f 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Theological Seminary, 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 i ^"^fi-5- ,A335 1000 
 
 Adam, Alexander, 1741-1809 
 ^ Classical biography 
 
 3(iC 
 
CLASSICAL BIOGRAPHT: 
 
 EXHIBITING ALPHABETICALLY 
 
 The proper NAMES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 A SHORT ACCOUNT 
 
 4 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 SEVERAL DEITIES, HEROES, AND OTHER PERSONS, 
 
 MENTIONED IN THE ANCIENT 
 
 CLASSIC AUTHORS; 
 
 AND 
 
 A MORE PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOST DISTINGUISHED CHARACTERS 
 AMONG THE ROMANS; 
 
 rHE WHOLE BEING INTERSPERSED WITH OCCASIONAL EXFldNATIONS 
 OF WORDS AND RHRASES. 
 
 DESIGNED CHIEFLY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ILLUSTRATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LATIN CLASSICS. 
 
 BY ALEXANDER ADAM, LL. D. 
 
 .RECTOR OF THE HIGH SCHOOL, EDIIvBURGH. 
 
 EDINBURGH: 
 . Printed for WILLIAM CREECH; 
 And T, CADELL, Jun. & W. DAVIES, /.a.vi)o.v. 
 
 J 8 o p. 
 
CntctcQ in Stationers roa!!. 
 
 i^' 
 
 Tilnted hj Murr2'j '':^ Cochrr.nc^ Craig's Clofe, Edinburgh, 
 
ADVEP. TISEMENT. 
 
 J. HE Compiler originally intended the fubftance of the follow- 
 ing Pages as zn Appendix to a Latin and English Dictionary, 
 which he has for feveral years been attempting. But having found 
 that the execution of the whole of his delign will require longer 
 time than at firfi: he imagined ; and perceiving his attention to be 
 fom.etimes diftracted by profecuting two different fubjeds toge- 
 ther, he refolved to lay afide the principal part of the Work till 
 he fliould finifli the Appplndix of Proper Names : and in 
 order to render it as inftruclive as poffible within moderate 
 bounds, he thought it would be of advantage to give a fuller 
 account of the principal Perfons mentioned in the Latin 
 Claflics. This he has endeavoured to do with all the accuracy in 
 his power ; and hopes that his performance will be ufeful, not 
 only to younger Students, but alfo to fuch as are more||dvan- 
 ced. The facls are all fupported by proper authorities ; aSldie 
 different accounts of different Authors concerning the fame md:, 
 when it is cf importance, are fairly uated. When any thing is 
 more fully treated of in his Roman Antiquities^ or in his Summary 
 of Geography and Hi/lory^ he has here made references to them, 
 by prefixing an A for the one and a G for the other. The diph- 
 thongs <2 and c are printed without contraction, ae and oe^ as 
 they are found in Ancient Manufcripts. The Compiler, be- 
 fore refuming his larger Work, prcpofes to publi/ii, by way of 
 Appendix to his Grammar, a Ihort Abridgement or Manual of 
 Latinity, for the ufc of Learners ; which is nearly ready for the 
 prefs. 
 
 EDINEVRGHy *} 
 
 'eft. 15. iSco.J 
 
 Sept. 
 
I 
 
INDEX 
 
 O F 
 
 CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES, &g 
 
 A BA 
 
 ABAS, -anthy a king of Argos ; 
 whence Ahanteus^ adj.; thus, Ah- 
 ante'i Argi, Argi once governed by Ab- 
 as, Ovid, Met. 15, 164. 
 
 Abantiades, -ae, Acrifius, the fon 
 of Abas, Ovid. Met. 4, 607. alfo put 
 for Perfeus, his great-gratidfon, Ovid. 
 Met. A,, 673, & 767. ; 5' >38- 
 
 Abas, a noble Trojan, and compa- 
 nion of Aeneas, Virg. Aen. i , 121.; 10, 
 427. — alfo a Grecian flaia by Aeneas, 
 ih. 3, 286. 
 
 Abaris, -/V, V. -\dts; ace. -/m, v. -m; 
 a man {lain by Perfeus, Ovid. Met. 5, 
 86. — 51 2. A Rutulian killed by Eu- 
 ryalus, Virg. Aen. 9, 344.-^3, A fa- 
 mous Scythian, Herodot. 4. 36. ; Strab. 
 
 Abarus, or Agharusj an Arabian 
 prince, who mifled and perfidioufly 
 deferted CraiTus in his expedition a- 
 gainft the Parthian s, Appian. de Parth. 
 p. 140. called Me%eres or Mazaras, 
 a Syrian deferter, by Florus, 3, 11. 
 and Ariamnes by Plutarch, in Crcjfo. 
 
 Abderus. the fervant of Diome- 
 des, a king of Thrace, who fed his 
 herfcs on human flelh ; flain by Her- 
 cules, Hygin. 30. 
 
 Abdolonimus, or Ahdalommus^ a 
 defcendant of the ancient kings of Si- 
 don, fo poor that he .was obliged to 
 work in a garden; when Alexander 
 the Great, on account of his probity, 
 raifed him to the throne j J^^ife 11, 
 10. ; Curt. 4, I, J9j W 
 
 A C C 
 
 AbgXrits, the name of certain 
 caflern princes, Capitolin. Ant. Pio. 
 c. 9. ; Spartiari, Sever. 18. ; ViSor d$ 
 Caefar. c. 20. 
 
 \bissares, an Indian king, who 
 meanly furrendered to Alexander, in- 
 flead of bravely oppofing him, as Po- 
 rus did, Curt. 8, 13. 
 
 Absyrtus, -/, called alfo Aegtokux 
 or Aegialus, the fon of Aeites^ king of 
 Colchis, whom his fitter Medea, in 
 her flight with Jafon, tore in pieces^ 
 and fcattered his members by the 
 way, that the gathering of themi 
 might retard Aeetes, her father, in his 
 piirfuit of her, Cic. Manil. 9. ; Nat* 
 D. 3, 26. ; Ovid, Trijl. 3, 9. ; Senec. 
 Med. 963. 
 
 AcADEMUs, or Ecademus an Athe«* 
 nian, the original proprietor of the 
 ground where the gymnajium, called 
 Academia, was built j whence its 
 name, Paujan. i. 9. 
 
 ACASTUS, a king of lolcos, de- 
 throned by Peleus. K/V/. Peleus. 
 
 AcASTus, a flave of Cicero's, Cic* 
 Fam. 14, 5. ; 16, 5. &c. 
 
 Acamas, -antis, one of tfie work« 
 men of Vulcan, Fal. Flacc. i, 583. 
 
 ACCA Laurentia, the nurfe of 
 Romulus, Serv. in Virg, Aen. I, 277. 
 called fimply Laurentia by Livy, i, 4, 
 There was an annual feftival in honour 
 of her, called Ace alia, -ium j or Lau^ 
 REN tali A, -rum, Varr. L. 1^ ^, ^. 
 
 ACCiUS or /\TTius, a celebr^- 
 A ted 
 
A C C [2 
 
 ted Roman tragic poet in the time of 
 Sclpio \fricanus the younger, FaL 
 Mix. 3, 7, II. ; ^I'maiL 10, i, 79 ; 
 an intimate friend of D. Ju.iius Bru- 
 tus, the Colleague of Scipio In the con- 
 fulate, C'tc. Brut. 22, & 2'S.; Arch, i [. 
 He alfo wrote annals, C'tc. Brut. 18. 
 — Ayamemnon Jccianus, Agamemnon, 
 as defcribed by Acclas, Cic Tufc. 3, 
 26. ic iani verfiis, the verfes of Ac- 
 cius, 7r. Fam 9, 16. 
 
 ACCIUS. V. Aclius, V Att'ius Naev'i- 
 vsi vel Navius, a famous ugur at 
 Rome In the time of Tarquinlus Prif- 
 eus, who is faid to have cut a whet- 
 ftone with the king's razor, Liv. i, 
 36. ; Cic. Div. I, 17. But this ftory 
 was ridiculed by many in the time of 
 Cicero, i5. 2, 38. 
 
 T. Accius Pifaurenjs, a native of 
 Pifaurum, a Roman eques, the accufer 
 of Clucmtius, Cic. Br. 78. 
 
 Accius Priscus, a noble painter 
 iin the time of Vefpafian, Pliji. 35, 10. 
 
 A ceo, -onis, a general of the Gauls, 
 Caef. B G. 6, a. 
 
 ACESTES, -aey a king of Sicily, 
 of Trojan extradlion, the trufty friend 
 of '\eneas, Firg. Aen. Sj'J ii- who gave 
 name to the city Acella or Segefta, 
 ih. 718. 
 
 AcETEs, the armour-bearer of E- 
 vander, I'irg. Aen. 11, 30. 
 
 AcHAEM£NEs, -act V. -/V, a king of 
 Perfia,the grandfather of Cyrus, //.?;Wo/. 
 7, II. uho feems to have given name 
 to the tii'oc or clan of the Ac ha em e- 
 N'DAE, ib. 3, 6^. from which the Per- 
 fian kings were dcfcended, , 125. ce- 
 lebrated for his wealth, Hon Od. 2, 
 12^ 1. whence Achaemenii campi^ 
 the plains of Perfia, L.ucan. 8, 224. 
 Achaemenium cojlum, Perfian ointment. 
 Hot. Od. 3, I, 44. nariuTHj Id Epod, 
 13,8 So Achaemcnius odor, the fmell ot 
 Perfian perfumes, SiL 15. 23. The 
 ,ufe of perfumes is faid to have ta- 
 ken its rile in Perfia, Plin- 13, I. 
 Achaemeniae fa^ittae, Perfian arrows, 
 Propert 2, 13, I. Achaemenio detrec- 
 tans pralia ritu, pretending to fly in 
 the manner of the Paitliiins or Perfi- 
 ans, Sii' 7, 647. Acbaemmtae urhest i. e. 
 
 1 A C I 
 
 Perficaey Ovid. Met. 4, 212. W/<?j, Id. 
 Art. Am. 226. 
 
 Achaemenides, one of the fallors 
 of UlylTes, left by his companions on 
 the coaft of Sicily, where Aeneas found 
 him, Firg. Aen. 3, 613. Sec. 
 
 Achates, ^ae, the companion and 
 faithful friend of Aeneas, Firg. Am. 
 I, I'jg. et alibi pd/fini. 
 
 AcHELOUS, the fon of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, the god of the river 
 Achelous in Epiie, who fought with 
 Hercules for Dejanlra, (G. 4 !•) 
 Apoll'jdor. 2, 5. Hygin. 31. He was 
 the fath-r of the Syrens by the Mufe 
 Melpomene, Apollod. I, 4. Hygin. 141. 
 whence they are called x*. chelo'ides^ 
 Ovid. Met, 5, 552. and Acheloi ADEs, 
 ib. 14, 87. (Fid. G. Index,) 
 
 Achillas, -ae^ the general of Ptole- 
 my, king of Egypt, who was fent 
 with Septimius, a tribune, to kill 
 Pompey, Caef. B. C. 3, 104. Lucan. 8, 
 538. &c. He was himfelf foon -ifter- 
 wards put to death by Ganymedes, an 
 eunuch, the confidant of .'!ifwde, the 
 filler of Ptolemy. Hirt. B. Alex. 4. 
 Lucan. 18, 523. 
 
 ACHILLES, -is; vel ^chilleus, 
 ( 3 fy^^' ) '^^^ ' ^^ ^^"^ ^^^ fecond declen- 
 fion, -eiy contracted -/ ;,the fon of Peleus 
 and the fea-goddefs 1. hetis ; the brav- 
 e •- of the Greeks ; called Armipotens, 
 Virg. Aen. 6. 839. Magnanimus, Ovid. 
 Met. 13, 298. 'Timor ilk Phrygumy dc' 
 cics et tutela Pelafgi numlnis^ Ib. 12, 612. 
 Cedere nejciusy Hor. Oi. I, 6., (>. Ter- 
 roris expcrs, Catull. 62, 338. Priam» 
 fatalisj Stat. Achil. i, 475. — In the 
 accdf. in (lead of Achillem^ Lucan 
 has Achillea, 10, 523. — Achilli- 
 UEs, -aey the fon of Achilles, I. e. 
 Pyrhus, Ovid. Ep. 8, 3. called Stirps 
 Achillea^ Virg. Aen. 3, 326. — Achillea 
 cufpis, the fpear of Achilles, Ovid. Met. 
 13 580. Achillei manes y the ghoft of 
 Achilles, ib. 448. — Achilleis, -/V//V, 
 f. the unfinifhed poem of Statins con- 
 cerning Achilles. (Fid. Or 449- y^ 
 
 ACILIA, the mother of Lucan, 
 Fid. Atilla. 
 
 ACILII, -or urn y vel Acilia gens, a 
 plebeian clan at Rome divided ini'» lwo 
 
 families, 
 
A C I I 
 
 families, the Glahriones and BalhU 
 from which fprang feveraririuftrious 
 men ; as, M. Acilius, a coiiful, 
 who defeated Antiochus at Thermo- 
 pylae, L'lv. 36, 19. He dedicated a 
 temple to Piety, and ere£led a gilded 
 ftatue to his father Glabrio, the firft 
 of the kind in Italy, A. U. 569. Liv. 
 4c, 34. Valerius Maximus fays this 
 was done by his fon, 2, 5. i. The 
 temple Hood in the herb-m.arket, (in 
 foro ol'ttorio), on the fpot where a wo- 
 man had dwelt, who fecretly nourifli- 
 cd her father, when imprifoned and 
 deprived of aliment, with her own 
 milk ; on which account he was 
 pardoned, Fcjlus in Pi etas. Pliny 
 fays this was done by a daughter to 
 her mother, 7, 36. So Val. Maxi- 
 mus, ;, 4, 7. According to Pliny, 
 the mother was not only pardoned, 
 but file -aid her daughter were ever 
 after fupported at the public expence, 
 ib. The fame author alfo fays that 
 the temple ftood on the fite of the pri- 
 fon, where afterwards was the theatre 
 of Marcellus, ib. 
 
 M. Acilius Glabrio, a Praetor 
 who prefided in the trial of Verres, Cic. 
 ^ci. I. in Ver. 17. and whofe father 
 got a law paffed againft extortion, (de 
 repetundis pecmuis {) called Lex A ci- 
 lia, AJcon.ib. y Verr. I, 9. 
 
 Acilius, a law7er, who wrote 
 commentaries on the twelve tables, 
 Cic. Leg. 2, 23. 
 
 Acilius, an hiftorian, who wrote 
 his hiftory in Greek, Cic. Of.7,, 32. 
 which one Claudius tranflated into La- 
 tin, (annales Ancdianos ex Graeco in La- 
 iinum fermonem veriiij Liv. 25, 40. et 
 
 35, 14 Several others of the fame 
 
 name are mentioned, Liv. 2i, 25. 27. 
 4.; Tacit. Ann. 3, 41. 12, 64. 14, 18.; 
 Suet. J. 68. ; 67. 45. D. lo. 
 
 AC IS, {-is, v. '^dis ', ace. Acin,) a 
 Sicilian youth of uncommon beauty, the 
 fon of Faunus and the nymph Syniae- 
 thisf the daughter of the river Symae 
 thus, Ovid. Met. 13, 750. whence he 
 is called Simaethius heros, ib. 879. be- 
 loved by Galatea, the Nereid, ib. 752. 
 (t 86 r. crufhed with a ftone thrown at 
 
 ^ T A C R 
 
 him by Polyphemus, who was enraged 
 at Galatea's preferring Acis to him. 
 Acis was turned into a river of the 
 fame name, ib. 873, 897. 
 
 Acme, -es, the miftrefs of Septimius, 
 Catull 45, I. &c. 
 
 AcoNTEUS, (3 fyll.) -eos, v. -ei, a 
 Latin chief, V>rg Acn. II, 6[2.— f 2. 
 A foldier of Perfeus, changed into a 
 ftone, by looking at the head of Me- 
 dufa, Ovid. Met. 5, 2" I. 
 
 ACONTIUS, a young man of the 
 ifland Cea, who having gone to De- 
 los, to fee the facred rites which were 
 performed there by a crowd of virgins 
 in the temple of '- 'iana, fell defperate- 
 ly in love with CYDIPPE ; but not 
 daring to aflc her in marriage on ac- 
 count of the meannefs of his birth, 
 threw down at her feet an apple, on 
 which were infcribed thefe words, Me 
 tibi nupturam^ (felix eat omen^) Aconti^ 
 Juro. quam colimusy numina magna Deae» 
 Or according to others, Juro tibi facrae 
 per myjiicajacra Diana£, Me tibi venturam 
 comitemy fponfamque fuiuram. The vir- 
 9\xi havnig taken up the apple, inad- 
 vertently read the words, and thereby 
 apparently bound herfelf by a prom.ife ; 
 for by law, every thing uttered in that 
 temple was held to be ratified. When 
 her father, a little after, ignorant of 
 what had happened, betrothed her to 
 another man, (he was fuddenly feized 
 with a fever. Whereupon Acontius 
 fent her a letter, (exprefled by Ovid, 
 Ep. 20.) to perfuade her that tier 
 fever was caufed by Diana for not ha- 
 ving fulfilled the promife which (he had 
 made to him in the temple of that god- 
 defs. Cydippe therefore refolved ^ to 
 comply with the wifhes of Acontius, 
 even againft the incHnation of her fa- 
 ther. Her anfwer is the fubjed of 
 Ovid's 21 ft epillle. 
 
 ACRISIUS, a king of Argos, 
 the fon of Abas, ( Abantiades^ Ovid. 
 Met. 4, 606. ) the father of Danae, 
 who is hence called Acrijionhs^ -tdis, 
 Serv. in Virg. A en. 7, 41^'. ; but others 
 make Acrifwneis here an adjeftive, to 
 agree with co mis, i. e. with a colony 
 of Argives; as jicrijtoneae arces, the 
 A 2 towers 
 
A C R [4 
 
 towers of Argos, OvU. Met. 5, 239. 
 AcRisiONiADES, -fl^, Perfeus, the 
 fon of Danae, ib. 69. —The father of 
 Laertes, and grandfather of UlyiTes, is 
 by fome called Acrifius, Ovid. Met. 
 13, 144. but Arcefius is his real name ; 
 whence UlyfTes is fometimes called 
 ^Apv-aa-isL^yit; in Homer. 
 
 AC RON, a king of the Caeninen- 
 fes, whom Romulus flew in battle with 
 his own hand, and dedicated his fpoils, 
 (called fpol'ia optma) to Jupiter, under 
 the name of Feretrius, becaufe they 
 Tvere carried on a frame, (feretro) 
 Xiiy. I, 10. or Omine quod certo dux 
 ferit enfe ducem, Propert. 4, 10, 45, 
 
 ACT A EON, 'onii, the fon of Ari- 
 ftaeus and Autonbe, the daughter of 
 Cadmus, a famous hunter, who one 
 day being fatigued with the chace, re- 
 tiled into a fhady vale to refrefh him- 
 felf ; where was a fountain called Par- 
 thenius, in which the goddefs Diana 
 by chance was then bathing herfelf, 
 who to prevent him from telling it, 
 changed him into a ftag ; and foon af- 
 ter he v/as torn to pieces by his own 
 bounds. Hygin. 181.; Ovid. Met. 3, 
 138. kc. He is called y^utonocius he- 
 rost from his mother, ib, 197. and 
 Hyantiusj as being a Theban, ib. 147. 
 ACTOR, -oris, the father of Me- 
 Doetius, and grandfather of Patroclus, 
 \vho is hence called Adoridesy -ae, Ovid. 
 Met. 8, 308. Faft._ 2, 39.--Alfo an 
 Auruncan, Firg. Aen. 12, 94, 
 
 ADHEHBAL, ^alis, the fon of 
 Micipfa and grandfon of MafinifTa, 
 king of Nuraidia, flain by Jugurtha, 
 Salluji. Jug. 26. 
 
 Admetus, the fon of Pheres, 
 (Pheretiades, Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 19.) 
 king of Pherae in Theffaly, whofe 
 flocks Apollo kept for feveral years, 
 jlpollodor. I, 15. 
 
 ADONIS, -is, et -'tdis, the fon of 
 Cinyras king of Cyprus, by his daugh- 
 ter Myrrha j — the favourite of Venus, 
 on account of his uncommon beauty. 
 Through the wrath of Diana, he was 
 flain by the bite of a wild boar, which 
 he had wounded while huntmg. Ve- 
 pjs be>y4iled his death, and from com- 
 
 3 A E A 
 
 paffion changed him into a flower cal- 
 led ^nemony, Ovid. Met. 10, 298, 
 ']\Q. adjin. Apollodorus makes Ado- 
 nis the fon of Thoas king of AfTyria 
 by his daughter Myrrha, 3, 13, 4. 
 Annual games were inftituted to his 
 mem.ory, named Adonia -ori/m, Ovid, 
 ib. 725. ; MarceUin. 22, 24. Adonis is 
 called from his father Juvenis CinyretuSy 
 Ovid. ib. 7 r 2. ; from his beauty, FormO' 
 Jus, Virg. E. I o, 1 8. Niveus, Propert. 
 2, 10, 53. The ancient Latins fome- 
 times called him Adoneus, Plaut* 
 Men. I, 2, 35. 
 
 ADRASTUS, a king of Argos, 
 the fon of Talaon, hence called Tala- 
 ONiDEs, Stat. Theb. 5, 18. and Ina' 
 chius, defcended from Inachus, ib. 2, 
 199. one of the feven leaders in the 
 famous war againft Thebes, and the 
 only one that furvived, j^pollodor. i , 9. 
 f/ 3, 7. on which account his image 
 is fuppofed to be reprefented as pale in 
 the infernal regions, Serv. in Virg. Aen, 
 6, 480. He was far advanced in life 
 when the war began, whence he is cal- 
 led Longaevusy Stat. Theb. 4, 74. Gf- 
 nus Adrajli, Diamedes, his grandfon, 
 Ovid. Fajl. 6, 433. Adrajleus Arion^ 
 Arlon, the horfc of Adraftus, Stat, 
 Silv. T I, 52. (G. 430.) 
 
 Adrastea, the daughter of Jupi- 
 ter and Necefiity, the fame with Ne- 
 mefis, the punifher of guilt, MarceUin, 
 14, II. 
 
 Adrastus, a Phrygian exile, who 
 by accident killed Atys, the fon 
 of Croefus ; and though pardoned 
 by Croefus, ftabbed himfelf on the 
 prince's tomb, Herodot. i, 43, & 45. 
 (G. 601.) 
 
 Aelius ADRIANUS, f. HadrU 
 anus, the 5th Roman Emperor, the 
 fucceffbr of Trajan. 
 
 AEACUS, the fon of Jupiter by Ae- 
 glna ; the father of Telam^on and Pe- 
 leus. He was king of Oenopia, 
 which he named Aegina, after his 
 mother. On account of his jufticc he 
 was made a judge of the infernal re- 
 gions with Minos and Rhadamanthus. 
 The fon or any of the defcendants of A e- 
 acus is called Aeacides, -ae, ( G. 385.) 
 particularly 
 
A E E [5 
 
 particularly his grandfon Achilles, Firg. 
 jien. I, 99. ; whence AeacicTinae minaey 
 haughty threats like thofe of Achilles, 
 Plaut. AJfin. 2, 3, l^> Aeacideia reg- 
 no, the kingdom of Aeacus, OviJ. 
 Met, 7, 472. 
 
 AEeTA, or Aeetes, -ae, a king 
 of Colcbis, the father of Medea ; who 
 is hence called Aeetias, -ad'tSy Ovid. 
 Met. 7, 9. Aeetis, WtSy Val. Flac. 
 6, 479. and Aeetia virgo, ib. 267. 
 Fines Aeeiaeii the territories of Aeetes, 
 i. e. Colchis, Catull. 63, 3. 
 
 AEGAEON, 'ontiy a giant, who 
 IS faid to have had 100 hands and 
 50 heads, Virg. Atn. 10, 565. called 
 Briareus by the gods, Homer, IL i, 
 403. A fter being vanquifhed by Ju- 
 piter, he was tied by Neptune wiih a 
 hundred chains to a rock in the ifland 
 3cyro8 ; and there being a report that 
 he was attempting to loofe his chains, 
 Thetis was fent to examine the mat- 
 ter. On this occafion having heard 
 the noife of diverfion and dancing in the 
 hall of Lycomedes, king of the ifland, 
 and thence concluding that the in- 
 habitants were effi-minate, fhe refolved 
 to conceal with him her fon Achilles, 
 Stat, Achili. I, 207. 
 
 AEGEUS, in two fyllables, -eos, 
 V. -e'u the fon of Neptune, Juvenal. 
 13, 81. a king of Atht-ns, the father of 
 Thefeus; hence calledry^^I^w, Ovid. Ep. 
 4, 59. — ^ 2. A name given to Neptune, 
 Virg. Aen. 3, 74. becaufe the poets 
 make his chief abode to be in the bot- 
 tom of the Aegean fea, near Aegae, 
 a town of Euboea, Homer. IL 13, 21. 
 A EG I ALE, the wife of Diomedes, 
 king of Aetolia, to whom ftie proved 
 falfe, and thus prevented his return to 
 his native country, after the deftruc- 
 tion of Troy, ^erv, in Virg. Aeiu 8, 
 9, & II, 269. 
 
 Aegialeus, (4 fyll.) the fon of 
 A draft us, the only one that was flain 
 of the feven, (Epigoni,) who went to 
 avenge the death of their parents in 
 the Theban war, Hygin. 71. 
 
 Aegialus, the fame with Abfyr- 
 tus, the brpther of Medea, Jujlin, 
 42, 3. 
 
 1 A E L 
 
 Aegimius, a man who is faid t© 
 have lived 200 years, PUn. 7, 48. 
 
 Aegina, the daughter of Asopus, 
 king of Boeotia, the mother of Aea- 
 cus by Jupiter, Hygin. 52. 
 
 AEGISTHUS, the fon ot Thyef- 
 tes, (Thyejiiades^) by his daughter 
 Pelopeia, who murdered his uncle A- 
 treus ; and having ftduced Clytaemnef- 
 tra, the wife of Agamemnon, by her 
 afiiftance alfo murdered that hero, af- 
 ter his return from the Trojan war. 
 Aegifthus was himfelf flain by Oreftes, 
 the fon of Agamemnon, to revenge 
 his father's death, Hygin. 117, & 244. 
 Pompey ufed to call Caefar by the 
 name of Aegifthus, Suet, Caef. 50. 
 
 Aegle, (i.e. fplendor, ) a beautiful 
 nymph, Virg. Ed. 6, 21. 
 
 AEGLES, a wreftler, born at Sa- 
 mos, who though formerly dumb, upon 
 feeing fraud committed at a facred 
 contcft, while the combatants drew 
 lots for their place, from indignation 
 and an exceflive defire to fpeak, is 
 faid to have broken the bonds of his 
 tongue ; fo that ever afterwards he 
 fpoke diftindly. Cell. 5, 9.; Vah Max, 
 I, 8, Ext. 4. 
 
 Aegoceros, -/, m. the fame with 
 Capricortius, one of the figns of the 
 Zodiac, Lucan. 9, 537.; accuf. ^^^0- 
 ceron. Id. 10, 213, 
 
 A EG ON, (i. c. caprarius,) the 
 name of a fliepherd, Virg. Eel, 3, 2. — 
 alfo put for the Egean fea, Stat, Theb, 
 
 Aegypta, a freedman of Cicero's, 
 Cic. Fam. 16, 15, 
 
 Aegyptus, the fon of Belus and 
 king of Egypt, whofe fifty fons mar- 
 ried the fifty daughters of his brother 
 Danaus, Hygin. 168. (G. 392.) 
 
 Claudus A ELI ANUS of Praenefte, 
 a Roman Sophift, in the time of A- 
 drian, who wrote, in Greek, fixteen 
 books concerning the hiftory of ani- 
 mals, and fourteen books containing 
 various hiftorical fads, (de Hi/ioria 
 Varia,) which are ft ill extant, 
 
 AELII, a plebeian gens or claq at 
 Rome, containing feveral families, the 
 Pa^ti^ TuberoneSf Catif 6cc, 
 
 Qi. 
 
'A E L 
 
 I 6 ] 
 
 A E N 
 
 Q^ A ELIUS, to whom Lucllfus, 
 the firft writer of fatires, infcribed 
 his poems, Cic. Heren, 4, II. a Stoic 
 who wrote orations for others called 
 Oratinnes Aeltanae ; but never deh'vered 
 anyhimfelf. Cic. Brut. 46, & 56. the 
 praeceptor of M. Varro, and alfo re- 
 forted to by Cicero, ik He wrote 
 concerning the Roman antiquities, Cic. 
 yicad, I, 2. and the laws of the twelve 
 tables, Cic. de Leg. 2, 23. 
 
 Sex. AELIUS, called Catus, from 
 his fl<ill in the civil law, Cic. de Oral. 
 
 1, 45. on which he Avrote commen- 
 taries, ih. 56. and on the twelve tables, 
 €ic. Leg. 2, 23. He gave his advice 
 freely to all citizens, Cic. Or. 3, 33. 
 Phny mentions an Aelius Catus, 
 who, when Conful, refufed a prefent 
 of filver plate, fent to him by the am- 
 bafladors of the Aetohans, who had 
 feen him dining on earthen ware ; nor 
 had he ever any other, except two 
 filver cups, which his father-in-law 
 L. PauUus had given him for his brave- 
 ry in the war againft king Perftus, 
 PUn. 33, II. f. 50. Ennius calls him 
 a remarkably wile man, (Egregie cor- 
 daius homo Catus Melius Sextusy) Cic. 
 Tufc. I, 9. 
 
 L. Aelius Lamia, a great friend 
 of Cicero's, Cic. Pif. 27. et alihi pajj'm. 
 
 AELIUS Galiusy governor of E- 
 gypt under Auguilus, who conquered 
 part of Arabia, iHin, 6, 28 f, 32. in 
 which expedition he was attended by 
 the geographer Strabo, whom he treat- 
 ed as his friend and companion, Stral). 
 
 2. p. 118, & 17. p. 816. To him 
 Virgil infcribes his loth eclogue. 
 
 AcLLO, -onis, m. one of Actaeon's 
 dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 219. 
 
 AcLLO, 'liSy f. one of the Harpies, 
 Ovid. Met. 13, 710. 
 
 AEMILIA ge7i , a clan, in which 
 were the families of the Borbulacy Le- 
 pidij Mamerci and Mamerciniy PauUiy 
 and Scauri. There was alfo a tribe 
 called -EMILIA, Cic. At. 2 
 an Ae MI LI A VIA, Cic. Fam. 
 (G. 184.) 
 
 /\emilius Indus, a fchool of gla- 
 diators belonging to Aemilius Lepidus, 
 Horat, Art. Poet, 32. 
 
 I. and 
 
 o, 30. 
 
 L. AEMILIUS Paullus, a great 
 general, who conquered Perfeus. king 
 of Macedonia, Liv. 44, 41 ; Cic. ^^err, 
 I, 21. ; whence Regiaque ^emilid ve£ta 
 tropoea rate, the trophies or fpoils gain- 
 ed from that king carried to Ronne in 
 the fliip of Aemilius, to grace his tri- 
 umph, Propert. 3. 3, 8 One of the 
 fons of Aemilius Paullus was adopted 
 by the fon of the great Scipio Afri- 
 canus, the conqueror of Hannibal, 
 and hence he was called P. Cornelius 
 Scipio A EMI Li AN us. — Scc Scipio. 
 
 Aemon, Aemusy &c. ; Vid. Hae- 
 MON, &;c. 
 
 AENfEAS, an illuftrious Trojan 
 chief, the fon of Venus and AnchTfes ; 
 who, after the deilruftion of Troy, 
 being joined by numbers of thofe who 
 had efcaped from the Greeks, left his 
 native country, and, after various ad- 
 ventures, landed with his companions 
 at the mouth of the Tiber. Having 
 married Lavinia, the daughter of LatT- 
 nns, king of that part of Italy, he 
 built a city which, from the name of 
 his wife, he called Lavinium. His fon 
 Afcanius built Longa Alba ; and from 
 his poilerity, who reigned at Alba, 
 RomuluSj the founder of Rcme, was 
 defcended. Hence AeneAdae, the 
 Trojans, Vhg. An. I, 157. ^)r Ro- 
 mans, ib. 8, 648. (G. 187. &c.) 
 
 Aeneides, or Aemdes, -ae^ lulus 
 or Afcanius, the fon of Aeneas, ih. 9, 
 653. from whom Julius Caefar pre- 
 tended to be fprung ; w^hence he calls 
 ;\eneas meus, i. c. mens auliory a quo 
 ego crtus Juniy Lucan. 9, 991. 
 
 xAenilis, -uUsy V. '\doSy f. the poem 
 of Virgil concerning the exploits of Ae- 
 neas, Ovid. Trijl. 2, 533. ; Stat. Theb, 
 12, 826. — Ae?ieia nutrix, Csijtia, f^irg. 
 Aen. 7, I. Aeneia armay the wars of 
 Aeneas, Ovid. mor. I, 15, 25. ; 
 pietas. Id. Eaft. 4, 799. ; virtvsy Met. 
 14, 381. ;/«/^, his death, Stat. Silv. 
 5' 3> 37* Aeneia carminay the poem 
 of Virgil concerning Aeneas, Lucan. 
 ad Pif. 218. 
 
 AENOBARBUS, v. Ahenoharbus^ 
 the fjrname of a family of the gens 
 Domitia ; iirft given to L. Domitius, 
 
 who, 
 
A E O [7 
 
 who, returning from the country, is 
 faid to have been met by two young 
 men of a more auguft appearance than 
 human, who commanded him to c^rrj 
 to th^ fenate and people, the news of 
 a viAory, not then known for certain 
 at Rome ; and as a proof of their be- 
 ing more than men, (injidem majcjla- 
 iis,J llroked his cheeks fo as to ren- 
 der the hair of his beard, from be- 
 ing black, ruddy and hke to brafs. 
 This maik of diilinAion dcfcended alfo 
 to his poilerity, who generally had a 
 ruiMy beard, Sm'i. Ner% I. 
 
 AEOLUS, a king of the Lipari 
 iflands, between Italy and Sicily, call- 
 ed from him InfiiJae A^oliae^ (G 275. )> 
 /Ivilled in prognollicating the weathtr, 
 a^^d ilierefore fuppofed to have the 
 winds and clouds in his power ; hence 
 ca)'ed the God of the winds, Serm, ad 
 V'trg, Aen, I, 56. the fon of Hippo- 
 tas ; hence called Hippofades, Ovid 
 Met. 14, 221. — Aeolides, -as, the 
 fon of Aeolus ; a name given to Mi- 
 senus, the trumpeter of Aeneas, be- 
 caufe the blowing of trumpets de- 
 pei'ds on wind, Vlrg, Acn 6, 164. — 
 A Eo LI DAK, plur the fons of Aeolus, 
 who marri. d their lifters, Ovid. Met* 
 9, 504. ; Horner^ O^yff* '^» ?• &c. 
 
 Aeolus, a king of ThefTaly, the 
 father of Sisyphus, who is hence called 
 A tOLiDEs, Hur, Od* 2, 10, 20.; which 
 name is alio applied by way of reproach 
 to Ulyffes, as being fuppofed the fon 
 of S ivphus, who was thought to have 
 had connection with Anticlea, the mo- 
 ther of Ulyflfcs, before her marriage 
 with Laertes, Serv. ad Virg. Acru 6, 
 529. 80 Aeoluies is put for Ptirixus, 
 the grand fon of Aeolus, Val. Flac. 
 
 I, 286. and Aeolidae^ for the fons of 
 Phrixus, ih 5, 462 
 
 Aeolis, 7^//V, Canace, the daugh- 
 ter of eolus, voc. Aeoli, Ovid. Ep. 
 
 II, 34- 
 
 Aepulo, -0/WJ-, a king of the Klri- 
 ans, who flew himfelf, that he might 
 not fall alive into the hands of the 
 Romans, Liv. 41, 11. Florus calls 
 him Apulo, and fays that he was ta- 
 ken in a Itate of intoxication, 2, 10. 
 
 3 
 
 A E S 
 
 AEPyTUS, one of the chief compa- 
 nions of Amp h ion in the Theban war, 
 Stat. Theh. 10, 400. entrufled with 
 the defence of one of the gates of 
 Thebes, Id. 11, 240. 
 
 A E rope, .f.r, the wife of Atreus, 
 feduced . by Thyeftes, the brother of 
 Atreus, Ovid. Trl/l. 2, 391. [G. 405.) 
 
 Aesacos, v. -usy the fon of Priam 
 by the nymph Alexirhoe, who having 
 become enamoured of the nymph Hef- 
 perie, upon feeing her in the woods, 
 whilft he purfued her flying from him, 
 occafioned her death ; for in her flight 
 (he was bit by a ferpent in the foot. 
 Aefacus, overwhelmed with grief, threw 
 himfelf from a rock into the fea, but 
 Tethys, out of compaflion, transform- 
 ed him into a cormorant, (mergus) ; 
 but he, provoked that he could not 
 die, never ceafes plunging himfelf into 
 the fea, Ovid. Met. 11, 762. &c. Apol- 
 lodorus fays that Aefacus was the fori 
 of Priam hj his firft wife Aiiiba ; that 
 he married Aflerdpe, the daughter of 
 the river Cebren ; and that while he 
 lamented her death, he was changed 
 into a bird, 3, 11, 5. 
 
 Aeschines, -is, an Athenian ora- 
 tor, the rival of Demofthenes, Cic. de 
 Orat. 3, 56. ; ^in^il. 10, i. — <[[ 2. 
 A Socratic philofopher, Cic. Inv. i, 
 31. — ^3. An Afiatic orator cotempo- 
 rary with Cicero, Cic. Brut. 95. 
 
 AESCHYLUS, the fon of Euph5. 
 rion, Herodot. 2, 156. an Athenian tra- 
 gic poet, (Tragaedias primum in lucem 
 Aejchylus protidit^ fuUimis et gravis, et 
 grandiioqiuis faepe ufque ad vitittm^ Sic.) 
 Quin6lil. 10, I, 6G. ; who firft erec- 
 ted a permanent Itage, and v/as the 
 inventor of the mafic, (persona^) the 
 long flowing robe, (palla v. fyrma,} 
 and the high heeled flioe or buflcin, 
 (cothurnus^) which ancient tragedians 
 wore, Hor. A. P. 278.. (A. 355.) 
 Hence Aefchyleo componere verba cothur' 
 no. to compofe verfes in a lofty tragic 
 ftyle, like that of Aefchylus, Prbpert. 
 2, 34, 41. But Vulpius reads here 
 . khilleo cothurno, i. e. in the flyle of 
 epic poetry, ib. Aefchylus was diftin- 
 guifhed for his bravery, as well as for 
 
 his 
 
A E S [J 
 
 his genius. He was prefent in the 
 battles at Marathon, Salamis, and Ar- 
 temifium, Paufan, i, 14. For fome 
 time before his death he lived in Sicily, 
 whether in voluntary exile or not, is 
 uncertain. We read of his having 
 been once tried for impiety, and in 
 danger of being ftoned to death for 
 having introduced fomething irreligi- 
 ous in one of his plays, but he was ac- 
 quitted by the interpofition of his bro- 
 ther Amineas, Jdian. Far. H. 5, 19. 
 if ibi Perizon, Plutarch fays, that 
 Aefchylus retired to Sicily in dffguft 
 at being vanquifhed by S<>phocles, a 
 young man, in the contetl for the 
 prize of poetic merit, in Cimone, p. 483. 
 A wonderful account is given concern- 
 ing the death of Aefchylus. Being 
 forewarned that on a certain day he 
 fhould be killed by fomething falling 
 on him, he left the city where he lived, 
 and went to the open fields to avoid 
 danger. While fitting on the ground, 
 an eagle, miftaking his head, which 
 was bald, for a ftone, dafiied againft 
 it a tortoife he carried in his talons, in 
 order to break the flicll, that he might 
 get at the fiefh. Aefchylus was in- 
 Itantly killed by th^e ftroke. P/in. 10, 
 3. ; FaL Mux. 9, 12. exi. 2. Seven 
 of his tragedies are ftill extant. 
 
 Aeschylus, an orator, a native of 
 Cnidos, under whom Cicero ftudied 
 when a young man, Cic. Brut. 91. 
 
 AESCUL APIUS, the fon of Apol- 
 lo, (Phoeb'igena)^ and god of phyfic ©r 
 medicine, F'trg. Aen. 7, 773. called ^/i- 
 iauriusy from his being worfhipped at 
 Epidaurus in Argolis, under the fiiape 
 of a ferpent, Ovid. Met, 15, 725.; 
 Prop, 2, I, 63. Deus Ep'idauriusy 
 Propert. 2, t, 6[. Pergameus deus, 
 from the lionour paid to iiim at Per- 
 gamus, AlartiaL 9, 17. (G. 369.) 
 
 Aeserninus, the name of a gla- 
 diator, from Aefernia, Cic. Opt» Gen. 
 die. 6.', ^Fr. 3, 4. 
 
 AESON, -onis, ^^i"g of lolcos, the 
 father of Jafon, who is hence called 
 Aesonides, -ae, Ovid. Met. 7, 60. 
 jiesonius heros, ib. 7, 156. Aejomus 
 dux^ Id. Am. J, 15, 22. /fefcriia 
 
 I 1 AFR 
 
 domtts, the houfe of Acfon, Id, Ep» 
 12, 134. (G 439. .^c.) 
 
 AESOPUS, the famous author of 
 fables ; a native of Phrygia, originally 
 a flave, but made free on account of 
 his genius. — Fahulae /^efopiae, non /iefo- 
 pi., the fables compofed in the manner 
 of Aefop, but not written by him, 
 Phaedr. j, I, 11. So Aefopei logi, 
 Senec. Confol. ad Polyb. 17. It is 
 uncertain whether any of the fables 
 we now have were written by Aefop. 
 The life of Aesopus, afcribed to Maxi- 
 mus Planudes, is full of abfurdities, 
 and unworthy of credit. 
 
 Claudius Aesopus, a celebrated ac- 
 tor of tragedies, intimate with Cicero, 
 Cic. Div. I, 37. ; who ftudied under 
 him the art of delivery, Plutarch, in 
 Cic. Aefopus accumulated an im- 
 menfe fortune, and was very expenfivc 
 in his manner of living, PHn, 10, 51. 
 f. 72. et 35, 12. f. 46. 
 
 Aesopus, the ador*s fon, was no- 
 ted for his luxury, extravagance, and 
 profligacy, Cic, Att, li, 13, &. ij. ; 
 Hor Sat. 2, 3, 239. ; Plin, 9, 35, 
 f. 59. ; 10, 51, f. 72. 
 
 AETHON, one of the horfes of 
 the fun, Ovid. Met. 2. 153. — ^2. 
 The war horfe of Pallas, Virg. Aen. . 
 II, 89. SiC. 
 
 AETHRA, the daughter of Pit- 
 theus, and mother of Thefeus, Hygin, 
 79. who is hence called PitthFidos 
 Aethrae Filius, Ovid. Ep. 10, 131. 
 Nepos Aithracy Hippolitus, Ovid, in 
 Ibiuy S71' 
 
 Aethra, one of the maid-fervants 
 01* confidants of Helena, Ovid. Ep. 17, 
 150, & 267. Nygin. 92. 
 
 ^. ETiON, a painter, Cic. Brut, 18. 
 
 L. '\franius, an excellent Romaa 
 comic poet, Cic. Br, 45- ; Fin, 1,3.; 
 Hor. Ep 2, I, 57. 
 
 L. Afranius, the fon of Aulas, 
 conlul a. 693. ; a luxurious, indo- 
 lent man, Cic. Att. i, ]8, 19. &c. af- 
 terwards one of the lieutenants of Pom- 
 pey in Spain, Cic, Fam. 16, 12. where 
 he was forced by Cacfar to furrender 
 himfelr and his army, Caef. B. C 1, 8. 
 He however again engaged in the ci- 
 vil 
 
A F R C 9 ] 
 
 vH war againft Cacfar ; an^ bein^ ta- 
 ken piifoner after the battle of Zama 
 jn Africa, was put to death, Htrt, B. 
 jifr. 95. ; SueU Caef. 75. — Afraniana 
 aciesj the army of Afranins, Caes. B. C. 
 I, 8^. ; yifranianiffc. rni/ites, 'b. 43. 
 
 Atricanus, a firname given to P. 
 Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Han- 
 nibal, Liv. 30, 45. ; Nor. Od. 4, 8, 18. ; 
 Epod. 9, 25. and to his grandfon by- 
 adoption, who deftroyed Carthage, call- 
 •ed, by way of diiiin(3:ion, African us 
 Minor, C'tc. OJpc. 1,32. 
 
 Agamedes, -frf, and Trophonins, 
 two architefts, who having built a 
 temple to Apollo at Delphi, requefled 
 from that god the beft thing that 
 could be given to man ; and, the third 
 morning after, were both found dead 
 in their beds ; to fhew, as it was 
 thought, that the gods judged death to 
 be the beft thing for man, Cic. Tujc. I, 
 47- 
 
 AC5AMEMNQN, vel -0, ^ttus, the foQ 
 of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and com- 
 mander of the Greeks in the war againft 
 Troy. Regum rex, Cic. Fam. 9, 14. 
 Homer'icus et Accianusy as defcribed by 
 the poets Homer and Accius, Id. Tufc. 
 3, 26.' — Agameinnoriidcs^ -dae, Juv. 8. 
 315' — ' Agamemnonius Orejies^ O reile s 
 the fon -of -Agamemnon, f^i-g» 4m, 4, 
 i^'] l,^-' /^gamemnonta putlla, Iphigenla. 
 Sais daughter PropcH. A^., I, in.-— 
 j^gamemnonlae Mycenae^ the city of A- 
 gamemnon, V'lrg. Aen, 6, 838.; phalan- 
 ges^ the troops of, iL 489.; rex, his for- 
 tune or party, ih. 3, 54. ; Conjux ex 
 AgamemnonUs una puella trilusj your 
 choice of Agamemnon's three daugh- 
 ters to wife, Ovid, Ep. 3, 38. 
 
 AGATHOCLES, -ix, a tyrant of 
 Sicily, the fon of a potter, Jujl'in. I. 2U 
 & 23. ; Diedor, 19, 20. — Alfo an hif- 
 torian, Cic. Div. i, 24. 
 
 AGAVE, -ejf the daught^er of Cad- 
 mus and Hermione, married to Kchi- 
 on, a Theban, by whom fhe had a fon 
 called Pentheus, whom {lie, with her 
 fillers Autonoe and Ino, having met. 
 while celebrating the facred rites of 
 Bacchus, and being tranfported by the 
 iafpiration of Bacchus, or impelled 
 
 A G L 
 
 by the furies, tore in pieces, bec^ufe 
 he flighted the woriliip of that godj 
 Ovid. Met. 3, 5 I J, — ad Jin. ; If or. Sat» 
 2, 3. 303. ; Lucan. £, 574, ; 7, 7S0. 
 Agave having come to herfelf, fled 
 from Thebes to Theffaly, and having 
 performed funeral rites to her fjn, 
 built a city of the fame name with 
 her native city, hence called Tbehae 
 Echmnacy Lucan. 6, 356. ; Virg. in 
 Cu/ice, no. — Efurit iniaSam Paridi 
 n'iji vendii Agaven^ fc. Staihts., ftarves, 
 unlcfs he fells his play called Agave, 
 before he has recited or fhewed it to 
 any one (inta&am)i to the ador Paris, 
 the favourite of Domitian, Juven. 7, 78. 
 
 Agelastus, a lirnamc given to 
 CrafTus, the grandfather of that Craf- 
 fus who was cist off by the Parthians, 
 bccaufe he never laughed. Pirn. 7, 19.; 
 Ck. Fin. 5, 31. 
 
 AG EN OR, -ertV, a king of Phoeni- 
 cia, the fon of Neptune, and brother 
 of Belus ; the father of Cadmus, hence 
 
 called A' 
 
 tdes 
 
 On 
 
 jeaortaes, -ac^ uvid. Met. j, 
 
 7. who founded Thebes ; hence Ags.' 
 norea ifmene, i.e. 'Thebana^ Stat.Thcb. 
 
 8, 5^5". Agenoris urbs, i.e. Carthage, 
 built by the Phoenicians, f^'irg. Aen. i, 
 338. Agenorea terra^ the p>art of Africa 
 round Carthage, Sil. 17, 58. Agenoreae 
 arces, its towers, ib. i, 14.; porlacy ita 
 gates, 17, 197. /Igenoreus duBor^ Han- 
 nibal, ih. 17, 392. Purpura Agmoreis 
 
 fatunita micabjxt a/jenisf dyed in Tyrian 
 vciTt'ls, ib. 7. 
 
 AGEEiLAUi^ an illuftrioHS king of 
 Sparta, N(p. 17. 
 
 AG IS* 'idisf the name of fevcral 
 kings of Sparta ; one of whom was flain 
 by his citiztns for attempting to rertore 
 the laws of Lycurgus, and introduce 
 an equal divifion of land, Cic, OJf. 2, 23, 
 
 AGLAIA, one of the three Gra- 
 ces, (G. 364^) 
 
 AG LA US, a poor .Arcadian, pro- 
 nounced bv the oracle of Delphi tp 
 have been happ'er than king Gyges, 
 PUtt. 7, 46. ; Val. Max. 7, i 2. 
 
 AGLAUROS, -i, the daughter of 
 Cecrops, kir.g of Athens, turned into 
 a ftone by Mercury, Ovid. Met. 2, ^^S' 
 &c. €t 739. &c. 
 
 B Agq^ 
 
VLUi 
 
 AGO [10 
 
 AooRACRiTUs, a famous ftatuary, 
 ^ native of Piros, the fcholar of Phi- 
 dias ; fee Pliny, 36, 5. 
 
 AGRICOLA, the celebrated Ro- 
 man governor of Britain, under che 
 emperors Vefpafian, Titus, and Domi- 
 tian ; the father-in-law of Tacitus the 
 hiftorian, who wrote his life. The fleet 
 Ot Agricola is faid to have firft afcer- 
 tained the infular form of Britain, by- 
 failing round it, Tack. Agr. 10. 
 
 AGJUPPA, the name of a noble 
 family at Rome. 
 
 Menemus Agrippa, a conful, who 
 fcrought back the people to Rome when 
 they made a feceffion to the Mons Sa- 
 cer, Liv. 2, 32. 
 
 M- Vipfan'ius Agrippa, the friend 
 of Auguftus, born of a mean family, 
 (ignobililoco), Tac. '\nn. i, 2. to whom 
 that emperor was indebted for his vic- 
 tories over Sextus Pompeius and An- 
 tony, Plin. 7. 8. He died a. u. 741, 
 equally lamented by Auguilus and by 
 the Roman people, Dio 54, 38. Dio 
 fays he was incomparably the firft man 
 pf his age for worth and talents, 54, 
 29. Though he difapproved of \ u- 
 guftus converting the government of 
 Kome into a monarchy, Dio, 52, 2. — 
 14. yet he ferved him through life 
 •with the greateft fidelitv^ D'lo, 54, 29. 
 He is celebrated by Virgil, Aen- 8, 632. 
 and Horace, Od. 1,6.; Sat. 2, 3, 185.; 
 JBp. I, 12 26. Thofe of this name 
 are faid to have been fo called from 
 their being born with the feet fore- 
 moft, (Vocabulo ah aegntudhie et pedibus 
 confsSoj Gell. 16, 16. ut aegre parti, 
 
 ib.) 
 
 Agrippina, the daughter of M. 
 Agrippa, and wife of Germanicus, 
 Tactt. Ann. I, 53. Their daughter A- 
 gripplna was the mother of Nero, ih. 4, 
 
 75- 
 
 AGRIUS, the fon of Parthaon 
 king of Aetolia, \yhp deprived his 
 brother Oeneus of the crown, and was 
 himfclf afterwards dethroned by Dio- 
 medes, the grandlon of Oeneus, Hygin. 
 175.; Ovid. Ep 9, 153. 
 
 Agr. I us, the father of Therfites, 
 Ovid, Pont, 3, 9, 9, 
 
 1 ^ Alt; 
 
 AcylEUS, vel ^gyeus, (3 fyll.) -eo^^ 
 a name of Apollo, Hor. Od. 4, 6* 28. 
 Diiferent reafons of the name are gi- 
 ven ; the moft probable is, becaufc 
 ftatues were erefted to him by the 
 Greeks in the public ftreets, e' rajf 
 (cyoiaiq^ ScholiaJ}. iff Macroh. Sai. l, 9. 
 
 AGYLLEUS, (3 fyll), a native 
 of Cleone, (Cieona.'us), a famous wreil- 
 ler, Stat. T beh. 6, 837. called Hercu^ 
 leus, a fon of Hercules, ik 10, 249. 
 
 Agyrtes, an infamous parricide, 
 Ovid. Md. 5, 148. 
 
 Agyrtes, a cornbatant in the The- 
 ban war, Stat. Theh. 9, 281. 
 
 Aha LA, a firname of the Servility 
 Liv. 4, i^. ; Cic. Phil. 2, II. ; Cic. 
 Mil. 3. ; Att. 2, 24, 
 
 C. Servilius Ah ALA, matter of horfe 
 to Cincinnatus, who fiew Mielius for 
 refufmg to appear before the dictator, 
 Liv. 4, 13, & 14. ; Cic. Cat. i, i. 
 
 Ahenobarbus, a firname of the 
 Domifii, Suet. Ner. i. & 2. Fid. \e- 
 
 NOBARBUS. 
 
 AJAX, the fon of Telamon, fTela- 
 mamades, Ovid. Met. 13, 231. TeU" 
 mone creatus, ib. 22. a - Jove tertins, ih. 
 28. \t\ Jovis prone pos, ib. 142. Tele- 
 monius heros, Virg. Cul. 314. )» by 
 Hefione, the daughter of Laomedon 
 king of .Troy, the braved of the Greeks 
 next to Achilles ; Hcros ah Achille fc- 
 cundus, Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 193. Acerru 
 mus, Virg. .A en. 2, 414 Forti/Jimusy 
 Cic. Tufc. 4, 23. Impatiens contnmeliae. 
 Id. Off. I, 31. et iracy Ovid. Met. 13, 
 194. called dull or foolifh (jhlidus) by 
 Ulylfes, ih. 327 having his fhield co- 
 vered with feven plies of a bull's hide, 
 (Clypei donyinus fepttmpUcis 4jax), ib. 2. 
 
 There was another AjAX, the 
 
 fon of Oileus, Ovid. Met. 12, 622. 
 king of Locris, hence called Narycius 
 heros, from Nai*y:i, a city of Locris, 
 ih. 14, 468. lefs palHonate than the 
 former Ajax, ( modcratior ) , ib. 13, 356. 
 but inferior in ftrength ; hence called 
 Ajax fecwidusy Stat. Achill. i, 500. 
 (See G. p. 450.) 
 
 Aius Loquensy the name of an un- 
 known god among the Romans, who 
 is faid to have foretold, by a voice in 
 
ALA C I 
 
 tlie night-time, the approach of the 
 Gauls ; whence a tempie was erefted 
 to him under this name, C'lc. Div. 2, 
 32. et I, 45. called alfo Locufius, Liv. 
 5, 50. ; Gell 16, 17. 
 
 Alabandus, the founder of Ala- 
 banda, a city of Caria ; worfhipped 
 by the inhabitants as a god, Cic. N. D. 
 
 3> 19- 
 
 Alabarches, -asf a nickname given 
 to Pompey, on account of his having rai- 
 led certain taxes in Syria, Cic. Att. 2,17. 
 
 Alastor, one of the companions of 
 Sarpedon, ilain by Ulyffes, Qvid. Met, 
 
 ALBTA gtnsy a family at Rome, 
 from which the poet Tibullus was de- 
 fcended, who is fuppofed to be the 
 Albius addreffedby Horace, ^^5. 1,4. 
 
 Albi NOV ANUS, a Roman firname, 
 Hor. Ep. 1,8. 
 
 Celfus Albinovanus, the fecre^ 
 tary of Tiberius Nero, and friend of 
 Horace, ^or. Ep. i, 8. 
 
 Pedo Albinovanus, a poet, and 
 friend of Ovid's, Ovid. Pont. 4, 10. 
 
 L. ALBINIUS, a Roman, who fly- 
 ing from the Gauls with his wife and 
 children in a waggon, made them alight 
 to accommodate the Veftal virgins ; 
 whom he carried with the iacred things 
 to Caere, Lvo. 5, 4. 
 
 Albinusj a hrname of the Pofl- 
 huraian family, which produced feveral 
 illuftrious men ; L'tv. et Cic. 
 
 T. A LBUTius, a nobie Roman, who 
 triumphed over Sardinia, Cic. Off.z^ 
 14. and being afterwards banifhed, Id. 
 Br. 26. took up his refidenee at A- 
 thens, Id. Tufc. 5, 37. 
 
 ALCAKUS, a tamous lyric poet, a 
 native of Mitylene in Lell^os, Cic. N. 
 D. 1,27. n/-. 4-33- (See G. 343.) 
 
 Alcaeus, the Iwn of Perieus and 
 Androm.eda, the father of Amphitryon^ 
 the fuppofed father of Hercules, Apol- 
 lodor. 2,4, 5. Paujan. 8, 14. Whence 
 Hercules is called /\ lcides, -a^, Virg. 
 Aen. 6, 8qi. 8, 203, &c. Hor. Od. i) 
 
 IZy 25. 
 
 Alcamenes, -is, a ftatuary, the 
 fcholar of Phidias, Plin, 36, 5. 34, 8. 
 Cic. N. D. li^Q, 
 
 I ] A L C 
 
 Alcakder, -drij a companidti oi 
 Sarpedon to the Trojan war, Ovidi 
 Met. 13, 258. — ^ 2. A Trojan, flain 
 by Tun. us, Virg. Aen. 9, 767. 
 
 Alcanor, -om, a Trojan who 
 dwelt on mount Ida, the father of Pan- 
 darus and Bitias, Virg. Aen. 9, 672. 
 — ^ 2. An Italian, jQain by Aeneas^ 
 Virg. Aen. 10, 338. 
 
 Alcestis, -idisy V. -<", •<?/, th6 
 daughter of Pelias, and wife of Adme- 
 tus, king of Pherae in Theffaly, who 
 fubmitted to a voluntary death, to favc 
 her hufoand^s life ; but is laid to have 
 been reftored by Proferpine, or 
 brought back by Hercules, Apollodor» 
 I, 15. e{ 2, 5. ; Hygin. 51. ; Juiyenal. 6^ 
 651. called «."0Njux Paoasaea, fronx 
 Pagafa, a city in Thellaly belonging to 
 her father, Ovid. Art. A. 3, 19. 
 
 Alcathous, a fon of Pelops, who 
 became king of Megara, and gave to it 
 the name of Alcathoc, Paufan. I, 4.J 
 Ovid. Art. Am, 2, 421. ; Met. 7, 443. 
 
 Alcathous, a Trojan flain by Cae- 
 dicus, a Liitin, Virg. Aen. 10, 747. 
 
 Alce, -cs, (i. e. robur,) one of Ac"!- 
 taeon's hounds, OwV. Met. 3, 217. 
 
 Alcibiades, -ij',an illuftrious Athe- 
 nian general, A^^/>. 7. Someof hiswritings 
 were extant in the time of Cicero, Cicn 
 Or. i, 22. 
 
 Algid A MAS, -antis^ a noted wreftler, 
 Stat. TheL. 12, 500.— Another, the fa- 
 ther of Cartheia or Cteiilla, Ovid. Met,. 
 
 7> 369- 
 
 Alcidamus, an ancient rhetorician^ 
 who wrote an oration in praife of death, 
 Cic. Tufc. 1, 48. 
 
 Alcidi s, -fie, a name of Hercules, 
 from his grandfather Alcaeus, the fa-* 
 t her of A mphitryon, Serv. ad Virg. Aen* 
 6, 123. 
 
 Alcimachus, a renowned painter^ 
 Plin. 35, ii.f. 40, 32. 
 
 Alcimede, -es, the wife of Aefon* 
 and mother of Jafon, Hygin, 3. and 
 14. ; Val. Flac. I, 317. Stat. Theb. 5, 
 
 235- 
 
 Alcimedon, 'Ontis, a famous carver, 
 Virg. Eel. 3, 37. 
 
 ALCINOL^S, the fon ofNaufuhous, 
 
 king of the Phaeacians.and of the ifland 
 
 £ 2 Corcyra, 
 
A L C t s 
 
 Corcyra, who KofpitaWy eMcrtaincd 
 XJlyffes 'f remarkable for his attention 
 to the cukiTation of gardens ; hence 
 jilcinoi Syhaey apple trees, P^irg, G. 2, 
 87. 'i Alcinot fowa^ thefineft apples, Ovid. 
 Am. I, i-o, ^6, ; Pont. 4, 2, 10. ; 
 J^ife'ra Ak'tno: pomaria, the orchards of 
 Alcinou'^, which bear twice a-year, 
 Stat. Silv. T , 3, 81.} PBn^i^, 4. ; C antes 
 Alcinoi, the rocks of Corcyra, Ovid Met. 
 14, 565. Alcinoique In cute curanda plus 
 itequo Cfperata juventusj luxurious young 
 men who took up too much time in 
 adorning their perfonsj a» thofe who 
 lived in the court of Alcinaus are faid 
 to have done, Hor. Ep. i, 2, 29. Alci- 
 noi men/dy luxurious i Apois^usj a tedi- 
 ous incredible ftory, 
 
 Atcipp-e, -fo, a woman who is re- 
 ported to have brought forth an ele- 
 phanc; or, as Harduin reads the paf- 
 fage, a child with an ekphant^s head, 
 Plin. 7, 3. like what is mentioned, 
 Lh. 27, 1 1 . Fal. Max. 1, 6, 5. 
 
 Alcippe, a Gom>tr.y woma«, Virg, 
 Ec. 7, 14. 
 
 Alci&, a deity worfhipped by the 
 Naharvali., a nation of the Germans, 
 ^ac. G. 43, — ^2. A name given to 
 Minerva by the Macedonians, Liv. 42, 
 
 Alcisthene, -es, a female painter, 
 Plin. 35, II f. 40, 43. 
 
 Alcithoe, -es, a Theb^n v?oman, 
 who ridiculed the facre-d rites of Bac- 
 chus, and therefore was rcetamorpho- 
 iied int(. a bat, Ovid-. Met< 4. pf. 
 
 ALCMAKON, 'cnis, the fon of 
 the augur Amphiaraus, {Amphiardldesj 
 "Off Ovid. Fall. 2,43.), who, according 
 to his father's order?, flew his mother 
 Eriphllb, Hygin. 73, ; Virg^ Aen. 6, 
 445.; Ovid. Met 9, 407, &c. J- called 
 from his brother, Amphihcbi Fratevj 
 Jd. Rem. Amor. 455. and from his 
 iwife, CalUrrh'ies vir, Id. in I bide, 
 ^^Oi {vid. G. 43 2i) — Alcmaeoniae fu- 
 riae, the furies which tortured Ale- 
 maeon for his guilt, Propert. 3, 5, 41. 
 
 Alcmaeon, -o«/V, a native of Mef- 
 fenia, who being obliged to leave his 
 country upon the invafion of the He- 
 rqcHdae or defcendanw of iier<iule&, 
 
 2 1 ALE 
 
 fettled at Athens, (G. 409.). Hr3 
 pofterity called Akm<ieoTndae^ became 
 one of the noblcft families of that citVy 
 and contributed greatly to the efta- 
 bhlhment of its liberty, ib. 309. 
 
 ALCMAN, an ancient Greek lyric 
 poet, Paufan. I, 41. born at Sardis in 
 Lydia ; but brought to Sparta when 
 very young ; whence he is commonly 
 called a Lracedemonian, Aelian. Var, 
 H'lfi. 12, ^o.et ihi Perizon. Veil. 1, 18 f, 
 Siat. Silv. ^, 3, 150. Plutarch. dcexiL 
 ittit 
 
 ALe^fEHA or Alcumena, the 
 daughter of Eleflryon king of Myce- 
 nae or Argos. Apollodor. 2, 4. 6. Hygin, 
 29. hence called Argoi'is Alcmeue., Ovid. 
 Met. 9, 313. the wife of Amphitryon 5 
 the mother of Hercules by Jupiter, 
 Plaut. Amphltr. Ovid. Met. g^ 2S1. — 
 whence fhe is called Genitrix AJcidaCf 
 Sil. 8. - ATater Hercuka, Stat. Theb« 
 10, 106. — Nitrus Akmenae, Dejanira, 
 the wife of Hercules, Ovid. Met. 8, 
 542. Alcmena brought forth at the 
 fame birth Iphicles, f. -us, by Amphi* 
 trj-'on, Apollodor. ib. 8. 
 
 Alcon, -misf the name of a fhep- 
 herd ; Servius fays, of a famous Cretan 
 archer, Firg. E. ^y 11. — f 2. A na- 
 tive of Mylae (Myleus) m Sicily, a 
 dexterous carver, Ovii!. Met. 13, 683. 
 ■ — ^ 3. A native of Saguntum, who 
 attempted to procure favourable con- 
 ditions of peace for his contrymen from 
 Annibal; but in vain, Liv. 21, 12. 
 
 Alcyone, Vid. Halcyon e. 
 
 Alea, a name of Minerva, from a 
 town of Arcadia, where fhe was wor» 
 fhipped, Stat. Sih. 4, 6, 51.; Tbeb, 4, 
 2b8. 
 
 Alebas, vel Alevas, -ae, a ty- 
 rant of LariiTa in ThefTaly, who- was 
 flain by his own life-guards, Ovid in 
 Ihin. 325. 
 
 A LECTO, -usy -0; one of the three 
 infernal furies, Virg. Aen. 7, 479. 
 Ale£liis alae Jiridentes anguibus, ib. 561. 5 
 ociilijlammcii 448. ; os rabiduniy 4^1. 
 
 Alemon, -onisy a virtuous man of 
 Argohs, Ovid. Met. 15, 19. the father 
 of Myfceios, who is hence called 
 AletnonideSf ib. z6* 
 
ALE t I 
 
 A LEO, -onisf a fon of Atreus, Cic, 
 <« U. £)■ ?, 2 1. 
 
 Alethls, -/j, a Trojan, Firg. /len, 
 1, 125. 9, 246. 
 
 ALEXANDER, -di-i, firiiamcd 
 Magnus, the Great ; the fon of 
 Philip, and king of Macedonia ; who 
 overturned the empire of the Perfians, 
 {G. 470.) He ordained that no one 
 fliould make a pifture of him but Apel- 
 Ics, nor a brazen llatue of him but Ly- 
 fjppus, Cic. Fanu 5, 12. Plm. 7, 37 : 
 He however fufftred himfelf to be cele- 
 brated by Choerilus, a contemptible 
 poet ; for which Horace blames him, 
 Ep. 2, r, 232. 
 
 Alexander Pheraeus^ tyrant of 
 Plierae in Theffaly, Cic. hiv. 2, 49. 
 killed by his wife Thebe, Cic. ib. et 
 Off". 2, 7. ; Ovid, in I bin. 321.; Diodor, 
 50, 15. ; Val. Max. 9, 14. 
 
 A LEX ANDES Paris, the fon of 
 Priam and the lover of Helena, ^uBor 
 ad Her en. 4, 30. ; Varr. L, L. 6, 5. 
 Vid. Paris. 
 
 Alexicagus, (i. e. the driver a- 
 way of evil,) an epithet of Hercules, 
 as being the defender of men, Varr» 
 L. L. 6, 5. 
 
 Alexio, «y. -o/r, -onis, a phyfician, 
 intimate with Cicero, Att. 7, 2. 13, 25. 
 ei. 15, I, 2. 
 
 Alexis, -/j-, a favourite flave be- 
 longing- to Atticus, Cit. Ah. 5, 20. 
 7, 2. &c. — ^ 2. A youth celebrated 
 by Virgil, EcL 2, i. faid to have been 
 given to him iu a prefent by Maece*- 
 nas, MartiaL 8, 56, 12. et 5, 16, 12. 
 according to others, by Pollio, Serv. 
 ad Virg. E. 2, I. Dcnat, in vii. {^irg. c. 
 5, 20. to whom Juvenal is thought to 
 allude, 7, 69. — <|f 3. A noted Itatuary, 
 Plin. 34, 8. 
 
 Alexirrhoc, vid. Alyxgrhoe. 
 
 P. ALFENUS Varus, a learned 
 lawyer, the fcholar of Servius Sulpici- 
 U3, Cell 6, 5. The fcholiail on Ho- 
 race fays, that he was originally a fhoe- 
 maker, (Jutor,) according to Cruquius 
 and Bentley, a barber, (ton/or,) at Cre- 
 mona ; and that having given up- his 
 trade, he came to. Rome and turned 
 lawyer: whence Horace calls him ^'^- 
 Jer, fubtle, iiat, I, 3, 130. But others 
 
 3 1 ALP 
 
 fuppofe a different perfon to be here 
 meant. 
 
 Aloeus, (3. fyll.) a giant, the fon 
 of Titan and Terra, wh?)fe wife, Iphi- 
 media, produced by Neptune the giants 
 Otus and Ephialtes ; called from their 
 fuppofed father, AloTdae, Firg. Aen, 
 6, 582. et ibi Serv, Ltican. 6, 410. 
 
 Alphesiboea, v. Arsinoe, the 
 daughter of Phegeua, ( Phegis -^dts ;} 
 king of Pfophis, who married Al-cmae- 
 on, and received from him the fatal 
 necklace of hi« mother Eriphyle. Alc- 
 maeon having proved unfaithful to 
 Alphefiboea, was flain by her brothers. 
 But fhe, highly offended by what they 
 had done, is faid to have avenged the 
 deed by putting them to death, Property 
 I, 15, 15. ApoUodorus, who calls 
 Alphefiboea by the name of Arfinoe, 
 fays that the fons of Phegeus were kill- 
 ed by Amphoterus and Acarnan, the 
 fons of Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, 3, 7, 
 6. Hyginus fays that Alcmaeon waa 
 killed by Phegeus, f. 244. 
 
 Alphesiboeus, the name of a fhep- 
 herd, Virg, Ed. 8, 1. 
 
 ALPHIUS, or Alfius, the name 
 of an ufurer, Horat, Epod, 2, 67. fup- 
 pofed to be the fame mentioned by 
 Columella, i, 7, 2. 
 
 ALPHOEUS, or Alph?us, the god 
 of the river of that name in Eli&, a di- 
 vifion of Peloponnefus; who falling in 
 love with the nymph Arethufa, purfued 
 her till fhe was changed by Diana into 
 a fountam. Whereupon Alpheus, lay- 
 ing afide his human form, was changed 
 into his own waters, that he might mix 
 himfelf with her, (Vertitur in pro^ia's^ 
 ut fe mlhi mijceat, undas. ) But Arethufa, 
 finking below ground, ran under the 
 fea all the v/ay from Elis to Sicily, 
 v/here (he burit forth and formed a 
 large fountain in the ifland Ortygia, 
 on which part of the city of Syracufe 
 flood, O'Did. Met. 5, 4v4. — 503. et 
 570. — 641. Hence the fountain Are- 
 thufa in Syracufe was fuppofed to com- 
 municate with the river Alpheus in 
 Elis, Virg. Eel. 10,. I. & 4. Aen. 3, 
 694. Hence alfo the nymph is called 
 AlphTiaS'i -udisi and the waters of the 
 
 fountain. 
 
ALP C I 
 
 fountain, Eleae undae ; thus, Cum 
 caput Elds Alphe'ms extuUt undts, Ovid, 
 ib, 487. 
 
 ALPINUS, a poet who wrote In 
 a turgid or bombaft ftyle ; whence 
 Horace, ridiculing him, fays, Turg'idus 
 Jilpinus jugulat dutn Memnona^ while he 
 inurders Memnon in his poem, by the 
 wretched defcription he gives of Mem- 
 non's death, Sat. i, 10, 36. Dumque 
 dcfngitliiteum Rheni caputs and disfigures 
 the muddy fource of the Rhine, i. e. by 
 his defpicable manner of defcribing it 
 makes it appear muddy, and not clear 
 or limpid, as it really is, ih, 37. 
 Bentlcy fuppofes Alpinus to be the 
 fame with Furius Bibaculus, who is 
 mentioned, Hor. Sat. 2, 5, 41. 
 
 Alsus, the name of a fhepherd, 
 Virg. Acn._ 12, 304.^ 
 
 Althea, or /llthaea^ the daughter 
 of Theftius, (Thciil'ias), the wife of 
 Oeneus king of Calydonia, and mother 
 of Meleager. .S"^^ G. ^.4:53. 
 
 ALYATTES, •ae, C .h, vel Aly- 
 atteusy -eiy a king of Lydia, the father 
 of Croefus, (G. 600.), whence Reg- 
 tium Alyatieiy the kingdom of Alyat- 
 teus, i. c. Lydia, (2i\. Alyattlci, i. e. 
 Croefijy Hor. Od. 3, 16, 41. 
 
 Alyxothoe, -fj, (al. Alexhhoe), 
 the daughter of the river Granlcus, 
 and mother of Aesacus by Priam, 
 Ovid. Met. II, 763. But Apollodo- 
 Tus makes Arifba the mother of Aesa- 
 cus, 3, iJ, 5_. 
 
 Amalthea, the name of the goat 
 which nuried Jupiter, and was convert- 
 ed into a liar, O'vid. Fafl. 5, 117.; 
 Hygin. AJlr. 2, 13. or of the nymph to 
 whom that goat belonged, Ladant. i, 
 21,38. — «|| 2. The name of a Sibyl, 
 T'ibuU. 2, 5, 67. — ^ 3. Alfo a name 
 given to the part of a villa, both by 
 Cicero and Atticus, Ck. yltt. 1, 13. cc 
 16. et 2, I. 
 
 A MAN us, the name of a warrior, 
 ^/7. 17, 4^.6. 
 
 Amaryllis, -tdls, (voc. AmaryUlJy 
 
 the name of a country girl, Virg. EcL 
 
 I, 5, & 37. 2, 14. 'yOvid. Trijl. 2, 537. 
 
 ■MASis, -/.., a iaraous king of ii- 
 
 gypt, Lucan, 9, 155. (G. 666.} 
 
 4 3 AMP 
 
 Am ATA, the wife of king Latinusj 
 andmother of Lavinia,/^/>^./^f«. 7,343^ 
 
 Ambigatus, a king of the Celtae 
 or Gauls, Liv. 5, ^4. 
 
 Ambiorix, -'igis^ king of the Ehu' 
 rones ^ in Gaul, Caef. 5. G. 5, 24. who 
 cut off Q^ Tiberius Sabinus, the lieu- 
 tenant of Caefar, with a legion and five 
 cohorts, ib. et 36. Q^ Cicero, and the 
 legion which he commanded, had near- 
 ly fhared the fame fate, when they 
 were reheved by Caefar, ib. 37,-50. 
 
 Am HI VI us Turpie, a comic a6lor, 
 who had a principal part in mofl of the 
 plays of Terence. 
 
 AMILCAR, vel Hamilcar, -ariSf 
 a celebrated Carthaginian general, the 
 father of Hannibal, Liv, 21, I. ; Nep, 
 in Vit. Sil. 13, 731. 
 
 Amineas, -ac, an Athenian, the 
 brother of the poet Aefchylus, who 
 obtained the firft prize of bravery in 
 the battle of Salamis, Aelian. Var. HiJL 
 5, 19. with one Eumenes, Herodot. 8, 
 
 93. 
 
 AMMON, ytlHammcn, -onis, a name 
 of Jupiter, worfliipped by the Africans, 
 Firg, Aen. 4, 198. under the form of 
 a ram ; whence he is called Comiger, 
 Lucan. 3, 297. ; Sil. 14, 572. Tor/is 
 cornibus Hammoc, Luc. 9, 5 14* — /i'w- 
 monis cornuy a gem of a golden colour, 
 like a ram's horn, Plin. 27. 10. 
 
 A MP ELDS, the name of a yo'uth 
 beloved by Bacchus, O'u/W.F^. 3, 409. 
 
 AMPH1ARA.US, the fon of Oe- 
 cleus, (Ocdldesy Ovid. Met. 8, 317.)* 
 a famous augur at Argos, ( /irglvus 
 /'ugur^ Hor. Od. 3, 16, 12.), who, 
 knowing that he fhould perifh in the 
 Theban war if he went to it, hid him- 
 felf in a place known only to his wife 
 Eriphile. But flie, bribed by her bro- 
 ther Adraftus with a golden necklace, 
 difcovered him. Amphiaraus having 
 gone to the war, was fwallovved up by 
 an earthquake. Alcmaeon his fon» 
 (Amphiar aides, Ovid. Fail. 2 43. )> ac- 
 cording to his father's orders, llew his 
 m^jther. Amphiaraus was worfhipped 
 as a god after his death, Cic. Div. i, 
 4G. (G. 431. & 301.) 
 
 AMPHICTYON, ^msy the fon of 
 Peucalioii, 
 
AMP [ i^ 
 
 Deucalion, a kin^ of Atliens, who 
 '' procured the inftitution of a general 
 council of the ftates of (>reece, the 
 deputies of which were called from liim 
 Amphictyones, and met twice an- 
 nually, in fpring at Delphi, and in 
 autumn at Anthela, a village near the 
 ftraits of Thermopylae, Herodot. 7, 
 200. ^(G. 308. & 460.) ; Cic. Inv. 2, 
 23. ; Llv 3^, 5. ; Tac, A. 4, 14. 
 
 Amphilochus, a fon of -imphia- 
 raus, after his dtath worfhipped as a 
 god at Oropus in Attica, as well as 
 his father, L'li), 45, 27. ; Pl'in. 4, i. 
 Cicero mentions him as a king of the 
 Argives, and an Augur, Dhin. 1,40. 
 
 Amphimedon, a Libyan, flain by 
 Perfeus, 0-viJ. Met, 5, 75. 
 
 Amphion, -onisy the fon of Jupiter 
 and Antiope, or, according to others, 
 of Mercury ; from whom having re- 
 ceived a lyre, he played on it fo fweet- 
 ly, that, by the found, he is faid to 
 have moved the ftones to build the 
 walls of Thebes, Horat. /^. P. 394. ; 
 Od. 3, II, 2. ; Slat. Tbeb. 8, 233. ; 
 Senec. Oedip. v. 6 1 2. which is hence cal- 
 led Ampbionis arceSf Ovid. Met. 15, 
 427. His brother Ztthus having a 
 diflike to mufic, Amphion, to gratify 
 him, is faid to have difcontinued the 
 ufe of the lyre, Hor. Ep. i, i8, 42. ; 
 C'lc. D'tv. 2, 64. Amphion married 
 Niobe, who being flain with her chil- 
 dren, [v'uL Niobe), Amphion killed 
 himfeir, Ovid. Met. 6, 27T. He is cal- 
 led Mains jujlijfimus Findex, Ovid. -rt. 
 Am. 3, 323. becaufe he put to death 
 Dirce, the rival of his mother, Hygin. 
 7 . ( vld. Zethus). -— Jimphioma lyra , 
 the lyre of Amphion Propert. 1,9, 
 1 0. ; canes yimphion'ii, i. e. Thehanty Se- 
 nec. Oedip. 178. — <^ 2. There was 
 another Amphion, one of the Argo- 
 nauts, Val. Flac. I, 367. 
 
 Amphitrite, -es, the daughter of 
 Oceanus and Doris, the wife of Nep- 
 tune, Col. 10, 201. put for the fea, 
 Ovid, Met, I, 13. ; FaJ}. 5, 731. par- 
 ticularly for the Euxine fea, Catull. 67,^ 
 II. 
 
 Amphitryo, v. en, -onis, the huf- 
 band of Alcmena, the mother of Her- 
 
 1 AMY 
 
 cules, Ovid. Ep, 9, 44. who is henct 
 called 4mphttryoniadeSf ^ae, Virg. Aen. 
 8 2 [4.; Ovid. Met. 9, 140. et 15, 
 49. ; Lucan. 9, 644. 
 
 Amp HI STRATUS, a flatqary, Plin, 
 
 36, 5- 
 
 Amphttus and Telchius, the cha- 
 rioteers of Caftor and Pollux, Plin. 6, 5. 
 
 Amu LIU s, the fon of Proca, king 
 of Alba, who having fet afide his elder 
 brother Numitor, reigned in his Head, 
 Ltv, 1,3.; Ovid. Fajl, 3, 67. 
 
 Amu LI us, a painter, Plin. 35, 10, 
 
 AMycus, the foTi of Neptune, and 
 a king of Bithyiria or Bebi'ycia, Virg, 
 Aen. 5, 373. who ufed to challenge 
 Itrangers to combat with him at the 
 cejlus, and to flay thofe whom he con- 
 quered, Apollodor. I, 9, 20.; but he was 
 himfelf at lall vanquiihed and killed by 
 Pollux, (G. 411.) — \2. A ctntaur,- 
 the fon of Opliion, [ophwnides)^ Ovid* 
 Met. 12, 245. — f 3. One of the 
 companions of Aeneas, Virg, //en, i, 
 221. who was thought to have perill- 
 ed in a fhipwreck, ik but is fuppofcd 
 to have efcaped with others, ib, 511. 
 Two of this name were afterwards flain 
 by Turnus. Whether this was one of 
 them, is uncertain, ilf, 9, 772. et 12, 
 509. probably that mentioned in the 
 latter paffage as the brother of Diores, 
 and confequently the fon of Priam, ib. 
 J, 297. — A different Amycus from all 
 thefe is mentioned, ib. 10, 704. 
 
 Amyclas, -ae, the mailer of the 
 boat in which Caefar in difguife em- 
 barked from a plaCe near Oricum, in 
 order to haften the paffage of his troops 
 from Brundufium, F/or, 4, 2, 37. ; Lu" 
 can. 5, 520,-677. 
 
 Amymone, -es, a nymph violated 
 by Neptune, and changed into a foun- 
 tain, Hygin, 169. ; Stat, Theb, 6, 288. 
 
 Amyntas, -ae, the father of Philip 
 king of Macedonia, Nep, 21, 2. 
 
 Amyntas, a fliepherd^ in Virgil, ^fil 
 3, 28. & 73. 
 
 Amyntor, -om, the father of Phoe« 
 n"x, the praeceptor of Achilles, Ovid* 
 Met. 8, 307. {Dolopum redory ib. I2> 
 364.) whence Phoenix is called Amyn^ 
 torides^ -ae, Ovid, iu Ibin. 259. 
 
 Ari.Vh 
 
AMY t 
 
 Am YT HA ON, -on/V, the fon of Cre- 
 t}i€U6, and the father of Melampus, 
 who is hence called ^mythaonius^ Virg. 
 G. 3, f^^o. ; Tibull. 4, I, 120. 
 
 ANACHARSIS, -is, a Scythian 
 pKilofopher in the time of vSoIon, who 
 cxprefTed a great contempt of money, 
 Cic. Tufc. 5, ^2. 
 
 ANACREON, -ontis^ a lyrfc poet, 
 born In Tecs, a towpi of Ionia in Afia 
 Minor, hence called Te'tus Anacreon^ 
 Hor. Epod. 14, 10. who wrote chiefly 
 on amorous and fportive fubjefts, and 
 that even when an old man; ^nd^ n'ifi 
 cum mulio Vemrem conjiindere vino, Prae- 
 eepit Lyrici Tela mufa Jems? Ovid. 
 Trill. 2, 263. which Horace thus 
 beautifully exprefTes by one word, Ncc^ 
 Ji quid olim luiit Anacreov.^ Dehii'it aetas, 
 Od. 4. 9, 9. He is fald to have been 
 choaked by fwallowing the ftone of a 
 ilried grape, Plin. 7, 7.; 2^^]. Anacreontius . 
 
 Anadyomenf, -es^ a nam.e given to 
 a celebrated pidure of Venus by Apel- 
 les, in v;hich fhe was reprefented as 
 emerging from the fea, Plin, 35, 101. 
 
 36» '5- 
 
 Anaitis, '^dh, a goddefs worfriip- 
 
 ped by the Armenians, /•//«. 33, 4^ 24. 
 
 Anaxagoras, -ae^ a native of Cla- 
 
 zomene, {^Cla%omenius)^ a celebrated 
 
 philofopher, the preceptor of Pericles, 
 
 Cic, N. D. I, 10, & n. ; Acad. 4, 31.; 
 
 ^^' 3» 33- ; ^^^^- II- ; ^"A I* 43- 
 (G. 12.) 
 
 ANAXARCHITS, of Abdera, 
 {^Ahder'tta)^ a follower of Democritus, 
 {^Uemocritt fcSator^ vel Democrii'icus^y 
 and a favourite of Alexander the 
 Great ; after whofe deceafe he fell Into 
 the hands of Nicocreon tyrant of Cy- 
 prus, who cruelly put him to death, 
 in. revenge of a fiiarp anfwer which 
 Anaxarchus had made to him at the 
 table of Alexander, Cic. l^ufc. 2, 22. ; 
 Val, Max. 3, 3. extr, 4.; Ovid, in Ihin, 
 
 571- 
 
 Anaxarete, -fj, a beautiful girl of 
 
 Salamis in Cyprus, who having by her 
 cruelty occalioned the death of her lo- 
 ver, was converted into a ftone, OvuL 
 Met. 14, 799. 
 
 Anaxilaus, a native of Mefsenc 
 
 f6 T A NC 
 
 in Peloponnefus, vtrho founded Mefsana 
 in Sicily, Jujiln.j^^ 2 ; Macrob Sat. ?, ». i. 
 
 ANAXIMANDER, v. -drus, -dri, 
 an Illufttlous phllofophe*-, born at Mi- 
 letus, who fald that al' things were 
 produced from the infinity of nature, 
 Cic. -4cad. 4, 37. ; that ^}\'Z gods were 
 born, and mortal, N D r, 10. and 
 foretold an earthquake which happened 
 at Lacedaemon, Id. Div. i , 5 o. ( G 11.) 
 
 Anaximenes, the fcholar of Ana- 
 xlmander, (G. n.), who taught that 
 all things were produced of air, Cic, 
 Acad. 2» 57. and that the air was God, 
 Cic. N.D. T, fo. 
 
 ANCAEUS, the fon of Neptune, 
 one of the A-rgonauts, who fucceeded 
 Tipliys as pilot, Hygin. i. et iS. 
 
 Ancaeus, the fon of Lycurgus, 
 Hyg'in. 173. an Arcadian, /lain by the 
 Calydonlan boar, Ovid. Met. 8, 315, 
 391, cL 40T. ; Hygin. 248. 
 
 Ancaeus, a rich man of the Ifland 
 Samos, who is fald to have made his 
 flaves work too hard in his vineyard ; 
 on which account, he was told by one 
 of them, that he fliould never drink 
 the produce of his vines. When vin- 
 tage came, Ancaeus, holding a cup in 
 his hand, before he drank of it, fent 
 for the flave, and told him that he was 
 a falfe prophet. The flave calmly fald. 
 Many things happen between the cup 
 and the lip ; or, as the Greek verfe is 
 rendered in Lntin, Multa cadunt inUr 
 calicem fupremaque labra. At that in- 
 ftant a meffage was fuddenly brought 
 him that a wild boar had broken Into 
 the vineyard. Upon this Ancaeus fet 
 down the cup, and haftened to drive 
 out the boar, but was killed in the at- 
 tempt ; whence the words of the flave 
 became proverbial. To this adage 
 Gellius compares the faying of Cato, 
 Alulfum inter ejl inter os et oj^aw^ 13, 17, 
 
 Ancarius, v. Anchanusy a trioune 
 of the commons, who oppoied the A-^ 
 grarlan law of Caefar, Cic, Pif 38. ; 
 Fam. 13, 40. 
 
 Anchariana fnmiliay the (laves of 
 one Ancharius, ^indil, 4, i, 74. et 
 9, 2, 56. 
 
 Anchemolus, the fon of Rhoetus, 
 
 king 
 
A N C C 
 
 king of the Marrubiatis or Marfi, Firg, 
 ^en. lO, 389. et Hi Serv. 
 
 Anchialus, the flave of L. Egna- 
 tius, Ctc. Fam. 13, 45. — f 2. This 
 word is fuppofcd to denote the form 
 of an oath iifed by the Jews. But 
 others, more properly, take it for the 
 name of a boy, fpoken of, Martial. II, 
 95,8. 
 
 ANCHISES, -af, thefon of Capys, 
 by Themis, the daughter of Ilus king 
 of Troy, ApoUodor. 3,2. the father of 
 Aeneas by Venus, Virg, u^en. I, 617. 
 who is hence called Anclnfiadesy -ae, ib. 
 5, 407.; Tros AnchifiadcSi 6, 126. dux<, 
 348. — Ttimulus Ancbifaeus, the tomb of 
 Anchlfes, ib. 5, 761. 
 
 ANGUS Martins, the grandfon of 
 Numa by his daughter, the fourth king 
 of Rome, Virg. Aen. 6. 815. 
 
 Andocides, an Athenian orator, 
 contemporary with Socrates, Plutarch, 
 de vit. Or. 2. 
 
 Andraemon, -oTiisf the hufband of 
 Dryope, Ovid. Met. 9, 333. and father 
 of Thoas, who is hence called Andre- 
 mone natus, ib. 13. 357. 
 
 Andriscus, a pretended fon of 
 king Perfeus, Ltv. Epit. 48, 49. et 50, 
 et 52. 
 
 Androcles, a prince of the Aca- 
 
 manians, Ltv. 36. 16. ^2. A 
 
 commander of king Perfeus, Id. 44, 32. 
 
 Androclus, a Dacian flave, re- 
 cognifed in the Circus Maximus by a 
 lion, which he had formerly relieved 
 when wounded in the woods, Gell. 5, 
 14. ; Aelian.H'ifl. Animal. 7,48. to which 
 Seneca is fuppofed to allude, de Benef. 
 
 2, 19- ^ 
 
 ANDROCyDES, -ae, an illuftriovis phy- 
 fician, who wrote a letter to Alexan- 
 der, warning him of the pernicious ef- 
 feds of drinking, Plin. 14, 5 f. 7. 
 
 ANDROGEOS, the fon of Minos 
 king of Crete, and Pafiphae, flain by 
 the Athenians and Megarenfians out 
 of envy for his having defeated them 
 all in the exercifes of the Palaeftra, 
 Serv. in P^irg. G. I, 404. ; in the ge- 
 nit. Sidrogeiy Virg. Aen. 2, 392. ; or 
 Androgeoy in imitation of the Attic 
 dialeili, (AvJ^pej^fw for t.vJ'cojEou"), 'th, 6, 20. 
 '—•In the ace. we find Androgeuna^ from 
 
 17 3 ANN 
 
 Androgeony Propcrt, 2, I, 62. AndroJ 
 geos is faid to have been reflored to 
 life again by Aefculapius, ih. — Andro- 
 geoneae poenas exfolvere caedis, to fuffer 
 punifliment for the murder of Andro- 
 geo3, CatuII. 62, (al. 63.), 77. 
 
 ANDROMACHE,-fJ-, the wifc of HcC- 
 
 tor, Virg. Aen. 3, 486. 
 
 Andromache, a tragedy written 
 by Ennius, Cic. Div. i, 13. 
 
 Andromede,-^, V. -da, the daugh- 
 ter of Cephens king of Ethiopia, by . 
 Cafliope, freed from a fea-monfter, to 
 which fhe was expofed, by Perfeus, 
 whom file afterwards married, Hygin, 
 64. — After her death flie was tranfla- 
 ted into a conftellation, Id. AJlron. 2, 
 II. ; Cic. N. D. 2, 43. ; Hor. Od, 3, 
 29, 17. ; Plin. 5, 31. ; Propert. i, 3, 
 4. 3, 21, 29. 
 
 Andronicus, of Puteoli, an inti- 
 mate of Cicero's, Ctc. Att. 5, 15. 
 
 Lucius Andronicus, the firft author 
 of comedy at Rome. Vid. Livius. 
 
 Anemo, -dnis, vel Almo, properly 
 a river near Rome, woriliipped as a 
 god, Cic. Nat. D. 3, 20. 
 
 Anetor, -oris, a native of Phocis, 
 (Phoceus), the (hepherd of Peleus, 
 Ovid. Met. II, 348. 
 
 ANICIUS, a conful, a. u. 593, in 
 whofe confulfiiip there was a remark- 
 able vintage ; whence Ahicianum vinum^ 
 wine then produced ; Aniciana nota, a 
 caflc of that wine, Cic. Br. 83. — f 2. An- 
 other mentioned by Cicero, Fam'. 7, 
 16. 12, 21. whence Aniciana leStica^ a 
 fedan ufed by king Ptolemy while at 
 Rome, and prefented by him to Ani' 
 cius, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 10. Lapicidinae 
 Anicianae, ftone-quarries belonging to 
 one Anicius, in the territory of Tar- 
 quinii, near the Lacus Volftniejifis, Plin. 
 36, 2 2 f. 49. ; Piray a kind ef pears 
 cultivated by one Anicius, Col. 5, lO. 
 
 ANIUS, a fon of Apollo, and king 
 of Delos, Virg. Aen. 3, 80. et ibiServ.', 
 Ovid. Met. 13, 632, &c. 
 
 Anna Perenna, a goddefs wor- 
 fhipped by the Romans, fuppofed to 
 be the fifter of Dido. See Ovid. Fajl, 
 3, 523'— ^53' &c.; Sil. 8, 50,-202.5 
 Martial. 4, 64, 16. 
 
 C AN- 
 
ANN C 18 ] ANN 
 
 ANNAEUS, the name oF a clan or vcmber, a. u. 534, Lh. 21, 35. ; Plin, 
 
 18. 31. In dsfcending from the Alps 
 
 gens at Rome, to which belonged Se- 
 neca, Liican. Florus, See, 
 
 ANNA LIS, a firn?.me given to the 
 tribune L. Villi us, who firft propo- 
 fed the law df^termining at what age 
 eacli office miprht be foug^ht and enjoy- 
 ed, Lh. 40, 43. which firname conti- 
 nued to his poflerlty, ^nnciiL 6, 3, 86. 
 ANNIB AL, vel HannlhaU -alis, the 
 fon of Hamilcar, and chief commander 
 of the Carthaginians again il the Ro- 
 mans in the fecond Punic war, Nep. l^ 
 Z,/x>. 21, 4. iZi 12, &c. — Annibal, 
 when only nine years of age, is faid to 
 have been led by his father Hamilcar 
 to the altar, and there obliged to fwear 
 that he would always be an enemy to 
 the Romans, lAv. 21, i. ; S'll. i, 99. 
 According to Silius, he fwore by Mars 
 and Juno, ih, 118.; Martial fays, by. 
 Hercules, 9, 44, 9 Amilcar having 
 fallen in battle in Spain, where he had 
 commanded for nine years, was fuc- 
 ceeded by Afdrubal, his fon-in-law ; 
 who fent for Annibal, as Livy fays, 
 fcarcely yet come to the age of puber- 
 ty, (ny'ix dum piiherem) ; though it ap- 
 pears, from Livy's own account, that 
 he was at kaft twenty-three, L'lv. 21, 
 3. Annibal ferved three years under 
 Afdrubal ; and he being alTaffinated by 
 a Spaniard, Annibal was appointed 
 chief commander, ih. 3. tt 4. He be- 
 gan the war againft the Romans by 
 the fiege of Saguntum, which he took 
 by ftorm in the eighth month, ih. 15. 
 The moft of tlie inhabitants deftroyed 
 themfelves by fire, with their wives 
 and children, and their moft valuable 
 effects, or fought with defperate fury 
 till they fell, ih. 14. et 24, 42. et 28, 
 39. (V'td. Saguntum, G. Index.) 
 Annibal having left bis brother Afdru- 
 bal, and Hanno, to command in Spain, 
 led his army into Italy, over the Py- 
 renees, the Rhone, and the Alps, van- 
 quishing all the nations that oppofed 
 him. The lengtl* of this march, which 
 he finiflied in five months, is computed 
 by Polybius at 9000 Jiadla. above a 
 thoufand miles, 3, 39. Aiinlbal ciof- 
 fed the Alps about the middle of No- 
 
 he is faid to have made a pafiage for 
 his troops by foftening the rocks with 
 vinegar, after he had heated them by 
 burning a great pile of trees, (/^rden- 
 t'ta faxa infufo aceto putrefactunty Liv, 
 ib. 37. Didux'it fcopulos i et montem rupit 
 accto, Juvenal- 10, 153.) But Polybius 
 does not mention this incredible fad, 
 3, 54. et 56. 
 
 Annibal firft defeated the Romans 
 under Scipio the conful, near the river 
 TicTnus, Liv. 2 1 , 46. and foon after 
 near the Trebia, under the other con- 
 ful Sempronius, ii. 54. &c. Early 
 next fpring, in paffing a marrti formed 
 by the overflowing of the river Arnus, 
 through fatigue and want of fleep, he 
 loft one of his eyes, Liv. 22, 2. He 
 rode on an elephant, the only one that 
 remained, iL hesce, qualis fades, et 
 quuli digna tahelldy Cum Gaetula ducem 
 portaret hellua lufcuml Juvenal. lO, 157. 
 He defeated the Romans a third time 
 near the Trafimene lake, under Flami- 
 niiis the cor/ul, who was killed, with 
 15,000 of his men, Lit}. 22, (> et 7. 
 The progrefs of Hannibal was for fome 
 time checked by the prudent conduft 
 of Fabius Maximus the didlator, Vid, 
 Fabius. But in the year of the city 
 537, Annibal defeated the Romans a 
 fourth time under the confuls Paulus 
 Aemilius and Terentius Varro, near 
 Cannae, a fmall village in Apuha, on 
 the river Auf idus, with the greateft 
 /laughter that they ever fuffered in one 
 battle, Li'v. 22, 50. According to 
 Polybius, 70,000 foot and above 5000 
 horfe were flain, 3, 117. Livy fays 
 40,000 foot and 2700 horfe, ib. 49. ; 
 but ill other places he makes them 
 50^000, ih. 59. and more, /. 25, 6. 
 About 13,000 were made prifoners. 
 The lofs of Annibal, in comparifon, 
 was inconfiderable, Polyb. ibid. Ma- 
 harbal, who commanded the cavalry 
 on iihe right wing, Liv. 22, 46. af- 
 ter the victory, urged Annitjal to 
 lead his troops direitly to Rome, 
 afiuring him, that on the fifth day he 
 fliould feaft in the Capitol. Annibal 
 
 was 
 
ANN [ 
 
 was dazzled with the propofal, but 
 faid it reqinVf-d time to deliberate on 
 it ; upon which Maharbal exclaimed. 
 ** You know, Annibai, how ^^ con- 
 quer,, but ycu know not how to im- 
 prove your viftory." ( Vincere fcls. An- 
 nthaU inSorid uti ne/cis). That day's 
 debiy is thought to have faved Rome, 
 Liv- 22, 51 The troops of Annibai 
 were enervated by winterin^r at Capua, 
 which city revoked to him foon after 
 the battle of Cannaey Liv. 2^, 7. et 18. 
 Hence Marcellus, who repulfed Anni. 
 bal from Nola, and firft taught the 
 Rc^'Uans, as Livy obferves, that An- 
 nibai mis^ht be conquered, Liv. 23, 16. 
 faid that Capua had proved a Cannae 
 to Annibai, ( Capuam ^nnlbali C annas 
 fulffd)^ ib. 45. ; et Flor. 2, 6. From 
 this time the flrength of Annibai in 
 Italy declined, the Carthaginians ha- 
 ving neglected to fend him proper fup- 
 plies, Lii). 23, 24. et 28, 12. A. u. 
 542, in order to raife the fiege of Ca- 
 pua, he led his army to Rome, and 
 pitched his camp at the river Anio, 
 three mihs from the city, and advan- 
 ced with his cavalry to the Porta Colli- 
 na^ Liv. 26, ID.; Juvenal 6, 290. and 
 is faid to have even (hot a dart within it, 
 Flin. 34, 6 f . 15. He was repulfed by 
 a body of Roman cavalry. Propertius 
 makes the Lares or tutelary gods of 
 Rome to drive Hannibal from the Ro- 
 man city, 3, 3, II. Next day he croffed 
 the Auio. and drew up his forces in or- 
 der of battle ; nor did the Roman con- 
 fu^s decline the combat. But they were 
 prevented from engaging by a violent 
 llorra. The fame thing happened next 
 day ; and affoon as they returned to their 
 cam.ps, the weather became calm, and 
 wonderfully ferene. The Carthaginians 
 confidered ihis as ominous ; and An- 
 nibai is reported to have faid, that 
 fom'::times the will, fomecimes the for- 
 tune of taking the city Rome u'as de- 
 nied him, Liv. ib. 11. Some other 
 circumllauces difcouraged him. He 
 therefore withdrew his army, not only 
 from the city, but even to the remo- 
 teil corner of Italy, leaving Capua to 
 its fate, ib, 12. After this, however, 
 
 19 ] ANN 
 
 he was fucccfsful in feveral engagf- 
 ments. But his hopes vvere quite funk 
 by the deilru<ftion of his brother Af- 
 drubal, a. u. 546, who was coming to 
 his aiTiftance, Liv. 27,51. FiJ. N e ro. 
 Annibai, hov/ever, was more worthy 
 of admiration in adverfity than in pro- 
 fpcnty ; for though he carried on war 
 for fo many years in a foreign country jj, 
 with an army compofcd of foldiers 
 from many different nations, and often 
 in the greateil want, yet there never 
 happened a mutiny among them, IJv, 
 28,12. At laft being recalled to defend 
 his countr)% a u. J50, he left Italy 
 with the bittereft vexation, Liv. 30, 20. 
 fixteen years after he had invaded it, ib» 
 28. Soon after his arrival in Africa, 
 he fent to Scipio to aflc a conference, 
 in order to treat concerning pe^ce. 
 But not agreeing about the terms, 
 they came to a decifive engagement 
 near Zama ; where .Annibai, after do- 
 ing every thing that courage or fl<ill 
 could effeft, was complettly defeated. 
 He, with difficulty, tfcaped with a 
 few horfemen to Adtumetiim ; and 
 from thence, being fent for, returned 
 to Carthage, thirty- fix years after he 
 had left it when a boy. In the fenate- 
 houfe he declated that there was no 
 hopes of fafety but in peace, ib. 35. 
 The Carthaginians, therefore, were 
 obliged to fubmit to the terms prefcri- 
 bed by the victors, ib. 37. 
 
 \nnibal remained for ffcveral years 
 at Carthage, difcharsfing with fidelity 
 the moil important offices ot the Hate. 
 When praetor he abridged the exor- 
 bitant power of the judges, and check- 
 ed the embezzlement of the public re- 
 venues ; by which means he incurred 
 the enmity of many of the leading 
 men, who accufed him to the Romans 
 of ftriving to effect a renev^'al of holH- 
 lities, Liv. 33, 48. The Romans, who 
 fought only a pretext for indulging 
 their hatred againft Annibai, contrary 
 to the opinion of Scipio Africanus, 
 fent an embaffy to Cartilage to com- 
 plain of his conduct. Annibai, afraid 
 of being given up to the Romans, fled 
 to Antiochus king of Syria, whom he 
 C 2 inftigated 
 
ANN 
 
 t 20 1 
 
 A N -t^ 
 
 'n{lig;ated to make war on the Romans, 
 and attempted in vain to induce his 
 countrymen to join him, Liv. tb. 49. ; 
 Nep. 2 2, 7. etZ. After the defeat of 
 Antiochus, Annibal fled to Prufias 
 king of Bithynia, before whofe tent, 
 according to Juvenal, h-2 was obh'gcd 
 to wait as a client, till that prince 
 pleafed to wake, [Donee Btthyno I'lbeat 
 'vigllaretyranno)i]nvtn?i\ 10, 162. The 
 Romans" fent T. Quintlius Flaminius, 
 the conqueror of Philip, as an ambafla- 
 dor to Prufias, to aflc rhat he would give 
 up Annibal to them. Prufias not daring 
 to refufe, the fort in which Annibal re- 
 lided was immediately furronnded with 
 armed men. Annibal, always appre- 
 henfive of this fate, took poifon, which 
 he had long kept ready for fuch an 
 exigence, Lh. 39, 51. ; N'ep. 22, 12. 
 and expired, in the 70th year of his 
 age, Nep, lb. 13. 
 
 Some affert that Annibal always 
 kept poifon in the gem of his ring ; 
 hence Juvenal fays, alluding to the 
 three bufhels of gold rings taken ixprn 
 the fingers of thofe Roman Equites and 
 Patricians who were flain at Cannae, 
 which Hannibal is faid to have fent to 
 Carthage, Finem animaey quae res huma- 
 nas mifcuit oliniy Non gladii, non faxq 
 dahunti non tela^ fed tile Cannarum vin- 
 (kx, ac tant't Jarigu'inis ultor j4nnuluSj 
 10, 163. ; and adds farcaftically, /, 
 ckmens, et faevus cur re per /llpesy Ut pue- 
 ris placeasy et declamatio Jlas, ib. 1 66, 
 Young orators ufcd to exercife them- 
 felvcs in declaiming on different cir- 
 cumftances in the life of Hannibal; 
 as, whether he (liould have led his ar- 
 my to Rome after the battle of Can- 
 nae ; or whether he (hould have with- 
 drawn his troops from Rome on ac- 
 count of the ftorm ? Juvenal. 7, 161. 
 Annibal, though fo much engaged 
 in war, paid attention to learning, and 
 ■wrote feveral books in the Greek lan- 
 guage, Nep. 2 2, 13. 
 
 As Annibal reduced the power of 
 Italy more than any one ever did af- 
 ter the Romans became a great nation, 
 (pojl magnitudinem nomlnis Romani Ital'iae 
 ppes maxume adtrheratj Salluit Jng. ^.), 
 
 fo that thofe who finally proved viAo- 
 rious were the neareft to deftruttion, 
 ( ^deo — ut propius per'iculo fuer'int, qui 
 'vicerint^ Liv. 21, I. Propiufque fuere 
 periculo ^eis fuperare datum^ Sil- i, 
 13.), the Roman authors generally 
 fpeak of Annibal with great antipathy, 
 and reprefent his character in a more 
 unfavourable light than the hillory of 
 his life will jullify. 'JT'hus Livy, after 
 enumerating his good qualities, adds, 
 Has tantas v'lr'i virhttes ingentia v'ltia ae~ 
 quabant^ inhumana crudel'ttas^ perjid'ia plus 
 quam Punkas nihil vert ^ nihil fanBi^ nuU 
 lus deum metus, nullum jusjurandum^ nulla 
 religio, Liv. 21,4.; hence he is called 
 Dirus ylnnibal, Hor. Od. 2, 12, 2. et 
 3, 6, 36. ; Dirus Afer^ ib. 4, 4, 42. ; 
 Perjidm Annibal ^ ib. 49. ; Abominatus 
 parentibust Id. Epod. 16,8.; CruentiiSy 
 Lucan. 4, 789. ; Superbus perjuro enfey 
 Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 77. ; Add. Martial. 4, 
 14, 2. — Hannibal is called Tyrius, be- 
 caufe the Carthaginians were fprung 
 from Tyre, Juvenal. 12, 107. j fo Poe-^ 
 nus Annibal, Lucan, i, 3P5. and fim- 
 ply Poenusy ib. 31. 
 
 Annicerii phihjQphi, the followers 
 of Ariftippus, named from Annicerisy 
 'tdis, the fcholar of Hegefias, who was 
 the fcholar of Iriftippus ; called alfo 
 Cyrenatci, from Cyrene, the native city 
 of Ariliippub, Cic. Off 3, 33. 
 
 ANNIUS, the name of feveral per^ 
 
 fons mentioned by Cicero, Verr. 1,41. 
 
 e/ 1, 5, 5, 29.; Balb. 20 ; Bnd. 20. &c. 
 
 T. Annius Milo. See Milo. 
 
 , ANSER, -tris^ a poet mentioned 
 
 by Ovid, remarkable for his obfcenity, 
 
 Trifl. 2, 435. probably the fame whom 
 
 Servius lays Virgil alludes to, Eel. 9, 
 
 •i^^. He was a favourite with Antony, 
 
 who gave him a farm in the Falernian 
 
 territory, which had belonged to Pom- 
 
 pey. He accompanied Antony to the 
 
 fiege of JN'Iutina ; whence Cicero fays 
 
 of him, Hique, qui nunc Mutinam op- 
 
 pugnant, D. Brut urn objident, de Falerno 
 
 Anferes depellentur, (probably fneering 
 
 at him as ^ goofe of a poet,) Cic, Phil, 
 
 13, 5. Propertius is likevvife thought 
 
 to allude to the fame perfon, 2, 25,, 84, 
 
 ANTAEUS, a Libyan giant, the 
 
ANT 
 
 C 5« 
 
 Ion of Neptune and Terra, who as often 
 as he touclied the earth, when his h'mbs 
 were wearied, was refredied. Her- 
 culep, therefore, in contending with 
 him, could only Hay him by railing 
 him from the ground, and Iqueezing 
 him to his breaft. Lucan. 4, 593> &c. ; 
 Stat, Theh. 7, 891. ; SiL 3, 40. 
 
 Antalcides, a Spartan, who be- 
 ing fent into Alia, made a peace with 
 Artaxerxes, very diiadvantageous to 
 his country, Paufan. 9, I. 
 
 Ant EN OR, -om, a Trojan, faved by 
 the Greeks becaufe he had always 
 been the advifer of peace, L'iv. 1,1. 
 With a number of followers he reached 
 the top of the Hadriatic Gulf, and 
 there built Patavium, now Padua, tb. 
 et Virg. Ae7i. I, 242, & 247. ; O'vid. 
 Fajl. 4, 75. Antmoridae^ -arumy fons 
 of Antenor, Virg. Jen. 6, 484. Flac- 
 ce^ Antenorei fpes et ahimne larisf i. e. ot 
 Padua, Martial, i, 77. 
 
 A NT EROS, •Otis, a fon of Mars and 
 Venus, the god of mutual love, or 
 according to others, who made love 
 ceafe, Cic. N. D. 3, 23. 
 
 Ant EROS, a flave belonging to Atti- 
 cus, Cic. Att. 9, 14, f/ 1 1, 1. 
 
 Anthropographus, a name given 
 to one Dionyfius, a portrait-painter, 
 becaufe he painted nothing but men, 
 Plin. 35, 10 f. 37 
 
 ANTICLEA, 1;. -w, the daughter 
 of Autolycus, and mother of UlylTcs, 
 .Uygin.. 201. 
 
 Antigenes, -is, a fhepherd, Virg, 
 Ed, 5, 89. 
 
 An TIG EN IDES, -isy V. -idas, -ae, an 
 excellent muiician of Thebes, who, 
 when his fcholar Ifmenias played very 
 well before the people, but did not 
 pleafe them, called out to him, Mihi 
 cane et mufu, fing to me and the mufes, 
 t. e. pleafe the learned or good judges 
 and defpife the ignorant. Cic. Brut. 50. 
 Val. Max. 3, 7. ext. 2. 
 
 Antigone, -es, the daughter of 
 Laomedon and fitter of Priam, meta- 
 morphoftd into a ftork by Juno, for 
 having prefumed to contend with her 
 in beauty, Omd. Met. 6, 93. &c. 
 Antigone, the daughter of Oedi- 
 
 ] ANT 
 
 pus, king of Thebes, who attended 
 her blind father, when expelled from 
 his country by Creon, Stat. Theh. 12, 
 350. Afterwards having buried her 
 brother Polynices, contrary to the ex- 
 prefs orders of Creon, (he was by hiin 
 fentenced to be buried alive ; which 
 fhc prevented by kiUing herfelf. Her 
 lover Haemon, the fon of Creon, killed 
 himfelf at her tomb, Propert. 2, 7, 83. 
 Hygin. 73. But different authors tell 
 
 this ftory differently. Antigones per- 
 
 fona, the mafic ufed in ading the part 
 of Antigone in a play, Juvenal. 8,229. 
 Antigonus, one of the generals of 
 Alexander the Great, who, after the 
 death of that prince, becoming too 
 powerful, was defeated and (lain by 
 the other fucceffors of Alexander. 
 The defcendants of Antigonus, how- 
 ever, obtained poffeflion of Macedonia, 
 which they retained, till Perftus, the 
 lail of them, was defeated and taken 
 prifoner by the Romans under Paulus 
 Aemilius. 
 
 An Ti LOCH us, the fon of Neflorby 
 Eurydice, flain m the Trojan war by 
 Mtmnon the fon of Aurora, Homer, 
 Odyfs. 4, I, — 188. ; Juvenal. 10, 252.; 
 Bor. Od. 2, 9, 13. Ovid fays, by 
 He6lor, Ep, I, 15. 
 
 Antimachus, a Greek poet, a na- 
 tive of Colophon; called Clarius 
 from ClaroSf an adjacent grove, where 
 was a temple of Apollo, Ovid. Trijl. 
 1,5, I. Having one day affembled 
 a number of people to hear him read a 
 long compoiition, when all of them be- 
 ing tired had left him, except Plato ; 
 " 1 will read on, fays he, notwithftand- 
 ing ; for Plato alone is to me as good 
 as a multitude," ( tlato enim mihi unus 
 injiar eji omnium^) Cic. Brut. 51. He 
 wrote in a tumid Ityle, Catid. 96, 10. 
 
 Antiochus, the name of feveral 
 kings of Syria ; one of whom, called 
 Antiochus Magnus, made war on 
 the Romans at the inlligation of An- 
 nibal, Liv. 33, 49. He was defeated 
 firil by AcUius Glabrio the conful, at 
 Thermopylae, Id. 36, 15. and iinaily 
 by L. Scipio, Liv. 37, 40. ; Cic de 
 Orat. Zf J 8. J Ferr^ i, 2it 
 
 Antiochus, 
 

 ANT C 
 
 Antiochus, a celebrated rhetori- 
 cian and philo'opher, Cic. Acad* i, 3. 
 whole leAures Cicero attended, Ck. 
 JBr. 19, 
 
 i) NT 10 PA, V. -pe, /J, the daughter 
 of Nycteus (Ny^eis, -tdis^ Propert. i, 
 4, 5. NyBeos Ant'iopr, Id. 3, 15, 12.) 
 the motntr of Zethiia and AmphTon 
 by Jupiter, Hyg'm, 7. who came to her, 
 as it is faid, in the foim of a fatyr, 
 Ovid 'Met. 6, no. 
 
 Very different accounts are gWcn of 
 Antiope, by Apollodorus, 3, 5, 5. 
 Hygi.ius, 7. and 8. and Paufanias, 2, 
 6. Homer makes her the daughter of 
 the river Asopus, Odyf, 11, 259. So 
 Apollonius of Rhodes, i, 735 ; who 
 alfo makes her the ci^ughter of Nye-' 
 teas, 4, 1090. After the death of 
 her father, whoever he was, Lycus, his 
 brother and fucceffor, is faid to have 
 kept Antiope confined; and his wife 
 Dirce, fufpecting that rtie was his con- 
 cubine, ufed her cruelly, Propert. 3, 15, 
 13, &c. But her wrongs were at laft 
 avenged by her fons ; who flew Lycus, 
 and tied Dirce by her hair to the mouth 
 of a fierce bull, fo that (lie perifhed by 
 a miferable death, Hygin. et Apollodor. 
 ibid. Propert. 3, 15, 37. Vid. Zethus. 
 A^fTI6pE, a queen of the Amazons, 
 Jufiuu 24. 
 
 Antiope, the name of a tragedy, 
 written by Pacuvius* Perf, l, 77. 
 
 Ant I PATER, -jfm, vel -/ri, of the 2d 
 decl. the name of feveral philofophers 
 mentioned by Cicero, Br. 1 6. de Orat. 
 2, 12.; Leg, I, 2.; Ttifc. 5, 37; 
 0^ 2, 14. ; Acad. 4, 5. — alfo a poet, 
 de Orat. 3, 50. ; Fat. 2. 
 
 Antipatfr, -/n, V. 'trisi a Mace- 
 donian general, the friend of Alexan- 
 der. 'Jiijiin, 9, 4. made governor of Ma- 
 cedonia by Alexander when he went 
 to the Pcrfian war, Id. 6, 7. ; Arrian. 
 I, p. 30. The Lacedemonians and 
 other ftates of Greece, encourage,d by 
 Alexander's abfence to revolt, were 
 completely 'Sefeated by Antipater ; 
 and Agis, the Spartan king, fiain. Id. 
 12, I. ; Curt. 6, I. The fervices of 
 A'itipater were rewarded with ingrati- 
 tude, through the jealoufy of Akxan- 
 
 22 1 ANT 
 
 der ; who, a little before his death, de- 
 prived him of h:s government, and 
 fummoned him to Babylon to give an 
 account of his conduci. Antioater, 
 apprfjhenfive of dang^er, as feveral of 
 his moit faithful friends had already- 
 been cut off. was fufpefted of having 
 poifoned Alexander, by means of his fons 
 Caffander and lolas, who were then at 
 court, Jufl'm. 12, 14. ; Qurt. 10, 10, 
 14. ; -rdd, Ovid, in I bin, 297. ; Plhi. 30, 
 16 f. 53 ; Tacit. A-in. 2, 73.; Arrian.'] y 
 p> 500. ; Vdl. Max. I, 7, 2. exl. f. ; 
 Dlodor. 17, 118. Bui it was gene- 
 rally believed thac Alexander died in 
 confequence of cxceffive drinking, Plu" 
 tare}], Alex. p. 707. ; Arrian. 7, p. 498. 
 After the death of Alexander, Antipa- 
 ter obtained the government of Mace- 
 donia and Greece, Curt. 10, 10, 19. ; 
 Jujlin. I3» 4. which he retained to his 
 death, (G. 472.) A letter from this 
 Antipater to his fon Caffander is highly 
 praifed by Cicero, OJf. 2, 14. 
 
 Antiphates, -aey a king of the 
 Latjlrigonesy who deftvoyed a number 
 of the companions of Ulyffes, Hor. Art. 
 P. 145. J SiL 8, 531. ; Ovid Met. 14, 
 
 234" 
 
 Antoninus, the name of feveral 
 Roman emperors: adj, Antonini- 
 ANUs, Entropy 8, 10. 
 
 ANTONIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens. 
 
 C. Antonius, the colleacrue of Ci- 
 cero in the confuliliip, Cic. Fam, 5, 5.; 
 Flac, 38. ; Salluji. Cat. 24. He was 
 fefit with an army againit Catihne ; 
 with whom he was unwilling to fight 
 on account of their former intimacy : 
 He therefore gave the command to his 
 lieutenant, M. Petreius, Sail. Cat, 59. 
 who cut off Catiline and his army, ib, 
 60. Antonius, after his confulfnip, 
 obtained^the province of Macedonia, 
 which he governed for two years. Up- 
 on his return to Rome he was brought 
 to his trial byCo.elius, for extortion, and 
 for making war without his province, 
 (de repetundis et de viajejlate), Cic. Vat. 
 II. ; Cocl. 31. ; Liv. Epit. 103. and 
 being found guilty, was condemned to 
 perpetual exile, a. u. 694. 
 
 M. 
 
AN T 
 
 [ *3 ] 
 
 ANT 
 
 M. ANTONIUS, an Hluftnous ora- 
 tor, Cic. Br, 36. ; 0^ 2, 14. conful 
 with A. Albinus, a. u. 6$^^ Cic, ad 
 ^t'lr, pqft. Red, 5. who was put to 
 death in the maffacre after the return 
 of Marius from banllhment, and his 
 head fixed on the Rojlra^ in which he 
 had fteadily defended the repubhc when 
 conful, and preferved the heads of ma- 
 ny citizens ; as Cicero fays, lamenting, 
 as it were ominoufly, the mifery of that 
 fate which happened afterwards to him- 
 feif, from the grandfon of this very 
 Antonius, Or. 3, 3. 
 
 M. ANTONIUS, the fon of the ora- 
 tor, praetor a. 678. who, having through 
 the inlereil of Cotta, the confui, obtain- 
 ed the command of all the coafts of the 
 Mediterranean fea, with unlimited au- 
 thority, {^cum infinlto mperw)^ to gratify 
 his avarice pillaged Sicily and the pro- 
 vinces. But at lad making war on the 
 Cretans unjuftly, he was defeated, and 
 foon after died of grief, Cic. Verr, 2, 
 3. ; et ihi Afcon, Add. ih. 3, 91. ; ei 
 Liv. Epit. 97. hence, however, he got 
 the firnamc of Creticus, Flor. 3, 7.; 
 Plutarch, in Anton, pr, 
 
 M. ANTONIUS, the fon of Cre- 
 ticus, after the death of his father, 
 way educated under the care of his 
 mother Julia, of the family of the 
 Caefars, who married for her fecond 
 hufband Cornelius Lentulus, whom 
 Cicero, by order of the fenate, put to 
 death, as an accomphce in Catihne's 
 confpiracy. This is thought to have 
 been the firft ground of that violent 
 hatred which Antony ever after bore 
 to Cicero. He particularly complain- 
 ed that Cicero had refufed burial to 
 his ftcpfather, Cic. Phil. 2, 7. which 
 charge, Plutaich obferves, was ground 
 
 a great amount, Plutarch fays 250 ta- 
 lents ; Cicero fays fejlertium fexagies^ 
 above 48,0001. Phil. 2, 18. Curio was 
 furety for the whole of this fum, which 
 Curio's father, at the interceffion of 
 Ciceio, paid, but discharged his fon 
 for the future from keeping company 
 with Antony, Cic. ib, Antony next 
 aifociated himfelf with Clodius ; but 
 being diffatisfied v/ith kis meafures, and 
 forefeeing the dangerous confequences 
 of them, he left Italy, and travelled 
 into Greece, where he fpent his time 
 m warlike exercifes, and in the ftudy of 
 eloquence. He fcrved his firft cam- 
 paign under Gabinius, the proconful 
 of Syria, who appointed him com- 
 mander of the horfe. In that ftatioii 
 he gave proofs of uncommon courage 
 and conduct. It was chiefly owing- 
 to Antony that Gabinius undertook 
 and eftedcd the reftoration of Ptolemy 
 to the throne of Egypt, Plutarch, iu 
 Anton, et Cic, Phil. 2, 19. Fid. Pto- 
 LEMAEUs AuLETEs. After this he 
 joined Caefar in Gaul, who made him 
 one of his lieutenants, Caef, B. G. 7, 
 81. Having remained there for fome 
 time, he came to Rome to fue for the 
 quaeuorfhip ; and being eleAed, he 
 immediately returned to Caefar, with- 
 out waiting for the ordinary appoint- 
 ment, (Jine fenaius confuho, Jine forte y 
 fine lege), Cic, PhiL 2, 20. ; Caef. B. 
 G. 8, 2, & 24, & 46. Caefar was fo 
 pleafed with the fervlces of Antony, 
 that he exerted his utmoft intereft to 
 get him created an augur, Caef, B, G, 
 8, 50. and fucceeded, in oppofition to 
 the party of Pompey, by means of 
 Curio, Cic. Phil. 2, 2. 
 
 In the end of the year 703, Antony 
 came to Rome, and was made tri- 
 
 lefs. Cicero afcribes the profligacy bune. Being devoted to Caefar, he 
 and wickednefs of Antony to his ha- 
 ving been educated in the houfe of 
 Lentulus, ih. 
 
 Antony in his youth was remark- 
 able for his comelinefs and ftrength. 
 He formed an intimacy with young 
 Curio, by whom he was fcduced into 
 drunkennefs, lewdnefs, and extrava- 
 gance. This led him to contrad debt to 
 
 oppofed all the decrees of the fenate 
 againlt him ; and vrhen the final de- 
 cree was paffed, ( Ut dent operant confides^ 
 praetoresy tribiini pldis^, qui que pro con- 
 fuhhus funt ad urbcmf ncquid refpullica 
 detrimenti capiat)., on the 7th Jan. a. u. 
 704, Antony, apprchendi;ig danger, 
 fled from the city in difguiie, \»/ith 
 Curio and Q^Calllius, another tribune, 
 
 to 
 
ANT C 24 1 
 
 to Caefar, who was then at Ravenna, thofe Luperc'i, 
 Caef. B. C I, 5.; Ck. Fam. 16, 11. 
 and thus afforded Caefar a pretext for 
 crofiing the Rubicon, the boundary of 
 his province, and making war on his 
 country ; whence Cicero fays, that 
 Antony was the caufe of war and de- 
 ftruftion to the Roman republic, as 
 Helen was to the Trojans, PhiL 2, 
 22. ; /Jti. 7' 9- . . 
 
 During the civil war, A^ntony, on 
 every occafion, diilinguiflied himfeif. 
 In the decifive battle of Pbarfalia he 
 
 ANT 
 
 inftituted in honour of 
 Caefar, D'lo 44, 6. after running up 
 and down naked, according to cuitom., 
 with his companions, went up to Cae- 
 far, who was then fitting before the 
 Rojlrcit in the forum, on a golden chair, 
 dreil: in a purple robe, to fee the di- 
 verfionof running, and, producing a 
 crown, attempted to put it upon Cae- 
 far 's head ; but Caefar, obferving the 
 great dilapprcbation of the people, re- 
 fufed it, Cic. Phil. 2, 34. et 3, 5. ^/ 5, 
 
 commanded the lefc wing, Caef. B. C. 
 3, 89. After the battle, Caefar being 
 created diftator, v/ent in puifuit of 
 Pompey, and fent Antony to command 
 in Italy, with the charader of m.afler of 
 horfe, Plutarch, in Anton, Cicero fays 
 that Antony was appointed to this of- 
 fice by the favour of his friends, with- 
 out the knowledge of Caefar, Phil. 2, 
 25. Here Antony behaved with the 
 greateft profligacy and extravagance, 
 ih. His chief favourites were Sergius 
 a comedian, and Cytheris an actrefs, 
 Cic. Phil, 2, 2^. Attended by her, he 
 made a progrefs through Italy, having 
 his chariot drawn by lions, Plin. 8, 
 16 f. 21.; Plutarch, in /Inton. ; Cic. Att, 
 10, 13. & 17. 
 
 Antony bought at a public auction 
 the houfe of Pompey, which he m.ade 
 the fcene of his revtUings, Cic, PhlL 2, 
 27. & 28. He liad expelled that the 
 purchafe-m.oney would never be aflvcd. 
 But Caefar, difpleafed with his con- 
 du6l, exadcd payment ; which provo- 
 ked Antony to fuch a degree, that he 
 is faid to have employed an aflaffm to 
 difpatch Caefar, ih. 29. The difap- 
 probation, however, which Caefar ex- 
 prefled of Antony's courfe of life, gave 
 fom.e check to his excelTive diflolute- 
 nefs. He parted with Cytheris, and 
 married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, 
 llumrch. ibid. ; Cic. Phil. 2, 28. He 
 foon after regained the entire confi- 
 dence of Caefar, who, in his fifth and 
 lafl confulihip, a. 709, made Antony 
 his colleague, ib. 32. At the ftftivai of 
 the Lupercalia^ about the m.iddle of 
 February, /Antony, who was one of 
 
 14. et 13, 8, 15, & 19.; Dio, 44, I I.; 
 Suet. Caef. 79. in fuch a manner, how- 
 ever, that it was thought the matter 
 had been concerted betv^-een him and 
 Antony, ( ^od ab eo ita repuljum eratf 
 ut non offcnfus videretur). Veil. 2, 56. 
 This exprelTion of Caefar's defire to 
 affume the name, as he had already 
 ufurped the power of king, determi- 
 ned Brutus and Caflius, and the other 
 confpirators, to hallen the execution 
 of their plot. Tliey propofed to put 
 Antony to death at the fame time with 
 Caefar ; but to this Brutus would not 
 confent, thinking, as Plutarch fays, 
 that an aftion undertaken in defence 
 of juflice and the laws ought to be free 
 from tlie leail appearance of injuftice. 
 This lenity proved fatal to himielf and 
 his alTociates, as well as to the liberty 
 of his country. Hence Cicero often 
 reproaches the principal confpirator^ 
 with having left their work unhnifhed. 
 Thus, writing to Trebonius, who en- 
 gaged Antony in cenverfation at the 
 door of the fenate-houfe, while the 
 other confpirators difpatched Caefar, 
 he fays, ^od a tCy 'viro cptbnoy Jeducia 
 ejiy titoque benejicio adhuc vivit haec pejlisy 
 (M. Antonius), inter dumy quod mini vix 
 Jui cjly tibijubirajcor, Fam. lO, 28. So, 
 ib, 12, 4. ; Ad. Brut, 2, & 7.; PhiL 2, 
 14, &c. 
 
 Antony having heard that Caefar 
 was killed, ilripped himfeif of his con- 
 fular robes, and fltd home in difguife, 
 ib. 35.; Dioy 44, 22. He lay conceal- 
 ed ail that day, till being allured that 
 the confpirators, who had taken pof- 
 fcffion of the capitol, meant no further 
 violence, he refumed courage, and ap- 
 pealed 
 
ANT I 
 
 pcared next morning in public. In 
 the night-time he g:ot the papers and 
 account-books ©f Caefar from Calpnr- 
 nia, Caefar's wife, and caufed them to 
 be carried to his houfe, yfppian. B. C. 
 2, p. 507. He amufed the confpira- 
 tors with fuch confummate art, that 
 he prevented them from taking effec- 
 tual meafures for their defence ; while 
 he himfelf fecietly formed plans for 
 their deftruAion, and for making him- 
 felf mafter of the (late. Ke gained 
 over Lepidus, then mailer of horfe, 
 who commanded an army near the ci- 
 ty, to favour his views. On the third 
 day after Cael'ar^s death, he fummoned 
 a meeting of the fenate in the temple 
 of Tcllus, where, upon the motion of 
 Cicero, a general amnefty was decreed, 
 or an ad of oblivion for all that was 
 paft, Cic. Phil. I, I. The confpira- 
 tors were invited to come down from 
 the capitol, and Antony fent his fon 
 as an hoftage for thfir fecurity ; 
 Lepidus alfo fent his fon, the ne- 
 phew of Brutus by his fifter, who had 
 been married to Lepidus, but was then 
 dead, Cic. ad Brut, 17.; Veil. 2, 88. 
 Accordingly that night Brutus fupped 
 with Lepidus, and Caffius with Anto- 
 ny, which gave great joy to the citizens, 
 Cic. Phil. I, 13. et 2, 36. ; Veil 2, 58 ; 
 Dio., 44, 34 ; Liv. Epit. Il6. ; Phi- 
 tarch. in Brut. p. 992. 
 
 In the fame meeting of the fenate 
 Antony artfully procured a decree for 
 the allowance of a public funeral to 
 Caefar, and for the coniirmation of all 
 his afts. Antony himfelf undertook 
 the charge of the funeral. Having 
 ■brought the body of Caefar into the 
 forum, he pronounced the cultomary 
 funeral oration in his praife; in which, 
 with great art, he endeavoured to in- 
 cite the multitude againil the confpi- 
 rators. Then expofing the bloody 
 robe, in which Caefar was ^-aim ^Plutarch. 
 (according to Appian, a waxen image 
 of his body, with the marks of all his 
 wounds, B. Civ. 2, p. 520. according 
 to Dio, his real body, 44. 35.), he 
 inflamed the multitude to fuch a de- 
 gree, that, making a pile of tables and 
 
 25], ANT 
 
 forms in the very forum, they inftantly 
 fet fire to it, (whence Cicero calls this 
 irregular funeral, infepulta Jepultura^ be- 
 caufe .the ufual rites were not perform- 
 ed, Phil. I, 2.) and every one taking 
 a brand, ran up and down in great fu- 
 ry to the confpirators houfes, with a 
 refolution to burn and deilroy them ; 
 but the confpirators, being ftrongly 
 guarded, repulfed them ; and only the 
 houfe of L. Bellienus was burnt, Cic. 
 Phil. 2, 36.; Plutarch, in Anton.\ Dio, 44, 
 50.; Cic. Phil. 2, 36. Meeting v/ith C* 
 Helvius Ciana, one of the tribunes, a 
 friend of Caefar's, whom they miftook 
 for Corn. Cinna, a praetor, who had ex- 
 tolled from the ro(f ra the ad of killing 
 Caefar, they tore him to pieces, and 
 carried up and down his head fixed on a 
 fpear, Dio., 44, 50. ; Val. Max. 9, 9, 2.; 
 Suet. Caef. W^. Thefe exceifes were 
 committed by a mercenary mob, chief- 
 ly by the freed men of Caefar and hi- 
 red flaves, Cic. Att. 14, 5. The con- 
 fpirators, alarmed by this tumult, left 
 the city. Some of them retired to 
 the provinces which had been affigned 
 to them. 
 
 But after the confpirators were gone, 
 Antony refumed his difguife, and pre- 
 tended the fame moderation as before. 
 He afcribed the late exceiics to the 
 violence of the mob, affeded to fpcak 
 v/ith the greateft refped of Brutus and 
 Caflius, and by feveral motions which 
 he made in the fenate, feemed to have, 
 nothing fo much at heart as the public 
 concord. Among other things, he 
 propofed, that the name and office of 
 didator fhould be abolifhed, which the 
 fenate inftantly agreed to, without the 
 formality of a vote, Cic, Phil, if i, die 
 13. He put to death Marius. the 
 ringleader of the mob, who pretended 
 to be the fun of C. Marius, and order- 
 ed his body to be dragged by a hook 
 through the ftreets, and thrown into 
 the Tiber, ib. 2. By thefe adions 
 Antony recovered his credit wiih the 
 republicans ; fo that Brutus, together 
 with Caffius and other friends, had a 
 ptrfonal confcence with him, vv'hich 
 gave mutual latisiailio), Cic./^'tt. 14,6. 
 D Anton? 
 
ANT [2 
 
 Antony havincr fettled matters at 
 Rome in the beft manner he could, 
 made a progrefs through Italy, for the 
 fake of vifiting the quarters of the ve- 
 teran foldier?, and cnGrafring them to 
 Ills fervice, by all fjrts of bribes and 
 promifes. He left the government of 
 the city to Dolobella, whom Caefar, 
 upon his intended expedition to Par- 
 thia, had nominated to fiicceed him in 
 the confulfliip ; and though Antony 
 had protefttd againft that defignation, 
 yet after Caefar's death, when Dolo- 
 bella, taking advantage of the general 
 confufion, feized the enfigns of the of- 
 fice, Antony quietly received and ac- 
 knowledged him as his colleague, Cic: 
 PhlL 1,13. 
 
 In the abfence of Antony, Dolobel- 
 la, by his condu(^, gave the friends of 
 liberty the bed hopes of him, particu- 
 larly by demonfliing an altar which the 
 mob, at the inftiajation of the impoltor 
 Marius, had eredted in the forum, on 
 the fpot where Caefar's body was 
 burnt, with a pillar of NumJdian marble 
 twenty feet high, infcribcd, To the 
 Fath'fr of his Country ; where 
 they daily performed facrifices and di- 
 vine rites to Caefar, as a deity, Sud. 
 Caef. 85. Great multitudes liockcd 
 to \his place, chiefly of the meaner 
 fort, and were guilty of the groiTell 
 outrages. The ringleaders, being fei- 
 zed, were feverely punilhed ; fuch of 
 them as were free were throwm from 
 the Tarpeian rock, and the flaves cru- 
 cified. This aftion of Dolobella's Ci- 
 cero highly extols, Phil, i, 2. & 12. ; 
 yitt. 14, 15. & 16. ; Fam. 9, 14. 
 
 Antony having attached many of 
 the veteran foldiers to his intereit, re- 
 turned to Rome, and at lall: began to 
 lay afide the mafl^. He made ufe of 
 every method poffible, however violent 
 and unjuli, to encreafe bis power. He 
 now rtiewed for what purpofe he had 
 been fo eager to get Caefar's acts con- 
 firmed by the fenate ; for being tlie 
 mafttr both of Caefar's papers, {com- 
 mcnlariif chirographa, et liheiu, Cic. Phil. 
 I, I. & 7')> and of Faberius, Caeiar's' 
 fecretary, he inferted in them what 
 
 6 ] 
 
 ANT 
 
 things he thought proper, and made 
 them pafs for the afts of Caefar ; in 
 confequence of which he fold publicly 
 for money whatever immunities were 
 defired by countries, cities, princes, 
 or private men, on pretence that they 
 had been granted by Caefar, and en- 
 tered into his books, Cic. Fam. 12, i.; 
 
 j^it. 14, 9- ; P^''^^' 2' 36- ^ 37- 5> 4- 
 f/ 3, 5. et 12, 5. ; App'ian. B. C. 2, p. 
 507. ^/3, p.529.; /);•(?, 44, 53. ^J 45, 
 23. ; Fell. 2, 60. ; So that, as Cicero 
 obferves, all the adts, writings, fayings, 
 promifes, and thoughts of Caefar had 
 greater force after he was dead than 
 when alive, j^ft. 14, 10. Befides, he 
 feized the public treafure in the temple 
 of Ops, amounting to above five mil- 
 lions of our money, (frpties m'lhies fef- 
 terlhnn), Cic. Phil. 2, 37. With this 
 money he purchafed foldiers, and bri- 
 bed his colleague Dolobella to concur 
 with liim in his meafures, Cic. Att. 16, 
 15. He was alio fupported by his 
 two brothers, Caius, then one of the 
 praetors, and Lucius, one of the tri- 
 bunes ; fo that now he pofieffed abfo- 
 lute power at Rome, and had the fair- 
 ell profpetl: of becoming mailer of the 
 empire. But all thefe hopes were fru- 
 llrated by young Oftavins, whom Caefar 
 had appointed his heir. SeeOcTAvius. 
 
 Antonianae partes y the party of 
 Antony, Fell. 2, 74- AvAoniam latro- 
 cm'io libsrata r ef public a y Cic. Fam. 12, 14. 
 
 ANTON I A Major et Minor, two 
 daughters of M. Antonius the trium- 
 vir, by Odavia, the filler of Auguftus. 
 The eided was married to Domitius 
 Aenobarbus, whofe grandfon was Ne- 
 ro the emperor, Plutarch, in Anton, Jin, 
 et Suet. Ner. 4^ & 5. The yonnger 
 Antouia was married to Drufus the fon 
 of Livia, who had two fons, Germa- 
 nicus, tiie father of Caligula, and Clau- 
 dius, who fucceeded Cahgula in the 
 empire, Plutarch, ih. et Suet. Cal. 1. Cl.2, 
 
 Julius or Julus ANTONirS, the 
 fon of the triumvir by Fulvia, Z)io, 51, 
 15. praetor a. u. 741, ib. 54, 26. con- 
 ful a. 744, ib. 36 f. afterwards put to 
 death for his intimacy with Julia, the 
 daughter of Auguftus, Dio, ^^, 10. ; 
 
 Tacit. 
 
A N U 
 
 7*^r//. Ain. 3, 18. et 4, 44 
 lus fays that he flew hlmfelf, 2, 100. 
 Horace infcribes to Julus Antonius the 
 fecond ode of the fourth book, where 
 he celebrates him as a poet, 1?. 26. & 
 33. Orid mentions him as the author 
 of licentious verfes, Pont, i, i, 23. 
 
 Anubis, -h, a god of the I'-gyp- 
 tians, painted with the head of a dog, 
 hence called Latiator, Virg. Aen. 8, 
 698. ; Latrans. Prop. 3, 9, 41. 
 
 ANyxus, an Athenian, one of the 
 accufers of Socrates, who is hence 
 called Ariyt'i reust Hor. Sat. 2, 4, 3. 
 
 AON, -onisf a fon of Neptune, Lu- 
 tat. ad Slat. Theb. i, 34. et Achil 1,19. 
 whence Aones, -um^ his pofterity in 
 the mountainous part of Boeotia, which 
 was called Aqnia ; Aonius, -a, -uniy 
 Boeotian orTheban; /IctiidcSf -urn, the 
 mufes. (G. 306.) 
 
 APELLA, the name of a noted 
 Jew at Rome, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 100. 
 - — ^2. Alfo of a flave, Cic. Fam. 7, 
 25,4, 10, 17,5. ; Ju. 12, 19. 
 
 APELLES, 'is, the moil illuilri- 
 ous painter of antiquity, a native of the 
 ifland Cos, ^iinclil. 12, 10, 6. His 
 mod celebrated pi£lure was that of 
 Venus rifing from the fea, (^Anadycme- 
 ti£ ;) of which Ovid fays, Ji Fenerem 
 nufquam pcju'iffet Apellesy Merfa fuh ae- 
 quorels ilia later et aquis. Art. Am. 3, 
 401. So Propertius, In Veneris tabula 
 J'umwam- (Jc. hudem) Jibi ponit Apelles, 
 3, 9, I J. At his death he left a pic- 
 ture of Venus imperfcdt, which no 
 body would undertake to linifh, Plin. 
 35, 10 f. 36. ; Cic. Fam. i, 9. Off'. 3, 
 2. He ufed only four colours, (vvhite, 
 yellovr, red, and black,) Piln. ib. He 
 was in great favour with Alexander the 
 Great, who prohibited, by an editSt, 
 any one to paint hirn but Apelles, Hor. 
 
 Ep. 2, I, 259 ; Cic. 
 
 tarn 
 
 Apelleae tabulae, thepi6Lurcs of Apel- 
 les, Propert. I, 2/2 2. Jlpelleo colore 
 Jignatus, Stat. Silv. 5, i, 5. 
 
 Aphareus, (in three lyllables, ) the 
 father of Lynceus ; who is hence call- 
 ed Apharcia proles y Ovid. Met. 8, 304. 
 Aphrodite, -es, a name of Venus, 
 rom her having been produced from 
 
 C 27 ] A P O 
 
 Patercu- the foam of the fea, Plin. ^6, 5. 
 whence Aphrodifia, -orum, a feftival i^ 
 honour of Venus, Plant. Poen. i, i, 
 63. et I, 2, 45. 
 
 Aphydnus, a foldier of Aeneas, 
 Virg. Atn. 9, 702. 
 
 APICIUS, a noted epicure at 
 Rome, in the time of Augnllns and 
 Tiberius, who having fpent an im~ 
 rnenfe fortune on luxurious living, ter- 
 minated his days by poifon, Senec. Ep, 
 95.; Heh. 10. Vit. B. II.; Plin. 4, 
 17. et 10, 48. ; 'Juvenal. 4, 23. ; Tacit, 
 Ann. 4, I. ; Dio. 57, 19. ; Martial. 3, 
 2 2. He was fo famous that Apicius 
 is put for an epicure, Juvenal. 11, 3. ; 
 Martial. 10, 73. — There leems to have 
 been another of the fame name before 
 the time of Cato the cenfor; whence 
 Uvae Apiciae, Cat. R. R. 24, I. ; Vi- 
 nam, ib. 6, 5. et. 7, 2. et 24, 2. ; Varr. 
 R. R. 125. — There is faid to have been 
 a third in the time of Trajan, Suidas in 
 
 Apion, 'Onis, a celebrated gram- 
 marian in the time of Tiberius, Plin. 
 praef. 
 
 AFlS^'idis, v. -isf accus. Apim, v. -in, 
 a name given to a calf or ox with par- 
 ticular marks, which the Egyptians 
 woriliippcd as a god, Ck. N. D. i, 29. 
 CoRNIGER, Ovid. Amor. 2, 13, 14. ; 
 Lucan. 9, 160. ; Plin. 8, 46 f. 71. 
 (See Geog. p. 391, and 605.) 
 
 APOLLO, -"inisy the fon of Jupiter 
 and Latona, the god of poetry, mufic, 
 medicine, and augury ; (See G. 365;.) 
 hence ApoUinea ars, medicine, Ovid. 
 Trjjl. 3, 3, 10. ; augury, id. in Ihin. 
 264. Bihlis Apollinei correpta cupidine fra* 
 tris, feizcd with a pailion for her brother 
 Caunus, the grandfon of Apollo, Ovid, 
 Mel. 9, 454. ; Proles /Ipollinea, Aef- 
 culapius, /■/;. 15,533. Ludi A^olUnareSy 
 games in honour cf Apollo, Liv, 25, 
 12. Circus Apollindris, ib. 3> 63. Gro- 
 novius reads, Apollinar% -dris, n, ApoU 
 linaris herba, Plin. 10, 26f. 14. ApoUi- 
 nis urbs, the capital of the ifland Dc- 
 los, Virg. Aen. 3, 79. ; agri, the country 
 of Lycia, ib. 12, 516. 
 
 Apollodorus, a celebrated gram- 
 marian and mythologift of Athens, 
 P 2 who 
 
 5. I-.— 
 
A P O [28 
 
 vcho compofed feveral works ; of which 
 the only one renriaining is that called Bi- 
 BLiOTHECA, dividtd into three books ; 
 treating of the fabulous hillor)'- of the 
 Greeks. He flourifhed about 150 
 years before Chrift, and was highly ho- 
 noured by the Amply- Ely ones, Plin. 7, 37. 
 
 "^POLLODORUS, a Greek comic 
 poet ; from whom Terence is faid to 
 have borrowed his Phormio, Ter, 
 Phorm. infer. — ^ 2. A cruel tyrant, 
 mentioned by Seneca, Ben, 7, 19. ; 
 /r. 1,4. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, a rhetorician of 
 Alabanda, who taught for hire, but 
 would teach none but fuch as were dif- 
 pofed to learning, Cic. Or. i, 28. & 17. 
 
 Apolloph ANES, -/*/, a phyiician, 
 Celf. 5, 18. ; Plin. 22. 21 f. 29. 
 
 AFPIO, V. -o«, V. Apion^ -onisf a 
 name of Ptolemy, king of Cyrenaira ; 
 •who left the Roman people his heir, 
 Cic. RuH. 2, 19. 
 
 APPIUS, a praenomen, peculiar to 
 the Claudii or Gens Claudia ; derived 
 ffom Atta, a name among the Sa- 
 bines, Liv. 2, 16. and ufed alfo as an 
 adjective, like the nome' or name of 
 the gens: thus, Appia via, the way 
 i!rft paved by Appius Claudius, the 
 cenfor, leading to Capua, Liv. 9, 29. 
 called fiTiply Appia, yl'. via, Cic. Mil. 
 6. ; Hor. Sat. i, 5,6. ; Epod. 4, 14. 
 Appii Forum, a town on the Appian 
 way, about eighteen miles from Rome, 
 Cic. Alt. 2, lo- — Aqua Appia, the 
 firft water brought to Rome in an 
 aqueduft conftruded by the fame Ap- 
 pius Claudius, a. u. 442, Liv. 9, 29. 
 Hence Appiades Deae, certain god- 
 deffes, whofe images, as it is thought, 
 were erefted in the Forum, where that 
 water difcharged itlelf near the temple 
 of Venus, Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 452. ufed 
 
 thus 
 marmore 
 iemplo Appias exprcjfis a'ira puljat aquis, 
 where below the marble temple of Ve- 
 nus, the Appian aqu-^^duct, iffuing 
 through one of thefe iiiages, ftrikes the 
 
 1 
 
 A R A 
 
 alfo in the fing. .'^ppias, adis 
 Subdita qua Veneris facfo de 
 
 air with the waters forced out or flow- 
 ing from it, Ovid. Art. Am. I, 82. 
 |icnce put for Venus herfelf, frqm the 
 
 vicinity of her temple to the place 
 where that aqueduA iffued ; thus, Non 
 illas lites Appias ipfaprobat. Id. Remed. 
 Amor. 660. In allufion to thefe Ap- 
 piades deae, Cicero fays in a letter to 
 Appius, l)y way of pleafantry, ^am 
 (fc. Minervam,) non folum Pallada,fed 
 etiam Appiadanominaho^ Cic. Fam. 3, i. 
 
 Appiana mala, a kind of apples 
 which grew on trees engrafted by one 
 Appius, Plin. 15, 14. — Appietas, 
 ^atis^ f. the nobihty of the Apii, Cic, 
 Fam, 3, 7. 
 
 APULEIA gens, a clan or family 
 at Rome ; Apuleia lex, a law pafled by 
 one called Apuleius, Cic. de Or. 2. 25. 
 
 APULI'-IUS Saturmnus, a famous 
 tribune of the commons in the time of 
 Marius; often mentioned by Ciceix). 
 
 APULEIUS, a native of Madaura 
 [Madaurenjisy) in Africa, an orator, 
 lawyer, and Platonic philofopher under 
 the Antonines ; who wrote bouks on 
 feveral fubjetts, which are ftill extant. 
 
 Pontiui Aquila, one of the con- 
 fpirators againd Caefar, Phil IT, 6. 
 AQUILA, a freed man of Maecenas, 
 whole affiitance he employed to diifufe 
 the knowledge of his invention of writ- 
 ing fh'^rt-hand. Die. 55, 7. 
 
 AQUILLIA gens, the name of a 
 family at Rome; fuppofed to be fo 
 calied from their dark colour, i^ab aqui' 
 lo colore. ) 
 
 AQUILLIUS Gallus, a great ora» 
 tor, Cic. Br. 42. ; Caecin. 27. whence 
 Lex Aqjjillia, a law propofed by 
 him, dedolo malo, Cic. Off. 3, 14. N. D, 
 3, 30. 
 
 Manius AQUILLIUS, a governor 
 of Sicily in the war againit the fugi- 
 tive flaves, Cic. Verr. 3, 54. ; RuII, 
 2, 30. ; ;r. 62. ; Flac. 38, &c. 
 
 Aquinius, a bad poet, Cic. Tufc, 
 Sf 22. ; CatuL 14, 18. 
 
 ARABaRCHES, -ae, a chief of 
 the Arabians, or a tax-gatherer in E- 
 gjpt, Juvenal, i, 130. Whether this 
 be a proper or common name, com- 
 mentators are not agreed. It is fup- 
 pofed to be the fame with the name 
 given to Pompey by Cicerp, Att. 2, 17. 
 See Alabarches. 
 
 ARACHNE, 
 
A R A t 29 
 
 ARACHNE, -isy a girl of Lydia, 
 remarkable toi her il<iil in fpinring 
 and weaviHg ; who having challenged 
 Minerva to a conteft, and being worll- 
 ed, hanged herfelf (laqueo J'lgavit gut- 
 turaj Ovid. Met. 6, 134. but Miner- 
 va, out of pity, turned her into a fpider, 
 which is called f^re^x"' by the Greeks, 
 and yJrama, by the Latins, ib* 
 
 ARaTUS, a brave man of Sicyon, 
 fSicyonius,) who freed his count: y i'rpm 
 tyranny, and eftabliihed the Achaean 
 Republic, Cic. Of. 2, 23.; Polyh, 2, 43. 
 
 .ARATUS, a Greek poet, who 
 compofed a book in verfe concerning 
 aftronomy, Cic, de Or. i, 16.; /had. 
 4, 20. which Cicero, when a very 
 yoling man, [admodum adolefcentulus,) 
 tranflated into Latin verfe, Cic. N. D. 
 2, 41. and calls Aratium carmen, 
 ^^S' 2> 3' oi" Aratea, fc. carmina, 
 Div. 2, 5. 
 
 aRBACES, -is 'y vel i\RBACTUs, 
 •ihe firit king of Media, Jujiln. i, 3. 
 / (See G. 598.) 
 
 Arbuscula, an adrefs, Cic. Att. 
 4, 15. who being hiifed by the popu- 
 lace, and applauded by the Eqrntes, 
 faid, " that fhe was fatisfied with the 
 approbation of the worthy," lior. Sat. 
 1, 10, 11' ^ ^ 
 
 ARC AS, -adisy V. adoSf the fon of 
 Jupiter by Calitto, O-vid. Met. 2, 2c8, 
 Reconverted into the condeliation call- 
 ed Bootes, (G. p. 417.) 
 
 ARCE81LAS, -ae, the fcholar of 
 Poleraon, Cic. de Or. 3, 18. the found- 
 er of what was called the middle aca- 
 demy ; as Plato was of the old, and 
 Carneades of the new. He taught 
 the fallacy of the fenfes, ib. and that 
 nothing can be certainly known, not 
 even that which Socrates had referved 
 to himfelf, " that he knew nothing." 
 Cic. Acad, i, 12.^/4, 24. 
 
 ARCESIUS, the fon of Jupiter 
 and father of Laertes, Ovid. Met. 13, 
 144. 
 
 ARCHELAUS, the general of 
 Mithridates, Liv. Eptt. 76. defeated 
 by Sylla, Id. 82. 
 
 Archemorus, Vid- Ophel- 
 
 TE5. 
 
 1 ARC 
 
 ARCHIAS, -ae, a Greek poet, 
 the teacher and friend of Cicero ; who 
 having his title to the right of being a 
 Roman citizen called in queftion, w^as 
 defended by that orator, Cic. pro Arch, 
 He was called /iulus Licinius Arc hi as, 
 becaufe he had obtained the right of 
 citizenfhip by means of fome one of 
 the LucuUiy and alTumed, according to 
 cuilom, the name of their ^ctzj, Lici- 
 nius, retaining his former name as 
 firname. From whom he got the 
 praenomen \ulus, is uncertain 
 
 ARCHIAS, a noted maker of 
 couches ; whence Archiaci le£li, couches 
 made by Archias, Hor. Ep. 1,5, i. 
 
 Archigenes, -is, a celebrated phy- 
 fician in the time of Domitian, Juve- 
 nal. 6, 235. 13, 98. et 14, 252. 
 
 ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet, 
 contemporary with Romulus ; who 
 wrote in Iambic verfe, Cic. Tufc. i, I.; 
 ^dndU. lo, I. Lycambes having be- 
 trothed to him his daughter Neohulet 
 broke his promife, and gave her to 
 another. On which account Archilo- 
 chus wrote fo bitter a fatire againU 
 them, that they both hanged thcm- 
 felves, Hor. Epod. 6, 13 ; /7r/. P. 79, 
 hence Archihchia in eum,(fc. Pompeium,) 
 ediffa Bibuli, acrimonious, bitter, fati- 
 ricil, Cic. Att. 2, 21. et 16, li. 
 
 ARCHIMeDES, ~is, an illuftrious 
 mathematician of Syracufc, who, by 
 his wonderful engines, enabled his 
 countrymen to make a long defence 
 againll the Romans, and obliged Mar- 
 cellus to turn the liege into a blockade. 
 When at lail the city was taken by 
 treachery, Archimedes was quite igno- 
 rant of what had happened ; and a fol- 
 dier having broken in to his apartment, 
 found him engaged in defcribing fomc 
 ligure on the floor. Being ordered by 
 the foldier to come immediately to 
 Marcellus, he anfwered coolly, that hc 
 could not, till he finifhed his problem. 
 Upon which the favage inftantly Hew 
 him, Liv, 25, 31.; Cic. Fin. ^^ 19. 
 Marcellus lamented his death, and or- 
 dered a tomb to be ered:ed to his me* 
 mory. Id, Verr. 4, 58. which, when 
 forgotten by his countrymen, and over- 
 grown 
 
ARC [3 
 
 grown with weeds, was difcovered by 
 Cicero, when quaeflor in Sicily, Cic. 
 Tufc. ^,17,. Hence i^p;(^///->!i'f((5v ;rro/5x>i^.a, 
 for any thing difficult, C'tc. Att. 12, 4. 
 
 ARCHyTAS, -ae, a Pythagorean 
 philofopher of Tarentum, C'lc. de Or. 
 3, 34. cotemporary with Plato, C'lc. 
 Fin. 2, 14. et 5, 29. Tu/c. 5, 2 2. who 
 perifhedby'diipwreck, Hor.Od. i, 28. i. 
 
 Arescusa, the name of a woman, 
 faid to have been converted into a man, 
 and then called Arescon, Plin. 7, 4. 
 
 Arethusa, a nymph turned in- 
 to a fountain; feeALPHEUs. Hence 
 Arelhujaei lat'ices, the waters of Arethu- 
 fa, Claudtan. de Rapt. Projerp. 2, 60. 
 and Syracufe, where this fountain aqs, 
 is called Arethusides Syracufae, Ovid. 
 Fail. 4, 873. the inhabitants, Arethu- 
 Jia proles^ Sil. 14, 357. 
 
 ARGAi^THONlUS, a king of 
 the Tarteffii, a people in the fouth of 
 Spain, who reigned at Cadiz 80 years, 
 and lived 120, C'tc. Sen. 19. Anacre- 
 on fays, 150; Plin. 7,48. Sihus Ita- 
 licus fays, 3C0 ; 3, 396. hence Argan- 
 ihoniaci nepotes, his delcendants, ib. 
 
 ARGO, -liSy and Argo in the other 
 cafes,/, the name of the fliip in which 
 Jafon and his companions failed in quell 
 of the golden fleece, Cic. Tufc. 1, 20. 
 whence they were called, 
 
 ARGONAUTAE, y/or. Epod. 3, 
 9. Argonautica, -Gruniy fc. Jcripta^ 
 writings concerning the Argonauts ; 
 as thoie of Valerius Flaccus, &c. 
 
 This fhip is fuppofed to have been fo 
 named either from Argus, the maker, 
 or from its velocity, {^ab ^p>^>', velox ;) 
 or from the mariners being Greeks, ( /Jr- 
 gi'vi,) Cic.Tufc. I, 20. It is called Faii- 
 ^/"^^jbecaufe it is fiippofedto have utter- 
 ed oracles, Val. luac. 1,2.; Claud. Bell. 
 Gel. 16. It was fxually converted in- 
 to a conflellation, Cic. Qtc.x. 126, oic. 
 Man'd. I, 419. ; Hygin. Fab. 14. et 
 Poet. /{/Iron. 2, 37. ; Col. 1 1, 2, 24. it 
 66. — Martial plays on the word Argo- 
 nauts : Non nautas puto res, fed Argo- 
 nautaSf i. e. p'lgros nautas , (ab '^f/')?, 
 fser\) 3, 67. 
 
 ARGUS, a (liepherd, the fon of 
 Arii'tor, i^ArijlorldeSf -as,) to whom 
 
 o ] A R I 
 
 Juno committed the charge of 10, 
 when metamorphofed into a cow. Ar- 
 gus had an hundred eyes, two of which 
 took rcfl in their turn, while the others 
 kept watch, that lo might not be ilolen. 
 But Mercury, at the command of Ju- 
 piter, having lulled Argus afleep, flew 
 him : and Jupiter, having at lail miti- 
 gated Juno, reftored lo to her former 
 fhape, Ovid. Met. i, 625, — 747. 
 
 AF.GYNNUS, a youth beloved 
 by Agamemnon, who loll his lile as 
 he was fv.imming in the river Cephi- 
 fiis, 4thenae* 13, 8. ; Propert. 3, 7, 22. 
 From, him Venus was called Argyn- 
 Nis, -"idis. 
 
 ARIADNE, -es^ the daughter of 
 Minos, king of Crete, who falling in 
 love with Thefeus, when about to en- 
 ter the labyrinth, gave him a clue, 
 which directed him ; fo that having 
 flain the Minotaur, he made his efcapc, 
 and, according to promife, carried off 
 with him Ariadne ; but baiely deferted 
 her in the ifland Naxos. There fhe 
 was found by Bacchus, who married 
 her. He gave her a beautiful crown, 
 which, after her death, was converted 
 into a conilellation, called ARIAD- 
 NAEUM SIDUS, Oi>ul Fajl.s, 345. 
 et 3, 462. &c. ; Propert. 3, 15, 7. ; 
 
 Iiygin.Ajr.P.2,S' 
 
 Ariarathls, -/J-, king of Cappado- 
 cia, the ally of Antiochus againil the 
 Romans, Liv. 37, 31. ^/ 3S, 26. on 
 which account he was obliged to pay 
 200 talents of filver, ib. 37. He was 
 afterwards admitted into friendfliip by 
 the Romians, ib. 39. and ftnt his fon 
 to be educated at Rome, id. 42, 19. 
 
 Ariuaeus, a natural fon of Philip 
 king of Macedonia, jufiin. 9, 8. ap- 
 pointed by the army to fucceed Alex- 
 ander the Great, Id. 13, 2. & 3. 
 though not nominated by him at his 
 death. Id, 12, 15. flain by the order of 
 Olympias, Id. 14, 5. 
 
 Ariobarzanes, -is, a king of Cap- 
 padocia in alliance with the Roman 
 people, expelled by Mithridates Cic, 
 ManU. 2. 
 
 Arion, 'onisy accus. AuTCna; a fa- 
 mous 
 
A R I [3 
 
 mous muCcian and poet of Methymnae, 
 (Met/jymnaem) in the ifland Lefbos, 
 F/in. 9, 8. (See G. 343.) hence yl- 
 rioma lyra, Propert. 2, 26, 18. A'rioni- 
 vm nomerif the fame of Arion, Ov'ul, 
 Fajl, 2, 93. — ^2. Alfo the name of the 
 horfe of Adrafhis, [eqiius Jidrajleus^^ 
 Stat. Theb. 4, 43. 
 
 ARISTAENUS, a praetor of the 
 Achaeans, L'ii\ 32, 19, .See. 
 
 ARISTAEUS, the fon of Apollo 
 by Cy.hie^ the daughter of Peneiis, 
 kingr of Arcadia, or according to the 
 poets, of the river Peneus in ThefTaly, 
 V'trg. G. 4, ^11. etib. Serv. According 
 tojurtin, Ariilaeus was a king of Arca- 
 dia, who firft taught mankind the ufe 
 of bees and honey, the art of curd- 
 Hng milk, &c. yuftin. 13, 7. whence he 
 is called Arcad'ms mogijhr^ Virg. G. 4, 
 283. On accoiTrt of his inventions he 
 was worfliipped as a god; whence Vir- 
 gil invokes him, under the title of C?;/- 
 tor nemorumy inhabitant of the groves, 
 V'lrg. G. 1, f4. and reprefents him as 
 inhabiting Cea, lb, to which he retired 
 after the unfortunate death of his fon 
 Aftaeon, Ser'v. in Virg. ibid. Ariilaeus 
 is faid by Cicero to have been the in- 
 ventor of the olive, C/V. N. D. 3, 18. 
 or of oil, Id. Verr. jSfi 57 f. in which 
 lail paflage he is faid to have been the 
 fon of Bacchus, (ut Graeci ferunty Li- 
 bcriJiHusi) but thefe words arc thought 
 to have been interpolated by fome 
 tranfcriber, vid. Ermjii oillocuni : for in 
 the former pafTage Cicero makes him 
 
 the fon of Apoilc. Aristaeus, 
 
 having fallen in love with Eurydu?, the 
 wife of Orpheus, attem.pted to offer 
 violence to her. She in her flight was 
 bitten by a fnake ; which proved the 
 caufe of her death, Virg. G. 4, 457. ; 
 Ovid. Met. 10, 9. On this account 
 the nymphs, her companions, being en- 
 raged, dellroyed the bees of Ariilaeus, 
 Virg. ib. 534. Hereupon he invoked 
 the affiftance of his mother Gyrene, 
 who is reprefented as rehding at the 
 head of the river Peneus in Thelfaly, 
 ( TriJIis ad extrsml facrum caput adjiitit 
 fimnisyVirg. G. 3 1 9. i. e. the fountain or 
 ieiircc, according to Sevviusj but accord- 
 
 t 1 
 
 A R I 
 
 ing to others, the mouth, which appears, 
 as they think, from what is faid ib, 
 359, and 362. and caput is put for the 
 mouth of a river, Lucan. 2, 52. ; Val- 
 Flacc. ^y 351. So Rhenus muhis capiti- 
 bus in Qceanwn injluity Caef. B. G. ^, 
 lO- But the reiidence of the nymphs 
 was commonly at the fprings or fources 
 of rivers; and caput in this very ftory 
 is put for the fountain of a river, 1;. 368. 
 Befidcs the ufual abode of Ariilaeus 
 was Tempe, at the mouth of the Pe- 
 neus, which he is faid to have left, ib, 
 
 317.) 
 
 Cyrene conduced her fon to the fea- 
 god Proteus, ib. 401. — 424. by whom 
 he was informed, that the caufe of his 
 difafter was the injury offered by him 
 to Eurydice, ib. 453. whofe ftory Pro- 
 teus recounts from i). 457. to 11. 527. 
 According to the direftions of Cyrene, 
 Ariilaeus facriiiced four bulls and as 
 many heifers to appeafe the nymphs ; 
 and having left their carcafes in a (hady 
 grove, on the ninth day after, he re- 
 turned and performed facrilices [infe- 
 rias wittebat) to the manes of Orpheus 
 and Eurydice ; whereupon he was a- 
 llonifhed to fee fvvarms of bees ifluing 
 from the putrid bowels of the vidlims, 
 ib. 536. — 559. a manner of repairing 
 the lofs of bees faid to have been prac- 
 tiied by the Eo;yptians, //'. 287.-^315, 
 
 Other authors alfo fpeak of bees be- 
 ing thu^ produced : thus Apes nafcun- 
 iur partim ex apibus , parlim ex bubulo cor- 
 pore putrefaSot Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 4, 
 So ibid. 2, ^, ^. Ovid. Fa ft. i, 374. — 
 380. Progenerari pojfe apes juvenco per- 
 empto Democritus et Mago, nsc minus 
 Virgiliusy prodiderunt ^ Columell. 9, 14, 
 6. And we read of Samfon's finding 
 a fwarm of bees and honey la the car- 
 cafe of a lion, judges, 14, 8. But fuch 
 fpontaneous generation is now juilly 
 exploded ; according to the aphorifm, 
 Omne animal ex ovo. 
 
 ARISTARCHUS, a noted gram- 
 marian of Alexandria, defcended from 
 
 Samothracia, who difcovered great a- 
 . ..... , ^ 
 
 cutencfs m cnticiling the verfes of Ho- 
 mer J hence his name came to be put 
 
 as 
 
A R I [3 
 
 a» a common noun for a critic ; thus, 
 Meanim orailonum tu Aiijlarchis fx, i. e. 
 the judge or critic, C'lc. At. i, 14. 
 So Ck. Fam, 9, 10. f/ 3, 1 1 ; Horat. 
 Art. P. 4j^o. ; Ovid. Pont. 3, 9, 23. 
 
 Aristides, -isy an illuftrious Athe- 
 nian, on account of his integrity firna- 
 med the Just. See his life in Corne- 
 lius Nepos^ and Plutarch. 
 
 ARISTIO, V. -cff, -onis^ an Athe- 
 nian fophift, who, uniting himfelf with 
 Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, 
 iifurped the government of his coun- 
 try ; hut being reduced by Sulla, was 
 forced to drink poifon, Liv. Ep. 81. 
 &82. 
 
 ARTSTIPPUS, a native of Cyrene 
 m Africa, the fcholar of Socrates, \vho, 
 by his doftrine and pradlicc, recom- 
 mended pleafure as the chief good of 
 man, Cic. Fin. 2, 6. ; the founder of 
 what was called the Cyrenaic fcCl of 
 philofophers, Cic. Or. 3, 17. From his 
 complaifance to the great, he was call- 
 ed by Diogenes, Regius Cams. The 
 mutual feoffs of thefe two philofophers 
 are finely defcribed by Horace, £/>. i, 
 17, 14. ; Sat. 2, 3, 100. See Vitrui}. 
 6 prooem. ; hence ARisTiPPfcUs, adj. 
 Cic. Fin. 2, 6. 
 
 ARISTO, -onis., a native of Chios, 
 {Chius), a Stoic philofopher, Cic. Acad. 
 4, 42. ; Fin, 2, II. & 13. 
 
 Aristo, -0,'iis, a tragedian, (aHor 
 tragicus)i Liv. 24, 24. 
 
 Aristo, v. -o«, a native of Tyre, 
 whom Annibal fent from Epheliis to 
 excite che Carthaginians to join Antio- 
 chus in war againil the Romans, but 
 in vain, Liv. 34, 61. 
 
 Aristobulus, king of the Jews, 
 made captive and ltd in triumph by 
 Pompey, Flor. 3,5.^?;^ ; Eutrop. 6, 16.; 
 Plutarch, in Pomp. 
 
 Aristobulus, king of Armenia 
 Minor, Tac. Ann. 13, 7 
 
 Aristogiton, an Athenian, who, 
 in conjun8;ion with his friend Harmo- 
 dius, freed his country from tlie ty- 
 ranny of the fons of Pililbatus, Cic, 
 Tujc. I, 49. 
 
 Aristomache, -esy the wife of 
 Dionyfius the tyrant, Cic. Tufc. 5, 20. 
 
 J ] A R R 
 
 Aristomachus, the chief of th< 
 popular party, f princeps pkbis ) , at Cro- 
 to, by whofc means that city was given 
 up to Hannibal, Liv. 24, 2. & 3. 
 
 Aristom ENEs, -/j, a famous gene- 
 ral of the Meffenians, {See G. p. 463. ) 
 
 AristonIcus, the fuppofed fon of 
 Eumenes king of Pergamus. After 
 the death of Attains, who left the Ro- 
 man people his heir, he invaded that 
 kingdom ; but having fallen into the 
 pov»-cr of Perperna the Roman general, 
 he was ftrangled in prifon, Liv. Ep. 
 69. ; Cic. Phil. 11, 8. ; RuU. 2, 33. 
 
 Aristophanes, -w, a celebrated 
 comic poet of Athens, Hor. Sat. I, 4, 
 
 1. whence Aristophaneus, adj. Cic. 
 Orat. 56. ; ^ i^r. 3, i, 6. 
 
 ARiSTOR, -om, the father of 
 Argus, who is hence called AriflorXdes^ 
 -ae^ Ovid. Met. i, 624. 
 
 ARES, the Greek name of Mars; 
 whence Arius, vel Areus. adj. thus, 
 Ariumy vel Areum judicium, the court of 
 judges, called Areopagus, Tac. An. 2? 
 
 55- 
 
 ARISTOTeLES, -is, a native of 
 Staglra, [Stagirltes^ -«^}, the fcholar of 
 Plato, and praeceptor of Alexander 
 the Great, the iounder of what was 
 called the Peripatetic fed of philo- 
 fophers. famous for h;s numerous wri- 
 tings, which for many ages were held 
 in the highell rcfpeCl ; greatly admired 
 by Cicero for his eloquence, Cic. deOr» 
 
 2, 36.; Brut. 31.; Orat i.; Acad. 4, 
 38. ]rie-i\cc Arijlolelius moSf when one 
 writes any thing in the form of a dia- 
 logue, Cic. Fam. I, 9. Arijlofelia, v, 
 'ic a pigment a, the ornaments of difcourfe 
 ]-ecommcnded by Ariftotie, Cic, Att. 2, 
 \. \ de Or. 2, 39. 
 
 Aristoteles, the praefc£t of An- 
 tiochus at Chalcis, Liv. 36, 21. 
 
 ARMINIUS, a general of the Ger- 
 Hians againil the Romans, 'Tacit. Ann, 
 I. & 2I 
 
 ARRIA, the wife of Caecinna Pac- 
 tus, who was condemned to death by 
 the emperor Claudius, for having been 
 concerned in the revolt of Scribonia- 
 Suct. CI. 13. \rria having in 
 ain foiidtcd for his pardon, perfuaded 
 
 hin^i 
 
 nus 
 
 V 
 
A R R [ 
 
 bim to deftroy himfelf rather than fuf- 
 fer the ignominy of perifhing by the 
 executioner's hands ; and perceiving 
 that he was not much inclined to the 
 adl, in order to encourage him, fhe 
 plunged the dagger in her own breaft ; 
 then drawing it out, fhe prefented it 
 to her hufband, with thefe memorable 
 words, Paete, non dolet, Paetus, 
 it is not painful, Plin. Ep. 3, 16. which 
 Martial thus paraphrafes, St qua Jldes, 
 vulnusy quod feci non dolet, inquii ; Sed 
 quod tu fades, hoc mlhi. Pads, dolet, i , 
 14.. Pliny relates feveral other inftan- 
 ces of her heroifm, lb. 
 
 ARRIA, her daughter, the wife 
 of Thrafea, wifhed to imitate the ex- 
 ample of her mother, when that vir- 
 tuous man was condemned by Nero, 
 but was diverted from it by her huf- 
 band, Tac. /^nn. 16, 34. 
 
 C. Arrius, the friend and neigh- 
 bour of Cicero, Cic, jfitt. 2, 14, 15. 
 &c. 
 
 Arsaces, -is, the founder of the 
 Parthian monarchy ,j7//??n. 4 1,5, whence 
 his fucceffors were called Arsacidae, 
 •arum^ Serv. ad Aen. 6, 760. ; Lucan. 
 1, 108. Arfacis de gente, Tacit. Ann. 
 12, 14. Regnum Arfacis, for Arfacida- 
 rum, the kingdom of Parthia, Tac. G. 
 37. Arsacia aula, the Parthian court, 
 Martial. 9, 36, 3. 
 
 ARSINOE, -es, the fiRer and wife 
 of Ptolemy king of Egypt, worfliipped 
 as a divinity after her death. Di no- 
 chares, an architect, had begun to 
 build for her a ctiaptl, arched with load- 
 ftone, in fuch a manner, that an iron 
 image of her might feem to hang in 
 the air. But this attempt was Itopt 
 by the dearh of both the architedil and 
 ©f the king, Plin. 34, 14 f. 42. — Alfo 
 the name ot feveral other queens. 
 
 Artabanus, the fon oi Hyftafpes, 
 and brother of Darius king of Perfia, 
 who diJIuaded him from making war 
 on the Scythians, Herodot. 4, 83. as 
 he alfo diffuaded Xerxes from making 
 war on the Greeks, Id. 7, 10, 11, 46. 
 &c. 
 
 Artabanus, the fon of A.r tasy ras, 
 the chief favourite of Xerxes, whom 
 
 33 ] A R U 
 
 he afTaflinated, in hopes of fucceedi'ng 
 to the crown ; but was hirafclf put to 
 death by Artaxerxes, the fon and fuc- 
 cefTor of Xerxes, Ctef. Excerp. Hiji,. 
 Pcrf 29. ; Diodor. lly'jg.i Jujlin. 3, 
 I. 
 
 Artabanus, a king of Parthia, 
 Tacit. Ann. 2, 3. &c. expelled by his 
 fubjedls for his cruelty, ib. 6, 31. 5c 
 36. and recalled, ib. 43. 
 
 Artaxer^ies, -is, the name of fe- 
 veral kings of Perfia, Cic. Att. 10, 8. ; 
 G. 614. & 616. 
 
 Artemidorus, of Gnidus, ((?«/- 
 diiis), a profeffor of the Greek lan- 
 guage at Rome, who prefented to Cae- 
 far, as he went to the fenatc-houfe, a 
 paper containing an account of the 
 confpiracy formed againll him ; but 
 Caefar did not read it, Plutarch, in 
 Caefarls vita. — <|[ 2. A famous pugiliil. 
 Pan fan. Eliac. 2. ; Martial 6, 77, 3. 
 
 Artemis, -idis, f. a name of Di- 
 ana, Plin. 25, 7 f. 36. ; Macrob. 7, c* 
 ult. 
 
 ARTEMISIA, the wife of Mau- 
 solus king of Caria, who, after his 
 death, drank the allies of his burnt 
 body in her drink, and eredled a fplen- 
 did monument to liis memory, one of 
 the feven wonders of the world, Cic. 
 Tufc. 3, 31. w^hence any fplendid mo- 
 nument was called Mauf oleum. -» 
 
 There was another Artemifia, queea 
 of Caria or HalicarnafTus, who afliited 
 Xerxes in his war againft Greece, and 
 fought with fo great valour, that Xer- 
 xes faid, " His men fought like wo- 
 men, and his women like men," Hc' 
 rodot. 7, 99. et 8, 68. ; Jufan. 2, 12. 
 
 A RUNS, -7ttis, a Trojan chief, who 
 flew Camilla, and was himfelf flain by 
 the nymph Opis, the attendant of Di- 
 ana, Firg. Acn, 11,759,-868. 
 
 Aruns, thel' brother of Luciimo, 
 and father ot Egerius, Ltv. i, 34. 
 
 Aruns, the fon of Porsena, Liv, 
 2, 14. 
 
 ARUNS, a native of CluHum, who, 
 from refentment on account of his 
 wife's having been fcduced by Lucii- 
 mo, a powerful young man, whole: 
 guafdian he had been, is faid to liave 
 E carried 
 
A R U C 34 1 
 
 carried wine into Gaul, in order to ufed 
 enrice that nation to invade Italy. He 
 is fald alfo to have conduded them 
 over the Alps, and to have advifed 
 them to attack Clulium, Liv. 5, 33. 
 F'id. He LI CO. 
 
 Aruns Tarquinius, the fon of 
 Tarqulnius Superbus, who attacked Bru- 
 tus with fuch fury in battle, that they 
 both fell by mutual wounds, Liv. 2, 
 6. 
 
 AscALAPHUs, the fon of Acheron 
 and the infernal nymph Orphne, who 
 having difcovered that Proferpine had 
 eaten fruit in the infernal regions, pre- 
 vented her return to earth ; on which 
 account Proferpine metamorphofed him 
 into an owl, Ovid. Met. 5, 539. 
 
 AscANius, called alfo Julus or Ilitsy 
 the fon of Aeneas and Creiifa, the 
 daughter of Priam, the companion of 
 his father's flight and dangers, Virg. 
 Aen. I, 646. and his fucceffor in ttie 
 government of Lavinium, L'ro. I, 3. 
 
 AscLEpiADEs, -/V, a celebrated pliy- 
 ficiaa, born at Prufa in Bithynia, who 
 lived to a gieat old age without a com- 
 plaint, and was at lalt killed by a fall 
 from a ftair, (fcalarum lapfujy Plin. 7, 
 37. He flourilhed in the time of 
 Pompey ; recommended chiefly ab- 
 ftinence and exercife : allowed the nfe 
 of wine in certain difeafes, &c. Plin. 
 26, 3 f. 7. He was originally a teach- 
 er of rhetoric, (orandimagijler)^ which 
 profcflion he changed for that of medi- 
 cine, as being more lucrative, lb. A- 
 puleius reckoned him the greated phy- 
 fician next to Hippocrates, Florid, c. 
 19. He wrote feveral books, fome of 
 which are mentioned by Celfus, 1,3. 
 et 2, 14. et ^. praef. Cicero fpeaks of 
 him as the friend of Ci alius the orator, 
 Cic. Or. I, 14. 
 
 AscLEPiADEs, a philofopher of E- 
 retria, (Eretrtcus), who having be- 
 come blind, bore it with great equa- 
 nimity, Cic. Tuic. 5, 39. 
 
 AsCLEPiADEs, a tragic poet, the 
 fcholar of Ifocrates, Plutarch, in vit. 
 Ifocrat. ; Plin, in clench. Audior. I. 7. 
 from whom, or from tome other poet 
 of the fame name, that kind of verfe 
 
 A S I 
 
 by Horace in his firft ode hag 
 been called Carmen Ajchpiadacum^ Af- 
 clepiadean verfe, Dlomed. 3, p. 408. 
 
 AscLEPioDORUS, a painter, admi- 
 red by Apelles for the fymmetry of his 
 pidures, Plin. 35, 10 f. 36. — «[ 2. A 
 fculptor, Li 34, 8f. 19. 
 
 AsCLETARiON, -dnis, an aftrologer, 
 put to death by Domitian, Suet. Dum. 
 
 ASCONIUS Pedianus, a gramma- 
 rian, born at Padua, fuppofed to have 
 been contemporary with Livy. 8jme 
 of his valuable commentaries on Cice- 
 ro are ftill extant. Fid. i^uniJil. 1,7, 
 24. et 5, 10, 9. 
 
 ASDRUBAL, vel Hafdruhal, -alts, 
 the name of feveral Carthaginian gene- 
 rals, particularly of a brother of Han- 
 nibal's, who was defeated and flain by 
 the coafuls Livy and Nero, near chc 
 river Mctaurus, Liv. 27, 48. & 49. ; 
 Hor. Od. 4, 4, 34. 
 
 A SIN A, a Roman firname, faid to 
 have been derived from a chief man 
 of the gens Cornelia^ who being once 
 required to give fureties, brought into 
 the forum an afs loaded with money 
 inflead of fureties, Macrob. Sat. i, 6. 
 propejin. Hence Hoi ace plays on this 
 firname, Ep. i, 13, 8. It feems that 
 the firname of the father of Vinnius, f. 
 Vinius, to whom this e-piftle is infcri- 
 bed, was As in a, Scoliajl. ad loc——* 
 From As IN A, or -«j, were derived al- 
 io, as it is thought, the firnames AfeU 
 
 la, or -US) and AfelUoy or -ius : thus, 
 
 Finnius Asella, the friend of Ho- 
 race, Ep. I, 13. 
 
 Claudius AsELLUS, a famous horfe- 
 man, to whofe firname his antagonift 
 Taurea is thought to allude in that 
 faying, Minime Jis cantheriura in fojfa^ 
 Be nut an afs in a ditch, Liv. 23, 47. 
 {^Vid. Rom. Antiq. /. 549.) 
 AsELLio, or 
 
 a Latin hiftorian, 
 Cic, Leg. I, 2. called Sempronius A- 
 fellio, Gell. 4, 9. 
 
 ASINIUS, the gentile name of fe- 
 veral illuftrions Romans. 
 
 ASINIUS POLLIO, the friend 
 of Antony, Cic. Fani, 10, 31, 32. & 
 33. and afterwards in great favour with 
 Augullus ; 
 
A s r C 
 
 Auguftus ; an eminent orator, ^I'lndtil. 
 
 pajfim, poet and hiftorian, Hor. Oct, 2, 
 
 1,9.; F'lrg. Ed. 3, 84. & d>6. 4, 10. 
 
 AsiNius Gallus, the fon of the 
 former. Tacit. Ann, ly 12^ el 6, 2^. 
 
 Both of them detracted from the 
 merits of Cicero, ^AiicfiL 12, i, 22. 
 The fon wrote a book, in which he 
 compared the works of his father with 
 thofe of Cicero, and endeavoured to 
 fSiew the fuperiority of the former, 
 Plln. Ep. 7, 4. The emperor Clau- 
 dius wrote a learned anfwer to this 
 book in defence of Cicero, Suet, CI. 
 41. ; Gell. 17, I. 
 
 Asopus, the god of the river Aso- 
 pus, which runs paft Thebes, the fa- 
 ther of Aegina, Stat. Theb. 7, 315. 
 who is hence called Aesop is, -uUsy 
 Ovid. Met. 6, 113. and grandfather of 
 Aeacus, the fon of Aegina ; who is 
 therefore called Afopiadesj -ae, ib. 7, 
 484. 
 
 ASPASIA, born at Miletus, a 
 woman of uncommon accomplifhments, 
 who taught eloquence at Athens. So- 
 crates ftudied under her, and Pericles 
 was fo captivated with her, that he 
 married her, Plutarch, in Pericle. 
 
 AsPAsiA, the wife of Xenophon, 
 Cic. Inv. I, 31. ; ^indiL 5, II, 28. 
 
 L. AsPRENAS, -fitis^ a proconful of 
 Africa, Tac. Ann. i, 53. Conjularis 
 jdfprenatum domus, the family of the 
 Afprenates^ fome one or more of which 
 had enjoyed the confulfhip, Plin. 30, 
 7 f. 20. 
 
 C. Nonius AspRENAS, a young 
 nobleman, lamed in the diverrton cal- 
 led Lufus Trojae, Suet. Aug. 43. 
 
 AssABiNus, a god of the Aethio- 
 pians, Plln. 12, ipf. 42. 
 
 AssARACUs, the fon of Tros., the 
 father of Capys, and grandfather of 
 Aeneas ; hence Domus AJfaracU the 
 Roman nation, Virg. jicn. 284. jif- 
 Jaraci Proles, the Julian family, Id. G. 
 3, 35. So Gens AJfarad, Id. Aen. 9, 
 643. Romulus Ajjarac'i quem Janguhiis 
 Ilia mater Educet, Virg. Aen. 6, 778. 
 Ajfaraci Lar^ for Lares, the houfehold 
 gods of Affaracus, carried into Italy 
 by Aeneas, ih. 9, 259. Et Csnus AJ- 
 
 3.-3 AST 
 
 farac't Mnejlheus^ a defcendant of, ib» 
 12, 127. 
 
 AsTARTE, -eSf a goddefs of the 
 Syrians, faid to be the fame with Ve- 
 nus, Ctc. N. D. 3, 23. 
 
 Aster I A, vel f , -es, the daughter 
 of Titan, Hygln. ^i. the fider of La- 
 tona, and mother of the Tyrian Her- 
 cules by Jupiter, Ck. Nat. D. 3, 16. 
 & 18. ; Ovid. Met. 6, 108. ; Serv. ad 
 
 ^><?- 3' 73- 
 
 ASTRAEA, the daughter of A- 
 ftraeus the giant, and of Aurora ; or, 
 as others fay, of Jupiter and Themis ; 
 put for Juftice or the goddefs of juf- 
 tice, who, with feveral other deities, 
 lived on earth m ihe golden age. But 
 offended at the vices of men, they all 
 left the earth ; and Aftraea, the laft 
 of them, Ovid. Met. i, 150. She was 
 trandated into the fign, between Libra 
 and the Lion, under the name of Vir- 
 go or Erigoney Manil. 4, ^:^2. ', Senec. 
 0*fi:av!a, 422. 
 
 ASTRAEUS, one of the Titans, 
 who is faid to have begotten, on Au- 
 rora, the winds, Hefiod. Theog, 378. 
 whence they are called AsTRAti Fra- 
 TRES, the Allrean brothers, Ovid, 
 Met. 14, 545.^' 
 
 AsTUR, -uris, aTufcan, who joined 
 Aeneas in the war againft Turnus, 
 Virg. Am. 10, 180. 
 
 AsTYAGEs, -/J-, a king of Perfia, 
 the grandfather of Cyrus, Juftin. i, 4. 
 — Alfo a perfon whom Perieus is faid 
 to have turned into a ftonc with the 
 Gorgon's head, Ovid. Met. 5, 205. 
 
 ASTylNAX, -aclisy (q. Urbts prin- 
 cepi ) the Ton of He6tor and Andro- 
 mache; who, after the taking of Troy 
 by the Greeks, being concealed by his 
 mother, was difcovercd by Ulyffes, 
 and thrown headlong from a lofty 
 tower, Ovid. Met. 13, 415. accuf. Af- 
 tyanactdy Virg. Aen. 2, 457.; Add. 3, 
 489. 
 
 AsTYDAMiA, the daughter of Or- 
 menus, [Onnenis -idisy) whom Hercules 
 carried off after flaying her father, Ovid. 
 Ep. 9, 50. 
 
 Asrytus, one of the centaprs, an 
 
 augur, who diffuaded his brethren from 
 
 £ 2 lighting 
 
AST [36 
 
 fighting with the LafithaCy Ovid. Met. 
 12, 307 
 
 ASyLAS, a Tufcan augur, who 
 joined Aeneas againft Turnus, Virg, 
 Jen. 10, 175. 
 
 ATAL\NTA, the daughter of 
 Jafius, Cjafis, id'is,) an Arcadian vir- 
 gin, devoted to hunting ; who was the 
 firll that wounded the wild boar of 
 Calydon ; and on that account was 
 belo.ed by Melea'^er, who flew the 
 boar, Ot)id. Met. 8, 317. From her 
 liative city Tegea, fhe is called Tegeaea, 
 fb. et. 380, from the fountain Nona- 
 cris, NonacrMj fc. virgo, ih. 426, and 
 from mount Maenalus, Maenaha^ Id. 
 Ep 4, 99, Manilius, fpeaking of 
 Meleager, has Atalante't labores, 5, 
 179. and Statius, jfamque Atalantae-_ 
 m implerat nuntlus awes, had reached 
 the ears of Pavthenopoeus, the ftm of 
 Atalanta by Meleager, Theb. 4, 309, 
 
 AT A L AN r A, a daughter of 
 Schoeneus, king of the ifland Scyros ; 
 hence called Schoene'iay Ovid. Mtt. 10, 
 609. She agreed with her lovers to 
 contend with them in running, on this 
 condition, that fhe fhould marry the 
 man that vanquiHied her ; but fuch as 
 were vanquiflied, fhe fhould flay. Se- 
 veral fuffeVed this fate. At lafl Hfp- 
 pomenes conquered her, by throwing 
 down, in different parts of the courfe, 
 golden apples which he had received 
 from Venus ; and while fhe flopt to 
 gather them, he got before her, Ovid. 
 Met. 10,565, &c. ; Hyg'tn. 185. Pro- 
 pertius confounds her with the other 
 Atalanta, calling her JqfiSi and her 
 lover MiLANiON inflead of Hippomenest 
 
 3, I, 9- 
 
 C. ATEJUS Caplto, a tribune of 
 the commons, who tried to prevent 
 CrafTus from ii^oing on his expedition 
 againil the Parthians, by telling bad 
 omens, and even attempted to carry 
 him to prifon, Dlo, 59, 39. on which 
 account the cenfor Appius degraded 
 Atejus from the rank of a fenator, al- 
 leging as a caufc, that he had faililied 
 the omens, Cic. Div. i, 16. 
 
 £i.T ^AVi AS, -anthy the fon of Aeolus 
 
 1 A T H 
 
 and king of Boeotia or Thebes. He 
 firft married Nephelf., by v^'hom he 
 had Phrjxus and Helle. Having di- 
 vorced Nephele^ he next married Ino 
 the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he 
 had two G)ns, Learchub and Melicerta 
 or Melicertes. Phrixus and Helle, to 
 avoid the machinations of their ftep- 
 mother, fled on a ram with a golden 
 fleece, which their mother Nephele ha- 
 ving got from M:;rcury gave them. 
 Soon after Athamas, through the wrath 
 of Juno, being "feized with madnefs, 
 killed his fon Learchus ; and Ino, to 
 fave herfelf, fled with her fon Mellcer- 
 tes, Apollodor. 1,9, i- & 2.; Hygin. i. 
 & 2. whence Ino is called Athaman^ 
 Tis, -/<^«, Propert. i, 20, 19. Atha-^ 
 mantid^s undaey the fea adjoining to 
 ThefTaly, into wfiich [no threw herfelf 
 with her fon in her arms, ib- — Arha- 
 mantidos Helles pecus^ the ram on which 
 Helle and her brother Phryxus croflTed 
 the Hellefpont, after\\'^ards converted 
 into a conffcellation, Ovid. Fajl. 4, 903. 
 So Athamani'idos aequora, Ovid, Ep. 1 8. 
 137. — Athatnant'iades, -ae, a fon of 
 Athamas, Ovid. Met. 13, 919. — ^tha- 
 tnanteus Jlnus, the bofom of Atham.is, 
 
 Ovid. Met. 4, 497. Men vel Meum 
 
 Aithamariticum, i. e. ab .nthamante inven- 
 tum, Phn. 20, 23 f. 94. 
 
 Athenaeus, a Greek grammarian, 
 born at Naucratis in Egvpt [Naucrati- 
 ta;) who flouriPaed under M. /Vnto- 
 nius and Coramodus. He publifhed 
 feveral works, of which that only re- 
 mains called De'ipnofophijiae^ or the So- 
 phifls at Supper ; containing many cu- 
 rious anecdotes of the ancients ; but ia 
 an imperfeft ilate. 
 
 Athenio, -oniSy a general of the 
 fugitive flaves in Sicily, Cic. Verr. 2, 
 54. ; Har. Refp. 12. whence Clodlus is 
 called b) that name, as being the leader 
 of flaves and low people at Rome, Cic, 
 /itt. 2, 12. 
 
 Athenodorus, of Tarfus, (Tar- 
 feTifis)y a phdofopher, the praeceptor of 
 Augudus, Dioy 52, 36. et ^6, 43. ; Ae^ 
 lian, 12, 2S' ; Zofim. i, 6. j Cic. Fam» 
 
 h 7' 
 
A T [^ 
 
 t 37 ] 
 
 A T L 
 
 3,7. — Different peifons of this name mountain of that name, by Perfcu« 
 
 are mentioned, Cic. Atl. 16, 11. et 14.; 
 Sv€t. Claud. 4. 
 
 Athf.rius vel Aterius, a certain 
 lawyer in the time of Cicero ; whence 
 Tu ijlhlc te Athcr'tano jure ddcEtato^ ego 
 me hie Hiriiauc, Wiiile you at Naples 
 fip the meagre broth of Aterius, 1 at 
 Rcn)e regale n.yfclf with the favory 
 fot p of Hirtius, Cic. Fam. 9, 18. 
 
 ATI A, V. ylulu, the daughter of M. 
 Atius Balbus, by Julia, the filler of C. 
 Julivis Caefar, the wife of C. O^lavius, 
 and mother of Augullus, Suet, Aug. 4.; 
 Paterc. 2, 59. ; Dio^ 45, 1. Virgil, in 
 compliment to rVuguilus, derives the 
 origin of the Atian family from Atys, 
 the friend of lulus ; thus tracing the 
 defcent of that emperor, both by the 
 father's and miOther's fulc, from the 
 mod remote antiquity, {Parvus jJtys, 
 genus imde Jttii duxere Lattni^J Aen. 5, 
 568. And becaufe the father of Atia 
 was fprung from Aricia, [Ariclnusy) a 
 town near Alba, he is alfo fuppofed 
 to allude to that circumftance, {Vir- 
 biusy injignem quern tnater Aricia iniftty) 
 ib. 7, 763. et il/i, Serv. But others 
 -here fuppofe that a nymph called 
 Aricia is meant. 
 
 ATlLlA gefis, a plebeian noble fa- 
 mily at Rome, of which were M. .\ti- 
 lius Rirgulus, Liv. Ep. 15, &c. M. Ati- 
 lius Calatinus, ih. !"],$<. 19.; Cic. Fin. 
 2, 35.; whence Praedia Atilianaf Cic. 
 v^'//. 5, I. 
 
 ATILLA, (al. Jtilia v. Jcilia,) 
 the mother of the poet Lucan ; named 
 by her Ion among the conlpirators 
 againft Nero, Tuc. Ann. 15, 56. but 
 not punifned. She was iuffered to 
 live in lileut obfcurity, {d'ljfimulata., ib. 
 71 f. 
 
 ATINIA /<f,"c, a law propofed by 
 one Atiniii?, a tribune, that Helen 
 goods, how long foever poflciTed, 
 might be reclaimtrd, {de rebus furto 
 furreptis, non ufu capiendis,) Cic. Vcrr. 
 1,42^; Gell. 17, 7. 
 
