorded. Rex ^ Indict, at Gloucester Ct. vs. >N. J. 10 Sept. 1686, for Wilkes. J stealing goods of Dennis Lins, from a house in Philadelphia. Dft. pleads guilty, but was tried by jury. Verdict guilty, and that pri- soner ought to make pay't. to the prosecutor of the sum of sixteen pounds. Sentence. The bench ap- points that said Wilkes shall pay the aforesaid Lins, £16 byway of servi- tude, viz : if he will be bound by in- dentures to the prosecutor, then to serve him the term of four years, but if he condescended not thereto, then the court awarded that he should be a servant, and so abide for the term of five years. And so be accommodated in the time of his servitude, by his master, with meat, drink, clothes, washing, and lodging, according to the customs of the country, and fit for such a servant. In 1832 the county was divided into 12 t-ships as in the following table, to which Camden is now to be added. GLO 149 GOD STATISTICAL TABLE OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. ^ T3 P opulation Townships, «Skc. bo c Area. 1^ pq 1810. 1820. 1830. Deptford, 25 7 57,600 2978 3281 3599 Egg Harbour, 12 12 85,000 1830 1635 2510 Galloway, 32 10 147,000 1648 1895 2960 Gloucester, 20 8 60,000 1726 2059 2332 Greenwich, 15 7 35,840 2859 2699 2657 Newton, 6 4 9,000 1951 2497 3298 Franklin, 16 7 72,000 1137 1574 Hamilton, 18 11 106,880 877 1424 Waterford, 25 8 50,000 2105 2447 3088 Weymouth, 12 10 50,000 1029 781 1270 Woolwich, 16 7 40,000 3063 3113 3033 Gloucestertown, (area in- 662 686 eluded in Gloucester township.) 713,320 19,189 23,089 28,431 Gloucester, t-ship, Gloucester co., bounded N. by Gloucestertown, N. E. by Hereford t-ship, S. E. by Ha- milton, and S. W. and W. by Dept- ford t-ship. Centrally distant S. E. from Woodbury, 10 miles; greatest length N. W. and S. E. 20 ; breadth 8 miles E. and W. ; area, about 60,000 acres ; surface, level ; soil, sand more or less mixed with loam, and in the northern part cultivated in vegetables and fruit, the southern be- ing chiefly pine forest, valuable for timber and fuel. It is drained north- ward by Cooper's creek on the east- ern, and Big Timber creek on the western boundary, southward by In- skeep's branch of the Great Egg Har- bour river. Chew's Landing, Longa- coming, Clementon, Blackwoodtown, Tansborough, and New Freedom, are villages of the t-ship ; the two first post-towns. Population in 1830,2232. In 1832, there were in the t-ship, in- cluding Gloucestertown, 781 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed 830 in value; 11 stores, 5 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 glass factory; and it paid county tax, $799 78; poor tax, $400 73; road tax, $1000. Gloucestertown, small t-ship of Gloucester co., bounded N. by New- ton, E. and S. E. by Gloucester t-ship, S. W. by Big Timber creek. which separates it from Deptford t-ship, and W. by the river Delaware. Centrally distant N. E. from Wood- bury 4 miles ; greatest length E. and W. 4; breadth N. and S. 3 miles. Gloucester, small town of Glou- cester t-ship, Gloucester co., on the Delaware river opposite Gloucester point; contains a fishery, a ferry from which a team-boat plies, about 20 dwellings, 1 store, and 1 tavern. Gloucester, post-town and furnace of Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., upon Landing creek, a branch of the MuUica or Little Egg Harbour river, 36 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 71 from Trenton, and 179 from W. C. ; contains a furnace, grist and saw mill, a store, tavern, and a number of dwellings, chiefly for the accom- modation of the workmen, of whom there are about 60, constantly em- ployed, whose families may amount to 300 persons. The furnace makes annually about 800 tons of iron, chiefly castings, and has annexed to it about 25,000 acres of land. Glover''s Pond, Hardwick t-ship, Warren co., the extreme source of Beaver brook. Godwinsville, Franklin t-ship, Ber- gen CO., upon Gofile brook, 8 miles N. W. from Hackensack ; contains 1 tavern, 2 stores, 7 cotton mills, hav- ing together .5000 soindles, and from GOS 150 GRE 45 to 50 dwellings ; soil around it red shale, fertile and well cultivated. Goffle Brook, rises in Franklin t-ship, Bergen co., about a mile and a half E. of Hohokus, and flows by a southerly course of 5 miles through Saddle river t-ship, to the Passaic. It is a rapid, steady stream, and gives motion to several cotton mills at God- winsville. About 1| miles above its mouth, is the small hamlet called Goffle, containing 5 or 6 farm dwell- ings. Goodwatcr Rim, small tributary of Batsto river, Washington t-ship, Bur- lington CO., uniting with the river at the head of Batsto furnace pond. Good Luck, town, or more pro- perly neighbourhood, of Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., a little S. W. of Cedar creek or Williamsburgh, separated from Barnegat bay by a strip of salt marsh, and surrounded by a pine fo- rest and sandy soil. Good Luck Point, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., on the S. side of Toms' bay, at its junction with Bar- negat bay. Goose Creek, Dover t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., puts in from Barnegat bay, 2 miles N. of Toms' bay. Goose Pond, on the sea shore of Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., about 2 miles above the south boun- dary of ilic t-ship. Goshen, village of Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., and near the head of Toms' river, 13 miles S. of Monmouth Court House, 23 S. E. from Trenton ; contains 1 tavern, 2 stores, 10 or 12 dwellings, a grist and saw mill, and Methodist meeting; country around, sandy and flat; tim- ber, pine. Goshen Creek, mill-stream of Mid- dle t-ship, Cape May co., rises in the northern part of the t-ship, and flows westerly into the Delaware bay, by a course of 5 or 0 miles ; it is naviga- ble for about 3 miles to the landing, for the small village of Goshen. A channel through the marshes, com- municates between this stream and Dennis creek. Goshen, post-town of Cape May CO., in Middle t-ship, near the head of navigation of Goshen creek, about 5 miles N. W. from Cape May court- house, 198 N. E. from W. C, and 101 S. from Trenton; contains a ta- vern, 2 stores, a steam saw mill, and 12 or 15 dwellings, and a school house, in which religious meetings are held. Grant Pond, on the Pochuck moun- tain, Vernon t-ship, Sussex co., a source of a tributary to Warwick creek. Grass Bay, a salt marsh lake, about 5 miles long, and one wide, in Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., com- municating by several channels with Reed's bay and with the oceaji. Grass Pond, Green t-ship, Sussex CO., one of the sources of the Bear branch of Pequest creek. Gratitude, p-t., Sussex co., 221 miles N. E. from W. C, and 68 from Trenton. Gravel Hill, village and p-t. of Knowlton t-ship, Warren co., in the valley of the Paulinskill, near the east line of the t-ship, distant by post road from W. C. 243 miles, from Trenton 85, and from Belvidere N. E. 15 miles; contains a large grist mill, tavern, store, tannery, and 6 or 8 dwellings; soil limestone. Gravelly Landing, p-t. of Gallo- way t-ship, Gloucester co., 40 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 79 from Tren- ton, and 187 N. E.'from W. C, on Nacote creek; contains a tavern, store, and 10 or 12 dwellings. Gravelly Run, small tributary of Great Egg Harbour river, flowing westerly from Egg Harbour t-ship to its recipient, 2 miles below May's Landing. Great Meadotvs, a large body of G or 8000 acres of meadow land, in lnde|iendence t-ship, Warren co., wa- tered by the Pequest creek. Great Brook, Morris t-ship, Morris CO., rises at the head of Sjiring valley, and flows by a semicircular course of H or 9 miles, j)artly through the t-ship of Chatham, to the Passaic river, on the S. W. part of IMorris t-ship. Green Brook, or Bound Brook, a GRE 151 GRE considerable tributary of the Raritan river, rising in a narrow valley be- tween New Providence and Westfield t-ships, Essex co., and thence flowing by a S. W. course of about 16 miles, skirting the semicircular mountain of Somerset co., to its recipient at Bound Brook. It is a mill stream of considerable power. Green Brook, village, on Green brook above described, in Piscataway t-ship, Middlesex co., 8 miles from New Brunswick, 6^ from Somer- ville; contains a mill, a school house, 2 stores, and 15 dwellings. The country on the south and east, level and fertile, valued at 30 to 40 dwellings. The rail-road from Bordentown to Amboy passes through the town, and a line of stages runs thence to Princeton, &c. Hillsborough t-ship, Somerset co., bounded N. by the main stem, and south branch of Raritan river, which separates it from Bridgewater, E. by Millstone river, dividing it from Frank- lin, S. by Montgomery, and W. by HOB 15H HOP Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co. Cen- trally distant S. W. from Somerville 5 miles ; greatest length E. and ^^' . 10; breadth N. and 8. 7 miles ; area, about 36,000 acres; surface on the west hilly, the Neshanie or Rock mountain extending over it ; the soil clay and loam : on the east level and gently undulating; soil red shale. The wliole t-ship is well cultivated. Besides the streams on the bounda- ries, the only considerable one is Roy's brook, flowing into the Mill- stone. Flaggtown, Millstone, Nesha- nie, Koughstown, and Blackwells, are the villages of the t-ship; the two first post-towns. Population in 1830, 2878. In 1832 the t-ship contained about .560 taxablos, 95 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value, 58 single men, 9 stores, 8 saw mills, 8 grist mills, 1 fulling mill, 10 tan vats, 4 distilleries, 2 carding ma- chines, 939 horses and mules, and 1638 neat cattle, of 3 years old and upwards; and paid state tax, 8382 92; county, $1182 53. There is a Dutch Reformed church in the t-ship. Hoboken, village of Bergen t-ship, Bergen co., on the North river, oppo- site to the city of New York, built chiefly on one street, and contains about 1 hundred dwellings, 3 licensed taverns, many unlicensed houses of entertainment, 4 or 5 stores, and se- veral livery stables and gardens, and betwc(^n 0 and 7 hundred inhabitants. It is remarkable, however, cliiefly as a place of resort, for the citizens of New York, during the hot days of the summer; the bank of the river is high, and the invigorating sea breeze may be enjoyed at almost all hours when tlic sun is above the horizon. The lilKTality of Mr. Stevens, who is an extensive landholder here, has opened many attractions to visiters, in the walks along the river bank, over his grounds ; and in the beautiful fields studded with clumps of troos, and va- riegated by shady woods, the busi- ness-worn Yorker finds a momenta- ry relaxation and enjoynu'nt in the " Elysian fields;" and the gastro- nomes, whetlier of the corporation of New Amstel, or invited guests, find a less rural, though not a more sensual pleasure, in the least of Turtle grove. The value of the groves of Hoboken to the inhabitants of N. York, is inap- preciated and inappreciable. They are the source of health to thousands. — Several steam-boats ply constantly between this town and New York. Holland'' s Brook, tributary of the south branch of the Raritan river, rises in Readington t-ship, Hunter- don CO., and flows by a S. E. course of about 7 miles, to its recipient in Bridgewater t-ship, Somerset co. Holmdel or Baptistown, p-t. of Middletown t-ship, Monmouth co., 7 miles N. E. from Freehold, 219 from W. C, and 53 E. from Trenton; contains an academy, a Baptist church, 2 stores, 8 dwellings, lying in a highly improved country, pro- ducing rye, corn, grass, &c. Hog Island, in Little Egg Har- bour river, Galloway t-ship, Glou- cester CO. Hohokiis Brook, rises and has its course S. E. 9 miles in Franklin t-ship, Bei'gen co. It is a rapid wild stream, studded with mills, and gives name to the village of Hohokvs, village, situate on the turnpike road leading thence to the Sterling mountain, N. Y., 9 miles from Hackensack ; contains a tavern, store, cotton mill, and several dwellings. Hojje Creek, a small stream of 4 or 5 miles in length, which rises in, and flows through, the meadows and marshes of Lower Allovvay's Creek t-ship, Salem co. It is not navigable. Hope, p-t., on the lino dividing Knowlton from Oxford t-ship, on a branch of Beaver brook, 212 miles from W. C, and 59 from Trenton, and 10 N. E. from Belvidere; con- tains a grist mill and saw mill, 6 stores, 2 taverns, and about 30 dwell- ings, an Episco])al and Methodist church. The soil around it is lime- stone, and well cultivated. This was originally a Moravian settlenifnt. Hrpevell t-.ship, of Cumberland co., bounded E. by DeorHeld, S. E. and S. by Fairfield, W. by Greenwich and HOP 159 HOW Stow Creek t-ships, and N. by Hope- well t-ship, of Salem co. Greatest length 10, breadth 6 miles; area, 20,000 acres ; surface rolling ; soil clay loam. Cohansey creek bounds the t-ship on the east and south, and Mount's creek and Mill creek, its tri- butaries, are on and near the S. W. boundaiy. Population in 1830, 1953. In 1832 there were in the t-ship 468 taxables, 1 Seventh-day Baptist, and 1 Methodist church, 112 household- ers, whose ratables did n(jt exceed 830 in value, 4 stores, 5 run stones for grinding grain, 1 cupola furnace, 1 rolling and slitting mill, 3 tanneries, 2 distilleries for cider ; and the t-ship paid for road tax, $500; and for county and state tax, $1052 87. Part of the town of Bridgeton is on the eastern boundary, and Shiloh and Roadstown are on the west. Bowen- town lies midway on the road between the lirst and the last. Hopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. by Amwell t-ship, E. by Montgomery t-ship, of Somerset co., S. E. by Lawrence t-ship, S. by Tren- ton t-ship, and W. by the river Dela- ware: Centrally distant S. from Flemington 12 miles; greatest length E. and^W. 12; breadth N. and^S. 10 miles; area, 36,000 acres; sur- face on the north hilly, a chain of low, trap mountains extending across it ; and on the south level, and abundant- ly productive ; soil red shale, loam, and gravel. It is drained on the west by Smith's and Jacob's creeks, and east bv Stony brook. Population in 1630, 3151. " In 1832 the t-ship con- tained 70 houses and lots, 11 stores, 5 fisheries, 6 saw mills, 8 grist mills, 2 oil mills, 17 tan vats, 1 distillery, 1 carding machine, 1 fulling mill, 863 horses and mules, and 1078 neat cat- tle, over 3 years of age; and paid poor tax, $300; road 'tax, $1200; state, $1722 84. Pennington and Woodsville are post-towns, and Hc- bertown and Columbia, villages of the t-ship. Hoppe?-''s or Ramapotflivn, on the Ramapo river, east foot of the Rama- Hackensack ; contains a tavern, and some 6 or 8 dwellings. Hornerstown, hamlet, on Marl Ridge, Upper Freehold t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., 20 miles S. W. of Free- hold court-house, and 15 S. E. from Tr-enton ; contains several dwellings, a grist mill, and saw mill, and fulling mill, upon the Lahaway creek, a branch of the Crosswicks. The soil on the north side of the creek is deep, rich loam ; and on the south, barren sand. There is here a great deposit of valuable marl. Hospitality, branch of the Great Egg Harbour river, rises in Deptford t-ship, Gloucester co., and flows S. E. to the river at Pennypot Mill, in Ha- milton t-ship, about 14 miles from its source, receiving from the west, Fara- way, Lake, and Cold branches. Howell township, Monmouth co., bounded N. by Shrewsbury, E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by Dover t-ship, and W. by Freehold t-ship. Centrally distant S. E. from Freehold 1 1 miles ; greatest length E. and W. 13 ; breadth N. and S. 11 miles; area, 70,000 acres ; surface level ; soil sand, sandy loam, and clay ; drained by Shark, Manasquan, and Metetecunk rivers, which flow east to the ocean ; the first on the north, and the last on the south boundary. Manasquan, Squankum, and Howell's Furnace, are post-towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 4141. In 1832 there were in the t-ship about 800 taxables, 122 house- holders, whose ratables did not exceed $30, and 42 single men, 11 stores, 10 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 2 fulling mills, 4 carding machines, 26 tan vats, 2 distilleries, 1 furnace in ope- ration, 365 horses and mules, and 1400 neat cattle, 3 years old and up- wards. Howell Furnace, p-t., Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., 12 miles S. E. of Freehold, 47 from Trenton, and 212 N. E. from W. C, on the left bank of the Manasquan river. The manufacture of iron is extensive- ly carried on here, and for the accom- modation of the workmen, there are po mountain, 16 miles N. W. from from 40 to 50 dwellings, and a store. HUN 160 HUN A company was incorporated for con- ducting the works, the stock of which, we understand, is now in great part, if not wholly, the property of Mr. James P. Sairs of New York. Hugliesville, village, on the Muscon- ctcong creek, about 5 miles from its mouth, 15 miles S. of Belvidere, and 6 S. E. from Philipsville, in Green- wich t-ship, Warren co., and in a narrow and deep valley ; it contains a tavern, a store, a school and from 15 to 20 dwellings. Lead or zine ore is said to be found in the mountain north of the town ; but most probably the latter, as the hill is part of the range of the Hamburg or Wallkill mountains, in which that mineral abounds. Hunterdon County, was taken from Burlington, by act of Assembly 13th March, 1714, and received its name from governor Hunter. It has been since modified by the erection of Somerset, Morris and Warren cos., and is now bounded N. E. by Morris, E. by Somerset, S. E. by Middlesex, S. by Burlington, S. W. and W. by the river Delaware, and N. W. by the Musconetcong river, which sepa- rates it from Warren co. Greatest length N. and S. 43 miles; breadth 26 miles; area, 324,572 acres, or about 507 square miles. Central lat. 40° 3' N. ; long. 2° 5' E. from W. C. This county borders S. on the great eastern alluvial formation. The primitive rock is first found in it at the falls of the Delaware river, near Trenton, and may be traced from the respective banks N. E. and S. W. It has in Jersey, however, a narrow breadth, being overlaid by a belt of the old red sandstone which stretches across the country for about 20 miles to the low mountain ridge north of FIcmington. About 12 miles north of Trenton, this formation is broken by a chain of trap hills which cross the Dcl.-iwarc below New Hope, and are known in this county by the name of Rocky mountain, 6cc.; but this chain has the sandstone for its base. Between it and the chain north of Flemington, lies a fertile valley of red sandstone. With t]ie hills north of Flemington, the primitive forma- tion is again visible, but the valleys which intersect them discover secon- dary limestone, particularly at New Germantown, Clinton, &c., in the German valley, and in the valley of the Musconetcong. The surface of the county S. and S. E. of Flemington, with the excep- tion of the Rocky hills of which we have spoken, may be deemed level ; on the north of Flemington it is moun- tainous; the ridges, however, are low and well cultivated to the sum- mits. Many of them, particularly those N. and W. of Flemington, pro- duce abundance of excellent ship tim- ber. The red shale of the sandstone formation, is generally susceptible of beneficial cultivation, and is grateful to the careful husbandman. The limestone valleys may be made what- ever the cultivator pleases, provided he bounds his wishes by the latitude and climate. And by the use of lime, the cold clay of the primitive hills may be converted into most pro- ductive soil. On the whole, this county may be considered one of the finest and most opulent of the state. It is tolerably well watered by streams, part of which seek the Raritan, whilst others flow to the Delaware river : of the first, proceeding from the north, are Spruce run, the main south branch of the Raritan, Laming- ton river, Rockaway creek, Neshanie creek, and Stony brook : of the se- ' cond are the Rlusconetcong river, Hakehokake, Nischisakawick Lack- atong, Wickechecoke, Alexsocken, Smith, Jacob's, and Assunpink creeks. The towns of the county are Alexan- dria, Baptistown, Centreville, Clarks- ville, Clinton, T'lemington, Hepborn's, Hopewell Meeting, Fairvicw, Lam- bortsville, Lawrcnceville, Lebanon, Mattison's Comer, Milford, Mount Pleasant, New Germantown, New Hampton, Pennington, Pcnnyville, Pittstown, Pofferstown, Prallsville, Quakertown, Ringoes, Sergeantsville, TRENTON, Vansyckle's, White IML 161 IND House, Woodsville, &c., all of which are post-towns. There are beside these, some small hamlets of little note. The county contained in 1832, by the assessor's abstract, 86 mer- chants, 17 fisheries, 71 saw mills, 80 grist mills, 13 oil mills, 9 ferries and toll bridges, 524 tan vats, 5 distilleries for grain, 58 for cider; 1 cotton ma- nufactory, 17 carding machines, 10 fulling mills, 50 stud horses, 7538 horses and mules, and 12,492 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; and it paid poor tax, $6850 ; i-oad tax, $8300; county tax, 814,535 84; and state tax, $4146 76. For the dissemination of moral and religious instruction, there are in the county Bible and tract societies, Sunday schools and temperance so- cieties, in almost all thickly settled neighbourhoods ; and the people ge- nerally, are remarkable for their so- ber and orderly deportment. The population of the cotmty, de- rived pi'incipally from English and German sources, by the census of 1830, amounted to 31,060, of whom 14,465 were white males; 14,653 white females; 869 free coloured males, and 901 free coloured females; 77 male, and 95 female slaves ; 34 deaf and dumb, all white; 19 white, and 2 blacks, blind; 210 aliens. STATISTICAL TABLE OF HUNTERDON COUNTY. -C 13 P opulation. Townships. bD a 0) Area. Surface. CJ J 1810. 1820. 1830. Alexandria, 12 9 33,000 mount's, hilly. 2271 2619 8042 Amwell, 16 15 77,000 p'thilly,p'tlevel. 5777 6749 7385 Bethlehem, 9 9 25,000 mountainous. 1738 2002 2032 Kingwood, 17 7 35,312 hilly. 2605 2786 2898 Hopewell, 12 10 36,000 p'tlevel,p't hilly. 2565 2881 3151 Lawrence, 8 6 13,093 level. 1354 1430 Lebanon, 15 7 42,000 mountainous. 2409 2817 3436 Readington, 12 7^ 29,558 generally level. 1797 1964 2102 Tewkesbury, 8 6l 23,000 mountainous. 1308 1499 1659 Trenton, 7 5 10,609 324,572 level. 3002 3942 3925 23,472 28,604 31,060 Hunt's Poiid, a small basin on the N. W. line of Greene t-ship, Sus- sex CO., supplies the Bear branch of Pequest creek. Hunt''s Mills. (See Clinton.) Hurricane Brook, a tributary of the south branch of Toms' river, Do- ver t-ship, Monmouth co., which unites with Black run, in the mill pond of Dover furnace. Imlaytotvn, post-town of Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., 3 miles E. of Allentown, 180 N. E. from W. C, and 14 miles S. E. from Trenton; contains 12 or 15 dwell- ings, a grist and saw mill, tannery, 1 tavern, 1 store, wheelwright and smith sho]). The surrounding coun- try is gently undulating; soil, clay, and sandy loam, generally well culti- vated and productive. Imlaydale, pleasant hamlet on the Musconetcong creek, Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., 4 miles S. of the village of Mansfield, and within 1 of New Hampton, in the adjacent county of Hunterdon, and 12 miles S. E. of Belviderc ; contains a mill, a store, and 3 dwellings. Independence t-ship, Warren co., bounded N. by Hardwick t-ship, E. by Green t-ship, Sussex co., S E. by Roxbury t-ship, Morris co., S. W. by Mansfield, and W. by Oxford t-ship. Centrally distant N. E. from Belvidere, the county town, 14 miles; greatest length 9 miles N. and S. ; breadth E. and W. 8| ; area, 29,440 IND 162 JAK acres; surface hilly on the E. and W., but a valley runs centrally N. E. and S. W/ through the t-ship which is drained by the Pequest creek, and on which there is a large body of meadow land. Bacon creek is a small tributary of the Pequest, which unites with it above the village of Vienna. The Musconetcong river forms the S. E. boundary, and in its valley, parallel therewith, runs the Morris canal. Alamuche, Hackets- town, and Vienna, are post-towns of the t-ship; there is a Quaker meet- ing house in the N. E. part of the t-ship. There were in the t-ship in 1830, 2126 inhabitants; in 1832, 429 taxables, 10,000 acres of im- proved land, 414 horses and mules, and 1006 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; 146 householders, whose ra- tables did not exceed $30 ; 8 stores, 11 pairs of stones for grinding grain, 6 saw mills, 21 tan vats, 4 distille- ries ; and it paid in t-ship taxes for the poor and roads, .S900 ; and in county and state tax, 8880 95. This ranks among the most valuable precincts of the state. The valleys are of fertile limestone, and the hill sides have been subjected to cultivation to a very great extent. The ridges which cross the t-ship from the S. W. to the N. E. are metalliferous, and upon the " Jenny Jump,'" in the N. W., a gold mine is said to exist. Preparations have ostensibly been made for smelt- ing the ore, but the " wise ones" have little confidence in the undertaking, and consider the mineral discovered, if any, to be pyrites or fool's gold. Inskccp's Mill, at the junction of the N. E. branch of Gr^^at Egg Har- bour river, called Inskeep's branch, with the Squankum branch of said river, neiir the south border of Dept- ford t-ship, rrloucester county, about 33 miles from Camden. Inland Ikach, Delaware t-ship, Monmouth co., extends N. 12 miles on the Atlantic ocean and Barncfrat bay, from Barncgat inlet to what was formerly Cranberry inlet ; it no where exceeds half a mile in breadth. Indian Branch, a principal tribu- tary of the north branch of the Rari- tan river, rising in Randolph t-ship, Morris co., on the N. W. foot of Trowbridge mountain, and flowing S. W. through Mendham t-ship, giving motion to several mills in its course. Indian Run, branch of Doctor's creek, on the N. W. boundary of Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth CO., flows S. W. by a course of about 2 miles, to its recipient, west of Allen- town, giving motion to a saw mill. Inskeep^s Branch, or rather the main stem of the Great Egg Harbour river, above Inskeep's Mill, about 30 miles from the mouth of the river, rises in Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester CO., and flows a S. E. course of 12 or 14 miles, to the mill, receiving Four Mile Branch and Squankum Branch. Jacksonville, on the line between Lebanon and Tewkesbury t-ships, Hunterdon co., about 11 miles N. of Flemington, and on the turnpike road from Somerville to Easton ; contains a tavern, store, grist mill, and 2 or 3 dvvellings. Jacksonville, formerly called Im- lay's Mills, on Rocky brook, a branch of the Millstone, in Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., 10 miles E. from Freehold ; contains a grist and saw mill, 2 stores, 7 dwellings, and a Presbyterian church. There is a large body of good bog ore at a short distance north of the town, and some indications of extensive mining opera- tions, said to have been carried on near it, many years since, in j)ursuit of copper. Jacksonville, post-office, Burling- ton CO., 160 miles N. E. of W. C, and 17 S. of Trenton. Jackson Glass Works, post-office, Gloucester co., by post route 156 miles from AV. C, and 48 from Tren- ton. Jacobstown, Hanover t-ship, Bur- lington CO., near the Great Monmouth Road, 12 miles N. E. from Mount Holly, and 9 miles S. E. of Borden- town; contains 2 taverns, a store, and some 12 or 15 dwellings. Jake's Brook, small tributary of JEF 163 JER Toms' river, or rather of Toms' bay, with which it unites, below the village of Toms' River. Jefferson, village, Orange t-ship, Sussex CO., 6 miles W. from Newark, at the foot of the First mountain ; con- tains about 30 dwellings, a Baptist church, and school house. Jefferson t-ship, Morris co., bound- ed N. W. by Hardistone t-ship, Sus- sex CO., N. E. by Pompton t-ship, Essex CO., S. E. by Pequannock t-ship, and S. W. by Roxbury t-ship, Morris co., and by By ram t-ship, Sus- sex CO. Centrally distant N. W. from Morristown 15 miles; greatest length 14, breadth 3^ miles; area 25,000 acres. The whole surface is covered with mountains, save a deep and nar- row valley, the lower part of which is called Berkshire, and the upper Longwood, valley, bounded on the N. W. by the Hamburg mountain, and on the S. E. by Green Pond moun- tain. Through this valley flows the main branch of the Rockaway river, which has its source in the Hamburg mountain near the county line; and which, in its course through the vale, gives activity to a dozen forges and other mill works. On the top of the Hamburg mountain, near the S. W. line of the t-ship, lies Hurd's pond and Hopatcong lake. The first re- ceives a small stream which has a S. W. course of 4 or 5 miles, and pours its waters into the second. Hurd's pond is about 1^ mile in length, by 1 mile in breadth ; and the lake is be- tween 3 and 4 miles long, and about a mile broad, covering about 3000 acres. These waters are remarkable, as well for their place, as their use; being at the summit level of the Morris canal, and employed as its feeders. They are the source also of that fine stream, the Musconetcong creek, and are much celebrated for their fish. The mountain is rough and broken, and the descent into Berkshire valley is wildly picturesque : of which cha- racter Longwood also partakes. The base of the whole t-ship is granitic rock, which breaks through the sur- face ui every direction, in rude and heavy masses. From a soil thus con- stituted, little fertility is expected ; but the product of the mountain, in wood and iron, is very valuable. The popu- lation in 1830, was 1551. In 1832 the t-ship contained 250 taxables, 127 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value, 6 stores, 2 grist, 9 saw mills, 3 distilleries, and 18 forges, 206 horses and mules, and 598 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; and paid state tax, $139 79 ; county, $312 97; poor, $600; and road, $1000. Jenny Jump, a noted eminence in the northern part of Oxford t-ship, Warren co., extending N. E. and S. W. for about 10 miles, and into Inde- pendence t-ship. Jersey City, lies on a point of land projecting into the Hudson river, op- posite to the city of New York, dis- tant therefrom, 1 mile, 1 chain, 47 links, in Bergen t-ship, Bergen co., 13 miles S. of Hackensack, 224 miles N. E. from W. C, 58 from Trenton, and 8 from Newark. It was first in- corporated Jan. 28, 1820, compris- ing " All that portion of the t-ship of Bergen, owned by the Jersey Asso- ciates, formerly called Powles Hook, constituted and surrounded by a cer- tain ditch, as the boundary line be- tween the Jersey Associates and the lands of Cornelius Van Vorst, dec'd, on the W. and N. W., and by the middle of the Hudson river, and the bay surrounding all the other parts of the same." By the act of Assembly the municipal government is vested in seven selectmen, who are ex offcio, conservators of the peace, a president chosen by the board, a treasurer, se- cretary, city marshal, &c. The town is commodiously laid out into lots, 25 feet by 100, distributed into 45 blocks, each 2 acres, with broad streets, and contains many good buildings. The whole number of dwellings may be 200, and the inhabitants about 1500. There are here, an Episcopalian church of wood, and a new church of stone being erected, and a Dutch Reformed church, 2 select schools, and an academy, owned by the pub- JOB 164 KET lie ; the Morris Canal Banking Com- pany, authorized to have a capital not exceeding one million of dollars, of which, $40,000 only, have been paid in; 20 licensed stores, 5 taverns, a public garden on the bay, called the Thatched Cottage Garden; a wind mill, an extensive pottery, at which large quantities of delfware are made, in Ibrm and finish scare inferior to the best Liverpool ware ; a flint glass manufactorv, employing from 80 to 100 hands, at $750 the week wages, yielding an annual product of near $100,000, of the best plain and cut glass ware. Both these large manu- factories arc conducted by incorpo- rated companies. There are 2 turn- pike roads running from this city to Newark, a rail-road to Paterson, and another through Newark to Bruns- wick ; and a basin in this town is pro- posed to be the eastern termination of the Morris canal, now completed to Newark. Three lines of stages run from Jersey City, to Newark, twice each day. Two steam-boats, belonging to the Associates of the Jersey Company, cross to New York every 15 minutes. This company was chartered in 1804, for the sole purpose of purchasing the place from Cornelius Van Vorst, the former pro- prietor. The city is a port of entry, annex- ed to the collection district of New York, together with all that part of the state of New Jersey, which lies north and east of Elizabcthtown and Staten Island. An assistant collector resides at Jersey, who may enter and clear vessels as the collector of New York may do, acting in conlbrmity, however, with such instructions as he may receive from the collector of New York. There is a surveyor also at this port. JobsviUe, or WUkinsmlle, named after the proprietor, Deptford t-ship, Gloucester co., n(;ar the mouth of Woodbury creek, between 3 and 4 miles W. from Woodbury; contains some half dozen dwellings. Johstown, p-t. of Springfield t-ship, on the Great Monmouth road, 6 miles N. E. from Mount Holly, 169 from W. C, and 23 S. E. from Trenton; contains a tavern, a store, and 8 or 10 dwellings, surrounded by excellent farms. The proposed rail-road or Macadamized road from the mouth of Craft's creek to Lisbon, is designed to pass by this village. Johnsonhurg, p-t. and village of Hardwick t-ship, Warren co.; cen- trally situate in the t-ship, by post route, 218 miles N. E. of W. C, 65 from Trenton, and 16 from Belvidere; contains an Episcopal and a Presby- terian church, a church belonging to the sect of Christ-i-ans, 2 taverns, 2 stores, many mechanic shops, a grist mill, and from 25 to 30 dwellings. The surrounding soil is of fertile lime- stone, and well cultivated. A small tributary of the Bear branch of Pe- quest creek, flows through it, and gives motion to the mill of the town. Jones' Island, Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co., formed by Cedar creek, Nantuxet creek, and their tri- butaries, and by Nantuxet Cove. Jugfown, small village, in a valley of the Musconetcong mountain, and on the road from Somerville to Phi- lipsburg, about 12 miles N. W. from Flemington; contains a tavern, mill, and some half dozen dwellings. JulwstotLm, p-t. of Springfield t-sp, Burlington co., 6 miles N. E. of Mount Holly, 163 from W. C, and 25 S. E. from Trenton; contains 1 tavern, 2 stores, and from 20 to 30 dwellings. A rail, or Macadamized road, from the mouth of Craft's creek to Lisbon, is designed to pass by this village. Jumping Brook, one of the sources of Crosswick's creek. Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., which, after a west course of about 4 miles, unites with South Run, and forms the creek. It is a mill stream. Kettle Run, small tributary of Haines' creek, Evesham t-ship, Bur- lington CO., unites with the main stream at Taunton furnace. Kettle Creek, Dover t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., rises by two branches, north and south, which flow east, the KIN 165 KNO first about 6, and the second about 4 miles. Their union forms an arm of Barnegat bay. There is a post-office in the neighbourhood, named after the creek, about 65 miles from Trenton. Kill Van Kuhl, the narrow strait between Staten island and the south shore of Bergen co., connecting New York bay with Newark bay, and in length about 5 miles. Kingston, p-t., on the turnpike road from Princeton to Brunswick, 1 3 miles from the latter, 180 from W. C, and 13 from Trenton, and on the line se- parating South Brunswick t-ship, Mid- dlesex CO., from Franklin t-ship, So- merset CO., so that part of the town lies in each county, and half way be- tween Philadelphia and New York. There are here a Presbyterian church, an academy, 3 taverns, 4 stores, a large grist mill, saw mill, and woollen factory, driven by the Millstone river, which runs through the town. The Delaware and Raritan canal also passes through it, with a lock at this place. There are here also, about 40 dwellings. The soil around the town is of sandy loam, upon red sandstone, fertile, and in a high state of cultiva- tion, and valued, in farms, at $60 the acre. This place was once remark- able for the number of stages which passed through it, for New York and Philadelphia, the passengers in which, commonly dined at the hotel of Mr. P. Withington. Before the comple- tion of the Bordentown and Amboy rail road, 49 stages, loaded with pas- sengers, between the two cities, have halted here at the same time; when more than 400 harnessed horses were seen standing in front of the inn. Mr. Withington has lately made a very large fish pond on his lands, well stocked with trout, and other fish of the country, with which he can, at any time, supply his table in a few minutes. KingiDood t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. E. by Lebanon, S. E. by Amwell, W. by the Delaware river, and N. W. by Bethlehem t-ship. Cen- trally distant W. from Flemington 7 miles; greatest length N. E. and S. W. 17, breadth E. and W. 7 miles; area, 35,312 acres ; surface, hilly and rolling; soil, red shale, clay, and loam ; in many places fertile and well cultivated. The tract known as the Great Swamp, extends on the top of the mountain into this t-ship, and is alike remarkable for its fine timber and extraordinary fertility. The t-p. is drained southwardly by the Laokatong creek. Baptisttown, Fairview, Dog- town, Charleston, and Milltown, are villages and hamlets of the t-ship ; at the first there is a post-office, and there is another office bearing the name of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 2898. In 1832 there were in the t-ship 4 stores, 7 saw mills, 7 grist mills, and 1 oil mill, 7 distilleries, 2 carding machines, 733 horses and mules, and 1347 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years ; and the t-ship paid state and county tax, $1323 75. Kinseyville, p-t. of Lower Penn's Neck t-ship, Salem co., on the Dela- ware river, opposite to the town of Newcastle, 170 miles from W. C, 58 from Trenton, and 7 from Salem. It is named after James Kinsey, the proprietor, and contains 4 or 5 dwell- ings, 2 taverns, store, and ferry to Newcastle. Kirkland's Creek, through the salt marsh of Lodi t-ship, Bergen co.; near its head is a saw mill. The length of the creek is about 3 miles. Kline''s Mills, post-office, Somer- set CO., by post route 206 miles N. E. from W. C, and 40 from Trenton. Knowlton, t-ship, Warren cc, bounded N. by Pahaquarry t-ship, E. by Hardwick t-ship, S. by Oxford t-ship, and W. by the Delaware river. Centrally distant N. E. from Belvi- dere, 10 miles; greatest length 10 miles, breadth 10 miles; area 44,800 acres. The Blue mountain lies upon the northern boundary, and the De- laware makes its way through it at the celebrated Water Gap, at the N. W. point of the t-ship. The t-ship is every where hilly, and is said to de- I'ive its name from its knolls. It is centrally drained by Paulinskill, and its branches; on the south-east by KRO 166 LAM Beaver brook, and north-east by the Shawpocussing creek. Gravel Hill, Sodom, Columbia, Centreville, Hope, and Ramsaysburg, are villages and post towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 2827; taxables in 1832, 630. There were in the t-ship, in 1832, 132 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30, 13 pairs of stones for grinding grain, 7 saw mills, 10 tan vats, 4 distillej-ies, 1 glass manufactory, 744 horses and mules, and 1390 neat cattle over three years of age; and the t-ship paid $1300 for t-ship use, and $1550 for state and county purposes. Slate and lime alternate throughout the t-ship; the hills are commonly of the one, and the valleys of the other. A slate quarry above Columbia is extensively wrought, from whence excellent roof and writing slates are taken. There is 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopalian church in the t-ship. Knowlton, post town and village of the above t-ship, on Paulinskill, 2 miles from its mouth, and by the post route 217 from W. C, 64 from Tren- ton, and 10 from Belvidere; contains 1 tavern, 1 store, a large grist and saw mill, a clover mill, and 6 or 7 dwellings. The country around is hilly, soil limestone. Koughstown, village, on the line between the t-ship of Hillsborough, in Somerset co., and the t-ship of Amweli, in Hunterdon co. 5 miles S. P^ of Flemington, contains a ta- vern and some 4 or 5 dwellings. Koughstown, small village on the line dividing Hillsborough t-ship, So- merset co; from Amweli t-ship, Hun- terdon CO., 11 miles ^S. W. from Somerville, and 4 miles S. E. from Flemington ; contains a tavern, store, Dutch Reformed church, and several dwellings, i)leasantly situated upon soil of red shale, in the valley of the Neshanie creek. Krokacmtll, small mill stream of Saddle river t-sliip, Bergen co., rising on the N. border, and flowing by a course of about 5 miles, to the Pas- saic river, a mile above the great Falls. Lafayette, post town of Newton t-shij), near the north line of the t-ship, on the Union Turnpike Road, distant by the post route 233 miles from W. C, 75 from Trenton, and 5 miles from Newton; contains 1 tavern, 1 store, a cupola furnace, a grist mill, with 4 run of stones, driven by the Paulinskill, a Baptist church, and some 10 or 12 dwellings. The pre- vailing soil around it is limestone, in excellent cultivation. Lahaway Creek, Upper Freehold, t-ship, Monmouth co., rises near the E. boundary, and flows S. W. about 9 miles, to the Crosswicks creek, be- low Hornerstown, giving motion to some mills at that place and at Pros- pei'town. Lake Branch, of Hospitality creek, an arm of the Great Egg Harbour river, Franklin and Hamilton t-ships, Gloucester co. Lakers Bay, in the salt marsh, on the Atlantic ocean. Egg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester co., communicates by several inlets with the ocean; is about 3 miles long and a mile and a half wide. Lambertsville, post town of Am- weli t-ship, Hunterdon co., 11 miles. S. W. from Flemington, 16 N. from Trenton, and 170 from W. C; a thriving, pleasant village, on the bank of the Delaware river, opposite to the town of New Hope, containing 1 Baptist and 1 Presbyterian church, 2 schools, one of which is a boarding school, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Studdiford, and more than 30 dwellings, many of which are neat and commodious. A turnpike road runs from the town to New Bruns- wick, and a fine bridge is thrown over the river by a joint stock com- pany, with a capital of $160,000, in- corporated in 1812, by the Legisla- tures of Pennsylvania and New Jer- sey; built in 1814. It is sup})orted on 9 stone piers; length between the abutments 1050 feet^ width 33 feet, elevation above the water 21 feet; roofed. The company for some time employed a ])ortion of its capital in banking operations. LAW 167 LEB Lamington River, tributary of the north branch of the Raritan, rises in Duck pond, Roxbury t-ship, Morris CO., and flows thence by a S. W. and S. course of 34 miles, uniting with its recipient in Bedminster t-ship, Somer- set CO. It is a large and rapid mill stream, on which there are many mills, particularly at Potter's Falls ; in the north part of its course it bears the name of Black river. Lamington, village of Bedminster t-ship, Somerset co., on the road from Somerville to Philipsburg, 10 miles N. W. of the former; contains a Presbyterian church, a tavern, and 3 or 4 dwellings, situate in a pleasant fertile country. Landing Creek, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., rises on the S. W. line of the t-ship, and flows about 9 miles eastwardly, to the Little Egg Harbour river; Gloucester furnace lies upon it. It has two branches, Indian Cabin branch, and Elisha's creek. Laokatong Creek, a fine mill stream of Kingwood t-ship, Hunter- don CO., rises in the t-ship and flows S. W. 10 or 12 miles into the river Delaware; it gives motion in its course to several mills. Lawrenceville, Knowlton t-ship, Warren co., on both banks of the Paulinskill, 15 miles N. E. of Belvi- dere, and 3 miles W. of Marksboro' ; contains a store and tavern, and 10 or 12 scattering dwellings. The country around it is hilly ; the soil slate on the left, and limestone on the right side of the creek. Lawrence t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. W. by Hopewell, N. E. by Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co., and West Windsor t-ship, Monmouth CO., S. E. by Nottingham t-ship, of Burlington co., and S. W. by Tren- ton t-ship. Centrally distant from Trenton N. E. 6 miles ; greatest length 8, breadth 6 miles; area, by assessor's return, 13,093 acres; sur- face, rolling ; soil, loam and clay, generally well cultivated ; drained southward by some branches of the Assunpink creek, and northward by Stony brook: Lawrenceville is the post-town, and only village of the t-ship. Population in 1330, 1430. In 1832, there were in the t-ship 1 store, 2 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 8 tan vats, 339 horses and mules, and 710 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years ; and it paid poor tax, $500 ; road tax, $400 ; state and county tax, $726 80. Two turnpike roads from Trenton to Brunswick run north-easterly through the t-ship, one of which leads by Princeton. Law?'enceville, post-town of Law- rence t-ship, Hunterdon co., 6 miles N. E. from Trenton, 18 S. E. from Flemington, 172 from W. C, situate on a level and fertile plain, well cul- tivated in grain and grass, and con- tains 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 1 store, a flourishing boarding school and academy, under the care of Mr. Philips. Lawrenceville, town of Hardwick t-ship, Warren co., near the western t-ship line, 82 miles N. E. from Trenton, and 15 from Belvidere. Lawrence'' s Brook, rises in South Brunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., and flows N. E. through New Brunswick t-ship, by a course of about 12 miles to the Raritan river, near 3 miles be- low New Brunswick. Leaming^s, or Seven Mile Beach,, Middle t-ship, Cape May co., extend- ing from Townsend's inlet to Hereford inlet, having an average width of half a mile. Lebanon Branch, of Maurice river, rises in Deerfield t-ship, Cumberland CO., and flows eastwardly to the river, about 2 miles above the town of Milleville; it is a mill stream, and has a tributary called Chatfield run* Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. E. by Washington t-ship, Morris co., E. by Readington and Tewkesbury t-ships, S. by Kingwood t-ship, W. by Bethlehem, N. W. by Musconetcong creek, which divides it from Mansfield t-ship, Warren co. Greatest length N. and S. 15 miles; breadth E. and W. 7 miles; area, 42,000 acres; surface mountainous, and generally hilly; soil, clay and LEE 168 LIT loam on the hills, with grey limestone in the valleys ; in parts rich and well cultivated. The Musconetcong moun- tain and its spurs cover the greater part of the northern part, and there are some high hills on the S. E., en- circling Round Valley. It is drained by Spruce run and the south branch of Raritan river, the latter forming part of the eastern and the south- eastern boundary, and crossing the t-ship from Morris county. The turnpike road from Somerville to Phi- lipsburg, runs westerly through the township, by the towns of Lebanon and Clinton. New Hampton and Sodom, or Clarkesville, are post- towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 3436. The t-ship contained in 1832, 13 saw mills, 16 grist mills, 2 oil mills, 87 tan vats, 1 distillery for grain, 11 distilleries for cider, 2 carding machines, 2 fulling mills, 886 horses, and 1540 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years ; and it paid poor tax, $1100; road tax, 800; and county and state tax, $1585 36. Lebanon, post-town of Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon co., centrally situ- ated, upon the turnpike road leadino- from Somerville to Philipsburg; 11 miles N. of Flemington, 47 from Ti-enton, and 211 from W. C. ; con- tains 1 tavern, 1 store, and several dwellings. There is a Dutch Re- formed church in the neighbour- hood. LecfPs Point, post-town, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., 44 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 83 from Trenton, and 191 N. E. from W. C; contains a store, tavern, and some 4 or 5 houses. Leeahurg, village of Maurice River t-ship, (Jiunberland co., on the left bank of Maurice river, about 5 miles from its mouth, and 20 S. E. of Bridgetown; contains 15 or 20 houses, 1 store, 1 tavern, and a Methodist church. There is a considerable quantity of ship building here, such as sloops, schooners, &c., and much trade in lumber and wood. The soil in the village and country immedi- ately around, is very productive ; it is one of the oldest settlements upon the river. Libertyville, p-t., of Wantage t-sp, Sussex CO., on the turnpike road lead- ing to Milford, Pennsylvania, about 3 miles E. of the Blue mountain. Liberty Coimer, p-t., Bernard t-sp, Somerset co., 7 miles N. E. of Somer- ville, 209 from W. C, and 43 from Trenton, near Harrison's brook ; con- tains a tavern, store, and about 20 dwellings, inhabited by intelligent, respectable families, in a fertile and well cultivated valley. Lion Pond, a source of Lubber run, Byram t-ship, Sussex co., lying near the centre of the t-ship. Lisbon, small village of Hanover t-ship, Burlington co., in the forks of the Slab Bridge branch, and the north branch of the Rancocus creek ; con- tains a grist mill, saw mill, store, ta- vern, and 10 or 12 dwellings. A rail- road or Macadamized road, is about to be made from this village to the mouth of Craft's creek, upon the De- laware, about 15 miles, in order to bring to market a quantity of excel- lent pine wood, which grows in the vicinity. Little Beach, Burlington co., Lit- tle Egg Harbour t-ship, between Lit- tle Egg Harbour, New Inlet, and Old Brigantine Inlet. Little Ease, village of Franklin t-ship, Gloucester co., 20 miles S. E. of Woodbury, upon the head waters of Maurice river ; contains a tavern, store, saw mill, and some half dozen dwellings; soil, sandy. Little Egg Harbour River. (See Egg Harbour River, Little.) Little Falls, of the Passaic, name of the manufacturing village and post- town which has grown up here; (See article Passaic) and which contains, on the right bankof the creek, 2 saw, and 1 grist mill, 2 cotton mills, one of a thousand, and another of fourteen hundred spindles, a turning mill, a woollen carpet manufactory, 4 stores, 3 taverns, a school house, used also as a church, and 47 dwellings. On the left bank there is a saw mill and turning mill. This is an admirable LIV 169 LOD position for mill works of all kinds. The whole river inay be used under a head of 33 feet, 10 of which only arc now employed to drive the few works above named, and which would give motion to a much larger quantity. The proprietors of this desirable site, Messrs. Ezekiel and Isaac Miller, and the heirs of Samuel Bridges, offer mill seats for sale on very advanta- geous terms, and the rights of the former gentlemen to the right bank, with half the water power, have been holden at $50,000 only. The place from its elevation is very healthy; land in the neighbourhood sells at from 30 to 60 dollars the acre, and town lots, 100 feet deep, at 2 dollars the foot, front, in fee simple. The town is 226 miles N. E. from W. C, 60 from Trenton, 10 from Newark, 4 from Paterson, and 5^ from Acquacka- nonck Landing. It has also the ad- vantage of the Morris canal, which crosses the river by an aqueduct be- low the falls. Lamhe'Tton. See Trenton. Little Pond, a small basin of wa- ter in Newton t-ship, Sussex co., distant about 4 miles west of the town of Newton, which supplies, in part, a small tributary of Paulinskill. Little Pond, on the sea shore, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., about 3 miles north of the south boun- dary of the t-ship. Little X Roads, p-t., Bedminster t-ship, Somerset co., 9 miles N. W. from Somerville, 209 from W. C, and 43 from Trenton ; contains a tavern, store, and 5 or 6 dwellings, in the valley of the north branch of the Raritan. Littletoivn, p-t., Hanover t-ship, Morris co., on the turnpike road from Newark to Milford, 5 miles north of Morristown, 224 from W. C, and 59 from Trenton; contains 1 tavern, 1 store, and 4 or 5 dwellings. Livingston, t-ship, Essex co., bounded" N. by Caldwell, E. by Orange, S. by Springfield, and W. by the Passaic river, which divides it from Morris co. Centrally distant, N. W. from Newark, 9 miles ; great- est length, N. and S. 5 miles ; breadth E. and W. 4^ miles, area 13,000 acres; surface on the east, moun- tainous, elsewhere rolling, except near the river, where it is level. It is drained on the N. by the Black Rock Meadow brook, and on the S. by Canoe creek, which flow to the Passaic by short coui-ses, not exceed- ing three miles. Towns, Centreville, Livingston, post-town, Northfield, Squiretown, and Cheapsidc. Popu- lation in 1830, 1150. In 1832, the t-ship contained 200 taxables, 65 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 52 single men, .5 mer- chants, 1 saw mill, 1 woollen factory, 166 horses and mules, and 637 neat cattle under three years of age; and it paid state tax, $120 03; county tax, $314 04; poor tax, $350; and road tax, $525. Livingston, small village, and post town of preceding t-ship, on the turn- pike road from Newark to Dover, 10 miles N. W. from the former, 225 N. E. from W. C, and 59 from Tren- ton; contains a tavern, store, and some 8 or 10 dwellings. Lockwood, forge and post-office ; on Lubber run, Byram t-ship, Sussex CO. ; distant by post route 224 miles from W. C, 61 from Trenton, and 9 south from Newton. Lodi, t-ship, Bergen co., bounded N. by New Barbadoes t-ship, E. and S. E. by Hackensack river, which separates it from Bergen t-ship, and W. and S. W. by the Passaic river, dividing it from Essex co. Central- ly distant, S. W. from Hackensack- town, 5 miles. Greatest length 10, greatest breadth E. and W. 5 miles; area 22,000 acres; surface level. More than half the t-ship consists of salt marsh and cedar swamp. On the N. E. there arc about 4000 acres of arable land, and on the west a strip running the whole length of the t-ship, and varying from 1 to 2 miles in width. These are of red shale, with a margin of alluvial, on the Pas- saic, well cultivated, and productive. Along the latter river are strewed many handsome country seats, and LON 170 LON about a mile S. E. of Belleville lies the well known Schuyler copper mine. Population of t-ship, in 1830, 1356. In 1832 it contained 527 taxables, 57 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 21 single men, 1 store, 5 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 2 toll bridges, and 291 horses and mules, and 931 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years. And it paid state tax, $208 87 ; county $427 69 ; poor, $400 ; road, $500. There are seve- ral creeks through the marsh, such as Berry's, Kirkland's, and Saw-mill creeks. Lcgtotvn, small hamlet of Lower AUoway's creek t-ship, Salem co., 7 miles S. of Salem-town, and 2 from Hancock's bridge. LogansvUlc, 6 miles S. W. of Morristown, Morris t-ship, Morris co., a fine settlement on Primrose creek, called after the owner, who has a large estate here. Logtown, on Mine mountain, Ber- nard t-ship, Somerset co., at the head of Mine brook, 12 miles N. of So- mervillc, contains a mill and 3 or 4 dwellings. Longacomlng, p-t. of Glouces- ter CO., on the line dividing the t-ship of Gloucester and Waterford, 14 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 45 from Trenton, and 153 N. E. from Washington; surrounded by pine fo- rest, soil sandy, and naturally barren, but improving by the application of marl. The village contains from 20 to 30 dwellings, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and a Methodist church. Long Beach, upon the Atlantic ocean, Stallbrd t-ship, Monmouth co., extending about 11 miles from the inlet to Little Egg Harbour bay, to Barncgat inlet. There are several houses on this beach, one of which was erected by a Philadelphia com- pany, for the accommodation oft hem- selves and friends in sca-bathinfj. Long Branch, m\\\ stream and tri- butary of Shrewsbury river, Shrews- bury t-ship, Monmouth co. ; has a course of about 4 miles N. W. There is a small village of 12 or 15 houstis, 1 tavern, and 2 stores, east of this stream, and between it and the At- lantic, to which the name of Long Branch is given. Long Bi-anch, well known and much frequented sea-bathing place, on the Atlantic ocean, 75 miles from Philadelphia, and 45 from New York, in Shrewsbury t-ship, and Monmouth CO., which has its name from the stream and hamlet above. The in- ducements to the invalid, the idle, and the hunters of pleasure, to spend a^^ portion of the hot season here, ar6 many. Good accommodations, oblig- ing hosts, a clean and high shore, with a gently shelving beach, a fine prospect seaward, enlivened by the countless vessels passing to and from New York, excellent fishing on the banks, 3 or 4 miles at sea, good gun- ning, and the great attraction of all watering places, much, and changing and fashionable company. During the season, a regular line of stages runs from Philadelphia, and a steam- boat from New York, to the boarding houses here, of which thei-e are seve- ral ; Warden's, Renshaw's, and Sear's are the most frequented. Many re- spectable farmers also receive board- ers, who, in the quiet of rural life, enjoy in comfort and ease, their sea- son of relaxation, perhaps more fully than those at the public hotels. Along the beach at Long Branch is a strip of fertile black sand, several miles in length, and exceeding more than a mile in width. The land adjacent to the ocean rises perpendicularly from the beach, near 20 feet. The board- ing houses arc 20 rods from the water, with lawns in the intermediate space. The high banks are formed by strata of sand, clay, and sea mud. Long Bridge, over Pequcst creek. Independence t-ship, Union co., at the head of the Great Meadows, 16 miles N. E. from B(>lvidcre. There is a hamlet here of 6 or 8 dwellings, and the neighbourhood is settled by mem- bers of the society of Friends, who have a meeting house \\'ithin 2 miles of the Bridge. The soil of the vici- nity is limestone, naturally fertile, and sufe'ceptiblc of improvement, as LOW 171 MAN may be supposed from the character of its cultivators ; for "Friends" of all vanities, dislike most, vain labour. Long Pond, a small sheet of water in the Blue mountains, in Walpack t-ship, Sussex co., whence Vancamp creek has its source. Long Pond, Frankford t-ship, Sus- sex CO., at the east foot of the Blue mountain, the extreme S. W. source of the W. branch of Paulinskill. Long Pond, Newton t-ship, Sus- sex CO., five miles S. E. of Newton. Long Pond, or Grcemoood Lake, crosses the state boundary from Orange co., New York, into Pomp- ton t-ship, Bergen co. ; it is about 4^ miles long by near a mile wide, but only a mile of its length is within this state. It sends forth a stream called Long Pond river, which, emp- ties into Ringwood river, near Board- ville. Long Pond, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., upon the sea-shore, 6 miles S. of Long Branch Boarding TT Houses, communicates with the sea by a narrow inlet. Longwood Valley, Jefferson t-ship, Morris co., lying between the Ham- burg and Greenpond mountains, ex- tending longitudinally N. E. and S. W. about 10 miles; narrow, deep, and stony, with soil not very fertile; it is drained S. W. by a principal branch of the Rockaway river, on wliich are sevei'al forges for making iron, the ore and fuel for which are supplied abundantly by the adjacent hills ; Berkshire Valley is the name given to the S. W. portion of this vale. The scenery here is wild, rude, and picturesque. Newfoundland is the post-office of Longwood Valley. Lopatcong Creek, rises in the southern part of Oxford t-ship, Warren CO., and flows thence by a S. W. course of 9 or 10 miles through Greenwich t-ship, to the river Dela- ware, 3 or 4 miles below Philipsburg, giving motion to several mills in its course, and draining a fertile valley of primitive limestone. Lower t-ship. Cape May co., bound- ed N. by Middle t-ship, E. and S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the Delaware bay. It is the most south- ern t-ship of the state, nearly one- half consists of sea beach and salt marsh, and the remainder of clay, co- vered with oak forest. Centrally distant from Cape May Court House, S. 9 miles ; length N. and S. 8, breadths miles; area, 21,000 acres, Pond creek. New England creek, and Cox Hall creek, are short streams, which flow westerly into the Dela- wai'O bay. Cape May, Cape May island, and the Cape May light-house, are in the t-ship. Population in 1830, 995. In 1832, there were in the t-ship about 200 taxables, 91 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 3 grist mills, 7 stores, 136 horses, 380 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; it paid t-ship tax, $51 92; state tax, $129; county tax, $399 38. Ludlam's Beach, extends upon the ocean about 6 miles from Car- son's to Townsend's inlet, partly in Middle, and partly in Dennis t-ship. Cape May co. Lumherton, town of Northampton t-ship, Burlington co., on the south branch of Rancocus creek, 3 miles S. W. from Mount Holly ; contains 2 stores, 2 taverns, a steel furnace, and from 25 to 30 dwellings, sur- rounded by very good farms. Mackepin Pond, Pompton t-ship, Bergen co., about 2 miles in length, by half a mile in breadth ; lies among the mountains, and sends forth a small tributary to the Pequannock creek. Malaga, p-t. of Franklin t-ship, Gloucester co., 23 miles S. E. from Woodbury, at the angle of junction of Salem, Cumberland and Glouces- ter counties ; on the head waters of Maurice river, 58 miles S. from Trenton, and N. E. 164 from W. C. ; contains 1 tavern, 2 stores, a glass manufactory, employed on window glass, 30 dwellings and a grist mill. Mamapaqve Brook, an arm of the south branch of Toms' river, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co. Manahocking River, Stafford MAN 172 MAN t-ship, Monnioutli co., flows S. E. about 9 miles into Little Egg Harbour bay, giving motion to a mill, at tho town of Manahocking. Manahocldng, p-t. of Stafford t-ship, Monmouth co., 38 miles S. E. of Freehold, 73 from Trenton, and 197 N. E. from W. C, upon tho creek of the same name, about 4 miles from Little Egg Harbour bay, contains a saw and grist mill, 2 ta- verns, several stores, and from 20 to 30 dwellings, a Friends' meeting house, a Baptist and a Methodist church. There is a considerable trade carried on here in wood and lumber, and cedar rails, supplied by the swamps of the neighbourhood. Manalapan Brook, or South Ri- ver, rises in Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., near Paint Island spring, and flows by a devious, but generally, N. E. course, through South Amboy t-ship, (forming in part the line between it and South Brunswick) a distance of about 28 or 30 miles, to the Raritan river, about 4 miles below New Brunswick, receiving from the south, several considerable tributaries. When the passage to New York was made by the town of Washington on this river, a canal, of about a mile in length, was cut through the marshes, that by turning the river into it the steam-boat might avoid some detours of the Ra- ritan, and shorten her course. The project, wc believe, was not success- fully executed. Mnnaway Creek, Milleville t-ship, (Jumberland co., a tributary of Mau- rice river. Manantico Creek, a considerable branch of Maurice river, rising near the S. W. border of Gloucester co., and flowing S. W. about 14 miles, uniting with the river about two miles above Port Elizabeth; it turns seve- ral mills; it receives two tributaries, Bcrryman's and Panther branches. Manasqvan Rirer, mill stream of Moinnouth co., rises by several small branches in Fret 'hold t-ship, which unite on the boundary line between iehold and Howell townships; thence the river flows by a S. E. di- rection 18 miles through the latter township to the ocean, by Manas- quan inlet. The tide water of the river, about 3 miles above the mouth, is crossed by Squan bridge. Mannington t-ship, Salem co., bounded N. by Salem river, which divides it from Upper Penn's Neck creek, and Pilesgrove township, E. by Pilesgrove, S. by Upper Alloways township, and Salem township, and W. by Salem river, which here sepa- rates it from Lower Penn's Neck township. Centrally distant N. E. from Salem, G miles; length N. and S. 9 ; breadth E. and W. 8 miles ; area, about 90,000 acres, of which more than 18,000 arc improved; sur- face, level ; soil, heavy rich loam, well cultivated in wheat and grass. The townshij) is drained by Salem river, bounding it on the N. and W. and by Mannington creek, which has its whole course within it, and is a tri- butary of the former. Near the vil- lage of Mannington Hill, which is the post-town of the township, is a noted nursery of fruit and ornamental trees, planted by Mr. Samuel Reeves, who sold from it during the year 1832, 1.5,000 peach trees alone. The poor-house of th<^ county lies near the eastern line of the township, in which from 80 to 120 paupers are annually relieved. Population, in 1830, 1726. In 1832, there \\ere in the township 1 Methodist and 1 Baptist church, 102 householders, whose ratablesdid not exceed $30; 1 store, 2 distilleries, 3.53 taxable inhabitants ; and the to^vnshil) paid for township pur- poses, $1000; for county purposes, $1085 34 ; and state tax, $339 64. Mannington Hill, p-t., and small village of Mannington t-ship, Salem CO. Centrally situate in the town- ship, upon Mannington creek. It contains 6 or 8 houses and a store. It is about 175 miles from W. C, 60 from Trenton, and 5 N. E. of Salem. Mannington Creek, a small tribu- tary of Salem river, which rising on tho S. W. border of Mannington township, Salem county, flows west- MAN 173 MAN erly by a meandering course of 8 miles to its recipient. It is not a mill stream, but along its banks are some valuable meadows. Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., bounded N. E. by Independence, S. E. by the Musconetcong river, which separates it from Morris and Hunter- don COS., S. W. by Greenwich t-ship, and N. W. by Oxford t-ship. Cen- trally distant from Belviderc, the county town, 9 miles ; greatest length on the river 15 miles; breadth 6^ miles; area, 33,000 acres; surface, mountainous; drained by the Mus- conetcong and Pohatcong creeks, which, divided by a chain of lofty hills, run parallel to each other, but at a distance of nearly 4 miles apart. There is a mineral spring, a chaly- beate, in the S. W. part of the t-ship, much frequented. Population in 1830, 3303. In 1832 there were 800 taxa- bles, 169 householders, whose ratable estates did not exceed 830 ; 1 1 stores, 12 pairs of stones for grinding grain, 8 carding machines, 5 saw mills, 1 furnace, 1 fulling mill, 36 tan vats, 7 distilleries, 862 horses and mules, and 1407 neat cattle in the t-ship; and the t-ship paid $1200 road and poor tax ; and $1659 42 state and county tax. The Morris canal winds through the hills the whole length of the t-ship. This is one of the richest t-ships of the state, having a large proportion of valley land underlaid with limestone. Large quantities of wheat are raised, and some, farmers sell as many as 3000 bushels annu- ally. Iron ore abounds in the hills, and silver is said to have been dis- covered near the spring, but most probably this is iron pyrites. Mansfield, small village of Mans- field t-ship, Burlington co. ; centrally situated in the t-ship 8 miles N. of Mount Holly, and 4 miles S. of Bor- dentown ; contains a Friends' meeting house and 4 or 5 dwellings. Mansfield or Washington, p-t. of Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., founded in 1811, on the turnpike road leading from Philipsburg to Schooley's moun- tain ; by the post route 202 miles from W. C.,and 46 from Trenton, and Si- miles S. E. of Belvidere, the county town, 30 from Morristown, 12 from Easton, and 3 miles from Musconet- cong creek; contains 1 tavern, 2 stores, from 35 to 40 dwellings, 1 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian church, and 1 school. Iron ore abounds in Scott's mountain north of the village. Around the town the soil is limestone, fertile and well cultivated, and valued at from 20 to 50 dollars the acre. The town is supplied with excellent water fi'om a spi'ing on the south, which is distributed by 4 public foun- tains. Mansfield t-ship, Burlington co., bounded N. E. by Chesterfield t-ship, S. by Springfield, W. by Burlington t-ship, and N. W. by the river Dela- ware. Centrally distant from Mount Holly N. 7 miles ; greatest length E. and W. 10 miles; breadth N. and S. 65 miles; area, about 21,000 acres; surface, level; soil, various, sand, loam, and clay ; generally well cul- tivated, and productive. It is drained north-westerly by Black's, Ci-aft's, and Assiscunk creeks, all of which flow to the Delaware river. Along the river are some noted clay banks, from which clay is taken for the ma- nufacture of fire bricks, and for other purposes requiring great resistance to heat. The towns are White Hill,, Georgetown, Mansfield, Bustletown, Columbus or Black Horse, the last of which is a post-town. Population in 1830, 2083. In 18.32 the t-ship contained 432 taxables, 216 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed $30; 65 single men, 1390 neat cattle, and 548 horses and mules, above 3 years old, 4 stores, 2 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 1 fishery, 1 fur- nace, 1 fulling mill, 31 tan vats, 1 carding machine, 5 distilleries of cider, 4 coaches and chariots, 3 phae- tons and chaises, 49 dearborns, and 84 covered wagons, 3 chairs and curricles, and 18 gigs and sulkies; and it paid state tax, $345 88; county tax, $1212 38 ; and t-ship tax, $1100. Mantua Creek, Gloucester co., MAR 174 MAT rises on, and forms the line between Deptfbrd and Greenwich t-ships, and flows N. W. by a course of 15 miles to the Delaware river, above Maiden island. It is navigable for sloops 7 or 8 miles to Carpenter's Landing, above which it gives motion to seve- ral mills. Maple Island Creek, sets in from Newark bay about 1 i^ or 2 miles into the salt marsh, on the S. E. of New- arktown. Mapletoicn, hamlet on Millstone river, a short distance above the mouth of Stony Brook, 2 miles S. E. of Princeton, 15 from Now Bruns- wick; contains a fine grist and saw mill, and fulling mill, and 4 or 5 dwellings. North of the hamlet on the river, are some excellent quarries of freestone; a fine grey, with por- tions of red, standstone, streaked with small veins of quartz. It works well under the hammer, and has been used in the erection of the locks of the De- laware and Raritan canal. Mare Run, small tributary of the Great Egg Harbour river, flowing from the west to its recipient, in Ha- milton t-ship, Gloucester co., about 3 miles above May's Landing. Marksboro\ p-t. and village of Hardwick t-ship, Warren co.; cen- trally situate in the t-ship, and by post route distant from W. C. 240, from Trenton 82, from Belvidere 15 miles, 10 from Newton, and 12 from Columbia, and on the south bank of the Paulinskill ; contains a Presbyte- rian church, a grist mill, a cotton manufactory making 1500 lbs. of yarn per week, a clover mill, 1 law- yer, 1 physician, and about 20 dwell- ings. The town itself lies on a slate ridge, which is fertile and well culti- vated, but the soil on the north side of the creek is secondary limestone ; the most valuable slate lands rate, at about $30, and the lime, at about $40 the acre. The celebrated White Pond lies about 1 mile north of the town. Its shores and bottom an; covered with vast quantities of snail shells, and its waters afford abun- dance of white perch and other fish. Marsh s^ bog, town of Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., 9 miles S. E. of Free- hold ; contains 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 10 or 12 dwellings ; the surround- ing country is sterile, but there is considerable business done in the vil- lage. Marshall ville, or Cumberland Wo7'ks, on Tuckahoe creek, Maurice Creek t-ship, Cumberland co., at the eastern extremity of the co., 28 miles S. E. of Bridgeton; contains from 30 to 40 houses, some extensive glass works belonging to Randall Marshall, Esq., at which much window glass is manufactured, 1 tavern, and 2 stores. There is much ship building carried on here in vessels of from 50 to 100 tons; soil, sandy. Martha Furnace, Washington t-ship, Burlington co., on the Oswego branch of Wading river, about 4 miles above the head of navigation ; there are here also a grist and saw mill. The furnace makes about 750 tons of iron castings annually, and employs about 60 hands, who, with their families, make a population of near 400 souls, requiring from 40 to 50 dwellings ; there are about 30,000 acres of land appurtenant to these works. Martinsville post-office, Somerset CO., 203 miles N. E. from W. C, and 37 from Trenton. Mafchaponix Brook, fine mill stream, which has its source in Up- per Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., and flows about 10 miles N. W. by Englishtown, through South Amboy t-ship, to its recipient, the South river, near Spotswood. Matourhin, p-t. of Woodbridge t-ship, Middlesex co., at the intersec- tion of the turnpike roads leading, one from New Brunswick to Eliza- bethtown, and the other from Perth Amboy towards Bound Brook, 5 miles from New Brunswick, 6 miles from Perth Amboy, 31 from Tren- ton, and 198 from W. C. ; contains a Presbyterian church, store, 2 ta- verns, and 10 or 12 dwellings, sur- rounded by a fertile country of red shale. MAU 175 MED Mattison's Corner, post-office Hun- terdon CO., by post-route 185 miles from W. C, and 26 from Trenton. Mauricetotcn, p-t. on Maurice ri- ver, 10 or 12 miles from its mouth, 87 miles S. of Trenton, 18 from Bridgeton, and 184 from W. C; contains some 20 dwellings, store, tavern, an academy, and Methodist church. The town is handsomely situated upon a high belt of rich land, and some of the dwellings are of brick, very neat and pleasant, and surrounded by valuable meadows. Maurice River t-ship, Cumberland CO., bounded N. by Hamilton t-ship, Gloucester co., E. by Weymouth t-ship, of same co., S. by Upper and Dennis t-ships, of Cape May co., and by the Delaware bay, and W. by Maurice river, from its source to its mouth, separating it from Downe and Milleville t-ships, Cumberland co. Centrally distant S. E. from Bridge- ton, 20 miles; greatest length 19, breadth 11 miles; area, 79,360 acres; surface, level ; soil, generally sandy except along the margin of the creeks, where loam and clay prevail. It is drained E. by Tuckahoe creek and its tributaries, and S. by Tarkill creek. Population in 1830, 2724. In 1832, there were in the t-ship 525 taxables, 117 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 11 stores, 6 pairs of stones for grinding grain, 1 blast furnace and forge, 6 saw mills, 2 glass manufactories, 1 at Port Elizabeth, and the other at Marshallville, or Cumberland Works, 295 horses, and 1810 neat cattle, above 3 years old; there are some very valuable meadows on Maurice river, commencing 5 miles from the mouth, and extending nearly to Milleville, 15 miles. Port Elizabeth, Bricksboro', Dorchester, Leesburg, and Marshallville, are villages of the t-ship ; all, except the last, upon or near the east bank of Maurice ri\er, and the last upon Tuckahoe creek. Maurice Riiier, Prince, rises by several small branches in Deptford and Franklin t-ships, Gloucester co., which uniting above Fork Bridge on the line between the S. E. boundary of Salem co. and Cumberland co., form a considerable stream, which there gives motion to several mills. About 8 miles below this point, the river receives from Salem co. a large tributary, called Muddy run, above the head of the dam of the Milleville works. From this dam, which checks the whole river, a canal of near 3 miles in length, supplies the works at Milleville. From this town the ri- ver is navigable for 20 miles to the bay, for vessels of 80 or 100 tons, and to within 5 miles of its mouth, its shores are lined with valuable em- banked meadows. It receives in its course a number of considerable tri- butaries, on either hand. The oys- ters taken at the mouth of this river, are famed for their excellent quality. ManVs Bridge, over the Maurice river, between Salem and Cumber- land counties. May^s Landing, p-t. of Hamilton t-ship, Gloucester co., upon the Great Egg Harbour river, at the head of sloop navigation, 16 miles from the sea, 35 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 73 from Trenton, and 181 N. E. from W. C. ; built on both sides of the river, including the village of Hamil- ton, and contains 3 taverns, 4 stores, a Methodist church, and 25 or 30 dwellings ; a considerable ti-ade in cord-wood, lumber, and ship building, is carried on at this place. Mead's Basin, post-oifice, Bergen CO., 240 miles from W. C, and 74 from Trenton, N. E. Meel-endam Creek, small tributary of Little Egg Harbour river, uniting with it about 4 miles below Pleasant Mills. Mcchcscalaxin Creek, tributary of Atsion river, rises in Hereford t-ship, Gloucester co., and by a course of 13 miles S. E., unites with Atsion rivei-, near Pleasant Mills, in Gallo- way t-ship. Medford, p-t. Evcham t-ship, Bur- lington CO., on Haines' creek, 7 miles S. W. from Mount Holly, 16 miles E. from Camden, 29 S. E. from Trenton, and 154 N. E. from W. C. ; MET 176 MID contains a large Quaker meeting house, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and from 30 to 40 dwellings, surrounded by a pleasant fertile country. Mendham t-ship, Morris co., bounded N. by Randolph, E. by Morris, S. by Bernard, and Bedmin- ster t-ships, of Somerset co., and W. by Chester co. Centrally distant, W. from Morristown, 7 miles; greatest length, E. and W. 6; breadth, N. and S. 4^ miles; area, 14,000 acres; surface generally hilly, and on the N. mountainous; soil clay, loam and grey limestone; the last fer- tile and well cultivated ; drained southwardly, by arms of the north branch of the Raritan, and E. by Whippany river. Mendham is the post-town. Population in 1830, 1314. In 1832, the township contained 270 taxables, 48 householders, whose ratables did not exceed 830 ; 30 single men, 5 stores, 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 1 cotton manufactory, 2 full- ing mills, 2 wool carding machines, 26 tan vats, 7 distilleries and 1 forge, 273 horses and 686 neat cattle, above the age of three years ; and paid state tax, $176 03; county tax, 394 12; poor tax, -1250; road tax, $800. Sulphur was reported to be found, in this township, in large quantities, during the revolutionary war. Mendhani, p-t. of the preceding tfiwuship, on the Morris and Easton turupikcsroad, 6 miles W. of the for- mer, 221 N. E. from W. C, and 55 from Trenton ; contains a Presbyte- rian church, a boarding school for boys, in much repute, under the care of Mr. Fairchild, 1 grist mill, 1 ta- vern, three stores, and between 40 and 50 dwellings. Circumjacent country rolling, soil limestone, well cultivated and fertile. Merr'itfa Branch of Pohatcong Creek, rises in Oxn)rd t-ship, War- ren CO. and flows S. through Green- wich township, to its recipient, hav- ing a course of about 7 miles. Metetecunk River, Monmouth co., rises bv two branches, the N. and S. in Freehold township, and flowing S. E. about 16 miles, uniting in the pond of Butcher's works, on the line of Dover and Howell townships, about 4 miles above the north end of Barnegat bay, into which the river empties. Each branch gives motion to several mills. The main river is navigable to Butcher's works. Middle t-ship. Cape May co., bounded N. by Dennis' creek t-ship, E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by Low- er t-ship, and W. by the Delaware bay; greatest length, N. and S. 12, breadth, 10 miles; area, 60,000 acres ; surface, level ; soil, sand and marsh; Dennis' creek runs on the N. W. border of the township ; Lea- ming's and Seven Mile beaches lie on the Atlantic, between which, is Here- ford's inlet, admitting the sea to the marshes and lagunes, which extend westerly, fl^r about four miles. On the bay there is also, a strip of marsh from half a mile to two miles in width, through which flow Goshen, Dyer's, Green and Fishing creeks. The interval land between the marshes, is a stiff* clay, covered with oak forest, through which arc interspersed some arable lands. The population is chiefly seated along the edge of the marshes, and consisted, in "l 830, of 1366 souls. In 18.32, the township contained about 320 tax- ables, 207 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; 1 grist mill, 3 saw mills, 218 horses, 650 neat cattle over 3 years of age, 8 stores, and paid township taxes, $101 3; county do. $630 47 ; and state tax, $203 53. There are two villages in the township ; one at Cape May Court House, and the other called Goshen. Middle Run, Weymouth t-ship, Gloucester co., a marsh creek, which empties into Great Egg Harbour bay. Middlehrooli, Warren and Bridge- water t-ships, Somerset co., rises in and flows through a mountain valley by a S. W. and S. course of about 9 miles, and emptying into the Raritan near the village of Middlebrook in the latter township. Middlebrook, village. See Bound Brook. MID 177 MID Middlesex co., was first erected by an act of Assembly under the proprietary government in 1682. Its boundaries have been settled by the acts of 1709, 1713 and 1790. It is now bounded N. by Essex coun- ty; N. E. by Arthur's Kill or Staten Island Sound; E. by Raritan bay; S. E. by Monmouth county ; S. W. by Burlington, and Huntingdon coun- ties ; and W. and N. W. by Somer- set county; greatest length, N. E. and S. W. 35 miles ; greatest breadth, 17 miles; area, in acres, 21,700, or about 339 square miles. Central lat. 40° 25' N. ; long, from W. C. 2° 34' east. Geologically considered, the coun- ty is based upon the primitive and old red sandstone formations. The former is, in many places, covered by the latter, and appears most con- spicuously in the S. W. portion of the county. The red and gi'ey free- stone from the quarries of West Windsor township, S. E. of Prince- ton, and the redstone near New Brunswick, and in many other parts of the county, are admirably adapt- ed for, and have been extensively used in building ; the former especi- ally in the locks of the Delaware and Raritan canal. The sand of this stone is mingled in various portions with other constituents of the soil, forming in some places, deep sand, in others, loam, of diverse consist- ence, from the light sandy, to the heavy clay. Generally, however, the soil is of improvable quality, and is in many places highly culti- vated. The surface is as various as the soil ; on the S. E. it is generally level, and on the N. and N. E. is undulating, but cannot any where be deemed hilly ; except at the sand hills, a few miles E. of Kingston. Copper ore is found in the red sandstone near New Brunswick. Mines were opened and worked many years ago, but all operations therein have long been suspended. The river Raritan divides the coun- ty into two unequal parts, flowing by a general but serpentine easterly z course of 12 or 14 miles through it, into the Raritan bay ; receiving from the south, Lawrence's brook and the South river, whose many branches water the country on the S. E. ; and from the N. some inconsiderable tri- butaries. The Millstone river cross- es the S. W. portion of the county in a N. W. direction, and is di- vided from the Assunpink creek, by a neck of land from four to five miles wide. The one, bending to the north, seeks the Raritan river, in Somerset county ; and the other turning to the S. W. runs to the Delaware, on the line between Burlington and Hunter- don counties. The Rahway river courses the N. E. line, and Green- brook the N. W. boundary, both of which receive tribute from the county. The bay of the Raritan affords an excellent harbour, com- municating at all times by a single tide, with the ocean; and by Staten Island Sound, with the bay of New York. Perth Amboy was originally the seat of justice of the county, which has long since been removed to the city of New Brunswick. Besides these cities, the county contains the following towns, viz. Bridgetown, Samptown, Brooklyn, New Market, New Durham, Wood- bridge, Matouchin, Bonhamtown, Piscataway, Washington, Old Bridge, Spotswood, Kingston, Princeton, Williamsburg, Cranberr)^, Hights- town, Millford, Edinburg, Centre- ville, &c. A turnpike road from Trenton runs by Princeton, along the western boundary of the county, to New Brunswick; and thence a like road passes to New York ; a second runs from Trenton, by a straight line, N. W., to New Brunswick ; and a third from Bordentown to Amboy, which last two places are also connected by the Bordentown and Amboy rail-road. The New Jersey rail-road, now in progress, will unite the cities of Jer- sey and New Brunswick. The Dela- ware and Raritan canal runs a very considerable distance through the MID 178 MID county, and communicates with the Raritan at New Brunswick. The population, by the census of 1830, was 23,157 : of whom 10,523 were white males ; 10,487 white fe- males ; 904 free coloured males ; 914 free coloured females; 130 male slaves; 179 female slaves; 174 aliens; 12 whites, deaf and dumb, 7 blind, and 3 blacks blind. The business of the county is chief- ly agricultural, but considerable trade is carried on from New Brunswick. In 1832 the county contained about 4500 taxables, 841 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 477 single men, 99 stores, 20 saw mills, 42 run of stones for grinding grain, 2 plaster mills, 2 woollen facto- ries, 7 carding machines, 39 distille- ries, and 3684 horses and mules, and 7675 neat cattle over 3 years of age ; and it paid state tax, $3253 26 ; county, $4000; poor, $5850; road, 3600. The provisions for moral improve- ment, in the county, consist of the following religious associations: viz. Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Baptist, Seventh-day Baptist, Dutch Reform- ed, and Methodist ; one college, and one theological institution belonging to Presbyterians, several academies and boarding schools, at Princeton ; a col- lege and theological seminary per- taining to the Dutch Reformed, a grammar school, and other schools, at New Brunswick ; two academies at Rahway, and common schools, at which the rudiments of an English education are given in every popu- lous vicinity ; a county bible society, Sunday schools, in almost every vil- lage, and temperance societies which are spreading over the county. The public buildings in addition to the churches and seats of literature, consist of the court-house, public of- fices, and prison, at New Brunswick. The following are post-towns of the county : Amboy, Cranberry, riightstown, Kingston, New Bruns- wick, New Market, Rahway, Six Mile Run, South or Washington, Spotswood, and Woodbridge. STATISTICAL TABLE OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. ^ 13 P opulation. Townships, &c. c cs 0) Area. Surface. 1810. 1820. 1830. Perth Amboy, 2,577 rolling. 815 798 879 South Amboy, 18 6 64,000 partly rolling. 3071 3406 3782 North Brunswick, 9 7 23,000 level. 3980 4275 5274 South Brunswick, 10 7 36,000 do. 2332 2489 2557 East Windsor, 12 6 24,000 do. 1747 1710 1903 West Windsor, 7 5 19,000 do. 1714 1918 2129 Piscataway, 9 7^ 27,000 do. 2475 2648 2664 Woodbridge, 9 9 24,000 do. 4247 4226 3969 219,577 20,381 21,470 23,157 MifJdlctown t-ship, Monmouth co., boundi.-d N. by Raritan b.ay and Sandy Hook, E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by Shrewsbury t-ship, and W. by South Amboy t-ship, Middle- sex CO. Centrally distant N. I'i. from Freehold 10 miles; greatest length K. and VV. 16, breadth N. and S. 10 miles; area, 50,000 acres; surface, on the east and centre, hilly, else- where, level; soil, loam, sand, and clay, not naturally of the first quality, but highly improved, in places, by the u.se of marl, which has become common. Sandy I look bay runs south into the t-ship from the Raritan, and is bounded on the S. W. by the pro- montory of the highlands of Nevi- sink, and on the E. by the sand beach, forming Sandy Hook, run- MID 179 MIL ning 6 miles north from Shrewsbury Inlet; upon the north point of which stands Sandy Hook Light-house. The t-ship is drained on the S. E., S. and S. W. by Swimming and Nevisink rivers; on the N. W. by Middletown creek ; N. by Waycake, and N. E. by Watson's and Shoal Harbour creeks. Middletown, Middletown Point, Bap- tisttown, or Holmdel and Mount Plea- sant are villages, the two first post- towns, of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 5128. In 1832 the t-ship con- tained about 1000 taxables, 277 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 169 single men, 27 stores, 5 saw mills, 13 run of stones for grind- ing grain, 1 fulling mill, 36 tan vats, 11 distilleries, 956 horses and mules, and 2286 neat cattle, above 3 years of age; and paid state and county taxes, $2620 20. Good lands will bring in this t-ship an average price of $60 the acre. In 1682 Middletown contained about 1 00 families ; several thousand acres had been collected for the town, and many thousand for out-planta- tions. John Browne, Richard Harts- horne, and Nicholas Davis, had well improved settlements here; and a court of sessions was holden twice or thrice a year, for Middletown, Piscataway and their jurisdictions. Middletown, post-town of Middle- town t-ship, Monmouth co., 13 miles N. E. from Freehold, 56 from Tren- ton, and 221 from W. C, situate in a rolling and fertile country, based on marl; contains an Episcopal, a Dutch Reformed, and a Baptist church, 2 stores, 2 taverns, and from 20 to 25 dwellings, among which, there are several very neat and commo- dious. Middletown Point, port of delivery of Perth Amboy district, and post- town of Middletown t-ship, Monmouth CO., upon Middletown creek, about 3 miles from the Raritan bay, 11 miles N. of Freehold, 47 N. E. from Tren- ton, and 213 from W. C; lies on a bank elevated about 50 feet above the stream, fronting a marsh on the op- posite side; contains a Presbyterian church, from 75 to 100 dwellings, many of which are very good build- ings, 8 or 10 stores, 4 taverns, and a grist mill. This is the market of an extensive country, and large quanti- ties of pork, rye, corn, cord wood, and garden truck, are thence sent to New York. The soil immediately around the town is sandy. There is a bank here, incorporated in 1830, with a capital of $50,000, of which $10,000 only were paid in, in 1833. Middleville, Orange t-ship, Essex CO., 5 miles S. W. of Newark, con- tains a tavern, a store, a grist mill, saw mill, and Universalist church. Mill Broolc, a small stream of Montague t-ship, Sussex co., flowing N. E., a course of about 6 miles, to the Nevisink river, in the state of New York, about 1 mile north of the boundary, giving motion to several grist, and other mills. Mill Creek, a tributary of Cohan- sey creek, flowing southward into it, and forming the S. W. boundary of Greenwich t-ship, Salem co.; length between 3 and 4 miles. Mill Creek, another tributary of Cohansey creek, rising in Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co., and flowing S. W. about 4 miles, by the village of Fairton, to its recipient, giving motion to two mills. Millford, E. Windsor t-ship, Mid- dlesex CO., on Rocky Brook, 17 miles S. W. from New Brunswick, on Rocky Brook ; contains a Presbyte- rian church, a grist mill, and some 10 or 12 farm houses, and dwellings of mechanics. Soil light, and not productive. Millford, village of Alexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the river Delaware, at the confluence of a small creek with that stream, 13 miles N. W. from Flemington, and 40 from Trenton; contains a tavern, store, grist mill, 2 saw mills, and from 15 to 20 dwellings, a Presbyterian church, and a church of Unitarians, which styles itself Christian, and which admits females to participate in the ministry. This is a place of MIL 180 MIN considerable business, particularly in the lumber trade. Millhill, village of Nottingham t-ship, Burlington co., on the S. side of the Assunpink creek ; contains 2 cotton manufactories, several taverns and stores, a market house, and about 80 dwellings. (See T/tw^o/i, of which it is a suburb.) Millingto/i, post-ofRre, Somerset CO., 219 miles N. E. from W. C, and 48 from Trenton. Millstone River, rises near Paint Island spring, Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., and flows thence by a N. course of about 5 miles, to the line between Monmouth and Mid- dlesex COS. ; thence N. W. 13 or 14 miles, through Middlesex to the mouth of Stony Brook, thence N. E. by Kingston, into Somerset co., 16 miles to the river Raritan. It is a strong and rapid stream, receiving the waters of an extensive country, including that drained by Stony Brook; and runs, in many places, through very narrow valleys, and consequently is subject to sudden and great overflows. The Delaware and Raritan canal enters the valley of this river, with Stony Brook, and fol- lows it to the Raritan. The whole length of the Millstone may be about 35 miles, by comparative courses. Millstone, post-town of Hillsbo- rough t-ship, Somerset co., on the left bank of the Millstone river, 194 miles N. E. of W. C, 28 from Tren- ton, 5 S. of Somerville; contains 2 taverns, 3 stores, a Dutch Reformed church, and between 30 and 40 dwell- ings, in a level, fertile, red shale country. Some of the dwellings are very neat and commodious. Milltown, a small village in the southern part of Kingwood t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the Laokatong creek, 10 miles S. W. from Fleming- ton; contains a mill, store, and 8 or 10 dwellings. Millmlle t-shij) Cumberland co., bounded N. by (iloucester and Salem COS., and by Depfdird t-ship, S. E. by Maurice Kiver t-ship, S. by Downe, and W. by Fairfield f-ships. Cen- trally distant E. from Bridgeton, 12 miles; length N. and S. 16 miles; breadth E. and W. 15; area, 73,000 acres ; surface, level ; soil sandy, and generally not very productive. It is drained by Maurice river and its tri- butaries, of which Manantico creek is here the chief. Millville and Buck- shutem, are towns of the t-ship; the first a post-town. Population in 1880, 1561. In 1832, there were in the t-ship 349 taxables, 136 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 7 stores, 6 run of stones for grinding grain, 1 carding machine, 1 blast fur- nace, 8 saw mills, 2 glass manufac- tories ; and it paid road tax, $800, and county and state tax, $553 58. Millville, p-t. of Millville t-ship, Cumberland co., on the left bank of Maurice river, 20 miles from its mouth, 11 miles S. E. of Bridgeton, 79 from Trenton, and 176 N. E. from W. C. ; contains about 60 dwellings, 2 taverns, 4 or 5 stores, a furnace belonging to Mr. D. C. Wood, and extensive glass works belonging to Messrs. Burgin and Pearsall ; con- sistintT of 2 factories, 1 containino; an 8, and the other a 7 pot furnace, em- ployed chiefly in the manufacture of bottles, demijohns, carboys, and the various kinds of vials used by drug- gists and apothecaries, giving em- ployment to from 75 to 100 work- men. The town lies near the head of sloop navigation. Milton, post-town of Morris co., 242 miles N. E. from W. C, and 79 from Trenton, and 15 N. of So- merville. Minisink Island, formed by the Delaware river, and making the ex- treme S. W. part of Montague t-ship, Sussex CO. Mine Mountain, composed of trap rock, Bernard t-ship, Somerset co., extends from the north branch of the Raritan, 6 miles to the Passaic river, and is intersected by tributaries of the respective rivers ; the chief of which is Mine Brook, rising near Logtown, on the summit of the mountain,and run- nine 6 miles S. W. to the north branch MON 181 MON of the Raritan. It is a mill stream of great fall, and studded with mills. Miry Run, tributary of the As- sunpink creek, rises in East Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co., and flows N. W. through Nottingham t-ship, Bur- lington CO., by a course of 8 miles, giving motion to several mills. Mi?'y Run, small stream of Egg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester co., flow- ing westerly about 3 miles to the Great Egg Harbour river, having a mill at its mouth. Monroe, p-t. Hardiston t-ship, Sus- sex CO., at the cross-roads N. W. of Pimple Hill, 236 miles from W. C, 78 from Trenton, and 9 from New- ton; contains a mill, store, and seve- ral dwellings. It is surrounded by soil of primitive limestone. Monroe, village of Hanover t-ship, Morris co., near the Whippany river, 3 miles N. E. of Morristown ; con- tains a store, 5 or 6 dwellings, and an extensive paper mill. It is surround- ed by soil of loam and gravel, well cultivated. Monmouth County ; the bounds of this county were established by the Acts of 21st January, 1709-10, and 15th march, 1713-14; and it is now limited on the N. by Raritan bay; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. W. and W. by Burlington co. ; and N. W. by Middlesex ; greatest length 65, breadth 33 miles; area, 665,000 acres, or about 1030 square miles. Central lat. 40° 5' N., long, from W. C. 2° 42' E. The whole coun- try belongs to the alluvial formation, and consists of clay mingled with sand, gravel, and in low places vege- table mould. In many parts there are large beds of marl, varying in quality from that composed almost altogether of shells, already highly indurated, to that of blue clay and sand, in which the shells are finely broken and sparsely strewed. In the N. part of the county, marl is gene- rally used as manure, and with the greatest advantage. It has restored many tracts of worn-out land to fer- tility, and preserved much more from exhaustion and abandonment. The surface of the county, except in Middletovvn t-ship, is generally level, and a large portion of it cover- ed with pine forest ; N. of Manasquan inlet the sea-coast is high, bold, and clean ; S. of that channel commences a series of sand beaches, formed into islands, by Barnegat and Little Egg Harbour inlets, having a width, va- rying from half a mile to a mile, and which extend in this county to Little Egg Harbour inlet, a distance, southwardly of full 40 miles. Be- hind the beach, a bayou, continues, nominally divided into two, under the names of Little Egg Harbour, and Barnegat bays, which also varies much in width, being from ^ a mile to 4 miles broad ; with a broad bor- der of salt marsh, on the west. The county is well watered, by many small streams, most of which flow E., to the ocean. The princi- pal of these are Manasquan, Mete- tecunk. Kettle, Cedar, Oyster, Ma- nahocking, and Westecunk creeks, Nevisink, Shrewsbury, Toms', and Forked rivers. From the N. the Millstone and South rivers flow to the Raritan, and the W. sends forth the Assunpink, the Crosswick's, and the Rancocus, tributaries of the Dela- ware. The post-towns of the county are, Allentown, Barnegat, Cedar Creek, Colts' Neck, Eatontown, English- town, Freehold, the seat of justice, Holmdel, Howel Furnace, Manohock- ing, Manasquan, Middletown, Middle- town Point, New Egypt, Shrewsbury, Squankum, and Toms' River. There are several other less considerable villages. The business of the county is chiefly agricultural, but many per- sons are employed in cutting and sawing timber, and in preparing and carying cord wood to market, large quantities of which are sent from Toms' river, and large quantities of the finest pork are annually raised for exportation. Iron is also made in the central parts of the county, at Phcenix, Dover, and other furnaces. The population, originally com- MON 182 MON posed of a few Dutch, and some New England men, who removed from Long Island, prior to, and about, tiie year 1664, amounted in 1830, to 29,233: of whom there were, white free males, 13,900; free white fe- males, 13,304; male slaves 97; fe- male slaves, 130; free coloured males, 1794; free coloured females, 978. There were also, 19 deaf and dumb, and 14 blind, of the whites; 1 deaf and dumb, and 1 blind, of the colour- ed population. By returns of the assessors of 1832, there were in the county, about 6000 taxables, 1385 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 603 sin- gle men, 103 stores, 52 saw mills, 67 run of stones for grinding grain, 6 fulling mills, 17 caiding machines, 5 furnaces, 238 tan vats, 46 distille- ries for cider, 4942 horses and mules, and 12,068 neat cattle, over the age of 3 years ; and it paid county and state taxes, $15,492 80. STATISTICAL TABLE OF MONMOUTH COUNTY. '■*' 4 Population. Townships, &c. fcD a rt Area. Surface. 1810. 1820. 1830. Dover, 24 22 200,000 level. 1882 1916 2898 Upper Freehold, 16 10 90,000 do. 3843 4541 4826 Lower Freehold, 23 11 104,000 do. 4784 5146 5481 Howell, 13 11 70,000 do. 2780 3354 4141 Middletown, 16 10 .50,000 part hilly. 3849 4369 5128 Shrewsbury, 13 13 64,000 do. 3773 4284 4700 Stafford, 18 12 87,000 do. 1239 1428 2059 665,000 22,1.50 25,038 29,233 Montague, N. W. t-ship of Sussex CO., bounded on the N. E. by the state of New York, S. E. by tke Blue mountains, S. W. by Sandistone t-ship, and on the N. W. by the river Delaware. Centrally distant from Newton, 16 miles ; greatest length 8^, breadth 7 J miles ; area, 21,620 acres ; surface on the S. E. mountainous, on the N. W. line, river alluvion. Po- pulation in 1830, 990. There were in the t-ship in 1832, 85 household- ers, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 6 store kof'j)crs, 3 pair of mill stones, 3 saw mills, 208 horses and mules above 3 years old, 843 neat cattle, above that age ; 1 1 tan vats, 1 distillery. The t-ship paid a school tax of $150; state and county tax, $364 89; poor tax, 100; and road tax, $500. It is drained N. E. by Mill brook, W. by Chamber's Mill brook, and S. W. by Big and Little Flat Kills. There is a post-office here, bearing the name of the t-shij) ; distant 245 miles from W. C, 87 from Trenton, and 17 from Newton. Two turnpike roads run through the t-ship, and unite at the Delaware, op- posite Milford bridge; this bridge, completed in 1826, cost $20,000. Be- tween the Blue mountain and Dela- ware river, the space is six miles, through which runs a vein of transi- tion limestone, bordered by an exten- sive river flat. The soil is fertile and well cultivated, producing much wheat. The t-ship Avas originally settled by the Dutch, some years prior to 1680. Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co., bounded N. by Hillsborough, E. and S. E. by Millstone river, which sepa- rates it from Franklin t-ship, W. by Lawrence and Hopewell t-ships, Hun- terdon CO. Centrally distant S. W. from Somerville 1 2 miles ; greatest length N. and S. 8, breadth E. and W. 8 miles; area, 36,500 acres; surface, hilly; soil, clay, sandy loam, MOR 188 MOR and red shale. Beden's Brook and its tributaries, Rock, Pike, and No- pipe Brooks flow eastwardly through the t-ship to the Millstone river, and Stony Brook crosses the S. W. angle. Rock mountain or the Nashanic, forms the N. W. angle, and Rocky hill spreads itself over the south. Princeton, the northern side of the main street. Rocky Hill, Stoutsville, Harlingen, and Plainville, are towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 2834. In 1832 the t-ship contained about 600 taxables, 170 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; and 66 single men, 15 stores, 5 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 1 fulling mill, 54 tan vats, 5 distilleries, 743 horses and mules, 1295 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards; and paid state tax, $352 72 ; county tax, $900 94. Montiiille, village of Pequannock t-ship, Morris co., lying in a deep valley, through which passes the Morris canal, by two inclined planes ; the town lies between 10 and 11 miles N. E. from Morristown, and contains a grist mill, saw mill, 2 stores, 1 tavern, and from 10 to 15 dwellings, and a Dutch Reformed church. Moorestown, p-t., Chester t-ship, Burlington co., on the great road from Camden to Monmouth, 10 miles from the former, and 8 S. W. of Mount Holly, 30 miles from Trenton, and 147 from W. C. This is a very pleasant town, situated on a fertile plain of sandy loam, extremely well cultivated, near the north branch of Pensaukcn creek ; contains a large Quaker meeting house, a Methodist church, a school, 3 taverns, 4 or 5 stores, and between 50 and 60 dwell- ings, most of which are neat and commodious, some large and elegant. The town has communication by stages, daily, with Camden and Mount Holly. Morris County, was taken from Hunterdon, by act of Assembly of 15th March, "l738-9, directing "that the portion of " said county lying to the northward and eastward of a well known place, being a fall of water, in part of the north branch of the Raritan, called in the Indian language AUamatonck, to the north-eastward of the north-east end of the lands called the New Jersey Society Lands, along the line thereof, crossing the south branch of the said river, and extending westerly to a certain tree marked with the letters L M, stand- ing on the north side of a brook emptying itself into the said south bi'anch, by an old Indian path to the northward of a line to be run north- west from the said tree to a branch of Delaware river called Musconetcong, and so down the said branch to Dela- ware river." It was named from Lewis Morris, then Governor of the province. These ample limits were contracted by the erection of Sussex county, 8th June, 1753, from which Warren was subsequently taken. Morris county is now bounded on the N. W. by Sussex, N. jE. by Ber- gen, E. and S. E. by Essex, S. by Somerset, S. W. by Hunterdon, and W. by Warren. Greatest length N. E. and S. W. about 30 miles. ; breadth 27 miles; area, 292,900 acres; cen- tral latitude 40° 53' N.; longitude 2° 28" E. from W. C. The county is divided between the transition and primitive formations, two-thirds of it on the south being of the latter, but even in it, the primitive appears in the hills as in the Trow- bridge mountain, and the ridge on the north-west of Morristown. The tran- sition also appears in the range most generally primitive, as in the grau- wacke of the Copperas mountain, and the grey limestone at its southern base; a bed of which, probably, underlays the country from Potter's Falls on the S. W., to Charlottesburg on the N. E., upon Pequannock creek. Trap rocks are scattered over the county in various places, as in the Pompton Hills, Long Hill, and else- where. The northern portion of the coun- ty is mountainous and divided into several ridges, whose continuity is broken as they extend south and east. Schooley's, or the Hamburg I MOR 184 MOR mountain, which is a continuation of the Musconetcong, continues in an unbroken mass across the county, varying from three to six miles in width. On the north-east, longitu- dinal divisions are formed by the branches of Rockaway river, in the Green Pond and Copperas mountains ; whilst Pequannock t-ship is covered with short ridges and rounded knolls. The Trowbridge mountain is a con- siderable eminence near the centre of the county, varying in breadth from one to three miles, and having a length of fifteen miles. South and east of this ridge the county is level, or at most, undulating with a soil in which red shale predominates ; it may be deemed the valley of the Passaic. On the south-east border of the county, however, rises another hill, around whose western extremity the Passaic turns, to follow its base north-eastwardly. The county is rich in iron ore, and we believe that the great bed of red oxide of zinc, found in the Ham- burg mountain near Sparta, in the adjacent county, extends into this. Iron ore is indeed here very abundant. and is chiefly of the magnetic cha- racter. The great bed first worked in Franconia, near the White Hills in New Hampshire, extends in the di- rection of the stratification, into this county, and which is said by Mr. M'Clure, to lose itself near Black- water; but which most probably ex- tends indefinitely S. W.; since iron of the saino character is abundant near the spring at Schooley's mountain. The mine of the Hon. Mr. Dickerson, on the head waters of the Black river, is one of tlie best and most extensive- ly wrought of the district. (See Randolph t-ship.) The county is a!)undantly watered; a line drawn almost due; south and north from the village of Mendham, to Drakesville, determines the course of the streams east and west. Thus the Rockaway with its tributaries, the Parcippany and VV^hippany rivers, seek the first; whilst the tributaries of the north and south branches of the Raritan river, have a westerly in- clination. The Passaic river has its source in a swamp near the village of Mendham, and forms a natural boun- dary between this and the county of Somerset on the south, and the county of Essex on the S. E., receiving the Rockaway west of the village of Frankhn, and the Pequannock, or Pompton river, north of the village of Fairfield. The last stream forms the N. E. boundary of the county, separating it from Bergen. The chief 'villages and post-towns of the county are Berkshire Valley, Bottle Hill, Chatham, Chester, Den- ville, Dover, Flanders, Hanover, Ha- nover Neck, Littleton, Mendham, Mil- ton, Montville, Morristown, the seat of justice. Mount Freedom, New- foundland, New Vernon, Parsippany, Pompton, Powerville, Rockaway, Schooley's Mountain, Stockholm, Suckasunny, Washington, &c. The provisions for moral improve- ment in the county, consist in church- es of the Presbyterians, the Dutch Reformed, the Methodists, and the Episcopalians ; a county Bible Socie- ty, a county Sunday school union, and several Sunday schools and temperance societies in various parts of the county; several academies in the larger villages, where the rudi- ments of the classics and mathe- matics are taught, and common Eng- lish schools in almost every vicinity. By the census of 1830, the popula- tion consisted of 23,666 souls, of whom 1 0,7 1 9 were white males ; 1 1 08 white females; 77 male slaves; 88 female slaves; 438 free coloured males ; 364 coloured free females : and of whom there were 20 whites, and 4 blacks, deaf and dumb; 11 whites, and 1 black, blind; and 497 aliens. In 1832, the county contained 4836 taxables, 1083 househ(jlders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value; 528 single men, 83 stores, 71 saw mills, 56 grist mills, 215 tan vats, 53 distilleries, 5 paper mills, 5 four horse stages, 43 forges and 2 furnaces, 9 rolling and slitting mills, MOR 185 MOR 13 fulling mills, 11 carding ma- chines, 1 plaster mill and 6 cotton mills, 4056 horses and mules, and 11,821 neat cattle, above 3 years old ,• and it paid state tax, |i3171 23 ; county tax, $7100; poor tax, $10,900. | The courts of common pleas, or- ; phans' coui't, and quarter sessions, are holden at Morristown, on the follow- ing Tuesdays ; 3d December, 3d March, 1st July, and 4th September ; and the circuit courts, on the 3d Tuesdays in March, and 4th of Sep- tember. This county abounds with copper, iron, zinc, plumbago, copperas, man- ganese, ochres of various colours, excellent brick clay, freestone, lime- stone, precious marbles, oil stone, &c. &c. With such metallic resources, the pioneers in the settlement of this por- tion of New Jersey, were rather ma- nufacturers than agriculturists; and the narrow valleys of the mountain region, which contain many and ex- cellent mill seats, were only partially tilled for the subsistence of wood cutters and bloomers. The foi'ge was uniformly the precursor of the farm. The iron master occupied large tracts of land, which, when stripped of timber, were subdivided among agricultural successors, ope- rating on the smallest scale. As the country was cleared, the makers of iron gradually retired to the remote, rough, and almost inaccessible re- gions, where the cost of transporta- tion of the ores, and of the metal to market, rendered their operations very unprofitable. Relief in this re- spect will be obtained from the com- pletion of the Morris canal, which has been created in a great measure with that view. A region abounding so much in metallic ores, necessarily produces mineral springs ; but that of Schoo- ley's mountain, is the only one which has yet attained celebrity. A few years since, the county was famed for its apple orchards, its cider, and apple whiskey ; of the last, large quantities were annually made for market. The annual average pro- duct of the Morris orchards was esti- mated at 800,000 bushels. But a succession of bad crops, for some years, has discouraged the cultivation. Few new orchards are planted, and the old ones are frequently neglected. Attempts have been made to cultivate the foreign grape upon the hill sides, but without success, the frosts prov- ing too severe. It is possible that some indigenous qualities might be planted with profit. STATISTICAL TABLE OF MORRIS COUNTY. ^ T3 Population. Townships. i bo B Area. Surface. 4) 1810. 1820. 1830, Chatham, 9 5 13,400 various. 2019 1832 1865 Chester, 9 6i 18,000 rolling. 1175 1212 1338 Jefferson, 14 3 25,000 mountainous. 1281 1231 1551 Hanover, 12 ^i 35,000 various. 3843 3503 3718 Mendham, 6 4^ 14,000 do. 1277 1326 1314 Morris, 13 6 33,000 hilly. 3753 3524 3536 Pequannock, 16 11 74,000 mountainous. 3853 3820 4451 Roxbury, 12 10 35,000 do. 1563 1792 2262 Randolph, 7 5 18,000 do. 1271 1252 1443 Washington, 8 n 27,500 do. 1793 1876 2188 292,900 21,828 21,368 23,666 2A MOR 186 MOU Morris t-ship, Morris co., bounded N. and N. E. by Hanover t-ship ; E. by Chatham; S. E. by New Provi- dence t-ship, of Bergen co. ; S. and S. W. by Somerset co. ; and W. by Mendham and Randolph t-ships, Mor- ris CO. Greatest length N. and S. 13 miles; breadth E. and W. 6 miles ; surface, on the north, centre, and south, hilly; elsewhere, generally rolling, with occasional plains ; soil, clay and sandy loam; drained on the W. and S. by the Passaic river (and its tributaries) which courses its boun- dary ; and on the N. E. by the Whip- pany river. The Elizabethtown and Morris, Newark and Morris, Morris and Easton, Morris and Milford turn- pike roads cross the t-ship. Morris- town, Logansville, New Vernon, Morris's Plains, are villages of the t-ship. Morristown is the seat of justice for the county. Population in 1830, 3536. In 1832 there were in the t-ship 780 taxables, 21 stores, 6 saw mills, 4 gi'ist mills, 11 distille- ries, 1 pa})er mill, 1 fulling mill, 1 carding machine, and 546 horses, and 1674 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years. The t-ship paid state tax, 558 85; county tax, 1251 19; poor tax, $600 ; and road tax, $2000. Morristown, Morris t-ship, post- town and seat of justice of Morris co., on the Whippany river, by post-route 221 miles N. E. of W. C, 71 from Trenton, 17 from Newark and Eliza- bethtown, and 26 from New York ; pleasantly seated on a high plain, built upon several streets, with a large area or public ground in the centre of the town ; on which, front the Pres- byterian church, many of the best houses, and most of the places of bu- siness. The town contains 1 Pres- byterian, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist church ; an academy in which the classics and mathema- tics are taught; a very large and handsome court-house, newly built of brick, with the prison in the base- ment story ; a grist mill, saw mill, and 2 paper mills; a bank with a capital of $50,000, which may be ex- tended to $100,000, incorporated by act of 28th January, 1812, and con- tinued by act 19th February, 1820 ; 5 taverns, 18 stores, 4 practising attor- neys, and 3 physicians, 2 printing offices, from each of which a weekly newspaper is issued, viz. The Jersey- man and The Palladium of Liberty ; a county bible society, Sunday school union, and temperance societies. This is a beautiful town. The houses are generally well built, neatly painted, surrounded with garden plots, and im- press upon the visiter the conviction, that comfort at least, reigns here. The town is supplied by water from a fine spring a mile and a half distant, and disti'ibuted by subterraneous pipes. A stage runs to Elizabethtown daily ; one every other day to Easton and Jersey City, and one to Oswego in New York, three times a week. It was a noted station of the American army during the revolutionary war, and the ruins of a small fort, over- grown by stately trees, still crown the hill which commands the town. Morris Plains, hamlet and level land, lying S. E. of Trowbridge mountain, with a tolerable soil of sandy loam, watered by a branch of Whippany river. The hamlet is on the line between Morris and Hanover t-ships, 2 miles north of Morristown, and contains a half dozen dwellings. Moses' Pond, small sheet of water on the Pochuck mountain, Vernon t-ship, Sussex co., which sends forth westerly, an inconsiderable tributary to the Wallkill river. Mount Bethel, hamlet, on Stony Hill, Warren t-ship, Somerset co., 7 miles N. E. of Somerville ; contains a Baptist church, tavern, store, and 4 or 5 dwellings. Mount Carmel, a mountain ham- let of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon CO., 3 miles N. W. Irom Flemington; contains a tavei-n and some 4 or 5 dwellings, and a store. The soil around it is clay, cold, and at present not very productive, but it is improv- able by the use of lime. Mount Clinton, a village laid out on the Palisade rocks on the North river, in Hackcnsack t-ship, Bergen MOU 187 MUD CO., 5 miles N. E. of Hackensack- town. Mount's Creek, a small tributary of the Cohansey river, near the S. W. border of Hopewell t-ship, Salem county. Mount Ephraim, village, of Glou- cester t-ship, Gloucester co., 5 miles S. E. from Camden, and the same distance N. E. of Woodbury ; con- tains a store, tavern, and some 20 or 30 dwellings. The hill from which it has its name is, for this country, elevated, and afibrds an extensive view of the vicinity, even to the De- laware. Mount Freedom, p-t., Morris co., 227 miles N. E. from W. C., and 61 from Trenton ; contains a Pres- byterian church, and some 10 or 12 dwellings. Mount Holly, p-t., Northampton t-ship, and seat of justice of Burling- ton CO., on the road from Camden to Freehold, and at the head of tide and navigation, on the north branch of Rancocus creek, 20 miles N. E. from the city of Camden, 6 S. E. from Burlington, 21 from Trenton, 156 from W. C, and 18 from Philadel- phia, has its present name from a mount of sand and sandstone near it, and some holly trees about its base. It was formerly called Bridgetown; and this name was recognised in a charter for a library company here, so early as 1765. At the period of the revolutionary war, the town con- tained 200 dwellings, and at present, 1833, has not more than 230 ; many of which are good brick buildings, erected on 7 streets. It contains a court-house of brick, about 40 by 60 ft., two stories high, with cupola and bell ; a stone prison, 1 Episcopal, 1 Metho- dist, 1 Baptist churches, and 2 Qua- ker meeting houses ; 1 boarding school for young ladies, 4 day schools, 5 taverns, 8 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling mill, woollen factory, plaster mill, and a paper mill, of the latest and most improved construc- tion, where paper of fine quality is made by machinery, and from 40 to 50 hands are employed. — 10,000 reams of paper may be manufactured in this mill yearly. The country around is flat; soil, sandy loam, ge- nerally of good quality, well culti- vated, and worth from 40 to 120 dollars the acre, in extensive farms ; corn, rye, and oats, are the chief pro- ducts. A bank was established here in 1816, with authority to possess capital to the amount of $200,000; of which $100,000 only have been paid in. There run from the village, 2 stages twice a day to Burlington, 1 to Camden, 1 to Trenton, 1 to Pem- berton, 1 to Vincenttown, 1 to New Egypt; and 2 to Manahocking, tri- weekly. There are 2 newspapers printed here, weekly ; viz. the Herald, and New Jersey Mail. Mount Misery, hamlet of North- ampton t-ship, Burlington co., 15 miles S. E. from Mount Holly, in the pine forest; contains a tavern, saw mill, and 4 or 5 dwellings. Mount Pleasant, p-t., Alexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., 9 miles N. W. from Flemington, 43 from Trenton, and 196 from W. C, on the Hake- hokake creek; contains a church, grist mill, store, and some half dozen dwellings. Mount Pleasant, small village and forge, Pequannock t-ship, Morris co., on the t-ship road leading from Mor- ristown, N. W. 10 miles; there are here a grist mill, and some half do- zen houses, and very valuable iron mines, extensively wrought. Mount Pleasant, village of Middle- town t-ship, Monmouth co., on Mid- dletown creek, 10 miles N. of Free- hold; contains from 12 to 15 dwell- ings, a grist mill, a tavern and store. The ground around it is sandy, but high; elevated at least 50 feet above the waters. Muddy Creek, a small marsh stream of Lower Alloways Creek t-ship, Salem co., which has a course of a mile or two; and empties into the Delaware, between Stow and Deep creeks. Muddy Run, a branch of the Mor- ris river, running near to, and form- ing in part, the S. W. boundary of NAN 188 NEV Pittsgrove t-ship, and the line be- tween Salem and Cumberland cos. Mud Pond, a small basin in the Wallkill mountains, Vernon t-ship, Sussex CO., which sends forth a tri- butary to the Wallkill river. Mullica Hill, p-t. and village of Gloucester co., on the line separating Greenwich from Woolwich t-ships, and on Raccoon creek, 7 miles S. E. from Woodbury, and 5 E. from Swedesboro'; 47 S. from Trenton, and 153 N. E. from W. C. ; contains a Friends' meeting house, an Episco- pal church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and between 50 and 60 dwellings. The country around the village is much improved by the use of marl which abounds here, and in some places is found in an indurated state, assum- ing the character of limestone. Muscojietcong Creek, or River, issues from the Hopatcong pond, or lake, in Jefferson t-ship, Morris co. ; and flows by a course S. W. and nearly straight, through a longitudi- nal valley of the South mountains, for nearly forty miles. This valley is bounded S. E. by the Musconetcong and Schooley's mountains, and on the N. W. by a southern continua- tion of the Hamburg hills ; it is nar- row and deep, and has throughout its whole length a limestone base. The stream has a large volume, and gives motion to a very great number of mills for various purposes. Musketoe Cove, an arm of Barne- gat bay, Dover t-ship, Monmouth CO., which makes about two miles inward through the marsh, between Toms' bay and Kettle creek. Nacote Creek, a tributary of Lit- tle Egg Harbour river, rises by two branches, Clark's mill, and Moss branch, which unite at Wrangle- boro', in Galloway t-ship, Gloucester CO. ; the whole length of the stream is about 9 miles. Nantuxct Creek, said to be more properly called Anhixct, Cumberland CO., rises on the boundary line be- tween Fairfield and Downe t-ships, and flows along the boundary, about 9 miles to Nantuxet cove, in the De- laware; it is navigable near four miles to Nantuxet, or Newport Land- ing.^ Nantuxet Village. (See iVe?«- port.) Nantuxet Cove, inlet to Nantuxet creek, from the Delaware bay. Nashanic Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Raritan river, rises by several branches at the foot of a range of hills on the N. W. line of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., and flows by an easterly course to its recipient in Hillsborough t-ship, So- merset CO., giving motion to several mills. It is a large stream, and with its several tributaries drains the easterly part of the wide valley be- tween the Nashanic or Rock moun- tain, and Mount Carmel. Nashanic Mountain, or Rock Mountain, part of the chain of trap hills which extends from below Lam- bertsville, on the Delaware, to the Raritan river, near Somerville : it is the largest and most prominent of the chain; is about 11 miles long and about 3 miles over at its widest part. Rock brook, a tributary of Beden's brook, almost passes through it. Nashanic, small stream on the N. W. foot of the Nashanic moun- tain, 7 miles S. W. from Somerville ; contains a Dutch Reformed church, a store and tavern, and 10 or 12 dwellings; soil, clay, sandy loam, and red shale. Nesochcaque Creek, tributary of Atsion river, rises by several branches in Gloucester, Hereford, and Gallo- way t-ships, Gloucester co., and unites with the river, at Pleasant Mills, in the last named t-ship. Nevisink Hills, on the Atlantic coast, and extending across the noi'th- ern part of the county of Monmouth. Adjacent to the ocean these hills are between 300 and 400 feet high. They consist in the higher strata of sandy earth, coloured by oxide of iron, and imbedding reddish brown sand and pudding stone, cemented by iron, rest- ing on banks of oyster shells and other marine relics, blended with clay and sea mud. A small portioji NEW 189 NEW of these hills only, is cultivated, being rough, broken and generally covered with wood. (See Introduc- tory Chapter, Ibl. 1 and 2.) Nevisink or Carpenter's Point, a small neck of land formed by the De- laware and Nevisink rivers, at the extreme northern point of the state. Nevisink River, called above tide water Swimming river, rises by seve- ral branches in Freehold, Shrews- bury, and Middletown t-ships, Mon- mouth CO. The main stream flows about 13 miles to the salt water estua- ry or arm of Sandy Hook bay ; which is about 5 miles long, to the S. E. base of the Nevisink hills, varying in breadth from f to 1^. Swimming river and its north and south branches are mill streams, on which are seve- ral mills. The Nevisink is separated from the Shrewsbury river, by a neck of land about 2 miles in breadth. Newark, p-t., and seat of justice, Newark t-ship, Essex co., on the right bank of the Passaic river, be- tween 4 and 5 miles by the course of the stream from Newark bay, 9 miles a little N. of W. from New York, 215 N. E. from W. C, and 49 from Trenton ; stands upon a plain of fer- tile loam, resting on old red sand- stone, bounded westward by rising ground which was probably the pri- mitive bank of the river. Lat. 40° 44' N., long. 2° 44' E. from W. C. This is, perhaps, the most flourishing town of the state. In 1830 its popu- lation, t-ship included, amounted to 10,953, and in November, 1833, it is ascertained to be nearly 15,000; the increase having been greater during the last three years than in the ten preceding. There are 1712 dwell- ings, of which 1518 are wooden, and 194 stone and brick. 109 dwellings were built in 1832, and as many in 1833; many of them large and ele- gant. The town is remarkable for its manufactures, with which it sup- plies the market throughout the United States ; and in which the great pro- portion of the inhabitants are en- gaged. The principal of these are sad- dlery and harness, carriages, shoes, and hats. Sixteen extensive manl?- factories of saddlery and harness, em- ploy 272 hands, and a capital of $217,300, yielding an annual pro- duct of $346,280, and paying wages $70,000 annually. These are inde- pendent of the coachmakers who make their own saddlery and harness. Ten carriage manufactories have 779 workmen, an aggregate capital of $202,500, and produce $593,000 annually. These establishments, ge- nerally, do all their work, including plating, lamp making, &c. Eighteen shoe manufactories engage 1075 hands, to whom they pay $175,000 yearly wages; have a capital of $300,000, whose annual product is estimated at $607,450 : they cut up annually, $400,000 worth of leather. The amount of sales of boots and shoes, in 1832, was $900,000; the balance, over the product of the town, having been procured abroad, in or- der to supply the orders. This large amount is exclusive of the manu- facture for home consumption, which, it is supposed, employs 225 additional hands. Nine hat manufactories em- ploy 487 hands, a capital of $1 06,000 ; pay $142,000 in yearly wages, and make an annual return of $551,700. Thirteen tanneries employ 103 hands, a capital of $78,000, and return an- nually, $503,000. Beside these pro- minent manufactories, there are others of less, though great consideration. — Thus, there are two soap and can- dle manufactories, with a capital of $21,000, whose gross product is $165,000; 7 iron and brass founde- ries, employing 125 men; 2 exten- sive founderies of malleable iron, em- ploying 60 men ; 2 coach spring fac- tories, employing 50 hands ; besides 2 others connected with the carriage- making establishments; 5 tin, sheet iron, and stove factories ; 1 hardware manufactory, employing 50 work- men; and 2 patent leather manufac- tories. There are, also, more than 350 tailors engaged in making gar- ments for the home and southern markets ; 140 carpenters, 26 sash and blind makers, 100 masons, 60 cabi- NEW 190 NEW netmakers, 51 coach lace weavers, 25 chairmakers, 42 trunkmakers, 9 looking glass manufacturers, 12 stone and marble cutters, 10 iron turners, 50 jewellers, and many other species of handicrafts, of which we are unable to give particular details, such as smitheries, wagon-making, manufac- tories of saddle trees, watches and clocks, segars, silver plating; planes, locks, guns, whips, brushes, cooper- ing, ploughs, pumps, &c.; with the usual number of butchers, bakers, confectioners, painters, glaziers, book binders, &c. &c. There are here also, 2 breweries, 2 grist mills, 1 extensive steam saw mill, 5 saw mills driven by horses, 1 distillery, 2 rope walks, 1 pottery, and 2 dyeing establishments. Four printing offices employing 22 hands, from which 3 weekly and 1 daily newspapers are issued; 40 schools with 1669 scholars; and about 1500 scholars receive instruc- tion in the Sunday schools ; 4 Pres- byterian churches with large congre- gations, beside a small Presbyterian congregation of coloured persons. The first Presbyterian church was founded in 1787, by the Rev. Alex- ander M'Whorter, D. D., who pre- sided over the congregation from 1759 until his death in 1807, nearly a half a century; public worship was first offered in it 1st Jan. 1794: The second Presbyterian church in 1808; the third, in 1824; and the fourth, in 1831, 1832. One Episcopal church, with a large and increasing congregation, which was commenced about 1734, by Col. Isaiah Ogden and others, who left the Congrcgation- alists in consequence of the rigour with which his conduct, in saving his grain in a wet harvest, by labour- ing on the Sabljath, was condemned. The present house for worship was erected in 1808, on a site occupied by a first and older building: Two Baptist churches ; the congregation of the first was constituted in 1801, and the church built in 1804, was rebuilt in 1810; the second church was con- structed in 1833: 1 Dutch Reformed congregration, recently organized, with a settled minister : 2 large Me- thodist Episcopal churches ; the first congregation was organized in 1806, and the first chapel built in 1810; the second chapel was built in 1832: 1 Primitive Methodist church, and 1 African Episcopal Methodist chapel, built in 1810: a Roman Catholic church, built in 1824. Of these churches the first and second Pres- byterian, the Episcopal and the Catho- lic, are of stone; the third Presbyte- rian, of brick; the others of wood: the fourth Presbyterian, second Bap- tist, and second Methodist Episcopal churches are remarkably large, and some of them have great architectu- ral beauty. Beside the churches, the only pub- lic building of the town, of much im- portance, is the court-house and pri- son, of brick, under the same roof — in which the keepers' apartments and cells of the prisoners are on the ground floor; the court room, jury rooms, and sheriff's ofiice, on the second; and the apartment for insolvents on the third. The offices of the clerk and surrogate are also in the same building. An election in 1807 for de- termining the location of the court- house, is still remembered by the in- habitants, as the most exciting re- corded in their annals. The contest was between Newark and Day's Hill. By a construction given to the state constitution, the women were then suffered to vote, and they seem to have been so delighted with this pri- vilege of exercising their wills, that they were unwilling to circumscribe it within the legal limit; many ladies voting, we arc told, 7 or 8 times, un- der various disguises. Of literary institutions in addition to the schools, we may name an ap- prentices' library, a circulating libra- ry, and the mechanics' association for literary and scientific improvement, which possesses a valuable library and pliilosoi)hical apparatus. It is to the credit of the town, that the New Jersey college was located here for several years subsequent to 1747, NEW 191 NEW under the charge of its second presi- dent, the Rev. Aaron Burr, father of the ex-vice President of the United States; who was in 1736, called to the pastoral charge of the first Pres- byterian church, and was highly dis- tinguished for his learning, energy, and public spii'it, which contributed much to the growth and prosperity of the town. The commerce of Newark, alrea- dy considerable, rapidly increases. It is a port of delivery, and eiibrts are used to make it a port of entry. It employs 65 vessels, averaging 100 tons, in the coasting trade ; 8 or 9 of which are constantly en- gaged in transporting hither various building materials. The Morris ca- nal, which runs through the town,, gives it man)^ advantages for internal trade, for which purpose 25 canal boats are supplied by the inhabitants. The facilities for communication with New York, render the town a suburb of that great city. A steam-boat plies twice a day between the two places, carrying an average of 75 passengers each trip, each way ; two lines of stages communicate between them almost hourly, conveying at least 800 passengers a week ; and this communication will be still more frequent and facile, when the New Jersey Rail-road, now rapidly pro- gressing, shall have been completed. The Directors of the Rail-road Com- pany have not only run the road through part of the town, but have opened a splendid avenue of 120 feet wide, by its side, and propose to cross the Passaic river, about the centre of the town, upon a wooden bridge on stone abutments, which will give an additional trait of beauty to the place. There are three banks here, viz. "T/te Neioarh Banking and Insu- rance Company^'''' incorporated in 1804, with an authorized capital of 8800,000, of which $350,000 have been paid in; '■'■The State Bank at NerimrJe,''^ incorporated in 1812, with an authorized capital of $400,000, of which §280,000 have been jiaid in ; and "TAe Mechanics Bank at Neiv- ark" incorporated in 1831, with an authorized capital of $250,000, of which $200,000 have been paid in. During the year 1833, the business of the town, manufacturing and com- mercial, has greatly increased, and consequently the demand for banking capital ; to meet which, one of the banks has called in a further instal- ment, and another has availed itself of the privilege given by charter, to double its capital. The rise in the value of real estate, the sure indica- tion of prosperity, has been astonish- ingly great — a remarkable instance of which is given us in November, 1833; where a property was sold at public auction for $10,000, which but five years, previously, was pur- chased by the late vendor for $60! A whaling and sealing company has been incorporated, (October, 1833) which is vigorously prosecuting its object. The town is laid out upon broad streets, and has a great and salu- brious ornament, in the greens or commons, which are shaded by noble trees, and bounded by the principal avenues. It is abundantly supplied with wholesome water, by a joint stock company, from a fine and steady spring, about a mile distant ; and se- ven miles of iron pipes have already been laid for the accommodation of the inhabitants. The present style of building, copied fi-om that of the great cities, is costly, elegant, and commodious. Granite basement sto- ries, in the places of business, admit of convenient stores, whilst lofty edi- fices give accommodation to families. Houses designed for private residence are now generally of brick, neat, and frequently splendid. We close this interesting account of this thriving town, for which we are indebted to a committee* of the Young Men's Society, &c., with a brief historical notice, much of which has been abstracted from the town records. * Consisting of Messrs. A. Armstrong, C. H. Halsey, S. H. Pennington, D. A. Hays, and J. B. Congar. NEW 192 NEW Soon after the arrival of Governor Carteret, in 1665, he published in New England, and elsewhere, the " Concessions" of the proprietaries, and invited settlers to the new colony. Tlie first fruit of this measure was the settlement of Elizabethtown. In the succeeding year, agents were des- patched from Guilford, Brandford, and Milford, in Connecticut, to sur- vey the country, and to ascertain the state of the IncUans who inhabited it. Upon their favourable report, particu- larly, of that district " beyond the marshes lying to the north of Eliza- bethtown," they were empowered to contract for a township, to select a proper site for a town, and to make arrangements for an immediate set- tlement. Thirty families from the above named towns and New Haven, embarked in the same year, and after a passage, as long and tedious as a voyage in the present time across the Atlantic, arrived in the Passaic river. Their landing was opposed by the Hackensack tribe of Indians, who claimed the soil which the go- vernor had granted to the emigrants, and insisted on a full compensation therefor, previous to its settlement. The governor not being able to re- move this obstacle, the discouraged voyagers prepared to return ; but were at length, by the solicitation of the governor and others, induced to hold a council with the Indians, from whom they eventually purchased a tract of country on the west side of the Passaic river, extending from WoquakicJc (or Bound) creek, on the south, to its fountain head; and thence westerly about seven miles to the ridge of the Great mountain, called by the Indians (Wacchung) ; thence by the said ridge north to the line of Acquackanonck t-ship; thence east by that line to the mouth of ( Yantokah) Third river ; thence down the Passaic river and bay to the place of beginning. These limits formed the original t-ship of Newark, comprehending the present t-ship of that name, and the t-ships of Spring- field, Livingston, Orange, Bloomfield, and Caldwell. The price of this purchase was £130 New Er^^land currency, 12 Indian blankets, aid 12 Indian guns. The title thus derived from the aborigines, was subsequent- ly set up against that of the proprie- taries, and was the source of much litigation and forcible contention, which for many years disturbed the peace of East Jersey. The settlers at first segregated themselves according to the towns whence they came ; but the sense of mutual danger soon induced a change in this respect. On the 21st May, 1666, delegates from the several towns resolved to form one t-ship, to provide rules for its government, and " to be of one heart and hand, in endeavouring to carry on their spiritual concernments, as well as their civil and town atfairs, accord- ing to God and godly govern- ment." And for the more speedy accomplishment of their desires, " a committee of eleven were appointed to order and settle the concernments of the people of the place." These rules had a full proportion of the pu- ritanical spirit of the people who made them, and of that religious intolerance which was the distinguishing trait of the inhabitants of Massachusetts, whence they were originally derived ; contrasting strongly with the liberality of the " Concessions" of Berkeley and Carteret, to which these emigrants were indebted for the very soil on which they had alighted. " No per- son could become a freeman or bur- gess of their town, or vote in its elec- tions, but such as was a member of some one of the Congregational churches : — nor be chosen to the ma- gistracy, nor to any other military or civil office. " But all others admitted to be planters, were allowed to in- herit and to enjoy all other privileges, save those above excepted." With a singular disregard of the rifirhts of the proprietaries of New Jersey, and apparently with a resolution of dis- claiming all fealty towards them, and of depending on their Indian grants, they, also, resolved " to be ruled by NEW 193 NEW such officers as the town should an- nually choose from among them- selves, and to be governed by the same laws as thej^ had, in the places from whence they came." At this period, (1667,) there were 65 effi- cient men in the settlement, beside women and children. At the first distribution of land, each man took by lot six acres as a homestead ; and as the families from each of the several original towns, had established themselves at short distances from those of other towns, the allotments were made to them in their respective quarters of the new settlement. Seven individuals, select- ed for the purpose, assessed on each settler his portion of the general purchase money. The lands were eventually divided into three ranges ; each range into lots, and parcelled by lottery; first setting apart certain portions, called tradesmen's lots ; one of which was to be given to the first of every trade, who should settle per- manently in the place ; reserving also, the present Upper Green of the town for a market place, and the Loiccr Green for a military parade; and that part of the town in and adja- cent to Market street, where the tan- neries now are, then a swamp, for a public watering place for cattle. This last portion having been sold by the town, is altogether in possession of individual owners. In 1767, the Rev. Abraham Pier- son, the first minister, commenced his official duties here. He is said to have been " episcopally ordained" at Newark, in South Britain, and to have named this town after that of his ordination ; by which name it was sometimes called abroad, but was known at others by that of Mil- ford. In the next year, the first "meeting house," 26 feet wide, 34 long, and 13 between the joists, was erected; the town voting £30, and directing that every individual should perform such labour as a committee of five might require, towards its completion. Robert Treat, and Jasper Crane, 2 B were chosen the first magistrates, In 1668; and representatives to the first assembly of New Jersey, convened at Elizabcthtown, 26th May, of the same year ; by whicli the first state tax, £12 sterling, of which the pro- portion of Newark was 40s., was laid. Mr. Treat was also chosen first recorder or town clerk; and after a residence here of many years, return- ed to Connecticut, where he became governor, and died. The town also established a court of judicature, hold- ing annually one session, on the last Wednesday of February, and another on the 2d Wednesday of September; having cognizance of all causes with- in its limits. On the 24th May, 1669, the first selectmen, five in number, were chosen. The number was sub- sequently increased to seven, who continued to administer affairs until 1736, when the present township offi- cers were created by law. And in this year Indian hostility appears to have displayed itself in petty robbe- ries and depredations, the increase of which, in 1675, induced the towns- men to fortify their church as a place of refuge, in case of general attack, and to take proper measures of watch and ward. On the 23d October, 1676, a war- rant was granted by the Governor, for 200 acres of land and meadow, for parsonage ground, and also, for so much as was necessary for land- ing places, school house, town house, market place, &c.; and in 1696, a patent from the proprietaries to the town, covered all the lots, in various parts of the township, called " Parson- age Lands;" which have been since divided, with some difficulty and con- tention, among five churches: viz. the three Presbyterian, and the Epis- copal, at Newark, and the First Pres- byterian church, at Orange. In 1721, the first freestone was quarried for market ; and this article, celebrated for its excellent quality, has long been exported in great quan- tities. At the commencement of the revo- lutionary war, the town was much NEW 194 NEW dividod upon the questions agitating the country ; and on the Declaration of Independence, by the State, seve- ral families, among whom was Mr. Brown, pastor of the Episcopal church, who had ministered from its founda- tion, joined the royalists in New York. From its vicinage to that strong hold of the enemy, the town suffered greatly, by his visitations, made by regular troops and marau- ders. On the night of the 25th of January, 1780, a regiment of 50U men, commanded by Colonel Lumm, came from New York, following the river on the ice, and burned the aca- demy, then standing on the upper green. This was a stone building, two stories high, with apartments for the teacher. On the same night an- other British party, unknown to the first, fired the Presbyterian church, at Elizabethtown,the light from w^hich affrighted the incendiaries at Newark, and caused their hasty retreat. They carried away with them Joseph Hod- dens, Esq., an active whig, who had zea,lously opposed their previous de- predations ; dragging him from a sick bed, and compelling him to follow, with no other than his night cloth- ing. The party returned by the route by which they came; and a soldier, more humane than his fel- lows, gave Mr. H. a blanket, a short time before they reached Paules Hook. At this place Mr. H. was confined in a sugar house, where he perished in a few days, in conse- quence of the sufferings from that dreadful night. The prosperity of this enterprising and industrious town, is deservedly great ; and being founded on the indispensable manufactures of the country, will necessarily progress with the general population, and with such increased momentum as the highly stimulated spirit of its inhabi- tants will not fill to give it. Newark, t-ship, Essex co., bound- on the N. by P)l()omfield t-ship; N. E. by the Passaic river, which sepa- rates it from Bergen co. ; E. by New- ark bay ; S. by Elizabeth and Union t-ships; and W. by Orange t-ship. Greatest length, E. and W. 7 miles; breadth, N. and S. 6 miles; ar^a, about 1"2,000 acres; surlace lev .; soil marsh and red shale ; a lar ^e proportion of this t-ship lying N. of Boundbrook, and E. of the turnpike road from Elizabethtown to Newark, is salt marsh ; the remainder consists of well improved land. Population, in 18.30, including the town of New- ark, 10,953. In 1832, there were 2500 taxables, 1114 householders, whose ratables did not exceed #30 ; 527 single men, 95 • merchants, 4 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 3 furnaces, 1 fulling-mill, 26 tan vats, 1 wool factory, and 1 distillery. The t-ship paid in state tax, $933 72 ; county, S2443 92 ; poor tax, $2500 ; road tax, $500. Newark Bay, a large sheet of water, of 7 miles in length, and 2 in breadth, between Bergen and Essex COS., and separated from the New York, by a strip of land one mile wide, but communicating therewith, by the Kill-van-Kuhl. The Passaic and Hackensack rivers debouch in this bay. Its easterly shore is bold and clean, but its westerly, has a broad margin of salt marsh. New Barhadoes, t-ship, Bergen CO., bounded N. by Harrington; E. and S. E. by Hackensack ; S. W. by Lodi, and W. by Saddle river t-ships. Greatest length, N. and S. 7 ; breadth, E. and W. 4 miles; area, 11,500 acres; surface generally level, but towards the N. there is some undu- lating ground ; soil, sandy loam, and red shale, extremely well cultivated, and productive in grass and vegeta- bles for the New York market. The farms are generally small, and re- markable for their neatness. Most of the dwellings arc built in the sim- ple Dutch cottage style, with a single story, high gal)le ends, and project- ing pcnt-lifHises. The t-ship is drain- ed on the E. boundary, by the Hack- ensack river, on which are the post- towns of New Milf()rd, and the ham- lets of Old and Nranch ; thence up the middle of said branch to Gloucester line." The county is, therefore, now bounded by the Delaware bay and river on the S. VV., W., and N. W. ; by Gloucester co. on the N. E ; and Cumberland co, on the S. E. Great- est length N. and S. about 30 miles ; breadth E. and W. 26 miles ; area, 320 square miles, or 204,936 acres ; central lat. 39° 33'; lonn-. from W. C. 1° 50' E. The surface of the county is gene- rally flat. Its soil, in the norUiern and western parts, clay and loam, mixed more or less with sand, and generally productive, in wheat, grass, oats, &c. In the south-eastern parts, the soil is sandy and gravelly, and less fertile, but yielding much tim- ber and cord wood of oak and pine, which succeed alternately when a clearing is made. This is particu- larly the case with a strip of about 20 miles long, extending across Lower and Upper Alloways Creek and Pitts- grove t-ships, denominated the Bar- rens. The county is well watered, having Oldman's creek on its north- ern boundary, Salem and Alloways creeks running through it centrally, and Stow creek on the soulhern li- mits. The county consists of alluvial and diluvial formation, the washings of the ocean and the primitive strata, being very irregularly mingled, and beds of stiff clay, loam, and gravel, are interspersed with white sea sand. From two to twenty feet below the surface, in several places, there is found a species of greenish blue marl, as at Pedricktown and Woodstown, which is used as manure. Tn it there are shells, as the ammonite, bclcm- nite, ovulite, ostrca, terobratula, &c. similar to those Hunid in I he limestone and grauwacke of the transition ; and in the horizontal limestone and sand- stone. We have not heard of any bog iron ore in the county, though it probably exists; but sandstone and puddingstone, cemented with iron ore, are not uncommon. Salem, Woodstown, Sharptown, ScuUtown, Pedricktown, Daretown, Pittstown, Allowaystown, Fricsburg, Canton, Hancock's Bridge, and Quin- ton's Bridge, are villages of the co. The county was originally settled by Dutch and Swedes; and subse- quently by the English, companions of John Fenwicke, who landed here in 1675; and it derived its principal inhabitants from the same source. Some Dutch fixed themselves at, and gave name to, Fricsburg, in Up- per Alloways Creek t-ship. The population by the census of 1830, amounted to 14,155, of whom, 6443 were white males; 6300 white fe- males ; 1 slave ; 673 free coloured males, and 638 free coloured females. There were also in the county, 6 whites, deaf and dumb; 7 blind, and 27 aliens; and in 1832, taxables, 3092; 1103 householders, whose ra- tables did not exceed $30 ; 47 store- keepers, 6 fisheries, 13 grist mills, 19 saw mills, 2 carding machines with spinning machines for wool, 6 fulling mills, 7 tanneries, 15 distilleries, 19 stud horses, 3103 horses and mules, 7300 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; and the county paid for t-ship pur- poses, $5076; for county purposes, $7000; and state tax, $2156 60. There were in the county 7 Friends' meeting houses, 6 Methodist, 5 Bap- tist, 1 Seven-day Baptist, 2 Episco- palian, 2 Presbyterian, and 2 Afri- can Methodist churches ; 1 academy at Salcmtown, and sufTicient other schools there, and in every t-ship, to teach the rudiments of an English education. The other public buildings of the county consist of a large court-house, with fire proof offices detached, of brick; a stone jn'ison, a large poor- house, with a farm annexed, and two buildings erected ft^r masonic halls. SAL 231 SAL The trade of the county consists of wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, and garden vegetables for market, lumber, and cord wood. Considerable quan- tities of gi-ain are annually exported from Salem to the Eastern states. The courts of common pleas and general quarter sessions of the peace, for the county, are annually holden at Salem, on the first Tuesdays of March and December, the second Tuesday of June, and the third Tues- day of September; and the circuit court, on the second Tuesday of June and the first Tuesday of September. The county, by virtue of the constitu- tion, elects one member of council, and three members of the Assembly. STATISTICAL TABLE OF SALEM COUNTY. ^ ^ Population. Townships. Area. Surface. h4 ra 1810. 