] -IAN D B O O K S * FO R-TH E - CLE RG^: / EDITED • Vv/’ / .>• LI A D BR 45 .H362 v.14 Swete, Henry Barclay, 1917 . Patristic study 1835- f r f s/ i Digitized by the Internet Archive r in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library ) https://archive.org/details/patristicstudyOOswet 5>anl)t)oo&!S for ttje Clergg EDITED BY ARTHUR W. ROBINSON, B.D. VICAR OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING BY THE TOWER PATRISTIC STUDY PATRISTIC STUDY HENRY BARCLAY SWETE, D.D., Litt.D., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY THIRD EDITION LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK AND BOMBAY 1904 All rights reserved IN IPSA ITEM CATHOLICA ECCLESIA MAGNOPERE CURANDUM EST UT ID TENEAMUS QUOD UBIQUE QUOD SEMPER QUOD AB OMNIBUS CREDITUM EST. This little book has for its aim to draw the attention of the younger clergy of the Church of England to the vast store of wisdom which has been bequeathed to them by the ancient Catholic Church. The Fathers are often quoted, but in the hurry of the times they are perhaps seldom read. Yet quotation is safe only in the hands of the careful student. Knowledge gained at second hand is not merely of little worth, but may easily become mischievous both to its possessor and to the Church. It is the hope of the writer that his attempt to map out the field of Patristic learning may serve to stimulate and guide personal study, and not be regarded as in any sense a substitute for it. H. B. S. Cambridge, Christmas Eve, 1901. CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introductory • Apostolic and post-Apostolic Christian literature —Neglect of the latter—Its claim on the attention of the English clergy—Origin of the name “ Fathers”—Narrower and wider use—Limits of the subject—Classification . CHAPTER II Fathers op the First Two Centuries The te Apostolic Fathers ” : Clement of Rome— Ignatius—Polycarp—Barnabas— Didaclie — Shepherd of Hermas—A primitive Homily. The Greek Apologists : Aristides—Justin— Tatian, etc.—Letter to Hiognetus. Con¬ troversy with the Jews : Justin’s Dialogue with Trypho. Gnostics and AntbGnostics : Ireiiaeus — The Philosophumena. Apocry¬ phal gospels, etc.—The Clementines . ix PAGES 1-10 b 11-42 X Contents CHAPTER III Fathers of the Third Century PAGES Hippolytus of Portus. The Alexandrians : Clement —Origen—Dionysius. Other Greek writers of the century: Julius Africanus—Gregory the Wonderworker — Pamphilus — Metho¬ dius. Latin writers : The Carthaginians— Tertullian— Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs — Passion of Perpetua —Cyprian—Arnobius— Lactantius. Roman writers: Minucius Felix—Novatian—Commodianus . . . 43-73 CHAPTER IV Post-Nicene Fathers (Greek aqd Eastenj) Eusebius of Caesarea. Athanasius—Didymus the Blind. Cyril of Jerusalem—Epi- phanius. The Cappadocians : Basil — Gregory of Nazianzus—Gregory of Nyssa. The Antiochenes : Diodore — Theodore —John Chrysostom—Theodoret. Cyril of Alexandria — Synesius. Macarius Magnes — Palladius. Syrian writers : Ephraem — Aphraates. The Pseudo- Areopagite—John of Damascus—Photius 74-114 CHAPTER V Post-Nicene Fathers (Latin) Lucifer—Hilary of Poictiers—Ambrose. Augus¬ tine. Jerome—Rufinus. Popes: Dama- sus—Leo. Writers of South Gaul: John Contents xi PAGES Cassian—Honoratus—Hilary of Arles— Vincentius. Western poets and historians. Gregory the Great—Bede . . . 115-141 CHAPTER VI Courses and Methods of Patristic Study Two modes of approaching the study—(1) General reading : Method—Suggested course; (2) Reading for a special purpose : Use of the Fathers by the student of Biblical criticism —Exegesis—History—Dogmatic theology —Christian antiquities —Pastoralia . . 142-179 CHAPTER VII Helps to Patristic Study Early editions—Migne’s Cursus completus — Editions of separate Fathers or works— Translations—Introductions to Patristics —General Bibliography of the subject . 180-194 INDEX 195 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY The literary remains of the Apostolic age in the providence of God have become the common property of Christendom. Admitted into the canon of Holy Scripture, translated into the language of every civilised people, circulated by great societies established for that end, the Gospels and Epistles, the Acts and the Apo¬ calypse are in the hands of all Christians who can read their mother tongue. A widely different fate has overtaken the post-Apostolic literature of the Ancient Church. If the names of some of the more eminent 6 Fathers ’ are familiar to all educated men, few are attracted to the study of their writings. A grotesque misrepresentation associates the Fathers with dulness and ignorance. It is assumed that the writings which record the history, the life, and the thought of the Christian Church during the centuries which followed the death of St. John are destitute of literary merit or spiritual profit. Our age rightly interests itself in the recovery of the merest frag¬ ment that can throw light on the pagan civili- 2 Patristic Study sations of Egypt and Babylonia; it has com¬ paratively little sympathy with the study of Christian antiquity. Unhappily this neglect of the Fathers is not limited to the laity. Times are changed since George Herbert wrote: “ The country parson hath read the Fathers also and the Schoolmen and the later writers, or a good proportion of all .” 1 Multiplied engagements forbid the wider reading which once was possible; even the professed student is compelled by the exacting claims of every department of knowledge to limit himself to one corner of the great field. Yet Patristic studies demand a place in the reading of the clergy next after that of the New Testa¬ ment. The parson, whether his work lie in town or in country, is bound to acquaint him¬ self with some at least of the great Christian writers who followed the Apostles. And there is no study, except that of Holy Scripture, which he will find more profitable. The very struggle to overcome linguistic difficulties and to get at the exact meaning of a writer who lived under condi¬ tions wholly different from his own, cannot fail to stimulate and to instruct. Moreover, the parish priest of the twentieth century will find in the greater writers of the Ancient Church much direct help for his daily work; sermons, catechis- 1 “A Priest to the Temple,” chap, v., The Parson's Accessory Knowledges. 3 Claim on the English Clergy ings, pastoral intercourse, personal life, will be enriched by converse with the pastors and teachers of other times. ^ On the English clergy the Fathers have an especial claim. In England the Reformation rested largely on an appeal to Christian anti¬ quity. Thus the preface to the first Prayer- book of Edward VI. testifies to Cranmer’s desire to produce an order of service “ agreeable to the mind and purpose of the old Fathers.'” At the visitation of his cathedral church in 1550, the Archbishop made it an article of inquiry whether there be a library within this church, and in the same St. Augustine’s works, Basil, Gregory Nazianzene, Hierome, Ambrose, Chrysos- tome, Cyprian, Theophylact.” 1 In his sermon preached at Paul’s Cross in 1560, Jewei offered to surrender to the Romanists if any learned men among them were “ able to bring any one sufficient sentence out of any old Catholic doctor or father ” in support of their distinctive practices. 2 The canons of 1571 directed preachers to teach “ what the Catholic fathers and ancient bishops have gathered” out of Scripture. 3 Puritanism struck out new lines, but the Church of England persisted in her first attitude. 4 As a consequence, Patristic 1 Parker Society, Cranmer's Works, ii. p. 161. 2 Parker Society, Jewel's Works , i. p. 20/. 3 Cardwell, Synodalia, i. p. 126 /. 4 See J. J. Blunt, “ On the Right Use of the Fathers,” p. 21 f. 4 Patristic Study studies found a home in England, and the writings of the best exponents of the mind of the English Church, such as Hooker and Pearson, Andrewes and Bull, are steeped in the thought and language of the Fathers. In the last century the Anglican appeal to Christian antiquity was revived by the Tractarian movement, and nothing better could be desired for those who inherit the traditions of the school of Keble and Pusey than that they should patiently verify their views of Catholic doctrine and discipline by a first-hand study of the Patristic writings. It is, indeed, much to be wished that the clergy of every school would bring their convictions to the same test. An adequate knowledge of the Fathers is an excellent corrective to partial views of truth, rebuking the disposition to substitute a narrower Christianity for “ the faith once delivered to the saints.” Something must be said at starting as to the history of the term 6 Fathers,’ in its application to the authors of the older post-Apostolic litera¬ ture of the Church. In the Old Testament the patriarchs are de¬ scribed as the fathers of Israel. 1 This use was taken over by the Apostolic Church, which re¬ garded the Christian Society as the heir of Israel, and Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as its spiritual 1 See e.g. Gen. 1. 24 (LXX.), Exod. iii. 13, 15, Deut. i. 8. The term ‘ Fathers ’ 5 progenitors. 1 As an official title ‘ father 1 was in use among the Scribes, 2 but the Church, bearing in mind the Lord’s warning against the arrogant spirit which they displayed, did not bestow it either on the Apostles or their immediate successors. 3 At the martyrdom of Polycarp a mob composed of Jews and Pagans shouted, “ This is the Chris¬ tians’ father ; ” 4 but there is no evidence to shew that bishops were already addressed in this style by their flocks. In the West, however, in Cyprian’s time, the bishop’s title was papa , a tribute of affectionate loyalty echoed in the Prayer-book phrase “ reverend father in God.” But it is not before the fourth century that we find the teachers of a past generation described as “fathers,” in the sense of being spiritual parents and guides. Athanasius defends the use of op,oovaios, on the ground that it was employed before the Nicene Council by certain ‘fathers,’ 5 i.e. by Dionysius of Alexandria and his namesake of Rome, who flourished in the middle of the third century. From that time it became the fashion to appeal to earlier Church authorities under this designation. Thus the Council of Constantinople in 381 refers 1 Acts iii. 13, vii. 2, 12 ; Rom. iv. 12, 16 ; 2 Pet. iii. 4; Clem. R. Cor. 4 (where see Lightfoot’s note). 2 Matt, xxiii. 8 ff. 3 Yet cf. 1 Cor. iv. 14 /. ; Gal. iv. 19 ; 1 Pet. v. 13; and see Aug. enarr. in Ps. xliv. 32, “ patres missi sunt apostoli.” 4 Mart. Polyc. 12; cf. Aug. brev. coll. c. Donat., iii. 8. 6 Ath. ep. ad Afros 6, e/c 7ra rtpuv £ x 0VT€S T V V papruplar. 6 Patristic Study to the Creed 1 of the SI8 fathers at Nicaea, and the Council of Chalcedon in 451 in like manner quotes the Creed of the 150 fathers at Constantinople. 1 The example of these great Councils was followed by later theological writers, who began to rely upon the support of their more eminent predecessors. A dictum of “ our holy father Athanasius,' 1 ' 1 or “ our holy father Gregory the Theologian,” came to be regarded as a conclusive test of orthodoxy. The Fathers, then, in the stricter sense of the term, are the great champions of orthodox belief, whose writings became the standard of Catholic truth. To the greatest of these the distinguish¬ ing title of “ Doctors ” was subsequently assigned ; thus Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great are known as the four Latin doctors, whilst Athanasius, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom attained a similar position among the fathers of the Greek East. The more general designation was given to all Christian writers who possessed the notes of antiquity, orthodoxy, sanctity, and ec¬ clesiastical approbation. But it is also used to cover all ancient Christian writers without dis¬ tinction. Thus the Abbe Migne has given to his great Patrologia the secondary title, sive bibliotheca omnium Patrum , Doctorum , Scripto- rumque ecclesiasticorum; and among the last class he includes not a few writers who certainly are 1 See Bright, Canons, pp. xxi., xxxiii. Its Limits 7 not models of orthodoxy, such as Origen, Theo¬ dore of Mopsuestia, and even Pelagius. Perhaps it is to be regretted that a term which properly has a restricted use should have been adopted as a general name for a mass of litera¬ ture which is far from being homogeneous; for u ,his larger purpose, Jerome’s title, “ ecclesiastical writers,” 1 would be at once more accurate and less open to misconstruction. But “ Fathers,” “ Patristics,” “ Patrology,” are terms now so uni- veisally accepted, that it would be hopeless or at lead pedantic to endeavour to supersede them. We shall therefore follow the example of Migne, and under 6 Patristic Study ’ include the study of al ancient Christian writings subsequent to the Apostolic age, whether Catholic or heretical. It is a more difficult matter to decide how far our subject ought to be pursued. The terminus a quo of Patristic literature is readily fixed ; the termims ad quem may be placed at an earlier or later date, according to the student’s point of view. Migne carries his Latin Patrology down to the early years of the thirteenth century, and his Greek Patrology to the Fall of Constantin¬ ople. Trom the standpoint of the editor of a cursus cempletus there is much to be said for these limits; it is doubtless convenient to include in one collection all the writers of Latin Christen- 1 De viris iilustrprolog. : “ hortaris ut ecclesiasticos scriptores in ordinem digeram.” 8 Patristic Study dom to the age of the great Schoolmen, and all Greek Christian writers who lived before the fall of the Byzantine Empire. But for our present purpose this range is far too wide. With the fewest exceptions the freshness and independence which entitle earlier writers to take their place among the “parents of Christian thought and belief and life, - ” 1 disappear altogether after the times of Gregory the Great in the West and John of Damascus in the East. Even this period must be considerably shortened in view of the limits imposed upon us by the plan of these handbooks. We shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to Fathers of the first five centuries, referring students who wish to carry their reading further to larger works upon Patris¬ tics, of which there is happily no lack. The Fathers of the first five centuries are broken into two well-defined groups by the First General Council and the Conversion of the Empire. Writings of the Ante-Nicene period possess a more or less clearly marked chiracter of primitive simplicity which is wanting ii those which follow the Nicene settlement. Biit with this broad line of cleavage it is possible io com¬ bine other classifications. In both perbds the Fathers may be divided according to language, or according to locality. Each great centre of ancient Christian life can boast of characteristic 1 Hort, Ante-Nicene Fathers , p. 1. 9 Classification writers. Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem, Caesarea, Asia Minor, Constantinople, Alexandria, Car¬ thage, Rome, Gaul and Spain, even Britain and Ireland, gave birth to representative teachers, whose extant writings are valuable monuments of local Christian history and opinion. Again, there are certain successions or schools of Chris¬ tian writers, partly corresponding with one or other of these local groups, partly independent of them; such as the Apostolic Fathers, the Greek Apologists, the Latin Apologists, the Alexan¬ drians, the Antiochenes, the Cappadocians, the school of Lerins. Each of these groups is marked by the unity which comes from a common purpose or a common type of thought. Once more, the Patristic writings may be classified according to their contents and literary character. Every form of literary composition is to be found among them. They comprise letters, apologies, homilies, histories, polemical treatises, commentaries, dia¬ logues, orations, poems. Many of the Fathers have left us specimens of their work in more than one of these departments, and according to this system of classification their names would appear perhaps again and again. There is some inconvenience in such an arrangement, but it serves a purpose of its own. It enables the specialist to see at a glance what materials are supplied by the Fathers for the interpretation of a Biblical text, the history of a dogma, or the 10 Patristic Study elucidation of any subject upon which he may happen to be engaged. In a later chapter we shall have occasion to take note of the results of these various groupings. But our first business will be to make a cursory survey of the whole field; and here we shall follow the chronological order, dealing successively with the Fathers of the first three centuries and the Post-Nicene Fathers, Greek and Latin. When this has been done, we shall be prepared to consider methods and courses of Patristic study, and the helps which offer themselves to the student in his earlier attempts to grapple with the diffi¬ culties of ancient Christian literature. CHAPTER II THE FATHERS OF THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES 1. The Apostolic Fathers In 1672 J. B. Cotelier, a Doctor of the Sorbonne, published at Paris a collection of the earliest post-Apostolic writings under the title Patres aevi apostolici , sive SS. Patrum qui temporibus apostolicis floruerunt . . opera. The work in¬ cluded Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, and Polycarp; later editors have added to the series the Teaching of the Apostles , the Letter to Diognetus , and the fragments of certain lost writings. For the sake of brevity it is usual to describe these remains of a primitive Christian literature as the Apostolic Fathers (patres apostolici)} Three of these writers have a special claim to be regarded as apostolici viri. Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Poly carp of Smyrna, were not only younger contemporaries and perhaps 1 The term seems to have been first used by Ittig in his Bibliotheca Patrum Apostolicorum (1699); cf. Lightfoot, Clement, i. p. 3. 11 12 Patristic Study personal disciples of apostles, 1 but bishops of churches in which the apostolic tradition was still fresh. Their letters—for like the Apostles, they used the pen only for the purpose of corre¬ spondence—offer a first-hand picture of the life of the Christian societies in the age which follows the death of St. John. Clement, the earliest of the three, writes to the Church at Corinth in the name of the sister Church at Rome. He was possibly a freedman of T. Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian, in a.d. 95. A strongly supported tradition of the second century represents him as Bishop of the Roman Church, second in succession after St. Peter and St. Paul. In any case, he writes as the mouthpiece of his Church. 2 The letter begins: “ The Church of God which sojourneth at Rome to the Church of God which sojourneth at Corinth,” and continues in this strain to the end. The interest of the Epistle consists chiefly in the light which it throws upon the internal affairs of two important churches at the close of the Apostolic age. The darkness which follows the death of St. Paul is lifted for the moment, and the two Christian communities to which the Apostle wrote his 1 Lightfoot, op. cit., p. 4. 2 Of. Hermas, vis. ii. 4; and see Lightfoot, op. cit., i. p. 359. Clement of Rome 13 longest letters in the sixth decade of the first century, appear as they were in the last years of Domitian. At Rome persecution has broken out afresh (cc. 1, 7), but though in peril the Roman Church is strong in the fellowship of a common faith and love. Organisation has been so far matured that the separate congregations in private houses, to which St. Paul refers (Rom. xvi.), have coalesced into a single community officered by presbyters and deacons (cc. 40-42), and expressing its unity in an orderly worship, in which the elements of a liturgical use can already be discovered. 1 At Corinth, as at Rome, the presbyterate has been securely established, but the party spirit for which the Corinthians had at¬ tained a bad pre-eminence in the days of St. Paul has recently run so high that certain presbyters of blameless life have been deposed, and grave scandal has been caused in the face of a pagan population (cc. 46, 47). The Roman letter is a protest against these irregularities; the Church of the Imperial city regards herself as specially concerned in the spiritual interests of the Church at Corinth, a city which was in direct and frequent communication with Rome. But the authority which is claimed is that of the Church, not of the Bishop of Rome, and the intervention of the Roman Church does not go beyond an offer of admonition and advice. 1 See Lightfoot, op. cit., i. p. 382/. 14 Patristic Study The seven genuine letters of Ignatius were written on his way from Antioch to Rome, where he suffered for the faith 44 within a few years of a.d. 110, before or after/ 11 His road passed through Asia Minor, and his letters were written during his sojourn there. From Smyrna he wrote to Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, and Rome; from Troas to Philadelphia, and to Smyrna and its Bishop, Polycarp. These letters differ widely in character from the Epistle of Clement. Ig¬ natius does not write in the name of his Church, but in his own name; each letter begins, 44 Ig¬ natius, who is also Theophorus.” 2 While Clement disguises his personality, the personality of Ignatius reveals itself in every sentence. So striking a figure does not meet us again in Ante-Nicene times, or even in the history of the Ancient Church. Ignatius is not, indeed, a great thinker like Origen, or a great theologian like Athanasius, or a scholar like Eusebius of Caesarea; but his passionate devotion, his exuberant fancy, his magnificent contempt of the world, his audacious quaintness of style and thought, produce an im¬ pression which is unique. The writer of these letters lives and speaks to us; his voice and manner can be imitated, as a fourth century inter- 1 Lightfoot, Ignatius, i. p. 30. Harnack, Chronologie, p. 719: “ probably towards the end of Trajan’s reign (110-117).” %i “Theophorus was a second name of Ignatius and nothing more ” (Lightfoot, op. cit., p. 26; cf. Zahn’s note on Ign., Eph. inscr.). Ignatius of Antioch 15 polator discovered, but they could not have been imagined. 1 In some respects he reminds us of the author of the Apocalypse; the wrecked grammar, the disjointed sentences, the repeti¬ tions, 2 the gorgeous but inconceivable imagery of the Apocalypse, reappear in the Ignatian Epistles, and in one passage he speaks of himself as one who might hope to receive direct revela¬ tions from the Lord. 3 Yet he is not ordinarily in an apocalyptic frame of mind; he deals with such practical topics as Church polity and doc¬ trine. He is the first Church writer who places the episcopal office in sharp contrast with the presbyterate, and enforces the claim of the threefold ministry. While Clement insists only on submission to the presbyters, Ignatius makes subordination to the Bishop a first duty both of clergy and people. In writing to the Roman Church, indeed, he makes no reference to the episcopate; that Church was u filtered clear from every alien colouring matter,"” 4 and had less need of the safeguards of a monarchical government. But in Asia Minor, which was “ a hotbed of false doctrine and schismatical tendencies,” 5 Ignatius saw that the safety of the Churches was bound up with the maintenance of the episcopal order, and he incidentally discloses the fact that the episco¬ pate as distinct from the presbyterate was already 1 Westcott, Canon of the New Testament, p. 30. 2 Lightfoot, Ignatius, i. p. 360/. 3 Ign. Eph., 20. 4 Ign., Rom. inscr. 5 Lightfoot, Ignatius , i. p. 398. 16 Patristic Study established from Antioch to Ephesus. His testi¬ mony to the Church teaching of the time is not less valuable. A form of Docetism was abroad which undermined belief in the reality of the Incarnation, and drew Christians away from the assemblies of the Church and from the Eucharist. In warning the Churches against this danger, Ignatius reveals his own belief. He insists on the reality of the Virgin Birth, the Cruci¬ fixion, the Resurrection. He grasps firmly both the Godhead and the Manhood of our Lord. On the other hand, he uses theological terms which were avoided by Catholic writers of a later date. To characterise the Son as at once “ generate and ingenerate,” i.e. begotten as man, but unbegotten as God, has an unorthodox sound in ears accus¬ tomed to the more careful language of the fourth century. 1 Yet while such expressions vouch for the early date of the Ignatian Epistles, they do not convict them of a blameworthy lack of pre¬ cision. No writer can be expected to be upon his guard against heresies as yet unborn. On the other hand, it may be doubted whether Ignatius, in whatever age he might have lived, would have strictly conformed himself to the religious phrase¬ ology of his times. There is in him a vein of mysticism which suggests that he is to be ranked with Clement of Alexandria and the Pseudo- Dionysius, St. Bernard of Clairvaux and Tauler, 1 See Lightfoot, Ign ii. p. 90$ Recensions of the Ignatian Letters 17 rather than with the great champions of dogmatic "orthodoxy. But he is not the less interesting or instructive because he stands alone in his own generation, and is not in verbal accord with those who followed him in the defence of the Catholic faith. The Longer Greek recension of the Ignatian letters contains, besides the seven genuine / Epistles in an interpolated form, six others, viz. : a correspondence between Ignatius and Mary of Cassobola, and letters purporting to be written by Ignatius to the Tarsians, Philip- pians, and Antiochenes, and to one Hero. Lightfoot has convincingly shewn that these interpolations and forgeries are due to a writer of the fourth century, and of Syrian origin; and more recently Brightman, 1 following in the steps of Lagarde, Harnack, and Funk, has identified the Pseudo-Ignatius with the com¬ piler of the Apostolical Constitutions. A Syriac version published in 1849 by Canon W. Cureton, which contains only three Epistles ( Ephesians , Romans, Polycarp ) in a shortened form, was believed by Cureton to represent the whole of the genuine remains of Ignatius. But his contention has been disproved by Light- foot, who regards the Curetonian Syriac as an abridgment of a Syriac version of the Longer Recension. 1 Liturgies , Eastern and Western, i., p. xxvii. B 18 Patristic Study Shortly after Ignatius left Philippi on his way to Rome, a letter was addressed to the Philip¬ pian Church by Polycarp, the Bishop of Smyrna to whom Ignatius wrote from Troas. The Philip- pians had asked Polycarp for a word of counsel, and also for copies of the letters of Ignatius. Polycarp’s reply is a model of unaffected piety, but destitute of the spiritual genius which marks the Ignatian Epistles. Perhaps the consciousness that he was lacking in aptness for literary compo¬ sition led him to fall back more distinctly than Ignatius upon the writings of the first genera¬ tion, for it has been noticed by writers on the Canon that Polycarp’s letter “ contains far more references to the New Testament than any other work of the first age.’'’ 1 But the interest of his short Epistle lies chiefly in the fact that it is an early work of one of the most representative Christians of sub-apostolic times. Born about a.d. 70, 2 Polycarp had been brought in early life under the influence of St. John. When he wrote to the Philippians, he had still forty years of his life before him. Like Ignatius, he sealed his faith by martyrdom (a.d. 155); 3 this event is described in a letter addressed by his own Church to the Church of Philomelium in Phrygia, 4 one 1 Westcott, Canon of the New Testament , p. 37. 2 Lightfoot, Supernatural Religion, p. 90. 3 See Studia Biblica, i. p. 200. 4 It was intended, however, for general circulation among Christians, for the writer adds, /ecu xacr an rats /card -irdvra t6ttov rip ayias Kal KadoXiKgs eKnXrjaLas Trapoudais. 19 Epistle of Barnabas of the most touching and stimulating of early Christian documents. The remaining writings of the sub-Apostolic age lack the personal interest of the letters of these three great primitive bishops, but each of them is characteristic of some phase of primitive Christianity and will reward careful study. The Epistle of Barnabas, if the work of the companion of St. Paul, might have fairly claimed a place within the canon, or in a supplement to the canon, where the great Sinaitic MS. of the Bible (Cod. N) actually puts it. 1 But the strongly anti-Judaic attitude of the writer does not accord with what we know of St. Barnabas; and if the latter died, as there is reason to think, before the fall of Jerusalem, this epistle cannot have been his work, for it refers to the destruction of the Temple. On the whole, the conditions implied are such as would lead us to assign it to some Alexandrian Christian who lived during the reign of Hadrian. 2 In this case the epistle is of much interest as the earliest monument of Alexandrian Christianity, and as throwing light on the relation in which the early Alexandrian Church stood to Judaism. The attitude is uncompromising, yet it does not dis¬ play the antagonism towards the Old Testament 1 Between the Apocalypse and the Shepherd. 2 Harnack ( Chronologie, pp. 427 If., 720) would date it A.D. 130-1 ; Lightfoot prefers A.D. 70-79. 20 Patristic Study which came to a head in the heresy of Marcion. In its general aim this epistle bears a resem¬ blance to another epistle which was also in early times sometimes ascribed to Barnabas, viz. the Epistle to the Hebrews. But, as Bishop West- cott has shewn, 1 there are points of contrast between the two works which exclude the possi¬ bility of both being from the same hand. “ Both exhibit characteristic principles of the Alex¬ andrian school, but in the one case [Hebrews] they are modified, as it were, by an instinctive sense of their due relation to the whole system of Christianity; in the other [Barnabas] they are subjected to no restraint, and usurp an inde¬ pendent and absolute authority.” 2 Nevertheless the Epistle of Barnabas is an honest attempt, according to the writer's light, to find the Gospel in the Law; and it preserves incidentally much curious information as to Jewish and Christian practices, and the method of Old Testa¬ ment exegesis which was in vogue in the early Alexandrian Church. A few other epistolary writings of the second century may be mentioned here. Euse¬ bius quotes ( H.E . iv. 23) from the letters of 1 Westcott, Canon of the New Testament, p. 43 ff.; Hebrews, p. lxxx.jf. 2 A specimen of this extravagance may be found in Barnabas, c. 9, where it is said that the 318 (tit )) servants of Abraham represent our Lord and His Cross (T = the Cross: IH = ’It7v is mentioned by Eus. H.E. iii. 25 ; and the book, as we now 1 For a full description of this codex see Papadopulos 'lepoaoXvfUTiKT) jSijSX Lod'/jKTj, i. p. 134, where there is an excel¬ lent photograph of the lirst page of the Didache. 