 ATLAS, antis^ the fon of Japetus 
 or Japetioi), [yapelionuiesy -ae,) king 
 of Mauritania, aiid fuppofed by the 
 poets to have been changed into a 
 
 prefenting to his fight the head of the 
 Gorgon Meciijfa, Ovid. Met. 4, 627, 
 S:c. ; Lucan. 9, 6^y. which Perfeus 
 did becaufe xAtlas refufed him an hof- 
 pitable reception at his houfe, Ovid. Ih, 
 When conlidered as a perlon. Atlas is 
 reprefented as fupporting heaven on his 
 (houldcrs, Hygin. 150. according to 
 Vitruvius, becaufe he iirft obferved the 
 courfe of the fun and moon, 6, 10. 
 according to Cicero, from his fi<ill in 
 adionomy (cackjlium divina cognitio^) 
 Cic. Tufc. 5, 3. whence he is called 
 Caelifer Atlasy Virg. Aen. 6, 797. 
 When confidered as a m.ountain. Atlas 
 is faid to fupport heaven on his top, 
 (caelum qui verti.e fuhit,) Virgil, Aen. 
 4, 246. For Atlas, though converted 
 into a mountain, is defcribed by Virgli 
 as fciil retaining a human form, ib. 
 Atlas is faid to have exceeded ail mor- 
 tals in lize, Ovid. Met. 4, 631. hence 
 he is called Maximus Atlas, Virg. Aen, 
 I, 741. Atlas has in the vocative, At' 
 la, Ovid. Met 4, 643. To him the 
 gat den of the Hefpcrides belonged, 
 w hich contained the golden apples ; 
 and he is faid to have been prevented 
 from admitting Perfeus into his houfc 
 by a predidlion he had received from 
 an oracle, that a fon of Jupiter, which 
 Perftus pretended to be, Ihould carry- 
 off the golden apples from the tree, 
 Ovid. ib. — Atlas was the grandfather 
 of Mercury by his daughter Maia ; 
 hence Mercury is called Atlantia- 
 DEs, -ae, Ovid. Met. 8, 627. — Atlas 
 had ftvcn daughters by the nymph 
 Plddni'j who are faid to have been con- 
 verted into the conllellation called the 
 SEVEN STARS (Pltladcs;) named from 
 their father Atlantides, -urn, Virg, 
 G. I, 221. ; Vitruv. 6, 10. and Sor/j- 
 res Atlantiades, -urn, Sil. 16, 137. 
 — Homer makes Calypfo alfo a daughter 
 of .\tias, Od^fs. 7, 245. ; fo Bygin. i\ 
 125. whence Tibyllus calls her liland, 
 Faecunda /^Itlantidos arva Cdlypfus^ 4, 
 1,77. Hyginus fays, that Atlas had 
 twelve daughters ; feven of whom were 
 changed into the Pleiades; and five into 
 the Byades, fab. 192. — Adj. Atlantia 
 
 regnay 
 
A T R C 
 
 regna-, tTie kingdom or realms of Atlas, 
 S'tl. 15, 37. Atlanthis jinh^ {ox jirn-y 
 the country round Atlas, put for the 
 moft remote parts of the earth, Horat. 
 Od. I, 34, 1 I. Antlanticum aequor, the 
 Atlantic Ocean, lb. r, 31, 14. Mare 
 vel oeeanusy Cic. Somn. Scip. 6. • >- 
 lantiacujn profundum^ Aufon. Mofell. 
 144. Atlantaeum prope I'ltius ^ Lucr. 5, 
 36. — There were feveral pcrfons of the 
 name of Atlas. 
 
 Atrax, -achy a TheiTalian ; whence 
 Cencus, one of his defcendants, is fup- 
 pofed to be called Atracides, -ae^ 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 209. and Hippodame, 
 Atracis, -/^/j. Id. %mor. 1,4, 8. 
 
 ATREUS, (of twofyllables,) -e'l, 
 vel -eosy the fon of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia king of Mycenae; the father of 
 Agamemnon and Menelaus ; who are 
 hence called Atridae, -annn^ Virg. 
 A en. t, 462. et 2, 415. Atrides minor 
 et major, Ovid. Met. 12, 623. But 
 when Atrides is put by itfelf, it de- 
 notes Agamemnon, Hor, Od. 2, 4, 7. ; 
 Ovid. Met. 13, 655. ; Ep. i, 2, 12. 
 (See Geog. p. 402.)— Atreus has in 
 the accuf. Atrea^ Senec. Thy eft. 486. 
 Voc. Atreuy (in two fyllables,) lb. 
 513. — Adj. Atreus, i. e. Arglvus, 
 Stat. Theh. 8. 743. 
 
 Atropos, -z, f. oneof the three Fates, 
 Ts-hole office it was to cut the thread 
 of life, (ex « priv. et rpi-ruj verto, i. e. 
 inc\ordhdii)y Jgnara moveri Atropos, 
 Stat.Thcb. 3, 67. Ad/a r.tropos, prof- 
 perous fate, Id. Sih. 4, 8, 18. as Atra 
 denotes fad, difmal, Hor. Od. 2, 3, 16. 
 
 Atta, (Titus ^i'mciius)^ a Roman 
 dramatic poet, Horat. Ep. 2, 1, 79. 
 {^Sic diaus, quod propter vitium crwum 
 aut pcdiiviy plardii infijhns, potius altin- 
 gere terram quam amhulare videbatur), 
 Schohaft. ex Fcfto. 
 
 Attalus, the name of feveral 
 kings of Pergamus, the laft of whom, 
 having no children, left the Roman 
 people his heir, F/or. 3, 12. Hence 
 Attaltcae cGnditicr.^s, the promlfe of the 
 greateft riches, or the wealth of Atta- 
 lus, Horat. Od. I, i, 12. Attalli- 
 CA, 'Oruniy (\c. aulaca, \'q\ peripetafmata 
 auro ititexta), a kiad of embroidered 
 
 3? ] A T y 
 
 tapeftry or hangings, Cic Verr. 4, 12* 
 which Attalus is faid to have invented, 
 Plin. 8, 48. Vejlcs Attalicae^ Piopert. 
 
 3, 18, 19. P or lieu s aulaeis nohilis At- 
 talicis. Id. 2, 32, 12. At tali: us torus, 
 a couch adorned with fuch cloth, Id. 
 
 4. 5» 24. 
 
 Atthis, -^tdts, the daughter of Cra- 
 naHS, who gave her name to the coun- 
 try of Attica, Paufan. i, 2. ; Strah. 
 
 9, 397. whence Ait'oules, Athenian wo- 
 men, Stat. Theb. 12, 536. ; Martial, 
 II, 54, 4. And Atthis is put for a 
 nightingale, from Philomela, an 'Athe- 
 nian woman, metamorphofed into that 
 bird. Martial i, 54, 9- ; alfo for a 
 fwallow, from Progne, the fifter of 
 Philomela, who was changed into a 
 fwallow, /^. 5, 68, 2. — 51 2. \ girl 
 beloved by Sappho, Ovid. Ep, 15, 18. 
 
 Attjcus, (properly an adj. of or 
 belonging to Attica), a hrnajne given to 
 Titus Pomponius, the friend of Cicero, 
 from his fptaking the Greek likt an 
 Athenian, or like a native of Attica, 
 [Attice), Nep. ,'\ttlc. 4. whence the 
 daughter of Atticus is called Atti- 
 CULA, Cic. Att. 4, 5. 
 
 Attius. See Accius. 
 
 Atys, orATTYS, -yis', alfoATTis, 
 ■^tdis ; or Attin, -Iriis, a Phrygian 
 young man, [Phryx puer), the favour- 
 ite of Cybeie, the mother of the gods, 
 who made him vow to her perpetual 
 chaiiity ; and for having violated his 
 prom.ife, punifhed him with infanity. 
 Upon which he mutilated himfelf, (fc 
 cajlravit ) , as all the priefts of that 
 goddefs did, in imitation of his ex- 
 ample, Ovid. Faji. 4, 27,3, — 245. He 
 {Cyheh'ius Attis) is faid to have been 
 changed into a pine tree, Ovid. Met. 
 
 10, 103. (Berecynthius Jtlin, Pcrf. i, 
 
 93-) 
 
 Atys, a Trojan youth, the favour- 
 ite of lulus, from whom Virgil makes 
 the Latin family of the Attii to be de- 
 rived, in compliment to Attia, the 
 mother ofAluguftus, Aen. 5, ^6S. 
 
 Atys Silvius, a king of Alba, Liv. 
 
 Atys, the fon of Croefus, killed 
 by accident. Fid, Adrastus. 
 
 AVER- 
 
AVE 
 
 C 39 3 
 
 A IT T 
 
 AVERRUNCUS, a god, who a- 
 verted misfortunes, {^mala averrunca- 
 bat)y Varr. L. L. 6, 5.; Gell. 5, 
 12. 
 
 AuFEiA //(j-//^, a Roman aqueduft, 
 afterwards called Marti A, Plin, 31, 
 
 Cn. AuFiDius, a fenator of prae- 
 torian rank, who, though blind, ufed 
 to dehver his opinion in the fenale, 
 and wrote a Greek hiftory, Cic. Tufc, 
 5, 39. When very old, he adopted 
 Oreftes, Cic. Fin. 19. ; Dom. 13. 
 
 T. AuFiDius, an eminent lawyer, 
 Ck. Br. 48. who is thought to have 
 been praetor of Afia, CAc. Flac. 19. 
 and the competitor of Cicero for the 
 confulihip, Cic. Atl. 1, I. 
 
 M. AuFiDius Lnrcoy made an an- 
 nual income of Go.ooo ftfterces, by 
 fattening peacocks, Var. R. R. 3, 6. ; 
 -Plin. 10, 20 f. 23. 
 
 AUGA, V. -e, -esy the daughter of 
 Aleus, and the mother of Tclephus 
 by Hercules, Hygln. 99. & 100. 
 
 AUGEAS, V. Aasy -ae^ a king of 
 Elis, who is faid to have had a ftable 
 which held 3000 oxen, and had not 
 been cleaned for 39 years. Hercules 
 cleaned it in one day, by turning the 
 courfe of the river Alpheus or Peneus, 
 Hygln. 30. according to ApoUodorus, 
 by turning the courfe of both, 2, 5. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a name firll given to 
 Livia, the wife of Auguftus, Tacit. 
 Ann. I, 8. and after her to fome of 
 the wives and other female relations 
 of the fucceeding emperors, 'Tacit, /inn. 
 12, 26. et 15, 23.; Hijl. 2, 89. 
 
 AUGUSTUS, a liiname given to 
 Oc^avius or Oclavianus, the adopted 
 fon and fucceffor of Juhus Caefar, Suet. 
 Aug' 7. and after him to the fucceed- 
 jng emperors; hence .'-Vugustales 
 facerdotes, vel Sodaksi prieils appointed 
 to Auguftus after his death, Tacit. 
 
 [Fid, 
 
 w?«j, fc. currusy Id. Claud. 11. 
 
 OCTAVIUS.) 
 
 \viDiENus, a fordid fellow, firna- 
 med Can IS, Dog, from his manner of 
 living, Hor. Sat. 2, 2, ^^. 
 
 AULUS,- a praenomen common a- 
 mong the Romans, marked by the let- 
 ter A. as, A. Gellius ; thus, Auli Lex^ 
 Is put for Lex Galiniay Cic. Att. 6, 2.- 
 AuLi FiLius, i. e. Afranius, Cic. 
 Att. I, 20. 
 
 AtJNUs, a Ligurlan, the father of 
 a warrior flain by Camilla, Virg. Aeru 
 II, 700. 
 
 Aurora, the goddefs of the morn- 
 ing, the daughter of Hyperion and 
 Thea, Apollochr. i, 2, 2. or Aethra^ 
 Hygin. Praef. who fell in love with 
 Tithonus, the fon of Laomedon,^^^^^?//^- 
 dor. 3, 11,4.; Hygin. 2 70. whence fhe 
 is called by the poets the wife of Ti- 
 thonus, Ovid. Ep. 18, III. et 16. 199-; 
 Am. 2, 5, 15. ; Virg. Aen. 4, 447. 
 bt-autifully and variouHy defcribed, Id, 
 Aen./\.y6. 3, 389. & 521. 5,105. II, 
 129. ; Ovid. Met. 2, 112. i, 598. 2, 
 144. 4, 628. &c. put for the eaft, ib. 
 I, 61. and the morning. See JLatln 
 Didionary. 
 
 AuTOLycus, the fon of Mercury 
 and Chione, ingenious at every kind of 
 theft, who could turn whatever he 
 ftoJe into any colour he pleafed. But 
 he was at lail detected by Sisyphus ; 
 who, while employed in making the 
 detcttion, is faid to have feduced his 
 daughter Anticlea, who was afterwards 
 married to Laertes, and became the 
 mother of Ulyffes ; whence Ulyffes is 
 fuppofed to have derived his craftinefa 
 from his grandfather by the mother's 
 fide, ,'iutolycus, and from his alledged 
 father Sisyphus, Hygin. f. 200. & 201.; 
 Ovid Met. II, 312. &c. ; Col. I, 3, 7. 
 {Vtd. G. 451.) 
 
 A u T o M a T I a , a godde fs of fortune, 
 Ann, I, 15. et 54. et 2, 83. et 3, 6. ; worlhipped by Timolcon, Nep. 20, 4. 
 HiJl, 2,95. AvGV ST ALES ludi, games Automedon, -ontisy the charioteer 
 inftituted in honour of Augudus, '/"tiW/. of Achilles, /^/r^. yA-zz. 2, 477. ; Ovid, 
 Ann. I, 15. (?c 54. AuGusTANi equi- Tr'tft. 5, 6, 10. put for a charioteer, 
 tesy a body of cavalry, fo called by Cic. Rofc. 35. ; Add. ib. 7, 
 Nero, Tacit. Ann. 14, 15. Atjgus- Autonoe, -esy the daughter of 
 TjANi, Suet. Ner. 25, Angujlinusy v. Cadmus and HermisnCf the wife of A- 
 
 nltaeu% 
 
. A U T 
 riftaeus, and mother of Adlaeon 
 IS hence called Autonoctus hero.iy Ovid. 
 
 Met. 3, 198. Alfo the name of a 
 
 play, ywjJcnaL 6, 72. 
 
 P. A u T R o N I u s Paetusy ele£led con- 
 ful with P. Sulla, a. u. 687, but con- 
 demned for bribery, Cic. Syll. 1. ; Sal- 
 lu!l. Cat. 18. ; Dio, 36, 27. 01 courfe 
 degraded from the rank of a fenator, 
 and declared incapable of enjoying any 
 public office. Id. 37, 25'. He after- 
 wards confpired with Catiline and o- 
 thers again 11 the ftate, Sallull. Cat. 17. 
 & 18. ; Suet. Cacf. 9. After the death 
 
 [ 40 1 B A L 
 
 who per {cum adbibit) cornua fum'it^ ib. I, 239. 
 or, as Diodorus fays, becaufe Bacchus 
 firll taught the yoking of oxen, lib. 5. 
 Bacchus is diftingLiiflied by various 
 epithets ; Corymbljhr^ becaufe he de- 
 lighted in ivy, and his votaries were 
 crowned with it* Ovid. Faji. i, 393. 
 Racemlfer^ Id. Met. 15, 413. Last!- 
 tla.". dator^ Virg. Aen. i, 734., &c. — 
 Adj. Ba'xbdus, V. -etusy et Bacchuus ; 
 tiius Bella Bncchea, the wars of Bac- 
 chus in India, Stat. Theb. 12, 791. 
 
 cf Catil 
 
 he efcaped to Greece, 
 
 where Cicero, when forced into exile, 
 was afraid of being attacked by him 
 and his afibciates, Cic. Att. 3, 2. & 7. 
 As an orator, Cicero fays his chief 
 accompliflimeat was a good voice, j5rw/. 
 68. 
 
 AXILLA, a iuname of the Servi- 
 Ki, which, by dropping the x, was 
 changed into Ala, ( Vejhr Axilla Ala 
 fadus eft fiJgd liter ae vajUorisJf Cic. Or. 
 45;. The mother of M. Brutus, to whom 
 Cicero infcribed his book called Or a* 
 TOR, was of the gens Servilia, and 
 therefore he fays P^ejler Axilla^ ib. 
 
 Q^ AXIUS, a fenator, intimate 
 with Cicero, Cell. 7, 3. w^ho had a 
 villa in the beautiful plains of Rok-a, 
 Cic. Att. 4, 15. f.' 3, 15.; Farr. R. R. 
 
 3, 2. He fcems like wife to have been 
 a.n ufurer, Cic. Ait. i, 12 Suetonius 
 mentions a letter of Cicero's to him, 
 Avhich is not now extant, Sitet. Caef. 
 
 BAnyLO, 'onis, the name of a bank- 
 er, Ter. Adel. 5, 7, 17. 
 
 Bacchius, the uaaie of a gladiator, 
 llor. Sat. I, 7, 20. 
 
 BACCHUS, the fon of Jupicer and 
 Semele, the god of wine, ( See G. 
 581.) Comttyr uvae, the planter of 
 the vine, Tihull. 2, 3, 67. ; O-vid. Met. 
 
 4, 14. hence put for wine, V^ii'g. G, 
 2, 143. ; Ovid. Rem. Am. 803. ; Firg. 
 G. 4, 102. ; Sen. Here. fur. 697. re- 
 |)refented with horns, Coma injignis, 
 Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 348. becaufe wine 
 makes people pctular.t and bold, Pliu- 
 
 Cornuay ib. 9, 435;. Bacchei ululatusy 
 Bacchean yellings, or the cries of the 
 prielleffes of Bacchus, Ovid. Md. 11, 
 17. Baccheia donay the gifts of Bac- 
 chus, i. e. the vine, Virg, G. 2, 454. 
 3Iuneray A u fon. Mo fell v. 153, Serta 
 Bacchicdy garlands of ivy, Ovid. Trifl. 
 I, 6, 2. 
 
 Bacchia, a daughter of Bacchus, 
 from whom the Bacchiadae were de- 
 fcended, a family which ruled Corinth 
 200 years, Sirab. 8, p. 378. whence 
 Corinth is called Ephyre Bacchl'isy -tdisy 
 Stat. Silv. 2, 2, 34. This family be- 
 ing expelled, failed to Sicily under 
 Archias, one of their number, and 
 built Syracufe, Ovid. Met. 5, 407. ; 
 Thucydid. 6. 
 
 B AGO AS, -aey a famous eunuch 
 at the Perfian court, (G 620.), fup- 
 pofed to be ufeJ as a common name 
 for a eunuch, ^tinuil. 5, 1 2, 21. which 
 is confirmed from Piiny, (/« horto Ba^ 
 gouy ila enini vacant Spadones) j Piin. 13, 
 4 f. 9. Ovid makes the name Ba- 
 Gous, voc. Bagoe, Am. 2, 2, i. 
 
 BALATRO, 'Onii, an attendant 
 on Maecenas, Hor. Sat. 2, 8, 2 i < 5c 33. 
 
 B A LB US, a native of Cadiz, made 
 a Roman citizen by Pompey, at the 
 requeit of L. Cornelius Lcntvdus ; 
 vv'hence he allumed the name of L. 
 Cornelius Balbus, Cic. Balb. a great 
 favourite with Julias Caefar, Cic, Ait» 
 7, 3. by which meavis he afterwards 
 even became conful, a. u. 714, Plih. 
 7, 43 f 44.. He died fo rich, that h£ 
 left each Roman citizen 25 d,'nariiy 
 Uio, 48, 52. ; Veil. 2, 51. 
 
 Corn BALBUS, nephew to the 
 former, by hiij fiiltr, called Mino*, 
 
 Cic, 
 
B A L [41- 
 
 C'lc. Ait. 8, 9. to diftinguiHi him from 
 his uncle, who is called Major, Plhu 
 7, 43. quaeftor to Afinius Pollio in 
 Spain, Id. Fam. 10, 32. who triumph- 
 ed over the GaramanteSf and was the 
 firft foreigner that enjoyed that ho- 
 nour, I'l'm. 5, 5. ; Solin. c, 29. He 
 built and dedicated a theatre, a. u. 741, 
 which afterwards bore his name, Dioj 
 54, 25. et 66y 24. ; Suet. Aug. 29. ; 
 Plln. s>S' 
 
 Bale I duOf two Stoic philofophcrs, 
 Ck. deOr. 3, 21. ; Brut. 42.; Fam. 3, 
 4.; N.D.u^. 
 
 BALLIO, the comic name of a 
 procurer, Cic. ^ Rofc. 7. ; Phil. 2, 6. 
 from that of Plautus, Pfeud. i, 2, 59. 
 
 M. BAMBALIO, a nick-name gi- 
 ven to the father of Falvia. Fid. Fa- 
 
 DIUS. 
 
 Barbatus, the name of a Roman 
 family, Suet. CI. 2i. 
 
 BARCA, Barcas, or Barchas, 
 the firname of Amilcar, the father of 
 Hannibal, Nep. 21, i. hence Barci- 
 ^A.famiHay the family of Hamilcar or 
 Hannibal, Liv. 23, 13. So Barcina 
 
 faaio, the party at Carthage which fa- 
 voured Hannibal, Liv. 2if 2. 8c g. et 
 30, 7 & 42. Maxijnus fecundum Bar- 
 cirios duxy next to thofe of the family 
 of Barca, i. e. next to Hannibal and 
 his brothers, Liv. 28, 12. 
 
 Bardus CaJJlus, a friend to Caefar 
 and Antony, Cic, Phil. 13, 2. 
 
 Bard Y LIS, a powerful illyrican rob- 
 ber, Cic. Of. Zy II. 
 
 Barinc, the name of a courtefan, 
 Ilor. Od. 2, 8, 2. 
 
 Barrus, a perfon vain of his beau- 
 ty, Hor. Sat. }, 6, 30. 
 
 Bars IN E, -es^ the wife of Alexan- 
 der, murdered by Caffander, with her 
 fon Hercules, piflin. 15, 2. 
 
 Basilius, a parti zan of Caefar's, 
 who afterwards confpired againll him, 
 Cic. Fam. 6, 15. 
 
 Basilus, an Iflrian commander, on 
 the fide of Caefar in the civil war, Flor. 
 4, 2. ; Lucan, 4, 416. 
 
 Basilus, an orator in poor circum- 
 ftances, and therefore dilregarded, Ju- 
 'yenah 7, 145. 
 
 3 BAT 
 
 Basilus, a Roman governor, who 
 plundered his province, Jiroenal.iOyliz. 
 
 Bass a REUS, voc. Bajsarcu^ {\x\ three 
 fyllables), a name of Bacchus, Hor. Od, 
 I, 18, II. hence Bajfaricae comae, the 
 hair of Bacchus, t'ropert. 3, 17, 30. 
 Bas saris, -"idis, a prieftefs of Bac- 
 chus, Prrf. I, 100. 
 
 Bassus, a poet, famolis for his com- 
 pofitions in Iambic verfe ; a friend of 
 Ovid's, Trijl. 4, 10, 47. ; mentioned 
 alfo by Propertius, 1,4, i. & 12. 
 
 Bassus ^w/J'JzW, an hiftorian, in the 
 time of Augudus and Tiberius, v/ho 
 wrote an account of the German war, 
 ^linclil. 10, I, 103. and alfo of the 
 civil war, Senile. Rhetor. Sua/. 6. Pliny 
 the Elder began the hiftory of his own 
 time w-here BafTus left off, P/in. Praef, 
 et Plln. Ep. 3, 5. Neither of thefe 
 works remains. 
 
 Caefius Bassus, a poet, contempo- 
 rary with Quinftilian, 10, I, 96. 
 
 Several others of the name of BafTus 
 are mentioned by the claffics, Cic. Alt. 
 
 12, 5. 
 
 ^i 
 
 iSil. 6, 3, 27. &c. ; Plin. 
 
 Ep. 4, 15. ^/ 4, 9. et 10, ^2.; MartiaL 
 pqfm. 
 
 Bathyllus, a young man of Sa- 
 mos, the favourite of Anacreon, Flor, 
 Epod. 14, 9. — <|[ 2. Alfo a pantomime, 
 yuvenah 6, 6'^. ; Tacit. Ann. i, 54. 
 
 BATTIS, -ulisy a native of Cos, 
 {Coa)y Ovid. Pont. 3, 1, 58. the mif- 
 trefs of the poet Philetas, Id. Tr. i, 
 
 5, 2. 
 
 BATTUS, a Lacedemonian, who, 
 with a colony from the ifland Thera, 
 founded the city Cyrene in Libya, //c- 
 rodot. ^t 145, — 164.; Paiifan. 10, 15.; 
 Sir ah. 17. p. 837. from whom the Cy- 
 renians i^Cyrenenfes) were called Bat- 
 TiADAE, -arum, Sil. 3, 253. and the 
 poet Callimachus, a native of Cyrenae, 
 who gave out that he was defcended 
 from Battusi Strab. ib. is called BAT- 
 TIaDES, -acy Ovid. Trill. 5, 5. 38. 
 et in Ibin. 53. ; Stat. Silv. 5, 3, 157. 
 Juitin fays that the founder of Cyrene 
 v/as called Aristalus, and got the 
 name of Battus, from a defetl in his 
 fpeech, Jufm. 13, 7. 
 
 Battus, the name of a fhepherd, 
 E ^Yhom, 
 
B A U [42 
 
 wKom, for having violated his promife 
 of fecrecyj Mercury turned into a 
 touch-ftone, (Lndi-x), Ovid. Met. 2, 
 687, 707. 
 
 Baucis, tdos^ the name of a poor old 
 woman, who, with her hufbnnd Phile- 
 mop, entertained Jupiter and Mercury, 
 Ovid. Met. 8, 631. &c. hence put for 
 any poor v/oman, Perf. 4, 2 i . 
 
 BAVrUS, a contemptible poet in 
 the tin.e of Virgil, Virg, Ed. 5, 90. 
 
 Beeryx, ycis^ a king of that part 
 of Spain vv'hich lies among the Pyre- 
 uean mountains, Sil. 3, 423. ; but the 
 adje:live is fhort ; thus, rromen Bchry- 
 cia duxere a 'virglne colles^ the Pyrenean 
 mountains derived their name from 
 Pyrene, the daughter of Bcbryx, *S'/7. 
 3, 420. 
 
 BELLERoPF-iON, -onfis ; -vd 
 Bellerophontes, -ae, an ilUiilrious 
 Corinthian, diilinguiflied for his chaf- 
 tity, and for his ikill in horfemanfliip. 
 He difdaincd the advances of Steno- 
 boea, the vv ife of Proetus, king of Ar- 
 gos ; whence he is called Castus, 
 Hor. Od. 3, 7. 15. and mounted on 
 his horfe Pegafus flew the monfter 
 Chimaera, (See G. 393.) whence E- 
 ques ipfo meUor Bellerophonts, an incom- 
 
 parcible nder, Hor. Od. 3, 12, 7. 
 
 Bdlerophontei equi humor., the fountain 
 Piippocrene, formed by the ftroke of 
 the hoof of Pegafus. Propert. 3, 3, 2. 
 
 Bellienus, a partizan of Pom- 
 pey's, whofe houfe was burnt by the 
 mob after the funeral of Caefar, Cic. 
 Phil 8, 15. 
 
 BELLoN'^, the goddefs of war; 
 faid to be the fifter of Mars, LnBant. 
 ad Stat. Theb. ^, 155. But Ciaudian 
 makes her the daughter of that god, 
 Stilic. 2, 372. She is, reprtfented as 
 his conftant attendant, armed with a 
 bloody whip, Virg, A en. 8, 703.; Lu- 
 caUi 7. 569. and driving the horfes of 
 his chariot, Stat. Theh. 7, 72. IShe is 
 calicd Ha STAT A, Stat. Thcb. 2, 719. 
 becaufe before her temple at Rome 
 there was a pillar called Bellica, 
 over which a fpear ufed to be thrown, 
 when war was proclaimed, Fejlus et 
 Serv. ad Aeri. 9. 53. Bellona is dc- 
 fcribed, Sil, 5, 221. Ciaudian Ei:tv, 2, 
 
 ] BEL 
 
 144. et de quart. Conf. Honor. 12.— A 
 temple was vowed to her by Appius 
 Claudius while engaged In, battle, Liv. 
 10, 19. In this temple, which Itood 
 without the walls of the city, the fe- 
 uate was often afiembled, Liv. 26 21. 
 28, 9, & 38. 3c, 22, & 40. 31,47. 
 33, 22, & 24. 39, 29. 42, 21. The 
 priefts of Bellona, (Bellonarii ; Turta 
 enthcata Bellonae, Martial 12, 57, i i.), 
 ufed to cut their arms and fhouldeVs 
 when performing her facred rites, Lu- 
 can. I, 566. TibuU. 1,5, 47. 
 
 Bellovesus, the commander of 
 the fir ft body of Gauk that crolTed the 
 Alps, in the tim.e of Tarquinius Prif- 
 cus ; and having defeated the Tufcans 
 near the river TicTnus, took pofrefiion 
 of that country, and built the city of 
 Milan. Liv. 5, 34 
 
 BELUS, the chief god of the Af- 
 fyilans, Plin. 37. 10. f. 55. fuppofed 
 to be the fame with Baal, often 
 mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 Belus, the Plercules of India, Cic, 
 N. D. 3, 16. 
 
 Belus, a king of Phoenicia, the 
 father of Dido, Virg, Aen. i, 621. 
 defcended from a remote progenitor 
 of the fame name, Virg, ib. 729. Lac- 
 tant. I, 21. From himi was fprung 
 Barcas, the founder of the family of 
 Hamilcar, and the companion of Di- 
 do's flight from Tyre ; hence called 
 Bdldes juvenis, Sil. i, "j'^. 
 
 Belus, a king of Egypt, the fa- 
 ther of Aegyplus and Danaus, who are 
 hence called Bclldae fratres, Stat. 
 Theb. 6, 291. (nom. Belides, -ae ;) 
 and the daughters of l/anaus, (Da- 
 vauUs,) are called from their grandfa- 
 ther, Belules, (nom. f. Belis^ -idis,) 
 thus, AJfuiue repetunt quas per dant, Be- 
 lides iindas, they are continually taking 
 up aga'u the waters which they lofe, 
 Ovid. Met. 4, 463. Vid. Danaus. 
 One of them is alfo cabled Beliasy -adis, 
 
 Senec Here. Get. 960. ^Palame- 
 
 des, one of the generals of the Greeks 
 in the Trojan war, is called the fon.of 
 this Belus, (Belides, -ae,) tjiough 
 according to Servius, the feventh in 
 dcfcent from him, yirg, Aen. 2, 81. 
 Berenice, 
 
B E R. [ 
 
 Berenice, -es^ the name of fcvc- 
 Tal queens of Egypt, particularly of 
 one, whofe liair ( Berenice o vertke cae- 
 faries), was converted into a conftella- 
 tion, Catiill. 64, 5. De Coma Berenices. 
 
 Berknice> a Jewiih princefs, of 
 whom the Emperor Titus was fo fond, 
 that he promifed to marry her, Suet. 
 Tit. 7. S!ie is called Iiuejla by Juve- 
 nal, Sat. 6, 157. becaufe fhe was faid 
 to have had commerce with her bro- 
 ther King Agrippa, jojeph. Ant. 20, 
 5. with whom, flie lived for fome time 
 after the death of her hufband, Herod. 
 ib. 4, & 5. while Feftiis was governor 
 of Judaea, zA*7j- 25, 13. Tacitus men- 
 tions the paffion of Titus for Queen 
 Berenice, Hijl. 2, 2. and chat flie even 
 pltafed Vefpafian by the magniiicence 
 of her prefents, ih. 81. 
 
 43 
 
 Berenice, (al. PI. 
 
 ?Jf faid to 
 
 have been the only woman that was 
 the daughter, lifter, and mother of 
 vigors at the Olympic games, (Olym- 
 piomcarumjy Plin. 7, 41. and therefore 
 the only woman admitted to fee the 
 games, Val. Max, 8, 15. ext. 4, f. 
 Aelian. Var. H'lft. 10, I. 
 
 Be ROE, -es, the nurfe of Semele, 
 the m.other of Bacchus, Oiud. Met. 3, 
 278. 
 
 Beroe, the wife of Doryclus, Virg» 
 Aen. 5, 620. 
 
 Beroe, the daughter of Oceanus, 
 (Oceaiutisf -tdis,) and lifter of Clio, 
 Flrg. G. 4, 341. 
 
 Berosus, a famous aftrologer, to 
 w'hom, on account of his divine pre- 
 didlions, the Athenians ereded a fta- 
 tue at the public expence, with a gilt 
 tongue, in the gymnafium., Plin, 7, 37. 
 Add. Fitruv. 9, 7. He is thought to 
 be the fame with the hiltorian men- 
 tioned by Jt)fephus, who is faid to 
 have been a prielt of Belus at Baby- 
 lon in the time of -lexander; lih. i. 
 contra Aplon, and by Eufebius 10, 
 Praep. E-vavgel. p. 289. Edit. Rob. 
 StepL 
 
 L. Calpurnius BESTIA, a conful 
 in the Jugurthine war, SalluJ}. jfug. 
 27, &c. condemned by the Mauiillan 
 Jaw, Cic. Or. 25 70.5 Brut. 24. 
 
 } BIT 
 
 BIAS, -antisy a native of Prlene in 
 Ionia, one of the feven wife men of 
 Greece ; who, upon the taking of 
 that city by the enemy, having fled 
 without taking any of his effefts with 
 him, as others did, being aflved t^e 
 caufe, faid, omnia me a mecum por- 
 TO, I carry all my things with me, 
 Cic~ Paradox, i. 
 
 BiEULUS, a firname of the Cal- 
 purnii : 
 
 M. BiBDLus, the coljeague of Ju- 
 lius Caefarin the confulftiip, Cic. Har, 
 Refp. 2 2. Att. 2, 19. et alibi pajfim. 
 
 BION, -o/kV, a celebrated fophift 
 and poet, born in Scythia, near the 
 river Boryfthenes ; hence called Borys- 
 thenltesy Laert 4 46. contemporary 
 with Socrates ib. He came to A- 
 then-, where he diftinsjuilhed himfelf 
 by his genius and wit, ib. Cicero men- 
 tions one of his witty remarks, Tufc. 
 3 26. He imitated Archilochus and 
 Hipponax in his poems ; whence Bio- 
 net fernmneSf the fatires of Bion, or 
 fatirical compofitions like thofe of 
 Bion, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 60. 
 
 EIS^VLTIS, Adts, the daughter of 
 Bifaltis or Bifaltes, v/ho being viola- 
 ted by Neptune in the form of a ram, 
 brought forth the ram with a golden 
 fleece, which carried Phryxus, Ovid, 
 Met. 6, 117. Hyginus calls her, Theo- 
 phaney 188. 
 
 BiSTON, -onisi the fon of Mars and 
 Callirhoe, who built the city Biftonia 
 in Thrace ; whence the Thracians are 
 called Bifiones or Bijlonii ; Bjjlonii vi- 
 ri, Ovid. Met. 13, 430. 
 
 BiTiAS, a nobleman at the court 
 of I >ido, Virg. Aen. 1, 738. 
 
 BiTiAs, the fon of Alcanor, an 
 inhabitant of Mount Ida, the brother 
 of Pandarus, Virg Aen. 9, 672. uaiu 
 by Turnus> ib. 703. et i\^ 396. 
 
 BITON, -5ni/, the fon of the 
 prieftefs of Juko at Ar-o^, ( ,^lrgiae 
 .facer dot! s),, who one day at a fole rnn 
 facrifu e, when the mules were too 
 long of coming, together with his 
 brother Cleobis, drew the chariot of 
 their mother to the temple. Where- 
 upon flie having prayed the goddefs 
 J? 2 ta 
 
B L A t 44 
 
 to beftow on her fons the greateft re- 
 ward that could be given to man by a 
 god, they were both found dead next 
 morning, Herodot. I, 3 1. C'tc. Tufc. 
 1, 47. PJufarch. de Corifolat. 
 
 Blaesus, a firname given to Arif- 
 taeus, or Battus, the founder of Cy- 
 rene in Africa, from his Hfpmg man- 
 ner of fpeaking, On}'uL In Ib'in. 541. 
 
 Jiijlin.. 13, 7, Herodot 4, JC. ^ 2. 
 
 J\lfo a firname of the family of the 
 Sempronn at* Rome, Stat, Sih. 2, i, 
 191. Tacit. H'Jl. I, 59. ^tod donas y 
 facts ipff Blafianitm, you make the gift 
 of Blaefus ; you call the feftival inlli- 
 tuted in honour of him Fejium Blaefia- 
 num. Martial 8, 38, 14. 
 
 BocCAR, -arts, a Mauritanian name, 
 put for any Mauritanian or African, 
 "Junicnal. 5> 90. 
 
 BoccHUs, a king of Mauritania, 
 who dehvered Jugurtha in chains to 
 Sulla, SalluL Jug. 113. 
 
 BoETHUs, a carver and ftatuary, 
 C'lc. Verr. 4, 14. Pl'in. 33, 55. et 34, 
 
 8. a Carthaginian, Paufan. 5, J 7. 
 BoETHUS, a Stoic philofopher, Cic, 
 
 Di-v. I, 8. et 2, 20. Laert. 7, 143, 
 &c. 
 
 BoGUDEs, -Is, a king of Maurita- 
 nia Tingitana, Cic. Fam 10, 32. 
 
 M. B0LANUS, a friend of Cicero's, 
 C'lc Fam. 13, 77. 
 
 BoLANUs or Bollaniis, a choleric or 
 irritable perfon, who kept thofe who 
 were apt to be impertinent at a dif- 
 tancc ; whence Horace fays of him, 
 te, B'jlane, cerebri felicemy O Bola- 
 nus, happy in having a brain or tem- 
 per eafily ruffled or irritated, Sat. i, 
 
 9, II. et ibi Scholiafi. But others fup- 
 pofe Boianus to have been a dull 
 phlegmatic man, who could bear pa- 
 tiently any impertinence or infipid dif- 
 courfe, Cruquius. The firil: Interpre- 
 tation, however, feems preferable ; 
 whence cerebrofus is put for iracundus, 
 pafhonate, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 21. 
 
 BoMiLCAR, -aris, a Carthaginian 
 general, cruciiied on fuipicion of trea- 
 fon, called Rex, from his being fuf- 
 pe(5i:ed of afpiring at fovcreignty, juf- 
 tin. 22, 7. 
 
 1 B R E 
 
 BomilCAR, a commander of the 
 Carthaginian fleet, Liv. 23, 41- 24, 
 36, &c. 
 
 BONA, vel Bona Dea, the name 
 of a goddefs among the Romans, wor- 
 fhipped only by women, Cic. Att. i, 
 12. et 2y 4. Harufp. Refp. 1 7. Dom. 
 40. 'Templum ejus virum introire non /i- 
 cebat, Macrob. Sat. I, 12. Sacra Bo- 
 nae maribus non adeunda deae, Tibul. I, 
 6. 2 2. It was thought that any man 
 that faw them would be deprived of 
 fight, ib. 24. Add. Ovid. Fnjl. 5, 148, 
 &c. Art. 3, 637, et 243, Juvenal. 6, 
 314, et 2, 86. Propert. 4, 9, 25. 
 
 Bootes, -ae, vel -/j, (i. e. bubu/cus, 
 the ox-dnver), a conftellation near the 
 Urfa Major^ Hygin. Aftron. 2, 2. 
 called alfo Ar6l6phylax, Cic. N". D. 
 
 2, 42. This name was given to Ar- 
 eas, the fon of Caliilo, when tranfla- 
 ted into a conftellation, [G. 417.) 
 called piger, from the flownefs of his 
 motion, Juvenal, 5, 23. ; Ovid. Fa/l. 
 
 3, 405.; tardus. Id. Md. 2, 1 72. So 
 Cur fcrus verfare boves, et plaujlra 
 Bootes, Propert. 3, 5, 35. 
 
 BOREAS, -ae, a king of Thrace, 
 who married Orithyla, the daughter 
 of Erechtheus, king of Athens, Hero- 
 dot- 7, 189. or according to Ovid car- 
 ried her off, Met. 6, 707. and had by 
 her twins, Calais and Zethes, v/ho re- 
 feniiiled their father in having wings, 
 Ovid, in Ibin. 713. Boreas was faid 
 to have power over the winds, and 
 was afterwards worfhipped by the A- 
 thenlans as the god of the north 
 vi'ind, Herodot. ib. As fuch Ovid de- 
 fcribts him, ib. 690, 5cc. 
 
 BosTAR, a' Carthaginian prophet, 
 Sil. 3, 647. 
 
 Branch us, a fon of Apollo, Stat. 
 Theb. 3, 479. called by the fame e- 
 pithet with his father Intonsus, /5. 
 8, 198. Apollo is alfo called Bran- 
 chides, Mel. I, 17. pr. and the 
 prieils of his temple in Ionia, Bran- 
 ch idae, Plin. '5, 29,/. 30, Amnuanm 
 Marcellin. 29, I. 
 
 Brennus, a general of the Gauls, 
 who took Rome, Liv. 5, 38, .^c. 
 
 (G. 230;) <j| 2. Another, who 
 
 attempted 
 
B R I 
 
 C 4 
 
 Attempted to pluncjer the temple of 
 Apollo at Delphi, but was miracu- 
 j loufly prevented. Concerning the 
 I manner authors differ, jfujlin, 24, 6, 
 &c. ; Propert. 3, 13, 51.; P aujaiu 
 23. ; Vol. Max. I, !, 18. 
 
 Briareus, (3 fyll.) a huge giant, 
 the fon of Caehis and Terra, faid to 
 have an hundred hands, ( centumgemt' 
 nusj, Virg. Aen, 6, 287. called alfo 
 Aegaeon, ib. 10, 565. whence Bna- 
 rews,-at umt Claudian. de Rapt. Pro- 
 ferp. 3, 188. 
 
 Br'imo, -uSf f. a name of Hecate 
 or Proferpine, Propert, 2^ 2, 12. ; Stat. 
 Sih. 2, 3, 38. 
 
 Brisaeus, a name of Bacchus, 
 either from Brifa., a promontory of Lef- 
 bus, where he was worfhipped, or from 
 Brifa, a lum.p of preffed grapes ; — add- 
 ed as an epithet to the poet Accius, 
 Per/. I, 96. becaufe poets vi'ere fup- 
 pofed to be uudev the protection of 
 Bacchus. But fome here read Bri- 
 sk is, the name of a tragedy of Acci- 
 us. 
 
 Prise IS, -z'^/j, voc. Bnset^ a native 
 of Lyrneffus, a city of Troas, remark- 
 able for her -beauty ; who fell to the 
 lot of Achilles, in the diftribution of 
 the captives, when that city was taken 
 by the Greeks. See Geog. p. 446. 
 
 Britannicus, the fon of Claudius 
 by MefialTna ; fo called becaufe under 
 that emperor a part of Britain was fub- 
 ^wtdiy jfuvenaL 6, 124; Tacit, ""nu. 11, 
 II. et 12, 2. deprived of the fuccefiion 
 to the empire by the art of A,gripplna, 
 the mother of Domitius Nero, Tac. 
 Ann, 12, 25, 41, 68, &:c. and at laft 
 poifoned by Nero, ib, 13, 16. ; Suet, 
 Ner. 33. ^ 
 
 Britomartis, a nymph, the 
 daughter of Jupiter and Carme, a fa- 
 vourite of Diam, who being beloved 
 by Minos king of Crete, to avoid fall- 
 ing into his power, threw herfelf from a 
 rock into the fea, Virg. Cir.285, — 295.; 
 CaUimach. in Dian. i8y, &c. But others 
 fay, that (he was faved by fome fifliers, 
 v;ho hid her under their nets, (J<xTua,^ 
 whence ilie was alfo called Dictyn- 
 
 5 ] B R XT 
 
 NA, Diodor. 5, 76. ; Anton. Liheralis 
 Metaph, c. 40. 
 
 Bromius, a name of Bacchus, (~«'» 
 Tw BpE^.ii , a fremendo,) from the noifc 
 of thunder at his birth, Ovid. Met. 4, 
 II.; Lucan. 5, 73. hence Bromius, -a 
 -urn ; hromli remi, the oars of the fliip 
 of Bacchus, Claudian. de Conjul, Stilic. 3, 
 
 365- 
 
 Brontes, -ae, one of the Cy dopes ^ 
 who forged Jupiter's thunder-bolts, 
 ^B/)9vtk) Virg, Aen, 8, 4^4. 
 
 Broteas, -ae, one of the Lapithac, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 262. — «jj2. Alfo a noted 
 boxer, ih. 5, 107. 
 
 Brotheus, -W Broteas,- g'fon of 
 Vulcan, who being mocked for his de- 
 formity, threw himfelf into the fire, and 
 wa? confumed by the flames, Ovid, in 
 Jlin. V. 519. But fome think this 
 paffage has been interpolated. 
 
 BRUTUS, the firname given to 
 Lucius Junius, who expelled the Tar- 
 quins, from his apparent ftupidity, Ll'O^ 
 I, 66. (G. 204.) Bruins erat Jlulti /apt- 
 ens imitator, ut ejjet "Tutus ab injidiis, dire 
 Superbe, iuis, Ovid. Fail. 2, 717. called 
 Ultor, becaufe he revenged the cruelty 
 of king Tarquin, and the rape of Lu- 
 cretia by his fon Sextus, Virg. Aen. 6, 
 819.; Ovid. ib. S;^J. He punifhed his 
 own fons with death for confpiring to 
 reltore the regal government, ib. 820. ; 
 Liv. 2, 5. it feems this aftion was 
 blamed by fome in the time of VirgiL 
 The poet therefore makes Anchifes add, 
 Uteunque ferent ea fada miner es ; Vincet 
 amor patriae, laudumque imnienfa cupido^ 
 ib. 823. Propertius praifes this deed, 
 by joining xXitfecures or axes of Brutus 
 with the courage of Decius, 4, i, 45". 
 Brutus fell in battle, fighting with 
 Aruns Tarquinius, Liv>. 2, 6. 
 
 M. jfunius Brutus, a tribune, who 
 fupported the Oppian law concerning 
 the drefs of matrons, Liv. 34, i. He 
 was afterwards made praetor, Id. 35, 
 24. and conful. Id. 40, 59. 
 
 D. [al. A.) Junius Brutus, conful 
 with. Scipio Africanus Minor, a. 616, 
 Cic. Brut. 22. was put in prifon by the 
 tribune Curiatius; C;V. Legg. 3, 9. Ha- 
 ving 
 
B R U [ 
 
 "^'ing conquered the Gallaect in Spain, 
 he obtained a triumph, Ctc. Bivh. 1 7. 
 whence he <vot the lirname of Gal- 
 LAECUS. ^^//, 2, 5. He was a good 
 Greek fcholar, {Gracce doBuSy) Cic. 
 Brut. 28. and fo fond of poetry, that 
 he adorned the entrances to the temples 
 and monuments of his family by in- 
 fcribing on them the verfes of his friend 
 Attius, the poet, Gic. Arch. 11. 
 
 M. Junius BP.UTUS, the fon of 
 M. Brutus, lieutenant to the conful 
 L.epidu3 in Cifalpine Gaul, who was 
 put to death by order of Pompcy after 
 having furrcndered himfelf, Plutarch, in 
 Pomp, el Brut. App'tan^ B. C. 2, p. 497. 
 His mother Servilia was fifter to Cato 
 by the mother's lide, Cic. Tufc. 5, i. 
 of the family of Servilius Ahala, who 
 ilew Spurius Maelius. Brutus having 
 loll his father when very youngs was 
 educated with great care by his uncle 
 Cato. Being adopted by his uncle 
 Q^ Servilius Caepio, he is fometimes 
 called Qj^ Caepio Brutus, Apfian. 
 ibid. Cic. PhiL 10, il.; -itt. 2, 24. ; or 
 fimply, Q. Caepio, Cic. Fam. 7, 2 1. , 
 Dio. 41, 63. 
 
 Brutus, not only in youth, but 
 through the whole of his life, applied 
 with the greateft attention to iludy. 
 He was thoroughly acquainted with 
 the doctrines of all the fedts, of the 
 Greek philofophers ; but he chitfiy 
 elleemed the old academy, or the Plato- 
 nifts, Plutarch, in Brut. Ke wrote books 
 on various fubjeds, Cic. Att. 12,5.^/13, 
 8.; Acad. I, 3.; Fin. 1.4. and Cicero 
 infcribes feverai of his books to him., 
 Cic. Brut. I. Qrat. i. Tufc. i. &c. 
 The talents and virtues of Brutus pro- 
 cured him univerfal refpedt, ih. But 
 fome circumftances are mentioned by 
 Cicero concerning his connedi »n with 
 ufurers not much to his credit, Cic. Att. 
 5, 21. f/ 6, I. &c. In the civil war 
 between Pompey and Caefar, though he 
 hated Pompey, as the murderer of his 
 father, yet he joined his pat ty, thinking 
 it lefs dangerous to the liberty of his 
 country than that of Caefar, Plutarch. 
 Cic. /itt. 11,4. He was prefent in the 
 battle of Pharialia 5 but after the de- 
 
 46 ] B R U 
 
 feat of Pompey, he fubmitted to the 
 conqueror. Caefar had particularly 
 charged his officers to fpare Brutus, 
 out of tenderners to his mother Servi- 
 lia, of v/hom Caefar in his youth had 
 been paffionately fond ; and afterwards 
 continued his attachment, fo that fome 
 alleged Brutus v; as his fon, Plutarch in 
 Brut. Suet. Caef. 50. ; Appian, 2, 49S. 
 Whatever be in this, Caefar not only 
 forgave him, but inilantly received him 
 into favour. When about to make an 
 expedition into Africa againft Cato and 
 Scipio, he committed to Brutus the 
 government of Cifalpine Gaul, where 
 he conduced himfelf with the greateli 
 prudence and integrity. 
 
 Brutus> after his return to Rome, di- 
 vorced his wife Claudia, without any 
 ground of complaint, for the fake of mar- 
 rying Porcia, the daughter of Cato and 
 widow of Bibulus; for which he was 
 much cenfured, Cic. Att. 13, 9. et to. 
 A. U. 709, Caefar m.ade him city prae- 
 tor in preference to CaiTius. But the 
 favours of Caefar could not gain the 
 friend (liip of Brutus. He could not 
 bear the thoughts of owing; to a maf- 
 tcr ihofe preferments which he fhould 
 have received from a free people. He 
 therefore always behaved to Caefar 
 with diftance and referve. By the art 
 of Cafiiu;^, who was married to his fifter, 
 he v/as brought to join the confpiracy 
 agai nil Caefar, Plutarch. But Dio makes 
 Brutus the author of the plot, 44, [3. 
 and fays that he brought Caffius to 
 join in it, i^. 14, 'I'o this undertaking 
 Brums is faid to have been prompted 
 by various intimations from unknown 
 hands. Under the Itatue of Brutus 
 who expelled Tarquin w^ere written 
 theie words, thai lue had a Brutus how.' 
 thai Brutus ivere alive I The tribunal 
 on which he fat as praetor was filled 
 each morning with fuch infcriptions as 
 thefe : ** You are afleep, Brutus ;" 
 ** You are not a true Brutus," Plutarch, 
 in Brut. Dio. 44, i2. ; Appian. B. C. 
 2, p. 498. ; Suet. Caef. 80. He was 
 confirmed in his purpofe by the general 
 difcontent at Caefar's ufurpation ; and 
 thought that the only v.-ay of freeing 
 
 hia 
 
B R U [ 47 1 B R U 
 
 by cutting off the the right wing, gained the vi£lory and 
 
 hh country, was 
 
 ufurper. Hence .-Sntony ulcd to de- 
 clare, that c-f all the confpirators, Hru- 
 tus alone aded from virtuous motives, 
 but that the reft were aftuated by pri- 
 vate malice and envy, Plutarch, in Br, 
 Caefar, when attacked by the confpira- 
 tors in the fenate-lioufe on the Ides of 
 March, a. u. 710, feeing Brutus rufliing 
 on him, is reported to have faid in 
 Greek, j^nd are you among them ; you, my 
 Jcnl Suet. Caef. 82. But Dio denies 
 the truth of this fatt, 44, 19. and Plu- 
 tarch takes no notice of it, hi Brut. Ap- 
 pian fays, that Caefar at iirft made a vio- 
 lent reiiftance, but that being ftruck by 
 Brutus, he covered his face with his robe, 
 and quietly fubmitted to his fate. Bell. 
 Civ, 2, p. 502. Suetonius fays, that 
 he never uttered a word, ib. The in- 
 activity of Brutus and his party, after 
 perpetrating the deed, ruined their 
 caufe. Fid. Octavius et Antonius. 
 
 Brutus and Caffms being forced to 
 leave Rome by the art of Antony, 
 after remaining for fome time in Italy, 
 pafled over into Greece. . They were 
 every where received v.'ith the greattft 
 honour, particularly at Athens; where 
 brazen ftatueswere ereftedtothem, nigh 
 to thofe of Harmodius and Ariitpglton, 
 whom the Athenians regarded as the 
 deliverers of their country from the ty- 
 ranny of the fons of Pififtratus, about 
 468 years before, Dio. 47, 20. Caffius 
 fet out for the province of Syria, which 
 he foon became mafter of. Brutus re- 
 mained at Athens, hearing and conver- 
 fing with the phiiofophers, as if he had 
 nothing elfe in view. He fecretly, 
 however, made preparations for war. 
 At length he began to ad openly, and 
 with fuch fuccelb, that in a fliort time 
 he colledled a great army, equipped a 
 numerous fleet, and got poffcllion of all 
 Greece and Macedonia, Plutarch, in 
 Brut. ; Dio. 47, 21, and 22. ; Fell. 2, 
 6^. ; Lin). Epit. 118 
 
 Brutus and Caffius having Joined 
 their forces, came to a decifive engage- 
 ment with Antony and 06lavius in the 
 plains of Philippi. In this battle Lru- 
 tus, who was oppofed to Odavius on 
 
 took the camp of Oclavius. But An- 
 tony was equally fuccefsful againft Caf- 
 fius on the left ; who having retreated 
 to fome rifing grounds adjoining, fent a 
 centurion to enquire what Brutus was 
 doing, for the duft intercepted his 
 view. The centurion fell in with a 
 body of cavalry which Brutus had fent 
 in quell of Caffius, and returned ilowly 
 with them as if there was no dnnger, 
 Caffius obferving thefe cavalry ap- 
 proach, and taking them for the e- 
 nemy, ordered Pandarus, his freedman, 
 to kill him. The centurion feeing the 
 fatal efFedls of his tardinefs, alfo flew 
 himfclf. Brutus lamenting the fate of 
 Caffius, called him the " lail of the 
 " Romans." Having now become fole 
 commander of both armies, he wiflied 
 to decline battle ; and if he had done 
 fo, Antony and Odtavius muft have 
 yielded, as they were in the utmoit 
 want of provifions. Befides • the fleet 
 of Brutus under Statius Murcus and 
 Acnobarbus had gained a great vidory 
 over the fleet of the Triuiiiixiriy under 
 Domitius. But fearing the defertion 
 of his men, whom Antony and Oftavi- 
 us ufed every art to feduce, he v^^as led 
 to rifk a fecond battle*; in which, after 
 an obftinate conflid, he was entirely 
 defeated. Hearing that a number of 
 his friends had joined the conquerors, 
 and being furrounded on all hands, ha- 
 ving taken each of his friends by the 
 hand, he addrefled them with a chear- 
 ful countenance, and exhorted them to 
 provide for their fafety. Then with- 
 drawing with two or three of his par- 
 ticular confidents, he fell on his fword 
 and expired. Some fay, that Strato, 
 his former fellow fl;udent, at his earnelt 
 entreaty, held the fword, with his face 
 turned away ; and that Brutus ruflied 
 upon it with fo much violence, that 
 entering at his breail, it paffisd quite 
 through his body. Antony honoured 
 Brutus with a fplendid funeral, and fent: 
 his afncs to his mother Serviha, Plu- 
 tarch. Suetonius fays that Oclavius 
 fent the head of Brutus to Rome to be 
 put below the ftatue of Caefar, uet, 
 
 Aug. 
 
B R tJ 
 
 I 4 
 
 jfug-» 13. But according to Dio,- it 
 was thrown into the fea, in a tempell 
 (during the pafTagre froin Dyrrhachium, 
 47, 46. Dio alfo relates, that Brutus 
 before his death repeated in Greek 
 this faying of Hercules ; " O rirtue, 
 *' thou art an empty name : I have 
 ** wcrfliipped thee as a goddefs, but 
 ** thou art the flave of fortune," 47, 
 49. So Florus, Mor'iens (fc. I'rutus) 
 stfjlaiiity non in re^ fsd in verbo tanium ejfe 
 vtrt-utem^ 4, 7, II. to which Horace is 
 fuppofed to allude, Ep. i, 6, 32. et 7, 
 41. Plutarch relates on the authority 
 «f Vclumnius, who was then with Bru- 
 tus, that Brutus, the night before his 
 death, repeated two verfes ; the one of 
 which was from the Medea of Euripi- 
 des: " Punifh, great Jove^ the author 
 of thefe ills,*' (meaning Antony;) the 
 other he fays he had forgotten, P/«- 
 tarch. in Brut. Jin. 
 
 Brutus and Caffius are faid to have 
 fallen by the fwords with which they 
 flew Caefar, Dio, 48, l. So Suet, Caef^ 
 89. Brutus was then about forty years 
 ©Id, Liv. Epit. 124. according to Vel- 
 leius Paterculus, only thirty feven, /. 2. 
 
 €. 72. 
 
 Plutarch obferves, that Providence 
 determined Brutus to fight before he 
 heard of the fuccefs of his fleet, in or- 
 der to remove out of the way the only 
 man who was able to refiil him (Ofta- 
 vius) who was denrlaed to change the 
 government of Rome from a republic 
 into a monarchy, irt^ruto. tit might 
 have faid more juHly, that Providence 
 involved the Romans in a long and 
 bloody civil war, in fupport of the 
 rnoft profligate characters, and Anally 
 fubje6led them to the mod ignominious 
 fervitude, as a puRifliment for their 
 crimes, and for their cruelties to the 
 nations which they fubdued. Vid Hor. 
 Od, J, 1$, 33. et 2, I, 29. ; Epod, 7 
 nd Jin. 16, l. &c. ; Juvenal. 4, 37. et 
 6, 292- et 8, 98- &c. 
 
 A confiderable time before the bat- 
 tle of Philippi, a fpeclre is faid to have 
 appeared to Brutus one night, while 
 fitting alone in his apartment, which, 
 ypon Brutus aflung, <' Who art thoui" 
 
 % 1 B H U 
 
 anfwered, *' I am thy evil genius, Brii* 
 tus ; thou faalt fee me again at Philip- 
 pi/* " Then,'' fays Brutus, without 
 being difcompofcd, ** I will fee thee 
 there." The fame fpeftre Is faid to 
 have appeared to Brutus a fecond time, 
 on the night before the lall battle, jip- 
 pi an. Bell. Civ. 4. /. 668- ; Plutarch. 
 in Brut. 
 
 All the ancient writers agree In ex- 
 tolling the viitues of Brutus ; but they 
 generally condemn his confpirii^ a- 
 galnll Caefar, VclL 2, 72. ; Appian. 4, 
 666. &:c. Vid. praecipue Senec. de Be- 
 ne/. 2, 20. The friends of Caefar char- 
 ged Brutus and his affociates with bafe 
 in£:;ratitude for kilHng their benefador; 
 but Cicero and the republican party 
 applaud them, for having preferred th<" 
 liberty of their country to the obliga- 
 tlons of private friendiliip, Cic. Phil. 2, 
 3. & II. 
 
 D. Juwus BRUTUS, one of the 
 confpirators againll Caefar, of the fame 
 fanvUy with Marcus, but not very near- 
 ly related to him. He was adopted 
 by A. PoJjJiumius Jloinus, and therefore 
 is fomctimes called Decimus Brutus Al- 
 hinvs, Appian. B. C. 2, 497. He had 
 attended Caefar, and, though a young 
 man, was greatly trulled by him in his 
 Gallic wars, Caef. J5. G. 3, II, Sc 14. 
 7, 9, & 87. In the civil war Caefar 
 gave Brutus the command of his fleet 
 at the fiege of Marfeilles, Caef. B. C. 
 I, 36. where Brutus acled with great 
 courage and ability, ib. ^6, 57. &c. 2, 
 3, 6. Sec. He was In fo great favour 
 with Caefar, that, when about to de- 
 part t9 the Parthian war, he appointed 
 Brutus to the command of Cifalpine 
 Gaul and to the confulfliip of the fol- 
 lowing year, and even named him fe- 
 cond heir of his eilate in failure of the 
 firil ; fo that people were particularly 
 furprifed at his joining the confplva- 
 cy, Cic. Phil. 10, 7. When Caefar 
 hefitattd about going to the fenate- 
 houfe on the fatal ides of March, on 
 account of certain omens, as well as of 
 bad health, Decimus Brutus, by ridi- ' 
 culing his apprehenfion of omens, and 
 by reprefentjng how improper it would 
 
 be 
 
B R U t 49 ] 
 
 be to difappoir.t the fenators, who were gyptians to Diana 
 
 waiting his arrival, removed his fcruples, 
 and determined him to go, Suet. Caef. 
 Si. ; D'lOf 44, 1 8. Brutus was pof- 
 fefled of an immenfe fortune, and fup- 
 ported a band of gladiators, at his own 
 expence, for the diveiTion of the city. 
 By thefe gladiators the confpirators 
 were guarded, when, after killing Cae- 
 far, they took refuge in the capitol, 
 j^ppian. 2. p. 503.; Dh, 44, 21.; Phi- 
 iarch. in Caef. et Bnit. Brutus having 
 taken poffefficn of his province of Cif- 
 alpihe Gaul, fpent about 400,000 1. in 
 maintaining an army againil /Antony. 
 Being befiegCQ by Antony at Mutina, 
 he defended hinafelf with great bravery, 
 till he was relieved by the confuls Hir- 
 tius and Panfa, and Odavius. But 
 the confuls being (lain, and 0<^avius 
 having concluded an alliance with An- 
 tony and Lepidus, Decimus Brutus 
 being deferted by his foldiers, and at» 
 tempting to efcape into Macedonia to 
 his namefake Brutus, was taken by the 
 foldiers of x\atony, and put to death, 
 Veil 2, 64. ; Jppian. 3. />. 588. ; Val. 
 Max. g, 13, 3. ; Dio, ^6, 53. 
 
 Marcus and Decimus Bjutus were 
 Relieved to be lineally defcended from 
 L. Brutus, v/ho expelled Tarquin, by 
 his third fon ; whence he is faid to be 
 the author of their nobility, ( Princeps 
 nohilitaUs Brutorum)y Cic. Phil. 1,6.; 
 Tufc. 4, I. and Atticus, at the reqiiefl 
 «f M. 'Brutus, drew up a genealogy of 
 the Junian family from its firft origin, 
 Nep. An. 18. But as the family of the 
 firll Brutus was of Patrician rank, and 
 that of the confpirators againil Cacfar 
 plebeian, the latter were fuppoied by 
 jnany not to have been fprung from the 
 former, Plutarch, in Brut. pr. ; Dionyf. 
 ^.. p. 292.; Die, ^^y 12.; Fid. Manut. 
 ad pr imam Ep. Cic. ad Brut. 
 
 Brutiana caf.ra, the camp of M. 
 fkutus. Fell. 2, 72. Brulianac Cii/fia- 
 fiaequc partes, the party of Brutus and 
 Callius, ib. 74. Confilla inire coepi Bru- 
 i'lna plane (vejiri enim haec funt propria 
 fanguinis) reipublicae liberandae, like thofe 
 pf Brutus, Cic. ad Brut. 15. 
 
 BuBASTis,, a name given by thre E- 
 
 B U T 
 
 Ovid. Met, 9, 6go> 
 
 whence the city Bubastus was nam.e^, 
 and the country around it, Bubasti- 
 TEs NoMOS. Here meetings were 
 annually held in honour of Diana, Hg^ 
 rcdot. 2, 59, 137. & 156. and facred 
 rites performed in her temple, called 
 BuBASTiA, -oruniy Gratian. Cyneg. 42. 
 Bucephalus, the horfe of Alex- 
 ander the Great, fo named, either frorn 
 his ftern afpe6l, or from the figure of 
 a bull's head (.^mj- v.if<x\r,^ being bran^* 
 ed on his fhoulder, Plin. 8, 42 f. 64. 5 
 Solin. c. 45. He would admit no one 
 to fit on his back but Alexander ; and 
 when that king wifhed to mount him, 
 he is faid to have kneeled to receive 
 him, Ih. et Curt. 6, 5, 18. Vv'^hen this 
 horfe died, Alexander celebrated his 
 funeral obfequies, and built a city (cal- 
 led Bucephalus, v. -^z, V. -eia) round 
 his tomb, Ih. et Curt, 9, 3, 23. ; PUiu 
 6, 20. ; Gell. 5, 2. ; Arrian. 5, 3. 
 
 BuPALUs, a fculptor and ftatuary 
 of Chios, who expofed the deformity 
 of the poet Hipponax to ridicule by 
 an image he made of him ; on which 
 account the poet, being greatly incen- 
 fed, wrote fo bitter a fatire againil Bu- 
 palus, that he is faid to have hanged 
 himfelf. But Pliny fays this report is 
 falfe, Plin. 36, 5. Others fay that he 
 and his brother Anthermus were only 
 obliged to leave Ephefus* Hence, 
 however, Horace calls Hipponax, A' 
 cerhojlis Bupalo, Epod. 6, 14. 
 
 BuRRHUs, vel BurruSy i.e. Pyrrhus* 
 Burrum femper Br.nius, nunquam Pyrr- 
 hum dicebati Cic. Orat. 48. j Quin£liL 
 ij 4, 15- 
 
 BURRUS Afranius, praefed of the 
 praetorian guards, Tac. Ann. 12, 4^. 
 the governor of Nero, ih. 13, 2. by 
 whom his death was fuppofed to have 
 been hallened, ih. 14, 51. 
 
 Bus IRIS, -/V, vel -tdis, .a king of E- 
 gypt, who ufed to facrifice his gueils 
 to his gods ; whence he is called, illaw 
 dalusy infamous, Virg. G. 3, 5. and 
 his altars irnmites, cruel, Stat. Thcb, 12, 
 154. HkC was flain by Hercules, Apol-' 
 lodor. 2, II.; Ovid. Art. Am. I, 647. 
 BUTEQ^ -JmV, tjip ^wim^ of a fa- 
 G ttilr 
 
BUT C 50 
 
 mily of the Pabii, Liv. 23, 21. 50, 26. 
 33. 24. &c. derived from a hawk (^k- 
 /fo) perching on the fhip of one of 
 them when commanding a fleet, which 
 was reckoned a lucky omen, Plin. 10, 
 8f. 9. 
 
 BUTES, -ae, the fon of Teleon, 
 one of the Argonauts, /^poUodor. i, 16.; 
 Hyg'tn. 14. the father of Eryx by Ve- 
 nus, Hyg'in. f. 260. ; ApoUodor, 1,9, 25. 
 — 51 2. A pugiliil of great bulk, de- 
 fcended from Amycus king of Bebry- 
 cia or Bithynia, flain by Dares in a 
 combat of the cejlus^ V'lrg. Aen. 5. 372. 
 1^-^ 3. A Trojan, (lain by Camilla, th. 
 \ 1 , 690. 
 
 BuzyGES, -w, (i.e. Bourn junclor')^ 
 an Athenian, who is faid to have firll 
 ploughed with harneffed oxen, [bovem 
 €t aratrwn invenit)^ Plin. 7, ^6. j Varr. 
 R. R. 2, 5* 4. which invention is com- 
 fifjonly afcribed to Triptolemus, Bern), 
 ad Vlfg G. 1 , 19. et Plin. ib. 
 
 Byblis, •'tdls^ the daughter of Mi- 
 letus, {Mileiis^ -1dis)t by the nymph 
 dyane, who fell in love with her bro- 
 ther Caunus 5 but being rejedled by 
 him, and on that account wafted with 
 grief, was, by the compaffTion of the 
 gods, turned into a fountain, fS'ic lac- 
 rymls confumpta fuis Phoeh'i'ia Byblis Ver- 
 iitur in fontemjy Ovid. Met. 9, 449, — 
 665. She is called Phoebeia BykliSf be- 
 caufe Miletus was the fon of Apollo, 
 ih. 662. But fhe is alfo faid to have 
 ended her life by a halter, Ovid, Art, 
 Am. 1, 284. 
 
 C. 
 
 CABALLUS, the firname of a 
 Koman family, Martial, ly /^Zt 17. Nan 
 €s Scxtiiis tile (Cabailus), Jed caballns, 
 Yo-u are not equal to Sextius Cabailus 
 in wit, but a mere beaft or horfe, ib. 20. 
 
 CACUS, a moniler that emitted 
 frames from his mouth, the fon of Vul- 
 can, who refided in a cave on mount 
 Aventine, and infcfted the neighbour- 
 ing country by his thefts and robberies. 
 Having ftolen fome of the cattle of 
 -Hercules, he was (lain by that hero, 
 Liv. I, 7.; Virg.Aen,%^ 193, — 268.; 
 ^y\d. Fajh It $S^' ^C. 
 
 1 C A E 
 
 CADMUS, the fon of A^enor, 
 {^Agenorides)^ who founded TheheS', 
 \See G. 426.), and i& faid to hnvc 
 brought the knowledge of letters from 
 Phoenicia into Greece ; hence Cadm 
 ptgdlae Jiliae^ letters, Aufon, Epift. 2 1. 
 jiliolae atrtcoloresy lb. 29. 
 
 Cadimeis, -^dis, f. a daughter of 
 Cadmus ; Cadmeus, v. -eius, -a, -umy 
 dtfcended from Cadmus. Errant fit- 
 rentes inipiae Cadjneides, i. e. Agave, 
 Ino, Aubonoe, the daughters of Cad- 
 mus, who tore Pentheus to pieces, Se- 
 nec. Here. fur. 759. Talibus ignaram 
 Juno Cadmeiiia diclis Formdratf i. e. Se- 
 mele, the daughter of Cadmus. Ovid, 
 Met. 3, 287. Cadnieis domus, for Cad" 
 mea, the houfe or family of Cadii U3, 
 ib. 4, 545. Matres Cadmeuksy the 
 Theban matrons, ib. 9, 304. Conli- 
 gerant te/li Cadmeida nubibus arcem, co- 
 vered with clouds, they had reached > 
 the citadel of Thebes, ib. 6, 217. cal- 
 led Cadm E A, Nep. Pel. l. Thebai 
 Cadmeae, Thebes built by Cadmus, 
 P roper t. i, 7, i. yuvctitus Cadmea^ 
 the Theban youth, Stat. Theb, 8, 
 600. Cadmeum limetiy the threfhold 
 of the palace of Oedipus, or of his 
 fons, ib. 1, 123. Mater Cadmeay A- 
 gavc, the daughter of Cadmus, and 
 mother of Pentheus, Senec. Oedip. IC06. 
 So Cadmeia Ino, ib. 446. Cadmeius 
 Aeraon, tlie Theban Aemon, Stat. 'Theb. 
 
 8, 519. — But G^jis Cadm E A, the Car- 
 thaginian or Punic nation, as being of 
 the fame origin with Cadmus, from . 
 Phoenicia, SiL 1,6. So Cadmeajlirps^ 
 ib. 106 manusi Id. 17, 58.2. 
 
 Cadmus, a noted executioner in the 
 tlmt of Horace ; hence Tradere Cadmo^ 
 to fentence to death, Hor. Sat, i,,6, ^^» 
 
 CAECILLUS, thenameof a Ko- 
 man gens, containing feveral branches 
 or familiasf particularly the Metelli; 
 whence the family of the Metelli is cal- 
 led Cae cilia familiar Veil. 2, il. 
 
 C a EC 1 L I A Laciuca, a kind of 
 
 lettuce, fo called from the name of 
 Metellus, Coluw eh 10, 1H2. & 190. vel 
 Caeciliana, Id, II, 3, 26. ; et Plin, 
 
 9, 8. So Cerafa Caeciliana ^ Plin. 15, 
 
 CAE- 
 
c A E r 
 
 CAECILIUS Statiusy an ancient 
 comic poet, contemporary with En- 
 nius, originally a flavc, Gell. 4, 20. and 
 an Infubrian Gaul by birth, Cic. Or, 2, 
 
 10. commended for the gravity of his 
 charatlers Hor. Ep. 2, i, 59. alfo for 
 his wit and hiunoHr, Paten, i, 17. but 
 not for the purity oi his ftyle, (malus 
 enim au^or Latinitatis e/i)^ Cic. Att. 7, 
 2. — CAECiLiANus/'^^^'r, the charader 
 of a father, as defciibed by Caecilius, 
 ^InSil, II, I J 39. Vereor^ ne, Lucul- 
 i'ls quontam Graecum poema cotidld'ity nunc 
 ad i'aecilianam fabulam fpedety fc. ^"/rchi- 
 as, I am afraid, Archias, fince he has 
 finifhed his Greek poem for the Lucul- 
 
 11, will now (inftead of writmg con- 
 cerning my confulihip) fet about wri- 
 ting a poem concerning Caectliui Me- 
 tellus. (This poem Cicero calls Fahu- 
 la Caec'iliana^ in allufion to the plays 
 (fabidae) of the poet, Cic. ^tt. r, 16.) 
 
 Z. CAECILIUS, a tribune, a. u. 
 690, who propofed a bill to the people 
 {Caectlia rogatio) for mitigating the 
 punifhment enaded againil bribery by 
 former laws ; but it does not appear to 
 have been pafTed ijato a law, Cic. SylL 
 22. & 23. 
 
 Q. CAECILIUS, firnamed Niger, 
 a Sicilian, the quaellor of Verres, a- 
 gainft whom Cicero delivered an ora- 
 tion called DiviNATio, ^indilian. 7, 
 
 2, 2. II, I, 20. 
 
 ^ CAECILIUS, ^ R Metellus 
 Pius Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey, 
 Cic. Fam. S, 8. See P. Scipio Nasica. 
 
 ^ CAECILIUS, a name affumed 
 by Pomponius Atticus from his uncle 
 by the mother's fide, who adopted 
 him, Nep. Attic. 5. hence Cicero, when 
 he congratulates Atticus upon his fuc- 
 ceffion to the fortune of his uncle, 
 which was very confiderable, infcribes 
 his letter thus, Cicero S. D. (Jalutem 
 dicit) Q^Caecilio Q: F* ( ^intiji- 
 Uo) PoMPONiANO Attico The ad- 
 Opted affumed the name of the adopter, 
 and put his own gentile or family name 
 after, changing the termination into 
 the form of a poiTeffive ^djedive ; thus, 
 Pamponianus, for Pomponius, as it were, 
 belonging to the gens of the PomJ^omi, 
 
 ?i ] C A E 
 
 Cic. Att. 3, 20. So Scipio 4emi/ianu/9 
 Caefar O^avianusy Cffr. — Caecilia, thfi 
 daughter of Atticus, Cic.Att. 6, 2, & 4. 
 
 r. CAECILIUS Eutychides, a freed 
 man of Atticus, Cic. /^tt. 4, 15. 
 
 A. CAECiNA, a native of Vola- 
 terrae, for whom Cicero made an ora- 
 tion, Caecin. i, &c. He was after- 
 wards banifhed, for having written a 
 book againft Caefar, Cic. Fam. 6, ^, 
 8, &9. 
 
 CAEtrtiLus, the fon of Vulcan, the 
 founder of Praenefte, Serv. ad Virg. 
 Aen. 7, 681. from whom, according 
 to Fefius, the family of the Caecilii at 
 Rome was defcended. 
 
 C A ECUS, a firname given to Appiu« 
 Claudius from the lofs of hig fight, 
 Li'i). 9, 27. ; Cic. Tufc. 5, 38. 
 
 CAEDICIUS a centurion chofea 
 as general by the Romans, who fled 
 to Veji when Rome was taken by the 
 Gauls, Liv. 5, 45. & 46. 
 
 Caedicius, a fevere judge in th« 
 time of Vitellius, JwvenaL 13. 197. 
 
 CAELIUS, the name of a young 
 man defended by Cicero, when accu- 
 fed of being acceffory to CatiHne's 
 confpiracy. See Coelius. 
 
 C AENIS, -/V, a woman of Thefialy, 
 changed by Neptune into a man, cal- 
 led Caen E us, (in two fyllables), 0- 
 liid. Met. 12, 179, — 210, et 469, &c. 
 according to Virgil, changed again 
 into her former figure, Aen. 6, 448. 
 
 CAEPARIUS, one of Catihne's 
 affociates, Cic. Cat. 3, 6. 
 
 CAEPIO, -onisy a firname of the 
 Serviiii : Vid. Servilius. 
 
 CAESAR, -aris, the name of a 
 branch or family of the Gens Julia^ 
 or Julian clan at Rome ; the lirll of 
 which is faid to have been fo named 
 from his being cut out of his mother's 
 womb, (ex caefo mairis uteroj, Plin. 
 7, 9, or from his being born with hair, 
 (cum caefarieji Feilus. Other reafons 
 of this name are alTigned, Serv ad 
 Virg. Aen. I, 290, et iiy 743. This fa- 
 mily was rendered illuftrious chiefly by 
 CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR, who 
 fubverted the liberties of his country, 
 and ellabliflied a monarchical form of 
 
 G 3 
 
 !;overn' 
 
C A s: [5 
 
 gdvefrtftient at Rome, uftder tKe name 
 of Tmperator. After him the name 
 bf Caesar was Annexed to that of 
 IMPERATOR, Taciu Hlft. 2, 60, & 
 80. ef 3, 58, and the one often put for 
 the other, Id. pq/ftm. but in later times 
 tvas appropriated to the heir-apparent 
 6f the empire. 
 
 C. JULIUS CAESAR was the 
 fon of C. Gaefar and Aurelia, the 
 daughter of Cotta, born on the 12th 
 July, {IV id. ^^uinalL) Macrob. Sat. 
 i, 12. a- u. 653*; (ah 654.) in the 
 confulfhip of C. Marius, for the fixth 
 time, and L. Valerius Flaccus. In 
 the 16th year of his age he loft his 
 father, Suet. i. ^Yio died fuddenly at 
 Pifae, after being praetof, (praeturd 
 perfunclus ) ^ while he was putting on 
 his (hoes, Plln. 7, 53 f- 54. The 
 following yeir, ( fequent'ihus confuli- 
 hui) Caefar was eleiled prieft: of Ju- 
 piter, {flamen dialis). Having prirted 
 with CofTutia, a rich heirefs, who had 
 been bettothcd to him when a boy, 
 (praefexfato)y he fnarried Corneh'a the 
 daughter of Cinfia, by whom he foon 
 $fter had Jiilia. Caefar continued 
 faithful to Cornelia after the overthrow 
 of her father, nor could he be compel- 
 led by Sulla the dictator to divorce her. 
 He was thefefore deprived of his pricft- 
 hood, of his wife's fortune, and of 
 fome inheritances that had fallen to 
 iiim by the death of relations, (gSfUl- 
 Uti'is haereditatibus mukatus. ) Being rf c- 
 koned of the oppofite party, not on- 
 ly on account of his connexion with 
 Cinna, but becaufe his aunt Julia had 
 been m.arried to Marius, he was obli- 
 ged to abfcond ; and, though ill of a 
 quartan ague, to change his lurking 
 |)lace3 fevery night, and at one time to 
 redeem himfelf frotfi the foldiers of 
 Sulla, who were fearching thofe places 
 for the profcribed, with a fum of ma- 
 tiey, Suet. I. by giving their comman- 
 der, Cornelius Phagita, two talents, 
 Plutarch, in Caef.; Suet. 74. till by means 
 01 the Vcftal Virgins, and of his kinf- 
 inen and conneclions, he obtained a 
 grant of his life. Sulla having long 
 %v2th(lood the importunity of his bell 
 
 2 1 C A E 
 
 friends, and perfons of the highefl: 
 rank, in behalf of Caelcir, at laft be- 
 ing with diificulty prevailed on, is 
 faid to have cried out, whether, fays 
 Suetonius, by divine infpiration or by 
 human conjedure, {Jive divimtus, i. e. 
 per divinationem ; five al'tqua conjeBurdi 
 i. e. a caufarum fcientia), " That 
 they fhould have t,heir requeft, but 
 bade them take notice, that he for 
 whofe fafety they were fo felicitous, 
 would one day be the ruin of the arif- 
 tocratic party, which they together 
 with him had defended.'* Suet, ib. 
 And vvl^en they faid that it was be- 
 low Sulla to feek the hfe of a boy ; 
 he warned them to be upon their guard 
 again il that loofe-girt boy, {ut male 
 praecin^um puerum cmjcrent;) alluding to 
 Gaefar's manner of always wearing his 
 tunic loofely girded. Suet. 45. ; Dlo^ 
 43, 43. " for in that boy, faid he, are 
 
 many Mariufes," Suet. i. Plutarch 
 
 differs from Suetonius in his account 
 of this matter, as in feveral other par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 Caefar ferved his firft campaign in 
 Afia under Thermus the Praetor, by 
 wiiom he was prefented with a civic 
 crown at the fiege of Mitylene, Suet. 
 2. Being fent by Thermus to fetch 
 a fleet from Bithynia, he remained for 
 fome time with Nicomedes, the king 
 of that country, in fuch familiarity, 
 as gave occalion to reports unfavour- 
 able to his character, Suet. 2, & 49. 
 
 After the death of Sulla Caefar re- 
 turnt-d to Rom^e. He firft diftinguiih- 
 ed himfelf by accufing Dolabella of 
 extortion, {vid. Doiabella), ac- 
 cording to the author ot the dialogue 
 concerning the caufes of corrupt elo- 
 quence, in the 21ft year of his age, 
 c. 34. But it appears to have been 
 in his 23d year, vid Cafaubon, et P'gh, 
 ad Suet. Caef. 4. Dolabella being ac- 
 quitted, Caelar, in order to avoid the 
 odium of this profecution, refolved to 
 retire to Rhodes, to iludy eloquence 
 under ApoUonius, the fon of Molon, 
 the moft celebrated mailer of rhetoric 
 at that time. fn his way thither, 
 near the iiland of Pharmacufa^ he fell 
 
 jntQ 
 
C A E I 53 
 
 into the handb of pirates, who then 
 infefted thofe feas ; among whom, for 
 near forty days, he behaved rather as 
 their mailer than captive, often threa- 
 tening that he would crucify thtm : 
 which they taking in jell, iifed to 
 laugh at him. But he having ranfom- 
 €d- himfelf for 50 talents, made good 
 his threat, Suet. ib. et 74. 
 
 Plutarch makes Caefar repair to the 
 court of Nicomedes, to avoid the 
 cruelty of Sulla, and fays, that v^ fail- 
 ing from thence he was taken by the 
 pirates, who at firft demanded only 
 twenty tal-ents for his ranfom, and 
 that Caefar gave them forty ; after 
 this, that he lludied rhetoric for fome 
 time under ApoUonius at Rhodes ; 
 that upon his return to Rome he ac- 
 cufed Dolabella ; but takes no no- 
 tice of his leaving Rome, and retiring 
 to Rhodes, in confcquence of Dola- 
 bella'* acquittal. 
 
 Caefar difcovered fuch abilities in 
 the profecution of Dolabella, that ever 
 after he was ranked among the chief 
 orators. Suet. Caef. SS' y ^^^' J-^ig^^' 
 10. ; Brut, 72, & 75. ; Paterc. 2, 43. 
 
 71ie tiril honour Caefar obtained by 
 the fuffrages ot the people was the of- 
 fice of military tribune in the army. 
 Suet. 5. in oppofition to C. Popilius, 
 Plutarch. He keenly promoted the 
 law for reftoring the power of the tri- 
 bunes, which Sulla had diminiflied, 
 a» u. 683, and by a law which Ploti- 
 us, a tribune, propofed at his iniiiga- 
 tion, {rogat'ione Plot'ta), procured the 
 liberty of returning from banifhment 
 to his brother-in-law L. Cinna, and 
 to thofe who together with Cinna had 
 fided with the conful Lepidus, and af- 
 ter his death had fled to Sertorius, 
 Suet. ib. 
 
 Caefar when quaeftor loft his wife 
 Cornelia ; at which time alfo his aunt 
 Julia, the wife oi Marius, died. Cae- 
 far honoured both of them with a fune- 
 ral oration from the ^ollra, Suet. 6. At 
 the funeral of Julia he brought forth 
 the image of Marius, which no one 
 had ventured to do fmce the vidory of 
 Sulla, Plutarch^, 
 
 3 «: A E 
 
 It fell to Caefar's lot to ^o as 
 Qiiaeftor, a. u. 6-7, with the Praetor 
 Antiftius Veter, Lh et FcU. 2, 43. to 
 Farther Spain, Suet. 7. There, when 
 by order of the Praetor he was going 
 round the province to hold the affizfs 
 for the adminillraiion of juftice, and 
 had come to Cadiz, obferving an 
 image of Alexander the Great in the 
 temple of Hercules, he fetched a deep 
 figh, as if grieved at his own inad;i- 
 vity , becaufe he had performed no- 
 thing memorable at an age {l"^), at 
 which Alexander had conquered the 
 world, ib. Dio fays, that this happen- 
 ed while Caefar commanded after his 
 praetorfnip in Spain, ;?7, 52. So Plu- 
 tarch, who fays that Caefar, while 
 reading the hillory of Alexander at a 
 leifure hour, having fitten a long time 
 very thoughtful, at lall hurft into 
 tears ; and when his friends, being fur- 
 prifed, aflced the caufe of it, he gave 
 as a reafon what has juft now beea 
 mentioned. 
 
 x^t the expiration of his quaeftor- 
 (hip, Caefar m.arried Pompeia, the 
 daughter of Q^Pompcius, and grand- 
 daughter of Sulla, Plutarch. 
 
 Caefar, when aedilc, by ihe magnt- 
 ficence of his fliews, furpafled all hi« 
 predeceffors in that ofSce. He is faid 
 to have entertained the people with aa 
 exhibition of 320 pairs of gladiators, 
 Plutarch. But Suetonius informs us 
 that he was not allowed to exhibit the 
 whole of thofe he had purchafed, by a 
 decree of the fenate, limiting the num- 
 ber of gladiators which one might keep 
 at Rome, c. 10. Caefar afterwards 
 kept a great many gladiators at Capua, 
 Caef. li. C. I, 14. In the flicw which, 
 he exhibited the faine year for his fa- 
 ther's funeral, he made the whole fur- 
 nitui-e of the amphitheatre of folid fil- 
 ver, ( omni apparatu arenae argenteo tijus 
 ejl)^ which had never been feen before, 
 Plin. 33, 3. f. 16 
 
 Caefar, having thus gained the fa- 
 vour of the people, tried, by means 
 of a part of the tribunes, to get the 
 province of Egypt affigned to him by 
 a decree of the commons, (plebifcito ;) 
 
 bui 
 
C A E r ?4 1 
 
 tut he was prevented by the oppofi- didates 
 tion of the nobility. On which ac- 
 count he endeavoured to w^eaken the 
 power of the ariftocratical party, [op- 
 timatium fa8tonts)i by every method in 
 his power, Suet. c. ii. He had the 
 boldnefs to replace in the Capitol the 
 ftatues and trophies of Marins, which 
 Sulla had ordered to be thrown down 
 and broken to pieces, ib. et Plutarch, 
 in Caef. In the year after his aedile- 
 (hip, bein^ appointed Judex quaejlio- 
 fiisy or fubftitute to the Praecor, whofe 
 office ft was to prefide in trials con- 
 cerning the Sicarliy L e. thofe accufed 
 of killing, or of carrying a dagger 
 {Jica) with intent to kill ; he treated 
 as Skaril all thofe who in Sulla's pro- 
 fcription had received money from the 
 treafury for bringing the heads oi Ro- 
 man citizens. Suet. ih. He fuborned 
 T. Labienus, one of the tribunes, to 
 accufe C. Rabirius of treafon, [perdu- 
 eHionis)^ for killing Saturninus thirty- 
 fix years before, *vid. Rabirius.— He 
 zealoufly promoted the Mantlian law, for 
 conferring the command of the Mithri- 
 datic war with extraordinary powers, on 
 Porapey, that it might afterwards ferve 
 as a precedent for himfelf, Dto, 36, 26. 
 ■ — He was fufpeded of being concern- 
 ed in diiTf:rent confpiracies againil the 
 date, firft vvith CraiTus, Sylla, and 
 Autronius-, Suet. 9. and afterwards 
 vith Catiline, ib. 13. 
 
 Upon the death of Metellus Pius, 
 the Pontifex Maxtmus^ a. u. 690, Caefar 
 havinor laid afide all thoughts of the 
 
 C A E 
 
 37, 37. The tribune Labie- 
 nus had paved the way for Caefar's 
 fuccefs by the publication of a new 
 law, for transferring the right of elec- 
 tion from the college of priel'ts to the 
 people, D'lQy lb. On the day of the 
 election, as his mother conduced him%- 
 to the door, with tears in her eves. 
 
 he embraced her, and faid, Mothery 
 
 province of Egypt, fued for the office 
 of High Prieft with the nioft protufe 
 bnbery, Suet. 13. ; and though only 
 thirty-fix years of age, [adokfcentu- 
 lus), carried it againft two pgwerful 
 competitors, J^ Catuhs and C. Servi- 
 lius JfauricuSf greatly fuperior to him 
 in age and dignity ; one' of whom, 
 (Catulus), had been Cenfor, and then 
 was Prince of the Senate, the other 
 had been honoured with a triumph : 
 yet Caefar procured more votes in their 
 own tribes than they boili in all the 
 tribes, Suet. ib. Sallujl. Cat. 9. Dio 
 fays, that there were many other can- 
 
 to-day you Jloall fee your f on High Prieft y 
 or an exile : Plutarch. He was fo in- 
 volved in debt by his remarkable libe- 
 rality in private, and his fplendid fhows 
 in public, Salluft. Cat. 49. that if he 
 had not obtained fome high office, he 
 muft have gone into voluntary banifh- 
 ment. 
 
 A. U. 690, [ah 691.) Caefar was 
 ele^led Praetor. Before he entered on 
 his office, the confpiracy of Catiline 
 was detected, by the apprehenfion of 
 Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and o- 
 thers. When the queilion concerning 
 their punifhment was brought before 
 the fenate on the 5th December, [No- 
 nis Decembribus), and moil of the fena- 
 tors agreed in opinion with Silanus, 
 the conful eled, who fpoke firft, that 
 they fhonld be put to death, Caefar, 
 when it came to his turn to fpeak, 
 gave it as his opinion, that their e- 
 ftatcs fliould be confifcated, and their 
 perfons clofely confined in the ftrong 
 municipal towns of Italy. Caefar's 
 fpeech made a great impreffion on the 
 Houfe, and he would certainly have 
 carried his point, had not the fpeech, 
 firft of Cirero the conful, Cic. Cat. 4. 
 and after him of Cato, then tribune 
 eleft, determined the Senate to decree 
 capital punifliment againft the confpi- 
 rators, SalluJL Cat. ^2. \ Veil. 2, 35.; 
 Dio, 37, 36. Caefar was fo ftrongly 
 fufptfted of being concerned in the 
 confpiracy, that fome Roman Equitesy 
 whom Cicero had placed as a guard 
 round the temple of Concord, where 
 the fenate was afltmbled, threatened 
 to kill him with their jfwords, as he 
 came out of the fenate-houle, Sallujl. 
 ib. 49. But Curio is faid to have 
 fcreened him with his cloak, and Ci- 
 cero to have given a fi^nal to the E- 
 
 qu'ites 
 
CAE [5?] CAE 
 
 quifes to fpare him, Plutarch. Caef, in his office, {in integrum refliluit^ IndaSk 
 p. 711. Suetonius fays, that this hap 
 pened to him while he fat in the fe- 
 nate, and that he was with diffi- 
 culty protc6>ed by a few of his 
 friends, c. 14. Caefar, difcouraged 
 by what had pafled, did not come to 
 the fenate for the reft of the year, 
 (/'. €. from the 5th December to the 
 I ft January, when he entered on his 
 office), ih, 
 
 Caefar, on the firft day of his prae- 
 torfliip, a. u, 691. called Catulus to 
 give an accoiint to the people about the 
 repairs of the Capitol, and publKhed a 
 bill for transferring the charge of hnifh- 
 ing it to another, (meaning Pompey, 
 Dioy 37, 44.) But being violently op* 
 pofed by the nobility, he dropt the 
 bill, [aBionem depojult^ i. e. rogatwmrn)y 
 Suet. 15. Dio mentions feveral other 
 circumftances concerning this affair, 
 lb. et 43, 14. Add. Tac. H'lji. 3, 72. 
 
 By the advice and fupport of Caefar, 
 Metellus Nepos, one of the tribunes, 
 promulgated a bill to the people, that 
 Pompey fhould be ordered to tranfport 
 his army from Afia to Italy, as if to 
 fettle the ftate, and quiet the diforders 
 occafioned by the confpiracy of Cati- 
 line and the temerity of Cicero, Plut. 
 Cic. p. 872. but in reality to make 
 Pompey matter of the government, 
 Plutarch. Cat. Min. p. 771. that by his 
 affillance they might accomplifh their 
 ambitious projeds, Dio. 37, 43. This 
 caufed great difturfcances in the city, 
 ih. At laft the fenate fufpended both 
 Caefar and Metellus from the execution 
 of their offices, {adm'imflrattone re'ipuhli- 
 caefubmo'vehant,) Caefar at firll refol- 
 ved to a6l in defiance of this decree, 
 but finding a llrong force prepared to 
 prevent him, he difmiffed his hftors, 
 laid afide his toga praetexta, and retired 
 as a private perfon U) his houfe. Tvi'o 
 days after, when the mob affembled in 
 a tumultuous manner, promifmg him 
 their affiftance to alTert his dignity, he 
 prudently checked them. The fenate 
 pleafed with this unexpeded modera- 
 tion, thanked him ; and having cancel- 
 led their former decree, reinftated him 
 
 priore decreto,) Suet. 16. Metellus fled 
 to Pompey, Dio. 37, 43. 
 
 After the defeat of Catiline in the 
 confuhhip of Silanua and Murena, 
 a. u. 69 1 , Caefar was again involved ia 
 danger by a new information brought 
 againil him as an accomplice in the 
 confpiracy, by L. Vettius, bef(f>re No- 
 vius Niger, the quaeftor, and by Q^Cu» 
 rins in the fenate. To repel this charge 
 Caefar implored the teftimony of Cice- 
 ro, Suet. 17. which, fays Appian, Ci- 
 cero durft not refufe to fo popular a 
 chara£ler, B. Civ. 2, p. 431. Caefar, 
 by his influence in the city, not only 
 freed himfelf from danger, but obtain- 
 ed at laft full revenge on his accufers. 
 Suet. 17. ; Cic. Fatin. il. 5 Att, 2, 24.; 
 Dio. 37,41- 
 
 Towards the end of the year an affair 
 happened in the family of Caefar, which 
 made a great noiie in the city, and was 
 produ6live of very important confe- 
 quences. Publius Clodius, a young 
 patrician, then quaeftor, having fallea 
 in love with Pompeia, Caefar's wife, in 
 order to procure an interview with her, 
 by means of amaid-fervant,gotadmiffion 
 to Caefar's houfe in the habit and dif- 
 guife of a mufic girl, while Pompeia, 
 as being the praetor's wife, and other 
 matrons were celebrating the facred 
 rites of the BonaDea, or Good God- 
 defs, from which every male creature 
 was excluded, and even their pictures 
 ufed to be veiled during the ceremony, 
 Juvenah 6, 339. But Clodius being 
 dete6led, was driven out ot doors ; and 
 foon after brought to a trial for his 
 crime. By means of bribery he was 
 acquitted. Vid. Clodius. Caefar 
 immediately divorced Pompeia ; but 
 being fummonsd as a witnefs in the 
 trial, he declared that he knew nothing 
 at all of the matter; though his mother 
 Aurelia and his fifter Julia, who were 
 examined before him, had given a faith- 
 ful relation of the whole fact ; and be- 
 ing interrogated why then he had di- 
 vorced his wife ; **' Becaufe, fays he, I 
 think that thofe who belong to mc 
 ought to be free from fufpicion, as well 
 
 as 
 
C A E t 
 
 as from gtiilt.** Suet, 'ja.. Caefar did not 
 wifli to offend fo popular a man as Clo- 
 d)U3, Dlo, 37, 45. ; App'ian. 2, f. 435. 
 At the fame time Caefar was fufpeded 
 of carrying on an intrigue with Mucia, 
 ^lewife of Pompey, SueL'^c. 
 
 At the expiration of his praetorfliip, 
 Caefar obtained by lot the province of 
 Lufitania or Farther Spain. His cre- 
 ditors now urged him for payment, and 
 threatened to arrell him. CraiTas un- 
 dertook to fatisfy the moil clamorous 
 of them, to the amount of 830 talents, 
 aiLout L. 1 60,000 oF our money, Plutarch. 
 Appian mentions a faying of Caefar's 
 at this time, ** That he wanted 250 
 millions of feflerces, to be worth no- 
 thing-,** [opus ejfs fihi his millies et quin- 
 ge&ties centm'is mlUibuSy ut nihU haheret^ ) 
 i. e. he needed L. 2,01 8,229 to pay his 
 debts ! Appian. B. C. 2, ^^2. 
 
 As Caefar iti \m way to Spain paffed 
 % fmall village on the Alps, fome of his 
 coFmpanions aficed him in jeil, if there 
 were any contells for, power and pre- 
 ierment there ; upon wliich Caefar is 
 reported to have faid, " I would ra- 
 ther be firll man there than fecond man 
 in Rome,^' Plutarch, p. 712. Caefar 
 conquered feveral ftates in Lufitania, 
 which he made tributary to the Ro- 
 mans ; by which means he acquired 
 •great wealth to himfelf and enriched his 
 ioldiers. He was as much praifed for 
 liis llrifl adminiibatiofl of juilice as for 
 Ilia military exploits. Before tlie end 
 of the year, without waiting far a fuc- 
 ceiTor, he returned to Roaieto demand 
 a triumph and the confulihip. But as 
 both were incompatible, without an ex- 
 emption from the laws, which, from the 
 oppoiition of Cato, he could not ob- 
 tain, he dropt his pretenfions to a 
 triumph, and fucd for the coniulihip,, 
 Snd. 18. ; P hit arch, i.aef, p. 713- ; 
 Cat. Minor, p. 774. ; Dio, 37, 54. 
 
 Caefar's competitors were L. Luc- 
 ceitis, the hiilorian, Ck. Fam» 5, 10. 
 and M. ijibulus, who had been his col- 
 league in the aedilefiiip and praetorfliip. 
 <_aefar united himfelf with Lucceius, on 
 condition tiiatLucceius, wiio was inferior 
 to himieU iu iaterdlbut mote -rich, ftxould 
 
 5<5 1 C A E 
 
 furnifh money on their joint account 
 to bribe the centuries. The nobility 
 (optimatesy) appreheniive that Caefar 
 would attempt any thing with a col- 
 league fubfervient to his will, made a 
 contribution to enable Bibulus to bribe 
 as high as his competitors ; and thus 
 procured hiseleftion. Accordingly he 
 was made conful with Caefar, Suet. 1 9. 
 From the fa:ne jealoufy of Caefar, 
 the fenate decreed to the confula that 
 ihould be elected for that year, pro- 
 vinces of fmall importance, the care of 
 the woods and roads. Caefar, provoked 
 by this affront, tried by every means ia 
 his power to gain the friendlliip of 
 Pompey, and reconcile him to Craf- 
 fus ; in which he fucceeded. According- 
 ly thefe three entered into an agreement, 
 which they confirmed by a folemn oath, 
 not to allow any thing to be done in 
 the Hate without their joint concur- 
 rence, [ne quid ageretur in repnblica quod 
 dtfplkmjfet ulli e tribusy) Suet, 19.; Dio, 
 37, 57. This is that famous combina- 
 tion commonly called theFiRSxTRiurvi- 
 viPvATF, which in reality was nothing 
 elfe but a criminal confpiracy of 
 three meny to extort from their country 
 by violence, what they could not ob- 
 tain bylaw; and from the time when this 
 confederacy was made, in the coufulfliip 
 of Metellus and Afranius, all the Ro- 
 man writers date the origin of the civil 
 wars, {kx Mefello confide, a. u. 693, 
 Horat. Od. 2, I, I.), which terminated 
 in the fubverfion af the republic. 
 Hence Horace calls the Triumvirate, 
 Graves Principum amicitiaCf the fatal 
 friendfnips of the chiefs ; of Pompey 
 the molt powerful, CraiTus the moil 
 opulent, and Caefar the ablell and 
 moll popular man in Rome, Od. 2, I. 
 4. SoVelleiusPatercuius: ^^c(Caefare) 
 confide (it (hould be confnle defignatOy 
 conful ele6l, according to Suetonius, 
 ib.^ inter eum et Cn. Pompeium, et M. 
 Crnffum inita potentiae focktasy &c. 2, 44. 
 In the<^i//?i72<f of Livy it is, Eo conjulaius 
 candidatOy et captantc rempuhlkam invade- 
 rsy conjptratio inter tres prtncipts fa£ta ejiy 
 \yc. Liv. Epit. 1 03. Pompey's chief 
 motive for joining in this confederacy 
 
 was 
 
 I 
 
C A E [ 
 
 yyas to get his ads in Afia confirmed 
 by Caefar in his confulfhip. ( FhL PoM- 
 ptius.) Caefar Jjerceived, that by- 
 yielding to Pompey's glory, he fhould 
 ?i4vance his own ; and CrafTus hoped 
 to gain, by the authority of Pompey 
 and the influence of Caefar, that pre- 
 eminence which he could not obtain 
 ^lone. Fell. 2, 44. Add. Flor. 4, 2, 
 }l. But the chief advantage of the 
 coalition redounded to Caefar. It 
 proved, however, in the end as deflru'c- 
 tive to thofe who made it, as to their 
 country. ( ^ae^ fc. focietas, urbi orbique 
 terrarum, nee mlntis, d'lverfo quoque tem- 
 pore, \pfis^ CralTo primum, deinde Pom- 
 peio, denique Caefari, exitiabtlis fuit,) 
 Veil. 2, 44. The confederacy for fome 
 time was kept fecret. The firft who 
 4ifcovercd it wa« Cato, Plutarch. 
 
 Caefar now afTured of the fupport of 
 Pompey and CrafTus, endeavoured in 
 his confulfliip to gain the favour, firft of 
 the people, by promulgating an agra- 
 rian law, and next of the Equltes, by 
 remitting the third part of what they 
 had ftipulated to pay 'for the Afiatic 
 revenues, [Fid. A. p. 24. and 204.) 
 When Bibulus attempted by his inter- 
 pofition to prevent thefe laws from 
 being pafied, he was treated fo roughly 
 by the mob, that for the laft eight 
 isionths of the year, (not the whole year, 
 as Seneea fays, ad Marc. 14.) he fhut 
 himfelf up in his houfe, and only en- 
 deavoured to obftruft the proceedings 
 of Caefar by his edids, Suet. 20. 
 ■Henceforth Caefar managed every thing 
 as he chofe ; whence fome witty per- 
 sons, when they figned any writing as 
 *vitnefles, did not add. as uuial, " In the 
 confulfliip of Caefar and Bibulus, but of 
 Juhus and Caefar '* {non Caefare et B'lhu- 
 lof Jed Julio et Caefare Cofs.J putting 
 the fame perfon down twice by his 
 name and firname. Suet. ib. ; Dio, 38, 
 %, The bitter edicts ( Archilcchia edic- 
 ta) of Bibulus, however, provoked 
 Caefar fo lar, that he attempted to ex- 
 cite the mxob to dorm his houfe and 
 di'ag him out by force ; and Vatinius, 
 the tribune, at Caefar's delire., adually 
 mude iin ^ii'^ult on it, jJioj^gU without 
 
 57 1 C A E 
 
 luc; efs, Cie. 4tt. 2- 21. ; Faf. g. C;»- 
 cero having, in a fpeech at the trial Gjf 
 Antonius. his former colleague, com* 
 plained too freely concerning the itate 
 of the times, Caefar being informed 
 of it, inftantly called an affembly of 
 the people, and by the ailiftance of 
 Pompey, who aded as augur, ratified 
 the adoption of Clodius, Cicero's ene- 
 my, into a plebeian family; that fo ''Jo- 
 dius might be made a tribune, and 
 thereby enabled to profecute Cicero 
 for putting Lentulus and the other ac- 
 complices of Catiline's confpiracy tp 
 death without a trial, Su£t. 20. ; Plw 
 tarch. CaeJ. p. 714. j Cic. Dom. 16.5 
 Sext. 7. 
 
 The violent proceedings of Caefar 
 rendered the triumvirate odious to all 
 ranks of men, and Pompey chiefly be- 
 came the objed of the pubhc hatred, 
 Cic. Att. 2, 13, 19, & 20. He nov/ 
 began to be fenfible of his error in af- 
 fociating himfelf wath Caefar ; whicji 
 he frankly owned to Cicero, C'lc. Att^ 
 2, 21, & 21. who urged him to the 
 only remedy, an immediate breach witk 
 Caefar ; but Caefar was more fuccefs- 
 ful, and entirely alienated Pompey 
 from Cicero, Cu. Phil. 2, 10. 
 
 Caefar, to ftrengthen his union with 
 Pompey, gave him in marriage his only 
 daugiiter Julia; who, by her amiable 
 difpofition and engaging manners, pre- 
 ferved a good underftanding betweea 
 her father and hufband while flie lived. 
 Suet. 21. ; Clc. Att. 2, 17. About the 
 fame time, to fecure the intereil of 
 Pifo, his fucciiior in the confulate, 
 Caefar married Calpurnia, Pifo' s daugh- 
 ter, Suet. 11^ Dioy 3H, 9. 
 
 In order to llrike a ten'or into thg 
 oppofite party, Caefar bribed Vcttius, 
 who had formerly accufed himfeif, to 
 declare, that he had been folicited by 
 fome of the nobility to afrafii.ate Pom*, 
 pey ; and being produced to the people: 
 ih the Rojirdi named feveral : but this 
 plot being treated with merited con- 
 tempt, Caefar was gbd to get rid of it^ 
 by llran^'Hng or poiioning Vettius pr> 
 vatclv in priic:;. and giving out that i^ 
 WAS fipae by the .cpnipii;3X»^, ^u^* AO- » 
 
C A E [ ?8 
 
 (?/V. jIu. 2, 24. ; Vat. II.; ^^rx. 63. ; 
 App'^nn. 2, p. 244. Dio. who is rarely 
 favourable to Cicero, afTerts, very im- 
 probably, that Cicero and Lucullus 
 aciually did attempt to perpetrate this 
 cfime by means of Vettlus, 38, 9. 
 
 Gaefar being now near the clofe of 
 his conful^Tiip, employed his age.it, the 
 tribune- Vatinius, to procure from the 
 people, by an extraordinary law, the 
 province of Cifalpine Gaul and Illyri- 
 Cum, for five years- with three legions, 
 Suet. 21. \ Ctc. Dom. 9. ; Vat, 15. to 
 which the fenate foon after, difregard- 
 ing their former appointment, upon 
 Caefar's defire, added likewife Tranf- 
 alpine Gaul, and one legion more ; a- 
 fraid left, if they fhould refufe it, he 
 Ihould get that alfo from the people, 
 without their confent. Suet, ib ; Dhj 
 38, 8. while Cato in vain remonftrated, 
 that, by their decrees, ihey were pla- 
 cing the tyrant in a citadel, Plutarch. 
 in Cat Min. p. 775. 
 
 Though Caefar received at firfl only 
 four legions, Dlo, 38, 8. 5c 41. ; Plu- 
 tarch, lb. et Caef. />. 7 14.; Pomp. p. 644.; 
 App'ian. 2, 435. he afterwards encrea- 
 fed that number, at different times, 
 Suet. 24. ; (.aef. Bell Gall 2, 2. & 23. 
 to ten legions, th. 6, i, 31. & 32. At 
 the end of the Gallic war he had thir- 
 teen legions, befides the two which he 
 gave to Pompey, ib. 8, 54. 
 
 Caefar having laid down the conful- 
 fliip, remained for fome time with his 
 army before the city, D'to^ 38, 17. ; 
 Ck. Sext. 18. ; PoJ}. Red. in Sen at. 13. 
 Several of the fuccceding magidrates 
 wanted to profecute him for his illegal 
 proceedings during the former year, 
 and to annul his acls; but Caefar, by the 
 interpofition of the tribunes, whom he 
 had gained, prevented them ; and, to 
 fecure himfelf for the future, always 
 took care, by every method, to attach 
 to his intereil a majority of the annual 
 magiftrates, Suet. 23. 
 
 Caefar fet out for his province about 
 the end of March, a. u. 695, Caef. B. 
 G. 1,6. He firft conquered the Hel- 
 VETii, who had left their coutry in 
 quell of better fettlements; and forced 
 
 ] C A E 
 
 them, after fuftaining prodigious lofs, 
 to return to tlieir own territories, tb. 
 21. He next defeated Ariovistus, 
 a king of the Germans, who had fet- 
 tled in Gaul, with great ilaughter, and 
 obliged him to crofs the Rhine, ib 53. 
 In the fecond year, a. u. 696, Cae- 
 far fubdued the Belgae, Id. 2, 11. 
 the SitefftoneSi c. 13. the Bellovaci. 4. 
 the Nervii, c. 28. the -^ttuat^ci ; of 
 whom' he fold 53,000 for (laves, be- 
 caufe, after making a furrender, they 
 again took up arms, c. 33. He alfo 
 reduced feveral other ftates, c. 34. In 
 the fame year, by mean:- of his lieute- 
 nant Sergius Galba, he vtinquifhcd the 
 Nan*uaiesy Veragri, and Srlilni, Id. 3, 
 1, — 6. For thefe fucceffes, a thankf- 
 giving (fuppUcatio) was decreed at 
 Rome in hon.>ur of Caefar, for fifteen 
 days, a greater number than had ever 
 before been granted to any one, Id. 2, 
 
 35 f- 
 
 Caefar thinking that all Gaul was 
 now fubdued, ib. et 3) 7- made a pro- 
 grefs into Illyricum., ib. and from thence 
 went to Luca in Italy, where Pompey 
 and Craffus met him, to concert mea- 
 fures for their mutual advantage. It 
 was agreed that Pompey and Craffus 
 fiiould be confuls for next year, and 
 that they fhould procure for Caefar the 
 prolongation of his command for five 
 years more, w'l^h. money to pay his 
 troops, Suet. Caef, 24. ; Appian. 2. 
 
 ^ 437- 
 
 In the mean time a fudden war broke 
 ont in Gaul with the Vemti^ and otner 
 ftates bordering on the ocean, Caef. B. 
 G. 3, 7. who, being vanquifhed m a 
 naval battle, furrendered themfelves to 
 Caefiir. Bat he, provoked at the Ve- 
 ntti for having detained the Roman am- 
 baffadors, ordered all their fenators to • 
 be put to death, and the reft to be fold 
 as fb.ves, /^. 7, — 16. Meantime Q^Ti- 
 turius Sabinus, Caefar's lieutenant, by 
 an artful ftra:agem, defeated the Unellip 
 ib. 17, — 19. At the fame time P. 
 Craffus, in Aquitania, having vanqaifti- 
 ed the Satiates, forced tiiem to fubmit, 
 ib. 20, — 25. with feveral other ftates 
 ©f the fame country, ik 27. In the 
 
 end 
 
C A E 
 
 r 90 1 
 
 C A E 
 
 end of the fame fummer, Caefar attack, 
 ed the Monni and Menu;>ih which were 
 the oniy ftates in Gaul t'^at remained 
 in arms, but, by the woody nature of 
 their country, was prevented from com- 
 pleting the conquell of them, ib. 28. & 
 29.'^ but he effected it ntxt feafon, with 
 great flaughtcr, Id. 4, 37. & 38. 
 
 A. u. 698, when Pompey and Craf- 
 fus were confuls, the Ufipetcs and Tmch- 
 ther'i^ two German nations, bein^ ex- 
 pelled by the Suevi, paiTed the Rhine, 
 and feized the country of the Menapiif 
 ib. 4, I, — 4. the EburoneSf and Con- 
 drufi^ ib. 6. to the number of 430,000, 
 ib. 15 Caefar defeated them with 
 vaft flaughter, and without the lofs of 
 a man on his own fide, ih. Plutarch 
 fays that no lefs than 400,000 were 
 flain, in CaeJ. p. 718. 
 
 Caefar, that he might ilrike terror 
 into the Germans, in his turn, and for 
 feveral other reafons, which he men- 
 tions, particularly that he might affill 
 the Uhn againll the Sueviy refolved to 
 crofs the Rhine, Id. 4, 1 6. He more- 
 over was defirous of doing what no Ro- 
 man had ever done before him, Dio, 39, 
 48. Accordingly having made a wood- 
 en bridge with lurprifmg difpatch, in 
 ten days, he led over his army ; and 
 Jiaving ravaged the country of the Si- 
 famhri, who fled to their woods upon 
 his approach, led back his troops into 
 Gaul, after (laying beyond the Rhine 
 only eighteen days ; and broke down 
 the bridge, Caef. B. G. 4, 16, — 19. 
 Dio fays that Caefar llaid twenty days 
 in Germany, and that he left it, upon 
 hearing that the Suevi were affembling 
 to affiil the Sicambri, ib 
 
 From the fame fondnefs of accom- 
 pliiliing things never before attempted, 
 though but a fmall part of the furamer 
 remained, Caefar tranfported his army 
 iiito Britain on pretext that the Bri 
 tons had aflifted the Gauls in all their 
 wars againft him. The Britons oppo- 
 fed hiy landing with great bravery; but 
 being defeated, were forced to aik 
 peace, and to give hoftages, Id. 4, 20, 
 .—36. In this expedition Caefar loft a 
 
 number of !his (hips by a ftorm, tb» 28* 
 & 29. 
 
 Next year, a. u. 699, Caefat made 
 a fecond expedition into Britain, Af- 
 ter feveral contefts, in fome of which 
 Caefar fuftained confiderable lofs, Caf- 
 fibclaunus, the chief king of the ifland, 
 w^as obliged to fue for peace ; upon 
 which Caefar failed back with his army 
 to Gaul, lb. 5, 5, — 23. Upon his land- 
 ing he received letters informing him 
 of the death of his daughter Julia, P/u- 
 tarch. 
 
 Next winter, on account of the fear- 
 city of corn, Caefar diftributed his le- 
 gions among the feveral dates, th. 24* 
 On this account the Gauls, at the in- 
 ftigation of Ambiorix and Cativulcus, 
 the chiefs of the Ehurones., and of In- 
 dutiomarus king of the Trcviri, form- 
 ed a plan of attacking the Romans in 
 their winter-quarters. Ambiorix ha- 
 ving, by an artful fpeech, induced Ti- 
 turius and Cotta to quit their camp, 
 which w^as placed between the Maefe 
 and the Rhine, in the country of the 
 Ehurones., attacked them on their march, 
 and cut them off, with all their forces, 
 confiding of a whole legion and tive 
 cohorts. Cotta had at firft ftrongly 
 oppofed this meafure, but yielded co 
 the opinion of Titurius, ib. 26,-36. 
 Suetonius calls him Aurunculeius, aad 
 fays, that he and Titurius were killed 
 by an ambufcade in the territories 
 of the Germans, Caef. 25. Ambio- 
 rix being afterwards joined by the AtU' 
 aiici and Nervii, attacked the camp of 
 Q^ Cicero, the brother of the orator, 
 who defended himfelf with great brave- 
 ry ; but being reduced to the greateft 
 flraits, mull have foon furrendered, had 
 he not been relieved by Caefar ; who 
 having heard of his danger, came to his 
 afTillance with wonderful expedition, 
 defeated the Gauls, and, to prevent 
 their continual revolts, determined him- 
 felf to pafs the winter in Gaul, ib. 37, 
 — 51. Indutiomarus attacked the camp 
 of Labienus, which was placed on the 
 confines of the Treviri and Rnemi ; but 
 being flain in the attempt, the Gauls 
 H 2 feparated^ 
 
C A t I 69 
 
 fc|5aratcd, and tranquillity was in a 
 great meafure reftoied, iL 53- adf.n. 
 
 Caefar, to repair his lofTes, levied 
 three new legions. He next year, a. 
 700, reduced the Neri^ti, by a fudden 
 jnvafion, and forced the Carniltes and 
 Menapl't to furrender. The Trennrt 
 ¥rere routed by the artful conduft of 
 X.abienus his lieutenant, tb. 6, i, — 7. 
 As the Germans had alTifled the Tre- 
 virif Caefar again croffed the Rhine ; 
 but underftanding from the Ubian 
 fcouts that the Suc'vi were retired to 
 their woods, and fearing the want of 
 provilions, he in a fhort time returned 
 into Gaul, Ih. c. 8, 9. & 28. Dio fays 
 that Caefar retreated from fear of the 
 Suevi, as before, 40, 32. He how- 
 ever left a part of his bridge ftanding, 
 having broken down only about 200 feet 
 of it on the German fide, and, to fecure 
 the reft, built at the extremity a ftrong 
 tower of four ftories, where he left a 
 garrifon of twelve cohorts, under the 
 command of C. Volcatius Tullus, CaeJ. 
 tt Dio, ibid. 
 
 Caefar, after his return from Ger- 
 many, ravaged the country of the E 
 hurones. In the mean time the Sicam- 
 hri having croffed the Rhine, attacked 
 a party of the Romans under Cicero, 
 and cut off two cohorts. They alfo 
 attacked his camp ; but being beat off 
 from it, they repafTed the Rhine with 
 their booty, Caef. 6,31. ad Jin. 
 
 A. n. 701, almoft all the ftates of 
 Gaul confpired to recover their liberty 
 imder the conduftof Vercingetorix, 
 prompted, as Caefar himfelf fays, by 
 hearing of the difturbances at Rome, 
 occaficned by the murder of '..lodius, 
 Ifp, y, I, — j;. After feveral defperate 
 confiidls, repulfmg the Romans at Ger- 
 govia, with the lofs of 700 men and 46 
 centurions, ib. ^i. [legione ftisd. Suet. 
 Caef. 25.), the Gauls were at laft en- 
 tirely defeated at Alefia, and that city, 
 together with Vercingetorix, and a 
 great number of captives, furrendered 
 to Caefar, ib. 8y. The fcnate at Rome 
 being informed of thefe fuccefl'es by 
 Caefar's letters, decreed a fupplication, 
 ;. c, that prayers and facrihces fhould 
 
 1 C A E 
 
 be tnade in all the temples, and fefti- 
 vals celebrated for twenty days, ib. 90. 
 Notwithftarding the dreadful defeats 
 which the Gauls had fuftained, new 
 efforts were flill made next year, a. 702^ 
 to fhake off the Roman yoke, by diffe- 
 rent ftates, by the Biturlges, Carn.fres', 
 Bellovaciy Treviri, PiBones, jirmoncii 
 Cadurci, Sec. but thefe were all fiiially 
 crulhed, fome of them with the utmdll 
 feverity, ib. 8, 1,-40. To prevent 
 thefe repeated revolts by an exemplary 
 puniihment, Caefar having taken Uxel- 
 lodumimj cut off the hands of all thofe 
 who had borne arms againft him, ib. A^. 
 Thus Caefar cotnpletely fubdued all 
 Gaul in lets than ten years. rSuetonius 
 fays in nine years, f. 25. but in anothet 
 place he fays in ten, r. 69. Dio makes 
 the time only eight years, 39, 33. et 
 44, 43. Caefar himfelf makes it nirie 
 years, B. C. 1, 7. but a little after com- 
 plains that he was recalled from his go- 
 vernment fix months before his decen- 
 nial period was completed, ib. c. 9. fo 
 that he is commonly faid to have been 
 ten years in conquering Gaul ; thus, 
 Bellantem geminis tenuit te Gallia lujlris, 
 Lucan. I, 283. Decimo jam vincitis an^ 
 no, ib. 300. During that time he is 
 faid to have taken 800 towns, to have 
 fubdued 300 ftates, (Appian fays 400 
 llateb), and to have engaged at diffe- 
 rent times three millions of men, (Ap- 
 pian fays four milHons), one million of 
 whom he flew in battle, and made an- 
 other million prifoncrs, Plutarch, in Caef. 
 et Jppian. in Celt. p. 755. Piiny makes 
 him to have flain 1,192,000 men, 7, 
 
 39. Paterculus 400,000, 2, 47. • 
 
 Though Caefar always gives plaufible 
 pretexts for his wars, yet there is rea- 
 fon to think that they were not always 
 juftifiabie. Suetonius fays, that after 
 he had augmented and difciplined his 
 army to his mind, he declined no occa- 
 fion of war, even though unjuft and 
 dangerous, attacking confederate ftates 
 as well as thofe that were hoftile ; fo 
 that the fenate once decreed, that am- 
 bafladors fliould be fent to examine the 
 ftate of Gaul, and fome advifed that 
 Caefar fuould be given up to the ene- 
 
C A E [6 
 
 my ; but all oppofition was quafhed by 
 his fplendid fiicceffes, 6"?/^/. CaeJ. 24. 
 
 Caefar reduced Gaul to the form of 
 <l province. To lecure its fubjeclion, 
 he built forts in different places, and 
 impofed an annual tribute of forty mil- 
 lions of fc ftcrces, [quadringenties) , Suet. 
 25.; Eutrop. 6, 14.; Dio, 40, 43. 
 
 While Caefar profecuted his con- 
 quefts with fo much vigour and fuc- 
 cefs in Gaul, he .paid the utraoft at- 
 tention to fupport and increafe his in- 
 fluence at Rome. He always took 
 care to oblige the annual magiftrates, 
 and to aflilt none of the candidates 
 with his intereil, but fueh as engaged 
 to defend him in his abfence ; and to 
 fecure their performance, he did not 
 hefitate to exad from fome of them an 
 oath, and even a formal bond or written 
 obligation, (fyngrapham exigen)^ Suet. 
 23. Every year, when he came to Cif- 
 alpine Gaul to hold afiizes or courts of 
 jultice, (ad conventus agendas), and to 
 regulate the affairs of the province, a 
 great many of the principal perfons in 
 Rome came to pay their refpetlis to 
 him. Plutarch informs us, that there 
 were once at Luca at the fame time 
 120 Hirers, and more than 2CO fena- 
 tois, in Caefare, -p. -"jiS. So Appian, 
 B. Civ. 2. p. 437. 
 
 When Pompey was created fole con- 
 ful, to quell the dilturbances which 
 took place after the death of Clodius, 
 a. u. 701, fome of the tribunes pro- 
 pofed making Caefar his colleague ; 
 but Caefar requeiled, that they would 
 rather get a law paffed, that when the 
 time of his command in Gaul was near 
 expiring, he fhould be permitted to 
 ttand candidate for the confulfliip in 
 his abfence, Sui^L 26. Dio fays, that 
 this difpenfation was granted to Caefar 
 by Pompey, Dio, 40, 5 1, & 56. The 
 law however appears to have been paff- 
 ed by the joint appHcation of the tri- 
 bunes, with the concurrence of Pom- 
 pey, Cic. Fam. 8. 3. ; Appian. 2, 442. 
 And Cicero acknowledges that he al- 
 fo had lent his aid in that bufmefs, by 
 engaging Coeiius, then one of the tri- 
 bunes, to 'prompte the law ; which Ci- 
 
 I 1 C A E 
 
 ccro did at the requcH of Caefar, wbotli 
 he had feen at Ravenna, and afterwards 
 of Pompey himfeif at Rome. Hencfi 
 Uh'i illae flint denfae dextrae ? Wlierc 
 is that right hand, which you joined 
 clofely to Caefar's, when you promifcd. 
 to fupport his intereft ? Caefar and his 
 friends will ail^, fays Cicero, if I aft 
 again ll him, Cia. Att, 7, i. But Ci- 
 cero aftervvatdfi afferted, very incoiifift. 
 ently, that he had advifed Pompey not 
 to grant Caefar this difpenfation, Cic, 
 Phd. 2, 10. — Caefar, having obtained 
 this fa^'our, raifed hi-^, views flill higher. 
 He lavlilied immenfe fums to gain the 
 favour of the people both in public and 
 in private. He was the fure fuccour 
 of criminals, of infolvent debtors, and 
 prodigal young men ; nor was he Icfs 
 iludious to gain the friendfliip of kings 
 and of the allied Hates. He main- 
 tained a large body of gladiators ia 
 different places, particularly at Capua. 
 He doubled the pay of his foldiers, 
 and by his liberality gained their af- 
 fections 10 a wonderful degree. Suet, 
 ib. 26, 27, & 28. Cic, Att. 7, 3. Fanu 
 8, 4, & 14. 
 
 Pompey, who had fo long contri- 
 buted to raife Caefar, (per decern anno* 
 aluity Cic. Att. 7, 5). at lail became 
 jealous of his power ; but, from a vaift 
 couiidence in his own ilrength, neglect- 
 ed to make proper preparations for hiss 
 defence : and by the violent meafures 
 which his party purfued, affoi'ded Cae- 
 iar a pretext for bringing matters to 
 extremity. For three years there was 
 each year one of the confuls of the 
 name of Marcellus, all of them inimi- 
 cal to Caefar. 
 
 A. U. 702, M. Marcellus made a 
 motion in the fenate, that a fucceffor 
 fhould be appointed to Caefar, and 
 fmce the war in Gaul was finifhed, that 
 he fnould be obliged to difband his ar- 
 my, and come in perfon to fue for the 
 confullhip; alleging that the law, which 
 granted him leave to declare himfeif a 
 candidate in his abfence, was not for- 
 m.ally pafTed. But this motion of Mar- 
 cellus was oppofed by his colleague 
 Serv. Sulpicius, and fome of the tri- 
 bunes 
 
C A E t 
 
 feunes, who were in the interell of Ca'- 
 far, Suet. 28. It was difapproved of even 
 by Pompey himfelf, who pretended 
 not to wifh that Caefar fhould be de- 
 prived of his command before the time, 
 Dlo, 40, 59. and feems to have had no 
 notion that Caefar would think of re- 
 taining it longer, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. Ac- 
 cordingly, after many warm debates, 
 in which the fummer was chiefly fpent, 
 a decree of the fenate was carried on 
 the lail day of Septeiiber, " That the 
 next confuls, L. Paiilus and C. Mar- 
 cellus, (who was the coufm of Mar- 
 cus), ihould, on the ift of March there- 
 after, a. u. 703, move the fenate to 
 fettle the confular provinces, &c." But 
 to this decree four of the tribunes gave 
 their joint negative, Cic. ib. M. Mar- 
 celhis, not fatisfied with taking from 
 Caefar his provinces and the privilege 
 of being made conful in his abfence, 
 alfo moved the houfe, that the free- 
 dom of the city (hould be taken from 
 thole planters, whom Caefar, by the 
 Vatinian law, had fettled at Novum- 
 comum. Suet, 28. ; and having caught 
 a certain Comeniian magillrate, who 
 was acting the citizen, he ordered him 
 to be feized and publicly whipt ; as 
 an indignity to Caefar, Appian. 2, 243. 
 which a6: Cicero greatly condemns. 
 An. 5, II. 
 
 Caefar, alarmedby thefe proceedings, 
 took every precaution for his defence ; 
 he levied foldiers, colle6ted money, and 
 tried to conciliate the Gauls by the 
 mildneis of his adminiitration, D'lo-, 40, 
 60. ; Caef. B. G. 8, 49. To counttr- 
 ad the defigns of his enemies at Rome, 
 he attached to his intereil L. Paulus, 
 the conful, by no lefs a fum than 1590 
 talents, about L. 279,500; and Cu- 
 rio, one of the tribunes, by a ilili lar- 
 ger fum, Db, lb. Appian. 2, 243. ; Phi- 
 tar ch. Pomp. p. 650; Cdef. p. 722. 
 (The fum given to Curio is faid 
 to have been fexcenttes fejlertiumi i. e. 
 L. 484,373, Val. Max. 9, 1,6. ; Pa- 
 ierc. 2, 48.): But in moil editions of 
 Paterculus it is cent'ies H. S. 
 
 Under pretext of the Partiiian war, 
 the fenate, which was now, at lealt a 
 
 62 3 C A E 
 
 great majority of it, in the intereft of 
 Pompey, decreed, " that both 'aefar 
 and Pompey fliould each give a legion 
 to Bibiilus, the governor of Syria ;'* 
 and Pompey demanded from Caefar the 
 legion vv^hich he had lent him after 
 the deftrutlion of Titurius and Cotta. 
 Caefar, though he perceived that both 
 thefe legions would be given to Pom- 
 pey, as they adually were, yet readily 
 fent them, Caef. B. G. 8, 54. becaufe 
 it afforded him a plauiible reafon for 
 levying ftill greater forces in their room, 
 Dio, 40, 6^. At their departure he 
 gave each legionary foldier 250 drach' 
 maCi about L. 8, Plutarch. 
 
 Thefe foldiers, whether from igno- 
 rance or defign, fpread unfavourable 
 reports of Caefar, " that his army, 
 wearied of the war, would leadily de* 
 fert, as foon as they came into Italy ;" 
 which increafed the confidence and fe- 
 curity of Pompey, and of his parti* 
 fans, App'ian. 2, 446. 
 
 The confuls eleded for the cnfuing 
 year 704, were C. Cdaudius MarccUus, 
 (the brother of Marcus), and L. Cor» 
 nelius Lentulus, both of them attach- 
 ed to Pompey. Caefar now alFumed 
 the appearance of moderation, and pro* 
 pofed to refign the command of his ar* 
 my, provided others, meaning Pom- 
 pey, (hould do the fame ; knowing 
 from Curio, that Pompey would never 
 agree to fuch a propofal. He even 
 m.ade llill greater conceiTions, Suet. 29.; 
 Flor. 4, 2. ; Veil. 2, 49. Caefar wrote a 
 letter to this effed by Curio, who, af- 
 ter laying down his office of tribune 
 on the lOth December, had gone di- 
 reftly to Caefar, D'lo^ 40, (^6. and re- 
 turned with great difpatch to Rome 
 before the ift of January 704, Appian. 
 2, 247. Authors differ about fome 
 particulars in this letter, but they all 
 agree in the principal point of Caefar's 
 propofmg to refign his command, if 
 Pompey would do the fame, Appian, 
 ibid. J Dioy 41, I. ; Plutarch. Caef. 727. 
 The matter v.-as violei.tly debated in 
 the fenate for feveral days. At lail a 
 decree was made by a great majority, 
 ^t the motion of Scipio, " That Cae- 
 
C A E t «3 
 
 far (lioulcl difmifs his army by a certain 
 day, ^ r be declared an enemy ;" and 
 when M. Antony and Q^ Caflius, two 
 of t^be tribunes, oppofed theii negative, 
 tbe fenate proceeded to that decree, 
 ^vhich was ufually made in cafes of ex- 
 tremity, " That the confuls, prae- 
 tors, tribunes, and all who were about 
 the city with proconfular power, ihould 
 take care that the repubhc received no 
 detriment," (ut curarent, ne quid refp. 
 detrimcnti caperet), Cic. Fam. i6, 1 1. 
 Upon which Antony and Caflius, to- 
 gether with Curio, fled, in difguife, his 
 (vehiculo mtr'itor'iOy teS'i fervil'i habituj, 
 to Caefar, who was then at Ravenna, 
 Caef, B. C. I, 5. with only one legion, 
 ib. 8. Plutarch fays, with about 5000 
 foot and 300 horfe, the ufual num- 
 ber of troops then in a legion, Plu- 
 tarch, in Caef. p.'JZ'J. Add. Dio, 41,3.; 
 j^pp'ian. 2, 248.; Lucan. ., 267, &c. 
 When Caefar was informed of what 
 had paffed, he immediately difpatched 
 his cohorts before, and to avoid fuf- 
 picion, fpent the day himfelf in public, 
 attended a fhow of gladiators, and 
 flipped as ufual with his friends. Af- 
 ter fun-fet he rofe from the table, and 
 fet out privately with a few attendants. 
 Having travelled all night, he in the 
 moming overtook his cohorts at the 
 rivci Rubicon, the boundary of his 
 province. Here he flopped a little, 
 mufmg on the greatnefs of his cnter- 
 prife, {reputans quantum moliretun) ; 
 then turning to thofe who were next 
 him, *' Still, fays he, we may go back, 
 but if we pafs this little bridge, every 
 thii^ muil be done by arms," f omnia 
 arwls agenda erunt)y Suet. 31 f. Upon 
 which he quickly croffed the river, fay- 
 ing. *' The die is call," {alea jacta 
 EST J, Suet. ib. Hic-) a'lty hie, pactniy te- 
 nter at aque jura relinquOi Te, Fortuna fe~ 
 guory &c. l.ucan. i, 225.) His troops 
 readily followed him. He fpeedily 
 led them to Ariminum, and took pof- 
 feflion of the place without refiilance, 
 6uet. 31, & 32. Plutarch, in Caef. 
 727.; Jppian. 2, 249.; Lucan. 2, 
 231. ; Flor. 2, 19. Lucan represents 
 the Rubicon as fwelled by the winter 
 
 1 C A E 
 
 rains, and fays, that Caefar and his 
 troops waded it with difficulty, the 
 horfe entering fir ft, and oppofmg the 
 rapidity of the current till the foot 
 paffed, I, 217, &c. A prodigy is al- 
 fo faid to have appeared to Caefar 
 while he hefitatcd on the banks, which 
 encouraged him to pafs, Suet. 32. Lu- 
 can makes the image of Rome to ap- 
 pear to Caefar, and addrefs a fpeech 
 to him, I, 186. 
 
 Caefar takes no notice of his paf- 
 fing the Rubicon, but only mentions 
 
 ,^al at Aril 
 
 B. C. T, 8. 
 
 Here he met with Curio, and the tri- 
 bunes. Having fummoned his troops 
 to an aflembly, he brought forth the 
 tribunes in the fame fervile habit in 
 which they had fled from Rome ; aed. 
 after Curio had given an affecting ac- 
 count of all that had happened, Cae- 
 far, with marks of the gieateft emo- 
 tion, (Jlens, ac vefie a peBore dfc'i/fdj^ 
 implored the proteAion of his foldiers. 
 Suet. 33. ; Dio. 41, 4. ; Lucan. l, 
 272, &c. Caefar takes no notice of 
 this, but mentions his having made a 
 fpeech to his foldiers at Ravenna, in 
 which, after recounting the injuries he 
 had fuffered, he conjured them to de- 
 fend his reputation and dignity againft 
 the malice of his enemies, B. C. i, n. 
 From Ariminum Caefar fent orders to 
 his army in Gaul to follow him with the 
 utmoil expedition. But while he made 
 the moil vigorous preparations for war» 
 he profelTed the ftrongeft defire of an 
 accommodation. Accordingly various 
 overtures for peace were made on both 
 fides, but without effed, Caef. ib.', Cic, 
 Ait. 7, 14, & 15. ; f/ 8, 9. Fatn. 16, 
 1 2. Though Caefar had the belt dif- 
 ciplined army, yet his enemies were 
 greatly fuperior to him in refources, 
 particularly as they were m afters of the 
 fea, Cic. Att. 10, 8. whence Cicero 
 ufually fpeaks of Caefar's attempt as 
 a kind of madnefs, {^cum amentia qua- 
 dam raperetur).^ and did not imagine 
 he would venture on fo defperate an 
 enterprife, Cic. Fam. l6, 12. Pom- 
 p.y not havi.g an army fulTicient to 
 oppofe Caefar, till he fliould collect 
 
 hi9 
 
C A E [ f 4 
 
 his forces from the different parts of 
 the empire, feems originally to have 
 formed the refolution of reh'nquifhing 
 Italy; but imprudently concealed that 
 deiign from his friends, Clc. ^4tt, 8, 
 
 12. 
 
 The news of Caefar's approach fill- 
 ed Rome and all Italy with the great- 
 eft conllernation. Many prodigies, as 
 ufual, were reported. The fame ca- 
 lamities were apprehended as happen- 
 ed under Marius and Sulla, Cacf. ih. 
 fy 14 ; Jppian. 2, 449. ; Dlo, 49, 5.; 
 JLucan^ I, 466, — ad Jin, et 2, I, — 234.; 
 Pompey iled from Rome to Capua, 
 Id. 2, 392. declaring-, that he iliould 
 confjder as enemies all thofe v.ho did 
 not follow him, {^qui Komae remanif- 
 fet}t, Caef. ib. c. 33. ^d re'ipublirae de- 
 fuiffent. Suet. 7^.) which he is faid to 
 bave done by the advice of Domitius, 
 Suet. Ner. 2.; whereas Caefa'- declared, 
 that he ihould eittem all thofe who re- 
 mained neuter, [medios 
 
 et iieutrius par- 
 tis]j as his friends, Suet. 75. Cic. Lig, 
 II. The coniuls, and moft of the .0- 
 th<?r magillratt's and fenators, followed 
 Poaipey, Cdc/l lb. 14.; 2)iof 41, 6. 
 ^c 9.; Ci^. i^<7?w. 16, 12. Appian 
 fays that Pompey was urged by tfie 
 confulg to leave the city, ib. 450. They 
 dcpai-ted in fuch a huny, that they 
 ueglefiied to tdie with them the mo- 
 ney from the treafury, Ca^f. ib. ; Dioy 
 41,6-; Cic. Att. 6, 7. The o-nly per- 
 fon of note in Caefar's army that join- 
 ed Pompey, was Labienus, Dio, 41, 
 4. ; Cic. Att. 7, II, & 12. Caefar's 
 chief lieutemip^t, jaiid then command- 
 er of Cifalpine Gaul, Catf. B. G. 
 8, 52. 
 
 Caefar rcmuined for fonie time .Jtt 
 
 ■J C A E 
 
 Domitius intended to make his e- 
 fcape ; but his troops prevented him, 
 and delivered him up to Caefar, who 
 difmifled him in fafety, and reftorecj 
 to him a great fum of money, ( fcfter^ 
 tium ftxagies, fix milhons of fefterces), 
 Avhich Domitius had depofited in the 
 town. Caelar trea^ed with the fame 
 lenity Lentiilus, the conful, and ma- 
 ny other perfons of rank who fell into 
 his power. He joined the foldlers of 
 Domitius to his own, adminifiering to 
 them the ufual military oath ; and in- 
 ilantly m.arched from Corfinium to A- 
 pulia, Caef. B. C, I, 23.; Dio, 41, 
 II.; Liican. 2, 477. The news of 
 Caefar's clem.ency to Domitius and 
 the other captives, raifed the fpirits 
 of fuch as remained in the city, and 
 made many of thofe who had fied re» 
 turn to their habitations, Plutarch. 
 
 Pompey being informed of this dif- 
 after, retreated to Brundufium, where 
 Caefar endeavoured to block him up, 
 Caef. B. C. I, 24, &c. But Pompey 
 made his efcape, {^per obftfji claii/ira par- 
 tus, noBurnd fu;jd eimfit, Flor. 4, 2.) 
 on the 15th March, {Idib. Mart.) 
 with all the forces he could carry 
 with him, Cic. Att. 9, 14.; and failed 
 to Dyracchium, Dio,, 41, 14. Several 
 prodigies are faid to have been fecn by 
 him in his paifage, ib. 
 
 Thus Caefar, with very little blood- 
 shed, in fixty days, made himfeif m.af- 
 ter of «11 Italy, Plutarch. ; whence Ci- 
 6 ccJeritaiem incre-. 
 ; and fpeaking of 
 
 cero juiliy exclaims, 
 
 dililem ! Att. 7, 2 2. 
 
 the rapidity of liis progrels, he lays. 
 
 Ilium luere imutianU ib. 7, 20. 
 
 Caefar, unable to puifue Pompey 
 
 for want of fhippiag, feat Valerius, 
 
 Ariminum till he was joined ;by his liis lieuteaant, to take poiTeffion of 
 
 Sardinia with one legion, and Curio 
 
 He quickly 
 15. and trien 
 
 troops, Id, B, C. 1 
 "Overran all PiGenirm, 
 Jaid fiege to Corfinium, the chief town 
 .of the Pehgoi ; where Domitius, who 
 iiad been ap]>ointed his fucceffor by 
 ttlie Xonate, had ftiut himfeU up with 
 ithirty cohorts, or three legions ; e%- 
 :pt-Pz\\ ■■: that Pompey would come to 
 iis affiftance. But Caefar forced tlie 
 ipiace to lun-jender m ifevaa d^irs. 
 
 to Sicily with three, Caef. ib. 29, — 31. 
 Catfar having diftributed his troops 
 among the •ncarell towns, fet out for 
 Rome. In liis progrels through Italy 
 .he v\-as met by crowds from the differ- 
 ent towns^ Cic, Ait. 8,. 1 6. Lucaa 
 fays the contrary, 3, 8c. Notwith- 
 ilanding the favourabie reports of his 
 cloneiity* his :srriii^.l ia CLenie occa- 
 
 f oned 
 
C A E [ 
 
 iioned confiderable terror, Dw^ 41, 
 1 6. ( Urbem Attonitam ttrrore fubit ; — 
 fuit haec menfura ttmorts, Velle put ant, 
 quodcunque potejly) Lucan. 3, 98, &c. 
 But Caefar foon difpelled it, At)pian, 
 2, 453. He aflembled fuch of the 
 fenators as were in the city, ai d made 
 a long fpeech to them, juftifying \m 
 conduv5t, CaeC. B. C. i, ^2. Dio fays, 
 that the fenate , was affembled by An- 
 tony and Caflius, the -tribunes; who 
 had a few months before been expelled 
 from it, 41, 15. by Lentulus, the 
 conful, Plutarch. Anton, p. 918. Lucan 
 fays, that the fenate met in the temple 
 
 65 i C A E 
 
 fake of a Gallic war, whence it was 
 called Aerarium Sanctum, Fhr, 
 4, 2. ; but Caefar fald that he had re- 
 moved that fcruple by conquerinir the 
 Gauls, Appian. 2, 453. H<" is faid to 
 have taken out 2j,ooo bars of gold, 
 {lateres aurei), 35,000 bars of filver, 
 and 40,000,000 federces in coined mo- 
 ney, {in numerato, H. S. 'C'A-. i. €. 
 qnadrlngentin), Plin. 33, 3 f. 17. 
 
 Caefar does not* mention his break- 
 ing open the treafury, but only that 
 Metellus had been inftigated by his 
 adverfaries to oppofe his meafures ; and 
 that therefore he left the city witliout 
 
 of Apollo, without being legally fum- effeAing what he intended, and march- 
 
 moned, {nullo cogendi jure fenatus), 3 
 103. There were no curule magif 
 trates prefent, [omnia Caefar erat,) ib. 
 108. Caefar regulated every thing as 
 he thought propt^r. He reftored the 
 children of thofe profcribed by Sulla 
 to their former rights, Z)/'(?, 41, 18.; 
 Suet, ^i.; Fell. 2, 43. He made a 
 propofal that ambafladors fhould be 
 fent to Pompey concerning peace ; 
 but no one chofe to undertake that 
 office, whether from a fear of Pom- 
 pey, whom they had deferted, Caef. 
 ib. 34. or from a fufpicion that Caefar 
 was not fincerely defirous of peace, 
 Plutarch, p. 735. Dio fays, that cer- 
 tain perfons were chofen, but did not 
 go, 41, 16. 
 
 Caefar next went to take pofTeffion 
 ©f the treafure, which, by a ftrange 
 overiight, Pompey had left. When 
 he came to the temple of Saturn 
 wliere the public treafure was kept, 
 Metellus, one of the tribunes, attemp- 
 ted to hinder him from entering ; but 
 Caefar having threatened to kill him, 
 he was forced to defift. The confuls 
 had carried off the keys, and therefore 
 the gates were broken open, Dio, 41, 
 17.; Lucan. 7^, 114, 169.; [quia tar- 
 dius aper'iehant trihuni, i. e. Metellus, 
 
 ed into Gaul, Caef. ib. 33. f. He had 
 propofed to make a fpeech to the 
 people before his departure ; but per- 
 ceiving that they were offended at his 
 feizing the public treafure, he did not 
 venture on it, and went away much 
 difcompofed, [vehementer animit pertur- 
 bato profedus), Cic. Att. 10, 4. 
 
 Caefar having left the command of 
 Italy to Antony, advanced again ft A* 
 franius, Petreius, and Varro, the lieu- 
 tenants of Pompey in Spain. He faid, 
 " that he was going againft an army 
 without a general, and then would re- 
 turn againft a f«;eneral without an af- 
 my," Suet. 34. Every town by the way 
 opened its gates to him except Maf- 
 feilles, which he immediately attack- 
 ed ; but perceiving that it could not 
 be foon reduced, after having ftaid 
 for fome time before it, he fet cut for 
 Spain ; leaving the charge of conduc- 
 ting the fiege by land to Trebonius, 
 his lieutenant ; and the command of a 
 fleet, which he had quickly built, to 
 D. Brutus, Caef B. C. i, 36. 
 
 Caelar encountered great difficulties 
 in his expedition againft Petreius and 
 Afranius, and his army was expofed 
 to the utmoft danger near Ilerda, by 
 the overflowing of the river Sicoris ; 
 
 jujjit effringi, fc. Caefar), Flur* 4, 2, but he e^itricated himfelf by wonder- 
 21. ful ability and good fortune ; obliged 
 
 Petreius and Afranius to retreat to- 
 wards Celtiberia, and having overta- 
 ken them on their march, by fuperior 
 
 This treafure had long remained un- 
 touched, Liv. 27, 10. and execrations 
 were denounced againft any one who 
 fhould meddle with it, unlefs for the generalfliip, 
 
 at laft 
 X 
 
 forced them to 
 furrender 
 
C A E 
 
 [ 66 
 
 {urrender with their whole army, con- 
 fifting of five legions, befides auxilia^ 
 ries, (Livy fays, feven legions, Ep'it, 
 no.), on his own terms, " that they 
 fhould difband their forces, and quit 
 Spain." Caef. B. C. l, 7,'].— ad Jin, 
 Soon after, Varro, who commanded 
 two legions, being deferted by his 
 men, was forced to fubmit, ih. 2, 20. 
 Caefar, leaving Q^Caffius to command 
 in Spain with four legions, returned 
 to Marfeilles ; which, after a long and 
 brave refiftance, was at lail obliged to 
 furrender, ib. 22. ; Fell. 2, 50. ; Dlo, 
 41, 19, & 25, 
 
 Caefar, though greatly provoked at 
 the people of Marfeilles, ( Maffd'icnfihus 
 irat'ifjtmus), yet on account of the anti- 
 quity and renown of the place, treat- 
 ed them with gentlenefs, Caef. ih. 
 C'lc. Phil. 8, 6. Dio fays, that he 
 took from them every thing except li- 
 berty, 41, 25. ; which they valued a- 
 bove all things, i^quam potiorem omnibus 
 habebant)^ Flor. 4, 2, 27. 
 
 Caefar, having left two legions as a 
 garrifon at Marfeilles, fet out for 
 Kome, CaeJ. B. C. 2, 22 / In his 
 ■way thither fome of his foldiers muti- 
 nied at Placentia, particularly the 
 ninth legion ; but he fo moved them 
 by a fpeech, particularly by calling 
 them in the end of it Citizens, in- 
 ilead of Fellow-Soldiers, [Difcedite 
 cafris ; Tradite pojlra viris ignavi frgna 
 QyiRiTES, Lucan. 5, 357-) that with 
 tears they entreated his forgivenefs, 
 which with difficulty they obtained. 
 He however fekcted 120 of the ring- 
 leaders, and having made them call 
 lots, he caufed every tenth man to be 
 beheaded, (decimabat) ; but it was 
 found that one of thefe twelve had 
 been abfent in the time of the mutiny. 
 Caefar therefore ordered the centurion 
 who had accufed him to be put to death 
 in his ftead, Jppian. 2, p. 457. Dio 
 fays, that the reft of the foldiers -^^'erc 
 all difbanded ; but afterwards, having 
 given proofs of their penitence, they 
 were reftored, 41, 35, f. So Sueto- 
 pius, Ciisf. 69, who fays, that it was 
 t-he ioldiers pf the tent^h legion whom 
 
 3 C A E 
 
 Caefar reclaimed from a mutiny at 
 Rome during the African war, by 
 calKng them Qui rites inftead of Mi- 
 LiTES, ib. 70. 
 
 Caefar, before he left Marfeilles, 
 was informed, that he had been made 
 didator in his abfence, by Lepidus, the 
 praetor, at Rome, B. C. 2, 21. Dio 
 fays, that Lepidus advifed the people 
 to create Caefar dictator, 41, 36.; but 
 Dio afterwards fays, that Caefar was 
 chofen dictator by Lepidus hinifelf, 
 43, J. Appian fays, that the people 
 in a great' fright elected him dictator ^ 
 of themfelves, without either a decree ,■ 
 of the fenate, or the fuperintendance ■ 
 of a magiftrate, B. C. 2, 457. Lucan 
 fays, that Caefar afluraed the office of 
 di£tator at the requeft of the people, 
 5, 382. Plutarch fays, that he was 
 created by the fenate, in Caef. p. 725. 
 It is certain that he was created in 
 an uiiufual manner. 
 
 Caefar, as didator, prefided at the 
 Comitia for the election of magistrates. 
 He himfelf, and P. Servilius Ifauri- 
 cus were made confuls for the next • 
 year, a, u. 705, (al. 706). Having 
 made feveral regulations for the go- 
 vernment of the ftate, ( Fid. R. A. Le- 
 ges JuLiAt), he refigned the dicta- 
 torfhip in eleven days, Caef. B. C. 3, I, 
 & 2. Plutarch, et rlppian. ibid, and fet 
 out to join his army at Brundufium, 
 where he had ordered twelve legions 
 and all the cavalry to affemble ; but he 
 fcarcely found ihips fufficient to tranf- 
 port 2c,QOO legionary foldiers, and 
 600 horfe, Caef ib. With thefe he 
 fet fail on the 4th of January, and 
 next day landed at Pharsalus, a fmall 
 place near Qricum ; which town he 
 got poffeflion of the fame day, ib. c. 8. 
 and foon after alfo of Apollonia, ih^ 
 (.12, 
 
 Caefar having landed his troops, fent, 
 the fleet back the fame night to Brun-j 
 dufiuni, to bring over the reft of his 
 legions and cavahy, ib, c. 8. But as 
 they were long of coming, Caefar dif- 
 guiling himfeif, fet out in a fifl^ing- 
 boat to bring them more fpeedily ; but 
 a t^mpeft having arifen, the pilot re^ 
 
 Med 
 
C A E [ 
 
 fufed to proceed farther. Upon which 
 Caefar difcovered himfelf, faying, 
 ** Be not afraid, you carry Caefar," 
 Z)/o, 41, 46.; Plutarch. Caef, 726.; 
 Apophthegm, p. 2q6. \ Suet.^S.; Appian. 
 
 Civ. h. 2, 463, 522, &C. (Q^UID TI- 
 MES ? Caesarem vehis, Flor. a^, 2.) 
 But after many fruitlefs efforts he was 
 at laft forced to fail back. His foldiers 
 expreficd the utmoft joy at his return, 
 ih. Caefar takes no notice of this 
 bold adventure ; but that he wrote 
 fharply to Antony and Calenus, his 
 lieutenants at Brundufium, to lofe no 
 time in endeavouring to join him. 
 They quickly fet fail, and next day 
 landed in Epire, to the great joy of 
 Caefar, having narrowly efcaped the 
 enemy's fleet, Caef. ih. 25, & 26. 
 
 Caefar foon after forced Pompey, 
 with an army much more numerous 
 than his own, to fliut himfelf up in 
 Dyrrachium ; and furrounded him with 
 works of an amazing extent, CaeJ. ib. 
 c. 43. — 47. Here many fharp conflidls 
 took place, generally to the advantage 
 of Caefar. At laft Pompey made a 
 general fally, and broke through Cae- 
 far*s lines, after making a great jQaugh- 
 ter of his troops, ih. c. 52, — 72. 
 
 Caefar led his army from thence to 
 Theffaly, whither Pompey had the 
 imprudence to follow him, and was 
 completely defeated in the plains of 
 Pharfalia. Vid. Pom pejus. 
 
 The army of Pompey was much 
 more numerous than that of Caefar. 
 The army of Pompey was above 45,000 
 men, and that of Caefar 22,000, Caef. 
 -^. C. 3, 88, &: 89. Appian fays, that 
 Caefar had only 22,000 foot and 1000 
 horfe, but that Pompey had more than 
 double, and of thefe 7000 were caval- 
 ry. The nurrber of Italians on both 
 fides are faid to have amounted to 
 70,000, at lead to 60,000. Some 
 made them 400,000, Appian. B. C. 2. 
 ^. 47 I. So Flo r us, T recent a amplius mil' 
 lia hinc vel iliinCf praster auxilia regum et 
 Sociorunii 4, 2. Caefar had auxiliaries 
 both of horfe and foot from the different 
 ftates of Gaul, and light-armed foldiers 
 from feverai parts of Greece, Appian, 
 
 67 1 C A E 
 
 ih.p.^^2,; Lucan.if ^g6, — 465. The 
 auxiliaries of Pompty were coUecfted 
 from the various nations of the eaft, 
 which are enumerated at great length, 
 Appian. ib. ; Caef. .5. C. 3, 3, 4, & 5. j 
 Lucan. 3, 169, — 295. The affemblage 
 of fo many nations, as Lucan obferves> 
 enabled Caefar to fubdue the world at 
 once, [Acciperet felix ne non femel omnia 
 Caefar., Vinccndum pariter Pharfalia 
 praejlitit orbem)^ ib. 296. The troops 
 from the conquered countries are faid 
 to have fought with particular alacrity 
 and vigour, that they might reduce the 
 Romans to the fame fervitude to which 
 the Romans had reduced them, Dioy 
 41, 59/ As thefe foreign foldiers 
 contributed \o eftablifh tyranny, fo 
 they afterwards ferved to perpetuate it. 
 Suet, et Tacit, pajjtm, Pompey did not 
 allow his men to run to the charge 
 with a fhout, as ufual, but ordered 
 them to receive the attack of Caefar 
 without changing their ground, which 
 Caefar difapproves of, Caef. B. C. 3, 
 92. 
 
 Pompey depended chiefly on his ca- 
 valry ; but Caefar fruftrated this hope 
 by one of thofe contrivances which 
 marked the fuperiority of his genius- 
 Knowing that Pompey's horfemen 
 were in a great meafure compofed of 
 young men of rank, who were fond of 
 their looks, Caefar felefhcd fix cohorts 
 of his bravefl foldiers, Caef. B. C. 3, 
 89, 5c 93. confilling of 3000 men, Ap- 
 pian. ib. to oppofe them. Thefe he 
 direded to aim their fpears at the ene- 
 my's faces, ib. and during the fight 
 rode up and down, calling out, Fa- 
 
 CIEM FERI, MILES, FIcr. 4, 2, 47. 
 
 which had the delired effect. Pom- 
 pey 's cavalry, flruck with the dteadful 
 wounds they received in their faces, 
 took to flight, and drew the foot after 
 them, Appian. ib. ; Plutarch. Caef 657. 
 Caefar takes no notice of this flrata- 
 gem, though he afcribes his vidory 
 chiefly to thefe fix cohorts, ih. 94. 
 Lucan makes Caefav's order to aim at 
 the faces of the cavalry a general order 
 to the whole army, 7, 322. In the 
 purfuit Caefar charged his foldiers to 
 I z fpar<'. 
 
C A E 
 
 I 68 1 
 
 C A E 
 
 fpare citizens, Flor,ib. 50. [C1*j}s, qui 
 
 fugfrit^ ejlo., Lucan. 7, 3 1 9.), and to 
 daughter the auxiliaries, Appian.p, 4'~8. 
 Thofe fenators and Equites whom he 
 had formerly taken and difmiffed, he 
 ordered to be put to death, except 
 filch as were preferved by his friends, 
 each of whom he permitted to fave the 
 life of one of the adverfe party, Dioj 
 41, 62 ; Suet. 7 J. Caefar, viewing 
 thofe who were flain on the field of 
 battle, is reported to have faid, " They 
 would have it fo, {^hoc vo/uerunt) ; I 
 Caius Caefar, after having performed 
 fo great exploits, (hould have been con- 
 demned, had I not aflced afliftance from 
 my army," Suet. 30. 
 
 After the viftory Caeiar immediate- 
 ly attacked Pompey's camp, and took 
 it. Here he found tables covered, 
 plate difplayed, and other preparations 
 for a feaft; fo that Pompey^s men feem- 
 ed to have been confident of fuccefs, 
 and not to have in the lead apprehend- 
 ed an adverfe ilTue of the batile, Caef, 
 ib. 96. The infatuation of Pompey is 
 furprifing, in not having taken proper 
 precautions againft a defeat ; and his 
 flight to Egypt ftill more fo, when he 
 had fo great refources ftill left in diffe- 
 rent parts of the empire, by which he 
 might have retrieved his aiTairs. Caefar 
 burnt all the letters he found in the cof- 
 fers of Pompey without reading them; 
 for which he is juflly praifed, Dio<, 41, 
 6^. ; Senec, Ir. 2, 24. ; PJ'm. 7, 25. 
 
 Caefar next day forced a great num- 
 ber of men to furrender, who had ta- 
 ken refuge in a neighbouring moun- 
 tain, ih. 98. The fmallnefs of Caefar's 
 lofs in this battle is aftoniOiing, only 
 30 centurions and 200 legionary fol- 
 diers, ih. Some made the nu.iber of 
 men 1200, App'tan. lb. 479. Of Pom- 
 pey's army 15,000 were flain, and 
 24,000 taken prifoners, ib, 99. Ap- 
 pian fays, that on Pompey's fide there 
 fell 25,000 Italians, lo fenators, among 
 ivhom was Domitius, the fuccelfpr 
 elect of Caefar, and 40 Equites ; but 
 ados, that Afinius PoUio, one of Cae- 
 far's generals, makes Pompey's flain 
 amount only to 6000. The number 
 
 of auxiliaries that fell was fo great that 
 they could not be reckoned, App'tan, 
 ib. 479. 
 
 Caefar, immediately after his vi6lory, 
 fet out in purfuit of Pompey, to prevent 
 him from renewing the war, Caef.ib, 102. 
 While crofling the Hellefpont in a t.*r- 
 ry-boat, he fell in with one of P im- 
 pey's fleets, confifting of ten galleys, 
 (Appian fays 70, ib.^'^'i,.)^ under the 
 command of L. Caffius ; but was fo far 
 from flying, that going up clofe to 
 Caflius, he exhorted him to furrender, 
 and upon his compliance, took him in- 
 to the boat to him, (fupplicem ad fe rC' 
 cepit)y Suet. 63. Appian fays, that 
 Caflius, ftruck with Caefar's wonderful 
 fuccefs, and thinking that he was co- 
 ming againll him, ftretched out his 
 hands to aflc forgivenefs, and furren- 
 dered his fleet, ib. So Dio, 42, 6. 
 
 Caefar reached Egypt foon after the 
 murder of Pompey, with a very fmall 
 force, only twelve Rhodian gallies and 
 a few from Afia, having on board no 
 more than 3200 foot and 800 horfe ; 
 but, trufliing to the fame of his ex- 
 ploits, he thought that in any place 
 he fliould be fafe, CaeJ. ib. c. 106. Up- 
 on his arrival at Alexandria, perceiving 
 a tumult on fliore, occafioned by the 
 news of the death of Po. ipey, (an e- 
 vent yet unknown to Caefar, Lucan. 9, 
 1015. ; Caef. B. C. 3, 106.), he did 
 not land immediately, [dubiis vent,.s fe 
 credere regmsy Ab/linuit tellure ratesy Lu- 
 can. 9, 1009.), but waited till Ptolemy 
 returned from Pelufmm, and fent to 
 him the head of Pompey with his ring, 
 Dioy 42, 7. Caeiar, fliocked at the 
 fight, ihed tears ; and, cxprefiing the 
 utmoft difpkafure againft the murder- 
 ers, ordered it to be iumptuoufly bu- . 
 ried, ib. 8. ; Plutarch. p. 662. ; Appian, 
 2,481.; Fal. Max. 5,1. Dio obferves, 
 that this grief of Caefat was all pre- 
 tended, ib. So Lucan, i^lacrymas non 
 fponte cadentes Effudity gemitufque expref- 
 fit pect'jre laeto), 9,. 1038, Sec. Thus 
 Ptolemy was difappointed in his hopes, 
 «'of gaining the friendfliip of Caefar by 
 his deteilable preient, (foedus amicitiae 
 cum Ca^are fanciendi, muito Pompeii ca* 
 
C A E C 69 ] C A E 
 
 i. c. mediante, conjungente Ulud far's afTuming the right of determining 
 
 ptte, 
 
 foedus)* Flor. 4, 2. and Pothlnus the 
 eunuch, the governor of the young 
 king, and regent of the kingdom, (««- 
 trilius puerty et procurator regniy Caef. 
 B.C. 3, 112.), who had adviled the 
 deed, and brought the prefent, inftead 
 of receiving his expected rew^ard, was 
 treated with deferved contempt and 
 abhorrence, Plutarch. 730. ; Lucan. 9, 
 1064, &c. 
 
 Caefar now landed at Alexandria, 
 with hi J lidlors walking before him, as 
 being conful ; which the Egyptians 
 thinking derogatory to the authority 
 of their king, raifed fuch diilurbance, 
 that Caefar, to avoid being infulted, 
 made his way to the palace as fad as 
 he could, Dio, 42, 7. ; Lucan. 10, 9, 
 &c. Caefar takes no notice of the 
 head of Pompey being fent to him ; 
 but only fays, that at Alexandria he 
 heard of his death, B. C. 3, 106. — The 
 tumults amoug the Egyptians ftill con- 
 tinued, and fevtrral of Cacfar's fol- 
 ditrs were flain in different parts of the 
 city, ib. on which account he fent 
 for other legions from Afia, ib. 107. 
 and in the mean time, to conceal his 
 apprehenfion of danger till more forces 
 (hould arrive, he amufed himlelf in,vi- 
 fiting different parts of the city, and 
 in hearing the philofophevs, Apptan. 2, 
 483.; Lucan. 10, 14, 194, &c. Ac- 
 cording to Dio, Caefar, thinking that 
 nothing hoflile now remained after the 
 deftrudtion of Pompey, fpent his time 
 in collecting money and fettling the 
 ■ diff'-rcnces between Ptolemy and his 
 fitter Cleopatra, D'lo^ 42, 9. l^Vid. 
 Ptolema^us.) Ptolemy Auletes, 
 the prefent king's father, owed Caefar 
 no lefs than l'] ^^00,000 drachmae^ (Jep- 
 imgentiesy H. S.'). Caefar had former- 
 ly remitted to his children all above ten 
 millions, [quadr'ingeni'ies H. S.), which 
 he then dem.anded to maintain his ar- 
 - my. Pothinus, the eunuch, remon- 
 ftrated againft the payment of fo great 
 a fum ; and the methods he took to 
 raife it were calculated to excite ge- 
 neral difcontent, Plutarch, ib. But 
 what gave particular oifeiice was Cae- 
 
 the difference between Ptolemy and 
 Cleopatra concerning the pofTefTion of 
 the crown, Caef. ib. 8. This diffatif- 
 fadion was encreafed by Caefar*s par- 
 tiality to Cleopatra, who, to get ac- 
 cefs to Caefar without being difcover- 
 ed, landed one evening from a fmall 
 boat near the palace, and having cau- 
 fed herfelf to be wrapped up m a co- 
 verlet at her full length, was carried 
 on the back of one of her attendants 
 to Caefar's apartment. Caefar was 
 pleafed with the ingenuity of the con- 
 trivance, and Cleopatra, by her beauty 
 and addrefs, foon gained his afFedions, 
 ( l^ultus ade/?Jfrecibus), Lucan. 10, 1 05.; 
 13io, 42, 35. {^Aderat pudlae forma)^ 
 Flor. 4, 2. Next morning young Pto- 
 lemy, when he unexpededly faw his 
 filter with Caefar, was tranfported with 
 rage ; and running out to the people, 
 cried that he was betrayed, and tear- 
 ing the crown from his head, call it 
 on the ground. This having caufed a 
 great tumult, Caefar's foldiers fecured 
 the king's perfon ; upon which the E- 
 gyptians v/ere fo much provoked, that 
 they would have inilantly ftormed the 
 palace, as the Romans, who lived on 
 a fiievidly footing with them, were not 
 pi-epared for defence, had not Caefar, 
 being greatly alarmed, come forth to 
 them, and Handing in a lafe place, pro- 
 mifed that he would do whatever they 
 wilhed. Then having called an alTem- 
 bly, and brought forth Ptolemy and 
 Cleopatra, he read over their father's 
 teilament, which ordained, that they 
 fliould marry each other, according to 
 the cuftom of the country, and reign 
 jointly under the proteclion of the Ro- 
 man people. For which reafon, Caefar 
 added, it belonged to him, as being 
 conful, (Dio fays didator), of the Ro- 
 man people, to take upon hirnfelf the 
 guardianlhip of the children, and exe- 
 cute the father's will ; tht;reforc that 
 he gave to the elder Pcolemy and Cleo- 
 patra the kingdom of Egypt ; to the 
 younger Ptolemy and lirs filler Arfi- 
 noe he granted the ifiaiid of Cypi^us, 
 which then was polTefied by the Ro- 
 
C A E 
 
 [ 70 ] 
 
 C A E 
 
 rnang. Thus the tumult was allayed 
 for the prefent, D/o, 42, 35. and a feaft 
 was kept for the joy of this reconcilia- 
 tion, Plutarch, ib. p. 731. [Excepere 
 epulae iantarum (raud'ia rermn), Lucan. 
 10, 108. of which Lucan gives a long 
 delcription, ib, ad v. 3^2. 
 
 In the mean time, Pothinus, appre- 
 hending the lofs of his power, and 
 perhaps of his life, fent privately to A- 
 chillas to bring the army from Pelu- 
 ilum to Alexandria, Z/w, 42, 36. Cae- 
 far, unable to contend in battle with 
 fo great forces, fortified himfelf m a 
 part of the palace, (Paribus claufae fe 
 protcgit nulae—nec toia vacalat Regia com' 
 preffo : minimd colhgp.rut arma parte do- 
 miiSf Lucan. 10, 440). and lent two 
 Egyptians, Diorcorides and Serapion, 
 as ambaffadors to Achillas, in the name 
 of Ptolemy, to detire him to refrain 
 from holHlities. But Achillas ordered 
 them to be feized and put to death, [Sed 
 neque jus mundi 'ualuit, neque foeder a fane- 
 ta Gentibus, Lucan, ib. 47 1 • ) One 
 was killed on the fpot, and the other, 
 having received a dangerous wound, 
 was carried off for dead by his attend- 
 ants, Caef. B. C. 3, 109. ; Dioy 42, 
 37. Lucan fpeaks only of one am- 
 bafFador, ib, 
 
 Caefar having difcovcred a corre- 
 fpondence betwixt Pothinus and A- 
 cbillaG, ordered Pothinus to be put to 
 death, Cocf.ih. 1 1 2 f . Achillas quick- 
 ly made himfclf mailer of Alexandria, 
 and endeavoured to break into the pa- 
 lace by force ; but was repulfed. He 
 rextiittempted to feize the fhips in the 
 harbour ; but Caefar,^ to prevent them 
 from fallijig into the power of the ene- 
 my, fet fire not only to thefe vefTels, 
 butalfo to ail that were in the arfenals, 
 Caef. ib. III. By this conflagration, 
 a part of the famous Alexandrian li- 
 brary was confumed conlUting of 
 40C,oco volumes, Se:.'ec, Tra.'iqud/, yJru 
 9. ; Gell. 6, 17.; Or OS. 6, 15. Marcel- 
 linus fays 700,000 volumes, 22, 17. 
 
 The war being thus begun, called 
 the Alexandrian war, {Bellum Alex- 
 ANDRiNUM,) Catfar fent for rtinfcrce- 
 meiUs from all cj^uarters, and ufcd every 
 
 art to defend himfelf againft the attacks 
 of the enemy, Hirt, B. Alex. i. nor 
 were the Alexandrians lefs attentive 
 on their part, ib. 2. Many fierce com- 
 bats were fought both by land and fea 
 with doubtful fuccefs ; nor was Caefar 
 ever in greater danger. At one time 
 in defending the bridge which led to 
 the ifland Pharos, which he had taken 
 pofTefTion of, Hirt. ib, 19. ; Lucan. 10, 
 509. being forced by a fudden fally 
 of the enemy into a fmall flciff, (in 
 fcapham. Suet. 64. Hirtius fays-, into his 
 own galley, iri fuum navigiumferccepit, ib. 
 2 1.) and many hurrying on board along 
 with him, perceiving that the f]-:ifF mufl 
 fmk, (as it aftually did), he jumped into 
 the fea, and faved himfelf by fwiinming 
 for 200 paces to the nearcft fhip, raifing 
 his left hand, that fome papers which 
 he held in it might not be wetted, and 
 drawing after him his military robe in 
 his teeth, that the enemy might not 
 become mafler of his fpoils, Suet. Caef. 
 64. Plirtius takes no notice of the 
 two lad circumflances, f. 21. Appian 
 fays that the enemy got pofTeffion of 
 his cloak, B. C. 2, p, 484. So Dio^ 
 42, 40. and Florus, 4, 2, 59. Plutarch 
 fpeaks of Caefar's faving his papers, 
 but fays nothing of his cloak, /;. 731. 
 80 Or of as y 6, I J. Julius Celfus agrees 
 v\'ith Suetonius, p, 218. Lucan, who 
 alludes to this facl in the end <c-i his 
 poem, ic, 534. fuppofes Caefar to have 
 been prompted to attempt his efcapc 
 in the manner he did, by reflecting on 
 the wonderful braveiy of Scaeva, ih, 
 544. one of his own centurions at Dy- 
 racchium, Id, 6, 138, — 263. 
 
 Arihioe, the filler of Ptolemy, made 
 her efcape from the palace by the con- 
 trivance of Ganymedes an eunuch, her 
 governor, and joined Achillas. But a 
 difference having arii'en between them, 
 Arfmoe caufed Achillas to be put to 
 death, and gave the com.mand of the 
 army to Ganymedes, Caef. B. C. 3, 
 112.; Hirt. B. A. 4. ; Z//0, 42, 39, & 
 40. ; Lucan. 10, 520, 2cc. This tiap- 
 pened foon after the com.mencement of 
 hoflilities. Dio fays, that Caefar, a- 
 fraid left Pothinus fliould alfo carry off 
 
 Ptolemy 
 
C A E [7] 
 
 Ptolemy by artifice, ordered him to be 
 put to death, ib. 39. But other au- 
 thors relate that Pothinus was put to 
 death before, and for a different rea- 
 fon, Caef. B.C. 3, 112 f. Plutarch 
 fays that Caefar ordered Pothinus to 
 be killed at a feaft ; and that Achillas 
 efcaptrd to the army, and raifed a dan- 
 gerous war againft Caefar, p. 731. 
 Lucan mentions the death of Achillas 
 immediately after that of Pothinus, as 
 a fecond vidlim to the manes of Pom- 
 pey, ( Altera^ MagnCf tuis jam vld'ima 
 m'ltt'itur umhris ) , 10,524. 
 
 The war was conduced with no lefs 
 vigour by Ganymedes than it had been 
 by Achillas. The Alexandrians, pre- 
 tending to be tired of the war, fent 
 ambaff.dors to Caefar to treat about 
 peace, and to beg the releafe of their 
 king. But having obtained their re- 
 queil, they profecuted the war with 
 unabated fiercenefs. Caefar having 
 obtained fupplies, and being joined by 
 Mithndfites of Pcrgamus, with a great 
 body of forces, routed the Egyptians, 
 took their camp, and thus put an end 
 to the war. Ptolemy was drowned in 
 his flight over the Nile, H'trt. ih. 23, — 
 32.; Bio, 42, 42, & 43. Nine months 
 were fpent in this conteft, ylppian. B. 
 C, 2. /. 4S4. wriich was thought to 
 have been undertaken chiefly on ac- 
 coimt of Cleopatra. For this reafon 
 Cicero fays, that Caefiir, confcious of 
 his imprudence, was afaamed to write 
 about it, ^if. ii, 15. and in fad he 
 did not fo much as fend a letter to 
 Rome concerning his affairs from De- 
 cember to June. 
 
 Caefar gave the kingdom of Egypt 
 to Cleopatra j but, to fave appearan- 
 ces, he joined with her in the govern- 
 ment her younger brother Ptolemy, 
 then a boy, and ordered that fhe fhould 
 marry him, accordiug to the cuflom of 
 the Egyptians, Dioj ib, 44. He re- 
 moved Arfmoe out of the kingdom, 
 Hlri. ib. 33. and aftervi'ards caufed her 
 to be led among the captives in his 
 triumph, D'lo, 43, 19. ; Flcr, 4, 2, 88. 
 
 Caefar made a progrefs through E- 
 gypt with Cleopatra, along the Nile, 
 
 ] 
 
 C A E 
 
 in a large pleafure boat, [eadeni nave 
 thalainego). Suet. 52. attended by 400 
 fhips, Appian. ib. He would have ad- 
 vanced as far Aethiopia, but his army 
 refufed to follow him, Suet, ih. He 
 was fo attached to Cleopatra, that flie 
 would have detained him ;ftill long- 
 er in Egypt, or have accompanied 
 him to Rome, if he had not been o- 
 bHged to march againft Pharnaces^ 
 the fon of Mithridates ; who having 
 heard of the dangerous fituation of Cac- 
 far's affairs in Egypt, and thinking this 
 a favourable opportunity for regaining 
 his father's dominions, had defeated 
 Domitius, one of Caefar s lieutenants, 
 feized on Armenia Minor and Cappa- 
 docia, and made himfelf mailer of all 
 
 Pontus, Hirt. 34, — 42. But Caefar, 
 
 having come up with him, crufhed him 
 fo fpeedily, that giving an account of 
 his victory to a friend at Rome, he 
 made ufe of only three words, Veni, 
 ViDi, Vici, I came, I faw, I con- 
 quered, Appian. ib. p. 485. ; Z}/V, ih, 
 48.; Plutarch, p. 111. Thefe words 
 he afterwards ordered to be infcribed 
 on a frame, which was carried before 
 him in his Pontic triumph. Suet. 37. 
 and ufed frequently to fpeak of the 
 good fortune of Pompey, who had 
 gained fuch renown by vanqulfhing fo 
 feeble an enemy, ib. 35. Appian re- 
 lates, that Caefar, feeing the enemy- 
 fly fo foon, faid, *' O happy Pompey, 
 who hadft to light with fuch men, 
 and obtained the firname of Magnus 
 the Great, for vanquifhing them," 
 ib. But thi.s firname was given to 
 Pom.pey by Sulla, Vid. Pompeius. 
 Caefar gave the kingdom of Bofpho- 
 rus, on the lake Mocotis, v.'hich Phar- 
 naces had pofTelTed, to Mithridates, 
 to whofe fervices in Egypt he had 
 been fo much indebted, Hirt. ib. 78. 
 
 Caefar, having left the fettlement of 
 affairs in Afia to Domitius, the gover- 
 nor of it, and having exafted large 
 fums of money in the countries through 
 which he pafTed, fet fail for Italy, 
 Z)w, 42, 49. where great difturbances 
 had been excited by the mifconduft of 
 Antony, and of his other agents, ih, 
 
 27,-- 
 
C A E [ 
 
 27>— 34> ^ 50. ; Appian, ihid. \ Plu- 
 tarch, p. 732. 
 
 Caefar reached Italy in the month 
 of September, a. u. 706, much fooner 
 than he w^s i^xpefted. Upon his ar- 
 rival at Rome he eafily quieted the 
 commotions of the city ; but found 
 g^reater difficulty in quelling a mutmy 
 of his foldiers. Thofe of his favourite 
 legion, the tenth, [decimani)y knowing 
 that Caefar, on account of the renew- 
 al of the war in Africa, needed their 
 aflillance, and therefore thinking that 
 they Hiould cafily obtain whatever they 
 delired, infolently demanded their dis- 
 charge, and rewards for their fervice. 
 Caefar, contrary to the opinion of all, 
 without hefitation faid, " That he dif- 
 charged them ;'* and, to their aftonifh- 
 ment, added, " That, after having 
 triumphed with the reft, he would 
 grant them all that he had promifed:** 
 concluding with calling them Qui ri- 
 tes, Romans, inftead of Milites, 
 foldiers. This fo mortified them, that 
 they all earneflly entreated to be con- 
 tinued in the fervice ; to which re- 
 queft Caefar, with apparent reludance, 
 at laft confented App'tan, ib. p. 485, 
 &c D/o, 42,52,Scc.; Plutarch. p. 732. 
 Suetonius fays, that they followed 
 Cafar into Africa, though he refufed 
 their fervice ; and that notwithflanding 
 he puniflied the moft feditious of them 
 with the lofs of a third in their fhare of 
 the plunder, and of the land defigned 
 for them, c. 70. Caefar was blamed 
 for not punifhmg them more feverely ; 
 becaufc in their tumult they had kill- 
 ed Gofconius and Gal ha, men of prae- 
 torian rank, Plutarch, ib. and Sallufl, 
 the hiftorian, then praetor, whom Cae- 
 i^far fent to them with a melfage, nar- 
 rowly faved his life by flight, Dio, et 
 Jlpp'ian. ibid. 
 
 About the middle of December, 
 Caefar fet out for Africa ; where Cato 
 a i Scipio had renewed the war, called 
 the African war, (Bellum Africa- 
 NUM ;) and, by the aflillance of j[uba, 
 king of Mauritania, had collected a 
 great army, Hirt. B. A. i. Here 
 Caefar's ufual good fortune attended 
 
 73 ] C A E 
 
 him. He defeated Scipio and Juba, 
 near Thapfus, with preat flaug];tcr; 
 upon hearing which Cato, who com- 
 manded at Utica, flew himfelf, that he 
 might not fall into the hand- of Caefar, 
 Z>/9, 43, I, — 14 ; H\rt ib. 8«. Ca<-faf 
 is faid to have exprefft*d regret at th^ 
 death of Cato, becaufe he had envied 
 him the glory of faving his life, Dioy 43, 
 12. Caefar pardoned many of 'is ene- 
 mies who furrendered to him, Hirt. ib, 
 89 but feveral he cauf:^d to be put to 
 death, Dioj ib, et c. 13. He reduced 
 the kingdom of Juba into the form of a 
 province, arvd app >inted Sallufl to go- 
 vern it, Appian, ib. The fenate at 
 Rome having heard of Caefar^s fuccefs, 
 decreed to him extraordinary honours, 
 fome of them almoil divine, Dto, 43, 
 14. He fet fail from Utica on the 
 13th of June, [Idibus Jun.) a. 707; 
 and on the third day after landed at 
 Caghari in Sardinia, (Caralcs in Sardi' 
 mam pervenitf) which ifland Cicero plea- 
 fantly calls one of Caefar's farms {^prae- 
 dium ;) intimating, that he now was 
 as much mafter [dominus) of all the 
 countries of the republic, as a proprie- 
 tor of an eflate, Fam. 9, 7. Here he 
 flaid till near the end of the month, 
 Hirt. 98. and being detained by bad 
 weather, did not arrive at Rome till 
 near the end of July, Hirt. 98. 
 
 Caefar, upon his return, celebrated 
 four triumphs, with an interval of a few 
 days between each : the firft over Gaul, 
 the fecond over Alexandria, the third 
 over Pontus, and the fourth over Africa, 
 (or, as i)io expreffes it, over the Gauls, 
 Egypt, Pharnaces, and Juba, 43, 16.) 
 each of them wiih different apparatus 
 and furniture, (diverjo apparatu et iri" 
 Jiriimento,) Suet. 37. Appian adds, 
 that though there could not properly 
 be a triumph over Roman citizens, yet 
 that reprefentations of the various de- 
 feats, and effigies of all the vanquiflied 
 leaders, except Pompey, were carried 
 along, B. C. 2, 491. Plutarch men- 
 tions only three triumphs, p. 733* 
 After the Gallic triumph Vereingeto- 
 rix and others were put 10 death, DiOf 
 
 After 
 
 I 
 
C A E [73 
 
 After thefe triumphs Caefar gave 
 large donations to his foldlers, and 
 largefTes to the citizens. He enter- 
 tained the people with feads and fpec- 
 tacles. At one of thefe feails there 
 were no fewer than 22,000 tables. He 
 exhibited a fhew of gladiators and a 
 nVLVzl fight in honour of his daughter 
 Julia, Plutarch, ib. D'w^ 43, 22. After 
 this he made a review of the people ; 
 when the number of the citizens is 
 faid to have been diminiihed one half by 
 the deilru6lion occafioned by the civil 
 war, j^ppian. ibid. So that inflead of 
 520,000, there were only 150,000, Plu- 
 tarch, ib. But this is to be undci flood 
 bnly as a review of the poorer fort of 
 the common people, who ufed to receive 
 :il hionthly gratuity of corn from the 
 J)ublic ; the number of whom Caefar 
 to one half. Suet. 41, Dio, 
 He enafted feveral ufeful 
 iaws for the government of the (late. 
 He correfted the irregularities in the 
 Homan Calendar, and adjufted the 
 tomputation of time to the courfe of 
 ^he fun ; which is ftill called the Ju- 
 lian or Solar Year, [Vid. R. A. p. 
 I ^29.) ; Z)io, 43, 26. In the mean 
 I time Cleopatra came to Rome with her 
 s brother or nominal hufband ; to whom 
 \ Caefar affigned an apartment m his own 
 i houfe, Dio, 43, 27. and fufFcired her to 
 j tall a ion flie had Caesario, after his 
 I ^wn name, Suet. 52. 
 
 In the end of the year, Caefar fet out 
 lor Spain, againft the fons of Pompey 
 and Labienus ; whom he defeated near 
 : Munda, after one of the molt obllinate 
 ; battles he ever fought. His foldiers 
 I \yere fo preffed that they were forced 
 [ to fly ; and it was with the greateft 
 
 reduced 
 43, 21. 
 
 difficulty that he rallied them. He is 
 reported to have faid, *' That he had 
 often before fought for viftory, but 
 then for the hrft time for life," Appian. 
 p. C. 2, 493. ; Plutarch, p. 734. He 
 IS faid to have been reduced to fuch 
 'defpair, that he once had thoughts of 
 killing himfclf, Suet. 36. ; Flor. 4, 2, 
 82. The vidlory, however, at latt was 
 fo complete, that it put an end to the 
 war. About 30,000 of the enemy 
 w.^re (lain, Plutarch, ib. 
 
 j C A E 
 
 Caefar returned to Rome about the 
 end of September, Suet. 76. ; Dio, 43, 
 46. or the beginning of Oclober, 
 a. 708. ; Fell. 2, 56. He celebrated 
 his fifth and laft triumph with greater 
 magnificence than had ever been feen, 
 Appian. ib. p. 498. It was profeifedly a 
 triumph over Spain, but in reality over 
 the fons of Pompey, over the nobleft 
 famihes of the repubhc, and over the 
 liberties of his country. The people 
 confidered it in this light ; and inftcad 
 of admiring and applauding it, as Caefar 
 expeftfcd, were fallen and filent. They 
 efteemed it a difmal procefiion, [acerba 
 pompa,) and exprelTed the fame difcon- 
 tent, as they had done before at the 
 Circenfian games, when Caefar's ftatue 
 was carried along with the image of 
 viaory, Cic. Att. 13, 44, — Caefar 
 granted a triumph alfo to Fabius and 
 Pedius, his lieutenants ; which occa- 
 fioned great ridicule ; becaufe they, 
 infiiead of ivory, ufed wooden images, 
 Dto^ 43, 42. whence Chrifippus faid 
 wittily, " That the images of Fabius 
 were the cafes of Caefar's towns,** 
 (thecal ejje oppidorum Caefaris^) QuinC- 
 til 6, 3, 61. 
 
 The honours which the fenate now- 
 conferred on Caefar exceeded all 
 bounds. They decreed to him a con- 
 tinual confullhip, (Dio fays, for ten 
 years, 43, 45.), the didatorihip for life, 
 the fuperintendence of the public tt.q- 
 rals, the praenomen of Imperator, 
 the firname of Father of his Country, 
 a fi.atue among the kings, an elevated 
 feat in the theatre, a golden feat in the 
 fenate -houfe and on the tribunal in the 
 forum ; nay even temples, altars, and 
 prieits, ias to a divinity. All thefe and 
 other empty honours of the fame kiiicL 
 Caefar accepted, Suet. 76. ; Dioy 44, 
 4. & 5. though it might have been ex-» 
 peeled his mind would have difdained 
 them. The fenate beftowed on him 
 the management of the public treafury, 
 and the comn-and of all the forces of 
 the empire ; alfo the nomination of all 
 the magiftrates, Dloy 43, 45. which 
 he afterwards fhared with the people, 
 i^cemitia cum populo patiiius */?,) refcr- 
 
 f 
 
C A E 
 
 C 74 ] 
 
 C A E 
 
 -v?hg to himfelf the choice of the con- 
 suls, Suet. 41. 
 
 Caefar, after his vi(5lory In the civil 
 war, ufed great clemency to his adver- 
 faries. But this, by many, was afcri- 
 bed to policy, not to humanity ; whence 
 Cicero calls it an injidious clemency, 
 Cic. Jtt. 8, 16. 
 
 Caefar's adivity was not diminifhed 
 by his wonderful fiiccefs. He made 
 various laws for the better reg-ulation 
 oF the ftate, {Fid. R. A. Leges Ju- 
 LiAF. ) He adminiftered juib'ce with 
 grea? labour and ftrictnefs, Suet. 43. 
 He fettled about 8c,ooo Roman citi- 
 zens in colonies beyond feas. Id. 42. 
 Among other places which he afiigned 
 to them, were Carthage and Corinth ; 
 which cities he ordered to be rebuilt, 
 D'tOy 43, 50. He every day formed 
 many important plans for adorning and 
 improving the city, as alfo for fecuring 
 and enlarging the empire, Suet. 44. 
 Not fatisfied with his numerous con- 
 quefts, he meditated an expedition a- 
 gainil the Geiae and Parthians. But 
 thtrfe mighty projects were prevented 
 by his death, ih. His engrofiing all the 
 powers of the ftate, and ruling with 
 abfoliitc authority, created general dif- 
 guft ; and his defire of afiuming the 
 name of King encreafed the popular 
 odium. What gave particular offence, 
 v-as his receiving, one day, the fenate, 
 which waited on" him in a body, with 
 very honourable decrees in his favour, 
 without deigning to rife, Suet. 78.; Plu- 
 tarch, p. 736. At the fame time, 
 though Caefar behaved thus haughtily, 
 yet trufting to his acls of clemency, 
 and perhaps prompted by a defire of 
 furpafling Sulla, he difmilted his body- 
 guards, and appeared in public attend- 
 ed only by his li(fi;ors ; which facilita- 
 ted any attempt on his life. A con- 
 fpiracy was therefore formed againft 
 }:im by more than fixty fenators, the 
 chief of whom were Brutus and Caffius. 
 H( was ftabbed in the fenate- houfe on 
 the Ides of March, a. u. 709, (<?/. 710,) 
 with three and twenty wounds. Suet. 82. 
 and fell at the foot of Pompey's ftatue, 
 Plutarch, p. 73.9. J Ck. Div* 2,9. in 
 
 the 56th year of his age, Suet^9>9,. aftei" 
 he had enjoyed the quiet poffeTion of 
 the empire only for five months. Veil. 
 2, ^6. which verified the prediffcion of 
 Cicero, (id regnum vix seme^tre 
 ESSE POSSE,) Cic. St, 10, 8. He was 
 to have fct out on his Parthian expedi- 
 tion four days after, App'ian. B. C 2, 
 497. And Cicero, who at firft fo hig;hly 
 extolled the a£lion of the confpirators, 
 after he found that, by fparing Antony 
 and by their mifconduA afterwards, 
 the Romans had only changed ma*i:rs 
 for the worfe, feems to think th;. t the 
 confpirators were too precipitate, and 
 that they ouj^ht to have waited rhe 
 events of the Parthian war;, from which 
 he imagined that Caefar would not 
 have returned, (i/Z? ent?n nunquam rever- 
 t'l/fet: but fome underlland this paffage 
 differently,) C'tt. Att. 15, 4. Nay Ci- 
 cero appears even to regret his death, 
 (Si haec manent^ ut v'ukmur, if the pre- 
 fent (late of public affairs continue j 
 me Idus Martiae non deleclant: ^wnianif 
 interfccto domino, liberi notifumuf, tion fuit 
 dominus ilk [[c.CzQ^m') f'/gicndusy ib. ^V/^- 
 lato enim tyranno, tyrannida (i. e. domi- 
 nationem Antonii) manere video, ih. 14. 
 14. A^a quidem ilia res, (fc. caedes 
 Caefaris), animo virili, canfdio puerili: 
 quis enim non videt, regni haredem relic- 
 turn? fc. Antonium; ib. 21.) 
 
 The opinions of men in that age 
 were greatly divided, as they have been 
 ever fince, whether Caefar was flain 
 juftly or not, [cum ahis pejjlmum, alii^ piiU 
 cherrimum facinm videretur, Tacit. Ann. 
 1,8.) In general the favourers of a 
 popular government, as Cicero, Lucan, 
 &c. applaud the aftion, while the fup- 
 porters of monarchy, as Virgil and Ho- 
 race, Seneca, Dio Caffius, Si.c con- 
 demn it. But the fentiments of writers 
 are commonly influenced on this fub- 
 je6l by the nature of the government 
 under which they live. Suetonius, 
 however, after enumerating the good 
 qualities and aftions of Caefar, declares 
 that his bad adions, in a political light, 
 preponderate, and that therefore he 
 was thought to have abufed his power, 
 and to have been ilain juftly, [Praegra- 
 
 vans 
 
C A E [ 
 
 i\7nf tamen caetera faEla diBaque ejus, itt 
 et ahuiijs fJowJnatloney et jure caefus ex'tjli- 
 metur, c. 76. 
 
 The death of Caefar was followed 
 by the moit dreadful fcenes of war and 
 maflacre ; fo that in this refjKift at leaft, 
 it was a great misfortune to the Ro- 
 mans. See Antonius and OcTAvius. 
 
 Juvenal juftly afcribes the fate of all 
 the firft 'Triumviri to their inordinate 
 ambition ; ^id Crajfos, qukl Pompeios 
 evertit, et ilium (fc. Caefarem), Jld 
 fua qui domttos deduxit flagra ^uiri- 
 tes ? Summus nempe locus nulla non arte 
 quaefitus. The poet expreffes the 
 meannefs of the fervitude to which Cae- 
 far reduced the Romans, by his bring- 
 ing them to bear his laHi, [ad fua Jia- 
 gra) ; a punifhment which, under the 
 republic, it was unlawful to inflid: on 
 a Roman citizen, 10, 107. 
 
 Julius Caefar is perhaps on the 
 whole the moft diftinguiflied chara'tler 
 in hiflory. He ppfTefTed very uncom- 
 mon abilities, and was formed to ex- 
 cel in peace, as well as in war. Ci- 
 cero ranks him ^mong the greateft 
 orators, Br. 75. ; Suet, Caef, ^^, His 
 orations were admired for two qua- 
 lities, not always found together, 
 ftrength and elegance, [vis — et mirafer- 
 monis, cujus pruprie jludiofus fuit, eiegan- 
 iia), Quindil. 10, I, 114. Quindilian 
 fays, *' that he fpoke with the fame 
 fpirit with which he fought, (eodem 
 animo dixiffe, quo bellavlt), and if he 
 had devoted himfelf to the bar, (ft fo- 
 ro tantum vacdjfet), would have been 
 the only man capable of rivalling Cice- 
 ro," ib. 
 
 Caefar wrote memoirs or commenta- 
 ries of his wars in Gaul, in feven books, 
 and of his civil war with Pompey, in 
 three books; which are ftill extant. 
 The eighth book, concerning the Gal- 
 lic war, was written by Hirtius. The 
 author of the memoirs of Caeiar^s wars 
 in Egypt, Africa, and Spain, is un- 
 certain. Some afcribe them to Hir- 
 tius, and others to Oppius, Suet. Caef. 
 ^6.' Cicero beftovvs the higheil praife 
 Caefar 
 
 on Caelar's commentaries, Br. 75 
 
 But Pollio Almius thcu^ht that they So Seneca, P7:oe/u 4, 
 
 K 2 
 
 7^ ] ^. ^ ^ . 
 
 were compofed with too lif^^e care, 
 
 and without lufficient regard to truth. 
 
 Suet. ib. Caefar alfo left two books 
 
 on the Analogy of language, ib. or the 
 Art of Grammar, ^jin^il. i, 7, 34, [de 
 ratione Latine loquendi), Cic. Br. 72 in- 
 fcribed to Cicero, Gell 19,8. He is 
 faid to have written thisbook duringthe 
 Gallic war, in his paflageover the Alps. 
 He wrote his anfvver to Cicero's eulo' 
 giuin on Cato about the time of the 
 battle of Munda ; and while travelling 
 from Rome to Farther Spain in his 
 laft expedition, he compofed a poem, 
 which he called Iter, the Journey. 
 There were fooie of Caefar's juvenile 
 poems extant in the time of Suetoni- 
 us ; alfo feveral of his letters to the 
 fenate, to Cicero, and to his familiar 
 friends ; and a coUedlion of Apoph- 
 thegms, or memorable fayings of emi- 
 nent men, (dicta colleSlanea), Suet ib. 
 which we learn from Cicero he conti- 
 nued to improve in the height of his 
 power, Cic. Fam. 9, 16. But Au- 
 guftus is faid to have forbidden thefe 
 books to be publiflied. Suet. ib. Such 
 was the power of Caefar's mind, that 
 while reading or writing, lie ufed to 
 didate and hear at the fame time. He 
 is faid to have didated letters on the 
 moft important affairs to four fecreta- 
 ries at once ; or if otherwife quite dif- 
 engaged, [Ji nihil aliud ageret), to fe- 
 ven, Plin. 7, 25. Happy had it been 
 for Caefar himfelf, as well as for man- 
 kind., if he had employed his wonder- 
 ful talents to promote the good of his 
 country, and not to enflave it, (Fe- 
 lix — ft patriae hojles tantum , non et pa- 
 triam incijfet. I. Celf. in Vita Caef. 
 p. 246. But the defire of becoming 
 Sovereign of Rome, and of the world, 
 ( Rex populi Romani dominufque omnium 
 gaitium ejfe), made him difregard every 
 other confideration, Cic. Offic. 3, 21. 
 He ufed often to repeat two verles of 
 Euripides, which he himfelf thus 
 tianflated, Nam ft violancium eft jusy 
 regnaridi gratia Fiolandum eji, aliis rebus 
 pietatcm colas, Cic. O: . 3, 21. ; Suet, 
 Caef. 3c. Euripid. P oeiiifT. n. 527. 
 2 20. Hence 
 Lucan 
 
e A E C 7'5 3 
 
 X.ucail calls Gaefar's ufurpation y«j- Ji^i- i, i; 
 
 7c. 
 