1820. 1830. Upper Alloways Creek, 10^ 9 34,000 p't level, rolling. 1921 2194 2136 Lower Alloways Creek, 12 9 30,000 level. 1182 1217 1222 Elsinborough, 6 4 8000 do. 517 505 503 Mannington, 9 8 20,000 do. 1664 1732 1726 Upper Penn's Neck, 9 7i 21,053 do. 1638 1861 1638 Lower Penn's Neck, 9 6 12,645 do. 1163 1158 994 Pilesgrove, 9 6'. 24,000 do. 1756 2012 2150 Pittsgrove, 15 7 44,000 p't level, p't roll. 1991 2040 2216 Salem, • 2 2 1238 level. 929 1303 1570 204,936 12,761 14,022 14,155 Salem t-ship and post-town, and seat of justice of Salem county, situ- ate 171 miles N. E. of W. C, 65 S. of Trenton, and 34 S. E. from Plii- ladelphia; lat. 39° 32',- long, from W. C. 1° 35'. The t-ship is of cir- cular form, and is nearly surrounded by water, having on the N. W. the Salem creek, on the N. E. and E. Fenwicke's creek, a tributary of that stream, and on the W. another small tributary of the same stream. The town is distant from the Delaware, by the creek, 3g miles. The t-ship is about 2 miles in diameter, and con- tains 1238 acres of well improved land, of a rich sandy loam, divided into'' town lots and 12 farms. The town contains about 250 dwellings ; a fine court-house, about 60 by 40 feet, of brick, with brick fire proof offices adjacent; 1 Episcopalian, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 African JMethodist, and 2 Quaker (one being orthodox and the other Hicksite) churches; 1 building of brick, of gothic architeclure, designed for a masonic hall, but which is now appropriated to other purposes, the lodge being extinct ; a bank with ca- pita] paid in of $75,000 ; a stone jail with yard, surrounded by a high stone wall, both of small dimensions ; 1 market house, 2 fire engines, 2 public libraries, 1 academy, and 5 daily schools for teaching the rudi- ments of an English education ; 5 Sunday schools, 2 printing offices, at each of which is printed a weekly newspaper, called, respectively, "T/te Salem Messenger,^'' and "y/ie Ame- rican Statesman;" 21 stores, 2 ho- tels, 7 physicians, 5 lawyers, 3 lum- ber yards, 1 steam mill which grinds much grain, 1 horse mill, 5 apotheca- ries' stores, 1 livery stable. A steam- boat leaves the town daily, for Dela- Avare City and Newcastle, to meet the morning steam-boat from Phila- dcljihia; 1 four horse stage runs daily to Philadelphia, another to Penns- grove, on the Delaware, to meet the Wilmington steam-boat for Philadel- phia; a two horse daily line to Bridge- to\vn, and a two hor.sc line to Center- ville, once a week. The creek at the SAL 232 SAN town, is 152 yards wide, over which is a wooden bridge, resting on wooden piers, with a draw for the passage of vessels. Over Fenwicke creek, a short distance above its junction with Salem creek, is another wooden bridge, a neat structure, roofed. Ves- sels of 50 tons may approach the town safely, but the bar at the mouth of the creek prevents the entry of vessels drawing more than cia-ht feet water. Large quantities of wheat, rye, oats, and corn, are exported from this place to the eastern states. The streets of the town are wide — foot- ways paved, and bordered with trees ; the houses of frame and brick, the former painted white, are surrounded with gardens and grass lots, and adorned with flowers, giving to the place, a cheerful and healthy appear- ance, surpassed by few villages in the United States. The t-ship contained in 1830, 1570 inhabitants: in 1832, 267 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value; and 397 taxables, 2 tan yards, 1 distillery; and it paid taxes for t-ship purposes, $426 ; county use, $738 25 ; and state use, $233 35. The site of the town of Salem was the first spot visited, and we believe, the first settled, by the English emi- grants to West Jersey. Soon after the sale by Lord Berkeley of one moiety of the provmce, to Edward Byllingc, John Fenwicke, the agent of the latter set sail, (in 1675) to visit the new purchase in a ship from London, called the Griffith. After a short passage, he landed at this plea- sant spot, which, from its aspect of peace, he called Salem. He brought with him two daughters, and several servants, two of which, Samuel Hedge and John Adams, afterwards married his daughters. Other passengers were, Edward Champncss, Edward and Samuel Wade, John Sinith, Sa- muel Nichols, Richard Guy, Rich- ard Noble, Richard Hancock, John Pledger, Hypolite Lefever, and John Matlock, and others, who were mas- ters of families. Salem Creek, Salem co., rises in Pittsgrove t-ship, and flows N; W. through that and Pilesgrove t-ship, by Woodstown and Sharptown, about 17 miles to the S. W. angle of Upper Penn's Neck t-ship; thence turning S. and S. W., it divides Mannington and Lower Penn's Neck t-ships, and passing by Salem, empties into the Delaware river, 3^ miles below that town. There is a bar at the mouth, on which at high tide there are eight feet water. Vessels of 50 tons ap- proach the town safely; but within the bar, there is water, it is said, for vessels of 300 tons burden. The whole length of the creek may be about 30 miles, and it is navigable for shallops nearly half that distance. A short canal of 3 or 4 miles, through Upper and Lower Penn's Neck t-ships, unites the creek with the De- laware, saving a distance to the craft; which navigate the creek, of about 20 iniles. Sampfoicn, Piscataway t-ship, Mid- dlesex CO., about 8 miles N. from New Brunswick, on the left bank of Cedar creek; contains a Baptist church, 10 or 12 houses, tavern and store, in a tolerably fertile country of red shale. Sand Hills, small hamlet of Not- tingham t-ship, Burlington co. There is a tavern, and 12 or 15 dwellings here; the turnpike road, and the Camden and Amboy rail-road, run near it. The carriages from and for Trenton meet the rail-road cars here. Distance from Trenton, about 5, and from Bordontown, 3 miles. Sand Hills, noted hills in the N. W. part of South Brunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., covering an area of about 4 miles by 2; about 7 miles VV. from lirunswick. Sandy Hook, Sandy Hook bay: the first is a sandy beacli, extejiding northward, from ()ld Shrewsbury in- let, and the S. point of the highlands of Nevishik, 6 miles, of an irregular width, varying from half a mile tp a mile, forming the eastern boundary of the bay. The bay sets in from the Raritan bay, southwards, and is about 7 miles wide, between Point SAN 233 SCH Comfort, the western cape, and the point of the Hook. Its depth to the S. point of the Nevisink hills, which form the coast for about 6 miles, is about 6 miles. The western shore encroaches, eastwardly, upon the water until it is narrowed to three- quai'ters of a mile. Sand Pond, a small sheet of water, in Wallkill mountains, Vernon t-ship, Sussex CO., which sends forth a small tributary to the Wallkill river. Sand Pond, the source of Stout's brook, on the N. line of Hardwick t-ship. Sandtoion, or Berkely, village of Greenwich t-ship, Gloucester co., on Mantua creek, 4 miles S. W. from Woodbury ; contains a store, tavern, 12 or 15 dwellings, and an Episcopal church. Sandtoion, Nottingham t-ship, Burlington co., on the road from Trenton to Cranberry, about 5 miles E. of the former, on a sandy plain; contains a tavern, smithery, and some half-dozen dwellings. Sandistone t-ship, Sussex co., bounded on the N. E. by Montague t-ship; S. E. by the Blue mountain, which divides it from Newton, Frank- ford, and Wantage t-ships; S. W. by Walpack t-ship ; and W. by the De- laware river ; centrally distant, N. W. from Newton, 12 miles; greatest length, 8^, breadth, 7 miles; area, 19,320 acres; surface on the E. mountainous, and on the W. river alluvion. Population in 1830, 1097. There were in the t-ship in 1832, 65 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; taxable inhabitants, 240 ; 4 merchants or traders, 5 pair of stones for grinding grain, 1 card- ing machine, 4 saw mills, 204 horses and mules, and 841 neat cattle over 3 years; 13 tan vats, 1 distillery. The t-ship paid state and county tax, $426 77; poor tax, $100; road tax, $500. It is watered by the Big and Little Flat Kill creeks, and their tri- butaries, and by the river Delaware. The Morristown and Milford turn- pike road crosses it north-westward- jy, on which lies the post-office, dia- 2 G tant 241 miles from W. C, 83 from Trenton, and 13 Irom Newton. Be- tween the Blue mountain and the Delaware, there is a rich flat, increas- ing from two to six miles in width, through which runs a bed of transi- tion limestone, girded by an alluvial belt. This flat produces excellent crops of wheat. The t-ship was originally settled by Dutch, whilst that people held possession of New York. Sandy New, small hamlet of Mid- dletown t-ship, Monmouth co., 9 miles N. E. of Freehold ; contains a tavern, and some 3 or 4 dwellings, in a fine fertile country. Sargeantsville, p-t. of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., 6 miles S. W. from Flemington, 23 N. from Tren- ton, and 177 N. E. from W. C. ; con- tains a tavern, store, and some 6 or 8 dwellings. Surrounding country hilly and poor; lands rated at $20 per acre. Near this village, on a farm of 150 acres, Mr. R. Rittenhouse has established the Mantua Manual La- bour Institute, with accommodations for about 30 students, and the pur- pose to increase them as they may be required. At this institute are taught the Greek and Latin lan- guages, and all other branches of learning, taught at similar institu- tions. About three hours every day, Saturday and Sunday excepted, are employed in manual labour, by the students, for which they receive rea- sonable compensation. The charge for tuition, board, washing, lodging, candles, and fuel, is $25 per quarter. Saw Mill Creek, a marsh stream about 2 miles in length, in Lodi t-sp, Bei-gen co. Saxtonville, small hamlet of Am- well t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the river Delaware, 12 miles S. W. from Flemington; contams some 3 or 4 dwellings; named from the proprie- tor. Schooley^s Mountain, SchugVs Hills, form part of the central gra- nitic chain, which extends in a N. E. and S. W. direction, across the state of New Jersey, from the Delaware to SCH 234 SCH the Hudson river. The name, Schoo- ley's Mountain, derived from a family formerly owning a considerable por- tion of its soil, is applied chiefly, to that portion of the chain which crosses the N. W. part of Morris county. The height of the mountain above its base, has been determined by geo- metrical measurement, to be more than 600 feet; and a calculation, made by approximation, on the falls of water, on the dilfcrent mill dams along the i-apid channel of the Mus- conetcong river, to its junction with the Delaware, and on the descent, thence to Trenton, gives to that base an elevation of 500 feet above tide ; making the height of the mountain, above the level of the ocean, some- what more than 1100 feet. From the top of the mountain a turnpike road runs northward to Sussex, another westward to Easton, a third eastward to New York, and a fourth southward towards Tren- ton. The mineral spring near the top has given much celebrity to this region. It is said to have been known to the aborigines, and to have been employed by them as a re- medy, which, with characteristic sel- fishness, they would have concealed from the whites. The latter, however, have resorted to it, since the settlement of the country. Remarkable cures have been ascribed to it, and some per- sons have habitually frequented it, sea- son after season, on account of the be- nefit they have derived from the use of its waters. It is situated in Washington t-ship, Morris co., 19 miles N. W. of Morristovvn, 50 from New York, 70 N. E. from Philadelphia, 56 from Trenton, and 213 from W. C. The spring is, in strictness, a rill which issues from a perpendicular rock, having an eastern exposure, between 40 and 50 feet above the level of a brook, which gurgles over the stones, and loams down the rocks in the channels beneath. A small wooden trough is adapted to tlie fis- sure, so as to convey the water to a platform where the visiters assemble, and to the structure containing the baths. The temperature of the water is 56° F. being 6° warmer than the spring water nearer the summit. The fountain emits about 30 gallons per hour; which quantity does not vary with any change of season or wea- ther. The water, like other chaly- beates, leaves a deposit of oxidized iron, as it flows, which discolours the troughs, baths, and even the drinking vessels. The bare taste and appear- ance shows that it is a chalybeate ; and it is strongly characterized by the peculiar astringency and savour of ferruginous impregnations. Though remarkably clear when first taken, the water becomes turbid upon stand- ing for some time in the open air, and after a long interval, an irridescent pellicle forms on its surface. Ochre and other indications of iron are dis- persed extensively through the sur- rounding rocks and soil. Iron ore is so plentifiil in the vicinity that fur- naces are worked, both in the eastern and western district of the chain, and much of the ore is magnetic. Grey limestone is found at the base of the hills and along the valleys. The ana- lysis of the water, by Dr. M'Nevin of New York, has given the follow- ing result : Vegetable extract 92, muriate of soda 43, muriate of lime 2.40, muri- ate of magnesia 50, carbonate of lime 7.99, suli)hate of lime 65, carbonate of magnesia 40, silex 80, carbonated oxide of iron 2, loss 41 — total 16.50. The iron from the mineral water is very easily separated. Exposure to the atmosphere induces metallic precipitation ; and transportation to a distance, even in corked bottles, pro- duces a like effect; and when thus freed from its iron, the water may be used in making tea. The heat of ebul- lition, also, seems to separate the fer- ruginous ingredient, and to prevent any dusky or black tint; for if an in- fusion of green tea be mixed with wa- ter fresh from the spring, a dark and disagreeables hue is instantly produced. The carbonic acid which this water contains, is altogether in a state of combination, and hence it never oc- SCH 235 SCO casions flatulence or spasm in the weakest stomach, whilst it gradually strengthens tiie digestive powers. — This chalybeate is considered by -me- dical men, as one of the purest ofthis, or any other country, and as beneii- cial, in most cases of chronic disease, and general debility, and especially in cases of calculus in the bladder or kidneys. To those in pursuit of health or pleasure, this region presents equal attraction. A short journey brings the patient from the level of tide water to a very desirable elevation, which tempers the summer's heat, and braces the relaxed frame. The plain on the top of tiie mountain, alfords very pleasant rides amid ever chang- ing and delightful scenery, in which cheering views of improved and pro- fitable agriculture are blended with the velvet plain, the craggy hill, and shadowy vale. Thus the invalid has every incentive to exercise, by the highest gratification from his exer- tions. To him who seeks relaxation from the cares of business, or to change sedentary occupation and feebleness for activity and vigour, the excellent society which assembles here during the summer months, the abundant sport in fowling and fish- ing, and the delightful scenery, hold forth strong inducements; to which, we would be unjust not to add the excellent fare, cheerful attention, and comfortable accommodation given to visiters at the three hotels, and seve- ral farm houses in the vicinity of the spring. Belmont Hall, kept by Mr. G. Bowne, situate on the highest part of the mountain, shadowed and embowered by various fruit, forest, and ornamental trees, is a fine build- ing, 50 feet square and three stories high, with very extensive wings ; and the Heath House of Mr. E. Marsh, less showy, but not less commodious or pleasant, afford the visiter all the means of enjoyment usual at water- ing places; whilst their distance from the fountain, (about | of a mile) by adding the benefits of exercise, does not diminish the salubrious effects of tlie water. There is, however, a third house, immediately at the spring, wliere such visiters as desire to be near it, can be accommodated. The season commences here on the 1st of June, and continues during the hot weather. For the man of science, the mine- ral region, and geological formation of the country, possesses much inte- rest. It abounds with iron and other minerals. The first, in a mine open- ed within gun-shot of the Heath House, is highly magnetic ; so much so, indeed, as to render the use of iron tools about it very inconvenient. The following extraordinaiy circum- stances we give on the authority of Mr. Marsh. The tools, by continued use, become so strongly magnetized, that in boring the rock, the workman is unable, at'ter striking the auger with his hammer, to separate them in the usual mode of wielding the hammer, and is compelled to resort to a lateral or rotatory motion for this purpose; and the crowbar has been known to sustain, in suspension, all the other tools of the mine, in weight M^ equal to a hundred pounds. These facts are supported by the assurance of General Dickenson, that the mag- netic attraction of the tools, used in his mine, adds much to the fatigue of the workmen; and that it is of or- dinary occurrence for the hammer to lift the auger from the hole during the process of boring. Besides the houses for public enter- tainment, at and near the springs, there are several others, which, with a church and school house built by Mr. Marsh, with the aid of the visiters, and a post-office, give the neighbour- hood a village-like appearance. And, among the attractions of the moun- tain, we must not forbear to mention the fishing and boating on Budd's Pond, a lieautiful sheet of water, two miles in length by one in breadth, at seven miles distance from the spring. This little mountain lake of great depth and clear as crystal, abounds with perch, sun, pike, and other fish. Scotch Plains, p-t. of Westfleld SEC 236 SHI t-ship, Essex county, 14 miles from Newark, Somerville, New Bruns- wick, Morristown, Elizabethtown Point, and Amboy; 214 miles N. E. from W. C, and 48 from Trenton, on the road from Springfield to So- merville ; contains, within the diame- ter of a mile, 1 Baptist church, an academy, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 3 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 1 straw paper mill, and about 70 dwellings. The surface of the adjacent country is level, except on the W. and N. W. which is mountainous; soil, clay loam, well cultivated, and productive, and valued, in farms, at $40 the acre. Within 2 miles of the village, a bed of carbonate of Kme has been lately discovered, in which are metallic ap- peai'ances supposed to be gold and silver, but which are, probably, only deceptive pyrites. Scoffs Moviiiain, lying in Green- wich, Oxford, and Mansfield t-ships, Warren co., forms part of the chain of the South mountain, of which this portion covers much of th(? area of the three t-ships above named. The height of the mountain here may be from 700 to 800 feet above tide, and it is composed of granitic rock, based on, or breaking through limestone. It abounds with iron of several varie- ties, which, for near a century, has been extensively worked, near Oxford furnace; where Messrs. Henry and Jordan are, now, extensively engaged in the iron manufacture. The moun- tain is generally well wooded, and the valleys fruitful. Scrahbletoum, hamlet of Hanover t-ship, Burlington co., 10 miles E. from Mount Holly, and 12 S. 10. from Bordentown ; contains a tavern, and 6 or 8 cottages, in a poor, sandy, pine country. Sculltomn, a village of Upper Penn's Neck t-ship, Salem co., on Oldman's Creek, at the head of navi- gation; containing from 20 to 30 dwellings, a tavern, and 2 or 3 stores. It is about 12 miles N. K. of Salem. Secavcas, isl.-ind in the Cedar swamp, of the Hnckensnck river, in Bergen t-ship, Bergen co. ft is nenr 4 miles long by half a mile wide; terminating in a very distinguished elevation, called Snake-hitl. The island is crossed by the turnpike and rail-road from Hoboken to Paterson. Serepta, a post-office, Warren co. Seven Causeways, noted union of 7 roads, near the junction of 4 mile branch, with Inskeep's branch of the Great Egg Harbour river, 25 miles S. E. from Camden, on the line of Deptford. and Gloucester t-sps, Glou- cester CO. Shahaciing Island, formed by the Delaware river, and part of the t-ship of Montague, Sussex co., near the remote N. end of the state. Shark River, mill stream, rises in Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., and flows along the boimdary, be- tween that and Howell t-ship, about 6 miles, into a broad estuary, and thence about 3 miles through Shark inlet, into the Atlantic ocean. Sharptown, p-t. and village of Pilesgrove t-ship, Salem co., on Sa- lem creek, between 3 and 4 miles below Woodstown, and 8 or 9 miles N. E. from Salem, 162 from W. C, and .56 S. from Trenton; contains between 40 and 50 dwellings, 1 ta- vern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, and one school house, used occasionally as a church. The surrounding country is level and fertile. Shawpocussing CreeJc, small tri- butary of the Delaware river, which rises in Knowlton t-ship, AVarren co., at the foot of the Blue mountain, and flows S. W. to its recipient, having a course of five miles. Shell town, on the line between Hanover t-ship, Burlington co., and Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth CO., on a small branch of the Cross- wicks creek ; contains some half- dozen dwellings. There is a Friends' meeting house near it, in Monmouth county. Shiloh, p-t. in the S. W. angle of Hardwick t-slii|), Warren co., 12 miles N. E. ofBolvidere, and 60 miles from Trenton. Shiloh, hnmlet of Cumberland co., on thp linp dividing Hopewell from SHR 237 SIX Stow Creek t-ship, about 5 miles N. W. of Bridgeton; contains 8 or 10 dwellings, and a Seventh-day Baptist church. The country around it is of light loam, but in an improving con- dition. Shipetaukin, small branch of the Assunpink creek, rising in Lawrence t-ship, Hunterdon co., and flowing S. by a course of 5 or 6 miles to its re- cipient, through an extensive body of meadow land. Shoal Harbour Creek, small stream at the N. W. foot of the Ne- visink hills; runs about a mile and a half N. E. into Sandy Hook bay. Shretvsbvry Inlet, Old, was open- ed in 1778, from the ocean into the estuary formed by the Nevisink and Shrewsbury rivers, Monmouth co.; was closed by the moving of the sands in 1810, but was reopened in 18.30. Vessels now pass through it. Shrewsbury River, so called, is a continuation of Sandy Hook bay, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., which receives from the t-ship, Shrewsbury river proper, a small stream of 6 or 7 miles long, Long Branch, and several other tributaries. This arm of the bay, from the mouth of the Nevisink river, is about 5 miles long, with an average breadth of a mile and a half, and has a considera- ble quantity of salt marsh on its bor- ders. It is separated from the Nevi- sink by a high neck of land, 2 miles wide. Shrewsbury, p-t. of Shrewsbury t-sp., Monmouth co., between Shrews- bury and Nevisink rivers, 12 miles E. from Freehold, 50 S. E. from Trenton, and 215 N. E. from W. C; contains 12 or 15 dwellings, an Epis- copalian and Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, and 2 stores. Soil, sandy and light. Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., bounded N. by Middletown t-ship; E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. by Howell t-ship, and W. by Freehold. Centrally distant 7 miles E. from Freehold; length N. and S. 13, breadth E. and W. 13 miles; area, 64,000 acres ; drained on the N. E. by the Nevisink and Shrewsbury rivers, and their tributaries; E. by White Pond, and Deal creeks, and S. E. by Shark river; surface level; soil, clay and sandy loam, on marl, of good quality on Swimming river, and its tributaries ; on the S. of these, sandy, poor, and covered with pine. On the E., along the shore near and below the Long Branch boarding- houses, is a very fertile black sand. The sea shore in this t-ship, is gene- rally high and bold, and without marsh. The celebrated Long Branch boarding houses, so named from their vicinity to a long branch of Shrews- bury river, are in this township. Population in 1830, 4700. In 1832 the t-ship contained about 900 taxa- bles; 265 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30; and 150 single men; 21 stores, 5 sawmills, 12 run of stones, for grinding grain, 1 carding machine, 60 tan vats, 730 horses and mules, 1650 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards ; and paid state and county tax, $2144 69. Shrewsbury, Eatontown, Colts Neck, Long Branch, and Tinton's Falls, are villages and post-towns of the t-ship. Several thousand acres in this t-ship were settled in 1682, and the inhabitants were then computed at 400. Lewis Morris of Barbadoes, the brother of Richard Morris, the first settler at Morrisania, New York, and uncle of Lewis Morris, subse- quently governor of New Jersey, had iron works and other considerable impi-ovements here. Singack, small tributary of Preak- ness brook. Saddle River t-ship, Ber- gen CO. Six Mile Run, village and stream. The first, a post-town on the Prince- ton and Brunswick turnpike, (and on the line between New Brunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., and Franklin t-ship, Somerset co.,) 12 miles from the one, and 4 from the other, 189 from W. C, and 23 from Trenton; contains a Dutch Reformed church, 2 taverns, 1 store, and from 10 to 12 dwellings. Soil, red shale, level, and SNU 238 SOM ivell cultivated. — The stream flows from North Brunswick, through Franklin t-ship, by a W. course of about 6 miles, to the Raritan river. Slabtown, hamlet of Springfield t-ship, Burlington co., on the road from Mount Holly to Bordentown, 4 miles N. of the former ; contains a Friends' meeting house, and 10 or 12 dwellings, 1 store, and 2 taverns. Slab Cabin Branch, of the Ran- cocus creek, rises in Monmouth co., and flows a S. W. course of 10 miles, to its recipient, the North Branch of that creek, on the south boundary of Hanover t-ship, Burlington co. Ha- nover furnace lies upon it, and it turns several mills. Slab Cabin Brook, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., a small stream about 3 miles in length, which flows into the south side of Toms' Bay. Sleepy Creek, a tributary of Atsion river, rises in Hereford t-ship, and flows by a S. E. course of about 6 miles, to its recipient, in Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co. Smithes Creek, a small mill stream, which rises near Herbertstown, in Hopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co., and flows S. W. by a course of 6 miles, to the river Delaware, at the foot of Belle Mount. SmithiriUe, village of Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co., 42 miles S. E. of Woodbury, and 2 miles E. from Leed's Point ; contains a tavern, store, Methodist meeting house, and 10 or 12 dwellings; surrounded by pines, and near the salt marsh. Snake Hill, a noted eminence of Secaucas Island, in the marsh on Hackensack river, and a very pro- minent ol)ject from the road, between Jersey City and Newark. Its for- mation is of trap rock, on sandstone base. Snover\s Brook, rises in Sucker Pond, Stillwater t-ship, Sussex co., and flows by a S. W. course of about 8 or 9 miles through the north part of Hardwicke t-ship, into Paulinskill, on the northern part of Hamilton t-sp, Warren co. SnuJUetown, a small village of San- disfone t-ship, Sussex co., at the cost foot of the Wallkill mountain, and in the valley of the Pacake creek, on the Paterson and Hamburg turnpike road, about 15 miles N. E. of New- ton; contains a Methodist meeting house, a store, tavern, and tannery, and 6 or 8 dwellings. Sodom, p-t. of Knowlton t-ship, Warren co., on Paulinskill, 12 miles N. of Belvidere, 4 E. from Columbia; contains a grist and saw mill, tavern, store, and some half-dozen dwellings. Some smelting works have lately been erected here, said to be for pre- cious metals, discovered in the Jenny Jump mountain. Sodom, Lebanon t-ship, Hunter- don CO. (See ClarkesviUe.) Somerset County, was taken from Middlesex, by an act of the proprie- taries in 1688. Its bounds were sub- sequently modified by the legislative acts of 1709, 1713, and 174i. It is now bounded on the N. and N. E. by Morris co. ; on the E. by Essex and Middlesex; on the S. E. by Mid- dlesex ; and on the S. W. and N. W. by Hunterdon co. : greatest length N. and S. 28 miles ; breadth E. and W. 20 miles; area, 189,800 acres, or about 297 square miles : central lat. 40° 34'; long. 2° 15' from W. C. The whole county lies within the transition formation, if the old red sandstone be included within it. Hills of trap rock, upon the sandstone base, are scattered over it, as at Rock Hill, near the southern boundary. Rocky, or Nashanic mountain on the S. W., and Stony Hill N. of Somerville. The ridges N. of the last, contain grauwacke, and the valkns transi- tion limestone, g(>nerally of a grey colour. The surfiice of the county is various: the N. W. section being mountainous; the S. and S. W. hilly, whilst the centre and S. E., the val- ley of the Raritan, is cither level, or gently undulating. The soil varies with the surface : that of the hills is generally of clay and stifTloam, whilst that of the plains is a sandy loam, formed of the red shale; and the mountain vales, as we have already SOM 239 SOM observed, are of limestone. All are, however, fertile under proper culture, and the county may vie with her neighbours of Hunterdon, Essex, and Middlesex, in the variety and quanti- ty of agricultural products. The county is well watered. It is cut into two, almost equal parts, by the main stem and south branch of the Raritan river, which receives the north branch, flowing southward and centrally through the northern sec- tion, and the Millstone river, flowing northward and centrally through the southern section; and it is thus by these three streams, divided into four parts, intersected by smaller brooks and creeks, in almost every direction. The Delaware and Raritan canal enters the county at Kingston, with the Millstone river, and follows that stream to its junction with the Rari- tan, 3 miles S. E. of Somerville, whence it pursues the valley of the last stream to Brunswick. Copper ore has been discovered in considerable veins in the first range of hills, N. E. from Somerville ; and mines have been opened in at least two places; the first within 2, and the second within 6 miles of the town. Attempts have been made to work both, but every effort has hitherto been unsuccessful: and yet the ore is said to contain not only a very va- luable proportion of copper, but to be worth working on account of the gold which it yields. Public opinion at- tributes these failures more to the want of adequate capital to sustain the expense of the first steps in min- ing, than to the want of skill, or po- verty of ore. It is said, also, that particles of gold and silver have been discovered in a gangue of carbonate of lime, on Green Brook, N. of the Scotch Plains. A turnpike road from Brunswick, enters the county by a bridge over Bound Brook, and passes through Somerville, to North Branch, and thence to Philipsburg, opposite to Easton. From North Branch a turn- pike road runs northward over Schoo- ley's mountain to Hacketstown, in Warren co. ; and a rail-i-oad is in contemplation, through Somerville to Belvidere. The post-towns of the county are Baskingridge, Bound Brook, Flagg- town, Harlingen, Kline's Mills, Les- ser Cross-Roads, Liberty Corner, Martinsville, Millington, Millstone, North Branch, Peapack, Pluckemin, Princeton, Rocky Plill, Somerville, the county town, and Warren. The county was early settled by the Dutch, whose industrious habits soon rendered it remarkable for its fruitfulness, and it became soon one of the most thickly settled of the pro- vince. By the census of 1830, the population amounted to 17,689 souls, of whom 7665 were white males, 7717 white females; 945 free colour- ed males, 914 free coloured females; 214 male slaves, 234 female slaves. Among these there were 118 aliens ; deaf and dumb, 14 whites — blind, whites, 17, coloured, 3. In 1832, there were in the co., 3500 taxables; 668 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 391 single men, 68 merchants; 44 saw mills, 64 grist mills, or run of stones for grinding grain, 8 fulling mills, 211 tan vats, 28 distilleries, 11 carding machines, 4621 horses and mules, and 8634 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years; and it paid in state tax, i$2642 86, and in county tax, $6000. The courts for the county are holden at Somerviille; the common pleas, orphan's court, and general quarter sessions, on the following Tuesdays: viz. last in January, 3d in April, 3d in June, and 1st in Oc- tober; and the circuit courts on the 3d Tuesday in April, and the 1st in October. SOM 240 SOU STATISTICAL TABLE OF SOMERSET COUNTY. ^ Population. (^ Townships. Area. Surface. J m 1810 1820 1830 Bedminster, 8 4^ 19,300 hilly. 1312 1393 1453 Bernard, 9 7 25,000 mountainous, 1879 2063 2062 Bridgewater, 13 11 35,000 level. 2906 3147 3549 Franklin, 13 8 30,000 do. [level. 2539 3071 3352 Hillsborough, 10 7 36,000 part hilly, part 2456 2885 2878 Montgomery, 8 8 26,500 hilly, 2282 2495 2834 Warren, 8 4 18,000 189,800 mountainous, 1354 1452 1561 14,728 16,506 17,689 Somers' Point, p-t. and port of entry for Great Egg Harbour dis- trict, upon the Great Egg Harbour bay, about 43 miles S. E. from Wood- bury, 88 from Trenton, and by post- route 196 from W. C. There is a tavern and boarding house here, and several farm houses. It is much re- sorted to for sea bathing in summer, and gunning in the fall season. Somerville, p-t. and seat of justice, of Somerset co., situate about a mile N. of the Raritan river, on the turn- pike road from New Brunswick to Philipsburg, 11 miles N. W. from the former, 33 S. E. from the latter, or from Easton, 28 N. E. from Tren- ton, and 199 from W. C. It lies upon a high well cultivated plain of red shale, about 2 miles south of a ridge of the South mountains ; in which are some noted copper mines. It contains a Dutch Reformed church, a Methodist meeting, an academy where the clas- sics and mathematics are taught, a boarding school for young ladies, 3 taverns well kept^pcd 7 stores, 1 large grist mill, 5 practising attorneys, 4 physicians, and 1 resident clergy- man, 600 inhabitants, and about 100 dwellings. Tiic court-hou.se and other public buildings, are large and com- modious, and many of the private dwellings are very neat; and the town is a healthy, pleasant, and de- sirable place of residence. The pro- posed rail road from Elizal)cthtown to the Delaware, at Bclvidere, is de- .signed to pass througli it. South Amboy, p-t. of South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex go., at the head of the Raritan bay and mouth of the Raritan river, 15 miles below New Brunswick, and 35 N. E. from Tren- ton; contains a hotel and some 15 or 20 dwellings, and an extensive ma- nufactory of stone ware, made from clay obtained in the vicinity. This clay is of excellent quality, and much of it is exported to various parts of the country. It is used in the manu- facture of delf ware at Jersey City, and in the fabrication of china at Phi- ladelphia. The beds extend in the hifls for several miles around the point. The turnpike road from Bor- dentown, and the Camden and Am- boy rail road terminate here. There is a safe harbour here for vessels, and deep water at the landing. South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex CO., bounded N. by the Raritan river; N. E. by the Raritan bay ; S. E. by Middletown and Upper Freehold t-ships, of Monmouth co.; S. VV. by Millstone river; and N. W. by North Brunswick and South Brunswick t-ships. Centrally distant S. E. from New Brunswick 9 miles : greatest length N. E. and S. W. 18, and breadth 6 miles; area, 64,000 acres; surface, flat; soil, sandy; drained on the S. W. by the Millstone, and on the N. E. by South river and its tributaries, Tenant's run, Deep run, Matchaponix brook, and Manala- pan creek. The turnpike and rail road from Bordcntownto Ambov run SPR 241 SPR through the t-ship. Upon the former lie the post-towns of Cranberry and Spotswood, and South Amboy. Po- pulation in 1830, 3782. South River. (See Manalapan Brook.) South Brunsicick. (See Bruns- wick, South.) Sparta, p-t. of Hardistone t-ship, Sussex CO., at the west foot of the Wallkill mountain, 236 miles N. E. of W. C, 78 from Trenton, and 8 from Newton, on the Union turn- pike road, in the valley, and near the source of the Wallkill river. This is a pleasant village, having some very good houses, a neat Pres- byterian church with cupola, a school house, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 4 forges for making iron, in which there are, together, 6 fires ; 1 tavern, 3 stores, and from 35 to 40 dwell- ings. Iron and zinc ores are abun- dant in the neighbourhood ; but only a small portion of the first is used in making iron here ; the chief part being carted from the mines in Morris co., at the cost of $2 50 the ton. The zinc ore is not worked. The soil in the valley is limestone, and tolera- bly well cultivated. SpeertoiDn, agricultural village of Bloomfield t-ship, Sussex co., 7 miles N. of Newark, near the foot of the First mountain ; contains from 20 to 30 dwellings, 1 tavern, 1 store, a Dutch Reformed church, and school ; surrounded by a country of red shale, carefully cultivated. Spottsu'ood, thriving p-t. of South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex co., on the turnpike road and rail road from Bor- dentown to South Amboy, about 25 miles from the former, 202 from W. C, and 26 from Trenton, and on the South river ; contains a large grist- mill, a fine Presbvterian chmxdi of wood, a Dutch Reformed church, 1 tavern, 2 stoi-es, 2 tobacco manufac- tories, and about 30 dwellings. Spruce Run, Lebanon t-ship, Hun- terdon CO., flows S. W. through the north part of the t-ship, and along the west boundary, and is a branch of the Rarilan river. 2 H Springfield t-ship, Essex county, bounded N. by Livingston t-ship; E. by Orange and Union t-ships ; S. by Westfield and New Providence t-ships ; and W. by the Passaic river, which divides it from Chatham t-ship, Morris co. Centrally distant W. from Newark 8 miles : greatest length N. and S. 6, breadth E. and W. 5 miles ; area, 13,500 acres; surface, gene- rally hilly ; soil, clay loam and red shale. It is washed on the eastern boundary by the Rahway river, which receives several tributaries from the t-ship. Springfield the post- town ; Vauxhall and part of Chat- ham are villages of the t-ship. The pretensions of Springfield, as qn agri- cultural t-ship, are not high, but it claims consideration for its paper ma- nufactories. Population in 1830, 1653. In 1832 there were 365 tax- ables, 97 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; 93 single men, 7 merchants, 1 grist mill, 3 carding machines, 12 paper mills, 6 tan vats, 1 woollen manufactory, 1 distillery, 220 horses and mules, and 818 neat cattle, above the age of 3 years. It paid state tax, 198 96; county, i520 56 ; poor, $500 ; road, $8. Springfield p-t. of the preceding t-ship, on the turnpike road from Eli- zabethtown to Morristown, 7 miles W. from the one, and 10 E. from the other, 216 N. E. from W. C, and 50 from Trenton, and upon the Rah- way river, at the foot of the First mountain; contains about 200 dwell- ings, some of which are neat struc- tures; 1 Presbyterian church, with cupola and bell ; 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill, and 10 paper mills. The surface of the country around it, is rugged, and the soil, a stiff cold clay, unproductive ; and farms are not averaged at more than 20 dollars the acre. Springfield, t-shi\), Burlington co., bounded N. by Chesterfield, and Mansfield t-ships ; S. E. by Hanover t-ship ; S. W. by Northampton t-ship, and W. and N. W. by Burlington SQU 242 STA t-ship; centrally distant N. E. from Mount Holly, 5 miles ; greatest length, E. and W. 10 miles; breadth, N. and S. 6 miles; area, 18,000 acres; sur- face level; soil, sand and sandy loam, well cultivated, and productive; drained, N. by the Assiscunk creek, which forms the northern boundary, and its branches, and S. by the tribu- taries of the north branch of the Ran- cocus creek. Slabtown, Jobstown, and Juliustown, are villages of the t-ship, at the two last of which, are post-offices. The population, a great portion of which are Friends, was, in 1830, 1531. In 1832, the t-ship contained, 3 Friends' meeting houses, 147 hquseholdcrs, whose ratables did not exceed $30, in value; 61 single men, 330 taxables; 3 stores, 14 tan vats, 1 distillery for cider, 31 dear- borns, 100 covered wagons, 17 chairs, 11 gigs and curricles, 1975 neat cat- tle, and 507 horses and mules, over 3 years of age; and paid state tax, $388 85; county tax, $1 358 29; and township tax, $500. Spring Garden, or North Belle- ville, Bloomtield t-ship, Essex co., upon the Third river, and about a mile W. of the Passaic river ; con- tains from 50 to 70 dwellings, a cot- ton manufactory, a school, and a Me- thodist church. (See Belleville.) Spring Mills, village of Alexan- dria t-ship, Hunterdon co., 13 miles N. W. from Flemington, on a small stream, which empties into the Dela- ware; contains a grist mill, and seve- ral dwellings. Springtown, small villngeorSchoo- ley's mountain, on the 8omerville and Jviston turnpike road, 18 miles W. of Morristown, and 3 miles E. of the mineral spring; contains some 6 or 8 dwellings. Spring Valleij, hamlet of Morris t-ship, Morris co., 4 miles S. E. of Morristown; contains a tavern, and some half-dozen dwellinas. Sqiian Bench, extends Crnin Old ^'rnnberry inlet, N. 10 mik-s to Ma- nasquan inlet, dividing for part of that distance, Barnegat bay, from the At- lantic ocean. It no where exceeds half a mile in width. Sqvan, a vicinage in the S. E. part of Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., be- tween Manasquan and Metetecunk rivers. It is much frequented for sea-bathing; and comfortable accom- modations are found at the farm- houses, of which there are several where boarders are received. Sqvankum, p-t. of Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., 10 miles S. E. from Freehold, 44 from Trenton, and 209 N. E. from W. C. ; contains a Friends' meeting house, a grist mill, and fulling mill, 2 taverns, 1 store, and 12 or 15 dwellings, surrounded by pine forest, and sandy soil. Squankum, tavern, and creek; the creek is a tributary of Inskeep's branch of the Great Egg Harbour river, Deptford t-ship, Gloucester county. Staford t-ship, Monmouth co., bounded on the N. by Dover t-ship ; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. W. by Little Egg Harbour t-ship; and W. by Northampton t-ship, Bur- lington CO. Centrally distant S. from Freehold, 38 miles ; greatest length, N. and S. 18 miles, breadth 12 miles; area, 87,000 acres; surface level; soil, sand, gravel, and marsh. On the E. front of the t-ship. Long Beach extends upon the ocean, about 11 miles, with an average breadth of about 1 mile, separating Little Egg Harbour bay from the sea. The bay varies from 2 to 3 miles in width, and between it and the fast land, there is a bodv of salt marsh of lik(^ width, throu<;h which flow several creeks; the principal are Manahocking, Gun- ning, Cedar, and Westccunk. Bar- negat, Manahocking, Cedar Bridge, and Westecunk, are villages; the two first post-towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 2059. In 1832 the county contained about 400 tax- ables; 64 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30; 30 single men ; 4 stores, 2 saw mills, 1 grist mill, 1 furnace, 210 horses and mules, and 8()2 neat cattle, above 3 years of age. STE 243 STI Stanhope, forge, and post-town, on the Musconetcong river, and on the Morris canal, on the S. boundary of Byram t-ship, Sussex co., by the post route, 222 miles from W. C, 59 from Trenton, 11 S. of Newton, and 16 N. W. of Morristown ; contains a grist mill, 3 forges, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and from 20 to 30 dwellings, and one large school house. The creek has here been led from its bed, by which means a fine waterfall of 30 feet, avail- able for mill purjioscs, has been ob- tained ; an inclined plane of the canal at this place, surmounts an elevation of 76 feet. This thriving little town was founded by Mr. Silas Dickenson; and is surrounded by an excellent soil of limestone. Staten Island Sound, or Arthur- Kill, the strait which divides Sta- ten Island from New Jersey. It has a devious, but general N. E. course, from the head of Raritan bay, and including the Kill-van-Kuhl, extends to New York bay, a distance of about 18 miles, having a breadth, common- ly much under, and no where ex- ceeding half a mile. It is the or- dinary passage of the steamboats which i)ly between Brunswick, Am- boy, and New York. As the tide flows from, and into both bays, from and into this strait, the navigator never has a current with him through its whole length. The channel is skirted on both sides by an agreeable country. That of New Jersey is the more level, and that of Staten Island the more variegated and picturesque. For several miles from New York bay, the shore of the island is so closely covered with houses, as to have the appearance of a continued street. Steddam's Neck, a strip of land lying in the N. W. angle of Green- wich t-ship, formed by the junction of Newport and Stow creeks. Steelman's Creek, small tributary, flowing eastwardly into the Great Egg Harbour river, Weymouth t-ship, Gloucester co. Stephen's Creek, Weymouth t-ship, Gloucester co., tributary of Great Egg Harbour river, having an eas- terly course of 8 or 9 miles. Two miles from its mouth, is a village and post-town which bears its name; 39 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 78 from Trenton, and 106 N. E. from W. C. It contains a grist and saw mill, ta- vern, store, and 6 or 8 dwellings. Stewartsville, p-t. of Greenwich t-ship, Warren co., centrally situate in the t-ship, on Mcrritt's branch of Pohatcong creek, 10 miles S. E. of Belvidere; contains a tavern, a store, and 10 or 12 dwellings; surrounded by a fertile limestone country, and lying about a mile south of the Mor- ris canal, and about .5 miles east from Easton, Pennsylvania. Still Valley, of Greenwich t-ship, Warren co., lying between Lopat- cong and Pohatcong creeks, and ex- tending N. E. from the river Dela- ware. This is a rich valley of lime- stone land, thickly settled, and highly productive in wheat. There is a post-office here named after the val- ley, on the turnpike road, between 4 and 5 miles from Easton, Pennsyl- vania. Stillwater t-ship, Sussex co., bounded N. E. by Newton t-ship ; S. E. by Greene t-ship ; S. AV. by Hardwick t-ship, Warren co.; and N. W. by Walpack t-ship. Cen- trally distant from Newton, E. 7 miles; greatest length N. and S. 10 miles ; breadth E. and W. 7 miles ; area, 28,160 acres ; surface hilly, on the N. W. mountainous. It is drain- ed by Paulinskill, which crosses it centrally, and receives a tributary from Swartwout's pond in the t-ship. Population in 1830, 1381. Taxables in 1832, 230. Stillwater and Cour- senville are post-oflices of the t-ship, which contained, in 1832, 40 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed $30, 4 run of stones for grind- ing grain, 4 stores, 6 saw mills, 277 horses and mules, and 692 neat cat- tle above three years of age, 1 distil- lery, 64 tan vats. It paid state and county tax, $378 85; poor tax, $200; road tax, $600. S. E. of the Paulinskill, the soil is slate; N. W. STO 244 STR of the creek, lime, slate, and grey rock, and is generally fertile. Stillwater^ p-t. of the above t-ship, by the post-route, 236 miles from W. C, 78 from Trenton, and 7 S. W. from Newton ; contains a tavern, store, a grist and oil mill, a Presby- terian church, formerly Dutch Re- formed, and 8 or 10 dwellings. The soil around it is limestone, well culti- vated. Stipsoii's Island, a neck of fast land, near tlie west boundary of Den- nis t-ship. Cape May co., projecting into the marshes, having a length of about 3 miles. Stockholm, post-office and forge of Jefferson t-ship, Morris co., upon the Pequannock creek, at the N. E. end of the Grcenpond mountain, 18 miles N. W. of Morristown, 249 N. E. from W. C, and 83 from Trenton. Stockingtown, a small hamlet of 6 or 8 dwellings, of Upper Alloways Creek t-ship, Salem co., about 9 miles E. of Salem t-ship, and 3 from Allo- waystown. Stone House Brooh, branch of the Pompton river, rising in Pequannock t-ship, and flowing by a course of 6 miles N. W. to its recipient, giving motion to some forges. Stony Brook, Pequannock t-ship, Morris co., small tributary of the Rockaway river, which flows by se- veral branches, in length from 4 to 5 miles, through Rockaway valley. Stony Hill, extends from the north branch of the river Raritan, in Ber- nard and Bridgewater t-ships, through Warren t-ship, in Somerset co., into Essex CO., in the form of a crescent; formed of trap rock, on old red sand- stone base. Under this name the mountain, following its curve, is about 12 miles long. Stop-the-Jade Creek, ti'ibutary of the S. branch of the Rancocus creek, Northampton t-ship, Burlington co. ; unites with the latter at Vincenttown, after a westerly course of 9 miles. — A mill stream. Stoufs Brunch, of Paulin's creek, rises in Sand Pond, TTavdwick t-ship, Warren co., at the foot of the Blue mountain, and flows by a southerly course of 7 or 8 miles, to its reci- pient. Stoutsmlle, on the line dividing Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co., from Hopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co., and on the turnpike road from Bruns- wick to Lambertsville, 13 miles S. W. from Somerville; contains a ta- vern, and 6 or 8 dwellings, in a fertile, pleasant valley. Slow Creek t-ship, Cumberland CO., bounded N. and W. by Stow creek, which divides it from Salem CO. ; E. by Hopewell t-ship, and S. by Greenwich t-ship. Centrally dis- tant, N. W. from Bridgeton, 7 miles ; greatest length, E. and W. 7; breadth, N. and S. 6 miles; area, 10,240 acres; surface, partly level, partly rolling; soil, clay, loam, sand, and gravel. Population in 1830, 791. In 1832, the t-ship contained 170 taxa- bles, 21 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 4 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 198 horses and 557 cattle, above the age of 3 years, 1 store; and paid road tax, $200 ; state and county, $437 81. NeAV]iort creek forms the boundary between this and Greenwich t-ship. Stow Creek, rises on the confines of Salem and Cumberland cos., and Hopewell and Upper Alloways Creek t-ships, and by a S. W. and S. course, forms the line between these coun- ties, by the meanders of the creek; 25 miles to the Delaware bay. It is navigable for sloops, about 18 miles, and has some good banked meadow on its borders, for the distance of 9 miles, commencing 9 miles from its mouth. Straw, hamlet of Greenwich t-ship, Warren co., about 5 miles S. E. of Philipsburg, and 12 miles S. of Bel- viderc; contains 3 or 4 dwellings only. Stralenherg, hamlet, Hackensack t-ship, Bergen co., about 5 miles N. E. of Ilackensacktown ; contains 1 Dutch Reformed, and 1 Seccder's church, some 8 or 10 dwellings, a store and tavern; surrounded by a pleasant, level country, of fertile loam, well cultivated. sus 246 SUS Stretch''s Point, on Stow creek, Lower Alloways Creek t-ship, Salem CO., about 7 miles from the mouth of the creek. Suckasunny, the name of a village and plain; the latter extending in width from 2^ to 3 miles, and in length about 6 miles ; is sandy and not very fertile, and is drained by Black, or Lamington river. On the N. E. of this plain, terminates the great vein of iron which has conti- nued a S. W. course from the White Hills in New Hampshire. The village and post-town is situ- ate on the Morristown and Easton turnpike road, 11 miles N. W. from the former, 63 N. E. from Trenton, and 226 from W. C. ; contains a Presbyterian church, a store and ta- vern, and some 12 or 15 dwell- ings. Sucker Pond, a small basin of wa- ter, at the east foot of the Blue moun- tain, in Stillwater t-ship, Sussex co. Sussex County, was taken from Morris, by act of Assembly, 8th June, 1753, with bounds which included the present county of Warren. War- ren was erected by act of 20th Nov. 1824; and Sussex is now bounded S. by the Musconetcong river and Hopatcong pond; thence by a line running N. E. dividing it from Mor- ris and Bergen counties, to the line of the state of New York ; thence along that line N. W., to the Dela- ware river, at the mouth of the Nevi- sink, or Macacomac river ; thence by the river, to the mouth of the Flat- kill; and thence by a line S. E., se- parating it from Warren co., to the Musconetcong river, somewhat more than a mile below Andovcr furnace. Its form approaches an oblong, with a mean length of 26, and breadth of 22 miles; area, about 572 square miles, or 366,000 acres : central lat. 41° 8' N.; long. 2° 15' from W. C. The county is divided geologically by the primitive and transition forma- tions. The former passing N. E. by Sparta, and including within its li- mits, the Hamburg or Wallkill, and the Wawayanda mountains. These mountains abound with a variety of minerals, of which iron and zinc are the most considerable. The country between these hills and the Blue moun- tain is rolling; nay, hilly; in which, ridges of slate, alternate with valleys of limestone; and is highly fertile, and every where well cultivated. The Blue, or Kittatinny mountain, is skirted on the east by grey rock, which bears great resemblance to the primitive, and certainly contains little evidence of recombination. The mountain itself appears to be com- posed partly of similar rock, of a bluish green and red sandstone, the colours of which are singularly and intimately blended. Upon the N. W. the mountain is bounded by a broad strip of grey limestone. A dividing ridge running from Blue mountain, in Frankford t-ship, north of Culver's Pond, through the S. E. angle of that t-ship, on towards Spar- ta, gives a determination to the wa- ters of the county, sending part N. E. towards the Hudson, and part to- wards the Delaware river. Thus all the waters of the eastern portion pour from the hills north and south, into the valley of the Wallkill, where the flatness of the surface causes them to spread over a considerable space, and occasions an extensive marsh along the borders of that stream, greatly enlarged within the bounds of the state of New York. The west- ern portion of the county is drained chiefly by the Paulinskill, flowing by a deep and rapid course, through this and Warren county, to its recipient near Columbia. The face of the country is dotted with large ponds, or small lakes, some of which are on the highest hills. Swartwout's and Culver's ponds are the largest — the first being 3 miles in length, by 1 in breadth, and the other 2 miles in length, by the same breadth. But the most remarkable are the White Ponds, which have been so called, from the appearance of their shores and bottoms, covered with shells of the snail, in very ex- tensive masses. Two of these lie on sus 246 SUS the line between Newton and Ilarclis- ton townships. The agriciihure of the county is in a state of progressive improvement, and is now very productive. The Hmestone lands yield large crops of wheat, and the slate, where the rock does not come too near to the surface, is scarce less fertile. Lime is not yet much employed as manure, but its use is growing, and will doubtlessly be extensive, when its benefits shall be generally known. Wheat, rye, oats, corn, and iron, are staple pro- ducts. The principal towns and post of- fices, are Newton, the county town, Deckertown, Hamburg, Ogdensburg, Sparta, Andover, Greenville, Still- water, Branchville, Augusta, and La- fayette. Bcnville, Coursenville, Flat- brookville, Fredon, Gratitude, Har- mony, Hamburg, Lafayette, Liberty- ville, Lockwood, Monroe, Montague, Sandystone, Stanhope, Vernon, Wal- pack, and Wantage. By returns of the assessors, for the year 1832, there were 1075 householders, 58 merchants, shop- keepers, and traders, 87 run of stones for grinding grain, 18 carding ma- chines, 3 iron furnaces, 55 saw mills, 28 forge fires, 7 fulling mills, 3875 horses and mules, 13,070 neat cattle 3 years old and upwards, 6 ferries and toll bridges, 227 tan vats, 36 distilleries, and 101,887 acres of im- proved land. The amount of state and county tax, was $7500 95; poor tax, ,"$3300 ; road tax, $8600. By the census of 1830, the popu- lation of the county amounted to 20,346 souls, of whom 10,240 were white males ; 9654 white females ; 206 free coloured males; 195 free coloured females ; 21 male, and 30 female slaves. Of these inhabitants, 89 were aliens; 6 deaf and dumb; 14 blind. The provision for moral improve- ment in the county, consist of 2 clas- sical seminaries at Newton, 6 com- mon schools in that town, and others in sufficient numbers for the wants of the people throughout the county ; a Lyceum for the cultivation of lettefs and science, and a public library at Newton; a county Bible society, a county Sunday school union, and district Sunday schools and tempe- rance societies. The county elects 1 member to the legislative council, and 2 to the As- sembly. The courts of common pleas, orphans', and quarter sessions, arc holden at Newton, on the last Tuesday of January, the 4th Tuesday of May, the 3d of August, and the 4th of November; and the circuit courts, and sessions of oyer and ter- miner and general jail delivery, are holden on the 4th Tuesdays of May, and November. STATISTICAL TABLE OF SUSSEX COUNTY. Townships. "G) -u Area. Surface. Population. c qj 1-1 1810. 1820. 1830. By ram, 10 8 21,760 mountainous. 591 672 958 Frankfort, 11 H 28,800 valley. 1637 200S 1996 Green, 9 4 14,080 p't hilly, p't level. 801 Hardiston, 13 9 41,960 mountainous. 1702 2160 2588 Montague, H 7i 21,620 moun. & riv. flat. 661 964 990 Newton, 12 10 65,920 hilly, p't level. 2 OS 2 2743 3464 Sandistone, H 7 19,320 moun. «&riv. flat. 703 1945 1097 Stillwater, 10 7 28,160 moun. level. 1381 Walpack, 10 4 15,360 moun. &riv. flat. 591 822 660 Wantage, 11 8^ 42,880 do. do. 2969 3307 4084 Vernon, 11 10 52,480 352,300 mountainous. 1708 2096 2377 12,644 16,617 20,346 sus 247 Sirs We have already, in our introduc- 1 tory chapter, noted generally the geological and mineralogical charac- \ ter of this county. But the reader will be gratified with the following special notice from Dr. Samuel Fow- ler, whose intimate knowledge of the subject, renders the account highly valuable. Perhaps in no quarter of the globe is there so much found to interest the mine- ralogist, as in the white crystalline cal- careous valley, commencing at Mounts Adam and Eve, in the county of Orange, and state of New York, about tliree miles from the line of the state of New Jersey, and continuing thence, through Vernon, Hamburg, Franklin, Sterling, Sparta and Byram, a distance of about twenty-five miles, in the county of Sussex, and state of New Jersey. This limestone is highly crystalline, containing no organic re- mains, and is the great imbedding matrix of all the curious and interesting minerals found in this valley. When burned, it produces lime of a superior quality. A considerable quantity of this stone is burned into lime near Hamburg, and when carted to the towns below, as Patterson, Newark, &c. is sold for one dollar per bushel. It is principally used in masonry, for whitewashing, cornice work, and M'all of a fine hard finish, and is considered su- perior to the best Rhode Island lime. Some varieties, particularly the granular, furnish a beautiful marble ; it is often white, with a slight tinge of yellow, re- sembling the Parian marble from the island of Pares; at other times clouded, black, sometimes veined, black, and at other times arborescent. Franklinite ; a new metalliferous combi- nation, containing, according to Berthier, of oxide of zinc 17, of iron ()(>, and man- ganese 1(), is very abundant; indeed it appears inexhaustible. It commences about half a mile north-east of Franklin furnace, and extends two miles south- west of Sparta, a distance of nine miles. It is accompanied in this whole distance by the red oxide of zinc, mutually enve- loping each other. The greatest quantity appears to be at Franklin furnace. The bed here, is about 100 feet high above the adjoining land, on the west side of it, and from ten to forty feet wide. Various at- tempts have been made to work this ore in a blast furnace, but without success. It frequently congeals in the hearth, before time is allowed to get it out in a liquid state, in consequence of a combination of the iron with manganese. All tiiis dif- ficulty I apprehend misrht be overcome, if a method could be discovered of smelt- ing iron ore in a blast furnace with an- thracite coal ; as the Franklinite requires a greater degree of heat to cause it to re- tain its liquid state, than can be obtained by the use of charcoal. It occurs in grains imbedded in the white carbonate of lime, and detached in concretions of various sizes, from that of a pin's head to a hickory nut; also, in regular octaliedral crystals, emarginated on the angles, small at Frank- lin, but very perfect, with brilliant faces. At Sterling, the crystals are large and perfect. I have one from that place that measures sixteen inches around the com- mon base. Red Oxide of Zinc. — At Sterling, three miles from Franklin, a mountain mass of this formation presents itself about 200 feet high. Here, as Mr. Nuttall truly ob- serves, the red oxide of zinc forms as it were a paste, in which the crystals of Franklinite are thickly imbedded ; in fact a metalliferous porphyry. This appears to be the best adapted for manufacturing purposes. The Franklinite imbedded in tJie zinc ore here, is liighly magnetic, and may be all separated by magnetic cylin- ders, recently brought into use to separate the eartliy portion of magnetic iron ore. It was long since observed, that this ore is well adapted for the manufacture of the best brass, aud may be employed without any previous preparation. It is reduced without any difficulty to a metallic state, and may be made to furnish the sulphate of zinc (white vitriol). It is remarked by Professor Bull, " that this ore, from its abundance, and the many uses to which it may be applied, promises to be a valuable acquisition to the manu- facturing interest of the United States." Berthier found it to contain oxide of zinc 88, red oxide of manganese 12. Magnetic Iron Ore. On the west side of the Franklinite, and often within a few feet of it, appears an abundance of mag- netic iron ore, UBually accompanied by hornblende rock. In some places it soon runs into the Franklinite, which destroys its usefulness ; and the largest beds are combined with plumbago, which renders it unprofitable to work in a blooming forge, but valuable in a blast furnace. On the Franklin or Warwick mountain, about four miles east of the furnace, are numerous beds of iron ore, from which many thousand tons have been taken; and which still contain a large quantity of the best quality of ore, either for a blooming forge or blast furnace. Iron pyrites occur here, both in the valley and on the mountain, of a proper quality to manufacture sulphate of iron — (copperas.) It also occurs crystallized, in cubes, in octahedrons, and dodecahedrons, fre- quently perfect, and highly splendid. The other minerals found in this dis- sus 248 SUS trict are numerous, rare, interesting, and several of them new, and not found in any other place, but better calculated to instruct the naturalist and adorn his cabi- net, than for any particular uses to which they have as yet been applied. A catalogue of which I have subjoined, designating the minerals as they occur in each town- ship. ^n Byram t-sliip, considered the south western extremity of the white carbonate of lime. 1. Spinelle, colour reddish brown, green, and black, in octahedral crystals, associated with orange coloured brucite. 2. Brucite of various shades, from that of a straw colour, to a dark orange, and nearly black. 3. Grey hornblende in six-sided prisms, with diedral summits. In the Township of Hardiston. At Sparta: 1. Brucite of a beautiful honey colour — the finest we have is found here. 2. Augite in six-sided prisms, colour brownish green. At Sterling : 1. Spinelle, black, green, and grey, in octahedral crystals. 2. Brucite of various shades. 3. Brutile, colour steel grey ; lustre metallic, in acicular prisms, with longitu- dinal striad. 4. Blende, black and white ; the white sometimes in octahedral crystals, the lus- tre brilliant. 5. Dysluite, in octahcdralcrystals, colour brown externally, internally yellowish brown ; lustre metallic — (a new mineral.) G. Ferruginous silicate of manganese, in six-sided prisms, colour pale yellow, associated with Franklinite. 7. Tourmaline, imbedded in white feld- spar, in six-sided prisms, longitudinally striated ; colour reddish brown. 8. Green and blue carbonate of cop- per. A number of large excavations were made at the Sterling nunc for copper, during the revolutionary war, under an erroneous impression, that the red oxide of zinc, was the red copper ore. It was the property of Lord Sterling ; hence the name of the Sterling mine. Of copper, we only find there a trace of the green and bhic carbonate. At Franklin : 1. Spinelle, black and red crystallized. 2. Ceylonite, green and bluish green, in perfect octahedrons truncated on tiie angles; lustre of the brilliance of polish- ed steel. 5. Garnets, black, brown, yellow, red, and green — crystallized in dodecahe- drons. G. Silicate of Manganese, light brown- ish red. 7. Fcrro Silicate of Manganese, of Pro- fessor Thomson, and the Fowlerite, of Nuttall, light red or pink, foliated and splendent, has much the appearance of Feldspar, is also in rectancvular prisms. 8. Lesqui-Silicate of Manganese, la- mellar in scales or small plates ; colour, brownish black. 9. Hornblende, crystallized. 10. Actynolite, do. 11. Tremolite, do. 12. Augite, common variety, do. 13. Jeff'crsonite, do. do. 14. Plumbago, foliated and crystallized in six-sided balls. . 1"). Brucite of various shades. IG. Scapolite, white, crystallized. 17. Wernerite, yellow, do. 18. Tourmaline, black, do. 19. Fluate of Lime, earthy and do. 20. Galena. 21. Oolite, in small grains about the size of a mustard seed, disseminated in blue secondary carbonate of lime. 22. Asbestos, connected with Horn- blende rock. 23. Green Beryl. 24. Feldspar, green and white, crystal- lized. 25. Epidote and Pink Carbonate of Lime. 2G. Arsenical Pyrites. 27. Serpeirtine. 28. Sahlite. 29. Cocolite, green and black. 30. Sphene, honey colour, crystallized. 31. Quartz. 32. Jasper. 33. Chalcedony. 34. Amethyst, crystallized. 3.5. Agate. 3G. Mica, black and orange coloured, crystallized. 37. Zircon, crystallized. 38. Sulphate of Molybdena. 39. Phosphate of Iron. 40. Carbonate of Iron. 41. Steatite, foliated with yellow Gar- net. 42. Phosphate of Lime, crystallized. 43. Pale Yellow-blende, of a foliated structure — lustre, vitreous. JVcar llavihunrh. 1 . An ore of Manganese, and iron of a light reddish brown, very compact and heavy. 2. Augite and Brucite. In the Toivuship of Vernon. 1. Green Spinelle and Brucite, in octa- hedral crystals. In JVewton Tovmship. 1. Sulphate of Barytes in lamellar masses, and Inbular crystals, in a vein traversing socondar}^ limestone. 2. Sapphire, blue and white, in rhombs and si.v-sidcd prisms. 3. Red Oxide of Titanium l^AN 249 TIM 4. Grey Spinelle in large octahedral crystals. 5. Mica, copper coloured, in hexahe- drp-l crj'stals. 6. Idocrase, crystallized, yellowish brown. 7. Steatite, presenting the pseudomor- phous form of quartz, scapolite, and spi- nelle. 