23 The ‘ Shepherd ’ of Hermas have it, is quoted by a succession of Christian writers, beginning with Clement of Alexandria. Other books of the same general character are the Egyptian Church Order, the Syriac Didascalia, the so-called Canons of Hippolytus, the Testa- mentum Domini, and the Apostolical Constitutions ; the seventh book of the last-named work is partly based on the Teaching in its extant form. 1 2 Like the Epistle of Clement, the Shepherd of Hermas is a product of early Roman Christianity. According to another Roman document of the second century, the Muratorian Fragment on the Canon} its author was a brother of Pius I., and wrote during his episcopate (a.d. 140-155). But the Shepherd refers to Clement as if he were yet alive, and its undeveloped conception of the minis¬ try points to an early date; nor is it easy to account for its acceptance as a quasi-canonical book by Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Ter- tulliari, if it was produced so late as the middle of the second century. Harnack’s suggestion that the work, although of the time of Pius, contains 1 A careful summary and appreciation of these and other similar documents will be found in Bp. J. Wordsworth’s Ministry of Grace, p. ISff. 2 Published by Muratori in 1740 from an Ambrosian MS. of the eighth century. Another MS. of a portion of the same list has recently been printed by Dom Amelli, Prior of Monte Cassino ( Misc . Cass. i.). For the text of Muratori’s fragment see Westcott On the Canon, App. C., or Preuschen, Analecta, p. 129 ff. 24 Patristic Study earlier material, does not altogether dispose of the difficulty. The Shepherd is the first Patristic book of an artificial character. In form it is apocalyptic. It opens with a series of visions, in the last of which the Shepherd comes into sight. He proceeds to deliver a number of injunctions, which are followed by parables or similitudes. Thus the work falls into three parts, viz., Vi- siones (Spao-ecs), Mandata (evroXai ), and Simili- tudines (7 rapa/doXaC). The Shepherd has been compared to the Pilgrim’s Progress , and un¬ doubtedly there is a general resemblance between the early Christian allegory and the Puritan; but the latter is vastly superior as a work of art, and it must be added that its purpose and standpoint are different. In Bunyan’s great book the fortunes of the individual soul are the centre of interest; with Hermas, this position is occupied by the Christian Society. The Shep¬ herd is dominated by the conception of the te Holy Church, 1 ’ already prominent in the oldest form of the Roman Creed. 1 It is the Church which in the first Vision appears to Hermas in the guise of an aged woman created before the world, and for whose sake the cosmos was formed. 2 As the Apocalypse proceeds, she becomes a mighty tower in course of building, compacted of squared white 1 See Kattenbusch, Das Apost. Symbol, ii. p. 681 jf. 2 Vis., 2, § 4. Teaching of the ‘Shepherd’ 25 stones, i.e. of Apostles and Bishops, teachers and deacons, who have been conspicuous for sanctity of life. 1 The individual life, according to Hermas, fulfils its purpose when it is found worthy to be built into the life of the Church. To the individual the Shepherd preaches repentance, and its doctrine of repentance approaches here and there to the later Latin doctrine of penance. 2 The book as a whole is animated by the spirit of the Roman Church, the passion for order and the reign of law which is already to be noticed in the Epistle of Clement. On the other hand, the theo¬ logy of Hermas is crude and less developed than that of the other Apostolic Fathers, yet not with¬ out interest and importance; in particular, his Christology and his doctrine of the Holy Spirit demand careful study. 3 Both in regard to doctrine and to practical Christianity there is an affinity between Hermas and St. James; “the Shepherd (it has been well said) bears the same relation to the Epistle of St. James as the Epistle of Barna¬ bas to that of the Hebrews. 1 '’ 4 An Exposition of the Lord's Oracles (Aoyloov icvpicucwv in five books, was written about a.d. 135 5 by Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis. Papias was born in the first century (a.d. 60-70, 1 Vis. 3, § 5. 2 E.g. Mand., iv. 1; Sim., vii. 1. 3 Of. Dorner, Person of Christ, E. Tr., I. i. p. 123; Harnack, History of Doctrine, E. Tr., passim. 4 Westcott, On the Canon, p. 199. 5 Ligktfoot, Supernatural Religion, p. 150. 26 . Patristic Study Lightfoot), had been a hearer of St. John and a friend of Polycarp, and had made it his business to gather up the still remembered but unrecorded sayings of the first generation. 1 Some of his remarks upon the genesis of the first and second Gospels have been preserved by Eusebius, and form the basis of all recent investigations into the literary history of the Synoptic narrative. 2 There is no lost Patristic work for the recovery of which students of Christian origins look with more impatience, for whatever may be thought of the writer’s intelligence and literary skill, his Exposition would probably solve some of the puzzles of early Christian history. Only second in value to Papias’ book would have been the Memoirs (vTro/JLvrj/jLaTa) of Hegesippus, an Eastern (? Syrian) Christian, who found his way to Corinth and Rome in the middle years of the second century, and collected on the spot the traditions of the Churches which he visited. A few fragments are preserved by Eusebius. 3 The sub-apostolic age offers a single specimen of the Church homily. A fragment of it (c. l-12a) was long circulated under the title of the Second Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, but the recently recovered conclusion (c. 12b-20) leaves no doubt as to its character. It is an exhortation intended to be read after the Scripture lections of 1 Eus. H.E. iii. 39. 2 Eus. l.c. 8 H.E. ii. 23 ; iii. 11 sq iv. 8, 22. 27 A Primitive Homily the Eucharistic service. 1 Nothing is known as to the author; the style forbids us to attribute the homily to Clement, and there is not much to be said for Harnack’s conjecture 2 that it was the work of Soter of Home (c. a.d. 166). But its authorship is immaterial; the interest of such a document lies almost wholly in its contents. As to the merits of this primitive Christian sermon, most patristic students will assent to Lightfoot’s estimate: 44 As a literary work [it] is almost worthless; as the earliest example of its kind, however, and as the product of an important age of which we possess only the scantiest remains, it has the highest value. Nor will its intellectual poverty blind us to its true grandeur, as an example of the lofty moral earnestness and the triumphant faith which subdued a reluctant world.’ 13 2. The Apologists. All the Christian writings which have hitherto passed before us were written for the use of Christians. The first two or three generations met persecution by cheerful suffering or by simple defiance, and in their dealings with the heathen they were content to use opportunities of direct evangelisation when they offered them- 1 C. 19. ade\(pol Kal ade\(pal, pt-era top Oeov tt )s aXrjdelas dmyipdxncoj iipuv ^vrev^LV eis rb irpoo^x eiv T0L s 7^7 pa/xpevoLS. Of. Justin, Apol., i. 67. 2 Chronologic, p. 438 Jf. s Clement, ii. p. 208. 28 Patristic Study selves. Meanwhile a class of Christian teachers was growing up, who were in sympathy with the best pagan culture, and conceived the idea of winning the adversary to a juster view of Christianity by literary advances. This move¬ ment seems to have begun in the reign of Hadrian, when an Apology, of which Eusebius has preserved but a single sentence, was presented to the Emperor by one Quadratus. 1 In the same chapter of his history Eusebius mentions an apologist named Aristides, who is said also to have offered an Apology to Hadrian. This work is still extant in Syriac, and part of it in Armenian, whilst the substance of the Greek text has been recently extracted from a late romance, the legend of Barlaam and Josaphat, in which it had been embedded. 2 The Emperor to whom it was presented, however, seems to have been not Hadrian but Antoninus Pius, and the date per¬ haps 138 or shortly afterwards. 3 The Apology of Aristides is a vigorous and learned attack upon the mythologies of Egypt, Chaldsea, and Hellas, followed by a statement of Christian belief which is apparently a primitive creed, 4 and a glowing description of the Christian manner of life. 1 Eus., H.E. iv. 3. On this Quadratus and his date see Harnack, Chronologic, p. 269 jf. 2 It is printed in the Cambridge Texts and Studies , i. 1. 3 Op. cit., p. 13. Harnack places it between 138 and 161, but probably before 147. 4 This may be seen in Hahn-Harnack, Bibl . d. Symbole, p. 3/. 29 Justin: his Apologies Aristides is described in the versions of his book as an Athenian philosopher. Philosophy supplied the Church with a yet more eminent apologist in the person of Justin. Born of Greek parents at FI avia Neapolis (Shechem, Nablus ), in Samaria, he drifted westwards, settling first in Ephesus, where, after passing through the hands of the Stoics, Pythagoreans, and Platonists,he was ultimately led by an unknown stranger to find the true philosophy in the Gospel of Christ. From Ephesus Justin pro¬ ceeded to Rome, and there he taught as a Christian philosopher in the time of Antoninus Pius, and ended his days by martyrdom about the year a.d. 165. Justin’s larger and more important Apology is addressed to Antoninus and his adopted sons, one of whom was M. Aurelius, the philosopher. 1 Basing his appeal on the claim to piety and philo¬ sophy implied in the titles of the Imperial family, 2 he demands that the Christian teaching shall be judged impartially upon its merits. He examines and refutes the charges of atheism and immorality brought against the Church, and, like Aristides, exposes the follies of pagan mythology. But the most characteristic and valuable part of his work is its full exposition of Christian belief and practice, in which he lays under large obligations all students of the history of theology, of the canon of 1 The dedication runs : AiroKparopL . . ’ Avruvlvip Eyi\6/xa Iwv imaKtnrov irpos rbv tt)s ’A VTioxtwv itcKXrjalas Qafiiov . . . /ecu dXXai irdXiv 'P u/juwcj] a presbyter of the Church, and the successful antagonist of Paul of Samosata, was head of the Greek School at Antioch. 1 Doro- theus, another presbyter, enjoyed a reputation for Greek learning, and could read his Hebrew Bible with facility; 2 the martyr Lucian, also a presbyter of Antioch, produced an edition of the Greek Old Testament which was circulated throughout Syria and Asia Minor, and became the standard Bible of Constantinople, and it is not improbable that he was also concerned in the revision which formed the basis of the By¬ zantine text of the New Testament. 3 The labours of these men were limited to oral teaching and textual criticism ; they have left no literary re¬ mains ; but they founded a critical school which produced some of the greatest exegetes of the ancient Church. The golden age of the School of Antioch began with Diodorus, Bishop of Tarsus (t 394); its greatest names are those 1 Eus. E.E. vii. 29. 2 lb., c. 32. 3 See Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, p. 81 Jf. School of Antioch 97 of John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople (t 407), Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia (t 429)? and Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus (t 457). These teachers, while preserving their independ¬ ence of judgement and even following different lines of thought and action, are distinguished by certain traditions characteristic of their school. All were diligent students of Holy Scripture ; all brought to the study of Scripture a healthy freedom from conventional methods of interpretation, ap¬ proaching it from the side of grammar and history. Abandoning Origen's endeavour to find mysteries in the plainest statements of the sacred writers, the Antiochene expositors were content to extract the precise meaning of the words; or, if they went further, they limited themselves to the legitimate use of Scripture in determining points of doctrine or of practice. In their Christology also the members of this school were more or less opposed to Alexandrian mysticism. They dreaded above everything the Apollinarian teaching which, in its desire to emphasise the divine dignity of the Lord, detracted from the perfection of His humanity, and they were disposed so to accentuate the distinctness of the natures in Christ as to threaten the unity of His person. This tendency shewed itself strongly in Diodore and Theodore, and became acute in the teaching of Theodore's pupil, Nestorius ; but an anti-Apollinarian feeling appears even in Chrysostom, and still more dis- 98 Patristic Study tinctly in Theodoret, who was forced by cir¬ cumstances into conflict with Cyril, the Alexan¬ drian champion. Each of the four greater Antiochenes possessed a strong personality, and was no mere recluse or scholar, but a man of action and a preacher as well as a voluminous writer. Diodore, after a course of study at Athens, joined a monastic house near Antioch, and while still a layman banded the young laymen of the Church together in defence of the Nicene faith. After his ordina¬ tion he was the mainstay of the Catholic party during the dreary years when Valens was bolster¬ ing up Arianism in the East. Driven out of Antioch, Diodore gathered his flock on the further bank of the Orontes ; shut out of the churches, he preached in the gymnasium ; when all places of public resort became unsafe, he assembled the faithful in private houses. As Bishop of Tarsus he manifested the same un¬ flagging zeal. He was present at the Council of Constantinople in 381, and his name ap¬ pears in the decree of Theodosius as one of the Eastern bishops who were selected to represent orthodoxy in Asia Minor and Syria. In so active a life it might have seemed that little time was left for literary work. Yet Dio¬ dore left treatises against most of the heresies of his own age, and commentaries on nearly all the Theodore of Mopsuestia 99 books of the Old and New Testaments. The few fragments which remain exhibit him as a typical Antiochene, clear-sighted, practical, averse to mysticism and allegory, a Catholic as against Arianism, yet well advanced on the road which led to the heresy of Nestorius. While Diodore was still a presbyter of Antioch, Theodore and John were dividing their time be¬ tween the lectures of the pagan sophist Libanius and the gaieties of the Syrian capital. Both these young men underwent a spiritual change which brought them under Diodore’s influence, and they shared his monastic retreat. When Diodore went to Tarsus (378), Theodore re¬ mained for a time at Antioch, becoming a presbyter there about a.d. 383; but soon after his ordination he followed his old leader to Cilicia, and in 393 was made Bishop of the Cilician town Mopsuestia (Motyov ecrr/a), where he laboured till his death in 428-9. Like Dio¬ dore, he was at once a diligent pastor and a voluminous writer, and his literary labours lay in the same fields, theological controversy and Biblical exegesis. His controversial writings have perished, with the exception of some im¬ portant fragments ; the longest and most valuable of these belonged to his treatise on the Incarna¬ tion, and happily contain clear statements of his remarkable Christology. His expositions have met 100 Patristic Study with a better fate. The commentary on the Minor Prophets has come down to us entire; the com¬ mentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul are re¬ presented by a Latin version which contains all but Romans, 1, 2 Corinthians, and Hebrews; 1 the commentary on St. John has been published in a Syriac version ; 2 of the remaining expo¬ sitions numerous Greek fragments are preserved in the catenae. We are thus in a position to form a fair judgement of Theodore’s merits as an exegete. It cannot be said that the 44 Interpreter ” (as he was afterwards called by his Nestorian fol¬ lowers) possessed an attractive style. Often he is dreary and barren ; he lacks imagination ; he repeats his favourite views usque ad nauseam. There are graver faults which might be charged against him : want of insight into the deeper movements of Scriptural thought; a tendency to read his own theology into the words of his author; a lack of spiritual force, an almost en¬ tire absence of devotional fervour. His merits are a sound method, and the power of grasping the historical position of an author and drawing forth his real meaning. It is on account of these characteristics that Theodore, of all patristic writers, comes nearest to the modern spirit. Thus in his commentary on the Psalms he labours to 1 Edited by the present writer (Camb., 1880-82). 