 C A L 
 
 So Caefcirei PenaUs, Id. 
 
 turn fceleri, I, 2. Thus, among the 
 feoffs which his foldiers, according to 
 cuilom, threw out againft him in his 
 triumphs, this was one : Si rede fades, 
 pkdere ; Jin male, regnab'is, " If you 
 do right," I. e. if you rellore to the 
 people "their liberty, ** you fhall be 
 punifhed," (for what you have done 
 contrary to law): *' But if you do 
 wrong," L e. if you do not reilore li- 
 berty, " you fhall be a king," D'to, 
 
 43, 20. So Juvenal, Hie crucem preti- 
 um fcderis tul'ity hic diademay 13, 105. 
 Caefar after his death was ranked a- 
 mong the gods, and worfhipped as a 
 divinity, Suet. 58. 
 
 Caefar is faid to have been tall, of 
 a fair complexion, and very healthful,^ 
 except that in the latter part of his 
 life he was liable to the falHng fick- 
 pefs, with which he was twice feized 
 in the time of aftion, Suet. 45. ; D'to, 
 
 44, 38.; Plutarch* in Caef. 715. <3c 
 733. 
 
 GAE^AR is often put for the em- 
 peror, thus, V'fvaria Caefans, the em- 
 peror's fifh ponds or ftews, Juvenal. 
 4, 51. So Caefaris ad men/as. Id. 5, 
 4. Calcemus Caesaris hojlem, i. e. Seja- 
 rum. Id. 10, 86. Caefaris uxor, i. e. 
 Meffalina, ib. 330. Caefaris Armentum, 
 \. e. elephanti. Id. 14, ic6. Tumu- 
 lus Caefarum, Tac. Ann. 3, 9. C. 
 
 SUETONII TrANQUILLI XII GaESA- 
 
 RES, the hves ot the twelve firft em- 
 perors by Suetonius ; the ufual in- 
 fcription to that work. Prope Caefa- 
 ris hortos, near Gaefar's gardens, Hrjr, 
 Sat. I, 9, 18. ; which he left to the 
 Roman people, Suet. 83. adj. 
 
 CaESAB-EUS etGAESARIANUS. 
 
 Caesareae doTuus feries, the fuccef- 
 fors of Gaefar, Lucan, 4, 823. Gae- 
 sAriani, fc. miiites, the foldiers of Gae- 
 far, Hirt.B. Afr, 13, &c. whom Lu- 
 can calls Coefaris pules, 3, 526. Caefa- 
 rianae necis confdi^ privy to the death 
 • of Gaefar, Syei. Ner^ 4 Sanguis Cae- 
 fareus, the bipod of Julius Gaefar, 
 "Ovidf Met. I, 20c. Caefarta domus, 
 the ho^fe of Augullus Gaefar, Id, Trift, 
 
 Met. 15, 864. Caefar iand celeritate utiy 
 to be as expeditious as Gaefar, Cic. Att, 
 16, 10. Caefarianum civile helium, the 
 civil war between Gaefar and Pompey, 
 Nep. 25, 7. 
 
 Gaeyx. See Geyx. 
 
 Gajeta, the nurfe of Aeneas, 
 Firg, A en. 7, I. 
 
 Caiuc, a frequent praenomen of 
 men among the Romans j and Gaia 
 of women. 
 
 C'aius is marked by G. and Gaia by 
 the fame letter inverted 3. ^tinflil. 
 
 I, 7, 28. Gaia was a name af- 
 
 fumed by every new-married woman. 
 When on the marriage-night fhe ar- 
 rived at the door of her hu(band, be- 
 ing afked by him what was her name, 
 fhe anfwered, uBi tu Gaius, et 
 EGO Gaia, i. e. ivhere you are majler 
 of the family, I am mijlrefs ; as it is 
 faid, from Tanaquil, the wife of Tar- 
 quinius Prifcus ; who was alfo called 
 Gaia Gaecilia, Plin. 8, 48 f. 74, 
 et Fejlus. et ^un3il. Ibid. adj. Gaja- 
 N u s ; Caiana nex, the murder of Gaius 
 Galigula, Suet. Tit. i. Emptum (fc, 
 librum) plus minus affe Caiano Donas^ 
 for one of Gaius Gaiigula's afies, /'. e, 
 at the loweft price, Stat. Sih. 4, 9, 22. 
 The as it> faid to have been dimiuiilied 
 in weight by G. Galigula. 
 
 Gal a IS, the fon of Boreas and O- 
 rithyia, and brother of Zethes, both 
 reprefented by the potts as furnifhed 
 with wings. See Zethes. 
 
 Gala MIS, -idis, m. a ilatuary, who 
 was unrivalled in h's art of reprefent- 
 ing horfes, i^equis femper fine aemulo ex-^ 
 pre/JIs,) Plin. 34, 8 f. 19, ii. ; Pro- 
 pert. 3, 9, 10. ; Ovid. Pont. 4, i, 33.; 
 Quinctil. 12, 10, 7 
 
 Gal AN us, a celebrated Indian phi- 
 lofopher, who falling fick, caufed a 
 funeral pile to be raifed, on which he 
 was burnt at his own defire in pre- 
 fcnce of Alexander and his army, Cic, 
 Ttfc. 2, 21. He is faid to have pre- 
 dicted the death of that prince, which 
 happened foon after. Id. Div. i, 
 
 CALGHAS, 
 
E- 77 1 C A L 
 
 fon of lophon, where he had a temple, StraJ^' 
 14, p. 442. J OvicL Met, I, 515. — 
 — Callimachu$ is efteemed by 
 Quin6lilfan the chief ckgfac poet or 
 writer of love poems : Cujus (fc.elegi- 
 aej pr'mceps haheLur CaHitnachus^ 10, 
 I, 58. But Horace feems to prefer 
 Miinviermus, Ep. 2, 2, loi.— — Pro- 
 pertius made Callimachus his mcrdel; 
 whence lie calls him Celt the Roman 
 Callimachus, Pmp^ri, 4, i, 64. Ho- 
 
 G H A 
 
 CALCHAS, -ant'isy the 
 I'hellor, the foothfayer of the Greeks 
 in the Trojan war, Cic. Or. 22 ; 
 Div. I, 33.; Vlrg. Am. 2, 123.; 
 ^/7. 13, 38. 
 
 CALDIUS, a firname gwt'^x to 
 Tiberius by the foldiers from his fond- 
 pefs of hot drinks, [cal'tdae potion^s ;) 
 fnftead of Claudius, Suet. Tib. 42. 
 
 C ALDUS, a fir name gu^w to rafli 
 hot headed men, Cic. Inv. 2,9. 
 
 CaligulA: the fourth Emperor of race is fuppofed to allude to Proper 
 Rome, remarkable for his cruelty ; tius in thefe words : Difcedo .-licacus 
 
 fo called from his being educated in 
 the camp, and wearing the Ihoes or 
 fliort boots [caltgas] of the common 
 foldiers, Suei. CaL 9. 
 
 ^ Fujius Calenu^, a tribime of 
 the commons, who got a law palled, 
 called Lex Fufia, by which he pro- 
 cured the acquittal of Clodius, when 
 tried for violating the facred rites of 
 the good goddefs {Bona Drx) ; Cic. 
 /Itt. I, 14, & 16. an adviler of peace 
 with Antony, Cic. Phil. 8, 3. 
 
 M. Calidius, a remarkable orator, 
 Cic. Br. 79. ^in3lL 70, i. 
 
 Call I CRATES, -/j, an Athenian 
 who impofed on Dion, and having 
 caufed him to be put to death, feized 
 on the fuprem.e power at Syracufe, 
 Nep. 10, 8. & 9. ^ 2. A Lacedae- 
 monian artiil, who made ants and o- 
 ther little animals of ivory, fo fmall, 
 that their parts could not be difcerned 
 by any other perfons but himfelf, Plin. 
 7, 21.; alfo chariots with their dri- 
 vers, fo minute, that a tly could co- 
 ver them with its wings, Jd. 56, 5. ; 
 et A ell an. i, 17. 
 
 Callicratipas, -ae, a^general of 
 the Lacedemonians, CicOff. 1,24, & 30. 
 
 Callimachus, a celebrated Greek 
 poet, born at Cyrene in Africa, Cic. 
 Tufc. I, 34, & 39. ; the fon or defcend- 
 ant of Battus ; hence called Battia- 
 DEs, -aci Ovid. Ain. I, 14, 53. ; Tr, 2, 
 367. ; /?/ 5, 5, 33. ; in Ibin.sZ'\ called 
 alfo Clarius poeta^ i. e. infplred by A- 
 pollo, Ovid. Tr. 1,5, I. who is de- 
 nominated Clarius, Virg. Aen. 
 
 pimflo illius: lUe mco quis ? ^is niji 
 Callimachus P I come off, or am made 
 an Alcaeus by bis fuff.age ; and he 
 a Callimachus hy mine, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 
 99- 
 
 Callimachus is commonly joined 
 by the poets with Philetas ; thus, Ovid. 
 Art. Am. 3, 330.; Rem. 760. ; Tr. i, 
 
 5, I. ; Prepert. 3, i, i. So Seri;a Phi- 
 leteisy &c. {Vid. Philetas); Et Cy* 
 renams tirna mhiifiret aquas, and let mv 
 urn furnifh me with the waters of Cy- 
 rene, /. e. let me drink of the fame 
 fountain, and thus imbibe the fame poe- 
 tic enthufiafm with Calhmachu§, Prop^ 
 4» 6, 3. ^ 
 
 Calliope, -es, the chief of the nipe 
 Mufes, who prefided over eloquence 
 and heroic poetry, called alfo Cal- 
 liope a, Ovid. Fqfl. 5, 80. the mo- 
 ther of Orpheus, Virg. Ec. 4, 57, 
 
 Callipho, -cinis, a philofopher, whd 
 made the chief happinefs of man to con- 
 fill in pleafure and virtue, Cic. Fin, 2, 
 
 6, & II. ; Acad. 4, 42. ; Fin. 5, 25. 
 Calli PEDES, -//, a name put pro- 
 verbially for one who promifes a great 
 deal, but does nothing, Cic. Ati. 13, 
 12.; Suet. Tiber. 38. The caufe of 
 this appellation is uncertain. 
 
 Callirhce, -es, the daughter of 
 the river Achelous, (Achtloia, Ovid. 
 Met. 9, 413.), and wife of Alcmaeon, 
 who obtained from Jupiter that her 
 infant fons by Alcmaeon Ihould be- 
 come men before their time, in order 
 to avenge the dtath of their father^ 
 Ovid. ib. 414. 
 
 360.; from Claras, a grgve near Co- Callisthenes, -/x,, a native of O- 
 
 iyuthu--, 
 
C A L [7?? 
 
 lynthus, [Olynth'ius), the fcholar of A- 
 rlllotle, and companion of Alexander ; 
 by whom he was put to death, becaufe 
 he refufed to pay him divine honours, 
 Cic. Raber. Pofth. 9. ; Tufc, 3, lo. 
 He wrote the hiftory of his own coun- 
 try, Cic» de Or. 2, 14. and of the Tro- 
 jan war, Id. D'tv. i, ^^4. ^/ 2, 25. 
 
 Callisto, -z/x, the daughter of Ly- 
 caon king of Arcadia, converted by 
 Jupiter into the conftellatioa Urfa 
 iJf^or, the Greater Bear. (G. 417.) 
 
 CallisTrItus, the name of feve- 
 ral Athenians. 
 
 CALPURNIA gens, the name of 
 a clan at Rome, containing the families 
 of the Phones, Be/liae, Bibuli, and Cae- 
 fennini, Cic. Pif. 23. ; Att. 10, 8, &c. 
 
 CALPURNIA, the daughter of 
 L. Caluurnius Pifo, and the fourth 
 wife of Julius Caefar, faid to have been 
 "warned by a dream of her husband's 
 death, Suet. Caef. 81. 
 
 Calvena, a friend of Caefar's, C'lc, 
 Jtt. 14, 5. 
 
 Calvisius, a governor of Africa, 
 Cic. Phil. 3, 10. the name of feveral 
 eminent men, from one of whom is 
 derived Actio Calvisiana, an aftion 
 granted to a patron againll his freed 
 man, for recovering what the freed 
 man had defrauded him of, Digejl. 
 
 Licinius Calvus, a fatirical poet, 
 whofe works are loft, Cic. Fam. 7, 24. 
 mentioned by Horace, Sat. i, 10, 19. 
 
 C. Licinius Calvus, an orator, Cic. 
 Fum. 15, 21. ; Fin. 1,2.; Brut. 8 I. 
 — — ^ 2. A name given to M. Craf- 
 fus, Cic. Att. I, 16. 
 
 Calypso, -iisy (rarely Calypsonisy 
 QuinAil. i, 5, 63. in the other cafes 
 Calypso) i a nymph, the daughter of 
 Oceanus and Tethys, or according to 
 others, the daughter of Atlas, ( Atlan- 
 tis j Adis)y who poiTeiTed the ifland O- 
 gygia, the fituation of which is uncer- 
 tain. When Ulyfies was fhipwrecked 
 on her coaft, Calypfo gave him a hof- 
 pitable reception, retained him in her 
 ifland for fix or feven y^ars, and pro- 
 miftd him immortality, if he would 
 remain for ever with her, which he 
 refufed, Hoimr, Odyjf. 7, 6c 15. j Ovid. 
 
 ] CAN 
 
 Pont. 4, 10, 13. ; Amor. 2, 17, 15. ; 
 Art. 2, (25.; Cic. Off. I, 13. 
 
 CAMBysES -is, the fon of Cyius 
 the Great, king of Perfia. (G 6. 3.) 
 
 Camilla, the queen of the Volfci, 
 who affifted Turnus againft Aeneas, 
 famous for her fwiftnefs and courage, 
 flain by Aruns, Virg. Aen. 7, 803. et 
 
 CAMILLUS, the name of a branch 
 or family of the Geus Furia. 
 
 M. Furius CAMILLUS, an lUuf- 
 trious Roman general, who cook Veji, 
 after it had been bcfieged for ten 
 years, and defeated the Gauls, who, 
 under Brtnnus, had taken and facked 
 RoT.e. He was celebrated as a fecond 
 Romulus, and founder of his country. 
 Extulit haec (fc. Italia) Decios, Marios, 
 ma^nofque Camillos, for Magnum Camil' 
 /urn. Virg. G. 2, 169. Reducefque Ca- 
 viillosy fo called, becaufe he returned 
 from banifhment to free his country, 
 Lucan. 7, 358. (G. 218, &c.) 
 
 CAMOENAE, WCamenae, (q. 
 Canenae, a canendo), the Mufes. Fid* 
 MusA. 
 
 Campaspe, -es, a favourite concu- 
 bine of Alexander's, whom Apell»s 
 being ordered to paint naked, fell def- 
 perately in love with her. Upon which 
 Alexander gave her to him in a pre- 
 fent. She was fo beautiful, that A- 
 pelles is faid to have painted from her 
 his Venus rifing from the fea, Plin. 35, 
 10. 
 
 Can ACE, -es, the daughter of Oe- 
 olus, [Oeolis, -tdis ; voc- Oeoli), who 
 had a child by her brother Macareus. 
 Her father having got notice of it, or- 
 dered the child to be expofed to wild 
 beafts, and fent a fword to his daugh- 
 ter, with which (he might kill herfelf. 
 She complied with the command, but 
 firft, according to Ovid, wrote a mo- 
 ving epiftle to Macareus, who had fled 
 to the temple of Delphi for proteAion, 
 Ovid. Ep. II.; Amor. 2, 18, 23.; Trift. 
 2, 384. ; in Jhin. 359, & 564. ; Hygin. 
 Fab. 238. Macaieus is alfo faid to 
 have killed himfelf, ib. 242. But Ho- 
 mer makes Oeolus give his daughters 
 in marriage to his fens, Odyff. 10, 7. 
 
 Can ACE, 
 
CAN [79 
 
 Camace, f. Canache, one of Ac- 
 taeoa's dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 217. ; Hy- 
 gin. t8i. 
 
 Can ACHUS, a ftatuary, Cic. Br. 18.; 
 Plin. 34, 8. 
 
 Candace, -es, a queen of Aethiopia, 
 in the time of Auguftus, Plin. 6, 2i>. 
 
 Can ENS, -entisy a beautiful nymph, 
 remarkable for her fl<:ill in mufic, 
 whence her name, the daughter of Ja- 
 nus and Venilla, Ovid. Met. 14, 333. 
 .whence Hie is called jfanigenay ib. 381. 
 the wife of Picus king of theLaurentes; 
 who having been turned by Circe into 
 a bird, called Picus, Canens lamented 
 his lofs fo much, that (lie pined away, 
 and by degrees vanifhed into the thin 
 air, i. e. ihe was changed into a voice, 
 Ovid. Met. 14, 432. 
 
 Canephorae, virgins at Athens, 
 who, in the facred rites of Venus, car- 
 ried canifters on their heads, Cic. Verr. 
 
 CANIDIUS, the name of feveral 
 Ron\ans. 
 
 C. CANINIUS Rehilm, one of 
 Caefar's lieutenants In Gaul, Caef. B. 
 G. 7, 83, & 90. 8, 26. alfo in the ci- 
 vil wars. Id. B. C. i, 24, 26. ; Hirt. 
 B. Hifp. 35. whom Caefar made con- 
 ful, a. u. 708, at his own requeft, 
 &e laft day of the year only for a few 
 hours, (Vid. Q^Fabius Maximus), 
 whence Cicero fays of him farcaftical- 
 ly, Caninio confide, neinintm prandiffey 
 that no one dined in lu's confulfhip ; 
 becaufe he was nominated at the 
 7tb hour, or one o'clock afternoon, 
 \hord vli. renun-iatus ej}), and the 
 ufual time of taking the prandium was 
 atnndday, Cic. Ep.'], 30.; Ma rob. 
 Sat. 2, 3. ; Add. Dio, 43, 46. ; Plin. 
 7, 53. ; Tacit Hiji. 3,37.; Suet. Caef. 
 76. ; Plutarch, in Caef. p. 735. 
 
 Can 1 us, a learned Roman knight, 
 cheated by Pytheas, a banker of Si- 
 cily, Cic. Off. 3, 14. — ^ 2. A faccrtious 
 poet, born at Cadiz, Martial. l, 62,29, 
 
 Canuleius, a tr'bune of the com- 
 mons at Rome, who procured a law 
 to be made, that the Plebc-Ians might 
 intermarry with the Patricians, Liv. 4, 
 3, &c. 
 
 ] C A E 
 
 P. Canutius, an eloquent orator, 
 Cic. Brut, 56. ; T. Canutius, a tri- 
 bune, Cic. Fam. 12, 3, & 23.; PhiL 
 
 '3>9- 
 
 Cap HO, a veteran foldier, Cic. Phil. 
 
 10, 10, & II, 9. A centurion of An- 
 tony's, ib. 8, 3. 
 
 Cap no, -onisf a firname of the Gens 
 Jteja. 
 
 C. Cap I TO, a partiian of Caefar's, 
 Cic. Fam. 8, 8. et 13. 29. 
 
 Fontejus Cap I TO, a man highly ac- 
 compllfhed, (ad wignem fadus homo)., 
 an intimate friend of Antony's, Hor* 
 Sat. I, J, 32. 
 
 Capaneus, -i, (in three fyllables) j 
 a noble Arglve, the hufband ofEvadne, 
 one of the feven famous generals in 
 the war again ft Thebes, Ovid. Trijl, 
 4,3, 63.; Plin. 35, II. remarkable 
 for his impiety, Stat. Theb- 9 545'. et 
 3, 602. ; and therefore killed by Ju- 
 piter with a thunderbolt, Hygin. 68» 
 
 & 70. ; Ovid. Met. 9, 404. Adj. 
 
 Capaneus, v. -eius ; thus, Capanea 
 pe£tora, Stat. Theb. 12, 764. ; CcLpaneia 
 conjux, ib. 545. 
 
 Capetus, the fixth king of Alba, 
 after Aeneas, Ltv. i, 3. ; Ovid. Met, 
 14,613. 
 
 C \ PYS, -yts, v. -yos ; ace. Capyniy v. 
 •yn ; the fon of Affaracus and father 
 of Anchifes, Firg. Aen. 6, 768.; OvicL 
 Fajl. 4, 34.— Aifo a companion of 
 Aeneas, who is faid to have given 
 name to Capua in Italy, ih. 10. 145. 
 
 Carcalla, a Roman emperor, 
 remarkable for his cruelty. 
 
 Car BO, a lirname of the Gens Pa" 
 piria, Cic. Fam. g, 2 1. adj. Carbonianus, 
 
 C. CARBO, an orator, faid to be 
 the only one of that name that was a 
 good citizen, ib.~'-^\ 2. Cn. Carbo, the 
 friend of Marlus, thrice Conful, Cic, 
 de Or at. 3, 3. flain by Pompey, Id, 
 Fam. 9, 21. 
 
 Carmenta, v. Carmentis, an Ar- 
 cadian prophetef?, the mother of E- 
 vander, Liv. i. 7. Virg. Aen. 8, 336. 
 from whom the Porta Carmentatis at 
 Rome is faid to have been named, ib. 
 
 Carneades, -/j, a native of lyrene 
 ( Cyrenaeus }f 
 
CAR [ 
 
 (Cyfenaius)y tlie founder of wKat is 
 called the Third or New Academy, 
 Ctc. Chrot, 1 , 1 1 . the fchokr of Dio- 
 j^enes, the Stoic, Cic, Acad. 4, 30. ; 
 b»it afterwards drfPered widely from 
 that fe(^. He maintained that nothing 
 can be certainly perceived by the fcnfes, 
 *l5. 4, 9. He was remarkable for his 
 eloquence ; and was fent to Rome 
 ^ith Dio^'enes as an atiibaiiador, Ck. 
 Oral. 2, 3. Acad, 4, 45. 
 
 S'punus C A R V I L 1 u s , the fi rfl Roman 
 who divorced his wife, a. u. 521, VaL 
 Mcr*. 2, I. 
 
 Carus, a Roman emperor, EittroJ>, 
 
 (CAkTHlLO, 'Cms^ the conmiander 
 of Annibal's cavalry, 22, 15- 
 
 CASCA, (a firnaihe of the Ser^'t- 
 Ui) ; one of the confpiratovs ag?.in{l 
 Caiefar, Ck. PUL 2,11. wlio gave him 
 the Firfl. wonnd, Plutarch. Caefp. 739.; 
 App'iiiny B. C- 2^ p. §01. 
 
 CA SSANDER, -/h-}, the fon of An- 
 ti^ater, governor of Macedonia under 
 Arid^clis, who pnt to death Olympias, 
 the mother of Alexander the Grtat, 
 'Jufih. 14, 6. and others of that king's 
 neareft relation?, 'uL 15, 2. 
 
 CASSANDRA, the daughter of 
 Priam, king of Troy, to whom Apol- 
 lo granted the gift di prophecy, upon 
 her proriiifmg to gratify his paffion ; 
 tut afterwards, upon her refufal, he 
 oidained that her prophecies, though 
 tiTte, fiiould never be believed, V'lrg, 
 Jen. 2, 246, Wighi. 93. Hence fhe is 
 called Ani'tjiita Phochi^ Ovid. Met. 13, 
 410, 
 
 CassiDPE, -es, wCqffwpta ; and in 
 later writers CnJJtopela^ the wife of Ce- 
 3>heuskingof Aethiopia, and mother oF 
 Andromeda ; converted into a coniiel- 
 iation, and reprefer.ted in a fitting pof- 
 tme, Cciumdl. 71, 2,78.; Cic. N. D. 2. 
 4'S' ; ihs'"^'' Poet. AJiron. 2, 10.; Q'o'd. 
 Mei.^y 737- 
 
 CASSIUS, the name of a Roman 
 gins; adj. Cassius, atid oftcntr Cas- 
 siANUS. Cafjla famdla, the family of 
 the Callii, Liv. 2,41. Hort'i Cajficmi, 
 the gardens of one CaiHus, 6ic.Att.i2f 
 21. 
 
 So ] CAS 
 
 Sp. CASSIUS nfceirmus, conful 
 a. u. 261, who obtained a triumph for 
 taking Pometia, Liv. 2, 17. the firil 
 who was made matter of horfe, ib. 18. 
 made conful a fecond time, a. 261, ih. 
 33. a third time, a. 26B, when he firft 
 promulgated an agrarian law, for divi- 
 ding the lands taken from the enemy 
 among the citizens and Lritins, which 
 Vvas violently oppofed by the patricians, 
 particularly by thofe who poffefled the 
 public lands ; and therefore the law- 
 did not pafs. On this acqount Caffius, 
 after he refigned his office, was con- 
 demned and put to death, on fufpicion 
 of his having formed a plot to make 
 him felf king, ih. 41. 
 
 L. CASSIUS Longinusy a tribune 
 a. 616, f. 617, who got a law paiTcd, 
 [Lex Cajfia Tahellaria^y in the conful- 
 fliip of Lepidas and Mancinus, that in 
 all public trials, except for treafon, the 
 people in the comitiay and the yudices 
 felePa in the praetor's court, Ihould give 
 their votes by ballot, and not viva voce 
 as formerly, Cic. Br. 2, 27. ; Sext. 48. ; 
 Leg. 3, 16. Caffias, when praetor, 
 vv^as noted for his rigid ftridlnefs ; 
 whence Cassiani judices, as ftrict or 
 as upright as Caflius, Cic. Pofc. Am. 
 30. ; Fcrr. 3, 60, & 62. Ille (Julia- 
 nus) judlcihus Ca[fils trijjior, Marcelllu. 
 i. 22. On account of his exceflive fe- 
 rerity, his tribunal was called Scopulus 
 reoruiuj the rock of criminals, Val. 
 Max. 3, 7, 9. When he preiided in 
 a trial for murder iDr the like, he char- 
 ged the judices or jnrytnen to enquire, 
 Cui BON® FUERiT ? To whom was it 
 of advantage, or whofe interell was it ? 
 He ufed this fiying fo frequently, that 
 it was called Cassianum dictum, the 
 faying of Caiiius, Cic. Mil. I2. et ihi 
 Afcon. ; Phil. 2, I4.— ^Peduceus a tri- 
 bune having complained of a fentence 
 of Q^Meteilus, the Pontifex Maximus, 
 and of the college oi Pentificesy concern- 
 ing fome Veftai virgins, accufed of iu- 
 cell, as partial, Caiiius being appoint- 
 ed by the people to try the fame vir- 
 gins anew, condemned feveral of them 
 to death j Alccn. (hid, Liv. Eplt. 6^. 
 
 X. CASSIUS, 
 
C A. 9 [ 8i 
 
 L. CASSIUS, praetor a.u. 644. So 
 much refpetled for his integrity, that 
 being fent by the people to bring Ju- 
 gurtha to Rome on a public promife 
 of fafety, {tnterpofita Jide publka^) when 
 Caflius pledged his own promife, Ju- 
 gurtha valued it no lefs than the pub- 
 lic faith, Salluji. Jug. 33. Some fup- 
 pofe this Caflius to have been the fame 
 with the former, but he rather feems 
 to have been a different perfon ; — pro- 
 bably the fame who was conful with 
 Marius, a. 647, and who was defeated 
 and flain, and his army made to pafs 
 unde.r the yoke, by the Tigunni, a can- 
 ton or divifion (pagus) of the Helvetii, 
 Caef. ^. G. 17, & 14. ; Liv. Epit.Ss-', 
 Orojl 16, 17.; — Cassianum Bel/unif 
 the war in which Caffius was flain, 
 Caef. B.G.iy 12. 
 
 C. Cass SI us Varus y a favourer of 
 .the Manilian law, Cic. Manil. 23. con- 
 ful with M. Terentius Varro LucuUus 
 a. u. 680, the firft year that Verres 
 was praetor of Sicily, Cic. Vert; 1,23. 
 tf/3,41. 
 
 C. Cassius Lonpnusy the quaeftor 
 of Craffus, in his expedition againft the 
 Parthians ; after whofe death he col- 
 leeled the remains of the Roman army, 
 |! checked the pi ogrefs of the enemy, re- 
 ! pulfed them from the city Antioch, and 
 \ preferved the province of Syria, Cic.Fam. 
 ! 2, 10. ct 5, 20. et 8, 10. ; Phil. 1 1, 14. ; 
 . Veil. 2, 46.; Dio, 40, 28.; Or of, 6, 13. 
 ' Cafiius was tribune of the commons at 
 ' the beginning of the civil war. Pom- 
 pey having fled from the city, fent Caf- 
 fius to the confuls at Capua, to defire 
 1 they would return to Rome, and carry 
 off the money which they bad left in 
 ; the public treafury. But it was too 
 late, Cic. An. 7, 21. Caflius command- 
 i ed a large fleet under Pompey, confift- 
 ing of Syrians, Phoenicians, and Cili- 
 cians; with which he deilroyed a num- 
 ber of Caefai's fliips at Mefsana in Sic: 
 ly, and would have taken that town, 
 had not the news of Caefar's vidory at 
 Fharlalia, arriving juft at the time, pre- 
 vented it, Caef. B. C. 3, 1 01. Alter 
 tljjs Cafiius joined Cato in Greece, r^nd 
 puflcd Qver with him to Cyrene ia 
 
 ] CAS 
 
 Africa J but having there heard of the 
 death of Pompey, he left Cato and went 
 over to Caefar, Dio, 42, 13I Caefar's 
 pardon had previoufly been fecured for* 
 Cafflus by Brutus, to whofe After Caf- 
 fius was married, Plutarch, in Brut.i 
 Cic. Fam. 12, 2. Nay, fo far did Cae- 
 far drop his refentment againfl Caffius, 
 that he even made him one of his lieu- 
 tenants, [Caffiumfihi legavit ) Cic. Fam. 
 6, 6, 20. Caffius, however, afterwards 
 became one of the chief confpirators 
 againft Caefar; (See Brutus, and G. 
 242, & 328.) Some afcribe this to his 
 being offended becaufe Caefar had re- 
 fuied liim the confuldiip, Veil. 2, 561 
 others, becaufe Caefar gave Brutus the 
 more honourable praetorfliip in prefer- 
 ence to him, Plutarch, in Brut.; Appiam 
 p. 498. But CafTius had aUvays dif- 
 covered a high fpirit and a ftrong love 
 of liberty. When a boy, he is ia'd to 
 have given Sulla's fon, Fauftus, a box 
 on the ear, for boailiug among his 
 fchoolfellows of his father's greatnefe 
 and abfolute power, (profcriptionem pa* 
 ternam laudantem colapho percujjtt^ ) VaL 
 Max. 3» X, 3. and when Pompey called 
 the boys before him to give an account 
 of their quarrel, Cafiius declared in his 
 piefence, " that if Faullus fhould dare 
 to repeat the words, he would repeat 
 the blow," Plutarch, in Brut. 
 
 Caflius in his later years deferted the 
 fed of the Stoics, and became a con- 
 vert to Epicurus, Cic. Fam, 15, 16. 
 He, however, alv/ays lived as a Stoic ; 
 was moderate in pleafures, temperate 
 in diet, and a water drinker through 
 life, [totd vita aquam bibiti) Senec. Ep« 
 83. Hence Caefar, when admoniihcd 
 to beware of Antony and Dolabclia, 
 ufed to fay, " That it was not the fat 
 and fleck men that he feared, but the 
 pale and the lenn :" meaning Callius 
 and Brutus, Plutarch. CaeJ.p.']^'). Ci- 
 cero fpeaks of Callius as having kirmer- 
 ly dehgned to difpatch Caefar in Cilicia 
 at the mouth of the river Cydnus, o/r. 
 Phil. 2, II. But when thia happened 
 is uncertain, (See Brutus, and G. 242. 
 & 32 S.} 
 
 Z., Cassiusj, the brother <a the 
 L iormer^ 
 
HH 
 
 CAS [8 
 
 fbVmer, Cic. Plan:, 24. made tribune 
 after the death of Cacfar, C'lc. Phil. 3, 
 9. He prefided at the celebration of 
 the games exhibited by Brutus and 
 C. C i '' us. the praetors, after the death 
 of Caefar, when they themfelves could 
 rfot be prefent in fafety on account of 
 the defigns of Antony, CicFam. 12, 
 2. ; y^tt. 14, 2. 
 
 L. Cassius Lon^hms, a fenator, an 
 accomplice in Catiline's cunfpiracy, 
 SalluJ. Cat. 17. ; Sull. 13. ; Cat. 3, 4. 
 who demanded the charge of fetting 
 the city on fire, ih. 6. but made his 
 cfcape before the confpiracy was dif- 
 tioverecl, Sallujl. Cot. 44, 
 
 L. Cassius, the commander of one 
 cf Pompey's fleets, who might have 
 taken Caefar prifoner after the battle of 
 Pharfalia, while crofTmg the Hellef- 
 pont ; but was fo ftruck with the fame 
 oi Caefar's fuccefs. that he voluntarily 
 furrendered to him. Suet. Caef. 63. V'ld. 
 Caesar. Appian fays this was done 
 by C. Cassius, B. C. 2, 497. in which 
 feverril modern hiilorians have followed 
 him ; and Cicero is fuppofed by fome to 
 allude to the fame fact, Phil. 2,11. But 
 Cains was at that time with his fieet on 
 tht coafl of Sicily, Caef. B. C. 39, loi.; 
 Dio, 42, 13. and did not furrender him- 
 felf to Caefar, till after the death of 
 Pompey, Dio, 42, 13. It is uncertain 
 whether this was the other Caffius, (a/- 
 ler CaJJius)^ mentioned among the con- 
 fpirators againft Caefar, Suet. Caef. 82. 
 fend fuppofed to be the brother of 
 Caius, who is faid to have given Caefar 
 the firfl: wound in the breaft a little be- 
 low the throat, ih. Appian fays that 
 Cafca was the firft that wounded Cac- 
 far in the breail ; that another llabbed 
 him in the fide, and that Caifius wound 
 ed him in the face, B. C.p. ^oc. & 502. 
 L, Cassius Lon^iuusj a lieutenant 
 of Caefar's in the civil war, Caef. B. C. 
 3, 34. & 36. 
 
 ^ Cassius Longlnusy chofen by 
 Pompey to be his quaeftor, without 
 calling lots for it, a. 700, Ck, Att. 
 6, 6. ; but in the civil war he joined 
 Caefar. He was tribune when ..he de 
 cree of the fenate againft Caefar was 
 
 2 ] CAS 
 
 made, and gave his negative to 
 with Antony, Caef. B. C. i, 2. And 
 when iheir negative was difregarded, 
 he fled with Antony and '~'urio to Cae- 
 far, ib. 5.; Cic. Fam. 16, II.; Dioy 
 41, 1. ; Appian. B. C. 2, 448. After 
 the defeat of Afranius and Petreius, 
 Cafliu3 was fent with two legions to 
 Corduba, Caef. B. C. 2, 19.; and af- 
 ter the furrender of Varro, Caefar 
 gave him the command of the fouth 
 part (jf Spain, with four legions, Caef 
 B. C. 2, 21. ; Z?/o, 41, 24. ; 4ppian. ib. 
 454. ; which country CalTius haraffed 
 fo cruel ;y by his exactions, that the 
 Spaniards attempted to kill him, Hirt, 
 BpU. Alex. 48, — 53, &c. Being obli- 
 ged, on account of his mifcondudl, to 
 leave the province, he was drowned in 
 the mouth of the Iberus, ib. 64. ; 
 Dio, 42, 16. 
 
 The com.m.otions excited by Caflius 
 facilitated the attempts of the fons of 
 Pompey and of Ltbienus to become 
 mailers of Spain, Dio^ 43, 29.; and 
 hence gave occanon to Caefar'slaft war 
 in that country, Hiit. ib. ei B. Hfp. 
 
 CASSIUS Panncnfts, probably fo 
 called from his being a native of Par- 
 ma. He was left by Brutus and C. 
 Cafiius, when they marched againft 
 Antony and Octavius, with a fleet and 
 army to collect money. After their 
 death, he, with young Cicero, the 
 fon of the orator, joined Statius Mur- 
 cus, Appian, B. C. 5, p. 672. The 
 fcholiaft on Horace fays, that he reti- 
 red to Athens, where he was killed by 
 the order of Auguftus. He wrote tra- 
 gedies and other poems, which were 
 much ellccmed, Hot\ Ep. i, 4, 3. He 
 is fuppofed by fome to have been the 
 fame with Caihus the Tufcan, [Etruf 
 cits)y who wrote fo much, that hi? 
 papers and books ferved to compofe 
 his funeral pile, Hor. Sat. i, 10, 6 1. 
 But others, and with more juftnefs, 
 fuppofe him to have been a different 
 perlon. 
 
 CASTOR, -oris, the fon of Jupi 
 ttr by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus; 
 tue t^, ;n-'>rother o' Pollux ; who . fteir 
 their death were both ranked amongj 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
CAT [ R 
 
 tlhe ftars, and worfliipped as deities by 
 inariners, (G. 411.) Ad Caftorls fc. 
 aedem, at the temple of Caftor, Cic. 
 ^lint. 4.; Add., /■'^f/v. I, 49, &c. — 
 adj. Castoreus. 
 
 CASTOR, the grandfon of King 
 Dejotarus, who accufed his grandfa- 
 ther to Caefar of having plotted his 
 death, Cic. Dej. \. 
 
 L. Sergius Catilina, who formed 
 a confpiracy to overturn the govern- 
 ment of Rome, which was detected by 
 Cicero, when conful, SalluJI. Cat, [See 
 Cicero). — putfor any feditiousperfon, 
 Juvenal. 14, 41.; adj. Catilinarus. 
 
 Catillus, f. Cat'ilusy the leader of 
 the Tiburtines, one of the confederates 
 of Turnus, V'lrg, Aen. 7, 672. Hence 
 Mcenia Cauliy the walls of Tibur, Hor. 
 Od. I, 18, 2. ; the fame with Moema 
 Tihurtla, fo named from Tiburtus, the 
 eldeft brother of Catilus, Virg. ih. 670. 
 
 P. CATiiiNus Plot'inusy a freedman, 
 who was fo fond of his patron, that 
 being left his fole heir, he threw him- 
 felf on his funeral pile, Plin. 7, 36. 
 
 Cativulcus, a king of the Ehui-o- 
 ties, who poifoned himfelf, that he 
 might not fall into the hands of Cae- 
 far, Caef. B. G. 6, 30. 
 
 M. Porcwsy firnamed C ATO, on ac- 
 count of his wifdom, {q. catus) ; Cic. 
 Sen. 2.; Plutarch, in vita ejus, pr. His 
 original firname was Pr IS cus, ib. He 
 was born at Tufculum , ( Tufculanus ) , Cic. 
 Plane. S. of reputable parents, but not 
 noble, Plutarch, ib. a. u. 520. the year 
 before Q^Fabius Maximus was conful 
 for the firil time, Cic. Sen. 4. ; Fal. 
 Max. 3, 4. He refided in the country 
 of the Sabines, where he had a farm, 
 {hneredium), left him by his father, 
 Nep. 23, 1.; near which was a fmall 
 farm-houfe, which had belonged to Cu- 
 rius Dentatus, whofe character Cato 
 greatly admired, and ftrove to imitate, 
 Plutarch, et Cic, Sen. 16. 
 
 Cato, when very young, ferved un- 
 der Fabius Maximus at the taking of 
 Tarentum, ib. (Cicero makes him 
 then quaeftor, Sen, 4. but the reading 
 of this paflage is fuppofed to be incor- 
 red, Vid, Gruter in Cic.) He was a 
 
 ^ 1 CAT 
 
 military tribune in Sicily ; an^ after 
 that gained great praife for his bravery 
 in the battle of Metaurus, near Sena 
 (Gallia), againft Hafdrubal, Nep. 2^, i. 
 
 Cato is faid to have been induced 
 by Valerius Flaccus, a nobleman whd 
 lived in his -neighbourhood, to come to 
 Rome and fue for preferments, Plw 
 tarch. Being made qureftor, it fell to 
 his lot to ferve under the great Scipio 
 in Sicily, by whom he was appointed, 
 with Laclius, to command the left 
 wing of the fleet in the paflage to 
 Africa, Liv. 29, 25. Plutarch fays, 
 that Cato, difpleafed with Scipio's pro- 
 fufion of the public money, and with 
 his indulgence to his troops, returned 
 to Rome ; and by his complaints 
 againft Scipio in the fenate, with the 
 affiftance of Fabius, caufed ambaffa* 
 dors to be fent to Sicily to examine 
 the ftate of Scipio's army. But Livy 
 gives a different account of this matter, 
 29, 22. _ 
 
 Cato being created praetor, obtain- 
 ed the province of Sardinia, Liv. 32, 
 7, ^ 8, ; where he a6led with great 
 integrity and difintereftednefs, [fanctus 
 et innocens), but was thought too fevere 
 in -checking ufury, ib, 27. a. u. 559.; 
 he was made conful with his old friend 
 Valerius Flaccus, a. 559, Liv. 33, 42. 
 The province of Spain fell to his lot, 
 ih. 43.; where he performed io great 
 exploits as to met it a triumph, Id, 
 34, 8, — 46. Before he left Rome he 
 delivered a memorable fpeech againfl 
 the abrogation of the Appian law, 
 which limited the expences and drefs 
 of women, ib. 2, — 5. In the war 
 againft Antiochus he ferved under Ma- 
 nius Acilivir., the conful, as lieutenant, 
 [crjnfularis legatus), Liv. 36. 17.; Cice- 
 ro fays, as military tribune. Sen. 10. ; 
 and contributed greatly to the victory 
 gained over Antiochus at Thermopy- 
 lae, ih. 18. He *VMS fent by the con- 
 ful to carry the news of the vidory to 
 Rome, ib. 21. Cicero fays, that Ca- 
 to v.-ent to the war againft Antiochus 
 with L. Scipio, by n^'ftake, as it is 
 thought ; or the worcs [cum Scipio" 
 ne) are fuppofed to have been interpo- 
 L 2 Uttd 
 
CAT [8 
 
 lated by fome tranfcriber, Cic, Mun 
 
 14- 
 
 Cato was a great admirer of Fabius 
 
 Maximus, Cic. Sen. 4.; and Inimical to 
 Sclpio Afrlcanus, He fupported the 
 charge brought againft him of having 
 taken money from Antiochus, to pro- 
 cure for that king favourable terms of 
 peace, Lh. 38, 54.; and after the 
 death of Afrlcanus, promoted a fimilar 
 accufatlon againll his brother L. Scl- 
 pio, who was condemned, Liv. 38, 54. 
 ^^, ^6, & 60. Cicero reprefents Cato 
 as extolling Scipio Afrlcanus highly. 
 Sen. 6, 9, & 23. But the dialogue re- 
 quired this change of chara6ler. 
 
 A. u. 570, Cato was created cenfor 
 with Valerius Flaccus, who had been 
 his colleague In the confulate. He ex- 
 ercifed this office with fo great flrlftnefs, 
 Liv. 39, 42 , & 44. that he was ever after- 
 wards called Cato Censor, or Cen- 
 sor i us, Plin. 7, 30.; ^'mclUian. I, 
 7, 23.^/ alibi pqlfim. Durus CatOf rigid, 
 fevere, Juvenal. 11, 90. Hence Cato 
 is put for a cenfor, or cenforious per- 
 fon ; thus, non pojfum libertum ferre Ca- 
 tonemy I cannot bear a freedman to be 
 a cenfurer of my condud. Martial. 
 11,40, 15. Trijle fuperciUmii durique 
 fever a Catonis Frons, Id. il, 2, I.; 
 Cum trcmerent — durum Catonem, Juve- 
 nal. 1 1 , 9c, The Pvoman people, even 
 in Cato's lifetime, erected a ftatue to 
 bim on account of his meritorious con- 
 duct in his cenforfliip, Plutarch. 
 
 Cato, by his rigid feverity againft 
 luxury and vice, incurred great enml- 
 
 t 3 CAT 
 
 his dantem jura Catonem), A. 8, 670. 
 Some afcrlbe this to Cato Uticeii/is. So 
 ^is tey Magne CatOy taciturn — relin- 
 quat ?"ih. 6, 841. 
 
 Horace, inveighing againft the luxu- 
 ry of his time, contrafta It with the 
 fimple manners of the age of Cato, 
 whom he calls intonfus, becaufe bar- 
 bers were then little uied, Od. 2, 15, 
 
 II. 
 
 Cato, though remarkable for tem- 
 perance, was fond of convivial meet- 
 ings, where he fometimes remained 
 
 all night, and drahk freely, Cic. Sen. 
 
 14. Hence narratur et Prifci Catonis 
 faepe mero incaluijfe virtus^ Hor. Od. 2, 
 
 21, II. Hence alfo Martial calls this 
 
 Vitium Catonis, 2, 89, 2. 
 
 Cato was one of the moft diftin- 
 
 guifhed characters of ancient Rome 
 
 as an orator, a lawyer, a general, a 
 ftatefman, and a fcholar, Lrj. 39, 40.; 
 Plin. 7, 27. ; Cic. Brut. 17.; Nep.2 7^, 
 3. ; ^inSilian. 12, 11, 23. Through - 
 moft part of his life he exprefled a 
 great diflike to the learning of the 
 Greeks, Plin. 7, 30. ; afraid, as he 
 fald, left It {hould corrupt the Roman 
 youth, and lead them to prefer the 
 glory of fpeaking to that of acting well, 
 Plutarch. ; but when old, having chan-» 
 ged his mind, he applied to the ftudy 
 of Greek with wonderful avidity, C/V, 
 y^cad. 8, 2. ; Sen. I, 8, & 11. He 
 wrote books on various fubje£ls. His 
 principal work was on hiftory and an-, 
 tiqultles, which he called Origin ts, 
 in feven books, . ic. Brut. 1 7. ; Sen. 1 f. 
 
 ty, efpecially among the nobility, who Nepos calls them Historiae, and 
 never failed to arraign him whenever mentions the fubjeft of each book. 
 hf v-ave the leaft ground for It. He In the fecond and third books he tra- 
 ced the origin of eveiy city In Italy ; 
 whence he gave the name of Origi- 
 NEs to all the feven books. He did 
 not begin to write them till he was 
 an old man, Nep. 23, 3.; Cic Sen. 
 II.; though LIvy, by a licence or 
 anachronlfm, which he fometimes ufes 
 in his fpeeches, makes the tribune Va-» 
 lerius quote them while Cato was con- 
 ful, and only thirty-nine years old, an 
 early age for a new man ; but the /.<?- 
 ^es Anni^kf were not then ftridly ob-* 
 
 i^rvcd, 
 
 is laid to have pleaded his own caufe 
 forty -four times, [quater et quadragies); 
 but was always acquitted, Plin 7, 27 
 f. 28> ; and came off from every trial 
 witi) increafed reputation, Liv. 39, 40. 
 The republic was then governed, as 
 Nepos obierves, not by power, but 
 by j uftice, ( non potentidj fed jure ) , 2 3 , 2 . 
 ^uch was the reputation of Cato 
 for inflexible jufticc, that Virgil repre- 
 fents him as prefcribing laws to the 
 pipus fliades belqw^ {fecrelof^ue pios ; 
 
CAT 
 
 [ S5 1 
 
 CAT 
 
 ferved, and preferments were open to 
 merit, L'lv. 34, 5. 
 
 Of the various compofitions of Ga- 
 te, mentioned, Cic. Or, 2, $2. ; OJl jy 
 29.; Brut. 15, 16, 17. ; ^ilnBil 3, i, 
 19. et 3, 6, 97. ; Gell. 7, 10. ; Pl'in, 
 14, 4. et 29, I. ; MacroL Sat. 3, 5. ; 
 Plutarch, in Cat. Maj. the only one 
 now extant is his book on hufbandry, 
 {^de re ruft'icay vel de rebus rujlkisy 
 Cic. Sen. 15.) 
 
 Cato is faid to have enriched the 
 Latin language with feveral new 
 words, Horat. Art. p. 5 6. Vocahula re- 
 rum Prijcis memorata Catonibusy in the 
 dat. for a Prifco Catsne, the names of 
 things or nouns ufed by Old Cato, Id. 
 Ep. 2, 2, 117. Salluft is accufed of 
 having ftolen [furatus) or borrowed 
 many of Cato's expreilions, ^iinSil. 
 8, 3, 29.; Suet. Jug. 85. 
 
 The Carthaginians and Mafinifra be- 
 ing at war with each other, Cato was 
 fent on an embafly, to enquire into 
 the caufe of their quarrel. When he 
 came to Carthage, he found it not in 
 the low condition he expedled, but 
 opulent, and flourifliing. Inftead, 
 therefore, of endeavouring to fettle 
 differences between the contending 
 Hates, upon his return to Rome, he 
 told his countrymen, that they would 
 never be fecure, unlefs they deftroyed 
 fo dangerous a rival ; and* after this, 
 on whatever fubje6l he fpoke in the 
 fenate, he always concluded with ad- 
 vifmg the deitrudion of Carthage, 
 Carthago est delenda, Flor. 2, 
 15. Et hoc amplius censed, Car- 
 
 THAGINEM ESSE DELENDAM, Plu- 
 tarch. Scipio Nafica judged more 
 wifely, that Carthage fhould be pre- 
 fervcd, ib. as the event fhowed, (G. 
 6'jS).Jppian. Punic, n. 38. ; Feli. 2, 1.; 
 Plin. 33, II f. 53. ; Flor. 2, 15. et 
 3, 12. Juftice feems to have been lit- 
 tle regarded either by the one or the 
 other. The authority of Cato prevail- 
 ed, as Cicero obferves, even after his 
 death, [eiiam mortui). Off. I, 23. But 
 Plutarch affirms, that Cato lived till 
 after the beginning of the Third Pu- 
 nic war, Cicerp favs, that Cato was 
 
 eighty-five years old when he died ; 
 and that he retained his vigour to the 
 laft, fo as to accufe Serv. .Galba that 
 very year before the people. Brut. 2a 
 So Pliny, Atque hicy Cao DCV anno 
 urbis nojlrae obiity LXXXV fuoy 29, i 
 f. 8. But Livy fays, that Cato plead- 
 ed his own caufe in his 86th year, and 
 accufed Galba in his 90th year, 39, 
 40. — So Valerius Maximus, 8, 7, i. 
 If, however, Cato died in the year PH- 
 ny mentions, he was only 85. 
 
 Cato had a fon called alfo Marcus, 
 a youth of great hopes, whom Cato 
 himfelf taught the rudiments of learn- 
 ing, Plutarch. He ferved as a foldier 
 under Pompilius ; and when that ge- 
 neral thought proper to difband the 
 legion in which young Cato ferved, 
 Cato wifhed to remain in the army, 
 but would not fight agalnft the ene- 
 my till he had taken the military oath 
 anew. Cicero fays, that there was a 
 letter extant in his time from old Cato 
 to his fon, giving him this advice, 
 0^ I, II. Cato's fon married the 
 daughter of Paulus Aemllius, under 
 whom he fought with uncommon bra- 
 very in the battle agalnft Perfeus, 
 Plutarch. He died when praetor, to 
 the great grief of his father, lb. et Cic, 
 Fam.^y 6. ; Sen. 23. 
 
 Cato married a fecond time the 
 daughter of his client Salonius, and 
 had by her, after he was eighty, (o<5c- 
 ge/imo exaBo)y a fon whom he called 
 M. Cato Salonianus, or Salonius, from 
 his mother's father, Plin. 7, 13.; Gell. 
 13, 18. ; Plutarch, in Cat. Maj. This 
 Salonius had a fon, called Marcus, who 
 was the father of Cato Utlccnfis, Plu- 
 tarch, et Cic. Off.^y c 6 — Cato, the Cen- 
 for, is alfo called Major, to diftinguKli 
 him from his great grandfon, who is 
 called Cato Minor. Hence Cicero 
 calls his treatife on old age, in which 
 Cato the Cenfor is introduced as the 
 principal fpeaker, Cato Major, Ciu 
 Off. I, 42. ; Amic. I. 
 
 M. Porcius CATO, .the great- 
 grandfon (pronepos) of Cato the Cen- 
 ior, loft his parents when ver)' young, 
 and was brought up with his half-bro- 
 ther 
 
CAT [8(5 
 
 ther Caepio, and three half-fiHers, in 
 the houfe of Livlus Drufus, his mo- 
 ther's brother. From his very infancy 
 he difcovcred a refolute, firm, and in- 
 flexible temper. He was flow in learn 
 ing, but what he once conceived, he 
 faithfully retained, and conquered eve- 
 ry difficulty by perfeverance. As he 
 fpurned flattery, fo he fcorned threat- 
 ening;s. Popoedius Silo, an It:ilian 
 nobleman who had come to Rome to 
 folicit for the allies the rights of citi- 
 zens, and lodged at the houfe of Dru- 
 fus, having become familiar with the 
 boys, afl^ed them one day to intercede 
 with their uncle, that he would be- 
 friend their caufe. Caepio gave a 
 fmile of confent ; but Cato, by his fi- 
 lence and looks, intimated his refufal. 
 Upon which Silo, fnatching him up, 
 carried him to the window, and 
 threatened to throw him over, if he 
 would not confertt, holding his body 
 out of the window, and fhaking him 
 feveral times. But Cato remained all 
 the time unmoved and unconcerned, 
 Plutarch. Cicero is fuppofed to allude 
 to this ftory in the expreffion, De 
 Quadnmo Catone^ Fam. i6, 2 2. 
 
 Sulla, the dictator, ufed frequently 
 to invite Cato and his brother to his 
 "houfe, and to talk familiarly to them., 
 which he did to very few, Cato was 
 then about fourteen years old. One 
 da)', obferving the heads of feveral 
 great men brought in, he a&ed Sarpe- 
 do, his governor, " Why does no bo- 
 dy kill this man V " Becaufe," fays 
 he, " they fear him more than they 
 hate him." " Why then," replied 
 Cato, *' do you not give m.e a fword, 
 that I may flab him, and free my 
 country from this flavery ?" Sarpedo 
 feeing his countenance full of anger 
 and tury, was greatly terrified, and 
 from that time, watched him ilridly, 
 left he fnould attempt fomething def- 
 perate, Ih. 
 
 Cato early became acquainted with 
 Antipater, the Stoic philofopher ; and 
 finding the principles he taught acjree- 
 able to his natural temper, cordially 
 -mbraced them, ^nd adhered to them 
 
 1 CAT 
 
 fo {Icadily, that he has ahvays been 
 juftly eftecmed one of the chief orna- 
 ments of that fed, (pERFECTUb StOI- 
 cus, C'lc. praef. Paradox.) The man- 
 ners of the Romans being at that time 
 very corrupt, Cato thought it requi- 
 fite, in many things, to go contrary to 
 the ordinary way of the v.'orld. See- 
 ing, therefore, that a rich purple was 
 rioft in fafhion, he always wore black. 
 He often ufed to go out after dinner, 
 (which was a flight meal, and ufed to 
 be taken about mid-day), without ei- 
 ther flioes or tunic ; not that he 
 fought reputation from fuch pecuHa- 
 rities, but wifhed to accuftom hlmfelf 
 to be aivhamed of nothing but what 
 was really fllameful, and to defpife 
 all other things which were difefteem- 
 ed by the world, Phtnrch. To this 
 negligence of drefs Horace alludes, 
 Ep. I, 19, 12. Having fucccedcd ta 
 an eftate worth igo talents, he turned 
 it all into ready money, v/hich he kept 
 by him, that he might have it in his 
 power to fervc fuch of his friends as 
 needed it. Plutarch, w. 
 
 Cato married Attiiia, the daughter 
 of Soranus, whom, on account of her 
 mifconduct, he was obliged to divorce. 
 He after that married Marcia, the 
 daughter of Philippus, a lady of exem- 
 plary virtue, Plutarch. Hence Martial 
 puts ' C atoms uxot for mutter cciPj/fima, 
 II, 16, I. 
 
 Cato ferved feveral campaigns with 
 great reputation. The firft office he 
 obtained from the people was that of 
 military tribune ; in which capacity he 
 ferved under Rubrius, praetor of Ma- 
 cedonia. He took with him fifteen 
 flaves, two freedmen, and four of his 
 friends. Thefe rode on horfeback, 
 but Cato always went on foot, to 
 which hardinefs he had inured himfelf 
 from his youth ; yet kept up with the 
 reft, and converfed with them by turns 
 on the way. After his arrival in the 
 army he rendered the legion which he 
 commanded a model for difcipline ; 
 being, at the fame time, equally re- 
 fpected and beloved by the foldiers. 
 h\ his apparel, his diet, and manner of 
 marchfng, 
 
CAT 
 
 [ 87 1 
 
 CAT 
 
 marching^, he was more like a common 
 fol'^'er chan an officer; but in virtue, 
 couvr^p^e, and wifdom, he exceeded 
 molt commanders. 
 
 Cato always difcovered the ftrongeft 
 .afftction for his brother. Whilfl he 
 was with the army in Macedonia, be- 
 ing informed that Caepio had been ta- 
 ken ill at Aenus in Tlirace, though 
 it was the middle of winter, he in- 
 ftantly fet fail in a fmall boat from 
 Thelfaionlca, and with the utmoft ha- 
 zard reached Aenus juft after Caepio 
 expired. Cato, forgetting his Stoical 
 principles, lamented the lofs of his 
 brother with exprefiions of the deep- 
 ell grief, and celebrated his funeral 
 with the greateft n>agniticence, /3. 
 
 Cato, having left the army, made a 
 progrefs through Afia, to obferve the 
 cuftoms of that country. Being little 
 known, and traveUing with a fmall re- 
 tinue, he often met with a poor recep- 
 tion. But when he reached the camp 
 of Pompey, who was then carrying on 
 war againlt Mithridates, that general, 
 knowing his confequence, received him 
 with marks of thehigheli refpeft. Af- 
 ter this, the cities through v/hich he 
 paffed drove to outdo each other in 
 expreffions of honour, and in the mag- 
 nihctnce of their entertainments. King 
 Dejoiarus offered him the richeft pre- 
 fents, but Cato accepted none of thera, 
 iL 
 
 Cato, after his return to Rome, be- 
 ing made quaeilor, difcharged the du- 
 ties of that office with the utmoft fi- 
 delity. His integrity was fo confpicu- 
 ous, that it became proverbial among 
 the peo! 'e, if any thing unlikely or in- 
 credible were afferted, to fay, *' They 
 would not beheve it though Cato 
 himfelf fhould affirm it." In vacation 
 time, as he was going to his country- 
 feat in Lucania, with his books and 
 philofophers, he happened to meet a 
 great many horfes and attendants, 
 which he was informed belonged to 
 Metcllus Nepos, the brother-in-law of 
 Pomipey, who was going to Rome to 
 offer himfelf a candidate for the tri- 
 Hunefhip. Cato, apprehending his dan- 
 
 gerous defigns, immediately returned 
 to the city, and fued for the fame of- 
 fice, that he might oppofe them. They 
 were both chofen. Cato, havinn- ob- 
 ferved that the eleftion of confuls was 
 commonly determined by bribery, de- 
 clared, <' that he, would accufe whom- 
 foever he fnould find giving money." 
 Yet he excepted Silanus, who was 
 married to his fifter Strviha ; but ac- 
 cuied Murena, who was not more 
 guilty than the other. Cato was join- 
 ed in the accufation by Sulpicius, one 
 of the difappointed candidates. Cice- 
 ro, then couful, defended Murena, and 
 in his pleading, expofed the paradox- 
 es of the Stoic pliilofophers with fo 
 much humour, that he raifed great 
 laughter among the judges. Where- 
 upon Cato faid to thofe Handing by, 
 *' What a pleafant conful we have I*' 
 Plutarch, in Cat. Mm. Murena was 
 acquitted, and inftead of refenting the 
 condud of Cato, always treated him 
 
 with the greateft confidence, ib. > 
 
 Cato, while tribune eledt, i. e, be- 
 fore he entered on his office, by his 
 memorable fpecch in the fenate, de- 
 termined the fate of Lentulus, Cethe- 
 gus, and the other accomphces of Ca- 
 tiline, who were apprehended, (See 
 Cicero). Plutarch relates, that this 
 alone, of all Cato's fpeeches, was pre- 
 ferved, by means of certain perfons, 
 whom Cicero had taught to take down 
 what was faid by certain abbreviation; i 
 and that this ferved as the firft founda- 
 tion of the arc of writing fhort hand, 
 in Cat. Mill. 
 
 Metellus the tribune, with the con- 
 currence of Caefar, pr poicd a law for 
 recalling hum.e Pompey with his armv, 
 under pretext i^i preferving the city 
 from the danger of Catiline's confpi- 
 racy ; but their real defign was to deli- 
 ver the republic into the hands of Pom- 
 pey, and to give him abfolute power, 
 I'his, however, was prevented by the 
 firnmefs of Cato, whom Metellus, on 
 the day for paffing the law, attacked 
 in the forum with an armed force ; 
 but Cato perfifted in his oppofition, 
 with no fmall danger, C'lc. Sc'xf. 28. till 
 
 at 
 
CAT 
 
 L 88 1 
 
 C A T 
 
 at laft lie was extncated by the inter- 
 vention of Murena the conful. Metel- 
 lus thus being fruftrated, fled to Pom- 
 pey. (See Caesar ) 
 
 Next year, a. u. 692, Pompey re- 
 turned from Afia, in the height of his 
 
 When moft of the nobih'ty made a 
 contribution (pecunias contulerunt) to 
 enable Bibulus, in his fuit for the con- 
 fulfliip, to bribe as high as his compe- 
 titors Lucejus and Caefar, Cato is 
 fa id to have approved of it, {ne C atone 
 
 glory. Perceiving that he could not qu'idem abnuente earn largitlonem e repub- 
 accompllili his defigns without the con- Hcajleri)y Suet. Caef. 19. 
 
 currence of Cato, he fent his friend 
 Minutius to propofe to Cato an inti- 
 mate alliance with him, by marrying 
 the eldeil of Cato's two nieces himfelf, 
 fome fay his daughters, and his fon 
 the youngeft. But Cato, without he- 
 Ctation, immediately anfwered, " Go 
 tell Pompey that Cato is not to be 
 
 Caefar having got his law pafled for 
 the diviiion of the lands of Campania 
 among the poorer citizens, annexed a 
 claufe to it, " That all the fenators 
 fhould fwear to defend it.'* This Cato 
 long refufed to do, and his admirer 
 Favonius ; but moved by the entrea- 
 ties of his family, and the perfuafion 
 
 gained by female influence, though o- of his friends, among the reft of Cice- 
 
 thervvife I very much value his kind- 
 nefs. While he afts honourably and 
 juftly, he fhall find in me a friendfhip 
 more firm than any alliance; but I will 
 not give hoftages to Pompey's glory 
 againft my country's fafety." This 
 anfwer, as may be imagined, was very 
 difagreeable to the vvomen,'and however 
 
 ro, he at laft complied, Plutarch, et 
 Cic. Sext, 28. Cato, however, ftill 
 continued to oppofe the laws of Cae» 
 far, on which account Caefar one day 
 ordered him to be carried to prifon ; 
 but when many of the fenators follow- 
 ed Cato, Caefar, fearing left fuch vio- 
 lence fliould raife odium, defired one 
 
 praife-worthy in Cato, proved in the end of the tribunes to interpofe, and libe- 
 
 very unfortunate to his country; for rate Cato, Z)/o, 38, 3.; Suet, Caef. 20. ', 
 
 Pompey foon after formed the fatal Cell. 4, 10. 
 
 connexion with Caefar and CrafTus, A. \J. 695, Clodius, when tribune, 
 
 which gave caufe to all the civil wars having effected the banlfhment of Ci- 
 
 which followed, and linally to the de- cero, procured a law to be paifed. 
 
 ftruclion of the republic. All this Ca- 
 to might have prevented, by yielding 
 a little. Hence Cicero blames him 
 for acting as if he had lived in the re- 
 public of Plato, not in the dregs of 
 Romulus, {^tanquam in -^oxiruu Platonis, 
 non tanquam in fatce Ronnih^^ Att. 2, i. 
 The remaining part of Cato's life was 
 employed in unavailing efforts to op- 
 pole the unjuil dci'gns of the Triumvi- 
 rate. The Romans, funk in luxury, 
 and blinded by corruption, with a veiy 
 few exceptions, lent a deaf ear to all 
 his remonftrances, Dio, 37, 57. Cato 
 vainly endeavoured co pveferve the an- 
 cient forms of the conilitution, while 
 the fpirit of it was gone. 
 
 In the difpute between Lncullus and 
 Pompey, Cato took part v^itli Lucul- 
 lus, both from a fenfe of jufticc and 
 regard to affinity, Lucullus being mar- 
 ried to Cato's filter, Plutarch.' 
 
 " That the kingdom of Cyprus fhould 
 be taken from Ptolemy, and reduced 
 into the form of a province." Cato 
 was appointed to execute this law, in 
 order to remove him aifo out of the 
 way, that he might not thwart the 
 unjuit proceedings of Clodius, nor the 
 views of the Triumviri^ by whom Clo- 
 dius was fuppovted, Cic. Dom. 8, 20, 
 & 25. ; Sext. 18, & 28. ; D/>, 38, 30. 
 et y^, 2 2.\ /^f//. 2,45. Cato, though 
 he difapproved of the proceedings 
 of Clodius, yet accepted this office, 
 which viras impofed on him by what 
 Cicero calls rogaiio feeler at'ijjimay a moft 
 wicked law, Sext. 29. and dilcharged 
 it with his ufuai fidelity. Upon his 
 return to Rome he was received by 
 the people and fenate with every mark 
 of relped, Plutarch. \ Flor. ■?, 9. The 
 fe.iate decreed him an extraordinary 
 praetorlhip, or that he might ftand 
 
 candidate 
 
CAT [89 
 
 candidate for that office before the le- 
 gal time, and the right of viewing the 
 fptftacles in a toga praetextay or in a robe 
 bordered with purple. But Cato would 
 
 ] 
 
 CAT 
 
 fed the law concerning the provinces 
 of the confuls, Cato, oppofing it with 
 his ufual firmnefs, was ordered to be 
 earned to prifon ; but when the peo- 
 
 accept none of theie honours, Plutarch, pie followed him, liilening to him as 
 
 ih,\ D'lo, 39, 23.; VaJ. Max. ^t i> H* 
 Cato brought from Cyprus no lefs a 
 fum than ycoo talents of fjlver, ib. et 
 Lucan. 3, 164. 
 
 Pompey and Craffus having agreed 
 
 he fpoke by the way, Trebonius, being 
 alarmed, commanded him to he relea- 
 fed. When the law was propofed con- 
 cerning the continuation of Caefar's 
 command, Cato did not addrefs him- 
 
 with Caefar to fue for a fecond conful- felf to the people, but to Pompey, fore- 
 fliip, to continue to him his command warning him of what awaited himfelf 
 for other five years, and to ftize for for his prefent conduft. But Pompev 
 themfelves the riched provinces of the Hill \vent on, never imagining that 
 empire,theonlycompetitor that appear- Caefar would change, and always con- 
 ed againft them was Domitius Aheno- fiding in his own power and good for- 
 
 barbus, who was married to Marcia, 
 Cato's filler. But on the day of the 
 election, Domitius and Cato, in their 
 way to the Campus Martius, were at- 
 tacked by the party of Pompey and 
 Craffus, one of their attendants killed 
 ©n the fpot, feveral wounded, and the 
 rell obhged to fly. After this Pompey 
 and Craffus were declared confuls, Dioy 
 39, 31. Cato, flill determined to op- 
 pofe their meafures, offered himfelf a 
 candidate for the praetorfhip ; but Pom- 
 pey, by violence, artifice, and bribes, 
 prevented his election ; and Vatinius, a 
 man of a worthlefs charaClier, was cho- 
 fen praetor, inftead of Cato, a. u. 698. 
 Upon which Cato, Handing up in the 
 
 in 
 tune, Plutarch, in Cat. Mm. 
 
 Cato was eledled praetor next year. 
 In this office lie was not more remark- 
 able for his integrity than for his fin- 
 gular drefs. In funimer he ufed to fit 
 on the tribunal without a tunic, dreffed 
 only in his toga, with drawers below, 
 {campejln fub toga fc. praetexta c'lntius)^ 
 in imitaiion of the brazen flatues of 
 Romulus in the capitol, and of Camil- 
 lus in the roftra, Afcon. 'in Cu. pro Scan- 
 ro, fin. ; Val. Max. 3, 6, 7. alfo with- 
 out fhoes ; both which Plutarch blames, 
 in Cat. p. 780. 
 
 The people then w^ere fo corrupted 
 by the gifts of thofe who fued for of- 
 fices, that many made a conflant trade 
 
 alTembly of the people, for'?told, as if of felhng their votes. To check this 
 
 t>y infpiration, all the calamities that 
 afterwards befel the fiate, and exhort- 
 ed the people to beware of Pompey 
 and Craffus, who had been J^uilty 
 ■of fuch crimes, and had formed fuch 
 dtfigns, that they had reafon to be a- 
 •fraid of Cato for their praeior. .When 
 tie had ended his fpeech, he was fol- 
 lowed to his houfe by a greater num- 
 ber of people than all the praetors to- 
 gether, Plutarch, ih. [Si vere ae/limare 
 
 non Catoni tunc praetura, fed 
 
 'volu 
 
 fraeturae Cato ncgatus ejl, Val. Max. 
 5, 6.). Cato was fupported in his ap- 
 plication for the praetorfiiip by Cice- 
 ro ; who foon after, through the in- 
 fluence of Pompty, was reconciled to 
 Vatinius, Cic. P'am. i, 9, 50. 
 
 When Trebonius the tribune propo- 
 
 corruption, Cato perfuaded the fcnate 
 to make an order, that thofe who were 
 clefted Into any office fhould be obli- 
 ged to declare upon oath how they 
 obtained their eledion. This fo of- 
 fended the populace, that they made 
 an attack one day on Cato as he was 
 coming into the forum. But Cato 
 having got into the rollra, by his firm 
 2nd Iteady alpe6t, inllantly awed them 
 into filenci.% Plutarch, hterally verif . ng 
 the defcription of Vivgil, jlen. i, i '^^. 
 The propofed regulation, however, i\.id 
 fuch an effect, that the candidates tor 
 the tribunelhip that year, agreed, tiiat 
 each fiiould depofit in Cato's r.anda 
 125,000 drachmae, about L. 4000, to 
 be forfeited by any of them whom Ca- 
 to (hov.id judge guilty of bribery, Cic. 
 M ' Aiu 
 
CAT 
 
 jfit.^, 15.; ^Fr.2, 15 
 fed to take the money, and only re- 
 quired eacli of them to find fecurity. 
 On the day of elcAion, Cato having 
 watchfully obferved all that pafTed, dif- 
 covered one who had broken the agree- 
 ment, and immediately ordered him to 
 pay his money to the reft ; but they, 
 greatly admiring the juftice of Cato, 
 remitted the penalty, thinking the dil- 
 honour a fufficient punifament, Plu- 
 tarch. On this occafion Cicero is faid 
 to have cried out, *' O happy Cato, 
 from whom no body dares to aflc a dif- 
 honeil thing !" {Otefelicem, M. Porc'ty 
 a quo rem impt'olmn pttcre nemo audet !)y 
 Plin. PrS-f. Cicero declares, " That 
 if the tle<£lions fnould go on freely or 
 without bribery, [gralulln), as was ex- 
 pef^ed, that Cato alone would efl-ed 
 more than all the laws and courts of 
 juftice," (plus unus Cato fuer'it, qiiam 
 cmnes leges y omncfque jud'ices, ib.). Such 
 public confidence, however, procured 
 
 [ 90 ] CAT 
 
 Cato refu- power of Pompey and Caefar, if they 
 agreed, would opprefs the republic, or 
 If they differed, involve it In civil wars, 
 that he might more effeftually avert 
 both evils, flood candidate for the con- 
 fulftiip againft next year, 702. But 
 Cato's competitors, Serv. Sulplcius and 
 M. Marcelius, being more acceptable 
 to the people, were preferred. Cato 
 could not Hoop to the arts of folicita- 
 tion, and had offended the populace 
 by his efforts to check bribery. Not 
 being in the leafl dejected at this re- 
 pulfe, he the fame day played at ball 
 IP. the Campus Martins^ and after din- 
 ner went to the forum, as ufual, with- 
 out his flioes or his tunic, and there 
 walked about vi^ith his acquaintances, 
 ih. 
 
 "When fom.e of Caefar's friends pro- 
 pofed In the fenate, that a thankf- 
 givlng fhould be decreed for his vic- 
 tories over the Germans, Cato decla- 
 red, *' That Caefar ought to be dell- 
 
 Cato as much envy as reputation. Pom- vered Into the hands of thofe whom he 
 pey. In particular, conlidered the in- had fo unjuftly attacked.'^ Caefar, 
 creafe of Cato's credit as a diminution upon hearing this, wrote a reproachful 
 
 letter againft Cato, which was openly 
 read In the fenate. Whereupon Cato 
 laid open the whole defigns of Caefar 
 from the beginning, and told the fe- 
 nate, " That It was not the Britons 
 and Gauls, but Caefar himfelf they had 
 to fear," ih. 
 
 When news was brought that Caefar 
 had croffed the Rubicon, and was ad- 
 vancing with his army tov/ards Rome^ 
 all men, even Pompey himfelf, acknow- 
 ledged, " that Cato alone had forefeen 
 and clearly foretold the Intentions of 
 Caefar." Cato faid, " That if the 
 fenate had followed his advice, they 
 would not nov/ be reduced to the ne- 
 ceflity of fearing one man, nor of de- 
 pending on one man for fafety " He 
 however advifed them to entrufl the 
 fupreme command to Pompey ; for, 
 faid he, *' thofe who are the authors 
 of great evils can beft remove them.'* 
 Cato therefore concurred In all the fc- 
 Vere decrees againfl Caefar, Caef. B. C* 
 I, 3, 4, & 32. Whereas, had the con- 
 llitution of the republic prevailed, both 
 
 Caefar 
 
 of his o^n power, and therefore con- 
 tinually fet up men to rail againft him. 
 Among thefe was Clodius, who now 
 accufed Cato of having embezzled 
 part of the treafure brought from Cy- 
 prus. But Cato eaiily refuted this 
 charge, by fhewing, " That, without 
 taking any thing to himfelf, he had 
 brought more treafure from Cyprus a- 
 lone, than Pompey, after fo many wars 
 and triumphs," Plutarch. 
 
 On account of the tumults which 
 happened after the death of Clodius, 
 BibiiluG, .who vvas a relation of Cato'3, 
 moved the fenate to create Pompey 
 fole conful, a. 701, which Cato, con- 
 trary to the expectation of sjl, agreed 
 to, declaring, that any government was 
 better than anarchy or confufion, Plu- 
 tarch. Cato was one of the judges ap- 
 pointed to try Milo, and gave his vote 
 'vlvd voce for his acquittal, (palam lata 
 ahfohit fententid), Veil. 2, 47. Milo, 
 liowever, being odious to Pompey, was 
 condemned, id?. 
 
 Cato perceiving that the overgrown 
 
CAT r 9 
 
 Caefar and Ponipey ouglit to have 
 been deprived of their command, or 
 rather fliould never liave obtained it. 
 The Romans, by fnbmlttinc^ to the 
 ufurped authority, fnft of Marius and 
 Sulla, and afterwards of Pompey and 
 Caefar, fnewed that they were prepa- 
 red for fcrvitude. The fenate, and Ca- 
 . to among the reft, by fwearing to fup- 
 port fuch laws as thofe of Caefar and 
 Clodius, not to mention others, gave 
 up their legal means of refiftance. If 
 Cato, and the few that joined him, had 
 imitated the conduct of the virtuous 
 MetcUus Numidicus, they would have 
 aded more confiftently, and probably 
 more for the good of their country. 
 What Dio Caihus obferves took place 
 after the battle of Philippi, in reality 
 was the cafe long before. The conteil 
 was not for freedom, but; what malter 
 the Romans fliould fervc, D'lOy 47, 39. 
 The army being then raoilly compofed 
 of mercenaries, always fided with that 
 party which they thought would pay 
 them beft, [Nulla JiJes p'tctafque luris, 
 qtii cajlra fequuntur, Vcnalejque manus : 
 ibi FAS) ubi maxima merges, Lucan. 1 o, 
 407.). Liberty cannot exift in any 
 ration where the great body of the 
 people are corrupted. Caefar knew 
 that in fuch a ftate the moft virtuous 
 patriots are of little avail, (twmina va- 
 na Catones), Lucan. i, 313. Cato 
 joined Pompey, becaufe, by doing fo, 
 he thought that there was the beft 
 chance for reftoring liberty ; but liberty 
 \vas in equal danger from both Caefar 
 and Pompey. Cato was fenfible of 
 this, and followed Pompey only as the 
 defender of the fenate. Thus Lucan, 
 Ille (fc. Cato) ubi pendebant cafusy du- 
 hiumqne manehat, ^em mundi domimim 
 faccrcnt civilia bdla, Oder at d Magnum, 
 quamvis comes i/Jct in anna, jdufpiciis rap' 
 tus patriae, dutfuque fenatus, 9, 1 9. 
 
 Cato had feveral years bfrfore volun- 
 tarily given up his wife Marcia to 
 Hortenfius, with the confcnt of her 
 father Philippus ; and after the death 
 of Horcenfms, who left her his eilate, 
 Cato again formally married her, that 
 ihe might take care of his family ; but 
 
 1 ] CAT 
 
 did not cohabit with her, Plutarch* 
 Lucan makes Marcia come of herfelf, 
 and requeft this of Cato, 2, 326, &c. 
 ( Da tantum nomen inane Connubii ; Li" 
 ceat tumido Jcripjijfe, Catonis Mar- 
 cia, ib. 342.^. After this Cato is faid 
 never to have cut his hair nor ftiaved 
 his beard, through grief for the cala- 
 mities of his country, Plutarch, et Lu- 
 can. ib. 375. The great purpofe of 
 Cato's life was to ferve his country, 
 and promote the good of mankind, 
 ( Patriae impcndere vitam ; Nee Jtbi, fed 
 toil geni turn fe credere mundo), ib. 382. 
 
 Cato had the government of Sicily 
 afiigncd to him, which he might have 
 defended, Cic. Att 10, 16. but hear- 
 ing that Pompey had abandoned Italy, 
 he was unwilling to engage the ifiand 
 in a war, and therefore failed from 
 thence and joined Pompey at Dyrra- 
 chium, Plutarch. He always gave his 
 advice to prolong the war, in hopes 
 that matters might be amicably fettled. 
 In a council of war he got a refolution 
 paffed, that no city that was fubjeft to 
 the republic fhould be facked, and no 
 Roman killed, unlefs in the heat of 
 battle. Pompey at firft defigned to 
 give Cato the command of his fleet, 
 w^hich confifted of 500 fhips of w^ar ; 
 but refle6ling that as Cato's only aim 
 was to free his country from ufurpa- 
 tion, if Caefar were conquered, Cato, 
 with fo great a force, would oblige 
 Pumpey to lay dow^n his arms, and be 
 fubjeft to the laws: Pompey therefore 
 changed his mind, and made Bibulus 
 admiral. Cato's zeal, however, for the 
 public good continued unabated ; and 
 he contributed greatly to the fucceff- 
 ful fally at Dyrrachium, which made 
 Caefar defift from his blockade of Pom* 
 pey and his army. Whilft others re- 
 joiced at this fuccefs, Cato alone be- 
 wailed the fate of his country, and 
 curfed that deftrudive ambition which 
 made fo m.aiiy brave Romans murder 
 one another, ib. 
 
 When Pompey followed Caefar into 
 Thelfaly, he left Cato to comirrand at 
 Dyrrachium with only fifteen cohorts. 
 After the overthrow at Pharfalia, Cato, 
 
 M 2 
 
 fuppofing 
 
'"""' CAT C 92 ] CAT 
 
 fappofing that Pompey had fled to E- 9, 890. — 940. Plutarch 
 gypt or Libya, haflened after him with 
 
 all the troops he could colleft. When 
 they reached the coaft of Africa they 
 met with Sextus, Pompey's younger 
 fon, who told them of his father's 
 death in Egypt. (According to Lu- 
 can, Cneius, the elder fon of Pompey, 
 accompanied Cato to Africa, 9, 120. 
 whe^'eas Appian fays that he failed to 
 Spain with Labienus, B. C. 2, p. 482.) 
 All the troops declared, that after 
 Pompey, they would follow no other 
 leader but Cato. He therefore took 
 upon himfelf the command, and march- 
 ed toward the city of Cyrenae, which 
 openedits gates tohim, though not long 
 before it had refufed admiilion to La- 
 bienus, Plutarch, Lucan fays that Ca- 
 to forced his entrance into Cyrenae by 
 taking the city, but did not ufe any 
 feverity to the inhabitans for having ex- 
 cluded him, {^Exclufus nulla fe vimlicat 
 hd; Poenaqiie cle viElis fola ejl, vic'^e, 
 Caionif ib. 298. Here being inform- 
 ed that Scipio, Pompey's fathe»-in-law, 
 h?.G retired to King Juba, and that Va- 
 rus, the governor of Africa, under Pom- 
 pey, had jomed them with his forces, 
 Cato led his army, with incredible la- 
 bour and difficulty, {^ingenti cum cli^cul- 
 iate il'merum locorumque (al. aquarumqii^) 
 inop'ui^ Veil. 2, 54.) through a fandy de- 
 fert, infeiled with ferpents. Cato all 
 the time went on foot, at the head of 
 his men, and never made ufe of any 
 horfe or carriage, ( Movjlrat tolerare la- 
 lores, Nonjuhcty) Lucan. 9, 588.) Ever 
 after the battle ot Pharfalia, he ufed to 
 fit at table ; adding this to his other 
 marks of mourning, that he never re- 
 clined, but to fleep, Plutarch. Lucan 
 gives a long defcription of the various 
 ferpents produced in the deferts of Li- 
 bya, 9, 619. — 890. As a defence 
 againft this evil, Cato carried along 
 wi^h him fome of tliofe people called 
 PsYLLi, who curtd the bite of ferpents, 
 by fucking out the poifon with their 
 mouths, and had certain charms, by 
 y/hich they llupilied and laid afleep the 
 ferpents thernfelvesj Plutarch, et Lucan. 
 
 fays that 
 Cato was feven days in pafling this de- 
 fert,/>. 787. Strabo fays thirty days, ult. 
 libr. Lucan fays two months, {^Bis po- 
 ftt'is Phoebe (i. e. I^un2i)jlammisf bis luce 
 receptd, Vidit arenivagum furgens fug'iens' 
 que Catonerriy) 9, 940. 
 
 Cato having wintered in Libya, 
 
 drew out his army, which amounted to 
 
 about 10,000 men. He found the 
 
 d Varus in a bad flate, 
 
 affairs of Scipio an 
 by reafon of a mifunderftaoding be- 
 tu'een them ; which led them to make 
 undue fubmiffions to Juba, who treated 
 them with great arrogance. Cato pro- 
 duced a reconciliation between Scipio 
 and Varus, and obliged Juba to behave 
 towards them with proper refpeft. All 
 the army defired Cato to be their 
 leader ; but Cato yielded the chief 
 command to Scipio, as being fuperior 
 to him in dignity ; Scipio having been 
 conful, and he only praetor, [honorat'iori 
 parere maluk, Veil. 2, 54.) Appian. 2, 
 482 Befides, it was thought aufpici- 
 ous to have a Scipio to command in 
 Africa, and the very name gave courage 
 to many of the foldiers, Plutarch, ib. et 
 I)io, 42, 57. [fafale Africae nomcn Scipio- 
 nurn via'ebatur, Flcr. 2, 15.) 
 
 Scipio, having aiTumed the command, 
 to gratify Juba, was inclined to put 
 the inhabitants of Utica to death, and 
 to raze the city, for its attachment to 
 Caefar ; but was prevented by Cato, 
 who took upon himfelf the government 
 of the place, ib, He chofe 300 Ro- 
 man citizens, who trafficked at Utica, 
 for a council ; and deliberated with 
 them on things of comm.on concern, 
 Plutarch, liht. Bell. AJr. 88. Cato 
 advifed Scipio, as he had Pompey, not 
 to hazard a battle, but to prolong the 
 war. Scipio, however, rejetled his 
 counfcl ; and when Cato propofed to 
 make a diveriion in Italy by tranfport- 
 ing thither the troops which he had 
 brought into Africa, Scipio derided 
 the projeft. Cato now repented hig 
 having refigned the command to Sci- 
 pio ; and told his friends, thai he pla- 
 ced but (lender hopes in generals wb< 
 
 hac 
 
CAT C 93 
 
 had To much prefumption and fo little 
 condud. Cato's apprehenlions were 
 fooner verified than he expefted, Sci- 
 plo and Juba being completely defea- 
 ted by Caefar at Thapfus, with the 
 lofs of their camps. Cato wifhed to de- 
 fend Utica, and had made every prepa- 
 ration requifite for fupporting a long 
 fiege. But finding the townfmen and 
 many of his foldiers unwilhng to con- 
 cur with him in that refolution, he de- 
 termined to put an end to his days, that 
 he miffht not fall into the hands of 
 Caefar. He, however, was at great 
 pains to conceal his intention from his 
 friends. He provided fhips and what 
 was necefTary for fuch as wifhed to de- 
 part by fea ; he afforded money and 
 other things requinte to thole who in- 
 tended to efcape by land. He advifed 
 t!ie people of Utica to fend fpeedily 
 and make their peace with Caefar. In 
 the evening he bathed, as ufual, and 
 then went to fupper with a large com- 
 pany, at which he fat, as he had al- 
 ways done fince the battle of Pharfalia. 
 All his friends, and the magillrates of 
 Utica fupped with him. After fupper 
 the converfation was carried on with 
 much wit and learning : Several philo- 
 fophical queflions were propofed and 
 difcuHed : among the reft that maxim 
 of the Stoics, " That the wife or 
 good man alone is free, and that all 
 wicked men are flaves." On this fub- 
 ject Cato fpoke with fo great vehe- 
 mence, that every one prefent faipeCted 
 liis defign. This cccafioned -a pro- 
 found filence, and the whole company 
 were much dejcfted. Cato perceiving 
 it, changed the fubjeft of dircourfe. 
 
 After the entertainment was over, 
 Cato walked with his friends, as he ufed 
 to do after fupper, gave the neceffary 
 orders to the captains of the guard, and 
 retiring to his chamber, embraced his 
 fon, and each of his friends, with more 
 than ufual affection. Then laying him- 
 felf down, he began to read rlato's 
 Phaedoii or Dialogue concerning the 
 immortality of the foul. Having read 
 hair the book, upon looking up, he 
 perceived that his fwcrd was not hang- 
 
 3 CAT 
 
 ing at the head of his bed in its ufu^Ll 
 place ; for his fon had taken it away 
 while he was at fupper. Hereupo" 
 Cato ordered it to be brought ; 
 and when this, after various delays, 
 was done, " Now," fays he, " I am 
 mailer of myfelf.'* Then he took up 
 his book again, and, as it is reported, 
 read it twice over. After this he flept 
 fo found, that his breathing was heard 
 by thofe who were in waiting without. 
 About midnight he called for two of his 
 freedmen, and fent one of them named 
 Butas, to enquire if his friends were all 
 embarked. Butas returned in a (hort 
 time, and brought word, " That they 
 all were gone." Upon which Cato 
 laid himfeif down, as if to flcep out the 
 reft of the night, and ordered Butas 
 to (liutthe door. But after Butas went 
 out, he took his fvvord, and ftabbed 
 himfeif under the breaft. The wound 
 not being inftantly mortal, with his 
 ftruggling he fell from his bed, and by 
 the noife alarmed hv friends, v/ho rufti- 
 ing into the room, found him welter- 
 ing in his blood, with part of his bowels 
 fallen out, but ftill alive, and his eyes 
 fixed upon them. They were all ftruck 
 with horror. As the entrails were un- 
 injured, the phyfician tried to put them 
 in again, and to few up the wound. 
 But Cato, coming to himfeif, thruft 
 away the phyfician, plucked out his 
 own bowels, and tearing open the 
 wound, immediately expired, Plutarch* 
 Appian fays, that Cato's phyficians 
 adfually did put in his entrails and few 
 up the wound ; that Cato pretended to 
 be forry for what he had done, thank- 
 ed his friends for having faved him, 
 adding, that he needed quiet, and then 
 laid himfeif down, as if to ileep. But 
 when his friends were gone oui, beincr 
 determined not to fubmit to a tyrant, 
 (Ne cu'i Ciitonsm nut oc ciders hcerety aut 
 fervan; cont'ingeret,) he pulled off the 
 bandages, tore up the fewing, and for- 
 ced open thp wound with his nails and 
 fingers like a wild beaft ; and thus ex- 
 pired, 2, 490. So Z>/o, 43, IT.; H'trt. 
 B, j4fr. 88. {^Moribundas manus in ipfo 
 vulmrc rdlquitt) Flo r. 4, 2, 71. {^nitdas 
 
 in 
 
CAT [94 
 
 in 'vulnus mamis eg'tt^ et generofum ilium 
 contemptoremque omnis potentiae fpir'itum 
 non emlCtt^ fed ejecif,) Senec. Ep. 24. 
 This refolute fiercenefs and ftern in- 
 flexibility of mind is beautifully expref- 
 fed by Horace In one word, JEt ciwMa 
 f err arum fubaBa, praeter at roc em ani- 
 mum Cafonhj Od. 2, 1,23. So Manilius, 
 Invicfum devlctd morte Catonem, 4, 87. 
 Hence Horace celebrates the death of 
 Cato, as a noble deed, ( Caton'is noh'de h- 
 thum,) Od. I, 12, 35. So Cicero, 
 Cato praedare^ fc. per'iil^ Fam. 9, 1 8. 
 who fays, " that Cato died in fuch a 
 difpofition of mind that he was happy 
 in having found a caufe for quitting 
 life, C'lc. Tujc. I, 30. This Cicero 
 thinks was a juil caufe ; but others 
 have thoujyht the contrary, and for 
 the very reafon which Cicero men- 
 tions : " that we ought not to leave 
 this life without the order of the Deity, 
 who has placed us in it," (Vetat en'im 
 do)r,ina7is His in nobis, injvJJ'u h'lnc nosfuo 
 demigrare,) Tufc. i, 30. 
 
 The people of Utica inftantly flock- 
 ed round the houfe, calling Cato their 
 benefactor, and their" fa viour, the only 
 free and unconquered man. Though 
 they knew that Caefar was approaching, 
 yet they performed Cato's funeral ob- 
 f.'quies with the greateli magnificence, 
 and buried him by the fea-fide ; v/here, 
 fays Plutarch, now flands his fhatue, 
 holding a fwofd, ib. Hence Cato has 
 ever fince been called Cato Uticen- 
 sis, Dioy 43, II. Cato died in the 
 forty- ninth year of his age, Lh. Epit. 
 1 14. Plutarch fays that he was forty- 
 eight years old, p. 794. Appian 
 makes him about fifty, ib. 
 
 Caefar, having heard of the fate of 
 Cato, is reported to have faid, *' Cato, 
 I envy thee thy death, fince thou hafl 
 envied me the prefervation of thy life." 
 Plutarch, ib. According to Dio, Cae- 
 far faid that he was angry with Cato 
 for having envied him the glory of fa- 
 ving his hfe, 43, 1 2. So appian. p. 490. 
 Caefar pardoned Cato's fon, who after- 
 wards fell ligliting bravely in the battle 
 pi Philippi, Plutarch, ib., 
 
 1 CAT 
 
 Cicero, after the death of Cato 
 wrote a book in his praife, which he 
 called, Cato, [Laus \t\ Laudatlo Qh- 
 TON is), Dioy 43, 13. ; Tacit. Ann. 4, 
 34. ; Appian. p. 490. Caefar wrote 
 an anfwer to it, called Anticato, 
 Dio, ib. ; Gelh 4, 16. divided into two 
 parts or books. Suet. Caef 56 whence 
 Juvenal calls it Duo Caesaris An- 
 TicATONiLs, 6, 338. 
 
 M. Fabias Gallus alfo wrote a book 
 in praife of Cato, Cic, Fjm. 7, 24. ; 
 as likewife Brutus, ind. Ciclro. In 
 the time of Vefpafian, Maternus, a 
 poet, wrote a tragedy called Cato. 
 See Maternus. 
 
 Cato was the moil celebrated cha- 
 rafter of his time for virtue and pa- 
 triotifm, Cic. Mur. 29, >^' 30. ; DiOf 
 43, II. ; Hirt. B. Afr. 88. ; Appian. 
 490 So Plutarch, who calls him Ca- 
 to, tlie philofopher, in Cat. Major fin. 
 Dio reprefents Cato as the only up- 
 right fupporter of the liberty of his 
 country, 37, 57. Cicero, in the book 
 v.^hich he wrote in praile of Cato, is 
 laid to have extolled him to the lilies, 
 [Catonem coeJo aequavit,) Tacit. Ann. 
 4, 34. The topics on which Cice- 
 ro chiefly infilled, fcetn to have been 
 the gravity and conilancy of Cato ; 
 his having forefeen the things which 
 happened, his efforts to prevent them, 
 and his parting with Hfe that he might 
 not fee them, Cic. Att. 12, 4. We 
 may judge in what eftimation Cato. 
 was held among his contemporaries by 
 what Salluft fays of him, in the con- 
 traft which he makes of the clipj-afters 
 of Cato and Caefar ; At Caloni Jludium 
 mcdcjliae, decoris, fed maximc fcverltatis 
 erat. Non divitiis cum divite, nequefac- 
 tione cum faSiofo ; fed cum Jlrenuo vir- 
 lute, cum mode/io pudore, cum innocente 
 aliftinentid certahat ; esse, quam vide- 
 Ri BONUS malebat. CatiUn, 54. M. 
 Cato, — homo 'virtuti Jtmillpnus, et per 
 omnia ingenio diis quam hominilus pro- 
 pior, qui nunquam rccte fecit, ut facere 
 indereiur, fed quia aliter facere non po- 
 terat, 6cc. Veil. 2, 35. Lucan fpcaks 
 Hill more hyperbohcally in preferring 
 
 the 
 
CAT [ 9? 1 CAT 
 
 the judgment of Cato, concerning the Favonius, who fat next to him 
 
 cm'viI war, even to that of the Gods > 
 J'^'iSrix caufa di'is placuit^ fed vida Ca- 
 ionii I, 128. Martial calls Cato con- 
 
 ' fummatuSf i. e. perftclus Stotcus, a per- 
 fed: charader, according to the tenets 
 of the Stoics, who confidered fuicide 
 in certain cafes as a virtue ; but this a6l 
 Martial juftly difapproves, Nolo vlnmi^ 
 
 ' fac'di redlmti qui fangu'ine famam : Hunc 
 voloy laudari qui Jine morte potejl^ Give 
 
 . me the man who deferves renown for 
 bearing misfortunes lleadiiy, without 
 killing himfelf to get rid of them, i, 
 9. Martial, however, in anotlier 
 place, calls killing one's felf with the 
 fvvord a Roman death, [rnors Romana^ 
 i. e. multorum P^omanorum commu- 
 nis, Lucretiae, &c. ), in oppofition 
 to taking poifon, or ftarving one's felf; 
 and by an artful piece of fiattcry to 
 Domitian, prefers the death of Feltus, 
 (a friend of that Emperor's, who, to 
 get quit of a loathfome difeafe, ftab* 
 bed himfelf), to that of Cato, who 
 £itvf himfelf either from fear or hatred 
 of Caefar, {^Ham mortem, (fc. Fefti), 
 j'atii magni praeferre Catoms Fama po- 
 tejl : hujus (fc. Feili), Caefar^ (i.e. 
 Domicianus), amicus e rat ; (At Cato- 
 ni Caefar inirnicus erat), i, 79, 9. 
 Martial allows Cato, while alive, to 
 have been fuperior evev,i to Caefar, 
 (5"// CatOf dum vivitf fane W Caefare 
 major) y 6, 32, 5. ; and as the higiitil 
 coiD.pliment he could pay to Nerva, on 
 the lenity of his government, he favs, 
 that . -ato, if he were to rife from the 
 infernal regions, would be a fupport- 
 er of Nerva Caefar, ( Ipfe qiioqm hi:er- 
 fiis revo'catus Ditis ah umhris., Si CatOy 
 reddaiilry Caefarianus erity i. e. wuuld 
 rather live under fo good an emperor, 
 than under a repubhcan government, 
 II, 6, 13.'; and would even be an imi- 
 tator of Nerva, ib. 12, 6, 8. 
 
 The Romans had fo great a venera- 
 tion for the virtue of Cato, that once, 
 while he was in the theatre, the peo- 
 ple were afliamed to aflc certain inde- 
 cent exhibitions, which uftid to be 
 made at the feftival of Flora. Cato 
 having learned this from his friend 
 
 . left 
 the theatre ; and upon his departure, 
 the people raifed a loud fhout of ap- 
 plaufe, Val Max, 2, 10, 8. ; Senec, 
 Ep. 97. Whence Martial fays. Cur 
 in t heat rum y Cato fevercy 'oenifli? An 
 ideo taritum venerasy ut exires ? denoting, 
 that, as he knew the cuitom, he fliould 
 either not have come, or have remain- 
 ed, 2, 3. ^'on intrst Coto t heat rum nof- 
 Irnm ; autfi inlravtrit, fpcclety ib. Praef. 
 Praifmg the morals of Latinus, a cele- 
 brated mimic under Domitian, he 
 makes him fay, " that he never did 
 any thing, which he (hould have been 
 alhamed of, even in the pi'efence of 
 Cato, [qui fpeciotorem poiui fecijfe Cato- 
 nem)y 9, 29, 3. — So Juvenal, lalhing the 
 hypocritical philofophers of his time, 
 makes Laronia, an immodeil woman, 
 fay ironically to one of them, Felicia 
 tempora ! quae te morihus opponunt : ha- 
 beat jam Roma pudorem % Tertius e 
 coELO CECiDiT Cato, Happy times! 
 which have you for a cenfor : let 
 Rome now be afaamed (to do any- 
 thing bafe before you) ; A third Cato is 
 dropped from the clouds ! 2, 40. 
 
 Cato, like his great-gr-andfather, was 
 fond of focial entertainments, w^hich 
 fomecimes he ufed to prolong through 
 a great part of the night. Juhus Cae- 
 far reproached him upon that head, 
 but in fuch a manner that he exalted 
 the character of Cato while he endea- 
 voured to expofe it. For, as Phny 
 infor-ras us, Caefar writes, (probably 
 ia his invedive againft Cato in Antica- 
 tone)y " That while Cato was going 
 home from one of thofe meetings a 
 httle intoxicated, with his head cover- 
 ed, that he might not be known, fome 
 perfons whom he met having uncovei"- 
 ed his head, Llufned when they difco- 
 vered who he was. You would have 
 thought that Cato had deteded them, 
 not they Cato." Could the dignity of 
 Cato, fays Piiny, be placed in a itrong- 
 er light, than by reprefenting him thus 
 venerable, even in la's cups ? FUn. Ep, 
 3, 12. Hence Mar-tial fays, " That 
 during the mierrim.ent of a feafl, even 
 the rigid Caio would read his verfes. 
 
 Turn 
 
CAT [ 96 3 CAT 
 
 (Turn me vel rigidl legant Catones), 10, and of the hi'gheft rank. 
 
 19, 21. 
 
 Quinftllian, fpeaking of both Catos, 
 {^de uti'oque Catoue^y f^'js, ^orutn alter 
 appeUatus ejl Sapif.sS) alter n'lfi creditur 
 fui/fcy "v'lx fclo, cut rsliquerit hujus nomliils 
 locum, 12 f 7, 4. 
 
 Catonianus, adj. of or belonging 
 to Cato; tluis, Catoniana linjua, the 
 tongue of an hypocritical profligate, 
 who pretended to imitate Cato in the 
 ilriclnefs of his morals, Martial. 9, 28, 
 14. — Catonini, 'orum, the favourers 
 of Cato ; thus, Vereor ne in Catonium, 
 {{. e. in Orcum vel inferos, a ^.x^, in- 
 fra), Catoninosy (fc. piaecipitet vel agat 
 Caefar), C'u\ Fam. 7, 25. 
 
 C. CATO, the grandfon of Cato, 
 the cenfor, and of Paulus Aemilius ; 
 the fon of the filler of P. Scipio Afri- 
 canus, the younger, a tolerable ora- 
 tor, Cic, Br, 28. who was confiil, 
 a. 640 ; and afterwards being con. 
 demned for extortion, Cic. Verr. 4, 
 10. by the Mamilian law, Cic. Br. 34. 
 lived in exile at Tarraco, Ci:. Balb. J i. 
 
 C. CATO, of the fame family with 
 Cato Uiicerfis ; faid to be a young man 
 void of prudence, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 2, 5. 
 which he ihewed by his condud^, ib. 
 Being created tribune, a. 697. he 
 keenly oppofcd tlie reftoration of King 
 Cic. Fam. I, 2, Sic. and 
 a law for recalling Lentuius 
 fclpintlier from his government of Ciii- 
 cia, /i'. 4, & 5. At the inRigation of 
 Pompey and Craflus, Dio, 39, 27. et 
 28. he attempted to hinder the eltc- 
 tioa of magiitrates, becaufe he was 
 not ptrmitted by the confuls to hold 
 any aQlmblies of the people for pro- 
 mulgating his pernicious laws, (it. ^ 
 Fr.2y 6. ; Liv. Epii. 105. He was 
 next year brought to a trial, but was 
 acquitted, Cic. Att. 4, 15, et 16. — 
 Familia Catoniana, the fiaves of C. 
 Cato, i. e. gladiatois and bejliarii, v^hom 
 he had purchaled, bat was obliged to 
 fell, becaufe he could not fapport them, 
 Cic. ^Fr.2y 6. 
 
 Faierius CAl^O, a grammarfan, the 
 
 Ptolemy, 
 propofed 
 
 friend of Catull 
 waidUtuded by 
 
 Cat nil. 56, 
 
 who 
 ;lars. 
 
 He was e- 
 fteemed an excellent teacher, particu- 
 larly for fuch as had a turn for poetry, 
 Suet. Gram. 2y et ii. 
 
 C. (al. Q. j Valerius CATULLUS, 
 a celebrated poet, born at Verona, a. u. 
 667, of a refpeilable family. His fa- 
 ther Valerius was the friend of Ju- 
 lius Caefar, who ufed to lodge at his 
 houfe, Suet. Caef. 73. Catullus, though 
 not opulent, appears to have polfelTed 
 a moderate fortune. He fpeaks of 
 Sirmio, a beautiful peninfula in the 
 lake Benacus, as his property, 31, 
 12. He went with Memmius, the Prae- 
 tor to Bithynia ; but derived very little 
 advantage from that expedition, c. 10, 
 8, &c. In his way thither, when he 
 reached Troas, he loft his brother, 
 whom he often laments with great ten- 
 dcrnefs, c. 64,5, &c. 67, 18, 90, &c. 
 99, I, &;c.. Upon his return he confe- 
 crated his (hip to Caftor and Pollux, 
 4, 26. Catullus ufually refided at Rome, 
 67, 34- and occafionally at Verona, ib, 
 27. His genius procured him the 
 friendihip of many perfons of the firil 
 dillindlion ; fuch as Manlius Torqua- 
 tus, whofe favours he gratefully ac- 
 knowledges, c. 67, "y. 41, 66, &c. and 
 upon whofe marriage he wrote a beau- 
 tiful cpithalamium, c. 60. ; Cicero, 
 f. 49. ; Calvus, an orator and poet, 53, 
 3. et 94, 2. ; Cornelius Nepo?, to whom 
 lie dedicated his book, i, z. et lOO, 3.; 
 Cornihcius, 38, I. ; Afmius Pollio, 
 tiien a young- man of great wit and 
 humour, 12, 6, 5c c. ; Alphenus Varus, 
 30. and feveral others. 
 
 Catullus wrote bitter Invedlives a- 
 gainil thofe whofe condud he difap- 
 proved ot, in Iambic and Piialaeciaa 
 verfe of eleven fyilables, (verfus He/i' 
 dccafyllahi) ; againft Mamurra, Gellius, 
 Vaiiuius, VettiuG, Cominius, &c. ; nor 
 did he fpare even Caefar, whom he 
 lalhes fevcrely under the name of Ro- 
 mulus, for his profligacy and other 
 crimtSj c. 29, 5,&c. ; Fiin. 36, 6. But 
 upon making his acknowledgment. 
 
 Caefar ^eneroudy pardoned him, and 
 
 vifited his father (at Verona, when he 
 
 to pafd that v»ay) in the 
 
 happened 
 
 fam^ 
 
CAT [ 
 
 fame friendly manner as formerly, (hof^ 
 pitioquc patris ejus^ Jicut confueveratj uti 
 ptrfeveravit ) , Suet. Caef. 73. 
 
 Many of the poems of Catullus are 
 written on amorous fuhje£ls, and fome 
 of them difgnft a modeil reader by 
 their indelicacy : bwt this was owing 
 to the grofs tafte of the times, when 
 in coinpofitions of this fort obfcenity 
 was not merely tolerated, but even 
 applauded. Hence Catullus fays, " that 
 the morals of a poet ought not to be 
 cftimated from the nature of his ver- 
 fcs ;" Nam cajliim ejfe decet plum poet am 
 Ipfum, ijerjiculos nihil neccjje ejl : ^u^ 
 turn denique hahtnt falem ac leporem. Si 
 Jmt mollicxdi, ac parum pudiri, 16, 5. 
 Hence Ovid juitilies himfelf by the ex- 
 ample of Catullus, Triji. 2, 427. ; fo 
 Maitial, I, pracf. and the younger 
 Pliny obferv!.ii, Scimus — hnjus opufculi 
 (epigrammatis nempe verfibus Hende- 
 cafyilabls fcripti) illam eJfe ver'ijjiniam 
 kgem, Ep. 4, 14. — The favourite mif- 
 trefs of Catullus was called Clodia, 
 whom he celebrates under the name of 
 Lesbia, £-.5, I. ^/ 7, 2, &c. J Mea 
 puellat 2, I. 3, 3, &c. ; which name he 
 is fuppofed to have given her in ho- 
 nour of Sappho, a native of the iHand 
 Lefbos, (Lejhia). 
 
 Catullus was a perfeft mailer of 
 the Greek language, and traaflated 
 from it two of his moil beautiful poems 
 the 5^1 ft from Sappho, and the 65th 
 fi om Callimachus ; for which reaion 
 he is fuppofed to be called doctus, 
 learned, Ovid. Amor* 3, 9, 62. ; Mar- 
 tial. 8, 73, 8. tfi 14, ic. ; Tihull. 
 3, 6. — Martial fays, that Catullus re- 
 lieved as much honour on Verona as 
 Virgil did on Mantua, ih. 195. et 10, 
 103, 5. Thus Ovid, Mantua Firgilio 
 gaudety Verona Catidlo, Amor. 3, \^, 
 7. Catullus is commonly joined with 
 Calvus, becaufe their ^oems were fi- 
 milar, Herat. Sat. i, 10, 19. ; Ovid. 
 Am. 3, 9, 62.; Plin. Ep. I. 16.; f/4,27. 
 
 The elder Pliny mentions Catullus 
 as his countryman, (conterraneus) Praef. 
 and quotes him in different places with 
 great approbation, 28, 2. et 36, 6. & 
 2 1. f/ 37, 6/21. i^i'Ci the lati paffage 
 
 97 ] CAT 
 
 the beft editions have Q^ Catullus) -5 
 fo the younger Pliny, Ep. i, 16, &C' 
 Qjjinftilian alfo quotes Catullus feve- 
 rai times, i, 5, 8 f/ 2Q. 6, 3, 18. 9, 
 3,16, &c. ; but does not give him fo 
 high a characler as fome others, and 
 what he fays of him is fomewhat ob- 
 fcure. He allows him genius, (ctijus ^c. 
 iambi acerhitas in Catullo, &c.) 10, I, 
 96. but afcribes to him infanity, 11, 
 
 1, 38. In this laft paflfage he does 
 not narpe him, but fimply calls him 
 aliqnis poetariim. Martial often men- 
 tions Catullus with the greateft refpeft, 
 
 2, 71, 3. 5, 5, 6, &c. and reckoned it 
 an honour to be ranked next to him, 
 (uno minor Catu/Iojf lO, 78, 1 6. — The 
 poem of Catullus moft celebrated by 
 the ancients is that on the death of 
 Lefbia's fparrow, c. 3. thus Juvenal, 
 6, 7. So Martial, who calls this poem 
 Passer, i, 8,3. f/ 7, 13, 3. 11, 7, 
 i6.Catullus is ranked by Quinftilian a- 
 mong the Iambic poets, 10, i, 96. and 
 there is extant one poem of his [c. 25.) 
 ia Iambic verfe, confiiling of fe- 
 ven feet, and a caefura^ (verfus tam- 
 hicus tetrameter cataleclus) ; fo that the 
 boaft of Horace, when he fays, Parios 
 ego primus lambos OJlend't LatiOy mull 
 be reftrided to his firll introducing 
 at Rome the Iambic verfe of Archi,-. 
 lochtts, a nati\e of the iHand Pares, 
 Ep. I, 19,23. 
 
 Catullus is faid to have died in tha 
 prime of life, when only about thirtTt 
 years of age, Eufeb. Chronic. ; but if he 
 was born in the 667th year of Ronie,- 
 as the fame autlior favs^, he mult have 
 been at leaft forry years old: for he 
 mentions tl\e confullhip of Vatinius, 
 f. 52. which was in the year 707.— 
 Some fuppofe that Catullus lived to a 
 great age, fo as to be familiar with. 
 Virgil ; from thefe words of Martial; 
 Sic for/an tener aufus eft Catullus Magno 
 mittere pajjsrem Maroni : But Martial 
 here means, " That perhaps Catullus 
 would have ventured to fend his poem 
 on the death of Leibia's fparrow to 
 Virgil," (If they had been contempora- 
 ry, as he (Martial) prefumes to fend 
 liis pof'iris I© Siilus Ital:es.i3 : thus e- 
 N qualUas 
 
CAT [ 98 1 
 
 quailing Silius to Virgil, and Kimfelf nunciation. 
 to Catullus), 4., 14, 13, 
 
 Catulliana bafiay as many kiffes 
 as Catullus af]<ed from Lefbia, Mar- 
 tial, 1 1, 7, 14. f/6, 34, 7. CatuU. c. 5. 
 
 CATULUS, a llrname of the Lu- 
 tatii or LuBatii. 
 
 a Lutatius CATULUS, conful a. 
 652 ; who defeated the Carthaginian 
 -^fltct at the iflands called Aegates, 
 near Lilybaeum, and put an end to 
 the iirft Punic war, Liv. Ep'it, 19. 
 (G. 237). 
 
 Q^Lutaths CATULUS, the col- 
 league of Marius in his fourth conful- 
 (liip, a. 652. a man of diilinguiflied 
 merit, Cic. Arch. 3. yet twice difap- 
 pointed of the confulfhip, Cic. Plane. 
 5. Mur. 17. He fhared with Marius 
 the glory of defeating the Clmbri, Cic. 
 Tufc 5, 19. and, with the afTiftance 
 of Sulla, his lieutenant-general, was 
 thought to have contributed moll to 
 the celebrated viftory over that people, 
 Plutarch, in SulL p. 460. Catuhis, with 
 part of the fpoils taken from the Cim- 
 bri, (de manuhiis CimbricisJ, built a 
 portico on the area where the houfe 
 of M, Fulviuis Flaccus, who was llain 
 with C. Gracchus, had ftood, Cic.Bom. 
 ;^8. ; Val Max. 6, 3, i. which is hence 
 -called MoNUMENTUM Catuli, Cic. 
 Verr. 4, 57. He alfo placed two lla- 
 tnes in the temple of Fortune, Plin. 
 34, 8. In the political conteft be- 
 twixt Marius and Sulla, Catulus fup- 
 ported Sulla On which account Ma- 
 rius having returned from banifliment, 
 doomed Catulus to death ; and when 
 the friends of Catulus interceded for 
 Ills life, he anUvcrcd In apaiuon, " Let 
 him die," (Mohiatur) ; which he re- 
 
 CAT 
 
 He left behind him feve- 
 ral orations ; alfo memoirs of his con- 
 fulfhip and of his exploits, written in 
 the manner of Xenophon, Cic. Brut. 
 35. He like wife amufed himfelf in 
 writing amorous verfcs, Plin. Ep. 5, 
 3. ; Gell 19, 9. He was intimate with 
 the poet A. Furlus, Cic. Hid. and a 
 great admirer of Rofclua, the play- 
 aftor, Cic. N.D- 1,-28. 
 
 ^ Lvtatins CATULUS, the fon 
 of the former, in his youth was mifled 
 
 peated feveral times, Cic. Tvfc 5, 19. 
 Catulus put an end to his days, by 
 fhuttiiig hia-ifelf up in a room newly 
 plaftered, with a lire in it, a. u. 666y 
 Cic. 6y. 3, 3. ; Plutarch, in Mar. ; Ap- 
 pian. B. C. p. 395.; y^elL 2, 22.; 
 Flor. 3, 2. Cicero thought fo highly of 
 this Catulus, that he calls him a fe- 
 cund Laelius, Tufc. 5, 19. He was 
 remaikable for the ^pvirity of his lan- 
 guage, and the fweetnefs of hi:; pro- 
 
 by luxury and the love of pleafure, but 
 in after life became one of the moll 
 dillingulfhed characters of his time, 
 Val. Max. 6, 9, 5. He was conful 
 the year in which Sulla died, a. 675, 
 and, with the aflillance of Pompey, 
 fuccefsfully refilled the attempts of his 
 colleague Lepldus to refcind the laws 
 of Sulla, Cic. Cat. 3, ic. ; Plutarch, 
 in Pomp. — Vid. Lepidus. — Catulus 
 and Pompey, after their vlftory, be- 
 haved with great moderation, [vi^ores 
 pace contenti Juerxini^, Flor. 3, 23. In 
 the year 683, Catulus was named Prince 
 of the Senate by the cenfors L. Gellius 
 and Cn. Lentulus, Z);*o, 36, 13.; Afcon. 
 in Cic. in Tog. Candid, and next -year 
 dedicated the temple of Jupiter, which 
 had been burnt down in the time of 
 Sulla, a. 670, Liij. Epnt. 98. j Cic. 
 Verr. 4, 31. Suetom'us menti,ons a 
 wonderful dream which Catulus, on 
 this occafion, is faid to have had con- 
 cerning the future fuccefs of Auguftus, 
 then a boy, Aug. 94. So Dio, 45, 2. 
 But Auguflus was not born till live or 
 fix years after this, in the confulate of 
 Cicero, ^iJ. OcTAVius. A decree of 
 the lenate was made, after Caefar de- 
 feated Scipio and Juba in Africa, that 
 the name of Catulus Ihould be erai'ed 
 from the Capitol, and the name of Cae- 
 far ihould be infcribed iix its place, Dioy 
 43, 14. Bat this decree feems never 
 to have been executed. For we learn 
 from Tacitus, that the name of Luta- 
 tiiis Catuhis remained on the Capitol 
 till it was again burnt down, in the 
 time of Vitellius, Hijl. 3, 72. ; P/«- 
 tarch. Poplic. p. 104. Hence, Sic laU' 
 dant Catidi vilia templa' fenesy old me A 
 
 prefer 
 
CAT [99 
 
 prefer the mean temple of Catnlus to 
 the magnificent temple then lately built 
 by Domitian, iVIartiaL 5, 10. The 
 common reading here is, yuUa temphy 
 which commentators interpret variouf- 
 ly. — Tacitus fays, that Sulla's not h- 
 vin^ to dedicate this temple was the 
 only thing- wanting to complete his 
 happinefs, ih. Phny makes Sulla ac- 
 knowledge this himfelf, 7, 43. Catu- 
 lus keenly oppofed both the Gabinian 
 and Manihan laws in favour of Pom- 
 .pey, Dioy 36, 13, 3c c; C'lc. Maml. 17, 
 & 20. Catulus was made cenfor with 
 Crafius, a. 688. but not agreeing to- 
 gether, they foon refigned that office, 
 Pint arch. ^ in CraJ. 
 
 A meeting of the fenatc being af- 
 fembled on account of Caefar's having 
 replaced the trophies of Marius in the 
 Capitol, Catulus faidjthatCaefar now at- 
 tacked the conftitution of the republic, 
 not by mines, but by open battery, Plu- 
 tarch, in Caef. Some time after, Catu- 
 his was defeated by Caefar in his fuit 
 for the office of Pontifex Maximus, 
 Salhtfl. Cat. 49. After the fuppreffion 
 of Catiline's confpiracy, Catulus, in a 
 very full meeting of the fenate, be- 
 ftowed on Cicero the honourable title 
 of Father of his Country, {Me 
 ^ Catulus, pr'inceps hujus ordlnh, et auc- 
 tor puhlici confiiiiy frequent'ijjimo fenatu 
 parentem patriae nominav'itji Cic. Pii. 3. 
 Thofe who fat as judges or jurymen on 
 the trial of Clodius having dtfned from 
 the fenate a guard to prote6t them 
 from the infolence of the mob, Catulus 
 happening to m-eet one of them after 
 the acquittal of Clodius, which had 
 been obtained by the moft Ihamelcfs 
 bribery, aflced him, " What the jucii- 
 ces meant by defiring a guard ? Were 
 they afraid of being robbed of the mo- 
 ney which Clodius had given them ?" 
 Cic. Att. I, 16.; Senec. jE/. 97. Catu- 
 his died foon after, in an advanced age. 
 He, through life, was a zealous fup- 
 porter of the ariftocratic party. Cicer- 
 ro always fpeaks in the higheit terms 
 of the character of Catulus, Manil. 17, 
 & 20. ; Fam. 9, 15. et alibi pajjim, e- 
 <jualling him to Pompey, Off. i, ,22» 
 
 ] C E L 
 
 Catuliana Minerva, an image of 
 Minerva made by Kupranor, and pla» 
 ced by Catulus below the temple of 
 Jupiter in the Capitol, when he dedi- 
 cated it, Plin. 34, 8 f . 19 n. i6. 
 
 Ce CROPS, -opis, commonly reckon- 
 ed the firft king of Athens, (G. 418.), 
 whence Cecrcp^c/ae, -arunty the Athe- 
 nians ; Cecropisy -ulisy f. an Athenian 
 woman ; Cecropiusy -a, -urn, Athenian, ih, 
 
 Celeno, -usy f. one of the Har- 
 pies, called Z)yr^, Virg. Aen. 3, 211. 
 infelix vates, the prophctefs of unhappy 
 
 events, ib. 245. ^2. Alfo one of 
 
 the Pleiades, Ovid. Fajl. ^y 173. 
 
 Celeus, 'it king of Eleufis, who 
 hofpitably entertained Ceres, the god- 
 defs of corn ; in return for which Hie 
 taught his fon Triptolemus the art of 
 huibandry, (G. 360.) 
 
 Celmis, -is, voc. Cehnty v. -rnusyi, 
 one of the IJaei Dadyliy who attended 
 on Jupiter when a child. He was con- 
 verted into an adamant, Ovid. Met. 4, 
 2S1. 
 
 Celotes, 'is, a painter of Teios, 
 ^lindiL 2, 13, 13. 
 
 Aurelius Cornelius C E L S U S, an 
 author, who flouriflied in the time 
 of Tiberius. He wrote on different 
 fubjc^ls, rhetoric, hufUandry, the mi- 
 litary art, and medicine, ^indilian. 
 12, IF, 24. His book on medicine 
 is flill extant, and juftly held in 
 the highefl elleem. QuinftiHan rec- 
 kons him a man only of moderate ge- 
 nius, ih. but allows him not to have 
 been void of elegance, {nonfine cultuaa 
 nitore), lO, I, 124. Celfus was not a 
 phyfician by profeflion, but ftudied 
 medicine as a branch of ufeful know- 
 ledge, and derived the materials of his 
 book from other authors, chiefly from 
 Hippocrates ; whence he is fometimes 
 called the Latin Hippocrates, and, from 
 the beauty of his ftyle, the medical Ci- 
 cero, 
 
 Celsus Alhinovanusy a companion 
 of Tiberius Claudius Nero, in his ex- 
 pedition to the eaft, Hor. Ep. i, 8, I. 
 whom tlorace accufes of plagiarifm, ih, 
 
 Julius Celsus, the author of com- 
 N 2 mentaries 
 
C E N 
 
 r 100 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 mentaries concerning the life of Caefar, 
 who is fuppofed to have lived in the 6th 
 century. 
 
 -CtNSORiNUS, a learned gramma- 
 rian, the author of a valuable little 
 book, de Die Nat all, now extant, which 
 he publifhed a. u. 991, as we learn from 
 himfelf, c. 17, & 21. 
 
 Ce PARI us, one of the affociates of 
 Catiline, G'tc. Cat. 3, 6. 
 
 Cephalus, the hufband of Procris, 
 beloved by Aurora, Oind. Met. 7, (iGl.\ 
 ^rt.^m,7,,6%']. (Sec G,^. 421.) 
 
 CefKEU: 
 
 'ei -ei ; 
 
 voc. -eu, abl. -eo), a king of Aethiopia, 
 the father of Andromedji, OwV/. Md. 
 4, 670. adjirt. et 5. /«//.; adj. Ceph^- 
 lus. Cephe'ia arim, the territories of 
 Cepheus, ib. 4, ^9. (See G. p- ^c)^-) 
 — Cepheni proceresy the nobles of Ce- 
 pheus, Ovid. Met, 4, 763. but this 
 verfe is thought to be fpurious. Gen, 
 plur. Csphenum, for Cephenorumf Id. 5, 
 1, & 97. in Ibin. ^$6. more properly 
 however Cephenum, from Cephe- 
 NES, the ancient name of the Aethio- 
 pians, as of the'Perfians, Herodot. 7, 61. 
 
 Cephissus, vel Ceph'ifos, -/', the god 
 of the river of that name, and father 
 of Narciffus by the nymph Liriope, 
 OvlJ. Met. 3, 343. whence NarcilTris is 
 called Cephisius, /^. 351. 
 
 Ceraunus, a firname of Ptolemy, 
 the fecoTid king of Egypt, J^flin. 24, 
 
 i^. 1^ 2. A name which Clearchus, 
 
 tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, gave to 
 liis fon, in contempt of Jupiter's thun- 
 der, (v.rfauvo?), JcL 1 6, 5. 
 
 Cerberus, a dog that was fuppo- 
 fed to guard the entrance of the infer- 
 ual regions, [Janitor 'Orci), Virg. Aen. 
 8, 296. reprefented as having three 
 heads, (tncrps)y Virg. Aen. 6, 417. 
 Horace gives him an hundred heads, 
 calling hhn Bclliia ceniiceps, the hun- 
 dred-headed monfter, Od. 2, 13, 34.; 
 adj. Cerbereus; Os Cerbertum, Ovid. 
 Met. 4, 501, 
 
 Cercyon, 'crMy f. the fon of Vul- 
 can, Nygm. 38, & 158. a noted rob- 
 ber, that infciled the country round 
 Eieulis, v.wd ufed to kill thofe whom 
 he vanquifned in wreltling, Paufan. i. 
 
 39. flain by Thefeus, Ovid. Met. 7, 439.; 
 adj. Cercyon e us, Id. in /bin. 412. 
 
 CERELLIA, V. Caerelliay a lady 
 fond of books and philofcphy, Cic. Att. 
 13, 21. and on that account familiar 
 with Cicero, Cic. Fam. 13, 72. ; Att. 
 15, I. 12, 51. et 14, 19.; ^inHil 6, 
 3, 1 12. whence C^lcnus imputes to him 
 (very improbably) an improper intima- 
 cy with her, tho' fhc was feventy years of 
 age, much olderthan himfelf, Dio,i^6, 1 8, 
 
 CERES, ^eris, f. the goddefs of 
 corn, often put for corn, (See G. 
 360.) ; adj. Cerealis, -e. Turn Ce- 
 rerem corruptam unJis Cereallaque arma 
 exped'mnty they bring out corn fpoiled 
 by the waves, and inttruments for 
 grinding, Virg. Aen. I, 181. Larga 
 Ceres y great plenty of corn, Lucan. 3, 
 347, Munera Cerealiay bread, Ovid. 
 Met. IT, 121. 
 
 Ceth ileus, the firname of a very 
 ancient family of the Cornelii. 
 
 M. CETHEGUS, called Suadae 
 Medulldy the marrovv^ of perfuafion, 
 Cic. Sen. 14. the lirft who was efteem- 
 ed eloquent at Rome. He flourirtied 
 in the time of the Second Punic war, 
 Cic. Brut. 15. 
 
 C. Cethegus, the alTociate of Ca- 
 tiline, Juvenal. 2, 27, et 2, 287. 
 
 Ceto, 'USy the daughter of Pontus 
 and Terra, the wife of Phorcys, and 
 mother of the Gorgons, Lucan, 9, 645. 
 
 Cryx, -yds, the fon of Lucifer, 
 Ovid. Met. II, 272. and hufband of 
 Alcyone, (See G. 444.) 
 
 CPIABRIAS, -acy an Athenian 
 general wlio defeated the Lacedae- 
 monians, in a naval battle, Nep. 12. — 
 Chahriae eajlra, a place in Egypt near 
 PcJuuum, Plin. 5, 12 f. 14. 
 
 CHAERi^A, the name of a young man 
 in Terence's play called the Eunnchns. 
 
 Chalciope, -('J, the vcifc of Phry- 
 •XU3, and filler of Medea, Val, Flac, 
 6, 479. ; Ovid. Ep. 17, 232. 
 
 Chariclitus, the commander ot 
 the Rhodian fleet, Liv. 37, 23. 
 
 Charilaus, a principal citizen of 
 Palaepolis, who gave up that city to 
 Publilius Philo, the Roman command- 
 er, Liv, 8, 25, 
 
C H x\ [ 101 
 
 Charites, -«OT, the three graces, 
 Aglaia, Thah'a, and Euphrofyne, 5"^- 
 nec. Benef. 1,4.; Hejiod. Thecg. v. 909. 
 
 CHARON, -otitis, the ferryman of 
 the infernal regions, {porittor infero- 
 rum); who tranfported in his boat the 
 fouls of the dead over the river Styx 
 and Acheron, Virg. Am. 6, 298. ; adj. 
 Charoneae fcrohcs, openings \\\ the 
 earth, {^fpiracula)y which emit a dead- 
 ly vapour, as the grotto del Cano near 
 Naples, Plin. 2, 93 f. 95. 
 
 Charondas, -aey a native of Ca- 
 tana, the famous leglflator of Thurll, 
 (See G.p. 171.) 
 
 Charopus, a chief man of Epire, 
 friendly to the Romans, L'lv. 32, 6, 
 & II, w^ho fent his fon to be educa- 
 ted at Rome, L'lv. 43, 5. 
 
 Chersiphron, • om/x, the chief ar- 
 chiteft of the temple of Diana at E- 
 phefus, Plin, 36, 14 f. 21. 
 
 CHILO, -on'is, a philofopher of La- 
 cedaemon ; one of the Seven Wife 
 Men of Greece, who is faid to have 
 died of joy, upon hearing that his 
 fon had been vidorious at the Olym- 
 pic games. Three of Chilo^s maxims 
 were Infcribed in golden letters in the 
 temple of Delphi, i. Know thyfelf. 
 2. Dcfire nothing too much, 3. Mi- 
 fery is the companion of debt and 
 ilrife, Pl'in, 7, 32. 
 
 CHIMAERA, the name of a poe- 
 tical moniler, which breathed forth 
 flames, refembling in the fore part a 
 lion, in the middle a goat, and in the 
 hinder part a fL^rpent, Lucr. 5, 902. ; 
 Qv'id. Met. 9, 646. 
 
 Chione, -es^ the name of a woman, 
 derived from fnow, Martial. 3, 34. — 
 ^ 2. A daughter of Aquilo, and the 
 mother of Eumolpus, by Neptune, 
 Hyg'in. 157. ; wlio is hence called 
 Chtomdes, -ae, O-vid, Pont. 3, 3, 41. 
 
 ^ 3. Alfo a nymph beloved by 
 
 Mercury and Apollo at the fame. 
 
 time, Ovid. Met. 11,300, &c. ^ 
 
 4. The daughter of Daedalion, and 
 mother of Autolycus by Mercury, and 
 of Philammon by Apollo : flain by Di- 
 ana for her prefumption, in preferring 
 herfelf to that goddcfs, Ovid. Met. Ii, 
 30I;— 327, 
 
 I ^ C'HR 
 
 CwiRON, -on'isy the mod celebrated 
 of the Centaurs, the fon of Satura 
 and Philyra ; hence called PhdyrUes, 
 -ae, Virg. G. 3, ^S"^- ; Petron. 2, i, 
 60. ; remarkable for his /Iciil in herbs ; 
 whence Chironion, •/, n. an herb 
 called from his name, Plln. 25, 4 f . 
 13.; and Clnroniat -ae, f. a kind of 
 vine. Id. 25, 4 f. 16. From his be- 
 ing half man and half horfe, he is call- 
 ed Geminusy Ovid. Met. 2,631.; and 
 Senufer, ib. 634. Being converted in- 
 to a conilellation, he was called Sa- 
 gittarius, (G. 439.) 
 
 Chloe, -fj, the name of a girl in 
 Horace, Od. 3, 9, 9. 
 
 Chloris, the daughter of AmphT- 
 on, and wife of Neleus, by whom fhe 
 had Nellor, and other fons, Hygin* 10. 
 ^ 2. Alfo the Goddcfs of flow- 
 ers, called likewife Flora, Ovid. Fafl, 
 
 CvoROEBUs, one who voluntarily 
 devoted himfelf to death, to freeThebes 
 from a peftilence, Stat. Theb. 2, 221,^/ 
 6, 286. 
 
 Choerilus, a poet noted for his 
 unpoliflied and ridiculous verfes ; yet a 
 favourite of Alexander the Great, Ho' 
 rat. 2, I, 232. 
 
 Chremes, -etisy v. Chremis, the 
 name of an old man in Tei-ence. 
 
 Chrestus, one who iniligated the 
 Jews to make diflurbances at Rome in 
 the time of Claudius, which occafion- 
 ed their c.^puliion from that city, Suet. 
 CL 25. 
 
 Christus, (I. c. nndiusy) a name 
 of our Saviour, Plin. Ep. 10, 97. 
 ChrijVianusy a follower or difciple of 
 Chrift ; a name flrll given at Antioch 
 to thofe who profelFed to be Chrii- 
 tians, A3s 11, 26. ymong the hea- 
 thens, denoting criminality rather than 
 refpea, Plin. tb. 
 
 Chryseis, Adisy the daughter of 
 Chryfes, the prieft of Apollo ; the 
 miftrcfs of Agamemnon, (G. 406.) 
 
 Chrysippus, a Stoic philofopher, 
 born at Soli in Cih'cia, ( Solcnfis Ci- 
 lixj'y Cic. Orat. i, 12. called by Zeno 
 the Epicurean, tlirough contempt, 
 Ch£Sippus, Id, Nah l3, i, 34. 
 
 112. 
 
a freedman 
 
 f 102 ] 
 
 c r c 
 
 ff 2. Alfo a freedman of Cicero's, 
 who on account of his bad behaviour 
 •was again reduced to fervitudc, Cic. 
 Att. JtZy et II, 2. 
 
 Chrysis, 'tdis, a courtefan in Te- 
 rence. 
 
 Chrysogonus, a favourite freed- 
 man of Sulla's, Cic. Ver. i, ^6.\ Rojc. 
 
 yfm.pajim.\ P/in.^^y 1 8. ^ 2. A 
 
 noted finger, JuvenaL 6, 74. 
 
 C. CiCEREjus, originally the fecre- 
 tary of Scipio Africanus, L'm. 41, 26. 
 but afterwards, being made praetor, 
 ih. 33, triumphed over the Corficans, 
 Id. 42, 7, & 21. 
 
 Cicero, -o«/V, the firname of a 
 branch (familia) of the G^wj- Tullia^ 
 faid to have been derived from the 
 founder of the family being remark- 
 able for cultivating vetches, P/i«. 18, 
 3. ; or from an excrefcence on the 
 tip of his nofe, refembling a vetch, {ci- 
 /tct), Plutarch. Cic. p. 861. to which 
 Calen\is alludes, D'lo^ 46, 18. en- 
 nobled by M. Tullius Ciceroj the moft 
 eloquent of the Romans; adj. Cic e- 
 
 RONIANUS. 
 
 M.TuUlus CICERO was born at Ar- 
 pTnum, a. u. 647. ( ^ Sertnlio Caep'ione 
 €t C.Atll'io Serrano Cnfs.) Gell. 15, 28. 
 on the third of January, (///. Noru 
 Jan.) Cic. Att. 7, 5, et 13, 42.; in the 
 iame year with Pompey, and the year 
 after the firfi confuldiip of Marius, 
 whom Cicero calls his countrj'man, 
 (munlapem fuutn), as being alfo a native 
 of Arpinum, Pojl Redit, nd ^ir. 8. 
 
 Cicero was defcended from an an- 
 cient family of equeftrian rank, C'tc. 
 Leg. 2, I, & 2. none of which had 
 ever obtained any curule magiflracy ; 
 whence Cicero often calls himftlf a 
 ne'W man, {nrrous homo). So Salluft, 
 Cat. 23. Cicero, as being the firft- 
 born of the family, received the prae- 
 nomen of his father and grandfather, 
 Marcus. His mother's name was 
 Helvia, of a noble family, Plutarch. 
 in Cic. ; who had a filler married to 
 Aculeo, a Roman knight, diitinguifhed 
 for his knowledge in the civil law, Cic. 
 
 Or. 2. 
 
 It is reir.aikable that Cice- 
 
 ro no where fpeaks of his mother. 
 
 But his brother Qiiintus has left a ilo- 
 ry of her, which fhows her attention 
 as a good houfewife : " that flie ufed 
 to feal her wine cafks, the empty as 
 well as the full- that when any of 
 them were found empty and unfeal- 
 ed, file might know that they had been 
 emptied by Health, " Cic. Fam. 16, 26. 
 a kind of theft then ufual in great fa- 
 milies, Hor.Ep.z, 2, 133. 
 
 Cicero's grandfather was living at 
 the time of his birth, and appears to 
 have been a man of confiderable abili- 
 ties and influence in his country, Cic. 
 Leg. 2, I, et 3, 16. His father was 
 a wife and learned man, but being of 
 an infirm conllitution, fptnt his hfe in 
 the ftudy of letters, Cic. Leg. 2, i. ; 
 and devoted his chief attention to the 
 education of his fons, Cic, Or. 2, i, 
 Cicero and his brother Quintus were 
 brought up with their coufins the 
 fons of Aculeo, according to the di- 
 reftions of the celebrated orator Craf- 
 fus, and by thofe very mailers whom 
 Cralfus himfelf was in ufe to employ, 
 Cic. Or. 2, I. They We're firft taught 
 the Greek language, a method then 
 univerfally obferved, Suet. Rhet. 2. ; 
 and which Quincftilian, even in his 
 time, recommends, (y^ Graeco fermone 
 ptierum incipere mcdo ; quia Latinus vel 
 nobis nolentibus fe praebctj 1, i, 12.) 
 
 The Latins, before the time of Ci- 
 cero, were fo rude and ignorant, that 
 CralTus, when cenfor, prohibited them 
 from teaching rhetoric, Ctc. Or. 3, 24. 
 The firil noted Laiin, teacher of that 
 art at Rome was Plotius, in the latter 
 times of CralTus, ^incUh 2, 4. f. Senec. 
 Contr. 2. prooem. He was much re- 
 forted to, and young Cicero expreffed 
 a great defire of becoming his fcholar; 
 but was controuled by the authority 
 of very learned men, who preferred 
 the Greek teachers Suet. Rhet. 2. Ci- 
 cero is faid to have made fo rapid pro- 
 grefs in learning, that fiom the ac- 
 counts of him which his fchool fellows 
 carried home, their parents were often 
 induced to vifit the fchool, for the 
 fake of feeing a youth of fo furprifing 
 talents, Plutarch. Among Cicero's 
 
 other 
 
CIO 
 
 t 103 1 
 
 C I c 
 
 otlier teachers was the poet Archias, 
 from whofe inftrudlions he acknow- 
 ledges with gratitude that he had de- 
 rived the greateft advantage, Cic, 
 Jrch. I, & 7. 
 
 Cicero, having iinlflied his puerile 
 ftudies, and having affumed the drefs 
 of a man, {toga im-ili fitmptd), was in- 
 troduced by his father to Scaevola, 
 the augur, the principal lawyer, as 
 well as llatefman, of that age, that he 
 might derive knowledge from his ex- 
 perience and converfation ; and after 
 his death applied himfelf to Scaevola, 
 the High-prieft, a man equally diftin- 
 gullhed for his probity and ficill in the 
 liw, Cic. j^mic. I. He, at the fame 
 time, attended the pleadings of the 
 orators in the courts of juftlce, and 
 the public fpeeches of the magiftrates 
 to the people. He alfo applied 
 with great diligence to his private ixu- 
 dles at home, after the manner which 
 he beautifully defcrlbes in the perfon 
 of Craffus, Or. i, 34. In the Italic 
 war he ferved a campaign under Pom- 
 peius Strabo, the conful, Phil. 12, 11. 
 and under Sulla, Plutarch, in Cic. ei 
 Cic. Div. I, 33. et 2, 30. But percei- 
 ving the republic running into fac- 
 tions, he left the army, and returned 
 to his iludies ; which, during the con- 
 vulfions that followed, he ardently 
 profecuted with the afliftance of the 
 ableil mafters, {Hoc tempore omni, noc- 
 tes et dies, in omnium doclrinarum medita- 
 tione verfabatur)y Br. 90. He iludied 
 phllofophy under Philo, the chief of 
 the Academy at Athens ; and rhetoric 
 under Molo of Rhodes, a diftinguifh- 
 ed orator and teacher, both of whom 
 were then at Rome, ib. 89. He had 
 in the houfe with him Diodotus, the 
 Stoic, as his preceptor in various parts 
 of learning, but particularly in logic ; 
 yet with all this attention to philofo- 
 phlcal ftudies he never fuffered a day 
 to pafs without fome exercife in ora- 
 tory ; chiefly that of declaiming, in 
 company with his fellow iludents, often- 
 cr in Greek than in Latin, ib. 9. Nor 
 did he negled his poetical Iludies : 
 'For he now wrote a poem in praife 
 
 of Manus. Leg. 1,1.; and tranflatcd 
 into Latin verfe Aratus on the ap- 
 pearances of the heavens, Nat, Z). 2, 
 41. He alfo tranflated a book of 
 Xenophon's, called Oeconomicus, 
 Off. 2, 24. At this time too he is 
 tliought to have written his two books 
 De Inventione, Cic. Or. i, 2. {quos 
 fc. libi OS adolejcenti fibi elapfos ipfe dice- 
 ret) y QninaiL 3, I, 20. 
 
 Thus accomplilhed, Cicero appear- 
 ed as a pleader at the bar. At the 
 age of twenty-fix he defended the 
 caufe of P. QuiNTius, Gell. 15, 28.; 
 but this was not the firft in which 
 he was engaged, Cic. ^int. \. Next 
 year he undertook the defence of S. 
 Roscius of Ameria, {Amerinm) ; ac- 
 cufed of parricide, which he fays v/as 
 the firft public or criminal caufe in 
 which he was concerned, Br. 90. Ci- 
 cero gained fo great honour, by pro- 
 curing the acquittal of Rofclus, in op- 
 pofition to the influence of Sulla, that 
 he was henceforth looked on as an ad- 
 vocate of the firft clafs, and equal to 
 the moft important caufes, ik* et Off. 
 2, 14. 
 
 After being employed for two yeans 
 in pleading caufes, on account of bad 
 health,, (Plutarch fays from an appre-. 
 henfion of Sulla's refentment), Cicero 
 travelled into Greece and Afia, Cif- 
 Br. 9 1 . He ftaid fix months at A- 
 thens vv'ith Antiochus, the principal 
 phllofopher of the old academy ; and 
 exercifcd himfelf in oratory with De- 
 metrius of Syria, an eminent rhetori- 
 cian. After this he traverfed the 
 whole of Afia, converfing with the 
 moft diftingulfhed orators of the coun- 
 try, and repeating with them his rhe- 
 torical exercifes. At Rhodes he again 
 placed himlc-lf under i\pollonius Mo- 
 lo, [fe Jlpallcnio Moloni Rhodi forman- 
 dum ac velut recoquendicm dedlty Quinc- 
 til. 12, 6, 7.) whom he had formerly 
 attended at Rome, Cic. Br. 91. (Plu- 
 tarch fays, by mlllake, under Apollo- 
 nlus, the fon of Molo, in vita Cic); 
 who after hearing Cicero declaim be- 
 fore him, is reported to have deplored 
 the fortune of Greece, becaufe Cicero 
 
 was 
 
c r c c I 
 
 was about to transfer the glory of 
 eloquence from the Greeks to Rome, ib. 
 
 Cicero returned to his native coun- 
 try, after an abfence of two yf?rs, 
 greatly improved in bodily ftrength, 
 and in his manner of fptaking, Cic. 
 JBr.giyf. 
 
 The two mod diftinguiihed Roman 
 orators at that time were Cotta and 
 Hortenfius, wliom Cicero was ambi- 
 tious of rivalling, particularly the lat- 
 ter, ib, 92. Among the chid caufes 
 which he pleaded the year after his 
 return, was that of Q^Roscius, the 
 famous comedian, z3. 
 
 Cicero, next year, a. u. 678, when 
 thirty-one years old, obtained the quef- 
 torfhip, while Cotta was confiil, and 
 Hortenfius aedik', Cif. Br. 9:.; Pif. l. 
 It fell to the Ir.t of Cicero to act as 
 ^uaeftor In the weftern part of Sicily, 
 under Sex Peducaeu?, the praetor, 
 Cic. Br. 92. ; Jfcan. in Cic. Here he 
 behaved with fo much integrity and 
 prudence, that his condu6t was highly 
 approved, Plutarch. Upon his return 
 to Italy, he expected that every body 
 would be full c.i his praifes, and was 
 extremely mortified to iind, that an 
 acquaintance he met with at Puteoli, 
 did not even know that he had been 
 abfent from Rome, Cic. Plane, 26. et 
 Plutarch, in Cic. 
 
 Five years after, being qnaeftor, Ci- 
 cero was ' unaniuiouf]y elect':;d aedilc, 
 Ci^. Br. 92. ; Pif. \. in his 37th year; 
 in which year Hodenfius was conful. 
 Cicero, after his ekdlion, and before 
 he entered on his office, undertook, at 
 the requeil of the Sicilians, the pro- 
 iecution of Verres, Cic. Caedl. i, 
 &c. Ferr. ^1 14. (See Verres.) Ci- 
 cero, while aedile, is fuppuftd to have 
 defended Fontejvs and Caecina. 
 
 Two years after his edHelhip,- Cice- 
 ro was created praetor, Cic. Manil. i. 
 
 The comhia had betn put off -by 
 violent diflenfions between the fenate 
 and people, concerning fome popular 
 laws, propofed by C. Cornelius, a 
 tribune, Jljcon. in Cic. pro Cornel. Two 
 different alfcmbiiesg coavened for {^.e 
 
 04 ] CIC 
 
 choice of praetors, had been difTolvcd 
 on account of fome informality ; and 
 it was only in the third comitia that 
 the eleftion was legally effedled. Tiiis, 
 however, fei-r'ed to (how the great af- 
 fection of the people to Cicero. For 
 he was declared every time the firll 
 praetor by the fuffragcs of all the cen- 
 turies, {jcr praetor primus centuriis cunc 
 tis renunciatus e/l)^ Cic. Manil. I. It 
 fell to Cicero's lot to prcfide in trials 
 for extortion and rapine, {de pecuniis 
 repettindis ) .t Cic. Cornel, i. ; Rabir. 
 Poft. 4. In the capacity of a judge 
 he adied with great juilice and inte- 
 grity. Plutarch. 
 
 Cicero, while praetor, delivered his 
 firft fpeech to the people from the 
 Rrjlraj in defence of the Manilian 
 Law, Manil. i. for conferring ou 
 Pompey the command of the Mithri- 
 datic war, and of all the Roman ar- 
 mies Ih Afia, Paterc, 2, 33. (Sec 
 
 PoMPEius.) This oration is ftill 
 
 extant, and commendable rather for its 
 eloquence, than jull reafoning. It was 
 alleged, that Cicero delivered it to 
 gain the favour of Pompey, and of the 
 popular party which fupported Pom- 
 pey, Dio, 36, 2. though he himfelf 
 Iblemnly declares the contrary, Manih 
 24. Whatever be in this, it is cer- 
 tain, that the beftowing on Pompey 
 fach extraordinary power proved in 
 the end fatal to the republic, as well 
 as to Cicero himfelf. Cicero, du- 
 ring his praetor iliip, alio defended the 
 caufe of Cluentius. A\. the expirat'on 
 of his o^lce he would not accept of 
 any foreign province, Cic. Mnrm. 20* 
 but choie rathe: to remain at Rome, 
 ih order to canvafs for the confulfhip, 
 the great object of his ambition, during 
 the two years which it was neccffary 
 fhould intervene between the praetor- 
 fiiip and that office. In this interval 
 his correfpondence with Atticus 
 commenced, Cic. Att. I, I. Nepos 
 fays, it continued from hit confuhhip 
 to the end 'of his life, in Vita Attici, 
 if). But feveral letters .of the uril 
 book to Attic;u.s were written before 
 
 Li* 
 
C I c C 
 
 Ms confulflr'p. None of his letters 
 called Ad Familiares, written be- 
 fore that time, are now extant. 
 
 Cicero was made conful in his forty- 
 third year, the age required by law for 
 that office, C'lc. Phil. 5, 1 7. He was 
 the firft neiu man, i. e. not a noble man, 
 who had obtained that dignity for forty 
 years, comput'og from the firft conful- 
 flilp of Marius, Ck. RuH. 1,2. He 
 was oppofed by fix noble competitors. 
 Among ihefe was Catiline, fupported 
 by the intereft of Crallus and Caefar, 
 and many others of the nobility, Afcon. 
 ad Ck. in Tog. cand. Catiline had 
 fome time before been brought to a 
 trial for extortion [repetumJarum) in 
 Africa, which province he had obtain- 
 ed after hi's praetorfhip, ib. et Salluji. 
 Cat. 18. He aflced Cicero to under- 
 take his defence, who, in order to ob- 
 lige Catihne, at firft had thoughts of 
 doing it, Cic, Alt. i, 2. but afterwards 
 changed his mind, Afcon. ib. Such 
 was the diffimulation of Catiline, that 
 Cicero acknowledges that he himfelf 
 was once almoll deceived by him, fo as 
 to take him for a good citizen, Cic. 
 Gael. 6. Catiline, however, had long 
 entertained traitorous defigns agalnft 
 the government, Salhj}. Cat. 5. and 
 by various arts had engaged many to 
 concur with him in his views, ib. 14. 
 He had brought his plot to fuch ma- 
 turity, that in the beginning of June, 
 while he flood candidate for the conful- 
 fliip, he called a meeting of his accom- 
 plices ; among whom were feveral of 
 fenatorian and equeftrian rank, befides 
 many perfons of note from the colonies 
 and municipal towns, ih. 17. Surmlfes 
 of this confplracy having been fprcad 
 abroad, caufed a general alarm, and 
 determined all ranks of men to confer 
 the coniullhip on Cicero, ib. 18-. The 
 people not content with giving their 
 lilent votes, declared their inclinations 
 with a loud voice, Cic. Rull. 2,2.; 
 Pif. I. Cicero's colleague was C. An- 
 tonlus, who had formerly been the in- 
 timate friend of Caiillne ; but Cicero 
 detatched him from that party by 
 
 10; ] CIC 
 
 giving up to him the province he wifli 
 ed, SalluJl. 26. ; Ck. Pif. 2. Sext. 5. 
 Cael. 31. The provinces appointed for 
 the confuls this year were Macedonf-i 
 and Cifalpinc Gaul. The former ^qW 
 to the lot of Cicero, but he yielded it 
 to his colleague, who defired it, as beinsr 
 the richeft; and foon after Cicero refigned 
 his own province of Gaul in an afiembly 
 of the people, contrary to their inclina« 
 tion, {^reclamante populo^) Cic. Pif. 3. 
 m favour of Q^Metellus, Plutarch, f, 
 866. ; Dio^ 37, 33. Thus Antonius 
 was brought to concur with Cicero iji 
 all his meafures for the good of the 
 ilatc, ib. 
 
 Cicero had great dIfRculties to ftrug- 
 gle with in difcharging his duty as 
 conful, Cic. Rull. I, 8. Sep. et 2, ^. 
 and difplayed wonderful abilities in 
 furmounting them. P. Servillus Rul- 
 Lus, one of the new tribunes, had pra- 
 pofed an agrarian law, promifing the 
 higheft advantages to the plebeians; but 
 fuch was the power of Cicero's elo- 
 quence, that he prevented it from bein^ 
 paffed, Cic. Rull. i. et 2. et 3. Pif. 2. or 
 as Pliny, in a beautiful apoflrophc to Ci- 
 cero, ftrongly exprefTes it, Te dicente, 
 legem agrariam, hoc ejl, aliment a fua abdi-- 
 caveruut (I. e. rejecerunt) trihusj 7, 30 
 
 L. Roscius Otho, a tribune, had 
 got a lav/ pafTed three years before, 
 while Cicero was praetor, affigning to 
 the Equites dldind feats in the theatre, 
 next behind the patricians, and before 
 the plebeians. The people were highly 
 offended on this account ; and there- 
 fore, when Otho one day happened to 
 come Into the theatre, he was received 
 by the populace with an unlverfal hlfs, 
 while the Equites honoured him with* 
 loud applaufe and clapping-. Beth fides 
 redoubled their clamour with great vie* 
 ience, and from reproaches were prc- 
 ceeding to blows. Cicero, being inform- 
 ed of the tumult, came immediately to 
 the theatre ; and funimoning the people 
 into the temple of Bellona, fo moved 
 them by an oration, which is now loft, 
 that, alhamed of their copdu<^» they 
 O r«turnc(E 
 
C I C [ io6 
 
 feturned to the theatre, and changed 
 their hiffes ngainfl Ocho into applaufes, 
 Plin. ib. ; Cic. Att. 2, I. ; Plutarch, in 
 C'tc.p. 867. To this Virgil is fiippofed 
 to allude, P^irg. Aen. 1, 152. but more 
 probably to Cato, {q. i\). Much about 
 the fame time, there hapoened a third 
 inftance, not lefs remarkable, of Cicero's 
 great power of perfuafron. Sulla had, 
 by an exprefs law, excluded the chil- 
 dren of tliofe whom he had profcribed, 
 from the fenate, and from all public 
 honours, Veil. 2, 28. The perfons in- 
 jured by this tyrannical aft, who were 
 numerous and of the firll families, were 
 now ufmg their utmoll efforts to get the 
 law reverfed. But Cicero, though con- 
 vinced of the equity of their requeft, 
 yet from the condition of the times, 
 judging It unfeafonable, prevailed on 
 them to defift from their application, 
 C'lc, P'lf. 2. (Te oraiite, prvfcr'iptorum li- 
 ber as honores pctere pudu'it^^ Plin. ibid. 
 
 The next important affair that en- 
 gaged the attention of Cicero, was the 
 defence of C. Rabirius, (7. T.)."But 
 what chiefly ennobled the confullhip of 
 Cicero, was the fuppreffion of the con- 
 fpiracyof CATILINE ; who having 
 been fruftrated in his application for 
 the confuKhip the former year, fet every 
 engine at work to forward the confpi- 
 racy, {in d'les plura agitare, 3cc.), ih. 24. 
 But notwithltandinc^^ thefe preparations, 
 he declared himfelF a candidate for 
 r.ext year, Sallnjh Cat. 1,26. and ur- 
 ged his pretenfions by fuch open bri- 
 bery,- that Cicero pnblifiied a new law 
 agaiufl; that crime, with the additional 
 puniihi'nent of a ten years exile ; prohi- 
 biting likewife all Tnews of gladiators, 
 within two years from the- time of f'ling 
 for any magiilracy ; unlefs they were 
 ordered by '.he will of a perfon decea- 
 fed, and on a certain day therem fpeci- 
 i\tA^ C\c. Murcn. z-'y ; Vatin. l^. Ca- 
 tiline thinking that this law was aimed 
 a^a^nd him, as it actually was, formed 
 .a delign to kill Cicero on the day of 
 the eicclion, with fome other chiefs of 
 the faiate, Z)/o, 37, 29. Cicero fays, 
 that Catiline wifhed to kill his compe- 
 titors, Cic. Cal, I, 5. But Cicero ha- 
 
 ] CIC 
 
 ving got notice of his intention, by 
 means of Fulvia, a noble woman, the 
 miilrefs of Q^Curius, one of the con- 
 fpirators, prevented the attempt, by 
 procuring a number of his friends to at- 
 tend him to the Campus Mariius, and 
 by wearing a bright coat of mail under 
 his toga, which he took care to difplay 
 to the afTembly, that fo all good citi- 
 
 zens, perceiving their conful in danger, 
 might concur to aluft and proteft him, 
 Cic. Muren. 26. Thus Catiline being 
 repulfed a fecond time from the conful- 
 fhip, and difappointed in his hopes of 
 affafiinating Cicero, (Sallud: fays, both 
 the confuls. Cat. 27.) determined to 
 make war, and to try all extremities, ib. 
 et Diot 37, 30. Appian fays, that Ca- 
 tiline, after being at iirfl rejected, dropt 
 all thoughts of again concerning him- 
 felf with the management of the re- 
 public, B. C. 2, p. 42 S. But the con- 
 trary appears fiom Cicero himfclf, ib„ 
 
 The defitins of Catiline being nov7 
 publicly known, excited fo great ap- 
 prehenfion, that the fenate paflcd the 
 folemn de<Tee, " That the confuls 
 fhould take care that the republic 
 might fuffer no harm," Sallujl. Cat. 29.; 
 Cic. Cat. 1,2.; Dioy 37, 31. ; Plutarch, 
 in Cic. Catiline, however, urged on 
 liis purpofe. He fent Manllus, a bold 
 and experienced centurion, who had 
 fignalifed himfclf in the wars of Sulla, 
 to Fefulae in ILtruria, to lake the com- 
 mand of a body of men whom he had 
 previoufiy prepared to take up arms ; 
 and other perfons to diilerent places. 
 He called a meeting of the chiefs of the 
 confpiracy in the middle of the night, 
 to tiie houfe of M. Porcius Laeca, 
 where the molt defperate meafures were 
 refolved on : that a general inlurrec- 
 tion fnould be raifed through Italy un- 
 der different leaders ; that Catihnc 
 ihculd put himfelf at the head of the 
 troops in Etruria : that Rome Ihould 
 be fired In feveral places at once, and 
 that all the nobility, who oppofed them, 
 fnould be maffacred. But the vigi- 
 lance of Cicero being the chief ob- 
 flacle to all thefe projeAs, Catiline was 
 very defirous to fee him taken off be- 
 fore 
 
 i 
 
C I C C 1 
 
 kirt he left Rome. Accordingly two 
 of the company, C. Corneh'us, an eguesy 
 and L. Vargunteius, a fenator, under- 
 took to go to Cicero's houfe, early that 
 morning, as if to faliite him, and toftab 
 him unprepared in his bed. But Ci- 
 _cero being informed by Fiilvia of what 
 was intended, ordered them to be re- 
 fufed admittance at the gate, Sallujl, 
 ih. 28. Cicero fays it was two Equites 
 that attempted this crime. Cat. i, 4. 
 and names one of them C. Corneh'us, Syll. 
 6. Plutarch calls them Marcius and 
 Cethegus, in Ck. p. 868. Appian calls 
 them P. Lentulus and Cethegus, B. C, 
 2. p. 429. Dio fays only two perfons, 
 37,32. 
 
 Two days after the nodurnal meet- 
 ing of the confpirators, Cicero, on the 
 6th November, or, as others think, on 
 the 8th, afiembled the fenate, for the 
 fake of fecurity, in the temple of Jupi- 
 ter Stator in the Capitol, where it was 
 not ufually held, unlefs in times of 
 alarm. There had been feveral debates 
 before this on the fubje^: of Catiline's 
 ■eonfpiracy ; and a decree had pafied, to 
 offer a pubhc reward to the firft dil- 
 coverer of the plot. Yet Catiline, by 
 a. profound diffimulation, and conftant 
 profeffions of his innocence, ftill decei- 
 ved many of all ranks ; reprefenting 
 the whole as a f.ttion of his enemy Ci- 
 cero, and offering to give fecurity for 
 his behaviour, and to deliver himfeif to 
 the cuflody of any one whom the fe- 
 nate would name ; of M. Lepidus, of 
 Q^Metellus, and even of Cicero himfeif. 
 But none of them would take charge of 
 him, Cic, Cat. 1, 8. (Dio fays that 
 Metellus did receive him, 37, 32. ) Ca- 
 tihne. Hill difguifiiig his intentions, had 
 the confidence to come to this very 
 meeting of the fenate in the Capitol ; 
 which fo (liocked the whole aiitmbly, 
 that none even of his friends and con- 
 nexions fainted him, and the confular 
 fenators left empty that part of the 
 benches where he fat, Ck. Cat. i, 7. 
 Cicero was lo moved by his prefence, 
 (either with fear or anger, as Sallutl 
 fays, c. 31.) that inilcad of proceeding 
 to any bufniefs, he broke out into a 
 
 07 1 C I c 
 
 fevere iavedlive againft Catiiine, (Ora- 
 tionem hahu'it luculentam atrjrte ut'ilcm rei' 
 publkae ; guam po/leafcnptam edidit^) ib. 
 This fpeech is ilill extant, and exhibits 
 a ftriking proof of Cicero's wonderful 
 powers of eloquence. Catihne was fo 
 afreded by it, that m xt night he fet 
 out with a fmall retime, (Plutarch fays, 
 with 300 armed men, //; Ck.) to the 
 camp of Manlius. His friends gave 
 out, that, to avoid the violence of Cice- 
 ro, he was gone to Marfeilles into vo- 
 luntary exile, Ck. Cat. 2, 6. Cicero 
 next day called the people together 
 into the forum, and gave them a true 
 account of the matter, Ck. Cat. 2. Im- 
 mediately after, he afiembled the fenate. 
 
 CatiUne hav'. g alfumed the fafcts and 
 other badges of command, in a few 
 days arrived at the camp of Manlius. 
 Upon this news the fenate declared 
 both Catiline and Manhus public ene- 
 mies, with offers of pardon to fuch of 
 their followers as returned to their duty 
 by a certain day. But none accepted 
 the offer, Sai/ii/l. ib. 36. The fenate 
 alio decreed that the confuls (hould levy 
 troops ; that Antonius fhould haften 
 to purfue Catiline with an army, and 
 that Cicero fliould guard the city, ih. 
 
 Some time after the departure of 
 Catihne, Cicero defended Mure n a, 
 the conful eled, who was accufed of 
 bribery by his competitor Sulpicius, 
 lupported by Cato and Pofthumius. 
 The oration is flill extant, though in 
 fome paits imperfedi. 
 
 In the mean time, the chiefs of the 
 eonfpiracy in the city, Lentulus, Cethe- 
 gus, Statilius, Gabiniusy and Caeparius, 
 v^'iihing to induce the Allohroges, a na* 
 tion of Gaul, to take part in the- war, 
 by means of one Umbienus, apphed to 
 their ambaflacois, who had come to 
 Rome to complain of the avarice of 
 their magiftrates, ih. 40. et Plutarch, in 
 Cic. The Allohroges at firft eagerly 
 liflened to the propofal, but afterwards 
 changing their mind, difcovered what 
 they knew of the eonfpiracy to L. Fa- 
 bius Sanga, the patron of their nation, 
 who immediately gave intelligence of it 
 to Cicero, By his contrivance the con- 
 O 2 fplrator 
 
C T C [ io8 
 
 fpiratftrs Xftft apprehended, and the 
 plot completely deteded, Salhi/7. ih. 41, 
 — 48. On which account the fenate, 
 among other things, decreed a public 
 thankfgiving to the gods In Cicero's 
 name ; an honour which had never be- 
 fore been conferred on any one in the 
 P)ga, I. e. in the r^>be of peace, without 
 affurning the drefs of a foldier and go- 
 ing to war, Cic. Cni. 3, 6. The con- 
 fpirators were ordered to be kept In 
 what was called free cudody {in liheris 
 tuflodl'ts hahebantur,) i. e. in the hoafts 
 of illultrlous citizens, who were bound 
 to fecure them, ib. 47. After the dif- 
 jniffion of the fenate Cicero weut direct- 
 ly to the Roflraj and gave the people 
 a particular account of- what had been 
 done, Cic. Cat. 7^. 
 
 Cicero appointed certain fenators to 
 take notes of the evidence againfl the 
 confpirators ; and after an account of 
 the whole proceedings was made out, 
 
 rdered 
 
 cop 
 
 fes of It to be tranfcribed, 
 
 and to be difperfed every where 
 through Italy and the provinces, Ctc. 
 Syll. 14, & 15. All this pafled on the 
 3d of December ; and on the following 
 night, according to annual curiom,( Vid. 
 R.A. p. 333.) the myftic rites of the 
 Good Goddess, or Bona Dea., were 
 performed at the houfe of Cicero by 
 his wife Terentia v.'ith the Velial vir- 
 gins and the principal matrons of 
 Rome. Cicero of courfe being exclud- 
 ed from his own lodging, was forced to 
 retire to the houfe of a friend. While 
 he was dellba-ating there with a few 
 confidents about the punlfliment of the 
 confpirators, his wife came In all haile 
 to Inform him of a prodigy, which had 
 juft happened ; for the facrihce to the 
 Bffna Dea being pvtr, and the fire on 
 the altar feeraingly extindl, a bright 
 jlame ifrued fuddenly from the afhes j 
 whereupon the Yeftal virgins fent Te- 
 rentia to her hufband, to encourage 
 him to execute what he intended for the 
 good of his country ; ^iV^cc the goddefs 
 by this fign alnired him that he Ihould 
 cfFe6l his defigns, not only with fafety, 
 but alfo with glory, Plutarch, in Cic. 
 p. 870,^ 874.; Z)ic, 37, 35. 
 
 1 CIC 
 
 Next day the fenate decreed rewards 
 to the ambaffadors of the AUohroget, 
 and to T. Volturcius, one of the con- 
 fpirators, who, tempted by the pro- 
 mlfe of a pardon, had turned Informer, 
 Sallufl. c, 50. ; Cic. Cat. 4, 3. In the 
 mean time the accomplices of the con- 
 fpiracy made every effort to refcue their 
 afTocIates. Cicero, therefore, on the 
 day following, the 5th December, {Non, 
 Deecmb.)y affembled the fenate, and put 
 the queftion, ** What was to be done 
 with the confpirators who were in 
 cuftody ?'■ Sllanns, the conful elett, 
 being firft afked his opinion, according 
 to cullonri, decreed, that they fliould 
 be put to death. Tib. Nero thought 
 that the deliberation concerning their 
 punii'hment fliould be deferred till the 
 public guards were increafed and a 
 greater number of troops raifed, (de ea 
 re, praefidiis addiiis, refL-ruudum cenfuit,) 
 Salluft. ib. or according to Appian, 
 that the 7 (liould be kept In cuftody, 
 till Catiline fhould be crufhed, and the 
 whole truth thoroughly known, B. C, 
 2. p. 430. The opinion of Caefar dif- 
 fered but little from that of Nero, ib. 
 but being enforced by an artful fpeech, 
 made a great ImpreiTion on the houfe, 
 Appian ih. 431. ; Sallujl. ih. 51. to re- 
 move which Cicero delivered v^'hat Is 
 called his fourth oration agalnll Cati- 
 line ; wherein, while he feemed to (hew 
 a perfect neutrality, he artfully inhnu- 
 ated a preference to the opinion of Si- 
 lanus, Biic Silanus himfelf, moved by 
 the fpeech of Caefar, began to mitigate 
 the feverity of his opinion, Sud. Caef, 
 14. and declared that he would go In- 
 to the opinion of Nero, Salhiji. 50. Ca- 
 to, one of the new tribunes, rofe after 
 Cicero, and fpoke fo forcibly againft 
 the confpirators, that he entirely re- 
 moved the effect of Caefar's fpeech, 
 and determined the fenate to agree to 
 his opinion, ** That capital punilhment 
 fhould be Infiidled on the confpirators 
 after the manner of their anceflors.'' 
 SalluJ}. ^^. The decree of the fenate 
 was drawn up In Cato's words, [Senati 
 decretumJityJlciU ille cenfuerat,') ib. Ci- 
 cero, without lofs of time, put the fen- 
 
 tence 
 
C I C [109 
 
 tence in execution, and caufed the con- 
 fpirators to be ftrangled in prifon, iL 
 ^^, As he returned from thence 
 through the foruiD, he faw a number 
 of their accomplices {landing together 
 in companies, ignorant of what had 
 been done, expelling the night, as if 
 the criminal's were ilill alive, and there 
 were a poflibility of tlicir being refcued. 
 But Cicero called out to them in a 
 loud voice, VixERUNT, ** They have 
 lived, or they are no more," an expref- 
 fion which the Romans, to avoid inauf» 
 picious words, made ufe of to fignify, 
 *' They are dead." Upon which they 
 all difperfed, Plutarch, in Clc. et Appian, 
 
 p. 431. Cicero was conduced home 
 
 by the whole body of the fenate and 
 Equites ; the ftreets being all illumina- 
 ted, and the women and children at the 
 windows, and on the tops of houfes, to 
 fee him pafs along through the accla- 
 mations of the multitude, proclaiming 
 him their preferver and deliverer, Plu- 
 tarch, in Cic. p. 871. 
 
 Thefe are the famous Nones of 
 December, which Cicero fo often men- 
 tions in his writings, Fam, 1,9.; Att. 
 I, 18.; Flacc. 40,; Sext.6o.\ Plu- 
 tarch, in Cic p. 872. and eileemed the 
 moft illuftrious day of his life ; but 
 which afterv^'ards proved to him the" 
 fource of the grcateit misfortunes, iL 
 
 The chief men of the ftate fpoke of 
 the meritorious conduti of Cicero, in 
 terms of the higheli refpedl ; particu- 
 larly CraiTus and Pompey, Cic. Alt. 
 I, 13. ; Of. I, 22. ; Se^Mt. 61. L. Gel- 
 lius, who had been confiil and cenfor, 
 faid in a fpeech to the fenate, ** that 
 the republic owed Cicero a civic crown, 
 for having faved them all from ruin," 
 Cic. Pi/. 3. ; Cell. 5, 6. And Catulus, 
 the prince of the fenate, called him^ in 
 a full houfc. the Fatlier of his coun- 
 try, (Pater Patriae), Cic.Pif.^.', 
 as Cato like wife did in a fpeech to the 
 people from the Roftra, Plutarch, ib. 
 et Appian. p. 43 1, Whence Pliny, in 
 honour of Cicero's memory, cries out, 
 ** Hail thou, who waft firil faluted the 
 parent of thy country," (Sahe pri- 
 mus omnium parens patriae appellate J ^ 7, 
 
 3 CIC 
 
 30. This title ufed to be conferred ou 
 the emperors by the Romans when en- 
 flaved ; but it was firft given to Cice- 
 ro by Rome, while free : whence Ju- 
 venal fays, Roma patrem patriae Cicero* 
 nem libera dixit, 8, 244.r All the towns 
 of Italy followed the example of the 
 metropolis in decreeing extraordinary- 
 honours to Cicero. The people of Ca- 
 pua in particular chofe him for their 
 patron, and ereded a gilt pillar to him, 
 Cic, Pif. 1 1. — Salluft, who allows Ci- 
 cero the charadler of an excellent con- 
 ful, takes no notice of any of thefc 
 honours, from perfonal enmity, as it is 
 fuppofed, and to pleafe Auguftus, in 
 whofe time Salluft publiHied his hiftory. 
 
 The honours jufiily paid to Cicero 
 cxafperated his enemies ftill more a- 
 gainft him. The chiefs of the popu- 
 lar party therefore embraced every op- 
 portunity to mortify him. On the laft 
 day of his office, when he appeaned 
 in the Rojlray to make a fpeech to the 
 people, as was commonly done, be- 
 fore he took the ufual oath, " That 
 he had dilcharged his duty with fideli- 
 ty ;" the tribune Metellus would not 
 fuffer him to fpeak, or to do any thing 
 more than barely to take the oath ; 
 declaiing, " that he, who had put ci- 
 tizens to death unheard, ought not to 
 be permitted to fpeak for himfelf»" 
 Whereupon Cicero, who was never af 
 a lofs, inftead of pronouncing the <k- 
 dinary form of the oath, fwore aloud, . 
 " that he had faved the republic and 
 the city from ruin ;" which the wh<5le 
 people prefent wich a general fhout 
 fwore to be true, and conducted him 
 from the Forum to his houfe v/ith lall 
 poffible demonftrations of refpecl : fo 
 that, as he himfelf expreiles it, ncme 
 but thofe w^ho attended him, feemied 
 to be Roman citizens, (ut nemo, iiiji 
 qui mecum ejjety civium efje in numero n}i- 
 JereturJ, Pif. 3. Fam. 5, 2. j , 
 
 In the confulfliip of Cicero Luqlil- 
 lus triumphed over Mithridates, wh ich 
 honour he had been prevented frsm 
 obtaining for three years, by the Je- 
 traftion of his enemies, (inimicorum pa- 
 lumnidj, Cic. Agad. 2, i. of Mtrn- 
 
 r.lius 
 
C I C [I 
 
 mius the tribune and others, at the in- 
 ftigation of his rival Pompey, Plutarch, 
 in LucuIL But Cicero, by his autho- 
 rity, efTe^^ed it. Hence ke fays, that 
 he had ahnoil introduced the trium- 
 phal chariot of Lucullns into the city, 
 ib. However, to gratify Pompey, af- 
 ter the conclufion of the Mithridatic 
 ^^ar, ib. a public thankfgiving Vv\ts de- 
 creed in hit* name, on the motion of Ci- 
 cero, for ten days, Cic. Acad. 4, i. which 
 was twice as long as had ever been 
 decreed before to any General, C'lc. 
 Conf. Prov, 1 1 4 
 
 Cicero got two laws paiTed this 
 year, called from him Leges Tul- 
 LiAE, the one againll bribery in elec- 
 tions, (p. 106). the other to abridge 
 the time of a privilege, called a Free 
 Legation, (legatio libera). Leg. 3, 8.; 
 (R. A. 220.) 
 
 One of the moft important objects 
 ■which Cicero laboured to accomplifli 
 in his confulfliip, was to unite the po- 
 pulace with the leading men, and the 
 eijueft ■.in^ord':^r with the fenate, Pif. 3. 
 The conjundlion of the two latter he 
 efecled, Cic. Cat. 4, 10. ; fo that Pli- 
 ny even fays it was Cicero that iirft e- 
 flablifhed the Equites as a third order 
 ii the ftate, 33, 2. From this union 
 Cicero juftly hoped the greateil: bene- 
 fit would arife to the republic, Cic. ib. 
 ' But it was foon after broken, by the 
 f;;nate refufmg a petition of the Equi- 
 tis to be relcafed from a difadvantage- 
 ous leafe of the Afiatic revenues, Cic. 
 Alt. I, 17. & I S. f/ 2, I. which Caelar 
 afterwards granted them, Dio, 38, 7. ; 
 hiet. CaeJ 20. (Vid. R. A. p. 24.). 
 
 Ill the beginning of the next year, 
 a. u. 691, Catiline was cut off with his 
 srmy by M. Petreius, the lieutenant of 
 C. Antonius, Salhijl. Cat. 61.; Liv. Ep. 
 103. ; Dio, 37, 39. — In this fame year 
 Cicero defended ?. Sylla, who had 
 formerly been condemned with Autro- 
 iiius for bribery, Salluji. Cat. 18. and 
 ■^-•dS then accufed of having tv/ice con- 
 ^ired with Catiline againfl: his coun- 
 try, Cic. SuU. He was acquitted, 
 vid. Sulla. — About this time Cice- 
 7i) bought the hcuie of M. Craifus, on 
 
 10 ] C T C 
 
 the Palatine hill, partly with borrowed 
 money, for H. S xxxv. i. e. tricies quin- 
 quies, about L. 24,218, Cic. Ep. Fam, 
 5, 6.; Att. I, 13.; Plin. 13, 15. et 7, 
 38. In the trial of P.Clodius, then quae- 
 ftor, for the violation of the facred rites 
 of the Bona Dea, Cicero appeared 
 as a witnefs againfl him, Cic. Att. i, 
 \6. vidiich was the fource of the bitter 
 hatred Clodius ever after bore to Cicero. 
 
 A. U. 692, Cicero is fuppoftd to 
 have made that elegant oration, ftill 
 extant, in defence of his old praecep- 
 tor, the poet Archias. 
 
 A. U. 693, [al. 694). in the con- 
 fuhhip of ^ietellus and Afranius, Ci- 
 cero compofed in Greek a commiCnta- 
 ry or memoirs of the tranfa<flions of his 
 confuKhip, Att. I, 19. et 2^ i. He 
 alfo publifhed a collection of the prin- 
 cipal fpeeches, which he made when 
 conful, under the title of Consular 
 Oratio^js, in number twelve, the fub- 
 je6t of each of which he mentions, Att. 
 2, I. Four of them are now entirely 
 loll:, and fome of the reil have not 
 come down to us entire. He publifh- 
 ed likewife at this time in Latin verfe 
 a tranllation of the Prognostics of 
 'Aratus, /^. Clodius now began to 
 difclofe the plan which he had form- 
 ed for ruining Cicero, and that was 
 to get himfelf chofen a tribune. But 
 as no patrician could by law obtain 
 that office, he propofed to get himfelf 
 adopted by a plebeian ; which could 
 not be done without the order of the 
 people. In this however he was op- 
 pofed, for the preient year, by his bro- 
 ther-in-law, the conful- Metcilus, Cic, 
 Att. 2, 1.; Cael. 24. Biit the combi- 
 nation between Cacfar, Pompey, and 
 Craffus, commonly called tlie First 
 Triumvirate, being formed towards 
 the end of this year ; and Cicero, next 
 year, in his defence of Antony, (who 
 had been his colleague in the confulate, 
 and was accufed by Caelius of the 
 mal-adminiilration of his province of 
 Macedonia), having uttered fome com- 
 plaints concerning the Hate of the re- 
 public, Dio, 38, 10. Caefar, vv'ho was 
 then coniul, being informed of what 
 
 Cicero 
 
 1 
 
C T C C I 
 
 Cicero had faid, inftantly called an af- 
 fembly of the people, and being afliil- 
 ed by Pompey, as augur, to make the 
 a£l legal and aufpicious, got the adop- 
 tion of Clodius ratified by the people 
 through all the forms, within three 
 hours from the time of Cicero'? fpeak- 
 ing, dc. Dom. l6. ; Suet. Caef. 2c. ; 
 and thus the bow, as Cicero calls it, 
 which had been kept bent againli him 
 and the republic, was at lall difchar- 
 ged, Sext. 7. Cicero, among other 
 caufes which he pleaded this year, de- 
 fended L. Valerius Flaccus, who 
 had been praetor in Cicero's conftd- 
 fhip, and had aflifted him in appre- 
 hending the confpirators with the am- 
 bafuidors of the Allobroges, C'lc, Cat. 
 3, 2. h 6. He was now accufed by 
 P. Laelius of rapine and oppreffion in 
 his province of Afia. The ipeech is 
 fhill extant, but fomewhat mutilated. 
 Flaccus was acquitted. 
 
 Caefar and Pompey knowing that 
 Cicero dlfapproved of their ufurpation, 
 and fearing left he might oppofe their 
 meafures, determined to fupport Clo- 
 dius in his defigns againli him, Cic. 
 Ait. 2, 18, 19, (SiC. et 9, 2.; ^int. Fr, 
 
 1, 2.; latere. 2, 45. Caefar wifhed 
 to bring Cicero to concur with him in 
 his plans, and therefore offered to miike 
 him one of the twenty comm.iffiuners 
 appointed to di (tribute the lands cf 
 Campania among the planters fent from 
 R(nne to occupy them ; but Cicero 
 refuied it, Cic. Att. 2, 18. & 19. which 
 is faid to have offtnded Caeiar, C'lc. 
 Prov. Cotif. 17.; fo that, as Caefar 
 could not gain him, he refolved to 
 humble him, ih. 9, 2. ; Veil. 2, 45. 
 But Pompey gave Cicero the ftrongcil 
 affurances ol his protection ; declaring 
 that he would fooner be killed hiu.felf 
 than fuffer Cicero to be hurt, Cic. Att. 
 
 2, 20. Pompey however foon fnowed 
 that all thefe prom.ifes were falfe, and 
 Clodius, as he himfelf declared, was 
 in reality as much luppcrted by Pom- 
 pey and Craffus as by Caefar, Cic. 
 Har. Refp. 22. Clodius, being cre- 
 ated tribune, and having procured 
 the concurrence of Pif» and Gabi- 
 
 ir 1 C T C 
 
 nius, the confuls of the following year* 
 a. a 695", by granting them the pro- 
 vinces they wiihed» promulgated feve- 
 ral popular laws to gain the people. 
 Then he propofed a fpecial law, " That 
 whoever had put to death a Roman 
 citizen uncondemned, fliould be pro- 
 hibited from fire and water," /WA 2, 
 45. Cicero, though not named, was 
 plainly pointed at by this law. He 
 therefore changed his habit, and affu^ 
 med the drefs of a criminal j which he 
 was afterwards Cenfible he ought not 
 then to have done, Cic. Att.^'^, 15. 
 For Clodius, at the head of his mer- 
 cenaries, contrived to meet and in- 
 fult Cicero at every turn, Plutarch, in 
 Cic. The equeilrian order, to tlic 
 number of 20,000, and the fenate, 
 changed their habit on Cicero's ac- 
 count, Cic. pojl red. in Sen. 5. ad ^ir, 
 3.; Plane. 35.; Sext. Ii, &c. ; Fam. 
 II, 16. But the confuls, by an edidt, 
 ordered the fenate to refume their or- 
 dinary drefs, Cic. Fain. 11, 14. Cae- 
 far, who w^as then before the city with 
 his army, about to fet out for his pro- 
 vince of Gaul, offered to make Cicero 
 one of his lieutenants ; but this, by 
 the advice of Pompey, he declined, 
 Dio, 38, 15. CraiTus, though fecret- 
 ly inimical to Cicero, ik yet, at the 
 j)erfuarion of his fon, wdio was a great 
 admirer of Cicero's, (Ac. ^ Fr. 2, 9. 
 did not openly oppofe him, Cic. Sext, 
 17. & 19. But Pompey, who had gi- 
 ven Cicero the ftrongell affurances of 
 fupport, dtferted him, Cic. Pif. 31, 
 and even refufed liis fupplication when 
 he threw himfelf at Pompey's feet, al- 
 leging tiiat he could do nothing againfl 
 the will of Caelar, Cic. Att. 10, 4. Plu- 
 tarch fays, that Pompey, when Cicero 
 came to entreat his nililtance, went out 
 at the back door, and would oot fee 
 him, in Cic. 
 
 Several of Cicero's friends, and in 
 particular Lucullus, advifed him to de- 
 fend himfelf by force ; but Cato, and 
 above all I-Iortenfius, urged him Lo fa ve 
 the effufion of bloud, by retiring till 
 th^. ftorm fliould blow over : which 
 concuiring with the advice of Atticr.?, 
 
C I C [I 
 
 as well as with the fears and entreaties 
 of all his own family, made him refolvc 
 to leave the city> and go into volunta- 
 ry exile, Ck, Atu i o, 4. A little be- 
 fore his departure he took a fmall lla- 
 tue of Minerva, vi^hich had been long 
 woHhipped in his family, as a kind of 
 tutelar deity ; and carrying it to tlie 
 Capitol, placed it in the ternple of Ju- 
 piter, C'lc. Leg. 2, 17, wirh this infcrip- 
 tion, To Minerva, the Guardian 
 OF Rome, Plutarch., p. 876.; D'lo,, ^8, 
 17. ; Cic. Fam. 12, IS- Dom. 57. Jtt. 
 7, 3. Leg. 2, 15. . , . ^ 
 
 Cicero left the city privately m the 
 night time, about the end of March, 
 accompanied by a number olhis friends, 
 Plutarch, After his departure Clodius 
 frot a law pafTed, which prohibited him 
 from coming within 46S miles of 
 Rome, under pain of death to himfelf, 
 and to any perfon who entertained 
 him, Cic, Att. 3, 4. ; L)'iOy 38, 17.; 
 Plut, Cic. p, 876. This law, as being 
 informal, Cicero calls Privilegium, 
 Dom. 10, 17, 42, &c. Cicero's hou- 
 fes, both in the city and in the coun- 
 try, were burnt, and his furniture 
 plundered, Cic, Dom. 24. Red. in 
 Senat, 7. His wife and children were 
 treated with great cruelty, Cic. Scxf. 
 24. Dom. 23. Fam. 14, 2. To 
 make the lofs of bis houfe in Rome 
 irretrievable, Clodius confecrated the 
 area on which it Hood, and built on it 
 a temple to the Goddefs Liberty, Cic. 
 
 Dom. 40, & 51. Cicero, notwith- 
 
 ftanding the law again ft him, was e- 
 very where received with the greateil 
 refpedt, Cic. Dcni. 20, 40. & 41. ex- 
 cept in a very few inftances. He at 
 firil pvopofed going to Sicily, and on 
 the 8th of y\pril, had got as far as 
 Vibo, in his way thither, Cic- Att, 3, 
 4. but was forbidden by C. Virgiiius, 
 the governor of it, though an old 
 friend, and intimate acquaintance, 
 Plane. 40. ; Philarch. in Cic. He 
 therefore direfted his courfe towards 
 Greece. He ftaid thirteen days in the 
 villa of M. Lenius Flaccus at Brundu- 
 fiuin, Cia Plane, 45.; Fam, 14, 4. 
 
 12 -] CIC 
 
 On the laft day of April he embark- 
 ed for Dyrracchium, Cic. Ait. 3, 7. 
 where he (laid but a fhort time, being 
 apprehenfive of danger from the ac- 
 complices of Catiline's confpiracy, ma- 
 nv of whom had fied to that country 
 after the death of their leader. Cice- 
 ro therefore went to ThefTalonTca in 
 Macedonia, whither he was conduil- 
 ed by Plan ci us, the quaeftor oi' 
 Appuicius, the governor of that pro- 
 vince, with whom he remained almoll 
 the whole time of his exile, Plane. 41.; 
 Pofl red. in Sen. 14. Cicero did not 
 bear his baniiliment with fortitude?, but 
 fliowed marks of deje£tion, and uttered 
 exprefPions of grief unworthy of his for- 
 mer charader, Dio, 38, t8.; Cic. Att, 
 
 3, 7, &c. He was reilored with great 
 honour nest year, after an abfence of 
 fixteen months, by a decree of the fe- 
 nate, and by a law paffed at the Co- 
 mitia Centitriata, on the 4th day of Au- 
 guft, in the confulfhip of Lentulus and 
 Metellus, chiefly through the influence 
 of Pompey, who then needed the af- 
 fiftance of Cicero to oppofe the de- 
 fi<ins of Clodius a^ainil himfelf, Cic. Att, 
 
 4, I. Fam, I, 9. Pojl red. ad. ^ur. 7. 
 in Senat. il. ATd. 20. Pif. 15. ; Z>io, 
 38, 30, et 39, 8. The number of 
 p.-cple that met Cicero on the way to 
 congratulate him on his return was fo 
 great, that Plutarch fays, the faying 
 of Cicero concerning it was lefs than 
 the truth, " that all Italy brought 
 him back on its (hoalders," < ic. po/l 
 red. in Sen, 15. ; Pif. 22. ; Scxt. 63. 
 
 Cicero, on the day after his return, 
 the 5th Septen^bcr, {^Non. Septemb.) 
 thanked the fenatc, Cic. Ait, 4, i, 
 and next day, the people, in two ora- 
 tions, which are itill extant. As he 
 was overjoyed on being reftored to 
 his country, fo he was in^.modcrate in 
 his exprellio^s of gratitude, Poured, 
 in Sen. 4, &c. ad ^Ar, 7. 
 
 There happened at that time to be 
 a great dearth of corn, which occa- 
 fioned a tumult in the city. To re- 
 medy this calamity, Cicero propofed 
 in the Icuate, that the charge of pro- 
 
 vifions 
 
etc [I 
 
 vifions fiiould be conferred on Pom- 
 pey for five years, with extraordinary 
 powers, through the whole empire. 
 To this the fenate agreed, and a law 
 was foon after enacled by the people 
 for that purpofe. Such then was the 
 influence of Pompey's name, that his 
 credit immediately reduced the price of 
 provifions, Cic. Att. 4, i. Dom, 4, 
 &:c. ad ^lir, 8. in Senat. 14. ; Dio, 
 39, 9. Pompey was allowed to chufe 
 fifteen lieutenants, and named Cicero 
 the firft, Cic. Jtt. 4, i. Cicero ac- 
 cepted the employment, but foon af- 
 ter refigned it to his brother, il. 2. 
 
 Cicero was reftored to his former 
 dignity, but never received a full com- 
 penfation for the ruin of his houfes 
 and eftates, although it had been de- 
 creed, Cic, Att. 4, 2. The reafon was, 
 as he himfelf expreffes it, ** Thofe who 
 had dipt his wings had no mind to 
 let them grow again," ih. Nor indeed 
 did Cicero after this behave with the 
 fame independence he had done before. 
 *' If he rofe from his fall," as a modern 
 critic (^MongauU) expreffes it, ** he al- 
 ways appeared, however, to be fome- 
 vvhat ftunncd by the blow." There was 
 fome difficulty about the area of his 
 houfe on the Palatine mount, which Clo- 
 dius had confecrated. But the Pontift- 
 CCS, to whom the affair was referred by 
 the fenate, decreed, " That if he who 
 performed the office of cdnfecration 
 had not been fpecially appointed to it 
 by the people, then the area in quef- 
 tion might, without any fcruple of re- 
 ligion, be reftored to Cicero." The fe- 
 wate, therefore, decreed, that Cicero's 
 houfe fhould be reftored to him, il\ 
 The pleading of Cicero before the 
 Pontijices on the occaiion, is ftill ex- 
 tant j and he himlelf was particularly 
 pleafed with the compofuion of it, 
 ih, 
 
 Clodius ftill continued his a6ls of 
 violence againft Cicero to fuch a de- 
 gree, that it feems ft range that any 
 government fhould have permitted 
 them to pafs with impunity, Cic, Att. 
 4; 3. Clodius, however, not only e- 
 
 '3 1 CIC 
 
 fcaped punifliment, but was even creat" 
 ed aedilc next year, a. 697. The tri* 
 umvirs found him ufeful in promoting 
 their meafures, and therefore fupport- 
 ed him ; and the fenate were pleafed 
 to fee him fometimes even attack the 
 triumvirs themfelvcs, Cic. Refp. Har. 
 24. The moft fuccefsful opponent of 
 Clodius was Milo, the friend of Cice- 
 ro, who repelled force with force, 
 Cic. Off. 2, 17. and of courfe their 
 contefts excited the grcateft commo- 
 tions in the ftate, ( ic. Att. /\j 'i,. ^. 
 
 Fr. 2 
 
 » 0- 
 
 They fucceflively brought 
 
 each other to a trial for a6ls of vio- 
 lence, but without efPeft, ib. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 697, 
 Cicero es^erted all his influence to get 
 the commiffion for reftoring Ptolemy 
 to the throne of Egypt, confirmed to 
 Lentulus, the conful of la ft year, Cic. 
 Fam. I, I, &c. ^int. F. 2, 2. ; but 
 without effedt, Vid. Ptolemaeus. 
 
 rin March, Cicero undertook the 
 
 defence, and procured the acquittal of 
 Sextius, who, in his tribunefliip the 
 former year, had been very aAive in 
 promoting the reftoration of Cicero, 
 and was now accufed of public vio- 
 lence, by M. TuUius Albinovanus, at 
 the inftigation of Clodius, Cic. ^ Fr. 
 2, 5, & 4. Sext. 13. Vatinius, 
 the creature of Caefar, having appear- 
 ed as a witnefs againft Sextius, Cice- 
 ro, inftead of interrogating him in the 
 ordinary way, took occafion to ex- 
 pofe the profligacy of the whole life 
 of Vatinius, and particularly the crimes 
 of his trlbunelliip, by a ferics of quef- 
 tions ; whence Cicero calls his oration 
 againft Vatinius, which is ftill extant, 
 Interrogatio, Fam. i, 9. So Con* 
 cludam jam interrogationem mearriy Cic. 
 Vat. 16. 
 
 About this time many prodigies 
 were faid to have happened ; concern- 
 ing which the Harufpices^ or foothfay- 
 eis, being confulted, alTigned various 
 reafons for the divine wrath ; among" 
 the reft, that facred places were held 
 as profane ; which Clodius applied to 
 Cicero's houfe. On this account Ci- 
 P cero 
 
C I C [11 
 
 Cero next day made an oration in the 
 fenate, now infcribed, De Haruspi- 
 cuM RESPONsis, 111 which hc fhows, 
 that all the parts of the anfvver of the 
 Harufpices were applicable to the crimes 
 of Clodius, Dioy 39, 20. ; Cic. Har. 
 Help. 
 
 About the middle of fummer the le- 
 nate began to deliberate as ufual, 
 about the provinces to be affigned to 
 the next confuls. On this occafion 
 Cicero dthvered that oration, infcri- 
 bed De PRoyiNCiis Consularibus ; in 
 which he advifed, that Pifo (hould be 
 recalled from Macedonia, and Gabi- 
 nius from Syria j becaufe they had be- 
 haved ill in their government. But 
 ■when moft of the fenators who had 
 fpoken before him had decreed that 
 one of the Gauls fliould be taken from 
 Caefar, and given to one of the con- 
 fuls, Cicero oppofed it ; and with 
 great eloquence urged the propriety of 
 prolonging Caefar*s command, as like- 
 wife of granting him what he requeil- 
 cd,' money to pay his troops, and per- 
 milTion to employ ten lieutenants, Cic. 
 de Prov. Corif. 10, &c. Balb. 27. ; 
 though all this was contrary to his 
 private opinion, Cic. Fam. I, 7. Att. 
 2, 17. Thus Cicero, by a mean com 
 pllance, contributed to confirm that 
 power, which in the end proved fatal 
 to hinnfelf, as well as to the liberty of 
 his countiy* The excufe he makes for 
 this conducl is, ** That he v,'as forced 
 by the envy and malevolence o.f the 
 ariftocratic party, [optimatium)^ at laft 
 to pay regard to his fafety, without 
 forgetting his dignity, Cic. Fam. i, 7, 
 17. Plane, %(^. 
 
 About this time Cicero defended 
 Li. Cornelius Balb us, whofe right to 
 be a Roman citizen was called in quef- 
 tion ; and M. GoELius, who was ac- 
 cufed of being concerned in the afTaf- 
 fination of Dio, the chief of an em- 
 bafly from Alexandria, and of an at- 
 tempt to poifon Clodia, the fifter of 
 Clodius. Cicero was fuccefsful in both 
 pleadings. The orations arc flill ex- 
 t.anto 
 
 4 ] CIC 
 
 A.U. 698, in the confuifhip of Pom- 
 pey and Craffus, Pifo, having returned 
 from his province of Macedonia, which 
 he had grievoufly oppreffed, yet truft- 
 ifig to the influence of Caefar, his fa- 
 ther-in-law, attacked, in the fenate, 
 Cicero, in confequence of whofe opi- 
 nion he had been recalled. Cicero, in 
 reply, delivered that fevere inveftive, 
 (/n Pi SON em), which is ftill extant, 
 though fomev/hat mutilated. Vid. Cic 
 in Pif. This year Cicero finifhed his 
 three books concerning the accomplifli- 
 ments of an orator, (De Orjtqre), Cic. 
 Jtt. 4, 13, & 16. Div. 2, I. 
 
 i\. U. 699, Cicero fupported Craf- 
 fus in his abfence agaiuil an attempt 
 which was made in the fenate to recal 
 him from his province, or at leafb to 
 prevent him from executing his known 
 intention of making war againft the 
 Parthians, Cic. Fam. 1,9. et 5, 8. in 
 which war Craffus foon after periflied. 
 
 About this time Cicero entered into 
 a more familiar correfpondence with 
 Caefar, by means of his brother Qui nc- 
 Tus, who had been made one of Cae- 
 far's lieutenants, and of Trebatius 
 the lawyer, whom Cicero had recom- 
 mended to Caefar, Cic. J^ Fr. 2, 15. 
 et 3, I. Fam. 7, 5, 6, &c. 
 