8. Scapolite, in four-sided prisms. For a more particular account of the Newton minerals, see Silliman's Journal, vol. XXI. page 319. In Frankford Toicnship. Serpentine, of a light yellowish green, bears a fine polish, has a glistening lustre, and is quite abundant. Swartioouf s Pond, a large sheet of water, of Stillwater t-ship, Sussex CO., which sends forth a tributary to Paulinskill. Swedesboro\ p-t. of Woolwich t-ship, Gloucester co., 13 miles S. W. from Woodbury, 49 miles from Tren- ton, and 155 from W. C, at the head of sloop navigation, on Raccoon creek, about 5 miles from its mouth ; con- tains about 100 dwellings, an Epis- copal and a Methodist church, an aeademy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, a mer- chant grist mill, and an extensive woollen factory, belonging to C. C. Stratton, Esq. The country around it is level; soil, sandy loam, fertile, and well cultivated. Battentown, a mile distant from it, contains 1 tavern, and a few dwellings. SiL'€c]e\s Branch, mill stream of Chester t-ship, Burlington co., flows by a N. W. course of more than 3 miles, to the Delaware river. Sicimming River. (See Shrews- bury river.) Tabernacle, village of Northamp- ton t-ship, Burlington co., 12 miles S. W. of Mount Holly; contains a Methodist church, a tavern, and 10 or 12 houses. Talman^s Creek, small ti'ibutary of the Rancocus creek, rising in Evesham t-ship, Burlington co., near Evesham village, and flows six miles to its recipient. Tansboro\ village of Gloucester t-ship, of Gloucester co., on the road from Long-a-coming, to Great Egg Harbour river, 15 miles S. E. from 2 I Woodbury, 18 from Camden; con- tains a tavern, and some half dozen dwellings. Surrounded by a sandy soil, and pine forest. Tarklln Creek, mill stream of IMaurice River t-ship, Cumberland CO., rismg in the t-ship, and flowing by a southerly course, of 10 miles into the Delaware bay. Taunton Furnace, on Haines' creek, Evesham t-ship, Burlington CO., 11 miles S. W. from Mount Hol- ly, and 14 S. E. from Camden. Tenants'' Run, a tributary of South river, South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex CO., flowing N. W., between 3 and 4 miles to its recipient. Tewkesbury, t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. hj W\ashington t-ship, Morris co. ; E. by Bedminster t-ship, Somerset co. ; S. by Readington t-ship, and W. and S. W. by Leba- non t-ship; centrally distant N. E. from Flemington, 14 miles; great- est length, N. and S., 8; breadth, E. and W. 6| miles; area, 23,000 acres; surface hilly ; soil, on the mountain, clay and loam, and in the valley, at its foot, grey limestone, rich and well cultivated ; drained by Rockaway creek, and its tributaries, flowing S. E. through the township, and by Lamington river, which runs on the eastern boundary. New German- town, and Pottersville, are post-towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 1659. In 1832 the t-ship contained 8 stores, 6 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 28 tanner's vats, 2 carding machines, 2 fulling mills, 9 distilleries, 417 horses and mules, 696 neat cattle, above 3 j^ears of age; and paid poor tax, 8350; road tax, $600 ; state and county tax, $706 68. Tice's Pond, at the foot of the Ramapo mountain, Pompton t-ship, Bergen co. ; covers about 200 acres of ground, and is the source of a tri- butary of Ringwood river. Timber Creek, Big, Gloucester CO., ri.ses by two branches, the lesser in Gloucester, and the greater in Deptford t-ship, uniting about 6 miles above the mouth. The north branch is navigable for sloops from the Do- TOM 250 TRE laware to Chew's landing, a distance of 8 or 9 miles, and the south, nearly to Blackwoodtovvn, a distance of about 10 miles. The whole length of the stream, by its meanders, may be 13 or 14 miles. It receives several small tributaries in its course, and drives some valuable mills. Timber Creelc, Little, of Wool- wich t-ship, Gloucester co., rises in the t-ship, and flows N. W. 7 or 8 miles, to the Delaware river, below Chester Island. There is a mill upon it, near its head. Tinton Falls, village, and mill site of Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., upon a branch of the Nevisink river, 9 miles E. from Freehold ; contains from 15 to 20 dwellings, a grist and saw mill, 1 tavern, and 2 stores. The water of the S. E. branch of Swim- ming river, falls over a sand rock, filled with animal remains, and form- ing a cascade of about 30 feet high. From this rock flows a copious cha- lybeate spring, which is frequently visited by those who seek health or amusement at the boarding houses near the coast. Titusmlle, post-office, Hunterdon county. Toms' River, p-t., of Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., upon the head of Toms' River bay, and tide water, 25 miles S. E. from Freehold, 221 from W. City, and 09 from Tren- ton, and 6 from the confluence of the river with Barnegat bay ; a flourish- ing village, lying on both sides of the creek, united by a wooden bridge, of near 200 feet in length ; cont;uns from 50 to 60 frame dwellings, some of which are very neat and commo- dious ; 2 taverns, 5 or 6 stores, and a Methodist meeting. Many sloops and schooners are built here, and more than $200,000 worth of timber and cord-wood, aimually exported. Toms' Hirer, mill strc^am of Mon- mouth CO. ; its main branch rises on the line dividing Freehold and Ujiper Freehold t-ships, and near Paint Island spring ; and flows thence by a S. E. and E. course of 30 miles, into Barnegat bay. Above the village of Toms' river, about 4 miles, it re- ceives the south branch, which is formed by many streams from Dover and Ujipcr Freehold t-ships ; and about a mile above the village. Wrangle Brook also unites with it. It drains a wide expanse of forest land, and by the main stream and branches turns many mills and iron works. Toxnishiiry, post-office, Warren county. Tranqidlity, small tributary of the west branch of Wading river, rises and flows about 4 miles in the neck of land, between the east and west branches of the river. Trap, hamlet of Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., near Shark river, 11 miles S. E. from Freehold ; contain- ing G or 8 dwellings, surrounded by a sandy soil and pine forest. Trenton t-ship, Hunterdon co., bounded N. by Hopewell, E. by Lawrence t-ships; S. E. by' Not- tingham t-ship, of Burlington co. ; and S. W. and W. by the river De- laware. Greatest length N. W. and S. E. 8 miles ; breadth E. and W . Smiles; area, 10,609 acres; surface, level ; soil, clay and red shale, gene- rally well cultivated, and productive. It is drained by Jacob's creek on the north, and by the Assunpink and its tributaries, on the south. The town of Birmingham, and the city of Tren- ton, are within its boundary. Popu- lation in 1830, 3925. In 1832, there were in the t-ship 11 merchants, 3 fisheries, 2 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 2 ferries and bridges, 220 tan vats, 2 grain distilleries, 469 horses and mules, and 590 neat cattle, above 3 years old ; and it paid poor tax, ^900; road tax, $400; and county tax, $1264 98. (See Trenton City.) Trenton, city, and scat of govcrn- inont of the state, on the left bank of the Delaware river, three-lburths of a mile above the tide, opposite the lower falls of the river, and on the north side of the Assunpink creek, Trenton t-ship, Hunterdon co., 30 miles from Philadeljjhia, 58 from New York; lat. 40° 13' 41" N.; long. 0°. 21' 15 " E. of Philadelphia, TRE 251 TRE and 2° 8' 15" of Washington City. Incorporated by the act of 13th No- vember, 1792, which estabUshed its government under a mayor, recorder, 3 aldermen, and 13 assistants, with the usual city privileges, and power to hcense taverns within the city ; and by the act of 3d January, 1817, the mayor, recorder, and aldermen, or any three of them, of whom the mayor and recofder must be one, are empowered to hold a court of general quarter sessions. There are here, a state house, 100 by 60 feet, with bow at either end, cupola, and bell ; the building is of stone, stuccoed in imitation of dark granite, and beautifully situated on the bank of the river, commanding a fine view of the stream, the airy bridge which has been thrown over it, and of the undulating shore of Pennsylvania : a house for the residence of the gover- nor of the state; 3 fire-proof offices, a bank incorporated in 1804, with an authorized capital of $600,000, of which $214,740 only have been paid in; an academy in which the languages are taught, 3 boarding and day schools for females, and several common schools. These are, how- ever, in the city proper ; but Trenton, as known in common parlance, in- cluding the villages of Mill Hill, Bloomsbury, and Lamberton, extend- ing If miles down the river bank, lias an Episcopal, Presbyterian, Friends', Baptist, Reformed Baptist, Roman Catholic, Methodist, and African Me- thodist churches. Trenton proper contains 425 dwellings, 13 taverns, about 30 stores, among which are 3 bookstores, and 3 silversmith shops ; 3 printing offices, each of which is- sues a weekly paper, viz. the Union, the True American, and the New- Jersey Gazetteer; a public library, es- tablished about the year 1750, and a lyceum or literary association. Mill Hill has 78 dwellings, 4 stores, and 4 taverns. Bloomsbury, 145 dwell- ings, 2 stores, and 5 taverns ; and Lamberton, 64 dwellings, 2 stores, and 2 taverns. The Philadelphia steam-boats ply daily, and sometimes several times a day, one from Lam- berton, and others from Bloomsbury ; and stages run 3 times a day by the rail-road to New York and Philadel- phia. Stages also run hence by Princeton to Brunswick, and to va- rious other parts of the country The Delaware and Raritan canal re ceives its feeder here, on which is an extensive basin for vessels and boats, and the main' canal crosses the As- sunpink east of the town, over a no- ble stone aqueduct. The state prison is at Lamberton, where a new prison is also being erected, adapted to the confinement of 150 convicts. The famed bridge over the Delaware, is thi'own from Bloomsbury to Morris- ville, a span of 1100 feet, having a double carriage-way and foot-paths resting on the chords of, and suspend- ed from, a series of five arches, sup- ported on stone piers. This struc- ture has been much admired for its lightness, grace, and strength. There are on the Assunpink, within the town, two cotton mills, having 5400 spindles, and one mill for power looms, and on the Delaware, two mills for looms; the whole number of looms exceed 200. For some years past Trenton has not been in a very thriving state, but the late improvements have given new life to business and enterprise, and much prosperity is anticipated from the completion of the canal, and particularly from the construction of the mill race, now being made by the Trenton Falls Company. This company was incorporated by an act of the legislature, 16th Feb. 1831, with power to purchase, lease, or sell lands, mills, and water privi- leges useful in the creation of water power; to cut a wing dam in the De- laware river, between the mouth of the Assunpink and the head of Wells' Falls, and a race-way along the bank, not extending more than one and a half miles below the Trenton Falls ; to make lateral race-ways and other works; to sell lots, sites, and privi- leges under the charter; and with a general power of taking lands neces- TRE 252 TRE sary for their purposes, at the ap- praisement of the commissioners ; and with the customary powers granted to other corporations. Their cliarter is perpetual, protecting tlie company from any tax exceeding tlie half of one per cent, on the actual amount of capital expended in the construction of the work, with the privilege of ex- tending its capital to $200,000. Each share, in the election of managers, is entitled to one vote. The capital subscribed is $90,000 ; the cost of constructing the work is estimated at $140,000 exclusive of the lands purchased by the company for mill sites and building lots. The canal and race-way commences at the head of Scudder's Falls, directly opposite the upper end of Slack's Island, and continues down the mar- gin of the river, to a point opposite the centre of White's Island, where, leaving tlie bank, it enters upon the meadows bordering the river, through which it passes to the Assunpink, in Trenton; thence, it is designed to cross this creek by an aqueduct, and to pass through Bloomsbury, to the precincts of Lamberton, where it de- bouches into the river. The fall in the river Delaware, be- tween the head and foot of the race- way is 20 feet, of which, one foot and a half descent is given to the race- way, leaving a head and fall at the Assunpink of 14 feet, and below the foot of the Trenton Falls 18^ feet. The entire column of the water de- scending the race-way is estimated at 23,868 cubic feet per minute, at the lowest known state of the wafer. — This at the Assunpink, will afford a power equal to 335 horses; or if all be expended below the Assunpink, equal to 575 liorses: or should one-third of the water be used above, and two- thirds below the creek, the power above will be equal to 145 horses, and that below, to 384 horses. This calculation is based on a depth of six feet water only, in the race-way ; the minimum supply, after all deductions for leakage and evaporation at the lowest water. This, however, is the view of the power, in what is deemed its first stage. The work commences at the upper end of Slack's Island, which is ol" considerable extent, situate near the middle of the river. The main channel of the stream was formerly on the right, or Pennsylvania side of the island, but a loose stone wall hav- ing, some years since, been thrown across this channel to improve the navigation of the river, the larger portion of the water was thrown into the Jersey channel. This wall re- mains, but it is overflowed at the lowest water. By raising this dam and throwing the whole current of the river into this channel, or by en- tirely removing it, and erecting a dam from the head of the company's works to Slack's Island, and reopening the channel on the other side, the water in the raceway would be raised two feet beyond its present elevation ; and in constructing their work, the com- pany have adapted it to the reception of that body of water. A column of eight feet instead of six, would thus be gained in the race ; the velocity of its current increased to 122 feet per minute, and the quantity of water to 52,704 cubic feet in the same time. The power of the water would then be ecjual to 960 horses at the Assun- pink, or 1260 below it : or should one-third of the power be employed above, and two-thirds below the creek, it would afford the company a power above, equal to 330 horses, below, 840, in the whole 1170. The company propose to let their lands for the erection of mills, above th(> Assunpink, at 30 cents, and be- low the creek, at from 40 to 50 cents the foot, perpetual rent, according to situation ; with the right of the free use of the company's wharf, rail-road, &c. : and their lands for dwellings, in lots 20 by 75 feet, at $6 per an- num. The buildings, in all cases, to be fire proof. And they propose to let the water froiTi the main race-way for mill power, at a perpetual rent of three dollars above, and four dol- lars below the Assunpink creek, for TRE 253 TRE every square inch area of the aper- ture, through wliich it shall be drawn off by a flume, tlie plan of which is in the office of the company. The aper- ture to be measured and made accord- ing to the standard measure, also kept by the company, and similar to that in the office of the Secretary of State, at Washington, and according to other regulations published by the company. The advantages of this site for manufacturing purposes are perhaps unsurpassed by any in the. country. Intermediately situated between the great markets of Philadelphia and New York, 30 miles from the former, and 60 from the latter— surrounded by a rich agricultural country, producing a large surplus quantity of grain of every description, and capable of quad- rupling its productions — upon a river, navigable to the ocean, and for near 250 miles above the falls, flowing through a wide and fertile country, whose pro- ducts may find a ready market here ; having also the feeder of the Dela- ware and Raritan canal, connecting with the main canal in the heart of the city plot, whilst the canal itself unites with the Delaware, below the bar at Bordentown, and passing through Trenton, along the Millstone and Raritan rivers, to New Bruns- wick, aflbrds a fine sloop navigation, and all the advantages of cheap and rapid water transportation from and to Philadelphia and New York : — the facility of obtaining an abundant and cheap supply of anthracite coal by the river and the Pennsylvania canal, on the opposite bank : — the rail-roads made, and in progress towards New York and Philadelphia, of which, there are two leading to the latter, one on each side of the river ; that on the west running directly from the city, and that on the east from Bor- dentown, combine all that the ma- nufacturer can require: — a healthy country, abundant and cheap provi- sions, an adequate supply of labour- ers, convenience in obtaining raw materials, unfailing power for its ma- nipulation, and a chance of, and rea- dy access to, the best markets of the country. The following is a description of Trenton, in 1748, as given by the Swedish traveller Kalm — which the citizen will delight to compare with its present condition : " Trenton is a long, narrow town, situate at some distance from the river Delaware, on a sandy plain. It is reckoned 30 miles from Phila- delphia. It has two small churches, one for the people belonging to the Church of England, the other for the Presbyterians. The houses are part- ly built of stone, though most of them are made of wood or planks, com- monly two stories high, together with a cellar below the building, and a kitchen under ground, close to the cellar. The houses stand at a mode- rate distance from one another. They are commonly built so that the street passes along one side of the houses, while gardens of different dimensions bound the other side ; in each garden is a draw-well ; the place is reckoned very healthy. Our landlord told us that 22 years ago, when he first set- tled here, (1726) there was hardly more than one house : but from that time, Trenton has increased so much, that there are at present near an hun- dred houses. The houses were with- in, divided into several rooms by their partitions of boards. The inhabitants of the place carried on a small trade with the goods which they got from Philadelphia; but their chief gain consisted in the arrival of the nume- rous travellers between that city and New York; for they are commonly brought by the Trenton yachts from Philadelphia to Trenton, or from thence to Philadelphia. But from Trenton, further to New Brunswick, the travellers go in wagons, which set out every day for that place. Se- veral of the inhabitants also subsist on the carriage of all sorts of goods, which are sent in great quantities, either from Philadelphia to New York, or from thence to the former place — for between Philadelphia and Tren- ton, all goods go by water; but be- TUC 254 TUR tween Trenton and New Brunswick, they are all carried by land, and both these conveniences belong to people of this town. For the yachts wliich go between this place and the capital of Pennsylvania, they usually pay a shilling and sixpence, Pennsylvania currency, per person, and every one pays beside for his baggage. Every passenger must provide meat and drink for himself, and pay some set- tled fare. Between Trenton and New Brunswick, a person pays 2s, 6d., and the baggage is likewise paid for sepa- rately." The town was founded a {cw years prior to 1720, by William Trent, an enterprising trader, who was distin- guished for public spirit, and private character, \n the provinces of Penn- sylvania and New Jersey. He was at one time. Speaker of the Assembly of the former, and at another. Speak- er of the Assembly of the latter, pro- vince. The site of Trenton, before it bore his name, was significantly called Littleworth. Mr. Trent died on the 29th December, 1724. Trowbridge Mountain, a long and irregularly shaped hill, of Morris co., extending from the N. branch of the Raritan, through Mendham, Ran- dolph, and Hanover t-ships, to the Rockaway river, ranging S. W. and N. E. It is of granitic formation; many parts of it in cultivation, but , generally sterile. Troy, hamlel of Hanover t-ship, Morris co., on the Parcipany river, about 7 miles N. E. of Morristown ; contains a forge, 1 grist mill, a saw mill, and 12 or 15 dwellings. Soil, sandy loam. TubmilJ, branch of Wading river, rises in the west jilains of Little Egg Harbour t-ship, Burlington co., and flows S. W. 7 miles to its recipient, about a mile telow Bridgeport. Tuclcahoe Creek, rises on the line between Weymouth t-ship,- Glouces- ter CO., and Maurice river t-ship, Cumberland co., and forms, in part, the western boundary of the former CO., and also, its southern boundary, separating it in the latter case, from Cape May co. Its course, for about 11 miles, is S., thence due E. for about 1 2 miles ; emptying into Great Egg Harbour bay. It is a fine mill stream, driving several mills, at Mar- shallville, Etna, and other higher points, and is navigable for sloops, above the village of Tuckahoe, more than 10 miles from the ocean. Tuckahoe, p-t. on both sides of the Tuckahoe river, over which there is a bridge, 10 miles above the sea, 4.6 miles S. E. from Woodbury, and by post-route 192 from Washington; contains some 20 dwellings, 3 ta- verns, several stores. It is a place of considerable trade in wood, lum- ber, and ship building. The land immediately on the river is good, but a short distance from it, is swampy and low. Tuckerton, p-t, and port of entry, for Little Egg Harbour district, about 35 miles S. E. of Mount Holly, 65 from Trenton, and 189 N. E. from W. C. ; situate on a narrow tongue of land, projecting into the marsh on Little Egg Harbour bay, Little Egg Harbour t-ship, Burlington co. ; con- tains between 30 and 40 dwellings, 4 taverns, 5 stores, 2 Methodist churches, a Quaker meeting house. It lies upon a navigable stream, call- ed Sherd's Mill Branch, 6 miles from the bay, whence wood scows and flats ascend to the town. There is a large business done here in timber and cord-wood; and salt is, or was manufactured in the vicinity. The town is frequented during the sum- mer season, by many persons for the benefits of sea-bathing, &c. A stage j)lies regularly between it and Phila- delphia. Tiilipchauklu Creek, tributary of the west branch of Wading river, rises in, and has its whole course of about 8 miles, through Washington t-ship, Burlington co. Turpentine, Iiamlet of Northamp- ton t-ship, Burlington co.,onthe road from Mount Holly to Freehold, about a mile east from the former; contains a tavern, a store, and some 8 or 10 dwellings. UPP 255 VAU Turtle Gut Inlet, Lower t-ship, Cape May co., between Five Mile and Two Mile Beach. Tuscomiisco Creek, a small tribu- tary of the Atsion river, Evesham t-ship, Burlington co. Two Mile Beach, on the Atlantic ocean, Lower t-ship, Cape May co., between Turtle Gut and Cold Spring Inlet. Union Cross Roads, hamlet of Deptford t-ship, Gloucester co., 4 miles S. E. of Woodbury ; contains 3 or 4 dwellings. Union t-ship, Essex co., bounded N. by Orange and Newark t-ships ; E. by Elizabethtown t-ship ; S. by Rahway, and W. by Westfield and Springfield t-ships. Centrally distant from Newark S. W. 6 miles: great- est length N. and S. 5^, breadth E, and W. 5 miles ; area, 12,000 acres ; surface, rolling; soil, red shale, well cultivated ; watered by Elizabeth river on the cast, and Rahway river on the west. Population in 1830, 1405. — In 1832 the t-ship contained 350 tax- ables, 56 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 in value ; 40 single men, 2 stores, 7 saw mills, 1 woollen factory, 21 tan vats; and paid state tax, $179 65; county, 470 04; poor, $300. There is a fine body of turf here, upon the south branch of Elizabeth river. Union or " Connecticut Farms,^'' is the post-town of the preceding t-ship, situated on the road from Eli- zabethtown to Morristown, 4 miles N. W. of the former, 5 miles S. E. from Newark, 213 N. E. from W. C, and 47 from Trenton ; contains a Presbyterian church, and within a half a mile of it, 3 taverns, a store, and about 30 dwellings. Up-Clearing Creek, a small tribu- tary of Cohansey ci'eek, which flows westerly into it, from Hopewell t-sp, Cumberland co. Upper t-ship. Cape May co., bound- ed N. by Tuckahoe creek, which di- vides it from Weymouth t-ship, Glou- cester CO. ; E. and S. E. by the At- lantic ocean; S. W. by Dennis t-sp; and N. AV. by Maurice river t-ship. Cumberland co. Centrally distant from Cape May court-house N. E. 13 miles: greatest length N. E. and S. W. 12 miles; breadth S. E. and N. W. Hi miles; area, 37,000 acres ; surface, flat ; soil, sand and clay; timber, generally oak and cedar. Population in 1830, 1067. In 1832 there were in the t-ship about 200 taxables, 173 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 1 grist mill, 6 saw mills, 6 stores, 140 horses, and 560 cattle above the age of three years. There are 1 Baptist and 1 Episcopalian church, here. The t-ship paid lor t-ship expenses, $77 38; county, $466 65; state tax, $150 73. It is drained by Tuckahoe river and Cedar Swamp creek. The last flows N. E. from the S. W. boundary of the t-ship, through an extensive cedar swamp into the river. On the Atlantic front is Ludlam's and Peck's Beaches, having a width of near half a mile, between which the tide flows into several marsh ca- nals and small lagunes. The marsh may have an average width of about two miles. Tuckahoe village lies on the Tuckahoe river, partly in this, and partly in Gloucester co., having a post-office in the latter. Marshall- ville lies on the line between Cum- berland and Cape May counties, but in the former. Vancamp Brook, rises from two ponds at the west foot of the Blue mountain, Walpack t-ship, Sussex CO., and by a S. W. course of about 8 miles empties into the Delaware river, in Pahaquarry t-ship. Vansicldes, tavern, store, and {)ost- offipe, of Bethlehem t-ship, Hunter- don CO., on the S. E. foot of the Mus- conetcong mountain, 10 miles N. W. from Flemington, 36 irom Trenton, and 195 from W. C. Varmintou-n, hamlet of Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co., 6 miles S. E. of Allentown, and 16 S. W. of Freehold ; contains a wheel- wright and smith shop, and 2 or 3 cottages, in a fertile country of sandy loam. Vanxkall, small hamlet of Spring- VIE 256 WAL field t-ship, Essex co., 7 miles W. from Newark, and 2j N. from Springfield. Vealtown, in a vale of Mine moun- tain, on Mine Brook, Bernard- t-ship, Somerset co., 11 miles N. of Somer- ville; contains a mill and some half dozen dwellings. Vernoti t-ship, Sussex co., bounded N. ■ by the state of New York ; E. by Pompton t-sliip, Bergen co. ; S. by Hardiston t-ship; and W. by Wantage t-ship, from which it is se- parated by the Wallkill river. Great- est length 11, breadth 10 miles; area, 52,480 acres. The whole surface of the t-ship is covered by mountains ; the Wallkill and Wawayanda moun- tains being on the south and east, and the Pochuck mountain on the west. It is drained north by War- wick creek and its tributaries, Black creek and Double Pond creek; south by Pacak creek, a tributary of the Pequannock, and by some small tri- butaries of the Wallkill river. Popu- lation in 1830, 2377; taxables in 1832, 382. There were in the t-ship in 1832,158 householders, whose ra- tables did not exceed $30 ; 2 store- keepers, 5 pairs stones for grinding grain, 1 carding machine, 1 furnace, 3 forges, 8 mill saws, 1 fulling mill, 311 horses and mules, and 1650 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards, and 6 distilleries. The t-ship paid for school tax, $116; state and county tax, $921 10; poor tax, $300; and road tax, $1200. Hamburg and Ver- non are villages and post-towns of this t-ship. The mountains, which on the east, rise to the height of 1000 feet, are composed of primitive rock,, in which hornblende is a principal con- stituent ; the valleys are uniformly of primitive limestone. The mountains yield iron abundantly. Vernon, p-t. of the above named t-ship, lying in the valley between the Wawayandri and Pochuck moun- tains, 246 'miles N. K. from W. C, 88 from Trenton, and 18 from New- ton. It contains a tavern, store, and from 10 to 12 dwellings. Vienna, p-t. of Independence t-ship, Warren co., on the Pequest creek, near the S. W. boundary of the t-sp, by the post-road 220 miles from W. C, 54 from Trenton, and 12 from Belvidere, upon the vei-ge of the Great Meadows ; contains a Presbyterian .church, a store, tavern, and 6 or 8 dwellings. Vincentfotcn, p-t. of Northampton t-ship, Burlington co., at the junction of Stop-the-Jade creek with the south branch of the Rancocus cteek, 5 miles S. of Mount PloUy, 12 miles S. E. from Burlington, 32 from Trenton, and 159 N. E. fi'om W. C. ; contains a grist mill, saw mill, 2 taverns, 4 stores, from 30 to 40 dwellings, a Quaker meeting house, and a house of public worship, free to all denomi- nations ; surrounded by a fine fertile country. Wading River, a considerable arm of Little Egg Harbour river, which rises by two branches; the east in Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., and flows S. W. 15 miles, into Washington township; the west in Northampton t-ship, and flows S. W. about 15 miles, to unite with the east, near Bodine's tavern. The main stem flows by a south course, thence of 8 miles to the Little Egg Harbour river, below Swan's Bay. Waertown, hamlet of Stafford t-sp, Monmouth co., iipon Barnegat bay, near the mouth of Waertown creek, a small mill stream, of about 3 miles long, 35 miles S. E. from Freehold, and opposite to Barnegat Inlet; con- tains 10 or 12 dwellings, a tavern and store ; in a sandy soil, covered with pine forest. WaUkill Mountains. (Sec Ham- hvrg.) Wallkill Hirer, rises in Byram t-ship, Sussex co., and flows by a N. E. course of 23 or 24 miles, through Hardiston t-ship, dividing Wantage from Vernon t-ship, into the state of New York, and thence by a like course of 35 or 40 miles, through Orange and Ulster counties, falls into the Hudson river, 3 miles S. E. from the village of Esopus or Kingston. This stream is remarkable for beins WAN 257 WAR the drain of a large and valuable tract of marsh meadow land, exceed- ing 50,000 acres, elevated more than 325 feet above tide water. The wa- ters which descend from the surround- ing hills, being slowly discharged from the river, cover these vast mea- dows every winter, and would render them extremely fertile, could they be effectually drained. Walnut Valley, post-office, War- ren CO. WalpacJc t-ship, of Sussex co., bounded N. E. by Sandistone t-ship ; S. E. by the Blue mountain, which separates it from Stillwater t-ship ; S. W. by Pahaquarry t-ship; and W. by the river Delaware. Greatest length 10 miles ; breadth 4 miles ; area, 15,360 acres ; surface on the east, mountainous ; on the west, river alluvion. Population in 1830, 660; taxables 137. There were in the t-ship in 1832, 24 householders whose ratables^did not exceed $30; 1 store- keeper, 2 saw mills, 146 horses and mules, 3 years old and upwards; 354 neat cattle of like age; 14 tan vats. It paid state and county tax, $293 80 ; and road tax, $350. It is drained by the Flatkill, which runs centrally through the t-ship, and empties into the Delaware at the Walpack Bend ; and by Vancamp Brook, which rises in Long Pond, in the Blue mountain. There is a post- office here, called after the t-ship, dis- tant from Washington 240, from Trenton 82, and from Newton 12 miles. The Blue mountain covers nearly half the t-ship; between its base and the river is a margin, of an average width of two miles, of lime- stone, bordered and partly covered by alluvion, rich and highly produc- tive of wheat, corn, &c. There is a German Reformed church in the t-ship. Walpack Bend, a remarkable bend of the river Delaware, at the S. W. angle of Walpack t-ship, about 85 miles above the city of Trenton. Wa7itage t-ship, of Sussex co., bounded N. by the state of New York; E. by Vernon t-shiji; S. by 2 K Frankford and Hardiston t-ships; and W. by the Blue mountain, which separates this from Sandistone and Montague t-ships. Greatest length 11 miles; breadth 8^ miles; area, 42,880 acres ; surface on the west, mountainous and hilly; on the east, rolling. Population in 1830, 4034; taxables 643. There were in the t-ship in 1832, 208 householders, 11 storekeepers or traders, 18 pairs of stones for grinding grain, 6 saw mills, 1 fulling mill, 5 carding ma- chines, 939 horses and mules, and 3481 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; 18 tan vats, and 3 distilleries. The t-ship paid a school tax of $500 ; state and county tax, $1706 27; poor tax, $300; and road tax, $1500. It is drained by Deep Clove river and Papakating creek, uniting south of Deckertown, and thence flowing into the Wallkill river, which forms the whole eastern boundary of the t-ship. The Paterson and Hamburg turnpike road runs N. E., and the Newton and Bolton N. W., through the t-ship; and at their intersection, is the small village of Deckertown. There is a post-office at Deckertown, 444 miles from W. C, 86 from Tren- ton, and 16 from Newton; and ano- ther called Libcrtyville, 241 miles from W. C., 83 from Trenton, and 10 from Newton. Wantage is a rich t-ship, consisting of limestone and slate soils ; the one on the east, and the other on its western side, highly cultivated. Along the Wallkill river, there is a margin of swamp, known as the Drowned Lands, caused by the collection of the waters from the high ground, in a deep and flat valley, through which the river moves slug- gishly. These lands are, in places, heavily timbered. Wardle''s Beach, on the Atlantic ocean, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth CO., extending south from Old Shrews- bury Inlet. Warren Covnty, was taken from Sussex, by Act, 20th Nov., 1824, which directed, That all the lower part of the latter, southwesterly of a line, beginning on the river Dela- WAR 258 WAR ware, at the mouth of Flat Brook, in the t-ship of Walpack, and running thence a straight course to the N. E. corner of Hardwicke church, and thence in the same course to the mid- dle of the Musconetcong creek, thence down the middle of the said creek, to the Delaware, should be a new coun- ty. Warren is bounded N. E. by Sussex CO.; S. E. by the Musco- netcong creek, which divides it from Morris and Hunterdon, and W. and N. W. by the river Delaware. Its greatest length, N. E. and S. W. is 35 miles; greatest breadth, E. and W. 17 miles; area, about 350 square miles ; central lat. 40° 50' N. ; long. 1° 58' E., from W. C. The county is divided between the primitive and transition formations. A stri]) of the former crosses it, in the neighbourhood of Beattystown, towards Philipsburg, and the other fills the portion N. of a line rurming N. W. and S. E. by Sparta, towards Belvidere, including the Blue moun- tain ; leaving an intervening strip of primitive, of a wedge-like form, hav- ing its broader part resting on New York. From these formations we may expect a great variety of soils ; and indeed all the rocks which be- long to them, arc singularly blended. The valley of the Musconetcong, on the N. W. side, abounds with transi- tion limestone, bordered by a vein of dark slate; and all the valleys, whether of the primitive or transition, are fertilized by the decomposition of the limestone rock, mingling with the sand, loam and clay, washing from the mountains, making a compound, various as the rocks from which it is derived. The metals found within the coim- ty, are magnetic iron, bKiwn hema- tite, and bog ore, in several places, but principally in Scott's mountain, Jenny Jump, and on the Delaware! river, near Foul Rift. A mine of magnetic iron ore is wrought . in Scott's mountain, Oxford t-ship, where a fuiMiace was cstaltlishcd near- ly a century since, and has Intcly been repaired and put into operation. Zinc, or lead, appears in the hills which bound the Musconetcong val- ley, on the N. W. ; but most proba- bly zinc, inasmuch as these hills are in the range of the Wallkill moun- tain, where that metal lies in large masses. Gold and silver are said to have been discovered in the Jenny Jump mountain, but which, though possibly true, may in all likelihood, be iron or copper pyrites, which have so often been mistaken for the pre- cious metals. Marble, steatite, or soapstone, roofing slate, and manga- nese, may also be obtained in the county, sufficiently near to naviga- tion, to render them valuable in com- merce. The state quarries, near the Blue mountain, are already exten- sively worked. The county is marked by several prominent mountain ridges, which determine its water courses, and the surface is every where uneven. En- tering it from the south, we cross the natural boundary, the Musconetcong creek, which is confined to a narrow valley, by hills, forming a continua- tion of the Wallkill mountain, whose north-western base is washed by the Pohatcong creek, for nearly the whole breadth of the county ; and the val- ley of that stream is divided from that of the Bequest, by Scott's moun- tain, which breaks into small and diminished knolls, near the eastern extremity of the county. North of the main branch of the Bequest, but embraced by it and its chief tributa- ry, Beaver brook, lies the Jenny Jump mountain, a narrow and iso- lated ridge. Beaver brook drains a valley of several miles in width, and covered with knolls of slate, and beds of limestone, and circumscribed north- ward by a long, unbroken, slaty ridge, which bounds the valley of the Paulinskill. Between that stream, and the Blue moimtain, the mean distance r»iay be about five miles. The Blue mountain covers the re- maining portion of the county, with the exception of a small strip of allu- vial, which borders the Delaware river. WAR 259 WAR As in most parts of the primitive and transition formations, tlic streams are rapid and precipitous, affording advantageous use of tlieir volumes for hydraulic purposes, but are in no instance navigable. The waters of the county, without exception, seek the Delaware ; and whilst that river boldly cuts its way through the moun- tains, these tributaries are compelled to pursue the course of the ridges whose bases they lave. The only artificial road of the county, is that from Morristown to Philipsburg, opposite to Easton. A rail-road has been authorized by the Legislature, which is designed to unite with a similar road, opposite to Belvi- dere, on the Delaware, and to proceed thence to the Susquehanna river. The business of the county is chief- ly agi'icultural, and its staples are wheat, corn, rye, oats, and flax ; and in the northern part buckwheat. Within a few years, husbandry has made great advances, and yet conti- nues to improve. The use of lime as a manure is becoming general; and the rich valley lands yield very large crops of wheat, which find a ready market at Easton. Flax-seed is also grown in great quantities ; of which 12,000 bushels are annually purchased in Belvidere, alone. In 1830, the county contained, 18,627 inhabitants, of whom 9463 were white males, 8695 white fe- males; 214 free coloured males, 208 free coloured females; 21 male, and 26 female slaves. Of this popula- tion, 286 were aliens, 10 were deaf and dumb, and 14 were blind. The inhabitants are chiefly of English ex- traction, and a considerable portion from New England parents. By the abstract of the assessors, reported to the Legislature, in 1832, there were 102,377 acres of improved land, making nearly one-half the area of the county; 1062 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 411 single men ; 3489 taxables ; 56 morcluuits, 45 grist mills, 41 saw mills, 16 carding machines, 7 fur- naces for casting iron, 2 cotton and woollen factories, 2 fulling mills, 3 oil mills, and 1 plaster mill, 235 tan vats, 1 glass factory, 3 distilleries of grain, and 25 of cider; 14 carriages, with steel springs; 177 riding chairs, gigs and sulkies; 4324 horses, and 7772 neat cattle, over 3 years of age ; and it paid fort-ship purposes, $5700; and for state and county purposes, $8999 20. The t-ship of Greenwich alone honourably distinguished itself, by appropriating money to school use, and paid for this object, $500. The religious sects of the county are Presbyterian, Methodist, Epis- copalian, Baptists, and Chris-ti-ans. The last has, we believe, two church- es, and admits women to officiate in the ministry. These sects rank in number in the order we have placed them. The towns and post-offices of the county are, Belvidere, the seat of jus- tice ; Finesville, Hughesville, Blooms- bury, Asbury, Imlaydale, Pleasant Valley, Mansfield, Anderson, Beattys- town, Hackettstown, Alamuche, Long Bridge, Johnsonburg, Lawrenceville , Marksborough, Philipsburg, Stew- artsville, New Village, Broadway, Concord, Rocksbury, Oxford, Hope, Shiloh, Columbia, Knowlton Mills, Centreville, Sodom, Gravel Hill, &c. The courts of common pleas, or- phan's courts, and quarter sessions, are holden at Belvidere, on the 2d Tuesday of February, 1st Tuesday of June, 4th Tuesday of August, and the 1st Tuesday after the 4t]i in No- vember. The circuit court and ses- sions of oyer and terminer, and ge- neral jail delivery, are holden on the 1st Tuesday in June, and the 1st Tuesday after the 4th in November. The county elects one member to the council, and two to the general Assembly. WAR 260 WAS STATISTICAL TABLE OF WARREN COUNTY. J3 ^ Population. Townships. Area- Surface. ■ 1830. Greenwich, 13 11 38,000 hilly. 4486 Hard wick, 11 8 24,320 do. 1962 Independence, 9 sh 29,440 hills and vales. 2126 Knowlton, 10 10 44,800 do. 2827 Mansfield, 15 62 33,000 mountainous. 3303 Oxford, 16 5 A 42,000 do. 3665 Pahaquarry, 13 2^ 12,800 do. 258 224,360 18,627 Warren t-ship, Sonier.set co., bounded N. by Bernard t-ship and by Morris t-ship, Morris co., from which it is separated by the Passaic river; N. E. by New Providence; S. E. by Westfield t-ship, of Essex CO.; S. by Piscataway t-ship, Mid- dlesex CO. ; and S. W. by Bridge- water t-ship, Somerset co. Greatest length N. E. and S. W. 8 miles; breadth N. and S. 4 miles : centrally distant N. E. from Somerville 6 miles; area, 18,000 acres; surface, mountainous, the whole t-ship being covered with hills ; bent into elliptic form, with a single narrow valley drained by Middlo Brook. These hills arc low, well wooded, and com- posed of trap rock, upon old red sand- stone, whose disintegration gives a soil of stiff clay and sandy loam. They contain veins of copper ore, ap- parently, very rich, and said to be valuable not only for the copper thoy contain, but also for their gold. Se- veral efforts have been made to work them, but none have been success- fully prosecuted. Mines have been opened within 2 miles N. E. of So- merville, which were lately wrought by Mr. Cammams and Dr. Strykcr, who have suspended their operations ; others, within a mile of the village of Green Brook, and six of Somer- ville, were worked some 40 years ago. Tho southern base of these mineral hills is washed by Green Brook. Mount Bethel is a small hamlet at which we believe the poat- office of the t-ship is kept, called " Warren.'' Population in 1830, 1501. In 1832 the t-ship contained about 300 taxables, 56 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 42 single men, 4 stores, 8 saw mills, 4 grist [mills, 2 fulling mills, 4 tan vats, 5 distilleries, 3 carding ma- chines, 259 horses and mules, and 873 neat cattle, over 3 years of age. Warwick CrceJi, rises in Orange CO., in the state of New York, from Wickham's Pond, and fiows thence by the town of Warwick S. W. into Vernon t-ship, Sussex co., and into the valley between Wawayanda and Po- chuck mountains; thence by a N. W. course re-enters the state of New York, and unites with the Wallkill river, in the Great Marsh. This stream gives motion to several mills. Washington t-ship, Morris co., bounded N. by Roxbury t-ship; E. by that t-ship and Chester; S. by Tewkesbury and Lebanon t-ships, Hunterdon co. ; and W. by Mansfield and Independence t-ships, Warren CO., from which it is separated by Musconetcong creek. Centrally dis- tant W. from MorristOAvn 18 miles: greatest length E. and W. 8, breadth N. and S. ^7^ miles; area, 27,500 acres; surf ice, mountainous, Schoo- ley's mountain covering the western portion; on the cast of which, lies the German valley, drained by the south branch of the Raritan river: the intervening country ])etween that and the Black river, near the souths WAS 261 WAT eastern boundary, is hilly. The soil of the highlands is generally clay and loam, with grey limestone in the valleys. Much of the mountain is cultivated, and with lime, brings abundant crops. The German valley is very rich, and settled by the indus- trious descendants of Germans. The celebrated mineral spring and houses of public entertainment, are on the mountain. (See Sclwoley^s Moun- tain.) Springtown and Pleasant Grove are villages of the t-ship. — Population in 18.30, 2188. In 18.32 the t-ship contained 397 taxables, 124 householders, whose ratables did not exceed 830 in value; 8 stores, 11 saw, 6 grist mills, 3 forges, 20 tan vats, 10 distilleries, 53^ horses, and 1015 neat cattle, above 3 years of age ; and paid the following taxes : state, $314; county, $703 74; poor, $300 ; road, $500. Washington, village of North Brunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., on the left bank of the South river, 5' miles S. E. from New Brunswick, and about 3 miles from the conflu- ence of that river with the Raritan. There are here 2 taverns, 3 stoi-es, and from 30 to 40 dwellings. An unsuccessful attempt has been made to cut a canal, a mile long, between the South river and the Raritan, in order to save several miles in the navigation from the town to Perth Amboy. WasJdngton t-ship, Burlington co., bounded N. and N. E. by Northamp- ton t-ship ; S. E. by Little Egg Har- bour t-ship ; S. W. and W. by Gal- loway and Waterford t-ships, Glou- cester CO. ; and N. W. by Evesham t-ship. Centrally distant S. from Woodbury, 22 miles. Greatest breadth, N. and S. 19 miles; great- est length, E. and W. 20 miles ; area, 112,000 acres. Surface, level; soil, generally sandy, and covered with forest. Drained S. by the Little Egg Harbour river, and its several branch- es; Atsion, the main branch, being on the W. boundary, and Wading river running centrally through the t-ship. Shamong, Washington, and Greenbank, are villages of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 1315. In 1832 the t-ship contained 141 household- ers, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 59 single men; 287 taxables; 6 stores, 3 fisheries, 7, saw mills, 4 grist mills, 2 furnaces, 1 forge, 6 dearborns, 19 covered wagons, 4 gigs and sulkies, 333 neat cattle, 265 horses and mules; and paid state tax, $117 12; county tax, $371 10; township tax, $450. Washington, p-t. of Washington t-ship, Morris co., in the German valley, Schooley's mountain, on the turnpike road from Morristown to Easton,and on the south branch of the Raritan river, 18 miles W. of Morris- town, 54 N. E. from Trenton, and 220 by post route from W. C. ; con- tains 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Lutheran church, a school, 1 store, 2 taverns, and about 20 dwellings. It is sur- rounded by a fertile, well improved, limestone country. (See German Valley.) Washington, village of Mansfield t-ship, Warren county. (See Mans- field.) Waterford t-ship, Gloucester co., bounded N. E. by Chester t-ship ; E. by Evesham t-ship, Burlington co. ; S. E. by Galloway t-ship; W. by Gloucester and Newton t-ships ; and N. W. by the river Delaware. Cen- trally distant W. from Woodbury 12 miles. Greatest length, N. W. and S. E., 25; breadth, 8 miles. Its form is very irregular, being deeply indented by the adjacent county of Burlington, and being near the mid- dle of its length, scarce more than a mile in width. Its surface is level, broken only by the streams which run through it; soil, sandy, mixed in the northern part, more or less with loam, but generally light, producing tolerable grass, when manured with marl, ashes or lime, and is cultivated in fruit and vegetables for market. The southern part of the t-ship, has a sandy soil, covered with a pine forest, and is valuable chiefly on ac- count of its timber. It is drained, N. E. by Pensauken creek ; N. W. WEA 262 WES by Cooper's creek, which, respective- ly, are boundaries ; and on the S. E. by several branches of" tlie Atsion river, of which Atquutqua creek runs along the S. E. boundary. Shell marl is found in the t-ship, in the neighbourhoodof Long-a-coming, and other places. Wateribrdville, and Ellisville, are villages of the t-ship, and Long-a-coming is on the western t-ship line. Population in 1830, 3088. In 1832 the t-ship contained an Epis- copal church, 404 householders, whose ratablcs did not exceed $30, in value ; 7 stores, 5 fisheries, 5 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 7 distilleries, 2 glass factories; and paid poor tax, |660 .52; county tax, $1321 06; township tax, $1200. Waterfordville, village of Water- ford t-ship, Gloucester co., on the road from Camden to Moorestown, about 5 miles from either ; contains a tavern, store, and 8 or 10 dwell- ings. Wafer Street, village of Mendham t-ship, Morris co., on the line between that and Morris t-ship, and on the head waters of Whippany river, 3 miles W. of Morristown ; contains a grist mill, store, and half a dozen of dwellings. Watsoti's Creeh, Middlctown t-sp., Monmouth co., runs N. E. 2 miles, into Sandy Hook bay. Wawayanda Mountain, Vernon t-ship, Sussex co., extends northerly, across the eastern part of the t-ship, about 9 miles. It interlocks on the S. with the Wallkill mountain. Waycake Creek, Middlctown t-sp., Monmouth co., flows N. about 5 miles, into the Raritan bay, W. of Point Comfort. Weasel; the name of a dense set- tlement, of Acquackanonck t-ship, Essex CO., extending for near 4 miles, along the right bank of the Passaic, between Acquackanonck village, and Paterson. There may be in the set- tlement, about 40 dwellings, many of which are very neat. The country is fertile, and extremely well culti- vated;— land, in farms, valued at $100 the acre. West or Jecak Creek, forms the S. E. boundary of Cumberland co., between that and Cape May co. It is a mill stream between 6 and 7 miles in length, upon which are Hughes' "-rist and saw mills. Westjield, small village of Chester t-ship, Burlington co., on the road from Camden to Burlington, 7 miles N. of the former, and 11 S. W. from Mount Holly; contains a Friends' meeting house, and some half dozen farm houses, in a very fertile well cultivated country. Soil, sandy loam. Wesfficld t-ship, Essex co., bound- ed N. by Springfield ; E. by Union ; S. E. by Railway t-ships ; S. by Mid- dlesex CO.; W. by Warren t-ship, Somerset co., and by New Provi- dence t-ship. Centrally distant S. W.'"from Newark 13 miles: greatest length 7, breadth 6 miles ; area, 18,000 acres; sui'face on the N. W. hilly, but subsiding to a plain on the south ; soil, clay loam northward, and red shale southward : the latter rich and carefully cultivated. Rah- way river courses the eastern, and Green Brook the western, boundary. A more abundant and delightful country is scarce any where to be tbund, than that along from the foot of the mountain, north of Scotch Plains through the t-ship. West- field, Plainfield, and Scotch Plains are villages and post-towns of the precinct. Population in 1830, 2492. In 1832 the t-ship contained 475 tax- ables, 124 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; 64 single men, 5 merchants, .5 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 423 horses and mules, and 1111 neat cattle, above 3 years old ; and paid state tax, $264 78; countv, $692 77; poor, $420 ; road, $800. Westfield, p-t. of the above t-ship," 11 miles S. W. from Newark, 218 N. E. from W. C, 52 from Trenton, and 32 from Scotch Plains, on the road leading thence to Elizabethtown ; contains a Presbyterian church, a ta- vern, store, and smithcry, and 25 dwellings. The vicinage is level, with a stiff clay cold soil. Lands WEY 263 WHI valued at an average of 25 dollars per acre. WestccimJc Creek, rises by several branches in Little Egg Harbour t-sp, Burlington co., and flows S. E. about 8 miles, through Stafford t-ship, Mon- mouth CO., into Little Egg Harbour bay. There was formerly a forge upon the stream. Thei'e are now a grist and saw mill, and in the vicini- ty, some 15 or 20 dwellings. The Pahna Christi, or castor bean, is ex- tensively cultivated here. West Milford, post-ofBce of Ber- gen CO., 248 miles from W. C, and 82 N. E. from Trenton. Weston, p-t., on the Millstone river, and on the Delaware and Raritan canal, formerly called Rogers' Mill, about a mile and a half from its con- fluence with the Raritan river, and 2 miles below the village of Millstone, 3 miles in a direct line S. E. of So- merville, Somerset co., and about 30 from Trenton; contains a saw mill, grist mill, store, and some 10 or 12 dwellings. Weymouth, blast furnace, forge, and village, in Hamilton t-ship, Glou- cester CO., upon the Great Egg Har- bour river, about 5 miles above the head of navigation. The furnace makes about 900 tons of castings annually : the forge having four fires and two hammers, makes about 200 tons bar iron, immediately from the ore. There are also a grist and a saw mill, and buildings for the work- men, of whom 100 are constantly employed about the works, and the persons depending upon them for subsistence, average 600 annually. There are 85,000 acres of land per- taining to this establishment, within which May's Landing is included. The works have a superabundant supply of water, during all seasons of the year. Weymouth t-ship, Gloucester co., bounded N. by Hamilton; E. by Great Egg Harbour river; S. and W. by Tuckahoe river. Centrally distant from Woodbury 41 miles : greatest length N. and S. 12 miles; breadth E. and W. 10 miles ; area, 50,000 acres; surface, level; soil, sandy: eastern boundary on tlie river, and the portion on the S. E. lying between the two rivers is salt marsh. Stephens' Creek and Tucka- hoe are villages and post-towns of the t-ship. Po]iulation in 1830, 3333. In 1832 the t-ship contained 90 house- holders, whose ratables did not ex- ceed $30; 4 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 carding machine, 1 blast furnace, and 2 forges called Etna, 4 saw mills, 315 neat cattle, and 90 horses and mules, above 3 years old; and paid county tax, $157 69 ; poor tax, $78 82 ; and road tax, $600. Whale Pond Creek, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co., flows easterly about 5 miles to the ocean, about a mile below the Long Branch board- ing houses. It gives motion to a mill. Wheat Sheaf, small village on the line separating Rahway from Eliza- bethtown t-ship, 8 miles S. W. from Newark, and half-way between Bridgetown and Elizabethtov/n, 3 miles from either ; contains a tavern, from whose sign it has its name ; a store, and 8 or 10 dwellings. Whippany, manufacturing village, of Hanover t-ship, Morris co., on the Whippany river, 5 miles N. E. of Morristown ; contains a Methodist church, an academy, 3 stoi*es, 1 ta- vern, 5 cotton manufactories, 2000 spindles, 3 paper mills, and 56 dwell- ings. Soil, loam, valued at 25 and 30 dollars per acre. Whippany River, Morris co., a considerable tributary of the Rocka- way, rises in Mcndham t-ship, at the foot of Trowbridge mountain, and flows by a N. E. course of 17 or 18 miles, by Morristown, to its recipient about 2 miles above the junction of that stream with the Passaic. This is a fine mill stream, drives many mills in its course, and is well em- ployed at the village of Whippany. White Hall, hamlet on Schooley's mountain, Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon CO., 18 miles N. E. of Flemlngton ; contains a store, tavern, smith shop, and 4 or 6 dwellings. WIL 264 WIN WJute Hill, landing and small vil- lage, on the Delaware river, Mans- field t-ship, Burlington co. ; contains 2 taverns, 10 or 12 dwellings, and an air furnace. There is also a ferry here. White House, p-t. of Readington t-ship, Hunterdon co., 10 miles N. E. of Flemington, 33 from Trenton, and 196 from W. C, upon Rockaway creek ; contains a grist mill, some 12 or 15 dwellings, 3 stores, 3 ta- verns, and a Presbyterian or Dutch Reformed church. The surface of the country around it is hilly ; soil, loam, clay, and red shale. White Marsh Run, tributary of Maurice river, rises in Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co., and flows eastward- ly to its recipient, about 6 miles. White Ponds, two small lakes, connected by a brook, lying at the west foot of Pimple Hill, in Hardis- ton t-ship, Sussex co., on the western line of the t-ship, distant, in a direct line N. E. from Newton, 8 miles. Wickhechecoke Creek, rises by two branches in the hills, on the N. W. of Amwell t-ship, Plunterdon co., and flows by a southerly course of 10 miles, into the Delaware, giving motion to several mills. Willia7nsville, Orange t-ship, Es- sex CO., 5 miles N. W. of Newark, near the foot of the first mountain; contains 8 or 10 houses. Williamsburg, or Pernios Neck, West Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co., on the straight turnpike, from Tren- ton to New Brunswick, 10 miles from the first, 15 from the second, 2 miles from Princeton, and half a mile W. from Millstone river, and Stony brook ; contains a Baptist church, of wood ; an Episcopalian church ; 2 taverns, 1 store, and 12 dwellings. Soil, kind, sandy loam, extremely well cidtivated, and productive. There are two large quarries of freestone, of excellent building stone upon the river. Williamshurg. (See Cedar Creek,) Willinghoro'' t-ship, Burlington CO., bounded N. E. by Burlington t-ship; S. E. by Northampton; S. W. by the Rancocus creek, which separates it from Chester t-ship ; and N. W. by the river Delaware. Cen- trally distant N. W. Irom Mount Holly, 7 miles. Greatest length, 6, breadth, 4 miles; area, 7500 acres. Surface, generally level; soil, sand and sandy loam, well cultivated, and productive in grass, grain, vegetables and fruit. A small branch of the Rancocus creek, crosses the t-ship. Dunks' ferry, over the Delaware, is within it, 4 miles below Burlington. Cooperstown is the only village. Po- pulation in 1830, 782. In 1832 the t-ship contained 160 taxables; 50 householders, whose fatables did not exceed $30; 28 single men ; 1 grist mill, 2 distilleries, 2 coaches, 6 dear- borns, 36 covered wagons, 4 chairs and curricles, 5 gigs and sulkies, 269 neat cattle, and 176 horses and mules, above 3 years old ; and paid state tax, $109 38; county tax, §381 93; township tax, $400. Windsor, West, t-ship, Middlesex CO., bounded N. E. by South Bruns- wick ; S. E. by East Windsor ; S. W. by Nottingham t-ship, of Bur- lington CO., and by Lawrence t-ship, Hunterdon co. ; and on the N. W. by Montgomery t-ship, Hunterdon CO. Centrally distant S. W. from Brunswick, 17 miles. Greatest length, 7, breadth, 5 miles; area, 19,000 acres. Surface, level; soil, sandy loam and clay, generally well culti- vated, and producing, abundantly, grain and grass. Drained on the E. by Millstone river ; on the S. W. by the Assunpink creek ; and on the N. W. by Stony Brook. The road through Princeton divides this from Somerset co. Princeton, Williams- burg, Clarksville, Dutch Neck, and P^linburg, are towns of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 2129. In 1832 the t-ship contained 448 taxables; 226 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30; 64 single men; 6 merchants ; 1 large grist mill, with 3 run of stones; 1 woollen factory, 3 distilleries, and 496 horses and mules, and 848 neat cattle, over 3 years of age; and paid slate tax, woo 265 WOO $320 49; county, $394 04; road, $200; poor, $450. Excellent free- stone, tor building, is abundant in the t-sliip. Windsor, East, t-ship of Middle- sex CO., bounded N. by South Bruns- wick t-ship; N. E. by South Amboy; S. E. by Freehold t-ship, Monmouth CO. ; S. W. by Nottingham t-ship, Burlington co. ; and N. W. by West Windsor t-ship. Centrally distant S. W. from New Brunswick, 20 miles. Greatest length, 12 : greatest breadth, 6 miles; area, 24,000 acres. Sur- face level; soil, sandy and gravelly loam, light, and not generally pro- ductive. Drained by Millstone river, and Rocky brook, on the N. E., and by the Assunpink and Miry run, upon the S. W. Hightstown, Mill- ford, Centreville, and Cattail, are vil- lages, the first a post-town, of the t-ship. The turnpike road from Bor- dentown, to New Brunswick, crosses the t-ship. Population in 1830, 1930. In 1832 the t-ship contained 487 tax- ables; 52 householders, whose rata- bles did not exceed $30 ; and 41 sin- gle men, 3 merchants, 3 saw mills, 4 grist mills, 1 woollen factory, 2 carding machines, and fulling mills, 32 tan vats, 13 distilleries for cider, and 484 horses and mules, and 897 neat cattle, above 3 years of age ; and paid state tax, $286 77 ; county, $352 53; road tax, $400; poor tax, Woodhridge t-ship, Middlesex co., bounded N. by Westficjd, and Rah- way t-ships, Essex co. ; E. by Staten Island Sound; S. E. by Perth Am- boy t-ship ; S. by Raritan river ; and W. by Piscataway t-ship. Centrally distant from New Brunswick, N. E. 8 miles. Length, E. and W. 9, breadth, N. and S. 9 miles; area, 24,000 acres. Surface, level; soil, red shale, universally well cultivated. Drained on the N. E. by a branch of Rahway river, upon which are some mills. Rahway and Woodbridge, are post-towns, Matouchin and Bon- hamtown, villages of the t-ship. Two turnpike roads from New Brunswick, run N. E. through the t-ship, which 2L are crossed by another, from Perth Amboy to New Durham. Popula- tion in 1830, 3969. In 1832 the t-ship contained 700 taxables; 180 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value ; 99 single men ; 13 stores, 5 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 40 tan vats, 1 distillery, 585 horses and mules, 1555 neat cattle, 3 years old and upwards ; and paid state tax, $594 53; county, $731 03; road, 1800; poor, $1000. This t-ship con- tains a portion of the thriving town of Rahway. It was incorporated by Governor Philip Carteret, prior to 1680, by one of the most liberal charters which had ever been given in America. (See Records of East Jersey Proprietaries, at Amboy.) In 1682, it was estimated that there were in the t-ship, one hundred and twenty families. They had then erected a court-house and prison, and had many thousand acres surveyed for plantations. Delaplaine, the sur- veyor-general, was one of the set- tlers here. Woodbury Creek, Deptford t-ship, Gloucester co., rises by two branches; the southern called Matthew's branch, each about 3 miles above Woodbury, and unite below the town. The north branch is navigable from the town to the river Delaware, 3 miles. Woodbury, p-t., and seat of jus- tice of Gloucester co., on Woodbury creek, at the head of navigation, 8 miles S. of Camden, 39 from Tren- ton, and 145 from W. C. ; contains a spacious court-house of brick, and county offices, fire proof, and of the same material, detached, and a pri- son, in the rear 6f the court-house, of stone ; 1 Friends' meeting house, large, and of brick; 1 Presbyterian church, frame, with cupola and bell, the upper part oi" which is used as an academy; and 1 brick Methodist church; 2 common schools; 2 ptib- lic libraries, one of which was found- ed by the ladies of the town ; 2 sun- day schools ; a county bible society ; and temperance society, which has been productive of very beneficial effects; several store-keepers refusing woo 266 YAR to sell spirituous liquors; 10 stores, 3 taverns, 4 lawyers, 3 physicians, 1 clergyman, 100 dwelling houses, and 735 inhabitants. The town, for a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth, is incorporated, for the main- tenance of a fire engine and fire ap- paratus, for which eight public wells have been sunk ; and the provisions for defence, against this devastating ele- ment, are very efficient. The creek was, 70 years since, stopped out ; but the obstruction was removed in 1830, much to the convenience and health of the inhabitants. Vessels now load at the landing, in the town. Woodrnjfs Gap, through Bear Fort mountain, Pompton t-ship, Ber- gen CO. The Ringwood and Long Pond turnpike road passes through it. Woodstown, p-t., and village, of Pilesgrove t-ship, Salem co., upon the Salem creek, 10 miles E. of the town of Salem, 161 N. E. from W. C, and 55 S. of Trenton. The town contains about 150 dwellings, 2 ta- verns, and 6 stores, 3 schools, 1 Friends' meeting, 1 Baptist, and 1 African Methodist church. In the neighbourhood of the town, there are some valuable marl beds — and the use of marl has much improved the agriculture of the t-ship. Woodsville, p-t. of Hopewell t-sp., Hunterdon co., 10 miles S. from Flemington, 13 N. fi-om Trenton, 179 from W. C, on the turnpike road from N. Brunswick, to Lamberts- ville ; contains a store, tavern, and half a dozen dwellings, mostly new. It lies upon the slope of a gently rising ground, from which there is a delightful prospect of the surround- ing country ; the soil of which is of red shale, and well cultivated. Woolwich t-sKip, Gloucester co., bounded on the N. E. by Greenwich ; on the S. E. by Frnnklin, t-ships; S. W. by Pittsgrove, Pili'sgrove, and Upper Penn's Neck, t-ships, Salem co; and N. W. l)y ihc river Dela- ware. Centrally distant S. W. from Woodbury, 11 miles. Greatest length, 1 6 ; breadth, 7 miles ; area, about 40,000 acres. Surface, level; soil, sandy, and on the S. E. covered with pine forest. Drained, westerly, by Repaupo, Little Timber, Raccoon, and Oldman's, creeks — the last of which forms the S. W. boundary. Swedesboro' and Battentown, are villages — the first a post-town of the t-ship. Population in 1830, 3033. In 1832 the t-ship contained 333 householders, whose ratables did not exceed $30 ; 8 stores, 9 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 3 fulling mills, 1 tan- nery, 8 distilleries, 1433 neat cattle, and 699 horses and mules above the age of 3 years. Wranglehoro'' or Clar¥s Mill, village, on Nacote creek, of Gallo- way t-ship, Gloucester co., about 37 miles S. E. from Woodbury; con- tains a store, one or more taverns, and one mill, and 15 or 20 dweUings. Wrangle, Bruvk, cuiijiderable tri- butary of the south branch of Toms' river, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co., uniting with the main branch, about two miles above Toms' River village. Wright sville, on the road from Allentown to Freehold, Upper Free- hold t-ship, Monmouth co., 5 miles from the former, and 14 from the latter; contains 8 or 10 dwellings and a Quaker meeting house ; soil, sandv. In the rear of the villaffe, upon Cattad creek, are some bog meadows, which, in hot weather, are covered, in places, with an efflores- cence of sulphate of iron (copperas). Wrighfstown, Hanover t-ship, Burlington co., 10 miles N. E. from Mount'^ Holly, and 10 S. E. of Bor- denton; contains 2 taverns, 2 stores, a Methodist church, and some 15 or 20 dwellings ; surrounded by a very fertile country. Yard's Branch, of Paulinskill, rises in the Blue mountains, in Paha- quarry t-ship, and flows S. W. through Knowlton t-ship to its I'ecipient, near the village of Sodom, having a course of about 8 miles. 7*5? thp: HISTORY NEW JERSEY, FROM ITS DISCOVERY BY EUROPEANS, THE ADOPTION FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. BY THOMAS F. GORDON. JTrenton : PUBLISHED BY DANIEL FENTON. Joliii <-'. Clark, I'riiilci, Philatlelplua. Entered by Tuomas F. Gordon, according to the Act of Congress, in the Clerk's Office of the District Cour' for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. PREFACE. An attempt has been made in the following pages to narrate, suc- cinctly, but fully, the history of New Jersey, from the time of its discovery by Europeans, to that of the adoption of the constitution of the United States. By the latter event, the individuality of the State, as a historical subject, is merged in the history of the nation; and the subsequent period of unvaried political prosperity, within her borders, presents few matters for the historian. The story we have told, has, for the inhabitants of the State, the interest of their peculiar and proper affairs; but, like such affairs, may not prove attractive to strangers. Like Pennsylvania, this State was founded by deeds of peace; and no community, in any country, can have undergone less vicissitude. Her prudence and justice preserved her from Indian hostility, and her distance from the frontier protected her from the inroads of the B'rench. She has known, therefore, no wars, save those commanded by the king, or undertaken in defence of her own civil liberty. To pourtray the part, which, as a colony, she took in the one, and as an independent State, in the other, it has been necessary to treat of the general colonial and revolutionary history; yet no further than was indis- pensable to exhibit the action of New Jersey. In the compilation of the work, resort has been had to all the known histories of the Anglo-American colonies, to the best writers on the American revolution, and to the minutes of the legislature and the statutes, for a period of more than one hundred and twenty years. From these sources, it is believed, that a faithful and ample narrative has been obtained. More particulars of the horrors which attended the revolutionary war, especially of those which were in- flicted by furious tory partisans, might, perhaps, have been added, if full reliance were due to the partial newspaper accounts, fre- quently written under excitement unfavourable to truth. Yet, enough of these scenes has been described to display the nature and extent of the sufferings of the inhabitants; more would have served rather to disgust, than to entertain, the reader. IV I'KEFACE, The authoi* submits the result of liis labours to the many sub- sci'ibers by whom they have been encouraged, with an assurance of liis readiness, in another edition, to supply such omissions, and to correct such errors, as may be discovered in the present. March, 1834. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Comprising Events from the Discovery by Europeans, to tlie Grant from Charles I. to James Duke of York. I. Ancient and Modern Principles of Colonization. II. Voyages of the Spaniards and Portuguese upon the East Coast of North America. III. Voyages of the Italians, Verrazano, and the Cabots. IV. First English Attempts at Discovery. V. Efforts of Raleigh to establish a Colony. VI. Gosnold opens a new Road — London and Ply- mouth Companies created. VII. Voyages and Discoveries of Hudson. VIII. Intercourse of the Dutch East India Company with America, and Formation of the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company. IX. Settlement of the Puritans at Plymouth. X. Formation of the Great West India Company in Holland. XI. Voyage and Proceedings of Cor- nelius Jacobse Mey. XII. Measures of the Company to promote Emigra tion ; Purchases of large Tracts of Land from the Indians. XIII. Voyages of De Vries; Colony planted — The Delaware abandoned by the Dutch. XIV. Minisink Settlements on the Delaware. XV. Settlements of the Swedes on the Delaware — first Project of a Colony — first Colony — increase of Settlers. XVI. Colonial Government established — Colonel Printz first Governor. XVII. English Settlements upon the Delaware — prostrated by a united Force of Dutch and Swedes. XVIII. Swedish Government under Printz and his Successors. XIX. Swedish Colony subjected by the Dutch. XX. Dutch Colonial Government on the Delaware — Possessions on the East of New Jersey. XXI. Account of the English Settlements upon the Delaware previous to 1664 — under Patent from Lord Baltimore — under Grant to Sir Edward Ploeyden — by Traders from New Haven. XXII. Plans of New England Settlers for Conquest of the Dutch Colo- nies. XXIII. Duke of York's Charter from the Crown and Grant to Berkeley and Carteret. XXIV. Conquest of New Netherlands, by Co- lonel Nicholls. XXV. English Government established on the Delaware. XXVI. Condition of New Netherlands at the time of the Surrender page 1 CHAPTER II. Comprising Events from the Grant to the Duke of York, to the Division of the Colony, into East and West Jersey. I. Nature of the Estate acquired by the Duke of York, by the Grant from Charles I. II. Motives and Nature of the Grant from the Duke of York, to Berkeley and Carteret. III. Bounds of the Country ceded. IV. Proceedings of the Proprietaries, to settle their Province of New Jersey, &c. — their '• Concessions." V. Re- marks on the Constitution. VI. Assumption of Government by Colonel Nicholls — Indian Grants. VII. Philip Carteret appointed Governor — His Efforts for Colonization — Advantages enjoyed by the New Colonists. VIII. Unhappy Effects of the Demand of Proprietary Quit Rents. IX. Recap- ture of New Netherlands by Holland — and Restoration to the English. X. Re-grant of the Province to the Duke — Re-grant to Berkeley and Car- teret. XI. Return of Phihp Carteret to the Government — Modification of the Constitution. XII. Oppressive Conduct of Andross, Governor of New York. XIII. Division of the Province into East and West Jersey . . 23 CHAPTER III. From the Division of the Province, into East and West Jersey, to the Purchase of East Jersey, by Quakers. I. Motives of the Quakers for Emigration. II. Sale of Lord Berkeley, to Byllingc and Fenwicke. HI. Assignment of West Jersey to William Penn, and others in Trust, for the Creditors of Byllinge. IV. "Concessions, " or Constitution of West Jersey. V. Mea- sures of the Proprietaries to promote Colonization. VI. Commissioners a VI CONTENTS. appointed to Administer the Government of West Jersey — their Proceed- ings. VII. Increase of Emigrants — Success of _their Efforts. VIII. Death of Sir George Carteret — Successful Efforts of the Colonists, to procure Relief from the Jurisdiction of New York. IX. Extraordinary Pretensions of Byllinge. X. Resisted by the Proprietaries, in General Assembly — Samuel Jennings elected Governor — Proceeds to England, as Deputy of the Assembly — The Right of Government, purchased by Doctor Daniel Coxe, and subsequent!}' transferred to the West Jersey Society. XII. Meeting of the First Assembly — Proceedings. XIII. Modification of the Law, relating to Religious Faith. XIV. Death of Carteret — his Disposi- tion of East Jersey. XV. Troubles at the Close of the Administration of Philip Carteret. XVI. Review of the Policy of the Proprietary Govern- ments. XVII. Comparison between the Laws of East and West Jersey 32 CHAPTER IV. From the Purchase of East Jersey, by the Quakers, to the Surrender of the two Provinces to the Crown, 1682 — 1702. I. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and his Associates — They admit others, not Quakers, to participate in the Purchase. II. Robert Barclay appointed Governor for Life — Scotch Emi- grants— Deputy Governors — Foundation of Amboy — Vain Efforts at Com- merce. III. Efforts of James II. to destroy Colonial Charter — Defeated by the Revolution. IV. Andrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor — Death of Robert Barclay — Interregnum — Andrew Hamilton, Governor-in-Chief — Superseded by Jeremiah Basse — Reappointed — Discontent of the Colonists. V. Attempt of New York to tax the Colony. VI. Proposition from the English Ministers for the Surrender of the Proprietary Governments — Negotiations relating thereto. VII. Final and Unconditional Surrender — Lord Cornbury appointed Governor — Outline of the New Government. VIII. Stationary Condition of New Jersey — Causes thereof. IX. Condi- tion of the Aborigines — Purchases of their Lands — Traditions of their Ori- gin— Tribes most noted in New Jersey — Treaty at Crosswicks — at Bur- lington and Easton — Final Extinction of Indian Title to the Soil of New Jersey. X. Review of the Title under the Proprietaries of East Jersey. XI. Review of Title of Proprietaries of West Jersey. XII. Of the Parti- tion Line between East and West Jersey . . . . .50 CHAPTER V. Comprising the Administration of Lord Cornbury. I. Arrival of Lord Corn- bury — Demands a large and permanent Salary — being refused, dissolves the House. II. A new Assembly chosen — Part of its Members arbitrarily excluded — Measures of the Governor. III. Third Assembly convened — Determines to Petition the Queen, and to remonstrate with the Governor — Public Grievances — Delivery of the Remonstrance, by Samuel Jennings. IV. Reply of the Governor. V. Dispute on the Treasurer's Accounts. VI. The Governor refuses the Message of the Assembly, which they enter upon their Minutes. VII. The West Jersey Proprietors, in England, ad- dress a Memorial to the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, against Cornbury — Address of the Lieutenant-Governor, and Provincial Council, to the Queen. VIII. The Governor unable to obtain the gratification of his wishes, by the Assembly, first prorogues, and then dissolves them. IX. Offensive Conduct of Lord Cornbur}', in his Government of New York — His Character. X. Is reluctantly removed by Queen Anne — Im- prisoned by his Creditors ....... 76 CHAPTER VI. Comprising Events from the Removal of Lord Cornbury to the Close of the Administration of Governor Hunter, 1709 — 17U>. I. Lord Cornbury suc- ceeded by Lord Lovelace — His Conciliatory Address to the Assembly. 11. Ready disposition of the House to provide for the Support of Government — Change in the Constitution of the Assembly — Assembly obtain a Copy of the Address of the Lieutenant Governor and Council, to the Queen, in favour of Lord Cornbury — Demand a hearing for their Defence before the Governor. III. Death of Lord Lovelace and Accession of Lieutenant Governor Ingoldsby. IV. Promptitude of the Province to aid in reducing the French Possessions in North America. V. Failure of the Expedition, CONTENTS. VU and renewed Efforts of the Colonists to revive it — Visit of the Chiefs of the Five Nations to England. VI. Capture of Port Royal, &c. by Colonel Nicholson and the American Forces. VII. Governor Ingoldsby removed — Government administered by William Pinhorne as President of Council — succeeded by Governor Hunter. VIII. Biog-raphical Notice of Gover- nor Hunter. IX. Meets the Assembly, which prefers Charges against Members of Council. X. Expulsion of a Member of the House for his Conduct in Council — Address to the Queen. XI. Bills proposed for the Relief of the Quakers defeated by the Council. XII. New Efforts for the Conquest of the French Provinces — Unfortunate Result. XIII. Con- tinued Quiet of the Province. XIV. Division of the Assembly. XV. Governor Hunter returns to Europe — Testimonials in his favour by New Jersey and New York — E.xchanges his Commission with William Burnet 84 CHAPTER VII. Containing Events from the arrival of Governor Burnet, to the Death of Go- vernor Morris, 1719 — 1746. I. Governor Burnet — Notice of his Character. II. Meets the Assembly — Proceedings. III. Paper Currency — an Account of its Rise and Progress. IV. Bill proposed against denying the Trinity, «&c. V. Governor Bernard removed to Massachusetts. VI. Is succeeded by John Montgomery — His Administration. VII. Death of Colonel Mont- gomery, and Presidency of Colonel Lewis Morris — Arrival of Governor Cosby — Harmony of the Province during his Administration — His Death. VIII. Presidencies of John Anderson and John Hamilton, Esquires. IX. Lewis Morris, Governor of the Province of New Jersey, it being separated from New York — Gratification of the Province. X. He ceases to meet the Council in Legislation. XI. Salaries of Officers. XII. Unpopular Con- duct of Governor Morris. XIII. War with Spain — Aid required by Great Britain, from the Colonies — promptly afforded by New Jersey — Further disputes between the Governor and Assembly. XIV. Disingenuous Con- duct of the Governor, relative to the Fee Bill. XV. Opposes the Views of the House, on the Bill relative to the Paper Currency — on that, circum- scribing the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. XVI. Assembly refuse to provide for the Salaries of the Public Officers. XVII. Efforts at accom- modation— defeated by the discovery of the duplicity of the Governor — Death of Governor Morris — John Hamilton, Esq., President. XVIII. Bio- graphical Notice of Governor Morris. XIX. Application made by his Widow, for arrears of Salary — refused . . . . .93 CHAPTER VIII. Comprehending Events from the Death of Governor Morris to the Death of Governor Belcher — from 1746 to 1757. I. War with France — Proposal of Governor Shirley to attack the French Settlements at Cape Breton — New Jersey votes two thousand Pounds for the Service — Favourable result of the Expedition. II. Proposed attack on Canada — New Jersey Regiment raised and placed under the command of Colonel Philip Schuyler — March for Albany — Threatened Mutiny. III. Plan of the proposed Campaign. IV. Treaty of Peace. V. Death of President Hamilton — Devolvement of the Government on President Reading — Arrival of Governor Belcher — His Character. VI. Vexations arising from the Elizabethtown Claims under Indian Grants — the Assembly disposed to palliate the Conduct of the Rioters — Representation of the Council of Proprietors — their grievous Charge against the Members of Assembly, in a Petition to the King — the House transmits a counter Petition — Disingenuous Conduct of the House. VII. Disputes relative to the " Quota Bill." VIII. Hostile proceedings of the French in America. IX. Difference between the French and English, in their mode of cultivating Indian favour. X. Efforts of the French to occupy the English Lands. XI. E.xpedition of George Washington to Fort Venango. XII. Measures of the English Government to resist French encroachments. XIII. Convention of the Colonies — Plan of Union proposed by Dr. Franklin — Condemned by New Jersey — Military Expedi- tion of Lieutenant Colonel Washington — is captured bj' the French under De Villiers. XIV. Extensive Military Preparations of Great Britain. XV. Measures of New Jersey. XVI. Arrival of Major General Braddock. XVII. Convention of Governors to determine the Plan of the Campaign. XVIII. Acquisitions in Nova Scotia — Cruel Treatment of the Neutrals. Vlll CONTENTS. XIX. New Jersey raises a Regiment for the Northern Expedition — Mr. Philip Schuyler named Colonel. XX. March of General Braddock on the Western Expedition — Fastidiousness and Presumption of the General — is attacked and defeated. XXI. Universal Consternation on this Defeat — Governor Belcher summons the Legislature — Inroads and Cruelties of the Indians — the Inhabitants of New Jersey give aid to those of Pennsylvania. XXII. Successof the Northern Expedition. XXIII. Provision against the Attack of the French and Indians. XXIV. Plans proposed for the Cam- paign of 1756 — Exertions of the Colonies. XXV. War formally declared between Great Britain and France. XXVI. General Shirley removed from the supreme command — General Abercrombie, and, subsequently, Lord Loudon appointed. XXVII. Suspension of Indian Hostilities. XXVIII. Sluggish Military Efforts of the English — Success of the French in the North — Capture of part of the Jersey Regiment, with Colonel Schuyler, at Oswego — Disastrous termination of the Campaign. XXIX. Renewal of Indian Barbarities. XXX. Military Requisitions of Lord Lou- don— New Jersey refuses to raise more than five hundred Men. XXXI. Unsuccessful Attempt of Lord Loudon on Louisburg. XXXII. Successof Montcalm — New Jersey prepares to raise four thousand Men — the remain- der of the Jersey Regiment captured by the Enemy. XXXIII. Death of Governor Belcher — Biographical Notice of. XXXIV. John Reading, Pre- sident ......... 106 CHAPTER IX. Containing Events from the Presidency of Mr. Reading to the Repeal of the Stamp Act — from the year 1746 to the year 1766. I. Influence of Mr. Pitt and his Policy upon Colonial Affairs — New hopes infused into the Colo- nists. II. Successful Attack of the English upon the Northern Forts. III. Capture of Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes. IV. Cheerful and ready aid of the Colonies. V. New Jersey supplies one thousand Men, and builds Barracks for the King's Troops. VI. President Reading super- seded by the arrival of Governor Bernard — His Treaty with the Indians — Succeeded by Thomas Boone — He, by Josiah Hardy — He, by William Franklin, the last of the Royal Governors. VII. Efficient Preparations for the Campaign of 1759. VIII. Conquest of the French Colonies in North America. IX. Honourable share of the Provincialists in this Re- sult. X. Treaty of Peace with France and Spain. XI. New Confederacy and Hostilities of the Indians — Six hundred Troops raised by New Jersey. XII. Impressions on the English Ministry, by the Wealth and Power dis- played in America. XIII. Proposition of Mr. Grenville to tax the Colo- nies. XIV. Consideration of the Principles relating to Colonial Taxation. XV. Mr. Grenville communicates his purpose to the Colonial Agents in London. XVI. Views taken by Colonies of this Proposition. XVII. Pro- positions by several of the Colonies to raise Money, rejected by Mr. Gren- ville. XVIII. Act of Parliament for Tax on Colonial Imports and Exports. XIX. Effect of the Measures in America — Proceedings of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. XX. Stamp Act passed — Its reception in the Colonies. XXI. Temporary Suspension of Legal Proceedings and of the publication of Newspapers. XXII. Anti-Importation Associations. XXIH. Organi- zation of the ^^ Sons of Libert I/." XXIV. Proposition of Massachusetts for assembling a Congress of Deputies from the Colonies — Action of New Jer- sey on this Proposition. XXV. Proceedings of tiie Congress — Messrs. Ruggles of Massachusetts, and Ogden of New Jersey, refuse to join in a general Petition. XXVI. The Assembly of New Jersey approve tlie Pro- ceedings of Congress — adopts Resolutions condemnatory of the Stamp Act. XXVIl. Efforts in England for Repeal of the Stamp Act. XXIX. Inquiry before the House of Connnons — Repeal of the Stamp Act . . .129 CHAPTER X. Comprising Events from 1766 to 1769. I. Remaining Discontents in the Colo- nies, afler the Repeal of the Stamp Act. II. Dissatisfaction in Great Bri- tain on account of the Repeal — American Taxation again proposed in Par- liament, by Mr. Townsend — Bill imposing Duties on (loods imported into America, passed. IV. Circular Letter of Massachusetts to the other Colo- nies. V. Promptitude and Unanimity of the Colonies produced by the Farmers' Letters. VI. Resort to Non-iniportation Agreements. VII. CONTENTS. IX The Ministry condemn the Circular Letter. VIII, Menacing Resolutions of Parliament against Massachusetts — The other Colonies approve her Conduct. IX. Modified Repeal of the Imposts — Consequent Modification of the Non-importation Agreements. X. Numerous Law Suits— The Peo- ple complain of the Fees of the Courts. XI. Disputes between the Go- vernor and the Assembly. XII. Robbery of the Treasury of East Jersey — The Assembly require the removal of the Treasurer — He is protected by the Governor. XIII. Efforts of Governor Franklin to encourage the Cul- ture of Hemp, Flax, and Silk. XIV. New apportionment of Members in the Province. XV. Testimonial of the Northern Indians to the Justice of the Colony ......... 144 CHAPTER XI. Comprising Events from the year 1773 to 1776. I. Committees of Correspon- dence established in the several Colonies. II. The British Ministry en- courage the shipment of Teas to America, by the East India Company. III. Alarm of the Colonists — Consignees of the India Company compelled to forego their appointments. IV. Measures pursued in New Jersey. V. Reception of the Tea in America. VI. Indignation of the King and Par- liament. VII. Violent measures adopted against Boston. VIII. Alarm- ing Act of Parliament, relative to the Provincial Government of Canada. IX. Proceedings of the Inhabitants of Boston — General Commiseration of their Fate. X. New Jersey appoints Members to Congress. XI. Con- gress assemble at Philadelphia — Their proceedings. Xil. The Assembly of New Jersey approve the proceedings of Congress, and appoint Dele- gates to the next Convention — Instructions. XIII. The Provincial Go- vernors instructed to impede the Union of the Colonies — Efforts of Gover- nor Franklin. XIV. Reply of the House. XV. Rejoinder of the Gover- nor— Address of the Council. XVI. The Assembly petition the King. XVII. Reception of the proceedings of Congress in London. XVIII. Proceedings of Parliament — Conciliatory Propositions of Lord North. XIX. Sense of New Jersey upon this Proposition. XX. State of the Dis- pute with England. XXI. Second New Jersey Convention called — En- courages Political Associations — Organizes the Militia, and provides Funds. XXII. Meeting of Congress at Philadelphia — Its Measures. XXIII. Ap- pointment of Commander-in-Chief and subordinate Generals. XXIV. Congress again petition the King — Ungracious reception of the petition. XXV. Address their fellow-subjects of Ireland, &c. XXVI, New Jersey Convention re-assembles — Proceedings — Provision for the continuance of a Provincial Congress — Committee of Safety appointed. XXVII. Meet- ing of the Assembly — Address of Governor Franklin — He claims assurance of protection for himself and others, the King's Ofiicers. XXVIII. Reply of the Assembly. XXIX. Act authorizing the issue of Bills of Credit, for £100,000, approved by the King ...... 153 CHAPTER XII. Comprising Civil Events of the year 1776. I. State of the Public Opinion at the commencement of the year 1776 — Gradual growth of the desire of In- dependence. II. Resolution of Congress for the establishment of Inde- pendent Colonial Governments. III. Provincial Congress re-assembles — Proceeds to the Formation of a Colonial Constitution. IV. Review of the Constitution. V. Oath of Abjuration and Allegiance established. VI. Tories — their motives. VII. Law relative to Treason. VIII. Imprison- ment and Relegation of Governor Franklin. IX. Measures adopted against the Disaffected. X. Adoption of the Declaration of Indepen- dence .......... 178 CHAPTER XIII. T. Military Proceedings in Canada. II. Measures adopted in Great Britain. III. Objects proposed for the Campaign of 1776. IV. Operations against New York, and the surrounding Country. V. Proposals for accommoda- tion, by the British Commissioners. VI. Condition of the American Forces, at New York — Landing of Lord Howe, on Long Island. VII. Battle of Brooklyn. VIII. Retreai of the American Army from Long X CONTENTS. Island. IX. Unhappy Effect of the Defeat of the American Army. X. Lord Howe renews his Attempts for accommodation of the Quarrel — Pro- ceedings of Congress. XI. Military Movement of the Armies, after the Battle of Brooklyn. XII. American Army, by advice of General Lee, quit York Island. XIII. Battle of White Plains. XIV. Capture of Fort Washington. XV. Abandonment of Fort Lee, and retreat of the Ameri- can Army — Its condition — Inhabitants join the British. XVI. Washing- ton crosses the Delaware — The enemy possess themselves of the lell bank. XVII. Capture of General Lee. XVIII. New efforts of the Com- mander-in-Chief— The enemy retire into Winter Quarters. XIX. Battle of Trenton. XX. The British re-open the Campaign. XXI. The Ame- rican Army re-enters Jersey. XXII. Battle of Princeton. XXIII. The American Army retreat to Morristown — Beneficial results of the late ac- tions. XXIV. Firmness of Congress. XXV. Condition of New Jersey. XXVI. The American Army inoculated for the Small Pox. XXVII. Measures for reclaiming the disaffected of New Jersey. XXVIII. License of American Troops — restrained ...... 203 CHAPTER XIV. I. Organization of the New Jersey State Government. II. First Address of the Governor — Other principal Officers. III. Condition of the State at this period. IV. State of the Northern Department — Operations on the Lakes. V. The British seize Rhode Island. VI. Demonstration of Ge- neral Heath, on Long Island — Condition of the American Army, in New Jersey — Skirmishing. VII. Early efforts of Sir William Howe, to destroy the American Magazines — Stores burned at Peck's-kill — at Danbury. VIII. Successful enterprise of Colonel Meigs, against Sagg Harbour. IX. Movements of General Washington, on opening the Campaign — Re- moval of the Army to Middlebrook — Disposition of the Troops. X. Ope- rations of the Army under General Howe — Feint to cross the Delaware — Retreat from New Jersey — Returns, and attacks the American Array. XI. Perplexity of Washington, caused by the Movements of the British Forces. XII. Capture of Major-general Prescott, by Major Barton. XIII. General Howe embarks for the southward — Measures of Washington thereon. XIV. Attempt of General Sullivan, with Colonel Ogden, upon the Tories on Staten Island. XV. Arrival of the British Army at Elk River — its Progress — Operations of the American Army — Battle of Bran- dy wine. XVI. Subsequent movement of the Armies. XVII. Second en- counter of the hostile Armies — they are separated by rain. XVIII. Af- fairs of Paoli. XIX. The British enter Philadelphia. XX. Congress re- move to Lancaster, thence to York. XXI. Attack and defence of the For- tifications on the Delaware. XXII. Battle of Germantown. XXIII. Ope- rations in New Jersey. XXIV. Further proceedings on the Delaware. XXV. Repulse of Count Donop, from Fort Mercer. XXVI. General Greene despatched to New Jersey. XXVII. Capture of Fort Mifl[lin, and abandonment of Fort Mercer. XXVIII. Attempt of General Dicken- son on Staten Island. XXIX. American Army reinforced. XXX. At- tacked at White Marsh, by the British. XXXI. The American Army re- tires into Winter Quarters. XXXII. Enghsh plans for the Northern Cam- paign. XXXIII. Condition of the American Northern Department. XXXIV. Burgoyne captures the Forts on the Lakes, and disperses the American Army. XXXV. Recuperative measures of General Schuyler. XXXVI. Repulse of St. Leger, from Fort Schuyler. XXXVII. De- feat of Colonel Baum, at Bennington. XXXVIIl. Beneficial result of these fortunate Events. XXXIX. Battles on the Hudson, and Capture of Burgoyne. XL. Movements of Sir Henry Clinton, in the Highlands. XLI. Effect of the Capture of Burgoyne— at home and abroad. XLII. Congress refuse to execute the Articles of Capitulation — their reasons . 235 CHAPTER XV. Campaign of 1778. I. Condition of the Army at the Valley Forge and at the commencement of the Campaign. II. British foraging excursions in New Jersey. III. Fortunate escape of an advance party under La Fayette. IV. Effect of the American successes abroad— Efforts of American Agents. V. Measures for Foreign Alliances— Duplicity of France— Treaties with CONTENTS. XI her. VI. War between Great Britain and France. VII. Opinions in Great Britain — Ministerial measures. VIII. Reception of those measures in America. IX. Arrival of a French Minister Plenipotentiary. X. The British Army evacuates Philadelphia — March through Jersey. XI. Battle of Monmouth — British Army regains New York. XII. Arrival of the French Fleet — proceeds to Rhode Island. XIII. Attempt on Newport — Appearance of the English Fleet — French and English Fleets put to Sea dispersed by Storm. XIV. British Incursions in Connecticut. XV. Disposition of the American Army. XVI. British Incursions into New Jersey. XVII. Movements of the adverse Fleets — Detachment against the Southern States. XVIII. American Army retires to winter quarters — Its improved condition. XIX. Indian devastations — Massacre at Wyo- ming. XX. Operations against the Indians. XXI. Discontent in the Jersey line. XXII. March of General Sullivan to the Indian country — Events there. XXIII. Expedition under Colonel Broadhead by the Alle- gheny River. XXIV. Expedition against the Cherokees under General Pickens. XXV. Unprovoked Slaughter of the Indians at Muskingum . 262 CHAPTER XVI. Comprising a View of the War in the South. I. Inert state of the Country in 1779. II. The British Government adopts views of partial Conquest. III. Georgia overrun — and Charleston threatened — Unsuccessful Siege of Savannah. IV. Sir Henry Clinton subdues South Carolina. V. His measures induce Revolt. VI. General Gates assumes command of the Southern Army — Battle of Camden. VII. Battle of King's Mountain. VIII. Cornwallis reinforced. IX. General Greene appointed to the Southern Department — Battle of the Cowpens — Retreat to Virginia. X. Cornwallis retires, is pursued — Battle of Guilford Court House. XI. Cornwalhs marches for Petersburg — Greene for South Carolina — Expedi- tion of Arnold against Virginia — Preparations against him — Defence of Virginia entrusted to La Fayette — Cornwallis takes command of the Bri- tish Forces in Virginia. XII. Progress of Greene in recovering the South- ern States. XIII. Sufferings of the Inhabitants .... 285 CHAPTER XVII. I. Condition of th6 Armies in the North. II. British Expedition against the Forts on the North River. HI. Expedition under Tryon, against Connec- ticut. IV. Capture of Stony Point, by Wayne. V. Attack of the Bri- tish Post, on Penobscot river. — VI. Major Lee assaults Paules Hook. VII. Effects of the System of Paper Currency. VIII. Spain declares War against England. IX. Prospects of the Campaign of 1780. X. The American Army retires into winter quarters. XI. Marauding Parties of the Enemy in New Jersey. XII. The Army at Morristown supplied by forced levies of Provisions. XIII. Washington attempts the British Post at Staten Island XIV. Difficulties arising from the want of political power in Congress. XV. Discontents of the Army — Mutiny of the Con- necticut troops. XVI. Knyphausen invades New Jersey — Murder of Mrs. Caldwell, and of her Husband. XVII. Battle of Springfield. — XVIII. La Fayette returns to the United States. XIX. Renewed efforts for the Defence of the Country. XX. Arrival of the French Fleet and Army — Plans consequent thereon. XXI. Treason of Arnold. XXII. American Army retires into winter quarters. XXIII. European combina- tions against Great Britain. XXIV. Revolt of the Pennsylvania line — of the Jersey line — Discontent of the Inhabitants of New Jersey. XXV. Gloomy Prospect for the year 1781. XXVI. Combined Operations of the French Fleet and Allied Armies, against Cornwallis — His Capture. — XXVII. New London taken and burned by Arnold. XXVIII. Condition of the Country for the Campaign of 178"2 — Resolutions of the British Par- liament in favour of Peace. XXIX. Malignity of the Tories — Murder of Captain Huddy. XXX. Cessation of Hostilities — Treaty of Peace. XXXI. Disbanding of the Army. XXXII. Public Entry of Washington to New York — takes leave of his Officers — Surrenders his Commission to Congress ......... 294 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVllI. I. Peculiar sufferings of the State of New Jersey from the War. II. Laws in New Jersey relative to the Militia. III. Council of Safety. IV. Mili- tary efforts of New Jersey. V. State Representatives in Congress. VI. Establishment of the New Jersey Gazette. VII. Unhappy Condition of the States after the return of Peace. VIII. Inefficiency of the Articles of Confederation — Part of New Jersey in their Adoption. IX. Measures pro- posed in Congress for maintaining Public Credit — Efforts of New Jersey upon this subject. X. She resorts to Paper Currency and Loan Office for Relief. XI. Difficulties with Great Britain relative to the Execution of the Treaty. XII. Measures for regulating the Trade of the Union — Re- sult in a Proposition for Revision of the Articles of Confederation. XIII. Adoption of the New Constitution — Ratified by New Jersey . . 'S20 THE HISTOMY OF NEW JERSEY. CHAPTER I. Comprising Events from the Discovery by Europeans, to the Grant from Charles I. to James Duke of York. — I. Ancient and Modern Principles of Colonization. — II. Voyages of the Spaniards and Portuguese upon the East Coast of North Ame- rica.— III. Voyages of the Italians, Verrazano and the Cabots. — IV. First Eng- lish Attempts at Discovery. — V. Efforts of Raleigh to establish a Colony. — VI. Gosnold opens a new Road — London and Plymouth Companies created. — VII. Voyages and Discoveries of Hudson. — VIII. Intercourse of the Dutch East In- dia Company with America, and Forfnation of the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company. — IX. Settlement of the Puritans at Plymouth. — X. For- mation of the Great West India Company in Holland. — XI. Voyage and Pro- ceedings of Cornelius Jacobse Mey. — XII. Measures of the Company to promote Emigration; Purchases of large Tracts of Land from the Indians. — XIII. Voy- ages of De Vries ; Colony planted — The Delaware abandoned by the Dutch. — XIV. Minisink Settlements on the Delaware. — XV. Settlements of the Swedes on the Delaware — first Project of a Colony — first Colony — increase of Settlers. — XVI. Colonial Government established — Colonel Printz first Governor. — XVII. English Settlements upon the Delaware — prostrated by a united Force of Dutch and Swedes. — XVIII. Swedish Government under Printz and his Successors. — XIX. Swedish Colony subjected by the Dutch. — XX. Dutch Colonial Govern- ment on the Delaware — Possessions on the East of New Jersey. — XXI. Account of the English Settlements upon the Delaware previous to 1G64 — under Patent from Lord Baltimore — under Grant to Sir Edward Ploeyden — by Traders from New Haven. — XXII. Plans of New England Settlers for Conquest of the Dutch Colonies. — XXIII. Duke of York's Charter from the Crown and Grant to Berkeley and Carteret. — XXIV. Conquest of New Netherlands, by Colonel Nicholls. — XXV. English Government established on the Delaware. — XXVI. Condition of New Netherlandts at the time of the Surrender. I. A distinction has frequently been taken between ancient and modern colonization ; ascribing the former to military, and the latter to commercial principles. But this classification does not embrace the various species of colonics, in present or past time. A more happy division of the subject would seem to be, into colonics founded by individuals, in their search of liappiness ; and colonies planted by states, with a view to military or com- mercial purposes. By the first, our race was originally spread over the face of the globe. It has prevailed at all times, as well among the Egj^itians, Athenians, and other ancient people, as among the moderns, who instituted the communities of the North American confederacy. The early Greek colonies, generally, sprung from the desire of the citizens to ameliorate their condition; and the immediate impulse was, excess of population, the ambition of chiefs, the love of liberty, or contagious and frequent maladies. The bonds of filiation connected the colony with the parent state ; and the en- dearing names of daughter, sister and mother, sanctioned and preserved the alliances between them. But in the Grecian colonies of latter date, we trace commercial and political views. The Carthaginians, also, seem to have established colonies upon commercial principles ; and two treaties, recorded A 2 fflSTORY OF NEW JERSEY. by Polybius,* between them and the Romans, are in the true spirit of mo- dern colonial policy. On the other hand, the Roman colonies were mihtary establishments, designed to maintain or extend their conquests; and their agrarian allotments, to disbanded veterans and discontented and clamorous citizens, partook of the same character. Commercial motives seem rarely to have blended with the policy of these haughty conquerors. Such, also, in more recent days were the colonies of the Normans, in England, France, and the south of Europe; of the English, in Ireland and Indostan; of the Portuguese and Dutch in either India; and of a portion of the Spanish settle- ments in the New World. In general, the civil colonies of the ancients were independent of the au- thority of the parent state; though, necessarily, influenced by the ties of cha- rity which connected them with her. But, modern history, we believe, furnishes no instance of a colony independent in its inception; unless the short-lived religious communities of the Jesuits, in America, and of the Mo- ravians in the northern parts of both continents, be so considered. The co- lonies of the western hemisphere were, generally, commenced under the sanc- tion of, and in dependence upon, some European state. Even the ascetic Brownists, in their torpid settlement of New Plymouth, began their labours under the auspices of James I. of England : and though for some years, they were unnoticed by the crown, they claimed and enjoyed the protection due to English subjects. The colonization of America was prompted and directed by various pas- sions. The Spaniards and Portuguese were inspired by visions of sudden wealth, by the love of that fame which chivalric adventure gave, and by an apostolic desire of spreading their religious faith among the heathen. The founders of states in the northern continent, were actuated by more sober, but not dissimilar views. Raleigh and his associates sought wealth and reputation, by extending the power and fame of their inistress and their countiy ; and the provincial proprietaries, holders of large grants from the crown, were excited by ambition and avarice; which in Calvert and Penn, at least, were blended with a noble philanthropy, delighting to assure reli- gious and civil liberty to their associates and their successors. The sub- grantees and settlers who subdued the wilderness, came with great diversity of purpose. Many fled from religious, some, from political persecution ; but, the larger portion was induced by that well founded hope of ameliorating the condition of themselves and their posterity, which flowed from the unrestrict- ed possession of a rich and virgin soil, in whose fruits they were protected, against lawful and lawless violence. The religious instruction of the savage is a condition of every royal grant ; and afforded to the grantor, doubtless, a full extenuation of the injustice of invasion. The extensive grant of Charles II. to his brother, of York, was moved by political causes, and designed, probably, also, to reward the services of others, which he could not, in a different manner, acknowledge. The immediate grantees of the Duke, were wise enough to see, that their interest lay in the adoption of the most libe- ral principles of |)olitical association, whicli cii'cumstances would permit; and these circumstances were most favo;"ible, to civil and religious liberty. The period in which the foundations of the Anglo-American colonies were laid, was rife with events, which sowed the indestructible seeds, and reared into strength the scions of human liberty. The integrity and infallibility of clerical power, had been shaken to pieces by Luther and Calvin; and the divinity of kings had expired with the unhappy Charles. The religious contests, and the transition of power from one religious sect to another, " Lib. iii. c. 22. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3 had taught to Catholic and Protestant, the advantages, if not the necessity, of religious toleration. Letters, the cause and power of religious freedom, had been equally serviceable to civil liberty; and the great truth which, for ages, had laid buried in the ruins of civilization, beneath sacerdotal palaces and prisons, and the gothic gorgeousness of the feudal system, — the great truth, that political power belonged to, and was made for, the people, had been rediscovered — was proclaimed abroad, and had become generally understood among men — among Englishmen. That truth had wrenched the sceptre from the grasp of an obstinate and bigoted despot, and borne him to the block — had overthrown a monarchy and created a republic ; and because of the abuse of republican forms, had again established a throne. Religious and political freedom were in England terms as familiar as house- hold words, and enforced, even from the hate of her princes, the most pro- found respect. It was vain, therefore, to think of the formation of new political societies, without adverting to, and securing these great essentials. Kings and pro- prietaries, who would establish colonies, were compelled to stipulate for religious toleration, and legislative power in the people. Hence, the first Charles, who abominated a parliament, required the proprietary, Calvert, to obtain all subsidies, by the assent of the people — hence, the second Charles introduced the same principle, in the grant of Pennsj'^lvania — hence, they, and the Carterets, and the Berkeleys, and the minor Proprietaries, were compelled to their liberal charters. All were results of improvement in the moral condition of our species, which individuals might promote, but could scarce retard. We are guilty, therefore, of the worst species of idola- try— of man-worship, when we give to individuals the praise of creating measures, of which they could only be the servants. Our plaudits for their concurrence in the good work, are, however, due; and should be frankly and fully paid, as the just incentive to vii'tuous actions. In this spirit, wc adopt the expressions of a late writer upon colonial history : — " A North American may feel grateful exultation in avowing himself the native of no ignoble land — but of a land which has yielded as great an increase of glory to God, and happiness to man, as any other por- tion of the world, since the first syllable of recorded time, has had the honour of producing. A nobler model of human character could hardly be proposed to the inhabitants of the North American States, than that which their own early history supplies. It is, at once, their interest and their honour, to preserve with sacred care, a model so richly fraught, with the instructions of wisdom and the incitements of duty."* No portion of the history of this great country is more filled with cause for this " grateful exultatioix," than the State of New Jersey — none can boast greater purity in its origin — none more wisdom, more happiness in its growth. To develope her unpretending, but instructive story, is the object of the following pages ; in which, however, we must, necessarily, blend a portion of that of the adjacent states, which for half a century were identi- fied with her. II. Soon after the discovery of America, by Columbus, the Spaniards and Portuguese explored the northern Atlantic coast, as high as Labrador; to which, the latter gave its present name. As they approached by the West Indies, they may have visited the shores of the Delaware and Hudson i-ivers; but possessed of the fine climates, and richer countries of the south, they had no inducement to make permanent settlements in regions less attractive. Florida was occupied by the Spaniards, in 1512; and its boundaries, as * Grahame's History of the American Colonies. 4 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. given by the charter of Philip II. to Menendez, extended from Newfoundland to the 22d degree of northern latitude. III. To the genius of the Italian navigators, the world is deeply indebted, as well for the early exploration, as for the discovery, of America. John de Verrazano, and the enterprising and skilful Cabots, were the worthy succes- sors of Columbus and Amcricus Vespucius. Verrazano, whilst in the ser- vice of Francis I. of France, visited, it is supposed, the bay of New York.* It is certain, that, in 1523, he coasted the American continent, from the 30th to the 50th degree of north latitude, landing and communicating with the natives in several places; and that by virtue of discoveries made by him, and some French navigators, Henry IV. gave to Des Monts, the lands lying between the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude. f The loss of Verra- zano, with his vessel and crew, on a subsequent voyage, (1524) procrasti- nated, for ten years, the efforts of the French to establish colonics in Ame- rica. The voyages and discoveries of Quartier, in 1535, directed their atten- tion, particularly, to the shores of the bay and river of St. Lawrence. IV. Under the patronage of Henry VII. of England, Sebastian Cabot dis- covered the islands of Newfoundland and St. Johns, and explored the coast of the continent, from the 38th to the 67th degree of north latitude.:}: But no fruit was, immediately, derived from his labours. During the reigns of the voluptuary, Henry VIII., of his son, Edward VI., and daughter, the bigoted Mary, no effort was made to prosecute these interesting discoveries. It was reserved for the maritime enterprise of Elizabeth's reign, to give to the English nation a fuller knowledge of the new world, and a proper sense of the advantages which might be drawn from it. Encouraged by the Earl of Warwick, Mai-tin Frobisher, in three successive voyages, visited the shores of Labrador find CTrecnland.§ Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 1580, made two unsuccessful attempts to establish a colony in North America, in the last of which, he perished. V. But the fate of Gilbert did not deter his half-brother. Sir Walter Raleigh, alike distinguished for his genius and courage, from pursuing the same object ; which, indeed, had taken strong hold of the affections of the principal men of the kingdom. He formed a company, under a charter, obtained from the queen, || granting them all the lands they should discover between the 33d and 40th degrees of north latitude. Two vessels despatch- ed by them, under captains Armidas and Barlow,** visited Pamptico Sound, and Roanoke Bay ; and on their return, repoi-ted so favourably of the beauty and fertility of the country, that the company were excited to new exertions; and Elizabeth gave, to the newly discovered region, the name of Virginia, as a memorial that it was discovered in the i-eign of a virgin queen. But the subsequent efTorts of this comjiany proved abortive. A colony was, indeed, planted at Roanoke, in 1585; but, liaving been reduced to distress by the delay of supplies, they returned to Europe, in the following year, with Sir Francis Drake; who touched at their island on his way home, from a suc- cessful cruise against the Spaniards. Undiscou raged by this ill success, Raleigh despatched another colony to the same place, under the direction of captain John White,ff which perished by famine, or the sword of the natives; having been deprived, by the preparations of the Spaniards, for invading England, of the succour which White had returned to seek. * Dr. Miller's Discourse, 1 vol. — N. Y. Historical Collection. t 2 Ilackluyt's, 1. N. Y. Historical Collection. Williamson's History of North Carolina, vol. i. 15. Moulton's History of New York, vol. i. 134. I I49H. A Mr. Mare is said to have followed Cabot, and to have brought to Henry VHI, some Indians from North America. § In 157G, 1577, 1578. || 2Gth March, 1584. ** Sailed, 27th April, returned, 15th September, 1584. tt March, 1590. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 5 VI. Between the years 1590 and 1603, the English do not appear to have made any voyage for the purpose of settlement. In the latter year, Bartho- lomew Gosnold, abandoning the circuitous route hitherto pursued by all navi- gators, discovered, by steering due west, a more direct course to the northern continent. He visited, and gave names to Cape Cod, and the islands of Elizabeth, and Martha's Vineyard; and taught his countrymen, that there were many attractions, far north of the lands they had attempted to colonize. His favourable reports, at first disbelieved, were confirmed by persons who sailed, thither, in the service of some merchants of Bristol, the Earl of South- ampton, and Lord Arundel, of Wardour. By the zeal of Richard Hackluyt, prebendary of Westminster, to whom England was more indebted than to any man of his age, for her American possessions, an association, em- bracing men of rank and men of business, was formed, with a view to colonization.* To this company, James I., on the 10th of April, 1606, granted letters patent, dividing that portion of the continent which stretches from the 34th to the 46th degrees of north latitude, into two, nearly equal, districts. The one, called the first, or south colony of Virginia, was allotted to Sir Thomas Gates, Richard Hackluyt, and their associates, mostly residents of London ; the other, to sundry knights, gentlemen and merchants, of Bristol, Plymouth, and other parts of the west of England. Each company was empowered to appropriate to itself, fifty miles each way, along the coast, from the point of its settlement, and one hundred miles of interior extent. From the places at which the colonial councils were respectively established, were derived the titles of the London and Plymouth Colonies.f Under this and another charter, to the Plymouth company, given in 1620, whose provisions were not the most friendly to political freedom, nor the best adapted to promote the objects for which they were designed, the per- manent settlement of Virginia and New England was commenced and pro- secuted. It forms, however, no part of our present plan, to trace the various fortune which attended their growth, from weak and sickly plants, to deep- rooted and umbrageous trees. VII. The hope of discovering a north-west passage from Europe to Asia, which no disappointment seems to have power to extinguish, was the motive of several voyages made by Henry Hudson, a distinguished English mariner. In his third voyage, failing to open a northern route, he explored the eastern coast of America, with the view of determining, whether a passage, to the Pacific Ocean, might not be found through the continent.;}: He ran down the coast, from Newfoundland, to 35° 41', northern latitude; and returning by the same course, entered the Delaware bay, on the 28th of August, 1609, — but finding the water shoal, and the channel impeded by bars of sand, he did not venture to explore it. Following the eastern shore of New Jersey, he anchored his ship, the Half-Moon, on the 3d of September, within Sandy Hook. He spent a week in examining the neighbouring shores, and in communication with the natives ; during which, one of his seamen, named John Coleman, was killed. The boat in which he and several others had passed the Kills, between Bergen Neck and Staten Island, being attacked by two canoes, carrying twenty-six Indians, the unfortunate sailor was shot, by an arrow, through the throat. Thus it would seem, that in the intercourse * 2 Purchas, 5. Belknap's American Biography. — N. A. R., (new series) vol. vi. p. 36. t Modern Universal History, vol. XXX. Hazard's State Papers, 1. Stith, Beverly, Robertson. i Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company. Hudson's Journal. Purchas, 1— N. Y. Hist. Col. 81, 162. 6 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. between the European and Indian, in this part of America, the Indian committed the first homicide. The shores of the Delaware and Raritan bays were, probably, the first lands of the middle States trodden by Eu- ropean feet. On the 12th of September, Hudson entered New York Bay, through the Narrows. He spent the time between that day and the 19th of the same month, in exploring the North river.* He ascended, with his ship, as high as the spot where the city of Albany now stands; and his boat proceeded to the sites of Watcrford and Lansingburg. The decreasing volume of the stream, and the shoals which obstructed his fin-ther way, depriving him of all hope of reaching the Pacific Ocean by this route, he prepared to retrace his steps. Commencing his return on the 22d of September, he slowly de- scended the river, and on the 4th day of October, put to sea. He reached England on the 7th of November, 1609. His vessel, and part of the crew, returned to Holland ; but the jealousy of the king, James the First, forbade him, and his English sailors, to revisit that country. f In the following year, Hudson re-entered the service of the London com- pany, in which he had made his two first northern voyages ; designing to seek again, a north-west passage, through Davis' Straits ; but his crew mutinied, and abandoned him, his only son, and some half-dozen of his men, who continued faithful, to perish amid the fields of ice, in the vicinity of the bay which bears his name.:j: Whilst in the North river, Hudson had much intercourse with the natives. Near the coast, they were fierce and inimical — at a distance from the sea, mild and hospitable. But the superior power of the Europeans was exer- cised upon friend and foe without mercy. Of the former, one was shot to death, for a petty theft — and of the latter, nine were more deservedly slain, in an attack which they made upon the vessel. The first visit of the white man, therefore, to the shores of the Hudson, was signalized by the violent death of ten of the aboriginal inhabitants. VIII. The Dutch East India Company, although disappointed in the main design of Hudson's voyage, found in the fur trade he had opened, suf- ficient inducement to cherish commercial intercourse with the Americans. A second voyage, under their authority, in 1610, proving successful, was repeated ; but the competition of private adventurers reducing their profits, they endeavoured to monopolize the trade, by a decree of the States-Gene- ral, granting to all persons who had discovered, or might discover, any bays, rivers, harbours, or countries before unknown, the right, beside other ad- vantages, to the exclusive trade therein, for four successive voyages. § Under this edict the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company was formed ; proposing to maintain the acquisitions on the Hudson and to explore the circumjacent country. In the service of this company, Adrian Blok and Hendrick Christianse sailed in the year 1614. Blok arrived first at Mannahattan, where, his ship having been accidentally burned, he built a small vessel, with which he passed into Long Island Sound. He fell in with Christianse near Cape Cod. Together, they discovered Rhode Island and Connecticut river; and proceed- ing to Mannahattan Bay, they erected a fort on Castle Island, and four dwell- ings on the Greater Island. In the preceding year, a small trading house was built upon an island below Albany; and in the following, a redoubt was thrown up on the right bank of the river, probably, at the present Jersey City * Hudson's Journal. See Note (A.) — Appendix. i Lambrechsten, Moulton, Ebeling. I .Tune 21. 1(111. § De Laet, March 27, 1614; or as it is said 1611, 1612. Moulton, 340. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 7 Point.* The most important event of this period, however, was the alliance by formal treaty, between the Dutch and the Five Nation confederacy of In- dians ; at the execution of which, it is supposed, the Lenape tribes were also present, and by the united instances of the Dutch and Iroquois, consented to the fatal assumption of the character of the looman, in the manner we shall narrate hereafter.f The Hollanders, directing their efforts at colonization, to their Asiatic, African and South American possessions, and restrained, perhaps, by the claim of the English, to the greater part of North America, had hitherto made little elfort to people the shores of the Hudson. It has been asserted, how- ever, that between the years 1617 and 1620, settlements were made at Ber- gen, in New Jersey, in the vicinage of the Esopus Indians, and at Schenec- tady ; and it would seem, that Sir Thomas Dale and Sir Samuel Argal, in the year 1614, returning from an expedition against the French at Acadie, visitfed Mannahattan, and compelled the Dutch to acknowledge the English title, and to contribute to the payment of the expenses of their voyage. It would further seem, from the authorities cited in the margin, but which should be received with some allowance, that in 1620, the Dutch West Indian Company, upon application to James the First, of England, obtained leave to build some cottages upon the Hudson river, for the con- venience of the ships, touching there for fresh water and provisions, in their voyage to Brazil ; under colour of which license, the company esta- blished a colony ; and that, upon complaint to Charles I. of these proceed- ings, he remonstrated with the States-General, who disowned the acts of the company. ij: IX. But, although the Dutch did not immediately, themselves, colonize the New Netherlands, (the name given to the country from the Delaware Bay to Cape Cod,) they were well disposed to aid others in such design ; encouraging the Puritans, who, under the care of the Rev. John Robinson, had fled to the low countries from England, to seek a safe and more commodious asylum in the New World; notwithstanding these sectarians avowed an intention to preserve their national character, and to hold the title for the lands they should inhabit, in dependence on the English government. This germ of the Plymouth colony, planted in 1620, was designed for the country between New York Bay and the western line of Connecticut. But the season at which the adventurers arrived on the coast, adverse winds and currents, with the discovery of a portion of the country, whence the aborigines had been lately swept, providentially, as the pilgrims supposed, by pestilence, induced them to land at a place, they termed Plymouth.^ The allegation, therefore, that Capt. Jones, with whom they sailed, had faithlessly, in consequence of a bribe from the Dutch, landed them at a distance from the Hudson, is not entitled to credence. X. In 1621 the great West India Company was formed in Holland, and endowed with the wealth and power of the States-General. The Licensed Trading Company which had hitherto conducted commercial operations in the Hudson, confining themselves to one river and a small portion of the coast, was merged in the new company, to whom we may properly ascribe the first efforts of the Dutch to plant colonies in North America. || They immediately despatched a number of settlers duly provided with the means of subsistence, trade, and defence, under the command of Cornelius * De Laet, Moulton. t Heckewelder. \ Beauchamp Plantagenef s description of New Albion — Moulton — British Empire in America — Ogilby's America — Elizabcthtown Bill in Chancery. § Robertson. Dudley's letter. Moulton. jl See charter of this company in Hazard's Col. 8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Jacobse Mey ; who, with more enterprise and industry than his predecessors, visited the coast iVom Cape Cod to the Delaware river, where lie {)roposed to establish his own residence. He called the bay of New York, Port May ; that of the Delaware, New Port May ; its northern cape. Cape May ; and its southern, Cape Cornelius. He built Fort Nassau at Techaacho, upon Sas- sackon, now Timber Creek, which empties into the Delaware, a few miles below the city of Camden. During the same year the forts New Amsterdam and Orange, were also erected upon the sites, of the now great cities, of New York and Albany. The administration of the affairs of New Netherlands, was committed to Peter Minuit; with whom came a colony of Walloons, who settled, 1624-5, at the Walbocht, a bend of the Long Island shore, opposite to New Amster- dam. In 1626, Minuit opened a friendly and commercial intercourse with the Plymouth pilgrims ; and prosecuted the fur trade with great advantage to the company. XII. In 1629 the West India Company endeavoured to excite individual enterprise, to colonize the country ; granting by charter to the patroon or founder of a settlement, exclusive property, in large tracts of land, with ex- tensive manorial and seignorial rights.* Thus encouraged, several of the directors, for whose use, probably, the charter was designed, among whom Goodyn, Bloemart, Pauuw and Van Renselaer were most distinguished, resolved to make large territorial acquisitions ; and they sent out Wooter Van Twiller, of Niewer Kerck, a clerk of the Amsterdam department, of the com- pany, to assume the management of its public aflairs, and to select lands for the individual directors. One of the three ships which came over in 1629, visited an Indian village on the south-west corner of Delaware Bay ; and the agents on board, pur- chased from the three chiefs of the resident tribe, in behalf of the Hcrr Goodyn, a tract of land, extending from Cape Henloop, in length thirty- two, and breadth two, English miles. In the succeeding year, several other extensive tracts were purchased ; for Goodyn and Bloemart, of nine Indian chiefs, sixteen miles square, on the peninsula of Cape May ; for the director Pauuw, Statcn Island, and a large plat on the western side of the Hudson, in the neighbourhood of Hoboken; and for Van Renselaer, a considerable territory, along the Hudson, in the vicinity of Fort Orange.")" The impolicy of these gi-eat and exclusive appropriations was, subsequently, discovered and condemned ; and their ratification seems to have been obtained, only, by admitting other directors to participate in them. XIII. In prosecution of their plans, these directors formed an association, to which they admitted, on equal terms, David Pietcrson de Vries, an expe- rienced and enterprising navigator. Their immediate object was to colonize the Delaware river, to plant tobacco and grain, and to establish a whale and seal fishery. The command of the vessel appointed to carry out the colo- nists was given to De Vries; who left the Tcxel on the 12th Dec. 1630, and arrived in the Delaware bay in the course of the winter. The country was deserted by the Europeans, who had preceded him. Fort Nassau was in possession of the Indians; Captain Mey having left it, bearing with him the affectionate regrets of the natives, who long cherished his memory. De Vries selected a spot for his settlement, on Lewis Creek, called by the Dutch, on account of the prostitution of the Indian women here, Hoornekill ; where, unimpeded by the season, which was uncommonly mild, he erected a trading * See the charter iu Moulton's History of New York. t See Moulton's History of New York. The territory of Goodyn was denominated Swanwendael; that of Pauuw, Tavonia; and that of Van Renselaer, Renselaerwick HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 9 house and fort, giving it the name of Oplandt. The whole plantation, within Goodyn's purchase, extended to the Little Tree Corner or Boonipjes' Hoek.* Returning to Holland, he committed his infant colony to the care of one Giles Osset; who, in evidence of the claim and possession of the Dutch, set up the arms of the States-General, painted on tin, upon a column, in some conspicuous station. An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition, appropriated the honoured symbol to his own use. The folly of the com- mandant construed the trespass into a grievous national insult, and he be- came so importunate for redress, that the harassed and perplexed tribe brought him the head of the offender. This was a result which Osset had neither wished nor foreseen, and he should justly have dreaded its conse- quences. In vain he reprehended the severity of the Indians, and assured them that had they brought the delinquent to him, he would have suffered a reprimand only. Though the death of the culprit had been doomed and executed by his own tribe, they beheld its cause in the exaction of the strangers, and with the vindictiveness of their character, sought a dire retri- bution. At a season when the greater part of the garrison was engaged in field labour, distant from the fort, the Indians entered it, under the pretence of trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset with the single sentinel who attended him. Thence, proceeding to the fields, they massacred every other colonist, whilst tendering to them the usual fi-iendly salutations. This con- duct, with its extenuating circumstances, as related by the aborigines them- selves to De Vries, is sufficiently atrocious ; but it is highly probable, that the desire of the white man's wealth was as powerful a stimulant to violence as the thirst for vengeance. In December, 1632, De Vries returned from Holland, to mourn over the unburied bodies of his friends, and the ashes of their dwelling. Attracted by the firing of cannon, the savages approached his vessel with guilty hesitation; but at length, summoned courage to venture on board, and to detail the cir- cumstances we have narrated. The object which De Vries had in view, led him to seek reconciliation ; and he was compelled to pardon, where he could not safely punish. He formed a new treaty with the Indians ; and in order to obtain provisions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau, where he nar- rowly escaped from the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with his request, they directed him to enter Timmerkill or Cooper's Creek, which furnished a convenient place for attack ; but, the interposition of an Indian woman, so often recorded in favour of the whites, saved him from destruc- tion. She warned him of the design of her countrymen, and that a crew of a vessel (supposed from Virginia) had been there murdered. In the mean time, Fort Nassau was filled with savages, and on the return of De Vries, forty boarded his vessel, whom he compelled to retreat; declaring that the Manitou or Great Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But, subsequently, with the humane and pacific policy which distinguished him, he consented to their wishes of forming a treaty of amity ; which they confirmed with cus- tomary presents, declining his gifts, however, saying, that they did not now give with the view of a return. f Disappointed in obtaining provisions, De Vries, leaving part of his crew in the bay, proceeded to Virginia ; where, as the first visiter from New Netherlands, he was kindly received and his wants supplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, finding the whale fishery un- successful, he hastened his departure, and with the other colonists proceeded to Holland, by the way of Fort Amsterdam. Thus, at the expiration of * Corrupted into Bombay Hook. De Vries, Moulton. t De Vries' Journal. Moulton. 10 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. twenty-five years from the discovery of the Delaware Bay, by Hudson, not a single European remained upon its shores. XIV. It is possible, however, that the Minisink settlements on the river, above the Blue Mountain, were made at or near this period. They extend forty miles on both sides of the river, and the tradition, as rendered by Nicholas Depuis, a descendant of an original settler is; " That, in some for- " mer age, there came a company of miners from Holland, supposed to have " been rich and great people, from the labour they bestowed in opening two " mines — one on the Delaware, where the mountain nearly approaches the " lower point of Pahaquarry Flat, the other, at the north foot of some moun- " tain, halt-way between Delaware and Esopus; and in making the mine " road iVom Delaware to Esopus, a distance of one hundred miles : That " large quantities of ore had been drawn upon this road, but of what metal, " was unknown to the present inhabitants : That, subsequently, settlers " came to the Minisinks from Holland, to seek an asylum from religious per- " secution, being Arminians : That they followed the mine road to the large " flats, on the Delaware, where the smooth cleared land, and abundance of " large apple trees, suited their views, and they purchased the improvements " of the Indians, most of whom, then, removed to the Susquehanna : And that " the new settlers maintained peace and friendship with such as remained, " until the year 1755."* These settlements at the Minisinks were unknown to the government of Pennsylvania until 1729. XV. It has been aflirmed that the Swedes established a colony on the Delaware, in the year 1627, or 1631. This is an error, arising from the historian having mistaken the will for the deed; inferring that a colony had been established, immediately after the proposition for forn:ing it, had been published in Sweden. The design had, indeed, been fondly encouraged by Gustavus Adolphus, but was not effected during his life. This prince fell at Lutzen, in 1632 ; and several years elapsed, before the ministers of his daughter, Christina, gave encouragement to the enterprise. The success of the Dutch West India Company had excited the Swedes to form a similar association, whose operations should extend to Asia, Africa, and America ; — and William Usselinx, or Usseling, a Hollander, who had been connected with the Dutch company, obtained the consent of Gustavus, to this measure.f Designing to plant a colony on the Delaware, he prepared and published articles of Association for that purpose, accompanied with a description of the fertility of the soil, and the commercial advantages of the country. The king, by proclamation, exhorted his subjects to unite with the company,:}: and recommended its plan to a diet of the States, by whom it was confirmed. § Persons of every rank, from the king to the hind, engaged in tlie scheme. An admiral, vice admiral, merchants, assistants, commissaries, and a mili- tary force, were appointed, and the association received the name of the South Company; — but the intervention of a German war, suspended its operations. || From 1633 to 1637, no effort was made by any European power, to peo- ple the banks of the Delaware, unless during this period. Sir Edward Ploey- den, commenced his ephemeral palatinate of New Albion. It is probable, however, that the Dutch visited the river, with a view to trade, and, occa- sionally, spent some time at Fort Nassau. That, they vigilantly observed the approach of other nations to these shores, is obvious, from the prompti- * Letters of Samuel Preston, of Stockport, June 6th, and 14th, 1828, published in the Register of Pennsylvania, Vol. i. No. 28.— July 12, 1828. t 21st December, 1624. I July, 1626. § 1627. || Campanius, Aurelius, Molton. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 11 tude of their remonstrances against the subsequent attempts of the English and Swedes. The Swedish project, so far as it relates to colonization on the Delaware, was, at length, revived by the Dutch ex-governor, Minuit, (who had been superseded by Vouter van Twiller,) under the immediate authority of the Swedish government. In 1637 or 1638, an expedition, consisting of the Key of Caiman, a ship of war, and a transport named the Bird Grip, (Gryphen) carrying a clergyman, an engineer, and many settlers, with necessary provisions, and merchandise .for trade with the Indians, sailed under Minuit's command.* The emigrants landed at Inlopen, the inner cape on the western shore of the Delaware bay, to which they gave the name of Paradise Point — morfi, we must conjecture, from the pleasant emotions caused by the sight of any land, after a long sea-voyage, than from the beauty or fertility of the spot. They opened communications with the natives, on the bay and river, and purchased the soil, on the western shore, from the capes, to the falls at Sanhikans, below the present city of Trenton. Soon after, in 1638, they laid the foundation of the town and fort of Christina, on a site called by the natives Hopohaccan, north of the Minqvas, or Suspecoiigh creek, and a short distance above its mouth. f Not a ves- tige of this fort or town remains ; but a plan of both, drawn by the engineer, Lindstrom, has been preserved by Campanius. In 1747, during the war of England against France and Spain, a redoubt was thrown up at this spot; and at the distance of three feet below the surface, a Swedish coin of Chris- tina was found, among axes, shovels, and other implements.:)^ The author of Bescryvinge van Netherlands, asserts, that Minuit entered the Delaware, under pretence of procuring refreshment, on his way to the West Indies, but betrayed the deception, by erecting this fort. The Dutch soon discovered the intrusion; and Kieft, who, about this time had succeeded Van Twiller, as governor of New York, remonstrated with Minuit, by letter, dated. May 6th, 1638; asserting, that the whole South river of New Nether- lands, had been in possession of the Dutch, for many years, above and below Christina — had been studded by forts, and sealed with their blood. This remonstrance was unreasonable and unwarrantable, if, as Campanius asserts, the Swedes had, in 1631, purchased the right of the Dutch. The allegation of purchase, may have induced forbearance on the part of the Dutch au- thorities, but did not deter them from erecting a fort soon after, at the Hoarkills. During the year 1640, several companies of emigrants departed from Sweden, for the new world. Among the documents obtained from the Swedish records, by Mr. Russel, minister from the United States, at Stock- holm, we find, dated, January 24th, 1640, a passport to captain Jacob Pow- elson, for a vessel under his command, named- Fredenburg, laden with men, cattle, and other things, necessary for the cultivation of the country, depart- ing from Holland to America, or the West Indies, and there establishing himself in the country called New Sweden. Two others were issued in blank, for other captains and their vessels. We learn, also, from a letter of the same date, addressed by the Swedish ministers to the commandant, or commissary, and other inhabitants of Fort Christina, in New Sweden, that permission had been granted to Gothbert de Rehden, William de Horst, and Fenland, and those interested with them, to send out and establish a * Bescryvinge van Virginia, De Laet, Acrelius. t Swedish MSS. Records, communicated by the Rev. Nicholas Collin. t Kalm's Travels. 12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. colony on the north side of the South river. In a charter, or grant and privilege, as it is termed, of the same date, to this company, the name of Henry Hochhanmer, is substituted for that of Lieutenant Horst. From this instrument we derive tlie Swedish principles of colonization. An indefinite quantity of land is given to the company — at least four German miles, (about 15 English) from Fort Christina, in allodial and hereditary property; they paying to the crown of Sweden, three florins of the empire, for each family established upon their territory. The company is empowered to exercise, within their district, high and low justice ; to found cities and vil- lages, and communities, with a certain police, statutes and ordinances — to appoint magistrates and officers, and to take the title and arms of a province or colony ; conforming themselves, in the use of these rights, to the principles directing the ordinary justice of fiefs. Reservation is made of full sove- reignty to the crown ; and, especially, of appeals to it, and the governors established by it, whose approbation was necessary to all statutes and ordi- nances. Besides the Augsburg confession of faith, the exercise of the " pre- tended reformed^'' religion was permitted, in such manner, however, that those who professed either, should live in peace, abstaining from every useless dispute, from all scandal, and from all abuse. But the patrons of the colony were obliged, at all times, to maintain as many ministers and schoolmasters as the number of inhabitants should require; and to choose for this purpose, persons who had at heart, the conversion of the pagan inhabitants, to Chris- tianity. Permission was given to the colonists to engage in every species of manu- facture and commerce, in and out of the country; in vessels, however, which should be built in New Sweden. Gottenburg was made the depot for all merchandise transported to Europe; but merchants were not required to pass the Sound, when destined to some other part of Sweden. Entrance to foreign ports, however, was prohibited, unless in case of necessity ; and even in such case, merchants were required to repair to Gottenburg, to account for such entry, and to pay duty on merchandise, they might have sold else- where; and to equip their vessels anew. The colonists were exempted, for ten successive years, from every species of impost; but, after that period, were required to pay, in New Sweden, a duty of five per cent, on all im- ports, and exports, and such further charges as the expenses of government, there, might require. The discoverer of minerals, precious stones, coral, crystal, marble, a pearl fishery, means for making salt, or other like things, was permitted the unrestricted use thereof, for ten years, and to enjoy, sub- sequently, a preferable right to possession, under an annual rent. Pro- tection was promised to the colonies, in consideration whereof, fealty and allegiance were exacted. But the government expressed the desire, that the colonists and their posterity might be always exempt from enrolments and compulsory military service. Confiscation of property was prohibited : and fines, whatever might be the offence, were hmited to forty rix-dollars; every other species of punishment, accoi'ding to the quality of the offence, was re- served to the crown. And as the patrons of the colony designed, in a few years, to transport other and more considerable colonics, liberty was given to ship, directly from Holland, whatever they might require. Whilst the arrangements for this colony were in progress, due care was had, by the ministry of Sweden, for the scion they had already planted. One Jost de Bogardt was nominated, rather as an agent and superintendent of the colony of Christina, than as governor. He engaged, by an obligation, called the counterpart of his commission, to be faithful and subject to her majesty; "and not only to aid, by his counsel and actions, the persons who are at Fort Christina, and those who may be afterwards sent there from HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 13 Sweden, but to employ his exertions to procure, as occasion may present, whatever will be most advantageous to her Majesty and the crown of Swe- den; and, moreover, not to suffer an opportunity to pass of sending infor- mation to Sweden, which may be useful to her Majesty and the crown." The reward of these services was stipulated to be two hundred rix-doUars per annum. XVI. The country, which had been settled, appears to have been pur- chased, chiefly, by an association called the Navigation Company, who, en- joying the soil, submitted to the political direction of the crown. John Printz, a colonel of cavalry in the Swedish service, was appointed governor. His commission bears date August 16, 1646. His instructions charge him to preserve amity, good neighbourhood, and correspondence with foreigners, with those who depend on his government, and with the natives of the coun- try ; to render justice without distinction, so that there shall be injury to no one ; and if any person behave himself grossly, to punish him in a conve- nient manner; and as regards the cultivation of the country, in a liberal manner to regulate and continue it, so that the inhabitants may derive from it, their honest support, and even, that, commerce may receive from it a sen- sible increase. As to himself, he was required so to conduct in his govern- ment, as to be willing and able, faithfully, to answer for it before God, be- fore the Queen and every brave Swede, regulating himself by the instruc- tions given to him. These instructions, remarkable for their simplicity, re- mind us of the patriarchal era, to which the state of New Sweden, had some resemblance. The salary assured to the governor, was 1200 rix-dollars per annum; a portion of which, at least, was imposed on the colony in a tariff of compensations, which gave to the governor 800 rix-dollai's ; (half from excise and half in silver;) to a lieutenant governor, sixteen dollars per month ; a sergeant major ten, a corporal six, a gunner eight, trumpeter six, drummer five; to 24 soldiers, four, each; to a paymaster ten, a secretary eight, a barber ten, and a provost six. We must not infer from comparison of the wages of the secretary and barber, that the latter was the most valued though the most appreciated. The first had, doubtless, the most honour, though the second had a greater compensation in base lucre. On the 16th February, 1642-3, Printz, accompanied by John Campanius, a clergyman and subsequent historian of New Sweden, with many emi- grants, on board the ship Fame and Transport Swan, arrived in the Dela- ware. The governor established himself on the island of Tcrmekong, cor- rupted into, Tinicum; which, in Nov. 1643, was granted him by the Queen Christina, in fee ; where he built a fort called New Gottenburg, a convenient dwelling for himself, denominated Printz Hoff or Printz Hall, and a church, which was consecrated in 1646. Around this nucleus, the principal settlers reared their habitations. Pursuant to his instructions, he recognised the right of the aborigines to the soil, confirmed the contract made with them by Minuit, for land fronting the river, from the Cape to the Falls, and extending inland, so far, as the necessities of the settlers should require. He refrained from every species of injury to the natives, cultivated their favour by a just and reciprocal commerce, supplying them with articles suitable to their Vi'ants, and employed all friendly means to win them to the Christian faith. The result of these measures was such as they should have produced. The savage was disarmed by respect and gratitude; for, when the presents from the Swedes were discontinued, and councils were holden by the discontented, to weigh the fate of the strangers, the old and wise expatiated on their bene- volence and justice, and assured the young and violent, that no easy con- quest, would be made, of men, who, whilst cherishing the arts of peace, were armed with swords and muskets, and guarded by vigilance and courage. 