2 Ed. P. B. Chabot (Paris, vol. i., Syriac text, 1897). Theodore as Exegete and Theologian 101 assign each psalm to its own age and surround¬ ings ; he anticipates the hypothesis that many of the Psalms belong to the times of the Macca¬ bees ; he refuses to regard more than a very few of them as Messianic. If the writers of the New Testament cite the Psalms and Prophets as fore¬ telling the Incarnation and the Passion, or the Resurrection and Ascension, Theodore under¬ stands them merely to say that the words may aptly be used to illustrate those events. Since the history of Israel was at many points typical of the days of the gospel, it was justifiable to regard the historical allusions of the Old Testa¬ ment as anticipations of the future. The magni¬ ficent hopes, the hyperbolical language, of the Hebrew prophets were destined to find their realisation in Christ. How near all this comes to recent estimates of Old Testament prophecy it is unnecessary to point out. Theodore’s Christology forms a part of a comprehensive scheme of doctrine which needs to be considered as a whole. He starts with a theory of man’s relation to the world. Man is the vinculum of the cosmos, uniting in his person the material and the spiritual. Sin was the disrup¬ tion of the original bond; Christ came to restore it. To do this the Divine Logos united Him¬ self with an individual man whose foreseen merits marked him as worthy of so unique an honour. The union began with the Conception, and it 102 Patristic Study is indissoluble; it is one of will and not of essence, but the moral coherence is so complete that the two natures could in Theodore’s view be described as one person. The Man who is thus in perfect union with God restores immor¬ tality and sinlessness to the race; man in Christ resumes his place as the bond of creation, and the broken unities are healed. This is onlv •/ the barest outline of a system which must be studied in detail before judgement can be passed upon it. 1 In fairness to Theodore it must be remembered that his doctrine of the person of Christ is a recoil from the heresies of Arius and Apollinarius, and that he himself re¬ pudiates the imputation of dividing the Person. The Church, however, took another view of his position; the champion of Nicene orthodoxy was condemned by later generations; and whatever may be thought of the methods adopted by his adversaries, there can be little doubt that they were right in regarding the teaching of Nestorius as a natural outgrowth of Theodore’s view of the union of the two natures in our Lord. Theodore’s early friend, John Chrysostom, ex¬ perienced a different fate. Persecuted during his life, he acquired after his death a place in the calendars both of East and West; and his writings 1 See Kihn, Theodor von Mopsuestia , pp. 171 ff., or the art. Theodorus of Mopsuestia, in D.C.B., iv. Chrysostom 103 were so carefully preserved that they now fill thirteen folios in the Benedictine edition. The story of Chrysostom’s life need not be re¬ peated at length. It falls into five periods. Born about 345, he was not baptized before 369 or 370. After his baptism, some ten or eleven years were spent in ascetic retirement. From 381 to 398 he served the Church of Antioch as deacon and presbyter; in 398 he became Bishop of Con¬ stantinople ; in 404 he was exiled from that city; in 407 he died. His earliest works belong to the seccnd or ascetic period; his homilies and exposi¬ tions to the presbyterate and episcopate; his letters to the exile. Oi Chrysostom’s treatises the most interesting is tie De Sacerdotio (Tlepl t€pcocnjvr)s), which is assigied by Socrates to his diaconate (c. 382), 1 but nore probably belongs to his ascetic days. The book is not free from grave faults; we are repeled by the act of duplicity with which the authcr taxes himself, and by the rhetoric in which he sometimes indulges ; yet, as a whole, it is a beautiful and stimulating work, full of counsels and varnings which the clergy of every age may ' study with advantage. Of Chrysostom’s Homilies the most remarkable for oratorical power are those addressed to the peoph of Antioch, On the Statues; the whole series is perhaps one of the finest efforts of ecclesi- 1 Socrates, II. E., vi. p. 3. 104 Patristic Study astical oratory in any language. But it is to his expository sermons that the parish priest will turn with the best prospect of obtaining prac¬ tical help. In his exegetical methods Chrysostom is a true son of the school of Antioch ; he sets himself to the task of discovering the grammatical sense of a passage before he undertakes to ex¬ pound it. He labours to place himself on tie platform where the writer stood, to see with lis eyes, to interpret his thoughts. 1 But when tiis has been done, he knows how to bring ]he thought which has been elicited into touch With the life of his own time and the life of all titles. He is in sympathy with human nature; he hjdds the key which unlocks the affections, and cap set in motion the springs of action. He is at Dnce a true exegete and a true orator, a combination found in such perfection perhaps nowhere £lse. His expositions, however, are of varying merit, and speaking generally, those which belong to his presbyterate at Antioch are superior to those of his episcopate. Among the former we may place his homilies on Genesis, the Psalms, the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John, the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians, and the Pastoral Epistles; those on St. Matftiew, Romans, and Corinthians are perhaps the and they should be much in the hanop of 1 See Chase, Chrysostom, a Study in the History of Lblical Interpretation (1887). 3est, Theodoret 105 the preacher who wishes to understand the art of expository preaching. While Chrysostom lacks the originality of Theodore and his dogmatic interest, on the other hand he is free from Theodore’s faults of style and manner and from his questionable Christology. To the student, Theodore is the more attractive and suggestive writer; to the parish priest, who may possibly be repelled by the dryness of 'Theo¬ dore, Chrysostom makes the stronger appeal. Theodoret, the third great writer of the school of Antioch, belonged to a younger generation, and both Theodore and Chrysostom had left Antioch before he grew to man’s estate. Born at Antioch about 386, Theodoret was sent in 423 to preside over the diocese of Cyrrhus, a wild district between the Euphrates and the spurs of Mount Amanus, and it was there that the best part of his life was spent. The conditions under which he worked were not favourable to literary production, yet his extant works are only less voluminous than Chrysostom’s, and in their own way they are not less important. Expositor, apo¬ logist, controversialist, historian, letter-writer, Theodoret contrived to do excellent work in each of these fields. In originality he is inferior to Theodore, and his eloquence is not to be com¬ pared with Chrysostom’s; but in knowledge and judgement he perhaps excels both. Of his com- 106 Patristic Study mentaries on St. Paul, indeed, Bishop Lightfoot has said that “ he who has read Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia will find scarcely any¬ thing in Theodoret which he has not seen before.” 1 Yet Theodoret is at least an admirable compiler, and it may be added that he who has not the leisure to read Chrysostom and Theodore will find in Theodoret what is best in the other two, selected and arranged, as Dr. Lightfoot admits, with “appreciation, terseness of expression, and good sense.” Besides Theodoret’s commentaries on St. Paul we have exegetical works from his pen on most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Tes¬ tament and on the Prophets. Those upon the Octateuch are in the form of question and answer, and deal chiefly with the difficulties of the narrative. Of his dogmatic and apologetic works the most important are the Eranistes , a series of dialogues on the Eutychian controversy which disturbed his later years; and the Art of Treating Greek Distempers (Graecarum affectionum curatio , f EWrjvi/ccov depairevTUCTi r rraQrnia r T(£>v\ a treatise on methods of dealing with the moribund but still militant paganism of the fifth century. Theodoret’s historical works are two: the Ecclesi¬ astical History , which covers the period from the rise of Arianism to the death of Theodore, 2 and the Religious History (c pi\o6eo <> laropla), an account 1 Galatians, p. 230. 2 See above, p. 78. Some other Antiochenes 10 7 of the almost incredible asceticism and the miracles of hermits and coenobites, gathered from personal reminiscences. Lastly, the Letters , of which there are 181, supply valuable materials not only for the biography of the writer, but for the general Church history of the critical period in which he lived. A few lesser lights of the School of Antioch may be mentioned here : Polychronius, brother of Theodore, and Bishop of Apamea, an able commentator; Isidore of Pelusium, who, not¬ withstanding his connexion with Egypt, was a disciple of Chrysostom, and followed Antiochene methods ; Cosmas Indicopleustes (cent, vi.), who inherited Theodore’s Christology as well as his exegetical principles. 1 Many of Theodore’s later followers wrote in Syriac; for these see Assemani, Biblioth. Orient ., III. i. p. 37 ff. The Instituta regularia divinae legis of Junilius Afri- canus is based on the teaching of Theodore (see Kihn, Theodor , p. 215 ff.). 6. Cyril of Alexandria. From the last of the great Antiochenes we pass naturally to his antagonist, the last of the great Alexandrians. The name of Theodoret suggests that of Cyril of Alexandria, and neither of these two writers can be studied with advan¬ tage without some knowledge of the other. 1 Cf. Kihn, Theodor , p. 18/. 108 Patristic Study Cyril has no obvious affinity with any of the earlier Alexandrians. It is not easy to connect him with Clement or Origen or Dionysius, or even with Athanasius and Didymus. Yet there can be no doubt that he gave expression to tendencies which dominated the Alexandrian Church in the fifth century, or that these were the direct result of the mysticism which had been from the first characteristic of its teachers. Bishop of Alexandria for thirty-two years (412- 444), Cyril represents the later Alexandrian spirit, as it stands in sharp contrast with that of the Church and School of Antioch. His uncle and predecessor, Theophilus, had deposed John Chrysostom, and Cyril carried on the war against Antioch, which was represented by Nestorius at Constantinople, and after the Third Council by Theodoret. It must be confessed that the Alexandrian champion’s spirit does not recom¬ mend his cause, nor is his style of writing such as to atone for his want of good temper. Cyril is harsh, dogmatic, often obscure. Yet as a positive theologian he ranks higher than the Antiochenes; it is to his writings rather than to those of Chrysostom or Theodoret that we turn for precise definitions of the orthodox belief. The student of Church doctrine may not be attracted by Cyril, but he cannot pass him by, and there is a solidity and strength of conviction in Cyril’s works which he is compelled to admire. The “ Twelve 109 Cyril of Alexandria Anathematisms,” for example, have taken a place in symbolical literature from which they cannot be dislodged. The defence of the Anathematisms, the books against Nestorius, and the fragments of the books against Diodore and Theodore are also indispensable to the student of the Nestorian controversy. And Cyril’s services to dogmatic theology are not limited to his refutation of Nestorianism. The Thesaurus , a series of dialogues on the Holy Trinity, the treatise On the Right Faith , addressed to the Emperor Theodosius II. and the ladies of the imperial family, and the treatise On the Incarnation , are theological works of permanent value. Nor is Cyril less capable as an exegete of the mystical school. His dialogue On worshipping in spirit and in truth asserts the principle of a spiritual interpretation of the Mosaic law; his Glaphyra (p/\a$vpd, 4 niceties’) deals with the types of the Pentateuch. We possess commentaries from his pen on Isaiah, the Twelve Prophets, and the Gospel of St. John, and a Syriac version of his commentary on St. Luke; the catenae preserve fragments of his exposition of the Psalms, Pro¬ verbs, and Song of Solomon, the prophecies of Jeremiah and Daniel, the Gospel of St. Matthew, the Acts, the Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, and Hebrews, and the Catholic Epistles. To the department of apologetics Cyril contributed an answer to the Emperor Julian’s attack upon the 110 Patristic Study Church. Like most of the great theologians of this age, he has left us an important collection of letters, relating chiefly to the negotiations that followed the Council of Ephesus (431); these serve to verify or correct impressions derived from the letters of Theodoret. There are a few Christian writers of the post- Nicene age who stand quite apart from the controversies of their time, belonging to no particular school of thought, and dealing neither with doctrine nor exegesis. Those who have leisure to pursue the by-paths of patristic literature will find much to interest and reward them in the hymns of the Christian Neo- platonist Synesius, Bishop of Cyrene (c. 409) ; in the a7roKpiTiKbs 7rpos "EAA r)vaff.; ed. Mansi, Florence, 1858). C. Oudin, Commentanus de scriptoribus ecclesiae antiquae (Leipzig, 1722). J. G. Walch, Bibliotheca Patristica (Jena, 1770; ed. J. T. L. Danz, Jena, 1834). G. Lumper, Historia theo- logico-critica de vita scriptis atque doctrina ss. Patrum (Ausberg, 1783-99). C. T. G. Schoene- mann, Bibliotheca Historico - litteraria Patrum Latinorum (Leipzig, 1792-4). More Recent Works. —J. G. Dowling, Notitia Scriptonim ss. Patrum (Oxford, 1839). J. J. Blunt, On the Right Use of the Early Fathers (London, 1858). J. Donaldson, A Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council (London, 1864-6: not completed). J. E. B. Mayor, Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature (London, 1875). Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Doctrine (London, 1877-87). Herzog, Realencyklopadie fur pro- testant. Theologie u. Kirche (Leipzig, ed. Plitt, 1877 ff. ; ed. Hauck, 1896 ff .—in progress). J. Nirschl, Lehrbuch Der Patrologie u. Patristik (Mainz, 1881—5). F. W. Farrar, Lives of the Fathers (Edinburgh, 1889). C. T. Cruttwell, 190 Patristic Study Literary History of Early Christianity (London, 1893). A. Harnack, Geschichte der altchrist- lichen litteratur bis Eusebius (Leipzig, part i. 1893; part ii. \Chronologie\ 1897-1904). D. Bardenhewer, Patrologie (Freiburg im Breisgau^ 1894, ed. 2, 1901 ); Geschichte der altkirchl. Litteratur , i., ii. (Freiburg im B., 1901-3). F. J. A. Hort, Six Lectures on the Ante-Nicene Fathers (London, 1895). G. Kruger, History of Early Christian Literature in the First Three Centuries, E. Tr., by C. R. Gillett (New York and London, 1897) . P. Batiffol, La Litterature Grecque (in Anciennes Litteratures Chretiennes), ed. 2 (Paris, 1898) . W. Bright, Age of the Fathers (London, 1903). A. Ehrhard, Die altchr. Litt. u. ihre Erforschung von 1884-1900; i. Die vornicanische Litteratur (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1900 ). Refer¬ ence may also be made to Th. Zahn’s Geschichte and Forschungen z. Gesch. d. Kanons, and J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (Cam¬ bridge, 1903). Editions of the Fathers. Larger Collections. — The Bibliotheca of De la Bigne (Paris, 1575); the Magna Bibliotheca Veterurn Patrum, based upon it (Cologne, l6l8- 22) ; the Maxima Bibliotheca V.P. (Lyons, 1677); the Bibliotheca V.P. of A. Gallandi (Venice, 1765-81); the Patrologiae Cursus completus of J. P. Migne (Latin Series, Paris, 1844-64; Greek Series, Paris, 1857-66); the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1867 jf.: in progress); SS. Patrum Opuscula Selecta, ad usum praesertim studiosorum Bibliography of Patristics 191 theologiae, edited with notes by H. Hurter, S.J. (Innsbruck, 1 868, ff.: in progress); Cambridge Patristic Texts, edited by A. J. Mason (Cam¬ bridge, 1 899 ff- - i n progress); Die griechi- schen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahr- hunderte (Leipzig, 1 899 ff- - in progress). To these may be added the special collections of L. d’Achery ( Spicilegium veteruvi aliquot scriptorum, Paris, 1645-77), J. B. Cotelier ( Ecclesiae Grcecae monumenta, Paris, 1677-86), J. E. Grabe (< Spicilegium ss. Patrum saec. i.-iii., Oxford, 1698-9)., L. Zacagni ( Collectanea monumentorum veterum ecclesiae Graecae et Latinae (Rome, 1698), J. Routh ( Reliquiae Sacrae, Oxford, 1814-39, ed. 2, 1846-8), J. Bollandus, al. {Acta Sanctorum : in progress); T. Ruinart, Acta Martyrum sincera (new edition, Ratisbon, 1859); and the more recent collections of newly recovered Patristic books and fragments published by A. Mai {Scriptorum veterum nova collectio , Rome, 1825, ff. ; Spicilegium Romanum, Rome, 1839 ff- Nova Patrum Bibliotheca, Rome, 1852 ff.)