 Caefar and Pompey had fo complete- 
 ly engrolTed the power of the ftate, that 
 Cicero found it neceffary to do many 
 things which in his heart he difappro- 
 vcd, Cic. Fam. I, 9. (f/ 7, i. At the 
 requcft of Caefar and Pompey, hc 
 fppke in defence of feveral criminals, 
 who had formerly been his greateil e- 
 nemies. Thus, during the prefent year, 
 he defended Gabinius and Vatinius, 
 who had aflifted Clodius in effecting 
 his banifhm.ent, and againft whom he 
 had uttered the bittereft inveftives in 
 his fpeeches, Cic.Rahir. Pqfl. 8, & 12. 
 Fam. I, 9. et 5, 9, &c. ; VaL Max. 4, 
 2,4.; ^inBilian. 11, 1,75. though 
 in the cafe of Gabinius hc had de- 
 clared, *' that he muil incilr eternal in- 
 famy if he defended him, ad ^ Fr. 3, 
 4. and that P'ompey fhould never pre- 
 vail on him to be reconciled to Gabi- 
 
 niu6* 
 
C I C [ i 
 
 nius, if he retained the Icaft fpark of 
 liberty," [nee, fi ullam partem lihertatis 
 eneboy prqficiet), ib. i. The only ex- 
 cufe he could make for his eondu6l 
 was, " That his quarrels were mortal^ 
 his friendfhips immortalj" Cic. Rabir. 
 Pojl, I 2. Valerius Maximus, however, 
 praifes Cicero's defence of Vatinius 
 and Gabinius as an ad of great huma- 
 nity, 4, 2,4. Cicero was conllrained to 
 accommodate his conduct to the ne- 
 cellity of the times, as he laments to 
 his brother, ^ Fr. 3, 5. fo that, as 
 he expreffes it, his votes in the fenate 
 were luch as pleafed others rather than 
 himfelf, ib, 2,15. Bribery and corrup- 
 tion were now carried to an incredible 
 height, Ck, Att. 4, 15, & 18. Of 
 thefe vices Cicero always fpeaks with 
 the utmoft dcteftation, and often fore- 
 tells that they would prove the dcllruc- 
 tion of the republic. Lie. Div. 2, 2. 
 Fam. 2, 5. ^Fr. 3, i, 2, 3, 4, «Scc. jltL 
 4, 16. et alibi pajfim. 
 
 This fame year, from a principle of 
 gratitude, Cicero defended Cn. Plan- 
 cius, who had entertained him in his 
 exile; and being now chofen aedile, was 
 accufed of bribery and corruption by 
 a diiappoinced competitor, M. Late- 
 renlis. The oration is Itill extant. Plan- 
 cius was acquitted. 
 
 Cicero was now fo much engaged 
 in pleading caufes, that there fcarcely 
 paffed a day without his fpeaking for 
 fome one, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 16. et 3, 3. 
 But the only other otation now extant 
 of thofe he delivered this year is that 
 for C. Rabirius Posthumus, whofe 
 trial was conncCled with that of Gabi- 
 nius. 
 
 A. U. 700, Cicero was chofen an 
 augur, in the room of young Crafl'us, 
 who had perifhed with his father in 
 the expedition againil the Farthians, 
 Cic. Phi/. 2, 2. 
 
 A. 701, Cicero defended MILO, 
 in his trial for the murder of Clodius. 
 The Forum was furrounded with arm- 
 ed men, to prevent diilurbance, a thing 
 unufual on fuch occafions, Cic, Mil. i. 
 Cicero, when he rofe to fpeak, being 
 
 15 ] CIC 
 
 received with a loud clamour from the 
 favourers of Clodius, is faid not to have 
 fpoken with his ufual firmnefs, [nort 
 ea, quafoUtuserat, conjlaniid dixit), A-i- 
 con. in Cic. Milo was condemned, 
 and went into exile to Marfeilles. The 
 fpeech for Milo now extant was after- 
 wards writs en by Cicero ; and Milo, 
 when he read it, is reported to have 
 faid, " That if Cicero had fpoken fo, 
 he (Milo) fhould not then have been eat- 
 ing mullets, (a kind of lifh he was fond 
 of), at Marfeilles, Dio^ 40,54 — Ci- 
 cero (liewed fo much joy at the death 
 of Clodius, irfiat Milo was faid to have 
 killed him at Cicero's Iniligation, (w^- 
 nu Milonis caedem ejft faBam, confiUo ver^ 
 maj^ris alicujus), Cic. Mil. 18. Cicero 
 feems to have had fome anticipation of 
 what happened, Cic. Att. 4, 3. though 
 he fays that Milo did the deed before 
 any one fufpe6ted that he vt'ould do it, 
 Cic. Phil. 2, 9. Cicero thought the 
 death of Clodius an event of fuch im- 
 portance, that he dates a letter thus, 
 Pqfl Lsudricam pvgnam die feptingente/imo 
 fexagefimo quinto. Cicero calls the ren- 
 counter in which Clodius was killed by 
 Milo Leu^rica pugna, becaufe, as it is 
 thought, Milo, by killing Clodius, re- 
 ftored liberty and fecurity to the Ro- 
 man republic, as Epaminondas, by the 
 battle' of Leudtra, freed Greece from 
 the dominion of the Lacedaemonians, 
 Cic. Att, 6, I f. 
 
 Soon after the trial of Milo, Cicero 
 accufed Plancus Bursa, for the adls 
 of violence he committed after the 
 death of Clodius, and got him con- 
 demned and banifhed, though he wa3 
 defended by Ponipey, Cic, Fam. 7, 2. 
 This v/as the only caufej excepting 
 that of Verres, in which Cicero a6i:ed 
 the part of an accufer, Dio fays, that 
 Cicero accufed Plancus with not more 
 ability than he defended Milo, 40, '^$. 
 
 About this time Cicero is thought 
 to have written his treatife on laws, 
 {^De Leoibvs), Cic. Leg. 2, 17 It 
 is luppofed to have been divided into 
 nx books, as another work which he 
 had compofed fome tlm,£ before con- 
 P 3 csrning 
 
C I C [ 1 
 
 ceniing government, (De Retublica). 
 Nothing of the latter remains but fome 
 fcattered fragments ; of the former 
 Only three books, and thefe in fome 
 places imperfeft. 
 
 A. U. 702, in confeqiience of a law 
 inacle by Pompey, that no conful or 
 praetor fliould hold any province till 
 five years after the expiration of their 
 magillracies ; and in the mean time, 
 that the fenators of confular and prae- 
 torian rank, who had never held any 
 foreign command, fhould divide the 
 vacant provinces among themfelves by 
 lot, D'io, 40, ^6. v/hich had formerly 
 been ordered by a decree of the fenate, 
 rh. 30, & 46. Cicero was obliged, a- 
 gainft his will, to undertake the go- 
 T^rnment of the province of Cilicia, 
 in Vvdiich he fucceeded Appius Clan- 
 diu?, who had been conful a. 699. To 
 Cilicia were annexed Pilidia, Pamphi- 
 lia, and three diflri<Sts [d'loecefes) of A- 
 fra, together with the ifland of Cyprus. 
 Here, by the wifdom and integrity of 
 his adminiftration, Cicero merited the 
 liigheft praife, Clc. Att, 6, 2. ; Plu- 
 tarch, in Ck. and for his military ex- 
 ploit?, though not very confiderable, 
 was faluted Imperator by his army, 
 Cic. yitt. 5, 10. He was well fuppon- 
 €d by his four lieutenants, his brother 
 Quindus, who had left Caefar to ac- 
 company him, Pontinius, who had tri- 
 umphed over the Allohroge:^ M. An- 
 neius, and M. Tullius ; chiefly by Pon- 
 TiNius. A thankfgiving to the gods 
 (Jupplicaho) war, decreed by the fenate 
 at Rome for Cicero's fuccefs, to v/hich 
 decred Cato gave his diffent, though 
 Cicero liad written him a long cpillte 
 to procure hi" concurrence, Ck. Fcaa. 
 15,4. Cato, however, wrote Cicero 
 a letter of apology, the only letter of 
 Cato now extant, in which he highly 
 praifes Cicero's nprighl adminiftration 
 of his province, ih. 5. On thi^ occa- 
 iion Caefar wrote Cicero a congratula- 
 tory letter, Ck. Alt. 7, i. 
 
 AVhilc Cicero was in Cilicia, he Lad 
 a regular account fent him by Cae- 
 Liu^ of whTit pa (Ted 'A the city, Ck 
 
 16 1 CIC 
 
 F(tfn. 8, I, U<z. A profecu^on being 
 raifed againft Appius Claudius by Do- 
 lobella, who had lately married Tullia, 
 Cicero's daughter, CiCero neverthelefs 
 profeffed the warmefl attachment to 
 Appius, C'lc. Fam. 3, 10. in which he 
 could not be fmcere; for he mentions fe- 
 veral inf^ances of opprefTion and cruelty 
 committed by Appius, which fhew that 
 he was far from being unjuflly arraigned 
 by Dolobella, Ck. Att. 5, 1 6, & 1 7. 6, 
 I, & 2. But to Appius himfelf Cicero 
 writes in very different terms, Ck.Fam. 
 3, II, & 12. Appius had too power- 
 ful connedtions for Cicero to break 
 with him. One of the daughters of 
 Appius was married to a fon of Pom- 
 pey's, and another to M. Brutus. By 
 the influence of Pompey Appius was 
 not only acquitted, but foon after made 
 cenforwith Pifo, the father-in-law of 
 Caefar, Ck. Fam. 8, 6, & 11. ; Dio, 
 4c, €3. (/^/V/. Appius.) At this time 
 nothing fo bafe or fo viilanous could be 
 perpetrated, that by interell was not 
 fare of efcaping punifliment, {et her- 
 cuk conftpta omnia faeda et inhonefla funt^, 
 Cic. Fam. 8, 6. 
 
 Cicero, impatient to return to Rome, 
 left his province at the expiration of a 
 year, to thecare of hisquaeftor, C. Cae- 
 lius, and fet out for Italy, Ck. Ep. Fam.. 
 2, 15. Att. 6,§, 8<. 6. He ftaid a few daya 
 at Rhodes for the fake of his fon and 
 nephew, (puerorurn causa,) who were 
 then profecuting their rtudies, Ck. Att. 
 6, 7. Here he heard of the death of 
 Hortenfiu?, AV. i. From Rhodes he 
 failed to Ephtfus, and thence to Athens, 
 Ck. Fam. 14, 5. On his anival at 
 Brundufium he found all things tend- 
 ing to a civil warj which he ufed every 
 method in his power to prevent, Ck. 
 An. 7, 3, 4. Sec. As he had preten- 
 fion3 to a triumph, he was attended 
 by hia liciors, v/ith their fafces, accord- 
 ing to cuitonv wreathed with laurel, ib. 
 I, £c 2. He reached Rome on the 4th 
 January, a. 704. Great multitudes came 
 out to meet hirn with ail poiTible de- 
 mon ft rations of honour, {ut nihil poffet 
 f.cri orn.ithus^y Cic, Fam, 16, 11. H« 
 
 f'.U, 
 
C I C [ II 
 
 fell, as he himfelf fays, into the very 
 flame of civil difcord. ^he decifive 
 decree had juft been pafled arming the 
 confuls with abfolute power againft 
 Caefar, ik In this confiifed ftate of 
 affairs, the fenate demanded in a very 
 full houfe, that a triumph Ihould be de- 
 creed to Cicero ; but Lentulus, the 
 conful, defired that it might be deferred 
 till the piefent comniotions were fet- 
 tled ; giving his word, that he would 
 then be the mover of it liimfeif, tb. 
 But Cacfar's fudden march towardtv 
 Rome, put an end to all further 
 thouglits of it ; and ftruck the fenate 
 with fuch a panic, that, as if Caefar 
 had already been at the gates, they re- 
 folved prefently to quit the city, and 
 retreat towards the fouthern parts of 
 Italy. All the principal fenators had 
 particular diilricts alhgned to their care. 
 Cicero had Capua, with the infpectlion 
 of the fea-coaft from Formiae, Cic. Alt. 
 7, II. Fam. 1 6, 12. But finding his 
 new province wholly unprovided againft 
 an enemy, and that it was impolTible to 
 hold Capua, without a llrong garrifon, 
 he refigned his charge, and chofe not 
 tG aft at all^ C'lc. An. 8, ii, & I2. 
 
 Cicero was long in fufpenfe, what 
 courfe to take, whether to reniain 
 neuter, as Caefar and his friends llrong- 
 ly exhorted him, Cic. Alt. 9, 6, 8, 9, 
 II, &c. or to join Pompey. Caefar 
 wrote Cicero feveral letters, and had an 
 interview with him at Formiae, in his 
 return from Brundufium, after Pom- 
 pey's flight to Greece. Caefar labour- 
 ed to prevail on Cicero to return to 
 Rome, and take his feat in the fenate. 
 But Cicero with great fpirit refifed to 
 do it, C'tc, An, 9, 18. Cicero ib'ii re- 
 tained his liftors and other marks of 
 command, though he found them very 
 inconvenient, CAc. Fam. 2, 16, Ait. 10, 
 10. At lail, on the i ith June, (III Id. 
 Jun.) Cicero fet fail with his brother, 
 his fon, and nephew, Fam. 14, 7. Ck. 
 Att. 9, I, & 6. and joined Pompey 
 "at Dyrrachium, Ih. But he foon re- 
 pented of what he had done, when he 
 law how ill matters were condudled in 
 
 ■7 ] etc 
 
 Pompey's camp, Cic. Fam. 7, 3. and 
 efpecially when he found his coming 
 blamed by Cato, who thought that he 
 might have been more ufeful to his 
 country by remaining neuter, Plutarch, 
 in Cic. Cicero perceiving that he was 
 neither employed nor truiled by Pom- 
 pey, refumed his ufual way of raillery, 
 tb^ An. 11,4. for which Antony after- 
 wards blamed him, Cic. Phil. 2, 16. 
 
 Cicero was not prefent at the battle 
 of Pharfalia, having ilaid behind at 
 Dyrrachium on account of bad health, 
 Plutarch, p. 880. but his fon command- 
 ed one of the wings of horfe, and be- 
 haved with great bravery, Cic. Off". 2, 
 13. Lucan reprefents Cicero not only 
 as 'prefent in the battle, but as the chief 
 advifer of it, in name of the whole 
 army, (cvn^lorum voces — pertulit,) 7,62, 
 Sec. Cato, who commanded at Dyr- 
 rachium with fifteen cohorts, when 
 Labienus brought them the news of 
 Pompey's defeat, offered the chief com- 
 mand to Cicero, as being of confular 
 rank, and therefore his fuperior in dig- 
 nity, but Cicero declined it. Upon 
 which young Pompey was fo enraged, 
 that he drew his fword, and would have 
 killed Cicero, if Cato had not inter- 
 pofed and prevented it, Plutarch.- ih. 
 This fa6l is not mentioned by Cicero ; 
 but he is thought to refer to it. Mar-- 
 cell. 5. A few days after, thofe who 
 were at Dyrrachium difperfed to dif- 
 ferent places, Cic.Divin. J, 32. Cice- 
 ro determined to throw himfelf on the 
 mercy of the conqueror, and therefore 
 pafFed over to Brundufium, about the 
 end of Od:obfcr, a. 705. Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 
 et 14, 12. where he remained till Cac- 
 far's return from Egypt, Plutarch. He 
 foon repented of his coming to Brun- 
 dufium fo haflily, when the reft of his 
 party had cither remained in Achaia, 
 or pafied over into Africa, which was 
 ftiil in the power of the Pompeians, Cic. 
 Att. II, 6, 7, 9, &c. Cicero's brother 
 Quint us with liis fon followed Caefar 
 into Afia, to obtain their pardon from 
 him in peifon; and, to jullify them- 
 felves, tiircw all the blame on Cicero ; 
 
 which 
 
c r c [ I 
 
 which gave him great pain, lb. 8, & 
 lo. But his behaviour to them vv^as 
 quite the reverfe of theirs to him, ib, 
 12. Cicero fufFered many mortifica- 
 tions, [tnultas graves o^enfionfs,) while 
 he remained at Brundufium, ib. He 
 was entirely in the power of Antony, 
 who governed all things In Italy with 
 abfolute authority. He had befides 
 feveral grievances of a domefh'c kind, 
 particularly from the uncomfortable 
 flate of his daughter Tullla, whom 
 I^olabella foon after divorced, ib. 3. 
 He was alfo in fome diftrefs for want of 
 money, having lent moil of what he had 
 to Pompey, ib. 2, 3, 13, Sec. His health 
 likcwife began to be afFecled by the air 
 of the place,//'. 22. At lail he was 
 relieved by a very obliging letter from 
 Caefar, who confirmed to him the full 
 enjoyment of his former ftate and digni- 
 ty, and defired him to refume hkfqfces 
 and title of Imperatoi-, as bt^fore, Cic. 
 Fam. 14, 23. Llgar. 3. Caefar hlm- 
 felf foon after arrived in September, 
 and treated Cicero at meeting with par- 
 ticular marks of refpcft, Plutarch. 
 
 Cicero being now excluded from all 
 concern in the management of public 
 affairs, became reconciled to his old 
 friends, as he fays, his books, {^reciilt cum 
 tcteribvs atfiicis, id fji, cum iilrls fuis in 
 gratiam,) Fam. 9, i. from which he de- 
 rived, not only amufement, as formv.'rly, 
 but alfo fupport, ib. 2. et 6, 1 3. He at 
 this time wrote his dlalofrue on famous 
 
 o 
 
 orators called Bk^utus, but it was 
 not publilhcd till the year foil 
 Cic. Brut. I. He is 
 compofed much about the fame tiuie 
 Lis Par.titiones Oratoriae, or the 
 art of ordering and dillributing the 
 parts of an oration. 
 
 Cicero now divorced his wife Te- 
 rentla, with whom he had lived above 
 thirty years, being difpleafed with her 
 bad teniperand want of oeconomy, Cic. 
 Ep. Fam. 4, 14. ; Plutarch, in Cic. 
 p. 881. He married a young woman 
 called Pu.BLiLiA, to whom he had been 
 guardian, on account of her beauty, as 
 T^rentla alleged ; but, as his favourite 
 -freed man Tire laid, for the lake of her 
 
 thought to have 
 
 8 ] CIC 
 
 fortune. This ftep, however, expofed 
 Cicero to much cenfure, Z)/o, 46, 18. 
 nor was he happy in his new connec- 
 tion , Plutarch, ib. 
 
 Caefar wiihed that Cicero w^ould 
 take a part in the government under 
 his ufurpatlon, but In vain, Cic. Fam. 
 9, 15, &c. Cicero, how^cver, lived in 
 habits of great intimacy wuth the chiefs 
 of Caefar's party, ib. 6, 7, 16, &c. — 
 After the death of Cato Cicero wrote 
 a book In his praile, which he called 
 Cato, Cic. Att. 12, 4 & 15. et 13, 
 46. jF^m. 7, 24. Div. 2f I. (GeUius 
 calls it Laus Catonis, 13, 19.; and 
 fo alfo Cicero himfelf, Laus vel lauda- 
 iio Catonis, Att. ibid.) This Caefar 
 was fo far from taking amifs, that he 
 wrote an anfwer to it, called AntiCx\- 
 TO, in which he accuied the whole hfc 
 and conduft of Cato as in a pubhc tri- 
 al before judges, at the fame time be- 
 llowing great pralfes on Cicero, Ta^ 
 cit. Ann. 4, 34. ; Dio, 43, 13. ; Ap- 
 pian. B. C. 2, 490.; Plutarch. Cic. p. 
 8S0. ; et in Caef. p. 708, & 733- ; m 
 Cat, Minor, p. 764. ; Gell. 4, 16. It 
 was divided into two books ; hence 
 the fcholiaft on Juvenal fays, that Cae- 
 far wrote two books on this fubjeft, 
 Sat. 6, 338. So Suetonius, {Antica^ 
 tones tolidtm^ I. e. duos icreUquit), ^6, 
 Caefar did not finifh his Anticato till 
 afttr the conclufion of the Spanifli 
 war. In the mean time HIrtius com- 
 pofed a book on the fame fubject in 
 the form of a letter to Cicero, filled 
 with objections to Cato's character, 
 but with high compliments to Cicero 
 himfelf, which Cicero confidered as a 
 fpecimcn of what Caefar's work was 
 to be, and caufcd it to be pubhdied, 
 Cic. Att. 12, 40, & 41. Brutus alfo 
 wrote a book in praife of Cato, who 
 was his uncle and father-in-bw, ( Vid, 
 Brutus), Cic. Fam. 7, 24. Att. 13, 
 46. to wiiich Auguilus afterwards 
 wrote an anfwer. Suet. 85. Cicero 
 fays, that Brutus had fallen Into fome 
 millakes in his account of Cato ; par- 
 ticularly in fpeaking of the debate in 
 the fenate concerning the puniiaineni; 
 of the confpiratQrs, Att. 12, 21. Mid- 
 dle ton 
 
C I C [I 
 
 dleton thinks, that Salluft took his ac- 
 count of this matter from Brutus, and 
 chofe to copy even his miilakes, rather 
 than do juitice to Cicero, (See Middle- 
 tori's Life of Cicero, vol. 2. p» 346.) 
 It may be remarked, that Salluft gives 
 Cicero the fame character of an excel- 
 lent confnl, (optimus conful). Cat. 43. 
 with v,'hich Cicero exprefles himfelf to 
 be difTatisficd from Brutus, {^^lis enim 
 jejunius dixit inimicus ? Did ever an ene- 
 my fpeak of me in colder terms ?) iL 
 It feems this book of Brutus was not 
 remarkable for elegance of compoix- 
 tion ; whence Caefar faid, " That by 
 reading Cicero's Cato he became more 
 copious, but after reading the Cato of 
 Brutus, he thought himfelf even elo- 
 quent,'* Cic. Jit. 13, 46. 
 
 After this, Cicero, at the requeft 
 of Brutus, compofed his book called 
 Orator, containing a delineation of 
 what he thought the befl: manner of 
 fpeaking, or of a perfect orator, Cic. 
 Or. I. This he calls his fifth book con- 
 cerning oratory ; the three firll were 
 Dr Oratore, and the fourth Bru- 
 tus, Cic. Div. 2, I. Cicero fays, 
 that he had difplaycd in that book 
 whatever llciil he pofTeiTed in the art, 
 "and was willing to reft his reputation 
 as an orator on the merit of it, Cic. 
 Ep.6y 19. 
 
 About this time M. Matcellus ha- 
 , ving been mentioned by Pifo in the 
 fenate, and his brother Caius having 
 thrown himfelf at Caefar's«feet, all 
 the fenators rofe up, and advancing 
 forward to Caefar in a fuppiicating 
 manner, obtained from him the par- 
 don of Marccilus. This ad of Caciar's 
 broke Cicero's refolution ofobferving 
 a perpetual filence in pubhc. Accord- 
 ingly, v/lien all the fenators, who had 
 been ail<:ed their opinions before him, 
 had returned thanks to Caefar, ex- 
 cept Volcatius, iq. 1).) Cicero made 
 his acknowledgments, i^gratias egit), 
 in that admirable fpeech, entitled. 
 Pro Marcello ; of which he gives 
 an account to Sulpicius, Fam. 4, 4. 
 !~— Soon after this Cicero difplayed 
 
 19 ] C T C 
 
 the power of his eloquence In defence 
 
 of LiGARlUS, [q. V.) 
 
 Next year, a. 708, while Caefar was 
 engaged in the war againil the fons of 
 Pompey and Labienus in Spain, Ci- 
 cero loft his beloved daughter Tul- 
 LiA, who died in childbed, in the 
 houfe of her hufoand, Plutarch, in Cic. 
 [apud quern {c. P. Lentulum Yiol^hnW^mj 
 ilia ex partu decejfity Afcon. in Cic. Pif.) 
 who was then in Spain with Caefar, 
 Cic. Phil. 2, 30. Cicero wrote to him 
 an account of Tullia's death, in fuch 
 terms, as fliow, that the divorce which 
 had taken place between Dolabella 
 and TuUia was with mutual confent, 
 Fam. 9, II. ; and Cicero after this, in 
 writing to Dolabella, ufes the ilrong- 
 eft exprefiions of friendihip, Fam, 9, 
 
 12, 13, 14, &c. Dolabella was 
 
 too great a favourite of Caefar's, for 
 Cicero to quawel with him. By 
 reading the letters of Cicero to Do- 
 labella, one would imagine him to 
 have been a perfon of great virtue, 
 Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 13, 5cc. Ncverthe- 
 lefs, Cicero afterwards reprefents him 
 as a moniter of lewdnefs and inhuma- 
 nity, PhiL II, 4. Cicero's warmth 
 of temper often made him exprefs him- 
 felf too ftrongly, both with refpecl to 
 his friends' and enemies ; and fome- 
 times in fpeakmg of the fame perfons, 
 to ufe very different terms, as he was 
 differently affedted towards them. 
 
 Cicero was greatly afHIded for the 
 lofsofhis daughter, Cic. Att. 12, i ^, 
 &c. Piutarch relates, that the philo- 
 fophers came from all parts to com- 
 fort him. But this is no where men- 
 tioned by Cicero himfelf. Confolato- 
 ry letters were indeed written to him 
 by different perfons ; by Atticus, ib. 
 Brutus, iL 13. Lucceius, Cic. Fam. 
 5, 13, & 14. Sulpicius ib. 4, 5 & 6. ; 
 and by Caefar himfelf, dated at Se- 
 ville, the laft day of April, Cic. Att. 
 
 13, 20. But, as Cicero himfelf fays, 
 he derived his chief comfort from his 
 books, Cic. Alt. 12, 14, & 15. He 
 wrote a book to confole himfelf, which 
 he called Con?olatio, ib. 14, & 28. 
 
 Dlv. 
 
C I C [I 
 
 Dlv. 2f 1. Tufc. 4, 29= Tlie trcatife 
 commonly annexed to Cicero'5 works, 
 entitled Consolatio, is thought to 
 
 be fpurious. Cicero alfo dciigned to 
 
 build a temple to Tullia, as a kind oi 
 deity, Cic. Ait. 12, ^6,41,43, &c. ; 
 
 but never efteftcd his defign. -He 
 
 iiow divorced his young wife Publi- 
 LiA, bccaufe, as it is faid, flic feemed 
 to rejoice at the death of Tullia, Plu- 
 tarch, in Cic. p. 882, ; Dio, 46, 18. 
 
 Cicero at this time wrote a book 
 called KoRTENsius, in praife of phi- 
 lofophy, Cic. Div. 2, I. Tiyfc. 2, 2. ; 
 which is now lofl. — He then alfo com- 
 pofed his Academicae Quaestio- 
 NES, in four books, containnig an ac- 
 count and defence of the philofophy 
 of the academy ; the fecl which he 
 himfelf preferred, Cic. Div. 2, i. He 
 had formerly written two books on the 
 fame fubje£l;, infcribed the one to 
 Catulus, and the other to Lucul- 
 i,us ; but he now divided the work 
 into four books, which he addrefTed 
 to Varro, Att. 13, 12. whom he calls 
 his fodalis, Att. 13, 13. Here he took 
 on himfelf the part of Philo, who de- 
 fends the principles of the academy ; 
 be alTigns to Varro the part of Ak- 
 TiocHUS, [partes Antiochinas)y who 
 oppofes and confutes them ;"and intro- 
 duces Atticus as the moderator of the 
 dffpute, C'ic. Acad, i, pr. Fam. 9, 8. 
 He was fo partial to this work, that he 
 fays, " There was nothing on the fub- 
 iedequaltoit, eyenamong theGreeks,'* 
 "Att. 13, 13, 16, c^ 19. All thefe four 
 books are loll, except part of the firil ; 
 whilll the fecond book of the two 
 which he pubhihed hril remains entire 
 under its original title of I^ucul- 
 Lus. It is commonly infcribed, Acad, 
 ^aefiionum liber quartus ; but impro- 
 perly ; for it appears to have been a 
 feparate book, and written after that 
 which was addrefTed to Catulus, Cic. 
 Acad. 4, 3. 
 
 Cicero next publi:lied one of the no- 
 bleft of his works, called Ds Finibus, 
 (:T:pj T£?.a>v); <« Concerning the chief 
 good aiKl ill of man ;" written in ths 
 
 20 } CIC 
 
 manner of Arlilotle, Cic. Att. 13, 19. 
 Fin. I, 4. The work confifts of five 
 books. In the two firft, the Epicu- 
 rean doftrine is defended by Torqua- 
 tus, and confuted by Cicero, in a con- 
 ference fuppofed to be held in his Cu' 
 man Villa ; in the prefence of Triarius, 
 a young nobleman, who came with 
 Torquatus to vifit Cicero. The two 
 next books explain the do6lrine of the 
 Stoics, which is fupportcd by Cato, 
 and oppofcd by Cicero, in a friendly 
 debate, upon their meeting accidental- 
 ly in the library of Lucullus. The 
 flhh book contains the opinions of the 
 Old Academy, or of the Peripatetics, 
 explained by Pifo, in a third dialogue, 
 fuppofed to be held at Athens, in the 
 prtfcnce of Cicero, his brother Quln- 
 tus, his coufm Lucius, and Atticus. 
 This work is infcribed to Bi utus, Fin. 
 r, I. in return for a book which Bru- 
 tus a little before had fent to Cicero, 
 ♦* concerning virtue," ih. 3. 
 
 Not long after, Cicero publiflied an- 
 other work of equal importanc«, call- 
 ed his Tupculan Disputations or 
 Questions ; alfo infcribed to Bru- 
 tus, and confining of five books. The 
 firll teaches us to contemn death, and 
 to confider it as a blclfing rather than 
 an evil ; the fecond, to bear pain and 
 aitiicLion with fortitude ; the third, to 
 appeafe our grief and uneafinefies un- 
 der the accidents of life ; the fourth, 
 to moderate all our other pafiions ; and 
 the fifth ^emonflrates the fufficiency of 
 virtue alone to m.ake a man happy. Ci- 
 cero is fuppofed to have fpent five 
 days at his Tufculan villa, in difcuifing 
 with his friends the feveral queilions 
 juft mentioned. After declaiming in 
 the morning, they ufed after mid-day 
 to retire into a gallery, called the Aca- 
 demy., which Cicero had built for phi- 
 lofophical conferences. Here he defi- 
 red any one of the company to pro- 
 pofe fome queftion, which he wirtied 
 to be difcufled ; and then Cicero dif- 
 puted Oil it either fitting or walking, 
 Cic. Tujc. 1,4. ^/ 2, 3. ^^ 3, 3. Each 
 of thcfc difputstions was called Scho- 
 
 LA, 
 
C I C [I 
 
 tA, t!>. d Pif. 25, d IJ. ; Fin. 2, i.; 
 Tufc. 3, 34. 
 
 Much about this time Cicero alio 
 wrote a funeral encomium (laudatw) 
 on PoRCiA, the fifter of Cato and wife 
 of Domitius Ahenobarbus ; which fub- 
 jeft Varro andLollius likevvife attempt- 
 ed, Cic. An. 13,48, & 37. But all 
 the three are now loft. 
 
 While Caefar remained ia Spain, 
 Cicero was urged by Atticus, among 
 his other works, to write fomcthing 
 to Caefar. He therefore drew up a 
 letter to him, which he communicated 
 to Hirtius and Balbus ; but as they 
 thought fome things in it rather too 
 freely exprefled, it was never fent C'lc, 
 Att. 12, 51. et 13, 27, et 2%. Cicero, 
 it feems, in this letter advifed Caefar 
 to reilore the republic, and to drop 
 his intention of going to the Parthian 
 war, ih. 31, Caefar however having 
 now publifhed his anfwer to Cicero's 
 Cato, which he had written before, 
 Cicero, pleafed with the compliments 
 which Caefar had paid him, [Bene en'im 
 exijiimo de illis librisy fc Caefaris, Cic. 
 Att. 13, 51.) fent a letter of thanks to 
 Caefar, for the great civility with 
 which he had treated him, ib 50. Ci- 
 cero was pleafed with the iffue of the 
 war in Spain. He widied rather, to 
 ufe the words of Cailius in a letter to 
 Cicero, to keep his old and clement 
 mafter, than try a new and cruel one ; 
 which was the opinion he had of young 
 ; Pompey, /ift. 12, 37.; Fam. 15, ig. 
 Some time after Caefar's r: turn from 
 Spain, a. 708, Cicero delivered his 
 oration in defence of king Dfjota- 
 ; Rus, (q. v.). On the third day of the 
 I Saturnaha, Caefar paid a viiit to Cice- 
 \ to at his country -feat on the Formian 
 coalt near Cajeta. Catfar had lodged 
 the night before at the houfe of Philip, 
 the next neighbour of Cicero, who was 
 married to Attia, Caefar's niece, and 
 mother of Octavius, afterwards called 
 Auguftus. Cicero gives a pleafant de- 
 ; fcription of this entertainment, Alt. 13, 
 
 52- . 
 
 Cicero w^as not concerned in the con- 
 fpiracy againft; Caefar j but was pre- 
 
 2T ] CIC 
 
 fent at his death, Cic Att. 14, 14. J 
 and Brutus, after Caefar was flain* 
 holding up his bloody dagger, called 
 on Cicero by name, to congratulate 
 with him on the recovery of their li- 
 berty, Cic. Phil. 2, 12. AH the con- 
 fpiratovs, prefently running out into the 
 Forum with their daggers in their 
 hands, and proclaiming liberty to the 
 city, every now and then caflcd aloud 
 on Cicero, Dio 44, 20. Whence An- 
 tony afterwards accufed Tlicero of ha- 
 ving been privy to the confpiracy, and 
 the chief advifcr of it, Phil. 2, 11.; 
 Fam. 12, 2, & 3. 
 
 Cicero followed the confpirators to 
 the capitol, and urged them to adopt 
 vigorous meafures ; but Brutus and 
 Caffius, deceived by Antony, prefer- 
 red pacific plans, and thus ruined both 
 themfelves and their caufe, Cic. Att. 
 
 14, 10. ; Phil. 2, 35. When the con- 
 fpirators, by the art of Antony, were 
 obliged to leave the city, Cicero foon 
 after left it alfo, Cic. ad Brut. 15. great- 
 ly mortified to fee things take a wrong 
 turn by the indolence of his friends. 
 He ufed often to fay, " That the Ides 
 of March had produced nothing that 
 pkafed him but the aft of the day ; 
 which had been executed indeed with 
 manly fpirit, but fupported with chiid- 
 ifli counfels,'* Cic. Att, 14, 6, £'^21. et 
 
 15, 4. *' That tyranny lived, when 
 the tyrant was killed," /3. 14, 9, {^Vid. 
 Caesar, p. 74.) 
 
 Cicero, while he ftaid in the coun- 
 try, wrote his treatife on the nature ot 
 the gods, in three books, (De Napu- 
 RA Deorum), addreffed to Brutus, 
 Cic. hat.D. 1, 6.; alfo on Divina- 
 tion, in two books, Cic, Div. 1,4.; 
 on old age, in one book, called Cato 
 Major, addreffed to Atiicus, Cic. Sen, 
 I,; on Friendship, alfo addreffed to 
 Atticus, Cic. Amic, i, and on Fate ; 
 which is fuppoftd to have been the 
 fubje6t of a conyerfation with Hirtius, 
 in his inlla near PuteoU. 
 
 Cicero was now alfo compofmg a 
 hiflory of his own times, or rather of 
 his own conduft, which he calls his 
 Anecdote («v£)c^otovj ; or anecdotes. 
 
C I C [I 
 
 in tlie fatirical manner of Theopompus, 
 ( Theopomp'ino genere, aut ct'iam afperiore 
 multo)y CIc. Att. 2, 6. et 14, 17. At- 
 ticus wifhed him to continue this work 
 down through Caefar's government ; 
 but this he referved for a diftinft hifto- 
 ry, in which he defigned to vindicate 
 the juftice of kilhng a tyrant, lb. cl \ 5, 
 3. ; Fam, 12, 16. Dio fays, that Ci- 
 cero delivered this book fealed to his 
 fon, (T^-raih.) with ilrift orders not 
 to read or publifh it till after his deatli, 
 39, 10. ; but he never after this faw his 
 fon. Some commentators therefore ap- 
 ply the cxpreffion of Dio, (ra -rxtli, 
 piiero), to Tiro, the favourite (lave, 
 and afterwards freedman of Cicero. 
 Cicero probably left the work unfinifli- 
 cd, thougli fume copies of it afterwards 
 got abroad, from v;hich his commen, 
 tator Afconius has quoted feveral par- 
 ticulars, in Tog. candid. Boethius alfo 
 quotes it, De Mufica^ i, i. 
 
 As Antony, by means of Caefar's 
 veteran foldierp, podcffcd all povver at 
 Rome, Cicero now refolved to make a 
 voyage to Greece, and fpend feme 
 months with his fon, who was then 
 ftudying at Athens under the philofo- 
 pher Ariilippus. On this account he 
 wrote to the confuls Antony and Do- 
 labella, to procure for him the privi- 
 lege of a free legation [legatlo libera) y 
 Att. 15, 8. Dolabella immediately 
 named him one of his own lieutenants ; 
 which pleafed Cicero better, ib. 11. 
 While Cicero ftaid in the coun- 
 try preparing for his voyage, he began 
 his book of ofTices, [l)c nficus,) for 
 the ufe and inilrudtion of his fon, Att. 
 15, 13, et 14. He alfo wrote a treatife 
 on Glory, ib. 27. which is faid to have 
 been extant after the invention of priiit- 
 ing ; but fomchow was loft. See Middle- 
 ion's life cf Cicero J vol. 3, p. 64. 
 
 Cicero thinking that he would fail 
 more fafcly in company with Brutus 
 and Cafiius, v/ho v^ere then prcpaiing 
 to pafs over into Greece, frequently 
 gave hints of his wifhes to Brutus. 
 But finding his propofal received more 
 coldly than he expected, he fet fail 
 ulone in the month of July, with three 
 
 22 1 CIC 
 
 fmall galleys, Att. 16, 4, 5. with a re- 
 folution of returning to Rome before 
 the end of the year, that he might be 
 prefent in the fenate on the i il of Ja- 
 nuary, when Hirtius and Panfa were 
 to enter on their confulfnip, ib. 6. et 
 
 pili I, 2. V/hilft Cicero failed 
 
 along the coaft from Velia, he wrote 
 his treatife on topics, (Topica), or 
 the art cf finding arguments on any 
 queftion ; addreffed to Trebatius, to 
 Vv'hom he fent it from Rhegium, Clc, 
 
 Fam. 7, 19. ; Top. I. In reading 
 
 his books on the academic philofophy, 
 he difcovered that the preface to the 
 third book was the fame with what he 
 had prefixed to his book on Glory. It 
 was his cullom, it feems, to prepare at 
 leifure a number of different prooems, 
 which, by a little alteration, might be 
 adapted to any fubjeft, [Habeo volu- 
 men prsoeniiorum. ex eofellgere /oleoj i5'c.) 
 So that by miftake he had ufed thia 
 preface twice without remembering it. 
 He therefore compofed a new one for 
 his book on Glory, and fent it to At- 
 ticus, Clc. Att. i6y6- 
 
 Cicero arrived at Syracufe on the 
 iftof Auguft; whence he failed next 
 day, and -vivas driven back by crofs 
 winds to Leucopetra, Clc. Phil. 1,6.; 
 yJtt. 16, 7. Here he met with fome 
 people lately from Rome, who brought 
 him news of an unexpedled turn of af- 
 fairs there tov>'ards a general pacifica- 
 tion. Upon which he dropped all 
 thoughts of purfuing his voyage, and 
 immediately fet out on his return to 
 Rome, lb. At Velia, he had a confe- 
 rence with Brutus, the laft they ever 
 had, Clc. Att. 16, 7,; Fam. 12, 25.; 
 ad Brut. 1 5 ; Phil, i , 4. Cicero, up- 
 on his arrival at Rom.e on the laft day 
 of Auguft, was met by great numbers 
 of the citizens who came out to con- 
 gratulate him on his return, Plutarch* 
 He did not however find things in the 
 favourable ftate which he expefted. 
 The fenate met next morning, to which 
 he was particularly fummoned by An.- 
 tony, but cxcufed h.imfelf by a civil 
 meftage, as being indifpofed by the fa- 
 tigue of his journey : at which Anto- 
 
C I C [I 
 
 ny was fo offended, that he threaten- 
 ed to order his houfe to be pulled 
 down, if he did not come immediate- 
 ly ; till by the interpolition of the af- 
 fembly, he was diffuaded from ufing 
 any violence, Cic. Phil, i, 5. The fe- 
 nate met again next day, when Anto- 
 ny being abfent, tb. 5, 7. Cicero deli- 
 vered the firft of thofe orations, which, 
 in imitation of Demollhenes, he after- 
 wards called Philippics. Antony 
 was greatly enraged at this fpeech, and 
 fummoned another meeting of the fe- 
 nate, where he again required Cicero's 
 attendance. But Cicero, though de- 
 firous to go, [ciip'iens venire j) was pre- 
 vented by his fiiends, who were appre- 
 henfive of fome defign againft his life, 
 Cic. Phil. 5, 7.; Fam. 12, 2 J. Their 
 apprehenfions were confirmed by An- 
 tony's fpeaking with fuch fury, that, 
 as Cicero fays, alluding to what An- 
 tony had done a little before in public, 
 he feemed rather to fpew than to fpeak, 
 Cic» Fam. 12, 2. Cicero, feeing that 
 a breach w^ith Antony was now inevi- 
 table, for the fake of fecurity remo- 
 ved from Rome to fome of his villas 
 near Naples, where he compofed the 
 Second Philippic, by way of reply 
 to Antony ; which was not delivered 
 in the fenate, but afterwards publifli- 
 ed. It is a bitter invedlive againll the 
 whole life of Antony, and was fup- 
 pofed to have been the chief caufe of 
 the death of Cicero. It was fo great- 
 ly admired, that Juvenal calls it a di- 
 vine compofition. After mentioning 
 a verfe of Cicero's on his confulfhip, 
 fortunatam natam^ me confule. Remain! 
 which was much ridiculed, he adds, 
 ylntonii gladlos potuit centemnere^ Ji Jic 
 omnia dixijfet. Ridenda poemata malo^ 
 quam te^ conjpicuae divina P h i l i p p i c a 
 famacy Volveris a prima qiiae prox'nraf 
 
 i. e. fecunda, 10, 122, Sec. After 
 
 this Cicero finiflied his book of Offi- 
 ces, or the duties of man, for the ufe 
 of his fon, Cic, y///. 16, ii. He now 
 alfo, as it is thought, compofed his 
 Stoical Pa R A D o X E s , or an illu llrat ion 
 of the particular doftrines of that (cti, 
 addrefled to Brutus. 
 
 23 ] CIC 
 
 Antony left Rome about the end 
 of September, to meet four legions, 
 which were coming from Macedonia 
 to Brundufium, and by money to en- 
 gage them in his fervice ; but three of 
 them rejeded his offers, and would 
 not follow him. Upon which he in- 
 vited their centurions to his lodging, 
 and ordered fuch of them as he fuppo- 
 fed inimical to be maffacred, to the 
 number of 300, Cic. Fam. 12, 23. ; 
 Phil. 3, 2, SiC. et 5, 8. ; Z)/o, 45, 13. 
 He returned to Rome in great rage, 
 and publiflied feveral threatening e- 
 dids ; but hearing that two of the le- 
 gions from Brundufium, the fourth, 
 and that called Legio Martia, had de- 
 clared for Oftavius, he fuddenly af- 
 fembled the fenate, made feveral haf- 
 ty decrees, and then left Rome to 
 feize on Cifalpine Gaul, which was 
 then poffeffed by D. Brutus as his pro- 
 vince, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, &.C. 5, 2, &c. ; 
 Fell. 2, 61. 
 
 About this time Cicero, at the car- 
 neft requeft of Oppius, formed an u- 
 nion with 06lavius, on condition that 
 Oftavius fnould befriend Brutus and 
 his accomplices, Cic. Att. 16, 15. Ci- 
 cero, however, often expreffed his 
 fufpicions that Oclavius could not be 
 fincere in fupporting the confpirators, 
 Cic. Ait. 16, 8, 9, II, 14, &c. Pie 
 therefore was careful to arm him on- 
 ly with a power fulhcient to crufli An- 
 tony, yet fo checked and limited, that 
 he Ihould not be able to opprefs the 
 repubhc, ih. But in this he was out- 
 witted by Odavius, Appian. B. C. p. 
 568. 
 
 Cicero having heard of the retreat 
 of Anto'iy, returned to Rome, where 
 he arrived on the 9th December. The 
 new tribunes, (one of whom was Caf- 
 ca, who gave the firll blow to Cae- 
 far), in the ab fence of the luperior 
 magiftrates, called a meeting of the 
 fenate on the 19th, {^xii'i. Kal. Jan.) 
 Cicero had refolved not to go to the 
 fenate till the tirlt ot January ; yet 
 happening on that day to receive the 
 edid of D. Brutus, which prohibited 
 Antony from entering his provinces, 
 0^2 he 
 
[ 124 1 
 
 and this foldiers 
 
 C I c 
 
 he went to the fenate early- 
 being obferved by the other fenators, 
 prefently drew together a full houfe, 
 Ck. Ep. Fam. il, 6. Here Cicero de- 
 livered his Third Philippic, in 
 which he gave it as his opinion, among 
 other things, ** that what Oftavius 
 (called alfo Caefar Oftavianus) had 
 done as a private perfon, ihould be 
 conlinried by public authority ; that 
 the legions which had deferted from 
 Antony and joined Ottavius, fliould 
 be rewarded ; and that D. Brutus by 
 his fervices had deferved well of the 
 republic," PJAL 3, 15. A decree of 
 the fenate was made agreeably to Ci- 
 cero's opinion. Cicero pailed from 
 the fenate-houfe directly to the forum, 
 and informed the people from the rof- 
 ira of what the fenate had done, in his 
 Fourth Philippic. Thefe two 
 fpeeches were fo well received, that 
 Cicero afterv^'ards declared publicly, 
 that he fhould have been falisfied, if 
 this had been the lall day of his life, 
 when the people with one voice ex- 
 claimed, *' that he had a fecond time 
 faved the republic," Phil. 6, i. In 
 the mean time Antony had laid fiege 
 to Mutina, where D. Brutus, unable 
 to oppofe Antony in the field, had 
 fhut himfelf up. 
 
 On the ill of January a. 710, {////-- 
 iioet Panfa Co^),Q^Fulius Calen us. 
 
 ■who was firft aflced 
 
 nis opmion, a; 
 
 be- 
 
 ing the father;-in-law of Panfa, adviled, 
 '* that ambaffadors fnould be fent to 
 Antony, to order him to dcfiil from 
 the fiege of Mutina, and fubmit to 
 the authority of the fenate." Pilb and 
 feveral others were of the fame mind. 
 But Cicero warmly oppofed this mo- 
 tion in his Fifth Philippic, by the 
 ilrongeft arguments, ib. I, — 12. and 
 gave it as his opinion, *' That no fur- 
 ther mention Ihould be made of an 
 embaffy, that war fhould be inftantly 
 entered upon, that a vacation from all 
 civil bufinefs [jujiitium), fliould be 
 appointed, that the militai7 drefs 
 fhould be alTumed, inftead of the togaj 
 {fagajumi oj^ortere), and that levies of 
 
 C I c 
 
 fhould be made in the city, 
 and through Italy, without admitting 
 any exemption or excufe, ( fuhlatls va- 
 Ciitionibus) ; that the whole republic 
 fliould be committed to the confuls, 
 to take care that it received no detri- 
 ment," &c. iL Cicero next propofed, 
 that particular honours fliould be de- 
 creed to D. Brutus, to Lepidus, and 
 Oclavius, whom he calls C. Caefar, iL 
 13, &c. With refpecl to the honours, 
 though thofe prop©fed to Oclavius 
 v/ere very extraordinary, the fenate 
 readily agreed with Cicero. But the 
 houfe was much divided about the 
 main queilion of fending a deputation 
 to Antony. Some of the principal fe- 
 nators were for it. The confuls them- 
 ftlvcs fecretly favoured it, and therefore 
 arLfully avoided putting it to the vote; 
 as it appe?red the majority would have 
 confirmed the opinion of Cicero. But 
 after the debate had continued for 
 three days, Salvius, a tribune, by his 
 interpofition, prevented a decree of 
 the fenate from being made, Cic. Phi/, 
 6, I, et 14, 7. Appiatup. 559. At lall 
 the friends of Antony, a lew days af- 
 ter prevailed that an embaffy Ihould 
 be fent. Three fenators of confular 
 rank were prefently nominated, S. 
 Sulpicius, L. Pifo, and L. Philippus» 
 The unufual length of thefe debates 
 having greatly excited the curiolity of 
 the people, Cicero was loudly called 
 upon to give them an account of what 
 had been done. Being, therefore, 
 produced in the rof.ra by Apuleius, the 
 tribune, he recounted to an affembly 
 of the people the proceedings of the 
 fenate in his Sixth Philippic, in 
 which he difapproved of the embafly, 
 and predided the refult of it, Phil, 
 6, I, &c. In the mean time, the 
 friends of Antony, at the head of 
 whom was Calenus, endeavoured to 
 mitigate the public refentmeut againfl 
 Antony by various arts. Cicero, there- 
 fore, in a meeting of the fenate, call- 
 ed about ordinary matters, took occa- 
 fion to roufe the affembly, and to point 
 out to them the mifchievous vievi^s of 
 
 thofc 
 
C ! C [ 12 
 
 t^ofe wKo advifed an accommodation 
 with Antony, in his Seventh Phi- 
 lippic. 
 
 Sulpicius died on his embafTy. PI- 
 fo and Phih'p returned about the be- 
 ginning of February, without fuccefs, 
 as Cicero had predi<Sied ; bringing un- 
 fufFerable demands from Antony, who 
 did not difccntluue the ficge of Muti- 
 ra for a moment, but battered it fu- 
 rioufly with his engines, even in pre- 
 fence of the ambafTadors, Cic. Phil 8, 
 7, «?cc. Stili, however, the partizans 
 of Antony ftrove to foften the decree 
 of the fenate again ft him, and partly 
 fucceeded in oppofition to Cicero, 
 PrjiL 8, I, & 10, ct 12, 7. Fam. 12, 4. 
 Cicero next day, in his Eighth Phi- 
 lippic, ftrongly expoftulates with 
 the fenate for their imprudent lenity ; 
 and concluded with prcpofing, " That 
 impunity (hould be granted to fuch as 
 deferted Antony before the Ides of 
 March, but if any one (hould go over 
 to Antony except L. Varius Cotyla, 
 his ambaffador, that the fenate would 
 confider him as an enemy to his coun- 
 try, PhiL 8, 1 1. The fenate being 
 
 aflembled by Panfa to confider what 
 marks of refpeft fhould be decreed to 
 the memory of Sulpicius, Cicero pro- 
 pofed, in his Ninth Philippic, 
 *' that a magnificent funeral (hould be 
 made for him at the public expence, 
 and a ftatue of brafs erefted to him 
 in the roflra, with other honours ;" 
 to all which the fenate agreed, PhiL 
 
 Brutus having fent public letters to 
 the confuls, concerning his fuccefTcs 
 in Macedonia, (See Brutus), Pan- 
 fa called a meeting of the fenate, and 
 having fpoken largely in praife of Bru- 
 tus, moved that public honours and 
 thanks (hould be decreed to him. Then, 
 according to his ufual cuftom, he iirft 
 aflced Calenus his opinion, who ha- 
 ving deti acted from the merits ot Bru- 
 tus, was (harply attacked by,CIcero, 
 in liis Tenth Philippic. The (e- 
 iiate, according lo the opinion of Ci- 
 cero, coatirmtd what Brutus had done, 
 
 and ordered him to proteft Macedonia 
 and Greece with the army which he 
 had raifed, in conjunction with Ql 
 HoRTENsius, the proconful, by whom 
 he had been greatly affifted, P/jIL 10, 
 
 1 1. The news being brought to Rome, 
 that Dolabclla had furprifed and cru- 
 elly killed TreboniuS) the governor 
 of Alia at Smyrna, Dolabella was 
 judged an enemy by the fenate at the 
 motion even of Calenus, with whom 
 Cicero concurred, in his Eleventh 
 Philippic. But there was a differ- 
 ence of opinion about the appoint- 
 ment of a general againft Dolabella ; 
 fome propofing Scrvlllus, and others 
 the two confuls. Cicero, however, 
 gave his opinion for Caffius, Phi/. 11, 
 
 12. and afterwards fupported it in a 
 fpeech to the people, in oppofition 
 to the authority of Panfa, and the 
 wifhes even of CalTius's neareft rela- 
 tions, Cic. Fam. 12, 7. 
 
 D. Brutus being reduced to great 
 ftraits at Mutina, and the friends of 
 Antony having given aiTurances that 
 he was difpofed to peace, Cicero, an- 
 xious to preferve Brutus, had agreed 
 to go on an embafly to Antony with 
 Servilius, and three others of ccnfu- 
 lar dignity. But having learned that 
 there was no change of mind in Anto- 
 ny, and that he was as much fet on 
 the deftruclion of Brutus, and on pro- 
 fecuting the war, as ever, Cicero re- 
 tracted his opinion, and gave many 
 convincing reafbns for it in the fenate, 
 in his Twelfth Philippic, c. i, 2, 
 &:c. Soon after, Panfa fet out with 
 the forces which he had newly raifed, 
 to join iHirtius and Octavius againft 
 Antony. In the mean tinie Lepldu^ 
 who commanded a great army in Gaui, 
 and had lately made peace with Scx- 
 tus, the fon of Pompey, wrote a pu- 
 blic letter to the fenate, to exhort 
 them to rneafures of peace with An- 
 toiiy, witnout taking any notice of 
 t)\e honours which the Senate had de- 
 creed to him. Cicero, in ttis Thir- 
 teenth Philippic, fpeaks in praife 
 of peace, but infiils, that there could 
 
 be 
 
etc t I 
 
 \je no peace with Antony, P/j/Z.ij, 
 1, 2, & 3. He however airented 
 to a vote propofed by Servilius, to 
 thank Lepidus for his defire to reftore 
 peace among his countrymen, P//i/. 
 13, 21. and wrote Lepidus a letter to 
 that efFeft» Fam. 10, 27. Cicero, at 
 the fame time, read over in the fenate, 
 a letter, which Antony had written 
 to Hirtius and Oclavius, with a view 
 to detach them from the intereft of 
 the fenate. But they, inftead of an- 
 fwering the letter, fent it £0 Cicero, 
 to make what ufe of it he thoug-ht 
 proper. Cicero read it to the fenate, 
 paragraph by paragraph, with perti- 
 nent remarks on each, Phi!. 13, 10, — 
 21. 
 
 The news of Antonyms defeat at 
 Mutina reached Rome on the 20th 
 April, where it raifed an incredible 
 joy. The people prefently aflembled 
 at Cicero's houfe, carried him in a 
 kind of triumph to the capitol, and 
 from thence home, Cic. Phil. 14, 5. 
 ad Brut. 5. Cicero received a parti- 
 cular account of this battle from Gal- 
 ba, one of the confpirators, who bore 
 a principal command in it, Fam. 10, 
 30. There came alfo public difpatch- 
 es from the confuls and Caefar ; which 
 Comiitus, the city praetor, next day 
 laid before the fenate. Servilius gave 
 It as his opinion, *' That the citizens 
 (liould lay afide the faguniy and refurae 
 the togdj and that a public thankfgi- 
 ving Ihould be decreed in honour of 
 the confuls and Oclavius." Cicero, 
 in his FouRTSENTH and lad Philii- 
 pic, gave it as his opinion, " that the 
 fdgum (hould not be laid aiide till they 
 were fure that the fiege of Mutina was 
 raifed, and Brutus freed from danger," 
 Phil. 14, I. ; but agreed with Servili- 
 us, in decreeing a tliankfgiving for fif- 
 ty days ; as alfo rewards to the offi- 
 cers and foldiers who had diftinguifh- 
 ed themfelves in battle, and that the 
 fame rewards fliould be given to the 
 relations of thofe who had fallen, as 
 to themfelves, if alive, ib. 14. Soon 
 after, Hirtius and' Odavius attacked 
 
 26 1 Clc 
 
 Antony's entrenchments before Muti- 
 na, and being aided by a fally of Bru- 
 tus from the town, forced the camp 
 of Antony, who fled precipitately 
 with all his cavalry towards the Alps. 
 Hirtius was killed in the a6lion ; and 
 Panfa, the day follovi^ing, died at Bo- 
 logna, of the wounds he hud received 
 in the former battle, Cic. Ep. ad Brut.. 
 4. Fam. 10,33. ^^ *^» *3' ^ppi^in. 3, 
 p. 372. Thus Oclavius became maf- 
 ter of the three armies. Whereupon, 
 inflead of improving his victory, he 
 determined to form an union with An- 
 tony and Lepidus, againft the party 
 of the fenate, and the confpirators, 
 for whom he had hitherto fought, 
 (See OcTA\-ius.) 
 
 Cicero was foon aware of the dan- 
 gerous turn which the death of the 
 two con f 'lis was likely to give to pu- 
 blic affairs, Fam. 12, 25 f/ 11, 9, 5c 
 13. He therefore implored Brutus 
 to bring his legions into Italy, as the 
 only thing which could fave the re- 
 public, ad Brut. 10. He attempted 
 alfo to fecure every other refource in 
 his power, by writing to Lepidus, 
 Plancus, and Pollio, to preferve their 
 attachment to the republic ; and they, 
 for fome time, ftruck with the defeat 
 of Antony, gave Cicero the ilrongeft 
 affuranccs of their fidelity, Cic. Fam, 
 10, 11, 12, 15,-33, & 34._ He even 
 had fome hopes of prevailing on Oc- 
 tavius to continue ftedfaft to the fe- 
 nate, ad Brut. 3. Nor did Oclavius 
 at ^i\-^ difcover his real intentions till 
 he got every thing he wifhed decreed 
 to his army, and himfelf made conful, 
 with (y^Pcdius, in the room of Hirtius 
 and Panla, Suet. Aug. 26. ; Dio^ 46, 
 45. Plutarch fays, that Cicero, old 
 as he was, fuffercd himfelf to be du- 
 ped by fo young a man as Oftavius, 
 (who was not yet twenty), by the of- 
 fer of the confulfhip to himfelf ; and 
 that Cicero, on this account, brought 
 over the fenate to favour the views of 
 Odavius. Brutus, in a letter to Ci- 
 cero, fays, that he had heard that Ci- 
 cero adlually was made conful, ad 
 
 Brul. 
 
C I G [12 
 
 Brut,/^. But Cicero, writing to Bru- 
 tus, gives a very different account of 
 the matter from that of Plutarch, ib. 
 
 lo. The firft thing 06lavius did, 
 
 after being made conful, was to feize 
 all the public money, and divide it a- 
 inong his foldiers ; complaining of fe- 
 veral affronts, which he alleged had 
 been put upon him by the fenate ; 
 particularly of their calling him a boy, 
 DiOf 46, 41.; Sitet. ylug. 12. For 
 on account of his youth, he was com- 
 monly dillinguiflied by the name of 
 *' The young man, or the egy,'* 
 Appian. p. 537, 545, 554, & 557.; 
 D'w, 46, 30. ; C'lc. Ph'iL 13, II. He 
 alio complained of Cicero's having u- 
 fcd an ambiguous exprefTion concern- 
 ing him, Lmidandum adolefcentem^ or- 
 iiandumy tollendum; which lafl word 
 fignifies either, " that he ought to be 
 advanced to honour, or cut off." 
 Octavius added, " that he would take 
 care not to put it in any man's power 
 to cut him off," C'lC. Fam. 11, 20.; 
 P't'Il. 2, 62.; Suet. Avg. 12. Odavi- 
 us now was Independent of the fenate, 
 and had no further ufe for Cicero. 
 He therefore was glad to lay hold of 
 any pretext to break with them. 
 
 Oclavius, \ntony, and Lepidus, 
 having concluded an alliance, agreed 
 on a profcription of their enemies. 
 06lavius is faid at firft to have oppo- 
 fed this meafure, Suet. Aug. 27. and 
 to have'ftruggled for two days to pre- 
 ferve Cicero ; but at laft gave him up 
 to pleafe Antony, Plutarch, in C'lc. ; 
 Veil. 2, 66. Cicero being informed 
 of the profcription, attempted to make 
 liis efcape, and might have fucceeded, 
 if he had ufed fufficient difpatch ; but 
 being overtaken by a party of foldiers, 
 under the command of Popilius Lae- 
 iias, a centurion, whom Cicero had 
 formerly defended in a trial for parri- 
 cide, (whence Seneca calls him the cli- 
 ent of Cicero, Tranquil, an. 15.), he 
 fubmltted to his fate with great forti- 
 tude. Popilius cut off his head, and 
 risjht hand, which had written the 
 P.Mippi'jp, and carried them to Anto- 
 
 7 1 C I C 
 
 ny, who then liappened to be fitting" 
 in the forum. Antony greatly rejoi- 
 ced at the death of Cicero, liberally 
 rewarded the centurion, and ordered 
 the head and hand to be fixed on the 
 roftra, Appian. B. C. p. 600. & 60 1. 
 
 Plutarch relates feveral circUmftan- 
 CCS concerning the death of Cicero dif- 
 ferently. He fays, that the foldiers 
 were commanded by Herennius, a 
 centurion, and Popilius, a tribune ; 
 that Herennius cut off Cicero's head 
 by Antony's command, and his hands 
 alfo, with which his Philippics had 
 been written ; and that Antony, when 
 thefe members were brought to him, 
 faid, " Now, let there be an end of 
 our profcriptions," in Cic. p. 885. ; 
 btit in another place, Plutarch fays, 
 that Antony ordered only the head 
 and right hand to be cut off, in Anton, 
 p. 894. So the epitomifer of Livy, 
 who calls Popilius a legionary foldier, 
 and writes thus : Ciceronls — caput quo- 
 que cum dextrd manu in rojlris pofitum 
 ejl, Epit. 120. So alfo Valerius Maxi- 
 "^"s, 5, 3, 4. But in a fragment of 
 Livy, prefervcd by the elder Seneca, 
 the head of Cicero is faid to have been 
 fixed on the roftra, between his two 
 hands, Senec. Suafor. 6. Cremuti- 
 us Cord us however, as quoted by 
 the fame author, mentions only the 
 right hand, ib. So Juvenal, alluding 
 to this fad, Ingenio manus efl et cer- 
 vix caefa^ 10, 120. Fulvia, the wife 
 
 of Antony, is faid to have infulted 
 the head of Cicero in a Shocking man- 
 ner, pulling out the tongue, and pier- 
 cing it with a hair bodkin, Dio, 4;/, 
 
 8. Cicero was killed in his villa 
 
 near Cajeta, on the 7th December, 
 in the 64th year of his age. His 
 death is faid to have been foreboded 
 in a remarkable manner by crows, 
 Appian. et Plutarch, ib. Val Max, I, 
 4. 5- 
 
 The ancient authors feem to labour 
 for exprellions to deplore the fate of 
 Cicero, and moft of them to deteft 
 the cruelty of Antony ; thus, Abjlu- 
 lit una dies aevi decus, ictague luSlu Con- 
 
 ticuit 
 
C I C [ 
 
 ticutt Lat'tae trljlis facundla linguae, — 
 PuMica vox faev'ts (?\ civis) aefdrnum 
 ohmutvk arm'ts. Corn. Sever, apud Se- 
 ll ec. Suafor 6. Chit as lacrhnas ten ere 
 lion potuitf Qt/um rec'ifum Ciceronts caput 
 in ilTis Juh rqfirts videretur, Flor. 4, 6. 
 Caeteronim htelus fr'ivatos tudus excita- 
 Tfi'unt, ilia una comrnunem, Cordus a- 
 pnd Senec. ib. Velleius Paterculus, 
 after narrating the murder of Cicero, 
 addreffes a pathetic apoftrophe to An- 
 tony ; Nihil tamen egijliy M. Anionic 
 mercedem caelejlijjimi oris, et clarijjimi 
 SJciJfi numerando, (fc. Popih'o Laena- 
 ti,) &c. Plvit, vi-vetque per omnium 
 faeculorum memoriam : Omnijque pojleritas 
 iUius in te fcripta mirahitur, tuum in eum 
 faBum execrabitur, citiiifque tn munda 
 genus homimim, quarn hnjus nomen cadets 
 2, 66. Livy fays of Cicero, /^/r mag- 
 nuSf aeeff memorahiTts fuit., et in cujiis 
 hi^ides fequendas Cicerone laudatore opus 
 Jmrit. apud Senec. ibid. Add. Plin» 
 10, 30, f. 3i. Valeiius above all juft- 
 ly execrates the ingratitude of Popili- 
 its> 5, 54. Cicero perhaps defended 
 Popilius, though he knew him to be 
 guilty. If fo, the return he met with 
 is remarkable. I: is more worthy of no- 
 tice, that Cicero, fpeaking of Antony's 
 grandfather, whofe fate was very fimi- 
 lar to his own, fays to Antony, 
 (though abfent), Acerbi/fimum ejus diem 
 fupremum malim, quam L. Cinnae donii- 
 nafum, a quo die crudelijfiiue ejl interjec- 
 tuSf Phil. I, 14. 
 
 Cicero, as to his perfon, was tall 
 and (lender, with a long and fmall 
 Beck, {^procerum et t::nue cclliim), Cic. 
 Br. 91. but his appearance was grace- 
 fol, ^decora fades), Senec. Suaior. 6 
 He was naturally of a v/eak conlti- 
 tHtion, but fticngtheiied it io much 
 by care and temperance, that he en- 
 jo)^ed health and vigour to the laft, 
 «5. When attacked by any flight in- 
 c!ifpafition, his ufual remedy was ab- 
 fiinencc, Cic. Fam. 7, 26. 
 
 Cicero had a great number of fine 
 Jioufes in different parts of Italy, fome 
 reckon up eighteen, all built or pur- 
 chafed by himfclf, except the family 
 
 12^ ] CIC 
 
 - feat at Arpinum. Thefe, on account 
 of their elegant flrufture and pleafant 
 fituation, he calls the eyes or the beauties 
 of Italy, {oChL'LO^ Italiae), Cic. Att. 
 16, 3, &: 6. His favourite villas were 
 thofe of Tufculuai, Antium, Aflura, 
 Formiae, Cumae, Puteoli, and Pom- 
 peii, all of them large enough for the 
 reception, not only of his own family, 
 but of his friends and guefls. Befides 
 thefe, he had feveral fmall inns [diver- 
 Jiola) or re'ting places, in palTmg from 
 one villa to another, Cic, Att. 14, 8. 
 Cicero's revenues muft have been very 
 confiderable to enable him to build and 
 fupport fo many great houfes. As his 
 paternal fortune was but fmall, the 
 fources from vi^hich he derived his funds 
 were, the emoluments of his public of- 
 fices, the prcfents of his clients, and 
 the legacies left him by his friends ; 
 which laft, he himfelf informs us, a- 
 mounted to near 200,000 1. (amplius 
 H. S, ducenties ) , Phil. 2, 16. The furni- 
 ture of Cicero's houfes was fultable 
 to their elegance. There was a cedar 
 table of his remaining in Pliny's time, 
 faid to have been the firft of the kind 
 in Rome, and to have coil about L. 80 
 (H. S. X.), Plin. 13, 15, & 16. By» 
 thefe expences Cicero was often invol- 
 ved in pecuniary difficulties, Vid. Ep, 
 ad Alt, pajfim. 
 
 Cicero's moral charadler, though 
 cenfured by his enemies, ^indiU 12, 
 I, 14. was on the whole irreproach- 
 able. His ruling paflion was the love 
 of glory, Cic. Att. 1, 15. <?/ 2, 17. Fam, 
 9, 14. Arch. II. Mil. 35. He was 
 blamed for his vanity, and for boafling 
 too frequently of the actions which he 
 performed in his confulihip, Dio, 38, 
 12. Bat, as Quinftilian obferves, he 
 feldom did this without reafon ; either 
 to repel calumny, or to vindicate his 
 conduA when attacked, 11, i, 17. So 
 he himfelf fays, Dam, 35, & 36. Har, 
 Rejp. 8. He was alfo accufed of timi-' 
 dity, which charge he allows to be jufl, 
 Fam. 6, 14. Att. 13, 37. but, by way 
 of explanation, adds, that he was not 
 timid in encountering dangers, but in 
 
 forefeeing 
 
C I C [I 
 
 forefeein^ tKem ; which, as Quindlh'an 
 juftly obfcrvcs, he confirmed by many 
 parts of his condu6l, and chiefly by his 
 death, 12,1, 17. But Quinttih'an carries 
 his eulogiiim too far, when he reprcfents 
 Cicero as a perfect patriot, (Nee Mar- 
 co "TttUio defuiffe video in uUa parte civis 
 optimi twlutilatemjf ib. 16. Unfortu- 
 nately there are too many iiillanccs on 
 record of his mean compliance to thofe 
 in power, which ou^ht to be afcribed 
 chiefly to his timidity. Hence the 
 fharp repartee of Laberius, the writer 
 of farces, {^mimographus)^ to Cicero ; 
 who one day obferving Laberius feek- 
 ing for a feat in the theatre, faid to 
 him while pafling by, " I (hould give 
 you a feat, if I were not ftraitened for 
 room,'' [n'lfi augujl^ federem). ^^ It is 
 a wonder you are ftraitened foi* room, 
 fays Laberius, when you ufe to fit on 
 two ftools," [miruyn ft augujle fedes y qui 
 J'oles duabus fellis federe) , alluding to Ci- 
 cero's profclTions of friendfhip both to. 
 Pompey and Caefar, while he was fin- 
 cerely attached to neither, Senec. Con- 
 trov. 3, 18.; Macroh. Sat. 2, 3. — Cice- 
 ro was apt to be too much elated in 
 profperity, and dejeifted in adverfity, 
 Senec. Sua/. 6. ; BruL ad C'lc. 4. 
 
 But Cicero is chiefly to be admired, 
 not merely as a ftatefman, but as an 
 orator, a man of genius, and a fcholar, 
 in all which, taken together, he has 
 perhaps never been equdlled. His in- 
 dufl:ry in fl:udy amidft fo many ])ublic 
 and private engagements is aftonirtiing. 
 Catullus, his contemporary, in thank- 
 ing him for fome favour, addrefles him 
 thus, Dijertiffime Komuli nepofum, ^lot 
 funty quotque fuerey ^otque pojl a His erunt 
 in annisy Slc. 47. ; and Julius Caefar 
 faid, that Cicero had acquired a laurel 
 fuperior to that of all triumphs, in as 
 much as it was more glorious to have 
 extended the fame of Roman genius, 
 than to have enlarged the limits of the 
 empire, {quant plus ejl ingenii Romani 
 ierminos in tanium promovlffcy quam impe- 
 .rii)y Plin. 7, 30. During the domi- 
 .nion of the Triumviri and of Auguilus, 
 it was fafliionable among the flatterers 
 
 29 1 C I c 
 
 of power to difparage the merit of Ci- 
 cero, {adulatores praefentis potentiae .non 
 rcjponfurum invaferunt)y Quindil. i?,- 
 10, 13. The Oily writer of that pe- 
 riod who fpeaks of Cicero with refpec^, 
 is Livy. Virgil and Horace do not fo 
 much as mention his name. Virgil h 
 fuppofed to have him in view when he 
 yields the fuperiority of eloquence to 
 the Greeks, [Orabunt canfas melius y fc. 
 alii, nempe Graecl), Aen. 6, 849. But 
 fucceeding authors do Cicero ample 
 juftice. Quinftilian compares him with 
 Demoftheues, and feems, on the whole, 
 to ^\^t Cicero the preference, lo, i, 
 105, ^c. He calls him Optimus auBor 
 ac magifler eloquentiae, 5^, 11, 17. Lati- 
 nae eloquentiae princepSy 6,3,1. Caele/lis 
 in dicetido vir, ic, 2, 18. In omnibus e- 
 nnnentiJTimuSy 12,10, 12. Nam mihi vi- 
 detur M. Tullius effnxtJTe vim Denujlhe- 
 nisy copiam Plaionisy jucunditatem Ifocra- 
 tisy 10, I, 108. ^are non immerito ah 
 hominibus aetatisfuae regnare in judiciis 
 didus ejl ; apud pqjleros vero id confecutiis," 
 ut jam non hominis nomeny fed eloquentiae 
 habeatur. Hunc igiturjpedtemusy hoc pro- 
 pofitum nobis Jit exemphm ; illefe profecijfe 
 fciaty cui Cicero valde placebity ib. 112, 
 Lucan calls him, Romani maximus au8or 
 eloquiiy 7, 62. There were, however, 
 many who cenfured Cicero's diction, 
 as loofe and languid, tumid and exu- 
 berant, ^indil. Oy 4, 1. 12, I, 22.^/ 
 12, 10, 12.; Dial, de Orat. 1.8, & 22. 
 Hence Ciceromastix, -Igisy the • -^ le 
 of a book written by one Lar^ii s La- 
 cinius, againft the fl:yle of Cicero, Gell. 
 
 None of Cicero's hifl:orical compofi- 
 tions remain, nor of his poems, but de- 
 tached paffages in different parts of his 
 works, which are far from being defti- 
 tute of merit. Hence Plutarch ranks 
 him among the moft eminent of the 
 Roman poets, in Cic. But as he was 
 greatly inferior to the poets of the fuc- 
 ceeding age, and did not polifli his 
 poem.s with fufHcient care, a fev? bad 
 lines being picked out and turned into 
 ridicule, ferved to difcredit all the refl: ; 
 whence Qui n (Lilian fays, In carminibus 
 R utimim 
 
die 
 
 [ MO ] 
 
 C I C 
 
 vtmam peperclffety quae non defierunt car- 
 fere malignly ll, i, 24. Thus Martial, 
 fpeaking of a bad poet, Carmina quod 
 fcrihis, Mufis et Apelline nullo (i. e. invi- 
 to) — hoc (fc. vitium) C'tceronls hahes, 2, 
 89,3. 
 
 But of all Cicero's works his philo- 
 fophical writings are the moft ufeful ; 
 in which, though he explains and fup- 
 
 came mader of the ftate, gave orders 
 to his friends to report to him the wit- 
 ty fayings which happened to drop 
 from Cicero in their company, that he 
 might infert them among his Apo- 
 thegms, lb. 9, 1 6. But the moft com- 
 plete coUef^ion of Cicero's fayings was 
 publiflied after his death by Tiro, his 
 freedman, or by fome other perfon, in 
 
 ports the opinions of all the different three books ; who, it feems, fhewed 
 fe6ls, yet he in private approved the 
 dodlrine of the Academics, who af- 
 firmed nothing for certain, but fatisfied 
 themfelves with embracing, after a care- 
 ful inveftigation, what appeared moft 
 probable, C'lc. Acad. 4, 3, & 4. T^fi- i> 
 9. Orat.fn. The pradice of the Aca- 
 demics of difputing for and againft 
 every opinion, (de omnibus rebus In con- 
 trarias partes dtfferend'i, ) was particular- 
 ly ufeful to an orator, in teaching him 
 to fpeak readily on all fubjeds, Cic. 
 'Tufc. 2, 3. Cicero therefore called it 
 the ** Parent of elegance and copiouf- 
 ■nefs," and often declared, " that he 
 owed whatever eloquence he had, not 
 fo much to the fchools of rhetoricians, 
 as to the walks of the Academy," 
 
 (^Ego aiitem fateor, me oratorem^Ji modo 
 
 more folicitude to compile all that oc- 
 curred, than judgment to make a pro- 
 per feleftipn, ^ilndil. 6, 3, 5. None 
 of thefe books are now extant. 
 
 M. TuHlus Cicero, ikf. F. the fon of 
 the orator by Terentia 5 born in the 
 year before his father was conful, a. 689. 
 (L, Caefare et C. F'tgulo Cofs.) Cic, 
 Attr 1,2. commanded a wing of Pom- 
 pey's horfe in the battle of Pharfalia, 
 where he was greatly applauded for his 
 courage, Cic, Off. 2, 13. He wifhed 
 to attend Caefar in his expedition to 
 Spain, but his father would not agree 
 to that propofal, Cic. Att. 12, 7. and 
 fent him to Athens, with proper at- 
 tendants, to ftudy philofophy under 
 Cratippus, ib. 32, 52, & 53, Off, i, i. 
 Here he remained till after the death 
 
 Jim^ aut et'iam quicunqiie fim, non e^ Rhe- of Caefar, when he joined Brutus, who 
 toriimofficms., fed ex Academiae fpati'is ex 
 
 thffey Cic. Orat. 3. Non tantumfe debere 
 Jchol'is rhetorum-, quantum Academ'tae fpa- 
 ttis, frequenter ipfe tefiatus eJU Quin Ail. 1 2 , 
 2, 23. Ex ph'dofophis plurimum fe traxffe 
 eloqueni'iae,ld. lO, T, 81. D'lcend't facuU 
 iatsm ex inlimis fapimt:aefontibusJiuere,i2, 
 2, 6.) From the fcepticifm of the Aca- 
 demic philofophy Cipero perhaps partly 
 derived that want of decifion which was 
 difcoverablc in feveral parts of his con- 
 dud. 
 
 Cicero was as diitinguilhed for his 
 wit as for his eloquence. Several fpu- 
 rious colleftiqns of his fayings were 
 handed about in his own lifetime, Cic. 
 Fam. 7, 32. et 9. 16. till his friend Tre- 
 bonius, after he had been conful, 
 thought it worth while to publilh a ge- 
 nuine edition of them, in a volume 
 which he addreffed to Cicero himfelf, 
 lb» 15, 2i> Caefir alfo, after he h%- 
 
 made hi-.n one of his lieutenants, and 
 wrote his father a very flattering account 
 of his abilities and conduct, ad Brut.z,^, 
 which ^vas confirmed by Lentulus, Cic, 
 Fam. 12, 14. and Trebonius, ib. 16. and 
 by the fon's own letters to his father, 
 Cic. Att, 14, 7, 15, 16, & 17. but none 
 of thefe now remain. Young Cicero, 
 with the troops which he commanded 
 in Macedonia, completely defeated C. 
 Antonius, and took him prifoner, Plu- 
 tarch, in Brut, et Cic. ad Brut. 2, 7. 
 After the battle of Phihppi and the 
 death of Brutus, he made his efcape to 
 Sex. Pompeius ; and after Pompey's 
 treaty with the triumvirate, returned 
 to Rome, Appian.p. 619, .672, & 713. 
 Cicero now, having nothing to do, 
 funk into a life of indolence and plea- 
 fure, and the intemperate love of wine, 
 Flin. 14, 22. He afterwards, however, 
 was made augur, Appian.p. 619= and 
 
 confiJj 
 
C I C f I 
 
 conful, {Vid. OcTAVius,) and at laft 
 proconful of Afia, or, as Appian fays, 
 of Syria, ib. after which we read no- 
 thing more concerning him. He is 
 faid to have had nothing of his father's 
 genius, but his wit and pohtenefs, («r- 
 bankatefn,) Senec. Suafor. 6. There 
 are ftill extant two letters of his to Ti- 
 ro, when he was about nineteen years 
 old, the former of which gives us a 
 very favourabl<l; fpecimen both of his 
 difpofitions and abilities, C/V. Fam. i6, 
 21, &. 25. 
 
 . J^ Tul/ius Cicero, the brother of 
 the orator ; after his praetorfliip, a. 
 692. fucceeded Flaccus as governor 
 ofAfia, Cic. Flac. 14. Fam. 1,28.; 
 where he continued for three years, 
 but did not gain great reputation by 
 his conduft. In the third year of his 
 government, he received from his bro- 
 ther an admirable letter of advice, Cic, 
 ^. Fr. 1,1. He afterwards diftin- 
 guiflied himfeif as one of Caefar's lieu- 
 tenants in Gaul, Fid. Caesar, /. 59. 
 He left Caefar to accompany his bro- 
 ther to Cilicia, as one of his lieute- 
 nants, Cic. Fam. 15, 4. In the civil 
 war he joined Pompey, contrary to 
 his brother's advice, Cic. yf//. 9, r, 
 & 6. But after the battle of Pharfa- 
 lia, he and his fon, in order to make 
 their peace with Caefar, bafely threw 
 all the blame on Cicero, Cic, uitt, 11, 
 8, 9, &c. who on the contrary aded 
 with great generofity to them, ik. 
 They were both with Cicero at his 
 Tufculan villa, when they received the 
 accounts of their being profcribed by 
 the Triumvirate. They might have 
 eicaped, had they inftantly fled ; but 
 Qu^intus and his fon returned to 
 Pwome, to furnirti them.felves with mo- 
 ney and other neceffaries. Plere they 
 were overtaken by Antony's emiffaries. 
 The fon was found out firft ; who, 
 defirous to preferve his father, nobly 
 refufed to difcover the place of his 
 concealment. But the foldiers inftant- 
 ly putting him to the rack, the father, 
 to refcue his fon from torture, burft 
 from his hiding place, aijd vQlyatarily 
 
 31 ] C I N 
 
 furrendered himfeif, making no other 
 requeft to his executioners, than to be 
 difpatched firft. The fon urged the 
 fame petition ; fo that the afl'aflins, 
 to fatisfy both, taking them apart, 
 killed them according to agreement at 
 the fame time, Dio, 47, 10.; Appian. 
 p. 601. ; Plutarch, in Cic, Jin. 
 
 CiCERONES pueri^ young Marcus 
 and Quintus, the fons of Cicero and 
 of his brother, whom Cicero carried 
 with him to Cilicia, Cic. Fam. 2, 17. 
 
 CicERRus, a buffoon defcribed by 
 Horace, Sat. i, 5, 51. 
 
 CicuTA, an ufurcr, Hor, Sat. 2, 3, 
 
 175- 
 
 CiLNiUM genus i an opulent family 
 or clan in Etruria, Liv. 10, 3. 
 
 CiMON, 'onis, the fon of Miltiades, 
 an illuftrious Athenian general, who 
 defeated the Perlians in feveral en- 
 gagements, (G. 466.), no lefs diftin- 
 guifned for his liberality than valour, 
 Nep. 5,4. ; Cic. Of, 2, 18. 
 
 M. CINCIUS Alimentoy a tribune 
 of the commons at Rome, who got a 
 lav/ paffed, a. u. 549, called Lex Cin- 
 ciA, prohibiting any one to receive 
 from a client money or prefents of 
 any kind, Cic, Sen, 4. j ■ Tacit, Ann. 
 
 11,5- 
 
 CiNCiNNATUs, a firname of the 
 Gens ^intia vel ^lin^ia ; vid. Quin- 
 
 TI£S. 
 
 Cine AS, -ae, the minifter and fa- 
 vourite general of Pyrrhus, (G. 231.) 
 
 CINNA, a firname of feveral Ro- 
 man gentes or clans, particularly of the 
 ^ens Cornelia. 
 
 L. Cornelius C INNA, firft dift inguifh- 
 ed himfeif as a lieutenant-general in the 
 Social or Italic war, after his praetor- 
 ftiip, Cic. 2' out. 15. He was conful with 
 Cn. Odavius, a. u. 664, the year after 
 Sulla and Q^Pompeius were confule. 
 Sulla, knowing Cinna to be inimical 
 to him, before he fet out to the war 
 againil Mithridates, obliged him to 
 fwear that he would do nothing a- 
 gainft his intereft in his abfence. But 
 no fooner was Sulla gone, than Cin- 
 na openly avov/ed his enmity to Sulla. 
 Ri ' He 
 
C 1 N [I 
 
 He propofed a law, «< That the Ita- 
 lians, who had lately been made citi- 
 zens, fhould be diftributed through all 
 the thirty-five tribes,'* inftead of vo- 
 ting in eight feparatc tribes by them- 
 felves, Veil. 2, 20. ; being bribed, as 
 was fuppofed, with 300 talents, y//- 
 p'tan, B. C. I, p. 389. This vi'as violently 
 oppofcd by Oftaviiis and the Patrici- 
 ans, who expelled Cinna from the ci- 
 t}'-, after a bloody conteft, to which 
 Cicero alludes, Sext. 36. deprived him 
 of his olflce, and eletled Merula con- 
 ful in his room. But Cinna, being 
 joined by Sertorios and Carbo, raifed 
 forces in different parts of Italy ; and 
 having recalled Marias and the other 
 exiles, advanced againft the city with 
 a great army in four divifions. Several 
 bloody contefts took place before the 
 walls, lb. el Liv. Epit, 79. At lad 
 0(?l:avius and the fenate were forced 
 to fubmitj and receive Cinna into the 
 city. Marias flopped at the gates, 
 on pretext, that being an exile, he 
 could not enter the city, till the de- 
 cree of his banifhment was reverfed. 
 Cinna inftantly fummoned an aflembly 
 for this purpofe ; but Marius waiting 
 only till three or four tribes gave their 
 votes, entered the city, as if taken by 
 ftorm, Plutarch, in Mar. f>. ^'^i. Cin- 
 r.a and Marius .made a horrible mafTa- 
 cre of their enemies, 'vid. Marius. 
 Liv. Epit. 80.; Fell. 2, 22.; Cic. 
 Phil. Ij 14.; Tufc. 5, 19.; Flor. 3, 
 21, 13.; Appian. p. 391, 5cc. Cinna, 
 without any formality of election, (««/ 
 lis comitiis hahitis)^ declared himfelf and 
 Marius confuls for the next year. Ma- 
 rius having died in the firll irx)nth, 
 Cinna nominated in l-is ftead Valerius 
 Flaccus/ wh(>m he fent into Afia with 
 two legions, to fuperfede Sulla in the 
 command of the war againil: Mithri- 
 dates. But Flaccus being killed by 
 !Fimbria, [q. 1;.) his quaeilor, Cinna 
 chofe Carbo as his colleague in the con- 
 fulate for the tw^o next years, Liv. 
 Epit. 83. Cinna, when conful for the 
 fourth time, gave his daughter Gwrne- 
 lia in marriage to Julius Caefar, Suet* 
 
 32 ] C I N 
 
 Caef. I. During the dominion of 
 Cinna m Italy, moft of the nobility 
 fled to Sulla ; v^'ho having now com- 
 pletely vanquifhed Mithridates, and ha- 
 ving forced the two legions under Fim- 
 bria to join him, was preparing to re- 
 turn with his victorious army into I- 
 taly, ap,ainfl: his enemies. Cinna and 
 Carbo made the moft vngorous efforts 
 to oppofe him, Liv. Epit. 83. But. 
 before the arrival of Sulla, Cinna was 
 cut off in a mutiny of his foldiers at 
 Ancona ; {^vir dtgnior, qui arbitrio vie- 
 tornm moreretur, qvam iracumUd fnilitum, 
 de quo vere diet poiefiy aufwn eum, quae 
 nemo auderet bonus, perfecijfe quae a nuU 
 lo nift a fori'ilfiino perjici prx/fent). Veil. 
 2, 24. Thus Lucan, Sylla potensy Ma- 
 riiijque ferox, et Cinna cruentus, 4, 822. 
 Ad Cinnas ATariofque venis, you come 
 to be ranked with Cinna and Maiius, 
 ib. 2, 546. Cinna nimin potens, Cic. 
 Phil. 2, 42. Hence Cinnae faevitiaf 
 
 Cic. N. D. 3, 32. CiNNANUM /^»|- 
 
 pus, Cic. Red. in Senat. 4. Cinnani 
 ttmporis iniquitas, ib. 3 1. Cum per tri" 
 ennium^ Cinnanae Marianaeque partes 
 Italiam olfiderent, the party of Cinna 
 and Mariua, Veil. 2, 24. 
 
 CINNA, an excellent poet, Virg, 
 Aen, 9, 35. who took nine years to 
 write a poem, called Smyrna, CatulL 
 89. (ai. 92.) to which Horace is fup- 
 pofed to allude in his advice to au- 
 thors, to keep their works by them 
 for nine years, {^nonumque prematur in 
 annum), Art. P. 388. et ibi Scholiajl. 
 Cinna is faid to have been rather ob- 
 fcure. Martial. 10, 21, 4^; and in 
 fome places alfo obfcene, Ovid. Tri/l. 2, 
 435. None of bis works now remain* 
 Some take him to have been the fame 
 with C. Helvius Cinna, a tribune, who 
 was torn in pieces by the mob, 
 through millake, at the funeral of 
 Caefar, Suet. Caef. 85. ; Val. Max. 9, 
 9, 2. ; Appian. B. C. 2, 521. ; becaufe 
 Plutarch calls him a poet, in Brut, p, 
 993. et in Caef. 740. But they fecm 
 to have been different perfons. 
 
 CiNNAMus, a barber at Rome, 
 made an eques by the favour of his 
 
 miflrefsj 
 
C I N [I 
 
 miftrefs ; but having dlHipated his for- 
 tune, became bankrupt, and an exile, 
 Martial. J, 6$. 
 
 CiNyRAs, -aft a kln;sr of Cyprus, 
 who bu.'lt a temple to Venus at Pa- 
 phos, where was an oracle, the hrft 
 pried of which was Thamyris, a Ci- 
 lician ; but his pofterity religncd that 
 office, and one of the royal family 
 was always elefted. Hence Cinyra- 
 DEs, -aej a fon or defcendant of Ci- 
 nyias, Tac. Hifl. 2, 3. 
 
 CIPIUS, W Capius, a complai- 
 fant hufhand, who would affeft to nod 
 while his wife indulged her amours. 
 But a flave coming into the room 
 while he was in one of thefe obliging 
 flumbers, and attempting to carry off 
 a flaggon that ftood on the table, Sir- 
 rah, fays he, Non omnibus dormio, 
 I do not fleep to all, Fejlus in Non. 
 tt Cic, Fain. 7, 24. 
 
 Cipus, a Roman, on whofe fore- 
 head two horns are faid to have grown, 
 which an Harufpex declared was an 
 emblem of fovereignty, and that if he 
 entered the city, he fhould become 
 king of it ; on which account he ne- 
 ver went within the walls, Ovid. Met. 
 
 Circe, -esy the daughter of Sol, or 
 Titan, (Tttanis, 'ulisj voc. Tifantf 
 Ovid. Met. 14, 14.) a famous forccrefs. 
 
 {G.375-). 
 
 CiRis, -iS) f. a name given to Scylla, 
 the daughter of Nifus, when changed 
 into a bird, Ovid. Met. 8, 150. 
 
 Cispius, a tribune, who coming to 
 afiill his colleague Fabricius, on the 
 day on which the law about recalling 
 Cicero from banifhment was to be pro- 
 pofed, was attacked by Clodius, and 
 driven from the forum with great 
 (laughter, Cic. Sext. 35. poji red. in 
 Sen, 8. Cicero afterwards defended 
 him in a trial v/ith much earneftnefs, 
 {^cum multis hichniis)^ but without fuc- 
 cefs, Cic. Plane. 3 1 . 
 
 CissEUs, (in two fyllables), -eos., a 
 king of Thrace ; the father of Hecii- 
 ba, who is hence called Cifseii, -tdis, 
 
 33 ] C L A 
 
 the daughter of ' Ciffeus, Firg. jlen, 
 7, 320. et 10, •^05. 
 
 Claranus, an illuftrlous gram- 
 marian, Senec. Ep. 66. \ Martial. 10, 
 21. 
 
 CLAUDIA, 'oel Clodia gens, an 
 ancient and noble clan at Rome, di- 
 vided into feveral branches or families, 
 fome of which were of patrician rank, 
 as the Nerones, Pulchri, 8cc. others ple- 
 beian, as the Marcel LI, Suet. Tib. i.; 
 Cic. Or. I, 38. ; Afcon. in Cic. pro 
 Scaur. The Gens Claudia originated 
 from one Atia Clausus, a chief of 
 the Sabines ; who being obliged to 
 leave his countiy by a domeftic {^^\^ 
 tion, came to Rome from Regillum, 
 with a great body of his clients, Liv. 
 2, 16. (Servius fays 5000, in Virg^ 
 Aen. 7. 706. ) about five years a « tx the 
 cxpulfion of the kings. They were 
 admitted into the freedom of the ftate, 
 and lands affigned to them beyond the 
 Anio. Their number being after- 
 wards encreafed by new acceflions from 
 the fame country, they were called 
 The old Claudian Tribe, Atta Clau- 
 fus got the name of Appius Clau- 
 dius, and being chofen into the fe- 
 nate, became one of the chief men in 
 the ftate, Liv. ib. Virgil afcribes the 
 orisjin of both the Claudian tribe and 
 Gens to Claufus, a Sabine chief, who 
 came to the affiftance of Turnus againfl 
 Aeneas, ( Claudia nunc a qua diff'anditur 
 et tribiis et gens)y Aen. 7, 708- Sueto- 
 nius fays, that the patrician branch of 
 the gens Claudia carne originally from 
 Regilliy (v. -us, V. -um)^ a city of the 
 Sabines ; but is uncertain about the 
 time of its removal to Rome, whether 
 in the time of Romulus, by the advice 
 of Titus Tatius, or of Atta Claudius, 
 the chief of the clan, about fix years 
 after the expulfion oF the kings, Tib. i: 
 Dionyfius agrees with Livy as to the 
 time when the Claudil came to Rome, 
 ( Valeric quartum et Lucrctio iterum Cojf. 
 a. u. 250), and makes their number 
 amount to 5000 men that could bear 
 arms, 1. 5, p. 308. So Plutarch, in 
 Poplicola, 
 
C L A 
 
 Poplicola, p. 1 08. 
 branch of this clan, ( Patricia g^ns Clai 
 dia)i from which the Emperor Tibe- 
 rius was defcended, is faid to have ob- 
 tained twenty-eight confulfliips, five 
 diftatorlhips, feven cenforfhips, feven 
 triumphs, and two ovations. Suet. ib. 
 This family is faid to have rejected by 
 joint confent, the firname of Lucius, 
 becaufe two diftinguiified by that fir- 
 name had been condemned for capital 
 crimes, ib. But this muft be under- 
 itood only of the patrician branch. 
 
 [ lU 1 C L A 
 
 The patrician bunes Volero and Laetorius, to pre-* 
 vent the paffing of a law, that the, 
 plebeian magillrates ihould be created 
 at the Comiiia Tributa \ but without 
 fuccefs, ib. et 57. Being fent againft. 
 the Volfci with an army, he treated 
 his fold fers with great feverity, ib. 58. ; 
 on v.'hich account they Ihowed the 
 utmoft ftubbornnefs, and even fuifered 
 them.felves to be defeated by the ene- 
 my, ib. 59. Appius punilhed them 
 with extreme rigour, ib. Next year 
 two of the tribunes raifed a criminal 
 
 For we find a L. Claudius mcntiontd, profecution againft him before the peo- 
 
 Cic. Hay. R.6.', and Liv. 41, 21. — 
 Tlie gens Claudia was always remark- 
 able for fiipporting the privileges of 
 the patricians, (^maje/Iatis pairtim pro- 
 puj^nafrix), Liv. 6, 4r. and inimical to 
 
 pie, (diem ei cJixere.) Appius once 
 pleaded his caufe, not in the tone of a 
 criminal, but with the haughtinefs of 
 an accufer, [accufatorio fpiritu)^ and 
 fo llruck the tribunes and people by 
 
 the rivets of the plebeians, [iuiviica pie- his firmnefs, that they voluntarily ad- 
 bi)i Id. 9, 34. with the fingle excep- journed his trial to another day. Ap- 
 
 tion of P. Claudius or Clodius, the 
 enemy of Cicero, Suet. Tib. 2. whence 
 Tacitus fays of Tiberius, that he pof- 
 fcffed the pride always inherent in 
 the Claudian family, [vetere atque infi- 
 td Claudiae ftnniiiae fuperbid), Ann. i, 
 
 4. adj. Claudius et Claudia- 
 
 Nus ; thus, Claudiae manu St X\ith?^Vids, 
 i. e. the flrength or fotce of the Clau- 
 dian family, put for the Claudii, al- 
 luding to the fteplons of Augulius, 
 Jior. Od. 4, 4, 73. vid. Nero. Clan- 
 diana cajlra, tlie camp of Claudius, 
 Liv. 23, 31, 39, & 48, firft fortified 
 by Claudius Marcellus, ib. 17.; and 
 kept up for feveral years ; whence it 
 retained his name, JAv. 25, 22. 
 
 Appius CLAUD1U8 being rr.ade 
 conful, a. 259, fhevvtd himfelf a keen 
 fupporter of the power of the fenate, 
 and inimical to the plebeians, Liv. 2, 
 21, — 28. He advifed the patricians 
 to baffle the power of the tribunes 
 by procuring one or n^.ore of their 
 number to interpofe their negative a- 
 gainft: the rell, ib. 44. 
 
 Ap. Claudius, the fon of the for- 
 mer, conful a. 282, was as holiile to 
 the plebeians as his father, and (liil 
 moFe hated by them, Liv. 2, 56. 
 He had a vicknt conteit with the tri- 
 
 puis, however, died of a difeafe before 
 the day of adjournment [prodida dies) 
 arrived, ib. 61. 
 
 C. CLAUDIUS, the fon of Ap- 
 pius, conful a. 294. was as fteady as 
 his father in fupporting the caufe of 
 the nobility, but m.ore moderate, Liv. 
 3, 15, & 35. Having loft his col- 
 league P. Valerius, who was killed in 
 quelling an infurrection of the ilaves un- 
 der Kerdoniu.i, ib. 18. he got L. Quin- 
 tius CJncinnaius chofen in his Head, 
 ib. 19. Ke ilood candidate for the 
 Dccemvirate, the fecond year after 
 the iniiitution of that office, but was 
 uflappointed by the intrigues of his 
 litplRVV [fratris fdii) Appius, ib. 35. 
 Afterwards, hovvevcr, when A])pius 
 was impeached, he interelled himfclf 
 warmly in his favour, though without 
 fuccefs, ib. 58. When the tribunes 
 urged the palTiiig of a law, that " one 
 of the confuls iliould be chofen from 
 the plebeians," Caius gave his opi- 
 nion, " that the confuls Ihould ufe 
 force of arms againft them, [confules 
 annahat in tribunes)', but this was pre- 
 vented by the expedient of creating, 
 inftead of conffds, military tribunes 
 with confular power, Liv. 4, 6. - 
 
 Appius CLAUDIUS, the chief of 
 
 the 
 
C L A C ] 
 
 the decemvirs, (called Regillanus, 
 Suet, Tib, 2. from Regillum, the an- 
 cient country of the Claudii, Liv. 3, 
 58.) He was conful elect:, a. 301, 
 (al. 303,) when the ckceminri were firft 
 created, Liv. 3, 33. After it was de- 
 termined that decemvirs, inftead of 
 confnis, fliould be created for a fecond 
 year, fevcral of the chief men in the 
 ilate declared themfelves candidates. 
 Appius Claudius took uncommon pains 
 to ingratiate himfelf with the people. 
 Though the youngeil of his colleagues, 
 he was appointed to preiide at the elec- 
 tions, that he might not return him- 
 felf; which no one had ever done, ex- 
 cept the tribunes of the commons, a.Tid 
 that by a very hurtful precedent. But 
 Appius having, by his addrefs, fet 
 afide the moil refpeftable candidates, 
 among the reil his own uncle, got per- 
 fons of a very inferior charafter, [ne- 
 quaquam Jplendore vliae pa res) f to be 
 chofcn, and himfelf among the firll, ib. 
 35. Appius having procured the con- 
 currence of his new colleagues, hence- 
 forth did every thing according to his 
 own pkafure, ib. 36. But his crimi- 
 nal paffion for Virginia foon put a pe- 
 riod to his power and his life. Being 
 divelled of his office, and thrown in- 
 to prifon, he killed himfelf, ib. 57, & 
 58. (G. 215, & 216.) 
 
 Appius Claudius Crajfusy the fon 
 of the decemvir, one of the military 
 tribunes with confular authority, a.33 i, 
 I,iv. 4, 35. and praefe6l of the city, 
 ib. 36. He (liewed the fame hatred 
 again il the tribunes and plebeians that 
 his anceftors had done, ib. 36. 
 
 /Ippius CLAUDIUS, the decem- 
 vir's grandfon, and the youngeil fena- 
 tor, a. 339, advifed the fenate to fol- 
 low the counfel of his anceftor, the 
 iiril Appius Claudius, to balHe the 
 power of the tribunes by the protelts 
 of their colleagues, //it'. 4, 48. When 
 military tribune, a. 352, Liv. 5, i. he 
 made a noble fpeech, to perfuade the 
 people not to difcontinue the fiege of 
 Veji in winter, ib. 3, — 7. with fuccefs, 
 ib. When Veji was about to be taker;. 
 
 3? 3 C L A 
 
 he gave it as his opinion in the fenate, 
 " That the money arillng from the 
 plunder of that city fliould be reduced 
 into the public treafury;" but this ad- 
 vice was not followed, ib. 20. Appius 
 keenly oppofed the law for eleding 
 one of the confuls from among the ple- 
 beians, Liv. 6, 40. but without effed, 
 ib, 42. He was made dictator, a. 393, 
 Liv. 7, 6. and conful with Camillus, 
 a. 405, ib, 24. in which olKce he died, 
 ib. 25. 
 
 yip. CLAUDIUS, cenfor with C. 
 Plautias, a. 442, who paved the road 
 named from him p^'ia Appia, Gic. Mil. 
 7. and firil brought an aquaeduft into 
 the city, hence called y^qua Claudia^ 
 Liv. 9, 29. His colleague having- re- 
 iigned his office on account of the fcan- 
 dal and odium incurred from their im- 
 proper choice of fcnators, ib, et 39. 
 Appius, from an inflexibility of temper 
 long inherent in his family, retained 
 the cenforfliip alone. Appius is faid 
 firil to have difgraced the fenate, by 
 chuling into it the fons of freed men, 
 {lihertinorum Jiliis le&is), Liv, 9, 46. 
 (Vid. R. A. p. 6.) The tribunes at- 
 tempted to force Appius to lay down 
 the cenforfliip, ib. 33. but without ef- 
 fe6l, ib. 34. -— He was made conful 
 a. 446^ ib. 42, interrex, a. 453, to pre- 
 iide at tiie eledion of confuls, Liv, 10, 
 1 1, when he would not admit plebeian 
 candidates, CicBr. 14. Being made 
 conful a fecond time, a. 456, Liv. 10, 
 15. he was feiit againll the Tufcans 
 and Samnites. At iiril he was unfuc- 
 cefsful, ib. 1 8. but afterwards gained 
 a iignal viclory, by the affiilance of 
 his colleague Volumnius, ib. 19. The 
 year after, being made praetor, ib, 22. 
 he fought a fecond battle againft the 
 Samnites with equal fuccefs, in the ter- 
 ritory of Stella, [in agro, v. ca7npo SkL 
 hai)f where alfo he was affifted by Vo- 
 lumnius, now proconful, z^. f/31. Ap- 
 pius in his old age loil his fight; whence 
 he is often called Appius Caecus, the 
 Blind. His blindncfa was confidered as 
 a puiuninicnl from heaven, for his ha. 
 
C L A C 1 
 
 ving, when cenfor, advffed the Pinarian 
 family to delegate their performance of 
 the facred rites of Hercules to public 
 flaves,Zi'u.9,39. (7?. ^.3 14.) In confe- 
 quence of this misfortune, he withdrew 
 himfelf from all concern in public af- 
 fairs ; till hearing that a majority of 
 the fenators, gained by the eloquence 
 and prefents of Cineas, were inclined 
 to make peace with Pyrrhus, he came 
 into the fenate, and fpoke with iuch 
 energy, that a decree was inftantly pafT- 
 cd, according to his opinion, " That 
 the Romans would never make peace 
 with Pyrrhus while he remained in Ita- 
 ly," (G. 232.), Liv. Epit, 13. ; Sen. 
 6. ; Flor. I, x8. Cicero fays, that this 
 happened only feven years after his fe- 
 cond confulfhip. Sen. 6. But Cicero 
 fpeaks ef Appius having borne public 
 ofHces after being deprived of his fight, 
 Clc. Tt/fc. 5, 38. and that he poffelTed 
 fuch vigour of mind, that neither old 
 age nor blindncfs prevented him from 
 attending both to private and public 
 bufinefs, tb. et Sen. ir. Appius Clau- 
 dius appears to have been a man of 
 great abilities, but more dillinguifhed 
 for the arts of peace than of war, Liv. 
 9, 42. (?/ 10, 22. ; Cic. Br. 14. ; Cael. 
 ■ 14. 
 
 Jp. Claudius, the brother of Ap. 
 Claudius Caecus, GeU. ,17,21.; Viclor. 
 de lUvJlr. vir. c. 7,1. couful a. 489, in 
 which year the firil Punic war began, 
 Zii?. 3 1 , T . ; Plin . 33,3.; Sfjlin. i , Ap- 
 pius was firnamcd Caudex, becaufe 
 be firft perfuaded the Romans to fit 
 out a fleet, [Romanh primus perfuafit 
 navem conjcendere ; Caudex oh hoc Ipfum 
 oppellatuc^qu'ia plurlum fabularum contextus 
 caudex apud antiquos appcilahatur)^ Se- 
 nec. de Brev. vit. 13. The Romans 
 at that time Vv'ere ignorant of ihip-build- 
 ing. They had noLning but open boats, 
 made of rough planks, {^ex tahul'is craf- 
 Jlor'ibusy Feilus), called Naves caudka- 
 r'tae. and in their firfc expedition to Si- 
 cily borrowed fliips from the people of 
 Tarentuin, Locri, Elea, and Naples, 
 Polyb. I, 20. Appius having, by a 
 bcld ftratagem, tranfportcd his troops 
 
 36 ] C L A 
 
 to Sicily, though the Carthaginians 
 were mailers at fea, firft defeated Hie« 
 ro, the tyrant of Syracufe, and then 
 forced the Carthaginians to raife the 
 fiege of Mefsana, Polyb. i, 11, & 12. 
 Suetonius favs, that Appius expelled 
 them from Sicily, Tib. 2. which was 
 not the cafe. Aurelius Vi6lor expref- 
 fes it more properly, Carfhaginienfes 
 Mejfand expvht, r. 37. Hiero was ob- 
 liged to fue for peace, which was grant- 
 ed to him, Polyb. 1,16. Claudius was 
 the firft Roman that triumphed over a 
 tranfmarine people, Sil. 6, 660.; Eutrop, 
 2, 18. 
 
 P. CLAUDIUS Pulcher, the fon 
 or grandfon of Ap. Caecus, Cic. Div, 
 
 1, 16. ; Gel/. 10, 6. conful a. u. ^o^. 
 Being fent againll the Carthaginians, 
 before he engaged in battle, he ordered 
 the omens to be confulted by the feed- 
 ing of chickens. When he was told 
 that they would not eat, " Then, fays 
 he, let them drink," and immediately 
 ordered them to be thrown into the 
 fea. Having thus engaged contrary 
 to the aufpiccs, his fleet was defeated 
 by the Carthaginians with great flaugh- 
 ter, Cic. N. D. 2, 3. ; Dlv. 1, 16. et 
 
 2, 8. ; Liv. Epit. 19.; Po^yb. i, 51.; 
 Flor. 2, 2, 29. After this, being re- 
 called by the fenate, and ordered to 
 name a diftator, he in derifion named 
 M. Claudius Glicia, or Glycias, his 
 fecretary or viator^ certainly a man 
 of m.ean rank, Liv. Epit. \g. ; Suet. 
 Tib. 2 Polybiusfays, that, after his re- 
 turn, he was tried, and a heavy fine 
 impofed on him, i, 52. 
 
 App. CLAUDIUS Pulcher, con- 
 ful a. 542, who laid fiege to Capua, 
 Liv. 25, 3. and being wounded, Id. 
 26, 6. died after the furrender of that 
 city, ib. 16. 
 
 C. CLAUDIUS Pnlcher, the fon 
 of the former, when conful, a. 577, 
 Liv, 41, 8. triumphed over the Iftri- 
 ans and Ligurians, ib. 13. Being 
 created cenfor with Tib. Sempronius 
 Gracchus, a. 585, Liv. 43, 14. on ac- 
 count of the vigorous difcharge of his 
 duty, he was brought to a trial before 
 
 the 
 
C L A E I 
 
 lae people by Rutllius, a tribune, and 
 with difficulty efcaped being condemn- 
 ed, tb. 1 6. 
 
 ^pp, CLAUDIUS Pulchery con- 
 ful a. 609, {al. 611,) was firft de- 
 feated by the Sahijfiy a Gallic nation, 
 inhabiting the Alps ; but afterwards 
 conquered them. On this account, up- 
 on his return to Rome, he triumphed 
 by his own authority, contrary to the 
 will of the fenate and' people ; which 
 
 . he is faid to have effected by means of 
 In's daughter, (or filler. Suet. Tib. 2.), 
 a Veftal virgin, C'ic. Coel. 14. who ha- 
 ving mounted the triumphal chariot, 
 attended him to the capitol, and thus, 
 by the refped paid to her facred cha- 
 radcr, prevented any of the tribunes 
 from Interpofmg and hindering the tri- 
 umph, ib. el Val. Max. 5, 4, 6. ; DiOf 
 34. 79. ; Orof. 5, 4. 
 
 yipp. CLAUDIUS Pulder, y^pp. 
 F. C. N. conful withDomltlus, a. 700 ; 
 the predeceflbr of Cicero in the go- 
 vernmentofCiiicia,wW. Cicero, p. 1 16. 
 accufed by Dolabella of improper con- 
 duct in his province ; but acquitted by 
 the influence of Pompey and Horten- 
 fms, Cic. Fanu 8, 6. et 3, 12. and af- 
 terwards made cenfor, ib. 12. ei 14. 
 which office he exercifed with great 
 ftriftnefs, though liimfelfby no means 
 oF an irreproachable charadler ; degra- 
 ding many of the fenators and Equites 
 for their immoral conduct, ib. among 
 .the reft Salluft the hillorian : and thus, 
 
 ; without intending it, he ftrengthened 
 the party of Caefar, Dio-, 40, d^. He 
 perifhed in the civil war. One of his 
 
 : daughters was married to Cn^ius, the 
 fbn of Pompey, CAc. Fam. 3,4.; and 
 
 I another to M, Brutus, Cic. Br. 77. He 
 was a learned orator, drilled in the Civil 
 law, and in the law of augurs, ib. On 
 the fubjeft of augury he wrote a book, 
 {librum auguraUfn,) which he dedicated 
 to Cicero, Cic. Fam. '^i^yct 11. Appius 
 is faid to have been the only augur who 
 
 I maintained the truth of divination ; 
 
 I for which he was ridiculed by his col- 
 
 1 leagues, Cic. Div. i. 47. f/ 58. ; Tufc. 
 
 37 1 C L A 
 
 CLAUDIUS ^mdrigarius, an hif- 
 torian contemporary with Sulla, Velf, 
 2, 9. fuppofcd to have been the fame 
 wlio is faid to have tranflated the an- 
 nals of AciHus, Liv. 25, 39 ; and is 
 quoted by Livy in other places, 8, 19. 
 9,- 5. 33, ic. f/3^, 14. 
 
 riberius CLAUDIUS Drvfus, the 
 fon of Drufus and Antonia ; the 5th 
 emperor of Rome, Suet. CL i. in his 
 youth affllAed with various diftempers, 
 which were fuppofed to have rendered 
 him dull, ib. 2. and therefore defpifed 
 by hls^ relations, ib. 4, 5, &c. He 
 however applied with uncommon at- 
 tention to the liberal fciences, and 
 made confiderable proficiency in them, 
 ib. 3. Tac. Ann. 6, 46. Having ob- 
 tained the empire by a wonderful acci' 
 dent. Suet. CL 10. he at ilrft behaved 
 fo as to render himfelf very popular, 
 ib. 12. but afterwards became the mere 
 tool of bis wives and freedmen, who 
 in his name committed a6ls of the moft 
 fiiocking rapacity and cruelty, c. 29. 
 He was at lafl polfoned by his wife 
 Agripplna,.as was generally believed, 
 with a mulhroom, of which kind of 
 food he was very fond, ib 44. Tac* 
 Ann. 12, 67. Hence Boktum, quakm 
 Claudius edit, edas. Martial, i, 20, 4* 
 So Juvenal, 5, 146. et 6, 420. 
 
 CL AUDI ALE^^w/k/ww, a certaia 
 number o^JIamJnes or priefts, inftltuted 
 in honour of Claudius, as a divinity, 
 after his death, Tac. Ann, 13, 2. 
 
 Many other illuftrlous men of the 
 Gens Claudia are mentioned in the Claf- 
 fics : See Nero and Marcellus. Se- 
 veral women of this family alfo are ce- 
 lebrated ; particularly^ 
 
 CLAUDIA, the daughter of Ap- 
 pius Caecus, who being incommoded 
 by the crowd of people in the ftreets, 
 fo that her carriage, while returning 
 from the games, could with difficulry 
 proceed, Is faid to have uttered loudly 
 a wIlli, " That her brother Pulcher 
 were alive again, to lofe another fleet, 
 that there might be a lefs- throng at 
 Rome.*' On which account (he was 
 brought to a trial and fined, Suet. TiB. 
 S 2.V 
 
C L A C I 
 
 2. ; Val. Max. 8, i, de DamnatiSy 4. ; 
 Cell. 10, 6. 
 
 CLAUDIA, the grand- daughter 
 of Appius Caecus, i^Jlppii Caen, proge- 
 nieSf) Cic. Coel. 14. called Qu in ta, 
 as it is thought, becaufe fhe was the 
 fifth daugliter of. her family, ik et Liv. 
 29, 14. Being appointed with other 
 matrons of the firil rank, {^inter matro- 
 nas pr'imores civiiruis,) to receive the 
 image of Cybele, (poet. Cybelie v. Cy- 
 bebe^) the mother of the Gods, brought 
 from Pcfsinus in Phrygia, [Caelico- 
 lum Phrygid gcnhr'trem fede petita7n, vSil. 
 17, 4.) when the fhip, which carried 
 the image, ftuck on a fliallow place in 
 the Tiber, and, as it is faid, could not 
 be moved by any force, Claudia ha- 
 ving prayed to the goddefs, *' that fhe 
 would follow her, if her virtue were un- 
 tainted," [fifibipudicitiacoujlaret)., eafi- 
 ly drew oif the (liip with her girdk or 
 with a rope ; and thus retrieved her 
 charafter for chaflity, v/liich before 
 had been fufpedted, on; account of the 
 levity of her drefs and behaviour, Suet, 
 ''Tib. 2. ; Appmn, BsU. Haumbal, p. 345. ; 
 Plin, 7, 35. ; Cic. Cod. 14. ; Har. 13. ; 
 Di9nyf.2,%. This ftory is told at 
 great length by Ovid, Fq/l, 4, 30 5, 
 ^. — 344, who alludes to it, Pont, i, 
 2, 144.; alfo by Silius Italicus, 17, 
 2 — 45. ; and by Herodian, wlio 
 makes Claudia a Vellal virgin, i, i r, 
 f. 35.; as Statius does, SHv. i, 2, 146. 
 But (lie is generally faid to have been 
 
 a matron. A flatue was erecled to 
 
 Claudia in the veflibule of the temple 
 of Cybele, which, when that temple 
 was twice burnt down, flood untouch* 
 ed by the flames, Fal, Max. 1,8, 1 1. 
 
 CLAUDIANUS, an excellent La- 
 tin" poet, in the time of Theodofius 
 and Honorius, whofe works are Hill 
 extant. 
 
 Cleantkes, -is,y.-ae, a Stoic philo- 
 ' fophcr, Cic. Jcad. 2, 13. the mailer 
 
 ©f Chryuppus, 'Id. Fat:']. —Clean- 
 
 THEA turba, the fedl of the Stoics, 
 Claudian. Cpnf. Mall. 88. 
 
 Clearchus, a general cf the La- 
 cedaemonians, who comprehended mi- 
 
 38 3 C L O 
 
 litary difcipline in the following ma- 
 xim, which he often inculcated on his 
 army, " That a commander ought to 
 be more feared by his foldiers than the 
 enemy," Val. Max. 2, 7. ext. 2. 
 
 ClEOBIS, Vid. BiTGN. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the feven wife 
 men of Greece, (G. 464.) 
 
 ' Clkombrotus, a general of the 
 Lacedaemonians, who engaged raflily 
 with Epaminondas at Leuctra, and was 
 defeated, Cic. OJf. i, 24. (G. 469.) 
 ■ 5[ 2. A native of Ambracia, {^Am- 
 hraciota,^ who threw liimfelf into the 
 fea, after having read the Phaedo of 
 Plato, Cic. Titfc. I, 34.; Ovid, in Ibin. 
 
 493- 
 
 Cleomenes, 'is, the name of feve- 
 ral kings of Sparta, [G. 474, &c,) 
 
 CLEONyMus, a general of the La- 
 cedaemonians, who invaded Italy, Liv. 
 10, 2. 
 
 CLEOPATRA, a queen of Egypt, 
 who captivated Julius Caefar by her 
 charms, and ruined Antony. Vid. Cae- 
 sar et OcTAvius. — Cleopatra was a 
 name common to feveral queens of 
 Egypt, Liv. 21, 4. 37, 3. 45, 13. &c. 
 
 CLIO, -us one of the nine Mufes, 
 who are hence called C'"?^J"y^'"0/'^J"j Qvid. 
 Art. A.m., I, 27. 
 
 Clisthenls, -isy the chief of he 
 family of Alcmaeon, wlio having ob- 
 tained the afiiilance of the Lacedae- 
 monians by ineans of the Pythia or 
 priellefs. of Delphi, forced Hippias to 
 abdicate the tyranny at Athens, and to 
 leave the city, Herodot. 5, 62, — 66. 
 
 CLITUS, ^an intimate friend of 
 Alexan^'er the Great, whom that king 
 flew in a fit of drunkenntfs. Curt. 8, 
 12, 18. 
 
 . CLODIA gens, the fame with Gtns 
 Claudia, Cic. Dom. 44. 
 
 CLODIUS, a Latin hiilorian, Cic. 
 'Leg. 1,2. Liv. 29, 12. 
 
 P. CLODIUS, a patrician of noble 
 birth, the brother of App. Claudius 
 Pulcher, poffelied of uncoinmon abili- 
 ties, but extremely profligate ; dif^e- |J 
 garding all laws, both human and d.i- ^ 
 vine, to fnch a degree, that he was ac- 
 
 culed 
 
C L O [I 
 
 tufed of Inceft with his own fifters, Veil 
 2, 45. Cic. Har. R. 20. Sext. 7, 17, & 
 54. Pif. 12. Dom. 34. Plutarch, in 
 IaiciiU. p. 515, & 517. Lucullus was 
 married to one of them. Clodius ha- 
 ving gone into, Aiia to ferve in the army 
 •of Lucullus, but not obtaining the 
 rank to which he thought himfelf en- 
 titled, fomented a rriutiny in the army 
 of Lucullus, which, joined to other cir- 
 cumrtances, occaiioned that illuftrious 
 commander to be recalled from Aha, 
 and x\\t charge of the Mithridatic war. 
 to be transferred on Pompey, Plutarch 
 ib. Dioy 35, 14. Clodius being obliged, 
 on this account, to leave the artny of 
 Lucullus, retired to Marcius Rex, the 
 governor of Cilicia, who was married 
 to another of Clodius's lifters, and was 
 inimical to Lucullus, Z)/o, 35, 17. 
 Marcius gave Clodius the charge of na- 
 val afl""ftirs, ib. Clodius having fallen 
 into the hands of the pirates, fent to 
 Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, requeiling 
 money to pay his ranfom ; Ptolemy 
 fent him two talents, a fum fo fmall, 
 that the pirates fcorned to accept it, 
 and let Clodius go without ranfom, 
 Strnb. 14./). 684. ; Jlppian. p. j^d^-i. as it 
 is faid, for fear of Pompey, Dio^ ib. 
 Clodius then repaired to Antioch in 
 , Syria, where, attempting to excite 
 fome fedition, he was near being killed, 
 ih. He fled from thence to Rome, 
 where he ufed every art to ingratiate 
 himfelf with tjie people, who were now 
 fo corrupt, that the irreligion and im- 
 morality of Clodius feem to have been 
 no obftruftion to his obtaining the iiril 
 place in their favour. Hence he is call- 
 ed Illapoptiii A p u L E I A, ( i. e. alter Apuk- 
 ia Saturnhms, feditiofus tribiimis ; et Apu- 
 LEiA, propter libidinum infatniam)) Cic. 
 Att. 4, I r. Being eleAed quaeftor, 
 before he entered on his office, he con- 
 trived to get admiffion into Caefar's 
 ' houfe during the celebration of the fa- 
 cred rites of the Bona Dea, in order 
 to procure an interview with Pompeia, 
 Caefar's wife. But being deteded, he 
 quickly made his efcape, Cic. Att. 1,12. 
 FiJe Catsar, p. ^^. Ileucc Clodius 
 
 39 1 C L O 
 
 is put for any adulterer ; thus, Clodius 
 accufet maechosy Juvenal 2, 27.; Sed 
 nunc ad quos non Clodius aras^ Before 
 what altars is there not now a Clodius ? 
 Id. 6, 344. It was a vulgar opinion, 
 that whatever man fhould pry into thefe 
 myfteries, would be inllantly ftruck 
 blind. Cicero fays that it was impof- 
 hble before to knov/ the truth of this, 
 becaufe no man but Clodius had ventu- 
 red on the experiment, Cic. Har. R. 18. 
 He obferves, that in his cafe, the blind- 
 nefs of the eyes was converted to that of 
 the mind, Cic. Dom. 40. The fenators 
 who hated Clodius wiihed to improve 
 this opportunity to banifh him from the 
 ilate ; but Caefar, who was chiefly in- 
 terefted, knowing the popularity of 
 Clodius, did not in the leafl. refent the 
 affront ofi'ered him, Dio^ 37> 45? & 46* 
 Various confultations of the fenate were 
 held concerning the manner in which, 
 he fliould be tried, Cic. Att. i, 14. 
 At laft it was determined, that he 
 fliould be tried by the praetor and a 
 fcledl number of judges, ib. 16. By 
 means of the molt fcandalous bribery 
 Clodius was acquitted, ib. (Ilia furia 
 muUehrium rehgionum, qui non pluris fecerat 
 Bonam Deam, quam tresforores-^ impuni' 
 tatera — ejl ^orifeciitus., Cic. Fam. i, 9, 34.) 
 Clodius henceforth always harboured' 
 the bittereil enmity to the fenate, and 
 chiefly to Cicero, who had appeared ia 
 court as an evidence againfl: him, Cic.ib, 
 Plutarch, in Cic. Val. Max. 8, 5, 5. 
 That he might execute his purpofes of 
 revenge, with the alTiftance of Caefar, 
 then conful, he caufed himfelf to be 
 adopted by C. Herennius a plebeian, 
 though younger than himfelf, Cic. Dom, 
 13. Att. 2, 7, & 12. and was elefted 
 tribune. Clodius having fecured the 
 concurrence of the confuls Pifo and 
 Gabinius, and of a majority of his col- 
 leagues, hrlb paifed feveral laws calcula- 
 ted to gain the favour of the people ; 
 next by artifice and violence, he forced 
 Cicero into baniihment, ( J'^id, Cicero, 
 p. 112.) and then, in order to punlfli 
 Ptolemyking of Cyprus, forfendinghim 
 io imall a fum Ibr his ranfom when taken 
 S 3 by 
 
C L O 
 
 140 ] 
 
 C L 
 
 by the pirates, he appointed Cato to re- 
 duce Cyprus into the form of a Roman 
 province, Strab, 14, p. 684. {FicL Ca- 
 To,/>.88.) 
 
 Clodius, elated with this fuccef?, car- 
 ried- his prefumption fo far as to infult 
 Pompey, Cic, Dom. 25, and even, as 
 was faid, to attempt his h'fe, Clc. Sext, 
 32. Pif. 12. On which account Pom- 
 pey, to mortify Clodlus, determined to 
 reltore Cicero, Cic. Att. 3, 8, & ]8. 
 This Clodius endeavoured to prevent 
 by the utmoft violence, and in the 
 llruggle occafioned great (laughter of 
 the citizens, C'tc. pojl reel ad ^/ir. 5. 
 in Sennl. 3, &c. Sext. 35. Dto, 39, 7, 
 & 8. The chief opponent of Clodius 
 was Milo, who refilled him in his own 
 way, by force of arms, and at the fame 
 time brought him to a trial for public 
 violence and breach of the laws, D'lo, 
 39, 7, & 8.; Cic. Mil. 13, & 1/5.. Clo- 
 dius, however, not only efcaped punKh- 
 ment, but Vv'as even created curule 
 aedile without oppofition, a. 697, Dio, 
 39, 1 8, &. 19.; Cic. Sext. 44. ; Har. Refp. 
 1I,&I3. Milo was now in his turn 
 brought to a trial for the fame crime 
 by Clodius, but after feveral warm dif- 
 putes and bloody contefts, the matter v;as 
 dropt, Cic. ^ Fr, 2,3. Sey.t, 44. ; Dioy 
 39, 18, &c. The hofiihty, hov/ever, be- 
 twixt Clodius and Milo continued, till 
 at lail it terminated fatally, while Clo- 
 dius Vv'as candidate for the office of 
 praetor and Milo for the confulflup. 
 They met accidentally near Bovillae, 
 on the Appian road, not far from 
 Rome, about three o'clcck in the after- 
 noon. Clodius was coming from A- 
 ricla, on horfeback, with three com- 
 panions and about thirty flaves, well 
 armed. Milo was going to Lanuvium 
 in a chariot with his wife and one 
 friend, but with a much greater reti- 
 nue, and among them fome gladiators. 
 A fray took place betv.'ixt the flaves on 
 both fides, in which Clodius interfering, 
 was wounded, and carried to a neigh- 
 bouring inn. Milo being Informed of 
 what had happened, refolvcd not to 
 leave the matter unfiniflied. He there- 
 
 fore ordered the inn to be flormed, and 
 Clodius to be dragged out and killed, 
 Appian. ^ B. C. 2, 439. ; Dio, 40, 39.; 
 Ajcon. in Cic. Argum. Mil. Cicero fays 
 that this was done without the know- 
 ledge of Milo, Mil. 10. Several of the 
 flaves of Clodius being ilain, and the • 
 reft having fled for fafety, his body was 
 left on the road, till one S. Tedius, a 
 fcnator, happening to come by, took it 
 up into his carriage, and brought it to 
 
 Rome, A/con. ib. Clodiani vd 
 
 Clodianae operae, the mercenaries of 
 Clodius, Cic. Fat. ij. ^ Fr, 2, 3. 
 So Clodiana manus, Cic. Sex. 37. Clodi" 
 anum imperiumy Cic. Dom. 10. 
 
 P. Clodius, the fon of the former 
 by Fulvia, and the ftep-fon of Antony, 
 who married Fulvia, Cic. Ait. 14, 13. 
 
 Sex. Clodius, a kinfman of P. Clo- 
 dius, who, the day after Clodius was 
 killed, carried his body naked, fo as 
 all the wounds might be feen, into the 
 forum, and placed it m the roftra ; 
 whence the mob, inflamed by a fpeecli 
 from, one of the tribunes, and headed 
 by Sex. Clodius, conveyed it into the fe- 
 nate-houfe,and there tearing up the ben- 
 ches, tables, and every thing combuft- 
 ible, erected a funeral pile on the fpot, 
 and, together with the body, burnt 
 the houfe itfelf, with a public hall ad- 
 joining, called Porcia Bafdica. They 
 then attempted to ftorm the houfe of 
 Milo, and of Lepidus, at that time In- 
 ter rex , but were repulfed in both at- 
 tacks with lofs, A/con. in Cic. Arg. Mil. 
 On account of thefc exceffes S. Clo- 
 dius was banifhed, ib. but was after- 
 wards reftored by Antony, Cic.Att. 14, 
 
 13- 
 
 CLODTA, the fifter of P. Clodius, 
 and wife of Metellus, as wicked and 
 profligate as her brother, Oic. Coel. 13, 
 14, 20, & 32. Cicero alleges that fhc 
 
 poifoncd her hufband, ib. 24. ^ 2. 
 
 Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, was 
 divorced for improper condudl, Plu' 
 tarch in Lucullo. — Concerning the other 
 fifter of Clodius, who was married tp 
 Marcius, there is nothing particular 
 mentioned, 
 
 Clodius 
 
C L U C 1 
 
 Clodius Licinius, a Roman hifto- 
 rlan, Lh. 29, 22. 
 
 CLOELIA, one of the hoftages 
 given to king Porsena, who having 
 deceived her keepers, fwam over the 
 Tiber amidft the darts of the enemy, 
 and efcaped to Rome, Llv. 2, 13.; 
 Flrg.Jen. 8,'65l. ; Juvenal. 8, 265. 
 
 CLOELII, one of the chief fami- 
 lies of the Albans, chofen into the 
 number of fenators at Rome, Llv. i, 
 
 30- 
 
 Cloelius TuUuSi a Roman ambaf- 
 fador, killed by the order of Toluna- 
 nius king of the Vejentes, on which 
 account a ftatue was ere^led to him in 
 the rollra, Llv. 4, 17. 
 
 T. Cloelius Slculusj one of the fir ft 
 tribunes with confular power, Liv. 4, 
 
 CLOTHO, -us, one of the three 
 
 Fates, {G. 589 ) ^y 2. A daughter 
 
 of Nereus, a goddefs of the fea, Flrg. 
 Aen. 9, loi. But here the beft edi- 
 tions read Doto, as in Vol. Flac. i, 
 
 134- 
 
 CLUENTIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens, faid to have been derived 
 frtAn a Trojan, Cloanthus, Virg. Aen, 
 5» '23. 
 
 A. Cluentius Av'itus, a native of 
 Larluum, (^Lannas, -atls), ace u fed by 
 his mother Safiia of having poifoned 
 his father-in-law OppianTcus ; defended 
 by Cicero in an oration ftill extant. 
 
 Clusius, a name given to Janus, 
 when the gates of his temple v/ere (hut, 
 {claufae), Ovid. Fall, i, 130. 
 
 Cluvia, a Campanian courtefan, 
 rewarded by the Romans for her kind- 
 nefs to their captives, Liv. 26, 33, & 
 
 34- 
 
 Clymene, -fj, the daughter of O- 
 ceanus and Thetys, the mother of Pha- 
 ethon, Ovid. Met. 1,765.; adj. Clyme- 
 NEUS, V. -elus 'y proles Clymen'ia, i. e. 
 Phaethon, ib. 2, 19. Clymhindes altae, 
 the filters of Phaethon, metamorphofed 
 into tall poplars, AuBor ad Liv. i n. ; 
 hence Clymenaea germinay i. e. amber, 
 fuppofed to be formed by the tears 
 fhed by the fillers of Phaethon, StaU 
 
 Sllv. I, 2, 12^. 
 
 41 1 COL 
 
 Clymenos, a name of Pluto, OW^/. 
 Faft. 6, 757. ; but moft editors read 
 Pluto, fome Lachefis. 
 
 Clymenus, a king of Arcadia, 
 Hygitu 206. who is faid to have given 
 name to an herb, Plin, 25, 7 f. 33. 
 
 Clytia, v. -f , -es, a nymph beloved 
 by Sol, (G. 373,) 
 
 CLYT AEMNESTRA,the daugh- 
 ter of Tyndarus by Leda, the wife of 
 Agamemnon, and mother of Oreftes. 
 She caufed Agamemnon to be killed 
 by her paramour Aegillhus, and was 
 htrfelf flain by Oreftes, (G. 407.) 
 
 Clytius, a young man, beloved by 
 Cydon, Virg. Aen. 10,325. 
 
 CocALUS, a king of Sicily, to whom 
 Daedalus fled from Crete, Ovid. Met. 
 8, 261.; (G. 421.). CocaUdcs, -um^ 
 the daughters of Cocalus, BiU 14, 
 42. 
 
 COCCEIUS, one who owed Cicero 
 money, Cic.Att. I2, 13, & 18. proba- 
 bly the fame who was afterwards the 
 quaeftor and lieutenant of Antony, and 
 the author of peace between him and 
 Auguftus, Appian. B. C. 5, 1122. mea- 
 tionedby Horace, Sal.iy^, 2^. thought 
 to have been the great-grandfather of 
 the emperor Cocceius Nerva. 
 
 COCLES, -ttls, m. afirname given 
 to P. Horatius, who alone fuftained 
 the attack of Porsena^s army on the 
 Sublician bridge, (G. 208.) ; Cic. OJl 
 I, 18. Paradox. I. Leg. 2,4.; Liv. 2, 
 10. ; Plln. 36, 15. from the lofs of one 
 of his eyes, (Coclifes diBl, qui nafcereri' 
 tar altera lumine orli), Plin. Hi 37. 
 
 CODRUS, the laft king of Attica, 
 who devoted liis life to fave his coun- 
 try, Clc. Fin. 5, 22. Tufc. 1,48. N.D, 
 3, 19. (G. 425.). — The name of a man 
 noted for his poverty, Juvenal. 3, 208. 
 — Of a bad poet. Id. i, 2. — And of a 
 good one, Firg. Eel. 7, 30. 
 
 COELIUS, an ancient Roman hif- 
 torian, Liv. 21, 38. 22, 31. 23, 6. 
 &c. 
 
 G COELIUS Caldus, Cicero's quae- 
 ftor in Cilicia, to whom he entrufted the 
 charge of the province when he left it, 
 GiV. Atf. 6j Kf k 6. Fam. 2, 15, 
 
C O E [142 
 
 MCOELIUS Rufiis, a young noble- v. 
 man, who accui'ed C.Antouius, who had 
 beenCicero^s colleague inthe confulfliip, 
 of mifcondiift in his province of Mace- 
 donia, and got him condemned, C/V.Co^-/. 
 31. He alfo accufcd L. Atratinus of 
 bribeiy, on which account Cotlius was 
 accufed by the fon of Atratinus of pu- 
 blic violence, and of an attempt to poi- 
 fon Clodia, in which caufe he v,'as de- 
 
 3 COR 
 
 ib. et Varr. L. L.5, 3. firfl 
 
 9-5 
 
 Ovid 
 
 fended by Cicero, C'lc. CoeJ. i. and ac- 
 quitted. Coelius poflefied confiderable 
 talents as an orator, Ck. Br. 79. 
 
 Tarquin'ws COLLATINUS, the 
 hiiftand of Lucretia, Liv. 1,57. crea- 
 ted conful with Brutus, ib. 60. but ob- 
 liged to abdicate that oiHce, and go 
 into banifhment, on account of his be- 
 ing of the family of Tarquinius, Liv. 
 2, 2. 
 
 COLUMELLA, (L. Jun. Mode 
 ratus)i a native of Gades, the author 
 of an excellent book on hufbandiy and 
 gardening, ftill extant. 
 
 Combe, -f.r, the daughter of Ophi- 
 us, {Ophias, -aJis). Ovid. Met. 7, 382. 
 
 Co METES, -ae, m. the father of A- 
 fterion, who was one of the Argonauts, 
 
 P. CoMiNius, a Roman egues^ who 
 accufed C. Cornelius, in oppofition to 
 Cicero, who defended him, Cic. Cornel. 
 1. 
 
 CoMMODUS, the fon of M. Antoni- 
 nus, a Roman emperor. [G. 246.) 
 
 Com us, the god of nofturnal revels; 
 whence comijfori -ariy to revel. 
 
 Concordia, the goddefs of concord, 
 Liv. 9, 46. J Cic.Dom.si. ; OivW. Fr^l. 
 i> 639. 
 
 CoNNUS, a mufician, the maftcr of 
 Socrates, Cic. Fam. ^9 22. 
 
 Con ON, -onis, a general of tlie A- 
 
 thenians, Nep. ^ 2. An illuilrious 
 
 allronomer, Firg. Eel. 3, 40. ; C^iuU. 
 de Coma Berenices, ep. 6^. 
 
 Con SID! us, governor of Africa the 
 year before the commencement of the 
 civil war, Cic. Ligar. I . 
 
 CONSUS, the god of counfel, Fef- 
 tus. et Serv. in Firg. Jen. 8, 636. whofe 
 fcllival v.aa called Consu.^lia, -iunii 
 
 lorum 
 inllituted by Romulus, Liv. 
 FaJL 3. 119. 
 
 C. CopoNius, a prudent and learn- 
 ed man, Cic. Fam, i, 31. praetor in 
 the confulfhip of C. Marcellus and Len- 
 tulus, Cic. An. 8, 12. 
 
 Coras, -ae, a leader of the troops 
 of Tibur, who came to the affiftance 
 of Turnus^ Virg.Aen. 7,672. the bro- 
 ther of Catillus, ih. et 11,465, & 604. 
 Co RAX, -acis, a Sicilian, who firft 
 wrote on rhetoric, Cic. Or, i, 20. ^/ 3, 
 21. Brut. 12. 
 
 CoRBULO, -onisf a Roman general 
 in the tim.e of Nero, Tacit. Anna/. 13, 
 8, &c. 
 
 CoRFiDius, vel CwfJius, a Roman 
 eques, who is mentioned among the 
 friends of Ligarius, as having appear- 
 ed in court to fupport him, (aclvocatus), 
 Cic. Ligar. ii. by miftake, as it ihould 
 feem ; becaufe Cicero difcovered, after 
 the fpeech for Ligarius was publiilied, 
 that Curfidius was dead before that 
 time, and therefore defiied the name 
 to be erafed, Aft. 13, 44. But too 
 many copies had got abroad for that 
 to be done. This is fuppofed to be 
 the perfon who is faid to have come to 
 life again after his funeral had been or- 
 dered, and to have buried the under- 
 taker of his funeral, i^locatorcrn funeris)^ 
 Plin. 7, 52. 
 
 CORINNA, a native of Tanagra 
 in Boeotia, the moft beautiful woman 
 of her time ; fo excellent a poetefs, that 
 file is faid to have got the better of 
 Pindar himfelf, in a contell of fkil) at 
 Thebes ; on which account the people 
 of Tanagra erefted a llatue to her in 
 the moil confpicuous part of the city, 
 and placed her pidure in their gymna- 
 fium., Puu/an. 9, 2 2. Aelian fays, that 
 Corinna gained the viclory over Pindar 
 feven times, 13, 25. But both thefe 
 authors afcrlbe the decifion to the un- 
 flcilfulnefs of the judges, ib. Perhaps 
 it was owing m.ore to their partiahty. 
 Corinna feems to have been older than 
 Pindar ; and therefore Plutarch fpeaks 
 of her giving advice to Pindar when a 
 
 young 
 
COR 
 
 [ 
 
 young man, on Ins inattention to mu- 
 fic and the life of fable, and afterwards 
 ridiculing liim for his having introduced 
 in the beginning of a poem too much 
 fable, de Glor. AthenicnJ. p. 347. Co- 
 rinna thought I'afic a divine invention. 
 She faid that Apollo had been taught 
 to play on the flute by Minerva, Plu- 
 tarch, de Mufica, p. 1136. The poems 
 of Corinna are celebrated by Proper- 
 j tius, 2, 3, 21. and by Statius, S'lh. 5, 
 
 I 3i JS^. <([ 2. The name which O- 
 
 I vid gave to his millrefs, Am, 2, 6, 48, 
 j &c. Art. Am. 3, 538. T'r'ijl, 4, 10, 60.; 
 Mart'ud. 5, 10, 10. €t 12, 44, 6. 
 
 CORIOLaNUS, a cdebtated- ge- 
 neral of the Romans, fo called from 
 his bravery at the taking of Corioli, 
 JJv. 2, 33. (G. 212.) 
 
 CORNELIA ^tw, a great clan at 
 Rome, containing many noble families; 
 as, the Scip'iGnes, Lentidi^ Syllae, &c. 
 
 CORNkLIA, the daughter of Sci- 
 pio Africanus, Clc. Inv. i, 49. the mo- 
 ther of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, 
 remarkable for the purity of her lan- 
 guage, Cic. Brut. 58. who educated 
 her fons with the greateft care, ib. 
 
 "'!^CORNIFICIUS, the competi- 
 tor of Cicero for the confulfhip, Cic, 
 ' Ait. I, I. 
 
 COROEBUS, an Athenian, Avho 
 firlt invented the art of pottery, (Jigl'i- 
 
 vqs fc. artes invemt)^ Plin. 7, ^6. 
 
 «T 2» The fon of Mygdon, {Mygdont- 
 d:s)y the lover of Cailandra, Virg. Aen. 
 ■,34i._ 
 
 CoRONAE, a name given to two 
 ■ yoiing men, who are faid to have 
 fprung from the afhes of two virgins, 
 Ovid. Met. 13, 698. Vld. Orion. 
 
 CoRONis, -/^^/j-, a nymph of LarifTa, 
 {Lar'ifaea), in TheiTaly, the mother of 
 Aefculapius by Apollo, Ovid. Met. 2, 
 543. whence Aefculapius is called her 
 Ion, (^CoronideSf -ae), Ovid. Fall. 6, 
 . 746. 
 
 ■Ti. CGRUNCANIUS, the firft 
 plebeian Pontifex Matdmusy Cic. N. D. 
 3, 2. and the iirll who gave his advice 
 freely as a lawyer to any citizen that 
 applied to him, Ck. Or. 3, 33. 
 
 43 1 COS 
 
 C. CORNUTUS, a tribune, an U 
 mitator of Cato, hence called Pfeudo- 
 Cato, Cic. Att. I, 14. praetor in the 
 confulfhip of P. Lentulus Spinther, 
 pic. Red. in Sen at. 9. 
 
 M. CoRNUTus, praetor in the con- 
 fulfhip of Hirtius and Panfa, Cic. Fanu 
 10, 12. Phil. 14, 14. 
 
 CORNUTUS, a Stoic philofophcr, 
 the praeceptor of Perfius, to whom 
 that poet dedicated his fifth fatire. 
 Per/. 5,23, &c. He is faid to have been 
 confulted by Nero concerning an hif- 
 torical compofition which that emperor 
 propofed to undertake, and to have 
 been banifhed, becaufe he mentioned 
 his objections too freely againft it, Dio, 
 62, 29. 
 
 CORVUS, a firname given to M. 
 Valerius, from a raven perching on his 
 helmet while engaged in fingle combat 
 with a Gaul, Liv. 7, 26. v,rhence his 
 poflerlty were called Corvini. 
 
 CoRVBAs, -antisj the fon of Jafon 
 or Jafus and Cybele, from whom the 
 priefts of Cybele were called Cory- 
 ban tes, -tiumj Horat. i, 16, 8. adj. 
 Corybantius ; Corybantia aera^ the bra- 
 zen cymbals ufed by the priefts of Cy- 
 bele \\\ performing her facred rites, 
 Virg. A en. 3, i J I. 
 
 CoRyciDEs, -«w, a name of the 
 Mufes, who were fo called from Cory- 
 cus, a ridge, or rather a cave, of Mount 
 ParnafTus, near Delphi, Ovid. Met* i, 
 320. ^ 
 
 CoRyooN, -onisy the name of a fliep- 
 herd frequently mentioned by Theocri- 
 tus and Virgil, Virg. EcL 2, & 7. 
 
 CoRYNKTEs, v. -asy -ae, the fon of 
 Vulcan, Hygin. 158. [Fulcani proles) y 
 a robber, that infefted the territory of 
 Epidaurus, (lain by Thefeus, Ovid. Met. 
 
 7»437- 
 
 CoRyTHus, an ancient king of E- 
 truria, who founded Cortona; whence 
 that town is called Corythusy v. -umy by 
 the poets, Firg.Aen.gy 10.; Si/, ^yj 21. 
 
 A. Cornelius COSSUS, a Roman 
 general, who was the fecond that gain- 
 ed t\\tfpolia ophnay by flaying \\\ battle 
 Lar Tolumnius king of the Vejentes, 
 a. u. 318, Liv, 4, 20, 5c 32. 
 
 COSSUTII, 
 
COS C I 
 
 CossuTii, or Cojfetii, an equeilrian 
 family at Rome, from which Cofiutia, 
 Caefar's firft wife was defcended, Suet. 
 Caef. I, whence Tahernae Cojfut'ianaey 
 fnops or taverns belonging to one Cof- 
 futius, Cic, Ep. 1 6, 27. perhaps to him 
 who is mentioned Ctc. Verr. 3, 27, & 
 
 Cot is ON, -owV, v. -ontis, a king of 
 the Getae, Suet, Aug, d^, or of the 
 Dacians, Horat. Od. 3, 8, 18. ; for the 
 Getae were called Daci by the Romans, 
 P/in.^, 12 f. 25. ; DiOf 51, 22. 
 
 COTTA, a firname of the Gens Au- 
 relia. 
 
 Lucius COTTA, the colleague of 
 Torquatus in the confulfhip, a. 688, 
 Ck. Cat, ^,S, RuIL2, 1 7. He thought 
 that there was no need of propofing a 
 law forCicero^s reflioration, becaufe the 
 law for his banifliment was not legally 
 pafTed, Cic. Fam, 12, 2. et 2, 21. Att. 
 12, 23. 
 
 CoTTios, a king of a country lying 
 among the Alps, Suet, Tib, 37. ; Ner. 
 18. whence that part of thofe moun- 
 tains was called Alpes Cotliacy or Cottia- 
 tiacf Tacit. Hilt i, 61.; Ammian. 15, 
 10. 
 
 CoTYS, -yts, or -yosy a king of 
 Thrace, who fided with Pompey in 
 
 the cKil wars, Cacf. B. C, 3, 4. 
 
 The Cotys mentioned by Tacitus, who 
 was murdered by his uncle in the time 
 of Tiberius, feems to have been a diffe- 
 rent perfon, Annai 2, 64, &c. To him 
 Ovid appears to have written one of 
 his epiftlcs from Pontus, 2, 9. 
 
 COTYTTO, -zix, the goddefs of 
 lewdnefs, Jwvenoh 2, 92. whence the 
 nodturnai facred rites performed to her 
 by her prieils [Baptae) were called Co- 
 vtyttia facray Horat. Epod. 17, <^6, 
 
 CRAN FOR, -mis, a celebrated phi- 
 iofopher, born at Soliy a town of Cili- 
 cia, a fcholar of Plato, Cic. Acad, i, 
 10. {yetus Academcus^y ''^, j\y /f^ji^. He 
 wrote a book on grief, called Conso- 
 LATio, Cic. Tufc. I, 48. which Cicero 
 calls lihellus aureolusy and fays, after Pa- 
 iiaetius, that every word of it fliould be 
 got by heart, {ad verlum cdifcendiis)^ 
 
 44 ] C R A 
 
 Acad. 4, 44. Horace places him in 
 the fame rank with Chryfippus, Ep. i, 
 
 2, 4-' 
 
 Crassipes, -edisy a firname of the 
 gens Furiay Liv. 38, 42. One of this 
 family married Tullia,'the daughter of 
 Cicero, Cic, Alt. 4, 5.; ^ Fr. 2, 5, 
 6. but foon after divorced her. 
 
 CRASSUS, a firname of the Li- 
 ciNii, adj. Crassianus. 
 
 P, Licinlus CRASSUS, one of the 
 molt diilinguifhed citizens of his time 
 for ever)" accomplifhment, Li-v. 30, i. 
 called Dives, on account of his 
 wealth, ih. et 27, 21. This is the firlt 
 of the Crassi diftinguilhed by that 
 firname. Pliny alludes to fome other 
 one ; but what perfon he means is 
 
 uncertain, 33, 10 f. 47. Craffus 
 
 obtained the office of Pontifex Maxi- 
 viusy before he had been aedile, in op- 
 pofition to two competitors, who had 
 each of them been twice conful and 
 cenfor, Lro. 25, 5. He was appoint- 
 ed mailer of horfe by Q^Fulvius, the 
 dictator, a. 542. ; Liv, 27, 5. Soon 
 after he was chofen cenfor before he 
 had been either praetor or conful, ih. 
 6, et 2\, But his colleague Veturi- 
 us having died before they performed 
 any public function of their office, 
 Craffus alfo abdicated the cenforfliip, 
 ih. 6. according to cullom, Lin). 5, 31. 
 He was made conful with Scipio, the 
 conqueror of Annibal, a. u. 547. ; 
 Lii!. 28, 38. {^cum fuperiore Africanoy 
 Cic. Br. 19.) ; and the province of 
 Bruttii affigned to him, Liv. ib. But 
 he and his army being feized with a 
 grievous diftemper,. were forced to 
 remain inactive, Liv. 29, 10. Next 
 year, being continued in his com- 
 mand, ib. 13. ; and having joined his 
 forces with Sempronius the conful, he 
 defeated Annibal near Croton, ib. 36. 
 He died, a. 571. After his death a 
 diflribution of flefh was made to the 
 people, (vifceratio data), a fliow of 
 1 20 gladiators exhibited, and funeral 
 games celebrated for three days, Liv. 
 
 39> 46- 
 
 P, Licinius CRASSUS, a praetor, 
 
 who 
 
C R A 
 
 C 145 1 
 
 C R A 
 
 who cxcufed himfelf from going into 
 Ill's province of Hither Spain, on ac- 
 count of a folemn facrifice, Z,iz>. 41, 
 15. Being eleftcd conful, he was fcnt 
 into Macedonia againih Perfeus, by 
 whom he was defeated, /Ji;. 42, 28, 
 32, 58, & 59. ; but in a fecond bat- 
 tle proved victorious, ilf. 66. He be- 
 liavcd with great rapacity, and cruelty 
 in Greece, Liv. 43, 4. 
 
 Z. Llrmius CRASSUS, the chief 
 orator of his time, Cic. Brut. 38, &c. 
 The only one to be compared with 
 him was Antonius, iL 47. ; Paierc. 2, 
 9. ; whence Cicero introduces thefe 
 two as the principal fpeakcrs m his 
 book (le Oratore. CrafTus was colleague 
 with Scaevola in all the public offices, 
 {^omnibus in magijlratibus^ except thofe 
 of tribune and cenfor, ih. 43 When 
 a very young man, {^Adolejcentulasy 
 Cic. Or. I, 10. Annos natus unmn et 
 vigintif al. undevig'mtit ib. 3, 20. nonO' 
 dcc'imo aetatis anno. Dial, de Orat. c. 
 34.) he accufed C. Carbo, the year 
 after he was conful, a. 634, of various 
 capital crimes, Cic. Or. 2, 40, & 43.; 
 0^. 2, 13. with fo great eloquence, that 
 Carbo, fearing the iffue of the trial, 
 put an end to his own life by poifon, 
 Cic. Brut. 27.; Fam. 9, 21. Valerius 
 Maximus fays, that he was baniflied, 
 3, 7, 6. During the trial a flave of 
 Carbo's brought to Craflus a box, 
 containing fevcral papers which would 
 have ferved to convidl Carbo ; but 
 Cvaffus deteiting fuch villany, ordered 
 the flave to be carried back iir chains 
 
 to his mafter, Id^ 6, 5, 6. Next 
 
 year Cialfus was appointed one of 
 three commifiioners to fettle a colony at 
 Narbonne in Gaul, Cic. Br. 43. ; by a 
 law he had recommended in a popular o- 
 ration, which he publilhedj Cic. Cluent. 
 51. Or. 2, 'C^^. But he afterwards pu- 
 bhfhed another oration in fupport of 
 the ariftociatic party ; which contra- 
 riety of opinion having been caft up 
 to him in a trial by Brutus, drew from 
 CrafTus a fhirp reply, which Cicero 
 extols, th. So Quinftilian, 6, 3, 43, 
 ^ 44. CrafTus delivered this oration 
 
 when thirty.four y-^ears old, a. tl. 647, 
 the year in which Cicero was born, 
 Cic. Br. 43. CrafTus difcharged the 
 olHce of aedile with Q^Mucius Scae- 
 vola very magniricently, Cic. Ojf. i, 
 
 16. When conful with the fame 
 
 Mucins, a. u. 659, he palTed a law, 
 (called from them Lex Licinia Mucia 
 de civihus rcgundis)^ *' that no one fliould 
 pafs for a citizen that was not fo,'* Cic, 
 Off. 3, II.; Ball. 21.; which was one 
 principal caufe of the Itahc or Marfic 
 war, that took place three years af- 
 ter, Afcon. ui Cic, pro Cornel. Craf- 
 fu3, after his confulrtiip, obtained the 
 province of Gaul, which he ruled with 
 great juftice, and freed from robbers, 
 whom he was at great pains to detetl 
 and deftroy. On this account, upon 
 his return, he aflced a triumph, which 
 the fenate was difpofed to grant him ; 
 but his former colleague, Scaevola, 
 thinking that he had not deferved that 
 honour, prevented it, Cic. Inv. 2, 37.; 
 Pif 26, et ibi Afcon. The fon of Car- 
 bo v^rent with CrafTus to his province, 
 to be a fpy on his condud, whom 
 CrafTus was fo far from excluding from 
 his prefence, that he afiigned him a 
 place on the tribunal, and never de- 
 termined any thing without having 
 him for one of his counfel, Val. Max. 
 3, 7, 6. CrafTus, however, vv'hen he 
 law himfelf fo v/atched, is reported to 
 have faid, " that he never repented 
 any thing fo much as his accufation 
 
 of Carbo,'' Cic. Verr. 3., t. Craf- 
 
 fus being made cenfor with Cn. Domi« 
 tins Ahenobarbus, ordered fome La- 
 tins, who profefTed to teach rhetoric, 
 to fhut up their fchool, [cludere ludiim, 
 \. e. JchoUim hnpudentiacy as it was then 
 called), on account of their ignorance, . 
 Dial, de Orat. c. 35. ; Cic. Or, 3, 24. ; 
 Suet. Clar. Rhet. i.; Gell. 15, u, ; 
 (Vid. CiCKRO, p. 102.)., CrafTus did 
 not agree with Domitius, whom he 
 raUied with great humour for his au- 
 llerity and dullnefs, Cic. Or. 2, ^6.', 
 Br. 44. ; Suet. Ner. 2. while Domitius 
 blamed him for his luxury, PHn. I'J, 1. 
 ft 33, Ji. et 34, 3. et 36, 3. J FaL 
 T Max. 
 
C R A 
 
 Max. gf I, 4. ; Macrob. 2, ll. . 
 linn. H'rjl. Animal. 8, 4. CrafTus ha- 
 ving engaged in a violent altercation 
 with PhiHppus, the conful, in the fe- 
 nate, was fucldenly feized with a pain 
 in his fide, of which he died in feven 
 days after, a. u, 661, happy, as Ci- 
 cero thinks, in being thus prevented 
 from feeing fo many dreadful calami- 
 ties as foon after befel the ftate, C'lc. 
 Or, 3, I, & 2.; VaL Max. 6, 2, 2. 
 
 P. L'tc'inhis CRASSUS, Mucianm 
 Dives, the adopted fon of P. Craf- 
 
 fus Dives, who fought againft Anni- 
 bal, the natm-al fon of Mucins, and 
 brother of P. Scaevola, an orator of 
 fome repute, Cic. Br. 26.; Or. l, 37.; 
 Pontifex Ma:i:imus, and colleague oi 
 L. Valerius Flaccus in the conful- 
 ihip, a. 622, Cic. Phil. 11, 8. He 
 perifhed in the war againft Ariftoni- 
 cus, Veil. 2, 4. ; Liv. Epit. 39. 
 
 M, Crassus, fuppofcd to be the 
 -foil of the former, praetor a. 648, Cic. 
 Or. I J 36. called «>'£x«<rTc,-, becaufe he 
 was faid to have laughed but once in 
 his life, Cic. Fin. 5, 30. Pliny fays 
 never, {^Ferunt Crajfimiy avum Crafft in 
 
 Parihis intere/npti 
 19. 
 
 nunnuam n 11 e 
 
 P. Crassus, the fon of the former, 
 lieutenant to L. Caeiar in the Italic 
 war, Cic- Font. 15. ; Appian. p. 446.; 
 conful with Cn. Lentulus, a. 657.; 
 in which year liuiian facrifices are faid 
 to have b^^en urft ptohibitcd by a de- 
 cree of the fenate, hi Plin. 10, 2, et 
 30, I f. 3.; {Plutarrh. ^me/l. Rom. 
 83.) and cenfor with L. Julius Cae- 
 far, a. 664, Cic. Arch. 5. He flew 
 himfelf to avoid the cruelty of Marins, 
 Cic. Or. 3, 3. Plutarch lays, that he 
 and his brother were ilain by Cinna 
 •and Marius, in Crajjo. Florus fays, 
 that CrafTus and his Ion v/erc flain in the 
 fight of each other, {Crqjji, pater ct 
 Jilius, fc. trucidantur, m Kiutuo alter al- 
 Urius afpe^Uy 3, 21.) according to Lu- 
 can, by Fimbria, {^truncos laceravit Fim- 
 bria Craffos), 2, 124. 
 
 M, Licinius CKAS^US Dives, Tri- 
 ■jmx'irj the Cgn of the fgrmer, v/ho ha- 
 
 [ 146 1 C R A 
 
 Ae- ving cfcaped from the cruelty of Ma- 
 rius and Cinna, fled with three friends 
 and ten ilaves into Spain, where he 
 had been fome years before with his 
 father, when governor of that pro- 
 vince. Here he lay concealed in a 
 cave for eight months ; till hearing of 
 the death of Cinna, he left his con- 
 cealment, raifed 2500 men, atid ha- 
 ving procured !tippiiig> pafTed over 
 with them into Africa and joined, Me- 
 tellus Pius. But differing with him, 
 he went over to Sulla, with whom he 
 returned into Italy ; and having raifed 
 a conl-lderable number of forces, was of 
 great fervice to Sulla in the civil war. 
 But finding himfelf lefs refpetlcd by 
 Sulla than Pompey, a much younger- 
 man, he was greatly piqued at the pre- 
 ference ; which laid the foundation of 
 a violent jealoufy between Craffus and 
 Pompey for a long time after, Plu- 
 tarch, in Crajf. ; Sallujl. Cat. 17. In the 
 dreadful battle, and the laft which Sul- 
 la fought, at the Porta Collina, under 
 the walls of the city, Craffus com- 
 manded the right wing, and was vic- 
 torious, when the left wing was obli- 
 ged to give way, Plutarch, ih. ; Appian., 
 p, 407. Craffus, by purchafing the e- 
 flates of the profcribed, which Cicero 
 calls the harvell of that time, ( Sullani 
 temporis mejfem, Paradox. 6, 2.) and by 
 other unjuftifiable methods, accumula- 
 ted an immenfe fortune, amounting 
 in lands to Sejlertium his millies, i. c. 
 L. 1,614,583 : 6 : 8, befides money, 
 flaves, and honfehold-furniture, Plin. 
 33, 10 f. 47. which may be ellimated 
 at as much more. Plutarch fays, that, 
 after confccrating the tenth of all he 
 had to Hercules, feafcing the people 
 at 10,000 tables, and giving to every 
 citizen corn fufKcient to ferve him fof 
 three months, his eftate amounted to 
 
 7 1 00 talents. Craffus ufed to fay> 
 
 " That no one ought to be called rich,' 
 who could not with his income main- 
 
 .) 7. 
 
 tam an army, 
 tarch. in Crnjfo _ 
 ny, a legion, 
 
 27. ; Plutarch. 
 
 ih. I. OJf. I, 8.; Ph- 
 
 or, according to Pli- 
 
 ih. (^Ts^TorzSov, Dio, 40, 
 
 in CraJf. 544). Th© 
 
 numbev 
 
C R A C 
 
 number of his flavcs is faid to have 
 been equal to that of an army. Thefe 
 he employed in fuch a manner, as not 
 only to fupport themfelves, but alfo to 
 enrich their mafter. He had above 
 500 mafons and architefts conftantly 
 employed in building or repairing the 
 houfes of the city, the greatelt pait 
 of which had become his property, 
 Plutarch, ik CraiTus however was very 
 hofpilable to ftrangers, and often lent 
 money to his friends without intereft ; 
 but was pundual in exafting payment, 
 id. As he was inferior to his rival 
 Pompey in military exploits, he ap- 
 plied himfelf to eloquence, Cir. Br. 66. 
 and tried by every art to gain the fa- 
 vour of the people ; in which he was 
 very fuccefsful, Plutarch. Being crea- 
 ted praetor, he was appointed to con- 
 duit the war 'againll the fugitive 
 flaves under Spartacus, C'lc. Ver. 
 5, 2. whom he crufhed with great 
 llaughter, Flor. 3, 20. ; and on 
 that account obtained the honour of 
 an ovation, in which, by a decree of 
 the fenate, he was permitted to wear 
 a laurel crown, the proper ornament 
 of a triumph, inltead of a myrtle 
 crown, whi«^h ufed to be worn in an 
 ovation, GelL ^t 6.; Plln. 15, 29. ; 
 Cic. Pif. 2j. 
 
 Cralfus in this war decimated 500 of 
 his foldicrs for cowardice ; a kind of 
 punifhment which had long been difcon- 
 tinued, Plutarch, in Crajj. p. 548, on 
 which account Craffus was called rigid 
 and fevere, Dio^ 48, 42. Having be- 
 come reconciled to Pompey, he was 
 made conful with him, a. 684. But 
 their agreement was of Ihort continu- 
 ance. In the exercife of their office 
 they difTered almoft in every thing. 
 They were made friends again jull be- 
 fore the expiration o^f their office, at 
 the requeit of the people. The moft 
 important thing that took place in 
 their confulihip was the rciloration of 
 the power of the tribunes, Plutarch. \ 
 Sallujl. Cat. 38. Craffus was eleded 
 ccnfor with Catvilus ; but they too 
 happening to difagrce, refigned their 
 
 147 ] C R A 
 
 office without doing any thing, (Vid. 
 Catulus), Craffus is faid to have 
 been engaged with Caefar, Pifo, and 
 others, m a dreadful confpiracy againft 
 the (late, which was fortunately pre- 
 vented, Suet. Caef. 9. ; Sallujl. Cat. 18, & 
 19. He was fufpeAed of being con- 
 cerned in Catiline's confpiracy ; and 
 one Tarquinius, an informer, named 
 him as an accomplice. But the power 
 of Craffus quafhed all enquiry about 
 the matter. Craffus afcribed this af- 
 front to the contrivance of Cicero, 
 which increafed their former enmity. 
 They were however afterwards recon- 
 ciled, C'lc. Fam. I, 9, 57. et 5, 8. ; SaU 
 
 lujl. Cat. 48.— Ponlpey and Craffus 
 
 were foon again at variance, but were 
 at lail firmly united, by the art of Cae- 
 far, in the famous triumvirate, (Vid.. 
 Caesar, p. <^6.) 
 
 Craffus, in his fecond confulfliip, 
 {^Vid. Caesar, p. 58. ; and Cato, 
 />. 89.) having obtained the province 
 of Syria for five years, was fo impa- 
 tient to take poffcffion of it, that he 
 left Rome two months before his con- 
 fullliip was expired. He openly de- 
 clared his intention of making war a- 
 gainft the Parthians, though they had 
 given the Romans no provocation, nor 
 was Craffus commiffioned to attack 
 them, jDi(5, 40, 12.; Appian. Parthlc, 
 135. ; Plutarch, in Cra[j\ p. 553. But 
 Craffus had conceived the moil extra- 
 vagant expeftations from this expedi- 
 tion, and both Caefar and Pompey 
 encouraged him to profecute it, P/a- 
 tarch. His dehgn however was gene- 
 fally difapproved. The tribunes there- 
 fore attempted to hinder his departure, 
 by denouncing to him, while facri- 
 hcing as ufual in the Capitol, that the 
 omens were unfavourable : and when 
 Craffus diiregarded this, Atejus, one 
 of the tribunes, (Fiorus calls him Me- 
 tellus, 3, II.) attempted to carry him 
 to prifon ; but being prevented by his 
 colleagues, he went to the gate of the 
 city, and having dreffed up a little al- 
 tar, with certain ceremonies, devoted 
 Craffus, as he paffed, to dedrudion, (ho- 
 T 2 pllhus 
 
C R A C 14S ] 
 
 filihus clinsDsroriTy) Flor. 3. 11.; P/w- Lucan, 
 
 ^tarch, in Crnjfoy p. 553. ; D'lOi 39, 39. ; 
 
 App'ian, in Parth. p. 135. ; Cic. Dlv. 
 1, 16. 
 
 Velleius afcribes this aft to all the 
 tribunes, {^Craffuniy proficifcentem in Sy- 
 rianif dlris omnibus tribuni plebis frujlra 
 retinere conatiy) 2, 46. So Lucan, 
 Crajfumque in bellafecutae Saeva tribuni- 
 tiae voverunt praelia dirae, 3, 126. Craf- 
 fus was in fo great halte to fct out, 
 that he embarked at Brundufium in 
 the middle of winter, and loll a num- 
 ber of his fhips in the pafiTage. 
 
 While Craffus was putting his troops 
 on board at Brundufumi, one happen- 
 ed to be crying figs from Caunus in 
 Caria to fell, (Caunea? fc. ficus da- 
 mitabat ;) which was thought a bad 
 omen, as if the word Caimeas were a 
 contraction for Cave ne sas, Cic, 
 Div, 2, 40. 
 
 Craffus, after his arrival in Syria, 
 was more attentive to the exaction of 
 money than to military affairs. He is 
 faid to have plundered the temple of 
 Jerufalem of a large fum, Jojeph, Antlq, 
 14, 12. et Bell. Jud. I, 6. In his ex- 
 pedition againft the Parthian*? he afted 
 with great imprudence. Several bad 
 omens are faid to have happened while 
 he croffed the Euphrates, Dto, 40, i 8.; 
 Plutarch, in Crajfo, p. 554. and at other 
 times, Vol. Man. I, 6, 11. Some of 
 his friends advifed him not to advance 
 into the enemy's country. But he 
 flighted their advice?, and, deceived by 
 the art of one Agbarus, an Arabian, 
 (Phitarch calls him Ariamnes, ih.p.^^^. 
 jlorus calls him Mazarcs, 3, ii.), he' 
 led his army to a diilance from the ri- 
 ver into a vaft; plain without trees or 
 %\'ater, where he was furrounded, by 
 the Parthians under Surcna, (v. -as.) 
 the chief general of king Orodes, and 
 the greatell part of his army cut to 
 pieces. Craffus with a fmall number 
 efcaped to Carrae, a town of Mefopo- 
 tamia ; where being decoyed by Surc- 
 na into a conference, as if to treat about 
 peace, he was killed, his head cut off, 
 and fent, together with his right hand, 
 
 4:o Orodes, Dio, 40, 20,-28. Hence 
 
 C R A 
 
 mijcrando funere Craffus Af- 
 fyrias Latio maculavit Janguine Carras, 
 I, 104. It is faid that the Parthians, 
 by way of derifion, poured melted 
 gold into his mouth, Dio, 40, 27. ( Ut 
 cujus animus arferat auri cupiditatef ejus 
 etiain rnortiium et exj'angue corpus auro ure- 
 retur, Flor. 3, 11.) Plutarch and Ap- 
 pian take no notice of this circum- 
 ilance, though they mention a fimilar 
 thing done to Aquilius by Mithridates, 
 Plutarch, p. 564, et Appian. in Mithrida- 
 tic. p. 184. But Plutarch mentions 
 a different kind of infult offered to the 
 head of Craifus by Surena and Orodes, 
 p. 564, &c. So Appian, in Parthicis, 
 p. 154, 155. — After the deftruclion of 
 Craffus moll of his foldicrs efcaped 
 through the mountains ; fome were 
 taken by the Parthians, Dio, 40, 27. 
 and conformed to the cultoms of the 
 country; which Horace fpeaksofwith 
 great difapprobation, Milefne Crajfi^ &c. 
 Od. 3, 5, 5. Caffuis, the quaellor of 
 Craffus, having colleded fuch as fur- 
 vived, efcaped to Antioch, Veil. 2, 46. 
 {^Vid. Cassius.) — The overthrow of 
 Craffus, (Jirages CraJJiana, Val. Max. 3, 
 4, 5.) was one of the greateft difaffcrs 
 that ever befel the Romans. Concern- 
 ing the number of men that were loff, 
 authors differ. They are commonly 
 reckoned at 20,000 flain and JO,oco 
 taken. Appian. Parth. 154. Juftin 
 fays that the whole army of Craffus 
 was deffroyed, 42, 4. So nearly Flo- 
 rus, 3, 1 1, and Pliny, 2, 56. 
 
 The death of Craffus was calami- 
 tous to the republic, not merely from 
 the lofs of fo great an army, but chief- 
 ly becaufe it removed the only bond of 
 union which, after the death of Juiia, 
 remained between Pompey and Caefar, 
 or rather the only check to their am- 
 bition, {^Solafuturi CraJJus erat belli me- 
 dius moray — faeva arnta ducum dirimens. ) 
 The intervention of Craffus was the on- 
 ly thing which kept Pompey and Cae- 
 far from quarrelling, as he would na- 
 turally join the weaker, Lucan, i, lOO, 
 & 104. [Exlnde, quoniam mktuo metu te- 
 nebantur^'—Jiatim aemulatio erupit, Flor. 4, 
 2.) Hence Lucan jullly fays, that 
 
 the 
 
C R A 
 
 t 149 1 
 
 C R IS 
 
 tlie dellruftlon of Craffus by the Par- 
 thians, [Pofthia damnai i. c. clades a 
 Parthis illata^) gave caufe to the civil 
 war, ih. 106. Cicero, while he (hews 
 how happy it is for men that they are 
 ignorant of what is to befal them, de- 
 fcribes in a {t\v words tlie miferable 
 fate which juftly befel not only Craf- 
 fus, but alfo Pompey and Caefar, in 
 confequcnce of their criminal ambi- 
 tion, and to which Cicero himfelf not 
 a little contributed by fupportlng their 
 unjull meafures, contrary to the con- 
 vitllon of his own mind, C'lc, Div. 2, 
 9. {Ful CiCEKOj p. 114.) 
 
 Plutarch obferves, " that divine juf- 
 tice failed not to punifli both Orodes 
 for his cruelty and Surena for his per- 
 fidy ; for Surena was not long after 
 put to death by Orodes, who envied 
 his glory ; and Orodes at lall was mur- 
 dered by his ion Phraates," in Cra/s. 
 Jin. — The poets contemporary with 
 Auguftus take particular notice of the 
 defeat of Craffus, while they celebrate 
 the greatnefs of Augullus, who by the 
 terror of j^is arms recovered the liand- 
 ards which Craffus had loft ; thus Ovid, 
 Fa/I. 5, 583. et 6, 465. ; Jrt. Jin, I, 
 179. ; Propert. 2, 10, I'^.et 4, 6, 83. 
 
 P. CRASSUS, the Yon of the trl- 
 umvir, a young man of an amiable cha- 
 ra£ler, of a quick genius, and highly 
 cultivated by learning ; but perverted 
 by ambition and an immoderate paffion 
 for military glory, Cic. Brut. 81. Fam. 
 5, 8. et 13, 16. He gained much 
 honour by his bravery and conduct as 
 one of Caefar's lieutenants in Gaul, 
 Caef. B. G. I, 52. et 2, 34. et 3, 7, 11, 
 ao, — 28. When his father and Pom- 
 pey fued for the confulihip a fecond 
 time, young CrafTus came to Rome to 
 vote for them with a number of fol- 
 diers, Dlo, 39, 31, whom Caefar had 
 promiied to lend for that purpofe, Plu- 
 tarch. In C rajs. p. 551. in Pomp, p, 646. 
 Next year he joined his father in Syria 
 with a thoufand chofen horfe from 
 Gaul, given him by Caefar, Appian. 
 Parth. 136. and in the fatal battle 
 againll the Parthians, commanded the 
 left wing. Having, in the beginning 
 
 of the fight, advanced too far in pur- 
 fuit of a body of the enemy, who pre- 
 tended to fly, he was furrounded, and 
 fcorning to fave his life, which he might 
 have done, by deferting his men, he 
 was, at his own defne, killed by his 
 armour-bearer, being difabled by a 
 wound to do it himfelf. The Parthi- 
 ans returned to the combat in triumph 
 with his head fixed on a fpear. The 
 father bore the fight with uncommon 
 fortitude, but it greatly deprefled the 
 courage of the army, Plutarch, in Crajs. 
 559. ; Apptan. ih. 147. 
 
 CPvATe RUS, a general much truft- 
 ed by Alexander the Great ; after 
 whofe death he was llaln in a battle a- 
 gainit Eumenes, Nep.Eum. 4. — ^ 2. An 
 eminent phyficlan in the time of Cice- 
 ro, Cic. Att. 12, 13, & 14. fuppofed 
 to have been the fame mentioned by 
 Plorace, ^^2/. 2, 3, 161. and by Per- 
 fius, 3, 65. 
 
 CRATES, -his, a native of Mallos, 
 [Mallotesj -ae,) who being fent as an 
 ambaffador to the fenate from Attains, 
 king of Pergamus, firft introduced the 
 ftudy of grammar at Rome, between 
 the fecond and third Punic war. Suet. 
 Gram. 2. — ^\ 2. An academician phl- 
 lofopher, Cic. Acad, i, 9. 
 
 CRATiNUS, a celebrated ancient 
 comic writer at Athens, Hor. Sat. i, 
 4. I. rather too fond of drinking. Id. 
 Ep. I, 20, I. uncommonly fatlrical, and 
 therefore termed Audax, daring, becaufe 
 he foared nobody, Perf. I, 123. 
 
 CRATIPPUS, a philofopher, born 
 at Mitylenae, an intimate acquaintance 
 of Cicero's, Cic. Div. 1, 3. whofe lec- 
 tures on philofophy Cicero's fon attend- 
 ed at Athens, Cic. Off. i^ i, 
 
 Crenis, -'idis, the name of a nymph, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 313. 
 
 CREON, -ntis, a king of Thebes, 
 the father of Jocafta the wife Oedipus, 
 (Apoilodorus fays, her brother, 3, 5, 
 7.) who, after Polynlces and Eteocles, 
 the fons of Oedipus, were flain, refum- 
 ed the government, (G. 430.) He 
 gave his daughter Megara in mar- 
 riage to Hercules, {^G. p.\oo.) 
 
 Creon, the fon of SIfyphus king of 
 Corifith, 
 
CHS I I 
 
 Corintti, [G. Ai6.) whofe daughter, 
 Creufa, Jafon married, after divorcing 
 Medea, {G.p. 443.) 
 
 Cresphontes, a king of Mefienia, 
 Cic. Her. 2, 24. from whofe ftory Euri- 
 pides wrote a tragedy called Cres- 
 PHQNTEs, Cic. Tufc. 1, 48. 
 
 Cretheus, -eos, v. -e'l^ the Ton of 
 Aeolus, and father of Aefon, by Tyro, 
 the daughter of Salmoneus, Apollodor. 
 1, 7. whence Jafon, the fon of Aefon, 
 is called Crethulesy -ae., Val. Flacc. 6, 
 609.; Crethcm proles ^ Id. 8, 112.; and 
 Helle, the daughter of Aefon, Firgo 
 Crefheia, Id. 2, 61 2. 
 
 Creusa, the daughter of Priam, 
 and wife of Aeneas, P'"irg.Aen. 2, 651. 
 who, while flie followed her hufhand, 
 in his flight from the burning of Troy, 
 by fome unfortunate accident was lol't, 
 
 tb. 737, Sec. ^ 2. The daughter or 
 
 Creon king of Corinth, whom Jafon 
 married, after having divorced Medea, 
 (G.443.) 
 
 Crispinus, a Stoic philofopher, 
 Hor.Sat. 2, 7, 45. 
 
 CRISPUS, a firname of the SalhflU. 
 In the works of Salluil, the cognomen 
 Crifpus is put before the nojnen Salluf- 
 tius, which is not ufually the cafe. So 
 Horace, addveinng the grandnephew 
 and adopted fon of the hiftorian, has 
 Crifpe Salltiftiy Od.'2, 2, 3. But in. the 
 infcription to this ode the names are in 
 their regular order, jlfl C. Sallnjlium 
 Cnfpum. 
 
 CRITIAS, -acy one of the thirty 
 tyrants fct over Athens by the Spar- 
 tans, who caufcd Theramcnes to be 
 put to death, Gic. Tufc. 1, 40. noted 
 for his eloquence, Cic. Or. 3, 34. vSome 
 of the writings of Critias were ext&ut 
 ill the time ot Cicero, ih. 2, 22. 
 
 CRiTO, -cnisy the Icholar and in- 
 timate friend of Socrates, Cic. Div. i , 
 25. who attended his praecptor in his 
 lail moments, Cic. Tufc. i, 43. 
 
 CRlTOBuLUS, a ikilful phyil- 
 ci-'^n, who extradted an arrow from the 
 eye of Philip king of Macedonia, when 
 wounded by After, (G. 325.), with- 
 out disfiguring his face, P/in. 7, 37. 
 Ke attended Alexander into India, and 
 
 5c ] C R O 
 
 extra6lcd a dart from his body when 
 dangeroufly wounded, Curf.gy 5, 25. 
 
 CRITOL^US, a general of the 
 Achaeans, who, by his imprudence, 
 involved his country in a war with the 
 Roman?, which occafioned the deftruc- 
 tion of Corinth ; and hence he is faid 
 to have overturned that city, Cic.Tufc. 
 
 N. D. 3, 38. 5f 2. An Ariltotelic 
 
 philofopher, Cic. Fin. 5, 5. who came 
 to Rome on an embafly from Athens, 
 Cic. Or. I, II. 
 
 Crocale, -esy the daughter of the 
 river Ifmenus, Oind. Md. 3, 169. 
 
 Crocus, a beautiful youth, who, 
 having fallen in love with Smilax, was, 
 together with her, turned into fmall 
 iiovv'ers of the fame name, Ovid. Met. 
 4, 283. 
 
 CROESUS, king of Lydia, con- 
 quered by Cyrus, (G. 601 ), put for a 
 rich man, Ovid. Triji. 3, 7, 42. and fo 
 in the plur» Croefiy rich m,en. Mar- 
 tial. 1 1 . 6. 
 
 Crutopus, the fon of Agenor, a 
 king of Argos, Panfin. 2, 16. the 
 father of Pfamathe, and grandfather 
 of Linus, who is hence called Crq- 
 TOPiADEs, -acy Ovid, in Ibin. 482. 
 Pfamfithe having fe ere tly brought forth 
 a fon by Apollo, gave him to be 
 brought up by the keeper of the kingj's 
 flock ; but the child being carelelsly 
 left by him in the woods, was devour- 
 ed by dogs. Pfamathe, deploring the 
 lofs of her child, whom flie called Li- 
 nus, in the tranfports of her grief, 
 difclofed the whole truth ; on which 
 account her merciiefs father ordered 
 her to be put to death* Apollo, in 
 revenge, fent a monller into the coun- 
 try of Argos, which tore the children 
 from the bofoms of their mothers, and 
 devoured them. The moniler at lall 
 was flain by Choroebus. Apollo next 
 brought a peftilence on the country, 
 which deilroyed a number of people ; 
 till Choroebus having gone to the tem- 
 ple of Delphi, and voluntarily offered 
 himfelf as a vi6lim, by this a6l pacihed 
 Apollo, and procured a refpite from 
 the plague, Stat. Theh. i, 557. ad fin. 
 Paufanjas telk the itorv femewhat djtFe- 
 
c T E Cm 
 
 rently, i, 43. It (hould feem that Cro- 
 topus himfelf periflied by the plague ; 
 for he is Tdid to have been driven to 
 Tartarus by Apollo, Ov'id. in Ibhu 575. 
 
 Ctesias, -«.", a native of Cnidus, 
 the phyfician of Artaxerxes Mnemon, 
 Plutarch, m Artax. p. 1012, &c. who 
 wrote the hiftory of Perfia, in twenty- 
 three books, JJ'wdor. 2, 2, & 23,; Plitu 
 2, 106. 
 
 Ctesibius, a native of Alexandria 
 in Ejrypt, the inventor of the pump 
 and other hydraulic machines, Plin. 7, 
 37. ; V'/tni-v. 9, 9. whence the pump 
 is called MacJ/wa Ctefib'ica, Id. 10, 12. 
 
 Ctesilochus, anoted painter, Pl'in. 
 
 Ctesiphon, 'OntiSy an Athenian, 
 who propofed in an aiTembly of the 
 people, that Demollhenes fhould be 
 prefented with a golden crown for his 
 public fervices, particularly for his ha- 
 ving rebuilt the walls of Athens at his 
 own expence ; which was oppofed by 
 Aefchines, the rival of Demollhenes, 
 who brought a formal accufation a- 
 gainft Ctefjphon. Demofthcnes under- 
 took his defence, or more properly his 
 own, in that admirable oration, (^ff« 
 c-rapayou^ de cofoiia), whicli is ftill extant. 
 Ctefiphon was acquitted, and Aefchi- 
 nes baniflicd for his falfe accufation, 
 Cic. Or. 3, 56. 
 
 CupiDo, -uilst Cupid, the god of 
 love; plar. CupiDiNES, Cupids. — Cu- 
 pidlnea ttla^ the darts of Cupid, Ovid. 
 Tnjl.^, 10,65. (G. 364.) • 
 
 CURIO, a firname of one of the fa- 
 milies of the Gens Scribonia. There 
 were three orators of this family in fuc- 
 cefiion, which Pliny mentions as an in- 
 ilance of fmgular felicity, ( Una familia 
 Cur'iom.m in qua tres continud ferie oratorts 
 €sj}iterunt)y 7, 41 f. 42. 1. C, CU- 
 RIO, the grandfather, Cic. Br. 32. 
 
 2. C. Scrihonius CURIO, the fon, conful 
 a. 677, Cic. Br. 16, & 60. Fam. I, 4. 
 Next year having obtained the pro- 
 vince of Macedonia, he made war on 
 the Dardiinii a neighbouring nation, 
 whom in three years he fubdued, and 
 extended his conauefts tg the Danube. 
 
 I 1 CUR 
 
 Upon his return to Rome he was hof 
 noured with a triumph, Liv. Epit. 92, 
 95, & 97. ; Flor. 3, 4. ; Eutrop. 6, 2. ; 
 Cic, PiJ\ 19, & 24. As an orator, Ci- 
 cero commends him for the fplendour 
 and copioufnefs of his diftion, Br. 59. 
 but he was remarkable for a weak me- 
 mory, and for the violent agitation of 
 his body from one fide to another while 
 fpeaking ; fo that one Junius ridiculed 
 him, by aflcing, who it was that fpokc 
 from a boat, {^ds loqueretur e lintre ? 
 ib. 60, & 61.), or in a boat, [^is in 
 lint re loqueretur? Qjainftil. Ii, 3, 129.) 
 On this account Sicinius, a tribune, 
 one day faid to Octavius, the colleague 
 of Curio in the confulate, who, while 
 Curio was delivering a tedious harangue, 
 fat filently by him, wrapt round with 
 bandages, and bcfmeared with oint- 
 ments, to eafc the pain of the gout, 
 *' You are greatly obliged to your col- 
 league, Oftavius, for if he had not toff- 
 ed himfelf from fide to fide in his ufual 
 way, the flies would have this day de- 
 voured you,*' Cic. et ^inclil. ib. Hence 
 Curio got the firname of Buruuleius, 
 from a play-aftor of that name who 
 had a funiiar impropriety of gefture, 
 Plin. 7, 12 f. 10. ; Fal. Max. 9, 14, 5. 
 3. C. CURIO, the ion of the for- 
 mer, a young man of great natural abi- 
 lities, but not fufficiently cultivated by 
 iludy, [a magijlris parum injtitutus, natu- 
 ram hahuit admirahikm ad cricendum), 
 Cic. Br. 81. He was early recomciend- 
 ed by his father to the attention of Ci- 
 cero, who endeavoured to infpire him 
 with the defire of true glory, ib. ; but 
 Curio, feduced by the love of plea- 
 fure, became exceedingly profligate and 
 extravagant, whence, on account of his 
 effeminacy, Cicero calls him fliola Cu- 
 rionisy Cic. Att. I, 14. Curio formed 
 a detellable conne6lion with Antony, 
 from which he was withdrawn by the 
 interpofition of Cicero, Cic. Phil. 2, iS. 
 who, knowing the fliining talents of 
 Curio, ilill llrovc to engage him to fup- 
 port the interefts of the republic. The 
 fix firfl letters of Cicero's fecond book 
 of FamiU:\r Epiftks are addreffed to 
 
 Curio, 
 
CUR [ 
 
 Curio, while he was (as is fuppofed, 
 quaeflorto Caius Claudius) in Afia, Cic. 
 Fam. 2, 6. DuriHg this period Curio 
 loft his father, ih. z. in honour of whom 
 he propofed exhibiting a fplcndid ihew 
 of gladiators, from which Cicero tried 
 to difluade him, but in vain, ib. 3. On 
 this exhibition (funebri patr'is munere) 
 Curio expended an immenfe fum, and 
 exceeded all that had gone before him 
 in the ingenuity of his contrivances to 
 amufe the people, Pl'in, 36, 15 f. 24. 
 By fuch profufion he contracted fo 
 much debt, that, as Pliny expreffes it, 
 he had no eftate left, but in the hope 
 of a civil war, {ut nihil in cenju habuerity 
 practer d'tfcorA'mm principum)^ 36, 15. 
 and was at laft reduced to the neceffity 
 of felling himfelf to Caefar. The debt 
 of Curio is faid to have amounted to 
 no kfs a fum than fexcentles fejhrttum,, 
 near 500,000 L Val. Maat. 9, 1,6. and 
 this fum he is fuppofed to have received 
 from Qiefar, who attached him to his 
 jnterelt by paying all his debts, D'tOy 
 40, 60. VelL Paterculus makes the 
 fum only cenhes BS. 2, 48. But it is 
 thought that here we fhould read fex- 
 centusy becaufe Appian fays that Cae- 
 far induced Curio to co-operate with 
 him for more than 1500 talents, the 
 fum which he gave to Paulus the conful, 
 B. C, 2. p. 443. So Plutarch in Cae- 
 fare, p, 722. ei Pomp. p. 650. Sueto- 
 nius does not mention the fum, but 
 iimply fays, Aemilium Paulum (confu.- 
 Icm) Caiumqua Curionem violerui/fmium 
 ir'ihunoytim ingeiiti mercccle defenjores para- 
 int, Caef. 29. ^Vid. Caesar, p. 62.). 
 Virgil is thought to allude to Curio, 
 Vendid'it hic auro patriam, <Sjc. Aen. 6, 
 62 f. ; and Lucan, after obferving that 
 all thofe who had opprefled the liberty 
 of their country effected their purpofe 
 by money, [emcre omnes), adds, Hic 
 (Curio) vcndidit url^m, 4, 824. 
 
 Curio had been a keen fupporter of 
 the power of the fenate and of Pom- 
 pey, [H':c primo pro Pompeii partih us ^ id 
 ej}, ut tunc habebatur, pro republican Veil. 
 ib.)r by whofe influence he was made 
 tribune, a. 703, DiQj 40? 59. On this 
 
 152 ] CUR 
 
 occafion Cicero wrote him from Cilicia, 
 an admirable letter of advice, in which, 
 however, he infmuates fome apprehen- 
 fion of his unfteadinefs. Fain. 2, 7. The 
 caufe of Curio's oppoiition to Caefar is 
 faid to have been the contempt with 
 which Caefar treated him, and the op- 
 pofition made by Cacfar's friends to his 
 eleftion, Cic. Fam. 8, 4. Curio, after 
 he had fold himfelf to Caefar, acled 
 with exquifite art. He did not imme- 
 diately diicover his having changed 
 fides, but appeared ftiil to go along 
 with his former friends, that thus he 
 might become more thoroughly acquain- 
 ted with their fecret views, Dio, 40, 61. 
 He feemed for fome time to be wholly 
 inaftive, [Curioni iribunafut conglaciot 
 ve\frigei)y Cic Fam. 8, 6. Som.etimes 
 he pretended to be equally again fl Pom- 
 pey and Caefar, {^moxfimulationey contra 
 Pompeium et Caefar em). Veil. 2, 48. At 
 lait, however, he threw off the mafic, 
 and, that he might have a pretext for 
 breaking with the fenate, made feveral 
 extravagant demands, which he knew 
 would not be granted, Z)/<?, 40, 61. ; 
 Appian. p. 443, Then he joined the 
 popular party, and openly avowed his 
 attachment to Caefar, [trans fugit adpo^ 
 pulumy et pro Caefar e loqui coepit), Cic. 
 Fam. 8, 6. which change did not fur- 
 prife Cicero, {^is hoc putarei prcuter 
 me ? nam, ita vivamy putavi), ib. 2, 13. 
 Curio fupported the caufe of Caefar in 
 the fenate with great addrefs during his 
 tribunefliip, and, after laying down his 
 olnce, went directly to Caefar, Dioy 40, 
 66 f. fpeedily returned with a letter. 
 Id. ^ly I. and after the final decree 
 was paffed, fled with Coehu? and the 
 tribunes Antony and Caflius, ib. 3. 
 (Audax 'venali comitatur Curio lingua, 
 Lucan. i, 269.), to Caefar, whom he 
 inftigaced to war, Appian. p. 447. ; Lu- 
 can. I, 273, — 293. Hence Curio is faid 
 to have been the perfon that firfl kin- 
 dled the civil war, and even prevented 
 an accomm.odation, when Pompey and 
 Caefar were inclined to it, [Bello civili 
 — -fubjecitfacem ; — et coakjcentis conditions 
 pads difiujit ac rupit), Veil. 2, 48. (Mo-, 
 
 rnentumqus 
 
CUR 
 
 C ts^ 1 
 
 C Y M 
 
 meniumque fult mr/tafus Curio rerum, GaU 
 lorum captus fpoliis et Caefarts aiiroy Lu- 
 can. 4, 819.) 
 
 Curio was fent by Caefar with an ar- 
 my to Sicily, Lucan. 3» 59 which he 
 got pofl'efiion of without a batrle, Caef. 
 Bell, C. I, 30, & 31. Cato having left 
 it upon hearing of Curio's arrival, ib. 
 {S^eC.ATO, 91.), D'lOy 41, 41. Curio 
 paflfcd over from Sicily toAfrica, where 
 he deft'ated Varus, who commanded in 
 that country for Pompey, and laid fiege 
 to Utica, I)iof ib. ; Cocf B, C. 2, 34, 
 &c.; Lucan. ^, C83, 661. & 713. But 
 Juba king of Mauritania, whom Curio, 
 while tribune, had tried to deprive of 
 his kingdom, Caef. B.C. 2, 25. {Lege 
 tribunitid f«liO depdlere avorum Curio ten- 
 tdratf Lylnamqite auferre tyranno, Lu- 
 can, 4, 694.), having fpeedily come to 
 the afiillance of Varus, artfully decei- 
 ved Curio, who feeing himfelf furround- 
 ed, and fcorning to flee, though he 
 might have efcaped, fell fighting brave- 
 ly, {Caef. ib. 36, — 430> ^n^idlt heaps 
 of his men, {ceciilitque in Jlrage fiwrumy 
 Jmpiger adletbum, et foitis inrtvte coadd. 
 ^id nunc rojlra tihi profunt turhata^ Jo- 
 rumquCy Unde trihunilid plebeius figrilfer 
 arce Arvia dahas popuiis P quid prod/la 
 jura fenatus, Et gcner at que foe er hello con- 
 cur r ere jujfi P Lybicas en nobUe corpus 
 
 Pafcit aveSf nullo confeSus Curio lujto, 
 Lucan. 4, 797, — 809. et 5, 39. 
 
 CUR I US, the name of a Roman 
 gens ; the moft illullrious of which was 
 M. CuRius DtntatuS) who conquered 
 the Samnites, and forced Fyrrhus to 
 leave Italy. He was a man as remark- 
 able for his contempt of ricl es and 
 frugality, as for his bravery in war, {G. 
 p. 230, & 231.). He is faid to have 
 had his hair undrefied, becaufe in his 
 time there were no barhtrs in Rome, 
 Horat. 1 , 12, 41. ^i Curios fimulant 
 Bacchanalia iji'vunt, pretend to live as 
 foberly as Curius, Juvenal. 2, 3. who 
 uied to dine on pot herbs, which he 
 drelTed himftlf. Id. 11.78.— Adj. Cu- 
 RiAKUs, ^tinclih 7i 6, 9. ; Cic. Or. l^ 
 39* 
 
 Mettius Curt I us, a Sabine chief, 
 Liv. 1,12. who is faid to have given 
 name to the Curtian lake in Rome, tb, 
 
 13- 
 
 M CuRTius, a brave young man, 
 who threw himfelf into a great opening 
 in the forum, produced by an earth- 
 quake, or fome other caufe, in order, 
 as he fuppofed, to appeafe the divine 
 wrath, Liv. 7, 6. The Curtian lake 
 is fuppofed to have been named rather 
 from this Curtius, ib. 
 
 CvANE, -esy a nymph of Sicily, 
 who attempting to hinder Pluto in 
 carrying off Proferpine, was by him 
 changed into a fountain, Ovid. MeL 
 
 5» 409- 
 
 Cyanee, v. -ea, the daughter of 
 the river Maeander, the mother of 
 Byblis and Caunos, by Miletus, the 
 fon of Apollo, Ovid. 9,451. 
 
 Cybele, Cybelle, v. Cybebe, 
 'es, the mother of the gods, {G. 355.) 
 Hence Cybeleius Attis, the fon of Cy- 
 bele, Ovid. Met. TO, 104. 
 
 Cycnus, or Cygnus, the fon of 
 Neptune, invulnerable by a dart ; 
 cruflicd to death by Achilles, and me- 
 tamorphofed into a fwan, Ovid. Met* 
 
 12, 72, — 145. H 2. A Boeotian 
 
 youth, the fon of Apollo and Hyric, 
 beloved by Phyllius ; who having refu- 
 fed to give him a bull, which at the 
 defire of Cycnus he had tamed, Cyc- 
 nus, in a fit of paflion, threw himfelf 
 from a lofty rock on mount Teumefui 
 in Boeotia, and was turned into a 
 fwan ; whence a beautiful vale near 
 that place was called Cycneta Temper 
 plur. Ovid. Met. 7, 371, &c. (vid. G- 
 
 CvDiAs, -ae, a fl<:ilful painter, PUn^ 
 
 35» i'- 
 Cydippe, -fj-, a virgin beloved by 
 Aconlius ; vid. Acontius. 
 
 Cyllarus, a beautiful centaur, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 393. flain in the battle 
 of the centaurs wiih the Lapithae, ib» 
 
 420. ^ 2. The horle of Pollux, 
 
 Virg. G. 3^ 89. 
 Cymqdoce, 'CSy or CymodGc^a, a 
 
C Y M [ T54 I DAE 
 
 fca-nympli, the daughter of Nereus xes, was ftoned to death, CzV. 0^ 3, Tt» 
 
 and Doris, Vir^. Jen, 10, 225.; Stat. CYR.US, the founder of the Per- 
 
 Sih. 2, 2, 20. fian empire, (G' 600.) -R'^dditum Cyri 
 
 Cymotkoc, -fj, another daughter folio Phranten, 8cc. Phraate< reftored to 
 
 of Nereus, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i, the throne of Cyrus, t e. of Parthia, 
 
 the Parlhians being tnafters of Perfia in 
 the time of Horace, Horat. Od. 2, 2, 
 
 17. vid. OCTAVIUS. 
 