14 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The ire of the Indians on one occasion, it seems, was particularly directed against the pastor, who speaking alone, during divine service, was supposed to exhort his audience to hostility against them.* XVII. Before Printz left Sweden, it was known that an English colony had alighted on the eastern shore of the Delaware; sixty persons having settled near Oijtsessing, Assamohocking, Hog or Salem Creek, at the close of the year 1640, or commencement of 1741, who were, probably, pioneers of Sir Edmund Ploeyden, or squatters from the colony of New Haven. The Swedes purchased all the lands from Cape May to Narriticon or Raccoon Creek, for the purpose of bringing the English under their dominion; and Printz was instructed, either to attach them to the Swedish interests, or to procure their removal without violence.^ He disregarded his instructions on this occasion, since, we are told, that the Dutch and Swedes united to expel the English; and that the latter, assuming the task of keeping out the intruders, seized their possessions, and erected a Ibrt; which they called Elfts- burg or Elsinborg.:}: But, Acrclius assures us, that this fort was reared in 1651, as a counterpoise to the Dutch power, acquired by the erection of Fort Casmier ; and that, the guns of Elsinborg, compelling the Hollanders to strike the flag from their vessels' mast, gave mortal offence, and was the cause of their subsequent wrath, so fatal to the dominion of the Swedes. Be this as it may, all authors agree, that the Swedes were driven out by an in- vincible, and sometimes invisible, foe, — that the moschettoes, in countless hosts, alike incomparable for activity and perseverance, obtained exclusive possession of the fort, and that the discomfited Swedes, bathed even in the ill-gotten blood of their enemies, were compelled to abandon the post, which, in lionour of the victors, received the name of Moscliettoesburg. The Salem settlers were not the only Englishmen who endeavoured, at this time, to establish themselves in the vicinity of the Delaware. A colony seated under the patent of Lord Baltimore, was discovered on the Schuylkill, whence they were driven by the watchful Kieft, governor of New Nether- lands, without difficulty. His instructions, dated 22d May, 1642, to Jan Jansen Alpendam, commandant of the expedition, strongly assert the right of the Dutch to the soil and trade there. XVIII. The Swedish government anticipated, that, resistance might be made to their plans of colonization, by the Dutch West India Company, of whose pretensions to the shores of the Delaware, they were well instructed. Yet, Printz was authorized to protest against their claims, supported as they were, by the actual possession of Fort Nassau, now garrisoned by twenty men ; and in case of hostile efforts on their part, to contend to the uttermost. Printz conducted the affairs of New Sweden with due discretion, receiving the thanks and commendations of his sovereign, whose permission he soli- cited, in 1647, to return to Europe. He remained in America, however, until 1654, when he was succeeded in the government by John Papegoya, his son-in-law. Papegoya had come to tlie Delaware with the earliest Swe- dish settlers, probably in 1638; but had returned to Sweden about the time of Printz's departure. In 1643 he revisited New Sweden, bearing letters recommendatory, from the Queen, to the governor, whose daughter he subse- quently married. He remained in the government two years; when embark- ing for Europe, he devolved the administration on John Risingh, who came out, a short time before this period, clothed with the authority of commissary * "The Indians sometimes attended the religious assemblies of the Swedes; but with so little edification, tliat they expressed their amazement that one man should detain his tribe witli such lengthened harangues, without offering to entertain them with brandy." — Grakumes Cm. Hist. 2 vol. 200. t Acrelius. X Beschryvinge van Virginia. Smith's New Jersey. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 15 and cx)Utisellor, and continued to preside over the Swedes until they were subjected by the Dutch. He renewed the treaties with the Indians ; and at a convention held in 1664, both parties engaged to preserve and brighten the friendly chain. The engineer Lindstrom, who accompanied Risingh, mi- nutely explored several portions of the country, constructed plans for some forts, aided in the fortification of others, and framed a map of the bay, river, and adjacent territory, remarkable for its correctnesss, and curious, as giv- ing the Indian names of the streams. A descriptive memoir, highly interest- ing, accompanied the map.* The country on the Delaware was, for some years, liolden by the Swedes and Dutch, in common. To the forts at Nassau and the Hoarkills, the lat- ter, in 1651, added Fort Casimer, at Sandhocken, the present site of New- castlc.f This near approach to the primitive seat of their American domain, became intolerable to the Swedes. Printz remonstrated, and Risingh for- mally demanded, that Fort Casimer should be surrendered to him. This having been refused, he manfully resolved to seize it by force or fraud. He approached it in seeming amity, and after firing two complimentary salutes, landed thirty men, whom the garrison, unsuspectingly, admitted within their gates. The Swedes suddenly mastered the place, seized the effects of the West India Company, and even compelled some of the conquered soldiers to swear allegiance to Queen Christina. Not even Dutch phlegm would lie quiet under this grievous insult. The redoubted Stuyvesant, then governor of New York, though busily engaged in restraining the encroachments of his restless mercurial neighbours of Connecticut, resolved on instant and direful vengeance. XIX. On the 9th September, 1654, he appeared in the Delaware, with seven vessels, carrying between six and seven hundred men. He descended first upon Elsinborg, where the patriotism of the Swedes had again led them, in despite of the moschettoes, and where it was their fate to become prisoners to the invaders. Next, he asailed the fort of the Holy Trinity, and having landed and intrenched his force, demanded its surrender, threatening, in case of refusal, the utmost extreme of military severity. Whether the fort were taken by storm, or surrendered upon capitulation, history has, with repre- hensive carelessness, omitted to state : but certain it is, that the Dutch, also, became masters of the Holy Trinity, and striking the Swedish colours, gave from the towering flag-staff, those of the States-General, to the breeze. On the 16th, the fleet anchored in front of Fort Casimer, then commanded by Sven Scutz, or Schute, who, in reply to the summons, asked leave to con- sult his superior, Risingh; which being denied him, he yielded, upon most ho- nourable terms ; marching forth in military pomp, and retaining, not only the arms of his troops, but the battery of the fort. The stronger fortress of Christina was held by Risingh, in person ; but even he, unable to resist the invincil)le Stuyvesant, submitted on the 25th of September; and the fall of New Gottenburg, with its fort, Printzhojf, and church, soon followed. Thus perished, never to be revived, the provincial power of New Sweden. :j: Stuyvesant issued a proclamation favourable to such of the Swedes as chose to remain under his government. About twenty swore fealty to the " States-General, the Lords, Directors of the West India Company, their subalterns of the province of New Netherlands, and the Director- General, then, and thereafter to be, established." Risingh and one Elfyth, a noted trader, were ordered to Gottenburg.^ Among those who remained, was the wife of Papegoya, to whom Tcnnekong had descended ; and who, subse- * MSS. Lib. of Am. Phil. Soc. t Campanius, Acrelius. } Acrelius; Smith's N. Y.; Smith's N. J.; Dutch Records. § Smith's N. Y. 16 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. qucntly, sold it to Captain Carr, the English governor, from whom the pur- chase money, 300 guilders was recovered, by execution from the council at New York.* In March, 1656, the S\^•edish resident at the Hague, remon- strated against the conduct of the West India Company; but the United Pro- vinces never gave redress. These wars of the Dutch and Swedes have been more minutely and worthily chronicled by the facetious and veracious Knickerbocker. We will add, only, that they appear to have been wholly unstained by blood, and admirably adapted to a country where restraint on population was not needed. During the government of the Swedes, several vessels, other than we have mentioned, arrived from Sweden with adventurers, who devoted them- selves to agriculture. The last ship, thus freighted, through the unskilful- ness of her officers, entered the Raritan, instead of the Delaware, river, and was seized by Stuyvesant, then preparing for his campaign against Risingh. Many improvements were made by this industrious and temperate people, from Cape Henlopen to the falls of Alumningh, or Sanhikans. Beside the places we have already named, they founded Upland the present Chester, at Mocoponaca; Korsliolm at Passaiiing; Fort Manaiiing at the mouth of the river, called by the Indians Manaiinio;, Manaijimk, Manajaske, Nitaba- cong, or Matinacong; by the Dutch, Schvylkill, and by the Swedes, Skiar- hilleii and Landskillcn; marked the sites of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm, somewhere near the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, Strmcsivijk and Nieu Causeland or Clauseland; (the present Newcastle) and established forts, also, at Kinsessing, Wicacoa, (Southwark) Findlant, Meulandael, and Lapananel. On the eastern shore of the Delaware, they had settlements at Swedesborough, at the site of the present city of Burling- ton, and other places. Most of these stations are marked on the maps of Campanius and Lindstrom, and were, probably, little else than dwellings of farmers, with such slight defences, as might protect them from a sudden in- cursion of the natives. Gold and silver mines are said to have been disco- vered by the Swedes ; and the latter are mentioned by Master Evelyn, in his description of the country, reported by Plantagenet, in his memoir on New Albion. The ores were probably pyrites, which have so often proven de- ceptive.f * New York Records. f We are assured by Lindstrom, that a silver mine existed on the eastern shore of the Delaware, in tlie vicinity of the falls; and that ^old was found in considerable quantities higher up the river, on the Jersey side. •' The shore before the mountain is covered with pyrites. When the roundest are broken, kernels are found as large as small peas, containing virgin silver. I have broken more than a hundred. A savage Unapois beholdinor a gold ring of the wife of governor Printz, demanded, why she carried such a trifle. The governor replied, ' if you will procure me such trifles, I will reward yon with other thinsfs suitable for you.' ' I know,' said the Indian, a mountain filled with such metal.' ' Behold,' rejoined the governor, ' wheat 1 will give you for a specimen ;' presenting to him at the same time, a fatiiom of red and a fathom of blue frize, some white lead, looking-glasses, bodkins, and needles, declaring that he would cause him to be accompanied l)y two of his soldiers. 13ut the Indian, refusing this escort, said, tliat he would first go for a specimen, and, if it gave satis- faction, he might be sent back with some of the governor's people. He promised to give a specimen, kept the presents and went away ; and, after some days, returned witli a lump of ore as large as his doubled fist, of which the governor made proof, found it of good quality, and extracted from it a considerable (juantity of gold, which he manufactured into rings and bracelets. He promised the Indian further presents if he would discover the situation of this mountain. The Indian consented, but de- manded a delay of a few days, when he could si)are more time. Content with this, Printz gave him more presents. The savage, having returned to liis nation, boasted of liis gifts, and declared the reason of their presentation. But he was assassinated by the sacliem and his companions, lest he should betray the situation of this gold mine ; they fearing its ruin if it were discovered by us. It is still unknown." — Extract from lAndstroms MS. Journal. Am. Phil. Soc. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 17 XX. The Dutch governed the newly recovered country on the Delaware, by lieutenants, subject to the Director-General at New Amsterdam. Jo- hannes Paul Jaquet was the first Vice-Director. His successors were Peter Alricks, Hinojossa, and William Beekman. These officers were empowered to grant lands ; and their patents make part of the titles of the present pos sessors. Alrick's commission, of 12th of April, 1657, indicates the extent of the Dutch claim, on the west of the Delaware. It constitutes him " Di- rector-General, of the Colony of South river, of New Netherlands, and the fortress of Casimer, now called Niewer Amstel, with all the lands dependent thereon, according to the first purchase, and deed of release, from the na- tives, dated, July the 19th, 1651 ; beginning at the west side of the Minquas, or Christina Kill, in the Indian language named, Suspccoitgh, to the mouth of the bay or river called Boompt Hook, in the Indian language, Cannaress, and so far inland, as the bounds and limits of the Minquas land, with all the streams, appurtenances and dependencies." Of the country north of the Kill, or south of Boompt Hook, no notice is taken. In 1658, Beekman was directed to purchase Cape Henlopen, which, for want of goods, was not done, until the succeeding year.* From the order and purchase of 1658, it would seem, that no regard was had, either by the Indians or Dutch, to the contracts made for Goodyn, in 1629, or by the Swedish governors. Upon the eastern side of the present State of Nevy Jersey, the Dutch had, at this period, acquired several tracts of country. Beside the purchase of Staten Island, for the Heer Pauw,"]" Augustine Herman purchased an exten- sive plot, stretching from Newark Bay, west of the present site of Elizabeth- town;:}: and the Lord Director-General and Council, a large tract, called Bergen. § And we may, justly, suppose, that, the road between the colonies, on the Hudson and Delaware, was not wholly uninhabited. XXI. x\lthough, for fifty years, these extensive possessions of the Dutch, were not disputed by the English government, still the claim of the English nation, founded on the discoveries by Cabot, Hudson, and other navigators, was neither abandoned nor unimproved. The Puritans were making con- tinued pretensions and encroachments upon the east, and emigrants from New Haven settled on the left shores of the Delaware, so early as 1640 — some of whose descendants may, probably, yet be found, in Salem, Cumber- land, and Cape May, counties. The adventurers of Maryland had penetrated to the Schuylkill, and the agents or grantees of Sir Edward Ploeyden, had attempted to people his palatinate. Of these efforts it is proper that we should speak more particularly. In 1642, as we have seen, the Dutch expelled the English, from the Schuylkill, as intruders, on rights too notorious to be disputed. But in 1654, Colonel Nathaniel Utie, commissioner of Fendal, governor of Maryland, de- manded possession of the shores of the Delaware, by virtue of the patent from the English crown, to Lord Baltimore; visited New Castle to protest against the occupation of the Dutch, to threaten the assertion of Baltimore's right by force, and to offer his protection to the inhabitants, upon terms similar to those given to other emigrants. Beekman proposed to refer the controversy to the republics of England and Holland ; and Stuyvesant, by commissioners, at Annapolis, repeated the proposition ; asserting, however, the title of the India Company, by prior occupancy, and assent of the English nation; and protesting against the conduct of Fendal, as in breach of the * Smith's New York. f Deed, dated, 10th August, 1630. Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery. t Deed, 6th December, 1651. § Deed, 30th January, 1658. C 18 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. treaties between the two nations. In the following year, Lord Baltinnore applied, through his agent, captain Neale, to the Dutch Company, for orders to the colonists on the Delaware, to submit to his authority. A peremptory refusal was instantly given ; and a petty war in the colonies was prevented, by the weakness of Maryland, and the hopes of redress from measures then contemplated by the English government against all the Dutch possessions in America.* We learn, from a pamphlet, published in 1648, that a grant had been made by James the First, to Sir Edward Ploeyden, of the greater part of the country between Maryland and New England, which was erected into a province and county palatine, with very comprehensive, if not precise boundaries.f The rights derived from this patent were unexercised during the reigns of James, and the first Charles — but were acted on, during the revolution. Before 1648, a company was formed, under Sir Edward Ploeyden, for planting this province, in aid of which, our author wrote his description of New Albion. This little work compares New Albion with other countries of the new world, giving all preference to the former, and contains a learned exposition and defence of the rights of an earl palatine, who, among other royalties, having power to create barons, baronets, and knights, of his palatinate, had bestowed a baronage upon our aiithor, and others, as well as upon each of his own children. Thus, there were, the son and heir ap- parent, and Governor, Francis, Lord Ploeyden, Baron of Mount Royal, an extensive manor, on Elk river; and Thomas, Lord Ploeyden, High Admiral, Baron of Roymount, a manor on the Delaware bay, in the vicinity of Lewis- town; and the Lady Winifrid, Baroness of Uvedale, in Webb's Neck, de- riving its name from its abundance of grapes, producing the Thoulouse, Muscat, and others. From circumstances, it is probable, that this New Albion Company sent out agents, who visited diflerent parts of the province, some of whom esta- blished themselves there ; that the Palatine and some friends, of whom was Plantagenet, sought temporary cover from the storms of civil war in England, amid the American wilds; — that a fort named Erewomec was erected at the mouth of Pensaukin Creek, on the Jersey shore; and that, there was a con- siderable settlement at Wafcessi or Oijtscssing, the present site of Salem, which was probably broken up, or reduced, by the united force of the Dutch and Swedes. No known vestige of these settlements remains ; and all our knowledge in relation to their fate is conjectural. :j: XXII. In 1640, as stated I)y Trumbull, some persons at New Haven, by Captain Nathaniel Turner, their agent, purchased for thirty poi/nds sterling, a large tract of land, for plantations, on both sides of the Delaware river; erected trading houses, and sent out near fitly families to settle thcm.§ It is proba- ble, that this number is over-rated. But wc gather from the complaints of * New York Recordg. Now York Hist. Col. vol. iii. p. HCS. Smith's Now York. t This pamphlet is iiridressod hy Benu(;h;mip Plan1;in-cnet, " To the Risrht Honour- able and mighty Lord Edmund, hy Divine Providctifc, Lord Proprietor, Earl Palatine, Governor, and (/aptain-C.oneral of the province of New Alhion; and to the Ri^ht Honourable, the Lord Viscount Monson, of Casllemain; the Lord Sherard, Baron of Leitrim, and to all other, the Viscounts. Barf)ns, Baronets. Knights, and jrentlenien, merchants, adventurers, and planters, of the hopeful company of New Albion, in all forty-four undertakers, and stihscribers. hound by indenture, to bring and settle 3000 able, trained men, in our several plantations, to the said i)roviiice." } New Albion. Smiths N.J. Boscryvinge van Virginie, New.Netherlandts. Penn. Register, 1828, vol. iv. See, for a further account of New Albion, Appendix, note B, and Philadelphia Library, No. 1019, Oct. § TrumbuH's Conn. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 19 the Connecticut traders, that, tliey visited the Delaware for the purpose of barter, and were driven thence by the Swedes and Dutch, under Kieft, in 1642; that, their trading house was destroyed, their goods confiscated, and their persons imprisoned. The commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, upon an investigation of the facts^ directed governor Winthrop to remonstrate with the Swedish governor, and to claim indemnity for the losses sustained, amounting to one thousand pounds. Winthrop addressed letters to Kieft and Printz, but received no satisfactory answer. At an extraordinary meeting of the commissioners, in 1649, the court of New Haven, proposed the speedy planting of Delaware Bay. But this, as a general measure, was deemed inexpedient, and the New Haven merchants were left to improve or sell their lands as they should see cause. The treat- ment of these merchants, by the Dutch, formed part of the grievances sub- mitted to the delegates appointed by Stuyvesant, and the United Colonies, in 1650,- when the latter claimed a right to the Dela^A'are under their patents, as well as by purchase from the Indians. These delegates, from want of suffi- cient light to determine the question, concluded to leave both parties at liber- ty to improve their interests upon that river. Encouraged by this declaration, the inhabitants of New Haven and its vicinity, in the following year, fitted out a vessel with fifty adventurers, who proposed to establish themselves on the disputed lands. They put into New York ; and the object of their voyage being made known, Stuyvesant, who was wanting, neither in ability, nor resolution, immediately seized the vessel, her papers, and crew, and extorted a promise from the last, to return to their homes ; which they more readily gave as the Dutch governor threat- ened, that he would send to Holland, any of them whom he should find on the Delaware, and would resist their encroachments, in that quarter, even unto blood. But, the colony of New Haven, with its characteristic pertinacity, was not disposed thus to abandon her pretensions. She brought the subject again before the commissioners of the United Colonies, in 1654, who addressed a missive to Stuyvesant, in which, the rights alleged by the Dutch, are very summarily disposed of, as " their own mistake, or at least, the error of them that informed them ;" whilst, the claims of the people of New Heaven, appeared " so clear, that they could not but assert their just title to their lands, and de- sire tliat they might peaceably enjoy the same." No efi^ect was produced by this letter, and the colony of New Haven would have resorted to hostilities, could she have been assured of the protection of her sisters. But, they were deaf to her appeals, and the Plymouth colony shortly replied, "that they did not think it meet, to answer their desire in that behalf, and that they would have no hand in any such controversy." Thus deprived of all hope of effectual as- sistance, from their neighbours, the traders of New Haven were compelled to remain at peace. The country was soon after granted to the Duke of York, and their claims were too feebly sustained by justice, to brave the Duke's power. But this, with other causes of dispute, had implanted in the colonists of New England, such animosity against their Dutch neighbours, that, in 1653, they formed the design to drive them from the continent, and applied to Oliver Cromwell for assistance. He, being then engaged in the two years' war with Holland, which the Parliament had commenced, promptly acceded to their request, by despatching a squadron to aid the colonial troops. The design M'as, however, arrested, by intelligence of the peace that had been concluded between the Protector and the States-General.* And it is remark- * Oldmixon i. 119. Chalmers 574. Trumbull i. 168. Hazard's Col. vol. ii. Gra- hames' Col. Hist, of North America. 30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. able, that the treaty has no direct reference to the possessions of either party in North America ; but, stipulating for the restoration of peace, between the dominions of the two countries in every part of the world, and the English expedition being countermanded thereon, the validity of the Dutch claim to the country, it is supposed, was manifestly implied and practically acknow- ledged.* Yet, the New England men, succeeded in impressing different views upon Richard Cromwell ; who, during his short protectorate, ad- dressed instructions to his commanders, for the invasion of New Nether- lands, and directed the concurrence of the forces of the English colonial governments, in the enterprise ; but the subversion of his ephemeral power, prevented the execution of his orders.f Charles II., however, fj-om enmity to the States-General, certainly not from love of his transatlantic subjects, entered into their designs. His senti- ments were enforced by the interest of the Duke of York, who had placed himself at the head of a new African company, with the view of extending and appropriating the slave trade, and which found its commerce impeded by the more successful traffic of the Dutch. Like the other courtiers, the Duke had cast his eyes, on the American territorities, which his brother was about to distribute with a liberal hand; and to other reasons, which he employed to promote a rupture with the Dutch, he solicited a grant of their North American possessions, on the prevailing plea, that they had been ori- ginally usurped from the territory, properly belonging to Britain. :j: The in- fluence of these motives on the mind of the King, may have been aided by the desire to strike a blow that would enforce the arbitrary commission, he was preparing to send to New England, and to teach the Puritan colonists there, that he had power to subdue his enemies in America. XXIII. Charles having failed in repeated attempts to provoke the resent- ment of the States-Cieneral, resolved to embrace the suggestion of his right to the province of New Netherlands. In pursuance of this purpose, a royd charter, dated 20th March, 1664, was executed in favour of the Duke of York, containing a grant of the whole region, extending from the western bank of the Connecticut river, to the eastern shore of the Delaware, together with the adjacency of Long Island, and conferring on his royal highness, all the powers of government, civil and military, within these ample boundaries. This grant disregarded alike, the possession of the Dutch and the recent charter of Connecticut, which, from ignorance or carelessness in the defini- tion of boundaries, it wholly, but tacitly superseded. As soon as the Duke had obtained this grant, and before investiture, he proceeded to exercise his ])n)p]-ietary powers in their fullest extent, by con- veying to Lord Berkeley and Sir (4eorge Carteret, all that portion of the ter- ritory, which forms the present state of New Jersey. A military force, however, had been prepared to compel possession; and with some secrecy too, although this was scarce necessary, since the Dutch, so far from appre- hending an attack, had, but a few months before, sent to their colony, a vessel laden with planters and the implements of husbandry. XXIV. The command of the English troops in the expedition, and the government of the province against which it was directed, were given to Colonel Nicholls, who had studied the art of war under Marshal Turenne, and who, with George Cartwright, Sir Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, also, had a commission to visit the colonies of New England, and investigate " Oldmixon i. 119. Chalmers 574. Trumbull i. 1G8. Hazard's Col. vol. ii. Gra- hame's Col. History of Nnrlh America. t lb. ib. Thurloc's Collcc. i. 721. i Sir J. Dalrymple's Mem. ii. 4. Hume's England. Chalmers. Grahame, vol. ii. 214. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 21 and determine, according to their discretion, all disputes and controver- sies within the various colonial jurisdictions. After touching at Boston, where an armed force was ordered to be raised and sent, to join the expedi- tion, the fleet proceeded to the Hudson river, and anchored before the capital of New Netherlands. The requisition from Boston was so tardily obeyed, that the enterprise was over, before the Massachusetts troops were ready to march ; but governor Winthrop of Connecticut, with several of the principal inhabitants of that province, immediately joined the King's standard.* The armament, consisting of three ships, with one hundred and thirty guns and six hundred men, was too formidable to be resisted by a petty town, hastily and poorly fortified, and manned by peaceful burghers, or mere plodding planters. Yet the spirited governor was exceeding loth to surrender without, at least, having attempted its defence; although the favour- able terms offered to the inhabitants disposed them to immediate capitulation. After a few days of fruitless negotiation, during which, Stuyvesant pleaded, in vain, the justice of the title of the States-General, and the peace existing between them and the English nation, the province was surrendered upon the most honourable terms to the vanquished, who preserved their arms, am- munition, and public stores, with leave to transport them, within twelve months, to Holland : the inhabitants were free to sell their estates and return to Europe, or retain them and reside in the province ; such as remained, were to enjoy their ancient laws relative to the descent of property, liberty of conscience in divine worship, and church order, and perpetual exemption from military service ; and what was yet more extraordinary, all Dutchmen continuing in the province, or afterwards resorting to it, were allowed free trade with Holland ;■!• but this privilege being repugnant to the navigation act, was soon afterwards revoked. Notwithstanding these very advantageous condi- tions, the mortified commandant could not be brought to ratify them, for two days, after they had been signed by the commissioners.:]: Immediately after- wards. Fort Orange also surrendered. In honour of the i)uke, the city of New Amsterdam received the name of New York, afterwards extended to the province, and Fort Orange, that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabi- tants submitted, cheerfully, to the new government; and governor Stuyvesant retained his property and closed his life, in his beloved city. XXV. Sir Robert Carr, with two frigates, and the troops not required at New York, was sent to compel the submission of the colony on the Delaware; which he efle;ctcd with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twenty shot. By articles of agreement, signed Garret Saunders, Vautiell, Hans Block, Lucas Peterson, and Henry Cousturier, it was stipidated, " that the burgesses and planters submitting themselves to his Majesty, should be pro- tected in person and estate; that, the present magistrates should continue in office; that permission should be given to depart the country, within six months, to any one ; that all should enjoy liberty of conscience in church discipline, as formerly; and that any person taking the oath of allegiance, should become a free denizen, and enjoy the privilege of trade in his Ma- jesty's dominions, as freely as any Englishman. "§ From this separate con- vention, it would seem, that the capitulation of New York was not deemed conclusive upon the Delaware settlements; whose affairs were henceforth conducted, until 1768, by their ancient magistrates, under the supervision of Captain John Carr, aided by a council consisting of Hans Block, Israel Holme, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, and Peter Aldrick, from whom an appeal lay to the governor and council of New York.|| * Trumbull i. 266. t Smith's N. J. Graliame's Col. Hist. i August 27, 1664. § 1st October. || New York Records. 22 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. XXVI. Thus, by an act of flagrant injustice and tyranical usurpation, was overthrown the Dutch dominion in Nortli America, after it had subsist- ed lor more than half a century. The actual condition of their possessions was depreciated by Col. Nichols, in his letters to the Duke, from the humane view, it is supposed, of deterring his master from burdening or irritating the people, by fiscal impositions. Early travellers and writers unite in describ- ing the Dutch colonial metropolis, so admirably chosen, as a handsome well built town; and Josselyn declares that the meanest house in it, was worth £100.* Indeed, the various provisions introduced into the articles of sur- render, to preserve the comforts of the inhabitants, attest the orderly condition and plentilul estate thej^ had acquired, and explain the causes of their unwar- like spirit. If their manners corresponded with those of their countrymen in the parent state, they were probably superior to those of their conquerors. Of the colonists, who had latterly resorted to the province, some had enjoyed affluence and respectal)ility in Holland, and had imported with them, and dis- played in their houses, costly services of family plate, and well selected pro- ductions of the Dutch school of painting.f No account has been preserved of the total population of the province and its dependencies; but the metro- polis, at this time, is said to have contained about 3000 persons, of whom, one half returned to Holland. Their habitations, however, were soon occu- pied by emigrants, partly from Britain, but chiefly from New England. Upon the North river, throughout the present county of Bergen, Dutch set- tlers were numerous, and both shores of the Delaware were studded with plantations of Dutch and Swedes. Three Dutch families were settled at Lazy Point, opposite Mattinicunk Island, the site of Burlington, and four years later, one Peter Jegow, in 1668, (such was the intercourse between the two rivers) received license for, and kept a house of entertainment, for accommodation of passengers, travellers, and strangers, on this point of the Delaware.:}: The capture of New York and its dependencies, led to an European war, between Great Britain and FloUand, ending in the treaty of Breda, of July, 1667. Happily, for the prosperity of the colony, which Nicholls, with the aid of the other English provinces, would have dclended to the last extremity, neither the States-General, nor the Dutch West India Company, made any attempt to possess themselves of New York during this war; and at the peace, it was ceded to England, in exchange for her colony of Surinam, which had been conquered by the Dutch. This exchange was no otherwise expressed, than by a general stipulation in the treaty, that each nation should retain what it had acquired by arms, since the commencement of hostilities. The Dutch had no reason to regret this result, since they could not long have preserved New York against the increasing strength and rivalry of the inha- bitants of New P^ngland, Maryland, and Virginia.^ Colonel Nicholls governed the province, for nearly three years, with great justice and good sense. He settled the boundaries with (Jonnecticut ; which, yielding all claim to Long Island, obtained great advantages on the main, pushing its line to Mamoroneck river, about thirty miles from New York — prescribed the mode of purchasing lands from the Indians, making the con- sent of the governor, and public registry, requisite to the validity of all con- tracts with them for the soil — and incorporated the city of New York, under a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff; and although he reserved to himself all judicial authority, his administration was so wise and impartial, that it enforced universal praise. * Josselyn's Second Voyage, p. 154. Oldmixon i. 11!'. t Grant's Memoirs of an American Lady, &c. vol. 1. ]>. 11. Gruhame's Col. Hist, vol. ii. 225. t Ellzabethtown Bill in Chancery. New Jersey Records. § Grahame's Col. Hist. vol. ii 231. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 23 CHAPTER II. Comprising Events from the Grant to the Duke of York, to the Division of the Colony, into East and West Jersey. I. Nature of the Estate acquired by the Duke of York, by the Grant from Charles I. — II. Motives and Nature of the Grant from the Duke of York, to Berkeley and Carteret. — III. Bounds of the Country ceded. — IV. Proceedings of the Proprietaries, to settle tiieir Pro- vince of New Jersey, &c. — their " Concessions." — V. Remarks on the Constitu- tion.— VI. Assumption of Government by Colonel Nicholls — Indian Grants. — VII. Philip Carteret appointed Governor — His Efforts for Colonization — Ad- vantages enjoyed by the New Colonists. — VIII. Unhappy Effects of the De- mand of Proprietary Quit Rents. — IX. Recapture of New Netherlands by Holland — and Restoration to the English. — X. Re-grant of the Province to the Duke — Re-grant to Berkeley and Carteret. — XI. Return of Philip Carteret to the Government — Modification of the Constitution. — XII. Oppressive Conduct of Andross, Governor of New York. — XIII. Division of the Province into East and West Jersey. I. We have seen, in tlie preceding Chapter, that James, Duke of York, even before he had obtained seizin of his newly granted tief, had conveyed a considerable portion of it to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The charter to the duke, though less ample in its endowments than those previ- ously granted to the proprietaries of Maryland and Carolina, resembled them by conferring the powers of government on the grantee and his assigns. And thus, even with the light which had been stricken forth by the extraor- dinary political concussions of the passing century, the allegiance and obe- dience of freemen, were made transferable as if they were serfs attached to the soil. Nor was this proprietary right merely potential. — Instances in the his- tory of the Carolinas, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, demon.strate, that the pro- prietaries regarded their functions less as a trust, than as an absolute property ; subject to every act of ownership, and in particular, to mortgage and aliena- tion. Ii was not until after the British revolution of 1688, that the legality of this power was disputed; when the ministers of William III. maintained its repugnance to the laws of England, which recognised (an absurdity not less) a hereditary, but not a commercial transmission of office and power. The point was never determined by any formal adjudication ; but, the evil in process of time, produced its own remedy. The succession and multipli- cation of proprietaries became so inconvenient to themselves, that, they found relief, in surrendering their functions to the crown. In Carolina and New Jersey the exercise of the right of assignation, materially, contributed to shorten the duration of the proprietary government.* II. Berkeley and Carteret were already proprietaries of Carolina. Not satisfied with this ample investiture, nor yet certified by experience, of the tardy returns from colonial possessions, they had been induced, by the re- presentations of a projector acquainted with the domain assigned to tlie Duke of York, to believe, that a particular portion of it would form a valuable acquisition to themselves. This person, we are assured by Colonel Nicholls, had been an unsuccessful applicant for the patent which the Duke had ob- tained, and revenged his disappointment by instigating these courtiers to * Grahames Col. Hist. vol. i. 315. 24 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. strip him of a most desirable portion of his territory.* But the claims which the grantees of the duke had upon the royal family, together with the political motives of colonization, may have been sufficient reasons for the grant of a newly acquired, and almost unexplored wilderness in America ; and we in- cline to the opinion, which we think is confirmed by the promptitude with which it was made, after the title of the Duke had accrued, that, the transfer to Berkeley and Carteret was an understood consideration of the grant to the Duke. Both were favoured courtiers; — Berkeley was of the Privy Council, and Carteret, Treasurer of the Navy, and Vice Chamberlain of the royal household. f III. The cession from the Duke was made by deeds of lease and release, dated, respectively, 23d and 24th June, 1664, and conveyed to the grantees, their heirs and assigns, in consideration of a competent sum, " That tract of " land adjacent to New England, lying westward of Long Island, and Man- " hattan Island ; and bounded on the east, part by the main sea, and part by "Hudson's river; and hath upon the west, Delaware Bay, or river; and " extendeth southward to the main ocean, as far as Cape May, at the mouth of " Delaware Bay; and to the northward as far as the northernmost branch of "the said bay, or river Delaware, which is in 41° 40' of latitude; and " crosses over, thence, in a straight line, to Hudson's river, in 41 degrees of " latitude ; which said tract of land is hereafter to be called Nova Ccesaria, " or New Jersey." The name was given in compliment to Carteret, who had defended the island of Jersey against the long Parliament, in the civil war. But the powers of government, which had been expressly granted to the Duke, were not in terms conveyed, though it would seem, that both parties deemed them to have passed by the grant. IV. The first care of the proprietaries was to invite inhabitants to their province; and their exertions for this purpose, though pursued with more eagerness than perseverance, were marked by political sagacity, and held forth those assurances of civil and religious rights which had proven so at- tractive in New England. They prepared a constitution which they pub- lished under the title of " The concessions and agreement of the Lords Pro- prietors of New Jersey, to and with all and every of the adventurers, and all such as shall settle and plant there.":]: We deem it our duty to give much in detail, the provisions of this instrument; since from it, have sprung, many of the existing institutions of the state. It provided; 1. That the governor of the province should have power, when occasion required, to appoint a substitute, and to nominate a council, in number, not less than six, nor moi-e than twelve, by whose advice he should govern : — 2. Tliat the ]iro[)rietaries or governor should nominate a secretary or register, to record all public afFaii's, and all grants or leases for more than one year, of land, from the |m)prietor, or from man to man; the execution of which, should be acknowledged before the governor or a judge; and giving to such recorded grants, preference to other conveyances: — 3. That * The name of this individual was Scot. Whether it was he, or another with the same name, who afterwards published an account of East New Jersey, we are uncer- tain. Colonel Nichols acquits Berkeley and Carteret of a design to defraud the Duke. But Carteret did not always enjoy an unspotted reputation, in 1H(3!) he was expelled the House of Commons for rojifused accounts as chamberlain. — Grahamc s Col. Hist. Smith's jYriP Jersey. t Clarendon. i The date of this instrument, as given in Scot's model of the province of East New Jersey, in Smith's History of New Jersey, and in Learning and Spicer's Collec- tion of State Papers, is lOth February, lGti4. This date precedes not only that of the grant to Berkeley and Carteret, but, also, that of the grant to the Duke of York. The date is, therefore, erroneous, unless we suppose the instrument was prepared before the charter from the king HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 25 a surveyor-general, appointed in the same manner as the secretary, should survey the lands granted by the proprietary, and those of individuals when requested ; certifying the same for record, to the register : — 4. That all officers should swear (and record their oaths) to bear allegiance to the King, to be faithful to the proprietaries, and duly to discharge their respective trusts," persons subscribing a declaration to like effect without oath, being subject to the same punishment, as if they had sworn and broken their oaths : — 5. That all subjects of the King of England, swearing allegiance to the King and faithfulness to the Lords, might become freemen of the pro- vince:— 6. That no person so qualified, should, at any time, be in any way molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any difference in opinion or practice, in matters of religious concernment, who do not actually disturb the civil peace of the said province ; but that all persons may freely and fully have and enjoy his and their judgments and consciences in matters of religion, they behaving themselves peaceably and quietly, and not using this liberty to licentiousness, nor to the civil injury or outward disturbance of others ; any law, statute, or clause contained, or to be contained, usage or custom of the realm of England, to the contrary thereof, in anywise not- withstanding:— 7. As a restraint upon the right of advowson, claimed by the proprietaries, under their grant, that the Assembly should have power to constitute and appoint such and so many ministers or preachers as they shall think fit, and to establish their maintenance, giving liberty beside, to any person or persons to keep and maintain what preachers or ministers they please. The concessions further provided — 8. That, the inhabitants being free- men, or chief agents to others, should immediately choose twelve repre- sentatives, to unite with the governor and council in making laws ; but, so soon as the proper territorial divisions should be made, that the inhabitants or freeholders thereof, respectively, should, annually, elect representatives who, with the governor and council, should form the General Assembly of the provmce; the governor or his deputy being present, unless he refused, when the Assembly might appoint a president. The Assembly was to have povver to meet and adjourn at pleasure, and to fix their quorum at not less than one- third of their number : to enact all necessary laws, as near as may be, con- veniently agreeable to the laws and customs of England, and not against the interest of the Lords Proprietors, nor against these concessions, and particularly, not repugnant to the article for liberty of conscience ; such laws to be in force for one year, unless contradicted by the Lords Proprie- tors ; within which time to be presented to them for raiification, and being confirmed, to remain in force until expired by their own limitation, or be repealed: to constitute courts, and all that shall pertain to them: to levy taxes on goods or lands, except such of the latter as were unsettled, belong- ing to the Lords Proprietors : to erect manors, with their courts and jiu-is- dictions, and to divide the province into such districts as they migJit think proper: to create ports, and harbours; build castles, incorporate cities, towns, and boroughs; create a military force; naturalize foreigners; and prescribe the quantity of land to be allotted, from time to time, to every head, free or servant, within the proportions granted by the " concessions :" to provide for the maintenance and support of the governor, the necessary charges of government, and the collection of the Lords' rents ; and lastly, to enact all such other laws, as may be necessary for the prosperity and settlement of the province, conforming to the limitations expressed in the " concessions." The governor and council were empowered — 9. To see that all courts and officers performed their duties, and to punish infraction of the laws : D 26 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. to nominate and commission tlic judges and other officers, according to the constitution of the General Assembly, appointing none but freeholders, ex- cept by assent of Assembly, and their commissions to revoke at pleasure : to have charge of ail places of defence, and direction and officering of the military force, appointing none but freeholders without assent of the Assem- bly: to reprieve criminals until the pleasure of the Lords, who reserved the power to pardon, was known : to issue writs for supplying vacancies in the Assembly ; and to grant warrants for land. They were required, not to im- pose, nor suffer to be imposed, any tax upon the province or inhabitants, other than that imposed by the General Assembly : to take care, that lands quietly held, seven years after survey by the surveyor-general, should not be subject to review by the proprietaries, or their agents. And that the planting of the province might be the more speedily promoted, it was further provided — 10. That, there should be granted to all persons who had already adventured, or should transport themselves or servants, before the 1st Jan. 1665, lands in the following proportions, viz. to every freeman, going with the first governor, armed with musket, ten pounds of powder and twenty pounds of bullets, with bandeliers and matches conve- nient, and with six months' provision, for his own person, arrivmg there, one hundred and fifty acres ; and like quantity, for every able bodied ser- vant, so armed, whether taken by the master, or sent thither, by him ; and for every weaker servant, or slave, male or female, exceeding fourteen years, which any one should send or carry, arriving there, seventy-five acres ; and to every Christian servant, exceeding such age, seventy-five acres, for his own use: to the master or mistress going before 1st Januaiy, 1665, one hundred and twenty acres, and like quantity for an able bodied male servant, taken with, or by, them; and for other servants or slaves, as above, sixty acres, with sixty acres for the servant's own use, when able, and forty-five acres when of the weaker class. Where the party emigrating arrived, from January 1666 to January 1667, armed and provided as afore- said, he became entitled, for self and able servant, to sixty acres of land for each, and such servant to like quantity, and weaker servants or slaves, thirty acres each. All lands were to be taken up by warrant, from the governor, and confirmed, after siu'vey, by the governor and council, under a seal to be provided for that purpose. All lands were to be divided by general lot, none less than two thousand one hundred, nor more than twenty-one thousand, acres, except cities, towns, &c., and the near lots of townships; and of such lots, towns, &c., one seventh, was reserved, by lot, for the proprietaries. Convenient portions of land were to be given, for highways and streets, not exceeding one hundred feet in breadth, in cities, towns and villages; for churches, forts, wharves, keys and harbours, and for |)ublic houses; and to each parish for the use of their minister, two hundred acres, in such place as the General Assembly might appoint. A penny, or half penny, per acre, according to the quality of the land, was reserved to the proprietaries, an- nually, as quit rent. V. Such was the first constitution of New Jersey, almost as democratic as the one she enjoys; and certainly a greater safeguard of her liberti(>s, since this was, truly, a constitution, an unalterable paramount law, prescribing and regulating tlx; duties and powers, of the agents of the government, whether legislative, executive, or judicial; whilst all the provisions of the instiiunent of 1776, save three, an; placed at the will of the legislature. What more was necessary, save the perpetuity of the laws, to assure to the people, all the blessings of political imion? No laws were in force, save for one year, without the assent of the Lords Proprietors. But, laws which did not in- fringe their interests, would, commonly, i-eceivc their assent; and when it HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 27 was refused, at the worst, the Assembly was compelled to re-enact such laws, annually. It was, indeed, a singular competition, which these pro- prietary governments produced, in which despotic sovereigns, and specula- tive legislators, were compelled, by interest, to vie with each other, in the production of models of liberty, and in offering to their subjects, the most effectual securities against arbitrary government. The competition was, the noble, though compulsory sacrifice to the great and divine principle, that man, in the aggregate, is competent to promote his own happiness. VI. Upon the conquest of New Netherlands, Col. Nicholls assumed the administration of the whole territory, as governor for the Duke ol" York. While yet unacquainted with the grant to Berkeley and Carteret, he formed the design of colonizing the district which they had acquired ; and for this purpose, granted licenses to various persons, to make purchases of lands from the aboriginal inhabitants; a measure, however wise in its conception, fraught, ultimately, with perplexing consequences to the Duke's grantees, by the creation of a pretence for an adverse title. Three small tow nships were speedily formed, in the eastern part of the territory, by emigrants, chiefly, from Long Island, who laid the foundation of Elizabethtown, Wood- bridge, and Piscataway; and Nicholls, who entertained a very favourable opinion of this region, bestowed on it the name of Albania, in commemora- tion of one of the titles of his master.* It is uncertain, whether Middletown and Shrewsbury had not been previously settled by Dutch and English. About this time, however, many respectable farmers, comprising almost all the inhabitants from the west end of Long Island, removed to the neighbour- hood of Middletown ; and to Shrewsbury, there came many families from New England. t * Smith's N. .1. Grahame's Col. Hist. t The petitioners for the EHzabcthtown tract, 26th Sept..l6G4, were John Bailey, Daniel Denton, Thomas Benydick, Natlianiel Denton, John Foster, and Luke Watson. The parties to the deed, from the Indians, dated 2Sth Oct. 1GG4, are Muttano, Mana- warne, and Conascomon, of Staten Island, and John Bailey, Daniel Denton, and Luke Watson: — the tract conveyed, is described, as " one parcel of land, bounded on the south, by a river, comnionlj' called the Raritan, and on the east, by the river which parts Staten Island and the main, and to run northward up Arthur Cull Bay, till we come to the first river, which sets westward out of the river aforesaid; and to run westward, into the country, twice the lenjrth that it is broad, from the north to the south, of the aforementioned bounds." The consideration given for this liroad tract, was twenty fathom of trading cloth, two made coats, two guns, two kettles, ten bars of lead, twenty handfuls of powder, and four hundred fathoms of white, or two hun- dred of black, wampum, payable in one year from the day of entry, by the grantees, upon the lands. The whole valued at thirty-six pounds and fourteen shillings sterling. One of the grantors attests the conveyance, perhaps the first Indian grant made with technical form, by a mark opposite to his name. This, subsequently, became the common mode of signature ; and the illiterate sons of the American forest, like the unlettered noble of the European feudal states, adopted as a sign manual, occasionally, the picture of a bird, or oihcr object, that captivated his fancy. Mattano was the only grantor who signed, and his mark was v^w^^-^- or waved line; and, unfortu- nately for his business character, he had executed a deed, for the same lands, to Au- gustus Herman, already mentioned. The grant, however, is duly confirmed, probably, in entire ignorance of preceding events, by governor Nicholls. t The wampum was the currerit money of the Indian tribes, the precious material of which their orna- ments were made, and the sacred sanction of their contracts, public and private. The name is derived from an Indian word, meaning m?/sc/c. It was called by tlie Dutch, seicant. It was worked from shells into the form of beads, and perforated, to string on leather. Six beads were formerly valued at a stiver, twenty stivers made a guilder, 6d. currency, or 4d. sterling. The white was fabricated from the inside of the great conchs, the black or purple, from the clam or muscle shell. Several strings, increased in number with the importance of the occasion, formed the belt of wampum. Before ^ See Elizabethtown Bill in Chanceiy. 28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. But the hope, which Nicholls had conceived, of rendering the district a valuable appendage of the Duke's possessions, was destroyed by intelligence of the grant to its new proprietaries. He remonstrated, with his master, on the impolicy of thus multiplying statistical divisions, and disjointing, from his own province, a portion distinguished for the fertility of its soil, the com- modiousness of its rivers, and the richness of its minerals : and while he urged the Duke, to revoke a grant, so prejudicial to his interests, he pre- dicted, truly, that the attempt of his grantees, to colonize the vacant terri- tory, would disnpi)oint their expectations of profit, and involve them in expenses, of which their remote posterity, only, could hope to gather the fruits.* VII. Whatever effect this remonstrance may have had upon the Duke, it was too late to revoke the grant; and Nicholls \\as compelled to surrender the government of New Jersey, to Pliilip Carteret, who arrived with a com- pany of thirty settlers, from England, and established themselves at Eliza- bethtown,"t" regarded as the capital of the infant province. At this period, however, there were only four houses here, and the name was given by him in honour of Lady Elizabeth Cartcret.ij: Soon after his arrival, he despatch- ed emissaries to New England, and other adjacent colonies, to make known the proprietaries' " concessions," and to invite settlers ; whose efforts were attended with extraordinary success. Among those who came on this in- vitation, were the founders of Newark, who, in consequence of the inability of the governor, to pay the consideration required by the Indians, took, by his license, an Indian title, which was afterwards vexatiously set up against that of the proprietaries. It was the liappy pecidiarity in the lot of these colonists, that establishing themselves in the vicinity of countries already cultivated, they escaped the disasters and privations which had afflicted so severely, the first inhabitants of most of the other provinces. Their neighbourhood to the commerce of New York was considered highly advantageous during the infancy of their settlement ; though, in process of time, it was less favourably regarded, as preventing the rise of a domestic mart, which might give more effectual encouragement to their trade. Like the other colonists of North America, they enjoyed the advantage of transporting the arts, and habits of industry, from an old country, where they had been carried to high perfection, into a new land, which afforded them more liberal encouragement, and more unre- stricted scope. Their exertions for raising cattle and grain were speedily and amply rewarded, by a grateful soil ; and their friendly relations with the Indians enabled them to prosecute their labours, in undisturbed tranquil- lity, and to add to them a beneficial traffic, in peltry, with the roving tribes, by which the adjacent forests were inhabited. Their connexion with New York, also, gave them the advantage of the alliance, which subsisted between that colony, and the powerful conlcderacy of the Five Nations, whose influ- ence extending to all the tribes of the new settlement, procured its inhabi- tants entire exemption from Indian war. Recommended by the saluljrity of the climate, as by its many other advantages, it is not surprising that New Jersey was soon celebrated by the early writers, with higher commendations tlie advent of tho Euro])cans, the Indians made tlicir strings and belts, of small pieces of wood, staiiK'd lilacii or wliite. For want of proper tools, i\:'\v were made of shells, though hiiflily valued. But the Europeans soon manufaetured them of the latter ma- terial, neatly and ahuiidantly. The value of this Indian money, was raised by pro- clamation, in 1(J7".{, froiu the crovernor and council of New York, commanding' that, "instead of eight white and four black, six white and three black, should pass for a stiver, and three times so much, the value in silver. — JS'cw York Records. * Grahame's Col. Hist. t August, 1665. { Elizabethtown Bill. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 29 than any other of the colonies. The proprietaries, stimulated by the hope of a rich revenue, industriously proclaimed its advantages in Europe and Ame- rica, and, from time to time, despatched from England, vessels freighted with settlers, and stores, to reinforce the numbers,^and supply the wants of their people. • VIII. But the period to which they had looked, for the fruition of their hopes, demonstrated their fallacy ; and the peace of the province was un- happily interrupted by the arrival of the day fixed for the payment of the proprietary quit rents. The first demand of this tribute excited universal disgust among the colonists, who expressed greater unwillingness, than in- ability, to comply with it. A party among them, including the k\v settlers who had seated themselves under the authority of Colonel NichoUs, refused to acknowledge the title of the proprietaries, and in opposition to it, set up the Indian title, which we have already noticed, and also, the right of government within the tract, thus conveyed to them. And the better to sup- port this pretence, they prevailed on James Carteret, a weak and dissolute natural son of Sir George, to assume the government, as by their election, and under an alleged proprietary title, which, he asserted, he was not obliged to show.* For two years, the governor, Philip Carteret, maintained an in- effectual struggle, to enforce the claims of his employers ; until, at length, the popular discontent broke forth into insurrection — his officers were im- prisoned, their estates confiscated — and he was compelled to fly from the province, and to seek redress in England, leaving John Berry, as deputy Governor, and James BoUen, Secretary of the Province.f His return, with strengthened authority, was retarded by the unexpected events of the follow- ing year, when New York, being reconquered by Holland, New Jersey was again united to the province of New Netherlands. IX. The second war with Holland, most wantonly and unjustly provoked by the dissolute Charles, in subserviency to the ambition of Louis XIV., was declared, March 17th, 1672. A small squadron despatched from Holland, under the command of Binkes and Evertzen, to destroy the commerce of the English colonies, having performed that service, with great effect on the Virginia coast, was induced to attempt a more important enterprise, by in- teUigence of the negligent security of the Governor of New York. The Dutch had the good fortune to arrive before this, their ancient seat, while Lovelace, the Governor, was absent, and the command was exercised by Captain Manning, who, by his own subsequent avowal, and the more credible testimony of his conduct, was a traitor and a coward. Now was reversed the scene, which had been presented on the invasion by NichoUs. The English inhabitants prepared to defend themselves, and offered their assist- ance to Manning ; but he obstructed their preparations, rejected their aid, and on the first intelligence of the enemy's approach, struck his flag, even before their vessels were in sight. As the fleet advanced, the garrison de- monstrated their readiness to fight, but in a transport of fear, he forbade a gun to be fired, under pain of death, and surrendered the place, uncondition- ally, to the invaders. After this extraordinary and unaccountable conduct, Manning had the impudence to repair to England, whence, he returned, in the following year, after the province had been given up, by the Dutch. He was tried, by a coin-t martial, on a charge of treachery and cowardice, ex- pressed in the most revolting terms; which, confessing to be true, he re- ceived a sentence almost as extraordinary as his conduct; — " that, though he deserved death, yet, because he had, since the surrender, been in England, and seen the King and the Duke, it was adjudged that his sword should be * 1070. t 1672. .30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. broken over his head, in pubHc, before the city hall ; and himself rendered incapable of wearing a sword, and of serving his majesty for the future, in any public trust."* The old maxim, that, grace was dispensed by the mere look of a king, was respected on tliis occasion. The Dutch commanders, in their triumph, imitatei^tRc moderation and prudence of Nicholls; and assur- ing the citizens of their rights and possessions, gratified the Dutch colonists, and left the English cause of complaint, only against their pusillanimous commander. Like moderation being tendered to the other districts of the province, on condition of sending deputies, to swear allegiance to the States-General, induced the whole to submit.f The Dutch dominion was restored more suddenly than it had been overthrown, and the name of New Netherlands was once more revived — but was not destined to long endurance. Great consternation prevailed in the adjoining English colonies. The government of Connecticut, with apparent simjilicity, that ludicrously con- trasts with the ordinary astutia o(" her people, sent a deputation to the Dutch admirals, to remonstrate against their usurpation of dominion, over the terri- tory of England, and the property of her subjects; to desire them to explain the meaning of their conduct, and their further intentions, and to warn them, that the united colonies of New England, entrusted with the defence of their sovereign dominions, in America, would be faithful to their trust. The Dutch commanders, as they well might, expressed surprise at the terms of this message, but declared, that commissioned by their country, to assail her enemies, whilst they applauded the fidelity of the English, to their sovereign, they would imitate the good example, and endeavour to prove equally faith- ful to the States-General. Active preparations for war, were, forthwith, made by Connecticut, and the confederate colonies; but, as each party stood on the defensive, only a few insignificant skirmishes took place, before winter suspended military operations. Early in the following spring, the controversy was terminated, without further bloodshed, bv the treaty of peace, concluded at London, and the restoi'ation of New York, to the English.:}: X. Doubts had been raised, as to the validity of the Duke of York's title, because granted whilst the Dutch were in full and peaceful possession of the country ; and which, though originally good, seemed to have been impaired by the subsequent conquest. The Duke deemed it prudent to remedy this defect, and to signalize the resumption of his proprietary functions, by a new patent. Another cause, however, may have contributed to this measure. — He probably, supposed, that it would afi'nrd him an opportunity of dispensing with his grant, to Berkeley and Carteret. It was pretended, that the Dutch conquest, had extinguished the j)roprietary rights, and that the country had been acquired, ople from Scotland; and that, if satisfactory, they would propose to the New Jersey Assembly, to impose the same taxes there, that were paid by the people of New York. They entreated, that il" any change should be made in the condition of the * On the death of Charles IT, nth February, 1Ca5. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 53 provinces, it might be, by the union of East and West Jersey, to be ruled by a governor, selected by the King from the proprietaries. But James was inexorable, and gave to their remonstrances no other answer, than that he had resolved to unite the Jerseys, New York, and the New England colo- nies, in one government, dependent upon the crown, and to be administered by Andross. Unable to divert him from his arbitrary purpose, the proprie- taries of East Jersey, not only abandoned the contest, for the privileges of their people, but consented to facilitate the execution of the King's designs, as the price of respect, for their interest in the soil. They made a formal surrender of their patent, which being accepted by the King, the proceed- ings on the quo warranto were stayed, with regard both to East and West Jersey.* Seeing no resistance to his will, the King was less intent on con- summating his acquisition ;' and while the grant of the soil to the proprieta- ries, which was necessary for this purpose, still remained unexecuted, the completion of the design was abruptly intercepted by the British revo- lution. IV. Upon the departure of Lord Neil Campbell, from Jersey, after a few months residence only,f Andrew Hamilton, Esq., a respectable Scotch gen- tleman, became Deputy Governor; which office he continued to exercise, until June, 1689, when, by his return to Europe, it was vacated, and so re- mained, until his second arrival, in August, 1692. During this interval, there appears to have been no regular government in New Jersey. The peace of the country was preserved, and the prosperity of its inhabitants promoted, by their honesty, sobriety, and industry. In the mean time, Robert Barclay died ; X having retained the government in chief, during his life. At his death, this power reverted to the proprietaries; who having, by sales and subdivisions of their rights, become too numerous, readily to ex- press their will, some delay occurred in filling the vacancy. In March, 1692, Andrew Hamilton, received the commission of Governor-in-chief; which, the proprietaries were, nevertheless, compelled, very reluctantly, to revoke in March, 1697, in consequence of a late act of parliament, disabling all Scotchmen, from serving in places of public trust and profit, and obliging all colonial proprietors to present their respective governors to the King, for his approbation. In his place, they appointed Jeremiah Basse, M'ho arrived in the province, in May, 1698 ; but, who, though instructed by the ministers of the King, had not the royal approbation in the form prescribed, nor it seems, the voice of a majority of the proprietaries. These circum- stances, added to the hostility borne to the proprietary government, by such of the settlers, as held their lands by adverse title, occasioned disobedience to his authority ; to enforce which, he imprisoned some of the most turbulent malcontents. This energetic measure served but to increase the public dis- satisfaction; to allay which, Colonel Hamilton was reappointed, notwithstand- ing the statute, which was now construed, not to extend to the pi'ovinces, and without the royal sanction. A new pretence for disobedience Avas thus afforded, which was immediately seized; and a petition and remon- strance was sent, by the disaffected, to the King, complaining of their griev- ances, and praying redress. This document betrayed the source of these commotions to be the claims of the proprietors to the exclusive possession of the soil under the Duke of York's grants, their demand of quit-rents, and repudiation of the title alleged to have been derived from Indian grants and the approbation of Colonel Nicholls. The petitioners close their remon- ** April, 1688. Smith, App. 558, &c. Grahame's Col. Hist. M From 10th Oct. 1686, to March, 1687. MSS. Records, Secretary's Office, Amboy. Smith's Hist. App. 558. t 3d October, 1690. 54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. strance, with a prayer, that if the rights of government be in the proprieta- ries, his Majesty would compel them to commission for governor, some one qualified by law, who, as an indifferent judge, might decide the controver- sies, between the proprietaries and the inhabitants.* V. To these causes of uneasiness, another was at this period superadded, af- fecting alike, the proprietaries and the people, in the renewed assumption by New York, of supremacy over New Jersey, manifested in an attempt to levy taxes by law upon that province. This effort, though encouraged by King William, was as unsuccessful as those which had preceded it. The Crown lawyers, to whom the complaint of the Jersey proprietors was referred, re- ported, that no customs could be imposed on the Jerseys, otherwise, than by Act of Parliament, or their own assemblies. f VI. At length, the proprietaries of East and West Jersey, embarrassed by their own numbers, and by the searching and critical spirit of their people, finding that their seignoral functions tended only to disturb the peace of their territories, and to obstruct their own emoluments from the soil, hearkened to an overture from the English ministers, for the surrender of their gubernatorial power to the Crown. They were further induced to this measure, by the de- sire to avoid a tedious and expensive lawsuit, with which they were threatened: the Lords of Trade having resolved to controvert their rights of Government by a trial at law, in which they would probably have taken the broad ground, that the King was not competent to subdivide and alienate the sovereign power. The determination of the Lords on this head had prevented the con- firmation of the appointment of Col. Hamilton to the office of Governor of East and West Jersey, respectively, and such was the confusion in the pro- vinces, consequent upon this rejection, that many of the proprietaries, whilst professing their readiness to surrender the government upon such terms and conditions as were requisite for the preservation of their properties and civil interests, earnestly prayed that Col. Hamilton might be appi'oved, until the surrender could be effected.:!