\ J. B. Pitra {Spicilegium Solesmense, Paris, 1852-5; Analecta Sacra, Paris, 1876-83); G. Morin {Anecdota Maredsolana, in progress). New documents are also printed from time to time in the Texte und Untersuchungen, the Cambridge Texts and Studies, and in the Journal of Theological Studies and other similar periodicals. Editions of Fathers or Groups of Fathers (not included in the above). Apostolic Fathers. —W. Jacobson (Oxford, ed. i., 1838 ; ed. iv. 1863); Gebhardt, Harnack, and 192 Patristic Study Zahn (Leipzig, 1876-78 : text only, 1900 ) ; J. B. Lightfoot (London,1881-90; J. B. Lightfoot and J.R.Harmer, text and translation (London,1890). Greek Apologists. — J. C. Th. Otto (Jena, 1851-81); Gebhardt and Harnack, with the assistance of other editors, in Texte und Unter- suchungen, iv. (Leipzig, 1888 : in progress). Teaching of the Apostles. — Ph. Bryennius (Constantinople, 1883); H. D. M. Spence (London, 1885); C. Taylor, with introduction and translation (Cambridge, 1886; A. Harnack (Leipzig, 1886); J. R. Harris (Baltimore, 1887). Irenaeus. — R. Massuet (Paris, 1712); A. Stieren (Leipzig, 1848-53); W. W. Harvey (Cambridge, 1857). Hippolytus.—Philosophumena ; E. Miller (Ox¬ ford, 1851); L. Duncker and F. G. Schneidewin (Gottingen, 1859); other works, P. de Lagarde (Leipzig and London, 1858); G. N. Bonwetsch and H. Achelis (Leipzig, 1897, in the Berlin series). Clement of Alexandria. —J. Potter (Oxford, 1715); R. S. Klotz (Leipzig, 1831-34); W. Dindorf (Oxford, I 869 ). Origen. —C. H. E. Lommatzsch (Berlin, 1831- 48). An edition is in course of publication under the auspices of the Berlin Academy. Tertullian .—N. Rigaltius (Paris, 1620 ); F. Oehler (Leipzig, 1852-53). Cyprian. —N. Rigaltius (Paris, 1648); J. Fell (Oxford, 1682); W. Hartel (Vienna, 1868-71, in the Vienna Corpus). Pseudo-Clement.—Homilies and Epitome: A. R. M. Dressel (Gottingen, 1853); P. de Lagarde Bibliography of Patristics 193 ( Leipzig, 1865) ; Recognitions, E. G. Gersdorf (Leipzig, 1838). Apostolical Constitutions. — P. de Lagarde (Leipzig, 1862). Eusebius.—Church History, F. B. Heinichen (Leipzig, 1827-28); W. Bright (Oxford, 1872); Chronicle , A. Schoene (Berlin, 1866-75); Demonstratio, Eclogae, Contra Marcellum , T. Gais- ford (Oxford, 1842jf.) ; Praeparatio, E. H. Gifford (Oxford, 1903); Onomasticon, P. de Lagarde (Gottingen, 1870, ed. ii. 1887). An edition is in course of publication under the auspices of the Berlin Academy. Athanasius.—Paschal Letters, W. Cure ton (Lon¬ don, 1848). Cyril of Jerusalem. —A.A.Touttee (Paris,l720); W. C. Reischl and J. Rupp (Munich, 1848-60). Basil.—De Spiritu Sancio, F. H. Johnston (Oxford, 1892). Gregory of Nazianzus.—Theological orations, A. J. Mason (Cambridge, 1899)* Gregory of Nyssa.—Catechetical oration, J. G. Krabinger (Munich, 1838): J. H. Srawley (Cambridge, 1903). Epiphanius. — Panarion, etc., F. Oehler (Berlin, 1859-61). Theodore of Mopsuestia. — Minor Epistles of S. Paul, H. B. Swete (Cambridge, 1880-82). Chrysostom. — S. Matthew, F. Field (Cambridge, 1839; Epistles of S. Paul, F. Field (Oxford, 1849-55); De Sacerdotio, J. A. Bengel (Stutt- gard, 1725 : last ed., Leipzig, 1887). Cyril of Alexandria. —P. E. Pusey, The Minor N 194 Patristic Study Prophets (Oxford, 1868) ; S. John, etc. (Oxford, 1872). Theodoret, J. L. Schulze (Halle, 1769-74); Romans and 2 Cor. (Oxford, 1852). Hymnologies.— Daniel, Thesaurus Hymnologicus (Leipzig, 1855-56); Mone, Hymni latini medii aevi (Friburg, 1853); Neale, Hymns of the Eastern Church (London, 1863); G. A. Konings- feld, Lateinische Hymnen u. Gesange (Bonn, 1865); an edition of the Latin hymns is in preparation by Mr. A. S. Walpole, in Cambridge Patristic Texts . Cf. J ulian, Dictionary of Hymnology, passim; Moorsom, Historical Companion to Hymns A. and M. (ed. 2, 1903). Chrestomathies.— J. C. W. Augusti, Chrestomathia Patristica (Leipzig, 1812). W. W. Harvey, Ecclesiae Anglicanae vindex Catholicus (Cambridge, 1842). M. J. Routh, Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum opuscula praecipua quaedam (Oxford, 1858). H. M. Gwatkin, Selections from Early Writers (London, 1893). Translations into English.— Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, ed. Pusey, Keble, and Newman (Oxford, 1835-1888). Ante-Nicene Christian Library, ed. A. Roberts and James Donaldson (Edinburgh,1864-72 ; supplementary volume, 1897). Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: first series, ed. P. Schaff (Buffalo, 1886-89); second series, ed. H. Wace and P. Schaff (Oxford and New York, 1890-1899)* Early Church Classics, S.P.C.K., by various translators (London : in progress). INDEX OF PATRISTIC WRITERS AND ANONYMOUS PATRISTIC WRITINGS Adrian, 157 Agrippa Castor, 35 Ambrose, 119/., 147, 155/ Ambrosiaster, 157 Andreas, 157 Aphraates (Aphrahat), 110 Apocrypha, 38 /. Apollinaris of Hierapolis, 31,35 Apollinarius, 156 Apostolical Constitutions, 23, 176 Apringius, 157 Arethas, 157 Aristides, 28, 145 Arnobius, 68 Athanasius, 80 /., 143, 146, 156/., 166/ Athanasius and Zacchceus , Dialogue of, 33 Athenagoras, 31, 145 Augustine, 121 /., 147, 155/., 169, 179 Ausonius, 137 A vitus, 136 Baeda (Bede), 140 /, 147, 155/, 161 Bardesanes (Bardaisan), 34, 110 Barnabas, 19/, 145 Basil, 88/, 146, 155/ Basilides, 34 Benedict, 147 Bernard, 156 CiESARIUS, 136 Cassian. See John Cassian Cassiodorus, 138, 139, 157, 161 Chalcedonian Definition, 147, 168 Chromatius, 156 Chrysostom. See John Chry¬ sostom Claudius Marius Victor, 138 Clement of Rome, 12 /., 144 ; of Alexandria, 46 /., 145, 157, 174, 179 195 196 Index Clementine Homilies and Re¬ cognitions, 41 /. Commodianus, 72 Cornelius, 70 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 107 Cyprian of Carthage, 63 /., 145 ; of Gaul, 138 Cyril of Jerusalem, 84 /., 146, 176, 179 ; of Alexandria, 107/., 146, 155/ Damascus, John of. See John of Damascus Damasus, 131 Didache, 21 /., 145 JDidascalia, 23 Didymus, 83/., 156/. Diodorus, 96, 98/. Diognetus , Letter to, 31 /., 145 Dionysius of Corinth, 21 ; of Alexandria, 55, 71, 146 ; of Rome, 71, 146; the ‘Areo- pagite,’ 111/., 143 Dorotheus, 96 Dracontius, 138 Egyptian Church Order , 23, 176 Ephraem, 110, 155 Epiphanius, 86/., 145 Eucherius, 135, 155 Eusebius, 75 /., 146, 156, 160 Euthalius, 110 Euthymius, 156/ Evagrius, 78, 161 Fabius, 70 Facundus, 138 Falconia Proba, 137 Faustus, 135 Gelasius of Cyzicus, 160 Gennadius of Marseilles, 139 Gildas, 161 Gregory the Wonderworker (Thaumaturgus, of Caesarea), 57; of Nazianzus, 90 /., 146; of Nyssa, 92 /., 146, 155, 168, 179; of Tours, 139, 161 ; the Great, 139/., 144, 147, 156, 169/. Hegesippus, 26 Helxai, Booh of, 42 Heracleon, 34 Hermas, 23/., 145 Hieronymus. See Jerome Hilary of Poictiers, 116 /., 147, 155/.; of Arles, 135 Hippolytus, 37 /., 43 /., 145, 158; Canons of Hippolytus, 23, 176 Honoratus, 135 Ignatius, 14 /., 144 Ildefonsus, 161, 188 Innocent I., 131 Irenseus, 35/., 143, 164 Isidore of Pelusium, 107; of Seville, 157, 161, 188 Jason and Papiscus, Contro¬ versy of, 33 Jerome (Hieronymus), 124/, 143, 147, 156/., 161 Jell, Boohs of, 34 Index 197 John Chrysostom, 97 /., 102, 146, 157,178 ; John of Da¬ mascus, 112 /, 147, 171 /; John Cassiau, 134 f, 147 Julius Africanus, 56, 158,160 Junilius, 107, 157 Justin, 29/., 33 f , 145 Juvencus, 137 Laotantius, 68/., 145 Leo I., 131/., 143, 147. Sac¬ ramentary of Leo. See A^ac- ramentary Liberatus, 138, 161 Lucian of Antioch, 96 Lucifer, 115 Macarius of Magnesia, 110 Malchion, 96 Marius Mercator, 139 Melito, 31, 35 Methodius, 57 / Miltiades, 31, 35 Minucius Felix, 58 n., 69 /, 145 Muratorian Fragment , 23 Nonnus, 157 Novatian, 71, 145 Oecumenius, 157 Origen, 49 /., 145, 155 /., 166 Orosius. See Paulus Orosius Palladius, 110, 162 Pamphilus, 57 Papias, 25/ Paulinus, 137 Paulus Orosius, 138, 161 Pelagius, 157 Perpetua and Felicitas, Pas¬ sion of, 63, 145 Philip of Side, 77 Philo of Carpasa, 156 Philostorgius, 77, 161 Photius, 113/ Pistis Sophia, 34 Poly carp, 18, 145 Polychronius, 107, 155/ Poly crates, 21 Pontius, 67, 161 Possidius, 161 Primasius, 157 Procopius, 155 / Prosper, 136 Prudentius, 137 Pseudepigrapha, 38/ Pseudo-Clement, 26,41/,145; Pseudo - Theophilus, 156 ; Pseudo - Chrysostom, 156 ; Pseudo-Augustine, 157 Quadratus, 28 Rabanus Maurus, 157 Rhodon, 35 Rufinus, 130/, 138,147 Rupert of Deutz, 157 Sacramentary of Leo, 134; Sacramentaries of Gelasius and Gregory , 140 Salvian, 138 Scillitan Martyrs, Acts of the, 63, 145 Sedulius, 137; Sedulius Sco- tus, 157 198 Index Serapion of Antioch, 21 ; of Thmuis, 85, 176 Sidonius Apollinai’is, 138 Silvia, Pilgrimage of, 85 Smyrna, Letter of the Church of, 18, 21, 145 Socrates, 78, 146 Soter, 27 Sozomen, 78 Sulpicius Severus, 138, 161 Symmachus, 35 Synesius, 110 Tati an, 31 Teaching of the Apostles. See Didache Tertullian, 59 ff., 145, 165 Testamentum Domini, 23, 176 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 97, 99/., 146, 155/, 168 Theodoret, 78, 97, 105 /., 147, 155/., 162 Theophilus, 31, 35 Theophylact, 157 Timothy and Aquila, Dialogue of, 33 Tyconius (Tichonius), 147,157 Valentinus, 34 Victor of Rome, 21, 71; Vi- tensis, 138; of Tununum, 138, 161 ; of Antioch, 156 Victorinus, 157 Vienne and Lyons, Letter of the Churches of, 21, 145 Vincentius, 135/. THE END Printed by Ballantynk, Hanson & Co. Edinburgh London flantiftoofes for t\)t Clergy EDITED BY The Rev. ARTHUR W. ROBINSON, B.D. VICAR OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING BY THE TOWER Crown 8 vo, price 2s. 6d. net each Volume. The purpose of the writers of this Series is to present in a clear and attractive way the responsibilities and opportunities of the Clergy of to-day, and to offer such practical guidance, in regard both to aims and to methods, as experience may have shown to be valuable. It is hoped that the Series, while primarily intended for those who are already face to face with the duties and problems of the ministerial office, may be of interest and assistance also to others who are considering the question of entering into Holy Orders. THE PERSONAL LIFE OF THE CLERGY. By the Editor. “It is a short book, but it covers a wide field. Every line of it tells, and it is excellent reading. Not the least valuable part of the book are the ex¬ tremely apt and striking quotations from various writers of eminence, which are placed in the form of notes at the end of the chapters. It is emphatically a book for both clergy and laity to buy and study.”— Church Times. "We are grateful for a little book which will be of service to many priests, young and old. We need more priests, and such a book may well increase their number by explaining the nature of the life to which a vocation to Holy Orders calls men ; but we need still more that priests should realise the life to which they are called and pledged ; and this they can hardly fail to do if they listen to Mr. Robinson’s prudent and tender counsels.”— Church Quarterly Review. PATRISTIC STUDY. By the Rev. H. B. Swete, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. “ The whole of the work which this little volume contains is most admirably done. Sufficient is told about the personal history of the Fathers to make the study of their writings profitable.”— Church Quarterly Review. “This is an admirable little guide-book to wide study by one who well knows how to guide. It is sound and learned, and crammed full of information, yet pleasant in style and easy to understand.”— Pall Mall Gazette. THE MINISTRY OF CONVERSION. By the Rev. A. J. Mason, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Canon of Canterbury. “ It will be found most valuable and interesting.”— Guardian. “ Canon Mason has given a manual that should be carefully studied by all, whether clergy or laity, who have in any way to share in the ‘ Ministry of Con¬ version’ by preaching, by parochial organisation, or by personal influence.”— Scottish Guardian. FOREIGN MISSIONS. By the Right Rev. H. H. Montgomery, V D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, Secretary of the Society for the Pro¬ pagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. “ Bishop Montgomery’s admirable little book. . . . Into a limited compass he has compressed the very kind of information which gives one an adequate im¬ pression of the spirit which pervades a religion, of what is its strength and weakness, what its relation to Christianity, what the side upon which it must be approached.”— Church Quarterly Review. Handbooks for the Clergy— continued. THE STUDY OF THE GOSPELS. By the Very Rev. J. Armitage Robinson, D.D., Dean of Westminster. “ Nothing could be more desirable than that the Anglican clergy should be equipped with knowledge of the kind to which this little volume will introduce them, and should regard the questions with which Biblical study abounds in the candid spirit, and with the breadth of view which they see here exemplified.”— Spectator. A CHRISTIAN APOLOGETIC. By the Very Rev. Wilford L. 4 Robbins, Dean of the General Theological Seminary, New York. “ We recommend this handbook with confidence as a helpful guide to those clergy and teachers who have thoughtful doubters to deal with, and who wish to build safely if they build at all.”— Church of Ireland Gazette. PASTORAL VISITATION. By the Rev. H. E. Savage, M.A., Vicar of South Shields, and Hon. Canon of Durham. “ This is an excellent book .” —Spectator. AUTHORITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF OBEDIENCE. By the Very Rev. T. B. STRONG, D.D., Dean of Christ Church. “ This is a valuable and timely book, small in bulk, but weighty both in style and substance. . . . The Dean’s essay is an admirable one, and is well calcu¬ lated to clear men’s minds in regard to questions of very far-reaching im¬ portance. Its calm tone, and its clear and penetrating thought, are alike characteristic of the author, and give a peculiar distinction to everything he writes.”— Guardian. THE STUDY OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. By the Right Rev. W. E. Collins, D.D., Bishop of Gibraltar. “We think that this is one of the best things on historical method that has ever been written. We are sure that it is the best we have ever read. . . . We hope that the book will be widely used; it ought to be given to all under¬ graduates reading for historical honours.”— Athenaeum. m RELIGION AND SCIENCE. By the Rev. P. N. Waggett, M.A., of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley. “This book is eminently practical, being designed partly to meet directly the difficulties which present themselves to a thoughtful Christian mind, and partly to show a Christian teacher how difficulties in the minds of others may best be met at the present juncture.”— Glasgow Herald. LAY WORK AND THE OFFICE OF READER. By the Right Rev. Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, D.D., Bishop of Southwark. “ A wise and valuable little book. Bishop Yeatman-Biggs knows what he is writing about; he has packed into a small space all that most people could desire to learn, and he has treated it with sense and soberness, though never with dulness. "—Church of Ireland Gazette. CHURCH MUSIC. By A. Madeley Richardson, Mus. Doc., Organist of St. Saviour’s Collegiate Church, Southwark. “Conveys a quantity of information and instruction within a very compact space. It should prove of great use to the clergy in the difficult matter of the music in the church.”— Church Bells. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY A Selection of Works IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE PUBLISHED BY Messrs. LONGMANS, GREEN, dr 3 CO. London : 39 Paternoster Row, E.C. New York : 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue. Bombay : 32 Hornby Road. Abbey and Overton.— THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. By Charles J. Abbey, M.A., Rector of Checkendon, Reading, and John H. Overton, D. D., late Canon of Lincoln. Crown 8 vo. 7 s. 6 d. Adams. —SACRED ALLEGORIES. The Shadow of the Cross —The Distant Hills—The Old Man’s Home—The King’s Messengers. By the Rev. William Adams, M.A. With Illustrations. 