 Cyrus minor, Cyrus the younger, 
 who attempting to expel his brother 
 Aftaxerxes from the throne by the 
 
 148. 
 Cynafgirus, an Athenian, the fon 
 
 of Euphorion, and brother to the poet 
 
 Aefchylus ; who, after the defeat of 
 
 the Pcrfians at Marathon, took hold 
 
 of one of th.eir (hips with his hand, 
 
 and it being cut oiF, fell, Herodot. 6, afhftance of Graecian mercenaries, was 
 
 114. Juftin relates, that, after both flain in battle through his own rafh- 
 
 his hands were cut off, he ftized the nefs, in the moment of vi6lory, (G. 
 
 {hip with his teeth, 2, 9, (G. 3C0.) 468.) C'lC, Div, i, 23, & 25. 
 
 Cyrus, an architcv^, Ck. Alt, 2, 3.;. 
 Md, 17. hence Cyrea, fc. op^ra, the 
 works of Cyrus, Cic, AtL 4, 10. 
 
 Cytheris, -Ws, an aftrefs, the fa- 
 vourite miftrefs of Antony, Ck. Phil. 
 
 CynTci, a feit of piiilofophers, re- 
 markable for the rulb'city and indelica- 
 cy of their manners, (G. 295 ) 
 
 Cynosura, the conriellation called 
 Urfa Minor, the leiTer bear, Ovid. Fafi. 
 3, 107 ; Sil 3, 6(Ss. 
 
 Cynthius, a name given to Apol- 
 lo, from Cynthos, a mountain in De- 
 los, \vhe:e he was born, Virg. Am. 
 
 6, 3. Cyntkia, a name given to 
 
 Diana, or Luna, the moon, Ovid. Fajl. 
 
 2, 24, & 25. ; Fam. 9, 26 ; Att. 10, 
 10, &■ i6. ; properly called Volumnia, 
 as being the freed-woman of Volumni- 
 
 us Eutrapelus, Ck. Phil. 2, 24. 
 
 Servius on Virgil makes Cytheris the 
 fame with Lycoris, beloved by Gallus ; 
 
 2, 91 51 ^' '^^'^^ name which Pro- but feveral circumilances mentioned by 
 
 pertius gave his miflrefs, I, l. et alibi Virgil ccicerning Lycoris, /:i:/. 10, 2, 
 
 ^qfflm. Martial 14, 187. 
 
 Cyparissus, a bc-iutlful youth, be- 
 loved by Apollo ; who having acci- 
 dentally killed a ftag he was fond of, 
 and being inconfolable in his griei, 
 .was turned into a cyprefs-tree, which 
 tvab ahvays ufed at funerals, Ovid. Met. 
 *IG,, 1065 — 142* 
 ** 'Cyf.selus, a tvrant of Cori-ith, 
 
 &c appear to be inconnftent with the 
 account given concerning Cytheris in 
 hiftory. 
 
 . D. 
 Daedalion, -cr/j-, the fon of Lu- 
 cifer, and brother of Ceyx, Ovid. Met. 
 I r, 295. who was fo aifefted with the 
 death of his daughter Chicne, flain by 
 Diana, that he threv," himfelf from the 
 ■^thoie government Demaratus, the fa- top of Parnaffus ; but Apollo pitying 
 
 ther of Tarquinius Prifcus, the fifth 
 king of Rome, being unwilling to 
 bear, retired to Tarquinii in Tufcany, 
 Cic. tiifc. 5, 37. 
 
 Cyrehe, -es, the daaghcer of the 
 river Peneus, and mother of Ariitaeus 
 by Apollo, (G. 371.) 
 
 him, made him a bird, called a fal/jn 
 cr liawk, [accipller), ib. 345. 
 
 DAEDALUS, a native of Athens, 
 a famous architeft, the conitrudor of 
 the labyrinth in Crete,- where being 
 fnut up with his fon Icarus, he con- 
 trived' to make his efcape by m.eans of 
 
 Cyrenaici, the followers of the waxen wing? ; but Icarus foaring too 
 
 philofopher Ariilippus, a native or 
 Cyrene in Africa, Cic. Tufc. 3, 12. ; 
 Acad. 4, 7, & 46. 
 
 CyrsIlus, an A.thenian, who ha- 
 ving' advi fed h?s .countryrTien' to'' re- 
 'rnain in the city, -^nd fubmit to Xcr- 
 
 high, had his wings melted by the heat 
 of the fun, and fell into the fea, call- 
 ed from him the Icarean fea, [G, 
 42 1 .") 'Hence, Et mare perniffum pucrot 
 (i. e. Icaro)^ fahrumque, (f e. Daeda- 
 lum) 1-olantsnii Juvenal, I, 54. P-'O- 
 
 ponimui 
 
DAM [ 155 
 
 ponhnus Uluc Ire fai'igaias uhl Daedalus 
 exuit alas, i. e« Cumas, Id. 3, 25. ; 
 Virg. Aen. 6, 14. ; Hor, Od, 1,3, 44.; 
 lUe ceratis ope Daedaled mt'itur penniSy in- 
 treo daturas ncmina ponto, Ibars on 
 waxen wings by the aflidance or art 
 of Daedalus, about to fall like Icarus, 
 and give name to the azure fea, /'. e. 
 be will fail in his attempt to equal 
 Pindar, lb, 4, 2, 2, Daedaleo ocior I- 
 carOi fwifter than Icarus, the Ton of 
 Daedalus, /. e. not retarded like him 
 in my flight, lb. 2, 20, 13. Daedale- 
 vm iter rexii, direfted liis road through 
 the windings of the labyrinth made by 
 Daedalus, Propert. 2, 14, 8. DaeDA- 
 LA teclaj the cells of the bees, curionf- 
 iy made, Firg, G. 4, 179. So Dae- 
 
 dala tellus, L,ucr. i, 7, & 229. carmi- 
 fia. Id. 2, 504. ; J^gna (/. e. ftatuas) 
 polire, Id. 5, 1450. ; J'^erborum Daedn- 
 la lingua^ which curioufly forms the 
 founds of words, Id. 4, ^<^^. ; Vtd. 
 C'lc. A^. Z). 2, 59. Natura Dae dala re- 
 rum, the curious former or framer of 
 things, Lucr. 5, 235.; Daedala Circe, 
 ingenious, Virg. /Jen. 7, 282. 
 
 Damalis, -is, the name of a drunk- 
 en woman, Hor. ^il. i, 36, 13. 
 
 DAMASiPPUS, a lirnameofthe 
 Lictnli. 
 
 Dam AS IP PUS, a nobleman fond of 
 ftatues, Cic. Fam. 7, 23. ; whence 
 Pfciidodamajippus, an admirer of itatues 
 like Damatippus, ib. — Suppofed to be 
 the fame with the Damaiippus m.en- 
 
 tioned by Horace, Sat, 2, 3, 64. 
 
 ^ 2. One who having fpent his for- 
 tune, hired himfclf as a player, Jwce- 
 nal 8, 185. 
 
 /.. Jtmius Brutus DAMASIPPUS, 
 city praetor in the third confulfhip 
 of Carbo, and the younger M'arius ; 
 who having affembled the fenate, by 
 the order of Marius, cruelly put to 
 death a number of the chief fenators, 
 under pretext of their being the fa- 
 vourers of Sulla ; among the reft Scae- 
 vola, the High Prieft, Fell. 2, 26. ; 
 Cic. Fam, 9, 21. ; Appian. B, C. i. p, 
 403, & 404. ; Liv. Epit. 86. Dama- 
 iippus was afterwards llain bv the or- 
 Ja- of Sulla, Sallujh Cat. 51.' 
 
 1 DAN 
 
 DAMOCLES, As, a flatterer of 
 Dionyfius, who ufed often to extol the 
 happinefs of that prince. Upon which 
 Dionyfitis al'ked if he would make 
 trial of it. When he readily afiented, 
 the tyrant ordered him to be placed 
 on a golden couch, and the moll deli- 
 cious dilhes to be fet before him, with 
 every thing elfe that could regale hi$ 
 fenfes. But in the midil of the en? 
 tertainment he caufed a fwovd to be 
 let down from the ceiling, fufpended 
 by a horfe-hair over his head ; which 
 fo terrified liamocks, that he was un- 
 able to tafte any of the delicacies, and 
 begged that he might be allowed to 
 depart. Thus Dionyfius Avowed, that 
 no one can be happy over whom fomc 
 terror always hangs, Ci^. Tufc. 5,21. 
 
 To this ftory Horace alludes, 
 
 DiJlriElus erjis cut fuper hvpia Cervice pew 
 dct, &c. Od. 3, I, 17. ' 
 
 DAMO, V. -on, and Phintias, or 
 Pythias, Pythagoreans, who gave a 
 rare example of friendfhip at Syracufe 
 \\\ the time of Dionyfius. One of them 
 being condemned to die by the tyrant, 
 afked a few days refpite to fettle his 
 affairs, and the other became furety 
 for his return, fo that he muft have 
 died if he failed. But he came on the 
 day appointed. Dionyfius admiring 
 fuch fidelity, not only pardoned him, 
 but requefted to be admitted as a 
 third 'perfon in their friendfhip, Cic, 
 Off. 3, 10. ; Val, Max, 4, 7, ext. i. 
 
 Damon, a mufician, Cic. Or. 3, 33. 
 
 Damophilus, a ftatuary and pain- 
 ter, PUn. t^, 12. 
 
 DanaJ:, -es, the daughter of Acri- 
 fiU3, king of the Argives, and the mo- 
 ther of Pcrfeus by Jupiter, (G. 395.) 
 who is hence called D A n a E i u s heros^ 
 Ovid. Met. 5, I. 
 
 D:->.NAUS, a king of Argos, the 
 fon of Belus, and brother of Aegyp- 
 tus, whofe fifty daughters, (Danauks, 
 -umj, ilew their huibands on the mar- 
 riage night, except Hypermneftra, 
 who preferved her huiband Lynceus. 
 For this crime the Danaids were fup- 
 pofed to be condemned to pour water 
 for ever into a tub full of holes, {G, 
 U 2 392.) 
 
DAP [156 
 
 19 2.) From Danaus the Greeks were 
 called Dan A I. 
 
 Daphne, -es, the daughter of the 
 river Peneus, beloved by Apollo, 
 changed into a laurel, Ovid. Met, J, 
 
 Daphnis, -is, V. -ullsi a beautiful 
 toy, the fon of Mercury, Atl'ian, 10, 
 
 x8. 5[ 2. The name of a fhepherd, 
 
 V'trg, Aen. 2, 5, & 8. 
 
 Dardanus, the fon of Ele£lra and 
 Jupiter, the founder of the Trojan na- 
 tion, (G. 187 ) Iliacae primus pater 
 urhis et auSor^ Virg. Aen. 8, 34. put 
 for any Trojan, (q. Dardanius)^ Crw 
 delis JDardanus, i. e. Aeneas, Virg, 
 Aen. 4, 661. — Dardanipes, -dae^ a 
 fon or defcendant of Dardanus, Virg'. 
 Aen. 10, 545. plur. Dardanidae, 
 ^arunii the Trojans, ii. 3 > 94- 5 > 45. 
 — -Dardanis, -7diSf a Trojan woman, 
 Matres Dardamdesy the Trojan ma- 
 trons, O'vid. Met, 13, 412. — Darda- 
 Nius, adj. Trojan; l^irg. 'en. 5, 711. 
 — Dardania, 'Of., fc. wbs^ Troy, ib, 
 jr, 324. or fc. regiOi Troas, the coun- 
 try of Troy. 
 
 Dares, i^//x, an hiftorian that wrote 
 the hiftory of the Trojan war, Ijidor, 
 
 *" ^ 2. The name of a noted boxer or 
 
 combatant at thec^eftus, Firg.A.^y 375. 
 
 DARIUS, the name of three kings 
 cf Perfia, namely, the fon oi Hy/iafpiSy 
 J^othusy ard Codomatinus, (G. 6c8, — 
 
 614; 616; 620.)-^ Daricus, -/, 
 
 m. <i daric, a coin marked with the 
 image of Darius, An/on. Ep. 5y 21. 
 
 DATis,rij", the general of Daiius, 
 whom Miltiades defeated at the battle 
 of Marathon, Nep. 1,4. 
 
 DAUNUS, the fon of Pilumnus 
 and Danae, who reigned in the north 
 of Apulia ; whence that country was 
 
 cralled Daunia, (G- p. 158,) The 
 
 father of Turnus, Firg. Aen. 10, 616, 
 «? 12, 90. ; whence Daunius herosj i. e, 
 Turnus ih. \2, 723. Daunia dea, i. e, 
 Juturna, thefiller of Turnus, iZ". 12, 785* 
 
 Davus, the name of a flave, which 
 often O'curs in Terence : faid to have 
 
 ] DEI 
 
 DECIUS, the nam.c of a Roman 
 gens; ennobled by the three Dfcii, 
 who devoted themfelves for their coun- 
 try, Cic Tufc. I, 37. JLivy mentions 
 only two, the father, 8, 9, & 10. ; and 
 the fon, TO, 28, & 29, Vid. Firgif, 
 A. 6, 825. ; Jwvenalt 8, 254, & 258, 
 14, 239. 
 
 De J AN IRA, the mofl illuftrions of 
 the wives of Hexxules, (G. 401,) the 
 daughter-in-law of Alcmena, the mo- 
 ther of Hercules, hence called AlcmC' 
 naenurusy Ovid. Met. 8, 542. 
 
 D E i D A M I A, or Deiam'ia, the daugh- 
 ter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, and 
 the m.other of Pyrrhus by Achilles, 
 
 (G.446.) 
 
 Dejoces, -isf the firfl king of the 
 Medes, (G. 599.) 
 
 Deione, -esf the mother of Mile- 
 tus by Apollo ; whence Miletus is 
 called Dewmdesy -acy the fon of Deio- 
 ne, Oind. Met. 9, 442. 
 
 Dejotarus, the king of Galatia, 
 who fided with Pompey in the civil 
 war ; but after the battle of Pharfalia, 
 having fubmitted to Caeiar, was left in 
 the pofTeflion of his kingdom. He 
 was afterwards accufed by his fon De- 
 jotarus and one Phihppus, of having 
 plotted the death of Cacfar ; but be- 
 ing defended by the eloquence of Ci- 
 cero, he was acquitted, Cic. Dejot. i, 
 &c. _ ^ _ 
 
 Deiopeia, lu-peay v.-play one of 
 the nymphs of Juno, whom ihe pro- 
 mifed in marriage to Aeolus, Virg. 
 
 Aen. 1. 
 
 72. 
 
 ■^2. A water-nymph 
 
 been derived from Dahacy v. Daacy a 
 people of Scythia, Donat. in Terent, 
 Andro Frinc, 
 
 that frequented the lake Afia in Ly- 
 dia ; hence called AJia Deiopeay Virg, 
 
 G. 4»343-^ 
 
 Deiphobus, the fon of Priam and 
 Hecuba, who, after the death of Pa- 
 ris, married Helena, by whom he v/as 
 bttrayed to the Greeks, Firg. Aen. 6, 
 
 494» ^^' 
 
 Deiphobe, -^^, the daughter of 
 Glaucus, the prieftefs of the temple of 
 Apollo at Cuniae, Virg. Aen. 6, 35. ; 
 hence called the Cumean Sibyl ( Cu- 
 maea Sibylla,) ib. 98. who attended Ae- 
 neas to the infernal regions, ib. 262, 
 
 Pemades, 
 
D E M [ I 
 
 Demades, -/'j, an Athenian orator, 
 contemporary with Dcmoftheries, Cic. 
 Brut. 9. Or. 26. orio-inally a failor ; 
 whence Quindtilian lays of him. Ex 
 rem'ige orator fatl us y 2, 17, 12. 
 
 Demaratus, a king oF Lacedae- 
 mon, who being bani(hcd from his 
 country, fled to Pcrlia, and lived in 
 exile at the court of Xerxes. Percei- 
 ving that Xeixes meditated war againft 
 Greece, he gave the Lacedemonians 
 notice of his defign, Jujiin, 2, 10. & 
 
 13. <|[ 2. The father of Tarqui- 
 
 nius Prifcus, who, on account of the 
 tyranny of Cypfelus, retired from Co- 
 rinth to i'arquinii in Etruria, Cic, 
 Tufc, 5, 37.; Liv. I, 34. 
 
 Dlmea, the name of an old man 
 in Terence, Adelph. I, 2, i, &c. 
 
 DEMETRIUS, the fon of Antl- 
 gonus, called Poliorcetes ( ic. Off. 
 2, 7. {O.p. 341. & 471.) — Demetri- 
 us Phalereus, the fcholar of Thco- 
 phraRus, Ch, Fin. 5, 9- ; Br. 9. and 
 governor of Athens under CalTander, 
 
 (G. 472.) 
 
 DEMETRIUS, the fon of Philip, 
 king of Macedonia, given by his fa- 
 ther as a hollage to the Romans, Liv. 
 33, 30. and led in triumph by T. 
 Quintius Flaminius, LI, 34, 52. He 
 was afterwards reilored to his father. 
 Id. 36. ; and being fent by him on an 
 embaiTy to Rome, was treated with 
 great refpeift by the fenate. Id. 39, 47. 
 ■which foon after became a ground of 
 odium againll him, ib. 48. For being 
 invidioufly accufed by his brother Per- 
 feus of deiigns againit his life, and of 
 undue attachment to the Romans, he 
 was put to death by the order of his 
 father, Liv, 40, 5, — 24, who having 
 difcovered the guilt of Perfeus, and the 
 innocence of Demetrius, was lo racked 
 with remorfe, that it put a pi.rzod to 
 his life, ib. 54, $$. & S'^' 
 
 Democ HARES, -«, an A.thenian ora- 
 tor, the filter's fon of Demofthenes, 
 called Parrhefmjlesy on account of his 
 loo great freedom of fpeech, Cic Or, 
 2, 23. ; Br. 83. Being fent among 
 others on an embaffy to Philip, when 
 that Prince allied what he could do 
 
 57 1 DEM 
 
 moft agreeable to the Athenians ; ** Ta 
 hang yourfelf," replied Democharei, 
 ** Tell your countrymen,'* fays Phi- 
 lip to the other ambafladors, ** that 
 thofe are more haughty, who fay fuch 
 things, than thofe who hear them with 
 impunity," Sencc. ds Ir. 3, 23. 
 
 D £ M c R A T £ s, -/V, a phy fician, PUn, 
 2a, 7- 
 
 DEMOCRiTUS, of Abdera, {AU 
 der'ilesy -acj the parent of experimental 
 philofophy, called the Laughing philo- 
 fop})er^ (G. 16.) btcaufe he laughed 
 at the follies of m.ankind ; whence Ju- 
 venal fays of him, Perpetuo riju pulmo- 
 Item agitare folebat, 10, 34. From ade- 
 fne of learning he gave up his patri- 
 mony, Cu:. 1 ufc. 5, 39. and traverfed 
 the moft remote countries in qued of 
 knowledge, Cic. Fin. ^, 29. He is faid 
 to have deprived himifelf of fight, that 
 his mind might not be withdjawn from 
 the contemplation of truth by external 
 objects, ib. ei Gtll. lo, 17. But Cice- 
 ro doubts the truth of this, ih. and Plu- 
 tarch exprefbly denies it, De Curiof, 
 Cicero thinks him one of the greateil 
 men, fvir magm/s in primis, J N. D. I, 
 43. — Fience Democritici, the fol- 
 lowers of Democritus, Cic. Or. I, 10. 
 Dernotriiea fc. d'icld, v. dogmata ^ the fay- 
 ing> or opinions of Democritus, Cic, 
 Di-v. 2, 13. 
 
 Demodocus, a mufician at the 
 court of Alcinbus, Homer, Odyfs. 8, 44. 
 — ^ 2. A Trojan chief, Vtrg. ^. 10. 
 
 Demoleus, •;, a Greek flain by 
 Aeneas at Troy, Virg. /len. 5, 260. 
 
 Demoleon, -oniis^ a centaur, killed 
 by The feus, Ovid. Met. 12, 356. 
 
 Demophoon, -ntisy the fon of The- 
 fcui, and Phaedra, one of the leaders 
 of the Greeks in the Trojan war, 
 
 (G.425.) 
 
 DEMOSTHeNES, -w, an Athc- 
 nian. the prince of the Greek ora- 
 tors, ^indiL 10, I, 76. et iz, 2, 22. 
 
 (longepi7'fcL{'iffimiis Graecorum^ Id. 10, 2, 
 24.) faid to have been the fon of a 
 blackfraith, i^^tem pater ardentis maffae 
 fuligine Itppus A carbone^ l^c. ad rhetor et 
 mjfitj Juvenal, xo, 130. But Plutarch 
 
 fays 
 
DEN 
 
 C 15S 1 
 
 T) r D 
 
 fays that the father of Demofthenes 
 was a man of birth and probity, and 
 died when his fon was only feven years 
 of age, m Demollh, Demofthenes firfl 
 applied to philofophy under Plato, 
 whom he greatly admired, Cic. Or. 4. ; 
 ^uinciil. 12, 2, 22, ei 12, 10, 24. He 
 afterwards ftudied eloquence under I- 
 faeus and other mailers. He at firft 
 could not pronounce the letter R, but 
 by attention and induftry, got fo much 
 the better of this and other defefts, 
 that no one fpoke more diltindlly, Cic. 
 Div» 2, 46. Or. 1, 61. and acquired an 
 excellence in his art thalhasfcarcely ever 
 been equalkd; {^DemojJhenis commemoraio 
 nomine y maximae eloqnmtiae conjummaiio au- 
 dicntis onimo oboritiir,\ A. Max. 8, '],ext. 
 1.) But his eloquence at lall proved 
 fatal to him ; for Antipater, iiaving 
 vanquifhed the Athenians, demanded 
 that their orators fliould be given up to 
 him. Upon which Demofthenes fled, 
 and to prevent his falling into the 
 hands of his enemies, put an end to his 
 life by poifon, in the ifland of Caiauria, 
 Strnb. 8, 374.; Plutarch, in Den.oJIh. 
 Dentatus, a fn-name given to M. 
 Curius, becauie he is faid to have been 
 born with teeth, Phn. 7, \6f. 15. 
 
 Deois, -idisy i. e. Proierpine the 
 daughter of Ceres, who is called Dcot 
 by the Greeks, Ovid. Met. 6, 114. 
 
 D ERG ETC, 'USi or Dercilisy -isf voc. 
 Derccti, Ovid. Met. 4, 45. (or Ceto, 
 -us J Plin. 5, 13.) the name of a Syrian 
 gcddcis called by the Syrians Atar- 
 GATis, rlin. 5, 23.; Strab. 16,/. 748. 
 or Aihara, W Mhara^ ih. 785. iuppo- 
 fcd to be the fame with Afitaroih^ men- 
 lioned in the facred fcriptures, — in the 
 upper part refem.bling a woman, and in 
 the lower a fifii, Ovid. ib. et Lucian. de 
 Dea Syria; hence csilkd prodigiofa, Piin. 
 ib. 
 
 DEUCaLION, -oiiis, thefon of Pro- 
 nietneus, and hufoand of Pynha, king 
 of TheJaly ; in whofc time happened 
 the deluge, {G. 436.) — Deucalio- 
 KLUS adj. Dtucalioneas tjfugit inolrtiLus 
 undas, efcaped Deucalion's iiood, Ovid. 
 Met. 7,356. So DeucaliGii^l imhres, ex- 
 
 ceffive fhowers, fuch as fell before Deu- 
 calion's flood, Lucan. 1, 653. 
 
 DiAGON'DAS, -ae, a Theban, who 
 aboiiflied all nodlurnal facred rites, Cic. 
 Leg. 2, ly 
 
 DiAGQRAS, -ae^ a native of Melos, 
 (Melius,) a fcholar of Dejuocritus, 
 called Atheos, v. -us, the Atheift, be- 
 caufe he denied the exiilence of the 
 gods, Cic N. D. I, i,5i 23. e/3, 37. — 
 ^2. A combatant, famous for his 
 victories at the Olympic games [Olym- 
 pionices nobdis,) who had three fons 
 (Cicero fays two, 'Tuft. 1,46) that 
 gained the prize of viciory in different 
 contefts on the fame day. When they, 
 embracing their father, placed their 
 crowns on his head, and the people 
 with congratulations threw flowers up- 
 on him, the old man, tranfported with 
 joy, expired amidft the kifles of his fons, 
 Cell. 3, 15. 
 
 DIANA, tlie goddcfs of hunting, 
 (G. 377.) v\hence dogs are called Tur- 
 la D I Am A, Ovid. FaJ}. 5, 141. Diani" 
 um, fc. iemplum, the temple of Diana, 
 Liv. I, 48. 
 
 DiCAEARCHUs, a Peripatctick phi.- 
 lofcpher, the fcholar of Ariitotle, 
 whofc writings Cicero much admired, 
 Cic. yitt. 2, 2, and particularly com- 
 mends his maps, {^tabilas gecgraphicas,) 
 ib. 6, 2. — ^ 2. A chief of the Aeto- 
 lians, Liv. 35, 12. 36, 28. et 38, 10. 
 
 DiCTYNNA, a name of Diana, Ovid. 
 Met. 2, 441.; Stat. Thcb. 9, 632. 
 
 DICTYS, -yiii -yi, -ym v. -yn^ (fvC. a 
 fiflier that educated Peifcus, Slat, Silv. 
 2, 95. — <{| 2. One of the centaurs, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 334. — ^ 3. DrcTYS 
 of Crete, Cretcvjisy to whom is aicribed 
 a hiftory of the Tiojan war. 
 
 DiDAS, -ae, a Macedonian, the go- 
 vernor of Paeonia under Piiilip, em- 
 ployed by Perfcus to effe6l the deihuc- 
 tion of his brother Demetrius, Liv. 40, 
 23, & 24. and afterwards as one of his 
 prmcipai generals, Liv. ±2, 5I> & ^"^^ 
 DiDius, the name of a Roman ^f/zx. 
 P. DiDius, the lieutenant of L. 
 Caefar in the Italic war, Cic. Font. 15. 
 Jit. I?,, 32. ; Fell. 2, 16. 
 
 T. DiDius, 
 
D T N 
 
 [ '59 1 
 
 T. DiDius, conful with Q^Caecili- 
 us Metellus, who paffed a law called 
 Lex Caectlia Did'ia-, about the manner of 
 propofing and paffin;jr laws, Ck. Att. 
 2, 9. ; Phil. 5,3. Didius, being made 
 governor of Macedonia, obtained a tri- 
 umph over the Scordifci, Ck. Plane. 25.; 
 P//. 25. 
 
 DIDO, 'US V. -onlsy the daughter of 
 Belus, and fifter of Pygmalion, king of 
 Tyre and Sidon, and of Phoenicia ; 
 whtnce fhe is called Phoen'i/fa Dido, 
 Virg. Aen. i, 670. and Sidonla., ib. 446. 
 Sichaeus, the hufband of Dido, being 
 flain by Pygmalion, on account of his 
 riches, fhe fled into Africa, and there 
 founded the city Carthage on a fpot of 
 ground which (he purchafed, [urbem ex- 
 iguam preiio pofuky Virg. Aen. 4, 211.) 
 about 300 years after the deftvuflion of 
 Troy ; (G./'. 189, 3^678.) Ellfa was 
 her proper name ; (lie v/as called Dido 
 from her mafculine courage ; which 
 word in the Phoenician language figni- 
 feed the fame as Virago in Latin, Sew. 
 ad Virg. Aen. 4, 36. 
 
 DiDYMAON, -onis, 2. Hotcd maker of 
 arms, Virg. Asn. 5, 359. 
 
 DiESPiTER, (i. e.^/f/vel. lucis/^/^r,) 
 a name given to Jupiter, Hor. Od. i, 
 34,5. et7, 2, 29. 
 
 Sex. DiGiTiUE, a marine, ^focitis na- 
 'valis vel cla//kus,) who, iifter the taking 
 of New Carthage in Spain, claimed the 
 prize of valour [deciis virli/iij,) in oppo- 
 lition to Q^ Trebellius, a centurion. 
 When their comrades warmly efpouled 
 the caufe of each, Scipio, the command- 
 er in chief, to prevent the difagrteable 
 confequences of a difpute between the 
 army and navy^ conferred a mural cvown 
 on them both, as having fcaled the wall 
 or entered the town together, [quod 
 pariter mjirum nfcendijfent vel in tirhem 
 trar^fctndilfcnt,) Liv. 26, 48. 
 
 DiNDYiJENE or Diiidyms, -es, a name 
 of Cybele, the mother of the Gods, 
 from Dind}'mus a mountain of Phrygia, 
 where fhe was worfliippcd, (G.p. SSS-) 
 
 Ding W Dinon, -dnis, a Greek hi- 
 ll orian, who wrote an account of Vcr- 
 i^a, Cic. D:v. I, 2'^.Nep. 9, 5. — > — 
 
 D \ O 
 
 prince of the 
 
 5[ 2. A prince of the Rhodi 
 ZiV. 44, 23^ 
 
 Din GO RATES, 'is, praetor of the 
 Meffenians, Liv. 39, 49. 
 
 DiNGMENES, -is, one of the guards 
 of Hieronymus, who confpired againil 
 him. Liv. 24, 7. and afterwards was 
 made praetor of Syracufe, ib. 23. 
 
 DiocLEs, a chief of the Aetollans, 
 7.^^.35, 34. 
 
 DiO, vel DION, -o«/V, a Syracufan 
 who freed his country from the tyran- 
 ny of Dionylius, {G. 274.) Nep. in viia 
 ejus. 
 
 DIO, an academic philofopher, Cic 
 Ac-ad. 4, 4. who having come to Rome 
 as an ambafiador from the people of 
 Alexandria to accufe Ptolemy Auletes, 
 was murdered by the contrivance of 
 that king, Cic. Coel. 10. ; Strabo, 17, 
 p. 1 147. — Several others of tiul^ name 
 are mentioned by Cicero, Leg. 3, ^, 
 Fam. 9, 26. Veir. i, 10. Place, 30* 
 Verr. 2, 7. 
 
 DIO Caffms vel Dion, a native of 
 Nice in Bithynia, of noble defcent, who 
 flouriihed under Severus and his fons, 
 and was raifed to the higheft dignities 
 of the ilate. He wrote in Greek the 
 Roman hiftory in eighty books, from 
 the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, to the 
 eighth year of Alexander Severus, m 
 which year Dio Caifius was conful for 
 the fecond time, a. u. 982. ; A. D. 229, 
 The hrfl thirty-four books are loir. 
 Part of the thirty- fifth and the eighteen 
 following books, from the thirty- 
 fixth to the fifty-fourth, remain entire. 
 The four next are very imperfeft. 
 There Is an abridgement of Dio from 
 the thirty-fifth to the eightieth book, 
 compiled by Xiphilin [Joannes Xi- 
 pbilinus,) a native of Trebifond, [Trape- 
 zunlius,) brother to the Patriarch of 
 Conilantinople in the cleventii century. 
 The liiilory of Dio is very valuable, as 
 it contains an account of many impor- 
 tant facts which are to be found no 
 where elfe. 
 
 DiocHARES, a favourite.' freedman 
 of Gaefar's, Cie. /-(it. 1 1 , 6. Illas Diochn- 
 rinae, fc. literae, the letter from Dio- 
 chares, ib. 13, 45. 
 
 DIOCLETIANUS, 
 
D T O t 
 
 DIOCL ETIANUS, a Roman em- 
 peror, called Diocles till he afTnmed 
 the empire, Eutrop. 9, 19. from Dio- 
 dea, a city of Dalmatia, Plin. 3,23. 
 After a vigorous reign of twenty-two 
 years, he reil^ned the empire, and h'ved 
 in retirement till his death, Awel, Vic- 
 tor^ Eplt. 39- ; Eutrcp. 9, 22. 
 
 DIODoRUS, a Greek hiftorian, 
 who fiourifhed under Auguitus, called vSi- 
 CULUS, from Sicily, his native country. 
 His works are ftill extant. — % 2. A 
 peripatetic philofophcr, Cic. Tufc.^ 5, 3. 
 
 ^3. A praefcct of AmphipoKs, 
 
 Ur^. 44, 44. 
 
 DiODOTUS, a Stoic philofo])her, the 
 mafler of Cicero in logic, {in d'tahSicis^') 
 Cic. Br. 90. Fam. 13, 16. 
 
 Diogenes, -w, a Cynic philofopher, 
 in the time of Alexander the Great, 
 (G. 295.) 
 
 Diogenes, called Laertius, {La- 
 .ert'ienftsj v. Laertes^ ) from his birth-place 
 Laerte^ v. -£?, a town of Cilicia, who li- 
 ved under Severus, and wrote the lives 
 of the Greek philofophers ; which 
 work is ftill extaat. 
 
 DIOMeDES, -h, the fon of Ty- 
 deus (Tydidesy -ae,) king of Aetolia, 
 hence called Aetclius htrosy Ovid. Met. 
 14, 461. one of the Graecian chiefs in 
 the war againfl: Troy. His wife ^sgi- 
 ale having proved unfaithful to him in 
 his abfence, he did not return to his 
 native country, but v^rent into Italy, 
 and hiving married the daughter of 
 Daunus, king of that part of Apuha, 
 afterwards called from him Daini'ia, 
 fliared the fovereignty with Daunns, and 
 built feveral cities, (G. 186, &45S.) 
 Some of his compaiiions are faid to 
 have been changed into birds, Ovid. 
 Met. 14, 484, &c. called the birds of 
 Diomedes, ( -'ves Dirnnedis vel D'lomc 
 deae.) Plin. 10, 44 f. 61. Hence Dio- 
 medes fays, Et focd (fc. mei) admlfjls 
 (i. e. celeribus) petierurt atlhera pennis, 
 Vircr. Aen. 11, 272. Diamedis urhsy ib. 
 8,9. i.e. Arpi feu Argyrlpa, ib. 11, 
 246. Dlomedis campus y a plain near 
 Cannae, Llv. 25, 12. Dismadeae inJnJae., 
 fpaall iilauds oa the CQall of Apulia, 
 
 160 ] D I O 
 
 near mount Gafganns, frequented by 
 thefe birds, Plin. 3, 26 f. 30. 
 
 Diomedes, a king of Thrace, who 
 fed his hovfes on human flefh. He was 
 flain by Hercules, (G. p. 339.) 
 
 DiONE, -esy the mother of Venus, 
 put for Venus hevfelf, (G. 363.) 
 whence Caefar is called Dionaeusy as 
 being defcended from Venus and An- 
 chifes, l>^it'g. E. 9, 47. ; Columhae. Di- 
 onaeae, pigeons facred to Venus, Stat, 
 S'dv. 3, 5, 80. So Dionaeae avesy Id, 
 Theb! 7,261. 
 
 Dionysus, a name of Bacchus, (G. 
 382.) vv'hence Dionysia, -arum, the 
 feafts of Bacchus, Ter, Heaui, i, i, 
 no. 
 
 DiONYSius, the name of two ty- 
 rants of Syracufe, father and fon, (G. 
 274.) 
 
 DIONYSIUS, a native of Hali- 
 carnaflus, the capital of Caria ; hence 
 called Halicarnasseus, or H alt car- 
 nnj'trfisy who came to Rome after Au- 
 guftus put an end to the civil wars, in 
 the middle of the 187th Olympiad, a- 
 bout thirty years before the birth of 
 Chrift. After having ftaid at Rome 
 for twenty-two years, he wrote an ac- 
 count of the origin, culloms, and 
 tranfa6tions of the Romans till the be- 
 ginning of the firll Punic war, m 
 twenty books,, of which only the firll 
 eleven remain, ending with t!'.e 3 [2th 
 year of the city ; and fpme fragments. 
 Dionyfius alio compofed feveral books 
 concerning rhetoric, fome of wliich are 
 ftill extant. 
 
 D 1 6 N Y s I u s of Heraclea, ( Heradeo* 
 tesy -ae)y firil a Sloic, Cic. ykad. 4, 
 22. but afterwards an JXpicurean, Cic. 
 
 Fin. I, ?i. «| 2. A native of Jvlag- 
 
 nefia, [Moznesy -eilsy) a rhetorician, 
 
 intimate with Cicero, Cic. Br. 91. » 
 
 ^ 3. A fiave of Cicero's, his reader, 
 [anngnGj}es)y Cic. Fai'n. 5, 10. and li- 
 brarian, ib. 13. 77. But having fto- 
 len many of his ma'icr^s books, he 
 fled for fear of puaiihment, th. He 
 feems to have returned, and to have 
 been taken into favour ; for Cicero 
 coiTiplains Qi his having d<:fertcd him 
 
 in 
 
D I O [ 
 
 in the beginning of the civil war, Jlit. 
 
 9, 12. 51 4- ^ ^^^^ o^ freedman 
 
 of Attfcus, whom Cicero employed In 
 arranging his library, C'tc. Att. 4, 7, 
 11,15. Fam> \2, 24.. — There were 
 many others of ihis name. Fabric. 
 BihI. Graec. torn. 2, p. 794., &0. 
 
 DiONysus, a name of Bacchus, 
 (G. 382.) whence Dionysia, -lirum, 
 the feads of Bacchus, Ter. Heant. i, 
 I, 1 10. There were many of this 
 name, [multos Dlonyfos hahemus, Cic. 
 N. D. 3, 23.) 
 
 DiOPHAMES, -/V, a native of Mi- 
 tylcnae, art eloquent Greek orator, 
 the praeccptor of the Gracchi, Cic. 
 Brut. 27. 
 
 DioscorTdes, -isy a native of A.- 
 nazarba, ( Ana%arhsttSy 4 fyll. ) in Ci- 
 licia ; a phyfician in the time of Nero, 
 
 whofc works are dill extant. ^ 2. 
 
 An eminent engraver in the time of 
 Auoruftus, Plin. 37, I. ; Suet. Aug. 50. 
 — There were many others of this 
 name, vid. Fabricii Biblioth. Graec. vol, 
 
 Dioscuri, -orum^ \. e. Jovis liheri, 
 a name given to Caflor and Pollux, 
 Cic. /V. 2). 3, 21. {vid. G. 411.) 
 
 Dioxippus, a noted wreftler, Plin, 
 
 ^^^, II.- ^ 2. A Trojan ilain by 
 
 Turnus, Virg. Aen. 9, 574. 
 
 DiPMiLUS, an architect, flow in 
 peVforming his work ; whence Diphilo 
 tardiorj uncommonly flow, Cic. i^. Fr, 
 
 3» i» •• 
 
 DiPsAS, -adisy a drunken old wo- 
 man, Ovid. Am. I, 8, 2. 
 
 DiRAE, ,the furies, Tifiphone, A- 
 lefto and Megaera, Virg. ^f«. 4, 473. 
 8, 701. et 12, 845. 
 
 DIRCE, esy the wife of Lycu?, 
 king ol: Tliebes ; who jealous of An- 
 tiope, treated her with great cruelty. 
 ' On which account Zethus and Am- 
 phion, the fons of Antiope, when 
 they grew up, having flain Lyctis, 
 tied Dirce by the hair to the tail of a 
 fierce bull, (Propei^tius fays, to the 
 tnouth or neck, Vinxerunt Dircen fub 
 frucis era bovisy 3, 15, 38.) and thus 
 file periilied by a miferable death, Ovid, 
 
 161 1 tiOh 
 
 in /bin. 537.; Plaut. Ps, I, 2, 65. J 
 La&ant, In Stat Thsb. 4, 570. (vid* 
 Antiope.) Dirce is faid to have 
 been changed into a fountain near 
 Thebes, which was called after her 
 name, Stat. Th^b. 3, 205. {Ex cujus 
 cor pore fons in Cithxerone na'us e/i, qui 
 Dircaeus ejl appellatus. Hygin. fab. 7.) 
 ApoUodorus fays, that Zethus and 
 AmphTon threw her body into a foun- 
 tain, called fiom her Dirce, 3, 5, 5. 
 — Hence Dircaeus Amphiotty i. e. The- 
 baniis, Virg. Eel. 2, 24. So Dircaein 
 cnhorsy Luc an. 4, 590. Difcaeus cyg-^ 
 nusi the Dircaean fwan, i. e, Pindar, 
 Hor. Od. 4, 2, 25. 
 
 Dis, djtis, the god of riches, Pla- 
 to, fqui dives fc. e/f)j Cic. N. D. 2^ 
 26 {^ia mini me dives Jit) ^ Quinilil, 
 I, 6, 34. Domina ditisy Proferpinc, 
 the wife of Phito, Virg. Aen. 6, 397. 
 Atri janua Ditis, the entrance to tha 
 infernal regions, iby 127. 
 
 DiscoRDiA, the goddefs of difcord'^ 
 Virg. Aen. 8, 702. j Hor. Sal, I, 4> 
 60. 
 
 DiTHYRAMBUS, a name of Bac- 
 chus ; whence a poem in honour of 
 Bacchus, filled with bold and fubiime 
 expreflions, was called by that name, 
 Hor. Od. 4, 2, 10. So alio a kind of 
 poetic meafure, Cic. Or. 3," 48. — - 
 DiTKYRAMBrci, ic. poetac, poets who 
 wrote Dithyrambics, Cic. Opt. gen. die* 
 I. 
 
 DiviTiAcus, a chief of the Aedui^ 
 Caef. B. G. I, 3. friendly to the Ro- 
 mans, and on that account in great 
 favour with Caefar, ib, 19, &c. on6 
 of the Druids, Cic. Div. 1,41. The 
 Aedui being hard prtfTed by Ariovif-* 
 tus, before Caefar comm.mded irx 
 Gaul, Divitiacus went to Rome to 
 afk afiiftance, Caef. 6, 11. when he. 
 feems to have formed a friendlbip witht 
 Cicero, Cic. ib. 
 
 DOLABELLA, the firname of a 
 branch of the gens Cornelia. 
 
 Cn. DoLABELLA, COuful with M. 
 
 Tullius Deciila, a. 672. ; Appian. B. C. 
 
 I, 412. after which he obtained the 
 
 prcvin,ce of Macedonia, and was ho- 
 
 X Qoured 
 
D O L 
 
 [ 1^2 ] 
 
 D O L 
 
 noured with a triumpK over the Thra- 
 cians, Cic. Pif. 19. He was accufed 
 by Caefar, then a young man, of ex- 
 tortion, Suef. Caef. 4. He was de- 
 fended by Cotta and Hortenfiiis, and 
 acquitted, Cic. Br. 92. ^B'lones Dola- 
 hellae, the fpe^ches of Dolabella airainft 
 Caefar, wiien accufed by hinm, which 
 he feems to have publiflied. Suet, Caef, 
 49. 
 
 On. Dolabella, city praetor, a. 
 672 ; before whom the caufe of Quin- 
 tius was tried, Cic. ^I'ln. 8. He af- 
 terwards was orovernor of Cilicia, where 
 Verres was his quaeftor; who appear- 
 ed a^ainll bin, when he was brought 
 to liis trial for extortion by Scaurus, 
 and condemned, Cic. i, 15, &c. 32, 
 
 P. Corneous Lentnliis DOLABEL- 
 LA, the third hufband of Tullia, the 
 daughtei of Cicero, Cic. Ftim. 2, 15, 
 ei 8, 13, ^ 16.; ^//. 6, 6, ei 7, 3.; 
 ivho accufed Appius, Cicero's prede- 
 ceiTor in the government of Cih'cia, 
 of crimes againlt the ^late, and bribe- 
 ry, (maj'jlatis et amhitus)^ without Ci- 
 cero's knowledge, aad without fuc- 
 cefs, Cic. Fam. 3, 10, ri, & 12. 
 
 Dolabella was a keen partifan and 
 great favourite of Caefar's. He wiis 
 prefent at all his battles during the ci- 
 vil war, Cic. Phil. 2, 30. Tnou-rh a 
 very your g m'-m, he co;nmanded a fleet 
 in tlie Adriatic fea, where he was de- 
 feated by the generals of Fompey. a. 
 u. 705. Siu-t. Aug. 36.; Fh>r. 4, 2, 31 
 Dl . - - -^ 
 
 lalia 
 
 ving- caufed hinifelf to be adopted by 
 a plebeian, that he might be eleded 
 tribune, a. u. 707. be propofed a 
 law concerning the abolition of debts, 
 {de novis tabuiis)^ which occafioned 
 .j^reat ditlurbances in the city, Dio, 
 42, 29, 30, &c. ; Cic. Ail. II, 12, 13, 
 .14, 5c 23. ; Lii}. Epit. 113. but thefe 
 were fuppreffed by tlie unexpected ar- 
 rival of Caefar, after the overthrowof 
 Pharnaccs, Z)/o, 42, 33.; Appian, B. 
 C. Z^ p. 485. ; Hiri. tic Bell. .ihx. c. 
 ult. Dolabella was apprehenfivc of 
 
 ^ 1 , 40. After the battle of Phar- 
 he returned to Rome, and ha- 
 
 Caefar's difpleafure, Din, ih. 32. but 
 Caefar, mindful of his fervices, made 
 no enquiry about his condutl, and af- 
 terwards railed him to the highefl pre- 
 ferment, ik 33. A. U. 708, a divorce 
 took place between Dolabella and 
 Tullia, probably with mutual confent ; 
 for it made no appareit interruption 
 in the friendfhip between him and Ci- 
 cero, Cic. Alt. 11,23. Fam. 14. 13.; 
 He owed s^eat obligations to Cicero, 
 who had defended him in two capital 
 trials, Cic. Fam. 3, 10, '4. et 6, II. 
 and Cicero was unwilling to break with 
 D glabella, on account of his influ- 
 ence with Caefar, Cic. Fam. 14, 13. 
 Tullia foon after died in childbed at 
 her hufband's houfe, Plutarch, in Cic, 
 leaving a fon by Dolabella, called 
 Lentulus, which name the father feems- 
 to have acquired by adoption, ^tt 12, 
 28, & 50. It is uncertain whether 
 this Lentulus was born by TuUia at 
 her lad delivery, or at a former one 
 mentioned, ib. 10, 18. 
 
 Caefar had promifed to make Dola- 
 bella coaful with Antony, a. u. 710, 
 though greatly below the confular age, 
 being only twenty five years old, Zip- 
 pian. B. C. 2. p. 509. but was prevented 
 by the art of Antony, Plutarch. 'In- 
 t^n. p. 921.; who, jealous of Dolabel- 
 la, as a rival in Caefar's favour, had 
 prejudiced Caefar againfl him, fo that 
 Caefar took the confulate to himfelf. 
 On which account Dolabella, on the 
 firfl of Jan. a. 7»o, inveighed bitterly 
 againft Antony in the lenace-houfe, 
 \a prefence of Caefar ; who, to paci- 
 fy him, faid, that before he fet out 
 to the Parthian war, he would order 
 that Dolabella fliould fucceed him in 
 the confulihip, Cic. Phil. 2, 32,; Dio, 
 43, 51. Accordingly after the death 
 of Caefar, Dolabella immediately fei- 
 zed the ensigns of the confular office. 
 Veil. 2, 28. ; and was acknowledged 
 by Antony, as his colleague, Dio, 44, 
 53. ; Cic. Phil. 1,13. He at firil 
 went up to the confpirators in the Ca- 
 pitol, and by his w .rcjs and adions 
 gave them the greated reafon to hope 
 
 that 
 
D O L C i^^ 3 DOM 
 
 that he would concur with them in lb, 12. &c. In the mean time Cafliu:} 
 
 re'lonng the liberty of their country, having made himfelf marter of Syria, 
 
 D'lOt 44, 22.; /Ippian. 2, p, 505. He and having defeat,;d Dolabella, fhut 
 
 confirmed thefe hopes by his condu6l him up in Laodlcea, where he killed 
 
 in the abfence of Antony, particular- himfelf, to prevent his falling into the 
 
 ly by cutting off the impoftor Marius hands of CaiHus, Cic. Fam. 12, 13, & 
 
 and his affociates, and by dcmolilhing 15. ; '^ppian 4, 625.; Dlo, 47, 30.; 
 
 a pillar, which they had raifed in ho 
 nour of Caefar in the forum, on the 
 fpot where his body was burnt, Suet, 
 Caef. 85.; Dlo, 44, 51.; for which 
 Cicero extoh Dolabella with the great- 
 eft praifes, Ck. Phil, i, 2, & 12, 
 
 L'lv. Ep'u, 121. 
 
 DoLON, -omsy a Trojan, fent to fpy 
 the camp of the Greeks; flain by Dio- 
 medes and Ulyifes, Serv. ad V'lrg. Aen, 
 12,347.; Ovid, Met, 13,98. 
 
 iiOMITIUS, the name of an illuf- 
 
 ^/Z. 14, 15, &: 16. iv7m. 9, 14. But trious^^/zjat Rime, diftin ruifhed by va- 
 being overwhelmed with debt, Dola- rious firnames, as A'imharhus^ Calvhmst 
 bella was foon corrupted by the bribes ^fi^'y Labeoy Mnrfus, &c. ' -a-lj. Do- 
 of Antony; fo that, as Cicero expref- 
 fes it, he not only deferted, but over- 
 turned the republic, Cic. Att, 16, 15. 
 Before the expiration of his confullhip 
 he fet out for Syria, which province 
 had been alfigned to him by the con- 
 trivance of Antony ; though it had 
 form.erly been deftined to Caffius by 
 Caefar, App'ian. 3, 527, & ^i'^. Ha- 
 ving arrived before Smyrna, where Tre- 
 bonius then refided, without any ap- 
 pearance of hoilility, he defired only a 
 free paffage through that country to 
 
 M in AN us. The two chief branches 
 ffam'd'taejy were the Cahini and Ahs^ 
 nobarhi. The latter ufed no other />r^f- 
 nomen but Cneius and Lucius, Suet, 
 Ncr. I. 
 
 Cn. DoMiTius, a conful, a. 422, 
 Llv. 8, 17. 
 
 Cn. Do Minus Ahenobarbus, aedile 
 of the commons, Lin). 33, 42. prae- 
 tor, 34, 42. When conful, a. 11. 562, 
 he was fent againll the Boji, ib. 22. who 
 furrendered to him, ib. 40. and was 
 fucceeded in that province by P. Corne- 
 
 his province. Trebonius refufed toad- lius Scipio NFasTca, Llv. ^i), 37. C 
 
 mit him into the town, but confented 2. A Pontlfexy chofen when very young, 
 
 to fupply him with refrefiiments with- [oppldo ndoJefcens)^ Ll-v. 42, 28. fent 
 
 out the gates ; where Dolabella made as amba.Tador into Macedonia, to in- 
 
 great profeffions of amity and friend- 
 ihip to Trebonius, and fet out as with 
 an intention to proceed on his journey. 
 But returning fuddenly in the night- 
 time, he took the city without oppo- 
 fition, and feizcd Trebonius in his bed, 
 before he knew any thing of his dan- 
 ger, Dlo, 47, 29. Dolabella treated 
 him with the utmoft cruelty ; kept him 
 two days under torture to extort a dif- 
 covery of all the money in his cufto- 
 dy ; then ordered his head to be cut 
 off, and carried about on a fpear, and 
 his body to be dragged about the 
 llreets, and thrown into the fea, Cic. 
 Phil. II, 2, & 3. When the news of 
 this reached Rome, Dolabella was un- 
 animoufly declared a public enemy by 
 
 fpecl the army of L. Aemilius Paulus, 
 Id. 44, 18. and afterwards as one of 
 the ten commiffijners who were ap- 
 pointed to aliill that general in fettling 
 the affairs of Macedonia, after the o- 
 
 verthrovv of Perfeus, /^/. 45, 17. — 
 
 ^ 3. A conful with C. Fannius, a. 
 631, Ck. Br 26. who conquered the 
 yli'vernl and Allobroges, Cic. Font, 
 I z. ; Liv. Eplt. 61. ; Orof. 5, 13. This 
 Suetonius by miltake afcribes to his 
 fou, Ner. 2. and Eutropius to Sex, 
 Domitius Calvinus, 4, 16. Domitius 
 made a mad through the country, call- 
 ed from him Via DoMiriA, Cic. Font, 
 4. He eredled a trophy of his victo- 
 ry, a thing formerly not ufed by the 
 
 Romans, and adorned it with the fpoils 
 the fenatej and his ellate conhfcated, of the enemy, Flor. 3, 2. He made a 
 
 X 2 progrefs 
 
BOM C i<?4 1 DOM 
 
 progrefs through his province, mount- cient eloquenGC to fupport his dignity 
 
 ed on an elephant, with a, nun^ber of 
 his foldiers following him in a kind of 
 triumphal proceflion, [quaft inter Jolen- 
 fiia tr'iumph'i)^ Snet. Ner, 2. 
 
 Cn. DOMITIUS Jhenobarhus, the 
 fon of the former, and grandfather to 
 the great grandfather of the emperor 
 JvTero, iota-vus ejus.) When tribune, 
 he got a law paffed for transferring the 
 elediion of priefts from their own col- 
 leges to the people, Suet. Ner, 2, a. u, 
 649. ; Afcon. in Cic, Cornel, p, 142, or 
 a. 650. ; Veil. 2, 12. ; Cic. Rull. 2, 7. 
 He accufed D (al. M.) Junius Sila- 
 rus, a man of confular dignity, be- 
 caufe, when governor of Gaul, he had 
 injured Egritomarus, a friend of bis 
 father's, Cic. Caecil. 20. ; Verr. 2, 47- 
 Soon after his acquittal he accufed M, 
 6cauru8, then prince of the fenate, of 
 certain offences againll religion, and 
 was near getting him condemned, 4f- 
 con. in Cic. pro Scaur, p 171. Domi- 
 tius was Incenfed at Scaurus, for having 
 prevented him from being chofen au- 
 gur in his father's room, ih, ; which 
 Suetonius fays, was the caufe of his 
 paffmg t^ie law concerning the eleftion 
 of priefts, Ner. 2. During the trial 
 of Scaurus, one of the (laves of Scau- 
 rus came to Domitius, offering to fur- 
 iiilh him with grounds of accifation 
 flgainft his mailer ; but Domitius, 
 fcorning to take advantage of ibis in- 
 formation, ordered the flave to be foi- 
 led and carried back to Scaurus, Cic. 
 Dejot, ll.\ Fa!. Max, 6, 5,5. Do- 
 iritius was afterwards made coniul, 
 cenfor, and Pontifex Maximus, Cic. ib. 
 He was cenfor with CralTus the ora- 
 tor, with whom he had many fharp al- 
 tercations, Cic, Or, 2rj 56. Br. 44. ; 
 JTm. 17, I.; Fdl. Max. 9, i, 4, — r— 
 In one of thefe CrafTus faid to him, 
 ** there was no wonder that he had a 
 beard of bvafs, ( vid. Ahenobarbus), 
 who had a face of iron, and a heart of 
 lead," Suet, Ner. 2. [vid. Crassus.) 
 Cicero fpeaks of Domitius as a man of 
 great gravity and authority. Or. 2, 56. 
 Ylipugh not ao orator, he had fuff^- 
 
 as a magiftrate, Cic. Br. 45. 
 
 /.. DOMITIUS Ahenobarbus, 
 
 the 
 
 fon of the former, curule aedile a. 
 691. ; when he exhibited in the circus 
 ICO Numidian bears, and as many Ae- 
 thiopians to contend with them., (ve- 
 natores, Plin. 8, 36 f. 34, i. e. qui cO" 
 m'lmu urfos f.gebanty Juvenal. 4, 99.) 
 When praetor, a. u. 695, the year af- 
 ter Caefar was conful, he made h mo- 
 tion in the ftnate about annulling Cae- 
 far's a6ls ; but the fenate not chufmg 
 to undertake the bufinefs, it was dropt. 
 Suet. Caef. 23. (vid. Caesar, p. 58.) 
 Domitius is faid, in his practorfliip, 
 to have prevented a pernicious law 
 from being paffed, " That freedmen 
 (libertini) fhould vote promifcuoufly in 
 all the tribes ;*' to which Cicero al- 
 ludes, Mil. 8. / et ibi Afcon. He was 
 the only one who appeared as competi- 
 tor with Pompey and Crallus, when 
 they fued for the confullhip a fecond 
 time ; but was obliged by violence to 
 dehlf, fvid.CATO 89.) Suetonius fays, 
 that Caefar obliged Pompey and Craf- 
 fus to feek a fecond confullhip, in or- 
 der to difappoint Domitius, who threats 
 ened, that vvhen conful he would do. 
 what he could noc effeCl when praetor, 
 and would take his armies from Caefar, 
 Suet. Caef. 24. Domitius, however, 
 next year, a. 699, obtained the conful- 
 fhip with App. Claudius, Dio, 39, 60. 
 but did notliing of importance in that 
 olhce. Both he and his colleague dif- 
 graced themfelves by an infamous bar- 
 gain with tw^o of thofe who were can- 
 didates to fucceed them in the conful- 
 fliip, Cic. Att. 4, 18. In conieqnence 
 of the violent ferment v^hich this oc- 
 cafioned, there was in the beginning of 
 next year an interregnum foi lix months, 
 the tribunes, by their interpohtion, al- 
 ways hindering the comitia, Cic. ^ 
 Fr. 3,5. Att. 4, 16. Fam.'j, II.; 
 Diot 4Q, 45, 
 
 Domitius was appointed by the fuf- 
 frages of the peopie to prclide at the 
 trial of Milo, (fujfraglo popuJl quaefitor 
 creates ej}., Afcoii. jn Cic. Mil. praef. p» 
 
 190.) 
 
D a M^ 
 
 r 1^5 1 
 
 D O M 
 
 '190.) according to the hw pafTed by 
 Pompey ; whence be is faid to have 
 been appointed by Pompey, fhuic quae- 
 JlionipraeejJ'e), Cic. MIL 8. 
 
 When Pompey and Caefar came to 
 an open breach, Doinitius was appoint- 
 ed to rucceed Caefar in the province 
 of Tranfalpine Gaul, Cic, Fam. i6> 
 12. ; Sud. 34. ; jlppian. p. 448. Do- 
 initius, unable to oppofe Caefar in the 
 field, inflead of retreating and joining- 
 jPompey, as he ought to have done, 
 imprudently threw himfclf into Coifi- 
 pium, with a confiderable force, and 
 ibme of the principal fenators, expect- 
 ing to be relieved by Pompey; bur he 
 was oblii'^ed to furrender himfelf to 
 Caefar, who treated him with }.^reat 
 clemency, (wcL Caesar, 64.) Ap- 
 plan p. 45 J Domitius fearing the re- 
 fentment of Caefar, had ordered his 
 phyficlan, who was alfo his flave, to 
 give him a dofe of poifon. But hear- 
 ing of Caefar's lenity, he lamented his 
 having taken it. Whereupon the flave 
 told hixn, that he had given him only a 
 foporlterous potion. Domitius, over- 
 joyed at this, immediately rofe and 
 went to Caefar, Plutarch, in Caef, p. 
 724. ; Stnec. de Benef. 3, 24. Sueto- 
 nius fays, " that from the fear of death 
 he took a vomit to enable him to throw 
 up the poifon, and manumitted his 
 flave, for having given him a very gen- 
 tle dofe," A>?'. 2. Phny fays, " that 
 having drunk the poifon, he did every 
 thing he could to fave his life," 7, 53. 
 But Lucan, probably to flatter Nero, 
 reprefeuts Domitius as always adlng 
 with the greated fortitude, 2, 478. — 
 
 526. Domitius remained for a fhort 
 
 time in his vlila near Cofa, [in Co/a- 
 no)i Cic. An. 9, 6, & 9. till having col- 
 lected and manned feven fhlps, he fail- 
 ed to Marfeilles, Caef. B. i, 34. took 
 upon himfelf the command of that ci- 
 ty, ih. 36. ; DiOi 41, 21. which he de- 
 fended with great vigour agalnll Cae- 
 far's heutenants, ih. et 2, 3, &c. But 
 the Maliilians being forced to furren- 
 der, Domitius made his efcape with a 
 number of his friends to Pompey, ih. 
 
 22. being privately let go by tbe ^o- 
 ple of Marfeilles in the night time» 
 Dio, 41, 25. 
 
 In the battle of Pharfalin, Domitiua 
 commanded the left wing of Pompey'a 
 army, Appian. p. 475. According Xo, 
 Lucan, the right wing, 7, 220. Afn 
 tcr the defeat, Domirius, in his flight 
 from the camp to the mountains, be* 
 coming faint through fatigue, was o» 
 vertaken and killed by forne horfemert. 
 Domitius is the only Pompelan whofj* 
 death Caefar mentions, B. C. 3, 99^ 
 Cicero fays that he was killed by An- 
 tony, Phil, 2,29 Lucan fuppofes Oo^ 
 micius to have fallen in the held of bat* 
 tie, and, as ufu.il, highly extols his cou- 
 rage. Mors tamcn eminuii. clarorum in 
 Jlrage virorum Pugnacis Do?n2/i, &c. 7, 
 579. He rtprefents him as happy in 
 dying before his country v^as enilaved, 
 [falvd LihertaU perit^ ib. 603.) and 
 Avithout needing a fecond pardon from 
 Caefar, alluding to the firll at Coifi- 
 nium, {Labitur ac vaiid gauckt carutlfe 
 JecunddJi ib. 604. Lucan deviates full 
 farther from the truth of hii':o!y, ia 
 making Caefar to upbraid Domitius, 
 while weltering m his blood, (Jam 
 Magni, {i.e. Pompeii), dcfcris arma^ 
 Succejfor Doinltiy ib. 607.) and Domiti- 
 us to return a bold anfvver, //-. Gio, 
 
 Cicero feems to have had but a poor 
 opinion of the underflandlng of Domi- 
 tius ; for writing to Auicus, he fays> 
 Nemo Jluhior eji quam L. Domitius, 8, r. 
 In an.jther place, however, he exprcf- 
 fes himfelf quite differently, Fortes illi 
 luri et Japientes Doniitiiy et Leiituliy 5cc* 
 Fam. 6, 21. So Fat. 10. Ipeaklng of 
 Domitius as an orator-, he fays, *' that, 
 though unacquainted with the rules of 
 art, yet he fpoke his native language 
 with purity, and had much freedom of 
 addrefs," Br. 77. Suetonius fay?, 
 " th.at Domitius was inconilant and 
 cruel." When Pompey confulted v/ilh 
 his friends, how thofe who remuiaed 
 neuter ought to be treated, DomlLius 
 alone gave it as his opinion, "that they 
 fhould be reckoned as enemies," Sud» 
 Ner. ?. add. Cic Att. Ii, 6. 
 
 Cn. 
 
r O M I i66 1 DOM 
 
 Cn. DOMITIUS, the Ton of the preferments of the ftate, iL In the Pe- 
 
 former by Marcia, the fifter of Cato 
 Uticenfis, was prefent with his father 
 in the battle of Ph-irfaHa, but feems 
 to have taken no further concern in the 
 war, Cic, Fam. 6, 22. He was one of 
 the confpirators againil Caefar, Cic. 
 Phil. 2, II. and on that account pro- 
 fcnbed by Anguftus, Apfnan. p. 703, 
 & 707. though innocent, according to 
 Suetonius, who extols him as inco upa- 
 rably the mofl: virtuous man of his fa- 
 mily, (gentis)t Ncr. 3. But that he 
 was concerned in tfie confpiracy againfl 
 Caefar, the authority of Cicero is ex- 
 
 rufian war, fviJ. Octavius), he fi- 
 ded with Lucius, the brother of Anto- 
 ny, againit Auguflus, for which Au- 
 eufliis, from thf particular fitnation of 
 his affairs, was induced to pardon him, 
 Dioi 48, 29 Domitius wasconful, a. 
 721, with C. So'nus, Dio, 50, 2. a. 
 721, the year hi which the iiua^ breach 
 t(^k place between Antony and Cae- 
 far, iL 6. Both the conluls left Rome 
 and joined Antony, ib. 2, Sc 20. with 
 the coiifent of Augaflus, SurL ^ug. 17, 
 But Domitius, beinjr difofu'ted with 
 
 Cleopatra ( n-%nquam reginam nifi nomine 
 prefs, and to be preferred to that of falutavit, i. e Cleopatram non reginam 
 Suetonius, ib. or of Cocceius, Appian. vocavit, Veil. 2, 84 ) and 
 *. 707. Domitius was the only one of 
 thofe condemned by the Pedian law, 
 
 84 ) and confidering 
 Antonyms affairs as defperate, deferted 
 to AuQ-r.dus, and foon after was cut 
 
 (ivV. Octavius). that wjs afterwards off by a dikafe, Dio^ 50, 13. Plutarch 
 reftored to his country, Sutt. ib. He 
 had left Rome before the triumvirate 
 was formed, or the profcription took 
 place, and join-d Brutus in Macedonia; 
 where he had the addrefs to bring over 
 to the fide of Brutus and Cafhus a bo- 
 dy of cavalry, which Pifo was leading 
 into Syria to join Dolabella, Cic. Phil. 
 10, 6. Domitius was fent by Bnuus 
 and Cafiius with a fleet of 50 fail, and a 
 confiderable body of land forces, to join 
 Murcus, and intercept the fupplies of 
 Caefar and Antony, Appian. p. 639. 
 
 It appears rhat Domitius was piefent 
 at the battle of Philippi ; whence Dio 
 fay, he was the only one of the 
 confpirators that made his efcape, 
 48, 7. Having coUedled a number of 
 
 fays, of a fevrr, occalioned by remorfe 
 for his perfidy, in Anton, p. 495. An- 
 tony alleged that Domitius had left 
 him from a delire to fee a favourite 
 miflref^. Suet. Ner. 3. 
 
 L. Domitius, the fon of Cneius 
 jull mentioned, diflinguiflied himftlf in 
 the German war under Tiberius, 'Tacit. 
 Ann. I, 6'2^. et 4, 44. but in his general 
 character was arrogant, prodigal, and 
 cruel, Suet. Ner. 4. whom however his 
 cotem.pcrary Velleius Patercuius, from 
 delp'cable fiattery, calls a man of the 
 moll en'inent virtue, (eminentjjjtmae ac 
 wMhJjmae Jimplicitatis ) i 2, 72. He mar- 
 ried Antonia, the elder daughter of 
 Antony and 06lavia, the filler of Au- 
 sriiftus. Suet. Ner. ^. ei Cal. I. Tacitus 
 
 (hips, and being joined by many of the fays, the younger Antonia, Ann. 4, 44, 
 
 foldiers of Brutus, he, in conjundion 
 with Murcus, kept pofTefilon of the 
 Ionian lea for a c >nfidcrable time, and 
 greatly^ annoyed the enemy, ih. et Pa- 
 ten. 2, 72, & 76. ; Appian. 679. He af- 
 terwards, at the iiiitigation ofAfinius 
 PoUio, joined Antony at a very criti- 
 cal time, a. 713, Apptan.p. 700, & 703.; 
 DiOi ^8, 16. I'Aid thereby laid Antony 
 under' great obligations to him, (et in- 
 gentis meriii loco tradiciit, fc, clafTem), 
 Suet. Ner. 3. Being thus reftored to 
 iiis country, he obtained the higheft 
 
 f/ 12, 64. Dio fays by miftake, that 
 Antonia was betrothed to Cneius 
 
 Domitius, the father, 48, 54. 
 
 C«. Domitius, their fon, is faid to 
 have been deteflable in every part of 
 his life. Suetonius mentions the moft 
 fiiocking inftances of his perfidy, pro- 
 fligacy, and cruelty, Ner. 5. He how- 
 ever is called by Paterculns clariffimus 
 juvenisi 2, 72. and was conful a. u. 785, 
 A.C. 32, Tac.Ann. 6, i. He married 
 AgrippTra, the daughter of Germani- 
 cub, and by her was the father of the 
 
 emperor 
 
DOM t t67 3 D R U 
 
 emperor NERO, .^w^/. *i5. whofc origi- firfl rank, Dio, 48,42. 
 
 nal name was L. Domitius Ahenobar- 
 bus. Tac, -Tin. i [, it. F/V/. Nero. 
 
 Cn, DOMITIUS Cah'inus, lieiite- 
 nant under Flaccus in Aiia, Cic. Flacc, 
 13. tribune in the confulfnip of Blba- 
 lus and Caefar, C'lc. Sext. 5^. made 
 conful with Mefj^ala, after an interreg- 
 num of fix months, a. 700, Dlo, 40, 
 17. & 45. wounded in attempting to 
 quell a tumult raifed by Milo and his 
 competitors for the confuKbip next 
 year, ib. 46. — In the civil war Domi- 
 tius joined Caefar, who fent him with 
 two legions and 500 cavalry into jMa- 
 cedonia, Cnef. B. C. 3, 34. where he 
 was oppofed to Scipio, the father-in- 
 law of Pompey, ih. 36, 37, ^c. Ac- 
 cording to Dio, he was driven from 
 Macedonia by Fauflus the fon of Sulla, 
 one of Pompey's lieutenants, 41, 51. 
 but Caefar does not mention this cir- 
 cumftance. Domitius fought two bat- 
 tles with Scipio ; in the firft he was 
 defeated, but in the fecond was vi6lo- 
 rious, ih. Cmf. ^. C. 3, 37, & 38. Some 
 time after Caefar having left Dyrac- 
 chiwm, came into Theffaly and joined 
 Domitius, Caef. ib. 78, — 80. In the 
 battle of Pharialia Domitius command- 
 ed the centre of Caefar's army, ib. 89. 
 After this be wa^^ made governor of 
 Afia, whence he fent affiilance to Cae- 
 far in Egypt, H'irt. B. Alex. 9. Do- 
 mitius being attacked by Pharnaces, 
 the fon of Mithrldates, with fuperior 
 forces, was defeated with coni derable 
 lofs, though aifillied by Dejotarus and 
 Ariobarzanes, ih. 34, — 41.; D'lO., 42, 
 46. ; Slid. Caef, 36. But Pharnaces 
 bei'.ig Ipeedily crufhed by Caefar, Do- 
 mitius was ftill continued in his former 
 command, Dio, 42, 52. He foon after, 
 however, attended Caefar in his CKpe- 
 diiion to Africa, Hirl. B. Afr. 86, & 
 93. He was conful a fecond time un- 
 der the triumvirate, a. u. 715, Z)/©,48, 
 15. The next year he obtained the 
 province of Spain, where he decimated 
 two centuries of his army for having 
 iled from battle. Pie, for the fame 
 crime, iniiidcd capital punii'bment aUb 
 •n feme centurions, oiic of them of the 
 
 Veil 2, 78. 
 He then marched agalnft the Ceretanit 
 v.'hom he completely defeated, and on 
 that account was honoured with a tri- 
 umph, Dio, ib. 
 
 DoMiTiANUS, the fon of Vefpafian, 
 a Roman emperor, [G. 246.) 
 
 DoRCEus, (2 fyll. ), -eosj ace. -ea, 
 one of Aifi:aeon*s dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 
 
 210. ^ 2. One fkilled in mufic, 
 
 Val. Flacc. 3, 159. 
 
 Doris, -tdis, a nymph, the daugh- 
 ter of Oceanus and Teihys, and wife 
 of Nereus, who was the mother of a 
 great number of nymphs. — Sometimes 
 
 put for the feg, Virg.Ecl. 10, ^. 
 
 ^ 2. A native of Locri, (^Locrerifis)y 
 the wife of Dionyfius, the tyrant of 
 Syracufe, Cic. Tufi. 5, 20. 
 
 DoROTHEus, a remarkable painter 
 in the tim.e of Nero, Plin. 35, 10. 
 
 DORSO, -onisf a firname of the 
 Gens Fahia ; thus, C. Fabius DoRSO, 
 Div. 5, 46. 
 
 DoRus, the fon of Neptune, who 
 reigned over a part of Greece, and 
 gave name to the Dori or Dorien- 
 SES ; whence Doricusy -^, -uniy Gre- 
 cian, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. 2,27. 
 
 DoRycLus, the brother of Phineus 
 king of Thrace, Virg. Aen. 5, 620. 
 
 DoRyLAs, -ae, faid to have been 
 
 rich in land, Ovid. Met. 5, 129. • 
 
 ^ 2. The name of a centaur, ih. 
 
 Do SON, a firname given to Anti- 
 gonus a king of Macedonia, becaufe 
 he promifed fairly, but did not per- 
 form ; for he alvrays faid to thofc that 
 requeiled any thing, Ac^o-i;, I will give 
 it, Plutarch, in Coriolano. 
 
 DKACO, -onis, the moll ancient 
 lawgiver of the Athenians, Cic. Or, i, 
 44. whofe laws puniihed all crimes e- 
 qually with death ; whence they were 
 faid to have been written with blood, 
 Gell. II, 18. (G./.464.) 
 
 Drances, -isy a counfeilor of king 
 Latinus, inmiicalto Turnus, Virg. Aen. 
 
 11,3^5- 
 
 Dkuidae, -arumy vel Druides, 
 'Um, the prieils of the ancient Gauls 
 and Britons, (G. 492, Sc 5^0-) 
 
 DRU- 
 
D R U 1 
 
 DRUSUS, a firname of the Gens 
 JLima. This firname was firft; alTumed 
 hj crtie of the Lhii, who had (lain a 
 gcfteral of the enemy called Dranfus in 
 clofe combat, [com'inus)y Suet. Tib. 7,. 
 —-'His great-gvandfon, (abnepos'j^ M. 
 D) ufus, was colleague to C. Gracchus 
 m the tribunefhip, ( Plutarch, in Gracch. 
 j*, 838.), and for his great fervices in 
 the caufe of the nobility againll Grac- 
 chus, {^oh exiriuam ad'uerfus Gracchos 0- 
 feram. Suet. Tib. 3. ^iod C. Gfac:hum 
 itertim triL pi. fregity Cic. Brut. 28.), 
 was called the Patros of the fenate, 
 Sttet. Tib. 3. 
 
 M. DR.USUS, the fon of the for- 
 mer, ( M. fil')y a man of great elo- 
 quence and intef^ity, {^eloquertli/Jimus et 
 JantTrJitnus), tribune of the comm.ons, 
 a. u. 662, who, wifhino^ to reconcile 
 the inlerefts of the nobility with thofe 
 of the plebeians, had the misfortune to 
 pleafe neither party. He was flain by 
 fome aiTaffin at his own houfe, upon 
 bis return from the forums while fur- 
 i*ounded with a great num.ber of his 
 friends. No enquiry was made con^ 
 ccrniuc^ the ^zcd, Paterc. 2, 13, & 14. ; 
 Ck. Mil. 7. The afraifm is faid to 
 have been Q^VariiTS, who afttrwards 
 perifhed miferably, N. D. 3, 33. But 
 author? differ about the manner of the 
 death of Drufu^-. ( Fid. R. A. p. 2c8.) 
 
 Liv'ius DllUSUS, D'lo, 48, 44. ; 
 Pafsrc.z, 71. or Drufzis Claudlanns, ib. 
 75. th.e father of Li via Drufiila, the 
 wife of Auguilus, {^Pld. Livia), was 
 crngaged on the fide of Brutus in the 
 battle o^ Philippi, and after their de- 
 feat llcw hirnfc'lf, ib. 
 
 M 
 
 er:>i 
 
 'd Dt 
 
 Claudhts DP.U- 
 
 SUS, the fon of Tib. Claudius Nero 
 and Li'vii, born three months after Li- 
 via married Angnfcus, a young man of 
 ^n|^lar merit, who, before the age 
 required l;>y l:nv, was raifed to the high- 
 #!!: honours of the ilate. He command- 
 ed with great fuccefs againil the RLa^ti 
 and P^enddicly Hur. Od. 4, 4. and aifo 
 againit the Germans. He is faid to 
 bave been the firfi Roman general that 
 faded on the northern oc^an. To cca- 
 
 6^ 1 D R IJ 
 
 vey lu's troops thither, he cut a great 
 canal, [novi et immtnfi opsris. Suet. CI. 
 I.), from the Rhine to the Sala or If- 
 lel between Ifelfort and Djefbourg, for 
 about eight miles, called Fossa i3RU- 
 s I AN A, or in the plural. Fossae Dru- 
 siAN AE, Suef. CI. (.; Tac. Ann. 2,8. He 
 died of a difeafe in Germany, a. u. 745, 
 Suet. ib. ; Dloy 55, 2. according to the 
 epitomifer of Livy, in confequence of 
 a fra^iure of his leg, occafioned by a 
 fall from his horfe, Liv. Ep. 140. His 
 body was conveyed to R'»me, Tiberius 
 his brother g.^ing before it on foot all 
 the way. Suet. 'Tib. 7. Several prodi- ] 
 gies are faid to have preceded the death 
 of Drufus, [Dioy ^^, I. Pedo Albino- 
 lyanus v. Ovid, in mortem Drufiy ad Li' 
 via>??i V. 401. &c. ) ; and a barbarian 
 woman of extraordinary fize, fuppofed 
 to be the genius of Germany, is faid 
 to have appeared to him, forbidding 
 him to proceed farther, Dioy ib. ; Suet. 
 CI. t. Drufus died when conful, Dio, ib.; 
 Ovid, ad Liv. 293. et 177, 199, & 4J7. 
 The aifcdtion which Tiberius exprelfed 
 for hi? brother is extolkd by hillorians 
 and poets. When he heard of hh bro- 
 ther's fickncfs, he travelled 200 miles ^ 
 in one day and night, Plin. 7, 20. and j 
 arn'ved jud before Drufus breathed his ' 
 lail, Suet. CI. 2. ; Senec. ad Polyb. 34. ; 
 Ovid, ad LJv. 89. ; Tacit. 3, 5. The 
 army wifhed to retain the corpfe, that 
 they might pay it military honours, but 
 Tiberius carried it off, ( Ahjhdit invitis 
 corpus venerabile f rater) y Ovid. ad. Liv. 
 171.; Senec. ib. The funeral was ce-* 
 lebrated with the greateil magnificence. 
 His elogium was pronounced in the fo- 
 rum both by Tiberius and Auguftus, 
 Dioy 55, 2. In the fpeech which Au- 
 gullas delivered to the people in his 
 praife, he prayed to the gods that they 
 would make his Caefars (i. e. Caius 
 and Lucius his grandfons) like to 
 Drufus, and that they would grant 
 himfclf an equ:;lly honourable exit^ 
 whenever it fhould happen. Suet. ib. 
 The fer.ate confctred the firnamc of 
 GP:RMANICUS on Drufusandhis 
 •poilQvilj. Paterculus fays he poffefTecl 
 
 as 
 
DRY [ 
 
 as many and as great virtues as human 
 nature admits or induftry can acquire, 
 
 2, 97. He always declared that he 
 would reftore the ancient ilate of the 
 republic, if ever he could, Suet. ib. He 
 is faid to have even conferred with his 
 brother about forcing Auguftus to re- 
 ilore liberty. Suet. Til. 50. add. Tac. 
 Jnn. r,'33. et 2, 82. Drufus left by 
 Antonia, the younger daughter of An- 
 tony by Oclavia the filler of Auguftus, 
 three children, Germanicus, who af- 
 terwards became fo illuftrious, and 
 whole fon, Caligula, fucceeded Tibe- 
 rius in the empire ; Livilla ; and Clau- 
 dius, who fiicceeded Caligula, Sud. CL 
 
 1 . It happened unfortunately for 
 
 Rome, that thofe of the family of Au- 
 guftus who were fit for government, 
 and might have made the Romans hap- 
 py, were all cut off", and only thofe 
 furvived who became deteftable for 
 their wickednefs and cruelty. What 
 Virgil fays of Marcellus the fon of Oc- 
 tavia, may be applied to others of her 
 defcendants, — Nimium 'vobh Romana 
 frcpago Vifa pot ens, Superi, propria haec 
 Ji dona fuijfent ! A en. 6, 87 i. 
 
 Dryades, -um, nym.phs or goddef- 
 fes of the woods, Virg. G. i, 11. et 
 
 3, 40. ; OviJ. Ep. 4, 49. ; Claudian. de 
 Rapt. Prof. 271, &'38l. 
 
 Dry AS, -antis, (voc. Drya, Ovid. 
 Met. 12, 294.), the fon of Orion, flain 
 in the Theban war by Diana with an 
 invifible weapon, Stat. Theh. 9, 842, & 
 875. Dry as was the father of Lycur- 
 gus, king of Thrace, who is hence cal- 
 led Dry ANT IDES, Oiiid. in Ibin, 347. 
 
 Dryope, -es, a daughter of Eury- 
 tus, the fifter of lole by the father's 
 fide, but by a different mother, Ovid. 
 Met. 9, 327. violated by Apollo, ib. 
 332. afterwards married to Andraemon, 
 /^. 333. and turned into a lote tree, as 
 lule, who was then prefent, relates the 
 ftory to \\zx mother-in-law Alcmena, 
 
 *^' 325'— 394- 
 
 C. DUILLIUS, or Diiellius, the 
 fivft Roman geneial that gained a naval 
 triumph over the Carthaginians, (G. 
 237.) ; Cic.Sen. 13. 
 
 169 ] E G E 
 
 DuRis, a Greek hiftorian, born in 
 Samps, Cic. Att. 6, i. 
 
 Dymas, -antisy the father of Hecu- 
 ba, Ovid. Met. II, 761. who is hence 
 called Dymantis, -tdis, ib. 13, 620. — 
 f^id. Hecuba. 
 
 Dymas, a Trojan warrior, F^irg. 
 Jen. 2, 394. 
 
 E. 
 
 EcHECRATEs, -is, a Pythagorean 
 philofopher of Locri, [Locrenjis), con- 
 temporary with Plato, Cic. Fin. 5? 29- 
 
 EcHiON, -onis, one of the five w^ho 
 furvived of thofe produced from the 
 dragon's teeth, which Cadmus fowed 
 in the ground, and who aflifted Cad- 
 mus in building Thebes ; whence Echl' 
 omae Thebae, Thebes built by EchTon, 
 Hor. Od. 4, 4, 64. Pkbs Echionia, the 
 Theban people, Stat.Theb. \\ 169. Ar^ 
 ces Echioniae, the citadel of Thebes, 
 Ovid. Trijl. 5, 5, 53. No men Echioni- 
 urn, a Theban name, Virg.Aen. 12, 515. 
 — EcHiONiDES, -ae, Pentheus, the fon 
 of EchTon, Serv. ad Virg. ib- 'et Ovid, 
 
 Met. 3,51 3. ^ 2. One of thofe who 
 
 affembled to hunt the wild boar of Ca- 
 lydon, Ovid. Met. 8, ^^ 11. — Ecbwneus 
 lacertus, the arm of Echion, ib. 345. 
 
 ECHO, -uSf a loquacious nymph, 
 whofe ftory is recorded, Ovid. Alet. 3, 
 357,-507. 
 
 Eetion, -onis, the father of An- 
 dromache, the wife of Heftor; whence 
 Eetion EAE Thebae, Thebes, a city 
 of Myfia, lubjea to Eetion, Ovid. Met. 
 12,' no. 
 
 Egeria, a nymph, with whom Nu- 
 ma, the fecond king of Rome, pretend- 
 ed to have nocturnal meetings, and gave 
 out, that by her advice he inftituted 
 facred rites, and appointed pricfts, Li-v. 
 I, 19. — called his wife, [corijux), \\y. % 
 Ovid. Met. 15, 547, &c. and his mif- 
 trefs, [arnica), Juvenal. 6, II. 
 
 Egerius, the grandfon of Demara- 
 tus, and fon of Aruns, fo called from, 
 his poverty, [abinopia), Liv. i, 34. 
 
 Egesinus, an academic philofo- 
 Y pber, 
 
E GN 
 
 [ 170 1 
 
 E N N 
 
 Eg 
 
 NATULEIUS, 
 
 v-'ithdrew the Mar/ian legion 
 tony to Ociavius Caefar, 
 
 pher, the fcholar of Evander, Cicc A- 
 cad. 4, 6. 
 
 EGNATIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man ^ens. 
 
 Cn. Egnatius, a fcnator, Cic. CIu- 
 
 ent. 48. Others of this name are 
 
 mentioned, Cic. Att. 6, i. et 7, 18. et 
 13, 4. Fam. 1^3, 34. 
 
 a qiiaeftor, who 
 
 from An- 
 
 Clc. Phil. 3, 
 
 3. 
 
 Elatus, vel Elateus^ one of the 
 Laptthac^ the father of Caenis, vvho is 
 hence called Elaiela prohs, Ovid. Met. 
 3 2, 189. and when changed into a man, 
 Caeneus Elatetus^ ib. 497. — fuppoled to 
 have been afterwards changed into a 
 bird, ib. 53^1. 
 
 Electra, the daughter of Atlas, 
 (Atlantis, 'tdis, Ovid. Fad. 4, 31.)* ^'^^ 
 mother of D:'.rdanus by Jupiter, Firg. 
 Aen. 8, 135. whence Eleciria tellus, the 
 
 ifland Samos, Val. Place. 2, 431. 
 
 ^ 2. The fifter of Oreiles, Ovid. Trift. 
 2, 395. ; Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 140. and wife 
 of Pylades, {G. 408.) 
 
 ELECT RYON, -mm, the fon of 
 Perfeus and Andromeda, king of My- 
 cenae or Argos, the father of Alcmene, 
 Apollodor. 2, 4,6. 
 
 Elegeia, the goddefs of elegiac 
 jpoets, Oind. Am.'T^, i, 7. 
 
 El]£lei^s, (3 fyll.), --foj, a name of 
 Bacchus, O-vid. Md. 4, 15. whence E- 
 7.ELEIS, idis, a female worfhipper of 
 Bacchus, a Bacchanal, Ovid. Ep. 4, 47. 
 
 Elicilts, a name given to Jupiter, 
 from the fuperftitious anxiety of the 
 Romans to dra^o) or obtain from the 
 gods prodigies or omens of fucurity, 
 i^ad elictenda prodigia ex divinis mentilus), 
 Eiv. I. 20. Eliciunt coelo te, [Jupiter, O- 
 vid. Faft. 3, 327. 
 
 El ICO. Vid. Helico. 
 
 Elisa, the proper name of Dido, 
 Virg. Aen. df, 335. \\\\tViQQ. Elisei patrcs, 
 the Carthaginian fenators, Sil. 6, 346. 
 
 Elpenor, -oris, one of the compa- 
 nions of UlyiTes, changed into a hog 
 
 by -Circe, yuvenal. 1^, 
 14, 252, SiC. Havin; 
 
 23.; Ovid. Met. 
 recovered his 
 
 former (hape, he Is faid to have been 
 afterwards killed by a fall from the top 
 of a hoafe, Ovid. Trijl. 3,4, 19.; Mar" 
 tial. II, 82. 
 
 Elym- s. Vid. HELYMrs. 
 
 EMPEDoCLES, is, an illuftrious 
 philofopher and poet of Agrlgentum, 
 Lucr. I, 717, — 735 ; Cic. Or at. 1, 50. 
 (G. 14.). Adj. EMPEDOCLiius ; Salluf- 
 tii Empedoclea^ fc. poemata, poems con- 
 cerning the philofophy of Empedocles, 
 or written in the manner of Empedo- 
 cles, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 11. N:c tarn ve- 
 geta mens ant in corde, cercbrove, ant in 
 Empi'docleo fanguine demerfa jaceat. Nor 
 can the foul, pofieirmg fuch vigour and 
 activity, be plunged or lie funk in the 
 heart or brain, (as fome think), nor 
 In the blood, as Empedocles thought, 
 Cic. Tufc. I, 17, k 9. 
 
 Enceladus, a giant, the fon of T'^r- 
 ra, ftruck with a thunderbolt byjupiter, 
 and buried under mount Aetna, from 
 which volcano he was fnppofed by the 
 poets to breathe forth flames, and, by 
 turning himfclf, to fliake Sicily with 
 earthquakes, F'lrg. Aen. 3, 578. 
 
 Endymion, -onis, the favourite of 
 Luna or Diana, (G. 378.'), put for a 
 beautiful young rhan, Juvenal. 10, 318. 
 En CON AS IS, -is, f. (q. m genibus), 
 a name given to the confteilation Her- 
 cules, becaufe reprefented as on his 
 knees, ( Engona/in vocitant, genibus quia 
 nixaferatur), Cic. N. D. 2, 42. 
 
 ^ ENNIUS, an ancient poet, born 
 at Rudiae in Calabria, (hence called /£z/- 
 diiis homo, Cic. Arch. lO.), a.u.513, Cic. 
 Br. 18. Tufi:. 1,1. who wrote the Ro- 
 inan annals in hexameter verfc. In eigh- 
 teen books, and an epic poem, Infcri- 
 bed to Scipio Africanus the Elder, in 
 both of which he celebrated the ex- 
 ploits of that great commander, Hor. 
 Od. 4, 8, 17. whence Ennius is faid to 
 have been fo great a favourite with Sci- 
 pio, that ht is fuppofcd to have order- 
 ed a (latue of Ennius to be erecled on 
 his tomb, {in fepulchro Scipioniim putatur 
 is, fc. Ennius, effe conjlifutus e marmore), 
 Cic. Arch. 9. So Livy, 38, 56. ; O- 
 vid, Art. Am. 3, 409. j Valerius Maxl- 
 
 mus. 
 
E N N [17 
 
 miis, 8, 14, I. ; Soliniis, c, 7. Ennius 
 alfo compofed tragedies, comedies, fa- 
 tires, epigrams, 6!.c. of all which no- 
 thing now remains but fome fcattcied 
 fragments. Ennius pretended that the 
 image of Homer had appeared to him 
 in his fleep, and explained to him the 
 nature of things, Lucr. i, 125. or, ac- 
 cording to others, he dreamed, that Ho- 
 mer having appeared to him, declared 
 that his foul was tranfmigrated into the 
 body of Ennius ; whence Cor jubet hoc 
 £mn, pojlquam deJlertuH ejfe Maeonides, 
 after he gave over dreaming that he 
 was Homer, Perf. 6, 10. To this Per- 
 feus alfo alludes, Prol. v. 2. Ci- 
 cero obferves, that Ennius, when he 
 awoke, did not fay that he had feen 
 Homer, but thought that he had feen 
 him, or thought himfelf Homer, Acad. 
 4, 27. The words of Ennius himfelf 
 are, V'ljus Homerits adejfe poeta, ib. 16. 
 Thefe imaginations ot Ennius Horace 
 calls Soniiila Pythagnrea, Ep. 2, 52. 
 Ennius is faid to have borrowed feveral 
 things from Naevius, who was older 
 than Ennius, but an inferior poet, C'tc. 
 Br, 19. Ennius died in poverty, at 
 the age of 70, Cic. Sen. 7. or 72, 
 as it Ihould feem, from the confuls un- 
 der whom he is faid to have died, ib. — 
 Lucretius allows Ennius to have been 
 the tiril Roman poet of real merit, Z-z/^r. 
 I, 118. Ennius is often quoted with 
 great praife by Cicero, Or. i> 45. "Tufc. 
 1,15. et al'ihi pajfim. Virgil tranfcribed 
 many verfes trom Ennius, Macrob. Sat. 
 6, I. Horace, by a metonymy, calls 
 the poems ot Ennius Calabrae Piertdes, 
 the Calabrian Mufes, Qd. 4, 8, 20. He 
 fays, that Lucilius ufed to ridicule fome 
 of the verfes of Ennius, as being inac- 
 curately compofed. Sat. I, 10, 54. En- 
 nius is faid to have been too fond of 
 wine. He ufed never to fet about de- 
 fcribing battles without having firft 
 drunk freely, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 7. Ho- 
 race however allows, that Ennius en- 
 riched his native language, by the in- 
 troduction of new words, Jlrt. P. ^6. 
 Ovid fays that Ennius had great ge- 
 nius, but wanted art, (^Ennius ingenio 
 7nai<imus, arts rudis), Tnil. 2; 424. A- 
 
 I ] E P H 
 
 mor. I, 15, 19. So Statius calls the 
 mufe of Ennius rudisy Silv. i. proba- 
 bly alluding both of them to Riuitae, 
 the place of his nativity. Quin6tiliari 
 efteems Ennius venerable on account 
 of his antiquity, [Ennluni, Jicut facros 
 'vctujiate lucoif adoremus, l^c. 10, I, 88.) 
 — Adj. En N I AN us. 
 
 Ennosigaeus, (i. e. terram qua- 
 ilens), a name of Neptune, ^«^»d'/2J/. 10, 
 182. ; Ge/I. 2, 28. 
 
 ENyo, -uSf a name of Bellona, the 
 goddefs of war. Si/. 10, 203. hence A''^- 
 va/is Enyoy a naval battle, Martial. 
 Spe£l. 24. Cum dubitaret belli civilis E- 
 nyo, when the fortune of the civil war 
 between Otho and Vitellius was doubt- 
 ful, Id. 6, 32, i. 
 
 Eos, Edisy the goddefs of the morn- 
 ing, Ovid. Fajl. 3, 877. put for the 
 morning, /3. 4, 389. Ep.^, 57. 
 
 Eous, -/, one of the horfes of the 
 fun, Ovid. Met. 2, 153. alfo the morn- 
 ing ftar, Virg. G. I, 288. adj. eailern, 
 Ovid. Fajl. 3, 466. &c. 
 
 EPAiMINONDAS, -ae, the cele- 
 brated general of theThtbans, [ciwi quo 
 Thebanoriim gloria et nata eft et ex/intla, 
 Juftin. 6, 8.), mortally wounded in the 
 battle of Man tinea, but furvived till he 
 heard that his men had defeated the 
 Lacedaemonians, Cic. Fam. ^^ 12. (G. 
 469.) 
 
 Er APHRODiTus, the freed man of 
 Nero, Tac. 15, 55. who aflilled that em- 
 peror in killing himfelf, on which ac- 
 count he was afterwards put to death by 
 Domitian, Suet. Dom. 14.; Plin. Pan. 53. 
 
 Epaphus, the fon of Jupiter and 
 lo, Ovid. Met. I, 74S. 
 
 Epeus, the fiamer of the Trojan 
 horfe, Firg. j^en. 2, 264. 
 
 Ephialtes, 'isy a giant, the fon of 
 Neptune, who grew nine inches eveiy 
 month. He was flain by the arrows 
 of Apollo and Diana, Serv. ad Virg. G. 
 
 1, 2S2. 
 
 Ephorus, an hiftorian, born at Cu- 
 mae, the fcholar of Ifocrates, Cic. Or. 
 
 2, 13, & 23. Mnit. 56. Orat. 51, & 57. 
 EpKyREj 'CSy et-<2, -/7^^a fea-nymph, 
 
 the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, 
 Firg. G. 4, 343. 
 
 y 2 ^?l^ 
 
E P I [ 1 
 
 Epicharis, a freed woman, who 
 was concerned in a ronfpiracy again ft 
 Nero, 1 ac. Ann. 15, 51. but could not 
 be forced by any tortures to difcover 
 her accomplices, and chofe rather to 
 put an end to her life than confefs, ib. 
 
 SI- 
 
 EPICHARMUS, a Sicilian poet 
 and philofopher in the time of Cicero, 
 whom Piautus is faid to have imitated, 
 Hor. Ep. 2, 1,57. His works abounded 
 with excellent maxims, which Cicero 
 mentions, [praecepta Epicharmi), Q^Fr. 
 3, 1,7. He ufed to fay, that the 
 principal requifite in a philofopher was 
 not to believe raflily, Cic. Att. i, 19. 
 Ep'tcharmium illitd tenetpy Neriws atqiie 
 art us fap'ientiac non temere credere, Cic. 
 de Petit. Conful. c. 10. 
 
 Epicrates, -isy a chief man among 
 the Athenians, Cic. Fam.if), 2 J. The 
 name denotes a fupreme ruler, and is 
 applied to Pompey, Cic. Att. 2, 3. 
 
 Epictetus, a ftoic philofopher in 
 the time of Nero, Gell. 2, 18. 17, 19. 
 19, I. He was born at Hierapolis, a 
 town in Phrygia. Being brought to 
 Rome as a flave, he was purchafed hy 
 Epaphroditus, the ireed man of Nero. 
 He is faid to have lived to the time of 
 the emperor M. Antoninus, (^Suidas), 
 who mentions him with great praife, i, 
 7. et 4, 4. f/ 7, 19. f/ 1 1, 34, 36, & 
 37. Gellius calls him Sioicorun vel 
 viGXtmus, I, 2. mnximus philofophorum, 
 17, 19. Lucian, who is feldom favour- 
 able to philofophers, calls Epi6letus an 
 (idmirahlc old man^ and informs us, tl»it 
 his memory was fo refpected, that his 
 lamp fold for 3000 drachmae^ (^fo; 
 ttTTxiSi Tov). Epictetus ufed to exprefs 
 the fum of his philpfophy in two words, 
 •jtv£ vov Kcti 'ayfixo^, i. e. fuftine et aljline, 
 bear and forbear, ih. He Wt^s banifhed 
 from Rome, with all the other philofo- 
 phers, by Domitian, GelL 19, r. St 
 Auguftine calls him NobiJlfJlmus Sioicus, 
 
 de civ. Dei, 9, 5. -Arrian publifhed 
 
 the dilTertations of Epictetus after his 
 death, under the name of Encheiri- 
 D!ON Epicteti, Geil. g, 2. which are 
 ilill extant, and juilly held in the high- 
 eft eftimationc 
 
 72 ] ERA 
 
 Epicurus, born at Gargettus, a 
 village of Attica, whence he is called 
 Senior Gargettius, Stat. Silv. i, 3, 94. 
 He was the fcholar of Xenocrates and 
 Plato, and afterwards became the foun- 
 der of that feft of philofophers v/ho 
 held pleafure to be the fupreme good, 
 
 Cic. Fin. 1,7, &c. Epicureus, 
 
 a difciple or follower of Epicurus, ib. 
 Epicureorum fcribtay ib. I, 2. 
 
 Epigoni, (i. e. pofteri), the fons 
 of the feven chiefs in the iirft Theban 
 war, (G. 432.) by which name a tra- 
 gedy of Euripides on this fubjedl was 
 called, Cic. Of. i, 31. ; Tufc. 2, 25. 
 The offspring of the foldiers of Alex- 
 ander the Great by Perfian women 
 got the fame name, Jujlin. 12, 4. 
 
 EpiMENiDiiS, -is, a Cretan poet, 
 contemporary with Solon ; faid to have 
 flept in a cave fifty-feven years, Piin. 
 7, 52. and to have foretold future e- 
 vents by a kind of infpiration, Cic. Div. 
 I, 18. 
 
 Epimetheus, {4 fyll.), -eos, v. -ei, 
 the fon of Japetus, and father of Pyr- 
 rha ; who is hence called Epimethis^ 
 idisy Ovid. Met. i, 390. (G. 435.) 
 
 EpiPHANES, -/'/, (i. e. illujlris), a 
 fnname of A.ntiochus king of Syria. 
 ^ 2. An Afiatic prince in the ar- 
 my of Otho, the fon of Antiochus, 
 king of Commagene ; called rex, af- 
 ter the manner of the Greeks, who 
 gave the name of ^aTOAv;, not only to 
 kings, but alfo to their fons, Tac. 
 
 EpyTUS, a king of AJba, O'vid. Fajl. 
 
 4» 44- 
 
 Epytides, -ae, v. .?>, the governor 
 and companion of Afcanius, Virg. Aen. 
 
 5' 547; 
 
 Erato, -ui, one of the nine Mufes, 
 invoked by fuch as wrote on amorous 
 fubjeds, Oi)/t/. Art. Am. 2, 16. put for 
 Miifa, any mufe, or for Calliope, the 
 chief of the Mufes, Virg. Aen. 7, 37. 
 
 ERATOSTHiiNEs, -is, a native of 
 Cyrene, the fcholar of Ariflo of Chi- 
 os, and of Callimachus the poet, illuf- 
 trious as a philofopher and poet ; but 
 ciiiefiy as a geographer and allronomer, 
 
 Cic: 
 
ERE [ 173 
 
 2, 6. He flourifhed under 
 
 C'lc. Jtf 
 
 Ptolemy Euergetcs, and had the charge 
 of the library of Alexandria, (G. 18.) 
 
 Erebus, the Ton of Chaos and 
 Daiknefs, (Caligo), Hygin. Pracf, 
 the hufband of Nox, Cic.N. jD. 3, 17. 
 — put for the infernal regions, Virg. 
 6, 247. 
 
 Erechtheus, -W, v. -eos^ a king 
 of Athens, (G. 419.) whence Erech- 
 THis, Adis^ the daughter of Erech- 
 theus, t. e. Procrls, O-oid. Mct.'^^ 726. 
 ErechthIdae, 'Ciriim, the Atheni- 
 ans, lb. 430. Arces Erechlheae, the ci- 
 tadel of '\thens, ih. 8, 547. 
 
 Erich T HO, -us^ a rheiTalian wo- 
 man, noted for her flcill in forceries, 
 Liican. 6, 508. ; Ovid, Ep. Sapph. 
 
 139- 
 
 Erichthonius, the fon of Vulcan, 
 
 a king of Athens, (G. 418.) whence 
 
 Popidus Erichthonius, the Athenians, 
 
 Propert. 2, 6, 4. Ele is faid to have 
 
 invented chariots, Virg, G, 3, 113. 
 
 and the ufe of filver, Piin, 7, ^6. He 
 
 was converted into the conftellation 
 
 wiurlga, the waggoner, Hygin, Poet. 2, 
 
 Erigone, -es.) the daughter of I- 
 carius, a naiive of Attica, (hence call- 
 ed Maralhonia Virgo, Stat. Silv. 5, 3, 
 74.) who, hearing that her father had 
 been flain by fome fhepherds, whom he 
 had taught the ufe of wine, was fo 
 overcome with grief, that flie is faid 
 to have hung herfelf ; but through the 
 commiferation of the gods, was chan- 
 ged into a conftcliation called Virgo, 
 Hygin. f. 1 30. ErigoruTiJ! canis^ i. e. Mae- 
 ra, the dog of Icarius, who is faid 
 to have led Erigone to the place where 
 the dead body of her father lay, u^poi- 
 lodor. ^y 13,7.; and f>;eing his mif- 
 trefs dead, pined avv'ay, and was chan- 
 ged into the conftellation called Ca-r 
 nicida, the LciTer Dog Star, Hygin, 
 Poet, 2, 4. ; O'vid. Fafi, 5, 723. 
 
 Er ICON us, a noted painter, Plin, 
 
 Erinna, v. -NE, -es, a poetefs, the 
 contemporary, and as Is thought, the 
 friend of Sappho ; mentioned, Pro- 
 pert, 2, 3, 2 2. J Plin, 34, 8. 
 
 ] E R Y 
 
 Erinnys, -yis, a name common to 
 any one of the three Furies, a fury, 
 Ovid. Met, I, 241. f/ If, 14. ; having' 
 her. head and arms furrounded with 
 fnakes, lb. 4, 490. Patriae communis E- 
 rlnnys, i. e. Elelena, Virg, Jen. 2, 573. 
 Dedeciis Jegypti, Latio fa rails Erinnys, 
 i. e. Cleopatra, Liican. 10, 59. 
 
 EriphJ-lk, -^j, V. Eriphyla, the fif- 
 ter of Adraftus, king of Argos, and 
 wife of Amphiaiatis the augur, who, 
 bribed with a golden necklace by Po- 
 lynTces, Apollodor. 3, 6, 2. or oy A^ 
 draftus, Hygin. 73. difcovered the place 
 where her hulband lay concealed to a- 
 void going to the war againfl Thebes, 
 in which he knew that he muil perifh. 
 Amphiaraus, before he fet out, char- 
 ged his ion Alcmaecn to avenge his 
 death ; which Alcmaeon did by flaying 
 his mother, Serv, ad Virg, Aen, 6, 
 445.; Clc. Verr.\\, 18.; Inv, 1,50- 
 
 (G. 431.) -Qccurrent multae tlbi ~— 
 
 Erlphylae, you will meet with many 
 EriphykiG, I. e. many as wicked as E- 
 riphylc, Juv, 6, 654. 
 
 Eris, -tdlsy the goddefs of flrife or 
 difcord, Hygin. 92. 
 
 Erisichthon, -onis, a ThefTalian, 
 the fon of Triopa, who having impi- 
 oufly cut down an oak facred to Ceres, 
 was by that goddefs feized with fo vo- 
 racious hunger, that after having fpent 
 his whole patrimony, he at laft devour- 
 ed his own members, Ovid. Met, 8, 
 ^^gy—adfn, 
 
 Ero, -lis. vid. Hero. 
 
 Eros, -otis, a comedian, the fcho- 
 
 lar of Rofcius, Clc. ^ Rofc, 11. . 
 
 5j 2. The name of a flave, Clc, Att, 
 10, 15. 
 
 Erythras, -acy a king of Arabia, 
 from whom the Arabian fea, the A- 
 rabian and Perfian gulfs, were called 
 Mare Erythraeuniy and by the Latins 
 Rubrtwi mare. Curt. 8, 9, 14. ; Plin, 
 6, 23. ; whence Lapllll Erythraely pearls 
 from any of thefe feas, Stat, Sllv. 4, 
 6, 18. So Tibullus, 3, 3, 17. 
 
 ERYX, -yds, a king of Sicily, the 
 fon of Venus and Butes, or accord- 
 ing to others, oi Venus and Neptune ; 
 who ufed to challenge all ftrangers to 
 
 contend 
 
E T E [I 
 
 contend with him in boxing, and flew 
 thofe he vanquidied. At laft he htrn- 
 felf was flain by Hercules, and gave 
 name to the mountain in Sicily where 
 he was buried, S:irv. ad Virg. Aen. 5, 
 24, & 759. adj. Erydnus. 
 
 Eteocles, -is, fon of Oedipus, 
 (Oed^podes, -as), and king of Thebes, 
 (G.430.) 
 
 Claudius ETRUSCUS, a Roman, 
 taifed by Vefpalian from a mean rank 
 to the equeftrian order, for his fcrvices 
 in the JewiPn war, Stat. Slh. 3, 3, 140, 
 &c. who being banifhed by Domi- 
 tian, was attended by his fon in his 
 exile. Hence, when he was reftored 
 from banifhment, the fon is faid to have 
 been grateful to Domitian, both for be- 
 ing allowed to accompany his father, 
 and to return with him, ( Muneris hoc u- 
 trumque tii'i tejlatur Etnifcusy Fje quod et 
 comiti contlgit et reduci), Martial. 6, 83, 
 7. The grief of the fon on the death 
 of his father is celebrated by Statius 
 in a poem, infcribed Lacrymae E- 
 TRUSCi, Silv. 3, 3. (^Cuin lugeret ve- 
 rts lacrhnis fcnem patrem^ i. e. non fal- 
 fi3 lacrimis, ut praeficae, lb. Pracf.) 
 
 and by Martial, 7. 39. A bath 
 
 built by this Etrufcus is highly extol- 
 led by Statius, (Balneum Etp.us- 
 ci), Slh. 1,5. and by Martial, [De 
 Etrufci thermis)^ 6, 42. 
 
 EvADNEj-fj-, the daughter of Iphis, 
 (Iphiasy -adlSi Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 21.) 
 and the v/ife of Capaneus, whom 
 fhe was fo fond of, that flie threw her- 
 felf on his funeral pile, and perifhed in 
 the flames, Propert. i, 15, 22. (G. 
 
 43'-) 
 
 EvAGON, a native of Cyprus, of 
 
 that kind of people called Ophiogenes, 
 
 who were not hurt by ferpenis, PUn. 
 
 28, 3. 
 
 EvAGORAS, -aey a king of Cyprus, 
 (G. 618.) 
 
 Evan, -antis, a name of Bacchus, 
 Ovid, Ma. 4, 15. hence Evans, adj. 
 plur. Evantes, raging or exulting like 
 Bacchanals, Virg. Jen. 6^ 517.; Pro- 
 pert. 2, 3, 18. j S'd. 1 5 101. i and Evoey 
 
 74 1 EUC 
 
 Evohe, or Euoe, the exclamation ufed 
 by Bacchanals, Hor. Od. 2, 19, 5. ; 
 Plant. Men. 5, 2, 82. 
 
 EVANDER, v. -dnis, -drl, the 
 fon of Mercury and Carmenta, or 
 Carmentis, ViBor. de orig. P.oni. c. 5. 
 the grandfon of Pallas king of \rca- 
 dia, who being forced to fly from his 
 native country by a fedition, pafled 
 over into Italy, accompanied by his 
 mother and a number of Arcadians; 
 whence he is called Rex Areas, Virg. 
 Aen. 8, [02. ; Arcadius ducior, Sil. 6, 
 631. He built a few cottages on the 
 top of one of the hills on which Rome 
 afterwards flood, and gave to the place 
 the name of Pallanteum, from one of 
 his progenitors, Virg. Aen. 8, 51. or 
 from his native town in Arcadia ; 
 whence the mountain was called Pala- 
 tium, or mons Palatinus, Liv. 1,5.; 
 
 Ovid. Faft. I, 470, &c. Evander 
 
 is faid to have firjl introduced the 
 knowledge of letters into that country, 
 which Vv'-onderful difcovery {inlracu- 
 lu7n) made him much refpefted by the 
 rude inhabitants, and he was ftill more 
 revered for the fuppofed divinity or 
 prophetic powers of his mother, Liv, 
 I, 7. Evander alfo introduced the 
 worfliip of Pan, Faunus, and other 
 rural deities, Liv. F, 5. ; Ovid. Fajl. 2, 
 279. et 4, 65. et 5, 90, — Hahehis Evan- 
 drum, you will And me a frugal hofl: 
 or landlord, who will entertain you 
 with as fimple fare as Evander did Her- 
 cules and Aeneas, jfuvenal. 11, 61. 
 
 [G. 186.) Adj. EvANDRius ; thus 
 
 Re'gna Evandria, the country which 
 Evander ruled, i. e, the territory of 
 Rome, Sd. 7, 18. Evandrlus enjis, the 
 fword of Evander, Virg. Aai. 10, 394. 
 Mons Evandrius, the Palatine hill, 
 Claudian Conf. Honor. 6, 1 1 . 
 
 Evander, a noted carver, Acron, 
 
 ad Horat. Sat. i, 3, 91. ^ 2. A 
 
 fculptor, Plin. 36, 5. 
 
 Eu GLIDES, 'is, a native of Mega^ 
 ra, {3'Iegareiis), a fcholar of Socrates, 
 (G. 302.) from whom a feft of anci- 
 ent phiiofophers wer: called Mi:gari- 
 
E U D [I 
 
 ct, Cic. Acad. 4, 42. ; Or. 3, 1 7. 
 
 «j 2. A geometrician of Alexandria, 
 Cic. Or. 3, 33. ; Gell 6, lO. 
 
 EuDEMUs, a philofopber of Cy- 
 prus, intimate with Ariilotle, Cic, 
 Div, I, 25. 
 
 EuDOXUs, a fcholar of Plato's, a 
 celebrated ailronomer, Cic. Div. 2, 42. 
 (G. ,6.) 
 
 EuHEMiiRUS, v. Evemerusy an an- 
 cient hillorian of Sicily, who wrote 
 a book concerning the gods ; which 
 was tranflated by Enriius, Cic. N. D. 
 1,42. 
 
 Eve NOR, -oris, a painter, the fa- 
 ther and inilru'ilor of Parrhafius, Plin. 
 
 EuERGETES, -ts, [i.e. Benefuf^'), 
 a title given to three of the Ptole- 
 .mies, kings of Egypt, on account of 
 their fervices to the Greek Hates, Curt. 
 7, 3, I.; Jujiin. 12,5. 
 
 Evius, a name of Bacchus, Hor. 
 Od. 2, 11, 17. ; whence Evias, -adhy 
 a female vvorlhipper of Bacchus, a Bac- 
 chanal, Ih. 3, 25, 9. 
 
 EuMAEus, the fwine-herd or fnep- 
 hevd of UlyfTes, (G. 457.) 
 
 EuMELUs, the fon of Admetus, 
 king of ThelTaly, by his wife Aicef- 
 tis ; and father of Parthenope, the 
 founder of Naples ; who is hence call- 
 ed EuMELis, -Xdis^ the daughter of 
 
 Eumelus, Stat. Sih.. 4, 8, 49. ^ 
 
 2. A Trojan, Virg. ylen. 5, 664. 
 
 EuMENEs, '/j, a native of Cardia, 
 one of the principal ofiicers of Alexan- 
 der the Great, and the only faithful 
 adherent to the family of that prince 
 after his death, Nep. in Fit. (G-471.) 
 
 5[ 2. The name of feveral kings 
 
 of Pergamus, Liv. 
 
 EuMfiNis, -idisf any one of the Fu- 
 ries, a fury, SU. 2, 559.; Lucan. I, 
 
 57I.plur. EUMENIDES. 
 
 EuMOLPUS, the hriL chief prieft of 
 Ceres at Eleufis ; whofe defcendants, 
 called EuMOLPiDAE, -<3rtt?w, continued 
 to enjoy that office for many ages, 
 (G. 420.) 
 
 EuNEUs, V. -osy -if the fon of Ja- 
 fon and Hypfipjde, Hygin, 15, & 273. 
 vhc twin-brother of 'i'hoas ; whence 
 
 7? 1 EUR 
 
 they are called jfasomdae juvenes, Stat. 
 Theb. 6, 340. Thoas was named 
 from his maternal grandfather, and Eu- 
 NEOs, (ex £w. bene, et vfa), navigo)^ 
 was fo called, that his name might be 
 a good omen of a profperous voyage to 
 the Argonauts, (amine didus Argoo), 
 lb. 343. 
 
 EuNUS, a Syrian by birth, who ha- 
 ving roufed his fellow-flaves in Sicily 
 to attempt to regain their liberty, foon 
 collected an army of 60,000 men, with 
 which he defeated feveral Roman ge- 
 nerals fent againft him, but was at lalt 
 cruflied by Perperna, Flor. 3, 19. 
 
 EuPHORBus, the fon of Panth5us, 
 (^Pantho'ides, -ae), who was the firil 
 that wounded Patroclus, Homer. II. 16, 
 809. and was afterwards killed by Mene^- 
 laus, //-. 17,43. Pythagoras pretended 
 that his foul had animated the body of 
 Euphorbus, Ovid. Met. 15, 161. and 
 therefore, obferving the fliield of Eu- 
 phorbus in a temple, he palled it down, 
 as having been once his own, Hor. Od. 
 I, 28, II. 
 
 EuPHORiON, -onisf a tragic poet, 
 born at Chalcis, ( Chalcidenfis ) , Cic. 
 Div. 2, 64. ; Tujc 3, 19. 
 
 EuPHRANOR, -oris, an excellent lla- 
 tuary, Plin. 34, 8. and painter, Id. 35, 
 II.; jfuvenal. 3, 217. 
 
 EupoLis, -idis, y. -is ; a.ccu(. -Udem. 
 v. -/«, an ancient comic poet of A- 
 thens, Hor. Sat. i, 4, i. f/ 2, 3, 12. 
 Per/. I, 124. 
 
 Euripides, -is, a celebrated A- 
 theuian tragic poet, born at Sala- 
 rais on the day that Xerxes was de- 
 feated by the Greeks ; the fcholar 
 and friend of Socrates. Nineteen of 
 his tragedii;S remain. Cicero fpeaks 
 of him with the liighed pvaife, Fum. 
 16, 18. So Quinitiiian, 10, i, 67, 
 &c. While he was at the court of 
 Archelaus, king of Macedonia, with 
 whom he lived on terms of familiarity, 
 returning one night from fupper with 
 that prince, he was torn by dogs, fet 
 on him by fome invidious perfon, and 
 died of his wounds, GelL 15, 20. — 
 Eus.iviDF.uM carmen, a poem of Euri- 
 
 pides, Cic. Tup-. 
 
 59* 
 
 EUROPA, 
 
EUR 
 
 EuROPA, V. -PE, -es, the 
 of Agenor, carried off by Jupiter in 
 the {liape of a bull, (G. 384.) the mo- 
 ther of Minos ; who is hence called 
 Ditx Eziropaeus, Ovid. Met. S, 23. 
 
 Eur Y ALUS, the friend of Nifus, 
 
 Flrg. ^m. 9, 295, &c. ^ 2. A 
 
 play-actor, yuvena/. 6, 81. 
 
 EuRYBATEs, -<7tf, a Dative of Ithaca, 
 whom Agamemnon fent with Talthy- 
 bius to bring Briseis from the tent of 
 Achilles, Oind. Ep. 3, 9. 
 
 EuRYBi APES, ./.!■, a Lacedaemonian, 
 the commander in chief of the Graecian 
 fleet againft Xerxes, (G. 334.) 
 
 EuRYDAMAs, ■aiitis^ (i. c. latc-domi- 
 ioTy) a firuame of Hercules, OvlcL in 
 Jbln. 331. ; SiL 2, 186. 
 
 EuRYDiCE, -es, the wife of Orpheus, 
 to recover whom, when deadj he is faid 
 to have gone down to the infernal re- 
 gions, Virg. G. 4, 486, &c. (G. 371.) 
 
 €[[ 2. liie wife of Amyntas, king 
 
 of Macedonia, and mother of Philip ; 
 who attempted to deilroy her hufband, 
 that (he might marry her fon-in-law, 
 Jifin. 7, 4. 
 
 EuRYLOCHUs, one of the compa- 
 nions of UlyiTcs, who alone did not 
 laifc the potions of Circe, and there- 
 fore was not transformed into the (liape 
 or a fwinc, like the reft, Ovid. Mtt. 14, 
 
 EuRVM ACHUS, one cf the fuitors of 
 Penelope, Ovid, Ep, i, 92. 
 
 E u R Y M E D o N , - outis^ (i.e. late impe- 
 raris,) a fon of Faunus engaojed in the 
 Thtban war, Staf, Thd, ii, 32. 
 
 EuRVMUs, the father of Telemus, 
 th'.^ augur, who is hence called Eury- 
 tnules, -aer Ovid. Met. 13, 77 [. 
 
 EuRYNOME, -es. the wife of Orcha- 
 mus, king of the Acliaemenians . in 
 Arabia, and^ mother of Leucothce, 
 
 Ovid. Md. 4, 210, &c. ^ 2. The 
 
 daughter of Do;^>'clus, and wife of 
 
 Codrus, 7'aL FItjcc. 2, 156. ^3. 
 
 I'he daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, 
 jlpoUodcr. I, 2,. 2. the iriother of the 
 Graces by Jupiter, Id. 1,3, i. 
 
 EuRYONE, -es. the daughter of A- 
 myntas xiing of Macedoni;t, who f.ived 
 
 U 176 ]^ 
 
 daur^hter her father 
 
 E U T 
 
 from being cut off by the 
 fnares of her mother, Juflin. 7, 4. 
 
 EuRypvLvs, the fon of Euaemon, 
 from Orm.enium, a city of Theffaly, 
 who accompanied Agamemnon to the 
 Trojan war with forty fliips. Homer. II, 
 2, 737. called Ferox^ Ovid. Met. 13. 
 357. — <f| 2. A fl^ilful Graecian au- 
 gur, Virg. Aen. 2, 1 14. 
 
 Ev^RYSTHENEs, -«, thc twin-brother 
 of Procles, who were both joint kings 
 of Lacedaemon, Cic. Div. 2, 43. 
 
 EURYSTHEU8, (three fy II.) -^Z, 
 V. -?osj the fon of Sthenelus, and 
 grand fon of Perfeus king of Argos, 
 who was de (lined by the fates to com- 
 if^and Hercules, Homer. II. 19, 98, &c. 
 Odyfs. ir, 619. though greatly inferior 
 to him in merit ; whence he is called 
 deterior hems, fc. Herculis, Catull. 66, 
 114. At the inftigatioH of Juno, he 
 impofed on Hercules his twelve la- 
 bours, (G. 398.) Hence he is called 
 drrrus, Virg, G. 3, 4. and cruentus, Se- 
 nec. Here. 061. 1973- Cicero men- 
 tions a tragedy of Euripides, in which 
 Hercules is reprefented as having (lain 
 the fons of Euryilheus, Acad. 4, 28. 
 
 EuRyTus, king of Oechalia, (lain 
 by Hercules, becaufe he refufcd to give 
 to Hercuks his daughter lole, (called 
 Eirrytisy -ulis, Ovid. Met. 9, 395.) ac- 
 cording to promife, [G. 402.) 
 
 EvKy^Tus, a fkilful artift, vi^ho made 
 a fuit of armour for Pallas, the fon of 
 
 Evandtr, Virg. Aen. 10,499. H 2' 
 
 One of the Argonauts, Oiid. Met. 8, 
 (J 1 1., fT ^^^ ^ fon of Lycaon, tlse 
 
 brother of Pandarus, Virg. Aen. 5, 
 
 495,- 
 
 Euterpe, -es. one of the nine Mufes, 
 
 Hor.Od. r, i,33-(G. 368.) 
 
 E l: T H Y' c R A T K s , -isy a renowned paint- 
 er, the fon of Lyfippus, Plin. 34, 8. 
 
 €| 2. A ftatuary, Id. 4. 8. 
 
 EuTHYMEDHs, -i/, a painter, PIm. 
 
 EiTRAPELi's, a name given to Vo- 
 lumnius, the friend of Antony, Cic, 
 Fid. 13, 2. fiom his great politenef?, 
 wit, and turn for raillery, Cic. Fam. 
 
 3-: 
 
 33- 
 
 fuppG(:d to be the fame 
 who 
 
E U T [ 
 
 vviio is mentioned by Horace, Ep, i, 
 18,31. 
 
 E'jTROPius, a Lati'n hiHomn, who 
 lived in the time of Julian, whom he 
 attended in his unfortunate expedition 
 againfl: the Parthians, Eiitrop. 10, 16. 
 He addrcffed his hillory toVaiens, Praef. 
 
 EuTycHE, -cs^ a woman of Traiks 
 in Lydia, [Tralliana^) who had thirty 
 children, twenty of whom attended 
 her funeral, Plin, 7, 3. 
 
 E'jTYCHiDEs, -isi a freedman of Afc- 
 
 ticus, Ctc. Jn. 4, 15. ^ 2. A ila- 
 
 tuary, Pl'uu 34, 8. 
 
 Ex AG ON, one of that kind of people 
 called Pfyll'h wlio having come to 
 Rome as an ambaffador, and a report 
 having fpread, that no fcrpent would 
 bite him, he was, for the fake of an ex- 
 ptriment, thrown, by the order of the 
 confuls, into a caflc full of ferpcnts, 
 where, to the ailonilhment of all, he 
 remained quite unhurt, Plitu 28, 3. 
 
 FABIUS, the name of an illuftri- 
 ous patrician gens. (Fabia Gens, 
 Ovht Poitt. 4, 6, 9. ) one of the nobleil 
 m Rome, {JJkra Fablos gradus cogno- 
 
 ■lis nuUus ejl. Id. Fall. I, 605.) — 
 v..vided into feveral/cxwi/z'^z^"; the Fibu- 
 lani, j'lmbiifi'i^ Maxlmiy P'ldlores, Doi'soneSf 
 Laheores, Gurgites^ and Buteoncs. The 
 Fabii are faid to have been cieicended 
 from Fabius, the fon of Hercules, 
 Piularch. in Fab. Max. p. 174. by Vin- 
 duna, the dauThter of Evai.der, [Ar- 
 eas, 1. e. Arcadia puella, — ngla v'lrgo,) 
 Sii. 6, 633. Hence the family of the 
 Fab'ii is called Herculea gens, Ovid. 
 F. 2, 237. — '$iO Fabius Tirynthia proles, 
 the offspring of Hercules, Sll. 2, 3. 
 Nat us in Harculeo Fabius bare, in the 
 houfe of Hercules, JwvenaL 8, 14. 
 But others derive the name fi'om fome 
 one of the family who paid particular 
 attention to the cultivation of beans, 
 (fabae,) Plin. 18, I. Fabium no- 
 men, the name or family of the Fabii, 
 
 Liv. 2, 42. The Fabian gens by it. 
 
 felf alone, a. u. 275, undertook to car- 
 ry on war againit the rej-nl^-s, which 
 
 177 1 FA B 
 
 they did for fome time with fuccefs. 
 At laft, being brought into an ambuf- 
 cade, they were all cut off to the num- 
 ber of 306, Liv. 2, 48, — 51. Ovid 
 makes only 300, faji. 2, 196, & 2C'3. ; 
 Poni. I, 2, 3. So 8iiius Italicus, 2, 4, 
 ei 6, 637. This difafler happened 011 
 the ibth July, (xv. Kal. Sextil.) a. u. 
 277, near the river Cremera ; whence 
 that day, wliich was ever after held as 
 an unlucky day, was called Dies Cre- 
 MERENsis, and in future tiiTkes more 
 frequently Allien sis, becaufe the de- 
 feat of the Rom.ans by the Gauls under 
 Brenuus, at Alha, happened on the 
 fame day, Liv 6, i. j Tac. Hi]}. 2, 91. 
 It ?b faM that there was only one boy 
 of the Fabian family left, from whom 
 the illulh-ious men of that nam.e, who 
 afterwards appeared, were defcended, 
 
 Liv. 2, 50 f. ; Ovid. Fajl. 2, 239. 
 
 Fabia trihus, a tribe called from the 
 name of the Fabii, Pirn-. Ep. i, 6, 52. 
 
 ^ FABIUS, the only one who 
 furvived the deflru6lion of his family at 
 Cremera, was three times conful, Liv. 
 3, I, 2, V £2. and one of the decem- 
 virs, ib, 36. after which he was banifn- 
 ed, lb. 58. 
 
 j^ FABIUS Rullus vel RuUianus, 
 five times conful, Liv. 8, 38. et 10, 22, 
 didator, Li. 9, 22. and cenfor, ib. 46. 
 He gained feveral vidlories over the 
 Samnites, Tufcans, and Umbrians, 
 Liv. 8, 30, 9, 23, & 41. et 10,. 14. 
 He obtaiufd his hnl vidlory over the 
 Samnites wlu-n mailer of horfe to Pa- 
 pirius Curiov, the dictator; in whofe 
 able nee Fabius fought that fucccfsful 
 bat lie contrary to orders ; for which 
 papirius WGuld have punilhed him with 
 deaih, but v.^as prevented,. Liv. 8, 29, 
 — 23. FabiUS, when cenior, includ- 
 ed all the poorer citizens in the four 
 city-tribes, whereas formerly they ufed 
 to vote in all the tribes promifcuoully ; 
 on which account he got the firname of 
 Maximus, Liv. 9, 46. 
 
 ^ Fabius Maximus Gurges, the fon 
 
 of Ruiius or Rullianus, conful a. 461, 
 
 Liv. 10, 47. Being fent againft the 
 
 Samnites, he was defeated with great 
 
 Z iofs, 
 
FAB 
 lofs, fo that the fenat 
 priving him of his command, but the 
 father deprecated that indignity, promi- 
 iing to ferve as his fon's lieutenant. By 
 his advice and aiTiilance the fon gained 
 a com^)lete vidory, took Pontius the 
 Samnite general, and having led him in 
 triumph, ungeneroufly ordered him to 
 be beiieaded, Liv. Epit. ii. 
 
 ^FABIUS Maximus, called Ver- 
 rucofus, from a wart on his upper lip, 
 the grandfon of Rullus, Llv. 30, 26. 
 Plutarch makes him the great- grandfon, 
 in vit. Fah, Max. He alfo was five 
 times conful. In his firft confulfliip, 
 a. 521, he triumphed over the Liguri- 
 ans, Plutarch, in Vita ejus. After the 
 taking of Saguntum by Annib?.!, he 
 was fent at the head of an embafTy to 
 Carthage, to demand whether what 
 Annibal had done, was by pubhc au- 
 thority or not. An ambiguous anfwer 
 being returned by one of the principal 
 Carthriginian fenators, Fabius, having 
 formed his toga into a hollow, (Jinu ex 
 togn fadto^) faid, " Here we bring you 
 peace and war ; take which of the two 
 you pleafe." The Carthaginians upon 
 this, calling out fiercely, ** That he 
 might give which he chofc,'' Fabius, 
 liaving as it were poured out what was 
 in the hollow of his robe, (finu ej'ufo,) 
 faid, " That he gave them war,'' 
 f^iv. 21,18. So Si!. 2,384..; Flor. 2, 6. 
 
 After the dreadful defeat at the Tra- 
 fu-nene lake, Fabius being created dic- 
 tator or prodidator, was fent againft 
 Annibal, whofe impetuolity he checked 
 by declining battle, [cundtandoi'i.e. prae- 
 lium detretlando, Liv. 22, 12.), on 
 which account he got the firname of 
 Cunctator; whence Virgil fays, ^10 
 fejjiim (fc. me,) rapitisy Fabli. Tu Max- 
 IMUS illeesy Unus qui nobis cun^ando re- 
 Jlituis rem, A. 6, .S46. Tne Lift verfe 
 Virgil borrowed from Ennius, {^n ce- 
 cinit njiBrkes moras Fabil, i. e. Fabium 
 Cundlacorem, P-ropert. 3, 3, 9.), to 
 which Ovid alfo alludes, Fajl. 2, 242. 
 At one time Fabius had io hemmed 
 in Annibil, that he could not have 
 
 C 17S ] 
 
 thought ofde- for which that 
 
 FAB 
 
 great general was re- 
 markable. Fid. Liv. 2 2. 16, & 17.; 
 Nep. 2 2. 5. ; Plutarch, in Fabio. Fabius 
 having been recalled to Rome to per- 
 form fome facred rites, Minucius, his 
 mafter of horfe, in his abfence gained 
 fome advantage over Annibal. For. 
 this reafon the people difapproving the 
 dictator's dilatory conduct, by an un- 
 precedented aft, made Minucius equal 
 in command with him. Fabius fhewed 
 no refentment at this indignity ; but 
 when Minucius, by his rafhnefs, had 
 brought himfelf and his army into the 
 greateft danger, Fabius haftened to 
 their relief and refcued them. Mi- 
 nucius having gratefully acknowledged 
 his deliverance, again chearfuUy fub- 
 raitted himfelf to the command of Fa- 
 bius ; who, at the expiration of fix 
 months, refigned the didatorihip, i3.i6, 
 1 — 31. After the overthrow at Can- 
 nae, every thing was regulated by the 
 advice of Fabius, ib. 55. Next year, 
 upon the death of one of the confuls, 
 Fabius was fubftituted in his room, 
 Liv. 23, 31. and re-elected the follow- 
 ing year with Marcellus, Liv. 24, 9. 
 Fabius was fucceeded in the confulate 
 by his fon of the fame name, who was 
 created conful in his abfence, ib. 43. 
 under whom Fabius ferved as lieu- 
 tenant, ib. — When Annibal led his 
 army to Rome, Fabius gave his opi- 
 nion againft raifing the ficge of Capua, 
 Liv. 26, 8. Fabius, in his fifth con- 
 fuliliip, a. 545, was chofen prince of 
 the fenate, Liv. 27,13. and retook Ta- 
 rentum, ib. 18.; Cic. Br. 18. Or. 2, 67, 
 
 ■^ Fabius ftrongly oppofed Sci- 
 
 pio's plan of transferring the war into 
 Africa, Liv. 28, 40. but his oppofition 
 being thought to proceed not merely 
 from caution, but partly from envy, 
 was in vain, i^. 45, When the -news of 
 Scipio's fplendid viftories in Africa were 
 brought to Rome, Fabius ftill perfifted 
 in his opinion. He did not five to fee 
 Scipio's final fnccefs. Fie died at 
 an advanced age, Liv. 30, 26. about 
 " ' Plu- 
 
 the time that Annibal left Italy, 
 Reaped without one of thofe ftratagcnis tfirch, iL Fgibius was called the Shield 
 
 an4 
 
FAB [I 
 
 and Marcellus the Sword of the Ro- 
 man people, Flar, 2, 6. — Fabiani mi 
 /lies J the foldiers of Fabius ; put for 
 brave well-difcipHned troops, Ncp, 11, 
 2. 
 
 C. FABIUS, who firft got the fir- 
 name of Pictor, from his flcill in 
 paintins^, a. u. 45c, P/in. 39,4. 
 
 ^ FABIUS Finor, C.F.CN. an an- 
 cient hiftorian, (hijloricus, ann al'i urn f crip- 
 tor, Cic. Or. 2, 12. Div. i, 26.), who 
 lived in the time of the fecqnd Punic 
 war, Liv. 22, 7. add. i, 44. 2, 40. 8, 
 30. 10, 37. After the battle of Can- 
 iiae, he was fent to Delphi to confult 
 the oracle how the divine wrath might 
 be appeafrc], lAv. 22, 57. f^ 23, 11. 
 
 Numerius Fabius Pictor, fuppofed 
 to be the fon of the former, who wrote 
 the annals of Rome in Greek, Cic. Div» 
 1, 21. 
 
 J^ Fabius Jemilianus, the grand- 
 fon of Paulus AemiHus, F^eli. 2, 10. 
 and brother to Scipio Africanus, the 
 younger, Plin. 33, 11. who conquered 
 the Allobroges, Plin. ib. et 7, 50. from 
 whofe fpoils he built an arch, called 
 jFornix: Fabian us, Cic. Or. 2, 66.; 
 Act. I. in Verr. 7. et ibi Afcon. 
 
 ^ Fabius Maximus, made conful 
 by Caefar only for the three lad 
 months of the year, {^Vid. Treboni- 
 us,) He died on the lail day of his 
 office, Dio, 43 , 46. Vid. C a n i n i u s. 
 
 Fabius Lupercus, one of the piiells 
 of Pan, Pi'opert. j^y I, z6. who were 
 divided into two claffes, called Fabiani 
 and ^tindiliani from their firlt chiefs, 
 [a pratpo/itis fuis,) Ydlus. The Fabii 
 were the friends of Remus, and the 
 ^unclilii, of Romulus, Ovid. Fajl. 2, 
 375, .vc. 
 
 Fabi •, a veflal virgin, the fiftcr of 
 Terentia the wife of Cicero ; who was 
 accufed of incell with Catihne, but ac- 
 quitted, Afcon. in Cic. in Toga Candi- 
 da. 
 
 FABRICIUS,vel/^fl^nVm, the name 
 
 of a plebeian ^f«j. Pens F'abricius, 
 
 a bridge which joined the city to an 
 ifland in the Tiber, built by fome one 
 of this family, Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 36. 
 
 79 ] F A U 
 
 C. FABRICIUS Liifcinusy a cele- 
 brated Roman general againil Pyrrhus> 
 remarkable for his integrity and con- 
 tempt of riches, {G. 232, &c.) Cic. Off, 
 I, 4, & 15. et 3, 15, k 22. Br. T4. 
 Tufc. 3, 23.; Liv. Epil. 13, & 14.; 
 P hilar ch. in Pyrrh. \ Vail. Max. 4,3.; 
 
 Aurel Fi^. Fir. III. 35. «[ 2. A 
 
 praetor, a. 559, Liv. 33» 42» & 43- 
 one of the lieutenants of Scipio Afiati- 
 cas, Id. 37, 4. 
 
 ^Fabricius, a tribune, who pro- 
 pofed the law for reftoring Cicero 
 from banifliment, Cic. Sext. ^^. ; Red. 
 in Sen. 8. 
 
 ^Fadius, a freed man, {^lihertifius 
 homo,) the father of Fulvia, the wife of 
 Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 2. called Bam- 
 balio, ib. 36. on account of his ftutter- 
 ing or hefitating manner of fpeaking, 
 Cic. Phil. 3, 6. 
 
 T. Fad I us, quaeftor when Cicero 
 was conful, Cic. Red. in Sen. 8. tribune 
 in the confulfhip of Lentulus Spinther, 
 Cic. Att. 3, 23. afterwards banifhed 
 by what was thought an unjuft fen- 
 tence, Cic. Fam. 5, i8» 
 
 C Falcidius, a tribune, and the 
 year after a lieutenant, Cic. Manil. 19. 
 
 C. FANNIUS, the fon-in law of 
 Laelius, who wrote annals, Cic. Br. 21. 
 and a hiftory, not inelegant, ib. 26, Sc 
 87. Tujc. 4, 17. Leg. I, 4. of which 
 M. Brutus made an abridgment, Epi' 
 tome Fanniana vel Farinianorum, Cic. 
 
 Att. 12, 5. 5f 2. A tribune, Cic. 
 
 Sext. 53. one of the Pontifices, Id. Har, 
 R. 8. He was appointed by the fe- 
 nate to command in Sicily, at the be- 
 ginning of the civil war, Cic. Att. 7, 
 15. After the death of Ca far, he 
 was fent to Cneius, the fon of Pompey, 
 to advife him to go to Mutina and re- 
 Heve D. Brutus, Cic. Phil. 13, 6. 
 
 Fannius, a contemptible poet m 
 the time of Horace, vain of hia own 
 compofitions, Hor. Sat. i, 4, 2 I- 
 
 M. Faucius, a Roman eques, one of 
 the magillrates of ArpTnum, [decuri9 
 Arpinatium,) Cic. Fam. 13, 11. 
 
 FAUMUS, a rural deity, who wag 
 fuppofed to foretel future events, Cic» 
 
F A V [ i3o ] F I M 
 
 N'. D, 3, 6. There were many of be made to Feronia, Z/ij. 22, t 
 
 thcfe rural divinities, Agrejlum niimina, 
 
 Faunl, Virg. G. 1 , 10. Rujl'ica numina^ 
 
 Faun'i, Ovid, i, 193. ; Cic. N. D. 2, 
 
 2. Div. I, 4c;, '^ 50. — Littora Faun'iy 
 
 the fliore of the Traiimene lake, 6"//. 5, 
 
 627. (G. 380, & 381.) ^'f 2. A he led his army from Rome, L 
 
 kin^ of Latium, the fon of ^icus and 
 
 The 
 temple of Feronia was enriched with 
 numerous gifts from the neighbouring 
 people, hiiu 26, 11. whence (he is 
 called fi'/wj-, Sih 13, 84. It was plun- 
 dered of all its riches by Annibal^ when 
 
 grajidfon of Saturn, the father of La- 
 tiniis, V'lrg. Aen, 7, 48. whence Fau- 
 NiGENAE, -aruin, the Latins or Ititli- 
 ans defcended from Faiinus, SiL 8, 357. 
 
 Favonius, a great imitator of C;jto, 
 fo- that he was called his ape, [Slmia 
 Catonls,) Val. Max. 2, 10. cruelly put 
 to- death by Auguftus, after the battle 
 of Philippi, Suet. Jug. 13. 
 
 Faustulus, chief (liepherd to king 
 Proca?, who preferved and brought up 
 Romulus and Remus, Llv. 1, 4, & 5. 
 
 Fx-iUSTUS, a praenomen gl-^iw by 
 SiiHa to a Ton born to him after he was 
 made diftator, on account of his won- 
 derful fuccefs, Plutarch, in SulJ. c. 67. 
 Cicero often calls him by this name, 
 Sail 19. Chieut. 34. Fat. 14. Ait. 4, 10. 
 
 et^,\, FAUST A, the daughter 
 
 of Sulla, the twin-filter of Faullus, Plu- 
 tarch, ih. the wife of Miio, Cic. Att. 5, 
 8. 
 
 FERETRIUS, a name^ given to 
 Jupiter by Romulus, from his bringing 
 {quodferehat)t\\>i fpoils of xAcron, king 
 of the ^'aeninenfes, whom he had 
 flain in fmgle combat, to the temple of 
 that God, fufpended on a frame, (fire- 
 tio,) Liv. i, 10. or fromyr,-i;r ; Omi;ie 
 quod certo dux ferit cnfe ducemy Fropert. 
 
 4, TI, 46. 
 
 Ffronia, a nymph of Campania, 
 •the mother of Henlus, Plrg. Aen. 8, 
 564. a goddefs worfbipped at Anxur, 
 ib. 7, 8qc. where a fbuutain -.vas confe- 
 crated to her. If or. Sat. i, 5, 24. faid 
 td be the. goddefs oi freedmen, bccaufe 
 flaVes, v,dien made free> fiiaved thtir 
 head, and received a- cap from their 
 mafter in her temple, Sirv.- ad. Firg. 
 ■Aen. 8", 564. whence we -read of the 
 freedwoir.en [liheriinae) befng ordered 
 td contribute money according to their 
 abilitiv^s, out of -which a preknt might ■ 
 
 FID I US, or Dius, v. Deus Fid i us, 
 a name of Hercules, as being the god 
 of faith or truth, (deus Jidei)^ per Deuni 
 Fidiuniy by Hercules, the god of truth, 
 or of honour. Plant. Afin. I, I, 48. 
 Mediiis FidiuSf i. e. Me deus Jidei, Ic. 
 juvet, May Hercules, the god of ho- 
 nour or of truth, aiTiit me. The fame 
 with Afeljercley i. e. Me Hercules^ fc, 
 juvetj a common and. folemn oath a- 
 mong the Romans, S<dJuJl. Cat. 36. ; 
 Liv. 2 2, 59. ; Piin. Ep. 4, 3 f, & 10, 
 47. 
 
 C. FiDicuLANius Fakula, a fena- 
 tor, Cic. Caecin. 10. ; Cludnt. 37. 
 
 M. FiDusTius^ a fenator, who was 
 lirft profcribed by Syila, but had the 
 good fortune to efcape; Fie was thir- 
 ty-three years after profcribed by An- 
 tony, and put to death, Piin. 7, 43. ; 
 Dio,\'], /. 333. 
 
 C. Marcius FIGULUS, created 
 conful with P. Scipio NasTca, a. 592. ; 
 but on account of fome informahly in 
 their eleftion, they were both obhged 
 to abdicate their office, Cic, N. D* 2, 
 4. Div. 2, 35. Figulus was after- 
 wards conful with Lentalus, a. 598. 
 
 Cic. Br. 2C. «j[ 2. Conful with L, 
 
 Caefar, a. 689, Cic. Att. i, 2. whofc 
 
 very fumptuous, Cic. 
 
 fcpulchre was 
 Leg. 2, 25. 
 
 P. Nigidius FIGULUS, a Roman 
 fenator, remarkable for his knowledge 
 in aitrology, Lucan. I, 639. vid. Ni- 
 
 C. Flavlus FIMF>RIA, conful with 
 Marius, a. 649. Cic. Rabir. 7. OJf. 3. 
 19. Having >fterwards gone into A- 
 fia asheutenant'^to L. Valerius Flaccus, 
 the coftflilj who was fent by Cinna to 
 carry on; the war againil Mithridates 
 in place of Sulla, Fimbria, on account 
 of ftime offence, flew Fiaccus, defeat- 
 ed the forces of Mithridates in feveral 
 engagements, 
 
FLA [I 
 
 engageiftents, and at- one time was near 
 taking that king himfelf. But Sulla 
 having pi^irtd over into Aiia, and made 
 peace with Michridates, Fimbria being 
 defttted by his troops, put an end to 
 hi^ days by the aiSllance of a Have, 
 Lhu Epit.iz, & 83. 
 
 FLA ecus, a finiame of the Fulvli 
 and Vahriiy faid to have been given 
 t lie m from their broad and loofe ears, 
 {ex jlaccis auribus), Plin. ii, 37 ^. ^0* 
 ijick FuLvius et Valerius. 
 
 C. FLAMINIUS, vel Flamini- 
 Nus, twice conful, a, u. 530, & 536. 
 Inhis fecond confulatehe perifiied in the 
 unfortunate battle at the Tlirafymene 
 lake again (l Hannibal, which he fought 
 in contempt of the auf pices, Cic. A^af. 
 D. 2, 3. Div. I, 35, et 2, 33. ; Liv. 
 22, 4, — 6., Flor. 2, 7. Wlien cenfor 
 he paved the fla F/aniinia, and laid 
 out the Circus FlajnimaSy Fellus. Liv. 
 
 Epit. 2C. et 23 23. Flaminiana of- 
 
 teniay the omens flighted by Flamini- 
 ua, Ck. Div, 2, 3.1, 
 
 T. ^lintius FLAMININUS, v. 
 FlaminiuSf a conful who conquered 
 Philip king of Macedonia n\ the battle 
 at Cynocephalae, Cic. Mur. 14. ; Liv. 
 33, 7, &c. 
 
 Z. Shiintius Flamininus, the bro- 
 thvr of the former, under whom he 
 commanded the fleet, Liv. 32, 16. He 
 was afterwards conful, LI. 35, lo. He 
 was expelled from the feiKite by Cato, 
 when cenfor, on account of his crimi- 
 nal conduft, Liv, 39, 42. ; Cic. Sen, 
 12. He however ftill continued to en- 
 joy the honour of prieilhcod, Liv. 43, 
 II. 
 
 C. FLAVIUS, the fon of a freed- 
 man, the fcribe or fecretary of Ap- 
 pius ClaAidius, who ftole or copied the 
 bot^k of Appius, in which the forms 
 of procefs in courts of law, ( act 10- 
 NEs), and the legal days for adm.inif- 
 
 tering juiliiee, were 
 
 iged ; and 
 
 pivbliihed them to the people, froi 
 whom all theie things were then con- 
 cealed by the patricians; whence the 
 book of Flavins was called jus Civi- 
 Li> Flavian UM, Ci;,Or, l,4{. Mur, 
 
 81 1 FLA 
 
 II. Att, 6, I. Gell.Gyg.i ^//>^ 3^ 
 I f. 6. ; Fal. Max. 2, 5, 2; In re- 
 turn for this fervice. Flavins was made 
 curule aedile by the people, Liv, 9, 
 46. 
 
 M. Flavius, a tribune, who pro- 
 pofed a bill to the people, (Fiavia. ro- 
 gatio), about puniihing the people of 
 Tufculum, Liv. 8, 37. At the fune- 
 ral of his mother he made a diftribu- 
 tion of raw flefh [vifceratio) to the 
 people, ih, 22. 
 
 L. Flavius, a tribune in the conful- 
 fhip of Metellus and Afranius, who pro- 
 pofed an Agrarian law, but could not 
 get it pafled, Cic. Jtt. i, 18, & 19.; 
 Bioi 37, 52 — He was elected praetor 
 in the confulfliip of Caefar and Bibuluf?, 
 Cic. ^ Fr. I, 2, 2. ; an adherent of Cae- 
 iar's in the|civil war, Cic. Att. 10, i. 
 
 Titus FLAVIUS Vefpajmnns, the 
 tenth Roman empiiior, defcended of 
 mean parents; whence that part of 
 the gens Fiavia., from which he was 
 deicended, is faid to have been ob* 
 fcure, and without any images of an- 
 ceftors, /. e. nonfe of Vefpafian's an- 
 ceilors had enjoyed any curule ofiice, 
 Suet. Vefp. I. FLAyi».Ni, the adhe- 
 rents or favourers of Vefpafian, Fac, 
 Hijl. 3, 7, & 23. So Flavianae partes^ 
 the party of Vefpafian, ih. i, & 13. 
 Flavicrnus exercitusy the army of Vefpa- 
 fian, ib. 63. Fl/vvius u/timus, i. e. 
 
 the emperor Domitian, the laft of the 
 Flavii, JnivenaJ. 4, 37. called calvus 
 Neroy the bald Nero, io, 38. on ac- 
 count of his cruelty and baldnefs. 
 Suet. Dom. 10, & 18. He degenera- 
 ted fo much from Vefpafian his father, 
 and Titus his brother, that Martial, 
 who had often grofsly flattered .Domi- 
 tian, is faid to have written the fol- 
 lowing dtilich on him after his death, 
 in the form of an adclrefs to the Fla- 
 vian family, Fiavia gcns\ quantum fiFi 
 tertius akJluHt heres, (i, e. Douiitianus.) 
 Pene fuit tanti, non hahuijfe duos, (i. c. 
 Vefpafianum et Titum), SchoUajl. in 
 
 'Juvenal. Void. -Fl\vi\ templa, the 
 
 temple of Jupiter in the- Capitol, re- 
 built by Domitian, 3,Ia-iitiiL 9, 4, 12. 
 
 et 
 
FLO r I 
 
 et t5. 35, 2. and a temple which Do- 
 mitian built in honour of the Flavian 
 
 family, Suet. Dom. 1 7. Collegium 
 
 Flavialium, a body of priefts ap- 
 pointed by Domitian to take care of 
 the temple, and to perform facred rites 
 to the deified Flavii., ib. 4. 
 
 FLORA, the goddefs of flowers. 
 Tloralis Jlamen, the priell of Flora, 
 F^arr. L. L. 6, 3. Floral e fejlum., 
 the fedival of Flora, O'oid. Fajl. 5, 195. 
 — but oftencr Floralia, -turn, feili- 
 Tal days kept in honour of Flora, 
 which began on the 28th of April, ( iv. 
 KaL Maii)y and continued to the end 
 of the month, Plin. 18, 29. Florali- 
 ciae ferae^ hares, goats, and other ani- 
 mals exhibited by the aediies at the 
 feilival of Flora, Martial. 8, 67, 4. 
 
 FONTEJA gens, a plebeian, fami- 
 ly, into which Clodius, the enemy of 
 Cicei'o, was adoptt^ by P. Font ejus, 
 a man younger than himfelf, Clc. Dom. 
 
 13, 19, & 44. Foktejanum no- 
 
 men Clodlo adoptato Indltum, Cic. Refp. 
 Arufp. 57. — M. FoNTEjus, gover- 
 nor of Gaul for three years after his 
 praetorfliip, Clc. Att. 4, 15. in de- 
 fence of whom Cicero delivered an o- 
 
 ration, Font, i, 5<c. Fonteja, his 
 
 lifter, a veftal virgin, Clc. Font. 17. 
 
 Fontejus Capita, a friend of An- 
 tony's, Hot'. Sat. I, 5, 32. 
 
 7*. FoNTEjus Capita, a praetor, 
 Liv. 40, 59. ; governor of Spain, Id. 
 
 41, 2, & 19. 
 
 FoNTiNALiS, a god who prefided 
 over fountains, Plaut. Stlch. 5,4, 17. 
 FoNTiNALiA, -lum, a feitival celebra- 
 ted in honour of fountains, when chap- 
 lets of flowers were thrown into them, 
 Varr. L. L. $, ^. 
 
 FoRN>x, -iiclsy a goddefs, whofe 
 fedival (FoRN \c ' LI A, -lum), was not 
 Hated, {Jlata), but appointed [Indicia) 
 by the Curio Maxlmus, Ovid. Fail. 2, 
 527, &c. Fefcus. 
 
 Fort UNA, the goddefs fortune, wor- 
 fhipped in various places ; at Rome, 
 Lin]. 2, 40. 10, 46. 24, 47, &c. at 
 Praenelle, Lin). 23, 19. ; Clc. Dm. 2, 
 41. Leg. 2, II.; at Antium, Hor. 
 
 %t -] F U L 
 
 Od. I, 35, I. and, as Pliny fays, by the 
 whole world, 2, 7. — Nos te, nos fact' 
 mus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus, Ju- 
 venal. 2, 366. Fortune was reprefent- 
 ed as blind, Plln. lb. et 13, 5. ; Clc. 
 Amlc. 15. One of her chief appenda- 
 ges was a wheel, Clc. Pis. 10. ; TlbulL 
 I, 6, 32. 
 
 Fronto, -dnis, a learned man, who 
 taught the emperor M. Antoninus phi- 
 lolo])hy. 
 
 Mettns, V. Meftlns FUFFETIUS, 
 dictator of the Albans, who having ac- 
 ted perfidioully to TuUus Hoitilius, 
 was by his order tied to two carriages, 
 and his body torn to pieces, Llv. i, 
 28. ; Flrg. Aen. 8, 642. 
 
 FuFiDius, an orator, Clc. Brut. zg. 
 
 FuFius, the name of a Roman ^^«j-, 
 often confounded with Fujius by the 
 editors of Cicero. 
 
 FuLViA, the v/ife, firft of Clodius, 
 
 the enemy of Cicero ; next of Curio, 
 
 and then of Antony, Flor. 4, 5. ; Pa- 
 
 2, 74. adj. FuLviANUs, Plin. 26, 
 
 terc. 
 8. 
 
 FULVIUS, the name of a gens, 
 which originally came from Tufculum, 
 Clc. Plane. 8. 
 
 L. FuLvius, conful a. 432, Ufv. 
 8, 38, the lirll of that name who ob- 
 tained any office at Rome. The Tuf- 
 culans had rebelled againft; the Ro- 
 mans, lb. 14, & 37. and Fulvius, who 
 was conful of Tufculum, having come 
 over to the Romans, was inveiled with 
 the fame honour at Rome ; and is faid 
 to have been the only perfon who the 
 fame year in which he had been an 
 enemy, triumphed at Rome over thofe 
 whofe conful he had been, Plin. 7, 43 
 f. 44. But this feems inconfillent with 
 Livy's account. He w^as afterwards 
 matter of hoi-fe under Q^ Aemilius, 
 Ll'D. g, 21. 
 
 ^ FULVIUS Flaccus, feveral times 
 conful and once dictator in the fecond 
 Punic war, Llv. 27, 6. He took Capua^ 
 and put to death eighty of the princi- 
 pal fenators, contrary to the opinion of 
 App. Claudius, who had a joint com- 
 mand with him in conduding the fiege, 
 
 »ud 
 
F U L [ T 
 
 and without reading the decree of the 
 fenate; which a meffenger had juft 
 brought him from Rome, to ftop the 
 punlfhment, Liv. 26, 15, & 16. Ci- 
 cero fays, that Capua was taken when 
 Fulvius and Fabius Maximus were con- 
 fuls, Rull. 2, 33. But according to 
 Livy, Fulvius was then proconful, ib. 
 When Annlbal led his army to Rome, 
 Fulvius followed with part of the troops 
 that bcfiegtd Capua, leaving the reil 
 with Claudius, iiv, 26, 8.; ^/7. 12, 
 571. Fulvius was fome time af- 
 ter made diclator, to hold the comitia ; 
 in which, notwithllanding oppolition 
 from the tribunes, he himi'elf and Fa- 
 bius weie made confuls, Liv. 27, 6. 
 Fulvius was cenfor with A. Poilhumi- 
 us, Cic. Verr. 1,41. 
 
 M. FULViUS Nohllhr, a conful 
 who triumphed over the Aetolians, Liv. 
 37, i>^o. ft 39, 5. He built a temple 
 to the Mules and Hercules from the 
 fpoils, Cic. Arch. \ i. and brought from 
 Ambracia a piclure of the Mufes by 
 Zeuxis, to adorn it, Plin. 35, 10. He 
 carried Ennius along with him to Ae- 
 tolia, Cic. lb. et Tufc. 1,2. He was 
 cenfor with M. Lepidus, a. 574. ; Liv. 
 40, 45, 5. c. ; Cic. Prov. Com. 9. 
 
 ^ FULVIUS Flaccusy a great fa- 
 vourite with the people ; fo that after 
 being elefted curule aedile, upon the 
 death of a praetor, he would have been 
 chofen praetor in his room, though it 
 was unprecedented, had not L. Porci- 
 us, the conful, and the fenate, pievent- 
 ed it, Liv. 39, 39. by forbidding any 
 ele6iion to be made. Two years after, 
 a. 572, being regularly elected, ib. ^6. 
 he got the province of Hither Spain, 
 /^/. 40, I. where he conquered the Ccl- 
 tiberians, and ravaged their country, 
 ib. 30, — 33. Upon his return to Rome, 
 he was cholen one of the Poniifices, ib. 
 
 42. and foon after made conful, while 
 he ftaid without the city previous to 
 his triumph ; and on the day after his 
 election entered the city in triumph, ib. 
 
 43. When cenfor, he took the mar- 
 ble tiles or flags from the temple of La- 
 
 S3 ] FUR 
 
 cinian Juno, to cover a temple which 
 he was building to Equeftrian Fortune 
 at Rome^ in confequence of a vow he 
 had made in the Cantabrian war ; but 
 thisbeino' univerfally difapproved of, he 
 was obliged to reftore them, Xm 42, 
 3. (G. 179.) Next year, being over- 
 whelmed with grief on account of the 
 death of a fon, he ftrangled himfelf. It 
 was thought that Juno had deprived 
 him ot his judgnient for having unroof- 
 ed her temple, ib. 28. 
 
 M. FULVIUS FLACCUS, con- 
 ful a. 6. 9, being fent to the afiiftance 
 of the people of Marfeilles, he is faid 
 to have been the firil that fubdued the 
 Ligures beyond the Alps, Liv. Epif. 
 60. Having afterwards joined C-. Grac- 
 chus, he was on that account flain by 
 Opimius, the conful, with liis fon, Ap^ 
 pian. B. C. I. p. ^6q ( occifus eji cwn li- 
 beris), Cic. Cat. I, 2. his houfe levelled 
 with the ground, and the area declared 
 to be the property of the public, [ejus 
 domus ever fa et publiccita ejT)^ CiC, Dom. 
 
 48. Fl^ccian \ arl:a, the area on 
 
 which the houfe of Flaccus itood, Val, 
 Max. 6, 3, I. 
 
 C. FuNDANius, a friend of Cicero's, 
 Cic. ^ Fr. 1,2, 3. the father-in law 
 of Varro, Varr. R R. 1,2. 
 
 C. FuNDANius, a comic poet in the 
 time of Auguftus, whom Horace prai- 
 fes for his agreeable defcription of art- 
 ful courtefans and cunning flaves, Sat^ 
 I, 10, 42. et 2, 8, 19. 
 
 M. Fun DAN I us, a tribune who pro- 
 pofed the abbrogating of the Oppian 
 law, Liv. 34, I. 
 
 FURIAE, -arum^ the three Furies, 
 AJe^o, Tyiphone, and Mcgaera^ fuppo- 
 fed to be the avengers of wickednefe 
 and crimes, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. — Adj. 
 Flrialis; iiwiSf furialia membra, the 
 members or torm of a fury, P^irg. Aen. 
 
 FuRiNA, the goddefs of thieves; 
 anciently worlhipped ; and her fellival, 
 or facred rites, called F. RiN'tiA, 
 Varr. L. L. ^, 3. but altogether dilu- 
 fed in later tiaiesj iL et Cic. N, D. 3, 
 
 18. 
 
FUR 
 
 C I 
 
 1 8. A grove however continued to be 
 called after her name, Luc is Fi ri- 
 N^E, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. Ad Furinae, fc. 
 templum, C'tc. 9\ Fr. 3, i, 2. 
 
 FURIUS, the name of an illuftrf 
 iQMi^ gens^ or clan, at Rome ; ancient- 
 ly the fame with Fusius, Lii). 3* 4. ; 
 
 ^uind'tL 1,4, 13. T'ht: fam'mae J or 
 
 fubdiviiions of it, were diftinguiilied by 
 various firnames, as Aculco, Liv. ^^i, 
 ^^. Bibaciilus, Id. 22, 49. Camillus, 5, 
 I. Crafsipes, 34, 53. Lufcus, 39, 7. 
 Pacihis, 4, 12, &c. PhiJiis, 22, 35. 
 
 Purpureo, 31, 29. As many of this 
 
 gcTis happened to be employed as ge- 
 nerals againfl the Gauls, it was faid, 
 ** That the Gallic wars were, by fome 
 fatality, dellined to the Fur'ian family, '^ 
 Liv. 3?, 48. 
 
 M. FURIUS Camillus, feven times 
 military tribune with confular authori- 
 ty, Liv. 6, 18, & 22. ; five times dic- 
 tator, ib. 42. He took Veji, and tri- 
 umphed over it, Lro. 5, 21, & 23.; 
 whence he is called the conqueror of 
 the Tufcan nation, i^Furlus pophli fupe- 
 rator Etrufc'ry Ovid. Fail, i, 641.) He 
 conquered the Falifci, and by his gene- 
 rous conduct induced them to furrender 
 to him their capital Falerii,/;^. 27. which 
 Ovid, (vvhofe wife was from that coun- 
 ti-y), when he vifited it, thus defcribes, 
 Moenia contjglmiis 'utda, CarAlhytibi,Ara. 
 
 3, 13, 2. r— Camillus being unjullly 
 
 accnfed by L. Apulejus, a tribune, 
 went into voluntaiy banifhm.ent to Ar- 
 dea, lb. 32. He was foon recalled to 
 deliver his country fiom the Gauls, 
 Viho had taken and facked F^ome. Ca- 
 millus defeated them with great ilaugh- 
 ter, and entered the city in triumph, 
 ih. 49. Hence Virgil celebrates him as 
 bringing back the Roman ilandards 
 which he had recovered from the Gauis, 
 (referentem Jigna Camllium), Aen. 6, 
 826. So Propertius, 3, n, 67. Ca- 
 millus next conquered the Volfci, and 
 triumphed over them, Lin). 2, 2, & 4. 
 When dittator for the fifth time, he 
 gained a fecond viftory over the Gauls, 
 and obtained a fourth triumph, lb. 42. 
 He was cut off by the plague in the 
 
 84 1 F U S 
 
 80th year of his age, having merited, 
 by his uncommon fervices, to be eftecra- 
 ed another Romwlus, and a fecond 
 founder of the city, Ltv. 7, -i . ( G. 2 1 8. 
 — 222.) All the Roman writers con- 
 cur in ^xtoUing the. virtue of Camillus, 
 Clc. Doin. 32. Tujc. r, 37. ; Vtrg. 
 G. 2, 169.; Propert. 3, 9, 31. ; Ho- 
 rat.O'l 1, 12, 42.; Ep. I, 1,64.; 
 Juvenal. 2, 154. et 16, 1 5. ; Lucan, 
 I, 160. 2, 544. 6, 786. ; SIJ. 7, 598. ; 
 Martial, i, 25. 3, 9, 28, [lu'vuius pro 
 llbertate Camillus J ^ 11, 6, 7. (vid. Ca- 
 millus.) 
 
 Sp. FuRius Camillus, M. F. firfl 
 praetor, Llv, 7, i. 
 
 L. FuRius Ci3rm7/«j, didlator and 
 conful, a. 406, Lit). 7, 24. He alfo 
 gained a viftory over the Gauls, ib. 
 26. and vowed a temple to Juno, af- 
 tenvards called Moneta, Llv. 26, 28. 
 (vld. Moneta.) Ovid con ounds this 
 Furius with the great Camillus, F. I, 
 641. 
 
 L. FuRius McduUinus, feven times 
 military tribune, Llv. 4. 25, & 35. 5, 
 32. tiolce confuU Id. 4, 51, 5; 54. But 
 fome of thefe offices are fuppofed to 
 have been held by different perfons of 
 the fame name. 
 
 FcRius, a friend of Catulius, IT, 
 I. in indigent circumllances, 23, i, & 
 24.^ 
 
 FUR.IUS, firnamed 3ibacul-;s, as 
 it is fuppcfed, from liis fondnefs for 
 drinking ; a poec, contemporary with 
 Julius Caefar and Catullus, who wrote 
 bitter faiires in Iambic verfe, ^nlncllL 
 10, I, 96. f Tac. Ann. 4, 34. Horace 
 is fuppofed to have ridiculed the falfc 
 fuhlirne of his ftyle, Sat. 2, 5, 41. et ibi 
 JchQliaJl. ^incill. 8, 6, 17. Furius was 
 blamed for framing new words, Gelh 
 18, II. Virgil however is faid to have 
 borrowed feveral verfes from him. Ma- 
 
 crob. Sat. 6, i. Furiana poemata, 
 
 the poems of Furius, Cell. 18, 11. 
 
 C. FuRNius, a friend of Cicero's, 
 Ctc. Fam, 10, li ; the lieutenant of 
 Plancus, lb. 6, & 8. 
 
 FUSCUS Arylluii a grammari-' 
 an, a poet, and orator j a man of wit 
 
 and 
 
r U S C r 
 
 and of great intcgnty, muclV beloved 
 by Horace, Hor, Sat. i, 9, 61.; Od. 
 I, 22, /\i. Ep. r, ro, I. 
 
 Sp. Fi'Sius vel Furius, the Pafer 
 patratus, or herald' appointed to take 
 the piibh'c oath in making a treaty with 
 the Albans, Liv. 1, 24. 
 
 Z,. F'Sius vel FuF^us, an orator, 
 C'lc, Br, J\X), k 69. ; Or. 2, 22. et 3, 13.; 
 Of. 2y 14. Btit the beil commentators 
 on thele paffages read Furius, or Fu- 
 Fius. So C. ^ M Fusil, Cic. F/ac. 
 
 20. {Fid. Pearce ad Cic. Or. 2, 22. et 
 Ernejli th'id. et Flcuc. 20. Ctc Fam. 9, 
 
 2 1. J Fejiusin R. ; Macroh. Sat. 3, 2.) 
 
 ^. GABINIUS, a nobleman of 
 Rome, who, when tribune, got a lav/ 
 to be paffed, {Lex Gal^inia), appoint- 
 ing Pompey commander againft the pi- 
 ratesgr who atth^t time infeiled the feas, 
 67V. Aland. 17. When conlul, he af- 
 fifted Clodiiis. in effecling the banilh- 
 irient of Cicero ; as a compenfation for 
 which, he obtained the province of Sy- 
 ria, Cic. Dem. 9. ; Sext. 25. After his re- 
 turn from thence to Rome he was tried 
 for his criminal condud:, and banilhed, 
 Dlo, 39j 55> — 63. He v/as afterwards 
 recalled by Caefar, and aCitd as one of 
 his heutenants in the civil war, Z)/o, 
 42, II.; App'ian. in JHyY. 762.; H'lrt. 
 B. ilex. 43. At lait being befiegcd 
 by Odtaviiis at Salonae, he died of a 
 diicafe, lb. 
 
 P. Gabinius Capito, praetor a. 
 664, Cic. Arch. 5. accufed of extortion 
 in Achaia^ Cic. Caedl. 20. 
 
 Galanthis, -ulis, the handmaid 
 {Oniid. Met. 9, 306, & 324.) of Alc- 
 mena ; who iiaving effected the delive- 
 ry of her miftrefs, by deceiving Ili- 
 thyla, was by that goddel's turned into 
 a weafel, [raujlela,) ib. 321, &c. 
 
 Galatea, a fea-nympb, the daugh- 
 'terof Nereus and Doris, beloved by 
 the Cyclops Polyphemus ; to avoid 
 whom ihc plunged into the fea, Ovid. 
 
 Met. I , 742,-897.^ -f 2. The 
 
 irjftrefsof Corydon, Virg. E. 7, 37, 
 
 85 31 GAL 
 
 Gala, a king of Niimidia, Liv, 
 24, 48. the father of MaffiniiTa, ih, 49. 
 et 29, 29. in alliance with the Cartha- 
 ginians, /<^. 24, 49. 
 
 Galea, the name of a branch ( fa- 
 mi li a) of the Gens Sulpiciay vvhence 
 the emperor Galba was defcended, 
 Suet. Galb. 3; 
 
 Sergio Sy v. Seri'ius Sulpicius GALBA, 
 the molt eloquent orator of his time, 
 *SV^/. Galb. 3.; Cic. Br. 21. ; Oa i, 
 53. the firil of his family who dif- 
 tinguifned himfclf 'in the (late. Suet, ib. 
 After his praetorfliip, he obtained the 
 province of Spain, a U. 601, ib. Cic. 
 Or. I, 53; where, by the bafeft perfi- 
 dy, he cut off 7000 of the Lufitani- 
 ans, Fal. Max. 9,6, 2. ; Appian. Hifpan. 
 288.* Suetonius fays 30,000, Galb. 3.; 
 which gave rife to the war againft Vi- 
 riatus, ii$. When hfe returned to Rome, 
 he was? accui'ed of this Crime by Scri- 
 bonius Libo and M. Cato ; but de- 
 fended hirrifelf with fo great elo- 
 quence, that he was acquitted, Cic. Or.^ 
 1,53. Fyltir. 28 ;' Liv. E pit. ^i).) Tacit. 
 Ann. 3, 66'. . He w^as afterwards conful' 
 with L. Aurelius Cotta, a. 610. ; 
 whence he is ranked among the ConfU" 
 lares, Cic. Rabir. 7. 
 
 C. Galea, the fon of Servius Gal- 
 ba, the orator, who v/as condemned by 
 the Mamilian (ah Manillan) hw. He 
 is faid to have been the firft perfon 
 of the college of priefts" that was con- 
 demned by a piiblic fcntence, Cic. Or, 
 I, ^6.; Br 26, & 34. 
 
 Sergius Galba, the fon of C. and 
 grandlon of Sertr. the lieutenant of 
 Catfar in Gaul, X'^^J ^. (?. 3, i. & 4, 3, 
 Sec. and afterwards One of the confpi- 
 rators agaiiifl him, Suet. Galb. 3. ; Pa^ 
 terc. 2, 56. ; Cic. PhU. 13, 1 6. ; Fam, 
 ic, 30. et II, 18. He was the great- 
 grandfather of the emper-or Galba, Suet, 
 ib. 
 
 Sulpicius Ga l b a, the emperor's grand- 
 father, never rofe higher than the prae- 
 torfliip. He devoted his chief atten- 
 tion to literary purluits, and publifhed 
 a hiflory, containing a great variety of 
 interelling information, Suet'. Galb. 3. 
 A a but 
 
GAL [ 
 
 but on what fubje(£^ we are not told. 
 Voflius thinks, that Sulpicius, the hif 
 torian, nientioncd by Nepos, 22, 13. 
 Avas the fame with Galba ; but this 
 fcems improbable, as Galba appears to 
 have been younger than Nepos. 
 
 j4 Galea, f. Gabba, a witty buf- 
 foon at the court of Auguilus or Ti- 
 berius, y^/Tf/jd!/. 5, 4. f/ Scholia/}, i Mar- 
 tial. I, 42, 16. et 10, loi. 
 
 Galeo, -onisy one who left Cicero 
 his heir, Cic, Att. 11, 11. 
 
 Galli, the priefts of Cybele, Ovid. 
 F. 4, 361, named from Gallus, a river 
 of Phrygia, ib. 364. 
 
 Galli, v. GaUii duoy two of the 
 name of Gallus or GaUius, Cic, Fam. 
 8, 4. 
 
 Gallonius, a public crier (prae- 
 co) noted for his luxury, Cic. Fin. 
 ^ind. 3c. and on that account cenfu- 
 red by Lucllius, Cic. Fin. 2,8.; Hor. 
 Sat. 2, 2,47, 
 
 , . Gallus, a fenator, Cic. Ver. 3, 
 
 Gallus, a Roman noted for his 
 knowledge of aftronomy, ((?./>. 22.) 
 
 Corn. GALLUS, a poet in great 
 favour with Auguftus, Suet. Aug. 66. 
 to whom Virgil infcribes his laft ec- 
 logue, Virg.E. 10. etih. Serv. ^inc- 
 til. ly S, S. et lOy I, 93. ; Propert. 2, 
 25, 91. In the war againll Antony he 
 took Paraetonium,and preferved it with 
 great courage and condud, Dio, 51, 
 9. He was the firil Roman governor 
 of Egypt, Dio, S^^ ^V But behaving 
 \mdutifully towards Auguftus, and a- 
 buhng his truft, he was fentenced to 
 be banifhed, and l>is goods confifcated ; 
 which fo affeded him, that he laid 
 violent hands on himfelf, DiOf 53, 23. 
 Auguilus however lamented his death, 
 Suet. 66. 
 
 Jelius GALLUS, governor of E- 
 gypt, alter the former, who is laid to 
 Lave been the firll and only Rom,an 
 that made war on the Arabians, Dio, 
 53, 29. : Fiin. 6, 28, ; Add. Strak 16. 
 ^.'780, 17. //. 816, 5c 819.; JofepL 
 B. Jud 15, .2. 
 
 Gakymepes, vV, the fon of Tros^, 
 
 186 3 GAL 
 
 . king of Troy, whom, on account of 
 
 his beauty, Jupiter caufed to be car- 
 ried to heaven by an eagle, and made 
 him his cup-bearer in place of Hebe, 
 Cic. Tufc. I, 26.; Hor. Od. ^f 2, i. 
 -^called FlavuSf yellow haired, beau- 
 tiful, Nor. Od. 4, 4, 4. Phrygius, of 
 Phrygian extraction, Ovid. Met. 10, 
 195. faid to have been carried off, 
 while hunting on Mount Ida, Virg, 
 Aen. 5, 252. Propertius makes Ju- 
 piter himielf in the form of an eagle, 
 [yupiter avis)y to carry off Gauymedes 
 from Troy, 2, 30, 30. Adj. Gany- 
 mede u s, -eae comae ^ beautiful hair like 
 that of Ganymedes, Martial. 9, 17. 
 
 Gar G I LI us, a vain man, who paffed 
 through the Roman forum in the morn- 
 ing with his flaves and inftruments for 
 hunting, and returned in the evening 
 carrying a boar, which he had bought, 
 that he might appear to have caught 
 it himfelf, Hor. Ep. i, 6, 58. 
 
 L. Gavius Firmanus, a trader in 
 Cilicia, whom Cicero made one of his 
 praefcds, Cic. Att. 6, i. but he proved 
 ungrateful, ib. 3. 
 
 Geganius, the name of a patrician 
 gensy chofen from among the chief men 
 of Alba, (Geganii ex Albanis principibus 
 in patres letti,) Liv. i, 50. 
 
 M. Geganius Macerlnusy a conful, 
 Liv. 3, 65, &c. who triumphed over 
 the Volfci, 4, 10. 
 
 Gellius, a common name amon 
 the Romans, CicetLiv.paJfn 
 
 L. Gellius, an orator, Cic Br. 27, 
 
 & 47.: H 2. A conful a. 681. and 
 
 cenfor with Cn. Lentulus, Cic. Balb. 8, 
 '\ 14. who beftowed on Cicero the 
 highell praifes for having cruflied the 
 confpiracy of Catiline, Cic. ad ^ir, 
 poji nd. 7. Pif. 3. 
 
 J. (i. e. Aulus,) GELLIUS, an 
 ingenious and learned mifcellaneous 
 writer, [vir ekgantijjimi e/oquii, ac multae 
 et facundae faentiacy Auguilin de Civ, 
 Dei, 9, 4.) in the time of Adnan and 
 the Anionines, who compoied a valu- 
 able v/ork called Noctes Atticae, 
 in twenty books, which is ftiU extant. ^ 
 Some call him Agellius, 
 
 C", 
 
 g 
 
G E G [ 1 
 
 Cn, et Sext. Gellii, Latin hiftori- 
 ans, but of little repute, C'tc. Div, i, 
 26. Leg. I, 2. 
 
 Gelo vtl Gc'/on, 'Onisy a tyrant of 
 
 Syracufe, (G. 274.) <|| 2. A fon 
 
 of Hlero's, who revolted to the Car- 
 thac^lnians, Liv. 23, 30. et 24, 5. 
 
 Geminius Metjus, a Tufculan (lain 
 by T. Matilius IniingIecombat,Zy7=u.8,7. 
 
 GeNIUS, voc. Gent, the guardian 
 deity of each individual, Cenforin. de die 
 Natali, c. 2, & 3. Apulei. de Genio^ vel 
 Daevione Soc rails ; fuppofed to be born 
 and to die with every one, Horat. Ep. 
 2, 2, 187. worfhipped by facrifices, 
 L'tv. 2 1 , 62. ; Tibul. 4, 5, 9 .; Per/. 2, 3. 
 invoked in oaths, Senec. Ep. 12. and 
 intreaties, Hor. Ep. i, 7, 94. Thus it 
 was common to fvvear by the genius of 
 the emperor, Tertidl. Apol. c. 27^ & 32. 
 
 The guardian deities of women 
 
 were called Ju nones, Senec. Ep. 1 10. ; 
 Plin, 2, 7. TibuUus mentions both, 
 Magne Genif cape thura lihcnSy 4, 5, 9. 
 Nat alls yutio fandos cape t hurls acervosy 
 4, 6, I. Hence Juvenal fpeaking of 
 the effeminacy of Otho, reprefents his 
 flave as fwearing by the Juno of his 
 mafter, inftead of fwearing by his ge- 
 nius, {^Et per jfunonem domint jurantc ml' 
 nljlroy) 2, 98. In this manner fome 
 explain the following paffage of Virgil ; 
 Cm non rlfere parentes, nee dens, ( i. e. 
 genius,) hunc menfd, dea, (i. e. yuno na- 
 talls ) nee dlgnata ciiblH ejl ; but others 
 more fimply explain it thus, " Neither 
 l;ias a god admitted to his table, nor a 
 goddefs to her bed, the boy on whom 
 his parents have not fmiled at his birth,'* 
 Vlrg. E. 4, 63. i. e. fuch a child has 
 never enjoytd the happinefs promifed 
 
 to tlie fon of Pollio, lb. 15. Places 
 
 alfo and cities had each their genius, 
 Flrg.Jen. 5, 95. ; Llv. 2i, 62. 
 
 T, Genucius, a tribune, killed at 
 Ms own houfe, as was believed, by the 
 influence of the patricians, Llv. 2, 54^ 
 
 C. Genucius, one of the iirft ple- 
 beian augurs, Llv. 10, 9. 
 
 GEHMaNiCUS, the fon of Dru- 
 fus and Antonia, who, when vefy 
 young, was entrufled by Auguftus 
 with the command of the army ©n the 
 
 87 ] GET 
 
 Rhine, confifting of eight legions, Tac» 
 An. I, 3, & 7. His uncommon merit 
 made him univerfally belovi.'d. Upon 
 hearing of the death of Auguftus, his 
 foldiers mutinied, and wifhed to make 
 him emperor, Ih. 33» & 35. But he 
 obftinately refufed the offer, and ha- 
 ving, with great danger, quelled the 
 fedition, led his army againit the Ger- 
 mans, whom he defeated in feveral en- 
 gagements, /5. 51. 5cc. Being recall- 
 ed by Tiberius, ih. 2, 26. he was 
 honoured with a triumph, lb. 41. and 
 foon after was fent with an army to the 
 eaft, under pretext of fettling fome 
 commotions in that part of the em- 
 pire, but in reality to remove him out 
 of the way ; his tranfcendent virtue 
 having rendered him odious to the jea- 
 lous emperor, lb. 43. He died at An- 
 tioch, in the thirty-fourth year of his 
 age, having been poifoned, as was fuf- 
 pe6led, by Pifo and his wife Plancina, 
 at the indigation of Tiberius and his 
 mother Livia, Suet. Cal. i, & 2.; Tat. 
 lb. 69. The death of Germanicus 
 caufed incredible grief, not only at 
 Rome, but among foreign nations, Suet, 
 lb. 5, & 6. ; Tac. lb. 2, 82, &c. He 
 left nine children by his wife Agrip- 
 pTna, the daughter of Julia, and grand- 
 daughter of Auguftus, Suet. Cal, 7. 
 
 Geryon, -onls,v. GeryOnes, -ae, a 
 king of Spain, feigned by the poets 
 to have had three bodies, becaufe he 
 ruled over three iflands, Ivica, Majorca, 
 and Minorca, Serv. ad Vlrg. A. 7, 661. 
 hence called Ter amplus, Hor. Od. 2, 
 14, 7. 'Tergemlnl vis Ceryondl, for Ge- 
 ryonae, Lucr. 5,28. Tergcm'mus Geryon^ 
 Vitg. Aen. 8, 202. Forma trlccrporls 
 umbrae, ib. 6, 289. Prodiglum trlpLx^ 
 Ovid. Ep. 9, 91. ilain by Hercules, lb, 
 (G. 399.) — adj. Geryon Eus ct Ge- 
 ryon a c e u s ; Gerycnaceum genus, like a 
 moniler, Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 18. 
 
 Geta, a Roman nobleman, expelled 
 from the fenate, and yet himfelf after- 
 wards made cenfor, Cic. Cluent. 42.; Val, 
 Max,2,^, 9. — ^ 2. The name of a Have 
 
 in Terence, Aael. et Phor. ^ 3. A 
 
 Roman emperor, the fon of Severus, 
 
 /Iain by bis brother Caracalla, (G. 247.) 
 
 Aa s Ct^BRiOj 
 
G L A [ iS3 
 
 Glabr 10, -onisf a firname of the j4d- 
 //■/, Cic. Brut. 68. 
 
 M. Glabrio, praetor and inquifitor 
 in the caufe of Verres, Cic. Ad, I. in 
 Verr- 2. 
 
 Gi/AuciA, a firnaine d'i xSit Ser'villiy 
 Cic. Or. %, 41. e^ 2, 61, 
 
 C. GlauCia, a praetor, flain by the 
 confuls Marius and Valerius, Cic^ Rabir. 
 7. Cat. ;^, 6. 
 
 GLAUC.US, t^e fon of Hfppolo- 
 chus, who came to the afiiilance of the 
 Trojans, Homer. II. .6, 236. — ^ — f 2. A 
 ;fifherman of Ajithedon in Euboea, 
 converted into a fea god, . O'vid. Met. 
 13, 90 J, Sec, ibence cailec] Enhoicus tu- 
 midarum cultor aquannn^ Id. 14, 4,— — 
 11^ 3. The fon of Sisyphus, the king of 
 Pqtniae near Thehes in Boeotia, who 
 was devoured .by the mares that drew 
 his carriage, which are faid to have 
 -been rendered furious by Venus, y^'irg. 
 
 C. Zy 267. 
 
 Glycera, v. 'Cy 3. girl beloved by 
 Horace, Od. i, jg, 5. >/ 30, 3. 
 
 Glycerium, -i, f. the miilrefs of 
 Paipphtlus, Ter. And. I, 5, 9. 
 
 GLYCON, -Znis, a man of uncom- 
 mon ftrencTth, Hor, Ep. i, 1, 30. 
 
 GoRDiANus, a Roman emperor, 
 
 {G.247-) 
 
 GoRDius, made king of Phrygia, 
 from being a peafant. — He confecrated 
 his cart in the temple of Jupit,er at 
 Gordium, the yoke of which was fo 
 artfully bound, that no one could un- 
 tie the knot. Alexander the Great, 
 being told that there was a prediction, 
 that whoever untied this knot (lioiild 
 
 k become mailer of Afia, after having 
 attempted it in vain, cut the knot 
 afunder with his f'.vord ; and pretend- 
 ed that thus he had fidnlled the pro- 
 phecy, Ji-jTm. II, 7. ; Curt, 3, i. i6. ; 
 jirnan. 2, />. 87. 
 
 GORGE, -es, one of the fillers of 
 Meleagcr, Ovid. Met. 8, 942. 
 
 GORGE, -csj one of the daughters 
 of Oeneus and Althaea, the wife of 
 Andraemon, ApoUodor. i, 8, i. who 
 
 . with Dejanira retained their form when 
 their fillers were changed into birds by 
 
 ] G O R 
 
 Diana after the death of their brother 
 Meleager, Ovid. Met. ^^ 542.; Hygin. 
 174. as it is faid, by the interceffion of 
 Bacchus, who obtained that favour 
 from Diana, Anton. Liberal, Metaph. 
 c. 2 
 
 GORGIAS, -ae, a celebrated fo- 
 phift and orator of Leontini in Sicily, 
 (^Leontinus,) Cic. In v. 1, 5. Or. i, 22. 
 et 3, 32. Being fent by his country- 
 men to folicit afliftance from the Athe- 
 nians againfl: the Syracufans, he indu- 
 ced them to undertake their fatal expe- 
 dition to JSicily, Diodor. 12, 53, & 83. 
 Gorgias w'as the firft that undertook 
 to fpeak in public extempore., on any fuh- 
 je6l that was prcpofed to him, Cic. Fin. 
 2, I. Or. I, 22. He was fo famous^ 
 -that a golden (latue was ered;ed to him 
 at Ddphi by the whole of Greece, Cic, 
 Or. 3, 32. Pie was the mafter of So- 
 crates, and of many other phiiofophers 
 and orators. He lived to the age of 
 J 07, Cic. Sen. 5. From him Plato gave 
 the name of Gorgias to his dialogue 
 again ft the fophifts, Cic^ Or. i, 11. 
 
 GQRGO, V. Gorgon^ 'Onis, plur. 
 GoRGONEs, three fa;bulous fillers, the 
 daughters of Phorcus, a king of Afri- 
 ca, called S4hejio,JLuryaley and Medufa, 
 having fnakes iuftead of hair, and turn- 
 ing into ilone every one that looked at 
 tl>em ; all of them immortal, except 
 Medufa, whofe head Perfeus cut off, 
 (G. 395.) Ovid fays that there were 
 only two fitters, and that Med u fa's 
 head alone was fuiTounded with fer- 
 pents. Met. 4, 774, & 791. Hence 
 GoRGO, V. -on, onis, the gopgon in the 
 fmg. put for Medufa, Cic Fer. 4, 56. 
 or for her head, which Perfeus, after 
 havingliniftied his exploits, prefented to 
 Minerva, who placed it in her (hield, 
 Firg. A en. 2, 616. ; Ovid. Met. 4 /. 
 whence Minerva is called Gorgopho- 
 RA, Pfeud. Cic. anteqnam tret 
 c. 10. — Gorgon I A, ae, f. coral, (quia 
 in duriiiem lapidis mutatur,) Plin. 37, 10. 
 
 Gorgon EUs crinis, the hair 
 
 Medufa, Ovid. Met. 4, 801. Gorgcneae 
 domusy the habitation of the Gorgons, . 
 
 ih, ri'^' 
 
 GORGONIUS, 
 
 
G O R C I 
 
 CoRGONius, a perfon mentioned 
 hy 'Horace as ihaving an offenfive fmcll, 
 ^Sat. T, .2, 27. 
 
 GilACCHUS, the firname of a 
 -branch f/nmiliaj of the Gens Sempro- 
 nja. adj. Gracchanus ; Gracchanum 
 jllud, that faying of Gracchus, ^tinclil. 
 II, 7,, 115. 
 
 Tib. Sempromus GRACCHUS, maf- 
 ier of horfe to M. Junius, who was 
 made di<ftator by the authority of the 
 fenate, a. 538, after the defeat at Can- 
 jiae, Liv. 22, 57. Next year Grac- 
 chus was elefted conful, Id. 23, 24. 
 -though at the time he was curule aedile 
 and mailer of horfe, lb. 30. His col- 
 league -was JFabiu5 Maximu; Marcelhis 
 had been chofen con.ful, but the augurs 
 declared his election invahd, becaufe it 
 •happened to thunder while he perform- 
 ed the folcmnities u-fuiil on entering 
 -upon his office, (quod ineuntl confidalum 
 4onui(j'';Jt ) . The fenators alleged tliat 
 the gods were difpleafed, becaufe then, 
 for the tirft time, two plebeians had 
 been made confuls, ih. 31. The army 
 which fell to the lot of Gracchus, was 
 compofed chiefly of the flaves who vo- 
 luntarily enlifted after- the overt,hrow 
 at Cannae, (hence called Volones, 
 Z/'-y. 2, 57.) and 2 5,000 allies, /./=u. 23, 
 ^2. Th(=fe undifciplined troops Grac- 
 chus trained with fo great difpatch and 
 prudence, that with them he perform- 
 ed the molt important fervices to the 
 flate. He took the camp of the Cam- 
 pani by an unexpected attack in the 
 night-time, ih. 35. and foon after for- 
 ced Aniiibal to raife the fiege of Cu- 
 mae, d). 37. The following year, be- 
 ing continued in his command. Id. 24, 
 10. he defeated an arm.y of Carthagi- 
 nians and Italians under Hanno, in a 
 pitched battle near Bcnevtntym, with 
 great (laughter. The volunteer flaves " 
 (^volcjnes) fought v,'it"h fuch courage, 
 that next day Gracclius, by the au- 
 thority of the fenate, granted them 
 their liberty, iL 15, .Sc 16. The year 
 after, Gracchus being made conful a 
 fecond time in liis abfence, ib. 43. 
 fought many fl<:irn-.i(hes and reduced 
 feveral places in Luc?Ri:a, but perfonn- 
 
 ?9 1 G R A 
 
 ed no aftion of great importance, Liv. 
 25, I. Next year he was ftdl conti- 
 nued in his command, ib. 3. Being led 
 ■into an.ambufcade by the treachery of 
 his hoft, he fell fighting bravely, ib. 1 6.; 
 Nep. 22, 5. There were different; ac- 
 counts concerning the manner of his 
 death, Liv. 1 7. which is faid to have been 
 foreboded to him by a prodigv, lb. 16. 
 Td^. Sempronlus G-RACCHUS, P. 
 F. (i. e. Pubnifdlus.Cicp'w. I, 18.,) 
 •when a young man, waa<' diftinguifhed 
 for his activity above all the youth qf 
 -bis time ; on which account, m the war 
 againft Antiochus, he was fent by L. 
 Scipio on an important embafly to 
 Philip, king of Macedooia, and execu- 
 ted that commifiion to tlxe great fatis- 
 faclion of his commander, Liv. 37, 7. 
 When tribune, he defended Scipio A- 
 fricanus, though formerly inimical to 
 him, from the accuf^'on of the Fefdlly 
 his colleagues in the tribunefliip, lb. 38, 
 & 52. On account of this generous 
 condu£l he was thanked in the fenat£ 
 by the chief men of the ftate, lb. 53, 
 and Scipio, as a mark of his approba- 
 tion, gave him his younger daughter 
 Cornelia, for the elder 1. ad been form- 
 erly married to P. Cornelius Scipio Na- 
 -sica, ib. But this fail is related dif- 
 ferently by different authors, Liv. 38, 
 57. ; Fal. Max. 4, 2, 3. ; G.dl. 2, 8. 
 After the death of Africarius,Gracchup, 
 with equal firmnefs, fupported the caule 
 of L. Scipio, Z/=t;.38,6o.; ' Ic. Prov.Conf. 
 8. Gracchus, v/hen praetor, obtained 
 the province of Hither Spain, Liv. 40, 
 35. Next year, being continued in his 
 command, he took the city Munda, 
 defeated the Celtiberians, 48, &c. and 
 having reduced them to a furrender, 
 returned to the city in triumph, Liv» 
 41, 7. Gracchus being made conful, 
 a. 577, t3. 8. v;as fent againff the Sar- 
 dinians, whom he fubducd, and tri- 
 umphed over them, Liv. 41, i 7, &c.— r- 
 A. U. 585, he was eleded cenfor with 
 C. Claudius Pulcher, Liv. 43, 14. In 
 this ofHce Gracchus and his colleague 
 acled with great unanimity, and with 
 fo much llriclnefs, that they engaged 
 ill a diipute with a tribune of the com* 
 
 mons, 
 
G R A [I 
 
 mons, who fummoned them both to a 
 trial before the people. Claudius 
 would have been banifhed had not 
 Gracchus prevented it by declaring, 
 that if his colleague were condemned, 
 he would go into voluntary exile along 
 with him, ib. 1 6. Gracchus in his 
 cenforiliip built a hall for holding 
 courts of juftice, afterwards called Ba- 
 silica Sempronia, Z/'i). 44, 16. He 
 ordained that all freed men (hould be 
 included in one of the four city-tribes, 
 namely the Efquiline, Id. 45, 15. Ci- 
 cero fays, in the four city-tribes in ge- 
 neral, ( Itbertinoa in urbanas trihus tranf- 
 tullii) and highly commends the regu- 
 lation. Or. I, 9. So Aurel. Victor. 
 ae Fir. Illnji. 55. — Gracchus next year 
 was fent on an embaffy into Afia to 
 examine how the different powers, par- 
 ticularly Antiochus and Eumenes, 
 flood affeftcd tpvards the republic, 
 Polyb. Legal. 105. Upon his return 
 he was made conful a fecond time ; Ci- 
 cero fays, on account of his meritorious 
 behaviour when cenfor, Inv. i, 30. 
 
 Gracchus prefided at the eledion of 
 the next confuls, when Sclpio Nasica 
 and Figulus were chofen ; after which 
 he wtnt' to Sardinia, which had been 
 allotted to him as his province. There 
 recolleding that he had not properly 
 taken the omens at the ele<!^ion oi con- 
 fuls, he wrote of it to the augurs ; and 
 they having communicated his letter 
 to the fenate, a decree was immediate- 
 ly pafied, " That the confuls, (who 
 had not only entered on their office, 
 but had gone to their provinces,) 
 fnould refign their office ;" which they 
 accordingly did, and new confuls v.ere 
 fubftituted in their place, dc.N. D. 2, 
 4. Di-o- 1,17. ^ i'V. 2, 2. ; Fal. Max. 
 Ij I. 2.*— Two fnakes of different lexes 
 having been found in the houfe of 
 Gracchus, he is faid to have cor.iulted 
 the Harufplcesy who declared, tliat if he 
 let go the male ferpent, his wife muft 
 die in a fliort time ; but if the female, 
 himfeif. Gracchus, who extremely 
 loved his v^'ife, and behdes thought it 
 fitter that he, an old man, fiiould die, 
 
 90 1 G R A 
 
 than Cornelia in the prime of life, kill- 
 ed the male ferpent, and let the female 
 efcape. In a few days after he died, 
 Cic. Div. I, 18. f/2, 29.; Fal. Max. 
 4, 6, I. leaving behind him twelve chil- 
 dren by Cornelia, all of whom died be- 
 low the age of puberty, except, a 
 daughter, who was married to Sciplo 
 Africanus the younger, and two-fons, 
 Tiberius and Caius, Plutarch, in Tib* 
 Graccho pr. Cicero extols Gracchus as 
 a man of confummate wifdom, and en- 
 dued with every virtue, Proi). Conful. 8. 
 Br. 20. N. Z?. 2, 4, &c. To him Vir- 
 gil is thought to allude, ^lis Gracchi 
 genus? fc. taciturn relinquatj A. 6, 842. 
 