^ But, whilst they seemed to make this approba- tion almost a condition of their surrender, other proprietaries refused to join in the petition to that effect, though expressing their readiness to yield the government. Under these circumstances, the Lords of Trade, upon consi- deration, that, the disorders into which the province had fallen were so great, that, the public peace and administration of justice was interrupted and violated, and that no due provision could be made for the public defence, recommend- ed that his Majesty should appoint a Governor by his immediate commission, with such instructions as might be necessary, for the establishment of a regular constitution of government, by a Governor, Council, and General Assembly, and other officers; for securing to the proprietors and inhabit- ants, their properties, and civil rights; and for preventing the interference of the Colony with the interests of his Majesty's other plantations, as the pro- prietary governments in America had generally done. VII. The proprietaries were desirous to annex special conditions to their surrender, which they inserted in several memorials. It was finally, however, made, absolutely and unrestricted, by all parties interested in both provinces, before the privy council, on the 17th of April, 1702; and Queen Anne pro- ceeded forthwith to reunite East and West Jersey into one province, and to commit its government, as well as that of New York, to her kinsman Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, grandson of the chancellor, Earl ol' Clarendon. The commission and instructions which tliis nobleman received, formed the con- * Smith's Hist. App. nfiO. t Grahame's Col. Hist. vol. ii. p. 361. t Smith's N. J. App. N... 12,13.14. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 55 stitution and government of the province, until its declaration of independence. The confidence of the proprietaries in the crown, exemplified by the uncon- ditional surrender, was not misplaced. The greater part of the provisions they were desirous to obtain, were inserted in the instructions, which were sub- mitted to, and approved by, them, before confirmation in council. Indeed, so much regard was paid to their wishes, that they might have nominated the first governor, could they have united on any individual. All the measures preparatory to the surrender, had been completed prior to the death of King William,* but were not perfected until nearly a year after that monarch's death, by his successor Anne. The new government was composed of the governor, and twelve coun- sellors, nominated by the crown, and an Assembly, of twenty-four mem- bers, to be elected by the people, for an indefinite term, whose sessions were to be holden, alternately, at Perth Amboy, and Burlington.t Five, or in case of necessity, three members of council made a quoriun ; and they pos- sessed the right to debate and vote on all subjects of public concern brought be- fore them. Their number was neither to be augmented nor diminished, nor any member to be suspended, without sufficient cause, when report was to be made to the commissioners of trade and plantations. The Assembly was constituted of two members from Amboy, two from Burlington, two from Salem, and two from each of the nine counties, into which the whole province was then di- vided.:}: No person was eligible to the Assembly, who did not possess a free- hold in one thousand acres of land, within the division for which he was chosen, or personal estate to the value of five hundred pounds sterling ; and the qualification of an elector was a freehold estate in one hundred acres of land, or personal estate to the value of fifty pounds sterling. The house was to be convened by the governor from time to time, as occasion might require, and to be prorogued, or dissolved at his pleasure. The laws enacted by the council and Assembly were subject to the negative of the governor; and when passed by him, were to be immediately transmitted to England, for confirma- tion or disallowance by the crown. The governor was empowered to suspend members of council from their functions, and to fill vacancies occurring by death; and with consent of this body, to constitute courts of law, but not other than those established, except by royal order; to appoint all civil and military officers, and to employ the forces of the province in hostilities against public enemies : He was commanded to communicate to the Assembly, the royal desire, that, they would provide means, for a competent salary to the governor, to themselves, to the members of councils, and for defraying all other pro- vincial expenses: He was empowered, with advice and consent of council, to regulate salaries and fees of officers, and such as were payable on emer- gencies : He was directed to have especial care, that God Almighty be de- voutly and duly served, the book of common-prayer, as by law established, read each Sunday and holiday, and the sacrament administered, according to the rights of the church of England ; that churches already built, should be well and orderly kept; that more should be built, as the colony improved, and that beside, a competent maintenance to be assigned to the minister of each orthodox church, a convenient house should be built at the common charge, for each minister, and a competent propoi'tion of land, granted him for a glebe, and exercise of his industry; and that the parishes be so limited, as should be most convenient for the accomplishment of this good work : He was to jier- mit liberty of conscience to all persons (except papists), so they be contented * March 8, 1701. t Sec note N. t Bergep, Esaex, Somerset, Middlesex, Monmouth, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, Cape May. 56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with a quiet and peaceable enjoyment thereof, not giving offence or scandal to the government : and he was vested with the right of presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices. If, on the death or absence of the governor, there were no lieutenant go- vernor commissioned, the eldest counsellor, nominated by the crown, exer- cised his powers. Quakers were declared to be eligible to every office, and their affirmation accepted in lieu of oaths. Due encouragement was directed to be given to merchants, and, particu- larly, to the Royal African Company, in England, lately established for pro- secuting the accursed slave trade, and special care to be taken that they were duly paid for the negroes they should import and vend in the province. Laws were also to be enacted, protecting the slave against inhuman severity, promoting his conversion to Christianity, and punishing his wilful murder, by death. From the courts of the province, where the value in controversy exceeded one hundred pounds, an appeal lay to the governor in council, excluding such members as might have, previously, sat upon the cause; and where the value exceeded two hundred pounds, the cause might be carried before the privy council in England. And, Predicating, that gi'eat inconveniences might arise by the liberty of print- ing in the. province; no printing press was permitted, nor any book or other matter allowed to be printed, without the license of the governor. The former proprietaries were confirmed in their rights to the soil and quit-rents, as they had enjoyed them before the surrender, with power to appoint their surveyors, and the exclusive right to purchase lands from the Indians. The constitution thus framed, gave to New Jersey, a polity similar to that of other royal governments in America ; but it fell far short of the unconti-oUed political freedom enjoyed under the proprietary concessions. The great and essential principle of political happiness, the popular will, was deprived of its energy, and circumscribed in its action, by the subjugation of the Assembly, in the times of its convention and duration of its sessions, to the pleasure of the governor; and by the double veto of him and the crown upon the laws. The means were thus created, not only of marring the most beneficial measures, when conflicting with the partial interests of the prince or his deputy ; but when such measures were indifferent to them, of selling their approbation for selfish considerations. When these consequences of the surrender were felt, and they were not long delayed, the proprietaries and people contended by an ingenious, but alas ! by a fallacious reasoning, that, they had reserved, and by tlie nature of things were entitled to, the ]irivi- leges of their first and palmy state. Among these privileges, they enume- rated, absolute religious freedom ; exemption from every species of imposi- tion, not levied by their Assemblies; the establishment of the judiciary by the governor, council, and Assembly ; exemption from military duty of those conscientiously scrupulous against bearing arms ; the solemnization of mar- riage, as of other contracts, in presence of disinterested witnesses merely ; the determination of all causes, civil and criminal, by jury, and in criminal cases, the right of peremptory challenge, to the number of thirty-five; and the right of the Assembly alone, to enact laws, provided, they were agreea- ble to the fundamental laws of England, and not repugnant to the conces- sions. Some of these claims were so entirely inooni|)atiblo with the right of government, as understood by the crown, that we cannot be surprised that they were disregarded. VIII. The attractions which the neighbouring province of Pennsylvania, HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 57 presented to the English Quakers, and the cessation, which the British revo- lution produced, of the severities that had driven so many Protestant dis- senters from both England and Scotland, undoubtedly, prevented the popula- tion of New Jersey from advancing with the rapidity which its increase, at one period, seemed to promise. Yet, at the close of the seventeenth century, the province is said to have contained twenty thousand inhabitants, of whom, twelve thousand belonged to East, and eight thousand to West, Jersey.* It is more probable, however, that the total population did not exceed fifteen thousand; the great bulk of whom, were Quakers, Presbyterians, and Ana- baptists. There were two Church of England ministers in the province, but their followers were not sufficiently numerous and wealthy to provide them with churches. The militia, at this period, amounted to fourteen hundred men. This province, like several others of the continental colonies, witnessed a long subsistence of varieties of national character among its inhabitants. Patriotic attachment and mutual convenience, had, generally, induced the emigrants, from different countries, to settle in distinct bodies, whence their peculiar national manners and customs were preserved. The Swedes appear to have been less tenacious of these, than the Dutch, and to have copied, very early, the manners of the English. The distinction arising too, from the separation of the province into governments and two proprietaryships, was long continued, and is now scarce wholly obliterated. Yet, the inhabi- tants of the eastern and western territories, were strongly assimilated by the habits of industry and frugality, common to the Dutch, the Scotch, the emi- grants from New England, and the Quakers ; and the prevalence of these habits, doubtlessly, contributed to maintain tranquillity and harmony among the several races, which were alike distinguished by the steadiness and ardour of their attachment to those liberal principles which had been incor- porated with the foundations of political society in the province. Negro slavery was, unhappily, established in New Jersey, though, at what precise period, or by what class of plantei-s it was introduced, cannot now be ascer- tained. In spite of the royal patronage which this baneful system received, it did not become inextricably rooted. Yet the Quakers, here, as in Penn- sylvania, became propi-ietors of slaves ; but they always treated them with humanity; and so early as the year 1696, the Quakers of New Jersey, united with their brethren, in Pennsylvania, in recommending to their own sect, to desist from the employment, or at least from the further importation of slaves. f The trade of the province was even at this time considerable. Its exports consisted of agricultural produce, among which, mistakenly, we think, rice has been enumerated, with which it supplied the West Indian islands; furs, skins, and a little tobacco, for the English market; and oil, fish, and other provisions, which were sent to Spain, Portugal, and the Canary islands. :j: Burlington, at this time, gave promise of becoming a place of considerable trade; and the comfort and neatness of its buildings, are commended by several writers of this era.§ It possessed a thriving manufactory of linen and woollen cloth, which was soon smothered by the jealous policy of the mother country. In 1695, the governor's salary, in East Jersey, was one hundred and fifty pounds; in West Jersey, two hundred pounds; and those of other officers, at proportionate moderate rates. * Grahame's Col. Hist vol. ii. 3(1(3. Holmes' Ann. vol. ii. p. 45, &c. t Kalm's Travels, vol. i. and ii. Winterbotham, ii. 279. Warden, vol. ii. 38. Clarkson's History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, vol. i. 131, 136. t Gab. Thomas' Hist, of West N. J. 13, 33. Oldmixon, i. 141. Blome celebrated the excellence of the New Jersei' tobacco. § Thomas. Blome, who wrote in 1(386. H 58 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. IX. Having thus brought our history to the termination of the proprietary governments, it may be proper, before we proceed to a narration of events, under the royal administration, to consider the condition of the aborigines, the manner in which their interest in the soil was extinguished, and the prin- ciples adopted by the proprietaries, in disposal of their acquisitions. The strong are every where masters of the weak. In all ages, and with all people, the power to subdue has been accompanied with the pretension of right. The European, eminently endowed with this power, mentally and physically, over the untutored savage of America, unhesitatingly, appropri- ated to himself, all that the latter possessed, comprehending his labour and his life. From the first landing of Columbus, at Guannahane, or San Salva- dor, to the present era, the right by discovery has been the right of conquest. The ambition of princes, stimulated by the most sordid motives, was dignified by the appi'oval of grave and politic counsellors, and sanctified by the fathers of the church, who in the plenitude of spiritual arrogance assumed, to dispose of all countries : — of those inhabited by Christians, because the inhabitants, as members of the church, were subjects of the supreme Pontiff' — of other coun- tries, because the church would be advanced by the estates and services of infidels. So long as colonization was prompted by state policy, and was effected by the sword, the rights of the original possessors of the soil, what- ever they may have been, were wholly disregarded. The most sacred, most venerated spots, endeared to their inhabitants by the long occupancy of them- selves and their ancestors, were seized with the same ruthless indifference, as the untrodden wild; and the fruits of cultivation, with the same license, as the spontaneous productions of nature. All the principles of property, growing out of occupancy and manipulation, which society in its simplest form must recocrnise, were utterly prostrated, in the subjugation of the newly discovered countries of the West. When, however, these countries were sought, not with the view of increasing regal power, or of gratifying the insatiate long- ino-s of avarice, but as an asylum against princely misrule and clerical tyranny, that justice which the colonist would obtain tor himself, was in a measure, extended to the owner of the soil he would possess. The emigrant did not, perhaps could not, and ought not, divest himself of the idea of right, ac- quired by discovery of sparsely peopled land, to participate in the occupancy of an uncultivated soil, with the indigene, who exercised over it the slightest of all species of appropriation, that of^ occasional hunting upon it. But he re- cognised in this occupant also, a right impeding that full and separate property which his convenience required, and which his conscience forbade him to ex- tinguish without a colour of compensation. The; requisitions of conscience, however, in these cases, were easily appeased. In some instances, perhaps, their very existence may be attributed to the fears caused by the fierce, war- like, and indomitable character of the North American savage. The veriest trifles which could be imposed on the ignorance and vanity of the native were deemed adequate compensation for scores of miles of fertile lands ; and such contracts of sale, whose nature was not comprehended by the vendors, were enforcf'd by the vendees with as much donfidence in the legality and equity of their title, as if a court of chancery had passed upon the adequacy of the consideration. It has Ikh'u erroneously supposed, that, the first instance of purchase from the aborigines of America, was given by William Penn ; and modern histori- rians and essayists, dnlighted to contrast the huninnily and justice of his con- duct with the violence and devastation of other European agents, have by the inflation of his deeds, obscured and almost hidden the scarce inferior merit of others. The Dutch, Sw(>des, and Fins on the Delaware, the English in Massachusetts, in New York, and New Jersey, had given examples of this HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 59 just and prudent policy, which Penn gladly followed, but which he dared not reject. He has the merit of conforming to this established practice, with a kindness of spirit and humane consideration, which have made an indelible impression on the Indian race. "Compared with tlie value of the lands acquired, the sums paid for them were generally inconsiderable ; and consisted, but too frequently, of articles of destructive luxury, serving to debase and destroy those who received them. This consideration, small and personal and perishable in its nature, was soon consumed ; leaving the vendor, only, vain regrets, which frequently hurried him into imprudent and unjustifiable hostilities. Had it been practicable in the early period of the intercourse between the whites and Indians of North America, to have adopted the annuity system, which has been, in part, pursued by the United States, the Indian race might, possibly, have been improved, en- lightened, and preserved. The Indians inhabiting the country between the great lakes and the Roanoke, belonged, it would seem, either to the Leniii Lcnape, or the Meng- we nations. The former, known among their derivative tribes, also, by the name of the Wapanachki, corrupted by the Europeans into Opennald, Ope- nagi, Abenaquis and Apenakies, and among the whites by the name of Delawares, held their principal seats upon the Delaware river, and were ac- knowledged by near forty tribes as their " grandfathers," or parent stock. They relate, that many centuries ago, their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds: but emigrating eastwardly, they arrived after many years peregrina- tion, on the Namcesi Sipu (Mississippi), or river of fish, where they encoun- tered the Mengive, who had also come from a distant country, and had first approached the river, somewhat nearer its soui-ce. The spies of the Lcnape reported, that the country on the east of the river was inhabited by a power- ful nation, dwelling in large towns, erected upon their princijml rivers. This people wei'c tall and robust, some of them were said to be even of gigantic mould. They bore the name of Alligewi, from which has been derived, that of the Alleghany river and mountains. Their towns were de- fended by regular fortifications, vestiges of which are yet apparent, in greater or less preservation. The Lenape, requesting permission to establish them- selves in the vicinity, were refused; but obtained leave, to pass the river, in order to seek a habitation farther to the eastward. But, whilst crossing the stream, the Alligewi, alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed many who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like fate to the remain- der, should they attempt the passage. Fired by this treachery, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Mengwe, who had hilherto been spectators of their enterprise, to unite with them, for the conquest of the country. A war of great duration was thus commenced, which was prose- cuted with great loss on both sides, and eventuated in the expulsion of the Alligewi, who fled from their ancient seats, by way of the Mississippi, never to return. The devastated country was apportioned among the conquerors; the Mengwe choosing their residence, in the neighbourhood of the great lakes, and the Lenape in the lands of the south. After some years, during which, the conquerors lived together in much harmony, the hunters of the Lenape, crossed the Alleghany mountains, and discovered the great rivers, Susquehanna and Delaware. Exploring the Sheyichhi country (New Jersey) they reached the Hudson, to which they, subsequently, gave the name of the Mahicannittiick river. Upon their return to their nation, they described the country they had visited, as abound- ing in game, fruits, fish, and fowl, and destitute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the home destined for them, by the Great Spirit, the tribe esta- blished themselves upon the four great rivers, the Hudson, Delaware, Sus- 60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. quehanna, and Potomac, making the Delaware, to which they gave the name of the Lenape ivihittt/ck, (the rivor or stream of the Lenape) the centre of their possessions. They say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi, did not reach this country; and that a part remained west of the Namcesi Sipv. They were finally divided into three great bodies; the larger, one- half of the whole, settled on the Atlantic; the other half was separated into two parts ; the stronger continued beyond the Mississippi, the other remained on its eastern bank. Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes ; the Turtle or Unamis, the Turkey or Unalachtgo, and the Wolf or Minsi. The two former inhabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in small bodies, in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under chiefs subordi- nate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the English, Muncys, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the interior, forming a barrier between their nation and the Mengwe. They extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehanna on the south-west, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers on the north, and on the south to that range of hills now known, in New Jersey, by the name of the Musconetcong, and by that of Lehigh and Coghnewago, in Pennsyl- vania. Many subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names either from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with their canoes, in readiness to (ly should the Alligewi return. Having grown bolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves along the St. Law- rence, and became, on the north, near neighbours to the Lenape tribes. The Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies. The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing, pei'tina- ciously, an insidious and destructive policy towards their more generous neighbours. Dreading the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe resolved, by involving them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce their sti-ength. They commilted murders upon the members of one tribe, and induced the injured party to believe they were perpetrated by another. They stole into tlie country of the Delawares, surprised them in their hunting parties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the plunder. Each nation or tribe had a particular mark upon its war clubs, which, placed beside a murdered pei-son, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe perpe- trated a murder in the Chei'okee country, and left with the dead body, a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the Delawares turned upon them with the determination utterly to extirpate them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe had reduced them, in the estimation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings.* Hitherto, each tribe of the Mengice had acted under the direction of its particular chiefs; and, although the nation could not control the conduct of its members, it was made responsible for their outrages. Pressed by the Lenape, they resolved to form a confederation which might enable them * The Iroquois or Monirwe Bometiines ate the bodies of tlieir prisoners. — Hteke- weldcr, ii. N. Y. Hist. Col. 55. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 61 better to concentrate their force in war, and to regulate their affairs in peace. Thannmoage, an aged Mohawk, was the projector of this alHance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas, formed a species of republic, governed by the united counsels of their aged and experienced chiefs. To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1712. This last, originally dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having formed a deep and general conspiracy, to exterminate the whites, were driven from their country, and adopted by the Iroquois con- federacy.* The beneficial effects of this system, early displayed themselves. The Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, whose warlike disposition soon familiarized them with fire arms, procured from the Dutch, were enabled, at the same time, to contend with them, to resist the French, who now at- tempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over a large portion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of reconcilia- tion with their old, enemies ; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary strokes of policy which history has recorded. The mediators between the Indian nations at war, are the women. The men, however weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to seek reconciliation. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior, to speak of peace with bloody weapons in his hands. He must maintain a determined courage, and appear, at all times, as ready and willing to fight as at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere, and persuade the combatants to bury the hatchet, and make peace with each other. Their prayers seldom failed of the desired effect. The function of the peace maker was honourable and dignified, and its assumption by a coura- geous and powerful nation could not be inglorious. This station the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. " They had reflected," they said, " upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means remained to preserve it, unless some magnanimous nation would assume the character of the WOMAN. It could not be given to a weak and contemptible tribe ; such would not be listened to : but the Lenape and their allies, would at once pos- sess influence and command respect." The facts upon which these arguments were founded, were known to the Delawares, and, in a moment of^ blind confidence in the sincerity of the Iroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings at Al- bany, in 1617, in the presence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape charge with having conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction. Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them the rights of protection and command. But, still dreading their strength, they artfully involved them again in war with the Cherokees, promised to fight their battles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted them. The Delawares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their arch enemy, and resolved to resume their arms, and, being still superior in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were now makino- their way into the country in every direction, and gave ample employment to the astonished Lenape. The Mengwe deny these machinations. They aver, that they conquered the Delawares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And, * Smith's New York. Dougl. Summ. 62 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. though it be said, they are unable to detail the circumstances of this con- quest, it is more rational to suppose it true, tluin that a brave, numerous, and warlike nation should have, voluntarily, suffered themselves to be disarmed and enslaved by a shallow artifice ; or that, discovering the fraud practised upon them, they should, unresistingly, have submitted to its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acquisition to the Mengwe. They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the Delawares, and, in many in- stances, their claims were distinctly acknowledged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape country, and wandered over it, at all times, at their pleasure. Whatever credit may be due to the traditions of the Lenape, relative to their migration from the west, there is strong evidence in support of their pretensions to be considered the source, whence a great portion of the In- dians of North America was derived. They are acknowledged as the " grandfathers," or the parent stock, of the tribes that inhabited the extensive regions of Canada, from the coast of Labrador to the mouth of the Albany river, which empties into the southernmost part of Hudson's Bay, and from thence to the Lake of the Woods, the northernmost boundary of the United States; and also by those who dwelt in that immense country, stretching from Nova Scotia to the Roanoke, on the sea-coast, and bounded by the Mississippi on the west. All these nations spoke dialects of the Lenape lan- guage, affording the strongest presumption of their derivation from that stock. The tribes of the Mengwe, interspersed throughout this vast region, are, of course, excepted. They were, however, comparatively, few in number. We have no data by which to determine the number of Indians in New Jersey, at the advent of the Europeans. It is certain that it was very in- considerable. The tribes were small, and scattered over the country ; and consisted then, or soon after, of portions of the Mengioe and Lenape nations. These petty hordes were commonly distinguished in their intercourse with the whites, by the names of creeks, or other noted places, near which they dwelt. Thus, there were the Assunpink,* the Rankokas,'\ the Mingo, the Andasfaka; about Burlington, the Mantas;X the Raritans, the Navisinks, &,c. The most noted nations, who occasionally inhabited the province, and claimed lands witliin it, were the Naraticongs, on the north side of the Raritan river ; the Capiiinasses, the Gacheos, the Muncys, or Minisinks, the Po7nptons, the Senecas, the Maquas, or Mohaivks, and perhaps others, of the confederates of the Five Nations. These tribes were frequently at war with each other, and tlio heads of their arrows and javelins, are even now occasionally discovered in the battle-fields; and near the falls of the Delawai'c, on the Jersey side, and at Point-no-Point, in Pennsylvania, and at other places, entrenchments \vere made against hostile incursions. At some seasons of the year, the country, on the sea shore was probably more thickly covered by swarms, who crowded from the adjacent provinces to enjoy the pastimes, and partake the plenty of the fishing and fowling sea- sons. And we may conceive, that they were Mengwe warriors, whom Hudson encountered in the Kill-van-Kuhl, and the New York Bay. From the petty resident tribes, purchases of the soil of New Jersey, were from time to time, made by the Dutch, the Swedes, and the English proprie- * Stony Creek. t Lamikas, or Ckichequas, was the proper Indian name. The Indians did not use the r. t Frogs. A creek or two, in Gloucester county, are called Manta, or Mantua, from a large tribe that resided tlicre. Tlie tribes were probably of the same stock. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 63 tors of East and West Jersey. Prior to the conquest of New York, by Nicholls, it is probable, that individuals were permitted to purchase from the natives, such tracts of land as they required. Subsequently to that event, a like practice was for a short time permitted, upon the express license and confirmation of the governor. But after the grant to Berkeley and Carteret was proclaimed, no purchase from the Indians, other than by the general proprietors, could be deemed lawful. These proprietors, appear to have conducted themselves, with much equity; and for nearly a century to have maintained, with the remnant of the tribes, great cordiality and friendship.* When the war of 1756, unbridled the evil passions of the western Indians, some of those -who had usually resided in New Jersey, ungratefully, united with the enemy, and probably, in the year 1758, led the way to the massa- cres of a few families on the Walpack. Upon the first evidences of Indian hostility, the legislature of New Jersey appointed commissioners to examine into the treatment of those who dwelt within their boundaries, with whom a convention was holden, at Crosswicks, in the winter of 1756, and they were invited to unfold whatever grievances they might have. They complained of some impositien's, in grants of lands, to individuals, and in their private traffic, particLdarly, when intoxicated; of the destruction of the deer, by iron traps; and the occupation of some small tracts of land, the title to which, they had not sold. At the session of 1757, the Assembly imposed a penalty on persons selling, them strong drink, so as to intoxicate them — pro- hibited the setting of traps weighing more than three pounds — avoided all sales and leases of land, made in contravention of the laws — and appropri- ated sixteen hundred pounds, to the purchase of a general release of Indian claims, in New Jersey ; one-half to be expended for a settlement, for such Indians as resided south of the Raritan, where they might dwell, and the remainder, to be applied to the purchase of any latent claims of non- residents. At a second convention, holden also at Crosswicks, in February, 1758, the Indians produced a specification of their claims, appointed attor- neys, to represent them in future negotiations, and executed a formal release, to all lands in New Jersey, other than those in their schedule, and also to such of those as might have been before conveyed ; excepting the claims of the Minisinks and Pomptons, in the northern parts of the province; re- serving the right to hunt and fish, on unsettled lands. f * The last purchase from the Indians, entered in the East Jersey Records, was made by John Willocks, from the Indian Weequehelah, June 16th, 1703, of a tract of land, in Monmouth county. — Book F. 221. t The Indians who retired to the west, had, to one of the messengers, from Penn- sylvania, complained of the doatii of the sachem, Weequehelah ; but this was a mere pretence, to colour their attempts with the appearance of justice; as that Indian was known to have been executed for actual murder, and to have had a legal trial. He was an Indian of great note, among Christians and Indians, of the tribe that resided about South river, where he lived, witii a taste much above the common rank of In- dians, having an extensive farm, cattle, horses and negroes, and raised large crops of wheat; and was so far English in his furniture, as to have a house well provided with feather beds, calico curtains, &c. He frequently dined with governors and great men, and behaved well; but his neighbour, Captain John Leonard, having purchased a cedar swamp of other Indians, to which he laid claim, and Leonard refusing to take it on his right, he resented it highly, and threatened that he would shoot him; which he accordingly took an opportunit}' of doing, in the spring, 1728, while Leonard was in the day time walking in his garden, or near his own house. — Smith's JVcw Jersey, pp. 440-441, n. The commissioners for treating with the Indians, were Andrew Johnston, and Richard Salter, esquires, of the council ; and Cliarles Read, John Stevens, William Foster, and Jacob Spicer, esquires. The ludians were, Teedyuscuug, king of the Delawares; George Hobayock, from the Susquehannah ; Crossmek Indians, Andrew 64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Towards the close of the summer of 1758, and after the inroads on the Walpack, Governor Bernard, through the medium of Teedyuscung, king of the Delawares, summoned the Minisink or Muncy, and the Pompton Indians, who had joined the enemy, to meet him at Burlington. Thither, they des- patched deputies, who opened a council, on the 7th of August, 1758, at which a Mingo attended, who, exercising the right of a conqueror, declared, the Muncys to be women, and, consequently, unable to treat for themselves; and proposed to adjourn the conference, to the council fire, about to be lighted at Easton — to which, the governor readily acceded.* The great council holden at this place, in October, 1758, had the general picification of the Indian tribes, for its chief object. A special conference was, however, had, by Governor Bernard, with the chief of the united nations, ^e Minisinks, Wapings, and other tribes, on the 18th of that month; when he obtained, in consideration of one thousand dollars, a release of the title of all the In- dians, to every portion of New Jersey. / The commissioners, subsequently, with the consent of the Indian attor- neys, purchased a tract of more than three thousand acres of land, called " Brotherton," in Burlington county, on Edgepeling creek, a bi'anch of the Atsion river, upon which, there were a cedar swamp, and»a saw mill ; and adjacent, many thousand acres of poor, uninhabited land, suljsjible for hunt- ing, and convenient for fishing on the sea shore. This property was vested in trustees, for the use of the Indians, resident south of the Raritan, so that they could neither sell nor lease any part thereof; and all persons, other than Indians, were forbidden to settle thereon. Soon after the purchase, they were assisted by the government to remove to this spot, and to erect commo- dious buildings. In 1765, there were about sixty persons seated here, and twenty more at Weekpink, on a tract secured, by an English right, to the family of King Charles, an Indian sachem. But no measure has yet been devised, to avert the fiat which has gone forth against this devoted race. This feeble remnant having obtained permission to sell their lands, in num- ber between seventy and eighty, removed, in 1802, to a settlement on the Oneida lake, belonging to the Stockbridge Indians, who had invited their " Grandfathers to eat of their dish," saying, " it was large enough for both ;" and adding, with characteristic earnestness, that, " they had stretched their necks, in looking towards the fire-side of their grandfathers, until they were as long as those of cranes." The united tribes remained here until 1824; when the encroachments of the whites induced them, with the Six Nations, and the Muncys, to quit New Stockbridge, and to purchase from the Meno- mees, a large tract of land on the Fox river, between Winnebagoe Lake, and Green Bay, and extending to Lake Michigan. In 1832, the New Jersey tribe, reduced to less than forty, applied by memorial, to the Legislature of tlie State, setting forth, that they had never conveyed their reserved rights of hunting and fishing, on unenclosed lands, and had appointed an agent, to transfer them on receipt of a compensation. This agent, a venerable chief Wooley, Georgo Wheelwright, Peepey, Joseph Cuish, William Loulax, Gabriel Mitop, Zeb. Conchec, Bill News, John Pembolus ; Mountain Indians, Moses Totamy, Philip; Raritan Indian, Tom Evans; Ancocus Indians, Robert Kekott, Jacob Mullis, Samuel Gosling; Indians from Cranhury, Thomas Store, Stephen Calvin, John Pomp- shire, Benjamin Clans, Josoi)h Wooley. Josiah Store, Isaac Still, James Calvin, Peter Calvin, Dirick Quaquaw, Kbcnczar Wooley, Sarah Stores, widow of Quaquahela; Southern Indians, Abraham Loques, Isaac Swanelae. John Pompshirc, interpreter. * The degradation of the Delawares, or Lenape, is apparent upon every occasion, on which the Mcngwe assemble witli them. Benjamin, who on tills occasion replied to Governor Bernard, on i)chalf of the Muncy Indians, held a belt in his hand. bu( spoke whilst sitting, not being allowed to stand, until the Mingo had spoken. — Min. of Treaty. — Smith's Hist. JV. J. 450. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 65 of seventy-one years of age, bore the name of Bartholomew S. Calvin. He had been selected by J. Brainerd, brother of the celebrated Indian mission- ary, and placed at Princeton College, in 1770 ; where he continued, until the revolutionary war cut off the funds of the Scotch Missionary Society, by whom he was supported. He afterwards taught school, for a number of years, at Edgepeling, where he had as many white as Indian pupils. As all legal claim of the tribe, was even by its own members, considered barred by voluntary abandonment, the Legislature consented to grant remuneration, as an act of voluntary justice; or rather, as a memorial of kindness and com- passion, to the remnant of a once powerful and friendly people, occupants and natives of the State, and as a consummation of a proud fact, in the his- tory of New Jersey, that every Indian claim to her soil, and its franchises had been acquired by fair and voluntary transfer. By the act of 12th of March, the treasurer was directed to pay to the agent, two thousand dol- lars, upon filing in the secretary's office, a full rehnquishment of the rights of his tribe. In all the measures of the state for the extinction of Indian title, it will be observed that she was moved by principles of justice, humanity, and sound policy. No pecuniary benefit resulted directly to the treasury, as she pos- sessed, in her own right, not a single acre of the soil. This, by every title, legal and equitable, was fully vested in the proprietaries, respectively, of East and West Jersey ; and we proceed to consider, concisely, the principles which they adopted for its disposal. X. By the several " Concessions" of Berkeley and Carteret, and their grantees, the twenty-four general proprietors, lands were given to settlers, masters, and servants, males and females, in designated quantities, subject to an annual quit-rent, and the extinction of the Indian title. This was the common tenure until the 13th January, 1685,* and some few instances occur so late as 1701. Lands thus granted were denominated " head lands." The mode of the grant was devised with due regard to the ease and safety of the grantees. A warrant signed by the governor and major part of the council, was directed to the surveyor-general, commanding him to survey a specific number of acres. Upon this warrant the surveyor endorsed his re- turn; both were recorded by the register, and upon certificate from the governor and council, he issued a patent, which receiving the signature of the governor and council, was, also, duly registered. A resei-vation, not ordinarily expressed in the patent, was made of all mines of gold and silver. There was, however, another source of legal title, to lands in the province, in the Swedish and Dutch authorities; under the latter of which, manj tracts were holden in East and West Jersey, accompanied with an Indian title, obtained by the holders. Upon the English conquest, the principle was, im- mediately, established, that no Indian right could be purchased, except by license from the English proprietors. Thus, that license was required for the Elizabethtown tract, and was given by Colonel Nicholls before, and in ignorance of, the transfer to Berkeley and Carteret. Governor Philip Car- teret, also, gave such licenses, but, always subject to the "Concessions," which required the purchaser from the Indians, to take a proper and formal title from the general proprietors. In such case, when the Indian grant covered more than the location of the grantee, he was entitled to contribu- tion from all who were benefitted by it. Thus, when under his license, the Newark settlers procured the Indian release for more lands than they had appropriated to imported heads in 1685, they claimed, and in 1692 received, * EUzabethtown Bill in Chancery. See ante, p. 26. 66 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. from the council of proprietors, a full indemnity, in the grant of one hundred acres of land more than they were entitled to by the Concessions, for each of the original settlers, at a quit-rent of six-pence sterling the hundred, instead of four shillings and two-pence, per annum. In the year 1G80, governor Andross, after his usurpation of authority in New Jersey, encouraged purchases from the Indians, in derogation of the proprietary rights. But the Duke of York, on complaint, not only disowned the acts of his deputy, but removed him from office. Many of such pur- chasers, afterwards, took title from the proprietors, in due form; but the danger of the practice, induced an act of Assembly, in 1683, prohibiting all treaties with the Indians, without license from the governor. During the confusion resulting from the rival claims of Mr. Basse and Mr. Hamilton to the government, from 1698 to 1702, this act was disregarded, and purchases were made from the natives. But, in 1703, as soon as the go- vernment was resettled, another act annulled them, and required the pos- sessor to take a proprietary title, within six months from its passage. This act, also, prescribed the method by which the proprietaries, themselves, in- dividually, should obtain license to treat with the natives; and imposed a penalty of forty shillings per acre, upon every one who should purchase without license. We have elsewhere spoken, particularly, of the Elizabcthtown purchase.* Many of the claimants under the Indian title, took patents from the proprie- tors; but others have steadfastly relied upon it, resisting all efforts of the pro- prietors to recover quit-rent, or locate warrants, and have repeatedly disturbed the public peace by their violence. This pertinacity has been maintained, notwithstanding the only plausible pretence of title, was in the sanction of Governor Nicholls, as the deputy of the Duke of York, given after the right had passed from the Duke to his grantees, and notwithstanding such sanction was formally disavowed by the Duke, 25lh November, 1672. This claim purchased for a ihw pounds, the very payment of which is uncertain, covered 400,000 acres, between the Raritan and Passaic Rivers. Irregular Indian titles were also set up in Middletown and Shrewsbury townships, but were early abandoned ; the claimants taking patents from the proprietors, and re- ceiving an indemnity for their expenditure in the grant of 500 acres of land, each. Some of the inhabitants of Newark, also pertinaciously claimed an exclusive right under the Indian grant, refusing to pay quit rents, and play- ing a conspicuous part in the riots which were, from time to time, excited by efforts to enforce proi)rietary rights. The adverse claims of the Newark peo- ple, were, probably, settled by arbitration and acquiescence. f But although many suits have been brought at law, and a most ably drawn bill, containing the whole case has been filed in chancery, the proprietaries have been unable to obtain an effectual determination of the question arising out of the Eliza- bcthtown pretension. The quit rents throughout East Jersey, are due and demandable; but the lapse of time, and the division of tracts and interests render it impossible to collect them. In one instance, only, that of the quit- rent on the town of Bergen, of £15 sterling, per annum, a commutation after suit brought, has been made between the tenants and proprietors. For a short period after the purchase of the province, by the twenty-four proprietaries, the grant of bounty or head lands, wris continued. The pro- prietaries soon after their acquisition, sold )nany small shares, to persons who transported themselves and families into the Eastern division. And they * Sec page 27. t Sec Appendix note O, for a copy of alctlcr from David Ogdcn, esq., 20th February, 1767, and see Phila. Lib. No. 15bb, octavo. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 67 agreed to divide part of the lands remaining in common, among themselves in proportion to their rights. Dividends were thus made from time to time. The first consisted of 10,000 acres to each share, or twenty-Iburth part, and to fractions of a share in the same proportion. These dividends were to be located in any place, not before appropriated. And to restrain ihc locations within proper limits, a number of the proprietai-ies, resident in New Jersey, convened from time to time with the governor, to examine the rights of the respective claimants, in order to determine what was due to each ; and upon a certificate of five of them, the governor issued the proper warrants of survey. This council first met on the 13th November, 1684. In other respects, the mode of location and of obtaining of title, was similar to that ])ursued by the first pi-oprietaries under their Concessions, except, that in patents to the proprietors, no quit-rents were reserved. This mode continued until after the surrender of the government, and the arrival of the first governor appointed by Queen Anne. Upon the 2d of December, 1702, two further dividends having been made, a general order was declared, that the surveyor-general should survey to each proprietor his proportion without further particular warrant, by which the duty of inquiry into the rights of each proprietary, and ordering warrants, devolved upon that officer. At the same time, a former regulation was re- newed, directing that no survey should be made to any person, whose title was not upon record with the register ; who by means of an account opened with each proprietai'y, could certify the true condition of his share. The office of register, which was established by the Concessions, and was always in the nomination of the proprietaries, was recognised by Act of As- sembly, 21st February, 1692. Upon the surrender of the governnient to the crown, it was agreed, that the governors to be appointed, should be instruct- ed to procure from the assembly, such acts, whereby the right of the pro- prietaries to the soil might be confirmed to them, together with such quit- rents as they had reserved, and that the particular estates of all purchasers, claiming under the general proprietaries, should be also confirmed and settled ; and he was required not to permit any person, other than such proprietors and their agents, to purchase lands from the Indians. These instructions were regularly continued to the respective governors. In 1719, the act for running, and ascertaining the division line between East and West Jersey, and other purposes, required, that the surveyor-gene- ral of the respective divisions, should keep by themselves, or deputies, a public office in the cities of Perth Amboy and Burlington, respectively, in which should be, carefully, entered and kept, the surveys of all lands, thereafler, made, which should be of record, and pleadable in the courts. Authority was also given to such officers, respectively, to collect, and preserve all muniments of title, which might be of general use for proving the rights of the proprietaries, or persons claiming under them ; and the officers were required to give bond to the governor for the^ use of the proprietors, in the sum of one thousand pounds, conditioned for the faithful performance of their duties. As the practice which now universally prevailed, of the proprietaries or their vendees laying their warrants wherever they could, or supposed they could, find vacant lands, and as the surveys were not regularly recorded, many per- sons not only surveyed lands which had been formally appropriated, but even settled and improved them, and were afterwards ousted. For remedy of this grievance, the same act provided, that all surveys theretofore made, the certifi- cates of which were in the hands of any of the inhabitants of this or the neigh- bouring province, which were not within two years, and such certificates as were in the hands of persons living beyond seas, which were not within three years, afler the publication of the act, duly recorded, either in the recorder's 6d HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. office, or in the surveyor-general's record of the division, in which such lands were surveyed, should be void ; and any succeeding survey duly made and recorded, should be as good and sufficient, as if no former survey had been made. After the surrender of the government, by which the governor ceased to be an officer of the proprietaries, no more patents could be made under the seal of the province. The proprietaries of East Jersey, observing that those of West Jersey had never used that method for appropriating their dividends, but had made all their divisions by warrants from thoir council of proprieta- ries, after inspection of the right of the claimant and survey thereon made and certified by their surveyor-general and recorded, resolved to adopt the same form of obtaining their dividends in severalty. And this mode, since 1703, has continued to prevail in both East and West Jersey. The council of proprietaries of East Jersey, having devolved their princi- pal duties on the surveyor-general, they, after the surrender, ceased to meet, unless on special occasions. But finding this inattention prejudicial to their interests, a majority of the general proprietors, their attorneys, and agents, by an instrument, dated the 25th day of March, 172.5, agreed, that, a cer- tain number therein mentioned, having, in their own right, or by proxy, eight whole proprietaries, should make a council, with power to appoint the receiver of the quit-rents, the register, and the surveyor-general, declare dividends, examine claims, grant warrants of survey, and, generally, to do all things requisite for the management of proprietary affairs. The council commonly held two stated meetings, annually, at Perth Amboy, and con- vened, also, when specially required. From 1725, to the present period, it has continued to administer the affairs of the proprietaries of East Jersey, without intermission.* The whole number of dividends, made by the proprietaries of East Jersey, are eleven of " good right,'''' and three of " pine right;'''' the first, amounting to thirty-eight thousand, and the second, four thousand, acres to each share. A very great portion of these rights have been located, but the stock is not yet exhausted. In Monmouth there is much vacant land, but it is not valua- ble; in the northern counties, Sussex, Bergen, and Morris, there is little un- appropriated ; but in Middlesex, Somerset, and Essex, there is none unlo- cated.f XI. Soon after the purcliase by the West Jersey proprietaries, they re- solved to divide their territory into ten parts or precincts, and the whole into one hundred shares or actions. To this end, chapter first of the Conces- sions, provided, that the commissioners, for the time being, " should take care for the setting forth and dividing all the lands of the province, as were already taken up, or bv themselves shall be taken up and contracted for, with the natives, and the said lands to divide into one hundred parts, as occasion shall require ; that is to say, for every quantity of land that they shall, from time to time, lay out to be planted and settled on, they shall first, for expedition sake, divide the same into ten equal parts or shares; and, for distinction sake, mark in the register, and upon some of the trees, belonging to every tenth part, the letters A B, and so end at the letter K." The * Mr. John Rutliorford is now, oi' was lately, its president, and .larnes Parker, Esq. the register. To tlic latter gentleman I express my obligation, for the readiness and kindness, with which he has communicated much information relative to the eastern land office, and otiier subjects of general interest. Its first president was Lewis Morris, afterwards governor. t Proprietary rights of East Jersey have sold, since 1707, generally, at about one dollar the acre, wholesale — sometimes higher, if scarce, before a dividend. The retail price has been about one dollar and fifty cents the acre. The value in 1834, is stated at one dollar, or seventy-five cents per the acre, in large quantities. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 69 commissioners were then instructed to give preference to certain individuals of the county of York,* for themselves and friends, who were described, "as a considerable number of people, who might speedily promote the planting of the said province," in the choice of any one of such tenths. Afterwards, any other person or persons, who should go over to inhabit, and have pur- chased to the number of ten proprietaries, should have liberty to make choice of any of the remaining parts: and all other proprietaries who should go over to settle, and could make up amongst them the number of ten pro- prietors, might elect to settle in any tenth, not before appropriated. The commissioners were empowered to see such tenth part, so chosen, laid out and divided into ten proprietaries, and to allot the settlers so many proprie- taries out of the same, as they had order for. And the commissioners were instructed to follow these I'ules, until they should receive contrary directions from the major part of the proprietors. To encourage the settlement of the province, the proprietaries of West Jersey, also, adopted the plan of granting head lands, as in East Jersey, with some modification, of the conditions. Thus — 1. To all persons, who, with the consent of one or more of the proprietaries, should transport themselves or servants to the province, before the 1st April, 1677, there were granted, for his own person and for every able man servant, each, seventy acres ; and for every weaker servant, male or female, exceeding the age of fourteen years, fifty acres; and to every servant, when free, fifty acres in fee: 2. To masters and able servants, arriving before the 1st of April, 1678, fifty acres, and to such weaker servants, thirty acres ; and to servants, after the expiration of their service, thirty acres : 3. To every freeman, arriving in the province between the 1st of April, 1678, and the 1st of April, 1679, with an intention to plant, forty acres ; for every able man servant the like quan- tity, and for such weaker servant, twenty acres ; with twenty acres to eacli servant at the expiration of service : Upon lands of the first class, there was reserved an annual quit-rent to the proprietor, his heirs and assigns, to whom the said lands belonged, of one penny an acre for what should be laid out in towns, and a half-penny an acre, for what should be laid elsewhere ; the rent to commence two years after the lands were laid out: upon lands of the second class, one penny farthing, the acre, when in towns, and three far- things the acre, elsewhere : and on lands of the third class, one penny half- penny the acre, in towns, and one penny the acre, elsewhere. Lands so granted and settled, were to be holden, on condition, that every hundred acres should contain, at least, two able men servants, or three such weaker servants, and so proportionately, for a lesser or greater quantity, beside what the master or mistress should possess, as granted for his or her own person. On failure of which, on notice to the occupant or his assigns, three years time was given for completing the number of servants, or for the sale of such portion of the lands, as should not be so peopled. And, if, within such three years, the holder should fail to provide such number of persons, (unless the General Assembly, without respect to poverty, should judge it to have been impossible, to keep such number of servants), the commissioners, upon verdict and judgment of a jury of the neighbourhood, were empowered to dispose of so much land, for any term not cxceedino- twenty years, as should not be planted with the due number of persons, to some other, that would plant the same ; reserving to the proprietor his rents. It was fiu-ther provided, that every proprietor, who should go over in person, and inhabit, should maintain upon every lot he should take up, one person * Thomas Hutchinson of Beverly, Thomas Pearson of Benwicko, Joseph Holraesly of Great Kelke, George Hutchinson of Sheffield, and Mahlon Stacy of Hemsworth. 70 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. for every two hundred acres. " And all other proprietors, that do but* go over in person and inhabit, should keep upon every lot of land that should fall to them, one person at least, and if the lot exceed one hundred acres, then, upon every hundred acres, one person. And upon neglect, the com- missioners were empowered to dispose of the lands, as in the preceding case. This obligation for keeping servants upon lands was to continue in force for ten years, from the date of the Concessions ; unless where, in case of default, the commissioners had let the lands for a longer period. For the regular laying out of lands, the register having recorded a grant from a proprietor, tor any quantity of acres, made out a certificate to the surveyor, or his deputy, enjoining him, to survey such quantity, from the share of such proprietor ; which done, the surveyor returned the survey to the register, and such return was duly registered in a book kept for that purpose, and an endorsement of the entry was made on the back of the warrant. The commissioners elected by the Assembly, in 1681, prescribed ad- ditional rules for the settlement of lands; by which, the surveyor was required to measure the front of the river Delaware, beginning at Assunpink Creek, and proceeding thence, to Cape May, that the point of the compass might be found, for running the partition line between each tenth. Each tenth was to have its proportion of front, on the river, and to run so far back into the woods, as to give it 64,000 acres for first settlement, and for sub- dividing the Yorkshire and London two-tenths : Three thousand two hun- dred acres, were allowed, where the parties concerned pleased to choose it, within their own tenth, to be taken up in the following manner; one-eighth part of a proprietary, and so for smaller parts, to have their full proportion of the said land, in one place (if they pleased) ; and greater shares, not to exceed five hundred acres, to one settlement. All lands, so taken up and surveyed, were to be seated within six months, after being taken up; upon penalty, that the choice and survey should become void ; in which case, they might be taken up by any other purchaser, he seating them, within one month after they should be taken up : No person was permitted to take up lands on both sides of a creek, for one settlement, unless for special cause- Nor to have more than forty perches front, to the river or navigable creek, for every hundred acres, except it fell upon a point, so that it could not be avoided — when the commissioners might exercise their discretion: All lands were to be laid out, on straight linos, that no vacancies should be left between tracts, except in special cases, to be determined by the commissioners: All persons were allowed their just proportion of meadow, at the discretion of the same officers : Persons already settled, were at liberty to make their set- tlements their choice, following the rules prescribed : Every proprietor was allowed four hundred acres to his proprietary, and proportionably to lesser quantities, for town lot; over the ^200 above mentioned, which might be taken any where within his own tenth, either within or without the town bounds: No person having taken up a town lot, was i)ermilted to leave it, and take a lot elsewhere; nor could any one take up more land within the town bounds, than belonged to his town lot, by virtue of his purchase: No person, not a purchaser, to whom town lot, or lots, were given, was permit- ted to sell his lot of land, separate from his house, on penalty of the sale being void, and the lot forfeited to the town of Burlington, to be disposed of therein, at the discretion of th(! commissioners : No person, thenceforth, was .permitted, to take up any land without s})ccial order, from two or more * The word btU ]i(;re is found in T^caming and Sjiiccr's Collection, and in Smith's History. Sed quere whctlicr tlie word ^'not" ouglit not to he substituted. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 71 commissioners for the time being : All settlements were to be modified con- formably with the precedmg rules : The proprietors in England, were to be notified, that it was necessary lor the speedy settlement of the province, and all concerned therein, that there should be allowed to each proprietary 3200 acres, for the first choice {first dividend); and in case of the arrival of many adventurers, who purchased no land in England, the commissioners reserved the liberty to take up as much more land, as should give to every proprietor, a quantity not exceeding 5200 acres, which had been allowed for the first settlement (dividend). But that no one should take up any such portion of land, but as they sliould settle it ; and after the 3200 should have been settled : All public high- ways were to be laid out at the discretion of the commissioners, through any lands, allowing the owners reasonable satis- faction: All persons having taken up lands within the first and second tenth, were required to present their muniments of title, to certain of the commis- sioners, for mspection ; and persons thereafter taking up lands, within such tenth, were required to declare, before such commissioners, upon the pains of perjury, that the quantity specified in their respective deeds, did really, and in good conscience, belong to them ; upon which such commissioners might grant a warrant to the surveyor, enjoining him to return such warrant and survey, at the next court, after survey, that the same might be registered by order of the court: The proprietors and purchasers, within the first and second tenths, had liberty to take their full proportions, as before, within mentioned, of the first and second choice, provided they did not, respectively, take up more than five hundred acres, in one settlement. By the subdivision of the proprietys, it soon became dilHcult to ascei'tain the sense of those interested; and great detriment arising to the business of the province, it was resolved by the proprietors, on the 14th of February, 1687, to constitute a proprietary council, consisting of eleven commissioners, to be annually elected, from among themselves; which number was in the subsequent year reduced to nine. These commissioners were empowered to act and plead in all such afiairs, as should concern the body of the proprie- tors, as fully and effectually as if every proprietor were present; and two shillings per day were allowed them as a compensation. In November, 1688, the commissioners gave the following instructions relative to the ex- amination of deeds, and granting of warrants, for taking up of lands. 1. That no warrants should be granted, but upon the production of good deeds, authentic copies, or an extract of the record of such deed, under the regis- ter's hand. 2. That the deeds signed by Edward By Hinge, only, before the year 1682, were insufficient to sustain warrants. 3. That there should be a particular warrant, for every separate deed or particular j)urchase. 4. That the president of the council should, from time to time, grant warrants for the commissioners for the taking up their own lands. 5. That wai-rants, for lay- ing out the lands of the surveyor-general, should not be directed to him, but to some other person, at the discretion of the commissioner, issuing the war- rant. 0. That every proprietor demanding a warrant, should engage to pay his proportionate share of expense of the management of the proprietary affairs. Under this council, the land affairs of West Jersey have been administer- ed, to the present day. The right to head lands, as we have seen, ceased after the first of April, 1678. From that period, all titles were derived from individual proprietors. Dividends were declared from time to time, and carried to the credit of each proprietor, who was then at liberty to locate, or to sell unlocated, the quantity appropriated to his share, wherever it could be found unsurveyed. XII. The boundary between East and West Jersey, though of no political importance, was long a vexed, and still continues an unsettled question. The 72 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. line of partition was geographically fixed by the quintipartite deed, between the proprietors, of the first of July, 1676, confirmed by Act of Assembly, 27th March, 1719. But some difficulties occurred, subsequently, in making the partition, to the understanding of which, we must take a review of the titles of the respective proprietors. The patent from Charles I. to the Duke of York, conveyed all the country now within the states of New York and New Jersey. The deed from the Duke to Berkeley and Carteret, extended New Jersey, " northward as far as the northernmost branch of the bay, or river Delaware, which is in 41° 40' of latitude, and from thence in a straight line to Hudson's river in 41° of lati- tude." Loi-d Berkeley conveyed his undivided moiety in fee to Fenwicke, in trust for Byllinge, and Fenwicke conveyed such moiety to Penn, Lawrie and Lucas, reserving a tenth to himself, which tenth he subsequently assigned to Eldridge and Warner, who conveyed it to Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas, the better to enable them, in conjunction with Byllinge, to make partition of the entire province with Sir George Carteret. These parties by the quintipartite deed, after expressly declaring, that, the province extended northward, as far as the northernmost branch of the river Delaware, which is in 41° 40' latitude, de- termine that the line of partition shall be a straight line drawn from the most northerly point or boundary on the Delaware, to the most southerly point of the East side of Little Egg Harbour. The confirmation of the Duke of York, (6th August, 1680,) to the West Jersey proprietor, and his confirmation, (14th March, 1682), to the twenty-four East Jersey proprietors, recognise the northern boundary as above described, and referring to the quintipartite deed, give the limits accordingly. As the country became populous, much uneasiness was excited by sundry fruitless attempts for running the partition line, and the uncertainty relative to the point at which the designated latitude would fall. For remedy whereof, the Act of Assembly of 1719 was passed. This, after recognizing the quin- tipartite deed, and prescribing that a straight and direct line from the most northerly point of New Jersey, on the northernmost branch of the river Dela- ware, to the most southerly point of a beach on Egg Harbour, should be the division line, appoints commissioners to run the line and provides, that, which ever board of proprietors had appropriated lands of the other, should give an equivalent of lands, in satisfaction, and that the then settlers should be quieted. Pursuant to this act, and another for establishing the boundary line with the province of New York, Governor Hunter commissioned John Johnstone, and George Willocks of the eastern division, Joseph Kirkbride, and John Reading of the western division, and James Alexander, surveyor-general of both divisions, in conjunction with commissiouers from New York, to discover and determine which of the streams of Delaware is the northernmost branch thereof, and also the place on such branch that lies in latitude 41° 40'. These commissioners together with Robert Walter and Isaac Hicks commis- sioners, and Allain Jarrat surveyor on the part of New York, after designa- ting the Fishkill branch, and fixing the point of latitude in the low land, in the Indian town called Coshcghton, on the cast side of the river, executed an indenture tripartite, certifying the above result of their labours. After which, the West Jersey commissioners retired, protesting that their business was completed. The northern station point thus fixed, appears to have been recognised and acquiesced in by both parties; yet the division line was not run for many years. But random linos were made along the whole distance of the extreme points, that the true line might be marked with the greater certainty and ease; and such lines served to regulate liiturc surveys. The assigns of Carteret and Berkeley were respectively entitled to a HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 73 moiety of the province, and unacquainted with the true geography of the country, they imagined that the Hne given in the quintipartite deed, would nearly efTect their intentions; and the idea of equality of partition seems to have prevailed, until about the year 1687, when its propriety was questioned by Dr. Daniel Coxe. Under this idea, in the year 1686 an agreement was made between Robert Barclay, and the proprietors of East Jersey, and Ed- ward Byllinge, and the proprietors of West Jersey, for running the partition line, so as to give " as equal a division of the province" as was practicable. Pursuant to which. Lord Neil Campbell, Governor, and captain Andrew Ham- ilton, and John Campbell of East Jersey, and John Skene, deputy governor, and Samuel Jennings and others of West Jersey, all of whom were proprie- tors of their respective divisions, entered into bonds, to stand to the award of John Reed and William Emley, who were appointed to determine the line, and who directed that it should run from Little Egg Harbour, N. N. W. and fifty minutes more westerly, which was more than twelve degrees westward of the quintipartite line ; and was so altered, because the umpires as well as the parties to the bonds, were better acquainted with the quantity of land in each division, than the parties to the quintipartite deed. The line so award- ed, was actually run in the year 1687, by George Keith, surveyor-general of East Jersey, from the south station point, to the south branch of the Rari- tan; and now forms the straight line, which in part, bounds the counties of Burlington, Monmouth, Middlesex, Somerset, and Hunterdon. This line was deemed by the West Jersey proprietors to be too far west, and was not continued. On September 5, 1688, Governors Coxe and Barclay, entered into an agreement for terminating all differences concerning the deed of partition ; stipulating that the line run by Keith, to the south branch of the Raritan, should be the bounds, so far, between the provinces, and directing the route by which that line should be continued for perfecting the division.