16 mo. 3 s. net. The four Allegories may be had separately, 16 mo. is. each. Aids to the Inner Life. Edited by the Venble. W. H. Hutchings, M.A., Archdeacon of Cleve¬ land, Canon of York, Rector of Kirby Misperton, and Rural Dean of Malton. Five Vols. ^mo,cloth limp , 6 d. each; or cloth extra, is. each. OF THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. By Thomas \ Kempis. THE CHRISTIAN YEAR. THE DEVOUT LIFE. By St. Francis de Sales. THE HIDDEN LIFE OF THE SOUL. By Jean Nicolas Grou. THE SPIRITUAL COMBAT. By Laurence Scupoli. Baily-Browne.— Works by A. B. Baily-Brown. A HELP TO THE SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PENITENTIAL PSALMS, consisting of Brief Notes from The Fathers, gathered from Neale and Littledale’s Commentary. With Preface by the Rev. George Body, D.D., Canon of Durham. Croton 8 vo. is. net. THE SONGS OF DEGREES; or, Gradual Psalms. Interleaved with Notes from Neale and Littledale’s Commentary on the Psalms. Crown 8 vo. is. net. 2 A SELECTION OF WORKS Bathe.— Works by the Rev. Anthony Bathe, M.A. A LENT WITH JESUS. A Plain Guide for Churchmen. Containing Readings for Lent and Easter Week, and on the Holy Eucharist. 32 mo, ii.; or in paper cover, 6d. AN ADVENT WITH JESUS. ^ 2 mo, is., or in paper covered. WHAT I SHOULD BELIEVE. A Simple Manual of Self-Instruction for Church People. Small 8 vo, limp, is .; cloth gilt, 2 s. Benson.—Works by the Rev. R. M. Benson, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. THE FOLLOWERS OF THE LAMB : a Series of Meditations, especially intended for Persons living under Religious Vows, and for Seasons of Retreat, etc. Crown 8vo. 45 -. 6 d. THE FINAL PASSOVER : A Series of Meditations upon the Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ. Small 8 vo. Vol. I.— The Rejection. 5 s. Vol. III. —The Divine Exodus. Vol. II.— The Upper Chamber. Parts 1 . and 11 . 5 *. each. Part 1 . 55 . Vol. IV.— The Life Beyond the Part 11 . 5*. Grave. 5J. THE MAGNIFICAT; a Series of Meditations upon the Song of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Small 8 vo. 2 s. SPIRITUAL READINGS FOR EVERY DAY. 3 vols. Small 8vo. 3 *. 6 d. each. I. Advent. II. Christmas. III. Epiphany. BENEDICTUS DOMINUS : A Course of Meditations for Every Day of the Year. Vol. I.— Advent to Trinity. Vol. II.— Trinity, Saints’ Days, etc. Small 8 vo. 3 ^. 6 d. each ; or in One Volume , ys. BIBLE TEACHINGS: The Discourse at Capernaum.—St. John vi. Small 8 vo. is. ; or with Notes. 3 *. 6 d. THE WISDOM OF THE SON OF DAVID : An Exposition of the First Nine Chapters of the Book of Proverbs. Small 8 vo. 3 *. 6 d. THE MANUAL OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER. Royal yzmo ; cloth boards, is. 3 d. ; cloth limp , 9 d. THE EVANGELIST LIBRARY CATECHISM. Parti. Small 8vo. 3 s. PAROCHIAL MISSIONS. Small 8vo. 2 s. 6d. Bickersteth.—YESTERDAY, TO-DAY, AND FOR EVER: a Poem in Twelve Books. By Edward Henry Bickersteth, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Exeter. 18 mo. is. net. With red borders, 16 mo, 2 s. net. The Crown 8 vo Edition (55 ) may still be had. THE HYMNAL COMPANION TO THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. %* Lists will be sent on application IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 3 Blunt.— Works by the Rev. John Henry Blunt, D.D. THE ANNOTATED BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER: Being an Historical, Ritual, and Theological Commentary on the Devotional System of the Church of England. 4 to. 2 is. THE COMPENDIOUS EDITION OF THE ANNOTATED BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER : Forming a concise Commentary on the Devotional System of the Church of England. Crown 8 vo. 10 s. 6 d. DICTIONARY OF DOCTRINAL AND HISTORICAL THEOLOGY. By various Writers. Imperial 8 vo. 21 s. DICTIONARY OF SECTS, HERESIES, ECCLESIASTICAL PAR¬ TIES AND SCHOOLS OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT. By various Writers. Imperial 8 vo. 21 s. THE BOOK OF CHURCH LAW. Being an Exposition of the Legal Rights and Duties of the Parochial Clergy and the Laity of the Church of England. Revised by the Right Hon. Sir Walter G. F. Philli- more, Bart., D.C.L., and G. Edwardes Jones, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8 vo. 8 l net. A COMPANION TO THE BIBLE : Being a Plain Commentary on Scripture History, to the end of the Apostolic Age. Two Vols. small 8 vo. Sold separately. Old Testamemt. 31 . 6 d. New Testament. 3 -r. 6 d. HOUSEHOLD THEOLOGY : a Handbook of Religious Information respecting the Holy Bible, the Prayer Book, the Church, etc., etc. 16 mo. Paper cover, is. Also the Larger Edition, Fcap. 81 > 0 . 2 s. net. Body. —Works by the Rev.GEORGE Body,D.D.,C anon of Durham. THE LIFE OF LOVE. A Course of Lent Lectures. 16 mo. 2 s. net. THE SCHOOL OF CALVARY ; or, Laws of Christian Life revealed from the Cross. 1 6 mo. 2 s. net. THE LIFE OF JUSTIFICATION. 16 mo. 2 j. net. THE LIFE OF TEMPTATION. 16 mo. 2 s. net. THE PRESENT STATE OF THE FAITHFUL DEPARTED. Small 8 vo. sewed , 6 d. 3 2 mo. cloth , ij. Book of Private Prayer, The. For use Twice Daily ; together with the Order for the Administration of the Lord’s Supper or Holy Communion. 18 mo. Limp cloth, 2 s.; Cloth boards, 2 s. 6 d. Book of Prayer and Daily Texts for English Churchmen. 32 mo. is. net. Boultbee.—A COMMENTARY ON THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By the Rev. T. P. Boultbee. Crown 8 vo. 6s. 4 A SELECTION OF WORKS Brent.— THE CONSOLATIONS OF THE CROSS : Addresses on the Seven Words of the Dying Lord, given at St. Stephen’s Church, Boston (U.S.), on Good Friday, 1902 . Together with Two Sermons. By the Right Rev. G. H. Brent, D.D., Bishop of the Philippine Islands. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. 6 d. net. Brett. —Works by the Rev. Jesse Brett, L.Th., Chaplain of All Saints’ Hospital, Eastbourne. ANIMA CHRISTI : Devotional Addresses. Crown 8 vo. is. net. THE BLESSED LIFE : Devotional Studies of the Beatitudes. Crown 8 vo. 2S. net. THE WITNESS OF LOVE: Some Mysteries of the Divine Love revealed in the Passion of our Holy Redeemer. Fcap. 8 vo. 2 s. net. Bright.— Works by William Bright, D.D., late Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford. THE AGE OF THE FATHERS. Being Chapters in the History of the Church during the Fourth and Fifth Centuries. Two Vols. 8 vo. 28 s. net. LESSONS FROM THE LIVES OF THREE GREAT FATHERS. St, Athanasius, St. Chrysostom, and St. Augustine. Crown 8 vo. 6 s. Bright and Medd.— LIBER PRECUM PUBLICARUM EC- CLESLE ANGLICANAi. A Gulielmo Bright, S.T.P., et Petro Goldsmith Medd, A.M., Latine redditus. Small Zvo. 55. net. Brockington.—THE PARABLES OF THE WAY: a Com¬ parative Study of the Beatitudes (St. Matt. v. 3-13) and Twelve Parables of the Way (St. Luke ix. 51-xix. 11). By A. Allen Brockington, M.A. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. 6 d. net. Browne.— AN EXPOSITION OF THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES, Historical and Doctrinal. By E. H. Browne, D.D., sometime Bishop of Winchester. 8 vo. i6r. Bruce.—THE COMMON HOPE. Firstfruits of Ministerial Experience in Thought and Life. Edited by the Rev. Rosslyn Bruce, M.A., Rector of Clifton, Nottingham; with an Introduction by the Right Rev. the Bishop of Stepney. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. net. Campion and Eeamont.—THE PRAYER BOOK INTER¬ LEAVED. With Historical Illustrations and Explanatory Notes arranged parallel to the Text. By W. M. Campion, D.D., and W. J. Beamont, M.A. Small 8 vo. ys. 6 d. Carter.—LIFE AND LETTERS OF THOMAS THELLUS- SON CARTER, Warden of the House of Mercy, Clewer, and Hon. Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Edited by the Ven. W. H. Hutchings, M.A. , Archdeacon of Cleveland. With 3 Portraits and 8 other Illustrations. 8 z > 0 . ioj. 6 d. net. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 5 Carter.—Works by, and edited by, the Rev. T. T. Carter, M.A. SPIRITUAL INSTRUCTIONS. Crown 8m The Holy Eucharist. 3a 6 d. The Divine Dispensations. y. 6 d. The Life of Grace. 3 s. 6 d. The Religious Our Lord’s Early Life. 3s. 6 d. Our Lord’s Entrance on his Ministry. 35. 6 d. riFE. 3-j. 6 d. A BOOK OF PRIVATE PRAYER FOR MORNING, MID-DAY, AND OTHER TIMES. 18 mo, limp cloth, is. ; cloth , red edges , is. 3 d. THE DOCTRINE OF CONFESSION IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. Crown 8 vo. 5 ^. THE SPIRIT OF WATCHFULNESS AND OTHER SERMONS. Crown 8 vo. y. THE TREASURY OF DEVOTION : a Manual of Prayer for General and Daily Use. Compiled by a Priest. 18 mo. 2 s. 6d. ; cloth limp , 2 s. Bound with the Book of Common Prayer, 3 . 1 . 6 d. Red-Line Edition. Cloth extra , gilt top. 18 mo. 2 s. 6 d. net. Large-Type Edition. Crown 8 m y. 6d. THE WAY OF LIFE : A Book of Prayers and Instruction for the Young at School, with a Preparation for Confirmation. 18 mo. is. 6 d. THE PATH OF HOLINESS: a First Book of Prayers, with the Service of the Holy Communion, for the Young. Compiled by a Priest. With Illustrations. 16 mo. is. 6 d. ; cloth limp , is. THE GUIDE TO HEAVEN : a Book of Prayers for every Want. (For the Working Classes.) Compiled by a Priest. 18 mo. is. 6 d. ; cloth limp, is. Large- Type Edition. Crown 8 vo. is. 6 d. ; cloth limp , ij. THE STAR OF CHILDHOOD : a First Book of Prayers and Instruction for Children. Compiled by a Priest. With Illustrations, ibmo, 2 s. 6 d. SIMPLE LESSONS; or, Words Easy to be Understood. A Manual of Teaching. 1 . On the Creed. 11 . The Ten Commandments. HI. The Sacrament. 18 mo. y. MANUAL OF DEVOTION FOR SISTERS OF MERCY. 8 parts in 2 vols. 32 mo. ioj. Or separately :—Part 1 . is. 6 d. Part II. is. Part III. is. Part IV. 2 s. Partv. is. Part vi. is. Partvn. Partvni. is. 6d. UNDERCURRENTS OF CHURCH LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Crown 8m y. Coles.—Works by the Rev. V. S. S. Coles, M.A., Principal of the Pusey House, Oxford. LENTEN MEDITATIONS. 18 mo. 2 s. 6 d. ADVENT MEDITATIONS ON ISAIAH I.-XII. : together with Out lines of Christmas Meditations on St. John i. 1 - 12 . 18 mo. 2 s. 6 A SELECTION OF WORKS Company, The, of Heaven : Daily Links with the Household of God. Being Selections in Prose and Verse from various Authors. With Autotype Frontispiece. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. 6 d. net. Conybeare and Howson.—THE LIFE AND EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL. By the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, M.A., and the Very Rev. J. S. Howson, D.D. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. Library Edition. TwoVols. 8 vo. 21 s. Students’Edition. OneVol. Crown 8 vo. 6 j. Popular Edition. One Vol. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. Creighton.—Works by Mandell Creighton, D.D., late Lord Bishop of London. A HISTORY OF THE PAPACY FROM THE GREAT SCHISM TO THE SACK OF ROME ( 1378 - 1527 ). Six Volumes. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. each net, THE CHURCH AND THE NATION : Charges and Addresses. Crozon 8 vo. 5 ^. net. THOUGHTS ON EDUCATION : Speeches and Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 5 *. net. UNIVERSITY AND OTHER SERMONS. Crown 8 vo. 55 . net. THE MIND OF ST. PETER; and other Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. net. Day-Hours of the Church of England, The. Newly Revised according to the Prayer Book and the Authorised Translation of the Bible. Crown 8 vo, sewed , 35 . ; cloth, 35 . 6 d. SUPPLEMENT TO THE DAY-HOURS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, being the Service for certain Holy Days. Crown 8 vo, sewed, 35 . ; cloth, 3 s. 6 d. Edersheim.— Works by Alfred Edersheim, M.A., D.D.,Ph.D. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JESUS THE MESSIAH. Two Vols. 8 vo. 12 s. net. JESUS THE MESSIAH : being an Abridged Edition of ‘The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah.’ Crown 8 vo. 6 s. net. Ellicott.—Works by C. J. Ellicott, D.D., Bishop of Gloucester. A CRITICAL AND GRAMMATICAL COMMENTARY ON ST. PAUL’S EPISTLES. Greek Text, with a Critical and Grammatical Commentary, and a Revised English Translation. 8 vo. Galatians. 8l 6 d. Ephesians. 8 s. 6 d. Pastoral Epistles. 10 s. 6 d. Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, ioj. 6 d. Thessalonians. 7 s. 6 d. HISTORICAL LECTURES ON THE LIFE OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 8 vo. 12 s. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 7 Emery. —THE INNER LIFE OF THE SOUL. Short Spiritual Messages for the Ecclesiastical Year. By S. L. Emery. Crown 8 vo. 45 . 6 d. net. English (The) Catholic’s Vade Mecum: a Short Manual of General Devotion. Compiled by a Priest. 32 mo. limp, is. ; cloth, is. Priest’s Edition. 32 /^ 0 . is. 6d. Epochs of Church History.—Edited by Mandell Creighton, D.D., late Lord Bishop of London. Small 8 vo. 2 s. 6 d. each. THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN OTHER LANDS. By the Rev. H. W. Tucker, M.A. THE HISTORY OF THE REFOR¬ MATION IN ENGLAND. By the Rev. Geo. G. Perry, M.A. THE CHURCH OF THE EARLY FATHERS. By the Rev. Alfred Plummer, D.D. THE EVANGELICAL REVIVAL IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. By the Rev. J. H. Overton, D.D. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. By the Hon. G. C. Brodrick, D.C.L. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAM¬ BRIDGE. By J. Bass Mullinger, M.A. THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES. By the Rev. W. Hunt, M.A. THE CHURCH AND THE EASTERN EMPIRE. By the Rev. H. F. Tozer, M.A. THE CHURCH AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By the Rev. A. Carr, M.A. THE CHURCH AND THE PURI¬ TANS, 1570-1660. By Henry Offley Wakeman, M.A. HILDEBRAND AND HIS TIMES. By the Very Rev. W. R. W. Stephens, B.D. THE POPES AND THE HOHEN- STAUFEN. By Ugo Balzani. THE COUNTER REFORMATION. By Adolphus William Ward, Litt. D. WYCLIFFE AND MOVEMENTS FOR REFORM. By Reginald L. Poole, M.A. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY. By the Rev. Professor H. M. Gwatkin, M.A. Eucharistic Manual (The). Consisting of Instructions and Devotions for the Holy Sacrament of the Altar. From various sources. 2 ,imo. cloth gilt , red edges, is. Cheap Edition , limp cloth. 9 d. Farrar.—Works by Frederic W. Farrar, D.D., late Dean of Canterbury. TEXTS EXPLAINED; or, Helps to Understand the New Testament. Crown 8 vo. 55 . net. THE BIBLE : Its Meaning and Supremacy. 8 vo. 6s. net. ALLEGORIES. With 25 Illustrations by Amelia Bauerle. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, is. 6d. net. Fosbery.—VOICES OF COMFORT. Edited by the Rev. Thomas Vincent Fosbery, M.A., sometime Vicar of St. Giles’s, Reading. Cheap Edition. Small 8 vo. 3.1. net. The Larger Edition (7s. 6 d.) may still be had. 8 A SELECTION OF WORKS Geikie.— Works by J. Cunningham Geikie, D.D., LL.D., late Vicar of St. Martin-at-Palace, Norwich. THE VICAR AND HIS FRIENDS. Crown 8vo. 55 . net. HOURS WITH THE BIBLE : the Scriptures in the Light of Modern Discovery and Knowledge. Complete in Twelve Volumes . Crown 8 vo. OLD TESTAMENT. Creation to the Patriarchs. With a Map and Illustrations. 5 s. Moses to Judges. With a Map and Illustrations. 55 . Samson to Solomon. With a Map and Illustrations. 55 . Rehoboam to Hezekiah. With illustrations. 55 . Manasseh to Zedekiah. With the Contemporary Prophets. With a Map and Illustrations. 5 L Exile to Malachi. With the Contemporary Prophets. With Illustrations. 55 . NEW TESTAMENT. The Gospels. With a Map and Illustrations. 55 . Life and Words of Christ. With Map. 2 vo Is. ioj. Life and Epistles of St. Paul. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. IOJ. St. Peter to Revelation. With 29 Illustrations. 55 . LIFE AND WORDS OF CHRIST. Cabinet Edition. With Map. 2 vols. Post 8 vo. ioj. Cheap Edition , without the Notes. 1 vol. 8 vo. 6 j. A SHORT LIFE OF CHRIST. With 34 Illustrations. Crown 8 vo. 3 .J. 6 d. ; gilt edges, 4 s. 6d. Gold Dust: a Collection of Golden Counsels for the Sancti¬ fication of Daily Life. Translated and abridged from the French by E.L.E.E. Edited by Charlotte M. Yonge. Parts I. II. III. Small Pocket Volumes, Cloth , gilt, each is ., or in white cloth, with red edges, the three parts in a box, 2 s. 6d. each net. Parts I., II., and III. in One Volume. 2 s. net. *** The two first parts in One Volume, large type , 18 mo. cloth, gilt. is. 6d. net. Gore.