 Tib. GllACCHUS, T. F. P. N. 
 was nine years older than his brother 
 Caius. They were educated with the 
 utmoft care by their mother Cornelia, 
 a woman of uncommon virtue and ac- 
 comphfhments ; who procured for them 
 the ableft mailers from Greece, (exqui- 
 Jitos a Graecia magifiros); and among 
 thefe Diophanes of Mitylene, the 
 moil eloquent man of his time, Cic. 
 Br. 27. Tiberius was of a mild and 
 compofed temper, but Caius v.^as ardent 
 and paffionate. There was a fimilar dif- 
 ference in their manner of fpeaking ; 
 but they were equally remarkable for 
 valour, juftice, integrity, temperance, 
 
 and fobriety. Tiberius, when but a 
 
 young man, was held in fuch eftima- 
 ticn, that he was admitted into the 
 college of augurs ; and Appius Clau- 
 dius, who was then prince of the fenate, 
 and excelled all his contemporaries in 
 wifdom, offered him his daughter in 
 matriage : Vv'hich propofai Tiberius with 
 much fatisfaftion embraced. When 
 Appius went home and told his wife, 
 that he had betrothed his daughter ; 
 (lie faid in furpriie, " Why fo fudden- 
 ly ! What means this haile ? Unlefs 
 you have betrothed her to Tiberius 
 Gracchus.'* Plutarch. Tiberius, while 
 he ferved in Africa under his brother- 
 in-law Scipio Africanus the younger, 
 excelled all the young men of the army 
 in regularity of behaviour, as well as 
 courage. At the taking of Carthage 
 
 he 
 
G R A C 191 ] 
 
 he was the firft that mounted the wall, glned, 
 
 Plutarch. After his return to Rome, 
 
 being made quaellor, it fell to his lot 
 to attend Mancinus, the conful, to the 
 Numantine war. Mancinus was a man 
 of virtue, but unfortunate. Being de- 
 feated and furrounded by the Numan- 
 tines, he was obliged to beg a truce ; 
 but the Nuinantines refuled to nego- 
 tiate with any one but Tiberius Grac- 
 chus; who concluded with them a treaty 
 on equitable terms, and thus faved from 
 deftruAion 20,000 Roman citizens, be- 
 fides flaves and futlers, who attended the 
 army, [praeter calones et lixas ) . But the 
 fenate and people at Rome very unjuiUy 
 annulled this treaty, and ordered Man- 
 cinus, with his own concurrence, [Lh. 
 Ep'it. ^6.', Cic. 0^.' 3, 30.) for having 
 made it, to be delivered naked and 
 bound to the Numantines. Gracchus, 
 however, the chief author of the trea- 
 ty, was exempted from this puniili- 
 ment, and for his fake the other offi- 
 cers, who had fworn to the treaty, 
 Plutarch. Gracch. p. 827. Tiberius go- 
 ing through Tufcany, in his way to 
 Numantia, had obferved the country ve- 
 ry much depopulated, there being hai d- 
 ly any hufbandmen or fliepherds in the 
 fields, except (laves or barbarians, which 
 was occalioned by the nobility having 
 in a great meafure engrofled the pro- 
 perty of land, [vid. R. A, p. 543.) and 
 deprived the poorer citizens ot their 
 poffeffions, Plutarch, ih. ; Salltiji. Jug. 
 41.; App'ian. B. C. i, p. 353, &c..; 
 Lucan. I, 167. Tiberius, therefore, be- 
 ing created tribune of the people, a. 
 620, refolved to correil: this abufe by 
 enforcing the Licinian law, <' that no 
 one fhould pofTcfs above 500 acres of 
 land," [A. 207, & 216.). The fame 
 thing had been attempted by C. Lae- 
 lius in his tribunelhip ; but he perceiv- 
 ing the oppofition which fuch a mea- 
 fure would meet with from the rich, 
 prudently defifled ; whence he got the 
 firname of sapiens, the wife, Plutarch, 
 'ih, 
 
 Tiberius profecuted his defign with 
 great eagernefo, as it was generally ima- 
 
 G R A 
 
 at the inftigation of his prae- 
 ceptor Diophanes, the orator, and Blo- 
 fius, a philofopher. Some faid that he 
 was pi-ompted to it by his mother Cor- 
 nelia often calling up to him, " that 
 the Romans fliU called her the mother- 
 in-law of Scipio, and not the mother 
 of the Gracchi," Plutarch. Ih. He was 
 hkevvife incited by bills affixed to por- 
 ticoes, to the corners of llrcets and 
 monuments, imploring him to reftore 
 the public lands to the indigent citi- 
 zens, ib. Cicero fays, that Gracchus 
 was moved by refentment againllthe fe- 
 nate for having difappi-oved of the trea- 
 ty which he had made with the people of 
 Numantia, Har. Refp. 20. So Pater- 
 
 culus, 2, 2. Tiberius, in drawing up 
 
 his law, was direded by the advice of 
 the wifeft men in the ftate. Among 
 
 whom were Craffus the high pricft. Mu- 
 cins Scaevola then conful, and his fa- 
 th^^r-in-law Appius Claudius, Plutarch, 
 ib, ; Clc. Acad, 4, 5. Plutarch fays, 
 that never was a law propofed more 
 mild and gentle againft fucli iniquity 
 and oppreffion, ih. The nobility, how- 
 ever, and the pofieiTors of the public 
 lands, being greatly alarmed, ufed eve- 
 ry means to oppofe it. For this pur- 
 pofe they procured the affiftance of M. 
 06tavius, one of the tribunes, and for- 
 merly the friend of Tiberius, Cic, Br, 
 25. ; who was intereiled in refilling the 
 law, as he hirafelf poffefTed a confider- 
 able portion of the public lands. Ti- 
 berius, though not rich, offered to in'" 
 demnify him for his lofs, if he would 
 defiil from his oppofition ; but in vain. 
 Whereupon, by order of the people, 
 Oiitavius was depofed from his office, 
 Clc. N.D, I, 38. and then the law be- 
 ing pafled concerning the public lands, 
 Tiberius himfelf, his brother, and fa- 
 ther-in-law, were^ appointed commif- 
 fioners to divide them. Tiberius was 
 now in the height of his power, whence 
 he is faid to have a6ted for a few- 
 months with fovereign authority, {reg- 
 ndjje paucos menfes), Cic. Amic. 12. la 
 the mean time, news being brought 
 of Pergamus had 
 left 
 
 thiit Attalus king 
 
G R A f 
 
 left tlie Roman people his heir, Grac- 
 chus promulgated a law, " That the 
 ready nioney ariiin^ from that inheri- 
 tance fhoiild be diftributed among fuch' 
 poot* citizens as were to be Iharers iiV 
 the public laiid«, to enable them to 
 purchafc riiilic utenfils, and other 
 things, requifite for cultivating the 
 jrroh'nd.'- By this propofal Tiberius' 
 cxafperated the fenate li'ill more than 
 eVer. His friend?, therefore, appre- 
 h'cfnllve of danger, advlfed him to aflc 
 that he might be (Continued in the tri- 
 bunediip for another year. In the 
 n\ean time he propofed feveral popular 
 laws, to fecure the attachment of the 
 people^ while the patricians exerted all 
 their power to oppofe him. As it was 
 towaids the end of fummer, many of 
 the friends of Tiberius were eng^aged 
 in the country, fo that he was obliged' 
 to depend on the plebeians" of the city. 
 The day before the comltia were held 
 for voting abont the laws he had pro- 
 pofed, Plntatch. ih. p. 832. (Appian 
 fays for the deftion of liew tribunes, 
 th. p. 358. So Lh. Ep'it. 58.), Tibe- 
 rius having expreiTcd his fear of being 
 attacked in his houfe by his enemies, a 
 riiihlber of people kept watch before 
 bis gate during the night, Plutarch. 
 Next morning feveral unlucky omeiis 
 are faid to have appeared to' him. 
 When, howt^ver, he heard that the 
 people Were affembled in the Capitol,-, 
 he inilantly went thither, arid was re- 
 ceived wnth Joud acclamatiolis. But 
 fodn after he was' informed by Fulvius 
 Flaccns a fenator, that the rich men' 
 in the fenate, feeing they could not 
 pre\^-il on the conful to join with them 
 in their defign, had refolved to aiTalfi- 
 nate him themfelves, and for that pur- 
 pofe had' armed a number of their 
 clients arid' flavesi- Tiberius having 
 cofnmiitiicatcd this intelligence to 
 thofe around him,' they immediately 
 tucked up their g'Owns,- and feized 
 whatever inflruments of defence they 
 could hnd. Upon which, thofe who 
 ftood at a diftarxe being furpfifed, and 
 demanding the cauf^ of the tariiilt, 
 
 f92' T G R A 
 
 Tiberias, knowing that they couM 
 not hear his words, raifed his hand to 
 his head, thereby intimating that his 
 life was in danger. His adverfaries ob- 
 fefving thisjprefently ran to the ienate- 
 houfe,' and told " that Tiberius aiked 
 from the people a diadem.'* All the 
 feilators were thrown into great jiertur- 
 batiOn. Scipio Nafica,- th.e high-prleft 
 arid coufui-german to Tiberius, de- 
 manded that Miicius Scaevo^a, the con- 
 ful, would defend the government and 
 deftroy the tyrant : When the coni'ul 
 repHed gently, " that he would not 
 beg'Iii to life violence, nor put any 
 citizen to death uncondemned ;" Sci- 
 pio ftarting up, faid, " Thofe who 
 wifh to fupport the laws, aiidprefcrve 
 
 throwing the ilcirt of his' toga over his 
 head, (or,' as Paterculus fays, wrap- 
 ping it round his left arm, circumdatd 
 Ictevo brdchio fdgae lacinid, 2, 3.), he 
 haftened to the Capitol, accompanied 
 by a number of the patricians and their 
 dependents, armed with clubs, knock- 
 ing down all that came in their way ; 
 fo that the people were foon difperfed, 
 and many of them killed. Tiberius in 
 his flight was Hopped by one who took 
 hold of his clothes ; but having left 
 his toga, and efc?.ping in his tunic, 
 he happened toUumbie over fome of 
 thofe v;^ho had fallen before him, 
 Whilit he endeavoured to recover him- 
 felf, he was (truck on the head with 
 the foot of a ftool by P. Saiureius, one 
 of his colleagues in the tribunelhip. He 
 was diipatched by a fecond blow from 
 L,. Rutus, who boafted of what he had 
 done, as an honourable deed. Plutarchy 
 p, 833. Some fay that Tiberius was 
 killed without moving from the place 
 wiiere he Hood, A. ad Herenn. 4, ^^, 
 Florus fays, that the maffacrc began in 
 the forumi and that Tiberius fled from 
 thence to the Capitol, 3, 14, Appian, 
 who differs from Plutarch in feveral 
 particulars, fays,^ that Tiberius vras 
 flain in the tumult, wi«-h many of his 
 friends, near the gate of the te:nple, 
 
 before the ftatues of the kings, p. 
 
 300. 
 
 The 
 
G R A C 
 
 The number of thofe that fell was 
 above 300. They were all killed with 
 clubs or flones, without any military 
 weapon, and their carcafes thrown in- 
 to the Tiber. Cains was not permit- 
 ted to bury the body of his brother, 
 
 though he earneftly requeued it. 
 
 This was the hrft civil blood llied iu 
 Rome, which afterwards flowed in 
 fuch abundance, VelL 2, 3. (y^. 140.) 
 Tiberius Gracchus is faid to have 
 been flain by Scipio NasTca, becaufe 
 he was the chief author of his d^ ath. 
 Cic, Cat. I, I. This deed C'cero 
 hii^hly extols, ib. Phih 8, 4. ei alibi 
 pQJftm. and declares that Africanus did 
 not more proBt the republic by de- 
 ftroying Numantia, than Nasica by 
 killing Tib. Gracchus, Off* i. 22. So 
 Fall. Max. 5, 3. 2. To the fame pur- 
 pofe Velleius Paterculus, 2, 3. who, 
 however, beftows an Tiberius the fol- 
 lowing juft eulogium ; Tribunns pi. crea- 
 titSj 'vir alioqui 'vitd tnnocenttjfimus, in- 
 genlo Jlorentiffimvs, propofuo fan^iffimuSi 
 tantis dcniqiie adornatus 'viriutibus, quan- 
 tas perfe6la et naturd ei indujlrid mortalis 
 conditio redpit, ib. 2. Plutarch, p. 834. 
 and Appian, p. 360. blame the con- 
 du6l of the fenate. The opinion of 
 Appian feems to be juft, " that Ti- 
 berius was actuated by the bed inten- 
 tions, but profecuted his dehgn too 
 violently," ib. Many of the friends of 
 Tiberius were afterwards put to death 
 or banifhed, which fliewed that the 
 nobility were animated more by refent- 
 ment than regard for the public well- 
 fare, Plutarch, ib. ; Val. Max. 6, 3. 
 Vid. Scipio Nasica. 
 
 C. GRACCHUS, for feverr.1 years 
 after his brother's death, lived in re- 
 tirement, applying himfelf with great 
 attention to the ftudy of eloquence, 
 in which he excelled all his con- 
 temporaries, Cic. Br. 33.; ^inQil. I, 
 10, 27. Being made quaellor, a. 627, 
 he attended the conful Oreftcs to 
 Sardinia, where he gave a noble fpe- 
 cimen of every virtue. While he Hood 
 candidate for the quaeilorfliip, his 
 brother is faid to have appeared to 
 Vim in a dream, and forewarned him 
 
 193 1 G R A 
 
 that he rtiould perlfh by the fame deatli 
 with himfelf, Cic. Div. i, 26. ; Fal. 
 Max. I, 7, 6. After his return from 
 Sardinia, being eledled tribune, he got 
 feveral laws enafted, to raife the autb.o- 
 rity of the people and lefTen thatof ibe 
 fenate. Gracchus took from the fe- 
 nators the right of ailing ^s judges or 
 juiTmen, becaufe they had abufed it, 
 and confened it on the equites. Plu- 
 tarch fays, by miftake, that he divided 
 this right between the fenators and 
 equites ; but this was not done till after 
 the time of Gracchus. Though Grac- 
 chus abridged the power of the fenate, 
 becaufe he thought it exorbitant, yet 
 he did not wilb to annihilate it. On 
 the contrary, he confirmed to the fenate 
 feveral important privileges, which by 
 the law of Gracchus {^Lex Setnpronia) 
 it continued to enjoy till the time of 
 the Emperors, Cic. Dom. 9. ; Pronj, 
 Conf. 2, & 7. ; Vat. 15. ; Sallujl, Jug, 
 27. ; and when the fenate in their de- 
 liberations weie difpofed to liflen to 
 his advice, he nevti gave any that was 
 not fuitable to their dignity, Plutarch. p* 
 837. The fenators however in general 
 were greatly diffatisfied, and many of 
 them entertained the bittereft refent- 
 ment againft Gracchus for diminirtiing 
 their authority. The people at large 
 were highly pleafed with the regula- 
 tions of Gracchus, and therefore with 
 great unanimity re-ele£led him tribune 
 for a fccond year, without his alking It. 
 The fenate, in order to oppofe the 
 proceedings of Gracchuf?, engaged on 
 their fide M. Lis'ius Drufus, (q. v.) 
 one of the tribunes, who acl^d with 
 great art. He propofed laws ftill more 
 for the advantage of the people than 
 thofe of Gracchus, declaring that he 
 did fo with the concurrence of the 
 fenate. Gracchus had propofed to 
 plant only two colonies, which were 
 to confift of fome of the moll eieferving 
 citizens ; but Drufus propofed twelve 
 colonies, and thefe to confiil of the 
 meaneft of the people. Gracchus or- 
 dered that a fmall rent fliould be paid 
 for the lands which were to be divided; 
 B b but 
 
G R A 
 
 [ 194 ] 
 
 G R A 
 
 but Driifus exempted his planters from 
 paying any thing. Cicero, however, 
 from his ufual partiality to the fenate, 
 fays, that Drufus healed the wounds 
 ■which Gracchus had infliAed on the re- 
 public, Fin. 4, 24. — Drufus indeed ap 
 peared more difinterelled than Grac- 
 chus ; for he never allowed himfelf to 
 be appointed a commiflioner for ex- 
 ecuting any of his own laws, as Grac- 
 chus had done. Nay, he even caufed 
 Gracchus to be nominated one of three 
 commifTioners {triumvir^ Salluft. Jug. 
 42.) for fettling a colony at Carthage, 
 with Fulvius Flaccus, the friend of 
 Gracchus, who had been conful, a. 
 628. This however was no favour, 
 but the contrary. For while Grac- 
 chus was abfent from Rome on that 
 bufinefs, his enemies were plotting his 
 deftrudlion. After his return Opimius, 
 the conful, propofed annulling all the 
 laws of Gracchus, which caufed great 
 commotions in the city. One of the 
 Mors of Opimius having been killed 
 in the tumult, the fenate armed Opi- 
 mius with abfolute power, by the fo- 
 lemn decree, l/t v'ulereff ne quid refpuhti' 
 (a detrirnent'i caperet. Gracchus, who 
 was extremely concerned for the death 
 pf the liftor, wiihed to accommodate 
 matters, and fent the youngefl: fon of 
 Flaccus to propofe terms. But Opi- 
 mius would hften to no conditions. A 
 proclamation was publifhed, offering a 
 pardon to fuch of the adherents of 
 Gracchus as dcferted him ; which offer 
 many of them accepted. Caius was 
 obliged to fly for his life. Finding 
 himfelf every where furrounded, he 
 ordered Epicrates, (a), Euphorus,) 
 his flave and only attendant, to kill 
 him. Epicrates obeyed, and imme- 
 diately after difpatched himfelf. Fui- 
 "vius Flaccus, who had attempted to 
 make refinance, was aifo killed with 
 his elded fon j and the youngeft, a 
 beautiful youth about eighteen years 
 old, who had been kept in cuftody, 
 \vas like wife put to death without 
 mercy, as it is faid, by Opimius him- 
 felf. Veil 2, 6, & 7. The head of Grac- 
 
 chus w^as brought to Opimius by one 
 Septimuleius, (the friend of Opimius, 
 Plutarch, p. 842. according to Pliny, 
 the intimate of Gracchus, 33, 3 f. 14, 
 So Val. Ma?!. 9, 4, 3.) who received 
 as a reward its weight in gold. To 
 make it weigh the m.ore, he is faid to 
 have taken out the brains and filled 
 the fcull with lead. Caius periflied 
 
 about ten years after his brother. 
 
 Opimius pi-ofecuted his vitlory with 
 great cruelty : About 3000 of the 
 friends of Gracchus were flain, and 
 all their bodies thrown into the Tiber. 
 Plutarch, in Gracch. p. 842. ; Appian, 
 /..366. ; Liv. Epit. 60, & 61.; Veil. 
 2, 6.; Flor. 3, 15.; Victor de Vir, 
 Illujlr. 6^, Vid. Opimius. 
 
 Cicero, in an oration which he ad- 
 drelfed to the people when conful, be- 
 (lov^s the higheft praifes on the Grac- 
 chi y and acknowledges, that many of 
 their laws which remained in force af- 
 ter their death, were very beneficial t§- 
 the ftate, {^non Jum autem is confuly qui, 
 lit pkrique ncfas ejje arhitror, Gracchos 
 laudare ; quorum corifiUis, fapientid, legi- 
 busy mult as ejfe "video reipuhlicae partes con- 
 Jlitutas.) Rull. 2, 5, & 29. He allows 
 Caius to have furpaffed all his contem- 
 poraries in virtue and eloquence, pro 
 C. Rahir. 5. ; Br. 33. ; that he was 
 prompted to oppofe the fenate by a de- 
 fire to revenge his brother's death, Har, 
 Refp. 20. ; and that he was killed on- 
 ly on account of ccnaln fujpicicns of fe- 
 ditious pradices, Cat. 1,2. But Ci- 
 cero, in other parts of his works, fpeaks 
 very differently, Rull. i, 7. Cat. i, 12. 
 f/ 4, 2. P^at. 9.' Phil. 8, 4. 0^ 2, 2 I. &c. 
 Caius Gracchus, when he fpoke in 
 public, was apt to becom.e too vehe- 
 ment ; for which rcafon he had an in- 
 genious flave, called Licinius, w^ho 
 llood behind him with a pitch-pipe, 
 which he founded when his mailer be- 
 gan to overftrain his voice ; whereupon 
 Gracchus checked the violence of his 
 attion, and tone of voice, Plutarch, p. 
 825. Cicero fay<5, that this flave, wMtk 
 an ivor}' flute, [el'urnedjijiuld), ufed to 
 modulate the tone of bs mailer's voice, 
 
 >vhcther 
 
G R A 
 
 C 195 ] 
 
 HAM 
 
 whether he fpoke too high or too low, 
 Or. 3, 60. So Quinftilian, i, 10, 27. 
 and Val. Maximus, 8, 10, i. 
 
 The people, though at firft deject- 
 ed by the deftrudion of the Gracchi, 
 yet afterwards erefted ilatues to them, 
 and worfhipped them as deities. — Cor- 
 nelia bore the death of her fons with 
 great magnanimity, Plutarch, p. 843. 
 When her friends condoled with her 
 on her lofs, ihe faid, " that Ihe fliould 
 always think herfelf happy in having 
 brought forth fuch fons," [confolantl- 
 bus miferanique dkentibus, Nunquam 
 
 tnquit, NGN FELICEM ME DICAM, Q^IAE 
 
 GRACCHqis PEi'ERi), Sencc. Confol. ad 
 Marc. c. 16. {^Jos qui bonos viros Tie- 
 gaveritf magnos falebiiurf Senec. ib.) 
 The people alfo afterwards ere6led a 
 flatue to her, with this infcription, 
 Cornelia, the mother of the 
 Gracchi, Plutarch. />• 836. Horace 
 puts Gracchus for an accomplifhed o- 
 rator, Ep. 2, 2, 89. Juvenal, for any 
 noble man, or one of the family of the 
 Gracchi, 2, 117, & 143. et 8, 210. 
 and Cornelia mater Gracchorum, 
 for a lady of the higheft rank, 6, 166. 
 — ^is tukrit Gracchos de feditione que^ 
 rentis P i. e. very feditious men, Id. 2, 4. 
 
 GKACCUAtii judices, judges, who, 
 
 to revenge the death of C. Gracchus, 
 condemned Opimius, Cic. Br. 34. ( l^id. 
 Opimius.) 
 
 Gratiae, the three Graces, ^glaia, 
 Thalia, and Euphrosyne ; called alfo 
 Charites, (f. v.) 
 
 Grvllus, the fon of Xenoplion, 
 who killed Epaminondas at the battle 
 of Mantinea, and was himfelf foon after 
 Hain, Paufan. 8, 11, &c. 
 
 Gyas, -acy a companion of Aeneas, 
 one of the competitors for pre-emi- 
 nence in the conteft of quick-faihng, 
 Firg. Aen. 5, 117, &c. 
 
 Gyges, -is, a king of Lydia, who 
 Is faid to have had a ring, which, 
 when he put it on, rendered him invi- 
 fible^ (G. 6co.) From him a celebra- 
 ted lake in that country was named 
 Gygaeum Jlagnum, Phn. 5, 29 f. 30. 
 
 Gygcus lacus, Propert. 3, 9, 18. 
 
 Gyges, Gycsy or Gyas^ the name of a 
 
 giant, Hor. Od. 2, 17, 14. f/ 3, 4, 69* 
 Gylippus, a general of the Lace- 
 demonians, who gained a celebrated 
 victory over Nicias and Demollhenes, 
 the Athenian generals, before Syracufe, 
 (G. 467.) Jufun. 4, 4. ; Tibull 4, i, 
 199. 
 
 H. 
 
 C. Pabius Hadrianus, a praetor of 
 Africa, burnt by the people of Utica* 
 for having confpired with flaves to de- 
 llroy their chief men^ Cic. Verr. 1,27. 
 et 5, 26. 
 
 Haemon, -onis, the fon of Creon 
 king of Thebes, who v/as fo fond of 
 Antigone, that he flew himfelf on her 
 tomb, Propsrt. 2, 7, 83. ; O^Sid. in Ibin, 
 
 Haemon IDES, (al. jlcmonides), an 
 Italian prieft of Apollo and Diana, flaia 
 by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 10, 537. 
 
 Hales us, a Graecian or Argive, 
 who fettled in Italy near Mount Mafli- 
 cus, defcended from the family of Aga- 
 memnon, whence he is called Agameni" 
 «o«m,Virg. Aen. 7,72 3,b.ut not his fon, 
 for the father of Halefus was a foothfay- 
 er, ib. 10, 41 7. Halefus was flain by Pal- 
 las, ib. 425. — ^Ovid m.akes Halefus the 
 fon or grandfon of Atreus, [Atrldes), 
 and fays that he gave name to the coun- 
 try o( Falcrii, [terra Falifca), F. 4, 730 
 which city he built on a high fituation, 
 ( Moenia felici condidit aha manu). Amor. 
 3, 13, 34. So Solinus, c. 8. ; Servius, 
 
 ad Firg. Aen. 7, 795. Silius Italicus 
 
 fays, that Halefus or Alefus from Ar- 
 gos, (ArgoUcus), built Alfium in £tru- 
 ria,^8, 475. 
 
 PIalirrhotius, the fon of Neptune 
 and Euryte, killed by Mars for ha^nng- 
 violated his daughter Alcippe ; on which 
 account Mars was brought to his trial 
 before the other gods, in a place which 
 afterwards formed a part of the city A- 
 thens, and hence was called Areopa- 
 gus, (Apnof 7tyyo<;"^^ the Hill or Village 
 of Mars, Paufan. 1,21, 3c 28. Mara 
 was acquitted, Apollodor. 3, 13, 2. 
 
 HAMADRYADbS, '■um, f. [^ex 'aux^ 
 
 Jimul, et S{>v^^ querciis^ dat. plur. Hama- 
 
 dryafwy Piopeit. t, 20, 32.), the 
 
 E b 2 uymphi 
 
HAM [ 19^ 1 H E C 
 
 nymphs or protecting deities of oaks the daughter of Venus by Mars, and 
 
 and other trees, fuppofed to be produ- 
 ced and to perifh with them ; for the 
 ancients believed that every tree had 
 its guardian divinity, in the fame man- 
 ner with men and women, Serv. ad 
 Virg. Eel. 10, 62. ; Ovid. Md. I, 690. 
 
 14, 624. et 8, 77 T. Fajl. 2, 155. 
 
 The Hamadryades are fometimes con- 
 founded with the Dry ADES, Ovid. Met. 
 8, 777. ; Propert. i, 20, 22. and with 
 the Naiades, Ovid. Met. i, 691. 
 
 HAMILCAR, -aris, a Carthagi- 
 nian general, the father of Hannibal. 
 yid. Amilcar. 
 
 Ham MOV. Vld. Ammok. 
 
 HANNIBAL, -alisy the famous ge- 
 neral of the Carthaginians in the fecond 
 Punic war. V'ld. Annibal. 
 
 HANNO, -dnis, a frequent name a- 
 mong the Carthaginians ; the moll il- 
 lullrious was he who gave his voice a- 
 gainft attacking the Romans in the fe- 
 cond Punic war, Llv. 21, & 30. 
 
 HARMODIUS, an Athenian, who, 
 to revenge an affront oifered to his fif- 
 ter by Hipparchus, the fon of Pififtra- 
 tus, and tyrant of Athens, in conjunc* 
 lion with his friend Ariftoglton, form- 
 ed a confpiracy for the deltrudion of 
 Hipparchus and bis brother Hippias. 
 Hipparchus was affaffinated, and Har- 
 modius cut to pieces by the tyrant's 
 guards. Arillogiton being feized, was 
 put to the rack ; but inftead of naming 
 his accomplices, he accufed the mod 
 faithful partifans of Hippias, who or- 
 dered them to be inftantly executed. 
 Hereupon if^ritlogiton, exulting in ha- 
 \ung extinguiflitd the chief fupporters 
 of tyranny, declared to Hippias what 
 he had done, and fubmitted to his fate 
 with the greated intrepidity. After 
 this Hippias became more tyrannical 
 than before, vsrhich in about three years 
 after occafioned his expullion, Herodot. 
 5, ^^. et 6, 123. ; Thucydid. 6, 59. ; 
 Senec. Ir. 2, 25. ; Jnftin. 2, 9. The 
 greatell honours were paid to the me- 
 mory of Hat modi us and Arillogiton, 
 ClcTufc. I, 49.; Pl'in. 34, 8.; Gdl. 9, 2. 
 
 Harmon I A, -acj v. Hcrmioncy -es^ 
 
 the wife of Cadmus, (G. 426.) 
 
 HARPALycE, -w, a queen of the 
 Amazons, Virg. Aen. 1,317. 
 
 Harpagus, a riiepherd, who pre- 
 ferved Cyrus, (G. 600.) 
 
 Harpocrates, •/>, the god of {i" 
 lence, fuppofed to be the fon of Ifis 
 and Serapis. His Image was ufed by 
 the Egyptians in their facred rites, re- 
 prefented with his finger preffed on his 
 fhut mouth, intimating, that filence 
 fhould be obferved in religbus worrtiip. 
 Hence he is thus defcribed, ^lique (fc. 
 Harpocrates) ^r<f;«i; vocem, digitoque ft- 
 le?tfia fuaddy Ovid. Met. 9, 69 1. [Digita 
 qui Jignificat S'T, Varr. L. L. 4, 10.} 
 Facere aliqnem Harpocraleniy to make one 
 fiktit, Catnll. 73, 4. 
 
 Harpviae, -aruniy harpies, vora- 
 cious moiiilers, half women half birds, 
 Serv, ad Virg. Am. 3, 2 1 6. 
 
 HiLbe, -esy the daughter of Jupiter 
 and Juno, Apollodor. 1,3.; Paufan. I, 
 19. according to others the daughter 
 of Juno alone, conceived without the 
 participation of Jupiter, by eating im- 
 moderately of lettuce at a feaft ; whence 
 fhe is Q^MtA jfunonia Hebe, Ovid. Met. 
 9,400. andgoddefsof youth; called 
 Juventas, -atis, by the Latins, Cic, 
 Tvfc. r, 26. ; Liv. 36, 36. or Juven- 
 ta, Ovid. Pont. I, 10, 12. on account 
 of her beauty appointed by Jupiter to 
 be his cupbearer, Paufan. 2, 13. But 
 having fallen in an indecent polture 
 at a teaft, flie was deprived of that of- 
 fice, and Ganymedes placed in her 
 room. When Hercules was exalted to 
 heaven, Juno became reconciled to him, 
 and gave him Hebe in marriage. Pro- 
 pert. I, 13, 23. whence flie is called 
 HercuUs uxor, Ovid. Fail. 6, 6$. ; Ju- 
 
 3'43- 
 
 Hebe 
 
 faid to have 
 
 poiTeiTed the power of reftoring to 
 youth whomfoever fhe picafed, Uvid, 
 Met. 9, 400. 
 
 He c ale, -et, a poor woman, that 
 entertained Thefeus- when going t© 
 fight againft the bull of Marathon, 
 Plutarch, et . >pul. Met. I . put for any- 
 old woman, Ovid^ Remed. Am. 747. 
 
 Hs. 
 
H E C t 197 1 H E L 
 
 Hecataeus, of Miletus, an hifto- He^ oris Andromache, ib. 319 
 rian who lived in the time of Darius 
 
 the fon of Hyftafpi?, Herodot. 2, 143. 
 - ' -^ 2. A fculptor, I^/in. 33, 12. et 
 34,8. 
 
 Hecate, -^j, the daughter of Per- 
 fes king of Taurtca ; hence called Fer- 
 scisf -hiisy Ovid. Met. 7, 174. and of 
 Afteria, Ck. N. D. 3, 18.; Apollodor. 
 I, 2, 4. According to Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus, flie was the inventrefs of poifonous 
 ' di^ugs and incantations, tlie wife of 
 Aeetes, and mother of Medea and Cir- 
 ce, D'iodo7\ 4, 45. Plecate is com- 
 monly put for an infernal goddefs, faid 
 to have had three bodies; hence termed 
 Tergemmci^ Virg. A. 4, 511. Diva tri- 
 formisy Ovid. Met. 7, 177. and triceps j 
 ib. 194. — called /y?;n^2 in heaven, Diana 
 on earth, and Proferphia or Hecate in 
 the infernal regions, Serv. in Virg. iL 
 on which account (he was reprefented 
 with three heads, Ovid, Fajl. i, 141. 
 Her infernal form is called Hecates pars 
 vhimay Lucan. 6, 700. Fades Erebiy 
 pallenti tahida formdy very different from 
 her appearance in heaven, [ad Deos alio 
 procedere vuhufolet)y ib. 736. She was 
 fuppofed to prefide over forccries or 
 incantations, Ovid, et Virgil ib. and 
 was invoked with bowlings in the night- 
 time, Virg. Aetu 4, 609. Her power 
 was great, both in heaven and in the in- 
 fernal regions, z^. 6, 247. — Adj. Heca- 
 te lus; thus, Hccateia carminay power- 
 ful charms, fuch as were invented by 
 
 Hecate, Ovid. Met. 14, 44. HtCA- 
 
 TJiis herla, -Idisy vel -Idos, a poifonous 
 herb, fuch as were ufed by Hecate, ib. 
 
 6, 139-^ 
 
 He c A TO, -onisy a Rhodian, the fcko- 
 }ar of Panaetius, who wrote concerning 
 the duties of man, Cic.'Ojf.'i^y 15. 
 
 HECTOR, 'Orisy the fon of Priam 
 and Hecuba, the braveft of the Tro- 
 jans, flain by Achilles, (G. 447.), A- 
 demplus Hector Tradidit fejjis kviora tolli 
 Pergama Grdiisy the death of Hector 
 made 1 roy more eafy to be taken by 
 the Greeks, Hor.Od. 2, 4, 10. ; Senec. 
 Troad. 1 24. — adj. Hectoreus : — ea 
 conjux, Andromache, the wife of Hec- 
 tor, P^irg. Aen. 3, 488, the fame with 
 
 He3oreh 
 opibus, by the power or affiftance of 
 HeClor, Hor. Od. 3, 3, 28. 
 
 Hecuba, the daughter of Ciifeus 
 king of Thrace, (Ci/sas, -idis, Virg, 
 Aen. 7, 320.), or according to others, 
 of Dymas, a Phrygian prince. Homer. 
 II. 16, 71^.; Serv. ad Virg. Aen, 7, 
 320. (Dym^ntis, -idis, Ovid. Met. 
 i3» SlS')y Apollodor. 3, 11,9.; Hygin. 
 91. and wife of Priamus king of Troy, 
 (C. 414.). Overwhelmed with grief 
 on account of her fufferings, and utter- 
 ing dreadful imprecations againft the 
 Greeks, fhe is faid to have been at laft 
 changed into a bitch, Cic. Tufc. 3, 26.; 
 Hygin. Ill, & 243.; Ovid. Met. 13, 
 404, — 569.; Juv.nal. 10, 271. whence 
 her tomb was called Cynossema, i. e. 
 Canis tumulus y Plin. 4, I I. 
 
 Hedymeles, -isy a mufician, fo na- 
 med from the fwectnefs of his melodv, 
 Juvenal. 6. 383. 
 
 Hegesias, -aey a philofopher born 
 at Cyrene, [Cyrenauus), who ufed in 
 his leflures to defcribe fo pathetically 
 the miferies of life, that he is faid to 
 have made feveral of his hearers put an 
 end to their days ; on which account 
 he was prohibited by Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus to difcourfe any more public- 
 ly on that fubjedl, Cic. Tufc. i, 34.—-, 
 •[ 2. An Athenian orator, Cic. Brut. 
 83. yjltt. 12, 6. 
 
 HELeNA, the daughter of Tyn- 
 darus [Tyudarisy -tdis) king of Spar- 
 ta, or of Jupiter and Eeda, the wife 
 of Menelaus, carried off by Paris the 
 fon of Priam, which gave occafion to 
 the Trojan war, and all its memorable 
 confequences, ( G. 413, Sec). Fratres 
 Helenae, i. e. Caitor and Pollux, Hor. 
 Od I, 3, 2. 
 
 Hf.lenor, -orisy the natural fon of 
 the king of Lydia by Eicymnia a Have, 
 fent to Troy to the afliftance of Priam, 
 {vetttis armisy in forbidden arms, as it 
 is faid, becaufe among the Pwomans 
 flaves w^ere not permitted to ferve in 
 the army) ; a companion of Aeneas in 
 his voyage to Italy, where, having fal- 
 len with one of the turrets on the ram- 
 part of the camp while in flames, and 
 
 being 
 
H E L C 198 ] HER 
 
 belao- furrounded by the enemy, he who being drowned in the 
 
 rufhed on the thickeft of their ranks, 
 and was flain, Virg, Aen. 9, 543, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Helenus, the fon of Pnam, ( Pr/- 
 Gmides,-ae, Virg. Aen. 3, 295. )> ^'-'^^• 
 ed in augury, {vates), ib. 712.; Cic. 
 Div. I, 40. who, after variojs adven- 
 tures, at lall became the hufoand of 
 Andromache, the widow of his brolhtr 
 HetE^or, and alio king oi Chaonia in 
 Epire, Vh-g. Aen. 3, 325. S:c. At Bii- 
 throtum, his capital city, he entertain- 
 ed Aeneas, and gave him directions at 
 his departure concerning his voyage, 
 ih 381, &c. 
 
 Heliades, -um, (1. e. Soils fiiae), 
 the daughters of Sol and i hmene^ who 
 lamented tlie fate of their brother 
 Phaethon, till they were changed into 
 alder or poplar trees, U'uld. Met. 2, 
 ■540, &c. Hence Nemus Ileliadum, a 
 grove of the Hd'uidesj i. e. pc-plar trees, 
 ib. 10, 91. which are faid to have firil 
 grown on the banks of the Po, Lucan. 
 2, 410, and were fuppofed to diftil 
 amber, Owd. Amor. 3, 12, 38. whence 
 Heliadnm cmfuie, cups of amber, Juve- 
 nal 5, 3^- 
 
 HfcLico, vcl Erico, -onis, a citizen 
 of Helvetia, who having llaid fome 
 time at Rome in order to learn or ex- 
 erclfe the art of a fmith or carpenter, 
 (fahrilem ob artem), when he returned 
 to his native country, carried with him 
 dry figs and grapes, and choice famples of 
 oil and wine, [ok'ique ac i)in! praewlfa), 
 which is fuppofed to have firll induced 
 the Gauls to invade Italy, PIln.i2y i f. 
 2. So L ivy. Earn gent em tradiiu}\fan:a 
 dukcdimfrugum niaximeque vini, nova turn 
 voluptate, captam, Alpes travxijje, 5, 33. 
 
 Kellice, -^j, a name given to Cai- 
 lifto, or the conileliation Urfa Major., 
 Cic. Acad. 4, 20. (G. 417.) 
 
 Heliogabalus, a Roman empe- 
 ror, remarkable for his effeminacy and 
 cruelty, (G. 247.) 
 
 Hellanicus, an ancient Greek 
 hiflorian, Cic. Or. 2, 12. 
 
 HELLE, -fs, the daughter of A- 
 thamas king of Thebes, and Nt p h e l e, 
 
 flrait be- 
 tween the Aegean fea and the Propon- 
 tis, gave name to it ; fo that it was 
 thenceforth called Helles pontusy the fea 
 cf Helle, (G. 349.) 
 
 HtLviDius, the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 HEPHAESTI.ON, -dnls, the fa- 
 vourite general of Alexander tiie Great, 
 Curt. 3, 12, 16. et 10, 4, II. 
 
 Hera GLIDES, -ij-, a very learned 
 philofopher, born at Heraclea in Pon- 
 tus, a fchoiar of Plato's, Cic. Tufc. 5, 
 3. D'l'V. I J 23. who entertained Ihange 
 notions concerning the deity, Cic.N.D. 
 I, 13. He wrote concerning govern- 
 ment, {de republica), Cic. Leg. 3, 6, 
 Cicero fpeaks fevcral times of writing 
 lomething iimilar to the work of Hera- 
 elides, Ck. Att. 15, 4, & 13, & 29. f/ 
 
 16, 2. Many others of this name 
 
 are mentioned in ancient writers. 
 
 Heraclitus, a celebrated natural 
 philofopher of Ephefus, ( Pbyficus), 
 Cic. Tufc. 5, 36. He thought "that all 
 things were produced from fire, Ck. 
 Acad. 4, 37. He was remarkable for 
 his cbfcurity, Ck. Fin. 2," 5. Div. 2, 
 64. which he fometimes ufed on pur- 
 pofe, Cic. N. D. I, 26. and therefore 
 was varioully interpreted, ib^ 3, 14. — 
 called the "Weeping Philosopher., 
 becaufe he often wept at the vices and 
 confequent miferies of xnan|cind, juvd- 
 nul. 10, 3c. 
 
 Hercaeus, an epithet of Jupiter, 
 fo named from his akar being placed in 
 the iniplwo'rum or open court, in the 
 middle of the hcufe, called by the 
 Greeks fVy-o^' ; thus, Cui nihil Hercei pro- 
 fuit ara Jo^nsy i. e. Priam, who v/as 
 {lain by Pyirhus before the altar of Ju- 
 piter in the impluvium, Ovid, in Jhin. 
 286. (Aidilus in mediis, nudcque fub 
 aetheris axe ; vel in penetralibusjt where 
 the Penates, were worfliipped, Virg. 
 Aen. 2, 512, &c. ; Juvenal. 10, 268. 
 Herceae aracj the altar of Jupiter 
 Hcrceus, before which Priam was IJain, 
 Lucan. 9, 979. Around this altar tliere 
 feem to have been feveral images of the 
 godsj probably tbofe cf the Penates, 
 
 Virg. 
 
K E R [ 1 
 
 Plrg.iL 517. which Ovid calls Patrio- 
 rnm figna Deorum^ Met. 13, 412. 
 
 The ancient Greeks placed the temple 
 of Jupiter Hercaeus in the j4ula^ or A- 
 TRiUM, At hen. 4, p. 189. Fid. Eu- 
 rip.Troad. 48 2, &c. ; Paiifan. 2, 24. 
 
 4, 17, ^/ 10, 2^. 
 
 HERCuLES, 'is, (vel Hercukus, 
 •ei^ contrafted Herculi ; thus, Hirtulei 
 lahos tjl, iox Herculis, Catull. ^^, 13.) 
 the moll famous hero of antiquity, the 
 fon of Jupiter and Alcmena, the wife 
 of Amphitryo, (G. 398. i^077?.y/. 286.) 
 who is c'AWtd fiilfiparnis Amphitryoniades ^ 
 becaufe Hercules was fuppofed to be 
 the fon of Amphitryon, when in rea- 
 li^ he was the fon of Jupiter, Catull. 
 
 6^112. Adj. Herculeus : thus, 
 
 Herculci lahoresy the labours of Hercu- 
 les ; Herculea clava, the club of Her- 
 cules ; Heracleapocula, l^^ge, Cic. Verr. 
 4, 18. but the bed editions have 77^*?- 
 
 riclea : Heraclidae, the de- 
 
 fcendants of Hercules, Patifan. 2, 18. 
 [G. 403, & 410.) — — Hercule, v. 
 Hcrde, adv. by Hercules, a form of 
 fwearing, or a ftrong aiTeveration : So 
 Mehercide, or Mthercules^ fcjuvetj may 
 Hercules afiift me ! by Hercules, up- 
 on my honour, Cic. Or. 47.; Plane. 
 26. 
 
 Herennius, the name a Roman 
 
 gens : A tribune of the commons 
 
 who propof!:;d the law about permit- 
 ting Clodius to be adopted by a ple- 
 beian, Cic. yltt. T, 18. 
 
 HerIlus, a king of Praenelle, flain 
 by Evander, Virg. Aen. 8, 583. 
 
 Hlrillus, a philofopher of Chal- 
 cedon, the fcholar of Zeno, who pla- 
 ced the chief good [Jummum bonum)^ in 
 learning and knov>'ledge, Cic Acad. 4, 
 
 42- ^ 
 
 Herm ACHUS ofMitylene, the friend 
 of Epicurus, Cic. Acad. 4, 30. ; Fin. 
 30. whom that philofopher left his heir, 
 Laert. 10, 2 1. 
 
 HiLRMAGORAs, -«<?, a celebrated 
 rhetorician, Cic. Br. 76.; Inv, i, 6 
 & 51. 
 
 HERMAPHRODiTuSjthefon of Mcr- 
 cnry and Venus, united into one body 
 with the nymph Saimacis j whence a- 
 
 99 1 HER 
 
 nimals participating of both fexes were 
 called Hermaphrodites <, [G. 363.) 
 
 HERMES, the Greek name of 
 Mercury, which Virgil traufiates, In- 
 
 terpres divum, Aen. 4, 356. Her- 
 
 MAE trunci^ ihapelefs polls with a mar- 
 ble head of Mercury on them, jfuve- 
 nal. 8, 53. 
 
 Herm p. s 'Trifmcgijlus, (i.e. ter maxt" 
 tnus)f a celebrated Egyptian philofo- 
 phfr. 
 
 FIfrmiom", -eSf the daughter of Me- 
 nelausby ?Ielena ; hence called Ledaea, 
 from Leda, the mother of Helena, 
 Firg. Aen. 3, 328. betrothed to Oref- 
 tes the fon of Agamemnon, but carri- 
 ed off by Pyvrhus, the fon of Achilles ; 
 on which account Oreftes killed Pyrr- 
 hus, and recovered her, tb. et Ovid. 
 
 Ep. 8, 1. ^ 2. The fame with. 
 
 Harm ONI A, the wife of Cadmus, (<^. 
 
 Hermodorus, a native of Ephefus, 
 baniflied from thence through envy, on 
 account of his fuperior virtue, as A- 
 riltides was from Athens, Cic. Tufc, 
 5, 36. After which he came to Rome, 
 and explained the laws of the Greeks 
 to the Decemviri, who compiled the 
 laws of the twelve tables, Plin. 34, 5. 
 
 Hermotimus, a prophet of Clazo- 
 mene, whofe foul is faid to have left 
 his body, and afcer wandering up and 
 down to a great diftance, and revealing 
 wonderful things to people, ufed to 
 return to it again. In the abfence of 
 the foul, the body v/as apparently dead. 
 His enemies having difcovered this, bu- 
 ried it, Plin. 7, 5. Lucian fays that 
 this was done by his wife. 
 
 HERO, "od Erg, -us ; v. H':rom, 
 'OJiis, a beautiful young woman of Sef- 
 tos, beloved by Leander of Abydos, 
 who ufed to fwim over in the night to 
 vifit her, and return before day-light ; 
 till at lail he periihed in the waves, 
 (G. 349.) hence Heroae «y. Eroa^, 
 turres, the tower from which Hero held 
 a torch to give light to her lover as he 
 fwam, Lucan. gj g^^. (G. 349.) 
 
 Herodes, 'is, the fon of Antipater 
 of Idumaea, who was made king of the 
 Jews, by the favour of Antony, and re- 
 tained 
 
HER 
 
 r 200 ] 
 
 H I E 
 
 tained that power by his mean fubmif- 
 fion and flattery to Auguftus, jofephus. 
 Herodis palmcta pinguia, Herod's fertile 
 groves of palm-trees, which produced a 
 great revenue, Horat. Ep. 2, 2, 184. 
 
 ^ 2. An Athenian writer in the 
 
 time of Cicero, Lie. /Itt. 2, 2. 
 
 HsRODiANTTs, a Greek hillorian of 
 Alexandria, who wrofe the lives of 
 Commodus and his fucceiTors to the 
 younger Gratian. This work is ftill 
 extant. 
 
 HER0D6TUS, a native oF Hali- 
 carnafTus, the mofi; ancient Greek hif- 
 torian extant ; wliom Cicero calls, Hif- 
 iorlae parens f the facher of hiltory, C'lc, 
 Leg, I, I. He was the firil of the 
 Greeks who adorned hitiory, Cic. Or. 
 2, 12. but did not ftudy harmony in 
 his periods, Cic. Or. ^^. Add. D'lv. 
 
 Herophile, -esy a prieftefs of A- 
 pollo, T'lhull. 2, 5, 67. 
 
 Herophilus, a celebrated phyfi- 
 cian, who reRored Phalaris to health, 
 Plhi. T I, 37, &c. 
 
 HePvOStratus, a man who fet fire 
 to the temple of Diana at Ephefus, 
 that he might obtain a more extenfive 
 fame after death, Sol'in. c. 53. 
 
 Hers"-', -esy a daughter of Cccrops, 
 king of Atliens, beloved by Mercury, 
 Ovid. Met. 2, 725. 
 
 Hersilia, the wife of Romulus, 
 Ulu. I, II. called Ora, after (lie was 
 made a goddefs, as Romulus was call- 
 ed QuiRiNus, after his deification, 
 Q'vid. Met. 14. fin. 
 
 Herthum vel Hcrtha^ i. e. the 
 earth, WOT (hipped .by tlie ancient Ger- 
 mans as a goddefs, Tacit. G. 40. 
 
 HESI6DUS, an ancient Greek 
 poet, born at Afcra in Boeotia; whence 
 he is called Afcraeus Senex^ Virg. E. 6, 
 
 70. Adj. Hesiodius. IHudHefiodi- 
 
 uniy fc. didumy that faying of Hefiod's, 
 CAc. Brut. 4. Hejiodi theogoniay the ge- 
 neration of the gods, a book written 
 by Hefiod, Cic.N. D. i, 14. Brut, 4. 
 flill extant, 
 
 Hesione, -fj, the daughter of Lao- 
 medon, king of Troy, and fifter of 
 Friam ; v/hora Hercules fretd from a 
 
 fea-monRer, to which fiie was expo* 
 fed ; and having taken Troy, gave her 
 in marriage to Telamon, Ovid. Met, 
 II, 2r7. [G. 339.) 
 
 HESPERIE, -esy a nymph, the 
 daughter of the river Cebren, (Ce- 
 BRENis, ■'idis)y Ovid. Met. 11, 769. 
 Fid. Aesacus. 
 
 Hesperus, the brother of Atlas, 
 who is faid to have gone up to the 
 top of mount Atlas to obferve the ftars, 
 and never afterwards to have been feen; 
 on which account the evening Rar was 
 
 called by his name, Diodor. Hes« 
 
 PER IDES, -uiriy nymphs, the daughters 
 of Hefperus, who had a garden in the 
 extremity of Africa, in which \^^e 
 golden apples, guarded by a dra^n 
 that never llept. Hercules flew the 
 dragon, and brought fome of the gol- 
 den apples to EuriRheus, (G. 399.) 
 
 Hests, a god of the Gauls, fuppo- 
 fed to have been the fame with Mars, 
 Lucan. I, 440. 
 
 Hi AREAS, W Iapbas, -ae^ a king of' 
 Lybia, who wiflied to marry Dido, 
 (G. 678.) Fir-. Jen. 4, 36. but Dido 
 preferred Aeneas to him ; whence Ae- 
 neas is called zelotypo juvenis praelatus 
 Hiarlncy the young man preferred to 
 the jealous larbas, jfuvenal. 5, 45. — 
 — ^ 2. A king of Africa, conquered 
 and (lain by Pompey, Liv. Epit. 89. j 
 Eutroj). 5, 6. 
 
 HiCETAS. Fid. NiCETAS. 
 
 Hi EM p SAL, -alisy the fon of Micip* 
 fa, king of Numidia, murdered by Ju- 
 
 gurtha, Sallufi. Jug. 12 5[ 2. A 
 
 king of Mauritania, Cic. Riill. i, 4. ; 
 Fatin. 5. 
 
 HIERO, -onisy a king of Syracufc, 
 a faithful ally of the Romans, Liv. 24, 
 
 4, &C. (G. 274.) PIlERONICA leXf 
 
 a law made by Hiero, concerning corn, 
 Cic. Ferr. 2, 13, & 60. 
 
 HiEROCLES, -ij, the father of king 
 Hiero, defcended from Gelon, jfujlin. 
 23, 4. ^ 2. A philofopher of Alex- 
 andria, who Rourifhed about the mid- 
 dle of the fifth century, and wrote a 
 commentary on the golden verfes of 
 Pythagoras ; — Rill exant. Fid, Fabric, 
 BibliQth, G. /. 2. a 12, 7, 
 
 H- 
 
H I E 
 
 [ 20I ] 
 
 H I R 
 
 HiERONyMus, the grandfon and 
 fuccefTor of Hiero, flain on account of 
 his cruelty, Liv. 2 Ay 4» «S:c. ; Sil. 14, 
 87. — 5[ 2. A peripatetic philofopher, 
 a native of Rhodes, Ck. Or. 57. who 
 maintained, that the abfencc of pain 
 was the chief good, C'lc. ^^cad. 4. 42. 
 
 HIPPARCHUS, the fon of Pifif- 
 tratiis, and tyrant of Athens ; fond of 
 learning and learned men. Pie invited 
 to his court the poets Anacreon and 
 Simonides, and treated them with the 
 greateft liberality. According to Pla- 
 to, he was the lirft who arranged the 
 poems of Homer ; which honour Cice- 
 ro afcribes to his father Pififtratus, Cic. 
 ^^* 3> S3' Hipparchus was alTaffinat- 
 ed by a confpiracy , Pld. H a r m d i u s. 
 — '■ — <f[ 2. A celebrated philofopher of 
 Alexandria, the moil i]<:ilful alh-onomer 
 in ancient times, ( G. ly) 
 
 HIPPIAS, -iae, the fon of Pififtra- 
 ^S) and tyrant of Athens, v/ho beine^ 
 Txpelled from thence, repaired to the 
 court of Darius, and fell in the battle 
 of Marathon. Cicero calls him Nefa- 
 Rius, becaufe he made war on his na- 
 tive country, y^lL 9, i i. ^ 2. A 
 
 celebrated fophiit of Elis [Eleus), in 
 the time of Socrates, Cic. Or, 3, 32. 
 who ufed to boaft that there was no- 
 thing in any art of which he was igno- 
 rant. His cloak, his fhoes, his ring, 
 Slc. were all of Us own making, ib. ^ 
 JBrat.S, .^85. 
 
 HIPPOCRATES, the fon of 
 HeraclTdes, born in the iiland Cos, 
 [Cous), b. C. 460, the moil illuflrious 
 phyfician ^of antiquity, Celf. pracf. ; C'lc. 
 N. D, 3, 38. He came to Athens in 
 the time ot" a plague, where he exerted 
 his great abihties at the hazard of his 
 life. Artaxerxes king of Perfia, at 
 the fame time, ufcd every motive to 
 prevail on him to come to his court, 
 but in vain. The Athenians, penetra- 
 ted with gratitude, decreed to him the 
 higheft honours, (G. 467.). His a- 
 phorifms are flill extant. — Adj. Hip- 
 
 POCRATICUS. 
 
 HippoDAME, -fj-, V. -amlat the 
 daughter of Oenomuus king of Pifa, 
 
 who became the, wife of Pelops, [G. 
 
 404.). f 2« The daughter of A- 
 
 draftus king of Argos, and wife of Pe- 
 rithous, at whofe marriage the conttlt 
 between the Centaurs and Lapithae 
 took place, (G. 439 ) 
 
 HippoLy-TE, -esf queen of the A- 
 mazons, and wife of Phefeus, (G.423.) 
 
 <[T 2. The wife of Acallo, who 
 
 fell in love with Peleus, (G. 444.) 
 
 HiPPOLyrus, the fon of Thefeus 
 and Hippolyte, (G. 424.) 
 
 HippoMEDON, ■ontis, one of the 
 feven leaders in the war againft Thebes, 
 ( G. 43 1 . ), Stat. Iheh. 5, 664. et 6, 654. 
 
 HippoMENEs, -IS, the fon of Ma- 
 cafeus, who, by means of three golden 
 apples, vanquifhed Atalanta in run- 
 ning, and thus procured her confent to 
 marry him, (G. 433.) 
 
 HrppoNAX, attis^ a fa-nous poet of 
 Ephefus, who, by the fliarpnefs of his 
 fatirical raillery, is faid to have impel- 
 led perfons to hang themfclves, Pl'in,, 
 36, 5. whence Praeconhim Hippona£leu?n, 
 a fatirical poem, Cic. Fam. 7, 24. /*<?- 
 des Hipponatleiy the feet ufed in Iambic 
 vtrle, in which fuch poems were writ- 
 ten, Cic. Or. ^6. 
 
 HippoTOs, X'. -us, the father of Ae- 
 olus, who is hence called Hippotades, -acy 
 
 (G. 276.). HippoTADEs, -ae, is 
 
 ufed as a proper name, and not a pa- 
 tronymic, Siat. Theb. 8, 699. 
 
 yl. HIRTIUS, the friend and com- 
 panion of Julius Caefar, who wrote the 
 eighth book of the Commentaries con- 
 cerning Caefar's wars in Gaul, and al- 
 fo, as it is thought, the hiftory of the 
 Alexandrian, African, and Spanifli 
 wars ; but fome afcnbed thefe works 
 to Appius, Suet. Caef. ^d. Accord-ng 
 to the appointment of Caefar, Cic.Att. 
 14, 6; Hirtius becauic conful with. 
 Panfa, the year after Caefar's death. 
 Being fent againll Antony, together 
 with his colleague and Caefar Ofta- 
 vius. Suet. Aug. 10.; Cic. Phil. 7, 4. 
 after the defeat of Antony, he was 
 killed in attacking his camp, Cic. Fam, 
 10, 30. et 33. J Suet. Aug. II. (F/i/. 
 CicCRO, /. 126.) 
 
 C c HO. 
 
H O M [ 202 1 H Y D 
 
 HOMeRUS, the firfl and moft ex- him to Maecenas, S/rL i, 6, 55. who 
 
 celleni of the Greek poets, who flou-^ introduced him to Aiiguftus. Horace 
 
 rilhed 160 years before the founding of foon became a great favourite with both. 
 
 Rome. He is thought to have been Maecenas gave him a beautiful farm in 
 
 born near Smyrna, (G. 587.). — Adj. the country of the Sabines, wherein 
 
 HoMERicus, jfuv. 13, 113. Ho- fummer he ufually rtfided, (G. 162.) 
 
 MERONIDES, -oe, an imitator of Ho- Horace died in the 97th year of his 
 
 itier, P/aut. True. 2, 6, 4. Home- age, a few months after Maecenas. — 
 
 ROMASTix, -Igis, (i. e. Homerijlag^ 
 
 Idtor), a firname given to one Zoilus, 
 who wrote bitterly againft Homer ; put 
 for any fnarhng critic, Pl'in. praef. 11. 
 HopLEUS, ^2fyll.), e'ts v. -eos i 
 V. -ea^ 
 
 Adj. Hon ATI AN us. 
 
 HORTENSIUS, a celebrated ora- 
 tor, contemporary with Cicero, Cic. 
 Br. 64. v^'hence Cicero calls one of his 
 books by that name, Cic. D'lv. 1,1, 
 
 zee. -eumf v. -ea^ an Argive, flain by Horten si an a f/o.jWi^w/'w, the eloquence 
 
 Aepytus, Stat. Theb. 10, 400. of Hortenhus, Fal. Max. 8, 8, . 
 
 HoRAE,-rtr«fw, the^^'oz/rj', thedaugh- «T 2. A poet, Ovid. Tri/i. 2, \/\.l 
 
 ters of Jupiter and Themis, Hcjiod. 
 'Theog. 901. the attendants of Phoebus, 
 Ovid. Met. 2, 26. who yoked the horfes 
 of his chariot, ib.iii%. the keepers of 
 the gates of heaven, Ovid. Fajl. i, 125. 
 ■ The Seafons, Hor. Od. i, 12, 16. 
 
 Tullus H03TIL1US, the third 
 
 king of Rome, (G. 196.). ^ 2. A 
 
 lawyer, by whom certain forms of law 
 were compofed, called Hostilianae 
 aclioneSf Cic. Or. 1,57. 
 
 HYACINTHUS, a boy beloved 
 
 the twelve divifions of the day, Martial, by Apollo, (G. 372, & 41 1.) — Hya 
 
 ciNTHiA, 'Orum-, a feail in honour of 
 Hyacinthus, Ovid. Met. lO, 209. 
 
 HYAS, -acy V. -antis, the fon of At- 
 las and Pleione or Aethra^ the daughter 
 of Occanus, flain by a lion or boar 
 
 4, B. 
 
 HORaTIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man gensy ennobled by the Horatii^ who 
 fought with the Ciiriatii, Li v. i, 25. 
 and by Horatius Codes, who defended 
 
 the Sublician bridge againft the army Avhile hunting. — His twelve fillers la- 
 
 pf Porsena, Liv. Zt 10. By one of mented his death fo much, that they 
 
 this gens the father of the poet Horace pined away with grief. Jupiter, from 
 
 having been freed from flavcry, aiTumed, compafiion, changed them into ftars. 
 
 according to cuftom, the name of his Five of them were placed in the head 
 
 patron. or face of Taurus, and called Hyades, 
 
 QuiNTUS PIORATIUS Flaccus, -wm, from their brother, Ovid. Fajl. 5, 
 
 the prince of Latin lyric poets, was 182. or becaufe when they rife they 
 
 born at Venufia in December a. u. 689, were fuppofed to occafion rain, (ab iuvi 
 
 Hor. Ep. I, 20, 27. Od. 3, 2 1. His plue}-e)y Hygin. f, 192. ; Plin. 2, 29. 
 
 father carried him to Rome when a ^/ 18, 26 f. 66. hence termed pluviae, 
 
 boy, and educated him with great care, rainy, Virg. Aen. 3,516, and irijlcs. 
 
 Sat. I, 6, 76. At the age of twenty Hor. Od. 1,3, 14. Seven of them 
 
 or twenty-one he went to Athens to were placed in the neck of Taurus, and 
 
 fludy philofophy, Ep. 2, 2,43. He called Pleiades, Hygin ib. et Poet. 2, 
 
 was led from thence to the civil war 21. Hyas, -antis, a king of Boe- 
 
 by Brutus, who made him a military otia ; whence Hyantius juvenis, Actae- 
 
 tribune. Sat. i, 6, 47. In the battle on, the Boeotian or Theban youth, 
 
 of Philippi, Horace faved himfelf by Ovid. Met. ^y 147. Hyantea Aganippey 
 
 flight, Od. 2, 7. After his return to ib. 5, 312. Hyanteus lolausy the The- 
 
 Rome, finding his father dead and ban lolaus, Ovid. Met. %y 310. 
 
 his fortune ruined, he applied himfelf Hydra, a dreadful ferpent with nine 
 
 to writing verfes. Pp. 2, 2, 52. The heads, the daughter of Typhon and E- 
 
 poets Virgil and Varius recommended chidna, flain by Hercules at the foun- 
 
 taiu 
 
H Y G 
 
 [ 203 ] 
 
 H Y R 
 
 taiti or lake of Lerna, H^gth. praef. et 
 f. 151. — called in Latin Excetra, be- 
 caufe when one head was cut off, three 
 grew lip in its place, Serv.in Vtrg.Aeu. 
 6,287. Hercules dipt his arrows in 
 the gall of this moniler, which made 
 them fatal to every one they ilruck, 
 Jlygln. 30. and at laft proved his own 
 deflru6tion, ih. 34. (G*. 402.) 
 
 Hygie/i, Hygea, W ia, thegod- 
 defs of health, the daughter of Aefcu- 
 lapius, Pl'in. ^^^ Ti f. 36, 31.; Martial 
 Ji, 6r. 
 
 HygInus, a freed man of Auguf- 
 tus, who had the charge of the Pala- 
 tine library, GelL l, 7, &. 10.; Suet. III. 
 Gram. 20. The books on mythology 
 and aftronomy, which bear the name 
 
 of Hy: 
 
 are fuppofed to be of a 
 
 later date. 
 
 Hylaf.us, a centaur, who fought 
 with the Lnptthaey (G. 439.) — adj. 
 Hylaeus ramus, (i. e. clava), the club 
 of Kylaeus, Prop. 1,1,13. his bow or 
 
 arrov/, OvuL Art. 2, 191. ^ 2. The 
 
 name of Adaeon's dog, O'uid. Met. 3, 
 213. 
 
 HYLAS, vel -a, -ae, a beautiful 
 youth, the fon of Theodamas, and fa- 
 vourite of Hercules, whom he accom- 
 panied in the Argonautic expedition. 
 Being fent to get water, while drawing 
 his pitcher from a river or fountain, he 
 fell in, and was drowned. The poets 
 feign, that the nymphs, enamoured of 
 his beauty, carried him off; fo that 
 Hercules and his companions could not 
 find him, Apollodor. i, 9, 19. Annual 
 facred rites ate faid to have been indi- 
 tuted to his honour, in which he was 
 often invoked by name, (Hyla, Hy- 
 la), as he had been by Hercules and 
 the Argonauts when he was loft, Serii. 
 ad Vlrg. Eel. 6, 44. 
 
 Hyllus, the foh of Hercules by 
 Dejanira, (G. 403. & 405.) 
 
 Hy LONG ME, -es, a female centaur, 
 who, upon the death of her hufband 
 Cyllaru.s, flew herfelf, O'vid. Met. 12, 
 405, &c. 
 
 Hymen, -cms, vel H y m e n A e u s , the 
 god of marriage, Donat. ad Ter. And. 
 
 5? 7> 7- ; O'md. Met, ij 480. a ^, 761. 
 
 — Hymenaeus is fometimes put fof the 
 nuptial fong, Virg. Aen. 7, 398. and 
 in the plur. for the nuptials, Virg. Aeh. 
 I, 6$$. 4, 99. & 6, 613. G. 3, 60. 
 
 Hyperides, -is, vel ae, an Athe- 
 nian orator contemporary with Demoft- 
 henes, greatly commended by Cicero, 
 Or. I, 13. et 3, 7. et 26, & 3 1.; and 
 by Quindihan, 10, i, 77. 
 
 HypERioN, -onls, faid to be the 
 father ot Sol, Ck.N.D. 3, 21. ufually 
 put for the fun, (<?• 373.) ; whence 
 currus Hyper'ionius, the chariot of the 
 fun^ Fal. Flac. 2, 34. So Hyperwnia 
 lux, Sil. 15, 214. 
 
 HypErmnestra, the daughter of 
 Danaus, and wife of Linus or Lynceus, 
 whom fhe faved, when her fifters, by 
 the order of their father, flew their huf- 
 bands, (G. 392.) 
 
 Hypsaea, a woman of the Plauttan 
 family, who is fuppofed to have had 
 bad eyes, or to have been fo blinded 
 by a paflionate fondnefs for a man of a 
 difagreeable appearance, that fhe was 
 infenfible of his bad looks, Hor. Sat, 
 I, 2,91. 
 
 Hypsaeus, the brother of Aeacus, 
 Stat. Theb. 7, 
 
 310. 
 
 5[ 2. A candi- 
 
 date for the confulfliip with Milo, C'lc. 
 Att.^, 8. 
 
 HYPSipyLE, -es, 3, queen of Lem- 
 nos, who preferved her father Thoas, 
 when all the other men in the ifland were 
 flain hy the women, (G. 441.). They 
 having found that Hypilp)']e had faved 
 her father, wanted to kill her ; but flie 
 fled : and being taken by pirates, was 
 carried to Nemea, and fold to Lycur- 
 gus the king of that place as a flave, 
 Apollodor. 3, 6, 4. ; Ladant. ad Stat. 
 Theb. 5, 29. Kyginus fays, that (he 
 was carried to Tliebes, and fold to king 
 Lycus, / 15, & 74. Tellus Hipfipylia^ 
 i. e. Lemnos, Ovid. Fall. 3, 82. 
 
 HyRiE, -es, the mother of Cycnus, 
 who having heard of the fall of her fon, 
 and not knowing that he was faved bv 
 being changed into a fwan, difl'olved 
 away {dtlicuit) with weeping, and form- 
 ed a lake called after her own name, 
 Ovid. Mit 7, 379. 
 
 C c 2 Hyr- 
 
H Y R 
 
 Hyrtacus, a Trojan, 
 
 of Nifus, who is hence called Hyrtaci- 
 des, -ae, Virg. Aen. 9, 177. 
 
 Hystaspes, -;>, the father of Darius 
 king of Periia, (G. 608.) Jnjlin. 1,10. 
 
 I 
 
 lACCHUs, the fame with Bacchus; 
 iput for wine, Virg. E. 6, 15. 
 
 lALysus, V. Ialyssus, the fon of 
 Hercules, Clc. Verr. 4, 60. — f 2. The 
 grandfon of Sol, C'tc, N. D, 3, 21. — 
 adj. I A Ly SI LIS, OviJ. Met. 7, 365. 
 
 JaNUS, the moft ancient king of 
 Italy, {G. 1S5, & 357.) worfhippedas 
 a god after his death ; reprefented 
 vith two faces, [bifrons^ ^ "g* Aen. 
 J 2, 198. f/ 7, 180.) or with two heads, 
 {biceps, Ovid. Fall, i, 6$.) His tem- 
 ple was open in time of war, and flint 
 
 in time of peace. Jx\NUS is put 
 
 for any thoroughfare or pafTage from 
 cue place to another, {^tranfnio pervia,) 
 Cic. N. D. 2, 27. probably from its 
 having an arch and an image of Janus 
 over it, with one of the faces looking 
 one way at the entrance, and the other 
 looking another way at the outlet or 
 egrefs. Such were thofe mentioned, 
 IJv. 41, 32.; SucL Domit. 13. Pom- 
 peii J}atuam marynoreo Jano fuppofuit, he 
 placed the ftatue under a marble arch, 
 which ferved as a thoroughfare. Suet, 
 
 u4ug. 31. Janus is alfo the name of 
 
 a ilreet or alley, in which bankers tranf- 
 aftcd bufmefs, Cic. Of. 2, 25. ; Phil 6, 
 5. ; Hor. Ep. T, 1, 54- Sat. 2, 3, 18. 
 and where books ufed to be fold, Hor. 
 Ep. I, 20, I. 
 
 Iantke, Vid. Iphis. 
 
 lAPiiTUs, the fon of Caelus and 
 Terra, and the father of Prometlieus, 
 ■who is hence calkd Satus Japeto, Ovid. 
 Met. I, 82. Japcti genus ^ Hor. Od. i, 
 
 ^j 27. Alfo the father of Atlas, 
 
 hence called lapeilomdes, Ovid. Met. 
 
 Ja PET IDES, -ne, a mufician, killed 
 at the nuptial feail of Perfeus and An- 
 dromeda, G'vid. Met. 5, III. 
 
 lAPis, -)dis, the fon of Jafus [las'i- 
 des,-ae,) a phyfician, w^ho, by the af- 
 
 [ 2C4 ] I B Y 
 
 the father fiftance of Venus, cured the wound of 
 
 Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 12, 391, & 420. 
 
 i A p Y X , -ygisy a fon of Daedalus, who 
 having fettled in the fouth eaft corner 
 of Italy, gave the name of Japygia to 
 that part of the country, (G. 158.) 
 which is hence called Japygis arva, 
 Ovid. Met. iStS^' II 2. A north- 
 weft wind, blowing from Japygia, and 
 favourable to fuch as failed from Brun. 
 difium to Greece, Nor. Od. i, 3, 4. 
 
 lARBAS, (three fyll.) a king of 
 Gaetulia or Mauritania, who wiflied to 
 marry Dido, Virg. Aen. 4, 36, 2x6, & 
 326. — Plence larb'tta, v. -as, a Moor, 
 fuppofed to be put for Cordus, a rhe- 
 torician, a native of MauritJtiia ; whom 
 a defire of imitating the wit of Ti- 
 ma2;enes is faid to have made to burft 
 with envy, {Rupit larbitam Timagenis 
 tiemula lingua.) Some think larbitashere 
 a proper name, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 15. 
 
 lAsius, (four fyll.) the brother of 
 Dardanus, Virg. Aen. 3, 168. and grand- 
 father of Adraftus, who is hence called 
 Dux lasmesy -ae, Stat. Theb. 6, 914. 
 
 5[ 2. I ASUS V. lafnis, the father 
 
 of Paiinurus, hence called iastdes, -ae, 
 
 Virg. Aen. 5, 843. ^ 3. Another, 
 
 called alfo Schoeneus, the father of 
 Atalanta, hence called 11 sis, -tdis, 
 Propert. i, i, 10. 
 
 lASON, (three fyll.) -onis, the fon of 
 Aef;>ii, [AefomdeSi -ae,) king of lolcos, 
 and" of Alcimede ; th:^ leader, of the 
 Argonauts in the expedition to Colchis 
 in queft of the golden fleece, (G, 439.) 
 Hence lasonia puppis, the fhip Argo, 
 in which they failed, Avien. Arat. 
 Phaen. 'j^6.et 808. Jajonia rapina, Ja- 
 fon's can-ying off the golden fleece, 
 Stat. Achil. J, 6^. 
 
 Jasonidae j?/w/7^j-, the two fons of 
 Jalon and Hypfipyle, Thoas and Eu- 
 neus, Stat. Theb. 6, 340. 
 
 IBIS, -^disy ace. I bin, abl. Ihtde, a 
 fici'tious name which Ovid gave to a 
 perfon on whom he wrote a fatirical 
 poe.:i called Ibis ; ftill extant. 
 
 iBycus, a poet of Rhenium, noted 
 for his am.orous verfes, Cic. Tufc. 4, 33. 
 whofe murderers were wonderfully dif- 
 coveied, (G. i75«) 
 
 ICA« 
 
I C A [ 205 ] I L U 
 
 IcADTUS, a robber, who perifhed by difregarding his father's advice, foared 
 
 too high, fo that the fan having melt- 
 ed his wings, he fell, down into that 
 part of the iEgean Sea afterwards call- 
 ed the Icarian Sea, and was drowned, 
 
 a ftone which fell from a cave on his 
 legs, C'lc. Fat. 3. 
 
 iCARIUS vel icar-us, an Athenian, 
 who hofpitably entertained Bacchus ; 
 whence he is called CunSis Baccho jucun- 
 dior hofpes, Tibull. 4, 1,9. On this ac- 
 count Bacchus firll taught him the art 
 of making wine, and defired him to 
 propagate it through the world. Ica- 
 rius gave a quantity of wine to fome 
 fhepherds, who having drunk of it 
 greedily, became intoxicated ; and ima- 
 gining that Icarius had given them a 
 poifonous drug, killed }iim with theiV 
 clubs. Next day, being fenfible- of 
 what they had done, they buried him. 
 Erigone, his daughter, having difcover- 
 ed where he lay by the hovvling of his 
 dog Maera, hung herfelf, Apollodor. 3, 
 13, 7. Some fay that the body was left 
 unburied, Hyg'tn, 130.; Poet. 2, 4. 
 Maera, affefted by the lofs of his mafter 
 and miftrefs, pined away. Jupiter, in 
 compaffion, changed the three into flars. 
 Icarius was called Bodies or ArBtlrus ; 
 Erigone, Virgo ; Maera, Can'icula or 
 the Leffer Dog liar, ib. — Hence Lca- 
 Rii bo'ves, the liars of Urfa Major, 
 which Icarius or Bootes was fuppofed 
 to drive, Propert. 2, 33, 24. But the 
 poets commonly make Bootes the fame 
 with Areas the fon of Hellice, [q. v.) 
 — Icarium ajlrum, Stat. Theb. 4, 
 •777, the fame with Icarius cams, \.t. 
 canicula, the leffer dog-ilar, Ovid, in 
 Nuce, 118. 
 
 icARi-'S, vel Icarus, the father of 
 Penelope ; whence (he is called Ica- 
 Ris, -^idis, Ovid, in Ibin, 391 ; or Ica- 
 RiOTis, -idis, voc. Icarioii, Propert. 3, 
 13, 10. — Adj. Icariotis tela, abl. Icari- 
 otide, Penelope's web, O-vld. Pont. 3,1, 
 1 1 2. Icarius is faid to have urged Pe- 
 nelope to marry one of her fuitovs in 
 the abfence of Ulyfles, Oind. Et). 1,81. 
 
 The father of Penelope is by fome 
 
 confounded with the father of Erigone; 
 but iir.properly. 
 
 Icarus, the fon of Daedalus, vi'ho 
 flying with his father from the laby- 
 rinth In Crete, on waxen wings, and, 
 
 ( G. 42 !•) Ic AR I > fiuStus, the waves 
 
 of the Icarian Sea, Hor. Od. 1, I, I J. 
 So Icariae aquae, Ovid. Trift. 5, 2, 28. 
 IcELOS, one of the fons of Somnusy 
 who' imitated the appearance of wild 
 beafts, birds, and ferpents, as Morpheus 
 did that of men, Ovid. Met. \ 1, 638. 
 
 Idmon, -onis, (i. e. Jciens,) the fon of 
 Apollo and Afteria, a foothfayer among 
 the Argonauts, Fa/. Flac. i, 228. 
 
 Idomeneus, (four fyll. gen. -eif 
 Virg. Aen. 11, 264. ace. -ea, ib.3,122.) 
 a king of Crete, one of the Graeciaii 
 leaders in the war againft Troy, who 
 being expelled by his fubjefls, failed 
 into Italy with a number of compani- 
 ons, and fettled in Calabria, near the 
 Japygian or Sallentine promontory, 
 Firg. Aen. 3, 121, & 400. (G. 459.) 
 
 Idya,WIdyj\, the wife of Aee- 
 tes, and mother of Medea, Cic. N. D. 
 3, 19. Ovid calls her Ipsea, Ep. 17, 
 232. 
 
 Ignigena, a name of Bacchus, as 
 having been brought into the world 
 by the force of lire or lightning, Ovid. 
 Met. 4. 12. 
 
 Ilia, the mother of Romulus and 
 RemAis, (G. 192.) 
 
 Ilione, -fj", the eldeft daughter of 
 Priamus king of Troy, Firg. Aen. I, 
 
 653- 
 
 I L I o N E u s , (four fyll. g e n. -eos et -et, 
 
 accuf. -ea, Virg. A. i, 611.) a Trojan, 
 one of the chief companions of Aeneas ; 
 always diftinguifhed in Virgil by his elo- 
 quence, as his father Phovbas is in Ho- 
 mer, Scrv. ad Firg. Aen. i, 525, &c. 
 
 iLYTHyi ', the goddefs who pretld- 
 ed over women in phikl birth, Ovid, 
 Met. 9, 2 ''3. faid to be the fame with 
 rylana, Hor. Car. Saec. 14. called alfo 
 Ij. cin , Ovid. ib. 294.; Hor. ib. 15. 
 To gratify Juno fhe is faid to have re- 
 tarded the birth of Hercules, Ovid.ib, 
 284.; Apollodor.^, ^, S. 
 
 ilyUS, the fon of Tros; and fourth 
 
 kins: 
 
1MB 
 
 [ 206 ] 
 
 J O C 
 
 king of Troy, from whom that city- 
 was called Ilium, (G. ^Sy.) whence 
 Ilia tellus^ the country of Troy, Firg. 
 Aen. II, 24 J. I LI A CI murif the wails 
 of Troy, Ih. i, 48'^. Iliades, -urn, 
 the Trojan women, ih. 480. Iliades, 
 -fl<?, Ganymedes, the grandfon of Ilus, 
 / O'otd. Met. 10, 160. 5f 2. The ori- 
 ginal name of lulus or Afcanius, the 
 fon of Ae-neas, V'lrg. Aen. i, 268. 
 
 Imbrasus, the name of a man, 
 
 V'lrg. Aen. 12, 343. Imbrasides, 
 
 -ae, the fon of Imbrafus, ib. 10, 123. 
 ace. plur. Imbrojldas, ib. 12, 343. 
 
 InaCHIa, the name of a girl beloved 
 by Horace, Hor. Epod. 1 1, 8. ct 12. 14. 
 
 iNaCHUS, the x%a king of the Ar- 
 gives, (G. 39I.) hence called pnfcusy 
 
 Hor. Od, 2, 3, 21. In AC HIS, -id'is, 
 
 lo or Ifis, the daughter of Inachus, 
 Ovid. Met. 1 , 6 1 f . called I n a c h i \ 
 Juvenca, Virg". G. 3, 153. becaufe 
 changed by Jupiter into an heifer, 
 
 Ovid. ib. In a c h I de s, -ae, Epapluis, 
 
 the fon of lo and grandfon of Inachus, 
 Ovid. Met. I, 7<J3. in the plur. put for 
 Argivi, the Argivcs, Stat. Theb. 3, 365. 
 Jnachules ripae, the banks of the river 
 Inachus, Ovid. Met. i, 64c. to which 
 river Inachus gave name, and after his 
 death was fuppofed to prefide over it 
 as a divinity, Ovid. ib. 511. On the 
 Ihleld of Turnus was reprefented the 
 figure of, lo converted into a heifer, 
 and her father Inachus pouring his 
 river from an embofled urn, Virg. Aen. 
 7. 789. According to Virgil, Turnus 
 v»a3 defcended from Inachu;, j'hn. 7, 
 
 371. Inachii Argi^ Argosthe ca- 
 
 pitol of Inachus, Virg. Am. 7, 286. 
 Jnachiae urbes, the cities of Inachus, 
 i. e. of the Argives or Greeks, Virg. 
 Afn. II, 286. So Stat. Theb. I, 324. 
 Jnachiae rates, Graeoian fliips, Ovid. Ep. 
 13, 134. Jnachium Uttus, the (liore of 
 ArgOiis, Id. Fii!:. 5, (y^^. 
 
 INO, -7/J, the daughter of Cadm'is, 
 and wife of i\thamas, king of Thebes, 
 who flying from her frantic hufband 
 with her fon Meiicerta, threw herfelf 
 from a high rock into the fca. By the 
 power of Neptune, (lie aud her lou 
 
 were both changed into fea-deities, the 
 mother called Leucothoe, or by the Ro- 
 mans Matuta^ and the fon Palasmon or 
 PortumnuSi (G. 427.) ; hence Indus 
 Meiicerta, the fon of Ino, Virg. G, 
 I, 437.; Palacmon, Id. A. 5, 823. 
 Inoi Jinus, the bofom of Ino, Ovid. 
 Met. 4, 497. Inoi doli, the artifices of 
 Ino to dellroy her ftep-chiidren, Ovid. 
 Art. A. 3, 176. Inoum Lechaeum, the 
 promontory of Lechaeum, the port of 
 Corinth, whence Ino threw herfelf, 
 Stat. Silv. 2, 2, 35. ; and hence Indus 
 I/Ihmas, the illhmus of Corinth, ib. 4, 
 3, 60. Indus Learchus, the fon of 
 Ino, Val. Flac, i, 280. 
 
 INUUS, a name given to Pan by 
 the Latins, Liv. l, 5. ; Serv. ad Virg. 
 Aen. 6, J'JS- 
 
 10, -us, (in all other cafes /o,) the 
 daughter of Inachus, {^Inachis -idis,) 
 king of Argos, beloved by Jupiter, 
 and by him converted into a beautiful 
 heifer, to conceal her from Juno ; who 
 fufpecling the fraud, aflced the animal 
 in a prefent from Jupiter ; and having 
 obtained her requeft, commxitted her 
 to . the charge of a fnepherd, cal- 
 led Argus. But he being flam by 
 Mercury, [Vid. Argus,) lo, after 
 many wanderings, at laft reached 
 Egypt, where Cue was reflored to her 
 former ihape, married Osiris, the king 
 of that country ; and after her death 
 was worfiiipped as a goddefs by the 
 Egyptians, under the name of Ifis, 
 Ovid. Met. I, 588, — 747. Ep. 14, 85, 
 &c. ; ScTv. ad Virg. Aen. 7, 789. 
 Propertius feems to intimate that fhe 
 retained the form of a cov^, after fne 
 was deified, 2, 28, 17. (ah 2, 2i, 19.) 
 or rather becaufe liis was worihipped 
 in the form of a cow ; whence flie is 
 reprefented vvith horns like thofe of 
 the'moon, Ovid. Met. 9, 687, et 782. 
 
 Jo BATES, -is, v. -ae, a king of Ly- 
 cia, the father of Sthenoboea, the wife 
 of Pmetus, who fent Bellerophon a- 
 gainit the Chimaera, (G. 393.) Apol-r 
 lodor. 2, 3. ; Hygin. 57. 
 
 JOCASTA, the daughter of Creon, 
 and wife of Laius, kir>g of Thebes ; 
 
 after 
 
Ignorantly mar 
 own ion by Laius 
 
 1 L [ 
 
 after wbofe death fae 
 
 ried Oedipus, her 
 
 and had by him Eteocles and Poly- 
 
 nlces. Having difcovered the truth, 
 
 flie hanged herfelf in defpair, (G. 
 
 429,) 
 
 iOLAS, -ae, the name of a fliepherd 
 
 in Virgil, E. 2, 57, et 3, 79. f 2. 
 
 A Trojan flain by Catillus of Tibur, 
 Virg. ken, II, 640. 
 
 ioLAUS, the fon of IpliJclus, Apol- 
 loder. 2, 3, II. a Thtban ; hence cal- 
 led HyanteuSf (i. e. Thebajius^) Ovid. 
 Met. 8, 310, who afljftcd Hercules in 
 deftroying the hydra, Jlpollodor. 2,4, 2. 
 faid to I'.ave been reilored to youth 
 in his old age by Hebe, O'v'uL Met. 9, 
 
 399, &c. ^2. The fon of Iphiclus 
 
 and Diomedea ; called ufually Pro- 
 tefilaus, Hygin. 103. 
 
 ioLE, -esi the daughter of Eurytus, 
 king of Oechalia, [F'uL EuRyr us,) 
 beloved by Hercules ; after whofc 
 death (he married Hyllus, the fon of 
 that hero, Ovid. Met. 9, 279. (G. 
 401.) 
 
 iON, 'On'iSt the fon of Xuthus, 
 an Athenian ; from whom firil the 
 country on the north of the Corin- 
 thian gulf, and afterwards part of Afia 
 Minor, w^as called Ionia, (G. 409.) 
 
 «][ 2. An inhabitant of Pifa, a fol- 
 
 dier in the Theban war, Stat. Thcb. 8, 
 
 ioPAs, -ae, a mufician at tne court 
 of Dido, who had been inftrucled by 
 Atlas ; defcribed, as having long hair, 
 (crinlluSf) according Lo the cullom of 
 harpers, probably in imitation of A- 
 polio, P^irg. ylen. i, 740, et Ihi Serv. 
 
 ioPE, (al. /&/?,) -esj a nymph, Pro- 
 pci-t. 2, 28, 51. 
 
 Joseph us, the celebrated Jevviili 
 liiftorian, who being made prifoner by 
 Nicanor, one of the officers of Vefpa- 
 fian, the governor of Judaea, and be- 
 ing ordered by that commander to be 
 put in chains, preditled, that he fhould 
 loon be releafcd by the fame Vefpafian, 
 when made emperor, Suet. Vefp. 5. ; 
 Jofe.pl3. de Bell. JiuL 3, 14, (al.'2 7.) 
 
 Jo VI?, ufcd aucieutly in the nom. 
 
 2C7 
 
 - for 
 
 1 I P H 
 
 Jupiter, Far. L. L. ']i 7^^,f.zn^ 
 alfo by later writers, Petron. 47, & 58.; 
 ^J'c?"- 53' 54» 63, 75, &c. 
 
 Iphianassa, one of the daughters 
 of Proetus, and wife of Melampus, 
 (G. 393. vld. Proetus et Melam- 
 pus.) ^ 2. A name given to Iphi- 
 
 genla, (genit. Iphianajsa'h for -ae), 
 Lucr. I, 86. 
 
 IPHiCLES, -IS, or Iphiclus, -/, 
 a Theban, the fon of Amphitryon and 
 Alcm.ena, born at the fame birth with 
 Hercules, Apollodor. i, 8, 2. et 2, 7, 
 
 3. When Hercules killed the two 
 fnakes fent by Juno to deftroy him ,in 
 his cradle, Iphiclus is faid to have dif- 
 covered ilrong marks of fear, Id. 2, 
 
 4, 8. Serv. ad Vhg. Jen. 8, 288. 
 
 <|y 2. A king of Phylace, a city of 
 Theflaly, (G. 322.) the father of Pro- 
 tefilaus, Apollodor. 3, 9, 8. ; Hygin. 103, 
 
 et 173.; Ovid. Ep. 13, 25. ^ 3. 
 
 One of the Argonauts, the fon of 
 Theflius, JpollodGr. i, 9, 16. 
 
 IPHICRaTES, -is, an Athenian 
 general, diilinguifhed for his fliill in the 
 military art, and for the improvements 
 he made in the armour of the foot-fol- 
 diers, Nep. 11, i. 
 
 IPHIGENIA, the daughter of Aga- 
 memnon, oifered up as a facrifice to ap- 
 peafe the wrath of Diana, and to pro- 
 cure favourable winds for the Graeciaii 
 fleet, then weather-bound at Aulis, 
 Virg. A en. 2, 116.; Propert. 3,5,53. ; 
 Cic. Tufc. I, 48. But others fay, that, 
 while (he was juft about to be facriil- 
 ced, (lie was refcued by Diana, who 
 fubtlituted an hart in her ftead, hence. 
 Nee fperet tragicae fiirtiva piacula cerva, 
 he cannot hope that his dauglijter will 
 be fecretly carried off as Iphigenia was, 
 and a hart fubftituted as an expiation 
 to Diana, in her llead. The hart is 
 called tragicay becaufe this incident was 
 often exhibited in acling the tragedy 
 of Iphigenia on the ilage, Juveyial. 12, 
 120. Diana is faid to have conveyed 
 her in a cloud to Taur^icay w^here '^c 
 became the prieilefs of the altar of that 
 goddefs, (G. 406.) 
 
 Iphimedia, the mother of the gi- 
 ants, 
 
I P H 
 
 r 208 ] 
 
 I S I 
 
 ants, Otus and Ephialtes. [Vld, Alo- 
 
 EUS.) 
 
 Iphinoe, -es, the eldeft of the 
 daughters of Proetiis, JpoUodor. 2, 2, 
 
 2. C| 2. One of the women of Lem- 
 
 nos, that flew their -hufoands, and en- 
 tertained Jafon and his companions, 
 Val Flacc. 2, 162, & ^27. 
 
 Iphis, -id'is^ (ace. Iph'm, Ovid. Met. 
 14, 753. abl. Iph'ide, ib. 9, 667.) a young 
 man of Salamis in Cyprus, of mean ex- 
 traction, who having fallen defperately 
 in love with Anaxaretc, a girl of noble 
 birth, and on that account being trea- 
 ted by her with coldnefs and contempt, 
 hanged hirrfelf. Anaxarete, looking 
 out to his funeral, as it pafled along, 
 was turned into a (lone, Ovid. Met. T4, 
 
 698, — 760. <}[ 2. A Cretan girl, 
 
 whom her mother Telecufa brought up 
 as a boy, to deceive her hufhand Lig- 
 diis, who being in narrow circumllan- 
 CC3, according to the cruel cuftom of 
 the ancients, had ordered the child, if 
 a daughter, to be killed. Iphis being 
 betrothed by her father as a hufband 
 to I ANT He, was, by the power of His, 
 on the day of her nuptials, changed in- 
 to a male, Ovid. Met. 9, 665, &c. ad 
 Jiji.^-^- ^ 3. A fon of Mercury's, one 
 of the Argonauts, Val Flacc. 1,441. 
 
 ^ 4. An Argive, flain by Atha- 
 
 mas in the Theban war, Stat. Theb. 8, 
 
 445. ^ 5. The fon of AleCior, 
 
 who fliowed PolynTces a method of in- 
 ducing Amphiaraus to accompany him 
 to the war againft Thebes, ApoUodor. 
 
 3, 6, 2. ^ 6. The father of Evad- 
 
 ne, the wife of Capdneus ; whence fhe 
 is called IPHIAS, -ad'is, Ovid. Art. 
 Am. 3, 22.; Pont. 3, I, III.; Trill. 
 5, 14, 38. (G. 431.) 
 
 IPHiTl'S, the fon of Eurytus, 
 king of Oechalia, and brother of lole, 
 (G. 401.)- <[} 2. A Trojan, enfee- 
 bled by age, {gravior ann'is), the com- 
 panion of Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 2, 435. 
 
 ■ ^ 3. A king of EHs, who retto- 
 
 red the Ohmpic games, which had 
 iird been inftituled by Hercules, (G. 
 282.; 
 
 Ip£EA, the mother of Medea, Ovid. 
 is/. 17,232. 
 
 IRIS, Irtdisi (ace. Irim, v. Ir'w ; 
 voc. /W), the goddefs of the rainbow, 
 the daughter of Thaumas, {jThauman.' 
 tiaSf -adis), Stat. Silv. 3,3, 8.; the mef- 
 fenger of Juno, (nuncia jfunonis), Ovid. 
 Met. I. 270, et II, 585, et 14, 830. ; 
 hence called Iris jfunonia, ib, 14, 85. 
 beautifully defcribed, Virg. Aen. 4, 
 700. ; fuppofed to draw water from the 
 earth to the clouds, (G. 6^.') 
 
 IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, of a 
 large lize, but ugly and feeble ; fup- 
 ported by the fuitors of Penelope on 
 account of his drolleiy ; flain by Ulyf- 
 fes. {Vid. G. 457.) 
 
 IsAEUs, a celebrated Athenian ora- 
 tor, ^dnuil. 12, 10, 2 2.; the mailer 
 of Demofthenes ; prailed by Juvenal, 
 3, 74. Several of his orations are ilill 
 extant. There was a Roman orator of 
 the famft name, who is extolled by Pli- 
 ny the younger, Ep. 2, 3. ; to whom 
 fome think Juvenal alludes, ib. 
 
 ISIS, Isidis^ Ifidi^ IJim, v. -///, JJiy 
 Ifulcy a goddefs of the Egyptians, fup- 
 pofed by the poets to be the fame with 
 lo, the daughter of Inachus ; hence 
 called In AC HIS, Ovid. Met. 9, 686.; 
 and the river Inachus, Aveclae (fc. in 
 Aegyptum) pater Ifidis^ Lucan. 6, 
 363. Her image was covered with fine 
 linen ; whence flie is called Linigera 
 juvenca, Ovid. Art. Am. 1,77. Linige- 
 ra Ifis; Id. Amor. 2, 2, 25. ; Pont, i, 
 I, 51. ; and tliofe who worfhipped her 
 were dreifed in a llneu robe, Suet. 0th. 
 1 2. ; whence her priefts are called Turba 
 linigera, Ovid. I, 747. ; Add, Lucmu 
 10,175. Grex limgery Juvenal. 6, 532. 
 and when about to celebrate her facred 
 rites, clofcly iliaved their heads ; whence 
 they are called Grex calvus, ib. Lint- 
 
 geri cahii Martial. 12, 29, 19. Ifis 
 
 carried in her right hand zfijirum, by 
 a ftroke of which flie was luppofed to 
 infiift difeafes, Juvenal. 13, 93. Her 
 priells alfo carried a fiilrum, Perf. 5, 
 186. ; Ovid. Met. 9, 776. whence they 
 are called Sift rata turba. Martial. 12, 
 
 29. The worfhip of Ifis, and other 
 
 Egyptian deities, was admitted at 
 Rome towardj the end of the republic, 
 
 which 
 
t S U I 
 
 which Lucan mentions with indigna- 
 tion, 8, 831. Tacitus fays, that a 
 part of the S^fevi in Germany facri- 
 
 ficed to Ifis, cie Mor, Germ. 9. 
 
 Isi Acus, -/, 3 pricft of Ifis, Stie\ Dom. 
 
 1.; Fal.Max.'], 3,8. Ifiac'i foc'iy 
 
 the altars of Ifis, Qvid. Pont, i, I, 52. 
 
 Ifaci conjedores, priclls of Ifis, who 
 preiended to be fortune-tellers, Cic. 
 Div. ex {innio poeia, i, 58. 
 
 IsMENE, -fSf a daughter of Oedi- 
 pus, betrothed to Athys or Atys, a 
 youth of Cyrra, who was flain by Ty- 
 dcus before the nuptials ; called y^ge-^ 
 norea Ifmene, i. e. Thehamiy becaufe 
 Thebes was founded by Cadmus, the 
 fon of Agenor, Stat. Theh. 8, <^z,^. Sec. 
 
 Ism EN us, a fon of Apollo and 
 Melia, one of the Nereides^ who gave 
 name to the river Ismenus in Boeotia, 
 near Thebes, Paufan. 9, 10. 
 
 ISOCRaTES, 'is, an Athenian o- 
 rator, called by Cicero the father of 
 eloquence, Or. 2, 3. contemporary with 
 Plato, Clc. Or. 6. His houfe was, as 
 it were, the rhetorical fchool of ail 
 Greece, Ck. Brut. 8. He rarely fpoke 
 in public himfelf, but compofed ora- 
 tions for others, ih. 12.; ^nn&ll. 3, 
 T, 14. He is faid to have written 
 his famous oration, or book called 
 PanathenaicuSf in the 94th year of his 
 age, and to have lived five years af- 
 ter, Cic. Sen. 5, & 7.; ^inail. ib. 
 About thirty-one of his orations are 
 flill extant. 
 
 209 ] i\3 c 
 
 IToNUS, vd Ithmus, tlie firft king 
 of ThelTaly, who is faid to have invent- 
 ed the art of melting metals, and of 
 coining money, Lucan. 6, 402. 
 
 ITYS, -yns.y (ace. -yn), the fon of 
 Tereus, a king of Thrace, (Tercides 
 puer)y Ovid, in Ibide ; killed by his mo- 
 ther Prognc, and ferved up as a feafi: 
 to his father, to revenge the injury done 
 by him to Philomela, the filler of Prog- 
 ne. Itys was changed into a pheafant, 
 {G. 419.) He is called by CatuUua 
 IryLus, 64, 14. 
 
 JUBA, a king of Mauritania, who 
 joined the party of Pompey in the civil 
 war, and defeated Curio, (^."z^. ) But 
 at laft being vanquifhed by Caefar, in 
 the battle of Thapfus, {^vid. Caes-\r, 
 p, 72.) and being deferted by his fub- 
 je6ls, he flew himfelf by the afliftance oi" 
 a (lave, Hirt. B. Afr. 94. — — Juba, his 
 
 Script ores, qui funt 
 ah IJocrate, the followers of Ifocrates, 
 ^linSlil. ^, 2, 31. i. e. Ifocratem fecuti. 
 
 Id. 9, 4, 35. Adj. IsOCRATEUS. 
 
 Thus, Placet omma did Ifocrateo more, 
 "in the manner of Ifocrates, Cic. Or. 61. 
 JJocratea ratio oratoria, the oratorial rules 
 of Ifocrates, or his art of rhetoric, Cic. 
 Fam. I, 9, 6'. 
 
 iTz\LUS, a king of Sicily, who 
 fettled in that part of Italy where Tur-' 
 iius afterwards reigned ; and gave his 
 name to the country, which it ilill re- 
 tains, Scrv. ad Virg. Aen, I, 530. ; 
 Dionyf. I, 12. 
 
 Ithyphallus, a name of Priapus, 
 Col !o, 32, 
 
 fon, was led in triumph by Caefar, but 
 afterwards recovered his father's king- 
 dom by the favour of Auguftus, and 
 married Cleopatra, the daughter of An- 
 tony, Dio, 51, 15. He was greatly dif- 
 tinguifhed for his learning : he wrote SL 
 hiilory of Rome in Greek, and feveral 
 other works, which were much efteem- 
 ed, Plin. 6, 27, &C. — = — -Julae tellus^ 
 Mauritania, Hnr* Od. i, 2 3, 15* 
 
 JUGURTPIA, a king of Numi- 
 dia, the grandfon of Mafmiffa, re- 
 markable for his cunning and cou- 
 rage, conquered by Marius^ (y. "u, ) by 
 whom, being led in triumph, he is faid 
 to have been killed in prifon, Sallujh 
 Jug- I f^. ; Plutarch, in Mario. Hence 
 Marias is faid, Frangere colla ^Tttgurthae^ 
 Lucan. 9, 6wC. and when to fave him- 
 felf from Sulla, he was obliged to fly 
 to Africa ; Nuda triumphati jacitit per 
 
 VFgna Jugurthae, ib. 2. 9Q. File (fc. 
 
 Marius) Jugurthmo clarus Cimhroque 
 triumphoy famous for his triumph over 
 Jugurtha and the Cimbri, O'Sid. Pont. 
 4, 3, 45. BcUum Jugurthiniim, the war 
 againft Jugurtha, Hor, Epod. 9, 23. 
 'Jugurthinae conjurationis invidia^ the o- 
 dium of being concerned as a party to 
 fupport Jugurtha, or of being bribed 
 by him, Cic. Brut. ^t,. ^aejlio conju-» 
 D d ratiQrils 
 
I U L [2 
 
 railonh jfugufthinaey the inquifition into 
 the conduA of thofe who were thus 
 concerned or corrupted, Cic. N. D. 3, 
 30. ; Salluj}. yt'g. 40. yugurthinae con' 
 ditor hjftor'mey the hiftonan of the Ju- 
 gurthine war, i. e. SaUuft, ^nn5lil. 8, 
 3, 29. 
 
 iULUS, called Afcanius, the fon of 
 Aeneas, according to Virgil, by Crtu- 
 fa ; but Livy fays it is unceriain whe- 
 ther by Creufa or Latinia. The ac- 
 count of Dlonyfius is different from 
 both, [ind, G. 191.) 
 
 JULIA gensf the Julian clan, which 
 claimed lulus as the author of its name, 
 Lh. 1, 3. Julius Caefar, in particular, 
 wiflied it to be believed, that the branch 
 of it to which he belonged, [famtlia 
 Caefarum), was defcended from lulus, 
 (fl P^'enere lulii, [c. funt ; ciijus gerd'is fa- 
 milia ejl nrjlra)^ Suet. 6. ; Dio, 41, 34. 
 
 tt 43, 22. Julius a magno dmijfum 
 
 nomen lulo, Virg. Acn. i, 288. After 
 the deftrudlion of Alba, the JuHi are 
 iirft mentioned among the chiefs of the 
 Albans, chofen by Tullus into the pa- 
 trician order at Rome, {^in pat res lecft)y 
 liiv, I, 30. Or'igo yullae gentisy Tac. 
 
 Ann. 4, 9. Julius men/is, the 
 
 month formerly called ^'mli/is, named 
 Julius y from Juhus Caefar, (A. 327.) 
 JuLiAE hgeSi laws paffed by Ju- 
 lius Caefar and Augulhis, (A. 203.) 
 ^\ji.\\jn fiJuSy the Julian ftar, i. e. a 
 comet which appeaved after the death 
 of Caefar, Hor. Od. 1,12, 47. and was 
 fuppofed to be the foul of Caefar, after 
 he was received into heaven, Sud. Caef. 
 88. On which account the mark of a 
 ftar was affixed to the head of the lla- 
 tue which Auguilus dedicated to Caefar 
 
 an the Forum, Plin, 2, 25. Domus 
 
 Julia^ the Julian family, Ovul. Faft. 4, 
 
 40. Julius partus, a harbour made 
 
 by Auguftus near Baiae, by letting in 
 the fea to the Lucrine lake, and the 
 lake Avernus, Suet. Jug. 16. ; whence 
 Virgil calls the water thus let in Jidia 
 jinda, G.2, 163. yuliatempla, the tem- 
 ple of Venus, built by Julius Caefar, 
 
 Qvld. Pont 4, 5, 21. lulhis, in 4 
 
 fyll. Tempus yule'is eras ejl naiaie Kalen- 
 d'iSf to-morrow will be the calends, or 
 
 !0 1 JUL 
 
 firil day of July, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 797. 
 Surgit luleo ju'venis cognomine digrtus, i. e. 
 Germanicus, Ovid. Pont. 2, 5, 49. Geri' 
 its luleae nomina fanSa fero, I bear the 
 facred name of Auguftus, I venerate his 
 divinity, ib. i, i, 46. Et tot Juleae no- 
 bili'atis avos, fc. 'videt, fees fo many an- 
 ceilors defcended from the noble race 
 of lulus, Id, Fajl. 5, 564. Ut fcilicet 
 olim magnus Juleos Caefar haheret avos^ 
 ib. 4, 124. Jctia Julaeae pelagus monU' 
 menta carinae, gf the fhips of Auguftus, 
 Propert. 4, 6, 17. Cujus luleae ca~ 
 piti nafcantur Glivae, on whofe head the 
 Julian olives grow, i. e. who is to be 
 crowned with olive by Caefar, i. e. by 
 Domitian, Martial 9, 36, 9. — Poffef- 
 five adj. Julian us ; JuUani, fc. militeSf 
 the foldiers of Caefar, Suet. Caef. 75. 
 Vedigalia JuUana, the taxes impofed 
 by. Julius Caefar, Cic. Phil. 13, 15. 
 
 JULIA, the daughter of Juhus 
 Caefar, by Cornelia, the daughter of 
 Cinna, Suet. Caef. i. married firft to 
 Servilius Caepio, whom her father o- 
 bliged her to divorce that (he might 
 marry Pomper, ib. 2 1 . The unfortu- 
 nate death of this amiable woman, 
 broke the connexion between her fa- 
 ther and hufband, ib. 26. et Paterc. 2, 
 47. ; and their difagreement foon after 
 gave rife to the civil wars, which ter- 
 minated in the extinftion of the liber- 
 ties of Rome ; hence Lucan, Tufola 
 furentem Inde 'virum poteras, atque hinc 
 
 rctirere parentem ; Morte tua difcuf- 
 
 fa Jldes, bellumque mover e Permiffum eji 
 ducihus, I, 125. i^Vid. Pompeius.) 
 ^ 2. The only daughter of Au- 
 guftus, Infamous for her lewdnefs, Tac. 
 Ann. I, s?>' (G. 244.) 
 
 JuLiANUs, {Titius vel Tertlus), a 
 lieutenant of Otho's, prefented with 
 confular ornaments for his bravery, 
 Tac. Hi/l* I, 79. He afterwards join- 
 ed the party of Vefpafian, ib. 2, 85. 
 et 4, 39, 2c 40. 
 
 Salvius Ju LI ANUS, a lawyer, who, 
 by the order of the emperor Adrian, 
 collected and arranged all the edlAs of 
 the praetors, and formed them into 
 one, called Edictum Perpetuum, 
 Eutrcp, 8, sj. 
 
 Didius 
 
JUL [211 
 
 Dldius Julian us, the grandfon or 
 great-grand foil oFthe former, a wealthy- 
 lawyer, who, after the mnrderof Com- 
 modus, bribed the praetorian cohorts 
 to make him e:nperor ; but he was 
 (lain In a fliort rime after, by order of 
 Sevenis his fucceiTor. Spartianus fays 
 that JuHan was emperor only two 
 months and five days, r. 9. Dio fays, 
 fixty-fix days, 73, 17. Eutropius 
 fays, feven months, 8, 17. So Victor, 
 Ep'tt. c. 19. who by miftake afcribes 
 the arrangeinent of the praetorian e- 
 Aidis to this JuUan, Je Caef. 19. 
 
 Jul I AN us, the fon of Conftantius, 
 the brother of Conftantine the Great, 
 who fucceeded liis coufin-german Con- 
 ftantius, the fon of Conftantine, in the 
 empire, a. u. 11 13. A. D. 361. — cal- 
 led the Apojlate, from his relinquifhing 
 Chriftianity, and reiloring the Pagan 
 worfliip. He perilhed in an expedi- 
 tion againft the Perfians, in which Eu- 
 tropius fays he was prefent, 10, 16. 
 (G. 249.) 
 
 JUNIA gem^ a patrician clan; 
 whence was defcended L. Junius Bru- 
 tus, who expelled Tarquin ; but the 
 Bruti who flouriflied towards the end 
 of the republic, were of plebeian ex- 
 traction, V'ld. Brutus. — Several of 
 the name of Junius are mentioned in 
 Cicero, Ver. i, 6, Jt &i. 50. N. D, 2, 
 3. Leg. 3, 20, &c. 
 
 JUNIA, the daughter of D. Ju- 
 nius Silanus, the ni^ce of Cato, the 
 half-fifter of Brutus, (FzV/. Servilia,) 
 and the wife of Calfius, who lived 
 fixty-four years after the battle of Phi- 
 lippi in great opulence, and died under 
 Tiberius, Tac. Ajin. 3, 76. 
 
 JUNO, -onis, the fifter and wife of 
 Jupiter, (Jut germana marliiy) Ovid. 
 Fail. 4, 17. called Saturn i a from her 
 father ; Reglna or Regia, as being 
 queen of the gods ; Pronuba, as be- 
 ing the goddefs of marriage ; Lu- 
 CINA, as prefiding over births, Slc. 
 (G. 359. ji. 275.) — put for a wife, 
 
 Rlaut. Caf. 2, 3, 14. Men/is Ju- 
 
 NONius, the month of June, facred 
 to Juno, Ovid, FaL 6, 61. called 
 
 ] J tr p 
 
 alfo jfunonale fempuT, ib. 63. ; j4vU 
 Junonia, the peacock, Ovid. Art. Am» 
 I, 627.; Junonia templa. Id. Trift. 2, 
 
 291. yunontcolae Falifcij worfliip- 
 
 pers of Juno, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 49. . 
 
 jfunonigenaj -ae^ m. Vulcan the fon of 
 Juno alone, without the participation 
 of Jupiter, Ovid. Met. 4, 173. (G. 
 
 365.) 
 
 JuPiTER, Jovis, the chief god 
 of the Greeks and Romans, (G 358, 
 &c. A. 275.) yet fometimes rcprefent- 
 ed by the poets as committing the 
 groffeft crimes, (G. 384, 391, 395, 
 &c.) Hence, A deo fenuerunt Jupiter et 
 Mars ? (fc. ut ftupra in montibus et 
 filvis perpttrare non poffmt,) jfuvenaL 
 6, 59. In gentral, however, he is de- 
 fcribed, as he ought to be, the friend 
 of virtue, and enemy of vice ; whence, 
 Sivivere cum Jove tendis, if you wifh to 
 pleale Jupiter by the integrity of your 
 life, Perf. 5, 139. — Jupiter was fup- 
 pofed to throw the thunderbolts and 
 lightning [ignis Jovis-, Virg. A. I, 
 42.) with his right hand, [rubente dex- 
 trdi Hor, Od. {, 2, 2. et 3, 3, 6.) 
 whence they are called his weapons, 
 [tela jfovis,) Lucan. 7, 197. ; and 
 Jupiter himfelf is called Ton an s, the 
 Thunderer, Ovid. Met. i, 170.2,466, 
 
 kc. Martial. 7, 59. 8, 39, &c 
 
 Pythagoras fuppofed the deity to be the 
 loul of the univerfe, Cic. N. D. i, 11. 
 So nearly the Stoics, {ipfum mundum^ 
 dtum ejfcy et ejus animi fiijionem univer- 
 fani,) ib. 15. Hence, Jupiter ej}^ quod- 
 cunque vides, quocunque moverisy Lucan. 
 9, 580. So Virgil, Jbvis omnia plena^ 
 E. 3, 60, 
 
 Jupiter Is often put for the air or 
 ficy, (Chryfippus difputat^ aether a ejfe 
 eum quern homines Jovem appellant^) Cic. 
 N. D. I, 15. Hence, Sub Jove fri* 
 gidof under the cold air, Hor. Od. i, 
 1, 25. ^ofubdioi Ib. 2, 3,23. Ju-> 
 piter humidus (al. uvidus) aujlris^ the 
 air moift with the fouth winds, Virg. 
 G. I, 418. So Madidus Jupiter , a 
 moift atmofphere. Martial. 7. 35. 
 Phirimus et laeto defcendet Jupiter imbri, 
 Y'ug. E. 7, 60. Et jam maturis mC" 
 D d 2 tmndus 
 
J UP [21 
 
 iuendus yup'ifer uvis, and Jupiter, or 
 the air, is to be feared, even when the 
 grapes are ripe, Id. G. 2, 419. Fre- 
 meret faeva qtium grandine vernus yupiter, 
 the air in fpring, Juvenal. 5, 79. Malus 
 yup'iter^ bad or inclement air, Hor. Qd, 
 1,22, 19. Terra non ind'tga Jovis, a coun- 
 try that does not need rain, i. e. Egypt, 
 Luc an. 8, 447. So Id. g, 436. — Jovis 
 ales, the bird of Jupiter, i. e. the 
 eagle, Virg. Aen. i, 594. called alfo 
 his armour bearer, i^. 5, 255. Jupiter 
 avisf i. e. Jupiter transformed into aa 
 
 eagle, P roper t. 2, 30, 30. Siygius 
 
 Jupiter, i. e. Pluto, /^/V^. ^f/z. 4, 638. 
 Nigri Jovis regiia, the infernal re^^ions, 
 Senec. Her, Oet, 13. {Fid. G. 359.) 
 
 Justin us, the epitomifer of the 
 hiftory of Trogus Pompeius, who is 
 thought to have lived under the An- 
 tonincs j but this is not certain. Juf- 
 tin's abridgment is ftill extant, in 
 forty-four books, entitled, HiJIoria- 
 rum Philipplcarurn et totius mundi Origi- 
 num et terrae Jit us ex "Trogo Pompelo ex- 
 cerptarurriy Libri XLIV. It feems that 
 Trogus called his work the Philippic 
 Hiilory, becaufe it treated chiefly con- 
 cerning the Macedonian empire found- 
 ed by Philip, or concerning Philip and 
 his fuccefTors. 
 
 JuTURNA, a Latin nymph, the fifter 
 of Turnus, violated by Jupiter, F'irg. 
 Jen. 12, 139, .^c. 
 
 Decimus Junius JUVENILIS, an 
 exceilent poet, born at Aquinum, 
 Juv. 3, 319. contemporary with Mar- 
 tial, who infcribed to him three of his 
 epigrams, 7, 23, & 90. et 12, 18. 
 Juvenal was at firft bred to the lludy 
 of eloquence, and he is thought not to 
 have applied to poetry .till late in life. 
 Sixteen of his fatires are Hill extant, 
 which many prefer to thofe of Horace ; 
 but they are written in a very different 
 flyle. It is faid that Juvenal, having 
 offended Paris, a pantomime player, 
 in great favour vvith I)omitian, was 
 banilhed at an advanced age to Egypt, 
 where he died. Suet, feu P rob. in vita ejus, 
 Qthers fuppofe that he returned after 
 the death of l^pnaitian, and wrote his 
 
 I 1 LAB 
 
 fifteenth fatire, on the religions dif- 
 ferences and fupcrftitions of Egypt ; 
 Fid. Pelopea. 
 
 JUVENTA, -ae, the l^me with 
 Hebe, the. goddefs of youth, Ovid. Potif, 
 1, 10, II. but oftener of the third de- 
 clenfion, Juventas, -atis, Hor. Od. 
 I, 30, 7.; Cic. Tuf. I, 26. Brut. 18, 
 Att. I, 18. ;. Liv. 5, 54. 21, 62. f/36, 
 ^6.', Plin. 29, 4 f. 14. 
 
 JuvENTius, the fu-ll plebeian that 
 was made curule edile, Cic. Plane, 
 24. 
 
 IX ION, 'Cnis, the fon of Phlegyas, 
 a king of Thcflaly, the father of the 
 Centaurs ; who having been admitted 
 by Jupiter to an entertainment of the 
 gods, attempted to violate Juno. On 
 this account he was ftruck with thun- 
 der to Tartarus, and by the order of 
 Jupiter tied with twifted fnakes, Serv, 
 ad Firg, G. 3, 38. to a wheel which 
 continually turns round, (G. 438.); 
 hence, Atque Ixionii vento rota conjiiiit 
 orhis, the whirling of Ixion's wheel 
 ilopt with its wind, or with the wind 
 that moved it, (al. cantu, at the fmg- 
 
 ing of Orpheus,) Firg.G. 4, 484. 
 
 IxIoNiDES, -ae, Perithous, the fon of 
 Ixlon, Propert. 2, I. 38.; Ovid^ Met^ 
 8, S^^' 
 
 Labdacus, the father of Laius, 
 and grandfather of Oedipus, king of 
 Thebes, Apollochr. 3, ^, l*', whence 
 Polynices, the fon of Oedipus, is cal- 
 led from his great-grandfather, Lab- 
 DACiDEs, -AE, Stat, Thch, 6, 451. 
 Labdacius dux, lb, 3, 418. Labda- 
 CIDAE, 'dru?n, m. the Thebans, ///. 
 10, 36. 
 
 Labeo, 'onis, a firname of the 
 Antijlii, /^fconii, Cethegi, &c. feid to> 
 have been given to fome one from his, 
 large lips, Plin. 1 1 , 37 f. 60. 
 
 M. Aniijlius LABEO, a celebrated 
 lawyer in the time of Augullus and 
 Tiberius, remarkable for his indepen^ 
 dent fpirit, {incorruptd libertate,) Tac. 
 Ann. 3 J 75. which he always expreiTed- 
 
 without 
 
LAB C 21 
 
 without regarding eitiier tlie fmiles or 
 frowns of the emperor, Suet, /lug- 54. ; 
 JD'tOf 54, 15. ; fomt'times^ however, as 
 his more obfequious rival Accius Capito 
 alleged, without prudence, (Sed agi- 
 tahatt inqult, hoynlnem libertas qumdam 
 tilmia aiq^ie Tecots,) Gell. 13, 12. ; 
 whence Horace ridicules him for his 
 infanity, [Laheone inJan'iDr inter Sanos 
 habeatur,) Sat. i, 3,82. et ibi Scoliaft. 
 Bentley thinks that Horace does not 
 here allude 10 Antiilius Labeo, but to 
 cue Labienus, mentioned by Seneca, 
 Contr. ^ pr. and that therefore we Ihould 
 lead Lab'ieno, Poffihly a different per- 
 
 fon of the name of Labeo is meant. 7- 
 
 Labeo feems to have retained the re- 
 publican principles of his father, who 
 fought at the battle of Philippi under 
 Brutus, and after their defeat, having 
 refolved not to furvive the lofs of pub- 
 lic liberty, ordered himfelf to be dif- 
 patched by one of his domcilics, whom 
 he enfranchifed, that he might not 
 fall by the hands of a flave, App'ian. 4, 
 p. 669. — Labeo never rofe higher than 
 the office of praetor, whereas Capito 
 was promoted to the confuifhip, Tac.ih, 
 Wc are told by Pomponius, that the 
 confulfliip for part of the year was of- 
 fered to Labeo, and rejected, Dige/I. 
 
 I, 2, 47. — Labeo is often mentioned 
 in the Digeil as an oracle of law. He 
 15 faid to have left behind him no Icfs 
 than 500 volumes on that fubjeft, 
 many of which were extant in the 
 time of JuHinian, ib, 
 
 Laberius, a Roman eques^ a com- 
 pofer of mimic performances or farces, 
 (miimts \t\ mlmographusy) dc. Fam. 7, 
 
 II. et 12, 18.; H^r, Sai, I, 10, 6. 
 At the games exhibited by Caefar, he 
 adled one ol his own plays, {mmium 
 
 Juvm egiii) Suet.Caef. 39. 
 
 T, \Attius. LABIeNUS, a tribune 
 ii] the time of Cicero's confulate, who 
 accufed C. Rabirius of trealon before 
 the people, for having many years be- 
 fore killed Saturninus, C'lc. RaLlr. 
 Perd. 1. — afterwards one of Caefar's 
 h'eutenants in Gaul, Caef. B. G. i, 
 21, &c. In the beginning of the civil 
 
 3 1 LAD 
 
 war he left Gaefar and joined Pompey» 
 Cic. An. 7, II, & 12.; on which ac- 
 count he was little refpeded, Ck. Att. 
 S, 2.. Hence, Fort is in annis Caefare.is 
 Labienus erat ; nunc transfuga 'vilis,- 
 Lucan. 5, 345. He efeaped from the 
 battle of Pharfalia, Cic. Fam. i, 32, 
 and was flain in the battle of Munda, 
 
 Hirt. Bell. Hifp. 31. -Labieniani 
 
 GciUiy Gauls ferving under Labienus, 
 Hirt. B. AJr. 29. 
 
 Labi'llus, a rich man at Rome, 
 whom Martial exeufes himfelf from at- 
 tending on as a client, 11, 25. and 
 complains that he wifned to be elteem- 
 ed liberal by giving contemptible pre- 
 fents. He therefore calls him, Opti^ 
 mus malorum, the moil munificerit of 
 miiers, 12, 36, 7. ; but compared with 
 generous patrons, Ultinms bonorum^ the 
 meanell or leaft munificent of the truly- 
 liberal, ib, V. 10. 
 
 LABycAS, -ae^ a beautiful youth. 
 Martial. 7, 86, 9. 
 
 Laches, -his,, a praetor of the A- 
 thenlans, Cic. Div, i, 54. 
 
 Lachesi-s, -isf one of the three 
 Parcae or fates, [G. 389.) who was 
 fuppofed to fpin the thread of human 
 life; whence, Dum fuperejl Lachcfi quod 
 torqueaty whiKt Lacheiis has fome thread 
 to fpin, i. e. whilil I have the appear- 
 ance of living for fome time, 'Ju'v. 3, 
 27. 
 
 L ACT AD a E,. thofe of the fame Curiae 
 (curialds) with Cimon at Athens, Cic, 
 Of. 2, iB f. 
 
 LAcyDES, "isi a phlloiopher of the 
 middle academy, the fcholar of Arce- 
 Silas, Cic. Acad, 4, 6. 
 
 Ladas, -aCi a rcrsarkable runner at 
 the Olympic games, A. ad Heren. 4, 3.; 
 the fwifteil of. his age, Paufan. 2, 19. 
 3,21.^/10, 23. ; yldd. Catuil. 55, 25, j 
 but faid to have been poor, Ju-venaL 
 
 13, 97. Habeas licet alteram pedem 
 
 Ladae, Inept e^ f^^ifira crure Hgneo curres^ 
 Suppole you liav? one foot, as fwift 
 as that of Ladafi, and the other of 
 wood, you will attempt to run in vain, 
 (fo you will as little get the character 
 o.f a poet by intermixing my verfes 
 
 with 
 
LAD 
 
 with your own.) Martial. lO, 
 
 r 
 
 100, 5. 
 
 ^id Ji per grac'iles vlas petauri Inv'ttum 
 jtibeas Subire Ladam ? What if you 
 fhould order Ladas agalnft his will td 
 mount the machine called Petaurusy 
 and become a rope-dancer ? (he would 
 fcorn fuch an exercife. So poets of 
 genius difdain to write verfes on trifling 
 fubjefts.) Martial. 2, 86, 7. 
 
 Lades-, -ae, the fon of Imbrafus 
 {^Lnhrasnhs,) a Lycian, one of the 
 companions of Aeneas ; flain by Tur- 
 nus, Virg,u4en. 12, 343. ^ 
 
 Ladon, -onls, a Trojan flain by 
 
 Halefus, Virg. Jen. 10, 413. f 2. 
 
 A failor on the Tiber, Martial. 10, 85. 
 
 ' 11 3' ^"^ of Actaeon's dogs, (al. 
 
 Lagon,) Ovid. Met. 3, 216. 
 
 M. Porcius LaeC'., an accomplice 
 in the confpiracy of Catihne, Sallujl, 
 17. in whofe houfe the confpirators 
 met, ih. 26. In Cicero, he is called 
 M. Lecca, Cic. Cat. I, 4. 
 
 Laelaps, -apis, (i. e. Tempejlas,^ 
 the name of the dog of Cephalus, Ovid. 
 Met, 7, 772. which his wife Procris 
 gave him in a prefent, having hetfelf 
 got him from Diana, ih. 753- ; fofwift 
 that no beail could efcape him, Hygin. 
 
 f. 389 ^ 2. One of the dogs of 
 
 A^laeon, ih. f. 181. 
 
 LAELltTS, the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 C. Laelius, the commander of the 
 Roman fleet in the fecond Punic war, 
 under Scipio, Liiu 26, 42. prefenced 
 with a golden crown and thirty oxen 
 for his bravery, ih. He was the chief 
 affiftant of ijcipio in all his exploits, 
 Un^. 27, 7. 29, 1,-15: H^ ^'^3 
 made conful with L. Scipio, the bro- 
 ther of Africanus, a. u, 563, Id. 36, 
 
 45.; Cic. Phil. II, 7. f 2. Ihc 
 
 Con of the former ; called Sapiens, on 
 account of his wifdom, Cic. Off. 2, II. 
 ct 3, 4, &c. ; the companion and friend 
 of Scipio Africanus, the younger ; 
 concerning whom Cicero fays many 
 things in his book on friendfliip, [De 
 Jmicitia,) which he infcribes with the 
 name of Laelius. — Horace celebrates 
 the gentlenefs and good fenfe of Lae- 
 lius, Sat. 2, I, 72% 
 
 214 1 LAI 
 
 Laenas, -atis, a firname of the ^^»j 
 Popilia ; firll given to M. Popilius, be- 
 caufe, when conful, being informed of 
 an infurrcdlion of the people againfl the 
 patricians, while engaged in a folema 
 facrifice, he rufhed out to the affembly, 
 clothed as he was with his facerdotal 
 robe, (laend), and quafhed the fedition, 
 Cic. Brut. 14. 
 
 Laenius. Vid. Lenius. 
 
 Laertes, -ae,, the fon of Acrifius, 
 or Arcefius, Ovid. Met. 1 3, 144. and fa- 
 ther of Uiyfles, (G. 453.) vvho is hence 
 called Laertiades, Ovid. Met. 13, 
 48.; Ltican. ad Pif. 6i. Laertius 
 herds, Ovid. Met. 13, r24. ; and Itha- 
 ca, his kingdom, Lae^tia rkgna, 
 Acn. 3, 273. 
 
 Laetus, a friend of Cicero's, who 
 had a houfe at Naples, Cic /Jtt. 4, 9. 
 
 Laevin'.'s, a firname of the Vak' 
 rii, Hor. Sat. I, 6, 2. 
 
 P. Valerius \ a :viNus, a conful who 
 fought againfl; Pyrrhus, and was de- 
 feated by him, {G. 231.) 
 
 M, Valerius 1 AEViN- s, a general 
 who performed many fignal exploits in 
 the fecond Punic war, Liv. 23, 24, 
 30, he. 24, 40, ^'c. He was created 
 conful in his abfence, Liv 26, 22. ; 
 and drove the Carthaginians out of all 
 Sicily, ih. 36. ; Ck. Verr. 3, 54. 
 
 Laevus CifpixiSy a lieutenant of Plan- 
 cus, Cic. Fam. 10, 18, & 20. 
 
 Lag us, the father of Ptolemy, the 
 general of Alexander, and the hrfl; of 
 the Macedonian kings in Egypt; hence 
 Cleopatra, in addrefling Caefar, lays, 
 Pharii proles clarjjjtma Lagi) — Complec- 
 tor regina pedes, L a queen, defcended 
 from Ptolemy the illuftrious fon of La- 
 gus, fall down at your feet, or fuppli- 
 cate your affiftance, Lucan. 10, 86. 
 So Regia Lagi) the royal feat of the 
 kings of Egypt, i. e. Alexandria, ih, 
 
 527. Lagea Proles y i. e. Arfmoe, 
 
 the younger filler of Cleopatra, ih. 522. 
 Ultima Lageae jlirpis proles ^ the laft of 
 the Ptolemies, Id. 8, 692. Lagea do' 
 musi the royal family of Egypt, put 
 for the Egyptians, Id. 10, 414. Do' 
 nata ejl regia Lagi, the kingdom, or 
 throne of Egypt, Id. $j 62* So Reg^ 
 
 num 
 
LAI in 
 
 num Lagtf Id. lo, 4. /^rva Lagi, the 
 country of Egypt, LI 8, 443. So Ru- 
 ra Lagi, ib. 8o2» Lageajuventusy the 
 Egyptians, Id. 10, 394. Lageus Ni- 
 lusf the Nile, the river of Efrypt, LI. 
 I, 684, So Amnis Lageus ^ Sil. i, 196. 
 Flumina LagU Id. 17, 596. 
 
 Lagus, one of the warriors of Tur- 
 nus, flain by Pallas, Virg. 10, 381, 
 &c. 
 
 Lais, -'idist a famous courtezan of 
 Corinth, Gelh i, 8. Multis Lais ama- 
 ta virisi Ovid. Am. 1,5, 12. ; admi- 
 red even by the philofopher Ariftippus, 
 Cic. Fam. 9, 26. 
 
 Lai"S, a king of Thebes, the fon 
 of Labdacus, and father of Oedipus, 
 (G. 429.) 
 
 Lalage, -esy the name of a girl ce- 
 lebrated by Horace, Od. i, 22, 23. 
 
 5f ^' ^ ^'^^y reproached for her 
 
 cruelty. Martial. 2, 66. 
 
 Lamachus, a general of the Athe- 
 nians in Sicily, flain before Syracufe, 
 Jujlm, 4, 4. 
 
 LAMIA, a firname of the Aelii, 
 faid to be derived from Lamus, an an- 
 cient king of the Laejlr'igones^ Hor. Od. 
 
 3, 17, I . ; vrho is fuppofed to have been 
 the fame with that mentioned by Ho- 
 mer, OdyJ". 10,81. Several illullrious 
 
 men of the family of the Lamiae are 
 mentioned, Cie, poji red. in Sen. 5. 
 Sext. 13, Fam. 12, 29, et II, 16, & 
 17. ; Hor. Od. i, 26, 8. Ep. I, 14, 6.; 
 
 Tac. Ann. 6, 27. Juvenal ufes La- 
 
 miae not only for thofe of that family, 
 but alfo for the chief nobility of Rome, 
 6, 385. Hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede ma- 
 denti. This, (viz. his becoming an ob- 
 jeft of terror to people of the mcaneft 
 rank), proved fatal to Domitian, reek- 
 ing with the blood oT the Lamiae, and 
 of the noble ft men in Rome, Juvenal. 4, 
 154.; Suet. Dom. I, & 10. — —Adj. 
 HoRTi Lamiani, the gardens of the 
 
 Lainiae, Cic. Att. 12,21. ^ 2. A 
 
 woman of Segefta \.\\ Sicdy, Cic. Verr. 
 
 4, 2f\ 
 
 Lampedo, 'o. Lampido, a Lace- 
 deraoTiiai! lady, who is fa id to have been 
 the only woman in any age that was a 
 
 5 1 LAO 
 
 king's daughter, a king's wife, and a 
 king's mother, Plin. 7, 41. She was 
 the daughter of Leotychidas, the wife 
 of Archidamus, and the mother of A- 
 gis, all of them kings of Sparta, Plato 
 in Alcihiade, 
 
 Lampetie, -fj, one of the fifters of 
 Phaethon, turned into a poplar tree, 
 Ovid. Met. 2, 349. 
 
 Lamus, a king of the Laejlrigones, 
 
 {Fid.L,AMiA.) 51 2. A fon of 
 
 Hercules by Omphale, queen of Ly- 
 dia ; whence he is called Lydus LamuSf 
 Ovid. Ep. 9, 54. 
 
 LaoCoON, -ontisy a Trojan, the 
 prieft of Neptune, who ftrongly advi- 
 fed his countrymen not to admit the 
 wooden image of a horfe, made by the 
 Greeks, into the city, and even fhot a 
 dart into its fide, Virg. Aen. 2, 41, &c. 
 In a Ihort time after, while he was fa- 
 crificing on the fiiore, two huge fnakes 
 having fwum from Tenedos, made 
 ftraight towards him, and firft devour- 
 ed the bodies of his two fons, (little 
 boys, who probably aflifted him in the 
 facrifice) ; then, while^he attempted to 
 afliU them, the ferpents folding round 
 his middle, difpatched him likewife. 
 The Trojans confidering this as a juft 
 punifhment on Lacc5on for his impie- 
 ty, in having violated the facred image, 
 carried the horfe filled with armed men 
 into the city, and placed it in the cita- 
 del. The armed men next night being 
 let out by Sinon, opened the gates, ad- 
 mitted their companions, and took the 
 town, Ib. 201, &c. 
 
 Laodamia, the wife of Protesila- 
 us, to whom the accounts of the death 
 of her hufband proved fatal, (G. 460.) 
 hence, Aut comes extinclo Laodamia viro, 
 
 Ovid.Tr. I, 5, 20. (G. 460.) ^ 2. 
 
 A daughter of Beilerophon, the mo- 
 ther of Sarpedon by Jupiier, according 
 to Homer ; but others make Europa 
 the mother of Sarpedon, Apoliodor. 3, 
 I, I. 
 
 LAOi>icE,or Laodoce, -es, one of the 
 
 daughters of Priam, Hygin. f. 90. • 
 
 5[ 2. A nymph beloved by Neptune, 
 Ovid.Fp, 19, lis- 
 
 Lao- 
 
LAP [21 
 
 Laodamas, -antisi a fon of Alcf- 
 nous, who challenged UJyfles to con- 
 tend with him in boxing, Homer. Od. 
 8, 130, &c. 
 
 IjAOmldon, -OW//J-, a king of Troy, 
 (G. 187,372,399.) the father of Pn- 
 am ; who is hence called, Ljomeijoj^' 
 TTABE~?j Jwoenal. 6, 325. ace. Laome- 
 dontiaden Pr'uimumy Virg. A en. R, i ^8, 
 & 162. L^OMEDONTiADAE, the Tro- 
 jans, defcendants of Laoniedon, by way 
 of reproach, tb. 3, '248. — LAOMznoN- 
 rws HERoSy Aeness, ii>. iS. Laome- 
 elontiapuhes, the Trojan yoiitli, tb. 7,10^. 
 Laomtdordeae luhnus perjuria '7'rojae, we 
 have atoned for the perjury of Troy, 
 buitt or pofieffed by Laomedon, (Avho 
 defrauded Neptune and Apollo of the 
 h*re which he promifed them, for af- 
 iifling him to build t!ie walls of Trov), 
 Firg. G. I, 502. (Fid G. 372.) Paf. 
 tor LaomedonfeuSf i. e. Parif, Sid 7, 
 437. Urbs Laomedonteay Rome, Id. 
 
 L.APPA, 'v'uL R.USRENUS. 
 
 Lak., Lars, V. Lartesy -isy a name 
 common to the kings of Etriiria, which 
 fecms to h'ive denoted their rank or 
 dignity, Liv. 2, 9. ef 4, 17. ; Cic. 
 Phil. 9, 9. 
 
 Lara, a nymph of the^Tyber, {nviv- 
 fha Tlberlnis, -7dfSj vel Naisy -idis), 
 fuppofed to be the daughter of the ri- 
 ver Almo, deprived of her tongue by 
 Jupiter, for having told of his amoors 
 to Juno. The mother of the La- 
 res by Mercury, O'vid. F'ljl. 2, 599, 
 &c. called alfo Larunda, Varr. L. L. 
 4, ro. ; Laclant. i, 20, 35. Her ori- 
 ginal name was Lala, from her loqua- 
 city, (>^>fy, hqv.or), Ovid. ib. 
 
 Largus, or Largius, a firname of 
 the Scrihorniy Cic. Or. 2, 59. ; Fam. 6, 
 
 8 -«[ 2. A Latin poet, who wrote 
 
 a poem on the arrival ot Antenor in 
 Italy, Galiica qu\ Phry^iwn duxit in ar- 
 va feneniy who led the Trojan old man, 
 i. e. Antenor, into the country, of G:iul, 
 i. e. dcfcribcd his voyage from Phry- 
 gia, and his fettlement in that part of 
 Cifalpine Gaul where Pataviurn or Pa- 
 dua was built, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16, 17. 
 
 6 J L A T 
 
 LarTdfs, -m, or Larldiis, ?. Volf- 
 cian or Rutulianf the fon of Daucu?, 
 and twin-brother of Thymber, to whom 
 h^- was very like. [Daucia Larlde 
 Thymherque, JinnlUma pfbles.)' He 
 had his rigiit hand cut off by Pallas, 
 yirg. uicn. \o>, 390, &c. 
 
 Larina, an Italian virgin that at- 
 tended Camilla to the war againft Ae- 
 neas, Virg. Aen. 11,655. 
 
 Lartidius, a name of reproach, u- 
 fed by Cicero to denote a fraudulent 
 agent ; fignifying, according to fome, 
 as cunning as Ulyffes, the fon of Laer- 
 tes ; according to others, the name is 
 taken from fome noted knave or thief, 
 Cic. Att. 7, 1. 
 
 M. LATERENSIS, a friend of 
 Cicero's, who would not fland candi- 
 date for the oiSce of tribune of the 
 commons, that he might not be obli- 
 ged to fwear to fupport the Agrarian 
 law of Caefar, [ne juraret in Caefarii 
 legem Agrariam)y Cic. Att. 2, 18. Be- 
 ing repulfed in his application for the 
 aedileiliip, he accufed his fuccefsful 
 competitor Plancius of bribery, Cic. 
 Plane, f . Pie was praetor in the con- 
 fuliTiip of Marcellus and Paulus, Cic, 
 P'anu 8, 8. Pie was afterwards the lieu- 
 tenant of Lepidus, and laid violent 
 hands on hirnfelf, when Lepidus dtfert- 
 ed the republican party, and joined 
 Antony, Cic. Fam. ic, 2i, & 23. Ci- 
 cero extols bis honour and attachment 
 to his country,, ib. et Vat. 1 1. 
 
 Ijateranus, a noble Roman, put 
 to death by the command of Nero. He 
 fubmiited to his fate with wonderful 
 fortitude, Tac.Ann. 15,49, & 60. His 
 houfe, ( Lateranae aedes), was fuddenly 
 befet by a cohort of armed men, and 
 b.e was fo quickly difpatched, that he 
 was not permitted to embrace his chil- 
 dren, ib. ei jfuvenal. 10, 17.; Arrian. 
 I, r. A magnificent houfe in Rome 
 ilill retains the nam.e of this family. 
 
 Lat?nus, the fon of Faun us and 
 Marica, a Laurentlan nym.ph ; king of 
 Latium, when Aeneas arrived in that 
 country, Virg. A.n, 7, 45, &c. ; Liv. 
 
 i n. 
 
 19 
 
 luKTHsVi 
 
L A T [2 
 
 Latinus Syhiins, one of the kings 
 of Alba, by whom ftveral colonies were 
 planted, called the ancient Latins, 
 (Prifc'i LatiniJ, Liv. I, 3. 
 
 Latinus, a lieutenant of Calvifius, 
 the governor of Africa, C'tc. Fam. 12, 
 
 Latinius LatiariSj a man of prae- 
 torian rank, who, to gratify Sejanus, 
 by the bafeft treachery, procured the 
 de(lru£lion of Sabinns, the friend of 
 German icus, Tac. Ann, 4, 68, &c. 
 After the fall of Sejanus, he met with 
 the juft punilhment of his guilt, ih. 6, 
 
 4- 
 
 Latinius PancluSf the pro-praetor 
 of Moefm, Tac. Ann. 2, 66. 
 
 LAT6NA, the mother of A^pollo 
 and Diana by Jupiter, (G. 365.) ; 
 whence they are called Latonae duplex 
 genus, Virg. Aen. J2, ig8. Duo Lato- 
 nigenae^ Ovid. Met. 6, 160. Apollo is 
 called Latoides, -ae, .9/^/. Theh. i, 
 ^(i'^. Latous, Omd. Met. 6, 384. 
 voc. Latocy Herat. Od. I, 31, 18. Piier 
 Latonae^ ib. 4, 6, 37. Latonae fJ'ius, 
 Tibuil. 3,4, 72. Latenia proles, Ovid. 
 Met. 8, 15. Trift. 5, I, 57. Latonia 
 
 vel Latomjlirbs, Id. Triil. 3,2, 3. — 
 
 Diana is called Latonia, Virg. Acn. 9, 
 405. ; Ovid. Met. i, 696. et 8, 394. ; 
 Stat. Theb. 9, 679. Latdia, Ovid. 
 Met. 8, 541. Latoisy -uiis, v. -ulos. Id. 
 Ep. 21, 153. — Latoulos arae, the al- 
 tars of Diana, O-v'id. Met. 8, 278. Ca- 
 laureae Lato'idos arva, the fields of Ca- 
 laurea, an ifland facred to Latoi.ia, 0- 
 iiid. Met. 7, 384. Latdae arae, the al- 
 tars of Latona, Id. 6, 274. — Delos 
 Latonia, the ifland Delos, in which 
 Latona brought forth Apollo and Dia- 
 na, Virg. G. 3, 6. ; On)] a. in Ihtde, 479. 
 
 L-VEiiNA, the goddefs of thieves 
 and fraudulent perfons, Hor.Ep. 1,16, 
 60. ; Plant. Aul. 2. 3, 31. 
 
 Lavinia, the daughter of king La- 
 tinus aitd Amata, and the wife of Ae- 
 neas, (G. 190.) 
 
 Laurenti , the wife of Fauftulus, 
 and nurfe of Romulus and Remus, 
 '. jLf-u. 1 , 4. Fid. Ace A. 
 
 Lausus, the fon of Mezentius, llain 
 
 17 1 L E K 
 
 by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 10, 8t4,-^-*-*« 
 f 2. The fon of Numitor, and brother 
 of Ilia, (lain by his uncle Amulius, 0- 
 'vid. Fajl. 4, ^^, 
 
 Leander, W Leandrus, -driy a 
 native of Abydos, (Ahydenus), famous 
 for his love for Hero of Sellos, whom 
 he ufed to fwim over the Hellefpont 
 in the night-time to vifit, and to re- 
 turn before morning, till in a ftormy 
 night he was drowned, (G. 349.); 
 hence Hellespontus Leandrius, 
 i.e. in quo Leander periit, Sil. 8, 622. 
 
 Le arc HUB, the fon of Athamas and 
 Ino, whom his father, being fcized with 
 a fudden madnefs, killed, (G. 427.); 
 hance Learcheae umbrae, the fhade Or 
 ghoft of Learchus, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 491. 
 
 Lecca. Vid. Laeca. 
 
 LEDA, the wife of Tyndarus, the 
 fon of Oebalus, king of Lacedaemon, 
 who is faid in fable to have laid two 
 eggs, from the one of which were pro- 
 duced Pollux and Helena by Jupiter, 
 who had come to Leda in the form of a 
 fv/an ; and from the other Cailor and 
 Clytaemneftra, by Tyndarus, (G. 41 1.); 
 whence Bii Ledaei, Cailor and Pollux, 
 Ovid. Fajl. 1,706. So Fratres Ledaei, 
 Id ad Liv. 283. etS'il. 15,23. Ledaea 
 Helena, the daughter of Leda, Virg. 
 Acn. 7, 364 alfo Ledaea Hennione, the 
 daughter of Helena, and grand-daugh- 
 ter of Leda, ih. 3, 328. 
 
 Lelex, -'egisy a native of Naryx, 
 {^Narycius), one of thofc who afTembled 
 to deftroy the wild boar of Calydon, 
 Ovid. Mtt. 8, 312 ^-5[ 2. An inha- 
 bitant of Troezen, [Troezenius heros), 
 the companion of Thereus, Ovid. Met. 
 8, 566. a man of experience a.d good. 
 
 fenfe, ib. 617. 5[ 3. An E^^yptian 
 
 that fettk^d at Meg^xra, from wi'om the 
 Lcleges are fuppolcd to have derived 
 their name, Pau/an.^, i. (See Geogr. 
 Index.) 
 
 LtNArus, a name of Bacchus, (a 
 A>'v-'f, torcular, a vine-prefs), Ovid. Met. 
 4, 14. whence Lena .Us honor, wine, 
 Vir^. Aen. 4, 301. So Leuaei latices. 
 
 Id. G. 3, 510. «1 2. A king of Pon- 
 
 E e tJJs, 
 
L E N [2 
 
 tus, TvVio Is faid to have been left naked 
 on the ifland of Leuce, ( Achillea humo)^ 
 Ovid, in Ibide, 331. ^V'td. G.448.) 
 
 G. b' AT. Len n W L a - n 1 1, two bro- 
 thers, who entertained Cicero at Brun- 
 dufium, notvvithilanding the threats of 
 Clodius, Cic.Fam. 13, 63. Ait. ^, 20, 
 & 21. Plane. 41. Sext. 63. One of 
 thefe (Marcus) is thought to be the 
 perfon who is faid firft to have invented 
 an aviary at Brundurmm, I' arr. R. R. 
 3, 5, 8. Pliny calls him M. Laenius 
 Strabo, [al. Laelius), 10, 50 f. 72. 
 
 L'-NTiDi'. s, one of the agents of 
 Clodius, Cic. Dom. 33. Sext. 37. 
 
 L:.NTO Caefcnius, one of itv&n em- 
 ployed by Antony to command in part 
 of Etruria ; hence Cicero fpeaks of his 
 feptemviral authority, PhiL 12,9. 
 
 LENTuLUS, the hrname of a 
 noble family of the Gens Cornelia^ deri- 
 ved from fome one who excelled in rai- 
 fing that kind of pulfe called icntiles, 
 
 Plh, iS, 3. Lentulitas, -Jt/V, f. 
 
 a word ufed jocularly by Cicero to de- 
 note the nobility of the Leniuli, Fam. 
 
 L. Cornelius Lentulus, conful, 
 a. 427, Llv. 8, 22. appointed to com- 
 mand againft the Samniteb, ib. 23. As 
 he could not leave the army, and bis col- 
 league alfo was abfent from Roine, he 
 named a didlator in the camp to hold the 
 comltia for eleftmg new magiilrates, ib, 
 "When the Roman army v/as furrow nd- 
 ed by the Samnites at Caudium, Len- 
 tulus, who then ferved as a lieutenant, 
 was fent on an embaffy to Pontius, the 
 general of the Samnites, and upon his 
 return advifed the confuls to accept the 
 terms prefcribed, Liv, 9, 4. 
 
 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, a military 
 tribune, who, in his flight from the 
 battle of Cannae, obfcrving the conful 
 Paulus Aemihus fitting on a Hone co- 
 vered with blood, in confequence of 
 his wounds, offered him his horfe, 
 which that great man refufed, char- 
 n-ing Lentulus to baften his elcape, and 
 tell the fenacors to make proper prepa- 
 rations for the defence of the city be- 
 fore the approach of the enemy, Liij. 
 
 4 
 
 18 ]. L E N 
 
 22, 49. Lentulus was quaeftor to T» 
 Gracchus, and after his death com- 
 manded the army, Liv. 25, 17, & 19. 
 — In the confulihip of Lentulus, a. 5 53, 
 peace was concluded with the Cartha- 
 ginians, Liv. 30, 44. Lentulus was 
 defirous of having the province of A- 
 frica •, and the fear of being fupplanted 
 by a fuccelTor made Scipio grant the 
 Carthaginians more favourable terms, 
 ib. The province of Hither Spain was 
 given to Lentulus, Id. 31, 50. where, 
 by his exploits, he obtained the ho- 
 nour of an ovation, Id. 3^, 27. 
 
 L. Cornelius LENTULUS, a Ro- 
 man $^eneral, to whom, in conjunction 
 with L. Manlius, Scipio entrufted the 
 command of the army when he left 
 Spain, Liv. 28, 38. Here Lentulus 
 behaved fo well, tb. 29, 2, & 3. that he 
 was .created curule aedile, in his ab- 
 fence, with Cn. Lentulus, ib. 1 1. and 
 continued in his command, ib. 13. Up- 
 on his return to Rome he aflced a tri- 
 umph, which was refufed him, becaufe 
 he had never been conful, having com- 
 m.andcd with only the title of proconful. 
 He was, however, permitted to enter 
 the city m an ovation, 31, 20. He 
 was made confjl, a. ^^^, ib. 49. but 
 performed nothing memorable in that 
 office, ib. 32, 7, 8, & 9. 
 
 P. Cornelius LENTULUS, prince 
 of the fenate, who received a danger- 
 ous wound while he affifted Opimius 
 the conful in attacking C. Gracchus 
 and Fulvius Flaccus on the Aventine 
 hill, Cic. PhiL 8, 4. Cat. 4, 6. He af- 
 terwards became fo odious that he was 
 obliged to leave the city. He retired 
 on what was called libera legatio to Si- 
 cily, where he died, Val. Max. 5, 3, 2, 
 ^ 2. The grandfon of the for- 
 mer, Cic. ib. ; Dio, 46, 20. firnamed 
 Su:;a, ( Fid. Plutarch, in Cic, p. 868.), 
 conful a. 682, afterwards expelled from 
 the fenate, (as it is thought by the 
 cenfors Cn. Lentulus and L. Gellius}, 
 on account of his diffolute morals ; — - 
 made praetor a. 690, that thas he 
 might regain his fenatorian dignity, 
 ^iOj 37, 3 O.J Plutarch, ib. ( Vid. A. 7.) 
 
 Having 
 
L E N [2 
 
 Having engaged in the confplracy of 
 Catiline, and being detcfted by the e- 
 vidence of T. Volturcius and the Allo- 
 broges, he was put to death, with fe- 
 veral of his alFociates, [Vid. CictRO, 
 /. 107, &c.) 
 
 P. LENTULUS Splnther, curule 
 aedile in tlie conlulfliip of Cictro, who 
 exceeded all that had been before him 
 in the magnificence of his games, Cic. 
 Off. 2, 16. When conful, a. d^jd^ he 
 ftrenuouily promoted the rclloration of 
 Cicero, for which Cicero often expref- 
 fes his gratitude in the llrongell terms; 
 thus, P, Leniuliis confuU parens^ deus 
 falulls nqjlraey vitae^ fortunae, ^c, Cic. 
 poft red. ad Quir. 5. in Sen. 4. &c. 
 i3o Fam. I, I, ^vC, LentuUis, after his 
 confuhhip, obtained the province of 
 Cilicia, and wiflied to be commiffioned 
 to reltore king Ptolemy, but was dif- 
 appointed, (ivV/. Ciccro, />. 113.) He 
 periflied in the civil war, Cic, Fam. 6, 
 21. — He left a fon of the fame name, 
 who, after the death of Caefar, per- 
 formed fome exploits in Afia, which 
 he himfeif enumerates in two letters 
 iliil extant, Cic. Fam. 12, 14, & 15. 
 
 Leo, -onis, the name of feveral em- 
 perors of Conftantinople, (C. 478.) 
 
 Le DC HA RES, -isf a notcd engraver, 
 Plin. 34, 8. 
 
 Lc:ON, -onisy the chief man of Phlius, 
 {^Phliafiorum princeps)^ to whom Pytha- 
 goras explained the reafon of his affu- 
 ming the name of philofopher, Cic. 
 
 fujc. 5, 3.- % 2. A native of Mega- 
 
 ra, [Mcgarenjis), Cic. Verr. 5, 6. 
 
 Leonatus, one of the generals of 
 Alexander, Nep. 18, 2. 
 
 LEONiDAS, -ae, a king of Spar- 
 ta, who, with a fmall body of men at 
 Thermopylae, bravely oppofed the 
 ■whole Perfian army under Xerxes; and 
 at lall being furrounded through the 
 treachery of a ThefTalian, he and his 
 men nobly devoted their lives for their 
 
 country, ( G. 3 1 1 , & 465.) ^ 2. A 
 
 native of Lilybaeum, Cic. Verr. 5, 5. 
 
 Leon IDES, -ae, a chijf man at A- 
 thens, who wrote to Cicero a favour- 
 able account concerning his fon, Cic, 
 
 19 1 LEU 
 
 Fam. 15, 21. Att. 15, 16, 3c 18. 16, 
 16. 
 
 Leontium, an Epicurean courte- 
 zan, who wrote a book againfl: Theo- 
 phraftus, Cic. N. D. I, 33. 
 
 L^.ONTius, a famous engraver, Plin* 
 34,8. 
 
 Leotychides, -/V, a king of La- 
 cedaemon, who commanded the Lace- 
 demonian flea at the battle of Mycale, 
 in which the Perfian fleet was deftroy- 
 ed, (G. 466.) 
 
 Lepidus, a firname of the Aemillu 
 
 M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, the trium- 
 vir with Antony and Auguftus, (G. 
 242.), Cic. Phil. 5, 14, & 15. Fam. 10, 
 20. ei 12, 10. He mariied one of the 
 fifl:ers of Brutus, and Caflius another ; 
 whence Cicero, writing to Cafiius, calls 
 Lepidus his relation, (inus neceffarius) y 
 Fam. 12, 2. [affnisy ib. 8.). After 
 the death of Caefar, the fon of Lepi- 
 dus married one of Antony's daugh- 
 ters, with which connection Lepidus 
 was much pleafed, [ajinitate ro'vd deleC' 
 tatur), ib. et Dio, 44, 33. [Fid. An- 
 TONIUS ei OCTAVIUS.) 
 
 Lh PI LI us, the courier [tahellarius) 
 of L. Metellus in Sicily, Cic* Verr, 
 2, 26. 
 
 ^ LcpTA, the commander of the 
 artificers or captain of artillery (preie- 
 feSus fahrttm) to Cicero m Cilicia, Cic. 
 
 Fam. 3, 7. 1[[ 2. The fon of the 
 
 former, Cic. ib. 6, 1 8, 
 
 Leptines, -is, an Athenian, a- 
 galnll whom Demofthenes delivered an 
 
 oration, Cic. Or. 3 f. ^ 2. The per- 
 
 fon who affafTmated Cn. Octavius, 
 when fent as ambaffador to Antiochus, 
 Cic. Phil. 9, 7. 
 
 Lepus, -oris, the hare, the name of 
 a conffellation, Cic.N.D. 2,44.; Cohi- 
 mel. 11,2. 
 
 Leucaepis, -uiis, ace. Leucajpim, 
 one of Aeneas's companions, loll in a 
 florm, Firg Aen. 6, 334. 
 
 LEUCIPPUS, the mailer of Demo- 
 
 critus, and auth*. 
 
 the doArine of 
 Ke thought 
 
 atoms, Cic. N. D. i, 24 
 
 that all things were produced from a 
 
 pknum and a vacuum^ Cic. Acjad. 4, 37. 
 
 E e 2 LEiJ^irrus, 
 
LEU [220 
 
 Leucipphs, the fon of Perieres and 
 Gor^oplione the daughter of Perfeus, 
 the brother of Tyndarus, JpoIIodor. i, 
 9, 5. one of the Argonauts, Gv'id. Met. 
 8, 306. the father of Phoebe and Elaira, 
 who are hence called Leucippides, 
 Ov'id. Ep. 16, 327. fing. Leucippis Phoe- 
 be, Propert. i, 2, 15. They were be- 
 trothed to two brothers, Lynceus and 
 Idas, and carried oflP by Caftor and 
 Pollux on the day of their marriage, 
 Uygin.f. 80. 5 Omd, Fajl. 5, 699, &c. 
 
 (G.412.) 
 
 Leitcon, faid to be the brother of 
 one Spartacus, a king of Pontus, whofe 
 wife he feduced, and then flew the king, 
 hoping thus to poffefs the crown ; but 
 the king's wife killed him in revenge, 
 Ovid, in Ihin. 309.' ^ 2. One of 
 
 A^^aeon*s dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 218. 
 
 Lelconoe, -es^ 3. woman whom 
 Horace dilTuades from confulting aftro- 
 
 logers, Od. I, i r. ^| 2. A nymph 
 
 who recounts the amours of Sol, Ovid. 
 M^t.4., 168. 
 
 LtucoTHEA vel Leucothoe, -fj, 
 the name given to Ino by the Greeks 
 after ihe was converted into a fea-god- 
 defs, Cic. N. D. 3, 15. Tufc. I, 12 f. ; 
 Ovid. Met. 4, 542. 
 
 Leucqthoe, -es, a virgin beloved 
 \>y So J, Ovid. Met. 4, 196, [G. 373.) 
 
 LIBER, -eriy a name of Bacchus, 
 {G. 382.), becaufe, as commentators 
 fay, wine frees (iiberat) the mind from 
 cares, yocofi mun^ra Liberi, the gifts of 
 merry or joyous Bacchus, i. e, wine, 
 Hor. Od.'^y l^t 26. Modici tranfdire 
 iniinera Liheri, to exceed a moderate 
 ufe of the gifts of Bacchus, i. t. to 
 drink to exccfs, /i^. i, 18, 7. :.lne Cere- 
 re et Libera frig^tt Venusy without bread 
 and wine love grows cold, Ttr. Eun, 4, 
 
 Libera, a name given to Ariadne 
 by Bacchus when he married her, 
 
 Ovid. Fajl. 3, 512.-- Cicero fpeaks of 
 
 Liber and Libera^ the children of Ceres, 
 whom the Romans worfnipped W'ith 
 great veneration, Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 
 Here Lieer denotes Triptolemus, the 
 fp^Ypyrite 0^ Ceres 5 and LiberAj Prc^ 
 
 ] LIB 
 
 ferpine, her daughter ; both of whom 
 were worfhipped under thefe names at 
 Enna in Sicily; whence the Romans 
 feem to have derived the worfhip of 
 Ceres and of her children, Cic. Verr. 
 4, 49, & 53. Hence we find the temple 
 of Ceres joined with that of Liber and 
 Libera, Liv. 3, 55. ^^ 41, 28. Three 
 brazen ftatues erected to them out of 
 the money arifing from tines, [ex argento 
 nndtaiitiOy) Liv. 33, 25. 
 
 Lib ERA LI A, -iumy et -iorum, a fefti- 
 val in honour of Bacchus, celebrated on 
 the 1 6th of March, (xvi. KaL Jpril.) 
 on which day young men ufed to af- 
 fume the Toga virilis, Cic. Att. 6, i. 
 
 LiBERTAs, -a/is, Liberty, worfliip- 
 ped as a gcddefs at Rome, Liv. 24, 16.; 
 Cic. Dam. 35.; Ovid. Trifl. 3, i, 72. 
 
 LIBITiNA, the goddefs of fune- 
 rals ; hence Libitinam vitare, Hor. Od. 
 3, 3, 7. Evadere Libitinam, to efcape 
 death, jfuvenal. 12, 122. Miraturque 
 nihil, niji quod Libitina facravit, admires 
 no work, unlefs the author has been 
 longfince dead, Hor. Ep. 2, 1,49. — In 
 the temple of Libitina the things re- 
 quifite- for funerals were fold, Plutarch^ 
 ^uaeji. Rom. 23. A certain coin alfo 
 was paid for every one that was buried, 
 according to the inftitution of Servius 
 Tullius, Dionys, 4, 15. and an account . 
 (ratio) kept of thofe who died ; thus, 
 jiutu'innufque gravis, Lihitinae qiiaejlns a- 
 cerbae, iickly autumn, the gain of cruel 
 Libitina, Hor. Sat. 2, 6, 19. i. e. of 
 thofe who took care of funerals, [qui 
 funera exercehant, Val. Max. 5, 2, 10.) 
 and attended in the temple of Libitina, 
 hence called Libitinarii, Senec. Bcncf. 
 6, 38. ^o Phaedrus fpeaking of a mi- 
 fer fays, J^/i circumcidis omnern impen- 
 fam funeris Libitina (i.e. Libitinarii) 
 ne quid de tuo (i. e. de tua re) faciat lu- 
 crum, lib. 4, fab. 19, 21. Pejlilentia uniiis 
 autumni, qua triginta funerum millia in ra- 
 tionem Libitinae venerunt, 30,000 people 
 died, as appeared by the account-books 
 of the temple of Libitina, Suet. Ner. 
 39. Pejlilentia in urh taniafuit, ut Libi- 
 tina tunc vixfiifficeret, that the temple of 
 Libitina coiiid fcarcely fupply what 
 
L I R C ill 
 
 was neceflary to bury the dead, Llv. 40. 
 19. (for in the temple of Libitina all 
 things reqiiilite for funerals were fold, 
 Plutarch, ^latj}. Rom, 23.) Eoritm (fc. 
 fervorum)j/?/-rt^'-^j- per omnes inas infepul- 
 torum erat : Ne I'lherorum quukm funsri- 
 biis LihiUnaJiiJfic'iehaty the temple of Li- 
 bitina could not afford a fuffieient 
 number of perfons to bury the free ci- 
 tizens, Lin). 41, 21. Libitina is 
 
 fomctimes put for a coffin or funeral 
 pile ; thus Una duos tit Libitina feiat, 
 tiiat one funeral couch or cofiin may 
 carry both, Martial. 8, 43, 4. Dinn 
 levis arfurajlriiitur Libitina papiro, while 
 the funeral pile is ratfed with paplrus, 
 ready to be burnt, Martial. 10, 97, [. 
 LiBO, 'onis^ a lirname of the Scri- 
 honii. — Futeal Libonis, vel Scribonianum, 
 a place in the forum, near which the 
 praetor fat, ( Vid. R. Ant. p. 247.) 
 
 L. LiBO, a writer of annals, Cic, 
 Att. 13, 31, & 32. 
 
 Lie HAS, -ae, the fervant of Hercu- 
 les, who brought to him from Dejani- 
 ra the empoifoned robe, which proved 
 fatal to that hero. Hercules in his 
 rage threw Lichas into the fea. Li- 
 chas is faid to have been converted in- 
 to a rock of the fame name in the Eu- 
 bean fea, Ovid. Met. 9, 155, — 229.; 
 Hygin.fi.', {G. 402.) 
 
 LICINIUS, the name of a nume- 
 rous gefis or clan am.ong the Romans, 
 comprehending many branches or fa- 
 miliae ; as, the Crojfi, LticuUi, Murenae^ 
 Nervae, Stolones, Sec. — Hence Atria 
 Licinia, courts or hall? built by L. Uv- 
 cinius CralTiis, when aediie, for holding 
 auftions or the like, Cic. ^dnt. 3. ; 
 I/icinia oliva, a kind of olive cultivated 
 by one Licinius, Col. 12, 49, & 52. 
 called alfo oka Liciniana, Cato, R. R. 6. 
 So Donius Liciniana, the houfe of Lici- 
 nius, Cic. i^ Fr, 2, 3. — Horace in- 
 fcribes the tenth ode of the ftcond book 
 to Licinius Varro Murena, the brother 
 of Tcrentia, the wife of Maecenas. 
 £go pcjf.deo plus Licinis, I am richer 
 than the Licini, i. e. than Licinius 
 Craffu?, called Dives on account of hij 
 riches, juvetml. i, 109. So Praedives 
 Llchus, for any rieh man, Id, 14. 306, 
 
 3 L 1 G 
 
 C. LICINIUS Cahus Stolo, a ple- 
 beian, married to the younger daughter 
 of M. Fabius Ambuilus, a patrician, 
 Liv. 6, 34. Moved by the chagrin of 
 his' wife at finding herfelf married to a 
 man who could not enjoy the fame 
 honours with her filler's hiifband, he 
 got himfelf elected tribune ; and, in 
 conjundion with L. Sextius, propofed 
 laws againft the power of the nobility, 
 and lor the advantage of the commons; 
 particularly, " That no one Pnould 
 polfefs more than 500 acres of land, 
 and that one of the confuls fiiou'd be 
 a plebeian.'* Thefe laws being vio- 
 lently oppofed by the patricians, Lici- 
 nius and Sextius got themfelves to be 
 fucceffively re-elecled tribunes for five 
 years, and during all that time hinder- 
 ed patrician magiftrates from being 
 created, ib. 35. till at laft, after vio- 
 lent ftruggles, they got their laws paff- 
 ed, a. u. 388, Ib. 42. Sextius was the 
 firll plebeian created conful, Liv. 7, I. 
 and in the year following Licinius was 
 the next, ib. A few years after, Lici- 
 nius being profecuted by M. Popilius 
 Laenas, a tribune, by his own law, was 
 fined in 10,000 ajfes, becaufe, with his 
 fon, he pofleiTcd a thouiand acres of 
 land, and by emancipating his fon, had 
 eluded the law, (fvaudem legi fccijfet,) 
 ib. 16. 
 
 Macer Licinius, an ancient Roman 
 hiftorian, Liv. 4, 23. 
 
 LiGARius, the name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 LIGARII fratrcs, three brothers ; 
 one of whom, called ^lintus, Tided with 
 Pompey, the other tV\'o with Caefar, 
 The two brothers had nearly prevailed 
 in procuring the pardon of Quintus, 
 but were prevented by one Tubero, 
 who inltigated Caefar againll him. 
 Cicero made an oration in his defence, 
 with fuch effeA, that he is faid, by 
 Plutarch, to have made Caefar, who 
 fat as judge, tremble, and to have ex- 
 torted from him a pardon againft his 
 will. Ligarius was afterwards one of 
 the confpirators againll Caefar. Plu' 
 tarch. in Caejarc, Cic, pro Lig. t, II, 
 ^ 12. — -*-LiGAHiANA, fc. oratio, the 
 
 oration 
 
L I G [2 
 
 ©ration for Ligarius, Cic, Atl. 13, 12, 
 19, 20, & 44. 
 
 LiGUR, V. L'tgus, 'urh, a firname 
 
 of the Jeliit Cic. Cluent, 26. «[2. x\r). 
 
 Italian warrior, {lain by Camilla, Virg. 
 ^eru II, 715.; but Ligns here is ra- 
 ther a patrial noun. 
 
 LiGURius, an intimate friend of 
 Caefar's, Cic, Fam. 16, 18. Jtt. ii, 9. 
 ^ Fr. 3, 7. 
 
 LiNDUs, tbe founder of Lindas, a 
 city of Rhodes, Cic. N. D. 3, 21. 
 
 LINUS, V. Linasy an ancient poet, 
 the fon of Apollo, yirg. Aetu 4, 57. 
 by the nymph Urania, Hygiriy f. 161. 
 He is reprefentcd by Virgil as a fhep- 
 herd, though not really f o ; (Linus 
 di'vino carmine pajlor^^ ib. 6, 67. killed 
 by Hercules in a lit of paffion, with 
 * a harp, which Linus taugnt that 
 hero to play upon, Apollodor. 2, 3, 9. 
 Hercules is faid to have been provoked 
 at Linus, for ridiculing his awkward- 
 jiefs in holding the harp, Pauj'an. 9, 
 29. ApoUodorus fays, that Linus, as 
 being his teacher, ftruck Hercules, ib, 
 Apollo gieatly lamented the death of 
 Linus, Ipfe meum Jlevi, dixit ApoJloy 
 Linony Martial. 9, 88, 4- — Tacitus 
 mentions Linus {^Linum Tkehanvn.) a- 
 inong the inventors of letters, Ann, 1 1, 
 
 14- 
 
 LiRiOPE, -es, a nymph, the daugh- 
 ter of Oceanus and Tethyp, the mo- 
 ther of NarcilTus, by the river CephiiTus, 
 Ovid, Met. 3, 342, &c. 
 
 LIViUS, the name of a Roman 
 ^ens or familia. Suet. Tib. 3. 
 
 M, LIVIUS Salinator, a Roman 
 conful, who dc'feated Ilaldrubal, Liv, 
 27, 46, — 49. Hvi got the tirname of 
 Salinator, from his having impoled 
 an unpopular tax on ialt, while cenfor, 
 Liv. 29, 3-7. 
 
 M. LIVIUS Andrcnlcus, the freed- 
 man of Saiinator, and the praecept jr of 
 his fons, who was the tiril dramatic poet 
 at Rome, {Via, R. A. p. 352.) He ■ 
 exhibited his hrfl. play (Jahuiam dedit) 
 about 5 1 o years aker the foundation oi 
 Rome, Cic, Tujc, i, i. or 514 years, 
 '.(primus fahulam docuit, Caio Clodio, 
 Ca(ci Jilioi et M, Tudctano, confulil'us, 
 
 It -] LTV 
 
 anno Ipfo antequam natus ejl Ennius ; pojl 
 Romam condl'am autem quarto dectmo et 
 quingentejimoy Cic. Brut. 18. Sen. 14.) 
 
 LiviANAE fcdulae, the plays of 
 
 Li vius, Cic. Br. 18. Liviant modiy 
 Cic. Leg. 2, 15. Carmina Livij for 
 Liviiy the poems of Livius, Hor. Ep, 
 
 2, I, 69. 
 
 Titus LIVIUS, boni at Padua [Pa- 
 tavinus) a. u. 695, Eufeb. Chrnn. who 
 wrote tlie Ronian hillory from the 
 foundation of the city to the year 744> 
 in 140 or 142 books; of which only 
 thirty-five remain ; the ten hril, and 
 from the beginning of the twenty-firll 
 to the end of the forty-fifth. In the 
 oldelt editions of Livy there are only 
 twenty-nine books, and thefe not en- 
 tire. The red were difcovered after 
 the invention of printing, at different 
 times, ( Vid. Fabric. Bibuoth. Lat.vol, I, 
 p. 181.) Some of them, however, are 
 Itill imperfect. The lofs of the works 
 of no ancient author is more regretted 
 than that of the writings of Livy. 
 
 Q^intilian calls Livy, Vir inirae fa- 
 cundiacy 8, i, 3. in concionibus, jupra 
 qudm enarrari poteji, eloquens, 10, I, 
 101. and compares him to Herodotus, 
 ib. He feys, that Livy, by his agree- 
 able copioufncfs, {laciea ubertas^^ had 
 equalled the admirable conciienefs of 
 Salluft, ib. 32, & 10 1. AfiniustPoilio, 
 however, thought that there was in 
 Livy's flyle a certain provincial impro- 
 priety, which, from his birth-place, 
 Pollio called Patavinitas, Id. i, 5, 
 ^6. et 8, I, 3. Though Livy was 
 treated with marks of great refpeft by 
 AuguPtUs, yet he extolled Pompcy fo 
 highly, that Auguihis ufed to call him 
 a Fompeian ; he alfo beftowed deferved 
 praiies on Brutus and Cafliiis, the ene- 
 mies of Auguftus ; which however did 
 not interrupt their frienddiip, Ta:. Ann. 
 
 3, 34. X^ivy is luppofed to have 
 
 been appointed by Augullus tutor to 
 Claudius Caefar, afterwards emperor ; 
 becaufc Suetonius fays that Claudius, 
 when ^ young man, attempted to write 
 hiftory by the exhortation of Livy, 
 
 CI. 41. Livy died at Padua, a, u. 
 
 771, in the fourth year of Tiberius, 
 
L I V [2 
 
 Eufeh. He left a fon, to whom he 
 wrote a letter on the fubjed of rhe- 
 toric ; in which he advifcd him to read 
 chiefly Dtmollhenes and Cicero ; next, 
 fuch authors as mofl reCembled Demoil- 
 henes and Cicero, ^uindil. 2, 5, 10. et 
 10, I, 39. This letter is fuppofed to 
 
 be alhided to, Id. 8, 2, 18. Such 
 
 was the fame of Livy during his h'fe- 
 time, that an inhabitant of Cadiz (Grt- 
 d'ltanus) is faid to. have travelled to 
 Rome on purpofe to fee him ; and as 
 foon as he had fatisfied his curiofity he 
 returned home again, Plin. Ep. 2, 3, 8. 
 Livy has been acculed of fuperilitious 
 credulity, and, not without reafon, of 
 partiality to his countrymen. 
 
 M. LIVIUS Drufus, a tribune a. 
 662, whopublifhed feverallaws, (Leg^s 
 LiviAE, R. A. 208.) Vid. Drusus. 
 
 LIVIA Dnifllay the daughter of 
 Livius Drufus, who being profcribed 
 after the battle of Philippi, as one of 
 the friends of Brutus, flew himfclf. 
 Dm. 48, 44. p. 383. Paterculus calls 
 him Drufus Claudianus, 2, 94. Livia 
 was fir ft married to Tiberius Claudius 
 Nero, by whom {[\t had Drufus, and 
 Tiberius, afterwards emperor. Auguf- 
 tus having fallen in love with her, 
 forced Nero to refign her to him ; and 
 divorced his own wife Scribonia, in 
 order to marry Livia, w^horn he brought 
 home to his houfe, while big with 
 child. Within three monchs after, (lie 
 bore Drufus, Dio,ib, ; Suet. CI. i. Li- 
 via had no children to Auguftus, but 
 by her influence over that emperor, 
 prevailed on him to appoint her fon 
 Tiberius his fuccelTor, in preference 
 to his own grandchildren, Tac. jinn. 
 1, 3. et 5, I.; Suet. j^ug. 62, 63. 
 Tib. I, — 22. Livia is faid to have 
 mitigated the cruelty of Auguilus to 
 his enemies, by her advice, which Dio 
 details at great length, ^1^, 14, — 22, 
 She was fvifpedied of having 
 haftened the death of Auguftus by 
 poifon, ih. 22. ^r/ 56, 30. ; Tac. Jinn, 
 I, 5.; Plin. 7, 45. for the fake of her 
 fon Tiberius, who proved ungrateful 
 to her. By the will of Auguilus, 
 
 23 3 L O L 
 
 Livia was adopted into the Julian fa- 
 mily, with the title of Augusta, 
 Tac. Ann. 1,8.; Suet. Aug. 102. ; Add. 
 Plin. 15, 30. by which name after 
 this flie was called, Tac. Ann. i, 13. 
 14, 33, &c. ; Suet. Cat. 10, 15, &c. 
 or Julia Augijla^ Tac. Ann. 3, 64. 
 et 5, I. L)ivine honours were de- 
 creed to her by her grandfon, the em- 
 peror Claudius, Suet. Claud. 1 1. which 
 Ovid by way of flattery had predicted. 
 Sic Augujia novum yuUa (al. Livia) nu- 
 men erit, Faft. i, 536. The fenate 
 propofed this after her death, but Ti- 
 berius hindered it, Tac. Ann. 5, 2. 
 Suetonius feems to fay, that the name 
 oi Augujia was refufed by Livia, Matrt 
 cognomen Augujlae (fc. decernendum 
 curavit Claudius) ab avia recufatum. 
 Suet. CI. I f. But this by the bed 
 commentators is referred to his grand- 
 mother Antonia ; for Suetonius him- 
 felf mentions the order of Auguftus in 
 his will, that Livia fliould bear the 
 name of Augusta, Suet. Aug. 102. 
 
 L,iv I AE portu'uSf Suet. Aug. 29, 
 
 or as an adj. Z.ivia porticus, Ovid. Faft. 
 6, 639. a portico which Auguftus 
 built on the ground where the houfe 
 of Vedius Poilio, which he deftroyed, 
 had ftood, and called after the name of 
 
 Livia, Dio, 54, p. 537. Livia- 
 
 NUM aes, a kind of copper or brafs, 
 found in Gaul, named from Livia, Plin. 
 34» 2. 
 
 Locust A, a woman j[]<illed in poi- 
 foning, and a great favourite with Nero, 
 Tac, Ann. 12, 66. et 13, 15,; Juve- 
 nal. I, 71. 
 
 LOLLIUS, the name of a Roman 
 family ; ftveral .perfons of which are 
 often mentioned by Cicero, Att. 2, 2. 
 et 12, 21. ; Ferr. 3, 25. ; and by other 
 clafiic author... 
 
 AL LOLLIUS, conful with Lepi- 
 dus, a. u. 733, when Horace was for- 
 ty-four years of age, as he himfelf in- 
 forms us, jEp. I, 20, 26. Lollius was 
 firft made conful alone, ti;e other place 
 being rcferved for Auguilus, who was 
 ebfent ; but he not chufing to accept 
 it, Lepidus was elected, Dio, 54, 6. 
 
 To 
 
L O L 
 
 224 1 
 
 LUC 
 
 To LoUius Horace infcnbes Od. 4, 
 9. Ep. I, 2, & 18. Lollius, when 
 praefed of Gaul, being fuddenly at- 
 tacked by a body of Germans, lod part 
 of his army, Dlo, 54, 20. This Taci- 
 tus calls Loll'iana dades^ Ann. 1, 10. 
 So Suetonius ; who fays it wa? attend- 
 ed with more infamy than lofs, {^ma- 
 joris infawlae quam detrir.^sntt) ^ ^^Z' ^3* 
 About twenty years after this, Lol- 
 lius being appointed a kind of director 
 (qunfi moderator) to Caius, the grand- 
 fon of Auguftus, while governor of 
 Syria, fhowed himfelf very unworthy 
 of the praifes beilov/ed on him by Ho- 
 race. For by the information of the 
 Parthian king, he was found to have 
 entertained traitorous defigns againft 
 his country. He died a few days af- 
 ter, whether by a natural or voluntary 
 death is uncertain, a. u. 753, Patera, 
 102. Pliny fays, he took poifon, 9, 
 35 f. 54. This happened feveral years 
 after the death of Horace ; and we 
 reed not be furprifed at Horace being 
 deceived with refpecft to the charadler 
 of Lollius, when he impofed even up- 
 on Auguilus. He was, as Pdercu- 
 lus inforniS us, Homo in omnia ptcitn'tas 
 quam rcSe faciendi cupidior, inter fom- 
 mam ifitiorum difftmuiationem, intiujijji- 
 mus. Pa i: ere. 2, 97. 
 
 LoLLiA PauHlna, the daughter of 
 M. LoJhus, TacAnn, 12, I. the fon of 
 M. Lollius lall mentioned, Pl'in. 9, 35: 
 f^ 37. remarkable for her beauty ; tnar- 
 ried firll to C. Mtmmius Regiikis, Tac. 
 Ann. 12, 22. and forcibly taken from 
 him by Caligula, who foon after di- 
 vorced lier, Suet, Cal. 25. After the 
 death of Meffriina, fhe was propcfed as 
 wife to the emperor Claudius, Tac. Ann. 
 12, 1. ; Suet. CI. 26. which excited the 
 hatred of AgrippTna, whom Claudius 
 married. This proved the caule of 
 the death of Lollia, Tac. Ann. 12, 22. 
 Pliny gives a curious defcription of 
 the fplencor of LoUia's drefs, y, 55 f. 
 
 LoNGiMANUS, -/, a firnam.c given 
 
 • to Arcaxerxes, king of Perfia, from 
 
 the uncommon length of his hands, (G. 
 
 6.5.) 
 
 LoNCiKrrs, a firname of the CafTif, 
 
 Cic. Plane. 24. ^ 2. A friend of An- 
 
 tonius the orator, very ll'cilled in jurif- 
 prudence, hiftory, and antiquities, Cic, 
 
 Or. I, 60. «j| 3. The fecretary of 
 
 Zenubia queen of Palmyra, author of 
 an excellent treatife on the fublime ; 
 put to death by the emperor Aurelian, 
 when he took Palmyra, (G. 248.) 
 
 Cajjius LoNGiNus, the hufband of 
 the grand -daughter of Tiberius, {pro- 
 gener), Tac. Ann. 6, 45. 
 
 Tr. I oNGus, the colleague of P. 
 Scipio Africanus, in his fecond confu- 
 late, a. u. 559, when the feats of the 
 fcnators at the fpeftacles were firil fe- 
 parated from thofe of the people, Cic. 
 Corn. I. 
 
 LoTis, '^disi a nymph, who, flying 
 from the violent attempts of Priapus, is 
 faid to have been changed into a tree 
 called lotus, Ovid. Met. 9, 347. ■ 
 
 Lu A, a goddefs, fuppofed to be the 
 fame with Rhea or Ops, Liv. 8, l. et 
 
 45» 33- 
 
 M. Annaeus LUCANUS, the fon 
 of Annaeus Meila, Tac. Ann. 16, 17. 
 a celebrated poet, author of the Phar- 
 SALiA, a poem, which contains an ac- 
 count of the civil wars between Caefar 
 and Pompey. Lucan, having entered 
 into a confpiracy againlt Nero, Tac. 
 Ann. 15, 49. was put to death, ib. 7c. 
 His veins were cut, and he died with 
 undaimted courage, repeating fome ver- 
 fes of the Pharialia, Lucan. 9, 806. ; 
 Tac. ib. But vvhen he was fird appre- 
 hended, and threatened with being put 
 to the rack, tempted by a prom.ife of 
 pardon, he had the weaknefs to name 
 his own mother Attilla among the con- 
 fpirators. Tac. Ann. 15,56. Tacitus 
 expcfes this timidity of I^ucan, and 
 others of the fame rank, by coRtrad- 
 ii-g it with the noble conflancy of E- 
 picharis, a freed woman, whom no 
 tortures could force to betray her ac- 
 complices, ib. 57. Lucan was born at 
 Cordiiba in Spain, which was a'fo the 
 bii th place of the two Senecas ; whence 
 Martial fays, Duofque Senecas, urJcum- 
 que Lucanuvi Facutida loquitur Corduba, 
 
LUC t 22^ 1 LUC 
 
 and therefore thinks that venal. I, 20. the firft author of fatire. 
 
 1, 62, 7- ? . 
 
 the river Baetis, which runs pall Cor- 
 duba, fhould be mixed with the foun- 
 tain C^ftalia, or be ranked with it a- 
 mong the flreams facred to the Mufes, 
 Id. 7, 21, 4. Martial kept the birth- 
 day of Lncan, wham he efteemed the 
 next Latin epic poet to Virgil, ib. 22, 
 
 2. and declares, that Nero was to be 
 more execrated for the death of no one 
 {^nuUdque hi'v'ifior umbra) than for that 
 of Lucan, il. 20, 3. 
 
 LUCCEIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens. 
 
 L. LUCCEIUS, the intimate friend 
 of Pompey, Cic. Alt. i)j i. Fam. 13, 
 41, & 42.; Caef. B. Ckf. 3, 18. who 
 wrote the hiftory of the Marfic war, 
 and of the civil war between Marius 
 and Sylla. Cicero fo much admired 
 the abilities of Lucceiiis as an hiilorl- 
 an, that he requefted of him to write 
 the hiftory of his confulfiiip, Cic* Fam. 
 5, 12. Lucccius joined Pompey in the 
 civil war, Caef. B. C. 3, iS. but was 
 pardoned by Caefar. Nothing of Luc- 
 ceius remains, but a coniolatory letter 
 which he fent to Cicero upon the death 
 of his daughter Julia, Cic. Fam. 5, 14. 
 — Several others of this name are men- 
 tioned by Cicero, Fam. 12, 25, & 30. 
 PWr. 5, 64. Flacc. 33. Jtt. 5, 21. 
 
 LUC I ANUS, a Greek author of 
 great wit and learning, born of poor 
 parents at Samofata, a city of Syria, In 
 the time of Trajan. He was lirft bred 
 to be a llatuary under his uncle ; then 
 he applied to the ftudy of rhetoric, and 
 after that of philofophy. At laft he 
 was appointed procurator of Egypt, 
 {Fid. A. 166.) by Marcus Aurelius, 
 the emperor. He died of the gout at 
 the age of ninety. — The enemies of 
 Lucian fabricated a ftory, that he was 
 torn in pieces by dogs. — The writings 
 of Lucian are ftill extant. 
 
 Lucifer, -erl, m. the name of the 
 morning liar, or of the planet Venus 
 when it appears in the morning, P'^irg* 
 Aen. 2, 801. 8, 5S9. G. 3, 60. 
 
 C'.Ll'CiLlUS, apoetb6rn at Au- 
 Tunca, a city of Latium ; whence he 
 is called Magnus Auruncac alumnus ^ Ju* 
 
 , I, 69. SecuH 
 I. 114. Add. Ju' 
 Cic. Fam. 1 2 , 
 
 at Rome, {in fat'ira primus magnam law 
 dem adeptus eft), Qiiinftil. 10, I, 93.—^ 
 Cum eji Lucilius aufus Primus in hum 0- 
 ptAs componere morem, Hor. Sat. 2, i, 
 62. or as Pliny expreffes it, qui primus 
 condtditjlili nafum, Praef. who fliarply 
 reproved the vicious morals of the time, 
 {Sale multo urbem defricvit), Hor. Sat. 
 1 , 10, 3« Primores populi arripuit popu- 
 lumque trlhutimf Ib. 2 
 Lucilius urbem, Perf. 
 venal, i, 165. ; Cic. Fam. I2, 16 i Ho- 
 race praifes Lucilius for his wit, but 
 blames him for his hally and inaccurate 
 compoiition. Sat. 1,4, 6, <Scc. et i, 10, 
 
 1. unjuftly in the opinion of QuInCtl- 
 lian, 10, T, 94. Lucilius ejfe laboras, 
 you attempt to write fatn-es, Martial. 
 12, 96, 7. Lucilius was contempora- 
 ry with Sclpio Afticanus the younger, 
 andLaelius, with both of whom he lived 
 on tlie moft intimate footing, ib.z, 1,73. 
 He ufed to fay, that he wrote neither 
 for the very learned, nor for the very 
 unlearned, Cic. Or. 2, 6. Cicero, in the 
 charafter of Craffus, reprefents Lucili- 
 us as a man of learning, and of great 
 politenefs, {dodus et perurbanus) ; and 
 mentions a frequent obfervation of his 
 with approbation, ** that no one ought 
 to be accounted an orator who is not 
 accompliflied in all the liberal arts,'* 
 {qui nonjit omnibus iis artibus, quae Junt 
 lilero dignae, perpolitus), Cic. Or. i, 16, 
 Nothing of the works of Lucilius re- 
 mains but fcattered fragments. Lu- 
 
 CILIANO cbaraBere libelli, books writ- 
 ten in the manner of Lucilius, Farr. 
 R. R. 3, 2, 17. Sine vallof v. nyalo (al. 
 
 fine/ale v.Jiilo) Luciliano^ without uiing 
 a fatirical ftik-, or fpeaking fatu'ically, 
 Cic. Att. 16, I r . 
 
 L. Lucilius Balbus, the praecep- 
 tor of Serv. Sulpicius, Cic. Brut. 42. 
 
 Lucilius Bajfus, commander of the 
 Roman fleet under Vitellius, Tac. Hijl. 
 
 2, 100, who betrayed it to Vefpaiian, 
 
 ib. 1 01. ^ 2. A contemptible poet, 
 
 Cic. Att. 12, 3. 
 
 Sext. Lucilius, a military tribune 
 in the army of Bibulus, Cic, Att. 5, 
 
 F f Lu- 
 
LUC [ 226 
 
 LuciLius, the commander of Do- 
 labella's fleet in Afia after the death 
 of Caefar, Ck. Fcnn. 12, 13. Appian 
 calls him L. FiguUis, on which account 
 Manutius tliinks LuciHus is here put for 
 the praenomen Lucius ; but Viclorius 
 imagines, that Figulus was the cogno- 
 77i£n of jLucilius. 
 >.LuciNA, a name of Juno, when in- 
 voked by women in child-birtli. Tu 
 Ltuc'ma dolmi'ihiis Jimo ■ dida puerperis, 
 Catu]]. 32, 13. thus yitno Ljicina^ fer 
 operrit Ter. And. 3, i» 15. [funo Luc'i- 
 na, tuamjidem^ fc. imploro, Plaut. Aul. 
 4, 7, II. fo named, either from her 
 bringing they<7(ft'uj' to hght, [inlucem), 
 or from a grove, [a luco), on the Ef- 
 quihne hill at Ronie, facred to Juno, 
 Plin. 16, 44 f. 85. ; Ov'd. Fafl. 2, 449, 
 Zl 451. Aetas Lucinam palU the pro- 
 per age for bearing young, Virg. G. 3, 
 60. yil/era turn primes lAicinne experta 
 labores, i. e. having brought forth her 
 
 iirft child, '/^. 4, 340. The name of 
 
 Lucina is alfo given to Diana, Hor. 
 Carm. Saec. 15. So Tu modo nafcenti 
 puero — Cajlafa've Lucina: tuus (fc. Ira- 
 ter) jam regnat Apollo, Virg. Aen. 4, 
 10. — Cum Luna a lucendo nom'maiajil ; 
 eadcm ejl enirn Lucina, C'lc. N. D. 2, 
 27. 
 
 Lucius, ^^ praenomen o^ t\\^ Romans, 
 {Lucii, qui orient e luce 'vel prima luce naf- 
 cuntur, Feftus ; et Varr. L. L. 5, 2, et 
 8 , 38 . — L u c I p o R , - oris : Alitcr opud 
 antiquos, finguU Marcipores, Lucipon's- 
 iie dominorum gentilesy omnem 'viUwn in 
 promifcuo habehant, the ancients had 
 jiot fo great, a number of Haves ; each 
 had one, who. was called after his own 
 name ; thus, the boy or fervant of Mar- 
 cus or Lucius, as if of the fame gens, 
 and they ate promifcuoufly at tiie fem.e 
 board with their mafter, Plin. 33, if. 
 6. 
 
 LUCRETIUS, the name cf a Ro- 
 man gens. 
 
 LUCRETI A , the daughter of Spn- 
 rius Lucretius Triciplnnus, and the v»-ife 
 of Tarqu''nius C'»llatini-s, who having 
 been bafely violated by Sex. Tarquini- 
 us, the fon of king Tarquinius Super- 
 l^us, flcv*' heifelf ; which occafioned the 
 
 ] LUC 
 
 abolition of regal government at Rome, 
 Cic. Fin. 2, 20. Leg. 2, 4. ; Liv. I, 
 57, .S:c. (G. /». 205.) Bruto lihertatem 
 debemus, Lucretiae Brutumy Seh^. ad 
 Marciam, c. 16. EJfe indeharis, fateor, 
 Lucretia nobis, as chafle as Lucretia, 
 Martial. I, 91, 5.; Add. Ii, 10^, 21. 
 
 r. LUCRE i lUS Cams, a Roman 
 poet, born at Rome a. u. 659 ; who 
 having ftudied at Athens, imbibed the 
 do£lrines of Epicurus, which he has 
 explained and endeavoured to eftabhfli, 
 in an elegant poem of fix books, en- 
 titled De Rtruni nafura, and dedicated 
 to his friend Memmius, Lucr. i, 26, 
 &c. Of the poems of Lucretius Ovid 
 fays, Carmina [ublimis tunc funt peritura 
 Lucreti, Exitio ierris cum dabit una dies. 
 Amor. I, 15, 23. Cicero commends 
 them, but not in fuch high terms, Lu- 
 cr elii poemata, ut Jcribis, it a funt ; non 
 •niultis luminibus ingenii, multae tamen ar- 
 tis, ad. Q^Er. 2, t r. Quinctilian joins 
 Lucretius with Macer, who wrote a 
 poem concerning herbs, which is nowr 
 1 ")ft : Macer et Lucretius legendi quidem 
 (fc. oratori) ; fed non ut phrafin, id e/l, 
 corpus eloquentiae faciant : elegantes quif- 
 que in fua materia, fed alter (fc. Macer) 
 humilis, alter (Lucretius) difficilis, 10, 
 i, 87. ; Add. Ld. I, 4, 4. r/ 3, I, 4. 
 et 8, 6, 45. et 12, I I, 27. Lucretius 
 died in the 43d year of his age, on the 
 fame day, as it is faid, on which Vir- 
 gil was born. Eufebius relates, that he 
 put an end to his days in a fit of deli- 
 rium, occafioned by a love-potion, gi- 
 ven him by his wife or miftrefs, Lucilla. 
 But with regard to the time or manner 
 of his death, we are uncertain. 
 
 LucTATius, (al. Lutatius), the 
 name of a Reman gens ; the moft re- 
 markable branch or fam.iiy of which was 
 that of the CatuU, (q. v.) 
 
 LUCULLUS, a hrname of the Li- 
 cinn. 
 
 L. Licinivs LUCULLUS, a cele- 
 brated Roman general, who carried on 
 war for feveral years againft Mithri- 
 dates, remarkable for his wealth and 
 magnificence, Plutarch, in vita ejus. ; 
 Cic. Leg. 3, 13. Ojf. 1, ^c). He wrote 
 feme hiilorical books in Greek, Cic, 
 
 Att. 
 
LUC [2 
 
 Att. r, 19. concerning tlie Marfic- war, 
 Plutarch. Cicero has kft a fine eulo- 
 ginm on this great man, in the lil 
 chapter of the. 4th bonk of his Acade- 
 inical Qiiellions, which Is commonly en- 
 titled Lu c u L L u s. — L u c u L L E u M maj'' 
 trior, a kind of marble, fo called hecaufe 
 LiUCLillus was very much delighted with 
 it, Fljn. 36, 6 f. 8. Fil/a LucuUi, the 
 villa of Lucullus near Mifenum, which 
 afterwards became the property of the 
 emperors, where Tiberius died, Tac, 
 Arm. 6, 50. Horti LucuUi, Tac. Ann. 
 II, I. \<:\ Liiciilliani, adj. the gardens 
 of Lnculhis, wiiere Mcfi'alina was kill- 
 ed by NarcilTiis, the freed ii"; an of Clau- 
 dius, Tac, Ann. 1 1, 32, & 37. 
 
 LiUCUMO, -dnisf the name of Tar- 
 qui'.iius Prifcus, the fifth king of ilom.e, 
 befoie he came to that city, Llv. i, 34. 
 (G. i99')v JLucamo, in the Tufcan 
 language, denoted a king, prince, or 
 chief, 8erv. ad V'lrg, Aen, 2, 278. et 8, 
 
 ^5? ^ 475' ^^ i<^j 202. 
 
 LUNA, the moon, the daughter of 
 Hyperion and Thia, Apollodor. i, 2, 2. 
 or Aethra, Hygin. Prasf. fuppoied by 
 fome to be the fame with Diana, {^vid. 
 G. 377.)« There was a temple of Lu- 
 na at Rome, on mount Avcatine, L'lv. 
 40, 2. 
 
 Li/PERCi, the priefts of Pan, Qc. 
 PhiL 2, 34. whence Lupercalia, 
 'tuniy the fellival of Pan, celebrated in 
 February, i^. 33. [A, l-i,^,) 
 
 Lu FERGUS, a mifer, to whom Mar- 
 tial infcribes an epigram, 11, 118. 
 
 Lupus, a firname of the Rut'dil. 
 
 P. Rutil'ius Lupus, conful a. u. (SG'i^, 
 feverely laflied in the fatires of Luci- 
 lius, C'lc. N. D. I, 23. ; Hor. Sal. 2, 
 1,68. 
 
 P. Lupus, a tribune, C'lc. Fam. i, 
 I. afterwards praetor, LL Att, 8, 12. 
 ct 9, I. 
 
 Lupus, the author of a poem con- 
 cerning the return of M.uelaus and 
 Helen to Sparta after the Trojan war, 
 (^Auclor Tantalidae reducls "Tyndaridof- 
 que), O^id. Pont. 4, 16,26. 
 
 LuRCO, a lirname of the AuMii. 
 
 M. LuRCO, a tribune, and an inti- 
 mate friend of Cicero's, C'lc, Flac. 4. 
 
 37 1 L Y C 
 
 Alt. 1,16. This is fuppofed to be the 
 M. Aufidius Lurco who is faid to have 
 firft invented the method of feeding 
 peacocks, by which he made a great 
 fortune, Varr. R. R. 3, 6, i. ; Pl'in, 
 10, 2C. 
 
 Lyaeus, a name of Bacchus, (of 
 a fimilar import in Greek to Lrber in 
 Latin), Firg. Acn. 4, 58. Tecln Ly- 
 acif the temple of Bacchus, Martial, 
 l> 7'> 9> — P^^t for wine ; thuo, Tern- 
 pora lida Lyaeo, Hor. Od. i, 7, 2 2. 
 So yocojo Lyaro arcanum retegerCf ib. 3, 
 21, 14. Didci Lyaiv curain folvere^ 
 Id. Epod^9, 38. Inhal'iUs uva Lyaeoy 
 grapes unht for making wine. Martial, 
 r 1 , 22. Torraco Campano tan turn ccjjii- 
 ra Lyaco, which will yield only to the 
 Cauipanian wine, i. e. which produces 
 as good wine as any part in Italy, ex- 
 cept Campania, Id. ii.y 118. Annofus 
 Fyatusy old wine, Tihull. 3,2, I. Lar- 
 
 gi Jlumina Lyat 
 wine, Stat. S'lh. 
 
 great abundance of 
 , 6, 95. And by a 
 
 bold trope, Puh.fcens f.yaeus^ the vine 
 grape growing ripe, ih, 2, 2, i&o. — 
 Latex Lyaeus, adj. wine, Firg. Aen. I, 
 686. 
 