* But this agreement was never carried into effect. * Subsequent to the determination of the north station point, in 1719, several ineffectual attempts were made by the parties to ascertain the line. At length, John Hamilton, and Andrew Johnstone, commissioners under the Act of 1719, (the latter named in 1740), at the request of the eastern proprietors, in the year 1743, appointed John Lawrence to run the line, pursuant to the act of Assembly ; which was, accordingly, done in September and October of that year. And this line, the East Jersey proprietors allege, has been frequently recognised by the West Jersey proprietors, particularly, by the issue of war- rants of relocation from the year 1745, to 1765, for lands which were found to be east of this line ; by directions given to survey and return for the use of the proprietors of the fifth dividend, the gore, or angle formed by Keith's and Lawrence's lines ; by numerous surveys inspected, approved and ordered to be recorded, which are bounded by Lawrence's line; and by other acts of acquiescence, entered upon their minutes. To this line of Lawrence, the East Jersey proprietors still firmly adhere. The division line between the provinces of New York and New Jersey, re- mained long unsettled, by reason that the latitude of forty-one degrees on Hudson's river, was not ascertained. From the zealous and violent preten- sions of the border inhabitants in the respective provinces, such disorders arose, as to demand the interposition of their respective Legislatures ; and in 1764, acts were passed in both provinces, referring the subject to the King. His Majesty appointed seven commissioners, who, meeting at New York on the 18th July, 1769, determined that, the boimdary should be a straight * See Smith's Hist. N. J. pp. 197, 198. K 74 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and direct line, not from the station point in latitude 41° 40', as fixed by the commission of 1719, hitt from the mouth of the MackhacJcamack, at its junction with the Delmvare, in latitude 41° 21' 37", to the latitude of 41° on Hudson's river. The controversy with New York, then, and subsequently to the year 1719, was deemed, only, to affect the property of the proprietors of East Jersey, — the Legislature rejecting their application to defray any portion of the expense of settling the boundary line ; and the West Jersey proprietors refusing to join in their request; alleging that their stations were akeady fixed, and must remain. The alteration of the boundary on the Delaware is supposed to have been produced by corrupt influence over the commissioners ; who were all crown officers, and by the change, took from the proprietary government of New Jersey, and gave to the royal government of New York, large tracts of land, to be granted at its pleasure. The effect of the change was to take from the East Jersey proprietors, near two hundred thousand acres, and to produce a new discussion relative to the partition between East and West Jersey. The new station point, at the'conflueace of the Mackhackamack with the Delaware, now the most northerly point or boundary of the province, on the northernmost branch of the river Delaware, with a line thence to the station point, at Little Egg Harbour, would make a gore or angle with Law- rence's line, near ten miles wide in the northern part, narrowing in propor- tion as it approached the point of contact, and containing about four hundred thousand acres. On the 25th of January, 1775, the West Jersey proprietors assuming, that, the new northern station point, was the true northerly boun- dary of the province, from which the partition line should commence, and altogether losing sight of the words of the quintipartitc deed and its depen- dencies, which assigned the point on the river, in latitude 41° 40' as the station point, petitioned the legislature to pass a law for the final settlement of the said line, either in aid of the act of 1719, or by the appointment of commissioners, out of the neighbouring province, for that purpose. This petition was referred to the succeeding Legislature. On the first of December following, Daniel Coxe, president of the board of western proprietors, re- quested leave, on their behalf, to bring in a bill for the appointment of com- missioners for the same purpose, suggesting the acquiescence of the eastern proprietors to the mode proposed, (which acquiescence the eastern proprie- tors deny). Leave was granted ; but the public commotions, which soon after took place, prevented the execution of the measure. In October, 1782, the application to the Legislature was renewed ,stating the object of the west- ern proprietors to be, " a recompense in value of lands, from the general stock of the eastern proprietors: for which purpose," they say, "they un- derstand and believe, it is generally known, that, certain lands, called Rama- poch, belonging to the general stock of the eastern proprietors, and specially excepted in all the warrants of the eastern proprietors, were particularly allotted as an equivalent, in case the event should take place, which hath since happened, of the station point being fixed farther eastward than was formerly expected." This allegation respecting the; Ramapoch lands, the eastern proprietors, scouted as too void of truth and foundation to need com- ment; and r(>sisting the application to the Assembly, contended, that the sub- ject was a private dispute between individuals, which should be decided by the courts of law or ecpiity. The application of the western proprietors was rejected by th(.' Assembly, on a vote of twenty-one to eleven. Lawrence's line is now acquiesced in, by the greater part of northern Jersey; but is yet disputed in Monmouth county, and in the region of the pines, wliere, under West Jersey rights, great destruction of timber is com- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 75 mitted. These rights are sought ; having, hitherto, been sold at a much less price than those of East Jersey. The line run by Lawrence, in Sussex county, forms the boundary between Byram and Greene, Newton and Greene, and Stillwater, and between Walpack and Sandistone townships; crossing the Delaware into Pennsylvania, about fifteen miles below the pre- sent northernmost point of the state, it strikes the Delaware again, in the state of New York, near thirty miles north of the mouth of the Mackhacka- mack.* * The authorities on which tlie foregoing statement is made, are — 1. The several deeds cited : — 2. The Act of Assembly, 1719: — 3. The petitions of the respective parties in 1782: — 4. The minutes in the land offices of East and West Jersey: — 5. Smith's History; and — 6. Circular of West Jersey proprietors, in 1795. The following statis- tical view is appended to the petition of the East Jersey proprietors, 17S2. 1. The angle or gore of land which East Jersey lost in the controversy with New York, amounts to about 210,000 acres. The remaining quantity of land in New Jersey, being the whole amount of the state, is about 4,375,970 acres. 2. Therefore supposing a line was drawn, dividing the state into two equal half parts, and which would be the line of partition between East and West Jersey, each division would then contain about 2,187,985 acres. 3. Supposing Keith's line extended to Delaware river, to bo the line of partition between East and West Jersey, the quantity of land in East Jersey would, then, be about 2,214,930 acres : the quantity in West Jersey 2,161,040 acres. And East Jersey would, then, contain 53,890 acres more than West Jersey. 4. Supposing Lawrence's line to be the line of partition, the quantity of land in West Jersey would, then, be about 2,689,680 acres : the quantity in East Jersey, 1,686,290 acres. And West Jersey would, then, contain 1,003,390 acres more than East Jersey. 5. Supposing a line to be drawn from the Mackhackamack, to the line of partition, the quantity of land in West Jersey would, then, be about 3,119,260 acres: the quan- tity in East Jersey, 1,256,710 acres. And West Jersey would, tlien, contain 1,862,550 acres more than East Jersey. 6. The angle or gore of land, between Keith's and Lawrence's line, contains about 528,640 acres. The angle or gore between Lawrence's line, and a line to be drawn from the Mackhackamack would contain about 429,580 acres. 76 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. CHAPTER V. Comprising the Administration of Lord Cornbury. I. Arrival of Lord Cornbury — Demands a large and permanent Salary — being refused, dissolves the House. — II. A new Assembly chosen — Part of its Members arbitrarily excluded — Mea- sures of the Governor. — III. Third Assembly convened — Determines to Petition the Queen, and to Remonstrate with the Governor — Public Grievances — De- livery of the Remonstrance, by Samuel Jennings. — IV. Reply of the Governor. — V. Dispute on the Treasurer's Accounts. — VI. The Governor refuses the Mes- sage of the Assembly, which they enter upon their Minutes. — VII. The West Jersey Proprietors, in England, address a Memorial to the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, aganist Cornbury — Address of the Lieutenant-Governor, and Provincial Council, to the Queen. — VIII. The Governor unable to obtain the gratification of his wishes, by the Assembly, first prorogues, and then dissolves them. — IX. Offensive Conduct of Lord Cornbury, in his Government of New York — His Character. — X. Is reluctantly removed by Queen Anne — Imprisoned by his Creditors. I. Lord Cornbury arrived in New Jersey, in August, 1703, and met the General Assembly, at Amboy, on the 10th of the succeeding November. The House prepared several bills, but passed, at this session, only, the act prohibiting the purchase of land from the Indians, by any person except the proprietaries. At the next session, holden at Burlington, in September, 1704, his lordship recommended to the Legislature, to ascertain by law, the rights of the general proprietors to the soil, and to establish some permanent fund, for the support of the government. A French privateer having committed depredations about Sandy Hook, he, thence, took occasion, also, to require a mihtia law, and the erection of a watch-tower, on the Nevisink Hills. All these measures were beset with difficulties. The people had been accus- tomed to pay, as they still are, small salaries to their officers, and were little disposed to gratify the wishes of his lordship, in this respect. Those who claimed lands under Indian grants, and held adversely to the proprietaries, resisted the attempt of the latter to confirm their rights. And every military eifort was repugnant to the consciences of a large portion of the inhabitants. After a dilatory discussion of these embari'assing topics, the House proposed a revenue of thirteen hundred pounds, per annum, to endure for three years. But this sum, being far short of the governor's expectation, he requiring two thousand pounds, per annum, for a term of twenty years, was indignantly rejected ; and in the hope of procuring an Assembly, more complaisant, he dissolved the present, and hastily commanded the election of another House. II. The people, who, in the very wantonness of freedom, had involved themselves in contentious strife, discovered that they had exchanged king Log for king Stork. The precipitate and arbitrary measure of the governor was executed in the spirit with which it was conceived. By corrupt efforts, a House was obtained, with a largo proportion, but not a majority, of the members devoted to tlie governor. To obtain the entire control of this body, his lordship resolved, by the advice of his counsellors, to exclude a portion of its members, under the false pretence, that they were not qualified by the requisite quantity of estate. As the representatives appeared before the governor to take the prescribed oaths, without which, they could not exercise their offices, he refused to administer them to Thomas Gardiner, Thomas Lambert, and Joshua Wright, distinguished delegates from West HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 77 Jersey, by whose exclusion, he obtained a majority of one, in the House. John Fretvvell, of BurHngton, was chosen speaker, by the casting vote of the clerk, who, though nominated by the governor, was admitted by the Assem- bly, to use the faculty of a member. The House, thus constituted, complimented his excellency, on conducting the affairs of his government, " with great diligence, and exquisite manage- ment, to the admiration of his friends, and the envy of his enemies ;" and granted him a revenue for the support of government, of two thousand pounds, for two years ; six hundred of which, were given to the lieutenant- governor, Colonel Ingoldsby. Several other acts were passed, among which, we find one of amnesty, for offences during the late unsettled state of the province, and another establishing a militia, which, by its unnecessary seve- rity, gave much disquiet to the Quakers ; but no effort was made to confirm the pi'opi-ietary estates. Having obtained all that he immediately required, the governor adjourned the House, in December, to the succeeding year, with many encomiums on its conduct. At the next session, however, his power over it had ceased. The rejected members, after eleven month's exclusion, were admitted to their seats ; the governor having been forced, by very shame, to recognise their qualification ; which the title deeds of their estates had long before confirmed, to every dis- passionate inquirer. But the most interesting object of his lordship, had been obtained by the settlement of the revenue, and he was content that the existing House should continue, though he could entertain little hope of service from it, either to himself or the province. It convened again in No- vember, 1705, and October, 1706, but did no business at either session-* III. When the term of the revenue had expired, the convocation of the Assembly was indispensable for its renewal; but it was impracticable, by any means, to procure another House like to the last. Few of the members of that, which met at Burlington on the .5th of April, 1707, were favourably disposed to the governor. Its most active leaders, Samuel Jennings, the speaker, and Lewis Morris, who had been twice expelled the council, for his resistance to the governor's measures, wei-e among the most respectable and influential inhabitants of the province, intimately acquainted with its interests, and altogether adequate to sustain them. The House, therefore, soon after it met, resolved itself into a committee of the whole, with a clerk of its own appointment, to consider of the public grievances; of which it de- termined to complain, by petition to the Queen, and remonstrance to the governor.* In the latter, prepared, most probably, by Morris, they express their regret, that, instead of granting to the governor the revenue required from them, it became their duty, to lay before him the unhappy circumstances of the pro- vince, which they attributed, in some measure, to his long and frequent absence from his government. They then proceeded to allege — That, he had obstructed the course of justice, by suspending, for years, the execution of the sentence of death, pronounced against some women, convicted of murder ; and that this delay " was not only a very great charge, but that the blood of the innocents cried aloud for vengeance — and just heaven would not fail to pour it down upon their already miserable country, if the guilty were not made to suffer according to their demerits : That, in criminal cases, the accused were condemned to the payment of costs, even when no bill was found : That, the sole office for the probate of wills, together with the secre- tary's office, were holden at Burlington, to the great inconvenience of the inhabitants, who dwelt in the remoter parts of the province : That patents * Smith's New Jersey, 284. See Appendix, P. 78 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. for the exclusive carriage of goods, on the road from Burlington to Am- boy, had been granted for a term of years, contrary to the statute of 21 Jac. 1, against monopolies: That fees had been established without the au- thority of the General Assembly : And that the governor had put the re- cords of the eastern division of the province into the hands of one, the pre- tended agent of the proprietors,* who did not reside in the province. Some of these grievances were certainly of a character to rouse public indignation, whilst others were, probably, more the result of circumstances, which would have been removed by the Legislative power, as they were olfered for con- sideration. But there were other grievances, which the Assembly deemed of higher nature, and attended with worse consequences. Such were — the prohibition to the council of proprietors, to issue warrants for land in West Jersey, and other unauthorised interferences with proprietary rights — the exclusion of the three members from the last House — and the corruption of the governor in receiving large sums of money for the dissolution of the first Assembly, in order that no act should be passed to compel the payment of proprietary quit- rents, and to obtain such officers as the contributors should approve. " This House," continues the remonstrance, " has great reason to believe, that the money so gathered, was given to Lord Cornbury, and did induce him to dis- solve the then Assembly, and by his own authority to keep three members out of the next Assembly, and put so many mean and mercenary men in office; by which corrupt practice, men of the best estates are severely ha- rassed, her Majesty's good subjects in this province, so impoverished, that they are not able to give that support to her Majesty's government, as is de- sired, or as they would be otherwise inclined to : — And we cannot but be very uneasy, when we find by these new methods of government, our liber- ties and properties so much shaken, that no man can say he is master of either, but holds as tenant by courtesy and at will, and may be stripped of them at pleasure. Liberty is too valuable a thing to be easily parted with, and when such mean inducements procure such violent endeavours to tear it from us, we must take leave to say, they have neither heads, hearts, nor souls, that are not moved by the miseries of their country, and are not for- ward with their utmost power, lawfully to redress them." " We conclude by advising the governor to consider what it is, that princi- pally engages the affections of a people, and he will find no other ai-tifice need- ful, than to let them be unmolested in the enjoyment of what belongs to them of right ; and a wise man that despiseth not his own happiness, will earnestly labour to regain their love." This free and unceremonious remonstrance lost nothing of its force, in the delivery by speaker Jennings. In vain did his lordship attempt to aAve his constant and spirited temper, by assumed airs of ga-eatness, and by repeated interruption, with the cry of stop! jvhafs that? as the most offensive passages were read to him. Jennings, with an affectation of deep humility, whenever interrupted, calmly desired leave to read the passages again; to all of which, he gave additional emphasis, so that the second reading was greatly more offensive than the first."]" IV. The indignation of the governor, at this remonstrance, is strongly pour- trayed, in a long circumstantial, but not very successful, reply; in which he denied the truth of some of its charges, and sought to justify the others. On the dread, expressed by the house,of divine vengeance for punishments delayed, * Peter Sonmans. t When the House had retired, Cornbury, with some emotion, says the historian Smith, told those with liim, that Jennings liad impudence enough to face the devil. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 79 he remarked; " I am of opinion, that nothmg has hindered the vengeance of just heaven, from falling upon this province long ago, but the infinite mercy, goodness, long-suffering, and forbearance of Almighty God, who has been abundantly provoked by the repeated crying sins of a perverse generation among us ; and more especially, by the dangerous and abominable doctrines, and the wicked lives and practices of a number of people ; some of whom, under the pretended name of Christians, have dared to deny the very es- sence and being of the Saviour of the world." The practice of extorting fees from the accused against whom no bill was found, he defended on the ground of established custom ; admitting, however, that if the juries of the country were such as they ought to be, a diflerent rule might be proper. " But," he continues, " we find from woeful experience, that there ai-e many men, who have been admitted to serve upon grand and special juries, who have convinced the world, that they have no regard for the oaths they take; especially among a sort of people, who, under a pretence of conscience, refuse to take an oath: and yet, who, under the cloak of a very solemn athrm- ation, dare to commit the greatest enormities, especially, if it be to serve a " friend," as they call him ; these are the designing men, and the vindictive tempers of which all the Queen's good subjects ought to beware, and be pro- tected from ; and these arc the crying sins which will undoubtedly draw down the vengeance of just heaven upon this province and people, if not timely and seriously repented of." In considering the more heinous charge of corruption, the truth of which he peremptorily denies, his lordship demands; "who would not, after such assertions, expect to see the governor proved guilty, either of treason or be- traying the trust reposed in him, by the Queen, by depriving the subjects of their lives, their estates, or their properties ; or, at least, denying them justice, and pervei'ting the laws to their oppression? These, or the like crimes, manifestly proved, are the only things that can justify men in the accusing a governor of corrupt practice, and of shaking the libei'tics and properties of the people. But if none of these things can be proven, but on the contrary, it does appear plainly, that no one act of severity, much less of injustice or oppression, has been done, since the government of this province come under the Queen, but there has been an impartial, just, and equal administration of justice observed throughout the whole course of my government, and that many acts of mercy have been extended to persons who deserved to be se- verely punished ; then what sort of creatures must these bold accusers appear to be, in the eyes of all impartial and judicious men? That these are truths beyond all contradiction, and which all the people of this province know, I do challenge you, and every one of you, to prove to the contrary. And though, I know very well, that there are several unquiet spirits, in the pro- vince, who will never be content to live quiet, under any government, but their own ; and not long under that neither, as appears by their methods of proceeding, when the government was in the hands of the proprietaries, when many of these very men, who are now the remonstrancers, were in authority, and used the most arbitrary and illegal methods of proceeding, over their fellow subjects, that were ever heard of; yet, I am satisfied, there are very few men in the province, except Samuel Jennings and Lewis Morris, men known, neither to have good principles, nor good morals, who have ventured to accuse a governor of such crimes, without any proof to make out their accusation; but they are capable of any thing but good." V. New fuel was added to this flame, already unextinguishable, by a dispute relative to the accounts of Peter Fauconier, the provincial treasurer. In the examination of which the House found several objectionable items, paid upon the governor's order, merely, and without vouchers, which the treasurer re- 80 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. fused to render without the governor's commands. Upon application for these, his lordship replied, that, he had already ordered them; therein ex- ceeding his powers ; inasmuch as the Lord High Treasurer had appointed an auditor-general, for the province, who had deputed one to settle the accounts of the provincial treasurer; he being responsible only to the Lord High Treasurer. His lordship proffered to explain any articles with which the Assembly were dissatisfied; but this, they very properly, dechned, as they would have sanctioned the preposterous claim of irresponsibility of the pro- vincial treasurer to a provincial Assembly, for the funds of the province, and would have placed them still more at the mercy of their extortionate rulers. VL In the temper which now prevailed among the officers of the state, there was no prospect of joint and beneficial labours ; and the governor, probably, dreading a caustic rejoinder to his reply, prorogued the House on the 16th, to meet in the following September, at Amboy. A subsequent order convened them in October, when they resolved to answer the go- vernor's replication, and to raise no money unless their grievances were redressed ; in which case, they proposed to grant, for the support of govern- ment, fifteen hundred pounds. On the 28th, they informed the governor, that having seen his reply m print, they were disposed to answer it, and requested to know, when they might present their rejoinder. He promised to receive them in due time; but having waited for his message until next day, and then concluding that he purposed to elude their request, they sent a committee with their message, which, he refusing to receive, they caused to be entered on their journal. In this address the House reiterated and amplified their former complaints, and spared no opportunity to give to his excellency the retort couileous. From the following examples, the reader will, probably, agree with us, that, their shafts were keen, if not polished. " It is," say they, " the General Assembly of the province of New Jersey, that complains, and not the Qua- kers, with whose persons (considered as Quakers) or meetings we have nothing to do ; nor are we concerned in what your excellency says against them; they, perhaps, will think themselves obliged to vindicate their meet- ings, from the aspersions which your excellency, so liberally, bestows upon them, and evince to the world how void of rashness and inconsideration your excellency's expressions are, and how becoming it is, for the governor of a province, to enter the lists of controversy, with a people who thought them- selves entitled to his protection, in the enjoyment of their religious liberties ; those of them who arc members of this House have begged leave, in behalf of themselves and their friends, to tell the governor they must answer him in the words of Nehemiah to Sanballat, contained in the eighth verse of the sixth chapter of Nehemiah; viz. There is no .such things done as thou sayest, bvt thou feignest them out of thijie oum hearth In reply to the governor's boast, of the purity of his administration, they ask, " are not his Majesty's loyal subjects hauled to gaols, and there lie without being admitted to bail ? And those that are," they continue, " is not the condition of the recognizances, that, if your excellency approves not of their being bailed, they shall return to their prisons? Are not several of her Majesty's good subjects forced to abscond, and leave their habitations, being threatened with imprisonment, and having no hopes of receiving the benefit of the law, when your excellency's absolute will is the sole measure of it? Has not one minister of the Church of England, been dragged by a sheriff, from Burlington to Amboy, and there kept in custody, without assigning any rea- son for it, and at last hauled by force into a boat, by your excellency, and transported, Kkc a malefactor, into another government, and there kept in a HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 81 garrison, a prisoner ; and no reason assigned for it, but your excellency's pleasure? Has not another minister of the Church of England been laid under the necessity of leaving the province, from the reasonable apprehen- sion of the same treatment '? Is any order of men, either sacrod or civil, secure in their lives, their liberties, or estates? Where these procedures will end, God only knows." " If these, and what we have named before, be acts of mercy, gentleness, and good nature — if this be the administering laws, for the protection and preservation of her majesty's subjects, then have we been the most mistaken men in the world, and have had the falsest notion of things ; — calling that cruelty, oppression and injustice, which is their direct opposite, and those things, slavery, imprisonments, and hardships, which are freedom, liberty, and ease; and must hencefoi-th take France, Denmark, the Muscovian, Ottoman, and Eastern empires, to be the best models of gentle and happy government." VII. Beside these measures of resistance, in the province, to the usurped authority and irregular proceedings of the governor, the West Jersey pi'o- prietors, residing in England, addressed a memorial condemnatory of his conduct, to the lords commissioners of trade and plantations; in which, they exposed at length, the evils resulting from his interference with their lands. The governor sought to repel these attacks, by an address, from the lieuten- ant-governor, and his council, to the Queen. After partially stating the dissentions in the province, they added, " We ai'e now obliged humbly to represent to your majesty, the true cause ; which, we conceive, may lead to the remedy of these confusions." " The first, is owing to the turbulent, factious, uneasy, and disloyal prin- ciples of two men in the Assembly, Mr. Lewis Morris, and Samuel Jennings, a Quaker; men notoriously known to be uneasy under all government — men never known to be consistent with themselves — men to whom all the factions and confusions in the government of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, for many years, are wholly owing — men that have had the confidence to declare, in open council, that your majesty's instructions to your governors, in these provinces, shall not oblige or bind them, nor will they be concluded by them, further than they arc warranted by the law, of which, also, they will be the judges; and this is done by them, (as we have all the reason in the world to believe,) to encourage, not only this government, but also the rest of your governments in America, to throw oft' your majesty's royal pre- rogative, and, consequently, to involve all your dominions, in this part of the world, and the honest, good, and well-meaning people in them, in confusion; hoping, thereby, to obtain their wicked purposes. " The remedy for all these evils, we most humbly purpose, is — that your majesty will most graciously please to discountenance those wicked, design- ing men, and show some dislike to this Assembly's proceedings; who are resolved, neither to support this your majesty's government, by a revenue, nor take care to defend it, by settling a militia. The last hbel, called 'The Reply, &c.' came out so suddenly, that as yet, we have not had time to answer it in all its particulars ; but do assure your majesty, it is (or the most part, false in fact ; and in that part of it which cari'ies any face of truth, they have been malicious and unjust in not mentioning the \\hole truth ; which would have fully justified my Lord Cornbury's just conduct."* It might be questionable at the present day, whether the lieutenant- governor, and his council, did not design to betray the cause they seemed to defend, when they charged it as a crime upon the citizens of a government ■ See Appendix, Q., for names of Council 82 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of laws, that they preferred the laws, as they understood them, to the in- structions of the Queen, and would obey the latter, so far only, as they were consistent with the former. But we have, here, only, an additional instance of the subserviency, which the love of power and place, every where pro- duces. It is the law of society, if not of nature, that men should strengthen the hand that feeds them. And ordinary men, like the beast of the stall, lick the hand that fattens them, even for the shambles. The dispenser of official favours, whether he be a prince or a president, will always find minions, ever ready to maintain his prerogative above the law, and we are, therefore, not surprised, that such hoped for protection, from a daughter of James the Second. VJII. Two days after Lord Cornbury had refused to receive the Address of the Assembly, he prorogued that body, to the spring of the ensuing year; and thus avoided the necessity of a defence, which he found difficult to sustain. The house met in Burlington, on the 5th of May, 1708 ; and in the illness of Jennings, their former speaker, named Thomas Gordon to that office.* The governor addressed them with the customary speech ; to which, they replied, by repetition of former grievances, and recounting of new ones. Perceiving that nothing could be obtained, without the abandonment of the ground he had taken, he adjourned them, until September, to meet at Amboy ; and in the interval, dissolved them. IX. In his government of New York, the conduct of Lord Cornbury was, if possible, more oflcnsive to the people, than in New Jersey ; and had been productive of like results, universal dissatisfaction of the people, and entire suspension of legislative action. His character is described as a com- pound of bigotry and intolerance, rapacity and prodigality, voluptuousness, and cruelty, and the loftiest arrogance, with the meanest chicane. Whether from real ditferencc in sentiment, or from a policy, which in those days was not uncommon, whilst his father adhered to James, the son attached himself to king William, and was among the first officers who deserted to him, on his landing at Tor bay. Having dissipated his substance in riot and de- bauchery, and being obliged to fly from his creditors, in England, he obtain- ed from his patron, the government of New York, which was confirmed by his kinswoman. Queen Anne, who added the government of New Jersey. He first excited the odium of the people of the former province, by the into- lerance he exercised against the Presbyterians, and every other religious sect, except the protcstant Episcopalians. Though the great body of the in- habitants, including the principal families of the province, were of the former persuasion, he prohibited their ministers from preaching without a license from himself; implying, that they officiated not of right, but by his indulgence. He, in one instance, fraudulently seized upon their church property, and delivered it to the Episcopal party; in another, he indicted two ministers from Virginia, who preached without license, for a misdemeanor; but his malice was defeated, by the independence of the jury, who refused to con- vict. In every part of the province, he tendered his assistance to the Epis- copalians, to possess them of the churches, which other sects had built. Happily, his conduct in other departments of his government, by uniting all parties against him, soon deprived him of the power of instigating one por- tion of society to harass or op])ress the rest. Not content with the liberal grants which the Assembly had niade liim, for his private use, he embezzled large sums ai^proprifited to the erection of public works, and unable to sub- sist on his lawful emoluments, even with the addition of enormous pillage, he contracted debts, with every tradesman who would trust him, and set his " Sue Appendix, R HISTORY OF NE:W JERSEY. 88 creditors at defiance, by means of his official station. The Assembly proposed, in vain, to establish a body of functionaries, to control the public expenditure, and to account to tliemseives; and, with as little success, did they transmit remonstrances, against him, to the Queen.* The only imme- diate result of the latter, was some private instructions to the governor. The proposition, to control the public disl)ursements, was rejected; and, when they insisted on a scrutiny of his accounts, he warned them not to provoke him, to exert " certain powers entrusted to him by the Queen, and to trouble him less about the rights of the House ; as the House possessed no rights, other than the grace and good pleasure of her Majesty, suffered it to enjoy." By such declai-ation, and a line of policy strictly conformable therewith, he alienated all his adherents; and when he dissolved one Assembly, for its at- tention to the public interest, he was unable to convoke another of different character. At length the zVssemblics refused to vote the smallest supply for the public service, until he should account for all his past receipts and appli- cations of public money, and perform the impossible condition of refunding the sums he had embezzled. His dissolute habits and ignoble tastes and manners, completed and embittered the disgust with which he was, now, uni- versally regarded ; and when lie was seen rambling abroad in the dress of a woman, the people beheld with indignation and shame, the representative of their sovereign and ruler of their country. f X. At length Queen Anne was compelled, in the year 1709, by the reite- rated and unanimous complaints of New York and New Jersey, to supersede his commission. No sooner was he deprived of office than his creditors threw him into prison. And thus degraded from an honourable station, by his public crimes, and deprived of liberty by his private vice and dishonesty, this kinsman of his Queen, remained a prisoner, for debt, in the province he had governed, till the death of his father, elevating him to the peerage, enti- tled him to liberation. He then returned to Europe, and died in the year 1723.:|: * See Appendix, S., for resolutions of the Assembly of New York, t Grahaine's Cof. Hist. vol. ii. 302. Sniilli's New Yorft. t Smith's New Yorlt, 144, 145, 14G, KM. Grahame's Col. Hist. 30G. Biograph. Brit. 84 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. CHAPTER VI. Comprising Events from the Removal of Lord Cornbury to the Close of the Administra- tion of Governor Hunter — 17011-171!). — I. Lord Cornbury succeeded by Lord Lovelace — His conciliatory Address to the Assembly. — II. Ready disposition of the House to provide for the Support of Government — Change in the Constitution of the Assembly — Assembly obtain a Copy of the Address of the Lieutenant Governor and Council, to the Queen, in favour of Lord Cornbury — Demand a hearing for their Defence before the Governor. — III. Death of Lord Lovelace and Accession of Lieutenant Governor Ingoldsby. — IV. Promptitude of the Province to aid in reducing the French Possessions in North America. — V. Failure of the Expedi- tion, and renewed Elibrts of the Colonists to revive it — Visit of the Chiefs of the Five Nations to England. — VI. Capture of Port Royal, &c. by Colonel Nicholson and the American Forces. — VII. Governor Ingoldsby removed — Government adininistered by William Pinhorne as President of Council — succeeded by Go- vernor Hunter. — VIII. Biographical Notice of Governor Hunter. — IX. Meets the Assembly, which prefers Charges against Members of Council. — X. Expul- sion of a Member of the House for his Conduct in Council — Address to the Queen. — XI. Bills proposed for the relief of the Quakers defeated by the Coun- cil.— XII. New Efforts for the Conquest of the French Provinces — Unfortunate Result. — XIII. Continued quiet of the Province. — XIV. Division of the Assem- bly.— XV. Governor Hunter returns to Europe — Testimonials in his favour by New Jersey and New York — Exchanges his Commission with WiUiara Burnet. I. Lord Cornbury was succeeded in his governments of New Y'ork and New Jersey, by John, Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, who met the council of the latter province, at Bergen, December 20th, 1708, and a new Assem- bly, at Perth Amboy, in the following spring. The principles which directed his administration, were the converse of those of his predecessor. He had more confidence in the melting power of kindness and respect, than in that of haughtiness and resei-ve ; in the influ- ence of justice and frankness, than in force and fraud, to bend the people to his wishes. His address to the Flouse was full of conciliation. He assured them, " that he would not give them any just cause of uneasiness under his administration, and hoped they would bear with one another ; and that past differences and animosities would be buried in oblivion, and the peace and welfare of the country, only, would be pursued by each individual." On the subject of the support of government and the establishment of a militia, the contrast is striking between his course and that of the inihtuated Corn- bury. Instead of peremptorily demanding a large and fixed annual sum, payable for a long period; he observed, that "her Majesty would not be bur- den.some to her people ; but there being an absolute necessity, that govern- ment be sujiported, he was directed to recommend that matter to their consi- deration ; that they knew best what the province could conveniently raise for its support, and the easiest methods of raising it; that the making a law for putting the militia on a better footing than it at present stood, with as much ease to the people as possible, required their consideration ; that he should always be ready to give his assent to whatever laws they found ne- cessary for promoting religion and virtue, for the encouragement of trade and industry, and discouragement of vice and profanoness, and for any other matter or thing, relating to the good of the province." II. These liberal and fiivourablc sentiments were reciprocated by tin; House; they passed a bill, appropriating a sum exceeding seventeen hun- dred pounds, for the support of government; an act for settling the mi- litia of the province; an act for the encouragement of the post-office; and HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 85 an act tor explaining grants and patents, for land, in the eastern division of the province. They, also, availed themselves of the present opportunity of changing the constitution of the General Assembly, giving to it a more aris- tocratical essence^, than it received from the royal instructions. The latter required, that, the House should consist of two members elected by the householders and inhabitants of the towns of Amboy, Burlington, and Salem, respectively, and five members, chosen by the freeholders of the re- spective counties. The Assembly now directed that the electors, in all cases, should be freeholders, and that two members should be chosen for each of the above mentioned towns, and two for each county, and that the members should be freeholders of that division, for which they were, respectively, elected. The freehold required for the elector and representative, was that specified in the instructions, and the Flouse was made the judge of the quali- fication of its members. This change was induced by the proprietaries; to whom it was a matter of obvious and deep interest, that, every inhabitant should be an owner of land. The Assembly obtained from the governor, a copy of the address which the lieutenant governor and council had made to the Queen in favour of Lord Cornbury; and engaged him to hear their defence of the charges against them, in presence of the addressers, but the latter contrived, for a season, to elude the inquiry. III. The prospect which the province now had of a happy administration, in which the interests of the people were duly consulted, and the officers of government, liberally and satisfactorily maintained, were content with the emoluments the law conferred, was unhappily obscured by the sudden death of their popular governor, in a few days after the passage of the above-men- tioned laws, and the devolvement of his power upon the lieutenant governor Ingoldsby. IV. This officer, pursuant to his instruction from the ministers of the Queen, laid before the Assembly their demand for aid, in an attack upon the French provinces in North America. The French had actively prosecuted the war declared against them by England, on the 4th May, 1702, and the northern English provinces of America, had suffered greatly from their incursions. In the preceding year, they had penetrated to Haverhill, on the Merrimack river, and reduced the town to ashes. Upon the entreaty of the inhabitants of New England, the ministry adopted a plan proposed by Col. Vetch, for the conquest of Arcadia, Canada, and Newfoundland. An attack upon Quebec was to be made, by a squadron of ships carrying five regiments of regular troops from England, and twelve hundred provincials, furnished by the zeal of Massachusetts and Rhode Island; whilst an army of fifteen hundred men from Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, conducted by Colonels Nicholson and Vetch, should attempt Montreal, by way of the lakes. The enterprise, however, was never prosecuted; the exigencies of the war in Europe requiring all the forces of the allies. The quota of troops required from New Jersey, was two hundred. The Assembly entered spi- ritedly into the views of the ministry; passed one act appropriating three thousand pounds to aid the expedition, to be raised by the issue of bills of credit; another, for enforcing their currency, and a third for the encourage- ment of volunteers. The few Indian chiefs who were in the province, were summoned before the council, and incited to engage in the enterprise; and Col. Schuyler was commissioned by the governors of Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania, to direct the efforts of these and of the Five Nations. V. Upon failure of the expedition, Col. Nicholson returned to England to solicit further assistance, taking with him, five of the Indian sachems of the Five Nations, together with Col. Schuyler, whose infiuence over these 86 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. warlike savages was ajhiiost unbounded. It suited the ministry to make art exhibition of these sons of the forest. The court being then in mourning for the death of the prince of Denmark, the American kings were dressed in black under clothes, and their coarse and filthy blankets viere exchanged for rich scarlet cloth mantles, trimmed with gold. A more than ordinary solemnity attended the audience they had of her Majesty; Sir Charles Cotteral con- ducted them in coaches to St. James's; and the Lord Chamberlain introduced them into the royal presence, where the chiet' warrior and orator addressed a speech, with the customary belts of wampum, to her Majesty. VI. To tlic solicitations of Colonels Nicholson and Schuyler, the ministry returned the most favourable promises; but their execution was so long de- layed, that Nicholson resolved to attack Port Royal, with the means at his disposal in the colonies. With twelve ships of war and twenty transports, having on board one regiment of marines, and four of infantry, raised in New England, he assailed and captured the place, and obtained full posses- sion of Nova Scotia, on the 5th of October 1710. VII. Lieutenant Governor Ingoldsby was, as we have seen, justly obnox- ious to the people of New York and New Jersey, and their remonstrances, also, procured his removal soon after the dismission of Cornbury. But before the arrival of another governor appointed by the crown, the executive powers were exercised in New Jersey, by Mr. William Pinhorne, one of the most unpopular of the council. He was, however, very soon superseded by the arrival of Brigadier General Hunter, on the 14th June, 1710, with the com- mission of governor general of the provinces of New York and New Jersey. VIII. Governor Hunter was a native of Scotland, and when a boy, was put apprentice to an apothecary. But he deserted his master and entered the ai-my, and being a man of wit and personal beauty, acquired the affections of Lady Hay, whom he afterwards married. Pie had been nominated in the year 1707, lieutenant governor of Virginia, under George, Earl of Orkney; but having been captured by the French, in his voyage to that colony, was carried into France. Upon his release, he was appointed to succeed Lord Lovelace. He was, unquestionably, a man of merit, since he enjoyed the intimacy of Swift, Addison, and others, distinguished for sense and learning; by whose interest, it is supposed, he obtained this profitable place. He min- gled freely with the world, and was somewhat tainted by its follies; had en- gaging manners, blended perhaps, not unhappily, for his success in the pro- vince, with a dash of original vulgarity. His administration of ten years' duration, ^yas one of almost unbroken harmony, and consequently productive of scarcely aught else, worthy of historical notice.' IX. He met the Assembly oC New Jersey on the 6th of December, 1710; to whom he delivered a frank, soldierly, and acceptable speech, much in the spirit of his predecessor Lovelace. The session continued more than two months, during which the joint labours of the governor and House of Repre- sentatives wei'o unimpeded, save by the occasional refractoriness of the ob- noxious council. This led the House, nothing loth, to the consideration of the charges which a majority of the present council had made to the Queen, against a former Assembly, whose vindication the present House assumed not the less eagerly, that it was composed, almost wholly, of other indi- viduals.* They presented to governor Hunter a long memorial, in which, these members of council were certainly not spared. And if we may judge of their characters, from their sycojjhancy, no terms of reprobation could have been too strong. It was scarce possible for the minions of the most despotic and profligate court, to flatter a monarch, more than the council * Smith's N. Y. Smith's N. J. See note T. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 87 of New Jersey did the good Lord Lovelace, in an address, " which," say the Assembly, " for the peculiarity of the language, (and we might add, the un- intelligibleness of the terms), ought never to be forgotten." The address commenced thus : " Your lordship has not one virtue or more, but a com- plete accomplishment of all perfections,^'' &c. &c. The address to the Queen, purporting to be an act of the council, it appears had never beSn formally considered before that body, but had been prepared at the instance of Lord Cornbury, and was signed by the counsellors at different times and places; and many of them, afterwards, becoming ashamed of its contents, alleged that they had signed it without having read it. In their defence, the Assembly chai-ge upon the council an attempt to de- feat their endeavours, to aid the expedition against Canada, by conspiriu"- to negative the acts which they proposed for that purpose. And they allege such misdeeds against most of the counsellors, that we are driven to believe, that party spirit must have aided much in Ibrming the accusation. Thus Mr. Hall is accused of extortion, of imprisoning and selling the queen's sub- jects, and "of taking up adrift several casks of flour, denying them to the owner, and selling them." — Mr. Sonmans of being indicted for perjury, " from ^vhich, by a pack'd jury he was cleared, there being too much reason to be- lieve he was justly accused, and of being a bankrupt," who at this time, and for some years past, has lived in open and avowed aduhery in contempt of the laws. They allege also, that the courts of law, in which the gentlemen of the council were judges, instead of being a protection and security to her Ma- jesty's subjects, became their chief invaders and destroyers — That thouoh the courts were holden, alternately, at Amboy and Burlington, " yet the causes of one division were tried in the other, and juries and evidences can-ied for that end ;" that " the writ of habeas corpus, the undoubted right, as well as the great privilege of the subject, was by William Pinhorne, Esq. second Judge of the Supreme Court, denied to Thomas Cordon, Esq. then speaker of the Assembly ; and, notwithstanding the station he was in, he was kept fifteen hours a prisoner, until he applied by the said Pinhorne's son, an attor- ney at law ; and then, not before, he was admitted to bail : that, many per- sons prosecuted upon informations, had been, at their excessive charo-e, forced to attend, court after court, and not brought to trial, when there was no evidence to ground such information on : that, the people called Quakers, who are by her Majesty, admitted to places of the most considerable trust within this province, are sometimes admitted to be evidences, as in a capital case, at a Court of Oyer and Terminer, holden by Chief Justice Mompesson, Colonel Daniel Coxe, Colonel Huddy and others, on which evidence the pri- soner was condemned to be executed ; and sometimes, they are refused to be jurors or evidences, either in civil or criminal cases ; so that their safety or receiving the benefit of her Majesty's favour, seems not to depend upon the laws or her directions, but the humours and caprices of the gentlemen who were judges of the court: all persons not friends to the gentlemen of the council, or some of them, were sure in any trial at law to suffer • every thing was done in favour of those that were: justice was banish- ed, and trick and partiality substituted in its place: no man was secure in his liberty or estate; but, both, subjected to the caprices of an incon- siderate party of men, in power, who seemed to study nothing more than to make them as precarious as possible :" — that " all the original copies of the laws, passed in the time of the just Lord Lovelace, are somehow or other made away with : Basse* offers to purge himself by his oath, that, he * Mr. JeremiaJi Basse, once deputy governor under the proprietaries of East Jersey, at tills time, secretary of atato, clerk of council, and prothonotary of the Supreme Court. 88 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. has them not, nor knows any thing of them ; and it may be so, for aught we know ; but in this province, where he is known, it is also known, that, few men ever believed his common conversation, and several juries have refused to credit his oaths. It is certain, that the secretary's office is the place these laws should have been." " It docs appear to have been the inte- rest of the lieutenant governor and his friends, to destroy it, (the law appro- priating eight hundred pounds to Lord Lovelace) for they had got an act passed, which took from the Lord Lovelace three hundred and thirty pounds of that money, and gave it to the lieutenant governor ; and two hundred and twenty pounds more of it was given to him for the support of the govern- ment. Had he sent the act, made in favour of the Lord Lovelace, to the Queen, for her approbation or disallowance, it would not have served him, had her JMajesty approved of it, as, in all probability, she would have done; but had the other gone home first, there was an expectation it might pass, the Queen knowing no more about the first act, than that a vote had passed in favour of the Lord Lovelace." " We are concerned," say the Assembly in conclusion, " we have so much reason to expose a number of persons combined to do New Jersey all the hurt that lies in their power. Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to remove Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, from being lieutenant governor, and we cannot, sufficiently, express our gratitude for so singular a favour, and, especially, for appointing, your excellency, our governor : we have all the reason in the world to be well assured, you will not forget that you are her subject; but will take care, that justice be duly administered to the rest of her subjects here; which can never be done while William Pinhorne, Roger Mompesson, Daniel Coxe, Richard Townley, Peter Sonmans, Hugh Huddy, William Hall, or Jeremiah Basse, Esquires, continue in places of trust, within this province ; nor can we think our persons or properties safe, while they do; but if they are continued, must, with our families, desert this province, and seek some safer place of abode." These representations are, without doubt, highly coloured ; but there must have been great cause for them ; since sustained by the governor, they were attended with the desired effect; all the obnoxious counsellors being removed by the Queen. X. Major Sandford, one of the unfortunate counsellors, who had now been elected a member of the Assembly, fi'om Bergen county, was expelled the House; it having resolved, "that any one who had signed the false and scandalous representation of the representative body of the province, was unfit to sit in the House, unless he acknowledged his fault," which the oflending member refused to do. An address to the Queen was, also, prepared, and immediately despatched. XI. Since the surrender of the government, by the proprietaries, the ad- ministration of the province had been greatly embarrassed by the obstacles created by the requisition of oaths from the Quaker inhabitants, who were, thereby, precluded from sitting on juries, and from exercising other offices. This gri^ivanf^e had been foreseen, and, in some degree, provided for, by the instruction of the; ministers to Lord Cornbury, directing that he should unite with the Assembly in passing an act, to the like effect as that of the seventh and eighth of King William, entitled, " An act, that the solemn affirmation and declaration of the people, called Quakers, shall be accepted, instead of oath, in the usual form." The disregard of this just and prudent provision, enabled the governor, Cornbury, at will, to admit or reject, the services of Quakers, and became one ol" the means by which he oppressed the people. The House proposed to provide against similar abuses, in future, by two bills; one for ascertaining the qualification of jurors, and the other for sub- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 89 stituting affirmations, for oaths, where a party was conscientiously scrupu- lous in taking them. But though laws, for these purposes, were subsequently enacted, the opposition of the council, at this time, defeated the efforts of the Assembly. And a bill for explaining the militia law, and relieving persons aggrieved thereby, met a like fate. XII. Animated by his successes in Newfoundland, Colonel Nicholson again urged upon the ministry, the reduction of Canada, which had been strongly recommended by the Indian chiefs, as the only effectual means of securing the northern colonies. The attempt having been resolved upon, circulars were addressed to the governors of the northern and middle colo- nies, requiring them to meet and confer with Nicholson, and to prepare their respective quotas of men and provisions. Governor Hunter summoned the Assembly of New Jersey in July, 1711; and informing them that the fleet and army destined for this service, had arrived at Boston, demanded that they should provide three hundred and sixty effective men beside officers, together with the means for their subsistence and pay. The service was one which this, together with the northern provinces, looked upon with great favour. The House, therefore, promptly resolved to aid it, by appro- priating twelve thousand five hundred ounces of plate (dollars) in bills of credit, to be sunk, together with the three thousand pounds formerly appro- priated, by a subsequent tax ; and by measures for raising and supporting the requisite ti-oops. But the expedition proved most disastrous. Colonel Nicholson, under whom served Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and Ingoldsby, mustered, at Al- bany, two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans from the Palatinate, and one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced their march towards Canada, on the 28th of August. The troops from Boston, consisted of several veteran regiments of the Duke of Marlborough's army, one bat- talion of marines, and two provincial regiments ; amounting to six thousand four hundred men, commanded by Brigadier General Hill, the brother of the Queen's favourite, Mrs. Masham. They sailed on board of sixty-eight vessels, under convoy of Sir Hoveden Walker, the 30th of July, and arrived off the St. Lawrence, on the 14th of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the unskilfulness of the pilots, or the obstinacy and distrust of the admiral, was entangled amid rocks and islands, on the northern shore, and ran imminent hazard of total destruction. Eight transports, with eight hundred men, pe- rished. Upon this disaster, the squadron bore away for Cape Breton; and the expedition, by the advice of a council of naval and military officers, was abandoned, on the ground of want of provisions, and the impossibility of pro- curing a seasonable supply. The admiral sailed directly for England, and the colonial forces for New England ; whilst Colonel Nicholson, thus de- serted, was compelled to retreat from Fort George. The want of skill and fortitude, were eminently conspicuous in the British commanders of this en- tei-prise.* * The ministry were, generally, censured by the Wliigs for the project of this en- terprise, and for the measures taken for its execution. It was never laid before Par- liament, though then in session; on account, as it was said, of the greater secrecy; and for the same reason the fleet was not victualled at home. They relied on New England for supplies, and this defeated the design; for the ships tarried at Boston, until the season for attack was past. According to Lord Harlcy's account, the whole was a contrivance of Bolingbroke, Moore, and the Lord Chancellor Harcourt,to cheat the public of £20,000. The latter of these, was pleased to say, " No government was worth serving, that would not admit of such advantageous jobs.'' — Svutlis Kew York, 131. From the manner in which this and otiier enterprises against the possessions of France, in America, were conducted, we are almost prepared to agree in opinion with M 90 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. XIII. During five years, nothing worthy of historical notice, occurred in the province. The Assembly was occasionally convened, and passed such laws as were required. These were kw and simple, relating solely to the internal policy of the colony; the peace of Utrecht, 31st of March, 1713, having put an end to hostilities between Greot Britain and France, and termi- nated a merciless war upon the American continent. Some leaven of the political spirit, which had been engendered during the administration of Corn- bury, still worked, at times, among the people, and in the Assembly. Gersham Mott, and Elisha Lawrence, members from Bergen, who had been of Corn- bury 's party, having entered on the minutes of council, reasons for voting against aiding the expedition to Canada, were severally expelled the House of which tlic)'- had become members, "for having arraigned the honour of the representative body of the province." This would seem to have been a party vote, scarce warranted by circumstances. In the interval, we have mentioned, one Assembly had been dissolved, by the demise of Queen Anne, on the 1st of August, 1714; another, by the arrival of a new com- mission to the governor, from her successor George I.; and a third, by some cause which is not apj)arent. A new Assembly was convened at Amboy, on the 4th of April, 1716, in which there was a temporary majority, against the late ruling party; and the party which had suffered for ad- hesion to Cornbury, seemed about to regain its ascendency. Col. Daniel Coxe was chosen Speaker, and several of the most odious members of Cornbury's council, were members of the House. They contrived to delay the business of the session, until the governor, wearied by their procrastina- tion, prorogued them. XIV. He summoned the House again, on the 14th of May, when nine, only, out of twenty-four members appeared. These adjourned from day to day, for five days, receiving no accession to their numbers. When it became appa- rent, that the absentees, intended by desertion to prevent the exercise of the legislative authority, now indispensable to renew the supplies for the support of government, and to provide for the re-emission of the bills of credit, the nine applied to the governor to enforce, by some means, the attendance of the absent members. He issued writs to several of them, commanding their pre- sence, as they would answer the contrary at their peril. Four immediately appeared, making a majority of the House, to whom he recommended the choice of a new Speaker, (Col. Coxe being of the absentees), that they might despatch their sergeant-at-arms to enforce the attendance of others. Mr. John Kinsey of Middlesex, was placed in the chair, and the Assembly proceeded with its usual business. They also entered upon an examination of the conduct of the Speaker and his associates, all of whom they expelled, for contempt of authority and neglect of the service of their country ; and re- solved that they should not sit, if returned on a new election, during the then session. Several of such members, however, were returned; but being re- jected, the electors were compelled to choose again. A subsequent session of the same House, was holden at Crosswicks,* in conscqurnce of the small pox being at Burlington, at which sixteen public and private bills were enacted. The next session commenced on the 8th of April, 1718, but continued a few days only; being adjourned by the governor, at the request of the House, to the following January, a less inconvenient season of the year; when, also, many acts were passed; among which were, one for ascertaining the division line betwixt New Jersey and New York, and the Swedish traveller, Kalni, that Great Britain " was not earnestly disposed to drive that power from tlic continent, jjrcferring to retain it as a ciicck upon the colonists, whom, they feared, would otherwise become powerful and independent." * October 3d, 1710. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 91 another for running the Hne between East and West Jersey. The commis- sioners under tlie first act, fixed the nortliern station point, on the 25th July, 1719, in latitude 41° 40', in tlie manner we have already stated. But nothing was done under the act for determining the line between the East and West Jersey proprietors. XV. This was the last session of the Assembly during Governor Hunter's administration. He had grown tired of his residence in America, or was called, thence, by his affairs in Europe; expressing his intention, however, with his Majesty's permission, to return. He left New York on the 13th of July, 1719, and on his arrival at London, exchanged his government with W^illiam Burnet, Esq., son of the celebrated bishop of that name, for his otfice of comptroller of the customs. Perhaps none of the colonial governors have earned a more excellent or more merited reputation than Brigadier Hunter. Preserving all the firmness which the dignity of his station re- quired, and maintaining the royal authority in full vigour, lie conciliated the people of both provinces, in a very remarkable degree, and obtained from both, in the form of legislative resolves, the most enviable testimo- nials. The last New Jersey Assembly declared to him in their Address, " Your administi-ation has been a continued series of justice and moderation, and from your past conduct, we dare assure ourselves of a continuation of it; and we will not be wanting in our endeavours to make suitable returns, both in providing a handsome support of the government, and of such a con- tinuation as may demonsti-ate to you and the world, the sense we have of our duty and your worth." The Legislature of New York addressed liim thus — " Sir, when we reflect upon your past conduct, your just, mild, and tender administration, it heightens the concern we have for your departure, and makes our grief such as words cannot truly express. You have governed well, and wisely; like a prudent magistrate — like an affectionate parent; — and wherever you . go, and whatever station the divine Providence may please to assign you, our sincere desires and prayers for the happiness of you and yours, shall always attend you. We have seen many governors, and may see more; and as none of those who had the honour to serve in your station, were ever so justly fixed in the affections of the governed, so those to come will acquire no mean reputation, when it can be said of them, their conduct has been like yours. We thankfully accept the honour you do us, in calling yourself our countryman; give us leave, then, to desire, that you will not forget this as your country, and if you can, make haste to return to it. But, if the service of our sovereign will not admit of what we so earnestly desire, and his commands deny us that happiness, permit us to address you as our friend, and give us your assistance, when we are oppress- ed with an administration the reverse of yours." Like all other men, who have been in any way remarkable for political success. Governor Hunter selected his associates and agents, with much judgment; and instead of forcibly opposing the public will, sought, suc- cessfully, by gentle means, to guide it. In New Jersey, Colonel Lewis Morris, a popular favourite, and chief justice, was his principal adviser ; and in New York, he was sustained by that gentleman, and by Messrs. Robert Livingston, De Lancy, and others, of high character, and influence. The province of New Jersey gave him a salary of £600, per annum; com- monly, by acts limited to two years. The whole expense of the govern- ment, about £1000, per annum, was raised by a levy upon real and per- sonal estate, by an excise on wines and spirituous liquors, and a duty on 92 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the importation of Nogro and Mulatto slaves — the last, laid, probably, as much with design to prohibit the traffic, as for the sake of revenue. The extraordinary expenses, such as those for the military expeditions, were met by bills of credit, or loans, payable from the surplus of the ordinary reve- nue. The debt of the province at this time, amounted to eight thousand pounds. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 93 CHAPTER VII. Containing Events from the arrival of Governor Barnet, to the Death of Governor Morris, 1719-1746. — I. Governor Burnet — Notice of his Character. — II. Meets the Assembly — Proceedings. — III. Paper Currency — an Account of its Rise and Progress. — IV. Bill proposed against denying the Trinity, &c. — V. Governor Bernard removed to Massachusetts. — VI. Is succeeded by John Montgomery — His Administration. — VII. Death of Colonel Montgomery, and Presidency of Colonel Lewis Morris — Arrival of Governor Cosby — Harmony of the Province during his Administration — His Death. — VIII. Presidencies of John Anderson, and John Hamilton, Esquires. — IX. Lewis Morris, Governor of the Province of New Jersey, it being separated from New York — Gratification of the Province. — X. He ceases to meet the Council, in Legislation. — XI. Salaries of Officers. — XII. Unpopular Conduct of Governor Morris. — XIII. War with Spain — Aid required by Great Britain, from the Colonies — promptly affijrded by New Jersey — Further disputes between the Governor and Assembly. — XIV. Disingenuous Conduct of the Governor, relative to the Fee Bill. — XV. Opposes the views of the House, on the Bill relative to the Paper Currency — on that, circumscribing the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. — XVI. Assembly refuse to provide for the Salaries of the Public Officers. — XVII. Effiarts at Accommodation — defeated by the discovery of the duplicity of the Governor — Death of Governor Morris — John Hamilton, Esq., President. — XVIII. Biographical Notice of Governor Mor- ris.— XIX. Application made by his Widow, for arrears of Salary — refused. I. Governor Burnet, a.s we have already observed, was a son of the cele- brated Bishop Burnet, whose piety and erudition, but more especially, whose zeal and activity, for the revolution and protestant succession, in Great Britain, has rendered his name illustrious in English .story. The son was a man of sense and breeding, a well read scholar, and possessed a sprightly and social disposition, which his devotion to study restrained from excess. He cherished, successfully, the arts of popularity — had none of the moroseness of the scholar, but was gay and affable, avoiding all affectation of pomp, and mingled freely with the reputable families of his government, p