— Works by the Right Rev. Charles Gore, D.D., Lord Bishop of Worcester. THE CHURCH AND THE MINISTRY. Crown 8 vo. 6s. net. ROMAN CATHOLIC CLAIMS. Crown 8 vo, 3 . 1 . net. Goreh.— THE LIFE OF FATHER GOREH. By C. E. Gardner, S.S.J.E. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5 ^. Great Truths of the Christian Religion. Edited by the Rev. W. U. Richards. Small 8 vo. 2 s. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 9 Hall.— Works by the Right Rev. A. C. A. Hall, D.D., Bishop of Vermont. CONFIRMATION. Crown 8vo. 55. [The Oxford Library of Practical Theology.) THE VIRGIN MOTHER: Retreat Addresses on the Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary as told in the Gospels. With an appended Essay on the Virgin Birth of our Lord. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. 6 d. CHRIST’S TEMPTATION AND OURS. Crmvn 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF PRAYER. Crown 8 vo. 3s. 6 d. Hallowing of Sorrow. By E. R. With a Preface by H, S. Holland, M.A., Canon and Precentor of St. Paul’s. Small Svo. 2s. Handbooks for the Clergy. Edited by the Rev. Arthur W. Robinson, B.D., Vicar of Allhallows Barking by the Tower. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. net each Volume. THE PERSONAL LIFE OF THE CLERGY. By the Rev. Arthur W. Robinson, B.D., Vicar of Allhallows Barking by the Tower. THE MINISTRY OF CONVERSION. Bythe Rev. A. J. Mason, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Canon of Canterbury. PATRISTIC STUDY. Bythe Rev. H. B. Swete, D.D., Regius Pro¬ fessor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. FOREIGN MISSIONS. By the Right Rev. H. H. Montgomery, D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, Secretary of the Society for the Propaga¬ tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. THE STUDY OF THE GOSPELS. By the Very Rev. J. Armitage Robinson, D.D., Dean of Westminster. A CHRISTIAN APOLOGETIC. By the Very Rev. Wilford L. Robinson, D.D., Dean of the General Theological Seminary, New York. PASTORAL VISITATION. By the Rev. H. E. Savage, M.A., Vicar of Halifax. AUTHORITY IN THE CHURCH. By the Very Rev. J. B. Strong, D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. THE STUDY OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. By the Right Rev. W. E. Collins, D. D., Bishop of Gibraltar. CHURCH MUSIC. By A. Madeley Richardson, Mus. Doc., Organist of St. Saviour’s Collegiate Church, Southwark. LAY WORK AND THE OFFICE OF READER. By the Right Rev. Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, D.D., Lord Bishop of Southwark. RELIGION AND SCIENCE: some Suggestions for the Study of the Relations between them. By the Rev. P. N. Waggett, M.A. of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley. * # * Other Volumes are in preparation. A 2 10 A SELECTION OF WORKS Hatch.— THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1880. By Edwin Hatch, M.A., D.D., late Reader in Ecclesiastical History in the U niversity of Oxford. 8 vo. 5*. Holland.— Works by the Rev. Henry Scott Holland, M.A. Canon and Precentor of St. Paul’s. GOD’S CITY AND THE COMING OF THE KINGDOM. Crown 8vo. 3 s. 6 d. PLEAS AND CLAIMS FOR CHRIST. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. CREED AND CHARACTER : Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 35. 6 d. ON BEHALF OF BELIEF. Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 35. 6 d. CHRIST OR ECCLESIASTES. Sermons. Crown 8vo. 2 s. 6d. LOGIC AND LIFE, with other Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 3J. 6 d. GOOD FRIDAY. Being Addresses on the Seven Last Words. Small 8 vo. 2 s. Hollings. —Works by the Rev. G. S. Hollings, Mission Priest of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley, Oxford. THE HEAVENLY STAIR; or, A Ladder of the Love of God for Sinners. Crown 8 vo. 2 > s - 60. 2 s. 6 d. THE LIGHT OF LIFE. Sermons preached on Various Occasions. Crown 8 vo. 35. 6 d. SUNLIGHT AND SHADOW IN THE CHRISTIAN LIFE. Sermons preached for the most part in America. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. Lear. —Works by, and Edited by, H. L. Sidney Lear. FOR DAYS AND YEARS. A book containing a Text, Short Reading, and Hymn for Every Day in the Church’s Year. x6mo. 2 s. net. Also a Cheap Edition, ^zmo, ij.; or cloth gilt, ij. 6 d.\ or with red borders, 2s. net. FIVE MINUTES. Daily Readings of Poetry. 16 mo. 3*. 6 d. Also a Cheap Edition, 32 mo. is .; or cloth gilt, is. 6d. WEARINESS. A Book for the Languid and Lonely. Large Type. Small 8 vo. 5s. DEVOTIONAL WORKS. Edited by H. L. Sidney Lear. New and Uniform Editions. Nine Vols. 16 mo. 2 s. net each. F^nelon’s Spiritual Letters to Men. F£nelon’s Spiritual Letters to Women. A Selection from the Spiritual Letters of St. Francis de Sales. Also Cheap Edition, ^amo, 6 d. cloth limp ; ij. cloth boards. The Spirit of St. Francis de Sales. The Hidden Life of the Soul. The Light of the Conscience. Also Cheap Edition, 32 mo, 6d. cloth limp ; is. cloth boards. Self-Renunciation. From the French. St. Francis de Sales’ Of the Love of God. Selections from Pascal’s ‘Thoughts.’ IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 13 Lear. — Works by, and Edited by, H. L. Sidney Lear.— continued. CHRISTIAN BIOGRAPHIES. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. each. Madame Louise de France, Daughter of Louis xv., known also as the Mother T£r£se de St. Augustin. A Dominican Artist : a Sketch of the Life of the Rev. P£re Besson, of the Order of St. Dominic. Henri Perreyve. By P&re (jRATRY. With Portrait, St. Francis de Sales, Bishop and Prince of Geneva. Edited by H. L. Sidney Lear. A Christian Painter of the Nineteenth Century: being the Life of Hippolyte Flandrin. The Revival of Priestly Life in the Seventeenth Century in France. Bossuet and his Contempora¬ ries. Fj£nelon, Archbishop of Cam- BRAI. Henri Dominique Lacordaire. Lenten Collects (The). A Series of Sermons. By the Author of ‘ Praeparatio. ’ Fcap. 8 vo. is. 6 cL. net. Liddon. — Works by Henry Parry Liddon, D.D., D.C.L.,LL.D. SERMONS ON SOME WORDS OF ST. PAUL. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. SERMONS PREACHED ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS, 1860-1889. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. CLERICAL LIFE AND WORK : Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 5*. ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES : Lectures on Buddhism—Lectures on the Life of St. Paul—Papers on Dante. Crowti 8 vo. 55. EXPLANATORY ANALYSIS OF PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. 8 vo. 14 s. EXPLANATORY ANALYSIS OF ST. PAUL’S FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. SERMONS ON OLD TESTAMENT SUBJECTS. Crown 8vo. 5s. SERMONS ON SOME WORDS OF CHRIST. Crown 8 vo. 5s. THE DIVINITY OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1866. Crown 8 vo. 55. ADVENT IN ST. PAUL’S. Crown 8 vo. 5*. CHRISTMASTIDE IN ST. PAUL’S. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. PASSIONTIDE SERMONS. Crown 8 vo. 5s. [ continued . 14 A SELECTION OF WORKS Liddon.— Works by Henry Parry Liddon, D.D., D.C.L., LL. D.— continued. EASTER IN ST. PAUL’S. Sermons bearing chiefly on the Resurrec¬ tion of our Lord. Two Vols. Crown 8 vo. 3J. 6 d. each. Cheap Edition in one Volume. Crown 8 vo. 55. SERMONS PREACHED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Two Vols. Crown 8 vo. y. 6 d. each. Cheap Edition in one Volume. Crown 8 vo. y. THE MAGNIFICAT. Sermons in St. Paul’s. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. net. SOME ELEMENTS OF RELIGION. Lent Lectures. Small 8 vo. 2s. net. [The Crown 8 vo Edition (y.) may still be had.] Popular Edition. Crown 8 vo. Sewed. 6 d. net. Lowrie.— THE CHURCH AND ITS ORGANISATION IN PRIMITIVE AND CATHOLIC TIMES: an Interpretation of Rudolph Sohm’s ‘ Kirchenrecht ’—The Primitive Age. By Walter Lowrie, M.A. 8vo. 14J. net. Luckock.— Works by Herbert Mortimer LUCKOCK, D.D., Dean of Lichfield. THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOUR GOSPELS. Crown 8 vo. 6s. AFTER DEATH. An Examination of the Testimony of Primitive Times respecting the State of the Faithful Dead, and their Relationship to the Living. Crown 8 vo. y. net. THE INTERMEDIATE STATE BETWEEN DEATH AND JUDGMENT. Being a Sequel to After Death. Crown 8vo. y. net. FOOTPRINTS OF THE SON OF MAN, as traced by St. Mark. Being Eighty Portions for Private Study, Family Reading, and Instruction in Church. Crown 8 vo. y. net. FOOTPRINTS OF THE APOSTLES, as traced by St. Luke in the Acts. Being Sixty Portions for Private Study, and Instruction in Church. A Sequel to ‘ Footprints of the Son of Man, as traced by St. Mark.’ Two Vols. Crown 8 vo. 12 s. THE DIVINE LITURGY. Being the Order for Holy Communion, Historically, Doctrinally, and Devotionally set forth, in Fifty Portions. Crown 8 vo. y. net. STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. The Anglican Reform—The Puritan Innovations—The Elizabethan Reaction—The Caroline Settlement. With Appendices. Crown 8 vo. y. net, Lyra Germanica: Hymns for the Sundays and Chief Festivals of the Christian Year. Complete Edition. Small 8 vo. y. First Series. 16 mo, with red borders , 2 s. net. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 15 Mac Coll. —Works by the Rev. Malcolm MacColl, D.D., Canon Residentiary of Ripon. THE REFORMATION SETTLEMENT : Examined in the Light of History and Law. Tenth Edition, Revised, with a new Preface. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. net. CHRISTIANITY IN RELATION TO SCIENCE AND MORALS. Crown 8 vo. 6s. LIFE HERE AND HEREAFTER : Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. Marriage Addresses and Marriage Hymns. By the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Rochester, the Bishop of Truro, the Dean of Rochester, the Dean of Norwich, Archdeacon Sinclair, Canon Duckworth, Canon Newbolt, Canon Knox Little, Canon Rawnsley, the Rev. J. Llewellyn Davies, D.D., the Rev. W. Allen Whitworth, etc. Edited by the Rev. O. P. Wardell- Yerburgh, M.A., Vicar of the Abbey Church of St. Mary, Tewkesbury. Crown 8 vo. 55. Mason. —Works by A. J. Mason, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Canon of Canterbury. THE MINISTRY OF CONVERSION. Crown 8 vo. 25. 6d. net. (Handbooks for the Clergy.) PURGATORY; THE STATE OF THE FAITHFUL DEAD; , INVOCATION OF SAINTS. Three Lectures. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6d.net. THE FAITH OF THE GOSPEL. A Manual of Christian Doctrine. Crown 8 vo. 7s. 6d. Cheap Edition. Crown 8 vo. 35. net. THE RELATION OF CONFIRMATION TO BAPTISM. As taught in Holy Scripture and the Fathers. Crown 8 vo. 7s. 6d. Maturin. —Works by the Rev. B. W. Maturin. SOME PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF THE SPIRITUAL LIFE. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. 6d. PRACTICAL STUDIES ON THE PARABLES OF OUR LORD. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. Medd.— THE PRIEST TO THE ALTAR ; or, Aids to the Devout Celebration of Holy Communion, chiefly after the Ancient English Use of Sarum. By Peter Goldsmith Medd, M.A., Canon of St. Albans. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Royal Svo. 155. Meyrick.—THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHURCH OF England on the Holy Communion Restated as a Guide at the Present Time. By the Rev. F. Meyrick, M.A. Crown 8 vo. 45. 6 d. Monro. —SACRED ALLEGORIES. By Rev. Edward Monro. Complete Edition in one Volume, with Illustrations, Crown 8v<\ 2,s. 6d. net. i6 A SELECTION OF WORKS Mortimer. —Works by the Rev. A. G. Mortimer, D.D., Rector of St. Mark’s, Philadelphia. THE CREEDS: An Historical and Doctrinal Exposition of the Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds. Crown 8 vo. $s. net. THE EUCHARISTIC SACRIFICE: An Historical and Theological Investigation of the Sacrificial Conception of the Holy Eucharist in the Christian Church. Crown 8 vo. iol 6d. CATHOLIC FAITH AND PRACTICE : A Manual of Theology. Two Parts. Crown 8 vo. Part I. 7s. 6 d. Part 11. 9 s. JESUS AND THE RESURRECTION: Thirty Addresses for Good Friday and Easter. Crown 8 vo. 55. HELPS TO MEDITATION : Sketches for Every Day in the Year. Vol. r. Advent to Trinity. 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. Vol. 11. Trinity to Advent. 8 vo. 7s. 6d. STORIES FROM GENESIS: Sermons for Children. Crown8vo. 4L THE LAWS OF HAPPINESS; or, The Beatitudes as teaching our Duty to God, Self, and our Neighbour. 18 mo. 2 s. THE LAWS OF PENITENCE: Addresses on the Words of our Lord from the Cross. 1 6mo. is. 6d. SERMONS IN MINIATURE FOR EXTEMPORE PREACHERS: Sketches for Every Sunday and Holy Day of the Christian Year. Crown 8 vo. 6s. NOTES ON THE SEVEN PENITENTIAL PSALMS, chiefly from Patristic Sources. Small 8 vo. 3^. 6 d. MEDITATIONS ON THE PASSION OF OUR MOST HOLY RE¬ DEEMER. Part I. Crown 8 vo. 55. THE SEVEN LAST WORDS OF OUR MOST HOLY REDEEMER: Being Meditations on some Scenes in His Passion (Meditations on the Passion. Part 11.) Crown 8 vo. 5J. LEARN OF JESUS CHRIST TO DIE: Addresses on the Words of our Lord from the Cross, taken as teaching the way of Preparation for Death. 16 mo. 2s. Mozley.— RULING IDEAS IN EARLY AGES AND THEIR RELATION TO OLD TESTAMENT FAITH. By J. B. Mozley, D.D., late Canon of Christ Church, and Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. 8 vo. 6s. Newbolt. — Works by the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of St. Paul’s Cathedral. PRAYERS. PSALMS, AND LECTIONS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD. Fcap. 8 vo. 2 s. 6d. net. APOSTLES OF THE LORD: being Six Lectures on Pastoral Theo- logy. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6d. net. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 17 Newbolt. —Works by the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of St. Paul’s Cathedral.— continued. THE CHURCH CATECHISM THE CHRISTIAN’S MANUAL. Crown 8 vo. 5^. (The Oxford Lihary of Practical Theology .) RELIGION. Crown 8 vo. zs. ( The Oxford Library of Practical Theology.) WORDS OF EXHORTATION. Sermons Preached at St. Paul’s and elsewhere. Crown 8vo. 5 s. net. PENITENCE AND PEACE: being Addresses on the 51st and 23rd Psalms. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. net. PRIESTLY IDEALS ; being a Course of Practical Lectures delivered in St. Paul’s Cathedral. Crown 8vo. 3^. 6d. PRIESTLY BLEMISHES; being a Second Course of Practical Lectures delivered in St. Paul’s Cathedral. Crown 8vo. 3 s. 6d. THE GOSPEL OF EXPERIENCE ; or, the Witness of Human Life to the truth of Revelation. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. COUNSELS OF FAITH AND PRACTICE: being Sermons preached on various occasions. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. SPECULUM SACERDOTUM ; or, the Divine Model of the Priestly Life. Crown 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. THE FRUIT OF THE SPIRIT. Being Ten Addresses bearing on the Spiritual Life. Crown 8vo. 2 s. net. THE PRAYER BOOK : Its Voice and Teaching. Crown 8 vo. as. net. Newman. —Works by John Henry Newman, B.D., sometime Vicar of St. Mary’s, Oxford. LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY NEW¬ MAN DURING HIS LIFE IN THE ENGLISH CHURCH. With a brief Autobiography. Edited, at Cardinal Newman's request, by Anne Mozley. 2 vols. Crown 8 vo. 7 s. PAROCHIAL AND PLAIN SERMONS. Eight Vols. Crown 8 vo. 35. 6d. each. SELECTION, ADAPTED TO THE SEASONS OF THE ECCLE¬ SIASTICAL YEAR, from the ‘ Parochial and Plain Sermons.’ Crown 8 vo. 3-T. 6d. FIFTEEN SERMONS PREACHED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Crown 8 vo. 3J. 6d. SERMONS BEARING UPON SUBJECTS OF THE DAY. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. LECTURES ON THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION. Crown 8 vo. 3J. 6d. *** A Complete List of Cardinal Newman’s Works can be had on Application. Old, Old Story, The, and other Verses. Being a complete Collection of the Author’s Poems. Square fcap. 8 vo. 2 s. 6d. Old, Old Story, The. Large-type Edition. Fcap. 8 vo. id. Limp cloth , 6d. Small-type Edition. \d. Musical Edition, with Author’s Music for both Parts, 4 to. 6 d. Musical Leaflet. Part I. 100 for ij. 6 d. Broadside Sheet for Cottage Walls, ad. i8 A SELECTION OF WORKS Osborne. —Works by Edward Osborne, Mission Priest of the • Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley, Oxford. THE CHILDREN’S SAVIOUR. Instructions to Children on the Life of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Illustrated. i6mo. is. net. THE SAVIOUR KING. Instructions to Children on Old Testament Types and Illustrations of the Life of Christ. Illustrated. i6mo. is.net. THE CHILDREN’S FAITH. Instructions to Children on the Apostles’ Creed. Ilhistrated. i6mo. is. net. Ottley.— ASPECTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT: being the Bampton Lectures for 1897. By Robert Lawrence Ottley, M.A., Canon of Christ Church and Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology in the University of Oxford. 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. Oxford (The) Library of Practical Theology. —Edited by the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of St. Paul’s, and the Rev. Darwell Stone, M.A., Librarian of the Pusey House, Oxford. Crown 8 vo. 5L each. RELIGION. By the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of St, Paul’s. HOLY BAPTISM. By the Rev. Darwell Stone, M.A., Librarian of the Pusey House, Oxford. CONFIRMATION. By the Right Rev. A. C. A. Hall, D.D., Bishop of Vermont. THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. By the Rev. Leighton Pullan, M.A., Fellow of St. John Baptist’s Oxford. HOLY MATRIMONY. By the Rev. W. J. Knox Little, M.A., Canon of Worcester. THE INCARNATION. By the Rev. H. V. S. Eck, M.A., St. Andrew’s, Bethnal Green. FOREIGN MISSIONS. By the Right Rev. E. T. Churton, D.D., formerly Bishop of Nassau. PRAYER. By the Rev. Arthur John Worlledge, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of Truro. SUNDAY. By the Rev. W. B. Trevelyan, M.A., Vicar of St. Matthew’s, Westminster. TPIE CHRISTIAN TRADITION. By the Rev. Leighton Pullan, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford. BOOKS OF DEVOTION. By the Rev. Charles Bodington, Canon and Precentor of Lichfield. HOLY ORDERS. By the Rev. A. R. Whitham, M.A., Principal of Culham College, Abingdon. THE CHURCH CATECHISM THE CHRISTIAN’S MANUAL. By the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Joint Editor of the Series. [continued. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE . 19 Oxford (The) Library of. Practical Theology.— continued. THE HOLY COMMUNION. By the Rev. Darwell Stone, M.A., Joint Editor of the Series. RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL. By the Rev. Walter Howard Frere, M.A., Superior of the Community of the Resurrection, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Rochester. S^In preparation. VISITATION OF THE SICK. By the Rev. E. F. Russell, M.A., St. Alban’s, Holborn. [Inpreparation. CHURCH WORK. By the Rev. Bernard Reynolds, M.A., Prebendary of St. Paul’s. [In preparation. OLD TESTAMENT CRITICISM. By the Rev. Henry Wace, D.D., Dean of Canterbury. [In preparation. NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. By the Rev. R. J. Knowling, D.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis at King’s College, London. [In preparation. Paget. — Works by Francis Paget, D.D., Bishop of Oxford. CHRIST THE WAY : Four Addresses given at a Meeting of School¬ masters and others at Haileybury. Crown 8 vo. is. 6d. net. STUDIES IN THE CHRISTIAN CHARACTER : Sermons. With an Introductory Essay. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. net. THE SPIRIT OF DISCIPLINE : Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. net. FACULTIES AND DIFFICULTIES FOR BELIEF AND DIS¬ BELIEF. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. net. THE HALLOWING OF WORK. Addresses given at Eton, January 16-18,1888. Small 8vo. 2 s. THE REDEMPTION OF WAR : Sermons. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. net. Passmore. —Works by the Rev. T. H. Passmore, M.A. THE THINGS BEYOND THE TOMB IN A CATHOLIC LIGHT. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. 6d. net. LEISURABLE STUDIES. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. net. Contents. —The ‘Religious Woman’—Preachments—Silly Ritual—The Tyr¬ anny of the Word— The Lectern—The Functions of Ceremonial—Homo Creator— Concerning the Pun—Proverbia. Percival.— THE INVOCATION OF SAINTS. Treated Theo¬ logically and Historically. By Henry R. Percival, M.A., D.D. Crown 8 vo. 5s. Powell. —CHORALIA : a Handy-Book for Parochial Precentors and Choirmasters. By the Rev. James Baden Powell, M.A,, Precentor of St. Paul’s, Knightsbridge. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. 6 d. net. Practical Reflections. By a Clergyman. With Preface by H. P. Liddon, D.D., D.C.L., and the Lord Bishop of Lincoln. Crown 8 vo. The Book of Genesis. 4 s . 6 d . The Psalms. 55. Isaiah. 4s. 6d. The Minor Prophets. 4 s . 6 d . The Holy Gospels. 4J. 6 d . Acts to Revelation. 6s. 20 A SELECTION OF WORKS Praeparatio: or, Notes of Preparation for Holy Communion, founded on the Collect, Epistle, and Gospel. With Preface by the Rev. George Congreve, of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley. Sundays. Crown 8 vo. 6s. net. Holy Days and Saints’ Days. Crown 8 vo. 6s. net. Priest’s Prayer Book (The). Containing Private Prayers and Intercessions; Occasional, School, and Parochial Offices ; Offices for the Visitation of the Sick, with Notes, Readings, Collects, Hymns, Litanies, etc. With a brief Pontifical. By the late Rev. R. F. Littledale, LL.D., D.C.L., and Rev. J. Edward Vaux, M.A., F.S.A. PostZvo. 6s. 6 d. Pullan.— THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. By the Rev. Leighton Pullan, M.A., Fellow of St. John Baptist’s College, Oxford. Crown 8 vo. 5J. ( The Oxford Library of Practical Theology.) Fuller.— THE PRIMITIVE SAINTS AND THE SEE OF ROME. By F. W. Puller, of the Society of St. John the Evan¬ gelist, Cowley. 8 vo. 16 s. net. Fasey. — Works by the Rev. E. B. Pusey, D.D. PRIVATE PRAYERS. With Preface by H. P. Liddon, D.D., late Chancellor and Canon of St. Paul’s. Royal 32 mo. is. SPIRITUAL LETTERS OF EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, D.D. Edited by the Rev. J. O. Johnston, M.A., Principal of the Theological College, Cuddesdon ; and the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A., Canon and Chancellor of St. Paul’s. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. net. Pusey.— THE STORY OF THE LIFE OF DR. PUSEY. By the Author of ‘ Charles Lowder.’ With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 7 s. 6d. net. Randolph. — Works by B. W. Randolph, D.D., Principal of the Theological College and Hon. Canon of Ely. THE EXAMPLE OF THE PASSION: being Addresses given in St. Paul’s Cathedral. Small 8 vo. 2 s. net. THE LAW OF SINAI: Being Devotional Addresses on the Ten Com¬ mandments delivered to Ordinands. Crown 8 vo. 3L 6d. MEDITATIONS ON THE OLD TESTAMENT for Every Day in the Year. Crown 8 vo. 5 s. net. MEDITATIONS ON THE NEW TESTAMENT for Every Day in the Year. Crown 8 vo. 5$. net. THE THRESHOLD OF THE SANCTUARY: being Short Chapters on the Inner Preparation for the Priesthood. Crown 8 vo. 3 s. 6 d. THE VIRGIN BIRTH OFOUR LORD: a Paper read (in Substance) before the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity of Cambridge. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. net, EMBER THOUGHTS : Addresses. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. net. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERA TURE. 21 RIVINGTON’S DEVOTIONAL SERIES. 16 mo, Red Borders and gilt edges. Each 2s. net. Bickersteth’s Yesterday, To- Day, and For Ever. Gilt edges. Chilcot’s Treatise on Evil Thoughts. Red edges. The Christian Year. Gilt edges. Herbert’s Poems and Proverbs. Gilt edges. Thomas a Kempis’ Of the Imita¬ tion of Christ. Gilt edges. Lear’s (H. L. Sidney) For Days and Years. Gilt edges. Lyra Apostolica. Poems by J. W. Bowden, R. H. Froude, J. Keble, J. H. Newman, R. I. Wilberforce, and I. Williams ; and a Preface by Cardinal Newman. Gilt edges. Francis de Sales’ (St.) The Devout Life. Gilt edges. * These two in 0 Wilson’s The Lord’s Supper. Red edges. ♦Taylor’s (Jeremy) Holy Living. Red edges. *--Holy Dying. Red edges. Scudamore’s Steps to the Altar.. Gilt edges Lyra Germanica : Hymns for the Sundays and Chief Festivals of the Christian Year. First Series. Gilt edges. Law’s Treatise on Christian Perfection. Edited by L. H. M. Soulsby. Gilt edges. Christ and His Cross : Selec¬ tions from Samuel Ruther¬ ford’s Letters. Edited by L. H. M. Soulsby. Gilt edges. Volume. 5L iZmo, without Red Borders. Each is. net. Bickersteth’s Yesterday, To- Day, and For Ever. The Christian Year. Thomas A. Kempis’ Of the Imita¬ tion of Christ. Herbert’s Poems and Proverbs. * These two in one Volume. 2 s. 6d. Scudamore’s Steps to the Altar. Wilson’s The Lord’s Supper. Francis de Sales’ (St.) The Devout Life. ♦Taylor’s (Jeremy) Holy Living. Holy Dying. Robbins.— Works by Wilford L. Robbins, D.D., Dean of the General Theological Seminary, New York. AN ESSAY TOWARD FAITH. Small 8 vo. y. net. A CHRISTIAN APOLOGETIC. Crown 8 vo. 2 s. 6 d. net. (Handbooks for the Clergy .) Robinson.— Works by the Rev. C. H. Robinson, M.A., Editorial Secretary to the S.P.G. and Canon of Ripon. STUDIES IN THE CHARACTER OF CHRIST. Crown 8m 3 j. 6 d. HUMAN NATURE A REVELATION OF THE DIVINE: a Sequel to ‘ Studies in the Character of Christ.’ Crown 8m 6 j. net. SOME THOUGHTS ON THE INCARNATION. Crown 8m is. 6d. net. Romanes.— THOUGHTS ON THE COLLECTS FOR THE TRINITY SEASON. By Ethel Romanes, Author of ‘The Life and Letters of George John Romanes.’ With a Preface by the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London. 18 mo. 2 s. 6 d. ; gilt edges, y. 6d. 22 A SELECTION OF WORKS Romanes.— THOUGHTS ON RELIGION By George J. Romanes. Edited and with a Preface by the Right Rev. CHARLES Gore, D.D., Lord Bishop of Worcester. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. 6 d. Popular Edition. Crown 8 vo, sewed , 6d. net. Sanday. —Works by W. Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. THE ORACLES OF GOD : Nine Lectures on the Nature and Extent of Biblical Inspiration and the Special Significance of the Old Testa¬ ment Scriptures at the Present Time. Crown 8 vo. 4 s. DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OF PRIESTHOOD AND SACRI¬ FICE : a Report of a Conference held at Oxford, December 13 and 14, 1899. Edited by W. Sanday, D.D. 8 vo. 7s. 6d. INSPIRATION : Eight Lectures on the Early History and Origin of the Doctrine of Biblical Inspiration. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1893. 8 vo. 7s. 6d. Sanders. —FENELON : HIS FRIENDS AND HIS ENEMIES, 1651-1715. By E. K. Sanders. With Portrait. 8 vo. 10s. 6 d. net. Scudamore. —STEPS TO THE ALTAR: a Manual of Devotion for the Blessed Eucharist. By the Rev. W. E. Scudamore, M.A. Royal szmo. is. On toned paper, and rubricated, 2 s.: The same, with Collects , Epistles, and Gospels , 2 s. 6 d. ; 18 mo, is. net\ Demy 18 mo, cloth, large type, is. 3^.; 16 mo, with red borders , 2 s. net ; Imperial -yzmo, limp cloth, 6 d. Skrine. —PASTOR AGNORUM : a Schoolmaster’s After¬ thoughts. By John Huntley Skrine, sometime Warden of Glen- almond. Crown 8 vo. 55. net. Soulsby.—SUGGESTIONS ON PRAYER. By L. H. M. SOULSBY. 18 mo, sewed , is. net. ; cloth, is. 6d. net. Simple Guides to Christian Knowledge.— Edited by Florence Robinson, formerly of St. Hilda’s Hall, Oxford. THE STORY OF OUR LORD'S LIFE. By Mrs. H. H. Mont¬ gomery. With 8 Coloured Illustrations after Gaudenzio Ferrari. 16 mo. 2S. 6d. net. THE EARLY STORY OF ISRAEL. By Mrs. J. S. Thomas. With 7 Full-page Plates, 13 Illustrations in the Text, and 4 Maps (2 Coloured). 16 mo. 2 s. 6d. net. THE TEACHING OF THE CATECHISM. By Beatrice Ward. With 8 Illustrations. 16 mo. 2 s. 6d. net. *** Other Volumes in preparation. IN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 23 Stock.— A SHORT HANDBOOK OF MISSIONS. By Eugene Stock, formerly one of the Secretaries of the Church Mission¬ ary Society. Crown 8 vo. Sewed , is. net; cloth , is. 6 d. net. Stone. —Works by the Rev. Darwell Stone, M.A., Librarian of the Pusey House, Oxford. THE INVOCATION OF SAINTS. 8 vo. is. 6 d. net. OUTLINES OF MEDITATIONS FOR USE IN RETREAT. Crown 8 vo. is. 6d. net. CHRIST AND HUMAN LIFE: Lectures delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral in January 1901; together with a Sermon on ‘The Father¬ hood of God.' Crown 8 vo. is. 6 d. net. OUTLINES OF CHRISTIAN DOGMA. Crown 8 vo. 7 s. 6d. HOLY BAPTISM. Crown 8vo. 55. [The Oxford Library of Practical Theology.) THE HOLY COMMUNION. Crown 8 vo. 5^. [The Oxford Library of Practical Theology .) Strong. —Works by Thomas B. Strong, D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. CHRISTIAN ETHICS: being the Bampton Lectures for 1895. 8 vo. 7 s. 6 d. GOD AND THE INDIVIDUAL. Crown 8 vo. is. 6 d. net. AUTHORITY IN THE CHURCH. Crown 8 vo. is. 6d. net. [Hand¬ books for the Clergy). Stubbs. —Works by the Right Rev. W. Stubbs, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Oxford. ORDINATION ADDRESSES. Crown 8 vo. 35. 6 d. net. VISITATION CHARGES. 8 vo. 7s. 6 d. ?iet. Waggett. —Works by the Rev. P. N. Waggett, M.A., of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley, St. John, Oxford. THE AGE OF DECISION. Crown 8 vo. is. 6d. net. RELIGION AND SCIENCE: some Suggestions for the Study of the Relations between them. Crown 8 vo, is. 6 d. net. [.Handbooks for the Clergy. Wakeford. —Works by the Re\. John Wakeford, B.D., Vicar of St. Margaret, Anfield, Liverpool. THE GLORY OF THE CROSS: a Brief Consideration of the Force, Effects, and Merits of Christ’s Death and Passion. Sermons de¬ livered in Liverpool Cathedral. Crown 8 vo. is. 6 d. net. INTO THE HOLY OF HOLIES THROUGH THE VAIL OF THE FLESH OF THE ETERNAL HIGH PRIEST, JESUS CHRIST: Prayers and Devotions for Private Use at Home and in Church. i8mo, cloth limp , 9 d. net; cloth boards , in net. 24 A SELECTION OF THEOLOGICAL WORKS. Wirgman.— Works by A. Theodore Wirgman, D.D., D.C.L., Canon of Grahamstown, and Vice-Provost of St. Mary’s Collegiate Church, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. THE DOCTRINE OF CONFIRMATION. Crown 8 vo. 3 j. 6 d. THE CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY OF BISHOPS IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Illustrated by the History and Canon Law of the Undivided Church from the Apostolic Age to the Council of Chalcedon, A.D. 451. Crown 8 vo. 3s. 6 d. Wordsworth.— Works by Christopher Wordsworth, D.D., sometime Bishop of Lincoln. THE HOLY BIBLE (the Old Testament). With Notes, Introductions, and Index. Itnperial 8 vo. Vol. I. The Pentateuch. 25L Vol. II. Joshua to Samuel. 15.1. Vol. III. Kings to Esther. 155. Vol. IV. Job to Song of Solomon. 25 s. Vol. V. Isaiah to Ezekiel. 23 s. Vol. VI. Daniel, Minor Prophets, and Index. 15*. Also supplied in 13 Parts. Sold separately. THE NEW TESTAMENT, in the Original Greek. With Notes, Intro¬ ductions, and Indices. Imperial 8 vo. Vol. I. Gospels and Acts of the Apostles 23J. Vol. II. Epistles, Apocalypse, and Indices. 3 7s . Also supplied in 4 Parts. Sold separately. CHURCH HISTORY TO A.D. 451. Four Vols. Crown 8 vo. Vol. I. To the Council of Nic^ea, a.d. 325. 8 s. 6 d. 'Vol. II. From the Council of Nic^ea to that of Constantinople. 6s. Vol. III. Continuation. 6s. Vol. IV. Conclusion, To the Council of Chalcedon, a.d. 451. 6s. THEOPHILUS ANGLICANUS: a Manual of Instruction on the Church and the Anglican Branch of it. 12 mo. 2 s. 6d. ELEMENTS OF INSTRUCTION ON THE CHURCH. 16 mo. is. cloth. 6d. sewed. THE HOLY YEAR : Original Hymns. 16 mo. 2 s. 6d. and is. Limp , 6 d. ,, ,, WithMusic. Edited by W. H. Monk. Square8vo. 4J. 6 d. ON THE INTERMEDIATE STATE OF THE SOUL 32^0. is. Wordsworth.— Works by John Wordsworth, D.D., Lord Bishop of Salisbury. THE MINISTRY OF GRACE : Studies in Early Church History, with reference to Present Problems. Crown 8 vo. 6s. 6d. net. THE HOLY COMMUNION : Four Addresses. 1891. Cr. 8 vo. 3 s. 6d. THE ONE RELIGION : Truth, Holiness, and Peace desired by the Nations, and revealed by Jesus Christ. Eight Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford in 188r. Crown 8 vo. 7 s. 6d. UNIVERSITY SERMONS ON GOSPEL SUBJECTS. Sm. 8 vo. 2 s. 6d. PRAYERS FOR USE IN COLLEGE. 16 mo. is. 5,000/8/04. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, Printers to His Majesty, Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 1 1012 0 146 9014 Date Due