 Lyc.^bas, -ac, a Tufcan, one of 
 the mariners who carried off Bacchus 
 from Chia, and lefufing to land him 
 in Naxos, "according to promife, were, 
 by that god, changed into dolphins, 
 
 Ov:d. V/>/. 3, 624. &c. f 2. An 
 
 A-fiyrian, flain by Pcrfeus, (al. Lyca- 
 
 bus), ib. 5, 60. ^ 3. One of the 
 
 Ijaplthac, who fled from the battle 
 which was fought at the marriage of 
 Piritiious, ik 12, 302. 
 
 Lycambl s, -is, V. -ae, a Tbeban, 
 who promifed his daughter .Neobiile ia 
 ma;;nage to the poet Archilochus, but, 
 violating his engagement, gave her to 
 another of greater wealth wiio aflced 
 her. Whereupon Archilochus wrote fa 
 bitter a fatire againlt them, that thro' 
 defpair both the father and daughter 
 are faid to have hanged themfelvis, A- 
 ri/lotel. Rhet.Ub. 3. ; hence, ^alis Ly- 
 cambae fpretm irjido gener, \. e. .'\rchl- 
 lochus, Horat. Epod, 6, 13. Parios 
 ego primus ianibos OJlenui Latio, numcros 
 aiiimojque Je cuius ArcFihchl^ nan res et 
 F f 2 agentia 
 
L Y C 
 
 agetiiia verha Lycamhen, not the matter 
 and expreffionR that forced Lycambes 
 to hang himielf, Hor. Ep. i, 19, 23. 
 Nee focerum quaerit^ quern verfibvs oblinat 
 atrisi Nee jpcnfae laqueum fanwfo earmius 
 peflitf ib. 30. — Tinffa Lycamheo f anguine 
 tela, \. e. bitter invcdives, fuch as ihofe 
 of Archilochus againft Lycambes, 0- 
 vU. in Ibky 53. ^uid prcdtfli cuptant 
 fum qutdam nojlra iiidtri, S'lqua Lycam- 
 leo f anguine tela madenty What does it 
 avail, if any anonymous poets defire 
 their fatirical verfes to pafs for mine, 
 (when no one will believe it, who 
 knows I never write verfes of that 
 kind). Martial. 7, 11,5. 
 
 Lycaon, -onisy the fon of Pelafgiis 
 and the nymph Melibaea or Cyllene, a 
 king of Arcadia, /^poUodor. 3, 8, i. 
 turned into a wolf by Jupiter, becaufe 
 Lycaon, to try the divinity of Jupiter, 
 when his gueft, had fet before him the 
 flefli of a human body, Ovid. Aid. i, 
 165. &-C. (G. 417.) hence Menfae Ly- 
 caoniae faeda m'lnijieria, the fl-iocking 
 feaft of Lycaon's table, ib. Notus feri- 
 
 tate Lycaony ib. 1 98. Lycaon is, 
 
 ridtsj voc. Lycaoni, Calillo the daugh- 
 ter of Lycaon, Ovid. Fojl. 2, 173. chan- 
 ged by Juno into a bear ; and aUer- 
 '^vardg by Jupiter converted into the 
 conilellation called the Bf ar, Lyca- 
 on i a Arctos, Qyld.FcJ}. 3, 793, near 
 the north .pole ; hence j^xis Lycaoniusy 
 the north pole, Ovid. Trijl, 3, 2, 2. 
 
 Lycaon, a fldlful Cretan artift, 
 Virg. Jen. 9, 304,. 
 
 Lycvs, -acy an Italian, cut out of 
 his mother when dead, (lain by Aeneas, 
 yirg.Jen. 10, 315. 
 
 Lych\s. f^/V. Lichas, 
 
 Lycidas, -ae, the name of a cen- 
 taur, Qvid. Met, 12, 310. <[[ 2. A 
 
 flieplierd, Virg. Eel. 7, 67 ^ 3. A 
 
 beautiful boy, Hor. Od. i, 4, 19. 
 
 Lycisca, the name of a bitch, (de- 
 noting either begotten by a wolf, or 
 like a wolf), Ovid. Met, 3, 220, ; Virg. 
 Eel. 3, 18. 
 
 Lyciscus, the name of a youth, 
 Hor. Ep.nd. 1 !, 36. 
 
 Lyco, -onisy a Peripatetic philofo- 
 pher, the fucceffoy cf Strato, Cic TuJ'c. 
 
 l 228 ] L Y C 
 
 32. called alfo Glyco, on account of 
 
 3^ 
 
 the fv^^eetnefs of his difcourfe, Diogen* 
 
 Laert. $y6$. 
 
 Lycomedes, -zV, king of the ifland 
 Scyros, to whom Thetis committed 
 her fon Achilles to be concealed under 
 a female drefs among that king's daugh- 
 ters, that he might not go to the war 
 againft Troy, (G. 446.). Cicero fays, 
 that Neoptolemus, the fon of Achilles, 
 would never have taken Troy, if he 
 had liftened to Lycomedes, with whom 
 he was educated, who, wMth many tears, 
 wifhed to hinder his departure, (thus 
 confounding part of tlie ftory of A- 
 ehlUes with that of Pyrrhus his fon), 
 Amic. 20. 
 
 Lycophron, -onisy a poet born 
 at Chalcis in Euboea, [Chalcldcnfis)y 
 who flouriflied in the time of Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus. He wrote feveral tra- 
 gedies, whence he is called colhumatusy 
 Ovid, in Ibin, 533. He wrote alfo an 
 obfcure poem called Alexandra or Caf- 
 fandrdy ftill extant ; whence he is cal- 
 led atery vel tcnecrofus ; thus, Tenelraf- 
 que Lycophronis atriy Stat. Silv. 5, 3, 
 157. He is faid to have been killed 
 by a poifoned arrow fhot at him by an 
 adverfary, Ovid. ib. 
 
 Lycoris, 'idis, the miflrefs of C. 
 Cornelius Gallus, the friend of Virgil, 
 Virg. Eel. 10, often celebrated by Gal- 
 lus in his verfes, which are now loft, 
 Ovid. Am. I, 15,30. Art. Am. 3, 537. 
 'TriJ}. 2, 44^. whence Martial lays, 
 Ingenium Galii pulehra Lyeoris erat, i. e, 
 infpired Gallus, 8, 73. 5. She is faid 
 by Servius to have been the fame with 
 Cytheris, the freed woman of Volum- 
 nius, and therefore alfo called Volum- 
 nla, the niiftrefs of Antony. But this 
 feems very doubtful. f 2. A beauti- 
 ful woman, often celebrated by Martial. 
 
 LYCUllGUS, the famous lawgiver 
 
 of Lacedaemon, (G. 461.). f[ 2. A 
 
 king of Thrace, Virg. Aen. 3» 14. the 
 fon of Dryasj Apollodor, /i^y ^y i. flain 
 by Bacchus for violating his facred 
 rites, Ovid. Met. 4, 20. ; Hor. Cd. 2, 
 19, 16. Apollodorus fays, that Ly- 
 curgus, being feized with madnefs by 
 the wrach of Baccbu£| flew his fon 
 
 Dry as. 
 
L Y C [22 
 
 Dry'as, then cut off his own limbs with 
 a fcythe, and at lalt was torn to pieces 
 
 by his own horfes, ib, fl 3. A king 
 
 of Nemaea, Stal. Theb. 5, 39. ; Apollo^ 
 
 dor. 3, 6, 4. ^ 4.. An Athenian o- 
 
 rator in the titr.e of Aelchines, remark- 
 able for his probity and Itrictnefs ; a 
 vehement profecutor of the wicked and 
 profligate, i^accufatur vehemens), i/tc. ad 
 Brut. 9, & 34. Being entruiied with 
 the police of the city, he freed it from 
 thieves and robbers, Plutarch, in vita 
 ejus. Hence Najmetipfi Lycurgei a 
 princip'io fuyfemus, would have been as 
 rigid and inflexible as Lycurgus againft 
 Clodius and his alTociates, Cic. Att. i, 
 
 Lycus, a Trojan, a companion of 
 Aeneas, drowned in a ftorm, Virg. Aen. 
 1, 222. ^2. Another, who, ha- 
 ving efcaped with Helenor from a tur- 
 ret, which, being in flames, fell from 
 the rampart, was ilain by Turnus, Ib, 
 9, 556. &c. Vid. Helenor. 
 
 Lycus, a king of Thebes, (Iain by 
 Zethus and AmphTon, the fons of An- 
 tiope, on account of his unjull treat- 
 ment of their mother, Apallodor. 3> 3, 
 5. But Hyginiis fays, that Mercury 
 ordered them not to kill Lycus, and 
 commanded l^ycus to refign the king- 
 dom to Amphion, Fab. %f. Vid. An- 
 
 TIOPE. 
 
 Lyde, -esj the wife or miflrefs of 
 the poet Caliimachus, Ovid. Tr'iJL 1, 
 
 5' I- 
 
 Lydia, Horace's miftrefs, whom he 
 
 often celebrates, Od. 1,8. 3, 9. <Scc. 
 
 Lydts, the fon of Atys, from whom 
 the country of Lydia was named, which 
 formerly was called ^loEOUi \, licrodot. 
 7, 74. ; Serv. ad Virg. Aen, 8, 479. 
 
 Lynccus, one of the hfty fons of 
 Aegyptus, the only one laved by his 
 
 wife Hypermnellra, {G. 392.). 
 
 % 2. The fon of Aphareus king of Mef- 
 fenia, of fuch quickncfs of fight that 
 he was fuppofed to fee under ground, 
 Hygin. 14. hence, ^is ejl tarn Lyncevs^ 
 ib quick-fighted, Cic. Fam, 9, 2. Non 
 pojjis Gculo quantum contendere Lynceus, 
 (in two fyllables), you cannot fee as 
 far as Lynceus, Hor, Ep, i, i, 28, Nti 
 
 9 1 L Y S • 
 
 corporis optima Lynceis Conlemplere oculisf 
 with Lyncean eyes, i. e. as quick-fight- 
 ed as thofe of Lynceus, Id. Snt. i, 2, 
 90. Add. Flin. 2, 17. ; Fa/. Flacc. i, 
 462. ; Senec. Tvled. 228. — Lynceus was 
 Ilain by Caftor, (G. 412.). — Accord- 
 ing to Ovid, Caftor was (lain by him ; 
 hence PeBora trnjedus Lyncso Cajlor ah 
 enfcy Fafl. 5, 709. 
 
 LyncIdes, -ae, a patronymic noun, 
 the fon of Lynceus ; or rather a pro- 
 per name, Ovid. Met. 4, 768. 5, 99, &; 
 185. 
 
 Lyncus, a king of Scythia, who 
 hofpitably entertained Triptolemus, 
 fent by Ceres through the world to 
 teach men the ufe of corn, and wifliing 
 to take the glory of the invention to 
 himfelf, attempted to kill his guell 
 while afleep ; but Ceres changed him 
 in the very acl into a lynx, {^conantem 
 lyncafecit)^ Ovid. Met. 5, 650, — 660.; 
 Serv. in Virg. i, 323. 
 
 Lyra, the name of a conftellation, 
 
 Col, 
 
 ^ 79- 
 
 Ovid. 
 
 a celebrated gene- 
 
 Varr.R.R, 2, 5.; 
 Fajl. 2, 75. 
 
 Lysandfr, 'dr 
 ral of the Lacedaemonians, who having 
 defeated the Athenians at Aegos Pota- 
 mos, took Athens, and fet over it 
 thirty men called Tyrants, from the 
 cruel ufe they made of their power, 
 Nep. 6, I. ^/ 8, I. (G. 467.) 
 
 LYJSIAS, -ae, an Athenian orator, 
 Cic. Brut. 16. the firft who maintained 
 that there is an art in fpeaking, {^ejfe 
 art em dicendi), ib. 12. He left a great 
 many orations, ib. 16. of which only 
 a few remain. He wrote an oration 
 for Socrates to ufe at his trial, which 
 that philofopher praifed, but declined 
 ufmg it, Cic. Or. i, 54. 
 
 Lysidicus, a partiian of Antony's, 
 whom Cicero, playing on his name, 
 calls the deilroyer of all law and juf- 
 tlce, [qui jura omnia di/pJvit^i Phil. 
 II, 6. 
 
 Lysimachus, one of Alexander's 
 generals, and afterwards king ot Thrace, 
 
 (<^-473-) J#«- '7»2. 
 
 Lysippe, -es, one of the daughtei^ 
 of Proetus, ApoIIodor, 2, 2, 2. 
 
 Lysipyus, d, cekbrated fculptor, 
 ' born 
 
L Y S [2 
 
 born at Si'cyon, (Siyonius)^ the only- 
 one whom Alexander the Great would 
 allow to make a ilatue of him, Cic, 
 Fam. 5, 12. Add. ///. Brut. 86. Or. 
 3, 7. ; H^ren. 4, 6. ; Horat. Ep. 2, I, 
 239, &c. ; Piin. 34, 7, 3c 8.; Stat. Sih. 
 I, I, 86. Gloria cjl Lysippo animofa ef- 
 Jingtre fignay to make ftatuts to the life, 
 Fropert. 3, 7, 9. After the battle of 
 Granicus, Altxander prevailed on Ly- 
 fippus to make Ilatues of thofe horfe- 
 men who had fallen, and to place A- 
 lexauder's ftatue among them, Paterc, 
 I, II. Thefe ilaraes Metelliis, having 
 fubdued Macedonia, brought to Rome, 
 il. et Piin. 34, 8 f . 19. 
 
 Lysi 
 
 Pythagorean philofo- 
 
 pher, born at Tarentum, the mailer of 
 Epaminondas, Cic. Gr. 3, 34. Of. 1, 
 44. Nep. 15. 2. 
 
 Lysistratus, the brother of Ly- 
 fippus, who firlt made ftatues of gyp- 
 fiim and potters earth, Piin. 354 12. 
 
 Lyso, -dnis, a native of l^atrae in 
 Achaia, {Patrenfs), the hofl of Cice- 
 ro, whom he fpeaks of as a very Wor- 
 
 thy man, Cic. Fam. 13, 19. ^ 2. A 
 
 native of Li^ybaeum, {Lilybaetanus)y 
 Cic. Fam, 13, 34. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mac A RE us, -eij (voc. Alacareu, in 
 three fyll. ) the fon of Aeolus, who fe- 
 duced his own lUter Canace, Ovid. 
 Trifi. 2, 384. Ep. II. in Ihin. 359, & 
 564. Amor. 2, 18, 23. V/hen detect- 
 ed, he fled to the temple of Apollo, 
 which was a fancluary. But, hearing 
 of the fate of his hfter, ( VicL C/ n a c £ ) , 
 
 he fiew liimfelf, Hygin. 242 ^ 2. Kcrl- 
 
 tius MlcAREus, (in three fyh-) a na- 
 tive of Ithaca, from Ner^itus, a moun- 
 tain in that ifl?nd, one of the compa- 
 nions of Ulyffes, found by the Tro- 
 jan: on their arrival in Italy,, at the 
 promontory rfterwards called Cajeta, 
 and being recognifed by Achejiienides, 
 whom Aeac.-.s had brought with him 
 from the country of the Cyclops, they 
 mutually recounted to each other their 
 adventures, Ovid. Met. 14, 159, — 441. 
 
 "^ ^ 3. A priefc of Bacchus, At^Iian, 
 
 Var^IiijL 13, 2. 
 
 30 ] MAC 
 
 MACER, -crii a firname of the Z/- 
 cinii. 
 
 C. Lkinius Macer, an orator, Cic, 
 Brut. 67. condemned for extortion, 
 while Cicero was praetor, Cic. Att. i, 
 4. Various accounts are given of the 
 manner of his death. Plutarch fays, 
 that when he heard that he was con- 
 demned, he took to his bed and died 
 immediately, in Fit. Cic. Valerius 
 Maximus fays, that Macer was hirnfelf 
 in court during the trial, and perceiving 
 the caufe about to be determined a- 
 gainft him, he preverited fentence be- 
 ing pronounced, by Hopping his breath 
 with a handkerchief, and thus putting 
 an end to his days ; whereby his eO.ate 
 was faved to his fon- Licinius Calvus, 
 who afterwards became, an oracor of 
 diilinguiihed merit, Fal. Max. 9, 12, 7. 
 Bui Cicero fays exprcisly, that Macer 
 was actually condemned, Cic. Att. \ , 4, 
 
 This Licinius Macer is thought 
 
 to have been the Roman hiltorian 
 fpoken of by Cicero, Leg. i, 2. and 
 often mentioned by Livy, 4, 7, lo, «Sc 
 23. 7, 9. et 10, 9, &c. 
 
 Aemylius Macer, a poet bora at V^^ 
 rami [Fcronefj/is), in the time ofAu- 
 guihis, who v.'rote a poem concerning 
 birds, ferpcnts, and the virtues of herbs; 
 which Ovid fays he often, when old, 
 ufed to read to him., when a young 
 man, {^Saepe fuas valuer es legii mihi gran- 
 dior aevoy ^aeqii^ necet fcrpens, quae 
 junket hcrha, Macer y Ovid. Triit. 4, 10, 
 43. Ke alfo wrote concerning the 
 I'rojan war aitcr the death of Heclor, 
 as a iupplemint to the IHad of Homer, 
 as Ovid lays in an epiftle to Macer, ( Fu 
 cauls aeterno quicquid rtjiahat Homero, 
 Ne careant Junvnd Froica hclla nianu,) 
 Ovid. Pont. 2, 10, 13. whence he is 
 called Fliacus Macer, ib. 4, 16, 6. 
 - Macerinvs. Fid. Geganius. 
 
 M chanidas, -«^, a tyrant of La- 
 cedaemon, Fiv. 27, 30. et 28, 5. who 
 had refolved to attack the Eleans, 
 v.-hlle preparing to celsbrate the Olym- 
 pic games, but was prevented. by the 
 terror of Philip king of Macedonia, 
 
 Flv' 28, 7, 
 
 , MACHaON, 
 
 i 
 
MAC [23 
 
 MACHaON, -onisy the fon of Aef- 
 culapius, a phyfician in the Trojan 
 war, {G. 370.) put for any phyfician ; 
 tlius F'lrma (Tc. corpora) valent per fe 
 nvUumquc Machaoiia quaenint^ need no 
 phyfician, O'v'id. Pont. 3, 4, 7 hence' 
 Machaoniae artesy the arts of me- 
 dicine, f^. i, 3, 5. So Ilk MachaoTiid 
 'V1X ape fanus^ Id. Rem. Amor. 546- 
 Saeva Machaomo coierunt vulnera fucco,, 
 Stat. Siiv. 1,4, 114. — Virgil mentions 
 Machaon as the firft, or among the fore- 
 mofl, who came out of the Trojan horfe, 
 (primufqtie Machaon) y Virg. A en. 2, 
 263. 
 
 Macro, -onisi a perfon efleemed by 
 Atticus, Ck. Att. 4, 12. 
 
 MACRO, praefed of the praeto- 
 rian guards under Tiberius, T^r. Ann. 6, 
 15, & 23. whence he acquired great 
 power, th. 45. which he employed with 
 fuccefs to defbroy thofe he hated, ih, 
 29. He was the chief inftrument 
 whom Tiberius employed to crufii Se- 
 janus, il. 48. Tp^ards the clofe of the 
 emperor's life, he tried to gain the fa- 
 vour of Caligula by the bafell means, 
 ih. 45. Tiberius perceiving it, faid to 
 him reproachfully, that he turned from 
 the fetting to the rifmg fun, {Occiden- 
 tem ah eo defer'i, Onsnfem fpe^lari^) ib. 
 46. Tiberius in his lafl illnefs having 
 fallen into a fwoon, thofe prefent 
 thought that he had expired. Where- 
 upon Caligula began to a6l as empe- 
 ror. , But Tiberius having recovered 
 from his faint, they were all (buck 
 with terror. Macro, however, relie- 
 ved them by ordering theoldemperor to 
 be fmothered by thross ing on him a heap 
 of bed-clothes, ih, 50. Suetonius men- 
 tions different accoiints concerning that 
 emperor's death, Tih, 73. Macro foon 
 after met with the juft puniihment of 
 bis crimes, being (lain by the order of 
 Caligula, Suet. Cal. 26. 
 
 Macro B I 'J s, an author in the time 
 of Theodolius, who compofed a leai ned 
 work called Saturnalia^ in feven books ; 
 and alfo a coinmentary on the Sojnn/um 
 Scipionis of Cicero, in two books; which 
 works are both extant. 
 
 Macula, one who offered Cicero 
 
 T ] m a e 
 
 the ufe of his villa in the Agcr Falernust 
 Cic. Fam. 6, 19. fuppofed to be the 
 fame who is called Pompeius Macula, 
 Macroh. Sat. 2, 2. 
 
 MAECeNx^S, .Ms, a Roman E- 
 ques (of the gens Cilnia ; hence he is 
 called Cilnius Maecenas equejiris ordinisy 
 Tac. Ann. 6, 11.) faid to have been 
 defcended from the ancient kings of 
 Etruria, whence he is called Tyrrhena 
 regum progenies^ Hor. Od. 3, 2(^. and 
 Tufcus eques, Marcial. 8, 56, 9. So 
 Silius Italicus fays the name of Maece- 
 nas v>'as anciently refpeftable in Etru- 
 ria, and dignihed with the fceptre, 
 (Maecenas, cut Maeonid (i. e. Etruria) 
 venerahile terra, Et fceptris o/im celebra" 
 turn fiomen Elrufcis, Sil. 10, 40. He was 
 the favourite of Augullus, and a great 
 patron of learned men. To Maecenas 
 Virgil infcribed his Georgics ; and Ho- 
 race his firft ode, his firil fatire, and 
 firfl c piitle. Hence, Sint Maecenatcs, 
 non deerunt, Flacce, Mar ones, O F!ac- 
 cus, let therc be patrons like Maecenas, 
 and there will not be wanting good 
 poets like Maro, i. e. Virgil, Martial. 
 
 8, 56, 5. Turris Maeccnatiana, the 
 
 tower of Maecenas, Suet. Ner. 58. — 
 Cicero mentions a Roman knight call- 
 ed C. Maecenas, Cluent. ^6, 
 
 Sp. MAECIUS Tarpa, (ah Mcclus, 
 vel Met/us), a great critic of theatrical 
 compofitions ; confulted by Pompey 
 concerning the fplendiJ fpe6lacles he ex- 
 hibited in his fecond coniulihip, which, 
 however, Cicero feems not to have 
 been much pleafed with : Nohis autem 
 erant ea perpetienda, qunefcdicet Sp. Mae- 
 cius prohcro'ijjit, Cic. Fam. 7, i. -He 
 is fuppuied to have been the fame with 
 that Maecius- who was one, and per- 
 haps the chief, of ii%'e perfons, whom 
 Augulfus appointed to jud^-^e of the 
 merit of poetical comporilifins in the 
 temple of Apollo, to diitt-ibute prizes 
 to the m.oil deferving, and to deter- 
 mine vvhat plays were to be reprefent- 
 ed on the ihi;p;e : Hence Horace fays, 
 Haec (fc. carmina) ego ludo, ^ai nee in 
 Aede fonent ccrtantia, judice Tarpa, I 
 amufe rnyfjlf in >A'ritiag thefc iatires, 
 which will not be recited in the temple 
 
 of 
 
MAE [2 
 
 of Apollo to contend for the piize, be- 
 fore Tarpaprefiding as judge, Hor. Sat. 
 
 1, lO, 38. el ib'i Scboltaft. The writers 
 of plays feem to have fubmltted their 
 works to the infpeftion of Maecius, 
 before they read them to the five judges 
 ill the temple of Apollo ; hence, Si 
 quid tarncn olim Scripferisf in Met'i't defcen- 
 dat jud'ic'is auresy Et patriSy et nojlrasy 
 K'mumque prematur in annum. If, how- 
 ever, you fliall hereafter write any 
 thing, firll read it to the judge Metius, 
 (or to Metius, who is a good judge,) 
 to your father, and to me, i. e. fubmit 
 it to our examination ; and then keep 
 it by you for nine years, before you 
 pubhdi it, Id. Jrt. 386. 
 
 Maelius. Vid. Melius. 
 
 Maenades, 'um, women fuppofed 
 to be infpired by Bacchus, Bacchanals, 
 Catull. 64, 23. fuTg. Marnas, Scnec. 
 Med. V. 382. 
 
 Maenalus, a fon of Lycaon, Jpol- 
 lodor. 3, 8, I. from whom Maenalus, 
 (plur. -^1,) a mountain in Arcadia is 
 faid to have been named. 
 
 MAENIUS, the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 C. MAENIUS, a conful, who con- 
 quered the ^r/Viwi, Lai/inii, :ir)d Veliterni, 
 joined with tlie Antiales Volfci, Liv. 8, 
 13. Part of the (Iiips of the Antiates 
 were brought to Rome ; and with their 
 beaks the place in the forum, from 
 which fpeeches ufed to be made to the 
 people, (fuggijlt^ni vel t h m p l u m , IJi). 
 
 2, ^G. et 3, 17.; Cic. Vat. 10.) v/as 
 adorned, hence called Rostra, Liv. 
 8. 14. A column was ered^ed to Mae- 
 r.ius for his victories, a. u. 416, Plin. 
 34, 5 f. I. This feems to have been 
 the column called Column v Maenia, 
 r.igh vvhich thieves and worthlefs flaves 
 iifed to be punifhed, Cic. Caecil. 16. 
 et ibi Afcon. Cluen-. 1 3. by the Trinrnvhi 
 Capitales ; hence Cicero, fpeaking of 
 one. Afniius, Vvho being fulpetted of 
 murder was brought before Q^ Manir 
 h'us, who was then Triumvir, adds : 
 Jlle ManiUus ex petulanti atque improho 
 
 fcurra in d/fcordlis civltatis ad cam colam- 
 nam, ad quam faepe muJtorum coninciis 
 ^erdudus crat, timfd/'ragi's populi jW-rvcrie- 
 
 32 ] MAG 
 
 rat. i. e. he had been chofen a Triumvir 
 by the people to judge of caufes near 
 that pillar, to which he had been often 
 brought as a criminal, Cic. Cluent. 13. 
 This column feems alfo to be the fame 
 which Maenius, (probably one of the 
 defcendants of C. Maenius, the conful), 
 v/hen he fold his houfe, (called Atrium 
 Maeniuin,) to the cenfors Flaccus and 
 Cato, that on the ground where it 
 ftood they might build a court of juf- 
 tice (hajdica), referved to himfelf the 
 right of one column, on which he 
 might build a projeftion ; whence he 
 and his pofterity might view the fhews 
 of gladiators, which were then exhi- 
 bited in the forum, Afcon, ibid. Hence 
 the balconies or open galleries erefted 
 on the farther or femicircular end of 
 the circus were called Maeniaka, Suet. 
 Cal 18. 
 
 C. Maenius was made dictator for 
 holding trials concerning confpirators, 
 ( quaejTwnum de conjuratis exercendarum 
 caufdy) Liv. 9, 26. 
 
 C. Maenius, a praetor, appointed 
 to hold inquifitions concerning forceries 
 and poifonings, i^de veneficiis), Liv. 40, 
 
 L. Maenius, a tribune, who pro- 
 pcfed a bill to the people about re- 
 ducing the intereil of money to one 
 per cent, {^de unciario fcenore,^ Liv. 7, 
 16. 
 
 P*'L Maenius, the author of an agra- 
 rian l?.w, Liv. 4, 53. 
 
 Maeonides, -ae, a name given to 
 Homer, from his being born in Lydia, 
 anciently called Maeonia, MartiaL 5, 
 10. 
 
 Ma ERA, a woman, metamorphofed 
 
 into a dog, Ovid. Met. 7, 362. 
 
 ^ 2. A prieftefs of Venus, Stat. 7heh. 
 
 7, 477. ^ 3 The dog of Icarius, 
 
 who. by his cries, fliev^ed to Erigone 
 the place whei"e the dead body of her 
 father lay unburied, Hygin. 130. Vid. 
 Erigone. 
 
 Maevius, a contemptible poet, con- 
 temporary with Horace and Virgil, 
 Hor. Ep. TO, 2. ; Virg. E. 3, 90. 
 
 MAGI, magicians, a name given to 
 Wife and learned men among the Per- 
 
 fians 
 
MAG [2 
 
 fians, Ck. Div. i, 23. who ufed to af- 
 feirtble In a temple for the take of me- 
 ditation and conferring together, fL 41. 
 Their bodies, when dead, are faid not 
 to have^been buried, unlefs they were 
 firil: torn by dogs, I J, Tufc, i, 45. 
 
 Magius, the name of a Roman ^^«x. 
 
 P. Magius (h'llo^ v. Ciloy an inti- 
 mate friend of M. Marcellus, whom, 
 however, he murdered at Athens ; and 
 after perpetrating the deed, flew him- 
 felf, Ctc. Fam. 4, 12. in a fit of infanity, 
 as it was fi?ppofed, for the real caufe was 
 not certainly known, C'lc. Att. 13, 10. 
 
 L. Magius, an adherent of Marius, 
 after whofe death he fled to Mithri- 
 dates. He was fent by that king to 
 conclude an alliance with Sertorius In 
 Spain. Having afterwards proved 
 treacherous to^Mithridates, he returned 
 to the Romans, and dvveit at Myndus, 
 Cic. Verr. \ , 34. et ihi Afcon, 
 
 Dec, Magius, a noble Campanian, 
 remarkable for his firm attachment to 
 the Romans in the fccond Punic war, 
 L'lv. 23, 7, & 10. The Magii of Capua 
 are m.entloned by Cicero, among others, 
 as a family remarkable for their pomp 
 and magnificence, Cic.RulL 2,'S^^,Flf. 1 1. 
 
 Magnes, -etisy the name of a fhep- 
 herd on mount Ida, who is faid to have 
 firft difcove^ed the magnet ftone, (call- 
 ed from him inagncs), by the nails of 
 his flioes and tiie point of his flaft' 
 fticking in it, PUn, 36, \6. But Lu- 
 cretius fays the magnet Is fo named 
 from its being found in the country of 
 the Magnates, ling. Magues ; i.e. in IViag- 
 nefia, a part of Theilaly, L^tcr. 6, 908. 
 
 «j| 2. A firnatiie of Demetrius, the 
 
 contemporary of Cicero, and friend of 
 
 ^ Attlcws, Cl\ Att. 4, II. ^/ 8, 11.— 
 
 alfo of iJcmetrlus, the rhetorician, and 
 co^npanion of Cicero when a iludent 
 in Afia, Cic. Brut. 9 i . 
 
 Magni s Claudius^ the brother of VI- 
 fo, who was adopted by Galba, Fac.H. 
 ) , 48. put to death by Claudius, ih. 
 
 Magnus, the Great, a firname given 
 to Pompey ; thus, Mngni amhuhttOf the 
 walk or portico built by Pompey, Catull. 
 $$i 6' So Senjit et Ipje metum Magnus y 
 i. e. Pompeius, Lucan* 2; 598, S^ic* This 
 
 33 1 MAL 
 
 name is alfo applied to Cneius, the 
 eldeft fon of Pompey. ih. 9, 12 i , & 145. 
 Fid. POMPEIU s. 
 
 MAGO, a frequent name among 
 
 the Carthaginians. A brother of 
 
 Hannibal's, who commanded the cen- 
 tre of the Carthaginian army at the 
 battle of Cannae, Liv. 22.46. and after 
 the vi6^ory, was fent by his brother 
 to give an account of his exploits to 
 the fenate, ih. zi,^ i2. At laCt, being 
 conquered in battle by the Romans, 
 
 he died of his wounds, ib. 30, 1 8 
 
 ^ 2. An author, v/ho wrote twenty- 
 eight books on hufbaadry, Cic. Or, i, 
 58. which, after the taking of Car- 
 thage, the Romans ordered to be tranf- 
 lated Into Latin, Farr, R, R, i, i.; 
 Plin. 18, 3. 
 
 Maharbal, -alis, the fon of Himil- 
 co, a Carthaginian ; entrulled by Han- 
 nibal with the command of the army 
 which befieged Saguntum, Liv, 21, 
 12. After the vidory at Cannae, he 
 advlfed Hannibal to march diredly to 
 Rome, Liv. 22, 51. et 23, 18. Fid, 
 Annibal, p. 18. 
 
 Mil A, the daughter of Atlas, and 
 mother of Mercury by Jupiter, (G. 
 378.) who is hence called Almae fdivs 
 Maine, Hon Od. i, 2, 43. Natiis Maid, 
 Id. Sat. 2, 6. 5. Genitus Maid, Virg, 
 Aen. I, 297. Mala with her fix fillers 
 were changed into fo many ftars, call- 
 ed Pleiades, [G. 379.), whence one 
 of them is called Mala, Virg. G, l, 
 225. and Phias is put for Mala, Ovid, 
 
 Met. I, 670.- Some derive the name 
 
 of the month May (menjts Mains) from 
 
 Maia, Mac rob. Sat. i, 12. 
 
 ' Malleolus, a firnam.e of the P«- 
 
 hlicii, 
 
 Cn. Malleolus, the quaefior of 
 Dolabella in Afia, Cic. Verr. i, 15. 
 Plis fon was pillaged by his guardian 
 Verres, ih. 36. 
 
 Malleolus, one who m.urdered his 
 mother, and on that account was few- 
 ed into a fack, and thrown Into the 
 fea, A. ad Herenn. i, 13. This hap- 
 pened a. u. 653, and he is faid to have 
 been the firil perfon punlflied In this 
 manner, Orof, 5, 16. ; Liv. Epit. 68. 
 G g Mallius, 
 
M A L [ 234 ] 
 
 Mallius Glauciay a freed man, the beian that was 
 client of T. Rofcius Magnus, Cic. Rofc. 
 S.7. 
 
 fir- 
 
 M A N 
 created Curio Maximum, 
 
 Mamercinus or Mamercus, a 
 name of the Aemilti, 
 
 Lucius AemiVius Mamercinus, twice 
 conful, Lin}. 8, I, & 20. and twice dic- 
 tator, Liv. 8, '6. ^/ 9, 21. 
 
 Mam E ROUS, a very rich man, who 
 having omitted to feek the aedilefhip, 
 becaufe that office occafioned great ex- 
 pence, was on that account re|e6ted, 
 when he appHed for the confulfliip, 
 
 Cic. Off. 2, 17. 5[ 2. A conful, 
 
 the colleague of D. Brutus, Cio. Br. 
 
 47. 
 
 Mamertes, -iV, (al. Vimtifrmus), a 
 Corinthian, who is faid to have killed 
 his brother's children, that he mi^ht 
 fucceed to the crown ; but the brother 
 being informed of the deed, put him to 
 death in the moft cruel manner, by mu- 
 tilating his members, Ovid, in Jbin, 
 
 549- 
 
 Oaav. Mam I LI us, didator of Tuf- 
 
 culum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2. and chief of 
 the Latin nation ; who is faid to have 
 been defcended from the goddefs Circe, 
 Lii). I, 49. He fell in battle at the 
 lake Regillus, while fighting again ft the 
 Romans under Pofthumiusthe dictator, 
 in order to reilore his father-in-law Tar- 
 quinius Superbus to his kingdom, Liv. 
 2, 20. 
 
 L. Mamilius, diftator of Tufcu- 
 lum, v/lio brought afiiftance to the Ro- 
 mans, when the Capitol was fuddenly 
 feized by Heidonius with a body of 
 flavcs, Lii) 3, 18. and on account of 
 his fervices was prefented with the free- 
 dom of thp city, ih. 29. 
 
 C. Mamilius Limetanus^ a tribune, 
 who propoied a bill to the people a- 
 bout the puniihment of thofe who had 
 taken bi'Jbes from Jugurtha, Sallujl. Jug. 
 40. called MaiTiilia rogatioy ib. et Cic. 
 :3rut. 33. 
 
 Mamilius Mancimu, a tribune, who 
 propofed a bill to the people about 
 trant^ferring the command of the v/ar a- 
 gainit Jugurtha from Metellus to Ma- 
 j-ius, Salluji. Jvg. 73. 
 
 C. MA>jii;iys Vitulus^ th? iirH pie- 
 
 Liv. 27, 8. 
 
 Manius Mamilius, {ah Manilius), 
 a lawyer and conful a. u. 603, who 
 Gompofed forms to be ufed immaking 
 bargains, called Leges 'uenalium venden- 
 dorurri) Cic. Or. I, 58. W Actiones, 
 Varr^ R, R. 2, 3, 11. An example of 
 which we have, ib. 2, 3, 5.— .-Mamilius 
 and Manilius are often put the one for 
 the other. 
 
 MAMURRA, a Roman eques, born 
 at Formiae, praefecius fabrum to Cae- 
 far ; a rich luxurious man, Cic. Att. 7, 
 7. ^/ 13, 52. who firft covered all the 
 walls of his houte on the Caelian mount 
 at Rome with cruits of marble, Plin, 
 36, 6 f. 7, There is a bitter epigram 
 in Catullus, Infcribed, In Mamurram 
 et Caefaretny $$. and a ftill more bitter 
 one againft Mamurra himfelf, 27, 
 Urbs Mamurraruniy i. e, Formiae, whence 
 the family of the Mamurrae came, Hor. 
 Sat. I, 5, 37, — — ^ 2. Mamurius 
 vel MamUriusy a worker in brafs in the 
 time of Numa, who, at the defire of 
 that king, made eleven round fliields, 
 (ancilia)y exactly like thnt anclle which 
 was fuppofed to have fallen from hea- 
 ven, that it might not be ilolen ; and 
 when Numa aflced, what reward he de- 
 fired for his labour, he anfvvcred, ** to 
 have his name handed down to pofteri- 
 ty as the maker of the fhields ; and 
 that the Salii fhould repeat it in- the end 
 of their fongs," which was granted, 
 (Inde facer dotes operi promijja 'vctujh 
 Praemia perfohunt, Mamuriumque va- 
 cant), Ovid. Fail. 260, — 383, &c. ; 
 Propert. 4, 2, 61, 
 
 C. H^jIHIhs MANCINUS, conful 
 with Lepidus, a. 617. Cic. Brut, 27. 
 who being furrounded with his arm.y 
 by the people of Numantia, was ob^ged 
 to beg a truce, and conclude a treaty 
 with them, ( Vid.T. Gkacckits), which 
 being difapproved of at Rome, he was, 
 with bis ovvn confent, given up to the 
 Numantines, but they would not receive 
 him, Cic. Or. i, 40. ; Off. 3, 30. It 
 was made a queftion at Rome, when 
 he returned, whether he fhould be con- 
 fidered as a citizen or not. Cicero w^s 
 ■ ■ of 
 
MAN E 2 
 
 of opinion that he ought, Cic. Caecin. 
 34. Or. I, 4. 
 
 Mandane, -es, the mother of Cy- 
 rus the great, (G. 600.) 
 
 Mandonius, the brother of Indlbi- 
 lis, prince of the Illcrgetes in Spain, 
 Li'v. 22, 21. whofe wife and daughters 
 having fallen into the power of Scipio, 
 and being honourably treated by him, 
 I All. 26, 49. Indibills and Mandoni- 
 us deferted from the Carthaginians to 
 the Romans, Li<v. 27, 19. But Sci- 
 pio having fallen into a dangerous dlf- 
 eafe, they revolted, Zi-u. 28, 24. Be- 
 ing conquered in a great battle, they 
 were treated with lenity, ih. 33, & 34. 
 They again rebelled, but with no bet- 
 ter fuccefs, L'lv. 29, 2. Indibilis'fell 
 in battle, and Mandonius being given 
 up to the Romans by his countrymen 
 to fave themfelves, was put to death, 
 ik 3. 
 
 Mania, v. Mana, the mother of the 
 Lares, Varr. L. L. 8, 38. 
 
 Man I LI us, the name of a plebeian 
 gens at Rome. 
 
 C. Manilius, a tribune, the author 
 of the Manilian law, {lex Manilla), 
 which conferred on Pompey the charge 
 of profecuting the war againft Mithri- 
 dates, C'lc. Manil. 24. 
 
 M. Manilius, a lawyer, Cic. Or. 
 I, 48. who ufed to offer his advice free- 
 ly to all the citizens who chofe to ai]<; 
 it, {facer e omnibus ci-vibus confilii fui co' 
 f)iam), Cic. Or. 3, 33. Conful with L. 
 Cenforinus, a. u. 604. Cic. Brut. 27. 
 ^cad. 4j 32. 
 
 Manilius vel Manlius, the author 
 of a poem on aftronomy, dill extant ; 
 which is thought to have been publifh- 
 ed towards the latter end of the reign 
 of Auguftus, from his mentioning the 
 defeat of Varus, and other circumftan- 
 ces. But Manilius is not mentioned by 
 any author of that period, and there- 
 fore fome fuppcfe him to have lived as 
 late as the time of Theodofius. 
 
 Manius, a Roman praendmeny (quod 
 mane quis initio natus Jit, ut Lucius qui 
 luce), Varr. L. L. 8, 38, written M', 
 to diilinguifh it from M. for Marcus. 
 
 Manius Marcius, an aedile of the 
 
 3$ 1 MA>;r 
 
 commons, who firft gave corn to the 
 people at an as the bufhel, Plin. 1 8, 3* 
 
 MANLIUS, the name of a patri- 
 cian gens. 
 
 A. MANLIUS, conful, Li^. 2, 544 
 a violent oppofer of the Agrarian law, 
 and therefore, after the expiratimi of 
 his office, he with his colleague L. Fu- 
 rius were fummoned to a trial before 
 the people by Genucius, a tribune. But 
 on the day of the trial, the tribune was 
 found dead at his houfe, ih. This Man- 
 hus was oiie of the ambaffadors fent to 
 Athens, to examine the laws of Solon, 
 and the inlHtutions of the other ftates 
 of Greece, Zk*. 3, 3 1. f. and after his 
 return made one of the decemnnri, ib. 
 
 33* 
 
 M. MANLIUS, who defended the 
 Capitol, (G. 221), and hence got the 
 firname of Capitolinus, Liv. ^, 31, 
 & 47. ; Plin. 7, 28. But being after- 
 wards fufpedled of aiming at fovereign- 
 ty, he was condemned and thrown from 
 the Tarpelan rock, Liv. 6, 20. By a 
 decree of the Manlian family, it was 
 decreed, that no one fhould be called 
 Marcus Manhus, ib.et Cic. Phil, i, 13. 
 His houfe was overturned^ and the 
 ground where it Hood covered with two 
 groves, Cic. Dom. 38. 
 
 L. Manlius, a diftator, called Im- 
 PERiosus, on account of his haughty 
 imperious temper, and rigorous feveri- 
 ty, in holding a levy of foldiers, Liv. 
 7, 3, & 4. Being on this account 
 brought to a trial before the peof)]e, he 
 was extricated by the generous interpo- 
 fition of hts fon, ib. 5. j Cic. Off". 3, 31. 
 (G. 223.) 
 
 r. MANLIUS, L. F. on account 
 of his dutiful behaviour to his father, 
 was made a military tribune by the peo- 
 ple, Liv. 7,5. Having killed a Gaul 
 in fingle combat in fight of both ar- 
 mies, he fpoiled him of nothing elfe 
 but a golden chain, {uno torque Jpolia- 
 vit), which, ail bloody as it was, he 
 threw round his own neck ; and hence 
 got the firname of TORQLTaTUS, 
 which he tranlmitted to hib pofterity, 
 ib, 10. He was three times conful, and 
 twice didator. In his third confulate, 
 C g 2 tein^ 
 
MAN [ 236 ] MAR 
 
 being fent as general againft the La- ter the battle of Cannae, Marcellus, 
 tins, he ordered his own fon, for ha- then praetor, was fent to receive the 
 ving fought with the enemy contrary to remains of the army from Varro, the 
 orders, though viftorious, to be behead- conful, L'lv. 22, 57. Having thrown 
 ed, Llv. 8, 7. hence Manliana impe- himfelf into Nola, by a fuccefsful fally 
 
 ri^, »ManHan commands, for commands 
 unrimfonably fevere, ih. et 4, 29. thus 
 Vide ne iflajint Manhana veJlrOf aut ma- 
 jora etlarriy Ji hnperes quod facere non pof- 
 Jimt See that thofe requilitions be not 
 as unreafonable as thofe of Manhus, 
 your anceftor, or m.ore fo, &c. Ck. Fin. 
 2, 32. Manliaxum, ic. praedlum, a 
 
 from that city, he firil (howed the Ro. 
 mans that Hannibal could be conquer- 
 ed, Liv. 23, 14, & 16. He was made 
 conful the third time in his abfence, 
 Li-v. 2\, 9. ; and the province of Sici- 
 ly decreed to him, ii. 21. He took 
 Syracufe after a fiege of near three 
 years, Liv. 25, 23, &c. drove the Car- 
 
 villa of Cicero's, probably fo called, be- thaginians from the idand, ik 27, & 
 
 caufe it had anciently belonged to one 
 Manlius, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, i, i. 
 
 7*. Manlius Torquatus, a defcend- 
 ant of the former, in whofe confulfhip 
 the temple of Janus was Ihjt afier the 
 end of the fecond Punic war, Liv. i, 
 19. 
 
 C. Manlius, one of Catiline's affoci- 
 ates, who commanded the army of the 
 confplrators, till Catiline joined it, Cic. 
 
 28. and fettled the affairs of that coun- 
 try with great integrity and prudence, 
 ib. 41. In his fourth confulfhip, he 
 fought feveral battles againil Hannibal 
 In Italy with various fuccefs, Liv. 27, 
 2, 12, &c. In his lifth confulfhip, be- 
 ing led into an ambufcade, he was cut 
 off by Hannibal, ih. 26, & 27. 
 
 Marcellea, -orurrti a feftival, obfer- 
 
 ved annually by the Sicilians in honour 
 
 .Cat. 3, 6.; Sail. Cat. 27, 32, &c. and of Marcellus, which Verres abohfhed, 
 
 commanded the right wing in the bat 
 tie againil Petreius, where he fell, ih. 
 59, & 60. 
 
 Mann us, the nam.e of a llave who 
 gave Information, that a dangerous hie, 
 which broke out at Rome, had been 
 raifed by fome Campanlan young men, 
 
 and fubftltuted one in honour of him- 
 felf, called Verrea, Cic. Verr. 2, 2i. 
 m. MARCELLUS, the fon of the 
 former, was with his father when he 
 fell by the artiiice of Hannibal ; and 
 though w^ounded, made his efcape, 
 Liv. 27, 27. He dedicated the temple 
 
 whofe parents had been beheaded by Q^ of Virtue, a. u. 550, the 1 7th year af- 
 
 Fulvius Flaccus, Liv. 26, 27. 
 
 Manto, -usy the daughter of Tlre- 
 fias, the Theban prophet, who, after 
 her father's death, came into Italy, and 
 had by the river Tiber {JTufcus amnis) 
 Ocnus, who founded Mautua, and call- 
 ed It after his mother, Virg. Aen. 10, 
 198. 
 
 MARCELLUS, the firname of a 
 moft illuftrious plebeian family of the 
 gens Claudia. 
 
 M. Claudius MAPvCELLUS, five 
 times conful. In his firil confuKliip he 
 defeated the Galli lasuhresy and having 
 killed their king Viridoraams {yi\. Bri- 
 tonarus) with his own hand, gained 
 the fpo/ia opima the fecond after Ro- 
 mu'us, a. u. 530. Liv. Epit. 20. Hence 
 ^fpice ui iiifignis Jpoliis Marcellus opimis 
 ingrcditui-f ^Q, Virg. Aen. Gj ^^6. Af- 
 
 ter it had been vowed by his father in 
 his iirfl confulfliip at Claftidium in 
 Gaul, Liv. 29, 1 1. He was afterwards 
 tribune of the commons, ih, 20. curulc 
 edile, Id. 31, 50. praetor, LI. 32, 7. in 
 which office he got Sicily for his pro- 
 vince, Id. 32, 8, & 27. When conful, 
 33, 24. he triumphed over the Insuhres 
 and ComcnfeSi ib. 37. When cenfor, 
 37, 58. he performed the ordinary fa- 
 crifice at the conclution of the cenfus, 
 (iujlrumcondidit), Id. 38, 36. and died 
 a pontifex, Id. 41, 13. 
 
 M. Claudius Marcellus, probably 
 the fon of the former, praetor, Liv, 
 43, II. conful, 45,44. three times, 
 Liv. Epit. 47*, Sc 48. Being fent on an 
 embaffy to MafinilTa, he perifhed by 
 /fnlpwreck, Liv. Epit. 50. ; Cic. Pif, 
 19. which he is reported to have fore- 
 told 
 
MAR t 237 1 MAR 
 
 told many years before would be his hopes, [tngenuarum artium, laetufque a- 
 
 fate, Ck. Div. 2, 5. Fat, 14. 
 
 Three of the family of the M.vr- 
 CELLi were confuls for three years 
 fuccefiively before the civil war broke 
 out between Caefar and Pompey, all 
 of them attached to the intered of 
 Pompey, and inimical to Caefar ; al- 
 though one of them was married to 
 Odavia, the grand-niece of Caefar, 
 
 Dioy 40, 59. J Suet. Jul. 27. 
 
 M. Claudius Marcel Lus was con- 
 ful with Serv. Sulpicius, a. u. 703, Dio, 
 40, 58. C. Claudius MAKCEhhv Si the 
 coufin-german of Marcus, was conful 
 next year with L. Aemilius Paulus, ib. 
 59.; Suet.Caef. 29.; and C. Claudius Mar - 
 CELLus, the brother of .Marcus, was 
 conful the year following, a. u. 705, 
 with L. Cornelius Lentulus, when the 
 war began, Dioj 41,1. 
 
 M MARCELLUS, after the bat- 
 tle of Pharfalia, retired to Mitylenae, 
 where he fpent his time in literary pur- 
 fuits, without concerning himfelf any 
 farther in the war. He remained there till 
 upon the requell: of his brother Caius, 
 and the entreaty of the whole fenate, 
 Caelar granted him permilfion to return 
 to Rome. On this occafion, Cicero, 
 who happened to be prefent, made that 
 noble fpeech, infcribed pro Marcello, 
 which is ftill extant. In his way to 
 Rome, Marcellus was afTafiiaated at A- 
 thcns by Magius Chiio, (^q. «u.) Sul- 
 picius, formerly his colleague in the 
 confulate, and then the Roman gover- 
 nor of Greece under Caefar, wrote an 
 intereiling account of this event to Ci- 
 cero, Cic. Fam. 4, 1 2. ( Fid. Magiu s.) 
 
 M. MARCELLUS, the fon of C. 
 Claudius Marcellus conful a. u. 703, 
 and of 06lavia the grand-niece of 
 Julius Caefar and lifter to Auguftus, 
 Sutt. CaeJ. 27. firft betrothed to Pom- 
 peia, the daughter of Sextus Pompeius, 
 Dio, 48, 38. ; Appian. de Bell. Civ. I. 5. 
 p. 714. married to Julia, the daughter 
 of Auguilus, when very young, {^tan- 
 tutn quod pueritmm egrejfusy having juli; 
 palted the age ol boyhood, i. e. being 
 only feventeen years old, Suet. Aug. 6'^. ; 
 ^^^1 5S> 27.), a young man of great 
 
 nhni et ingenify fortunaeque in quam aleba* 
 tur, capax,) Paterc. 2, 93. S.o Virgil, 
 Nee puer I lined qiitfquam de gente Latinos 
 In iantum fpe toilet avos, i. e. tantam 
 de fe fpem faciet, Aen. 6, 876. def- 
 tined, as it was believed, by Auguftus 
 to be his fucceftbr in the empire, 
 •^'*''» 53» 3*^- {Succeffloni praepara- 
 ius fuae,) Sencc. ad. Polyb. c. 34. [in 
 proximo fihi fajligio collocatusy) Tac 
 Hill. I, 15. But being feized with a 
 diftemper, he was cut off by the Inju- 
 dicious application of the cold bath, 
 prefcribed by Antonius Mufa ; who 
 not long before had cured Auguftaa 
 from a dangerous difeafe by the farac 
 means, i^io, 53, 3c. ; Suet. Aug. 59,; 
 Plin. 25, 7 f. 38. Pie died at Baiae,, 
 Propert. 3, 16, 7, ; Serv. in Firg. 6, 86 1. 
 to the great grief of the Roman people, 
 with whom he was a great favourite, 
 ( M arcellumjlagrantibus plebis Jludiis intra 
 juventain ereptuniy) Tac. Ann. 2, 41 f. 
 Livia was fufpcdled of having had a 
 hand in his death, becai^fe he was pre- 
 ferred to her fons, Z)io, 53, 33. He 
 was buried in the Campus Martius, m 
 the Maufoleum of Auguftus, who paid 
 the greateft honours to his memory, 
 ib. 30. That emperor built a theatre, 
 and called it after his name, ( Theatrum 
 Marcelli,) Tac. Ann. 3, 64. ; Suet, 
 Aug. 29, & 43. Dio, ib. et 54, 26. the 
 fcene of which was renewed by Vef- 
 palian, (fcena tbeatri MarceUiajiiy) Suet. 
 Vefp. 19. — But the name of Marcellus 
 has been more effectually immortalifed 
 by the beautiful eulogium of Virgil 
 than by all thofe honours, P'irg. Aen^ 6, 
 860,-887. 
 
 In the life of Virgil, commonly 
 afcribed to Donatus, (but as many 
 think fallely,) Auguftus is faid to have 
 requefted ol: Virgd to fend him part of 
 the Aeneis, which the poet long ex- 
 cufed himfelf from doing. At laft he 
 read to Auguftus the fecond, fourth, 
 and fixth books. He is fuppofed to 
 have fmiftied the fixth book Icon after 
 the death of Marcellus. "When in read- 
 ing it, he had pronounced thefe words, 
 Heu^ mijerande puer I Ji qua Jata afpera 
 
 rumpasy 
 
MAR 
 TumpaSf Tu Marcellus eris . 
 tavia, who was fitting by, is reported 
 
 to have fainted away. When (he came 
 to herfelfj^ fiie ordered ten feficrt'ia (a- 
 bove L. 80 of our money) to be given 
 to the poet for each verfe ; about 
 IL,.2o8o for the whole twenty-fix verfes. 
 — But this fact is mentioned by no 
 other author. 
 
 Sanadon, and Jani who follows him, 
 afcribe to the fon of Oclavia the ftanz^ 
 in Horace, Od. i, 12, 45. Crefcit oc- 
 ciiho^ &c. the fame of the young Mar- 
 cellus encreafes like a tree with imper- 
 ceptibk growth ; the Julian ftar, i. e. the 
 ornament ot the Julian family, (as the 
 Tiber li are called Sit las jiroenihy Ovid. 
 Triih 2, 1 67. and Fabius, Fahiaefdiis 
 gentis, Ovid. Pont. 2, 5, 49.) fhiries, 
 or is diftinguiftied amofig all the other 
 families of Rome, as the moon among 
 the leffer flats. — But moil commenta- 
 tors, more agreeably to the context, 
 apply the firll part of the ftanza to the 
 great Marcellus, the antagonifl of Han- 
 nibal ; and the latter part to Julius 
 Caefir, who is fiid to excel ail the 
 other heroes before mentioned, as much 
 la glory as the moon does the ilars in 
 fplendor, Hor. Od. i, 12, 43:. 
 
 Marcia, the wife of Regulus, w-ho 
 to revenge the dcatfi of her hulhr.nd, 
 got from the public feveral Carthaoji- 
 nian prifoners, whom fhe put to death 
 with the mod exquifite tortures ; to 
 fuch a degree that the fenate were obli- 
 ged to interpofe and Hop her cruelty, 
 Dlodor. I. 24. Gellius fays, that thefe 
 captives were given up to the children 
 oi Regulus, who put them to death 
 with the fame cruelty that was ufed 
 againft their father, GelL 6, 4. 
 
 Nunia MARCIUS, the fon of Mar- 
 clus, a patrican, made Pontifex Maxl- 
 mus by Numa, Z.iv. r, 20. 
 
 ylnciis MARCIUS, the grandfon 
 of Numa Pompilius, by his daughter, 
 the fourth king of Romie, Liv. i, q2. 
 (G.198.) 
 
 C. MARCIUS, firnamed Coiiio- 
 LANU.s, from his bravery in taking the 
 city Corioli, L'tv. 2, 33. Being ba- 
 nifhed by the rancour of the tribunes 
 and the hatred of the plebeians, hs 
 
 [ 23S 1 MAR 
 
 Oc- went to the country of the Votfa, 
 whence he led an army againfb his 
 copintry ; and having defeated the Ro- 
 mans in every engagement, reduced 
 the city to the greatefl diftrefs. After 
 feveral fruitlefs embafhes, he was at 
 lall prevailed on, by the interpofition of 
 his mother Veturia, to withdraw his 
 troops, (G. 212.) 
 
 6\ MARCIUS Rurdus, the firil 
 plebeian dictator, who having conquer- 
 ed the Tufcans, firfl: triumphed by the 
 order of the people without the autho- 
 rity of the fenate, Liv. 7, 17. He was 
 alio the nrft plebeian cenfor, ih. 22. and 
 four times conful, ib. 38, & 39. 
 
 L. MARCIUS, a Roman eqiies, and 
 a centurion of the ftrft rank, {prlmipili 
 cenUirlo, ) who, after the two Scipios were 
 
 cut off by the Carthaginians in Spain, 
 by his courage and conduft faved the 
 Roman army. Being chofen command- 
 er by the foldiers, he took two camps of 
 the enemy, Llv. 25, 39. and preferved 
 the Roman conquefts in quiet, till 
 P. Scipio, afterwards called Africanus, 
 was fent with proconfular authority in- 
 to Spain, ib. et 26, 19. Marcius, in 
 
 writing concerning his exploits to the 
 fenate, had affum.ed flie title of Pro- 
 praetor, which gave offence to many, 
 who, though they efteemed his at- 
 chievements as highly meritorious, yet 
 thought it a dangerous precedent that 
 commanders fliould be chofen by the 
 army, Liv. 26, 2. Scipio, how^ever, 
 always treated Marcius with the great- 
 etl refped, Liv. 26, 20. made him one 
 of his lieutenants, and employed him 
 in the moft impcrtant affairs, Liv. z"^, 
 14, 19, 22, &c. Before the arrival of 
 Scipio, Marcius had concluded a treaty 
 with the people of Cadiz, (^Gaditani,) 
 Liv. 32, 2. which, though not confirm- 
 ed by the Roman people or fenate, was 
 ever after held valid, Cic. Ball. 15, & 
 16. and from him vv'as called Foedus 
 Marcianum, ib. 17. 
 
 March Reges, a family of the 
 Gens Marcia, who pretended to be 
 fprung from king Ancus Marcius, and 
 therefore retained the firname Rex, 
 Stist. CasJ. 6. The fam« Mardi Reges 
 
 arc 
 
MAR r 239 ] 
 
 are fuppofed to be alluded to, j4. ad clus Galba 
 Herenn. 3, 2 1. 
 
 MARCIUS, a famous diviner, {jva- 
 tes illujlriiy) who is laid to have foretold 
 the defeat of the Romans at the battle 
 of Cannae ; whence the phiin where 
 the battle was fought is faid to be 
 Damnatufque cleum quondam per carm'tna 
 campus, Sil. 7, 483. The fulhlment 
 of this predidion being known after 
 the event, procured belief to another 
 prediction of Marcius, concerning the 
 expulfion of the Carthaginians from 
 Italy. In order to effecJi: this, the Ro- 
 mans were directed to appoint folemn 
 games in honour of Apollo, which 
 were accordingly inftituted, Liv. 25, 
 12. Thefe predictions [carmina Mar,- 
 ciana) are fuppofed to be alluded to 
 by Silius Italicus, ib. — Cicero mentions 
 tv/o brothers of this name, defcended 
 of a noble family, who were diviners, 
 {^divinantes,) Cic. Div. i, 40. but 
 fpeaks only of one afterwards, (^vates^) 
 ib. 50. evidently the fame with that 
 mentioned by Livy. 
 
 ^ MARCIUS Rex, the colleague 
 of Metellus in the confulihip, a. u. 686, 
 C'lc. P'lf, 4.; Dioj 35, 4. who after his 
 confullliip got the province of Cilicia, 
 where he did not properly affill Liicul- 
 lus in the war againft Miihridates, 
 D'Wi ib. 15, & 17. probably infiigated 
 by P. Clodius, to whofe filler Marcius 
 was married, ib* Marcius was foon 
 after obliged by the Manilian law to 
 leave his provincp before the legal time, 
 D'w, 36, 26. and to give up his army 
 to Pompey, ib. 31. Upon his return 
 to Italy he claimed a triumph ; but 
 was hindered from obtaining that ho- 
 nour i^impeditus tie triumphanij) by the 
 detraction probably of the partifans of 
 Lucullus. (Salluil fays, ccdumnid pau- 
 corum quibus omnia hone.fla atque inhonejla 
 'vcndere mos erat. Cat. 30.) In the 
 mean time the confpiracy of Catiline 
 broke out, and Marcius was fent to 
 Faefulae, to oppofe the attempts of 
 Manlius and the other confpirators in 
 Etruria, Salluft. ib. 
 
 ^ MARCIUS Rex, a praetor a.u. 
 1^19, in the confulihip of Scry. Sulpi- 
 
 M A R 
 
 and L. Aurelius Cotta, 
 who being ordered by the fenate to re- 
 pair the old aquedufts, built alio anew 
 one, and called it by his own name, 
 AQUA MARCIA, Plin. 36, 15 f. 
 
 24. which Pliny calls the moil famous 
 aquedu6l in the world. It took it3 
 rife in the mountains of the Peligni, a- 
 bove fixty miles from Rome. From 
 the territory of Tibur it was carried 
 to Rome on arches for nine miles. Pli- 
 ny fays it was begun by king Ancus 
 Marcius, 31, 3 f. 24. Plutarch fays it 
 was built by two brothers, Publius and 
 Quintus March, in vita Corlolani, priuc. 
 Thcylqua L'larcia was afterwards repair- 
 ed by Ajgrippa, Plin. ib.; et Dio, 49, 42. 
 The u^qua Mania is faid to have been 
 the bell for drinking of all the waters 
 in Rome, on account of its coldnefs 
 and falubrity, Plin. ib.f. 23, & 24, & 
 
 25. as the jlqua Virgo \va3 for fwim- 
 ming, ( ^antum Virgo taciu, tantum 
 praejiat Marcia haujiu), Piin. ib. f. 23^. 
 whence Statins, in his poem on the 
 Bath of Etrufcus, reprefents thefe two 
 waters as particularly agreeable to the 
 nymphs, and defcribes their magniii- 
 cence, ( ^as, fc. Nymphas, except ura 
 natatus (i. e. homines ad natandum cla- 
 ritate aquae invitans) Virgo, Marfafqns 
 nives etjrigora ducens Marcia, praecelfis 
 quarum vaga molibus unda Crefcit, et in- 
 numero pendens tranjmlttitur arcu), Silv. 
 i> 5> 25. 
 
 Marcus, a frequent praenomen z- 
 moug the Romans, the origin of which 
 
 is uncertain. Marcipor, -oris, i. e. 
 
 /^larci puer, the boy or Have of Marcus, 
 Plin. 33, I.; ^inciil. i, 4, 46. (/7J, 
 LuciPOR.) 
 
 Marica, a Laurentine nymph, the 
 mother of king Latinus, Virg. Aen. 7, 
 47. worfhipped as a goddels by the 
 people of Minturnae ; whence Marlcae 
 littora, the fliores of Minturnae, Hor* 
 Od. 3, 17, 7. Umbrojae regna fVlaricae, 
 the wood round the temple of Marica, 
 on the fide of the river Liris, below 
 Minturnae, Lucan. 2, 424. Siha Ma^ 
 
 ricac, Mtirtial. 13, 83. 
 
 Mario, onis, 
 Cic, Fam, 16^ \o 
 
 a Have of Cicero's, 
 
 MA- 
 
MAR 
 
 C 240 1 
 
 MAR 
 
 MARIUS, the name of a plebeian 
 family at Rome, rendered illuftrious by 
 C. MARIUS, born at ArpTrtinn, ( Ar- 
 phias), a town of the Volfci, Sallu/f. 
 Jug. 63. of fa mean a family *, that 
 in his youth he is faid to have wrought 
 for hire as a ploughman, (pofcere mer- 
 cedes al'ieno la/Jus aratro) ; then he be- 
 came a common foldier, (^Nodofam poji 
 haec frangehai vcrtice viiemj Si lentus pi- 
 grd muniret cajlra dolabrd, he had the 
 knotty vine {i. e. the inftrument of 
 punifhment ufcd by a centurion) bro- 
 ken on his head, if he worked lazily 
 with his axe in fortifying the camp), 
 Juvenal. 8, 245, &c. He ferved un- 
 der P. Scipio Africanus the younger 
 at Numantia, Cic. BalL 20. who pro- 
 mottd him for his courage, Plutarch, in 
 vita Marii. When he came to Rome 
 to fue for the office of military tribune, 
 which was conferred by the people, tho' 
 moil wcr« unacquainted with his appear- 
 ance, yet being eafily known (facile no- 
 tus) by his character, he was unanimouf- 
 ly chofen by all the tribes. Sail, jug. 
 63. He obtained the of&ce of tribune 
 of the ccmxmons by the intereft of Me- 
 telius, whofe family had long been pa- 
 trons to Marius and his anceftors, 
 Plutarch. In this office he propofed 
 a law about regulating the manner of 
 voting at the eietlion of magiilrates, 
 in order to prevent bribery, which, 
 notwithdanding the oppofuion of Cot- 
 ta and I'orquatus, he got palTed, a. u. 
 634, ih. €t Cic. Leg. 3, 17. In his ap- 
 phcation to be made aedile, he was 
 twice repulfed, [duahus aedilitatis accep- 
 tis repujfis), Cic. Plane. 21. in one day, 
 being tiril refufed the office of aedilis 
 curiilis, and then that of aedilis non cu- 
 ridis, Plutarch. After his praetorfnip 
 he got the province of Spain, which 
 he is faid to have freed from robbers, 
 ib. Cicero fays he paffed feven years 
 after his praetorfhip unnoticed, (jacc' 
 bat), Cic. Off. 3, 20. In the, war a- 
 gainft Jugurtha, being appointed by 
 
 • Paterculus fays, natus equejlri hco, 2, I4. 
 but here fome read agrejl'i loco ; becaufe the 
 fame author, in another place, makes Marius 
 of an ignoble origin, {ignotag sri^init)^ 3, 128, 
 as all others do. 
 
 Metellus one of his lieutenants, he aft- 
 ed with great courage and conduct; 
 but prompted by ambition, he proved 
 ungrateful to his benefad^or. By cri- 
 minating Metellus, he obtained the 
 confiilfhip, and, by the favour of the 
 people, got the province of Numidia, 
 which the fenate had decreed to Metel- 
 lus, to be transferred on himfelf, ib. et 
 Sallujl. Jug. 64, G^j 82, &c. Having 
 hnifhed the war fuccefsfully, he was 
 fent againfl tlie Cimbri and Teutoves, 
 whom he defeated in two different en- 
 gagements with vaft flaughter. The 
 Romans were fo afraid of this enemy, 
 that, contrary to law, the confullh.ip 
 was continued to Marius for five years. 
 In the fifth year Catiikis was liis col- 
 league, who contributed more to the 
 victory over the Teutones than Marius. 
 Marius, however, carried off the chief 
 glory ; whence Nohilis ornatur lauro col' 
 Icga (fc Catulus) ficunddt Juvenal. 8, 
 253. Marius having returned to Rome, 
 obtained, by bribery, the confulihip a 
 fixth time. Being oppofed in his mea- 
 fiires by Metellus, he procured his ba- 
 nifhment by means of Saturninus a tri- 
 bune and Glaucia a praetor, whom, 
 after having ferved his purpofe with 
 them, he foon after caufed to be cut 
 off, Plutarch. ; Cic, Cat. 1,2. & 3, 6. 
 This perfidious conduct made Marius 
 juiciy unpopular. To avoid the public 
 odium, he took a journey to Afia, 
 where he endeavoured to excite the 
 kings of the country, particularly Mi- 
 thridates, to war againft the Romans, 
 that he might again be employed as 
 general, Plutarch. In the Mar fie or I- 
 talian war he was eclipfed by his rival 
 Sulla ; who being created coni'ul, was 
 appointed by the fenate to carry on 
 the war againft Mithridates. Ma- 
 rias envying Sulla this command, by 
 means of the tribune Sulpicius, pre- 
 vailed on the people to transfer it 
 on himfelf. Upon this Sulla, who was 
 then befieging Nola, marched with 
 his army to Rome, put to death Sul- 
 picius, with feveral of his partizans, 
 and forced Marius to fly for his life, 
 Mariusj after efcaping many dangers, 
 
 was 
 
MAR r 
 
 was at lafl: obliged to plunge into a 
 muddy part of the lake of Minturnae 
 to conceal himfelf. But being dragged 
 from thence, he was put in prifon, and 
 a Cimbrian or Gaul fent by the magi- 
 flrates of Minturnae to kill him. Ma- 
 rius feeing the Gaul approach, with a 
 fierce look called out, " Fellow, dare 
 you kill Caius Marius ?" [Homo, tune 
 
 audes occidere Caium Mai 
 
 Appian. 
 
 B. C. I. p. 652. The Gaul, ftruck 
 with terror at the fparkling of Marius's 
 eyes, and the tremendous found of his 
 voice, or pretending to be fo, dropt 
 his fword, and ran out, crying, *' that 
 he could not kill Marius *." The Min- 
 turnenfes now, touched with compaf- 
 fion, gave Marius a fliip, in which he 
 efcaped to Africa, and lay concealed 
 for fome time amidll the ruins of Car- 
 thage ; a ilriking inflance of the un- 
 certainty of foriune ! Being forced 
 to fly from thence by Sextius or Sex- 
 tilius the Roman governor, he retired 
 to the ifland of Cercina, adjacent to 
 the Syrtis Minor. At latl hearing that 
 his party, with Cinna the conful at 
 their head, had regained the alcendan- 
 cy, Marius returned to Italy, and join- 
 ed them. He entered Rome in a ho- 
 ftile manner, {vul. Cinna, /. 132.), 
 and with the moft horrible cruelty put 
 all his enemies to tiie fword, without 
 regard to age, dignity, or former fer- 
 vices. Among the rell fell the conful 
 Cn. Oclavius, the two brothers L.. 
 Caefar and C. Caefar, P. Craflus, and 
 M. Antonius the orator, ( Fid, Anto- 
 Nius, p. 23.) ; alfo Q^Catulus, for- 
 merly Marius's colleague in the conful- 
 fliip, [vid.p.gS.). Marius had given 
 orders to the foldiers that attended him 
 to kill every one to whom he did not 
 ilretch out his hand to kifs when they 
 faluted him ; hence Lucan fays, Spes 
 una falutis, Oscula pollutae Jixjjfc tre- 
 mentia dextrae, 2, 113. Manus and 
 Cinna caufed themfelves to be declared 
 confuls. But Marius did not long en- 
 joy his iU-gotten power. He died on 
 
 * Cicero takes no notice of this laft cir- 
 CUmftance, Plar.c. 10. ad ^uir. ptji red. 8. Fif. 
 19. whence fome think it was afterwards fa- 
 bricated, to make the relation mere alTc^aiig. 
 
 2+1 ] MAR 
 
 the 17th of January, in the 70th year 
 of his age, and in his 7th confulate, 
 an honour, [i.e. being feven times con- 
 ful), which no Roman before him had 
 ever attained. By military talents a- 
 lone he raifed himfelf, without learn- 
 ing, which he pretended to defpife, 
 and without integrity or patriotifm ; 
 for all his a6tions were diredtcd, not 
 to promote the public good, but only 
 to the advancement of his own private 
 intereft: and glory. That a man fo 
 crafty, cruel, covetous, and perfidious, 
 fhould have been fo fuccefsful, is urged 
 by Cotta the academic as one argument 
 among others againft the exiftence of 
 a providence, Cic.N.D. 3, 32. Many 
 authors, however, forgetting his vices, 
 on account of his illuftrious warlike ex- 
 ploits, rank him among the moll vir- 
 tuous citizens. Thus Virgil, Extulit 
 haec (fc. Italia) Deciosy Marios, mag' 
 nofque Camillosy {by 3. Jynecdoche for Z)<r- 
 cium, ^c), Virg. G. 2, 1 69. So Ci- 
 cero, Muren. 8. addrelTing the Romans, 
 calls Marius, Pater patriae', parens 'vsjlrae 
 libertatis atque hujtifce reipuhlicae, C. Ra- 
 bir. I o. Vir optimus et fap'ientijfimus, ib. 
 II. Citjlos hujus urhis. Cat. 3, lO. Cu" 
 Jlos civitatis atque imperii, Cic. ad Quir. 
 pod red. 4. J^i his Italiam obfidione et 
 metu fervltutis liheravit, by defeating firit 
 the Citnbri and then the Teutones, Cic, 
 Cat.. 4, 10. 
 
 Juvenal, in fpeaking of the difad- 
 vautages of long life, has the jiiftefl: 
 remarks on the lile of Marius: ExiUumf 
 et career, A'linturnarumque prJudcs, Et 
 inenJicatus victd Carthagine pants, Hinc 
 (fc. ex longa vita) caujas habuere, ^icl 
 dlo civc tuliffet Natura iti I err is, quid Ro- 
 ma heatius unquam. Si circumducio capti- 
 vorum agrnine, et omni Bdlorum pompd, 
 unimam exhaldjftt ophnam. Cum de T'eu- 
 tonico vellet dejcendere curru, 10, 276. 
 So Ovid, Ilk Jugurthino clarus Gimhro- 
 que triumpho, ^0 viclrix totia cnnfuU 
 Romafuit, In coeno latuit Marius, can- 
 naque palujiri ; Pertulit et tanto multapu- 
 denda viro, Pont. 4, 3, 45. 
 
 The frequent allufions of the poets 
 
 to the difterent circumflances in the 
 
 life of Marius, makes it necelTary to be 
 
 H h ac- 
 
MAR 
 
 acquainted with them. 
 nal 8, 245, — 253. ; Lucan. 2, 69, — 
 138. ; Propert, 2, I, 24. et 3, ^, 16, 
 Statuas inter et arma Man^ (for Vani), 
 Id. 3. 1 1, V. 9, 46. the trophies ereded 
 in hon ur of Marlus, which were de- 
 molifhed by •'^ulla, and reftored by Ju- 
 lius Caefar, Suet. Caef. 1 1 . Olim 'vera 
 jideSi Sylla Marioqus recepth^ Tihertat'is 0- 
 bit : Pompeio relus ademiOy Nunc et Jida 
 perit, The true poffeflion of h"berty 
 was loft after Marius and vSylla were 
 permitted, the one after the other, to 
 enter the city in a hoftile manner, but 
 iliU fome colour of it remained : now 
 fince the death of Pompey, even the 
 femblance of liberty is gone, Id. 9, 204. 
 yus licet in jugulos nojlros fibi fecerit enfe 
 Sylla pot ens y VJariufque ferox, et Cinna 
 cruentm ; Caefareaeque domus feries, cui 
 ianta potejlas Concejfa efl : emere omnest 
 hie (fc. Curio) vendidit urbem, i. e. 
 though all thefe procured tyrannical 
 power by the fword, they purchafed 
 k by bribing fuch venal men as Curio, 
 
 Id. £>.,jin. ExuUbus Mariis helhrum 
 
 maxima merces Roma recepta fuit, the 
 chief object whicl* Marius and his af- 
 fociatef? fought by war, was a return 
 to their native country, Lucan. 2, 227. 
 — Ad Cinnas Mariolque vents ^ you imi- 
 tate, or you come to be ranked with 
 Marius and Cinna, ih. 546. Truces 
 Marii, the cruel Marius with his fon 
 and brother. Id. 6, 794. 
 
 Ma p. I A lex, a law propofed by Ma- 
 rius, Cic. Leg. 4, 17. — Miles Maria- 
 Nus, a foMier of Marius, ^>iri3il. 3, 
 ji^ x^. — MAP.iANAE/^r/fj, the party 
 of Marius, Paterc. 2, 24. ; Liv. Epit. 
 84. — Sertorius, qui Marianarum partium 
 fuerat, of the Marian party, Eiitrop. 
 '6, £. — Mariana rabies^ the rage of Ma- 
 rius, Flor. 4, 2, 2. Mariana tempejiasy 
 the ftorm of Marius, i3. 3, 12, i!-~ 
 yiKKiA-^iXinfcutum Cimbricumy the Ihitld 
 of Marius, on which was painted a 
 Cimbrian of hideous fuape, the fign of 
 forne ihop, (a). Manlianum), Cic. Or. 
 2, 66. 5 .^linalL 6, 3, 38. y Plin. 35, 
 4 f. 8. Aut quihus in campis iVariano 
 praella figno 5/^«/, . battles are fou-rht 
 'under the banner or command of Ma- 
 v.'Mq, ivho apDronnated the eagle p.s the 
 
 [ 242 ] MAR 
 
 Thus, Jwue- ftandard of the Roman legion, Propert. 
 3, 3, 43. ^iid ergo ait Marianus tri- 
 bunus pishis, qtii nos Sullanos in invidiam 
 rapit? what fays this tribune, who wifli- 
 es to appear popular, and expofes me 
 to odium as a favourer of the nobility, 
 Cic. RuU. 3, 2. — MuLi Mariani, a 
 kind of forks on which Marius appoint- 
 ed that the foldiers fhould carry their 
 baggage, Fejlus in Aerumnula; et Plu- 
 tarch, in Mario. Colonia Mariana, a co- 
 lony planted in Corfica by Marius, 
 Plin. 3, 6 f . 12. 
 
 Marius, a poem written by Cicero 
 concerning the exploits of Marius, Cic. 
 Leg* 1,1. Div. I, ^"/.-—Mariana quer- 
 cus, the oak of Marius, a tree fo called, 
 in the territory of Arpinum, mention-" 
 
 ed in that poem, Cic. Leg. 1, i, 
 
 C. Marius, the fon of the great 
 Marius, whether natural or adopted is' 
 uncertain, the companion of his fatheP 
 in his banifhment and return, made con- 
 ful with Carbo when only twenty-fix 
 years of age, a. u. 672, Paterc. 2, 26. 
 Being defeated by Sulla, he fliut him- 
 felf up in Praenefte, and, attempting 
 to make his efcape from thence, v/as 
 (lain, ib. 27. or, as others fay, killed 
 himfelf, Appian.B. C.i.p.6Si. When 
 reduced to extremity, and defpairing 
 of relief, he wrote to Damafippus, then 
 praetor of the city, to call a meeting 
 of the fenato>"s, as if on bufmefs of im- 
 portance, and put the principal of them 
 to the fword. In this mafTacre many 
 of the nobles periihed ; among the relt 
 Scaevola the high-prieft was flain be- 
 fore the altar of Veila, Paterc, 2, 26. j 
 Cic. N. D. 3, 32. 
 
 M. Marius Gratidianus, a prae- 
 tor, the brother or uncle of Marius, 
 vi^hom Catiline having fcourged with 
 rods through the city, put to death 
 with the greateft torture, Cic. de Pe- 
 tit. Conf. c. $.; Plutarch, in Syll. Val. 
 Maximus fays he was dragged to the 
 tomb of Catulus, (ad fepulchrum Luta- 
 tiae gentis), and there, by the orders of 
 Sylla, cruelly butchered, 9, 2, i. ha- 
 vlncr his members mangled one bv one, 
 Lucan. 2, 175, — 192. 
 
 Several others of the name of Marius 
 
 tire 
 
MAR [2 
 
 are mentioned by Cicero and Livy, 
 Cic. Fam. 7, I, kc. Alt. 12, 49. Brut. 
 45. Fam. 12, 15. Sex. Rofc. 32. ^Fr. 
 3, 1,4, &c. in other places alio beiides 
 Rome, Liv. 23, 7. & 35. 22, 42. j Cic. 
 Verr. 5, 16. 
 
 MARO, -om, a firname of the P^- 
 pirlan patrician family, C'tc. Fam. 11, 
 21. — the firname of the poet Virgil ; 
 whence his poems are called Alt'tjoni 
 Maronis carnnna, Juvenal. II, 178. 
 Grande cothurnati Maronis opus, lofty, 
 fublime, 'Martial, 5, ^,8. Sic Mjro nee 
 Calabri tentavit carmina Flacci, Virgil 
 did not attempt fuch pocn*is as Horace 
 wrote. Martial. 8, 18, 5. Silius haec 
 tnagni cekbrat monumenta Maronis, Silius 
 Italicus refpeded the tomb of Virgil as 
 a temple, Id. 11,49. Sacra' cothurnati 
 non atligit ante Maronis, Implevit magni 
 quam Ciceronis opus, Silius did not ap- 
 ply himfelf to poetry till he had com- 
 pletely iliudied Cicero, i. e. he was an 
 advocate before he was a poet, Id. 7, 
 62, 5. ^lam hrevis immenfum cepit mem- 
 brana Maronem ! Ipfms vultus prima ta- 
 heila gerit, what a fmall book of parch- 
 ment holds the poems of Virgil ! the 
 image of the poet is marked on the 
 
 firft page, Id. 14, 186. Ma rones 
 
 is put for good poets like Virgil, Id. 
 
 8, ^6, 5. Maroneum templum, the 
 
 tomb of Virgil, which Statists vifited 
 with the fame religious veneration as 
 a temple, SiliJ. 4, 4, 54. So Silius I- 
 talicus. Martial. I \, j\<^. Virgilii (fc. 
 imaginem v. llatuam) ante omnes (venc- 
 rabatur), cujiis nataiem religiofius quam 
 fuum, cclebrabat ; NeapoH maxitne, ubi 
 monumentum ejus adire, ut templum, fole- 
 hat, Plin. Ep. 4, 7, 8. Haec prima ju- 
 venis canes fub aevo. Ante annos Liilicis 
 Maroniani, younger than Virgil was 
 when he wrote his poem called Culex, 
 Stat. Sih. 2, 7, 73. 
 
 MARS, the god of war, Martis, vel 
 Maa^ors, -rtis, the fon of Jupiter and 
 Juno, or, according to Ovid, of Juno 
 only, Fajl. 5, 231. called Pater Gradi- 
 vus, P^'irg. Aen. 3, 35. ; Liv. i, 20. et 2, 
 45. from the military pace {agradiendo,) 
 and when peaceable, Q^'irinus, Senv. 
 ill Firg. Acn. I, 296. (G. 362.) — %/j- 
 
 43 1 MAR 
 
 Martem tunica fe&um adamantma Drgne 
 fcripferit ? Who can properly cele- 
 brate Mars, covered with his adaman- 
 tine coat of mail, Hor. Od. i, 6, 3. 
 According to Martial, the coat of 
 m.ail of Mars was made of the hides of 
 animals ; hence, Et Martis Getico ter- 
 gorejida magis, (fc. lorica,) more trufty 
 or ftronger than the coat of mail of 
 Mars made by the Getae, (by whom he 
 was worihipped,) 7, 1,2. Dant alios 
 Furiae torvofpeclacula Marti, the Furies 
 make fome fpe(^\acles to ilern or cruel 
 Mars, who delights in flaughter, i. e* 
 make them fall in battle, ib. i, 28, 17. 
 Protinus et graves iras, et invifum nepbtem 
 — Marti redonnbo, 1 will give up to 
 pleafe Mars, or for his fake, my heavy 
 refcntment, and my hated grandfon 
 (Romulus,) i. e. I will lay afide my 
 refentment and hatred againll hmi, ib. 
 3, 3, 30. Hac (fc. arte vtl virtute, 
 nempe juftitia et conftantia ) ^urinus 
 Martis equis Acheronta fugit, Romulus 
 efcaped the infernal regions, i. e. reach- 
 ed heaven, in the chariot of Mars, i. e^ 
 by warlike coinage, ib. 15. or as Ovid 
 exprefles it, Rex patrlis ajlra petehat e- 
 quis, afcended to heaven in his faiher's 
 chariot, Fcyl. 2, 496. Mars ipjs eod 
 acie fortijfimum quemque pignorari folet, to 
 take to himfelf as his own, i. e. 
 the braveft ulually fail, Cic. Phil, i/^.^ 
 12. Sin nnjlrum annuerint notis viBoria 
 Martem, if victory (hall (how that Mars 
 is favourable to us, i. e. if we fhail gain 
 the victory, Virg. Aen. r2, 187. 
 
 Mars is often put tor war, or the for- 
 tune of war, ibr battle, &c. thus, Frujtra 
 cruento Marte carebimiis. In vain (hall we 
 be free from bloody war, Hor. Od. 2, 
 14, 13. Marti apta co'pora^ for war, 
 Ovid. Ep. i^, 2^1. So, M arte exlinciif 
 Id. Pont. 3, 6, 55, Sub adverfo larte, 
 m adverfe or unfuci efstul battle, Jd. 
 Fajl. 1,60. So InfraSi •idverfo \iarte,, 
 broken or reduced by unfuccefsful war^ 
 Virg. Aen, 12, I. Nee apertt copia 
 Aiartis ullafuit, there was not any op- 
 portunity or poffibihty of open iight. 
 Id. Met. 13, 208. Civili Marfe per- 
 emplos, by civil war, by fighting with 
 one another, Id. Ep, 6, 35. Collato 
 H h 2 Dlartf^ 
 
MAR 
 
 JVtarte, in clofe fight, Id. 
 379. Caeco in Marte, in the doubtful 
 or uncertain battle, Lucan. 7,111. So 
 A'larte caeco rejijlunt, or rather in the 
 nofturnal conflift, fought in the dark, 
 Virg. Aen, 2, 335. Caeco contendere 
 Marte, in a blind or dark encounter or 
 attack, to fight under the cover of a 
 teftudo formed by their fhields, ih. 9, 
 518. DcteElo Marte, in open war, 
 lAican. 10, 346. Dextr't frons Mart'is, 
 the right wing of the army, Lucan. 7, 
 Dtd'ius medlls Mars err at in ar- 
 Mars hovers between the two 
 armies, uncertain to which fide to give 
 the vidory, Firg. G. 2, 283. ^?W 
 duhius Mars eji, &:c. is doubtful, i. c. 
 the event of battles is uncertain, Ovid. 
 Am. 2, 9, 47. So Mars dub'ws eji, 
 lb. I, 9, 29. Durofuh Marte f in the 
 hard confiid, Firg. Aen. 12, 410.; 
 but Nunc hifanus amor dur'i me Mart'is in 
 
 armis detinet, raging love detains me 
 
 in the arms of cruel Mars, Virg. E. 
 
 220. 
 mis. 
 
 10, 44. . 
 
 Faemineo Marte, in fighting with 
 a woman, by the hand of a woman, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 610. Marte feroci, in 
 fierce war, ib. 13, 11. Mars ferus et 
 damnijit modus ilk tui, and let that cruel 
 ■war (which proved fatal to Troy,) be 
 the end of your calamities, i. e. may 
 you never be engaged in anotlier war. 
 Id. Ep. 7, 160.; but Utquefero Marti 
 p-imam dedit ordlne Jortem, gave the 
 name of the firft month (March) to 
 cruel Mars, Id. Fajl. 4, 25. Finiiimo 
 civdus premor undique Marte, furrouiided 
 with hoftile neighbours, Ovid- Tr'tJ}. 5, 
 2, 69. Finito Marte, the' war being 
 ended. Id. Met. 14, 246. Falere 
 Marte for enji, to be a powerful pleader 
 at the bar, Id. Pont. 4, 6, 29. Hec- 
 ioreo folum conairrsrc Marti, to engage 
 in fingle combat with Kedor, Id. 
 Met. 13, 275. Mart em indomitum cer- 
 nimus, the battle unallayed, as fierce as 
 ever, Firg. Aen. 2, 440. Infani Mar- 
 tis amor, a defire for furious war, Firg. 
 Aen. 7, 550. Inopino Marte, by an 
 unexpecled attack, Ovid. Pont, i, 8, 
 15. Totumque injirvdo Marte videres 
 Fervere Leucaten, you could difcern 
 Leucates all in a ferment, i. e. the 
 
 C 244 1 M A R ^ 
 
 Met. 3 2, whole entrance of the Ambracian gulf 
 covered with the fleets of Auguftus 
 and Antony, drawn up in order of bat- 
 tle, Firg. Aen. 8, 676. In Marte 
 medio, in the midll of war, Ovid. Am. 2, 
 18, 36. Aut cedent Marti Doric a cajlra 
 meo, the Graecian army will yield to, 
 or will be defeated by my troops, Ovid. 
 Ep. 16, 369. Arva Marte populata 
 nojiro, by our army, Hor. Od. 3, 5, 
 24. Marte noJlro, by my own ftrength, 
 without affiftance, Cic. Off. 3, 7. Prae- 
 fertim cum vos ve/lro Marte his rebus om- 
 nibus abundetis, of yourfelves, you have 
 enow of your own, without any of his, 
 Cic. Ferr. 3, 4. Rex Juo Marte res 
 fuas recuperavit, recovered his efFedls, 
 the countries that formerly belonged to 
 him, by his own ftrength or bravery, 
 Cic. Phd. 2, 37. Ferecundiae erat (fc. 
 peditibus,) equitcmfuo alienoque Marte pug- 
 nare, th^it the cavalry fiiould fight on 
 horfeback and on foot, Liv. 3, 62. 
 Novum Martem tentare, a new or un- 
 ufual war, Sil. 15, 360. Parentali peri- 
 turae Marte rebellant, they renew the 
 war, about to perllh by fighting at the 
 tomb of their parent Memnon, to ap- 
 peafe his manes, as gladiators who 
 fought at the tombs of the dead, Ovid. 
 Mel. 13, 619. (G. 449.) 
 
 Propria Marte. by your own warfarejor 
 experience. Id. Pont.^, 7> H* Ufi Marte 
 fecundo, having fought fuccefsfully, Lu- 
 can. 4, 388. Martemque Jecundum Jam 
 niji de genero fatis debcre recufat, Cacfar 
 refufes to be indebted to the fates for 
 a vidory unlefs over Pompey, his 
 former fon-in-law, Id.JS, 4. Songuinei 
 munera Martis fufcipcre, to become a 
 foldier, Id. Rem. Am. 153. Sub- 
 duSlo Pi'Jarte ruis, the enemy being 
 withdrawn, or having retreated, there 
 being no body to fight witii, you lall. 
 
 6, 250. Falido Marte, with 
 
 great force, Ovid. Fnjl. 2, 208. 
 
 Acqiio, vario, v. Ancipite, incerto Marte 
 pugnalum eji, with equal, various, 
 doubiful fuccefs ; Atque ea per campos 
 aequo dum l\iarte geruntur, with equal 
 lofs on both fides, (hitherto, for after- 
 wards the cafe was altered,) Firg. Aen. 
 7, 540. Dlmicare prope aequo Alartf, 
 
 almoft 
 
MAR Chj] mar 
 
 almofl on equal terms, with equal ad- fuo Utiglofa vacent, let courts of juilice 
 vantages, Caef. B. G, 7, 19. Vario 
 Marte pugnatum eruditus eft fermo, is 
 a learned expreffion or a trope, ^:indiL 
 8, 6, 24. Mars communis^ the com- 
 mon chance or fortune of war, Cic. 
 Mel. 2 1. Very. 5, 50. Phil. 10, 10. 
 Cum omnis belli Mars comnnmis, et cum 
 femper incerti eixitus praeliorum furit, Cic. 
 JSp. 6, 4. Martis opus, fighting. Vug. 
 Am. 8, 516. 
 
 Martem accendere cantu, to roufe the 
 fight, to excite the foldiers, to battle, 
 by the found of his trumpet, Vlrg.Aen. 
 6, 165. Aeneas acutt Martem^ (liai-pens 
 his martial ardour, roufes his warlike 
 courage for battle, ih. 12, 108. Mar- 
 tem cientesi roufmg the martial fpirit of 
 the foldiers, ib. 9, 766. Martemque fa- 
 t'lgant, loudly demand war, \b. 9, 582. 
 Jnvadunt Martem^ rufii on the combat, 
 begin the battle, ib. 12, 712. Cum 
 prima moverd in praelia Marfetn, roufe 
 Mars to battle, i. e. when they enter 
 his temple, where the ancilia or facred 
 fhields were fufpended, and claili upon 
 
 be free trom their war, i. e. from litiga- 
 tion or law-fuits, Id. FaJ. 4, 188. 
 Martem cecinit Enn'ius, fung of battles. 
 Id. Trijl. 2, 423. Martem coluere,'^r?iC- 
 tiied or ftudied war. Id. Fajl. 3, 79. 
 ^/i Martem terra, Neptunum effvgit in 
 und'tSi Conjugis Atrides vidima dira fuit^ 
 wlio efcaped the dangers of battle by- 
 land, and llonns by fea, Qnnd. Art. Am. 
 1, 333. Martem fpirare diceres, that he 
 breathes nothing but war, that he has 
 the fpirit of Mars, Cic. Att. 15, 15. 
 S pedes, dum laxent aequora Martem, at- 
 tend or wait till the water in which the 
 naumcchia or fea fight was exhibited, 
 being let out, fliall leave room for in- 
 troducing gladiators in the fame place. 
 Martial. Sped. 24, 5. Vid. Suet. Tit. 7. 
 
 them with thefe words. Mars evigila, 
 Mars awake, ib. 7, 603. et ibi Serv. 
 Nunc fine Marte capi, without war, 
 without fighting, Ovid. Met. 3, 540. 
 So Nonfine Marte tamen, ib. 14, 450. ; 
 AA^.Amor. 2, 14, 3. Cum Marte quid fit 
 poetae, what has a poet to do with Mars 
 or war ? Ovid. Fajl. 3, 3,9. Necfunt tilt 
 Marte fecundi, fecond or inferior to you 
 in v/ar. Id. Met. 13, 360. Et Marte 
 Poenos proteret altera, will defeat the 
 Carthaginians in a fecond engagement, 
 or in another war, Hor. Od. 3, 5, 34. 
 Vindelici didicere nuper ^id iViarte ptf- 
 feSi what you could do in war, have iclt 
 your power in war, ib. 4, 14, 9. Suo 
 Marte cadunt fratres, by their own 
 war, by fighting with one another, 
 Ovid. Met. 3, 122. Diruta Marie tuo 
 LyrneJJla moenia vidi, by your attack. 
 Id. Ep. 45. Si quaerit "Julus, Unde 
 fuo partus Marte triumphus eat, feeks an 
 opportunity of gaining a triumph by 
 bis own bravery, ib. 7, 154. Marie 
 fuo c apt am Chryseida vi6lor amah at, made 
 captive by his own army, or by himfelf 
 in war, id. Rem, 469, Et Fora Marts 
 
 et Dio, 66, 25, et ibi Reimarum. 
 Bella velint, Martemque ferum, and fierce 
 battle, Id. 6, 2 J, 7. Damnavit multo Jha- 
 turum fanguine Martem, a war or battle 
 that would coll much bloodflied, Id. 
 6, 32, J. Hermes gloria Marlis wiiver- 
 fi, the glory of all combatants or gla- 
 diators, Ikilled in all kinds of arms, the 
 moil excellent gladiator in the world. 
 Id. 5, 25, T4. Defperabantur promijji 
 praelia Martis, the contefts of wild 
 bealls, which had been promifed, were 
 defpaired of, Id. Sp. 22, 3.' Ei Mars 
 iratus ejl, he has been unfortunate in 
 v/ar, Plaut. 3, 3, 32. An tibt Mavors 
 in lingua femper eritP Shall your courage 
 always lie in your tongue ? Firg. Aen. 
 II, 389. In manibus Mars ipfe, the 
 battle is in your power, you arejufl 
 about to engage, ib. 10, 280. Si patrii 
 quid Martis habes, any of your native or 
 paternal courage, ib. 1 1, 374. Cautius 
 ut faevo velles te credere Marti, to trufl 
 yourfelf more cautioufly to the fierce 
 pombat, ib. 153. 
 
 MARTLS Stella, the planet Mars, 
 Cic. N. D. 2, 2. Habet v.ntus, incer- 
 taque fulmina Mavors^ rules tlie winds 
 and thunders, Lucan. io. 206. The 
 planet Mars was fuppofed to portend 
 v/ar, ib. 1 , 660, ic 663. AJlrum Martis^ 
 put for Mars, Juvenal. 10, 3 12. — Curia 
 Martis, the Areopagus, at Athens, 
 
 JuvenaL 
 
MAR [2 
 
 ywvenal 9, loi. [G. 291.) — I\flartis 
 frammy the fpcar of Mars, Jwvenal. 13, 
 79. Hafiam y>artis Praenejle Juafponte 
 promotarriy that the fhield of Mars at 
 Praeneile moved forward of its own 
 accord, Liv. 24, 10. — Mart'u imago^ 
 Virg. A en. 8, 557. Exornanfque deos 
 ac nudum pedore Martem Armis, Scaeva, 
 tuts, they adorn the temples of the 
 gods, and the naked image of Mars, 
 with your arms, Lucan. 6. 256. — Mar- 
 tis urhsy Rome, Martial. 8, 65, 12. So 
 Cppidum March J Id. ic, 30, 2. Mavor- 
 tis urhsy Virg. Aen. 6, 872. ; Ovid. 
 Met. 8, ^.— Marth Kafendae, the firft 
 of March, Martial. 9,9, 92, 15. diBae 
 a PrlartCy Id. ic, 29, 3. Martiae Kalen- 
 dae. Id. 9, 53, 3. which he thus ad- 
 drelTes, Marts alximne dies, becaufe he 
 was born on that day, 12, 60, i. — Mar- 
 tis Ultorts aedesj a temple built by Au- 
 guflus to Mars for having revenged the 
 death of JuHus Caefar, Snet. 29. ; Mar- 
 tial. 7, 5c, 4. very magnihcent, Q-vld. 
 
 FaJ}. s,SS^' 
 
 MAR riUS (adj.) angu'is, facred to 
 Mars, warh!ke, iierce, Ovid. Met. 3, 32. 
 So Martia piciis avis. Id. FalL 3, 37. 
 JMartia cum durum Jlcrnit arena ffJiim, 
 when the ground or the forum is cover- 
 ed with fand for exhibiting fhews of 
 gladiators, Ovid. Trij'L 2, 282. ; Mar- 
 tia bsllay fierce wars, Id. Fafi. 3, 232. ; 
 Nor at. Art. p. 402. Campus Martins , a 
 field or plain along the Tiber, which 
 had belonged to king Tarquin, and 
 after his expuliion was confecrattd to 
 Mars, Liv. 2, i, 44. f/ 2, 5. where 
 afTembhes of the people were held, Liv. 
 6, 2C. and the youth perfonned their 
 exercifes, Horat. Od. ^, ^j 39- Certa- 
 mine Martio, in battle, Hor. Od. 4, 14, 1 7. 
 Martius ille aeris rauci canory the warlike 
 found of hoarfe brafs, i. e. the parti- 
 cular buz or noife which bees make be- 
 fore they faliy forth from their hives, 
 Virg. G. 4, 71. Martius Hannibal, war- 
 like, Sil. 15, 407. Martia Icgio, the 
 name of a legion, fo called from Mars, 
 (nomen a Marfe rjl,) Cic. Phi). 14, 12. 
 which deferted Antony and joined 
 Augullus, Cic. ib. 3,3. Martiui lupus, 
 
 46 ] MAR 
 
 facred to Mars, cruel, Virg. Aen. 9* 
 ^66. Martius miles, for milites, brave, 
 valiant, Ovid. Met. 14, 798. Conf. 
 Martial II, 8, 5. Martia proles, Ro- 
 mulus and Remus, the offspring of 
 Mars, Ovid.Fafl. 3, 59. Martia Roma, 
 warlike or built by Romulus, the fon 
 of Mars, Id. Trifl. 3, 7, 52. Pont, i, 
 8, 24. et 4, 9, 6$. Liv. 246. Mavor- 
 tius Romulus, warlike, or the fon of 
 M^YS, Virg. Jen. 6, 778. So Martia 
 Penthcfilea, warlike, or the daughter of 
 Mars, ih, 11, 662. Mavortia moenia, 
 the walls of Rome, ib. i, 276. Terra, 
 a country facred to Mars, warlike, i. e. 
 Thrace, ib. 3, 13. Tela inter Martia, the 
 weapons of war. Id. E. 9, 12. Vulne- 
 ra, martial or brave, honourable, Virg, 
 
 Aen. 7, 182. Martius menjis, 
 
 March, (wf;7/?j nomine Martis,)Ov\di.Yz^. 
 5, 88. anciently the firft month of the 
 year, ib. 75. Martiae Kalendae, the 
 hrft day of March, the birth-day of 
 Martial, 10, 24, i. kept as a feftival 
 by married people, Hor. Od. 3, 8, i. 
 particularly by matrons, Ovid. Foji. 3, 
 170, &;c. obferved by Horace, becaufe 
 on that day he had nearly been killed 
 by the fall of a tree, Hor. ib. 7. Idus 
 IVjartiae, the 15th, the day on which 
 JuHus Gaefar was killed, Cic. Phil. 2, 
 36. J Cvid. Faft. 3, 697. and on which 
 m.agiftrates anciently entered on their 
 ornce, Liv. 22, i. 26, i, & 26. 27, 7. 
 
 .V' 5-' 38, 35- 39> 45- 40» 35- ^^42, 
 22. 
 
 M. RTicoLA, -ae, m. a worfhipper 
 of Mars, Ovid. Trijl. 5, 3, 22. Pont. 4, 
 14, 14. 
 
 Map.tigena [-ae, m.) Quirinus, 
 Romulus the Ion of Mars, Ovid. Fafi. 
 1, 199. Martigenae, plur. Romulus 
 and Remus, Id. Amor. 3, 4, 39. Mar- 
 tigeha bellua, the Inake killed by Cad- 
 mus, Plaut. Amph. 4. Suppof. 2, 13. 
 
 Martia LIS Jlarnen, the prieft of 
 
 Mars, Cic. Phil. 11, 8. Martiales 
 
 minijlri publici Martis, Id. Ciuent. 15. 
 lylariiaks lupi, facred to Mars, raven- 
 ous, Hor. Od I, 7, 9. 
 
 MARSYAS, V. Marfya, -ae, a Phry- 
 gian mufician, who challenged Apollo 
 
 to 
 
I 
 
 MAR [247 
 
 to a contcft of /l-cill in mufic, and be- 
 ing worfted by him, was flayed alive 
 for his prefuraption, Ovid. Met. 8, 6, 
 383, &c. [G. 372.) There was a 
 ftatue of Marfya in the Roman forum 
 near the place where the praetor's tri 
 bunal ftood, to deter unjull litigants, 
 Hor. Sat. I, 6, 120. 
 
 M. Valerius MARTIALIS, a cele- 
 brated poet, a writer of epigrams, who 
 flouriihed under X)omitian and Trajan, 
 whofe works are ftill extant. 
 
 Marullus Epidius, a tribune of the 
 commons, deprived of his office by 
 Caefar, for having puniflied one of the 
 people who had put a laurel crown on 
 Caefar's ftatue. Suet. Caef. 79. ; C'tc. 
 Phil. 13, 15. In doing which, Pater- 
 culus obferves, he had ufed unfeafoni- 
 ably too great liberty towards Caefar^ 
 2,68. 
 
 MASINISSA, a king of Numldia, 
 firft an enemy and afterwards a faithful 
 friend to the Romans, as long as he 
 lived, Liv. 27, &c. ; SaUuJI. Jug. 5. 
 He retained uncommon vigrour at the 
 age of 90, Cic. Sen. 10. 
 
 Maso, -onis, the name of feveral per- 
 fons mentioned by Cicero, N. D. 3, 
 20. Balh. 23. Fam. 9, 2i, &c. 
 
 Mastanesosus, v. -es, -ae, a king 
 of part of Mauritania, as it is thought, 
 Cic. Vat. 5. 
 
 MATERNUS, a poet and fopbift, 
 in the time of Vefpalian, who compo- 
 fed<i tragedy, called C a to, which is 
 faid to have offended the ruling powers, 
 (offendijfe poieniium animos,) Dial, de 
 Orat. 2, & 3. Hence he was afterwards 
 put to death by Domitian for having 
 written againft tyrants, Z)/o, 67, 12. 
 
 P. Matin lus, a trader, who had a 
 difpnte with the people of Salamis 
 about a fum of money which he lent 
 them, Cic. Att. 5, 21. 
 
 C. MATIUS, a very learned and 
 accompHflied Roman, Cic. Fam. j, 15. 
 the friend of Caefar, as well as of Ci- 
 cero, iL 6, 12. et II, 27. an advifer 
 of peace, Cic. jitt. 9, 11. He v/rote 
 a beautiful letter to Cicero, j unifying 
 his attachment to Caefar, and regretting 
 his death, Cic. Fam, 11, 28.; Add. 
 
 ] M A U 
 
 Sitet. Chef. 52. ; Tac. Ann. 12, 60. He 
 was employed by Auguilus as one of 
 the managers [procuratores) of the 
 games which Auguftus celebrated in 
 honour of Caefar, Cic. AiU 15, 2. He 
 lived long a ter in great friendfliip 
 with Auguilus, but appears never to 
 have accepted any public office. He 
 feems to have fpent the remainder of 
 his days in an elegant and pleafureable 
 retreat. Pliny, who calls him the friend 
 of Auguftus, afcribes to him the inven- 
 tion of cutting trees and groves into re- 
 gular forms, {^nemora tonfdia), 12, 2 f. 
 6. alfo of inoculating and propagating 
 certain foreign fruits, Plin. 15, 14 f. 
 15. He publlihed three books about 
 the manner of letting out a table, and 
 furnilhing fplendid entertainments, («/-- 
 hanas menfas-t et lauta convivia inflruere.^ 
 The firft of thefe books he called the 
 cook, i^cocus^ ; the fecond, the fifhmon- 
 ger, [cetarius) ; and the third, the oil- 
 man, { fa/gam ari us) f Columel. 12, 44. 
 It appears that Matius hkewife made a 
 verfe-tranfiatioh of Homer's Iliad; from 
 -Gellius, 6, 6. who calls him a very 
 learned man ; but gives feveral inftances 
 of his being fond of ufing new and un- 
 common words, 15, 25. which however 
 feem to have been ingenioufly contri- 
 ved, Id. 20, 9. 
 
 Mato, v. Mathoy -onisf a Roman 
 firname, Cic. Or. 48. of the gens Pompo- 
 nia, Fam. 9, 25. and of the gens Nae- 
 via, Liv. 39, 32. 
 
 Marti Nius, the name of feveral ob- 
 fcure perfons, Cic. Fam, 2, 15. Verr, 
 3, 24. Cluent. 45. Balb. 2j. 
 
 Matuta, the Latin name of Ino, 
 when changed into a fea-goddefs, Cic. 
 Tvfc. I, 12. called Parens Matutay Mo- 
 ther Matuta, Ovid.Faft. 6, 479. et 545. 
 Maier Matuta, Liv. 5,21. 25,7. 28, 
 II. (?/ 41, 28. ; Thehana dca, Ovid. Faft. 
 6, 476. Matralia, -ium, the facred 
 rites or fcftival of Matuta, ib. 475. 
 
 MAUSoLUS, a king of Caria, in. 
 Afia Minor, after whofe death his wife, 
 Artemifia, erefted a fplendid monument 
 in honour of him, which was reckoned 
 one of the feven wonders of the world, 
 GcIL 10, 18. ; Cic, Tufc. 3, 31. ; call- 
 ed 
 
MAX [2 
 
 cd Maufoleum fepulchruniy Propert, 3, 
 2, 21. dcfcrlbed, Plin. 26, 5 f. 4. 9. 
 whence all magnificent fepulchres were 
 called Mausolea ; thus, Maufoleum 
 Caefaruniy the fepulchre of the CacCars, 
 Suet. Jug. 10 1. Ner.^6, Fcjp.2l.', 
 Add. Fior. 4, 1 1 . f. 
 
 MAXiMUS, aiirname firft given to 
 Q. Fabius, the cenfor, who, in order 
 to prevent the election of magiftrates 
 from being in the power of the lov/efl 
 people, tiirew all of that defcripcioa 
 (omnemforeHfem turhari) into four tribes, 
 and called them city tribes, [urbanas)y 
 
 Xiiv. 9, 46. No family in Rome dif- 
 
 tinguiflied itfelf more by its merits than 
 that of the Falli ; Nee gradus ejl ultra 
 Fabios cognominh ullusy Ilia domus trier i- 
 tis Maxima diEta fuhy Ovid. Fa ft. i, 
 605. Virgil chiefly celebrates Fabius, 
 who, when oppofed to Hannibal, by 
 declining battle, faved the Roman Hate, 
 (Tk Maximus illees, &c.) A- 6, 846. 
 So Ovid, Fafl. 2, 241. See Fabius. 
 
 Medea, the daughter of Aeetes, 
 (Aeetlasy -adis), king o( Colchis, by 
 his wife Idyia, Cic. N. D. 3, 19, a fa- 
 mous forcerefs, who afiifted iafon to 
 carry off the golden fleece. In return 
 for which, he married her, (G. 442.) 
 Barharae Mideas venenay the drugs Uicd 
 
 by Medea, Horat. Epod. 5, 61. 
 
 MedEIDEs herhaey (fing. Medeis),mB.- 
 gic herbs, Ovid. JrL Am. 2, 10 1. 
 
 Me DON, -ontlsy the fon of Codrus, 
 the firfl: archon of Athens, whofe fuc- 
 ceffors, being chofcn of the fame fami- 
 ly for 2CO years, were called Medon- 
 TIDAE, Paufan. 4, 5. (G. 426.) 
 
 Medus, the fon of Medea, who is 
 faid to have given name to the country 
 
 of Media, [G. ^A^-Y 11 2. The name 
 
 of one of the tragedies of Facuvius, Clc. 
 
 OJ. 1,31- 
 
 Medusa, the daughter of Phorcus, 
 (Phorcis, -yis. Prop. 3, 22, 8. or 
 Phorcynisy -ulisy Lucan. 9, 629.) the 
 chief of the three Gorgons, a female 
 monPccr, with ferpents on her head in- 
 ilead of hair, which turned every one 
 into ftor.e that looked at her. She was 
 jQain by Perfeus, (G. 395.) and from 
 her blood fprur.g the winged horfe Pe* 
 
 48 ] MEL 
 
 gafus ; hence called Equus Pegafaeust 
 Ovid. Faft. 5, 8. ■ --Medusarum os, 
 the face of Mcdufa, with which Per- 
 feus turned people into ftone, Ovid, 
 Met. 5, 249. Chelydri Medufaely the 
 hair on the head of Medufa, Sil. 7. 
 
 MEGABysus, one of the Periian no- 
 bles that expelled the Magiy (G. 607.) 
 
 ^ 2. A general of Artaxerxes, (G. 
 
 61^.) We learvi from Strabo, /. 14, 
 
 p. 950. that the priefts of Diana at E- 
 phefus, whoni it behoved to be eunuchs, 
 were called Megabyzi. Hence Me- 
 gabyzus is thought to be put for an eu- 
 nuch, or one of thofe priefts, and not 
 ufed as a proper name, ^incilL 5, 12, 
 21. ; Pl'tn. 35, 10. 
 
 Megaera, one of the three infernal 
 furies, Virg. Aeii. 12, 846.; Lucan. i, 
 577. f/6, 730. 
 
 Megalc, (^f/.iy;i\yi f^rrrp, magna ma" 
 ter)y the Greek epithet of Cybele, the 
 mother of the goJs : whence the fefti- 
 val kept in honour of her was called 
 MEGALESIA, 'orunif Liv. 29, 14. 
 34,54. el 36, 36. ; Juvenal. 6, 69. vel 
 ludi MEGALF.siAy Ovid. Fajl. 4, 357. ; 
 ^inBiL I, 65. or Meg;. LENS I A, -iumy 
 V. Megalenfes ludi; Ip/ts MegalenJihuSy 
 on the feilival-day of Cybele, (the 4th 
 or 5th of April), when games were ex- 
 hibited in the Circus, {^ludi Circenjh)y 
 
 Cic. Fam. 2. r I. de Har. Rsfp. 12. 
 
 Hence M:galefiacae fpedacula mappae^ 
 the fpedlacles of the ivjegalenan or Cir- 
 cenfian games, the fignal for beginning 
 which was given by dropping a napkin 
 or towel, [miltendo mappam)y Juvenal. 
 I r , « 93. which cuftom took its rife 
 from Nero, Suet. 2 2. 
 
 Meg A R A, the lirll wife of Hercules, 
 flain by him in a fit of madnefs, Senec, 
 Here. fur. 1015, &c. (G. 400.) 
 
 Meg A RE us, (3 fyll. ) the fon of On- 
 cheilius, and grandfon of Neptune; the 
 father of Hippomanes, Ovid. I\^ht. 10, 
 605. who is hence called Megaretus he- 
 ros, ib. 659. 
 
 Mela, a companion of Antony's, 
 Cic. Phil. 13, 2. 
 
 Potnponius MELA, a celebrated geo- 
 grapher, born at Tingentera vel Tingi 
 Cetraria, a town of Spain, McL 2, 6, 
 
MEL E 249 ] MEL 
 
 S5. who wrote an excellent book, in- by that name, 0-vld. Met. 8, 534. fup- 
 
 fcribed De fiiu orl'is^ whicli is ftill ex- 
 tant. He flourinied between the time 
 of i\uga(lus and Vcfpalian. 
 
 MELAMPUS, -odh, the fon of 
 Amythaon, [Amylhaone cretus, Stat. 
 Thcb. 3, 453. Amythaonius, Virg, 
 G. 3, 550.) a famous foothfayer and 
 phyfician at Arjros, who cured the 
 daughters of Proetus, [Proei'idss)y by 
 prefcribing hellebore, Apollodor. \ , 9, 
 11. et 2, 2, 2.; V'trg. Ed. 6,48.; 
 wlience a fpecies of h^'llebore was call- 
 ed Melampodmii v. -ir/m, Plin. 25, 5 f. 
 2(. Cicero makes Melampus the fon 
 of Atreus, A^. i). 3, 2 £. and fpeaks of 
 
 his predidions, Leg. 2, 13. ^ 2. 
 
 The name of a dog from his black feet, 
 OvUL Met. 3, 206. 
 
 MtLAKEus, (3fyll.) the name of 
 a dog, from his black colour, Gvid. 
 IS let. 3, 22:!. 
 
 Melanippe, Via. Menalippe. 
 
 Melantheus, -eos, ace. -ea, a per- 
 fon guilty of murder, who, while con- 
 cealing himfelf, was difcovered by his 
 mother, ignorant of what had happen- 
 ed, Ov'id. in Ihhij 61^. 
 
 MELANTHIU3, a Rhodian, a 
 fcholar of Carncades, Cic. Acad. 4, 6. 
 
 — ^ 2. A noted painter, Pl'in. 35, 7. 
 
 f 3. The goat-herd of Ulyffes, 
 
 Homer. OdyJ]". 21, 175. who readily af- 
 foided to the fuitors of Penelope what 
 part of his flock they defired, and join- 
 ed with them in devouring his mailer's 
 fubftance, ib. 20, 175. ; Oiiid. Ep. I, 
 95. On which account he was put to 
 death by Tclemachus with the greateft 
 torture, Elomer. Od. 22, 473, &c. 
 
 MELEaGER, v. Meleagrus, 
 'grly the fon of Oeneus, [Oaudes), who, 
 having (lain the wild b.^ar of Calydon, 
 gave the i]<iu and head to Atn'anta, 
 who had fivfl wounded him. The un- 
 cles of Melcager, attempting to rob 
 Atalanta of her preient, were flain by 
 Meleager. Whereupon Althaea 'nis mo- 
 ther, in a paflion, threw a log of wood, 
 on which the life of her fon depended, 
 into the fire ; and as foon as it was con- 
 fumed, Meleager expired, [G. 434.) 
 His fillers, [Meleagndes^y lamenting his 
 death, were changed into birds, culled 
 
 pofed to be Guinea-hens, Pli/i. 10, 26 
 f. 38. ^ 2. A Greek poet, a na- 
 tive of Gadara in Syria, who flourifiied 
 150 years before the Chrillian aera. 
 He was the firft coUeftor of the Greek 
 epigrams, entitled Aiithologla. 
 
 MELEsiGiiNEs, -w, a name given to 
 Plom.er, from Meles^ a river of Ionia, 
 near which he was born, (G. 587.) 
 
 Melete, -eSf one of the four Mu- 
 fes, faid to have been produced by the 
 fecond of the three Jupiters, mention- 
 ed by Cicero, N. D. 3, 21. 
 
 Me L I BO E us, the name of a fhepherd, 
 Virg. E. I, 6. but Mcl'ihoeus dux^ i. e. 
 Philoftetes, from his birth-place Meli- 
 boea, Firg. Aen. 3, 401. 
 
 Melicerta, Melicertes, -acy \\ 
 -us, the fon of Athamas and I no. Vid» 
 Ino. 
 
 Melissus, the firft king of Crete, 
 the father of Am.althea and Meliffa, 
 who fed Jupiter, when a child, with 
 milk and honey, (G. 356.) Meliffa is 
 faid to have been changed by Jupiter 
 into a bee. Col. 9, 2. 
 
 MELISSUS, a philofcpherofSamos, 
 the fcholar of ParmenidfS, Laert. 9, 24* 
 who believed in the infinity and eterni- 
 ty of the univerfe, {hoc, quod 'ejfct infi- 
 nitum et immutali/e, femper fuijfe etforej^ 
 Cic. Acad. 4, 37. 
 
 Sp. Melius, a wealthy Roman citi- 
 zen, fufpefted of aiming at foveveignty, 
 becaufe, in the time of a great dearth, 
 lie diilribu^ed corn among the people at 
 a lov^' price. On this fufpicion, being 
 fummontd to appear before Cincinna- 
 tus, the dictator, and rcfufing to obey, 
 he was (lain by Q^Servilius Ahala, maf- 
 ter of horfe to the dictator, Liv. 4, \ 3, 
 — 16.; Cic. Cat. I, I. Dam. 38. Sen, 
 
 16.; Amic. 8, & II. -Maeliani, 
 
 the parLiinns of Maelius, Liv. 4, 14, 
 Frumentum Maelianum, the corn which 
 had been purchai'ed by Maeh'us, ih. 
 
 Annaeus MELLA, i;. Mela, the 
 brovher of Seneca the philofopher, and 
 fatlier of the poet Eucan, who was put 
 to death by Nero, Tac. Ann. 16, 17. 
 
 MELPOMilNE, -es, one of the nine 
 Mufes, Hor. Od. i, 24, 3. (G. '>^CZ.) 
 1 i MEMMIUS, 
 
MEM [2 
 
 ' MEMMIUS, the name of an illuf- 
 tnou3 plebeian gens at Rome, faid to 
 have been derived from the Trojan 
 Mneilheus, Vtrg. Aen, 5, 116. Hence 
 the Memmti w^ere among thofe called 
 Trojugenae, by Juvenal, i, 100. 
 
 C. MEMMIUS, a tribune of the 
 commons, who boldly accufcd the cor- 
 ruption of the nobility in the war again ft 
 Jugurtha, Salluft. 'Jug. 27. and roufcd 
 the people to punirti the guilty, ih. 30, 
 & 31. Cicero fpeaking of this Mem- 
 tnius,join5 him with his brother Lucius: 
 C. et h. Memmii fuerunt oratores medio* 
 cres, accufatores acres atqus acerhu Ita- 
 que hi jwiicium capitis niulios vocaverunty 
 pro reis nonfaepe dixerunty Brut. ^6. We 
 learn from Cicero tliat C. Memmius 
 brought Beftia to his trial, but whether 
 for his conduct in the Jugurthlne vi'-ar 
 or not, is uncertain, Cic. Or, 2, 70. 
 Memmlus, when candidate for the con- 
 fulPnip in oppofition to Glaucia, was 
 affaflinated by ruffians whom Glaucia 
 and Saturninus employed to attack him 
 with bludgeons, in the comitlum, in 
 pfefence of the people, Appian, B. C. 
 I, p. 369.; Cic. Cat. 4, 2. 
 
 C. MEMMIUS, L.F. an acute and 
 agreeable fpeaker, but too carelefs in 
 his compofition, highly accomplidied in 
 Greek literature, but indifferent about 
 the Latin, Cic. Brut. 70. Q^aeftor to 
 Pompeyin thewarapjainilSertorius, Cic, 
 Balh. 2. He had an intrigue with the 
 wives of Lucullus and Pompey, the for- 
 mer of whom Cicero, in telling the fact, 
 calls Menelaus, and the latter Agamem- 
 non, Cic. Ate. I, 18. Memmlus having 
 divulged a fliameful paction, which he 
 and Cn. Domitius, when candidates for 
 the-confulfhip, had made with the confuls 
 Appius and Ahenobarbus, Cic, Att. 4, 
 16, & 18. (Vid. Domitius.) and be- 
 ing condemned of bribery, lived in 
 exile at Athens, Cic. Fam. 13, 1. Cu- 
 rio propofed getting him recalled, Cic. 
 Att. 6, I. but whether he effeded it, is 
 uncertain. To this Memmius, firnamed 
 Gemellus, Lucretius is thought to 
 have infcribed his poem De Re rum 
 
 KATURA, 1,43, 412, & IO5I; 2, 142, 
 
 &c. Lucretius fometimes calls him by 
 a patronymic name, Memmiades, v. 
 
 50 3 MEN 
 
 -DA, dat. -net l, 25. voc. Memmtadaf 
 
 ib. 45 . M E M M I A N A praedia, the 
 
 farms or ellate of Memmlus, Cic. Att. 
 5. I 
 
 MEMNON, -onis, the fon of Tltho- 
 nus and Aurora, the general of the Ae- 
 thiopians who came to the affiflance of 
 Priam, flain by Achilles, (G. 449.) 
 Color Memnoniiis y black, the colour of 
 the Aethiopians, OtvW. ^x Pfi'/z^ 3, 3,96. 
 Alemnonia regna, the nations of the eaft, 
 
 Lucan. 3, 284. Mem NOV IDES, -wriy 
 
 (ling. Memnonis), certain birds, fuppo- 
 fed to have been produced from the afh- 
 es of Memnon, Ovid Met. 13, 618. 
 
 Mem NGN, a native of Rhodes, the 
 principal general of Darius Codoman- 
 nUvS, who alone fuggefted to that mo- 
 narch the proper means of Hopping the 
 progrefs of Alexandc*, (G. 620.) 
 
 MEN A, v. Mcnasy -acy a frecdman 
 of Pompcy the Gieat, Paterc. 2, 73. 
 after v^'hofe death he followed the for- 
 tunes of his fon Sex. Pompey, who gave 
 him the command of part of his fleet, 
 ih. He deferted from Pompey to Au- 
 guftus ; and from Auguflus again to 
 Pompey. He a fecond time left Pom- 
 pey, and joined Auguilus, bringing o- 
 ver with him a part of Pompey's fleet. 
 Caefar bountifully rev./arded him, and 
 made him a military tribune. He was 
 the only frced-m.an whom Auguftus ad- 
 mittedtohis table, Suet. Aug. 74. — When 
 Augullus and Antony, after having 
 made an agreement with Sex. Pompey, 
 paid Pompey a viiit in his fhip, Mena 
 propofed to Pompey to aflafiinate them 
 both, and thus fecure the recovery of 
 his father's fortune ; but Pompey no- 
 bly rejected the propofal, Plutarch, in 
 Antonio. Appian, in relating this fact, 
 calls him Men odor us, Bdl. Civ. ^y p. 
 714. — Horace feems to have had a great 
 antipathy to this rnan, Epod. 4. if it be 
 the fame Mena againft whom he writes 
 his bitter invectives. Some think It 
 muft be a different perfon, becaufe, a- 
 mong the other charges againit his cha- 
 racter, the moft reprehenhble part of 
 his conduct is not mentioned. 
 
 Menalcas, -acy the name of a fhep- 
 hcrd, Virg, Ed, 2, 15. et 3, 13. 9, 16. 
 et 10, 20. Menalippe, 
 
MEN 
 
 C 251 ] 
 
 MEN 
 
 Menalippe, v. Melanippe, -est the 
 daughter of Defmontes, or Aeolus, 
 who, being violated by Neptune, bore 
 two fons, (as Dionyfius of Halicarnaf- 
 fus fays, in the ox-Hall of her father, 
 (/e Jrte Rhetor. /• 57. to which Varro 
 alludes, R. R. 2, 5, 5.) Defmontes, 
 enraged at the difcovery, (hut up Me- 
 nalippe in prifon, after having deprived 
 her of fight, and ordered the infants to 
 be expofed. A cow is faid to have come 
 and given them fuck ; in which Hate 
 the fhepherds found them. In the mean 
 time Metapontus, king of Icaria, being 
 anxious to have children, Theano, his 
 queen, applied to the Ihepherdsto pro- 
 cure for her a fuppofititious child. 
 Whereupon they fent her the infants 
 they had found. Thus theft infants be- 
 came the reputed fons of Metapontus, 
 under the name of Boeotus and Aeolus. 
 After this Theano had two fons of her 
 own ; and when they grew up, having 
 difcovered to them that their fuppofed 
 brothers were fuppofititious, fhe advifed 
 them to take an opportunity of cutting 
 them off. But the fons of Neptune, 
 when attacked, by the affiitance of their 
 father, flew their aggrefibrs. Theano, 
 ftruck at the fight of their bodies, which 
 were carried back to the palace, flew 
 herfelf. Boeotus and Aeolus fled to 
 the fliepherds by whom they had been 
 faved. There Neptune revealed to them 
 the fecret of their birth, and that their 
 mother was in cuftody. On this ac- 
 count they flew Defmontes, and libera- 
 ted their mother, to whom Neptune re* 
 ftored her fight. Accompanied by her 
 they returned to Metapontus, and in- 
 formed him 'of the perfidy of Theano. 
 Whereupon Metapontus married Mena- 
 lippe, and adopted them as his fons, 
 Hyntu f. 186. This ilory feived as a 
 lubjedl for a tragedy of Euripides, DtO" 
 nyf. luid. Accius likewife wrote a tra- 
 gedy called Menalippa, Cic. Of. i, 
 
 31. Perfona Menalippes, the mafic 
 
 ufed in a6ling the part of Menalippe, 
 Juvenal. 8. 229. — There was another 
 Menalippa, the daughter of the cen- 
 taur Chiron, who is {aid to have been 
 
 changed into a mare, Hygin. Poet. 2, 
 18. 
 
 Menalippus, v. Melamppus, the 
 fon of Aflacus, {AflacideSi ae), who 
 mortally wounded Tydeus in the belly 
 with a javelin. But Tydeus exerting 
 all hie llrength, threw a dart, which 
 killed Melanippus. Tydeus was carri- 
 ed off the field, and perceiving his cafe 
 defperate, requefted that fome of his 
 friends would go and bring to him the 
 head of Menalippus, ( Caputs 6 caput, 6 
 m'thi fi qiiis adportety Menalippe, tuum ; 
 Nam voheris arvis, Fido eqii'uiem, nee 
 me virtus fiiprema fefellit), Stat. Theb. 
 8, 740. Capaneus was the firft that 
 found the dead body, and brought it 
 to Tydeus ; who ordered the head to 
 be cut off, and in revenge for his wound, 
 divided it in two, and tore out the 
 brains with his teeth. In the mean time 
 Pallas was bringing a remedy which fhe 
 had received from Jupiter, to cure Ty- 
 deus, and render him immortal. But 
 feeing this barbarity, flie with-held it, 
 and left him with indignation, Stat. Ih. 
 8, 719, &c. ad Jin. ApoUodorus fays, 
 it was Amphiaraus that brought the 
 head of Menalippus to Tydeus, from 
 hatred to him, becaufe he had been the 
 author of the Theban war. Soon af- 
 ter this, Amphiaraus was fwallowed up 
 by an earthquake, Appollodor. 3, 6, 8. 
 Paufanias alfo fays, that Menalippus 
 was (Iain by Amphiaraus, 9, 18. 
 
 MENANDER, v. Menandrus, -dr'iy 
 an Athenian comic writer, of uncom- 
 mon merit, {^nohilis comoediis), contem- 
 porary with Demetrius Phalereus, 
 Phaedr. 5. fab. 1. greatly admired by 
 the ancients, .^y/«(Si/. 10, T, 69. ; Hor, 
 Sat. 2, 3, II.; Propert. 3, 21, 28.; 
 Ovid. 1 rijl. 2, 369. ; Stat, Silv. 2, I, 
 J 14.; for nothing now remains of his 
 works but a few fragments. His fla- 
 tue was erected in the theatre at Athens, 
 
 Paiifan. i, 21. Adj. Mlnandre- 
 
 us, Propert. 2, 5, 3. 
 
 Menecles, a celebrated Anatic rhe- 
 torician, a native of ALibiUida, {Ala* 
 banderifis, v. -dens), under wiiom L. Craf- 
 fus, the orator, and Cicero, in his 
 I i Z youth. 
 
MEN [ 
 
 you til, {ludied, Cic» Or. 2, 23. Bnit. 
 95. Orat. 69. 
 
 Menecrates, -ij-, one of the gene- 
 rals of Perfeus, Lig). 44, 24. 
 
 Menedemus, an Athenian orator, 
 in the time of L. Craffus, Cic. Or. 1,18. 
 ^ 2. A philofopher of Eretiia, 
 fEretricus), who placed tlie chief good 
 in the perception of truth, Cic. jlcad. 
 4, 42. from whom a fett of philofophers 
 
 were called Eretrici, ib. % 3. Al- 
 
 fo the name of an old nian in Terence, 
 Hemit. I, I. 
 
 Mr.NVLAUs, the fon of Atreu?, {^A- 
 tndes), and brother of Agamemnon, the 
 king of Sparta, and hufband of Hele- 
 na, (G. 4 '3.) — Menelai portiis, a mari- 
 time town between Cyrene and Egypt, 
 
 Nep, Agefil. 8 . M E N E L A E u s thnla- 
 
 vins-, the bed-chamber of Menelaus, Pro- 
 pert. 2, 15, 13. Menelcnus rnonsyTi moun- 
 tain near Lacedaemon, Liv. 34, 28. 
 <j[ 2. A Greek rhetorician, a na- 
 tive of Marathos, a town of Phoenicia, 
 ( Marathenus), whofe aififtance C. Grac- 
 chus was thought to have ufcd in com- 
 pcfing his orations, Cic. Brut. 26. 
 
 MENENIA^^?zx, a patrician family 
 at Rome, 
 
 MENENIUS Agrlppa, conful a. u. 
 251, Liv. 2, 16, Being fent as an 
 i:mbaiTador to treat with the plebeians j 
 who had made a feceiTion to the Mons 
 Socer, he prevailed on them to return, 
 i/i). 2, 32. He died fo poor, that he 
 did not leave enough to defray the ex- 
 pences of his funeral, ib. 33./. 
 
 Menephrot, -onisy an inceftuous 
 Arcadian, Ovid. Met. 7, 3 87. ; Hygin. 
 
 Menes, 'is. the firft king of Egypt, 
 who built Memphis, Herodot. 2, 99. (G. 
 664.) 
 
 Menestratus, a fl^ilful flatuary, 
 Plin. 36, 5. 
 
 Menestkeus. Fid. Mnestheus. 
 
 Mekippus, a native of Stratonicea 
 {^Stratonicetjis) a town of Caria in A- 
 fia Minor ; the moH eloquent rhetorici- 
 an of that country in his time, the prae- 
 (peptor of Cicero, Cic, Brut. 91. 
 
 Mi-'NiPPus, a philofopher w^io wrote 
 ggveeably on philofophical fubje6lS| mi^v- 
 
 252 ] MEN 
 
 ing humour with erudition, Cic. Acad. 
 1,2. whom Varro imitated in his fa- 
 tires, which from him he called Sati- 
 rae Menifpeae, Macroh. Sat. i, 11.; 
 GelL 13, 30. 
 
 Memscus, one of the principal ci- 
 tizens [vir primarius) of Entella, a 
 town in Sicily, who was fent to Rome 
 to give evidence againft Verres, Cic. 
 Verr. 3, 87. 
 
 Mfnius, the fon of Lycaon, killed 
 by the fame thunderbolt by which his 
 father's houfe was fet on fire, Ovid, in 
 Ihin, 472. 
 
 Menoeceus, (in 3 fyll. -ecs, -ei, 
 -ea, -eu, -co), the fon of Creon, king of 
 Thebe«, who having heard that Tire- 
 fias had foretold that Thebes would be 
 fafe, if the lafi: or youngeft of the race of 
 the ferpent fliould periih, and perceiving 
 that he himfelf was meant, mounted a 
 confpicuous part of the city, and, in 
 fight of his countrymen, and of the e- 
 nemy, after having uttered a folemn 
 prayer, ftabbed himfelf with his fword, 
 and then after fprinlding the battlements 
 and walls with his blood, threw himfelf 
 "down among the middle of the troops 
 X)fthe enemy, Stat. Theb. 10, 6ic, — 
 790. and thus facrificed himfelf for his 
 country, {^largifus ejl patriae Jiium J angui' 
 nem)y Cic. Tufc. i, 48. Apollodorus 
 tells the {lory fomewhat differently, 3, 
 6, 7. SoHyginus, 242. adj. Me- 
 noeceus ; thus, Menoeceo luhrica fan - 
 guine ttirris, flippery or wet with the 
 blood of Menoeceus, Stat. Theb. 10, 846. 
 
 M1.NOETES, -ae^ one of the compa- 
 nions of Aeneas, the pilot of the fnip 
 called Centaurus, Virg. Aen. 5, 161. 
 
 Menoetius, the fon of Ador, and 
 father of Patrcclus ; whence Patroclus 
 is called Menoetiades, Ovid. Ep. 3, 
 
 23- 
 
 Menocritus, a Greek, the freed- 
 
 man of Lentulus Splnther, Cic. Fam. 
 
 1,9. 
 
 Men on, the name of a book writ- 
 ten by Plato, Cic. Tufc. I, 24. 
 
 Menophilus, a flave of Atticus, 
 employed by Cicero in arranging his 
 
 library, C/V. Att. 4, 7. ^ 2. A Jew 
 
 j-idicukdby Martial, 7, 81. 
 
 MENTOR, 
 
MEN 
 
 [ 
 
 MENTOR, -pm, a celebrate^ fciilp- 
 tor and engraver, Plin. 33, 12 f. ^^. 
 Rarae fine Meniore mctifaei there is 
 fcarcely a table without cups or bowls 
 embofled by Mentor, jfuvenaL 8, 104. 
 Pccula Mtntoris manuy fummo artlficioy 
 fada, Q'c. Veir. 4, 1 8. Pocula Jvlcn- 
 tored nobil'ttata mann, Martfal. 9, 60, 1 6 . 
 Add. IcL 3, 41. Mentorei hihoresy the 
 woiUsof Mentor, Id. 4, 39, 5. join- 
 ed with thofe of Myro, [Myi'onis aries), 
 ib. 2. Lejh'ia Mentor eo 'o'lna lAhas cpere, 
 drink Lefbian wine from a cup embofled 
 
 by Mentor, Propert. I, 14, 2. ^ 2. 
 
 A fon of Hercules, Apollndov. 2, 7, 8. 
 
 alfo of Euryftheus, /:/. 2, 8, t. ^j 3. 
 
 The companion of Ulyffes, to whom 
 that king, at his departure from Ithaca 
 to the Trojan war, committed the charge 
 
 of his family, Homer. OdyfJ. 2, 225. 
 
 ^ 4. A Pvhodian, the general of a bo- 
 dy of Greeks in the fervice of Nefta- 
 nebus, king of Egypt, whom he bafe- 
 ly betrayed, and joined the Periians, 
 
 (G.619.) 
 
 Mera, Vid. Ma ERA. 
 
 MERCURIUS, the fon of Jupiter 
 and Maia, the daughter of Atlas ; 
 whence he is called Atlantiades, 
 [Fid. Atlas), the meffenger of Ju- 
 piter and of the other gods ; the god 
 of eloquence, &c. (Vid. G. 379.) 
 Mercuriales viri, men cf genius 
 
 and learning, Ilor. Od. 2, 17, 29. 
 
 Mercuriales, -iz/w, the members of 
 a collo^^e of priefts or perfons who 
 took care of the temple of Mercury, 
 Cic. J^ Fr. 2,5. which was early dedi- 
 cated at Rome, Lku 2, 21, & 27.- 
 
 I 
 
 ^j 2. The planet Mercury, the neareft 
 of all the planets to the fun, Cic. I\\D, 
 2, 20. ;' P/in. 2, 8. called Cekr Cyltenius, 
 (i. c. Mercury, born on mount Cyllene), 
 from the quicknefs of its motion, Lu- 
 can. I, 662. faid to be the ruler of the 
 waters of rivers, and hence to influence 
 the inundation cf the Nile, Lucariy 10, 
 209, ficc. 
 
 Mericus, a Spaniard, who betray- 
 ed the ifiand of b'yracufe to the Ro- 
 mans, Liv. 25, 30. and therefore, in the 
 triumph of Marceljus, \\z wore a crown 
 
 3 ] M E S 
 
 of gold, and was prefented vvitli tlie 
 freedom of the city, Zm 36, 2T. 
 
 Mf-:Ri6N£S, -ae^ the charioteer ^f 
 Id5meneus king of Crete, and from 
 the fame country, Onyid. Met. 13, 359, 
 among the biavell of the Greeks, 
 hence faid to be equal to Mars in 
 courage, Homer. II 2, 651. defcri- 
 beu aR black with Trojan duft, [utpote 
 auilga), Hor. Od. i, 6, 15. Add. iZ//^. 
 15,26.^ 
 
 Merope, -esj the feventh of the 
 daughters of Atlas, who married Sify- 
 phus. She was fuppofed to be the 
 lea 11 bright of the Pleiades, bocaufe the 
 only one of her family that married a 
 mortal, all the reft having raa,rried 
 deities, O'vid. Fajl. 4, 175. 
 
 Merops, 'Opis, the hufband of Cly- 
 mene and the fuppofed father of Pha- 
 ethon, O'-oid. Tnjl. 3, 4, 30. Met. i. 
 
 763. ^ 2. A Trojan Hain by Tur- 
 
 nus, Firg. Aen. 9, 702. 
 
 Merula, a firnamc of the Corneliu 
 
 L. Cornelius MERULA, the priell 
 of Jupiter, (jlamen dialis), who, upon 
 the expulfion of Cinna, was made con- 
 ful in his place. Pater c. 2, 20. ; Jppian* 
 B. Civ. I, p. 390. But when Cinna 
 and Marius became mailers of the city, 
 Merula having reugned the confulfliip 
 fled to the temple of Jupiter, and ha- 
 ving invoked curfes on the head of 
 Cinna and on his party, put an end to 
 his days by cutting his veins before the 
 altar, fo that the blood flowed on the 
 altar, Paterc. ib, 22.; Appian, th', p. 395. 
 
 L. Mescinius Rufus, the quaeftor 
 of Cicefo, Cic. Fam. 5, 19, & 20. 13, 
 26, & 28. 16, 4, & 8. Alt. 6, 3. 
 
 MESSaLA, a firname given to Va- 
 lerius Corvinus, from his having con- 
 quered Mefsana in Sicily, the letter N 
 being gradually changed into L, Senec. 
 de Brev. Fit. c. 13. Vvho firft brought a 
 clock to Rome from Catana, a. u. 490. 
 Plin. 7, 60. f. ult. whence the flouriiii- 
 ing family of the Messalae, which 
 gave bir^ih to feveral eloquent orators, 
 Cic. Brut. 70. ad Brut. 15. ; Hor at. ArL 
 p. 371. Tihidl. 1,3. 
 
 J\l Valerius MESSaLA Corvinus, 
 
M E S [2 
 
 a noble Roman, highly extolled by Ci- 
 cero when a young man, Ep. ad Br. 15. 
 who being profcribed by Antony, made 
 his efcape to Brutus and Caffius. Af- 
 ter their death he furrendered the fleet 
 v/hich he commanded, upon conditions, 
 Afp'tan. B. C. ^f p. 'j^6. Paterculus fays 
 that he was preferved by the interpo. 
 fition of Auguilus, 2, 71. Mefsala 
 afterwards faved the life of Auguttus, 
 when he had him in his power, ib. In 
 the year 723, in which the battle of 
 Adium was fought, Mefsala was made 
 conful with Aug nil as in place of An- 
 tony, who had been depofed, Dio, 50, 
 10. and thus, by a wonderful turn of 
 fortune, poiTelTed the poft of him by 
 whom he had been doomed to death, 
 i&, 47, 1 1 .• ; Jppian. B. C^ySiu He 
 afterwards obtained a triumph for ha- 
 ving fuppreffed a rtbellion of the Aqtd- 
 taniy ib. hence, Gcniis Aquitanae celeher 
 I\^lefsala trimnphis, Tibull. 2, i, 31. It 
 was upon the motion of Mefsala in the 
 fenate that Auguilus was called Fa- 
 THtR OF HIS COUNTRY, which title he 
 accepted with tears of joy, though be- 
 fore, when it was offered him by the 
 people, he had declined it. Suet. Aug. 
 58. Mefsala is mentioned by Horace 
 as a perfon of the highefl nobility, Sat. 
 I, 6, 42. and as one of his friends, ib. 
 10, 85. Horace having invited him 
 to fupper, ingenioufly addrefies an ode 
 to the calk of wine which he intended 
 to open on the occafion, Od. 3, 21. 
 He reprefents Mefsala as particularly 
 ditlinguifhed by his eloquence and ikill 
 in jurifprudence. Art. />. 37 r. Add. Sat. 
 I, 10, 29. Q^inclilian fpeaks in the 
 higheft tcrm%,of the eloquence of Mef- 
 sr.la, and feems to place him next to 
 Cicero ; At Mefsala niltdus et candidus, 
 et quodara modo prae fe ferens in dicendo 
 nohllltatem fuaniy 10, i, 113. Multum 
 in vita dignitatis , multum ad pojhros gloriae 
 tradiditj Id. 12, II, 28. The cuiiiac- 
 teriific of his manner and flyk was dig- 
 nity. Id. 12, 10, II. Add. Id. I, 7, 23, 
 & 34. 4, I, 8. 9, 4, 38. et 10, 5, 2. 
 In fome refpeCis he is faid to have been 
 even fuperior to Cicero, ( Cicerone mitior 
 Curvinus ct dulcior^ €t in verba nia^is ela* 
 
 54 ] MET 
 
 boratus,) Dial, de Oral. c. 18. He is 
 feveral times mentidned by Tacitus as 
 a diftinguiftied orator, A7in. 11, 6, & 
 7. 13, 34. But Mefsala is extolled 
 mod of all by TibuUus, whofe patron 
 he was, i, i, 53. 2, 1, 31. 4, i, i, &c. 
 Mefsala was the firft praefe6l of the 
 city, but retained that office only for a 
 few days, Tac. Ann. 6, 11. Dio there- 
 fore takes no notice of him, but men- 
 tions Agrippa as the firft praefe6l, C4, 
 6. 
 
 MESSALiNA, the daughter of 
 Barbatus Mefsala, and wife of the em- 
 peror Claudius, infamous for her lewd- 
 nefs, which at laft brought her to an 
 untimely end, Tac. Ann. if, 2, — 58. ; 
 Suet. CI. 26. ; Jwoenal. 6, 118. et 10, 
 
 335- 
 
 Messapus, an Etrufcan chief who 
 joir.r-d Turnus, remarkable for his fl<:ill 
 in horfemanfhip, hence called dotjutor 
 equorum, the tamer of horfes ; faid to 
 have been the offspring of Neptune, 
 according to Servius, becaufe he came 
 into Italy by fea, Virg. Acn. 7. 691. 
 one of the chief leaders of the Itahans, 
 ih. 8, 6. 
 
 Metabus, the king of Privernum, 
 and father of Camilla, Virg. Aen. II, 
 540. 
 
 Met AN IRA, the wife of Celeus, and 
 mother of Triptolemus, Ovid. Fajl. 4, 
 
 539- 
 
 METELLI, a confiderable family 
 o{ \Aitgens Caecilia. 
 
 X. Caecilius METELLUS, twice 
 conful, a.u.503, and 507. mafter of horfe, 
 and dictator, Fontifex Maximus^ 5cc. In 
 rei'c u^ng the Palladium, or image of Pal- 
 las, from the temple of Vefta while in 
 fiaines, {^Servavit trepidant flagranti ex 
 aede Minervamt Juvenal. 3, 139.) he 
 loft his fight, on which account tiie Ro- 
 man people granted him the privilege 
 of being carried to the fenate-houfe, 
 when he chofe to go thither, in a cha- 
 riot, an honour which had never been 
 granted to any one btfore, llin. 7, 43 
 f. 45. add. Ovid. FaJ}. 6, 437, &c. ; 
 Fal. Max. I, 5.; u-'-^'?'-. Ccntrov. 4, 2. 
 This Metellus is faid firft (primus) to 
 have brought elephants into the city in 
 
 his 
 
MET I 2SS 1 MET 
 
 his triumpli in the firll Punic war, P//«. tl rown from the Tarpeian rock by 
 
 ill. Bat Pliny fays otherwife, 8, 6. 
 that this v/as firft done in the war 
 againft Pyrrhus, (namely by Curius 
 ©entatus) ; and that Metelliis brought 
 thegreateft number {ph/rhnos)y ib. et 8, 
 3. And therefore the reading in the 
 former pafiage is thought to be wrong. 
 ^ Caecilius METELLUS, the 
 grandfon of the former, Plin, 7, 44. 
 praetor, a. u. 605, v/ho conquered 
 Andrifcus, called alfo Pjeudo-Ph'dippus^ 
 (i. e. falfe Philip,) C'lc, Rull 2, 33. 
 who, pretending to be the fon of Per- 
 feus, had feized on Macedonia. Me- 
 tellus, on account of his fuccefs, got 
 the firname of Macedonicus, Flor. 2, 
 14. ; L'li:. Epit.^^, & 50. ; Eutrop. 4, 
 13. This Metellus is mentioned by 
 Pliny as an inftmce of fingular felicity. 
 For bcfides his great honours, and the 
 
 C. Attinius Labeo, a tribune, becaufe 
 Metellus, when cenfor, had expelled 
 Labeo from the fenate; and he was with 
 difficulty faved by the interpofition of 
 another tribune, Plin. 7, 44. His 
 goods, however, were confecrated to 
 fome deity, C'lc. Dom. 47. There was 
 a mifunderflanding betwixt this Metel- 
 lus and Scipio Africanus the younger, 
 but without bitternefs, (ifnmicitiae fim 
 acerbhate^) Cic. Off. i, 25. ; Plin. ib. 
 
 L. Metellus Cahus, the brother 
 of Macedonicus, conful a. u. 61 1, His 
 evidence againft Q^Pompeius was not 
 regarded, Cic. Font. 7. 
 
 ^ METELLUS, the fon of Cal- 
 vus, conful with M. Silanus, a. u. 645, 
 Cic. Brut, ^s-'y Salhtft. Jug. 43: called 
 NuMiDicus, on account of his vidories 
 over Jugurtha, Plutarch, in Mario, a man 
 
 firname of Macedonicus, he was carried of great integrity and merit, (nuUi fe* 
 
 to the funeral pile by four fons, i. i^ cundus Jcculi fui), Paterc. 2, 11. the 
 
 Metellus, ^\\x\-A.vc\zdi Balear'icus, from only fenator who would not fwear to 
 
 his having fubdued the iflands called fupport the laws of the tribune Apu- 
 
 Bakares, who had been conful, cenfor, ^ ^ ' 
 
 and had obtained a triumph ; 2. M. Me 
 
 TELLUs, who had been conful, and 
 honoured with a triumph ; 3. Z. Me- 
 tj:llu£, firnamed Dalmaticus, from 
 his victory over the Dalmatians, who 
 had been conful, (and according to Val. 
 Maximus, 8, 5, i. alfo cenfor), called 
 
 DiADEMATUS Or DiADUMENUS, bc- 
 
 caufe he ufed to bind his head with 
 fillets or rollers in order to cover fome 
 excrefcence or ulcer, (P/iw. 7, 44.^/ 
 34, 8). But Metellus Dalmaticus and 
 
 leius Saturninus, and therefore obliged 
 to go into banifhment, Plutarch, in Ma^ 
 rio; Paterc. 2, 15.; Cic. Cluent. i^. 
 Dom. i\, Sext. 16. but he was foon 
 after reftored with great honour, Pa- 
 terc. et Plutarch, ibid. ; Cic. ad ^ir. 
 pojl red. 3. in Senat. 15, &c. by a law 
 propofed by Q. Cahdius, Cic. Plane. 28. 
 After his return, however, Cicero ob- 
 ferves, that his mind was rather dejeft- 
 ed, (frado animo fuijfe), Cic. Fam. i, 9. 
 Such was the opinion of his ftrid ho- 
 nour, that at a trial for extortion, to 
 
 Diadematus are thought by fome to be which he was brought by his enemies, 
 different perions, (Vid. Ernejit Index when his account-books (tabulae) were 
 
 Flijloricus Ciceron.) ; 4- C. Metellis 
 CaprariuSy who had. been praetor, aad 
 was conful the year after his father's 
 death, Plin. 7, 44. Befides thefe, Me- 
 
 handed about the court, as ufual, for in- 
 
 fpe(ition, there was none of the judges 
 
 that did not turn away his eyes, lell he 
 
 ould feem to doubt the truth of the 
 
 tellus Macedonicus left two daughters, diuerent articles by looking at them 
 married both to men of confular dig- --• " " 
 nity, Plutarch. deFortitud. Roman. p. 3 1 8. 
 In ihort, the number of thoie who fa- 
 luted him by the appellation of father 
 or grandfather (patris) amounted to 
 twenty.feven, Plin. 7, 13 f. 11. But 
 in the height of his profperity this 
 Metellus was once jult about to be 
 
 Cic. Balb. 5. Att. I, 16. So fcrupu- 
 loufly obiervant of truth he was, that 
 he would not aid L. Lucullus, his 
 filler's hufband, by his teftimony, Cic, 
 Verr. 4, 66. This great man was a 
 favourer of learning and learned men, 
 
 Cic. Arch. 3. Or. 3, 18 Cicero 
 
 often Ipcaks of Metejlus Numidicus, be- 
 caufe 
 
MET [2 
 
 eaufe he tliought his fortune in feve- 
 ral refpe£ls fimikr to his own ; but 
 their conduft was very different. 
 
 ^^ METELLUS', the fou of Nu- 
 mlduiis, called Pius, on accoiict of bis 
 dutiful and affectionate behaviour to hi-3 
 father in his exile, Ck, Or. 2, ^o. ^air. 
 pnji reel. 3. In Senat. 15. He alvvayci 
 ihewed himfelf grateful to Calidius for 
 having efrtAed his father's reiloration, 
 Cic. Plane. 28, 5c 29. He was wound- 
 ed by C. Cethegus, the affociate of 
 Catiline, Cic. Syll. 25. He was among 
 the hrPc that joined Sylla upon his re- 
 tnrn to Italy, Plutarch, in Syll. and af- 
 terwards carried on war againft Serto- 
 rius, Cic. Balh. 2, cv: 17. ; Plutarch, in 
 Sartor. 
 
 i^ Metellus, conful with Horten- 
 fuis, a. u. 674, Cic. Act. I. in V^rr.c). 
 called Creticus, from the conquell of 
 the ifland Crete, tic. Flacc. 13. Flor. ^y 
 7. Paterc»2, 34. After his return from 
 thence, being prevented from obtaining 
 the honour of a triumph by the detrac- 
 tion of his enemies, he was fent into 
 Pi'cenum againft the accomplices of 
 Catiline's confpiracy, Sallujl. Cut. 30. 
 
 ^ Metellus Celer, an orator, Cic. 
 Brut. §9. 
 
 ^ Metellus Cekr, the eldeft fon 
 of the former, praetor when Cicero 
 was conful, Cic. Cat. r, 8. f/ 2, 3. Sul, 
 23. after which he obtained the pro- 
 vince of Gaul, which Cicero had de- 
 clined, Cic. Fa/n. 5. I. conful with L. 
 Afranius, Cic. Pif. 4. Alt. i, 17. He 
 married Clodia, the fiftcr of P. Clodius, 
 Cicero's enemy, Cic. Coel. r4. by whom 
 he was thought to have been poifoncd, 
 ib. 2A[. 
 
 J^ METELLUS Nspos, the young- 
 er brother of the former, tribune of the 
 people the year after Cicero was con- 
 ful, who prevented Cicero from making 
 a fpeech to the people on the laft day 
 of his office, and only permitted him 
 to take the ufual oath, " that he had 
 done his duty faithfully," Dio, 37, 38. 
 But he afterwards laid afide his enmity 
 againft Cicero, and, when conful v/ith 
 Leutulus Spinther, concuired with his 
 coiieague in promoting Cicero's return 
 
 5.5 ] MET 
 
 from exile, Cic. in Sen. p. red. 7. . 
 
 Oratlp Metellina, an oration which 
 Cicero wrote againft Metellus Nepos 
 when tribune, Cic. Att. i, lo. ; ^linc- 
 t'il. 3, g, 50. — Cacfar was praetor when 
 Metellus was made tribune, and fup- 
 ported him in all his meafures, which 
 were fo violent, that the fenate decreed 
 that they fhould both be fufpended 
 from their oiHce. Buk Caefar, upon 
 m.aking his fubmiflion, was reponed. 
 Suet. Caef. 16. Metellus made his e- 
 fc^pe to Pompey, who was married to 
 his fiftcr, (^vid. Caesar, p. SS')' ^' 
 niong the orations of Caefar, there was 
 one infcribed, pro Metelloj Suet. Caef. 
 
 /.. Metellus, a tribune, who at- 
 tempted to hinder Caefar from taking 
 out of the treafury the money which 
 was kept in the temple of Saturn, and 
 was referved for the hift exigencies of 
 the ftate ; but in vain : for Caefar or- 
 dered the tribune to be removed, and 
 the door to be opened *by force, Cic. 
 Alt. 10, 4. ; Plutarch. Caef. p. 725. ; 
 Flor. 4, 2. ; Appian. B. Civ. 2. />. 453. ; 
 TJiof 41, 17. Pliny mentions the fum, t 
 33, 3. Lucan defcribes at great length I 
 all trie circumftances of this adiion, 3, 
 102, — 169. But Caefar himfelf no- 
 tices it very flighcly, B. C. i, 33. 
 
 The Metelli v/ere long one of the 
 chief families in Rome, Liican. 7, 583. 
 Several of them obtained firnames from 
 the countries which they fubdued. Two 
 brothers of that name triumphed in one 
 day, Paterc. 2, 8. and iw the fpace of 
 about twelve years, according to Pa- 
 terculns, there were more than twelve 
 Metelli either confuls, or cenfors, or 
 honoured with a triumph, 2, 1 1. Hence 
 Lucan - reprcfents Pompey deploring 
 the WTCtched madnefs of Caefar, \w 
 wifliing to be ranked rather with the 
 Cinnae and Marii^ the oppreflors of 
 their country, than with the Camilli 
 and Metelli, {magnijque Meiellis), the 
 prefervers of their country, 2, 544. 
 But under the emperors hardly any of 
 this family are mentioned. Tacit, et Sue- 
 ton. Ut apparent, quemadmodum urlium 
 ir!:pcriQrumquei it a gentium (for familia- 
 
 rum^ 
 
M E T 
 
 rum^ ^luiic jlorere fortunam-, nunc fcnef- 
 cere, nunc Interire, Paterc. ibid. 
 
 M» Metilius, a tribune of the ple- 
 beians, IJv. 5,11. 
 
 METON, -onis, an Athenian allro'- 
 iiomer, the author of the kinar cycle 
 or golden number, as it is called, (C 
 15.). He firil difcovered that the 
 nvoon returns to the fame point in the 
 I'odiac from which Ihe fet out with the 
 fun in nineteen years ; whence this 
 Ipace of time was called Annus Me- 
 TONis, Aufon. Ep'ijl. 2, 12. But the 
 inoderns, more exad, have found, that 
 there is a difference of i hour 27 mi- 
 nutes 32 feconds. ^ 2. A debtor of 
 
 Cicero's, Cic. Att. 12,51. who being 
 tardy in payment, and being allowed a 
 year's credit, Cicero, playing upon the 
 name, fays, ^uando ijis Meton'is annus 
 veniet? when will the day of payment 
 for Meton at the end of his year [annua 
 {lies) arrive? where he feems to cxprefs 
 an apprehenfion left it fliould be as long 
 as the year or cycle of Meton, L e. nine- 
 teen years, iL 3. 
 
 Metra, a favourite of king Ario- 
 barzanes, Cic. Fam. 15? 4. 
 
 Me TR ODOR us, a philofopher of 
 Scepfis, [Sce^ius)y remarkable for his 
 memory, PUn. 7, 24. ; Cic. Orat. 2, 
 88. Tufc. I, 24. the fcholar of Carnea- 
 des, Cic. Or. I, II. equally /l^illed in 
 painting as in philofophy, and there- 
 fore fcnt by the Athenians to L. Pau- 
 lus, who conquered Perfeus, at the re- 
 queft of Paulus, as the fitteft perfon to 
 inftruA his children, and to adorn his 
 triumph with pictures, PUn. 35, 1 1. 
 
 Metrodorus of Chios, [Chius), a 
 fceptical philofopher, who denied the 
 teftimony of the fenfes, and the cer- 
 tainty of all knowledge, {Nego, inqult, 
 Jcire nos Jciamufne aliquid, an nihil Jcia- 
 musy l^c), Cic. Acad. 4, 23. 
 
 Metrodorus of Athens, an Epi- 
 curean philofopher, contemporary with 
 Epicurus, Cic. Fin. 2, 3. Tufc. 2, 3. 
 
 Mettius Fiiffdiusy didator of the 
 Albans. Vid. Fuefetius. 
 
 Mettius Curtius. Vid. Curtius. 
 
 M. Mettius, fent as an ambafiador 
 by Caefar to Arioviftus, Laef. E.G. 1, 
 
 r 257 1 MIL 
 
 47. and found fafe after Caefar's battle 
 with Arioviftus, ih. 54. 
 
 Metuscilius, an adherent of Pom- 
 pey, {Pompeianus)y Cic. Att. 8, 12. 
 
 Mfvius. Fid. Maevius. ' 
 
 MEZENTIUS, the king of Caere, 
 [urbis Agyltinae), a defpifer of the gods, 
 the firft in the catalogue of the Italian 
 princes who joined Turnus againft Ae- 
 neas, Virg. Aen. 7, 648. expelled by 
 his fubjefts on account of his horrid 
 cruelty, ih. 8, 478, — 493. He was 
 {lain by Aeneas, ih. 10, 907.-— But Li- 
 vy and Dionyfius of HalicarnaiTus tell 
 the ftory differently, {^Vid. G. 190.) 
 
 Mezetulus, a Numidian, who 
 contended with Mafiniffa for the em- 
 pire of Numidia ; and being defeated, 
 fied into the territory of Carthage, Liv. 
 29, 29, & 30. 
 
 MiciPSA, the fon of MafinifTa king 
 of Numidia, Sallujl. Jug. 5, S:c. 
 
 Miction, ik Mictio, a chief man 
 at Chalcis [Chakidenjis] in Euboea, a 
 faithful friend of the Romans, Li'v. 35, 
 38, & 46. 
 
 MIDAS, -acy a king of Phrygia, 
 who having hofpitably entertained Si- 
 lenus, brought him back to Bacchus ; 
 on which account he obtained, at his 
 requeil, from Bacchus, that every thing;» 
 he touched (liould be changed into gold. 
 But he fotiin repented of this gift, and 
 therefore it was withdrawn, Ovid. Met. 
 90,-145. {G. 383.). The ears of 
 this king are faid to have been chan- 
 ged by Apollo into thofe of an afs, be- 
 caufe Midas preferred the playing of 
 Pan on the pipe to the muCc of A- 
 pollo on the lyre or harp, Ovid. Mei, 
 II, 153, &c. 
 
 MiLANiON, 'onisy the lover of Ata- 
 lanta, Propert. i, i, 9. fuppofed to be 
 the fame with Hippomenes or Melea- 
 ger, Cvid. Art.2y 188. ((?. 433.) 
 
 MILeTUS, the fon_of Phoebus by 
 D clone or Dcjoncy (^DFiorndes), who, 
 perceiving that Minos fufpedted him of 
 aiming at the crown, fled from Crete, 
 and built a city in Ionia, called Miletus 
 after his name. By the nymph Cyanee, 
 the daughter of the river I^leander, he 
 was the father of Byblis and Caunns, 
 
MIL [258 
 
 OviJ* ^et. 9, 442, &c. — This {lory is 
 told differently by Apollodorus, 3, i, 
 2. and by Antoninus Liberalis, Meta- 
 ntorph. c. 30. 
 
 MILO, 'onisy a famous atbleta of 
 Croron, {^Crotoniata, v. -ates)) of un- 
 common ftrength, (G. i8u.) 5[ 2. 
 
 The commander of Tarentum under 
 Pyrrhus, (G. 234.) 
 
 T. Anii'ius MILO, the friend of Ci- 
 cero, and the opponent of P. Clodius. 
 While Milo was candidate for the con- 
 fulfhip, and Clodius for the praetor- 
 ihip, they happened to meet on the 
 Appian way, whence a fcuffle took 
 place, in which Clodius was killed by 
 the flaves of Milo, and by his order. 
 Milo at his trial was defended by Ci- 
 cero, but being condemned, went to 
 Marfeilles into banifhment, C'tc. Mil. 
 €c iht Afcon. ; Paterc, 2, 47. He after- 
 wards engaged in the civil war againft 
 
 Caefar, and was killed, ib, 68. Ju- 
 
 dicium MiLONiANUM, the trial of Milo, 
 
 ^kaU. 2, 20, 8.~-^MlL0NIANA Ci' 
 
 ceronis oratio, the fpeech of Cicero in 
 defence of Milo, which is not the fame 
 with what he delivered, but was after- 
 wards improved. When Milo read the 
 copy of it fent to him by Cicero, he 
 is reported to have written Cicero, 
 ^< that it had happened luckily ; for if 
 Cicero had pronounced that fpeech at 
 his trial, he (hould not then be eating 
 fuch large mullet tiflies at Marfeilles," 
 i e, that he (hould not have been ba- 
 nifhed. The letter of Milo did not 
 imply that he was pleafed with his fi- 
 tuatlon, but was meant as a reflection 
 agalnft Cicero for not having defended 
 him properly, DtOy 40, 54. 
 
 MILTUDES, -isy a celebrated 
 Athenian general, who, with iD,ooo 
 Greeks, defeated the Perfian army of 
 Darius under Datis and Artaphernes, 
 confiftlng of above i CO, 000 men, at 
 Marathon, (G. 347, & 465.) 
 
 MiMALLONES, "J. Ml MALLON IDBS, 
 
 'Uniy women who performed the facred 
 rites of Bacchus, bacchanals, Stat, Theb. 
 4, 660. ; Ovid. Art. i, 54. thought to 
 be fo called from Mimas, a mountain 
 pf Ionia, Vid, G. Inde:^, 
 
 ] M I N 
 
 Mimas, -antisf a giant, of great 
 ftrength, [validus), Hor, Od. 3, 4, 53. 
 buried under the ifland Prochyte, {Ap- 
 paret Prochyte Jaevum fortita Mimanla)^ 
 SiU 12, 147. 
 
 MiMNERMus, a native of Colophon 
 or Smyrna, contemporary with Solon, 
 who wrote love-poems In elegiac verfe ; 
 hence Propertlus fays of him, Plus in 
 amore valet Mimrierini verfus Homero, i , 
 9, II. and Horace, Si Mivmermus tifi 
 cenfety fine amore jocifque Nil ejl jucun- 
 dum ; nnifas in amyrcjoci/que, Ep. 1,6, 
 6^, He alfo wrote on other fubje^ts 
 in elegiac verfe ; as concerning the 
 battle of the Smyrneans againft Gyges 
 and the Lydians, Paufan. 9, 29. He 
 is faid to have been the inventor of 
 that kind of verfe, Athcnae^ I. 13. 
 
 M. MiNDius, the brother of Mef- 
 cenius Rufus, a trader, {^negotiator) , 
 Cic. Fam. 5, 20. et 13, 26. 
 
 Minerva, the daughter of Jupiter, 
 the goddefs of wifdom, of war, and of 
 arms, of fpinning and weaving, &c.^ 
 {^Vid. G. 361. and A. 275.) 
 
 MiNOS, ois, the fon of Jupiter by 
 Europa, the king and lawgiver of 
 Crete ; who, after his death, was con- 
 ilituted judge of the infernal regions 
 with Rhadamanthus and Aeacus, ( G. 
 384. & 340.), Cic. Tufi. I, 5_, & 4K 
 
 et 2, 14. Off. I, 28. -r Ml NO I A reg~ 
 
 na, the realms of Minos or kingdom of 
 Crete, Firg. Aen. 6, 14.. Mlnd.ae arenae^ 
 the fliores of Crete, Ovid, in Ibin, 5 ^ i- 
 'Taurus Mifious, the Minotaur, Stat. A- 
 chill, I, 192, [G. 421.). Mi NO IS, 
 -^dist a daughter of Minos, put for A- 
 riadne, Ovid. Met. 8, 174. — Minoum, 
 a town of Crete, built by Minos, Plin, 
 4, 12 f. 20. 
 
 MiNOTAURUS, a monfter produced 
 by Pafiphae, the wife of Minos, ha- 
 ving partly the fliape of a man and of 
 a bull, ( Spnibovemque virutTii femiviruni' 
 que bovemj, Ovid. Art. Am. 2, 24. 
 (G. 421.), put joGofely by Cicero for 
 Calvifius and Taurus, two opponents 
 of Cornlficius, to whom he v/rites ; or, 
 as Cortius thinks, for Antony, Cic. 
 Fam. 12, 25. 
 
 Mi«V<^iA, a Veftal virgin, buried 
 
 »li'*'e 
 
M t K [2 
 
 aKve for having violated her vow of 
 virginity, Liv. 8, 15. 
 
 MINUCIA (al. Minutia) gens, a 
 family at Rome, P'err. 1, 45;. from 
 which was that Minucius who paved the 
 way called after his name, which led 
 to Brundiifium, by a diiferent track 
 from the Appian way, Hor, Ep. r, 18, 
 
 20. MiNuciA porticusy a portico 
 
 built by Minucius, who triumphed o- 
 ver the Scordlfci, P^e/I. 2, 8. 
 
 L. Minucius, a conful, who being 
 defeated and furrounded by the Jequi-, 
 was liberated by L. Quindius Cincin- 
 natus the diftator, Liv. 3, 26, — 29. 
 
 L, MiNUCios, fuperintcndant of pro- 
 vifions, (prdefeHus anuonaej, who in- 
 formed the fenatc cf the defigns of Sp* 
 Maelius; and after he was flain by Ser- 
 vilius Ahala, divided the corn purcha- 
 fed by Maelius among the people at an 
 as the bufliei, Liv, 4, 12, — 16. 
 
 Minucius Magius^ fent by Pompey 
 to Caefar to treat about peace, Cic. 
 Atu 9, I %. 
 
 M, MINUCIUS Rufus^ mailer of 
 horfe under Fabius Maximus the dic- 
 tator, Lh). 22, 8. who having obtain- 
 ed an inconsiderable advantage over the 
 enemy in the dicflator's ab fence, and 
 complaining to the people of his dila- 
 tory conduct, got himfelf made equal 
 in command with Fabius, and divided 
 the army with him, ib. 27. Having 
 raflily engaged with Hannibal, he was 
 in danger of being cut off with his ar- 
 my, when he was faved by Fabius. 
 Whereupon he acknowledged his mif- 
 take, and again placed himfelf under 
 the command of his preferver, ib. 29, 
 & 30. He was flain in the battle of 
 Cannae, ib. 49. 
 
 ^ MINUCIUS Rufns, a conful, 
 who being refufed a triumph for his 
 exploits in Gaul, exhibited the form of 
 a triumph on the Alban mount, Liv.. 
 II, 22, & 23. 
 
 ^ Minucius Thermusy a praetor, 
 ■who obtained a triumph for his exploits 
 in Spain, Liv. 34, 10. When conful he 
 was fent againft the Ligurians, and con- 
 tinued in that command after his conful- 
 (hip was expired, ib. 35, 20. But upon 
 
 ^9 1 M I t 
 
 his return he was refiifed a trium^tl> 
 ib. 37, 46. He was (Iain in a battle 
 againft the Thracians, Id. 38, 41, &c. 
 MINYAS -ai, vel nmyeus, -«, the 
 fon of Orchomenos, a Theban^ whofe 
 daughters, (Minyeides, v. /Hinyeia^ 
 desj fingi Minyeis, v. Minyetas, Ovid. 4» 
 I, & 32. Minyaa prolesy ib. 389.), for 
 defpifing the facred rites of Bacchus, 
 were turned into bats, (vefpertiliones .• 
 No8e volant, Jeroque trahunt a vefpere 
 norneri), ib. 4X5. — Antoninus Literalia 
 mentions three daughters of Minyas, 
 (Minyadc's), Leucippa, Alcippa, and 
 Alcathoe, a 10. Ovid does not ex- 
 pfefs their number, but feems to make 
 them more than three, Met. 4, 32, 
 168, &c. He names only two of them, 
 Alcithoe, Aid. 4, i, 274. and Leu* 
 conoe, ib. 168. Thefe authors differ 
 as much in the manner of telling the 
 (lory as in the names. 
 
 MisAGENEs, -is, one of the fons of 
 Mafiniffa, fent to alTift the Romans, 
 Liv. 42, 29, & 62. ef 45, 14. 
 
 MisENus, the trumpeter of Ae- 
 neas, called the fon of Aeolus, (jieoli" 
 des), according to SerVius, becaufe 
 found IS produced from wind j as fol- 
 diers are called the fons of Mars, Virg.. 
 Actii 6, 1 64. et ibi Serv. He is faid to 
 have been drowned by Triton, from 
 jealoufy of his (IdW, near the promon- 
 tory of Campania, which afterwards 
 was named from him, ib. 174. 
 
 MITHRIDaTES, -is, king of Pon- 
 tus, who carried on vt^ar for many- 
 years againft the Romans ; but being 
 vanquiflied in different wars, firft by- 
 Sulla, next by Lucullus, and then by 
 Pompey ; finally, being deferted by his 
 allies, and betrayed by his own fon 
 Pharnaces, he attempted to put an end 
 to hh life by poifon. But finding that 
 ineffectual, on account of his being io 
 much accuftomed to take antidotes a* 
 gainft poifon, [Perfecit poto Mithridatcf 
 faepe veneno. Toxica ne pojfent faeva nocerc 
 fibi, Martial, 5) 77.) he with difficul- 
 ty prevailed on a Gaul to difpatch him. 
 Hence, Laffi Pontica regis Praelia bar- 
 banco vix confurmnata veiicno,' Lucan. 
 I7 33^- i Add. 2, 580, &c, Male ten - 
 K k 2 ttitum 
 
M I T 
 
 [ 260 3 
 
 MOM 
 
 ialum veneno fplr'ttum ferro expulit, Flor. 
 
 3, 5. (G. 240.) MiTHRlDATICUM 
 
 bellum, the war againll Mithi idates, Plin. 
 2, 105.; Marital. 6, 19? 5. ; put for the 
 tUree wars carried on br'that king againfl: 
 the Romans; iiril, under Sulla; I'econd, 
 under Murena ; and third, under Lu- 
 cullus and Pompey, jlppian, Mithr. 
 Bell. ; Flor. J, 5. Hence, Pontict ter 
 inSi imdicamma regis, the antidotes a- 
 gainft poifon, faid to have been invent- 
 ed by Mithridates, Juvenal. 6 ult. 
 ^uod Mithridaies coriipofuh, ib. 14, 252. 
 ■One of thefe ftill retains his name, ber 
 ing caiicd Mithridaticum, Plin. 25, 
 2 f . 3.; Celf. 5, 23. ; pio, 27, 35.; 
 Gell. 17, 16. Pompey is faid to have 
 -found among the papers of Mithi ida- 
 tes directions for compounding it, Plin. 
 
 ■23, 8 f. 77. MiTHRiDATiuM an- 
 
 tidctum, Scribon. 194. Mithri- 
 
 Datia, -ae ; v. -w«, -i, an herb dif- 
 covered by Mithridates, Plin. 25, 6 f . 
 
 ,j2y, -Mithridates is faid to have un- 
 
 derflood twenty two languages, the 
 number of the nations fubje6t to him, 
 ^intld, II, 2, 50.; Plin. 7, 24. et 
 25, 2. 
 
 Mna<^,!str ATus, a refpeftable farmer 
 of the public lands in the ager Lecnti- 
 nus of Sicily, Cic. Verr. 3, 46. 
 
 Mnemosy^nf., -fj-, the mother of the 
 nine mufes, Cic. N. D. 3, 21. (G. 
 
 368.) 
 
 Mnesarchus, a Scoic, the fcht;lar 
 of Panaetius, who thought that no one 
 could be an orator, without being a 
 wife man, i. e. a philolopher, Cic. Or. 
 
 I, II, & 17. ; Fin. 2. Acad. 4, 22. 
 Mnesilochus, a chief of the Acar- 
 
 nanians, who attempted to bring over 
 his country to join with' Antiochus in 
 a war againll the Romans, Liv. ^6j 
 
 II, & 12. 
 
 Mnestheus, (2 fyll.) -fw, ace. -ea, 
 \o. -eu, abl. -eo-, a Trojan, one of the 
 companions, of Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 4, 
 288. et 5, 117, & 493. Sometimes 
 for the fake of quantity Menlstheus, 
 ih. 10, 129. 5[ 2* A king of 
 
 Athens, [G. 424.) 
 
 Modi u J-:, a Pvoman ^jr/irf , Cic. Verr. 
 n-4^- 
 
 Mo E R A G £ N E s , -/j, a native of Afia, 
 (A/ianus,) who had a difpute with At- 
 ticus about a flave, Cic. Alt. 5, \^. et 
 6, I. 
 
 MocRiE, -zt//j, a king of Egypt, 
 who dug an immenfe lake, to receive 
 the vv'aters of the Nile, (G. 666.) call- 
 ed from him, Moeridis lacusy Plin. 5, 
 
 9.^ «| 2. The name of a fliepherd 
 
 in Virgil, Eel. 8, 96. accuf. Moerim, ib. 
 98. voc. Moej-i, ib. 9. i. 
 
 uipollonius MOLO, -onisy a teacher 
 of rhetoric at Rhodes, whofe le^lures 
 •Cicero attended, both there and at 
 Rome, Cic. Or. i, 17. & 28. Br. 90. 
 Att. Zy I, &c. Molo was fent to Rome 
 during the diclatorfliip of SiiUa, to 
 fulicit the payment of what was due to 
 his country for their fervices in the 
 Mithridatic war, [legatus adfenatum de 
 Rhadiorttm praemiis vensraty) Cic. Br. 
 90. and is faid to have been the firll 
 foreigner that wa§ allowed to fpeak to 
 the fenate without an interpreter, Vah 
 III ax. 2, 2, 3. 
 
 MoLORCHus, a fhepherd who en- 
 tertained Hercules, v^hen he came to 
 Oay the Ntniaean lion, Serv. ad Virg. 
 G. 3, 19. Apollodorus calls him a 
 day-labourer at Cleonae, 2, 4, i> 
 whence he is called Ckonaeiis Molor- 
 chus, Stat. Theb. 4, 1 60. pauper, Stat. 
 Silv. 3, I, 29. parens y ib. 4, 6, 51. 
 phcidusy Martial. 9, 44, 1 3. AutfaBi 
 modo divitis Mohrchiy fc. Penates v.el 
 dcmusy the houfe of Molorchus, lately 
 made rich, Martial. 4, 64, 30. i. e. ha- 
 ving a chapel enriched with valuable prc- 
 fents built to him, by Domitian, near 
 the temple of Hercules, Id. 9, 65, & 
 ]OA. Molorchea iecfuy the houle or 
 Mc'lorchus, TihU. 4, 1, 1 3. 
 
 Mom us, the fon of A^ox and Somnus, 
 Hefiod. Theog. 214. the god of rail- 
 lery, who did nothing hii»felf but 
 cenfured or reproved the laihngs of 
 the other gods ; hence, Laborasy ut 
 etiam Llgurino {j.q fj.'^ Jatisjacianiy you are 
 anxious that I Ihould fatisfy the cen- 
 forions or fatirical Ligurinus, \. e. give 
 no room for cenfure to thofe who are 
 moil apt to find fault, C'lc. Alt. 5, 20. 
 
 What 
 
M O N C 
 
 What perfon is here meant by Llgu- 
 rlnus is uncertain. 
 
 MoNAESEs, -is, a renowned general 
 of the Parthians ;who, when Phraates 
 after having murdered his father Orodes 
 feized the crown, fled to Antony. But 
 Antony, not placing confidence in him, 
 fent him back with propofals of peace, 
 Jppian. dt' Bell Parih. -p. 157.; Bio, 
 
 49, 24.; Plutarch, in Antonio-, p. 9.^2. 
 Monatfes afterwards feems to have de- 
 feated the Romans, Hot: Od, 3,6, 9. 
 
 MoNETA, a name given to Juno, 
 Ovid. Fajl. 6, 103. ; Cic, N. D. 3, 18. 
 (^ monendoi) becaiife after an earth- 
 quake, a voice is faid to have been uttered 
 from her temple, warning {monens) the 
 Romans to make expiation by facrificing 
 a pregnant fow, [ut fue plena procuratio 
 
 fieret,) Cic. Div. i, 45. f/ 2, 32. 
 
 MoNETA is put for the image or fuper- 
 fcription flampt on money ; becaufe 
 money ufed to be coined in the temple 
 of Moneta ; Et centum dominos (i. e. 
 aureos nummos) novae monetae, fc. do- 
 ndjii, newly coined, Martial. 4, 28, 5, 
 
 50, Binos quater a nova moneta. Id. 12, 
 SSi ^' Be moneta Caefaris decern f.avos, 
 (al. Flavios,) ten gold pieces with the 
 image of Domitian ilampt on them, ii, 
 66, 8. ya?n tempus ejl quae dam ex nof- 
 trd moneta ( ut ita dicavi ) proferri, from 
 my own mint, i. e. of m»y own inven- 
 tion, not borrowed from other authors, 
 Senec. Benef. 3, 351.— ^v^^/ Philotimum 
 
 fcripji de viatico, Jive a Moneta, ( fc. ut 
 pecuniam Jihi pararet in •viaticum y) &c. 
 to get money for my travelling charges, 
 either from the mint, (by giving bul- 
 lion in exchange,) &.c. Cic. Att. 8, 7 f. 
 Nee qui (fc. poeta) Communi feri at car- 
 men triviale moneta, who does not im- 
 prefs a trivial poem with the common 
 Itamp, i. e. who does not com.pofc 
 mean verfes in a vulgar llyle, 'Juvenal. 
 7, '^^. Moneta is put alfo for mo- 
 ney ; thus, y/i/i;tz moneta, yellow money, 
 i, e. gold. Martial. 14, 12. Nigra 
 moneta, i. e. lead or brafs money, mixed 
 with lead, Id. i, ico, 13, & 1 5. 
 F^i£taque concedit prijca moneta novae, old 
 money yields to new, i. c. brafs is in- 
 ferior to geld, Qvid.-FaJ,. I, 22 2. 
 
 261 I 
 
 M O S 
 
 —-Hence, Mo n e t a l e s TriurUviri, 
 three men who had the charge of the 
 mint, Dio, 54, 26. called alfo Mone- 
 TARii, Eutrop. 9, 14. ' — The temple 
 of Juno Moneta is faid to have been 
 voAved by Camillus, Ovid. Faji. i, 642. 
 *■/ 6, 184. It was built on the fpot 
 where the houfe of Manlius Capitolinus 
 had flood, ib. 185. 
 
 MoNODUs, a fon of Prufias, king 
 of Bithynia, who inftead of teeth in 
 the upper part of the mouth, iiad an 
 
 entire bone, Plin. 7, i6 f. 15. Val. 
 
 Maximus fays, that he was of the fame 
 name with his father, t, 8, ext. 12.; 
 and, according to Fellus, he was called 
 McvoJ^uf, from liis having one bone in 
 place of teeth ; which Pyrrhus, king 
 of Epire, alfo had, FeJlus. In both, 
 however, the appearance of diilin<5l 
 teeth was marked by a kind of lines, 
 ih. et Plutarch, in Pyrrho, p. 384. Juu 
 Pollux. 2. 4. 
 
 Mopsus, an augur of the Arglves, 
 
 Cic. N. D.2. l- Div, I, 40. 5[ 2. 
 
 The fon of Amphycus, {^Amphycldes,) 
 a foothfayer of the Lapithae, who flew 
 the centaur Odites, Ovid. Met. 12, 
 
 40. ^2- The name of a rtiepherd^ 
 
 Firg.E.S,26. 
 
 MopsoPUs,an Athenian, (G. 41 8.) 
 from whom Athens was called Mop- 
 SOFIA urls, Ovid. Ep. 8, 72. Mop- 
 sopius juvenis, Tri-ptolQinus, an Athe- 
 nian young man, born at Eleufis, a 
 borough of Attica, Ovid. Met. 5, 661, 
 
 MORPHEUS, (zfyll.) .^w, ace. 
 -ea, the fon of the god Somnus, who 
 could counterfeit any fhape ; whence 
 his name, Ovid. Met. i » , 635. 
 
 Moschus, a Greek poet, in the 
 age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whofe 
 
 eclogues are iiiii extant. ^ 2. A 
 
 rhetorician of Pergamus, as it is faid, 
 accufed of forcery, and defended by 
 Torquatus, Hor. Ep. i , 5, 9. 
 
 MOSES, -is, V. -ae, the lawgiver 
 of the Jews ; ( Tradidit arcano quodcuM- 
 que 'volumine Mofes,) Juvenal. 14, 102.- 
 Tacitus gives a long account of Mofes' 
 and the inftitutions of the Jews, Hi^, 
 j;, 2 — 9. Pliny mentions Mofes aj;" 
 the. inventor of a certain fpecies of 
 
 m^ic, 
 
M O S [ i52 ] M tf M 
 
 {EJl €l alia magtces faclio a cius, after his praetorHiip, obtained the 
 
 province of Afia, which he ruled with 
 
 fnsi^ic, ^is/r €1 ana magtces jactto a 
 M'ofe ; ) and fuppofes him to have 
 flouriflied many thoufand years after 
 Zoroafter, Plin. 30, i f. 2. juliin alfo 
 afcribes the knowledge of magic to 
 Mofes» which, with much other learn- 
 ing, he fays he inherited from his father 
 J'ofeph ; and gives a ft range account 
 of the caufe and manner of his depar- 
 ture from Egypt, 36, 2. 
 
 MUCIA, the filler of Metellus 
 Celer, the wife of Cn. Pompeius, C'lc. 
 j^am. 5, 2. whom Pompey divorced, 
 Cic. /^tt. r, 12. from a fufpicion of her 
 having had an intrigue with Julius 
 Caefar, while he was abfent \\\ the Mi- 
 thridatic War, Plutarch. Fsmp. p. 64 1, 
 Suet. Caef. 50. 
 
 C. MUCIUS, a brave young noble- 
 man, who, when Rome was bcfiOged 
 by Porfcna, having got admiflion into 
 the Tufcan camp, attempted to kill 
 that king. From the lofs of his right 
 hand he got the firname of Sgaevola. 
 IJv. 2, 17. [G. 209.) — MuciA prata, 
 the Mucian meadows, lands given to 
 Mucius, as a reward fof his bravery, ib. 
 
 P. MUCIUS Scmv'Aay conful with 
 I*. CalpurhiOs, a. u. 620, remarkable 
 for his knowledge of jurifprudence ; 
 •v.»ho, as Pomponius fays, firil founded 
 the civil law, Pompon, de Orig. jfur. 
 and firft introduced that fcience into 
 the family of the Much. Several il- 
 luftrious Itiwyers of this name are men- 
 tioned by Cicero. 
 
 ^ Mucius, conful a. u. 636, the 
 fon-in law of Laelius, to whom, when 
 an old man, Cicero was brought by his 
 father, and ever afterwards conftantly 
 attended him while Mucius lived, [nun- 
 qnam ab ejus latere clifcejfit)^ Cic. Amic. 
 i. This Mucius was greatly advanced 
 in years, and infirm in the Marfic war ; 
 yet notwithftanding his age, every day, 
 as foon as it was light, he was ready to 
 give counfel to fuch as afeed it, [ab its 
 canveniri poterat), and was the firft in 
 the fenate-houfe, Cic. Phil. 8, 10. 
 
 ^ MUCIUS, P. F. (i. e. Pullii 
 £Isus)j to whom Cicero acknowledges 
 hiinfelf much indebted for his know- 
 led j^e in the civil law, Cic, Br. 89. Mu- 
 
 great juftice, Cic. Verr. 2, 10. only how- 
 ever for nine months, Cic. Att. 5,17. He 
 was fo beloved by the people of the 
 province, that they inftituted a feftival 
 day in honour of him, called Mucia, 
 -or urn, Cic. Verr. 2, 21. ; and his name 
 came to be ufed for a juil praetor or 
 governor of a province, Cic. Caecil. i 7, 
 He hov^'ever incurred the enmity of the 
 farmers of the revenue, becaufe he had 
 checked their extortion, Cic. Plane. 13. 
 Fdm. 1 , 9. When conful with L. Craf- 
 fus, a. u. ()^'?^., he got pafled the law 
 called Mucia Liciniay concerning the 
 rights of citi'/enfhip, [de civitate), Cic. 
 Or. 2, 64. Off. 3,11. which is faid to 
 have given caufe to the Italic war, ib. 
 [Fid. CrassuS,/*. 145.) This Scae- 
 vola was Pontifex Maximus, and is great- 
 ly e:Ltolled for his moderation and vir- 
 tue, Cic, Off. 2, 16. et 3, 15. Tempe- 
 raniiae prudentiaeque fpecimen, Cic. N. D. 
 3, 32. Divini humanique juris auSor ce- 
 lebcrrimfis, Paterc. 2> 26. Omnium mo- 
 ikratijfwmsy Cic. Off. 2, 16. Jurifperi- 
 torum eloquentiffimus, et eloquentium juris 
 perlt'fflmus, Cic. Or. I, 3. He was 
 wounded by C. Fimbria at the funeral 
 of Marius, Cic. S. Rofc. 1 2. and was 
 maffacred before the image of Vefta, in 
 the temple of that goddefs, by the 
 praetor Damafippus, as a favourer of 
 Sulla, Paterc. 2, 26. 
 
 M u L c i B E R , -beris, v. -3nV, ( rar. -be^ 
 ri), a name of Vulcan, [a mulcendo ; 
 quod ignis omnia mulceat, i.e. molliat, vin" 
 cat, ac domet, Fcftus): Cic. Tufc. 2, 4.; 
 Ovid. Art. Am. 2, 562. Met. 2,5. e\ 
 
 L. MUMMIUS, conful, a. 607, 
 who deitroyed Corinth, and conquer- 
 ed Achaia ; whence he got the firname 
 of AcHAlCUS, Cic. Verr. I, 2I. He 
 brought from Corinth to Rome an in- 
 credible num.ber of vafes, ftatues, and 
 piAures, made by the beft mafters, Plin* 
 34, 7. and fo ignorant was he ot their 
 real value, that he ordered thofe who 
 undertook to tranfport them to be told, 
 that if they deilroyed any of them, they 
 mull make new ones in their place, 
 
 Paterc. 
 
MUM 
 
 [.. 263 ] 
 
 M U S 
 
 Paterc. 1,13. Upon his return to Ita- 
 ly he entered the city in a fplendid tri- 
 umph, Ftrg. Aen. 6, 836. and though 
 be brought great riches into, the public 
 treafury, he did not in the leaft enrich 
 himfell:, Cic. Of. 2, 22. He was cen- 
 for witli Scipio Africanus the young- 
 er, a. u. 611, Clc. Brul. 22. 
 
 Sp. MuMMius, the brother of the 
 former, and his lieutenant in the war 
 againll Corinth, Cic. Att. 13, 5, 5c 7. 
 Both brothers are ranked by Cicero a- 
 niong ancient orators. Spurius was 
 attached to the doctrine of the Stoics, 
 Ck, Br. 25. It was faid of him, " that 
 he was a man for any time," i e. always 
 plcafant and poh'te, ( P. Muimnlum ciA- 
 •vis tenipori homimm ^)> Cic. Or. 2, 67. 
 L. MUMMIUS ^adralus, tribune 
 of the people with Clodius, who made 
 a reference to' the fenatc about the fafe- 
 ty of Cicero, Cic Sext, i r. He con- 
 fecrated the effefts of Clodius to Ceres, 
 as Clodius had confecrated thofe of Ci- 
 cero, Cic. Doin. 48, But this friend 
 of Cicerp is commonly called NINNI- 
 US. 
 
 'T. MuNATius, an affoclate of Cati- 
 line, Cic. Cat. 2, 2, His full name was 
 T. Munatius Plancus Burfa, Cic. Fam. 
 7, 2, et 9, 10. et 10, 12. He was tri- 
 bune in the third confulate of Pompey, 
 and a great opponent of Cicero and Mi- 
 lo. After he laid down his office he 
 was accufed by Cicero of violence, and 
 condemned, Cic. Fmtu 7, 2. ; DiOi 40, 
 55. He v/as brother to Plancus the 
 orator, Afcon. in Cic. MiL argument. 
 
 L, Statins MURCUS, a proconful 
 in Afia, after the death of Caefar, who 
 refigned his command to Cailius, Cic, 
 Fam. 12, I r. by the appointment ot 
 the fenate, Cic. Phil, ii, 12. Caffius 
 gave him the command of the fleet, 
 JDioy 47, 28. p, 343. After the defeat 
 of Brutus and Caffius, he joined Sex. 
 Pompey, who, upon a falfc accufation, 
 bafely put him to death, Paterc. 2, 
 77.; £>/<?, 48, 19. 
 
 L. Licinius MURENA, praetor, a, 
 u. 667. one of the lieutenants of 8uHa 
 in the war againil Mithridates, whom 
 cuUa left to cqmrat'^nd the Romnq a,r- 
 
 V[\y in Afia, with the authority of pro- 
 praetor, when, after having made peace 
 with that king, Sulla returned to Italy 
 againft the party of Marius, Plutarch. 
 in Sylla. Murena finding a pretext for 
 renewing the war, invaded and plunder- 
 ed the territories of Mithridates ; but 
 that king having colled^ed his forces, 
 forced Murena to retreat into Phrygia. 
 Sulla, difpleafed with the condud of 
 Murena, recalled him, Appian. BelL 
 Mithr. /). 215. It appears, however, 
 that Murena obtained a triumph, C/r. 
 M anil. 7^.% Muren.']. He is fuppofed 
 to have been flain in fome civil com- 
 motion after his return from Afia, Cic^ 
 Brut. 90. 
 
 L. MURENA, the fon of the for- 
 mer, lieutenant of L. LucuUus in the 
 war againft Mithridates, Cic. Mur. 9. 
 Being created conful with D. Silanus, 
 he was accufed of bribery by Serv. 
 Sulpicius, his competitor, and by Ca- 
 to. He was defended by Cicero, then 
 conful, and acquitted, Cic. Mur, i, 
 &c. Dio,^-], 30, & 39. 
 
 MURRaNUS, a Latin, defcended 
 from the ancient kings of Xjatiumj 
 flain by Aeneas, Firg. Aen. 12,529. 
 Servius on this paffage fays, that Mur- 
 ranus was an ancient king of the La- 
 tines, from whom his fucceflbrs were 
 called MuRRAxi, 
 
 MUSAE, the Mufes, virgin-god- 
 defles, who were fuppofed to prelide 
 over the liberal arts, faid to be the 
 daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne; 
 nine in number. Calliope, Clio, Erato, 
 Thalia, l\'klpomc"ne, Terpjichore, Ew 
 terpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania, [G, 
 368.) They are called Heliconmdes, 
 Parnajsldes, Aomdes, Pier^idcs, Pegas^' 
 des, Aganippldes, Thefpiades, Lehethri" 
 des, Cajialides, Sec. from places confe- 
 crated to them. Mufae, pratjtntia 
 
 numina vatum, O Mufes, the propi- 
 tious deities of poets, Ovid. -let. i^, 
 622. ^i Mufai amat impares, the 
 odd-numbered Mufes, whofe nuniber 
 is unequal, i. e. nine, Hor. Qd. 3, 19, 
 13. Sice I ides Mufae, Sicilian Mufes, 
 i. e. Mufes who prefide over paftoral 
 poetry, in which Theocritus, a Sici^ 
 
 lian. 
 
M U S [2 
 
 lian, excelled, Virg, E, 4, l. Dulcet 
 Mufae, 1(1. G. 2, 475. Primus ego in 
 
 patriam me cum Aonlo red'iens dedw 
 
 cam vert'ice Mufas^ I returning into my 
 native country will bring with me the 
 Mufes from the Aonian or Boeotian 
 mountain, /. e. from Helicon, /. e. I 
 fliall be the firfl Manti-:an poet, Id, 
 G, 3 , II. Miijarum deluhra colere, 
 to reverence the temples of the Mu- 
 fes, I. e. to refpedi learning and the 
 liberal arts, C'lu Arch. 11. A Mufa- 
 rum hcnore ahhorrere, to be averie from 
 polite learning, or the ftudies of huma- 
 nity, ib. So averfus a Mujis, averfe 
 from poetry, ib. 9. Cum Miifis, id eji 
 cum hvmanitate et cum doclrlna commerci- 
 um habere s Cic. Tufc. 5, 23. In pro- 
 verb lum Grnecorum celehratum 5/?, Indoc- 
 tos a Mufis et Gratns aheffe^ it has be- 
 come a proverb among the Greeks, 
 that the illiterate have no commerce 
 •with the Mufes and Graces, ^rndil. 
 I, 10, 21. Forenjes caujas agrejiior'thus 
 miifis reliqtin'unti fc. ph'ilofophly they left 
 the pleading of caufes in the forum to 
 the ruilic Mufes, i. e. to rough, unpo- 
 liihed men, not cultivated by polite 
 learning and the li1)eral arts, C'lc. Or. 
 3. So Ah oral ion } bus disjungo me fere^ 
 referoquc ad manfueiiorcs mufas, I with- 
 draw myfelf from the contentions of 
 the bar, and apply myfelf to the gent- 
 ler mufes, i. e. to the ftudy of philofo- 
 phy and the liberal fciences, Cic. Fam. 
 I, 9, 67. Tu iViuJis tiojlris para nt 
 operas reddas^ prepare to reltore your 
 fervices or aiTiftance to my Mufes, /. 
 e. to me in my ftudies, Cic. Fam. 16, 
 10. Cum omnibus (al. folis) Mujis ra- 
 iionem habere cogito, to have commerce 
 with none but the Mufes, i. e. to ap- 
 ply to ail kinds of polite learning, or 
 to mind nothing elfe but literary pur- 
 fuits, Cic. An. 2, 5. Cum MuJis nos 
 delcclabimusy 1 will amufe myfelf with 
 fludy, ib, 4. Mufarum dona^ i. e. ver- 
 fes or poetry, Hor. Ep. 2, i, 243. 
 Saeerdosy pvieil of the Mufes, ;. e. a 
 poet, Hor. Od. 3, 1,3.; P^irg. G. 2, 
 476.; Ovid. Am. 3, 8, 23. ; Propert. 3, 
 1 , 3. ; T'lbuU. 2 , 5 , I . Mtifis amicus, a 
 fri-^nd to the Mufes, i. e. fond of poe-r 
 
 64 3 M u s 
 
 "try, and having a genius for it, Hor. 
 Od. I, 26, I. So Vtrg. Aen. 9, 774, 
 Necjludio c'ltharae, nee Mufae dcditns ul"' 
 liy nor acquainted with any kind of 
 mufic, Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 105. Dignum 
 laude virum Mufa vciat mori, Mufa cae- 
 lo beati i. e. poetry renders a truly great 
 man immortal, it bkffes him with hea-' 
 ven, i. e. it makes him be ranked amon_g; 
 the gods, Hor. Od. 4, 8, 2B. MuJis ac- 
 cspta domusy acceptable or agreeable to- 
 the Mufes, /. e. the houfe of a poet, 
 Ovid. Tr. 2, 121. Sacra Mufarum co- 
 le, i. e. cultivate the ftudy of poetry, 
 Ovid. Pont. 4, 2, 49. Mufa nee in plau- 
 fus ambiticfa mea £/?, I am not fond of 
 the applaufes of the theatre, Id. Trl/i. 
 5, 7, 28. Ille ego jud'iciis unica Mufa 
 (i. e. folus poeticae artis perttus) tuls, I 
 am the only good poet, the only perfon 
 flcillcd in poetry, in your judgment, Id. 
 Pont. 4, 3, 16. Paflorum mufam, — di- 
 cemusy we (hall relate the fong or poem, 
 Virg. E. 8, I. Agrejlew tenui mediln- 
 bor arundine mufam, I will warble or 
 play a rural fong or tune with a flen- 
 der rccd, Firg. E. 6yS. So Sihejlrem 
 tenul mufam meditaris avend, you play a 
 filvan or palloral fong or poem with a 
 fmall oaten pipe, ib. i, 2. Craffiore, 
 ut vocanty mufdy in a plainer manner, by 
 a more familiar example, ^inctlL i, 
 10, 28. Genialis Mufa, i. e. poetry 
 miniliring to pleafure, love-poems, 0- 
 vid. Amor. 3, 15, 19. Hofpitay the 
 mufc in a foreign country, i, e. Ovid 
 in exile, Ovid. Triji. 4, i, 88. So in- 
 felixy Id. Pont. 1,5, 69. Mufa jocofa 
 mihi, my poems are full of mirth or 
 pleafantry. Id. Tr. 2, 354. et 3, 2, 6. 
 Mufaque Turanr.i tragicis innixa cothur- 
 nisy the mufe of Turannius is fupport- 
 ed on tragic buikins, i. e. he writes tra- 
 gedies in a lofty ftyle : Et tua cum foe- 
 CO mufay Mel'ijfey levis, your mufe, as well 
 as your flipper, is light, i.e. you write 
 comedies in an eafy ftyle, Ovid. Pont. 
 4, 16, 29. Claro mea nomine mufay my 
 poems were in great repute, ib. 45. 
 So In nojira mufdy in my poems, Id. 
 Tr. 2, 313. Et nova jud'uio fuhdita mu- 
 fa tuo ejly my new poems, /,'/. Pont. 2, 
 4, 14. Nee 'ncva praeteritam mufa re- 
 
 Ui<it 
 
M U S t 26^ ] M Y R 
 
 Mufe un- alfo ere£lcd to him by public contribu- 
 tion, [aere coI/alo)y nigh to the image 
 of Aei'culapius, SueL 59. 
 
 MUSAEUS, a Greek poet, more 
 
 iexU opus, nor does a new- 
 weave the- former work, i. e. nor do I 
 here contradift what I faid in my books 
 De arte amandi, Id. Rem, 12. Mu- 
 fa pedeflns^ humble poetry, verfe little 
 differing from profe, except in being 
 meafurtd by feet, Hor. Sat. 2, i, 37. 
 Imhellis lyrde potens Mufa, the Mufe 
 that prefides over the peaceful lyre. Id. 
 Od r, 6, 10. procaxt forv/ard, petu- 
 lant, lb. 2, I, J'], pervicax, prefunip- 
 tuous, lb. 3, 3, 70, ''Vhifa lyraejolcrs, 
 {kilful in playing on the lyre, the lyric 
 Mufe, Hor. Art. P. 407. Mufa prater- 
 va mea eji, my poems are petulant or 
 wanton, Ovid. R.em. 362. Agr'icolae Mu- 
 fa fcn'iss the poems of Hefiod, Id. 
 Pont. 4, 14, 12. Sed Mufa ilia rujlica 
 et pajhralis fc. Theocriti, his rural and 
 pafloral Mufe or poems, ^inBil. lo, 
 I, 55. Teta Mufa, the poems of A- 
 iiacreon, born in Teos, Ovid. Rem. A^n. 
 762. Nee venit ad duros Mufa vocata 
 Getas, the Mufe does not come at my 
 requeil to infpire me in the rough coun- 
 try of the Getac, Id. Pont. 1,5, 12. 
 07nnefuit Mufae carmen inerme meae, all 
 my poems were free from fatire or in- 
 ventive. Id. in Ihin, 2. Cura opera- 
 
 ta Mufts, attention paid to poetry, Id, 
 Art. 3, 411. Cur modo damnatas repcto 
 mea crimina Mufas ? Why do 1 refurae 
 my poem=? lately condemned, which 
 furnifhed ground of accufation againft 
 me ? Id. Tr, 2,3. So Et quod eram 
 Mufas vt crimina nqjlra per of us, Id. Tr. 
 I, 6, 21. Ad Mufas revert!, to the 
 writing of verfes, or poems, ib. 3, 7, 
 9. Alu/is comitatus, accompanied by the 
 Mufes, Id, Amor. 2, 279. So Mifa- 
 rum comes, Virg. Aen. 9, 775. 
 
 ancient than Homer, Firg. Aen. 6, 667. 
 There is a poem extant concerning the 
 loves of Hero and Leander, which is 
 afcribed to Mufaeus ; but its author li- 
 ved much later. 
 
 Muse A, fuppofed to be a freed-man 
 of Atticus, Cic. Att.6. I. 
 
 Mu STELA, one of the affaflins em- 
 ployed by Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 
 &4r. 5, 6. et 13, 2. Att. 12, 5, a 
 44. 
 
 C, MusTius, a Roman ^j-M^j, Cic. 
 Verr. 1,51. 
 
 My CON, -dnis, the name of a fliep- 
 hcrd, Firg. E. 3, 10. et '], 30. 
 
 Mygdon, -onis, the father of Co* 
 roebus, who is thence called Mygdo- 
 NIDES, Firg. Aen. 2, ^<{2. 
 
 Myrmecides, -ae, v. -is, a native of 
 Miletus, ( lilefius), remarkable for ma- 
 king minute images of marble or ivo- 
 ry, for inftance a carriage, fo fmall, 
 that it was covered by the wings of a 
 iiy, together with its driver, Aelian. 
 Far. Hifl. I, 17. ; Plin. 36, 5, f. to 
 vidiich Cicero alludes, ( Ut etiam inter 
 deos, Myrmecides aliquis, minutorum opuf- 
 culoriim fabricator, fuiffe liideatur^, A- 
 cad. 4, 38. 
 
 Myro, v. Myron, onis, an excellent 
 ftatuary, Cic. Or. 0^, '],', Herenn. 4, 6. 
 a native of Eleutherae, Plin. 34, 7 f. 19. 
 of whofe works feveral are mentioned ; 
 an heifer, Cic.Ferr. 4, 60.; an Apollo, 
 ib, 43.; a Htrcules, i, &c. ; particular- 
 ly a cow, fo hke the life, that it is ce- 
 lebrated by the poets, Plin. ib. Ut 
 
 Antonius MUSA, the phyfician of fimilis verae vacca ^iyronis opus, Ovid. 
 Auguftus, whom he recovered from a Pont. 4, i, 34. 
 
 dangerous difeafe, by prtfcribing the 
 cold bath, Hor. Ep. i, 15, 3. f/ ibi 
 Scholtaf}, and by the ufe of lettuce, PIm. 
 19, 8, On which account he v^-as re- 
 warded with a large fum of money ; 
 with the right of wearing a gold ring ; 
 and with an exemption from taxes both 
 to himfeU, and thofe of his profeffion, 
 not only for the prefent, but alfo for 
 the future, Die, 53, 30. A ftatue was 
 
 Myrrh A, the daughter of Cinyras, 
 and mother of Adonis ; on account of 
 an inceftuous pafiion, turned into a 
 myrrh-tree, Ovid. Met. 298, &c. Ap- 
 pollodorus gives a different account of 
 this matter, 3, 13, 4. 
 
 Myrtilus, the charioteer of Ocno- 
 
 maus, [G. 404.) Cic. N. D, 3, 38. 
 
 «[[ 2. 'rhe name of a Have, Cic. Att, 
 15, 13. et 1^, II. 
 
M Y S [ 266 
 
 Mys, Myosy a celebrated carver or n 
 emboffer, (caelator), in filver, Martiah 
 8,51.; Plin. 33, 12 f. SS- 
 
 N. 
 
 Naedalsa, a Numidian nobleman 
 who confpired with Bomilcar againll 
 Jugurtha ; and bein^ detefted, was put 
 to death, Salluft. Jug. 70, — 73. 
 
 Nabis, tvrant of [-.acedaemon, Liv. 
 
 3 N A I 
 
 rz'u, quamtUf (i. c. Ennius), polite, ib. 
 Naevius having, after the manner of 
 the Greeks, lampooned fome of the 
 nobility in his writings, particularly 
 MetelliTS, was thrown into prilon ; to 
 which Plautus allftdes, Nam os colum- 
 natum poetae effe inaudivi harharo, Qunl 
 hint cufiodes femper tot'is horis accuhant, 
 I have heard that the mouth of the 
 Latin poet was fupported by his hand, 
 as by a col'inm, that being his ufnal 
 29, 12. who hril formed an alliance pofture, (while be ftudied), &c. Nae- 
 vius is here called harharuny as not be- 
 ing a Greek, Plant. Mil 2, 2, ^G. 
 
 with the Romans and Achaeans, Id. 
 32, 39. and afterwards carried on war 
 againft them, LU 33, 44, et 34, 28, & 
 29. He was fl-iin by Alexander, the 
 chief of the Aetolians, Id. 35, 39. 
 
 While in prifon he wrote two plays, 
 called Hariolus and Leo?ij by which he 
 made reparation for his former faults, 
 Nabolus, the fon of Hippafus, fo that he was liberated by the tribunes 
 iHlppasldes), the charioteer of Lams, of the commons, Gell. 3, 3. He feems, 
 
 ^tat. Theb. 7, 355. 
 
 Naevia gem, a Roman family. 
 Naevius, the moil ancient Roman 
 
 dramatic poet, next to Livius Andro- 
 
 nicus. He is faid to have ferved in 
 
 the firft Punic war, and to have writ- 
 ten a poem concerning it, Gell. 27, 21. 
 
 He died in the confuHhip of Cctbegus 
 
 and Tuditanus, a. u. 549, the year in 
 
 ■which P. Cornehus Scipio pafTcd over 
 
 into Africa, as Cicero fays, 140 years 
 
 before he v^'as conful, C'tc. Br. 15. 
 
 What Horace fays of Naevius, is dif- 
 ferently undsrftood by commentators, 
 
 Naevius in 7nanibus non ejl, ct mentihus 
 
 haeret Paem recens f Is not Naevius ge- 
 nerally read, and repeated by heart, 
 
 as if nearly a modern ? But mofl take 
 
 away the point of interrogation, and 
 
 turn et into^/; thus, Natvius is not 
 
 now generally read, but is remember- engaged in other eaafes before, Cic. 
 
 cd or repeated (by the admirers of the ^hjint. i, vS.:c. 
 
 ancients), as if his writings had been Naias, -adis, et N'ais, -1dis, plur. 
 
 but lately publifhed, Hor. Ep- 2, f, Namdex, v, Naides, the nymphs of 
 
 r5. Ennius pretended to defpife the rivers or fountains: Fontana Numi- 
 
 ■'" '■ ^' W.7 xV^r^//?.'', the Naiades, deities or god- 
 
 deffes of the fprings, Chvid. Met. 14, 
 328. N aides aequoreae, of the fea, ib. 
 
 however, afterwards to have incurred 
 the difpleafure of the nobles. For we 
 are told, that being baniHied from 
 Rome, he died at Utica, m the 104th 
 Olympiad, Hieronym. in Chronic. Eufeh. 
 Naeviani viodi, the meafure of the 
 verfes of Naevius, Cic. Leg. 2, i ^. 
 Naevianus Heel or, the name of a play 
 written by Naevius, Cic. Tufc. 4, 31, 
 Fam. 5, 12. — Naeviana pira, a kind of 
 pears cultivated by cne Naevius, Col-, 
 5, 10, 18. et 12, 10, 4. 
 
 Sex. Naevius, a public crier, [prne- 
 ro), in great favour with the party of 
 Sulla, to which he had revolted from 
 that of M irius. He had a controverfy 
 with P. Q^intiiis, in whofe defence 
 Cicero dehvered that oration, which 
 is the firft of his orations now extant. 
 For it appears that Cicero had been 
 
 Naevius ; but notwithftanding, as Ci- 
 cero obfervcs, he either borrowed or 
 Hole from him, {^A Naevlo vel fumfyTt 
 
 SSI' Naiadas, (al. Naidas,) undarum 
 domiias, Stat. Silv. i, 5, 6. — put for 
 Oreades., the nymphs of the mountains, 
 ''helium Punicum, quafi Myronis opus, de- or rather for the nymphs of fprings, 
 ieBat, ib. Luculente quidem fcripferunt, which rife in thefe mountains, Virg. E. 
 (fc. alifj fi^mpQ Naevius), etiamji mU 10, ic, 
 
 -rrndta^ fifateris ; W, / negas,^ furripuif- 
 ii), Cic. Brut. 19. Sit Ennius fane, ut 
 ejl eerie, perfedior ; tamen illius ( Naevii ) 
 
 ^^qndida Nais, a fair Nai^^d, ib. 
 
 23 
 
NAP [2 
 
 2,6. Nams una f lilt y Ovid. Met. i, 
 691. Hefperiae Na'ulcs, the Italian 
 Kaids or water nymphs, Ovid. Met. 2, 
 325. voc. Naif Propcrt. 2, 23, 96. (al. 
 
 2, 32, 40.) Naica Jo«<7, the gifts 
 
 of the Naides, Prop. 2, 32, 40. but 
 the beft editions read otherwife. 
 
 Napaeae, -aru??!, nymphs of the 
 woods or groves, Firg. G. 4, 335. J 
 Stat. Thcb. 4, 255. 
 
 Nape, -es, the name of a dog, Ovid. 
 Met. 3, 214. 
 
 Narcissus, the fon of the river 
 Cephlfus, and the nymph Liriope, of 
 rcmarkibJe beauty, who flighted many 
 nymphs that courted him ; but he is 
 faid at kit to have pined away in gaz- 
 in'jf at his own fhadow, with which he 
 vv^as charmed, one day when he lay 
 down to take a diink from a clear 
 fountain, and was turned into a fio\tcr, 
 which ilill retains his name, Ovid. Met. 
 
 3, 341,-510; Stat. Sily. 3, 4, 41. 
 Theb. 7, 540. Paufanias fays that 
 Narciffus perifhed by looking at his 
 own image in the water from its re- 
 femblance to a favourite fifter he had 
 loft. There was a fountain in the terri- 
 tory of Thefpia called Narciffus, where 
 this is faid to have happened, Paufan. 
 
 9, 31, <[[ 2. Narciffus, a favourite 
 
 freedman of the emperor Claudius, Suet. 
 CI. 28. ; Tacit. Ann. 13, [. ; "JuvenaL 
 14, 328. ; Dioy 60, 34. Add. Tac. Ann. 
 
 II.' 33'^^ 3^-^^ ^2, 53. 
 
 P. Sdpio NASiCA, judged by the 
 fenate to be the beft man in Rome, 
 and therefore chofen to receive into 
 his houfe the image of Cybele, when 
 brought to the city, Liv. 29, 11, &: 
 14. ; Plin. 7, 34. ; Val Max. 8, 15,3.; 
 Ovid, Fajl. 4, 347. ; Cic. Harufp. r. 13. 
 Hence he is called Hofpcs numinis Idaeiy 
 the hoft of the deity worfliipped on 
 mount Ida, i. e. of Cybele, 'Juvenal. 3, 
 
 137- 
 
 Nasidius, Nasidianus, €t Nafidi- 
 enus, Roman names, Cic. Att. 11, 17. ; 
 Lucan. 9, 790.; Herat. 2, 8, I.; iSlar- 
 tial. 7, 53. 
 
 Naso, -0///X, a Roman firname, firft 
 given to fome perfon from the large- 
 
 67 3 N E L 
 
 nefs of his nofe. — The firname of the 
 poet Ovid, Pont. 4, 9, 2. 
 
 Cn. Otacilius Naso, a Roman eques, 
 
 Cic. Fam. 13, 31. L. OBavius Na« 
 
 so, ^ Fr. I, 2, 3. ^ Naso, a 
 
 praetor, Cic. Cluent. 53. Flacc. 21. 
 
 Natta, a Roman firname ; Statua 
 Nattae, Cic. Div. 2, 20. 
 
 //. Natta, Cic. Mur. 35. one of 
 the Pont'ificesy Cic. Att. 4, 8. 
 
 Natta, (al. Naeca^) the name of a 
 fordid mifer, Hor. Sat. i, 6, 124. ; Ju* 
 venal. S. 95.; Per/, ^y 31. 
 
 Navius, Fid. Accius. 
 
 N AUG KATES, -aey v. -is, a native of 
 Erythrae, an hiftorian ; the fcholar of 
 liocrates, Cic. Or. 2, 23. f/ 3, 44. 
 
 Nauplius, the father of Palamedes, 
 (Gi 453.) who is hence called Nauplia* 
 desy -acy Ovid. Met. 13, 310. 
 
 NausicAa, v. -aey -esy the daughter 
 of Alcinous, Martial* 12, 31, 9. (G. 
 
 456.) 
 
 Nausiphanes, -isy a fcholar of De- 
 mocritus, (Democriteusy) the mafter of 
 Epicurus, but not treated by him with 
 proper refpeft, Cic. N.D.iy 26, 5c 33^ 
 
 Nautes, the aged friend of Aeneas> 
 diftinguifhed for his wifdom, who ad- 
 vifed Aeneas to leave with Aceftes in 
 Sicily fuch of his companions as were 
 old and inftrm, Firg. Aen. 5, 704. 
 
 Neaera, a girl beloved by Tibullus, 
 TiluU. "J^y I, 6. whom Scaliger fuppofcs 
 to have been the fame with her whom 
 Horace calls Glycera, «i;. -e, Od. i, 33, 
 
 1. <j[ 2. A woman, whom Horace 
 
 upbraids for deceiving him, Epod. 15, 
 
 1 1, ff ^, The miftrefs of a Ihepherd 
 
 in Virgil, EcL 3, 3. %^ 4. The wife 
 
 of Sol, and mother of Phaethufa and 
 Lampetie, who kept the ftieep and 
 oxen of Sol in Sicily, Homer. Odyfs» 12, 
 133. &c. 
 
 Nf.prophonus, (i. e. occifor hlnnulo' 
 rmny) the nam.e of a dog, Ovid. Met. 
 
 0' 
 
 21 1. 
 
 Nectanebus, v. 'isy -isf a king of 
 Egypt, Nep. 12, 2. el 17, 8. ; Plin. 36, 
 
 9- 
 
 Neleus, 'ly Ovid. Met. 2, 690. (G. 
 
 401.) king of Pylos ; which is hence 
 
 Lis called 
 
N E M [ 2 
 
 called Nelea Pylos, ib. 6, 418. Neptu- 
 ttus Nele'i fanguuiis aud.ory the foundtrof 
 the family of Neleus, ih. 12, 558. the 
 father of Neftor, who is hence called 
 Nelehsy ib. 577. or Nelldes ; plur. Bis 
 fex Nciidae fumusy confpecia juvcntus, 
 we were twice fix fons of Neleus, a 
 refpeftable or fightly company of young 
 men, ib. 553. Neleus had twelve fons, 
 who were- all flain with himfelf by Her- 
 cules except Kellor, AprAhdor. 2, 9, 9. 
 Nos Pylony cntlqui Neleia Nejloris arva^ 
 Mlfimus, we fent meficngers to Pylcs, 
 the Neleian country of old Neilor, Id, 
 Ep. I, 63. 
 
 NrMEsis, -hy a goddefs, the avenger 
 of infolence and pride, Stat. Theh. 8, 
 520, woifhipped at Rhamnus ; hence 
 called RhaM^tusia, Ovid, I'r'ij}. 5, 7, 
 
 8. ^ 2. A miftrefs of Tibullus, 2, 
 
 3, 55.; Martial Z, 73,7. 
 
 Neopule, -fj, the daughter of Ly- 
 
 cambes, (q. v.) ^ 2. A miilrefs of 
 
 Horace, Od. 3, I2, 6. 
 
 Neoclcs, -fV, V. Neoclu?, the fa- 
 ther of ThemiRocles, Nep, 2,1. who is 
 hence called Neoclides ; thus, Arma 
 Neodides qui Perjca contudlt armay i. e. 
 who vanquiilied Xerxes at the battle of 
 
 Salamis, G'vid, Pont. I, 3, 69. 
 
 ^ 2. The father of Pamphilus, the 
 fcholar of Piato, ( Platonis auditor, v. 
 P /atonicus)Cic. N. D. i, 26. 
 
 Nedptolemus, (i. e.novus miles), a 
 name given to Pyrrhus, the fon of A- 
 chilles, beeaufc he went to the war of 
 Troy when a boy, Serv. in Firg. Aen. 
 2, 263, & 499. ; Ovid. Ep. 8, 82, & 
 115. Met. 13, 455. Add. Clc. Or. 2, 37. 
 Tufc. 2, I. Amtc. 20. But in the la it 
 palThge Cicero is fuppofed to have put 
 Neoptolemus for Achilles. The words, 
 however, do not altogether apply to 
 Achilles ; and may to Pyrrhus. 
 
 Nephele, (i. e. Nebula,) the wife 
 of Athamas and mother of Phryxus, 
 (G. 440.) hence Helley is called Ne- 
 pksleisy -uiii, the daughter of Nephcle, 
 Q'vid. Met. II, 195. and Nepheleiasy 
 -adis; thus, ^ici peiago nomen Nephsleias 
 abJluUt Hells, took from the fea its 
 former name, and gave it her Gwn,HEL- 
 !,r:s-PONTus, the fca of Helie, Lucan, 
 
 63 1 N E I? 
 
 9, 956. — Pccus Nephelaeuniy the ra^^ 
 which earned Phryxus and Hfllc, Vah 
 
 Flac. I, $6. ^^ 2. i'he name of a 
 
 nymph, Ovi.', Ma. ^, 1 7 1. 
 
 Neptunus, (a ly^A^Do, paullum pri' 
 mis Uteris inimutctis , Cic. N. D. 2 26. 
 a NUBE, idejl, opcrtlnu ; quod ut caduni 
 rmhes, ita mare terras obmihat^ Varr. 
 L. L. 4, ID.) the fon of Saturn and 
 Ops, the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, 
 the god of the fea, (6. 386, 358, & 
 372. Terra ipja dta eji ; mare tilarn, 
 quern Neptunum ejfe dicehas, Cic- N. D. 
 3, 20.) the government of which is faid 
 to have been given to him by lot, Virg. 
 Aen. I, 141. whence it is called Sors 
 fecunda, Lucan 4., 110. cind regnum Jh' 
 cundum ; thus, P^egnoque accejfu terra fe- 
 cundo, the land was added to the fea, 
 Id.^. 622. — Neptune is called Eque/Irisy 
 Liv. 1,9. becaufe he is faid to have 
 made the fiiR horfe to fpring from the 
 earth by a ftroke of his trident, Ovid. 
 Met, 6, 75.; Firg. G. I, 12. (G.388.) 
 — frequently put for the fea ; thuf, /;«- 
 mergere aliquem Neptuno, to plunge one 
 in the fea, Virg, G. 4, 29. In Car- 
 pathio Nsptuni gurgite, in the Carpathian 
 gulf of Neptune, i. e. in tlie Carpathian 
 fea, ib. 387. Nipiuni corpus acerhums 
 the bitter body of Neptunus, i. e. the 
 fait fea, Lucr. 2, 271. Uterqtie NeptU' 
 nusyi.t. Neptune, who rules over the 
 frefh water or lakes, and over the fea, 
 Catull. 31, 3. ^d 'Mart em terra, NeptU' 
 num effugit in undis, Conjugis Atrides vic- 
 tlmadiia fuit, Agamemnon, who efca- 
 ped the dangers of war by land, and of 
 florm.s by fea, was murdered by his 
 wife Clicaemneflra and her gallant Ae- 
 giilhuB, Ovid. Art. i, 333. Neptuni 
 ventofa pcteniia, the violence of the 
 winds which rage on the fea, Ido 
 
 Amor. 2, 16, 27. Neptuni A ar^ 
 
 va, the fields of Neptune, i. e. the 
 fea, Firg. Aen. 8, 695. cufpis, the tri- 
 dent of Neptune, Zz/c^/;. 7, 147. Conf. 
 Id. ^, III. Neptunlus dux, i. e. Sex 
 Pompeius, a naval commander, i/ior. ^, 
 9, 7. Neptunius heros, i. e. Thefeus the 
 grandfon of Neptune, Ovid. Met. 9, i. 
 Ep. 4, 109. et 17, 21. lacunae, the 
 depths of the fea, A. ad. Herenn. 4» 
 
 10, 
 
] N E R 
 
 7. ; Hygin. Praef. Nerelilefque Deae., 
 Nere^tdumque pater, Ovid. Amor. 2, 11^ 
 
 K E R C 2<S9 
 
 to. the fame with y^^rt^r lacunae, Lucr. 2 
 3, 1044. moenia, the walls of Troy, faid 
 
 lo have been built by Neptune and A- 36. Fukhra I\'er€is, \ 
 polio, Ovid. Ep, I, 151.; ProperU 3, 9, 
 41. (6> 372, & 386.) So Neptunlci 
 Ptrgama, Ovid. Faft. I, 525. Troja, 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 625. ^/ 3, 3. proles Mef- 
 sapusy ib. 9, 523. et 10, 353. /?/ 12, 128. 
 Hippomenes, the deicendant of Neptune, 
 Ov/V/. Mi-/. 10, 639. So Cygnus, ib. 
 
 12, 72. Neptunicola, (-^^5) Te- 
 
 }on, who was king of Capraeae, ( J^'irg. 
 Aeiu 7, 734, &c. hence called Telon'ts 
 
 he beautiful Ne- 
 
 InfuJa, Sil. 8, 542.) and therefore 
 
 dwelt in the fea, SIL 14,444. [Tep- 
 
 TUNiNi:, -esy i. e. Thetis, a fea-god- 
 
 defs, CatulL 62, {al 63,) 28. ■'Nef- 
 
 TUNALiA, 'ium, the facred rites of Nep- 
 tune, Aufon. Fer. 17, 19. 
 
 NEREUS, -e'l, V. -eos, ace. -ea, voc. 
 -^zi, abl. -eoy a fea-god, the fon cf Nep- 
 tune by Canace, Apollodor. i, 7, 4. or 
 as others fay, of Pontus and Terra, Id. 
 I, 2, 6. In the opinion of thofe who 
 think that all things were produced 
 from water, Nereus is fuppofed to have 
 been the moll ancient of the gods ; 
 whence he is called grandaevus, Virg. 
 G. 4, 392. Nereus poiTelTed the gift 
 of prophecy, Horat. Od. ;, 15, 5. and 
 alfo tlic power of transforming hlmfclf 
 into any Ihape, ApoUcdor. 2, 5, n. 
 
 (G. 387.) NtRKUs is often put for 
 
 the fea ; thus, D'lfcludere Nerea ponto, 
 to feparate the waters from the land, 
 by confining them in their proper cavi- 
 ty (ponto), Virg. Eel. 6, 35. Totum 
 Nereus drcumjonat (al. circumtonat) or- 
 hcm, the fea, Ovid. Met, 1 , 187. Hie pri- 
 mum rubiiitcivilif anguine Nereus, I. e. mare, 
 Lucan. 2, 713. Suhitaeque ruinamjenjit a- 
 quae Nereus, and the fea felt the force 
 or ruihing in of the water fuddenly let 
 out from the river Peneus, when a paf- 
 fage was opened for It to the fea by Her- 
 cules, (See G. 319.*) Id. (j, 349. — Ne- 
 reus had by his wife Doris fifty daugh- 
 ters, called Nereides, v. NerTides, 
 fea-nymphs or goddeiTes, -urn ; fmg. 
 Nereis, or Nereis, tdis, v. -ulos ; voc. 
 Nerei, Their names are recounted by 
 Homer, //. 18, 39, &c. ; Apollo dor. i, 
 
 rtid, ;. e. Thetis, Ovid. Met. 11, 259. 
 called aequorea Nereis, Id. Amor. 2, 
 17, 17. Nereis orba, the childlefs Ne- 
 reid, /. e. Pfamathe, the mother of 
 Glaucus by Aciucus ; faid to be child- 
 lefs, becaufe her fon Glaucus was kill- 
 ed by Peleus, his brother by a different 
 mother, Ovid. Met. 11, 380, 398, & 
 267.; Apollodor. 3, 11,6. Nereis, x.t. 
 Galatea, Ovid. Met. 13? 749. EJl alt- 
 quid, non ejfe fatum Nerade, fed qui Ne- 
 reaque, et natas, et ^oium temper et aequor, 
 it is fomething not to be defcendcd of 
 a Nereid, {i.e. of Thetis), but of him 
 (/. e. Neptune) who rules over Nereus, 
 &:c. ib. 12,93. — NiiRElDfis, Ovid. Met. 
 I, 302. 5, J7. 13,899. 14, 264. Ep. 
 5, 57. ; Ncreidum chorus, Virg. Aen. 
 
 5, 240. mater, i. e. Doris, ib. 3, 74. — 
 N?reia Doto, the daughter of Nereus, 
 ih. 9, 102. Nerna turba, the Nereids, 
 Sil. 7, 416. Praefcia venturi genitrix' 
 Nireta leti, Thetis, the mother of A- 
 chiiles, the daughter of Nereus, Ovid, 
 
 Met. 13, 162. jfuvenis Nereius, 
 
 Phocus, the grandibn of Nereus by his 
 daughter Pfamathe and Aeacus, OviJ, 
 Met. 7, 685. Nerine, -es, i. e. Ga- 
 latea, the daughter of Nereus, Virg. 
 Eel. 7, 37. ^ 
 
 Nerio, -lenis^ \\ Nericne, -es, w Ne- 
 ria, the wife of Mars, Plaut. True. 2, 
 
 6, 34.; Cell. 13, 21. 
 
 NERO, -onis, a firname of the ^i;«r 
 Claudia. It is faid to have been deri- 
 ved from the Sabines, whence the clau- 
 dii were defcendtd ; among whom any- 
 one diitingulihed for bravery {^qui erat 
 egregid ac pr acjlanti fortitudine ) was call- 
 ed Nero, GtlL 13, 21. Inter cognomi- 
 na, et Neronis^ ajfumfu (ic. gem Clau-- 
 dia), quojignificalur imgud Sabind FORTH 
 ac siRENuus, Suet. Tib. i. 
 
 C. Claudius NERO, an illuilrlous 
 Roman general in the fccond Punic 
 war. When praetor he commanded an 
 army againll Capua, Liv. 2^, 2, & 22, 
 After the furrendcr of that city tie was 
 fent into Spain, where Aldrubal over- 
 reached him, Id. 26, in. He after- 
 wards 
 
N E R [ 270 ] 
 
 tvards fervcd with honour as lieutenant Tided 
 under Marcellus againft Hannibal, Lh\ 
 27, t6. Being created conful with M. 
 Livius, a. u. 543, ib. 36. it fell to his 
 lot to command the army againft An- 
 nibal But having got intelligence by 
 intercepted letters concerning the arri- 
 val of Afdrubal in Italy, he fecrctly 
 left his army under the coromand of 
 his lieutenant, and having marched al- 
 moft the whole length of Italy with a 
 lelecl body of men, he joined his col- 
 league M. Livius, cut off Afdrubal 
 with his army at the river Mctaurus in 
 Umbria, and returned to his camp In 
 Apulia before Annibal perceived that 
 he had left it. He caufed the head of 
 Afdrubal, which he had brought with 
 him and carefully preferved, to be 
 throv/n before the outpofts of the ene- 
 my, Zw. 43. ad Jin. By order of the 
 fenate he again left his army, and en- 
 tered the city in triumph with his col- 
 league, Id, 28, 9. He was afterwards 
 joined in the cenforfhip with M. Livius, 
 in which office they by no means aCted 
 with the fame unanimity as in their 
 confulfhip, Liv. 29, 37. 
 
 From this Nero was defcended T'th. 
 Claudius NERO, the hufband of Li- 
 via btfore Auguftus, and the father of 
 the two Neros, Drufus and Tiberius, 
 whofe praifes Horace celebrates, Od. 
 4, 4, & 14. artfully joining them with 
 the praifes of their great progenitor ; 
 ^id deheasy Roma, Ncronibusy iejlis 
 Metaurum jlumen^ et Afdrubal Devicltiif 
 ^Sc. ib. 4, 4, 37. — Cicei'o Ipeaks in the 
 highell terms of Tiberius Nero, the 
 hufband of Livia, Fatn. 13, 64. Pa- 
 terculus calls him Magni vir animi, dcc- 
 iijfmiqne ingmii^ 2, 75. Tiberius had 
 ailced Tullia, the daughter of Cicero, 
 before he married Livia ; and Cicero 
 was inclined to prefer him to Dolobel- 
 la, whom Tullia married ; but Cicero 
 was abfent from Rome at the time, 
 and the mefiengers whom he fent to 
 Tullia and her mother {^ad mulieres) 
 concerning this matter did not arrive 
 till the cfpoufals with Dolobella were 
 over, Cic. jtt. 6, 6. In the war be- 
 tween Pompey and Caefar, Tiberius 
 
 ^ E R 
 with Caefar ; and being com* 
 mander of the fleet in the Alexandrian 
 war, contributed very much to the vic- 
 tory. Wherefore he was made one of 
 the Pontifices in room of P. Scipio, the 
 father-in-law of Pompey, and employ- 
 ed to fettle colonies at Narbonne and 
 Aries in Gaul. But after the death 
 of Caefar, when the majority of the 
 fenate voted for an amneily, i^abolitio' 
 nemfacli)y he gave his opinion about 
 decreeing rewards to thofe who had 
 llain the tyrant, [de prmmiis tyrannici' 
 darum), as the phrafe then was, Suet, 
 Tib. 4. He was praetor a. u. 712 ; 
 and a difcord having arifen betwixt the 
 Trimnvtriy he fided with Antony, and 
 followed his brother L. Antonius the 
 conful to Perufia. When that town 
 farrendered to Auguflus, Tiberius made 
 his efcape, and fled firll to Sex. Pom- 
 peius, then to Antony, Suet. Tib. 4. 
 His wife Livia, with her fon Tiberius, 
 then fcarcely two years old, attended 
 him in his flight, in which they were 
 expofed to the greateft hardfhips and 
 dangers, Suet. Tib. 6. ; Dio, 48, 15. ; 
 Paterc. 2, 75. Dio and Paterculus here 
 julUy remark the wonderful and unex- 
 pected changes of fortune, that this 
 Livia fhould afterwards be married to 
 Augultus, whom fhe now fied from, 
 and that the child whom fhe carried in 
 her bofom fhould, by her influence, 
 fucceed Auguflus in the empire, ib. 
 A reconciliation having fcon after ta- 
 ken place between Augultus and An- 
 tony, and peace being made by them 
 with Sex. Pompeius, Tiberius returned 
 to Rome, Paterc. 2, 77. and reiigned 
 to Augultus, at his requeft, his wife 
 Livia Drufilia, then big v/ith child. 
 Tiberius foon after died, leaving An- 
 guftus guardian to his two fons Tibe- 
 rius and Drufus, the name given to 
 the child whom Livia bore three months 
 after Augultus married her, (praegnan- 
 tern abduxd. Suet. Aug. 62. Tib. 4. el 
 CI. I. Jibdu3a Neroni uxor, Tac. Ann. 
 1,10. Cupidine formae auftrt; adeo pro- 
 perus, uty Tie fpatto qutdim. ad eiiitendiim 
 data, penatibus Juts gravidam induxerity 
 ib. s> I-")- — yiatcr Neronum, the mother 
 
 of 
 
 i 
 
N E R [2 
 
 of the Neros, Tiberius and Drufus, 
 ?. e. T.ivia, Oi)id. ad L'lv. I. Major 
 Neronum, the elder of the Neros, /. e. 
 Tiberius, Hon Od. 4, 14, 14. Jam 
 pars mlh'i rapta Nsronum^ the halt of 
 the Neros is taken from me, i. e* Dru- 
 fus is dead, Omd. ad Liv. 145. So 
 Jam t'lbi dlm'td'ium nominis hujus. ahcjl ( fc. 
 Neronum), ib. 2. Unum, qui die at jam 
 fibiy Mater^ habes, ib. 4. Vidimus atto-, 
 jiitum fraiernd morte [i. e. Drufi) Nero- 
 nem, i. e. Tiberiitm^ ib. 85. Nee cum 
 victorem referetur adejfe Neroncrn, Dicere 
 jam potero. Major, an alter adejl r* i. e. 
 whether is it Tiberius or Drufus ? Li- 
 via is fuppofed to fay ; for both had 
 gained vi6lories over the Rhaeii and 
 Germans, ib. 149. { Vid. Tiberius 
 et Drusus.) 
 
 NERO, emperor of Rome, the fan 
 of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrip- 
 pTna the daughter of Germanicus, ad- 
 opted by Claudius, and appointed his 
 fucceffor by the art of his mother, Suet. 
 Ner. 5, & 7. ; Tac. jinn. 1 1, f I. et 13, 
 69. He was fo infamous for his cru- 
 elty, (G. 245.), that his name is put 
 for a tyrant ; Cum caho ferviret Roma 
 'Neron't^ was fubjecl to the bald Nero, 
 r. e. to the tyrant Domitian, Juvenal. 
 4, 38.; Suet. Dom. i8- Nullo cogente 
 Nerouey (/. e. tyranno), Juvenal. 8, 
 193. Securum praejlare Neronem, to 
 protecft the perfon of the emperor, ib. 
 170. Plenus Nerone propinquo, full or 
 proud of his near relation to Nero, ib, 
 72. — Falfus Ntro, one who pretended 
 to be Nero, Tac. HiJ. 1, 2. et 2, 8.; 
 Suet. Ner. 57. — Menfis Neroneus, the 
 month of April, called by the name of 
 Nero, Tac.Jnn. 16, 12. ^id Nerone 
 pejus ? ^iid thermis melius Neronianis ? 
 Martial. 7, 33, 4. Add. 2, 48, 8. et 
 ^, 25, 4. 12, 85. Neroniana maffa, a 
 coin with the image of Nero imprefled 
 
 on it, ib. 12, 57, 8. Ncroniamimy 
 
 fc. dittutn, the faying of one Nero, Cic. 
 Or. 2, 61. 
 
 Nerva, a firname of the Licinii, Cic. 
 Brut. 34. 
 
 C. Licinius Nekva, a praetor, Liv, 
 45, 45. Add. Farr. R. R. 2, 4. 
 
 Cocceius NERVA, the lUh Roman 
 
 71 ] N E S 
 
 emperor, the faccefTor of Domlt'an,. 
 Suet. Dom. I. of a very different cha- 
 ra<Ster from that of Domitian, Martial, 
 II, 6. et I2y 6. ^lide Nrvas, k. li- 
 cet vincas, though you furpafs Nerva iti 
 the mildnefs of your dlfpofition. Id. 5, 
 29, 4. He had a genius for poetry, 
 but did not indulge it. Id. 8, 70. et 9, 
 27. Finding himfelf unfit to fupport 
 the charge of the empire on account 
 of his age, he adopted Trajan, who is 
 hence called Nerva Trajan us. Id. 
 11,5, & 6.; Plin. Panegyr. Tacitus 
 gives a noble eulogium of thefe princes, 
 that under them one might think as he 
 pleafed, and fpeak what he thought, 
 [Rard temporum felicitate, iibi /entire^ 
 quae veils, et quae fentias, dicere licet) ^ 
 Tac. Hilt. I, I. Add. Jgric. 7,.^Fn^ 
 rum Nervae, a public place begun by 
 Domitian and finifhed by Nerva, ib. 5. 
 
 Nesaee, -es, a fea nymph or Ne- 
 reid, Firg. G. 4, 338. ^en. 5, 826. 
 
 NESSUS, a centaur, [biformisy O- 
 vld. Met. 9, 121. femivir. Id. Ep. 9, 
 141.), ferryman of the river Even us, 
 flain by the arrows of Hercules for ha- 
 ving attempted to offer violence to De- 
 janira the wife of Hercules, after car- 
 rying her over the river Evenus, (G^. 
 402.), Ovid. Met. 9, loi, &c. — Tabe 
 Nefsed ilUta palla, the robe ftained with 
 the gore or blood of Neffus, which he 
 gave to Dejanlra, and by which Her- 
 cules periflied, Senec. Here. Oet. v. 'J16. 
 So Fenenum Nejfaeum, the poifonous 
 blood of Neffus, Ovid. Ep. 9, 163. 
 Nefseus fanguis. Id. Met. 9, 153. Nef" 
 scae matius, ib. 12, 454. 
 
 NESTOR, -oris, the fon of Neleus 
 by his wife Chloris, king of Pylos, ( G. 
 401.) hence called Pylius Nejior, Hor. 
 Od. I, 15, 22. educated at Gerenos 
 V. -enia, a town of Meffenia, ApoUodnr. 
 2, 9, 9. whence he is called Ghrenius, 
 Homer. II. ii, 654. ; the only one of 
 the twelve fons of Neleus that efcaped 
 the fword of tJercules, ib. 691, be- 
 caufe he was not then at Pylos, [in Ilio 
 erat, Hygin. f. 10.) but the reading 
 here is thought to be wTong, (al. in 
 Pilo non erat ; ) Apollodorus fays, that 
 at th^t tim? he was at Gerenia, ib. — - 
 
 He 
 
N E S [2 
 
 He was remarkable for his wifdom 
 and eloquence, Homer. pajlrn.; Cic. Tuf. 
 5, 3. Brut. 10.; Ovik. Met. 13, 64. 
 Hence, Aeacides dextra, pedore Nejior 
 erat, as brave as Achilles, and as wife 
 as Neflor, Ovid. Art. 2, 736. Habere 
 altquem in con film caplundis Nejlorcm^ a 
 Neilor or wife counfellor, Cic. Fam. 
 9, 14. E,x ejus lingua incJle dulcior 
 Jluehat oratio. Homer. 11. i, 249.; Cic. 
 Sen. 10. Gratia Nejlorei inellis^ Lu- 
 can. ad Pif. 64, — Agamemnon en- 
 tertained fuch an opinion of his wif- 
 dom, that he declared that if he had 
 ten fuch counfellors,- he fliould foon 
 become mafter of Troy, Homer. 11. 2. 
 
 372. ; Cic. Sen. 10. Neftor is Aiid 
 
 to have lived three ages, {^ter aevo 
 funFiusy i. e. 300 years according to 
 the poets,) Hor. Od. 2, 9, 13. and was 
 \n his third age in the war of Troy, 
 Homer. II. T, 250. {Vixi Annos bis cen- 
 tamy nunc iertia vraitur aetasy) Ovid. Met. 
 12, 188.; Cic. Sen. ic. ; hence he 
 is called Senex* Hor. ib. antiquusy Ovid, 
 Ep. • , 63. Rex Pyliusy Ji quidauam 
 iredis Homer Oy exemplum 'vitae fuit a cor- 
 nice feciindaey}\\'i cna\.. 10, 246. Nejloris 
 aetas, for a -ery long fpace of time, 
 Martial, 2, 64, 3. So, Nejloris anniy 
 ^^i 5> 59> 5' Add. Id. 6, 70, ; 2. 8, 
 64, 14. II, 57, 13. Nejlore feniory 
 Id, 7, 95, 7. NeJloreafeneBa, Id. 11, 
 30, I. et 13, 117. ; Stat. Silv. i, 3 f. 
 Vhjat Nejlora toturuy let him live as 
 long as Neilor, Juvenal 12, 178. 
 Nejloris herniay the rupture of Neilor, 
 L e. an old man enfeebled by that dif- 
 eafe. Id. 6, 325. But va the opi- 
 nion of the ancients the age of man 
 was thirty years, that is, taking \\\ the 
 whole human race, the time that each 
 lives one with another, does not ex- 
 ceed that time ; fo that the age of 
 Keftor was ninety years, Scholiaji. in 
 Homer, II. 1, 250. et in Hor at. Od. 2, 
 9, ^3. Vid. Rader. in Martial. 8, 2. 
 
 Nestor I us, (al. Vejloriusy) an in- 
 timate acquaintance of Cicero's, Cic. 
 Fam. 6, 1 1 . 
 
 NiCANDER, 'driy of Colophon, [Co- 
 lophoniusy) a Greek poet, who wrote 
 on hnfbandry, {de rebus ruf.icis fcripjit,) 
 
 72 ] N r c 
 
 Cic. Or. I, 16. .<[[ 2. A praetor of 
 
 the Aetohans, Lin). 3S, i. hoilile to the 
 Romans, Id. 35, 12. et 36, 29. et 38, 
 
 4, &c ^ 3- An arch-pirate, Id. 37. 
 
 II. 
 
 NiCANOR, -orisy one of the nobles of 
 Philip, Liv. 33, 8. — 51 2. A fiave 
 of Htticus, Cic. Att. 5, 3. 
 
 NiCAsio, -onisy a fenator of Enna, 
 Cic. Ver. 4, 51. 
 
 NiCEAKCHUs, a painter, Plin. ^^^ 
 II. 
 
 Nice, -esy the wife of Cleomenes of 
 Syracufe, a favourite of Vcrres, Cic. 
 Ferr. 5, 30. 
 
 NICI43, -ae, one of the generals 
 of tlie Athenians againft Syracufe, a 
 man of great piety and virtue, who 
 after bringing the Syracufans nearly to 
 the point of furrendering, was at lafl 
 defeated, made captive, and put to 
 death, (G. 467.) ^ 2. A gram- 
 marian, whom Cicero had with him in 
 Cilicia, Cic. Fam. g, 10, & 11. Au. 7, 
 3. et 12, 26. He was fent for by Do- 
 lobelia, and by the advice of Cicero 
 went to him, Cic. Att. 13, 28, & 52. 
 
 NicETAs, -acy (al. Hicetasy) a Py- 
 thagorean philofopher of Syracufe, 
 who taught that the fun and flars re- 
 mained at reft, and that the earth only 
 moved round its axis, Cic, Acad, a^y 39, 
 
 Nice, -onisy (i.e. vidory) the name 
 of an afs, which is faid to have prog- 
 nofttcated to Auguftus his vidlory at 
 A6lium, Suet. Aug. 96. 
 
 NicocLES, -isy tyrant of Sicyon, cut 
 off by Aratus, Cic. OJf. 2y 23. 
 
 NicOLAUS, (i. e. victor populiy) a 
 Peripatetic philofopher of Damafcus, 
 (Damafcenusy) an intimate acquaintance 
 of Augullus, to whom he ufed often 
 to fend a prefent of large dates, or 
 fruit of the palm-tree of the largeft fize, 
 Athenae. l^yp. 652. As the emperor 
 was fond of that kind of fruit, he cal- 
 led them from the philofopher, Ni co- 
 la i,i^. which name they afterwards 
 retained, Plin. 13, 4 f. 9. 
 
 NicoMEDES, 'isy the name of fe- 
 veral kings of Bithynia, in aUiance with 
 Rome, Jujlin. 34, 4. et 38, 5. ; Cic. 
 Ferr, 1,^4.; Liv. 38, 16. et 45, 44. 
 
 the 
 
NIC [2 
 
 tlie lafl: of whom left the Roman peo- 
 ple his heir, Applan. de Bell. Mithr. 
 
 NicocREON, -ontls, a king of Cy- 
 prus, Cic, Tufc. 2, 2 2. 
 
 NicoMACHus, the fon of Ariftotle, 
 who wrote an accurate book concern- 
 ing morals, Cic. Fin. 5, 5. *f[ 2. 
 
 A painter, Cic. Brut. 18. ; Plin. 35, to. 
 
 NicosTRATA, the mother of Evan- 
 der, the fame with Carmenta. 
 
 NicosTRATus, the flave of Op- 
 pianicus, Cic. Cliient. 62. 
 
 P. NIGIDIUS Figulus, a candidate 
 for the office of praetor in the confulihip 
 of Cicero, Cic. SulL 14. Having been 
 engaged in the civil war againft Caefar, 
 )ie was exiled from Rome, Cic. Fam. 4, 
 13. Cicero declared that he had been 
 very much affifted by his advice in 
 fuppreffing the confpiracy of Catiline, 
 Plutarch. An sENr resp. sit gerenda, f. 
 He was a veiy great philofopher, and 
 the moll learned of the Romans next 
 to Varro. He wrote on many fubjefts ; 
 on grammar, Gcll. 5, 2. et alibi pa^m ; 
 on animals, augury, &c. ib. He was 
 particularly fliilled in aftrology ; whence 
 he is extolled by Lucan, i, 639, &c. 
 On the day that Auguftus was born, 
 the fenate happened to be deliberatinga- 
 bout the confpiracy of Catiline, and Oc- 
 tavius, the father of Auguftus, having, 
 on account of his wife's delivery, been 
 late of coming into the houfe, Nigidius 
 being informed of the caufe of his 
 delay, and hkewife of the hour when 
 the child was born, declared, " that 
 there was a mafter born for the world," 
 Suet. Aug. 94. This flory is told fome- 
 what differently by Dio ; Vid. C. Oc- 
 
 TAVIUS. 
 
 L. NiNNius ^ladraiuSi Vid. MuM- 
 
 MIUS. 
 
 NiNUS, the fon of Belus, the firft 
 king of the Affyrians, Lucan. 3, 215. 
 the founder of Nineveh, [G. 59B.) 
 
 Ninyas, -acy the fon of Ninus and 
 Semiramis, and the facceffor of the 
 latter in the empire, ib, 
 
 NIoBE, -es, the daughter of Tan- 
 talus, and wife of Amphion king of 
 Thebes ; who, proud of her numerous 
 children, ufed to prefer herfelf to La- 
 
 73 3 N I S 
 
 tona, who had only two, Apollo and 
 Diana ; on which account Apollo 
 and Diana, to gratify their mother, 
 flew all the children of Niobe ; Apollo, 
 the fons, and Diana, the daughters. 
 Niobe, overwhelmed with grief, is faid 
 to have been changed into a ftone, 
 Cic. Tufi. 3, 26. {G. 428.) She Is 
 called Sipyleia mater, becaufe when 
 converted into a ftone, fhe Is fuppofed 
 to have been fnatched by a whirlwind 
 to Mount Sipylus in her native coun- 
 try, ^tat. Sih. 5, I, 33. Proles Nio' 
 
 baea, the offspring of Niobe, Hor. OcL 
 4> 6, I. 
 
 NiPHAEus, an Italian chief, turn* 
 bled from his chariot by the affrighted 
 horfes, and killed, Virg. Aen. 10, 570. 
 
 Nip HE, -es, one of the attendants 
 of Diana, Ovid. Met. 3, 171. 
 
 NiPTRA, -orum, (i. e. lavacra,) a 
 play of Pacuvius and Sophocles, C/V. 
 Tufc. 2, 21. 
 
 NiREUS, (In 2 fyL) -ei, v. -eos,^cc, 
 -ea, the fon of Charopus and Aglaia,. 
 king of Syme, the moft beautiful off 
 the Graecian chiefs In the Trojan war 
 except Achilles, but unwarlike. Homer. 
 II. 2, 67 1. as remarkable for beauty as 
 Therfites was for deformity, Homer, ib. 
 et 216.; Ovid. Pont, j^i 13, 16. Nirea 
 non fades, nen 'vis exemit Achillem, did 
 not fave or rcfcue from death. Property 
 3, 18, 27. ^alis aut Nireus fuit, aut 
 aquosa Rapt us ab Ida, (i. e<. Ganyme- 
 des,) Hor. Od. 3, 20, 15. Formdquc'vin-' 
 cas Nirea, Hor. Epod, 15, 22. 
 
 NisA, the name of a woman, Virg, 
 Aen. 8, 26. 
 
 Nisus, the father of one of thofe 
 
 called Bacchus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23 
 
 ^ 2. The fon of Hyrtacus [HyrtacldeSf 
 -ae,) a brave Trojan, ihe friend of 
 Euryalus, Virg. Aen. 5, 319, 334, 6cc. 
 flain by the Latins, ib. 9, 176, ^c. 
 
 Nisus, the Ton of Pandion, a king 
 of Megara, who had a red lock of hair, 
 (coma purpurea, Tibuli. i, 4, 57. pur- 
 pura, Ovid. Met. S 80. purpureus crinisf 
 ib. 93.) on which his fate depended. 
 His daughter Scylla, knowing tin's, and 
 falling in love with Minos, who then 
 befieged her father's capital, cut off the 
 M m &tal 
 
NIX [274 
 
 fatal lock ; whereupon Nifiis expired, 
 and Minos became mafter of Megara, 
 Apollodor. 3, 14, 8. (G. 375.). Nifus 
 was turned into a bird or kind of hawk, 
 called Halyacetos, Ov'td. Met. 8, 146. 
 
 or Nifus, V'lrg. G, l, 404. Niseis, 
 
 ^Hciisy the daughter of Nifus, (Vid. 
 ScYLLA.) Niseus V. Nisetus, adj. 
 
 Nix us, {[c. genu Hercules,) a name 
 piven to the conllellation Hercules, i. e. 
 t/je Man on his knee, called by the^ 
 Greeks Engonasis, Hygin. Poet, AJlr, 
 2,6.; Cic, Arat. 373, & 400. Ovid 
 exprefTes the name fully ; ^i ( fc. 
 locus) medius nixique genu ejl, anguem- 
 que ienentis, the place of Ariadne's 
 crown is in the middle, between the 
 man reRing on his knee, and the man 
 holding the ferpent, (i. e. Serpentarius, 
 called by the Greeks, Ophiuchus,) Met. 
 8, 182. 
 
 ^ Fuhlus NOBILIOR, a noble 
 Roman, a favourer of learning, who, 
 when he was one of three conimilfioners 
 (triumvir) for fettling a colony, gave 
 Ennius the freedom of the city, Cic. 
 Brut. 20. 
 
 NocTiFER, 'cri, a name given to 
 the evening ftar, CatulL 63, 7. 
 
 NocTiLUCA, a name of Diana or 
 of the moon, Hor. Od. 4, 6, 38. 
 
 Nodi N us, a deity worfnipped by the 
 Romans, Cic. N. D. 3, 20. according 
 to Varro, becaufe he prefided os^er the 
 knots of the ftalks of corn, [geniculis 
 nodifque culmorum praepofuus,) Auguftin. 
 de Civ. Dei, 4, 8. 
 
 C. Corfidius NoNi^.NUS, adopted 
 from the getis Nonia into the gens Con- 
 Jidia ; to whom the fenate affigned the 
 province of Gallia Ciier'ior, when they 
 decreed that it (liould be taken from 
 Caefar, Cic. Fam. \6,i2. 
 
 M. Nonius, pro-praetor of Crete 
 and Cy.reiiae, when Cicero was pro- 
 conful in Cilicia, Cic. Att. 6, i. 
 
 \^ Junius NoPvBANUS, a tribune, 
 who profecuted Q^ Servih'us Caepio, 
 after he had been defeated by the Cim- 
 bri ; and on that account being himfelf 
 afterwards accufed by P. Sulpicius Ru- 
 fus, a- tribune, was defended by M. 
 ^ntonius the orator, Cic, Or. 2, 2i, 
 25, 47, 6c 48, When couful with L, 
 
 ] N U M 
 
 Sclpio, he was vanquiihed by Sulla, a. 
 u. 670, Paterc. 2, 25. 
 
 C, Nor BAN us, praetor of Sicily, 
 Cic. Verr. 3, 49. which he governed 
 in peace, ib. 5, 4. 
 
 No VI A, the wife of Oppianicus, Cic, 
 Cluent. 9. 
 
 Novi'js, a freed man, raifed to be 
 a tribune, or to fome confiderable office, 
 that entitled him to punifh citizens, by 
 ordering them to be thrown from the 
 
 Tarpeian rock, Hor. Sat 1,6, 40. 
 
 Noviorum minor, the , younger of two 
 brothers, called Novii, remarkable for 
 his hauffhtv look, thought to have been 
 a judge or a rich banker; whom Horace 
 fuppofes the ftatuc of Marfyas, (eredl- 
 ed in that part of the forum which 
 ufurers frequented, and where, courts 
 of judicature were held), to behold 
 with difguil or indignation, ib. 121. 
 The old Scholiaft on this paffage fays 
 that the younger of the IVo.mi was an 
 ufurer. 
 
 Novius, a hunter after inheritances, 
 [captator wheredipeta), Juvenal. 12, in. 
 NucuLA, a friend of Antony, Cic, 
 Phil. 6, 5. 8,9. II, 6. et 12, 8. 
 
 NUMA Pompilius, the fecond king 
 of Rome ; renowned for his juftice and 
 piety ; and therefore invited to the 
 throne from Cures, a city of the Sa- 
 bines, (G. 195.) Hence, Dejlinat imperio 
 clarum praenuncia veri Fama Numam, 
 Ovid. Met. 15, 4. Extindum Latiae-' 
 que nurus, populufque, Patrefque,, De-. 
 Jievere Numam, ib. 486. Regc Numd, 
 in the reign of Numa, ib. Numa was 
 called Sacriflcus, froni his having in- 
 ftituted facred rites, Lucan, 9, 478. 
 ^icfiujque Numam jufflfe, complaining 
 that Numa had inftituted thefe holi- 
 days and ceremonies, Id. 7, 396. ^us 
 Sympuimim ridere Numae aufus erat ? 
 to laugh at the earthen or wood,en cup; 
 ufed by Numa in facrifice, juvenah 6, 
 342. Juvenciim more Numae caedit 
 Jovis ante alt aria. Id. 8, 155. Hie ubi 
 nocfurnae Numa coiijlituebat amicae, ap- 
 pointed a meeting, or ufed to meet 
 with (the goddefs Egena,) his mif- 
 trefs, in the night-time, (by whofe ad- 
 vice he pretended that he made all his 
 inllitutions,) 
 
N U M [ 
 
 inftitutJons,) Id. 3, 12. ; Ovid. Jmor, 
 
 2, 17, 18. called alfo his wife, Id, F. 
 
 3, 267, & 276. Procedat vel Numa. 
 let a witnefs appear of as ^reat veracity 
 
 27J ] NYC 
 
 potum Munere regna cap'tty) Ovid. Met. 
 
 J4' 773- 
 
 NuMiTOR, a profligate man, pe- 
 nurious to his friends, but profufe in 
 
 as Numa, Juv. 3, 138. -Noma was ca^- every thing that tended to gratify his 
 
 led ttitonfusj becaule the Romans did 
 not clip nor (have their beards in his 
 time, Ovid Fajl. 6, 264. jujlus, Ovid. 
 Amor. 2, 17, 8. ^los (fc. mores) 
 Numa maternos non neget ejfe fuosy you, 
 Cotta, have fuch morals, or poflefs 
 fuch qualities, as Numa, from whom 
 you are defcended by the mother's 
 lide, vvould not deny to be his own, 
 i. e. you are juft and religious, as Nu- 
 ma was, and have not degenerated 
 from your maternal anceftor, Ovid. Pont. 
 3, 2, 106. Et cum fab till P rife us titer- 
 que Numdy and both poets called by 
 the name of Prifcus, who wrote the 
 life of Numa, in a fubtile, humble, or 
 fimple ftyle, ih. 16, 10. 
 
 Numa, a valiant Latin in the army 
 
 ofTi 
 
 Virg. A en. lO, 562. 
 
 51 2. Another flaia by Nifus or Eury- 
 alus, ib. 9, 454. 
 
 Numa Marciusi the fir ft Pontifex 
 Maximus, created by king Numa, Liv. 
 li 20. 
 
 NuMANUS Remiilus, a Rutulian, the 
 firft man whom Afcanius flew in battle, 
 Firg. Aen. 9, 592. 
 
 NuMERius, a praenomen frequently 
 
 ufed by feveral families. Nu m e r i u s 
 
 Fabius Pi£tor, a Roman hiftorian,. who 
 wrote his annals in Greek, Cic. Div. 
 
 I, 2i. 
 
 Ti. NuMicius, a tribune of the 
 people, Cic. Off. $, ^o. 
 
 N. Misius, a commander of the La- 
 tins, Liv. 8, 1 1. 
 
 NuMiTOR, -oris, the fon of Procas, 
 king of the Albans, and elder brother 
 of Amulius, by whom he was unjullly 
 deprived of the crown ; hence he is 
 called diri \umitor germanus Atiwlif 
 Ovid. Faft, 4, 53. ; and Amulius,/m- 
 
 ter Numitorisi ib. 809. Numitor 
 
 was the grandfather of Romulus and 
 Remus, by his daughter Rhea Sylvia, 
 (G. 192.) In his old age he recover- 
 ed the^ kingdom by the favour of his 
 grandfons, ( NumtorfM fenex amtjfa nc' 
 
 own paflions, jfuvenal. 7, 74. 
 
 Ni' Ml TOR I A, a native of Fregellae, 
 the wife of the father of M. Antony, 
 Cic. Phil. 3, 6. 
 
 P. NuMiTORius, the un le of Vir- 
 -ginia by the mother's fide, Liv. 3, 
 45, 5c 54. 
 
 ^ Nu MI TORI us Pullusi a chief 
 man of Fregellae, who, when fummon- 
 ed to plead his caufe before Opimius, 
 the praetor, faved himfelf by difcover- 
 ing a coi]fpiracy which his country- 
 men had formed againft the Romans, 
 Cic. Inv. 2, 34. Fin. 5, 2 2. 
 
 NYMPHAE, Nymphs, a general 
 name given to certain female divinities, 
 that were fuppofed to prefide over par- 
 ticular departments of nature ; as the 
 Nymphs of the mountains, Oreades ; 
 of the woods, D^ades, Hamadryades, 
 and Napaeae ; of rivers . and fountains. 
 Naiades v. hi aides ; and of the fea, 
 
 Nereuies. Nynipharum aedes, the 
 
 temple of the nymphs, in which were 
 kept the records of the cenfors, {ta- 
 
 lulae cenjoriae,) Cic. Mil. 27. In 
 
 the fingular,'NYMPHA, and fometimes 
 Nymphe, Ovid. Met. i, 744. et 14, 
 762. F. ^, 123. et 6, 107. 
 
 Nyctelius, a name given to Bac- 
 chus, becaufe his facred rites were cele- 
 brated in the night-time, Ovid. Met, 
 4, 15. Ny£leUus pater, Ovid. Art. 
 Am. I, 567. — Latex Ny Melius, wine, 
 Senec. Oedlp. 492. 
 
 Nycteus, (2 fy 11. ) -COS , v. -«, the 
 fon of Chthonius, and father of An- 
 tiope, who being diftrelTed on account 
 of the misfortunes of his daughter, flew 
 himfeif, Apollodor. 3, 5, 5. His ftory 
 is varioufly told, Hygin. f, *], &c 8. 
 
 Fid. Antiope et Lycus. Nyc- 
 
 teis, '^isy i. e. Antiope, the daugh- 
 ter of Nydteus, Propert. I, 4, 5. J Ovid. 
 
 /yy. 6, iri. 
 
 Nyctimene, -es, the daughter of 
 
 Nyfteus, king of Lefbos, who havhig 
 
 polluted the bed of her father, was 
 
 M m 2 . changed 
 
N Y M [2 
 
 changed into an owl, OvlJ, Met. 2, 
 590, &c. 
 
 Nymphius, a chief man at Palae- 
 polis, who gave up that city to the 
 Romans, Liv. 8, 25, h 26. 
 
 Nympho, -onis, a native of Centuri- 
 pa, Cic. Ferr, 3, 21. ^2. A na- 
 tive of Colophon, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 2, 2. 
 
 Nymphodori s, a native of Agri- 
 
 gentum, Cic. Verr. 4, 22. ^ 2. 
 
 ^ native of Centiiripa, ih. 3, 23. ^ 
 
 NYSA, the nurfe of Bacchus, who 
 gave name to a city on the borders of 
 Syria and Arabia, where (he was bu- 
 ried, Pl'tn. 5, 18.; whence Bacchus 
 was called Nyseus, (2. fyll.) ')vid. 
 Met. 4, 13. and Nysaeus, Stat. Thch. 
 4, 383. But moll derive thefe names 
 from Nyfa, a mountain in India, where 
 
 Bacchus was brought up. ^ 2 A 
 
 perfon killed by Bacchus, Ctc. N. D. 
 3» 23. 
 
 Nysius, (al, D'lonyftus,) a firname 
 of Bacchus, Cic. Place. 25. 
 
 Serv. OcELLA, an acquaintance of 
 Cicero's, who was detefted in an in- 
 trigue, Cic. Fam. 2, 15.^/8, 7. He 
 fided with Pompey in the civil war, Id. 
 Att. 10, 13, & 17, 
 
 Ochus, a king of Perfia, (6^.619.) 
 
 OcNUs, the fon of the prophetefs 
 Manto, and of the Tiber, ( Tujci am- 
 Ills,) who furroundcd the city Mantua 
 with walls, and gave it that name from 
 his mother, Firg. Aen. 10, 198, the 
 fame with Bianor, Virg. Ed. 9, 6. et 
 thi Serv. 
 
 OCNUS, (i. e. pigsr,) 2l perfon 
 Vjjiom the painters reprefented as fit- 
 ting in the infernal regions, and twiil- 
 ing a rope of broom [spartum) orrufhes, 
 while a female afs Hood by and de- 
 voured the rope as fad as he twilled it. 
 This Ocnus is faid to have been an in- 
 duftrious man ; but had an expcnlive 
 wife, who confumed and lavifhed away 
 what he gained. Hence the proverb, 
 Ocnus funem torquef, vel Contorquet piger 
 fitniculuvii for a perfon who patiently 
 continues his labour to no purpofc. 
 
 7<5 1 OCT 
 
 Paufan. 10, 29. There was a pifture 
 on this fubjea by Polygnotus, in the 
 temple of Delphi, ib. Pliny mentions 
 a fimilar pidure, done by Socrates the 
 painter, 35, n f. 40. To this Pro- 
 pertius alludes, Dignior obliquo funem 
 quitorqueat Ocno, Aeternufque tuam pafcat^ 
 ajfelky famem, more worthy or more 
 deferving to turn the rope than Ocnus, 
 (called ohliquusy from the pofition of 
 his body while twifting,) 4, 3, 21. 
 
 OcEANUs, the god of the ocean, 
 the fon of Caelus and Terra, Hefiod. 
 Theog. ; called Senex^ aged, Omd. Met* 
 2, 510. Fafi. ^i 16. becaufe the mofl 
 ancient of the gods, and even their 
 ^2LV&n\.f Homer, II. 14, 201. ; the huf- 
 band of Tethys, Ovid. ib. et Faji. 5, 
 81. ; both of whom were held in great 
 veneration by the other gods, and 
 often vifited by them, Horner, et Ovid, 
 
 ibid. OcEANiTiDES, -«w, (fing. 
 
 Oceanltisy) the daughters of Oceanus, 
 Firg. G. 4, 341. vel Ocean IDES, (fing. 
 Oceanis, of whom Apollodorus fays 
 there were 3000, i, 2, 2. So Hefiod, 
 Theog. 
 
 OCRISIA vel Ocrejia, the wife 
 of Servius Tullius, a chief man of Cor- 
 niciilum, who was killed when that 
 tov/n was taken by Tarquinius Prifcus. 
 Ocrifia, then big with child, was car- 
 ried to Rome as a captive, and given 
 toTanaquIl, Tarquin's wife, with whom 
 flie became a great favourite. She 
 bore a fon in the palace, who was 
 named after his father, and became the 
 fixth king of Rome, Liv. i. 39. ; 
 Dicnyf. 4, I. Ovid makes Vulcan the 
 father of Servius Tulhus, FaJi, 6, 627. 
 
 Gens OCTAVIA, a very ancient 
 Roman family ; originally from Veli- 
 trae ; admitted into the fenate by Tar- 
 quinius Prifcus, and foon after ranked 
 among the patricians by Servius Tul- 
 lius , but in procefs of time it returned 
 to the plebeians ; and after a long inter- 
 val, it was again raifed to the patrician 
 dignity by Juhus Caefar. The firll 
 of the family promoted to any office of 
 Hate by the people, was Caius Ru. 
 fus, who obtained the quacftorfhip, 
 Suet, Aug. I, £c 2. (fuppofed by fome 
 "to 
 
OCT [2 
 
 to be C. OAavius Rufus, the quaeftor 
 mentioned by Salluft, Jug, 104.; but 
 this OAavius was quaellor a. u. 647. 
 and Cneius, probably the fon of Rufus, 
 mentioned by Suetonius, was praetor 
 a. 545> in the fourteenth year of the fe- 
 
 cond Punic war, Liv. 28, 38.) C. 
 
 Rufus had two fons, Cne;ius and Cai- 
 us ; from whom two faraihcs fprung, 
 different in their circum (lances. Cneius 
 and all his defcendants fucceffively en- 
 joyed the higheft offices of the ftate. 
 Caius and his pofterity, whether by 
 fortune or inclination, remained in the 
 equcftrian order till the father of Au- 
 guftus ennobled his family, Suet. ib. 
 
 Cn. OCTAVIUS, when aedile, be- 
 ing created praetor, a. u. 545. got the 
 province of Sardinia, Liv. 28, 38. near 
 which he took eighty tranfports of the 
 Carthaginians, ib, 46. on which account 
 his command was prolonged. Id. 29, 13. 
 et 30, I. After the Punic war was 
 finifhed, 0(5lavius was employed in 
 
 : honourable commiffions, as an anibaf- 
 fador, Liv. 31, 11 f. as a triumvir for 
 fettling colonies, Id. 34, 45. 
 
 Cn. OCTAVIUS, probably the fon 
 
 I of the former, praetor a. u. 582, Liv. 
 44, 17. admiral of the Roman fleet in 
 
 1 the war againd Perfeus, Liv, 45, 5. 
 
 ; who obliged that king to furrender to 
 him on the illand of Samothracia, ib. 
 ^. Ke conveyed the money and plun- 
 der taken from Perfeus to Rome, ib. 
 33, On account of his merits he was 
 honoured with a naval triumph, ib. 42. 
 He was conful with L, (al. T.) Manii- 
 us Torquatus, a. u. 588, Cic. Fin. i, q. 
 He was the lirll of his family who ob- 
 tained that office ; which honour Cice- 
 ro fays he owed partly to a fine houfe 
 he had built on the Palatine mount ; 
 {^quac fc. domus, cum vidgo viferetury fiif- 
 fragata domino^ novo hominif ad confulatum 
 putabatur^) Cic. Off. i, 39. Being fent 
 on an embaffy to Afia, he was affaffina- 
 ted at Laodlcea by t-ne Lepthtes ; on 
 which account a ilatue was erefted to 
 him in the roflra, at Rome, Cic. Phil, c^, 
 2.; P/;V;.34, 6. 
 
 Cn. OCTAVIUS, the fon of the 
 former, was conful with T. Apnius, a. 
 
 77 3 OCT 
 
 u. 625. Cn. OcTATitJS, his fofi^' 
 
 was repulfed in his application for the 
 aedilefhip, Cic. Plane. 2 1, He obtain- 
 ed the confulfliip with Cinna, a. 667, 
 Cic. Har. Refp. 25. in which office he 
 difplayed a talent for eloquence which 
 before he was not thought to pofTefs, 
 Cic. Brut. 47. Differing with his col- 
 league, he expelled him from the city, 
 Cic. Cat. 3, 10. But Cinna being join- 
 ed by Marius, returned with an army, 
 ordered Octavius to be flain, and his 
 head, after being cut off, Cic. Tufc, 
 5, [9. to be fixed on the roflra; a 
 fpecies of cruelty firfl exemplified on 
 him, Appian. B. Civ. /• 393. but after- 
 wards imitated on others, Cic. Pr. 3, 
 
 3.; Flor. 3, 21. OCTAVIANUM ^f/- 
 
 /t/w, the war between Odlavius and 
 Cinna, Cic. Div. i, 2. Nat. D, 2, 5, 
 &c. ( Vid. Ci N N A, /». 1 32. ) 
 
 L. OCTAVIUS, conful with C. 
 Aurelius Cotta, a. u. 678, Cic. Verr, I, 
 
 ^o. Adio OcTAviANA, a form of 
 
 proceeding in courts of law, inflituted 
 by 0£lavius when praetor, Ib. 3, 6^^, 
 
 C. OCTAVIUS, the father of Au- 
 guflus, was defcended from an ancient 
 and opulent equeflrian family, in which 
 he was the firft that was a fenator, SueL 
 Aug. 2. a man of great abilities and 
 worth, Paterc. 2, 59. After his prae- 
 torfnip, he obtained the province of 
 Macedonia ; and in his way thither, 
 dellroyed the fugitive remains of the 
 army of Spartacus and Catiline, who 
 had got poifeffion of the territory of 
 Thurii ; the fenate having given him 
 an extraordinary commiffion to execute 
 that buiinefs. In the government of 
 his province he condudled himfelf with 
 no lefs juftice than bravery ; fo that Ci- 
 cero recommended his exam.ple to the 
 imitation of his brother, the pro-prae- 
 tor or pro-conful of Afia, Suet, Aug. 3. ; 
 Cic. J^ Fr. I, I, 7. whofe neighbour 
 [vicinus) Oftavius is called, though a 
 fea intervened betwixt them, lb, i, 2, 2. 
 Add. Alt. 2, I f. Having conquered 
 the Beffi and Thracians in a great bat- 
 tle, Oftavius was honoured with the 
 title of ImperatoRj.S'z/^/, ib.; Paterc. 2, 
 59. Returning from Macedonia to fue 
 
 for 
 
OCT t 
 
 for the confulflilp, he died fuddenly by 
 the way, leaving two daughters and 
 one fon, only four years old, ib. et Suet, 
 8. 
 
 Cams OCTAVIUS, afterwards fir- 
 named AuGUS ' us, was the fon of the 
 former C. Odavius, by his wife Atia, 
 the daughter of M. Atius Balbns and 
 Julia, the fifter of C. Julius Caefar. 
 He was born in the confulfhip of Ci- 
 cero and Antonius, a. u. 690, {al. 691.) 
 September 23. (ix. KaL OBob.) Suet. 
 Aug. 5. Paterculus fays, that the birth 
 ofAuguftus was an acceflion of glory to 
 the confulfhip of Cicero, 2, 36. But 
 Paterculus wrote under Tiberius. — It 
 happened on the day in which Auguf- 
 tus was born, that the fenate aiTembled 
 to deliberate concerning the confpiracy 
 of Catiline; and that Oclavius, on ac- 
 count of the birth of his fon, was late 
 of coming into the fenate-houfe. Ni- 
 gidius Figiilus, a man remarkable for 
 his knowledge of aftrology, being in- 
 formed by him of the caufe of his de- 
 lay, is reported to have exclaimed, 
 ** You have produced a mailer for us." 
 At which Oclavius being alarmed, is 
 faid to have had thoughts of klUing 
 the child, but was prevented by Figu- 
 lus, D'iOy 45, I . Various other pvog- 
 noflications of the future greatnefs of 
 Auguftus are recorded, ib, 2. et Suet, 
 yiug. 94, The enemies of Anguitus often 
 upbraided him with the meannefs of 
 his birth, Suet, Aug, 2, & 4. which ob- 
 jeclion Cicero repels with great force, 
 C'lc, Phil. 3, 6. Augultus was nurfed 
 in a villa belonging to his family, (in 
 avifo juburbano,) near Velitrae. The 
 nurfcry [^locus nutrimenlorurn) was a 
 fmall apartment, like a pantry, (permo- 
 dicus, celiac penuariae irijiar^) and was 
 long after held in religious veneration, 
 Suet. 6. 
 
 Oftavius, after the death of his fa- 
 ther, was brought up -under the care 
 of his mother Atia, and of her lecond 
 hufband, L. Marcius Philippus, Z>/o, 
 16- I. who loved him as his own fon, 
 Paterc. 2, 59. After Odtavius grew 
 up, he lived with Juhus Caefar, his 
 grand-uncle, {major avunculus j ib. or 
 
 27S ] OCT 
 
 fimply avunculus^ Suet. Aug. 8, &c. ;) 
 who, delighted with his genius and dif- 
 pofitions, took the greattrft care of his 
 education, ranked him among the pa- 
 tricians ; and as he had no lawful chil- 
 dren of his own, deftined him to be his 
 heir, D20, 45i 2. Paterc, ib. To con- 
 firm him the more in this refolutlon, A- 
 tia gave out, that fhe had conceived her 
 fon by Apollo, D'Wi 45, 2. ; Suet. Aug, 
 94. Hence Apoilo was efteemed the tu- 
 telar god of the Caefars, and Auguftus 
 wifhed to be reckoned the fon of Apollo, 
 nay even to be thought Apollo himfelf. 
 Thus in the famous fupper of the gods, 
 faid to have been reprefented at his 
 houfe, he was dreffed in the garb of 
 Apollo, Suet, Aug. 70. And there are 
 feveral coins extant in which Auguftus 
 is reprefented in the habit of Apollo, 
 fitting with a lyre in his hand, with 
 this infcription, Caesar Divi F. 
 There was a ftatue ercded in honour 
 of Auguftus with tlie enfigns of Apol- 
 lo ; hence Virgil is fuppofed to mean 
 Auguftus in that phrafe, Tuusja?n reg^ 
 nat Apollo., Eel. 4, 10. et ibi Serv, 
 Hence alfo Aeneas, under whofe cha- 
 radler Virgil is thought to have de- 
 fcribed Auguftus, is compared to Apol- 
 lo, Firg. Aen. 4, 144. And that god 
 is reprefented as particularly intertftcd 
 in the fortune of Afcanius, ib. 9, 638. 
 &.C. and by the terror of his bow, the 
 troops of Antony at the battle of Ac- 
 tium are faid to have been put to 
 flight, ib. 8, 704. Thus Horace firft 
 invokes Apollo to revenge the death of 
 Caefar, OJ, i, 2, 30.-— Octavius, when 
 only twelve years of age, pronounced a 
 funeral oration in praile of his grandmo- 
 ther Julia, from the ro/?r<3, (pro condone ,) 
 Suet. Aug. 8. In his fixtcenth year he 
 put on the manly gown, [togam virilem 
 fumfit,) a year fooner than uiual, ib. He 
 attended Caefar in his African triumph, 
 and was honoured by him with feveral 
 mihtary prefents, though he had not, 
 on account of his youth, been concerned 
 in the war, {^expers belli propter aetaiem,) 
 ib. When Caefar let out for Spain 
 againft the fons of Pompey, Auguitus, 
 though fcarcely then recovered from 
 
OCT [2 
 
 a dangerous difeaf?, followed him ; and 
 haftening throuajh roads infefted by the 
 enemy, with a very few attendants, 
 even after being fhipwrecked, overtook 
 him. This, added to his engaging man- 
 ners, fo llrongly won upon his uncle, 
 that ever after he travelled in the fame 
 carriage, and lodged with him in the 
 fame inn. After the reduftion of Spain, 
 when Caefar meditated an expedition 
 againft the Dacians and Parthians, he 
 fent Oftavius before to Apollonia to 
 profecute his ftudies, intending to take 
 him along with him, when he fliould 
 pafs that way with the army, Pater c, 
 i^ Suet. ib. 
 
 Odavius had not been fix months at 
 Apollonia, when he heard of his un- 
 cle's death, Appian, Bell Ch. 3j/>. 531. 
 Upon which he immediately fet fail for 
 Italy. At Brundufmm he was inform- 
 ed that Caefar had left him the heir of 
 his eftate and name, Paterc. 2, 59. He 
 came from thence to Naples, where fe- 
 veral of his friends met him and con- 
 duced him to the villa of Philip his 
 ftep-father, near Cumae. It was con- 
 tiguous to the villa of Cicero, to whom 
 the friends of Octavius, Balbus, Hir- 
 tius, and Panfa, who happened then to 
 be with Cicero, introduced him, Ctc, 
 Att. 14, 10, & I?. {^V'ld. Cicero,^. 
 123.) The mother and ftep-fiither of 
 young Oftavius diffuadcd him from 
 claiming the poffefiion of his uncle's 
 eflate, as an attempt too dangerous in 
 the prefent ftate of affairs for a mere 
 boy, fcarcely yet above eiglitcen years 
 of age, and advifed him for fome time 
 at leaft to abftain from ufmg the name. 
 But the young man with great fpirit 
 declared, " that it would be (hameful 
 for him to appear to think himfelf un- 
 worthy of a name of which his uncle 
 had thought him worthy," Paterc. ib. 
 He was therefore henceforth called 
 C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, D'lOj 
 46, 47. or fimply Octavianus, Cic. 
 Fam. 10, 33. Att. 15, \z.et 16, 8, n, 
 14. and fometimes Octavius, Ctc, 
 Fam. 16, 24. But his ilep-father did 
 not at lirlt call him by that name, nor 
 <lfd Cicero, whom Odavius treated with 
 
 79 1 OCT 
 
 the greateft refpeft, (perhonortfice et a- 
 mice,) Cic. Att. 14, 12. profeffing that 
 he would be entirely directed by his 
 advice, [m'thi totus deditusy as Cicero 
 himfelf fays), /3. 10. When Odavius 
 came to Rome he was produced to the 
 people by a tribune, and made a fpeecli 
 to them from the rojlray compofed with, 
 great art, in which he promifed to pay 
 them what Caefar had ordered in his 
 will, Suet. Caef. 83. ; D'lo, 44, 35. 
 This he did out of his private fortune 
 and by the aiTiftance of his friends ; 
 which gained him great favour among 
 the populace, Dio, $^. 6.; App'ian. B. 
 Civ. 3. p. 541. He next exhibited 
 games in honour of the vidory of 
 Caefar, or to the Vidory of Caefar as 
 a goddefs, [/udos Caefaris vicloriae fe- 
 cit, Cic. Fam. II, 28.) thofe to whom 
 that office had fallen not daring to ce- 
 lebrate them, [Ludos vidoriae Caefaris 
 non audentibus facercy quibtis obtigerat id 
 munusy ipfe edidit,) Suet. Aug. 10 *. 
 
 * Pliny faysj that Auguftus exhibited 
 thefe games in honour of Venus Gene- 
 TUix, (quo! fac'iebat Veneri Genetrici^ to 
 mother Venus, a, 25. So Seneca, Nat. 
 ^/(lef. 7, 17.) and that a number of perfons 
 {toUrgium) had been inftituted by Caefar for 
 the fake of exhib-ting them, Plin. ib. et Juli- 
 us Obfequens, c. ia8. which the words of Sue- 
 to.'uus feem to denote, [quibus obtigerat id tru- 
 yiui,) ib Among whom (j« quibus, vel i/i 
 coi/cgie ab eo i. e. a Caefare inftituto,) Odavi- 
 us adled as chief or prefident, becaufe the 
 games were celebrated at his expencc, Plin» 
 ib. Appian fays exprefsly, that thefe games 
 were inftituted by Caefar to Venus Genetrixt 
 when he dedicated a temple to her together 
 with the new forum, which he had made, 
 Appmn. B. C. 3,/., 544. (The name of Ge- 
 NiTPvix was given to Venus becaufe Julius 
 Caefar wifiied it to be believed that he was 
 delcendfd from her, D/o, 41, 34.. et 43, ViJ. 
 JULIA Gens; and the temple was built to 
 her in confj-qiience of a vow, which Caefar had 
 made before the battle of Pharfalia, Appian, 
 B. C. 2, p. 470, & 492.) Suetonius fays, 
 Ludis quos primes corjecraios ei (i. e ab €0, fc. 
 Caefare,) hae'-cs edtbat^ at the games, which, 
 having been firft conlecrated by Caefar, his 
 heir AuguOus exhibited. Suet. Cacf. 88. Dio 
 fays, that thefe games were inftituted on ac- 
 cou'.it of tlie finifliing of the temple of Venus, 
 and that certa'n perfons had undertaken, wliile 
 Citfar was alive, to celebrate them; bu' had 
 ne^leiled to do fo, ib. 45, 
 
 During 
 
OCT 
 
 L 2S0 ] 
 
 OCT 
 
 During the celebration of thefe 
 games, a comet, [Jiella crlnita, Suet. 
 Caef. SS./rdiis crtnitum, Plin. 2, 25.) 
 appeared for feven days together; 
 which was believed by the credulous 
 vulgar to be the foul of Caefar, admit- 
 ted into heaven, zb, * This fiar is 
 called by Virgil Dwnast Caefaris ajlrum, 
 E. 9, 47. ( Vicl. DiONE ), and by Ho- 
 race, jul'mm fulus, Od. i, 12, 47. 
 (Vid. Julia gens.) Its appearance 
 was thought to forebode fuccefs to Au' 
 guftus, Dio, 45, 7. On which account 
 he placed the figure of a ftar on the 
 bead of a brazen ftatue, which he eredl- 
 cd to Caefar, Suet. Caef. 88. in the fo- 
 rum, Plin. 2,25. ( Dio fays, in the tem- 
 ple of Venus, ib. and Servius, in the Ca- 
 pitol, ad Virg. E. 9, 47.) The itar of 
 Caefar is alfo faid to i)e difplaycd from 
 the top of the head of Augullus, (pa- 
 tr'wmque aperitur lierlice jidus)^ Virg. 
 
 Aen. 8, 68it- 
 
 In thefe fnews 0>5lavius brought out 
 the golden chair, and crown fct with 
 gems, which, among other honours, 
 the I'enate had decreed to Caefar 
 while alive, Dlo^ 44, 6. et 45, 6. but 
 they were ordered by the tribunes 
 to be removed ; upon which the eqiiiies 
 gave a (liout of applaufe, C'lc, Att. 15, 
 3. Dio fays, that Odavius was pre- 
 
 * Ovid makes this cumet to appear while 
 Venus flew to heave-n with the foul of Cae- 
 far, which flie fnatci.ed from hi? dead body, 
 and not fufTering it to he dilTolved into air, 
 placed it amontr the cele0.ial ftars. V/hile 
 Ihc carried it, llie ptrceivt d ic to catch fire, 
 and let it go out of her i>cfom. A^ it flew to 
 heaven, it drew a hair of fianie after ic, 
 which formed the anpt-arance of a comet, 
 Ovid. Met. 15, 840, &c. 
 
 + To this comet Virgil is thought to al- 
 lude, when, in menrioning the prodigies 
 which appeared after the death of Caefar, he 
 fays. Nee diri Uties arfen cometac, Virg. G. 
 I, 488. But as he fpcaks of m.ore comets 
 than one, and adds the epithet diri^ fome 
 think he means certain fiery meteors, which 
 were feen about that time, called by Ovid 
 feces. Met. 15, 787. Cicero fpeaks of feve- 
 ral comets having appeared in the contell be- 
 tween Odavius and Clnna, foreboding the 
 great calamuies which fc.igwed, GV. N. D, 
 a,i. 
 
 vented from bringing them into the 
 theatre for fear of Antony, 45, 6. 
 The conduct of 0£lavius in exhibit- 
 ing the games gave offence to Cicero 
 and the republican party, Clc, Att, 15, 
 2'. but was very acceptable to the ve- 
 teran foldiers, and to the other friends 
 of Caefar, Dh), 45, 7. 
 
 In order to gain the populace more 
 effcdually, he declared himfelf a candi- 
 date for the office of tribune, though 
 a patrician, and not yet a fenator. But 
 being thwarted by Antony, from 
 whom he chiefly expected fupport, he 
 joined the republican party, (ad opti' 
 mates fe CDntuUt)^ Suet. Aug. 10. He 
 in particular paid great court to Cice- 
 ro, Plutarch, in Cicerone^ p. 884. by 
 whofe influence he was appointed to 
 command the troops which he had levi- 
 ed, with the authority of praetor, (pro- 
 praetore), Cic. Phil. 5, 17.; Plu- 
 tarch. Anton. 923. ; App'ian. Sip' SSJ'f 
 Suet. ibid, and commifTioned with Hir- 
 tius and Panfa to carry afiiftance to D. 
 Brutus, who had been befieged for 
 more than three months in Mutma by 
 Antony, Suet. ib. whence this war was 
 called Bellum Mutinense, the war 
 of Mutina, Suet. Aug: 9. Antony was 
 completely defeated ; but made his ef- 
 cape over che Alps, with the remains 
 of his army, to Lepidus, who command- 
 ed in Gaul. Hirtius having fallen- in 
 battle, and Panfa foon after dying of 
 his wounds, Oclavius, who was fuf- 
 pefted of having caufed, by his contri- 
 vance, the death of both of them, be- 
 came fole maflcr of the viftorious ar- 
 mies, Suet. Aug. 12.; Tac. Ann. i, 10. 
 D. Brutus being abandoned by his 
 troops, v/as put to death by the orders 
 of Antony. 
 
 Vv'"hen Oftavius underftood that An- 
 tony, after his defeat, had been recei- 
 ved by Lepidus, and that the other 
 generals and armies had declared for 
 the fenate, he, without hefitation, de- 
 ferted the republican party, [caufam op- 
 timafium defer uit)) and formed an alli- 
 ance with Antony and Lepidus : al- 
 leging, by way of excufe for changing 
 fides, that the fenste had not conferred 
 
 proper 
 
OCT [ 281 ] 
 
 proper rewards on his veterans for their and Lepidu 
 ferrices ; that feveral of the fenators 
 had ufed difrefpe(ftfulexpreIIionsaga{n{l 
 himfelf; that feme of them called him 
 a boy ; that others faid, the young man 
 was to be praiied, adorned, and cut 
 off, {^iolIaidum)y a word of ambiguous 
 meaning, tollere lignifying either to 
 raife to preferments, or to take away 
 life), Suet. Aug. 12. This laft expref- 
 fion was particularly afcribed to Cice- 
 ro, Pat ere. 2, 62. j Cic. Favi. 11, 20. 
 {^Vid, Cicero, p. izj.) 
 
 Oilavius foon after advanced to the 
 city with his legions ; and though on- 
 ly twenty years of age, demanded the 
 confulfhip for the remainder of the year. 
 Accordingly he was made conful with 
 his kinfman Q^Pedius, Suet. Aug. 26.; 
 App'ian. 5. 6". 3, />. 578. ; DiOy 46, 46. 
 a.u. 711. in the monthof ^^.v/i//.r, which 
 was afterwards called Augujiusy from his 
 own iirname, becaufe in that month he 
 had firft been made conful, and had 
 gained his moft important vidlories, 
 Suet. "^i. This year however continu- 
 ed to be denominated to the end of it 
 by the names of Hirtius and Panfa, 
 though dead. 
 
 Odavius having thus becom.e mailer 
 of the city, was formally admitted in- 
 
 to the family of Caefar, and changed 
 his name. For though he aflumed the 
 name of C. Julius Caefar Oftavianus 
 immediately after his uncle's death, 
 yet he did not aKvays continue to ufe 
 it. Henceforth he was generally call- 
 ed CAESAR, Dio, 46, 47. But in 
 after ages he has been generally called 
 AUGUSTUS, a name given him long 
 ufterthis period, to diilinguiih him from 
 his uncle, 
 
 Auguftus now Openly avowed his re- 
 folution of avenging his uncle's death, 
 which ferved as a pretext for his late 
 condu6l, and for the wars that follow- 
 ed, Sui't. Aug. 10. He therefore cau- 
 fed a law to be pafled, ordering all who 
 had any concern in the death of Cae- 
 far to be brought to their trial, thus 
 giving the femblance of juftice to his 
 meafures, Dlo, 46, 48. Soon after he 
 fct out with his army to meet Antony 
 
 O C f 
 
 that they might confer 
 together concerning the divifion of the 
 provinces. Africa, Sardinia, and Si- 
 cily were given to Auguftus, Spain and 
 Gallia Narhoncnfis were given to Le- 
 pidus, and the reft of Gaul to Anto- 
 ny. The provinces of the eaft were in 
 the power of Brutus and Caflius. It 
 was agreed that Antony and Odlavius 
 fiiould profecute the war againft them, 
 and that Lepidus fhould be left to 
 guard the city. Thcfe conditions were 
 ratified by a marriage between 0(?ta- 
 vius and Clodia or Claudia, the daugh- 
 ter of Antony's wife Fuivia by her firft 
 hufband P. Clodius, D'lOy 46, 55, & 
 56. But this match never took place. 
 Suet. Aug. 62. 
 
 The place of conference was a fmall 
 ifland in the river Rhenus, about two 
 miles from Bononia, Z)/o, ih. ; Flor. 4, 
 6.; Plutarch, in Cic. p. 884. Appiau 
 fays they met near Mutina, in a fmall 
 ifiand of the river Labinius, B. C. 4. 
 /. 589. by miftake, as it is thought, 
 Fid. Clwccr. Ital. Antiq. i. c» 27. ; 
 Cellar. Orb. Ant. vol. i. p. 67 T. &c. ; 
 Reinef. Infcript. Clafs 2. infcn 67./'. 285. 
 They aflumed the title of Triumvirs 
 for fettling the ftate of the republic, 
 
 (TriUMFIRI RF.IPUBLICAE CONSTITUEN* 
 
 dae), and their union was called the 
 fecond Triumvirate. The laft thing de- 
 termined on was a profcription of their 
 enemies, which 0(5lavius is faid to have 
 long oppofed, but afterwards to have 
 carried it on with more cruelty than ei- 
 ther of his colleagues. Suetonius, after 
 mentioning this circumftance, recounts 
 feveral inftances, in which he was guil- 
 ty of the moft favage and brutal Ijar- 
 h^r\\.jyAug. 27. But Dio fpeaksof him 
 in a quite different manner, 47, 7. and 
 afcribes the atrocities of the profcrip- 
 tion chiefly to Antony^ ih. 8. The 
 lift of thofe profcribed is faid to have 
 amounted to three hundred fenators 
 and two thoufand knights, confifting 
 of fuch as were moft attached to the 
 ancient conftitution of their country, 
 and therefore defirous of reftoring it, 
 AppiamB. C. 3. p. 592. Such of thefe 
 as were found were put to death with- 
 N n out 
 
OCT [28 
 
 out mercy, ib. But many of them 
 made their efcape o Brutus and Caf- 
 fius; or to Sex. Pumpeius, the fon of 
 Pompey the Great, who, amidft the 
 convulllons which followed Caefar's 
 death, had got polftfTio- of Sicily, and 
 was n^afler of a great fleet, D'w, 47, 12. 
 but difgraced himfelf by eniployinp^ it 
 in piracy, Paterc. 2, 73.; Lvcan. 6, 418. 
 
 After the profcription was over, a 
 great number were deprived of their 
 effefts, which was called a fecond kind 
 of profcription, Dlo<, 47, 16, & 17. 
 
 On the firrt of January, a. u. 712, the 
 triumvirs bound themfelves and others 
 by an oath to defend and preferve in- 
 violate all the adls of Julius Caefar ; 
 whence it bccam.e a cuftom afterwards 
 on that day to fwear Lo the acts of the 
 fucceeding emperors, lb. 18. At the 
 fame time they decreed divine honours 
 to Julius Caefar, and built a chapel to 
 him in the forum, as to a deified hero, 
 ib, 18, & 19. ; after which time Oda- 
 vianus was called Divifiliusy the fon of 
 a divinity, firg. Aen. 6, 793. 
 
 Soon after this, having left Lepidus 
 to govern the city and Italy, Oclavius 
 and Antonv fet cut againll Brutus and 
 Cafiius. This war was called Bellvm 
 PfjiLipPExsEf from Philippi, a town 
 on the confines of Thrace and Mace- 
 donia, near which two great battles 
 were fought. In the firll Oftavius 
 \va? defeated by Brutus, and Cafiius by 
 Antony. Oclavius, being indifpofed, 
 was carried in a litter, and narrowly 
 cfcaptd being killed. Caliius, through 
 the millake of a meflengcr, thinking 
 that all was loll, put an end to liis 
 days, by the afTiilancc of a freed man. 
 A few day3 after, Brutus being forcul 
 by his army to engage, contrary to 
 his own opinion, was defeated, and 
 term.inatecl his cays in the fame man 
 Tier with Cafiius, a. u. 712, (Wt/. Bru- 
 tus, p. 48.). The conquerors made 
 a cruel ufe of their victory, putting to 
 death almoft every perion of rank that 
 fell into their power, Suet. Aug, 13. 
 This was the lall great ilruggle the 
 Romans m.ade for liberty : the iubie- 
 qucnt battles were only to determine 
 
 2 ] OCT 
 
 what mafler they fliould ferve, Dioi 47, 
 39. (G. 328.). Antony remained to 
 fettle affairs in the eaft, Oftavius re- 
 turned with his troops to Italy to car- 
 ry on the war againft Sex. Pompey, 
 and to diftribute among the veterans 
 the lands in Italy which had been pro- 
 mifed to them, Dioy 48, 2. ; Suet. Aug. 
 13. In order to accommodate thefe 
 veterans, an incredible number were 
 deprived of their pon'eflions, chiefly 
 thofe who were fufpefted of having fa- 
 voured the republican pai-ty. Hence 
 the poets of that time complain bitter- 
 ly of their lolfes : thus, Tibullus, i, t, 
 19, — 23. ^/ 4, I, 183, — 190.; Proper- 
 tiusj 4, I, 129. Among the reft Vir- 
 gil on this occafion is fuppofed to have 
 loil his paternal farm. For though the 
 people of Mantua had done nothing a- 
 gainil the Triumviri^ yet being in the 
 neighbourhood of Cremona, which had 
 iided with Brutus and Cafiius, many 
 of them were deprived of part of their 
 farms, as the lands of Cremona did not 
 fatisfy the veterans. Martial. 8, 56, 7.; 
 Serv. ad Virg. Eel. 9, 28. [Mantua 
 vac miferae nimlum vicina CremonaeJ) But 
 Virgil having gone to Rome to petition 
 redrefs, recovered his lands by the fa- 
 vour of 06lavianus, and defcribes his 
 happinefs and gratitude in the firft ec- 
 logue under the chara6ler of Tityrus, 
 reprefenting at the fame time the dif- 
 trefs of thofe who had been difpoffefTed, 
 under the cliarader of Meliboeus. Vir- 
 gil calls Oftavianus a god, on account 
 of his kindnefs to him, and as being 
 the fon of Julius Caefar, who had re- 
 ceived divine honours, £el. i, 6. and 
 a young man, ib. 43. ( elecreverat enim 
 Senatus, ne quis eum puervm dkerei), 
 Serv. ib. In the ninth eclogue, the in- 
 folence of the new poffefTor of Virg'Ts 
 farm is defcribed by Moeris his over- 
 feer, who fpeaks of his mailer Vii'gii 
 under the name of Menalcas, Eel. 9, 
 10, 16. :c. ; ^unSiil. 8, 6, 47. 
 
 This divifion of the lands among the 
 veterans gave occafion to a bloody 
 quarrel betw^een Octavianus and Fulvia 
 the wife oi Ann^ny, aided by L. An- 
 tonius the triumvir's brother. After 
 
 fevera] 
 
OCT [283 
 
 feveral fruitkfs attempts to fettle their via 
 differences, both parties at laft had re- 
 courfe to arms. Upon this Odavius 
 divorced Clodia the daughter of Ful- 
 via, vi^ho he fwore was dill a virgin, 
 Dio, 48, 5. ; Suet. 62. After various 
 contefts and changes of fortune, 06la- 
 vius at laft, by the affiftance of the ve- 
 terans, prevailed. L. Antoniiis was 
 obliged to fliut himfelf up in Perufia, 
 where, after a long iiege, he was for- 
 ced to furrender by famine, a. u. 713. 
 This was called the war of Perufia, 
 (Bellvm PERusiNUMt Suef. j4ug. i^.J, 
 and the famine (fames Perufina) became 
 proverbial, Lucan. i, 41. and is joined 
 with that of Saguntum, Aufon. Ep'ijl. 
 22, 1}. 42, L. Antonius himfelf was 
 difmiiTed with impunity, but moft of 
 the fenators and equites who had joined 
 him were pat to death. No fewer than 
 400 are faid to have been facrificed as 
 viftims before the altar of Julius Caefar 
 on the Ides of March, the anniverfary 
 of his allaflination, Dlo, 48, 14. Sue- 
 tonius fays 300, Aug. 15. Thefe are 
 the Peruiinian ^altars ( Periifmae arae) 
 to which Seneca alludes, De Clem, j, 
 II. where he fays beautifully, Fuertt 
 (fc. Auguftus) modcratus et ckmcns ; 
 tiempe poji fnare Aciiacum Rotr.ano cruore 
 infeBumy nempe pnjl fraiias in Sic'tUa claf- 
 fes^ et fuaSi et alitnas : nempe pojl Peru- 
 Jinas aras et profcriptiones. Ego Tero cle- 
 mentiam non voco lajfam crudelitaterrii ib. 
 Add. Appian. B. C 5. p. 689. I'C. ; 
 Liv. Eph. 126.; Pater c. 2, 74. ; Flor. 
 4, 5. ; Eutrop. 7, 2, &c. 
 
 While thefe things were doing in I- 
 taly, Antony paffed his time iw luxu- 
 rious indolence with Cleopatra in E- 
 gypt ; but when he heard that his wife 
 and brother had been obhged to fly 
 from Italy, he roufed from his inadi- 
 vity ; and having concluded a peace 
 with Sex. Pompey, paiTed over from 
 Greece to Brundufium. Great appre- 
 henlions of a war between Oilavius and 
 Antony were entertained, but by the 
 intervention of friends peace was refto- 
 red ; and Fuivia in the mean time ha- 
 ving died at Sicyon, the peace was 
 confn-med, by Antony marrying 06;a- 
 
 ] OCT 
 
 the fifter of 06l2vius, who had a 
 little before lofl her former hufband 
 Marcellus, and was then with child of 
 Marcellus, whom Auguftus afterwards 
 propofed making his fucceffor in the 
 empire, Dioy 48, 27, c<s: 28. ; Palerc, 
 2, 76. ; Plutarch, in Anton, p. 929. ; 
 Appian. p. jog. Upon the conclufioii 
 of this peace, and the birth of this 
 child, Virgil is fuppofed to have writ- 
 ten his fourth eclogue, addreffed to 
 Pol LID, who was then conful, a. u. 
 714. 
 
 Oclavius and Antony made a new 
 partition of the provinces. Sardinia 
 \and Dalma^ia, Spain and Gaul, were 
 affigned to Oftavius ; all the countries 
 eail of the Ionian fea were given to 
 Antony ; Africa was left to Lepidus, 
 Dh, ih. 
 
 Odavius next prepared, with the ut- 
 moft diligence, to profecute the war a- 
 gainil Sex. Pom.peius, Dio, 48, 16. This 
 war was called the Sicilian war, ( '^rllum 
 Siculum); Suet. 16. in which 06lavius 
 experienced various turns of fortune. 
 He twice fufTered {liipwreck,aad wasof- 
 ten expofed to the greateft hazard. At 
 one time he was obliged to make peace 
 with Pompey on difadvantageous terms, 
 whereby all the profcribed were permit- 
 ted to return to Rome, except the con- 
 fpirators againd Caefar, a. u 715 Dio, 
 48, i6.\ Veil. 2, 77.; Appiauy B. C, 
 
 I'P' 7^3- 
 
 But this peace did not laft ^3ng. 
 
 The war was next year refumt^d with 
 redoubled vigour. It was at laft how- 
 ever fuccefsfully terminated by A grip- 
 pa, to whom Auguftus entruftcd die 
 charge of naval affairs. According to 
 his advice Auguftus formed a harbour 
 near Baiae, by letting in the fea to the 
 Lacus Lucrinus and Avernus, for con- 
 taining and exercifing his (hips, called 
 Port us Julius, Suet. Aug. 16. This 
 magnificent work is defcribed by Dio, 
 48, 50. and by Virgil, G. 2, 261, c. 
 ( G. 1 5 1.) It is fuppofed to be alluded 
 to, Horat. Art, P. 63 and the labour 
 of conftruding it, Virg. Aen. 9, 7 to. 
 
 Pompey was completely defeated by 
 
 Auguftus and Agrippa near the pro- 
 
 N n a moutory 
 
OCT 
 
 t 2S4 3 
 
 OCT 
 
 montory of Mylae, on the nortli of Si- 
 cily, and obliged to provide for his 
 
 fafety by flight, Z)/o, 49, 9, & 1 1 . • 
 
 In this war Antony fent auxiliaries to 
 Oftavius, and Lepidus came to his af- 
 fiftance with a great army, Dioy 49> 5» 
 & 8. ; App'ian, B. C. 5, p. 727. 
 
 After the defeat of Pompey, a dif- 
 pute having taken place between Oc- 
 tavius and Lepidus, concerning the pof- 
 feffion of Sicily, OAavius had the ad- 
 drefs to corrupt the army of Lepidus, 
 and to prevail on them to defert their 
 general. Whereupon he ilrlpped Le- 
 pidus of his command, and having for- 
 ced him to beg his life as a fupphant 
 on his knees, [genibus advohifusj Paterc. 
 2, 80.), banifhed him for life to Cir^ 
 ceji, where he was ever after guarded as 
 ^ prifoner, D'to, 49, 12.; Suet, /lug. 
 16. 
 
 Sex. Pompeius, after his defeat, fled 
 into Afia to Antony ; but there at- 
 tempting to raife difturbances, he was 
 put to death by Titius, one of Anto- 
 ny's generals, at Miletus, in the 40th 
 year of his age, a. u. 718,; j^ppian. 
 B. C. 5 f. 
 
 After this, a. u. 719, Odavius made 
 war on the lapydes, a people of lUyri- 
 cum, D'Wi 49, 35. in which war he 
 was fevercly wounded, ib. ; App'tan. de 
 Bell. Illyr. p. 763, & 764.; i^/or. 4, 
 12, 7. Next he made war on the Pa- 
 nonians, without any jull caufe, and 
 forced them to fue for peace, D'lOy 49, 
 36, ^ 37. They afterwards rebelled, 
 in conjunftion with the Dalmatians, 
 and were fubdued, a. u. 720. In this 
 war Oftavius was wounded a fecond 
 time, /)/£>, 49, 38. So Suetonius, Dal- 
 matico belh etiam vulnsra accep'tt, &c. 
 Aug. 20. ; App'ian. ibid.] Flor. ^, 12, 7. 
 The friendfliip between Qdavius and 
 Antony, which had always been infln- 
 cere, vind interrupted by feverai mifun- 
 fderftandings, at lail terminated in an 
 open breach, a. u. 722, Antony, at 
 the inlligation of Cleopatra, caufed an 
 immediate declaration of hoftilities, by 
 divorcing Odavia, the filler of Augul- 
 
 tus, who on account o 
 
 f her virtue was 
 
 yniyerfally refpcded, and had done eve- 
 
 ry thing that prudence could di£laLe 
 to prevent the quarrel. The prepara- 
 tions on both fides were fuitable to the 
 prize for which they were contending. 
 Octavius was fupported by the forces 
 of the weif, and Antony by thofe of 
 the eaft, [Hinc movet Euphrates^ illinc 
 Germania bellum, Virg. G. I, 509. 
 Hinc Augujlus agens Italos in praelia 
 
 Caefar, Sec. Hinc ope barbaricd va- 
 
 riifjue Antonlus armis, Vidor ah Auro- 
 rae populis, et liitore rubra A:'gyptum, vi- 
 refque orientis, et ultima fecum Bacira ve- 
 hit. Id. A. 8, 678, &c.') The empire of 
 Rome was decided by a naval battle, 
 fought near Aclium, on the coaft of E- 
 pire, at the mouth of the Ambracian 
 gulf, on the 2d day of September, (/A^. 
 Non. Septemb.), a. u. 723. Cleopatra ioon 
 fled, and drew Antony after her, (P/7- 
 ma dux fugae regina : mox fecutus Anto- 
 nius)j Flor. 4, 11,8. His fleet how- 
 ever continued the combat for a confi- 
 derable time with great obfl:inacy, Pa- 
 terc. z, 85.; Dio, 50, 33, &c. The 
 ftiips of Antony were of a large fize, 
 ( Turrihus atque tubulatis allevatact caJleU 
 lorum et urbium fpecie, Flor. 4, 11,5.)- 
 whence they are compared to floating 
 iflands or mountains, [Pelago credas in- 
 nare revulfas Cycladas, aut montet con- 
 currere montibus aids: Tan fa mole virt 
 turritis puppibus injlantj Virg. A. 8, 
 691.) Lofty turrets were erefted on 
 the decks, whence the manners threvr 
 darts from engines. The fliips of Oc- 
 tavius were of a fmaller fize, and were 
 greatly fuperior to the fliips of Anto- 
 ny in agility. They were made in the 
 form of Liburnian gallies, [Liburnae 
 naves :) whence Horace, addrefling 
 Maecenas, before he fet out to this 
 war with Auguflius, fays ; Ibis Libur- 
 nis (fc. navibus), inter aha naviunu 
 (fc. Antpnii), Amice ^ propugnacuhy 
 You will go, my friend, in Liburnian 
 gallies, amidll the lofty bulwarks of 
 Antony's fliips, Epod, i, i. Vid. Dio^ 
 50, 33. The engagement lafted till 
 the evening, {in Jerum dimicatione pro- 
 tra3d)y Suet. 17. and the vidory was 
 determined by the contrivance of fire- 
 ballsj with vyhich Caefar's men were 
 
 fupj?lied 
 
OCT [ 2^5 
 
 fupplied from the land, and thus burnt 
 many of the encmy^s (liips, Dio^ 50, 35. 
 Thofe that remained fubmitted to Oc- 
 tavlus. Antony's land army foon af- 
 ter followed their example, Dio, 51, r. 
 
 —Thus Otlavius became fole maf- 
 
 ter of ti\e Roman empire, in the 3 2d 
 year of his age, a. u. 723. The be- 
 ginning of the reign of Auguflus is 
 ufually computed from the battle of 
 Adkim, Diot 51, I. 
 
 Antony having efcaped to Alexan- 
 dria with Cleopatra, endeavoured to 
 drown his cares in wine and fealllng. 
 Both of them fent repeated embaffies to 
 Odavius with propofals of peace and 
 rich prcfents. Oclavius accepted the 
 prefcnttf, but returned no anfwer to the 
 propofals of peace. He only gave pri- 
 vate affurances to Cleopatra, that flie 
 fliould be left in poifeflion of her king- 
 dom, If file cut off Antony, Dio, 51, 
 6. 06lavius having fettled the affairs 
 of Greece and Afia, when about to fet 
 out for Egypt, was recalled into Italy 
 by reports of a mutiny among his fol- 
 dlers. Upon his arrival ai Brundufi- 
 urn, the whole fenate, the equlksy and 
 many of the plebeians, either In perfon 
 or by embafly, went from Rome to 
 m.eet him. Having pacified the ioldiers, 
 he, after ftaying only thirty days, re- 
 turned to his winter quarters in Alia, 
 Dio, 51, 4, & 5.; Suit. 17. 
 
 Next year he advanced into Egypt 
 againft Antony, who made the great- 
 eit efforts to defend himfelf ; but in 
 vain. At laft, finding himfelf betrayed 
 by Cleopatra, and alarmed by a falfe re- 
 port of her death, he ordered Eros, his 
 freed-man, to flay him. Eros, inilead 
 of complying, killed himfelf. Anto- 
 ny, ilruck with this proof of attach- 
 ment, and defiring to imitate the deed, 
 wounded himfelf. Then learning that 
 Cleopatra was fllU alive, he caufed him- 
 felf to be carried to her apartment, and 
 expired In her arms. Oitavlus, defirous 
 of preferving Cleopatra to adorn his 
 triumph, in an interview with her, en- 
 deavoured to footh her m.Ind with fpe- 
 clous promifcs. He committed the 
 charge of her tp C« Procukiusj and 
 
 ] OCT 
 
 his freed-man Epaphroditus, with in- 
 flru£lions to treat her with the greateft 
 refped, but to watch her narrowly, 
 that file might not ufe violence againft 
 herfclf. She' perceiving their defign, 
 and difdalnlng to be led in triumph, 
 contrived to fend her keepers out of the 
 way ; and in the mean time put an end 
 to her days, as was generally believed, 
 by the bite of an afp, Hor. Od, 1, 37, 
 26. ; Paierc. 2, 87.; SueU Aug. 17. ; 
 which had been artfully conveyed to 
 her In a bafket of figs, Plutarch, in 
 Anton, or of flowers, Dio, 51,14. But 
 Dio fays, the manner of her death is 
 uncertain, ih. OAavius, being great- 
 ly vexed at her death, is faid to have 
 tried to reftore her to life by employing 
 the Pfylli. (certain perfons not affedl- 
 ed by ferpents), to fuck out the pol- 
 fon ; but without effed, Dio, et Suet. 
 ihicL He gave orders that Antony and 
 Cleopatra fhould be buried In the fame 
 tomb, ib. He caufed Antyllus or An- 
 tonillus, the elder fon of Antony by 
 Fulvla, to whom he had formerly be- 
 trothed his daughter Juha, and Cacfa- 
 rio, the fon of Cleopatra by Julius Cae- 
 far, to be put to death, ibid. The o- 
 ther children of Antony and Cleopatra 
 he prefervcd, and caufed to be careful- 
 ly educated. The daughters he after- 
 wards difpofed of in marriage fuitably 
 to their rank, Dio, 51, 15.; Suet. 
 Aug. 1 7 f. Of the adherents of An- 
 tony, he puniflied fome, and others he 
 
 forgave, Dio, 51, 16. The day on 
 
 which Alexandria fubmitted to 0*5ta- 
 vlus, [quo die Alcxandrea Jupplex Et njU" 
 cuam patefecit aulam, Hor, Od. 4, 1 4, 
 34.) is fuppofed to have been the 29th 
 of Auguil, a. u, 724.; and was ever 
 after held as a feilival, Dio, 51, 19. 
 
 It happened, by the remarkable in- 
 terpofition of divine Providence, as 
 Plutarch and Dio obferve, that the let- 
 ter of Oitavius, giving an account of 
 the death of Antony, was read to the 
 people by Cicero, the fon of Cicero 
 the orator, then conful, Z?/^, 51,19. ; 
 Plutarch, p. 886. Appian fays, that 
 06lavius, to remove the imputation of 
 having betrayed Ciccro; made his fon 
 
 an 
 
OCT 
 
 [ 286 ] 
 
 OCT 
 
 an augur, and not long after conful, 
 and then governor of Syria ; and that 
 Caefar's letter concerning the defeat of 
 Antony at Aftium, was read by Cice- 
 ro, when conful, from the roftra, where 
 his father's head had been fixed up by 
 Antony, BdL Civ. ^, p. 619. {V'ld, 
 Cicero, ^. 130.) 
 
 06lavius, to perpetuate the memory 
 of his victory at Adium, built a city on 
 the place where he had pitched his 
 camp, called Nicopolisy (i. e. the city of 
 victory), enlarged the ancient temple 
 of Apollo, and inftituted quinquennial 
 games, called Actii ludi, Z)//?, 51, 
 
 1. ; Suet. Aug. 17. ( Fid. G. 314.) 
 
 Similar games were celebrated at 
 Rome, Dio, Sl> 19, et 53, i. ; Suet. 
 Jlug. 1 8, & 59. ; TiL6. 
 
 Oclavius renewed the reprefentation 
 of an equellrian combat by young men 
 of noble birth, which had been exhibi- 
 ted by Julius Caefar, Dio, 43, 23. called 
 Lusus Trojae, Suet. Caef. 19.; Dio^ 51, 
 
 2. afterwards frequently exhibited. Suet. 
 Aug.^^.; TIL 6.; Cal. 18.; 67. 21.; 
 Ner. 7. This parade {decurjus) is beau- 
 tifully defcribed by Virgil, j4en. 5, 545, 
 — 604. The mort extraordinary ho- 
 nours were conferred on Caefar by the 
 fenate, Dioy 51, 20.; amorg the reft: it 
 was ordained, that vows and hbations 
 fhould be made for his fafety, D'to, 51, 
 19 f. to which Ovid alludes, Fcijl. 2, 
 637. So Horat. Od. 4, 5, 33. et 4, 15, 
 
 Oclavius, upon his return to Rome, 
 triumphed for three days ; the firft 
 day for his victories over the Dalma- 
 tians and adjoining nations ; the fe 
 cond day for the vidory at Actium ; 
 and the third for the redudlion of E- 
 gypt, Dio, 51, 21.; Llv. Epit. 133. 
 ( Curuks triumphos tres egit, Dalmat'icum, 
 jidiacum, Alexandrinumy Suet. Aug. 22. 
 At Caefar tr'iplk'i iwoeMus Romana trium 
 pho Moeniay &c. Virg. Aen. 8, 714.) 
 So much gold and filver was brought 
 into the treafury, that the rate of in- 
 terefl was diminiihed, and the price of 
 landencreafed, Bio, ib.; Suet.^i. — The 
 gates ot the temple of Janus were or- 
 
 dered, by a decree of the fenate, to be 
 fhut, as if all wars had been Hniflied, 
 Z)/o, 51, 20.; Suet 22. The temple 
 of Janus had only been twice fhut fince 
 the foundation of the city, Liv. i, 19.; 
 Paterc. 2, 38. To this Virgil is thought 
 to allude, y^(?«. 1,295, 300. 
 
 A. U. 725. The Baftarnae and Da- 
 cian?, who had crofTed the Danube- and 
 taken pofTeiTion of Maelia or Myfia, 
 were conquered by M. CrafTus, the 
 grandfon of M. Licinius CrafTus Di- 
 ves, Did, 51, zA, Si 24. alfo the Myfi 
 or Maell and Getae, &c. iL 25, 26, & 
 27. 
 
 A. U. 726. Oclavlus built a temple 
 to Apollo, on the Palatine hill, to 
 which he joined a library, Dio^ 53, i. ; 
 Suet. Aug. zg. At the dedication of 
 which Horace wrote the 31ft ode of 
 the firft book; whence Apollo Is called 
 Palatinus, Her. Ep. 1, 3, 17. This 
 temple is mentioned by Propertius, 4, 
 6, II. — Oftavius was born and dwelt 
 on the Palatine hill {in PalatioJ Suet, 
 5, & 72. whence the name cf palace [pa- 
 latimn) was given to the houfes of the 
 emperor, wherever they were, Dio^ ^7^, 
 16. 
 
 A. U. 727. Oftavius propofed in 
 the fenate to relign the government. 
 But the fenators conjured him to retain 
 it. On this occafion it was decreed, 
 that he fhould henceforth be called 
 AUGUSTUS. He himfelf is faid to 
 have defired the nan)e of Romulus ; 
 whence Virgil Is fuppofed to call him 
 by the nam.e of Quirinus, G. 3, 27. 
 but he laid ahde that thought, leil he 
 fliould be fuipeded of aiming at regal 
 power, Dio. 53, 16. ; Suet. 7.; Ovid. 
 Faji. I, 587. et 607.; Paterc. 2, 91. 
 By the name of Auguftus, therefore, 
 he has fince been diliinguifhed, {Av- 
 GusTus Caefar^ Divi genus, I, e. the 
 adopted fon of Julius, who had been 
 deified, Virg. 6, 793. et 8, 678.) 
 Though Augullus durfl not hurt the 
 prejudices of the Rom.ans by afi'uming 
 the badges and title of king, yet ur.der 
 the fie me of Prince or Emperor, 
 f Princeps v, Imperator,) he poiief- 
 
OCT 
 
 C 287 ] 
 
 OCT 
 
 fed all tlie power of an abfolute fove- 
 rtign, DiOj 53, 11, & 17, {Vid. Roman 
 Ant. p. 170, &:c.) 
 
 The night after OAaviiis got the 
 name of Aiiguftus, the Tiber over- 
 flowed its banks, D'w^ 53, 20. on which 
 occafion Horace is fuppofed to have 
 v/ritten the 2d ode of the firfl book. — 
 But others, with more probability, refer 
 it to the year 731, in the end of which 
 and in the beginning of the following 
 year, there was not only a great inun- 
 dation of the Tiber, but the Pantheon 
 and other houfes were ftruck with 
 lightning, D'lo, ^l, 31. ct 54, i. 
 
 A. U. 729. Augullus marched a- 
 gainft the AJlures and Cantabrians in 
 Spain, and with great difficulty fub- 
 dued them, Z)/<?, 53, 25. ; Flor, 4, 12, 
 54.; Suet. 20, & 21. Hence Canta- 
 her non ante domah'ills^ Hor. Od. 4, 14, 4 f . 
 Indoclits juga f rre nq/lra, ib. 2, 6, 2. 
 Sera doniitus faghtd, ib. 3, 8, 22. After 
 the war was finished Augullus fettled 
 in that country fuch of his foldiers as 
 had ferved out their time, [emeriti), and 
 permitted them to build a town, which 
 was called Augusta Emerita, now 
 
 Merida, Dlo, 53, 26, After this 
 
 war Augullus fliut the temple of Janus 
 
 a fecond time, Dio^ 53, 26 f. 'i he 
 
 Cantabrians again rebelled with great 
 ferocity, Dio, 53, 29, 54, 5. but were 
 finally fubdued or dtlhoyed by Agrip- 
 pa, a. u. 735, Dlo, 54, II. Lantaher A- 
 grippae, &c. Hor. Ep. i, t2, 26. 
 
 thians ; but that nation being diftraft- 
 ed by internal convulfions, [Medus iti" 
 jejlusfihi luBuofis D'lffidet armis,) Horat. 
 Od. 3, 9. occafioned by the contefts 
 between Phraates and Teridatcs con- 
 cerning the poffeifion of the crown, 
 Augullus, while he ilaid in Syria, at 
 laft without lighting, obtained what he 
 defired by the mere terror of liis arms. 
 For Phraates having prevailed over his 
 competitor, rellored to Augullus the 
 llandards taken from the Romans 
 when Craflus was ilain, together vAth 
 all the captives, Dio, 54, 8. Add Id. 
 51, 18, & 20. 53, 33. 54, 6. He 
 alfo gave up Armenia, and fent feve- 
 ral of his children as hoftages lor the fe- 
 curity of the peace. Suet. Aug. 2 f . ; Ta^ 
 c'lt. Annal. 2, 1. ; Strah. 16, p. 748. 
 Augullus efteemed this highly honour- 
 able, that he, without a war, had re- 
 covered, what former commanders had 
 loft. Hence it is extolled by the poets; 
 thus, S'lgna nojlro rcft'itu'it Jovi, Derepta 
 Parthorum fuperbis Pojl'ihus, Hon Od. 
 4, 15, 6. 80 Id. Ep. I, 18, 56. ; On^'id. 
 Tr'ifl. 2, 227. Horace reprefents Phra- 
 ates as receiving or fubmitting to the 
 laws and commands of Augullus on his 
 knees, Ep. i, 12, 27. On account of 
 this Augullus, upon his return, entered 
 the city on horfeback in an ovation ; 
 and built a temple to Mars Ultor, 
 Dio, 54, 8. ; Suet. Aug. 29. in the new 
 forum, which he had laid out, [in Fore 
 y^/v^////;?,) Ovid. Faft. 5, 551. Auguf- 
 A. U. 730. Aelius Gallus, gover- tus had vowed this temple before the 
 nor of Egypt, marched with an army in- battle of Philippi, Ovid. ib. 569. but 
 to Arabia, where he loll a number of did not perform his vow till Mars had 
 
 men, by the heat, anc^ by the attacks 
 of the Arabs, Dio, 5, 3, 29. 
 
 A. U. 731. Augullus was fcized 
 with a dangerous diieafe, fo that no 
 hope was entertained of his recovery ; 
 but he was reflored to health by An- 
 tonius Mufa, (Fid. Musa), Dio, 53, 
 
 30- 
 
 Next year, a. u. 732, Augullus left 
 Italy to vilit the ealltrn provinces of 
 the empire, S'.cily, Greece, and Syria, 
 
 Dio, 54, 6, 5c 7. ; Juftin. 42. 3". 
 
 Augullub had once and again declared 
 an intention ot making: war on the Par- 
 
 tvvice avenged [his nltus) the Romans, 
 jUrll on the confpirators, and then on 
 the Parthians. Nee fatis eji meruijfe fe- 
 me! cognomina (fc. Ultoris) Marti^ 
 ib. 579. Rite Deo lemplumque datum 
 nomtnque bis ulto, ib. 595. Augullus 
 had like wife intended an expedition 
 again II the Britons, to which Horace 
 alludes. Serves iturum in ullimos Orbit 
 Britannos, Od. I, 35, 29. bat they alfo 
 made their fubmiHions, and fent am- 
 balTauors to Augullus with prefents at 
 different times, a. u. 727, Dio. 53, 22. 
 and a. u. 728, ih. 25. and probably in 
 
 the 
 
OCT [ 28S 
 
 the fame year that the Parthian s refto- $L 
 red the ftandards taken from the army 
 of Craffus, a. u. 734, Straho^ 4, p. 200. 
 Hence Horace fpeaks of the Britons 
 and Parthians as fubdiied and added to 
 the Roman empire, (Praefens D'lvus 
 habebifur AuguJIusy adjedis Brltann'is Im- 
 perioy gravibu/que Per/is), Od. 3, 5, 3. 
 The Parthians (called alfo Perlians 
 or Medes) and Britons are joined, as 
 being fuppofed to be the moll diftant 
 nations on the eall and weft, by the 
 fubjugation of whom Auguftus would 
 have become the emperor of the world. 
 Thus both are reprefented as objefts of 
 particular hollility, Horat.Od. i, 21,15. 
 Epod. 7, 7. 
 
 But the Parthians wtxt in a fpecial 
 manner formidable to the Romans ; 
 and therefore Horace hints in various 
 places the propriety of Auguftus hum- 
 bling their pride ; Neu finas Medos e- 
 qintare tnultosy Tc dnce^ Caefar, Do not 
 fuffer the Parthians with impunity to 
 make incurfions with their cavalry, (in 
 which their chief llrength confifted.) 
 •while you are emperor, O Gaefir, Od. 
 I, 2, 51. Add. ih, I, 12, 53, &c. — 
 Suetonius obfcrves, that Anguftus was 
 not folicitous about extending the li- 
 mits of the empire ; and therefore that 
 he did not make war on any nation 
 without juft and neceffary caufes, jiug. 
 21. So Dio, ^^6) 33 f. When, there- 
 fore, Armenia was evacuated by the 
 Parthians, he gave it to Tigranes, the 
 brother of Artabazes or Artaxias, its 
 former king, who had been flain by his 
 fubjedls, Dioy 54, 9. and commifuoned 
 Tiberius to put him in poflelTion of that 
 kingdom, ib. et Tac, Ann. 2,3.; SiiH. 
 Tib, 2.; Paterc, 2, 94. This Horace 
 reprefents as a conquell, ( Claudi vir- 
 tute Neronis Armenius cecidity) Ep. [, 12, 
 26. At the fame time Auguilns con- 
 ferred governments and principalities 
 on feveral others, D'lOy 54, 9. 
 
 Auguftus paffed the winter at 'Sa- 
 mos in his way to Syria, Dioy 54, 7. 
 and alfo in his return, lb. 9. Whilil 
 he remained there, numerous embaffies 
 came to him, among the reft the In- 
 dians and Scythians fent to aflc peace, 
 
 ] OCT 
 
 et Sucf. Aug, 21. ; Oros. 4. 21. 
 Hence, yam Scythae refponfa petunty fu^ 
 perbl Nuper et Indl, Hor. Carm. Saec. 55". 
 This Horace converts into a triumph, 
 as he does the reftoration of the Roman 
 ftandards by the Parthians, Od. I, 12, 
 
 While Augaftus was engaged in the 
 eaft, the Dacians or Getae, who, under 
 their king Cotlfo, v. -on, frequently in- 
 fefted the Roman territory, were re- 
 preffed by Lentulus, Flor. 4, 12, x8. ; 
 Suet. Aug. 21* ; Hor. Od. 3, 8, 1 8. 
 
 Virgil is faid to have met Auguftus 
 at Athens, in his way from the eaft, 
 and to have accompanied him to Italy. 
 But having contracted a difeafe at 
 Megara, which was encreafed by the 
 voyage, he died at Brundufium 22d 
 September, (x. Kal. 06lob.) a. u. 
 735. Donat. In vita ejus. 
 
 A. U. 736, Aviguftus celebrated the 
 fecular games, the fifth time fince the 
 expulfion of the kings, Z)/o, 54, 18.; 
 Plin. 7, 48. ; Cenfonn. de Nat. D. c. 17.; 
 Zofim. 2, 4. On which occafion, Ho- 
 race, at the defire of Auguftus, com- 
 pofed the Carmen faecuiare, to be fung 
 by a chorus of boys and girls, whom 
 the poet addreffes, 0^/. 4, 6, 31, &c. 
 
 A. U. 738, Auguftus having left the 
 government of Italy to Statihus Tau- 
 rus, went to Gaul to fettle the affairs 
 of that province, Dioj 54, 19. In this 
 year there were commotions in different 
 parts of the empire ; in Panonia and 
 Noricum, in Dalmatia and Spain, In 
 Thrace, Claudius Marcellus fubdued 
 
 the Be//i ; and C. Lucius, having van- 
 quiftied the Sauromatae, drove them be- 
 yond the Ifter. But the chief war was 
 again ft the Germans, the Slcambrl, 
 Ufipetae v. -es^ and TenBeri; whij crofs- 
 ed the Rhine and made an inroad into 
 Gaul. Upon hearing however that 
 Auguftus was advancing againft them, 
 they retired ; and having given hof- 
 tages, obtained a peace, lb. 20. 
 
 A. U. 739, the Rhaetl and Vindelid 
 \yere fubdued by Drufus and Tiberius, 
 lb. 22.; Suet. Aug. 21. ; Tib. 9. Where- 
 fore Horace, by the command of Au- 
 guftus, wrote a poem to celebrate their 
 
 vi<^ones, 
 
OCT [ 
 
 viiflories, particularly thofe of Drufus ; 
 whence it is infcnbed,DRUsi Laudes, 
 Hot'. Od. 4, 4. 
 
 During all this time Auguftus was 
 abfent from Rome ; on which occafion 
 Horace wrote that bea.itiful ode, 4^ 5. 
 in which he defcribes the eager defire 
 of the citizens of Rome for his return, 
 and their happinefs under his govern- 
 ment, l^'uL Dio, 54, 19. Auguftus 
 
 having fettled the affairs of Gaul, Ger- 
 many, and Spain, returned to Rome, 
 a. if. 741, Dia, 54, 25.— It had been 
 expeded, that Auguftus, upon his re- 
 turn, would enter the city in triumph, 
 particularly for the vi6lory of Drufus 
 over the S'lcamhri. AVherefore, at the 
 requeft of lulus Antonius, the fon of 
 the triumvir, by Julia, the daughter of 
 L. Julius Caefar, himfelf a poet, Ho- 
 race wrote the fecond ode of the fourth 
 book. But Auguftus entered the city 
 privately in the night-time, according 
 to his cuftom, that he might not occa- 
 fion trouble to any one, Dioy 54, 25. ; 
 Suet, 53, He, however, next day re- 
 fpedlfully addrefled the people on the 
 'Palatine hill ; and then went up to the 
 capitol, where he took the laurel, the 
 emblem of vidory, and depofited it at 
 the knees of the ftatue of Jupiter, D'tOi 
 
 Upon the return of Auguftus to the 
 city, a. u. '741, after an abfence of 
 three years, the fenate and people feem 
 to have racked their invention to devife 
 new honours for him, Dio, 54, 25. in 
 addition to thofe formerly conferred, 
 particularly, a. 724, Dlo 51, 19. and 
 
 a. 730, ?^. 53, 
 
 28. This fohcitude Ho- 
 
 race beautifully defcribes, OJ. 4, 14, i. 
 Then he celebrates the victories of Au- 
 guftus obtained by Drufus, ij, 9. and 
 by Tiberius, chiefly by the latter, -y. 14, 
 • — 41. as he had already extolled the vic- 
 tories of Drufus, Od, 4. 4. Then he 
 give§ a fummary of the other principal 
 conquefts of Auguftus, v. 4-T- ad Jin. 
 
 A. U. 742, the Pannonians were 
 vanquifhed by Agrippa ; who upon his 
 return from that war died in Campania, 
 to the great grief of Auguftus, D'to^ 
 54, 28.— -^Aftcr the death of Agrip- 
 
 289 1 OCT 
 
 pa, the Pannonians rebelled, and wert 
 fubdued by Tiberius, ib. 33. who alfo 
 reduced the Dalmatians, ib. Suet. Tib. 
 9. ; Flor.^j 12. and repulfed the Da* 
 cians, ib. 36. [Fid. Tiberius.) 
 Drufus conquered the Sicambri, the 
 Ufipetesi the Chatti, and other German 
 nations, a. u. 743, «:c 744. ib. 32, 33, 
 & 36. [Vid. Drusus.) 
 
 After thefe victories it was decreed 
 by the fenate, that the temple of Janus 
 fliould be (hut, a. 744, (/m/o Antoni» 
 et Fabio Max. Cofs. ) ; but this was 
 prevented by an irruption of the Da- 
 cians, who crofted the Danube while 
 it was frozen ; and by an infurreClion 
 of the Dalmatians, who had been pro- 
 voked to revolt by the rigorous exac»> 
 tion of tribute. But thefe commotions 
 being quelled by Drufus and Tiberius, 
 Auguftus who, during the time of their 
 expedition, had remained for the moft 
 part at Lyons in Gaul, returned with 
 them to Rome j and they obtained the 
 honours ufually conferred after a vic- 
 tory, Diot 54 f. Then, it is probable, 
 Auguftus (hut the temple of Janus for 
 the -third time, a. u. 744. ib. et Suet, 
 Jug. 22. ; Orof.6i 22. [Vid. A. 566). 
 On this occafion Horace is fuppofed to 
 have written his laft ode, 4, 15. 
 
 A, U. 746, Maecenas, the friend 
 and confident of Auguftus, died, Dioy 
 ^^} 7. a few months, as it i» thought, 
 before his friend and favourite Horace. 
 So that what Horace predifted, Od. 2, 
 17, 9, Sec. was nearly verified. 
 
 The events of the reign of Auguftus, 
 after this period, except a few, are lefs 
 interelHng, and therefore not often al- 
 luded to by the clalTics. — A. U. 763, 
 Quinftilius Varus, governor of Ger- 
 many, having by his rapacity and 
 haughtinefs irritated the inhabitants, 
 was cut off" by them with three legions 
 and their auxiliaries. By which difaf- 
 ter Auguftus was fo afte<Slcd, that for 
 feveral months he neither (liaved his 
 beard nor cut his hair; and fometimes 
 fron\v,exce(rive angui(h knocked his 
 headfagainft the door, crying outj 
 " Varus, reftore my legions," (Q^uinc- 
 
 TILl VaRE, LEGIONES REDDE,) Suet. 
 
 O o 23. J 
 
L 250 
 
 OCT 
 
 ^3. J Dw, ^6^ 18,-24.; Paterc. 2, 
 117, &c. ; Tac. Ann, i, ^^.', Flor. 
 4, 12, 31. ; PUn. 7, 45. — With refped 
 to the domeftic tranladions, the go- 
 vernment, and laws of Auguftus, ffc 
 Ceog.p. 243, &c. ; R. Antiq^/. 165, 
 
 176, et alih'i pajfim. Augulliis died 
 
 on the 19th Auguft, [x:v. Kal. Sep- 
 temhr.) a. u. 767, in the 76th year of 
 his age, the fanneday on which he had 
 entered on his firft confulate ; in the 
 fame chamber in which his father Oc- 
 taviu3 had died ; having ruled the Ro- 
 man empire alone, from the vidory of 
 Allium, forty-four years, except eleven 
 days, Dloi ^6, 30. ; Suet. Aug. 100. 
 The different opinions of people con- 
 cerning Auguftus after his death, both 
 for and againfl him, are enumerated, 
 ^ac. Ann. 1,9, & 10. He left an advice 
 among his papers to his fucceffors, not 
 to attempt extending the empire beyond 
 its prefent limits j whether through fear 
 or envy, as Tacitus obferves, is uncer- 
 tain ; {^incertum an metu, fc. ne plura 
 quaerendi ftudio, ante-parta amitte- 
 rent ; an per innyidiam^ no quis fuccelTo- 
 rum proferendo fines gloriam aqgeret,) 
 ^ac. Ann. i , 11 f. 
 
 The moft illuftrious women of the 
 Odavian family were, i. QCTAVIA, 
 the fifter of AuguRus, a woman of 
 uncommon virtue, Plutarch. Anton, p. 
 5)29. ; married firfc to Marcellus, and 
 after his death to Antony, DiOj 48, 31. 
 •whom (he reconciled to her brother, ik. 
 54. But Antony, captivated by the 
 artifices of Cleopatra, flighted and di- 
 vorced her, Dioy 49, 33^^ 50, 3, Si. 
 26. After the death of Antony, how- 
 ever, (he took the greateil care of his 
 children. She died in the 54th year 
 of her age. Augullus, who had ten- 
 derly loved her while alive, paid th^ 
 liigheft honours to her mempry, after 
 her death*, Suet. 61.; Dio^ 54, 35. 
 -—. 2. OCTAVIA, the daughter of 
 
 * In the lifetime of Qdavia, Auguftus 
 tuilt a portico, which he called from her, 
 I'orticus Oct A VIAE, Suet. Aug. 29. Feftus 
 fays, that there were two porticoes galled 
 O^viae porticus ; the one built by 0»5lavia, 
 the fifter of Auguftus, contiguous to the 
 theatre of Marcelius^ the ether near to the 
 
 ] O E A 
 
 Claudius, and wife of Nero ; by whom 
 (he was put to death, Tac. Ann, 14, 
 63. ; Suef^ Ner. 7, 35, & 57.^ 
 
 OcYROE, -<?j, a prophetic nymph, 
 the daughter of Chiron, by the nymph 
 Chariclo, Ovid. Met. 2, 635, &c. chan- 
 ged into a mare, lb. 663. 
 
 OdItes, -aCi a centaur, (Iain by 
 Mopfus at the wedding of Perithous, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 458. 
 
 Odyssea, -acy the poem of Homer 
 concerning the wanderings of UlyfTes, 
 Ov'id. Tiijl. 3, 375. ; C'lc, Brut. 18. 
 So named from oJ'ycra&yc, the Greek 
 name of UlyfTcn. 
 
 Oeagrus, v. Oeager, 'griy a king 
 of Thrace, the father of Orpheus, 
 Ply gin. 14. ; Apollon. Argonaut, i, 25. ; 
 whence Oeagri CaViapefque nurns, i. e. 
 Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, Ovid. 
 in 3in, 484. Oeagri Jigura, a pleonafm 
 for Oeagrus ; or, as Vulpius thinks, 
 put for Apollo in the form of Oeagrus, 
 Propert. 2, 3, 35. Servius fays, that 
 Oeagrus was a river of Thrace, and 
 one of the chief fources of the Hebrus ; 
 whence that river is called Oeagriv^ 
 Hchrus, yirg. G. 4, 524. Diodo- 
 rus Siculus fays, that Oeagrus was a 
 king of Thrace, who gave his name 
 to the river Hebrus. — Et nondum Oea^ 
 grius Haemosy mount Hacmus, not yet 
 
 called 
 
 theatre of Pompey, hutlt byCn. 05:aviu3, who 
 triumphed over Perfeus; which having been 
 burnt, Auguftus canfed it to be repaired. Dio 
 fay', that Caefar built from the Ipoils of tiie 
 Dalmatians puificoes and librnries, which he 
 named from his Hfler Oct.avianae, 49.43. 
 Pliny menrions a fchool. ( fi:h'jla., 1. e a 
 place where learned men ufcd ro niept for the 
 fake of public difputations and conferences,) 
 in fhe porticoes of Oilavia, 35, ^ly; 37. ; 
 which porticoes he calls opera OctavJak, ib, 
 f. 4Q, 32. et I. 36. c. j/ 4. //, 3. and fpeaks cf 
 more fchools than one, [in OBa-viae fJ.ioUs,') 
 ib. n. 5, Plutarch fays that Ocfavia dedi- 
 cated a library in honour pf her fpn, and 
 Auguftus a theatre, which he called the 
 Theatre of Marcellus, in Marie!, f. p. 316, 
 To this Ovid is thought to allude, Aut ubi 
 nftinsribus natifua muntra mat;r AddiJit^ exttrn^ 
 marmore dives opus. Art. Am. I, 70. Withr 
 in the porticoes of Oilavia were included 
 feveral public buildings, Fell. I, ll. ; PUn. 
 3'^, 5. ah of vyhich were deftroycd by fire i^ 
 ihc time of Titui, D/o, 66, 24. 
 
DEB [ 
 
 called Oeagrfus, not yet difgraced by 
 the murder of Orpheus, the fon of Oea- 
 grus, Oi-id. Met, 2, 219. Oeagri't nervij 
 the ftrings, i. e. the lyre of Orpheus, 
 Sil. 5, 464. conf. ManiL 5, 322. 
 
 Oebalus, the fon of Arguh'us, and 
 father of Tyndarus, a king of Laco- 
 
 nia, (G.411.) Oebalidae, -anwi, 
 
 Callor and Pollux, the grandfons of 
 
 Oebalus, Ovid. Faft. 5, 705. Oe- 
 
 BALiDEs, voc. -Ci Hyacinthus, a La- 
 cedaemonian youth, fuppofed to be na- 
 med trom Ocbaha, a town of Laconia; 
 or, by anticipation, from Oebalus, who 
 lived after him, Oiud. Md. 10, 196. 
 But I^ucian makes Hyacinthus the fon 
 of Oebalus ; (o f>uer Oehaluies^ Ovid, in 
 
 Ibin, 590. Purpura Oebalisy -ui/s, 
 
 Laconfan purple, Slat. Sih. i, 2, 150. 
 Oebali Nymphay in voc. i. e. Helena, 
 Ovid. Ep. 16, 126. Oebaliifrati-fis,\.ii. 
 Caftor and Pollux, Stat. Sih. 3, 2, 10. 
 Oebaliimi vuhius^ the wound or blood of 
 Hyacinthus, Ovid. Mtt. 13, 396. Lit- 
 ius Oebalium) the Lacouian fhorc, Stat. 
 Achill. I, 20. Sub Oebaliae turribuSi of 
 Tarentum, built by Phalantus, a Lace- 
 daemonian, P^irg. G. 4, 125. ; hence 
 Otbalii nepotes^ the Taren tines, Sil. 12, 
 451. Oebaliae matreSf Sabine or Ro- 
 man matrons ; fo named from fomc La- 
 cedaemonians who fettled there, Ovid. 
 Fajl. 3, 230. Odalia pellexj i.e. He- 
 lena, Ovid. Rem. Am. 358. 
 
 Oebalus, the fon of Telon, king 
 of the ifland Capreae, by the nymph 
 Sebethis, Virg. Aen. 7, 734. 
 
 Oebares, -u, the grooni of Darius, 
 the fon Hyftafpes, who by an artful 
 contrivance procured to his mailer the 
 crown of Perlia, Herodot. 3, 85.; Jujlin* 
 I, 10. 
 
 Oeclei's, -/, the father of Amphl- 
 araus, Hygin. 128.; who is hence cal- 
 led Oeclides, Ovid. Met. 8, 317. j 
 Art. Am. 3, 13 ; Stat. '7h»b. 6, 445. 
 
 OtCLUS, a centaur, [quddnipedans, 
 moving on four feet like a iioife, ) O'oid. 
 Mct.i 2, 450. 
 
 OEDiPUS, -odis, V. '4pi, tbefon 
 of Laius, king of Thebes, and of Jo- 
 cafta ; who ignorantly killed his fa- 
 ther, and afterwards, in confeq^uence 
 of his fuccefs in explaining the Sphinx'a 
 
 iQi ] E H 
 
 riddle, obtamed his own mother in 
 marriage; a circumftance which, when 
 difcovered, caufed the deftru6lion of 
 both, (G. 429.) CicFizt. 13. Davus 
 fum^ non Oedipusy I am a plain fimple 
 llavcj not an Explainer of riddles, 
 Ter. And. i, 2^ i^. conf. Plaut. Poen. 
 
 i» 3» 34- Oe^ipod'es, -ae^ the 
 
 fame with Oedipus, Stat. Theb. i, 17. 
 2, 436. <f/^ 7, 513,. ^ti legis Oedipoden^ 
 for de Oedipode v. de Oedipoy vrho read 
 the fable of Oedipus, Martial. 10, 4, i. 
 Impii Oedipodae nuptiales faces ^ of Oedi- 
 pus, S.^nec. Here. fur. f 6* Hos (fc. 
 libros de arte amandi) tu Oedipodas 
 facito Telegoncfque vocesy fc. ut. See that 
 you call thefe books parricides, like 
 Oedipus and Telegonus, fince they 
 have killed me, or caufed me their au-«. 
 thor or parent to be baniflied, which 
 to me is equal to death, or worfe, Ovid^ 
 
 Trip}. I, I, 114. Oedipodes is 
 
 alfo put for Eteocles, the fon of Oedi- 
 pus, Stat. Theb. 2, 465. OeDipo- 
 
 DioNiDEs, -ae, Polynices, the othex* 
 fon of Oedipus, Stat. Theb. i, 313. 
 So /3. 6, 426* — Oedipodionius, adj<t^ 
 'iifratres, i. e. Polynices and Eteocles,' 
 the fons of Oedipus, Stat, Theb. io,> 
 801. Oedipodionias Tkebae, Thebes, 
 where Oedipus reigned, Ovid. Met. 15, 
 429. So Lucan, 8, 407* 
 
 OENEUS, (2 fyll.) .;, king of 
 Calydon, the father of Meleager, De- 
 janira, &c. by Althaea, and of Ty- 
 deus by Pcriboea, (G. 433, & 434.) 
 
 Ocnei partu edita^ i. e. Dejanira^ 
 
 Cic. Tujc. 2, 8 Oen IDE 3,-/7^, Me- 
 leager, the fon of Oeneus, Ovid. Met, 
 
 8> ^iS'lJjiit. Theb. 5, 405.- Hac-^ 
 
 tenus Oe/ildes, the grandfon of Oeneus, 
 i. c. Diomedes, Ovid. Met. 14, 512. 
 Et generum Ocnideny Appuk Dame, tuum^ 
 and Diomedes, thy fon -in-law, O Ap- 
 pulian Daunus; for Diomedes married 
 
 his daughter. Id. FaJ* 4, 76.-- i 
 
 O £ N E u s t-/' H i u s, adj. Oeneos per ag'osy 
 through the country of Galydon, thiL 
 kingdoni of Oeneus, (al. aliler), Ovid, 
 Met. 8, 281. OinFius heros, i. e. Ty- 
 deus, Stat Theb. 5, 66 1. 
 
 Oenom A us, the fon of Mars by the 
 
 nymph Allerope, king of Pifa in Eli» 
 
 Q 2 \h 
 
O E N [2^2 
 
 the father of HippodamTa, ( G. 404. ) 
 
 ^ 2. The name of one of the plays 
 
 of Accius, Cic. Fam. 9,16.; Tufc. 3 , 12. 
 
 Oenone, -es^ a nymph of mount 
 Ida, the daughter of the river Cebre- 
 nus in Phrygia, with ivhom Paris co- 
 habited before he was acknowledged 
 to be the fon of Priam, [G. 414.) 0- 
 vid. Ep. 5, &c. 17,96.; Remed. A- 
 fncr. 45 7. 
 
 Of.notrus, an Arcadian, the fon 
 of Lycaon, who fettled in that part 
 of Italy, which was afterwards called 
 ]Liicania, Dionyf. 1, ii. [Vid. Gcogr. 
 Jndex.) 
 
 Oetus, v. Otus, a giant. Pld.Y,- 
 
 yHIALTES. 
 
 Offilius, a lawyer, Cic. Fam. 7, 
 
 21. Jtt, 13, 37. 51 2. A creditor 
 
 of Cicero's, Cic. Fam. 16,24. 
 
 OcyGEs, -ae^ a king of Thebes, in 
 nvhofe time happened the firft dclug-e, 
 according to Varro 1100 years before 
 his time, R. R. ^^ prol. not the great 
 deluge, as Angultine fays, but greater 
 than that in the time of Deucalion, de 
 piv. Dili 18, 8. La(f^antius or Lu- 
 tatius on Statius fays, that Ogyges 
 reigned over Thebes, after Cadmus, 
 
 Stat. Thtb. 7, 348. Hence Ocy- 
 
 ciAE Thehae, Thebes once governed 
 t>y Ogyges, V'trg. Aetna, 569. ; Btat. 
 Theh. 2, 208. Deus Ogygius, the The- 
 ban god, i. e. Bacchus, Ovid. Ep. lo, 
 48.; Stat. Theh. 5, 518. So Lyaeus 
 OgygiuSf Lucan. i, 670. Ogyg:ae res, 
 the affairs of Thebes, or the Theban 
 State, Stat. Theh. I, £73. — —Ogygi- 
 dae, -arum^ the Thebans, Stat. Theh. 
 2, 586. [Thehani ah Ogygio tcrrigena, 
 Lai^ant. ibid.) 
 
 6 1 L E u s , (3 fyll. P^al Flac. f , 372. 
 gen. o'iIh^ v. -^oj), king of Locris, or 
 I^ocri in Greece, the father of Ajax, 
 C'lc. Tufc. 3, 29. called Ajax O'llei, fc. 
 Jilius, Ajax the fon of oileus, Hygln. 
 114. Ob fur'ias Ajacis ol/eiy (3 fyll.) 
 fc. lilii, Firg. Aen. I, 41. or olleos A- 
 jaxy fc. fihus, Ovid. Met. (2, 622. to 
 diftinguifli him from Ajax the fon of 
 
 Telamon, (G. 451.) oilides, -ae, 
 
 the fon of Oileus, r. f. Ajax, Propert. 
 4, J, 117.; Sabiti. ad Ulyfs. l©i. j a- 
 pudOtid. 
 
 1 P H 
 
 Olekius, an inhabitant of Lefbo3» 
 F'al. Flacc. 2, 163. but Olenii cufptSy the 
 fpear of Tydeus, the Aetolian, from O- 
 lenos, a city of Aetolia, ih. 3, 105. 
 
 (Vid. G. Index.) Olenides, -ae, 
 
 the fon of Olenus, v. -ius, ib. 20^. 
 
 Olenos, v. -us, a fon of Vulcan, 
 Avho gave name to Olenos, a town 
 of Aetolia, Hygin. AJlr. P. 2, 13, r/ 
 
 ihi Munker. ^ 2. The huiband of 
 
 Lethaea, who, proud of her beauty, 
 had the prefumption to prefer herfelf 
 to the goddeiTes, and Olenos taking 
 part witli her in the guilt, tli^y were 
 both changed into Ttone, Ovid. Aid. 
 10,68. 
 
 OlympiaSj -adis, the mother of 
 Alexander, Cic. Div. 1, 2 7^.', Jujlin. 
 7, 6, ^ 10. et 9, 7. ; Cell. 13, 4. put 
 to death by Calfander, Jiijtin. 14, 6. 
 
 Olympiodorus, the mufic-mavter 
 of Epaminondas, Ntp. Epam. 2. — — 
 ^ 2. A phylician, Pl'm. i, »2. 
 
 Omphale, -es, a queen of Lydia ; 
 hence called Lyd^a pudla, Ovid. Fall. 
 2, 356. Maeonis, -idis, ib. 310, Sc 
 352. whom Hercules ferved for three 
 years, (G. 401.). Propertijs makes 
 Omphale \o\\^, 3, 11, 17. 
 
 Onesimus, the fon of Python, a 
 Macedonian nobleman, who having in 
 vain diffuadcd Perfeus from underta- 
 king war againfl the Romans, and on 
 that account being fufpeAed by the 
 king, iied to the Romans, by whom 
 he was kindly received, and liberally 
 rewarded, Liv. 44, 16. 
 
 OsyTEs, -ae, the fon of Echicn and 
 Peribia, (fome fay, a Theban, Nometi 
 EchioniumJ, in the array of Aeneas, 
 flain by Turnus, Virg. Aen. 12, 514. 
 
 Opheltes, -ae, the fon of Lycur- 
 gus, kingof Nemea, and Eurydice, his 
 queen, nurfed by Hypfipyle, who had 
 become their flave, [Vid. Hypsi- 
 pyLe.) While Hypfipyle was wan- 
 dering in a grove near Nemea with the 
 child in her arms, fhe was accofted by 
 Adrailus, the leader of the Argives, 
 who had reached that place in their 
 way to Thebes, and were greatly dif- 
 treffed for want of water, all the ftrcams 
 having been dried up by the in- 
 fluence 
 
OPH t J9J 
 
 fiucnce of Bacchus. Adraftus, m the 
 grcateft diTirefs, begged of Hypfipyle 
 to fhow theni fome water. She having 
 laid down the child, quickly led them 
 to the fountain Langia ; but upon her 
 return found the child killed by a fer- 
 pcnt. The companions of Adrallus 
 killed the ferpent, and buried the child- 
 In the mean time Lycurgus and Eu- 
 rydice, being informed cf what had 
 happened, in the excefs of their grief, 
 wanted to facrifice Hypfipyle to ap- 
 peafc the manes of their Ton ; but were 
 prevented by the Argive chiefs, who 
 gave the name of Archemorus to the 
 boy, as being the firil who was flain in 
 the war, and called the fountain after 
 him. They performed funeral games 
 to his honour, which were ever after- 
 wards celebrated at liated times, and 
 called the Nemean Games, j^PgIIo- 
 ilor. 3, 6, 4. ; Ladant, ad Stat. Theh. 4, 
 718. They were in the time of Pin- 
 dar celebrated every three years, Pin- 
 dar. Nem. 6, 69. hence called Trie- 
 TERis, Stat. Thcb. 4, 722.; but after- 
 wards every five years, as the lUhmi- 
 au, PIk. 4, 5 f. 9. ; Hygin. 74. The 
 vi6kirs were crowned with pariley ; be- 
 caule, as it is faid, Kypfipyle laid the 
 child, when (lie left him, on a heap of 
 parJuey. Hygin. 'jj^. — The different cir- 
 cumibnces of this f^ory, embeiliilied 
 and enlarged, form the fubjeft of part 
 of the fourth, and the whole of the 
 fifth and fixth books of the Thebaid of 
 Statius. Add. Stat. Sih. 2f i, 181. 
 
 Opheltes, the father of Euryalus, 
 
 yirg. ^en. 9, 2Ci. ^ 2. The chief 
 
 ot a crew of Tufcan pirates, who ha- 
 ving carried off Bacchus from the i- 
 fland of Chios while overpowered with 
 wine and ileep, with an intention of 
 offering violence to him, were all turn- 
 ed into dolphins, to the number of 
 twelve ; CKcept Acoetca, the pilot, who 
 difapproved of tlieir conduct, Hygin. f. 
 134. ; Gvld. Met. 3, 605,-692. 
 
 Op HI AS, -adis, the daughter of O- 
 phius, i. c. CoMBE, who having elca- 
 ped the attempts of her fons to kill her, 
 was changed into a bird, Ovid. Met. 7, 
 3^3* 
 
 1 opt 
 
 OpHiOTi, 'onisy the father of Amy« 
 cus, who is hence called Ophionides, 
 G-oid. Met. 12, 345. , 
 
 O P H I u c H u s, ( i. e. ferperdem vel art" 
 guem tmens, the man that holds the fer- 
 pent), the Greek name of a confteMa- 
 tion, called in Latin, Anguitenens, 
 Cic. N. D. 2, 42.; Manil. 1, 331.; 
 Ovid. Met. 8, l«2. 
 
 /.. OPIMIUS, conful a. u. 633, 
 who crufhed the tribune C. Gracchus, 
 Cic. Cat. I, I.; Or. 2, 25. and profe- 
 cuted the victory of the nobility over 
 the plebeians with great cruelty, SaJ^ 
 iufl. Jug. 1 6, &: 42. Being afterwards 
 accufed of the murder of Gracchus, he 
 was acquitted by the people, Cic. Brut. 
 34. Being, a. u. 641, fent at the head 
 of an embaffy, (princeps legatioriis), to 
 
 divide the kingdom of Numidia between 
 Jugurtha and Adherbal, and being bri- 
 bed by Juguitha, he bafely betrayed 
 his trull, by making a divition favour- 
 able to Jugurtha, Sallti/i. Jug. 1 6. For 
 this he was afterwards brought to his 
 trial, by the Mamilian law, ib. 40. and 
 being condemned, Cic. Brut. 33.; Plane, 
 28 f. he went into banifhment ta 
 Dyracchium, where he died in want. 
 Cicero, from partiality to the party of 
 the patricians, infinuates, that this fcn- 
 tence was unjuft, ib.\ and notwithfland- 
 ing the cruelty and corruption of Opi- 
 mius, extols him in different parts of 
 his works, as a moll meritorious citi- 
 zen, {^virum praeclare de republica msri^ 
 
 tu7n)t ib. & Sext. 67. There wasi 
 
 an uncommon vintage the year in which 
 Opimius was conful ; whence ViNUM 
 Opimianum was ufed proverbially 
 for the ir.oft excellent wine, Cic. Br. 
 83. ; Pdferc. 2, 7. j Martial, 9, 89, 
 &:c. ; Pdran. c. 34. Pliny fays, Opi- 
 mian wine was to be met with. in his 
 time, near 200 years after, Plin, 14, 
 4f. 6, & 14. 
 
 Oris, -is, one of the attendants of 
 Diana ; appointed by her to watch o- 
 ver Camilla, Firg. Jen. 11, 532. <?; 836. 
 whofe death fhe avenged by fhooting 
 Aruns, the author of it, ib. 85 S, &c. 
 — faid to be a Thracian by defcent, 
 {Threi/a), ib. i. e. one of the Hyper- 
 borean 
 
O P P Jt 
 
 botean nympTis who attended Diana, 
 Callimach. IkL 292. ; Jipollodor. i, 4.» 4. 
 
 Oppia, a Vcftal virgin, piniifhed for 
 inceil:, Li'v.-i, 42. 
 
 Oppianicus, a firname of Statius 
 Albius, Cic. Cluent. 4, &c. 
 
 Sp. Oppius Cormcen, one of the 
 JDecem'viri^ I^iv. 3, 3^. the colleaf^^ue 
 and afiiilant of Appius Claudius, ib. 
 41, & 49. on which account being ac- 
 cufed and thrown into prifon, he laid 
 violent hands on hiinfelf, ib. ^^, 
 
 M. Oppius, appointed by the tri- 
 bunes of the ioldiers with Sex. Mari- 
 itus to have the chief command, in the 
 ieceffion of the people from the De- 
 cemnihi to mount Aventlne, Liv. 3,51. 
 
 C. Oppius, a tribune, who, in the 
 middle of the fecond Punic war, ( ^ 
 Fabio et T. Sempronio Cofs, a. u. 541 ), 
 got a law paffed, that no matron ihould 
 have in her drefs more than half an 
 ounce of gold, nor ihouid wear a gar- 
 ment of different colours, nor ufe a 
 carnage in any city or town, or within 
 a mile of it, unleis on occafion of pu- 
 bhc facrifices, Liv. 34, 1. The repeal- 
 ing of this law occahoned violent dif- 
 putes, a. u. 559, Llv. ib. 5c c. 
 
 C. OPPIUS, the friend of Caefar, 
 Cic. Alt. 5, I. ; Stiet. Caef. 52, k 72. 
 who wrote feveral books, among the 
 reil a life of Pompey, Plutarch, in Pcmp. 
 fuppofed by fome to have been the au- 
 thor of the Alexandrian, African, and 
 iSpanidi wars of Caefar, Suet. Cccf. ^6. 
 
 Oppir, -crumj bankers or ufurers 
 from Velia ; uicnigma Oppiorum ex Vc- 
 lia jylane nan ink'iii^o, what you write 
 inyiterioufly about the Oppii ; or per- 
 haps their dark or obfcure exprefiions 
 concerning money-matters, dc. AtU 7, 
 13. Add. Ibid. 8, 7. Tu Oppios TcreU' 
 tiae dabisy you will order the Cppll to 
 j:«ay what they owe me to Terentia, ib, 
 10, 4. ^ 
 
 OPSy -y. Opis, Opisy the goddefs of 
 the earth, the filler and wife of Saturn, 
 
 (G. 355- )» ^'^yS'^' ^39- ^^*^ ^'^'^'^ ^^"^^^ 
 Cyb^le, 7ibu!L {,4, 68. Cicero makes 
 Go? the daughter of Ocean us and Sa- 
 ke ia, Cic. dc Uniwrf. \$. Aedes Opisy 
 the temple of Ops, Cic. Phil. J, 17.— 
 Op ALIA, 'lunif the feiUval day confe- 
 
 94 1 O R C 
 
 crated to O^'^, Fijius ; Macrob. Sat. i^ 
 10.; Fnrr. L. L. 5, 3. 
 
 C. Sergius Ok AT ky (dl. Aurafa, Cico 
 Or. I, 39c), an Epicurean, Cic. Fin. 
 2, 22. who had a controverfy with M. 
 Marius Gratidianus, on account of a 
 bouie which he bought from him, Cic» 
 
 Orbimus pupUIus, a native of Be-- 
 ncventum, wlio having ferved out his 
 time as a foldier, (funclus milifidjy firfl 
 in quality of a corneteer, and then on 
 horfeback, came to Rome when fifty 
 years of age, in the cim fulfil ip of Ci- 
 cero, and taught grammar with greater 
 fame than emolument. For when very 
 old, in fome of his writings he com- 
 plained of his poverty, and that lie was 
 obliged to lodge in a garret, [habltare 
 fub tegulis)y Suet, de Illuflr. Gram. c. 
 9. He was naturally of a rigid tem- 
 per ; whence Horace, who was his 
 fchular, complaining of his feverity, 
 calls him plagofus, a teacher who often 
 ufed the rod, Ilor. Ep. 2, i, 70. He 
 lived near to the age of a hundred. 
 After his death the people of Beneven- 
 tum ere(iled a marble ilatue tu his ho- 
 nour. Suet. ib. 
 
 P. Orbius, a lawyer, Cic. Brut. 48* 
 praetor in Aha, Cic. Place. 3 1. 
 
 O R E o N A , ( orbit atem avert ere credit a ) , 
 a goddefs, who had a temple at Rome, 
 Cic. N. D. 3, 1$. 
 
 C. Orchinil's, the colleag>ie of Ci- 
 cero in the praetor ihip, Cic. Cluer.t. 34, 
 0:53. 
 
 ORCU3, a narae of Pluto, Cic. 
 Verr. 4, 50. Stygius OrcuSy Virg. A en. 
 4, 699. Orcus iwbts ducit pedes i Orcus 
 pulls you by the feet to the infernal 
 regions, i. e. you will be foon put to 
 death, Suet. A'er. 39. Oreo allqucm 
 maSare, to doom to death, lA-v. 9, 40. 
 Satelhs Orciy the life-guard, the mini- 
 iter or fervant of Orcus, the ferrym.an 
 of hell, i. e. Charon, Hor. Od. 2, 18, 
 34. So Orci portltory Virg. Aen. 4, 
 502. Janitor Orciy i.e. Cerberus, ib. 
 8, 296. P^apax OrcuSy rapacious Or- 
 cus, who carries off all things, Hor, 
 30. ViPiima nil miferantis Orciy of Pin- 
 to pitying nobody, 1. e. mercilefs, ib. 
 
 2, 
 
if 5i 
 
 ORE r 2 
 
 24. FormuIah'diS Orel opesy the 
 
 power of formidable Pluto, Owd, Met, 
 14, 116. Impudens Orcum moror, I have 
 the impudence to make Pluto wait for 
 me, i. e, I continue to live when I 
 
 ought to die, Hor, Od. 3, 27, 50. 
 
 Orcus is often put for death, or the 
 infernal regions, Nigroque mvidet Orcoy 
 fc. euniy and extricates or refcues him 
 from gloomy death, /. e. renders him 
 immortal, ib. 4, 2, 24. M'ljfus ad luri- 
 dum Orcum fulminey to gloomy Tarta- 
 rus, Ih. 3,4, 75. Dimittere aliquem Or- 
 roy for ad Orcuniy to kill, Virg. Adti. 
 2, 398. Evocat an'imas orco, i. e. ex 
 infcrisy ib. 4, 242. Stygioque caput dam- 
 naverat Oreo, and had devoted her life 
 or herfelf to infernal Pluto, i. e. to 
 death, ih, 4, 699. Minos fedet arbiter 
 Orciy judge of Pluto, or of the infer- 
 nal regions, Propert. 3, 19, 27. Ubi 
 ratio cum Oreo hahetnr, where an ac- 
 count is kept with Orcus,- i.e, of thofe 
 who lofe their lives in cultivating an 
 unhealthful foil, Varr. R, R. i, 4, 3. 
 So Nam uhl fit cum Oreo ratio ponenduy 
 ibiy &c. where one mutl lay his account 
 with being expofed to certain danger, 
 
 Cel, I, 3> 2. Orcihi A^s A fponday a 
 
 bier in which the dead were carried to 
 be buried, [quod murtut ad Orcum eant)y 
 
 Martial, lo, 5,9. Orci\ i Jerintores, 
 
 thofe who got admittance into the fe- 
 nate after the death of Caefar by mo- 
 ney or favour, in confequence of the 
 pretended afts or writings of Caefar, 
 which were fuppofed to have been for- 
 ged by Antony, Suet. Jlvg. 7,^, fo called 
 in aliufion to thofe flaves who were 
 freed by the teilament of their mailer. 
 {Fid. R. A, ^Q,) 
 
 Oreades, -umy mountain nymphs, 
 Virg. Acn. 1 , 500. 
 
 Oresitrophos, -f, m. (i. e. In mon- 
 iihus nutritus)y one of Aftacon's dogs, 
 Ovid. Met. 3, 233. 
 
 Orestes, -isy the fon of Agamem- 
 non, (hence called Agamemnonius Ore/- 
 ies, Virg. Aen. 4, 471. ; Ovid, in I- 
 bin, 529.), and tlie great grandfon of 
 Pelops, (hence called Pelopeus Orejiesy 
 Lucan. 7, 778.), who Hew his mother 
 Iplyteniu^gllra for having murdered his 
 
 father ; on which account he was agi- 
 tated by the Furies, Virg. A:n. 3, 33 r. 
 and became diilraifted, Ovid. Pont. 2, 
 g, 45. His friend Pylades always at- 
 tended him, in company witji whom 
 he went to the Cherfonefus Tauricd^ 
 where he found his fifter prteftefs to 
 Diana, and made his efcape with her to 
 Greece, carrying with him the image 
 of Diana, (G. 408.). It is faid that 
 O relies fivft brought this image to the 
 Grove of Aricia in Italy, Hygin. 259. 
 whence Diana worfliipped there is cal- 
 led Orejlea Diana, Ovid. Met. 15, 489. 
 Dea Orefteay Id. Pont, i, 2, %o. But 
 as tiie cruelty of the facred rites of Di- 
 ana difpleafcd the Romans, thougH 
 flaves only were facrificed to her, the 
 image [Diana) was tranfported to La- 
 cedaemon, where the cuilom of fcour- 
 ging boys before the altar of Diana 
 was long continued, Hygin. ih, — Oref- 
 tes is laid to have been killed by the 
 bite of a fsrpent, Ovid, in Ibiny 52^, 
 Cicero mentions him as an example of 
 
 true friend fhip, Fin. i, 20. Scenit 
 
 agitatus OreJlesy often adted on the ftagc 
 in a Hate of infanity, Virg. Aen. 4, 
 471. — ^eriptus et in tergOy et non Jinitut 
 Ore/hsy a verbofe or prolix tragedy cal- 
 led Orelles, which tilled not only the 
 inner fide of the parchment, but was 
 alfo written on the back, (a thing not 
 common), v»'ithout being finilhed, ^w- 
 venal. I, 6. 
 
 Cn. Aurellus Orestes, adopted by 
 Cn. Aufidius, whence he was called 
 Cn. Aufidius Oreftes, Cic. Dom. 13, 
 repulfed in his application for the of- 
 fice of tribune, Cic, Plane. 21. but gain- 
 ed the favour of the people by givinj^ 
 them a public entertainment, Cic. 0^ 
 2, 17. conful with P. Lentulus Sura, 
 a. 683. 
 
 L. Aurellus Orestes, coufui a. 627, 
 Cic. Brut. 28. 
 
 Aurelia Ore still a, the midrefs of 
 Catihne, Sallujl. Cat. 15. j Cic. Fam. 8, 
 
 7. 
 
 Orion, -onisy v. Orlonis, the fon of 
 Neptune and Euryale, ihe daughter of 
 Minos, a giant of immenfe fize, to 
 whom his father Neptune gave the 
 
 power 
 
O R I [ ^Q-^ 1 ^ ^^ 
 
 power of walking on the ft^i as on dry tyrant of Samos, Cic. Fin. 5, 30. ; iZ?- 
 
 land, u^pollodor. i, 4, 3. ; Hygin. Poet. 
 2, 34. whence Virgil calls him Magnus 
 ^non, ^\. ^ett. 1 r, 763, &c. He is 
 (aid by fome to have been produced in 
 a miraculous manner, Hyg'in. 1 95.; Ovid. 
 Fq/I. 5, 534. Not only the birth, but 
 alfo the hfe and death of Orion, are 
 varioufiy represented by the poets, [G. 
 576.). After death he was ranked a- 
 jmong the conftellations, O'utd et Hygin. 
 tbld, ; Lucan. ^, 839. 
 
 ORION, -onis^ a Theban, whofe two 
 daughters, Metiocha and Menippa, in 
 lime of a peftflence, devoted themfolves 
 to death for their country, Onjid. Met, 
 f^f 692, &€.; j^nton. Liberal. Fab. 25. 
 
 ORITHyl A, the daughter of Erech"- 
 tlxeus king of Athens, and wife of Bo- 
 reas or Aquilo a king of Tiiraee, who 
 is put by the poets for the north wind, 
 and therefore is faid to have carried off 
 on his v/ings Orithy^ia, who was reluc- 
 tant to marry him, O-v'id. Met. 6, 682. 
 4fdfin. ; Clc. Leg. l, r from the banks 
 cf the river Ilyflus, Staf, Theh. 12, 630. 
 Hence (he is called Gelidi conjtix Aetata 
 (f. tf. Athenienfis) tyrannic O^id. Met. 
 §,711. So Aciias Orithyia^ Virg. G. 
 4, 463. et ibi Serv. Cscropiaj Val. 
 Flacc. I, 46^. Pam>Ion!A, from her 
 gi'andfather PandTon, Propert. i, 20, 3 r. 
 (G. 419.) — — «! 2. A queen of the A- 
 jnar.ons, "J^jlin. 2, 4, 
 
 Orodes, 'is, king of Parthia, Cic. 
 ^am. 15, I. Att: ^^ 8. called aifo Ar- 
 saces, Id. Fam. 8, 14. whofe general 
 Surena defeated and flew Craflus gene- 
 j-al of the Romans, Dlo, 4c, 27. ; Llv. 
 Lplt. 106.; Flar. 3, I r. a. u. 701. Pa- 
 4-ereulus fays that this was done by O- 
 rodes in perfon, 2, 46.-^ Orcdes, en- 
 feebled by agej and overwhelmed with 
 grief for the lofs of his fon Pacorus, 
 \yid. Pacorus), refigned his crown 
 to his next cldeil fon Phraates, by 
 .vhom be w?is ioon after flain, a. u. 
 718, Dio, 49, 23. ; Jufin. 42, 4, &5. 
 
 Orodvs, -acy V. 'is, a Trojan, flain 
 by Mezentius, Virg. Am, 10, 732, 
 
 !&C. 
 
 Oroetes, a commander [praetor) of 
 .Diirlus, who crucihed Polycrates the 
 
 rodot. 3, i2«. 
 
 Oromedon, 'Ontis, one of the giants 
 that waged war againil Jupiter, Prop, 
 3, 8, 48. 
 
 Orontes, -is, (v. Oronti, contradled 
 for Orontei, from Oronteus, Virg. Aen. 
 
 I, 220.) a Trojan, the faithful com- 
 panion of Aeneas, who perifhed in a 
 ilorm, ib. 113. — The commander of 
 the Lycian fleet, ib. 6, ^34. 
 
 ORPHEUS, (2 fyl.j -el, v. -cos, the 
 fon of Apollo and of the mufe Calliope, 
 (G. 370.) or according to others, of 
 Oeager, v. Oeagrus, ApoUodor. i, 9, 
 16. ; Serv. ad Virg. G. 4, 524. a Thra- 
 cian poet, concerning the power of 
 whofe verfes and uiufic wonderful effefts 
 are told, Horat. Od. i , 12. pr. ; Ovid. 
 Met. 10. pr. et ii, 42. &c. Arillotle 
 affirmed, that there never exifted fuch 
 a poet as Orpheus ; and the Pythago- 
 reans afcribed the poem of Orpheus 
 [Orphicum carmen J to one Cercops, Cic. 
 
 Nat. D. I, 38. Orphea vox, the 
 
 voice of Orpheus, Ovid. Met. lO, 3. 
 Orphei tltulum rapuere theatri, the bac- 
 chanals fnatched up the wild beads, 
 which were Hftcning to Orpheus as in 
 a theatre, and were the glory of his 
 theatre, ib. 11, 22. 
 
 Orphidius Benignus, the lieutenant 
 of Otho, ^Lac. H. 2, 43, & 45. 
 
 Orses, -ae, a Trojan flain by Rapo 
 a Latin, Virg. Aen. 10, 748. 
 
 Orsilochus, a Trojan, Virg. Aen. 
 
 II, 636. flain by Camilla, ib. 690. 
 OsACES, -is, a Parthian general, 
 
 Cic. Att. 5, 10. who commanded the 
 Parthian army nominally under Pacorus, 
 the fon of Orodes, then a bov, Dio, 40, 
 28. 
 
 Oscus, the freedman of Otho, com- 
 mander of his fleet, Tac. H. r, 87. 
 
 OsiNius, king of Cluflum, Virg. 
 Aen. 10, 655, 
 
 Osiris, -is, v -Idis, a god of the 
 Egyptians, the iiufband of Ifis, [G. 
 391.) worfliipped alfo at Rome, Juve- 
 nal. 6, 540.; Tac. FUJI. 4, 84. Per 
 fandumjuratus Ojiriniy fvvearing by, Hor. 
 Fp. I, 17, 60. Os'tri invento, having 
 found a calf v/ith particular marks, 
 
 which 
 
O S I [2 
 
 which the Egyptians worHiipped as 
 Ofiris or Apis, ywv. 8, 29. So Suum 
 pubes miratur OJirim, Tibull. I, 8, 27. 
 called Memphltes iosy ib. 28. (G. 605.) 
 
 Osiris, -/j-, a Rutiilian, flain by 
 Thymbracus, Fh-g. jlen. 12,458. 
 
 P, OsTORius Scapula^ governor of 
 Britain, under Claudius, Tac, Ann. 12, 
 3 1, an excellent commander, Tac, Agric, 
 14. who, having defeated and taken 
 prifoner Cara^lacus, one of the chief 
 princes of Britain, Tac, Ann, 12, 35, 
 & 36. reduced a part of the ifland into 
 the form of a province, ih. 38. Tri- 
 umphal ornaments v^^ere decreed to Of- 
 torius, ib. But being afterwards great- 
 ly haraffed by the Britons, and worn 
 out with cares, he died, to their great 
 joy, /^ 39. 
 
 Otanes, -/-f, V. -ae^ a noble Perfian, 
 who difcovered the impofture of the 
 Magiy and thereby caufed their de- 
 flrudion, (G. 607.) 
 
 Otho, a firname of feveral famlles. 
 
 L. Rojc'ius OTHO, tribune a. 686, 
 who got a law pafTed, appointing, that 
 fourteen rows or benches (gradus) 
 fliould be allotted to the Equites, next 
 to the ^)rcheftra^ where the ienators fat, 
 in the theatre and amphitheatre, Liv, 
 Ep'it, 119. hence Sic libitum vano, qui 
 Tios dijiirixiiy Othoni, Juvenal. 3, 159. 
 Ejjlce Jummam, Bis fcptem ordiiiibus quam 
 lex dignatnr Othcnisj make up the fum, 
 which the law of Otho makes requifite 
 to entitle one to fit in the fourteen rows, 
 i. e. 400,000 feilerces, the ellate of an 
 eques, Id, 14, 324. Othcne contempto<, 
 defpifmg the law of Otho, Hot\ Epod, 
 4, 15. i^Vid. Cicero,/'. 105.) 
 
 M. Salvius OTHO, emperor of 
 Rome, (G. 246.) was extremely pro- 
 fligate and prodigal in his youth, Suet, 
 2. ; Tac. H. s 13* ^^ 2, 50. After his 
 father's death, he infmuated himfelf in- 
 to the acquaintance of Nero, by means 
 of an old lady of great influence at 
 court, whom he married. Suet. ib. (to 
 which Juvenal is fuppofed to allude, i, 
 38.) and by a hmilai-ity of manners 
 foon became a chief favourite with that 
 , prince. Suet. ^ Tac. ibid. He feduced 
 Poppo;^a Sabina from her hulband 
 
 97 ] O T H 
 
 CrifpTnus, and married her, Tac. Atuu 
 13, 45. But Nero, having becomiC 
 fond of Poppoea, took her from Otho ;. 
 and being jealous of a rival, fent him 
 as legate or praefeft to Lufitania, which 
 Otho governed with great juftice for 
 ten years. Suet. 0th. 3. ; Tac. Ann. 13, 
 46. He was among the full that join- 
 ed Galba in his revolt againfl Nero^ 
 Suet. ib. 4.; Tac, Hijl. I, 21. Wheit 
 Galba was made emperor, Otho ex- 
 peded to be adopted by him, but be, 
 ing difappointcd in this hope by Gid- 
 ba's adoption of Pifo, he determined to 
 attempt obtaining the empire by force; 
 which he effedled' with wonderful fuc- 
 cefs. Suet. Qth, 5,-8. ; Tac, H, 1,21^ 
 — 27, But he did not long enjoy his 
 good fortune, for, being defeated by 
 Valens and Caecina, the generals of 
 Viteliius, near Bedriacum, and unwill- 
 ing to riHi; the lives of fo many brave 
 men on his account, he flew himfelf, in 
 the 37th year of his age, Suet. 0th. n. ; 
 Tac, H. 2, 58. Tacitus fays, that the 
 fortitude of Otho in performing this 
 deed, deferves to be as much extolled 
 as his ingratitude and cruelty to Galba 
 merit dctellation, ib. Such refolution 
 was very little to be expefked from 
 Otho*s mean appearance, notorious 
 effeminacy, and finical nicety about 
 drefs. Suet, 0th, 12. 'f Juvenal, 2> 99, 
 104, &c. He was, however, fo m.uch 
 beloved by his foldiers, that feveral of 
 them from grief are faid to have tlab- 
 bed themfelves near his funeral pile, and 
 in other places, Suet. ib. ; Tac. HiJl. 2, 
 49. Martial, who calls him Mollis Otho, 
 i. c. fffaeminatus, reprefents his death as 
 equal, if not fuperior, to that of Cato, 
 
 6, 32. Ot HON I AN I, fc. Mtlites, 
 
 the fcldiers of Otho, Tac, H. 2, 34, 
 35 • &:c. Gthcnianus cxercitus, ib 45. 
 
 Othriades, -ae, a Graecian, wound- 
 ed in the thigh by the boar of Calydon, 
 Ovid '•' et, 8, 371. 
 
 Othryades, -is, a Spartan, who, 
 when a difpute happened between the 
 Spartans and Argives about the tcrri- 
 toiy of 'I yrea, v. Thyrea, [de agro Ty- 
 reatCf), and the Amphidiyons having 
 determined, that the matter fhould be 
 P p decided 
 
O T H 
 
 [ 295 3 
 
 o V r 
 
 decided by a feleft number of men on 
 both fides, was appointed to command 
 the Lacedaemonians, and Therfander 
 the Argives. Two of the Argives 
 furvived the combat, and went home 
 to tell of their v!6lor3\ But Othrya- 
 des, after they were p^one, though 
 wounded, fupporting himfelf on half 
 broken fpears, took off the fhields of 
 the enemies that were flain ; and ha- 
 ving erefted a trophy of them, infcrib- 
 ed on it with his own blood. To Ju- 
 
 PITEK, THE PROTECTOll OF TROPHIES. 
 
 The controverfy being renewed, the 
 Amphidyons having examined the 
 matter on the fpot, determined in fa- 
 vour of the Lacedaemonians, Plutarch. 
 ParalUL et Fal. Max, 3, 2, ExL 4. — 
 Herodotus relates the llory fomewhat 
 differently. He takes no notice of the 
 Amphiclyons, and fays thj^t there were 
 300 who fought on each fide, out of 
 the fight of both armies, who were re- 
 moved at a diilance, lell they flionid 
 affifl their countrymen if worfted. He 
 adds, that Othr)\ldes, after erefting 
 
 from Rome, (M'tU'ia qui novtes dljlat ah 
 urbe decern,) Ovid. Trift. 4, 10, 4. A. 
 U. 741, the year in which Hirtius 
 and Panfa the confuls were flain, (Cum 
 cscidit fato conful uterque pari,') ib. 6.; of 
 an ancient and opulent equeflrian fa- 
 mily, ib. 8. When very young he was 
 fent to Rome by his father to be in- 
 llrufted by the moft eminent mailers, 
 {ad infignes ah arte viros,) ib. 15. He 
 had a ftrong natural turn for poetry, 
 which his lather in vain endeavoured 
 to reilrain, ib. 19, &c. When he at- 
 tempted to wrice in profe, his words 
 fpontaneoufly fell into verfe, [Scrihere 
 conahar "verba foluta modls. Spo?ite fud 
 carmen numeros veniebat ad aptoi ; Et quod 
 tevtaham diccre, verfus erat,) ib. 24. — 
 V/hen fifty years of age, he was banidi- 
 ed by Augulhis to Tomi ; for what of- 
 fence is not known. He himfelf only 
 fays, Errorem jufjae, non feel us y fjf<^ fugne^ 
 ib. 90. The loofenefs of his poetry 
 was made the pretext, Ovid. Triji. 2, 
 7, 8, 5< 2 1 1, &c. But the true rcafon 
 is fuppofed to have been Ovid's having 
 
 the trophy, flew himfelf, that he might accidentally witneffed fomething im^pro 
 
 not return home without his companions, 
 I, 82. Ovid, after having mention- 
 ed the advantages of the Romans' rc- 
 ligiouHy obferving land marks, addref- 
 fingthc God Terminus, fays beautiful- 
 ly : T ermine fan5ie^ — Si tu Jignajfes ohm 
 V^hyreatida terrain^ Corpora non leto rntf- 
 Ja trecenta forent ; ncc foret Othryades 
 congejiis ttctus in armts. quantum pa- 
 triae Sanguinis ilk dedit ! Fait. 2, 663. 
 
 Othrys, -yosy a Trojan, the father 
 of Panthus, the prieil of Apollo j who 
 is hence called Glhryades, -ae, the fon of 
 Othrys, Virg. Aen. 2, 319. 
 
 Otreus, -eosy the fon of Ci'fTeus and 
 brother of Hecuba, killed by' Am.y^- 
 cu», Val. Flacc. 4, 163. 
 
 Otos, v. -us^ -iy the fon of A15eu3, 
 and brother of Ephialtes, a p-iant, l^irsr. 
 CuL 233. 
 
 Ovu, the wife of C. Lcllius, Cic. 
 Att. 21, & 24. 
 
 PuBLius OViDIUS Naso, O- 
 vid> a celebrated Roman poet, born 
 ^t Sulmo, {Sulmonenfis ;) as he him- 
 felf informs us, ninety miles dillani 
 
 per or indecent in the conduct of Au- 
 guftus, ib. 97, — 108. or rather his ha- 
 ving been acccffory or privy to the in- 
 trigues of Julia, the grand-daughter of 
 Augufbis, who v.-as baniihed the fame 
 year with Ovid, Tac. Ann. 4, 71. ^/ 3, 
 24. ; Suei. Aug. 6^. Ovid hovi^ever al- 
 ways afferts his innocence, Tri/i. 2,9, & 
 10. ; Pont. 2, 9, 67, — 76. ; Tri/}. 4, 4,^ 
 35, — 44, &c. and vindicates his Art of 
 Love, /3. 2 , 2 1 1 , Slc. 239, (Sec. 345, 
 &c. — Ovid when fent to Tomi was not 
 deprived of his rights and fortunes ; 
 and therefore in the edi6l of Augullus, 
 he v^as called relegatus, not exul, 
 Trifi. 2, 137. et 5, 2, ^6. et 5, 1 1, 9, 
 &c. He wrote many fuppliant and 
 flattering addreffes. to Auguftus and 
 his friends, in order to obtain leave to 
 return, or to change the place of his 
 baniihment, but without fuccefs. The 
 people of Tomi treated him with the 
 greated kindnefs and refpecl ; which 
 he celebrates, Molliter a vobis meafors 
 except a J Tomitae, &c. Pont. 4, 14, 47, 
 
O V I 
 &:c. Ke died at Tomi in th 
 year of his exile, and the fifty-ninth of 
 his age, a. u. 771, on the firft of Ja- 
 nuary, the day on which Livy is faid 
 
 to have died. Moft of the works of 
 
 Ovid are ilill extant, and jnftly ad- 
 mired for their fweetnefs and eafinefs of 
 ftyle, and for their learning. They 
 abound in fine moral refle6lions, but 
 are highly reprehenfible in many places, 
 for their loofenefs on amorous fub- 
 jecls. Ovid, before he went into banifh- 
 ment, committed his Mdamorphofis* to 
 the flames as an unfinilhed work ; but 
 fome copies of it having been taken be- 
 fore, prevented that valuable poem 
 from being loil, Ovid. Tr'ijl. r, 6, 15, 
 5cc. Ovid compofed fome dramatical 
 works, but none of thefe remain. — 
 <^in£lilian greatly extols a tragedy of 
 his, called Medea, [Owdii Medea 
 ■videlnr mihl ojlendere, quantum vir ilk 
 praejlare potiterit, Ji ingeniofuo temperare^ 
 quam indulgere, maluiff'd,^ 10, I, 98. 
 The facility with which Ovid wrote 
 his verfes, and his want of care to po- 
 li(li them, rendered his compofitions 
 too luxuriant, and lefs correcl than 
 thofe of Virgil and Horace. Hence 
 (^uinftilian lays of him, Lafcivire in 
 Metamorphfjfi folet, 4, 2, 77. Lafcivus 
 qiildem in Heroicis quoque Ovidiusy et ni- 
 miu/n amaior ingenii Jui ; laudandus ta~ 
 men in partihus, 10, i, 88, & 93. 
 
 Ovius, a perfon who brought Ci- 
 cero tidings of his fon from Athens, 
 (fed. ahat.) Cic. Att. 16, i. 
 
 a Ronjan eques, Cic. 
 a friend of Atticus, 
 
 T. Pacavius, 
 Mil. 27. 
 
 M. Paccius, 
 Cic. Att. 4, 1 6. 
 
 L. Junius PACCiACCtTS, a Spaniard, 
 made a Roman citizen by Caefar, Cic. 
 Fam. 6, 18. ; Hirt. B. Hifp. 1 6. 
 
 Pacidianus, a gladiator, Cic» Tufc» 
 4> 21. 
 
 M. pACiLius, Cic. Verr. 2, 38, & 
 40.— Pa Ci LI AN A domus, the houfe of 
 
 * In Englilh it is pronounced Me tamorjholis. 
 
 [ 299 3 P A E 
 
 eighth Pacilius, which Cicero's brother wiih» 
 ed to purchafe, Cic. Jtt. i, 14 f. 
 
 Paconius, one who complained of 
 Q^Cicero, Cic. ^ Fr. i, 1,6. 
 
 AI. Paconius, the lieutenant of 
 Silanus, proconful of Afia, condemned 
 by Tiberius, Suet. Tih. 61, & 43. ; Tac, 
 Jinn. 3, (id. 
 
 PAC6RUS, V. -es, -ae, the eldcft 
 fon of Orodes, king of Parthia, Cic^ 
 Att. 5, 18. Fam. 15, I. married to the 
 daughter of the king of Armenia, ih* 
 15, 3. ; cut off with his army by Ven- 
 tidius, a. u. 715, Dio, 49, 20. ; Paterc. 
 2, 78. ; Juftin.^2,^ 4, 6. et 16, 17. y 
 Flor. 4, 9. Pacori manus. the army of 
 
 Pacorus, lior. Od. 3, 6, 9. <[[ 2. A 
 
 king of Parthia, in the time of Trajan, 
 Plin. Ep. 10, 16.— Pacorus feems to 
 have been a common name of the kings 
 of Parthia, as feveral fo called are men- 
 tioned by Tacitus, Ann. 15, 2, &c. Hijl. 
 5,9.; G. 37. 
 
 M. PACUVIUS, a tragic poet, 
 born at Brundufium, the filler's fon of 
 Ennius, Gell. i, 24. the friend of Lae- 
 h'us, Cic. Amic. 7. ; })raifed by Horace, 
 Ep. 2, I, 56. and QuinAilian, 10, i, 
 97. ; but faid to'be rough and inelegant, 
 citra nitorem, ib. Hence, Attonitufque 
 legis ternii, fugiferai, Accius et quidquid 
 Pacuviufque vomunty Martial. 11, 91, j^. 
 
 So Per/. I, 77. Pacuvianus i/Z?, 
 
 qui in Chryfe phyf.cus inducitur, the na- 
 tural phiiofopher, who is introduced 
 in the play of Pacuvius, called Chry- 
 SEs, Cic. Div. li SI' 
 
 PACUVIUS Ca/avius, a nobleman 
 of Capua, the chief author of the revolt 
 of that city from the Romans to Han- 
 nibal, ZiVy. 23, 2, & 3. When the 
 fon of PaciTvius wifhed to flay Hanni- 
 bal at a feaft, and thus free his coun-* 
 try from the Carthaginians, he was 
 with difficulty prevented by his father . 
 ib. 8, 9. 
 
 Paean, -atiis, a name of Apollo, ^u- 
 venal. 6, 171. ; Ovid. Art. Am. 2, i.; 
 Suet. Ner. 39. Signum Paednis, the 
 ftatue pf Apollo, Cic. Vefr. 4, 57.,, 
 Et Pasana voca, invoke the god Paean, 
 or ApoUo, Ovid. Met. 14, 72^^— *«.^ 2. 
 P p 2 ^ 
 
P A E [ ^co 
 
 A kind of hymn in praife of Apollo, 
 Clc. Or. ! , 59. an exclamation or fong of 
 vidory, Virg. Aen. 10, 738. etihiServ.\ 
 any fong or hymn, Virg. Aen. 6, 657. 
 Herculeum paeana canunty a hymn in 
 praife of Hercules, Stat. Theb, 4, 154. 
 
 Paean, -antisy the father of Phi- 
 lodletes ; who is hence called Paean- 
 TlADEs, (Jvid. Met. 13, 313. Paeantius, 
 Ovid. Trill. 5, I, 61. et 5, 2, 13. Pae- 
 antius Hercul'is haeres., Id. in Ibin, 255. 
 Paeantiuj heros. Id. Rem. A. 1 1 1 . Pont. 
 1, 3, 5. Fief. POEAN. 
 
 PAEON, -onis, a famous phyfician, 
 who cured Pluto, when grievoufly 
 wounded by Hercules, Homer. II. 5. 
 401. ; whence Paeoniae herhae, me- 
 dicinal herbs, of fovereign virtue or 
 powerful effeft, Virg. Aen. 7, 769. 
 Paeonium in morem, after the manner 
 of Paeon, i, e. girt in the mode of a 
 phyfician, ib. 12, 401. Ope Paeonia, 
 by the aid of medicine, O'Did. Met. 15, 
 
 535. Paeonia, -acy a certain me- 
 
 dicinal herb, faid to have been difcover- 
 ed by Paeon, PUn. 25, 4. 
 
 Paeonius, a rhetorician, under 
 whom the fon and nephew of Cicero 
 ■ICicerones) ftudied, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, 3. 
 
 PAETUS, a firname of the Pa- 
 piRii, Cic. Fam. 9, 16. and of the 
 AELif, Cic. Cluent. 26. ; one of whom 
 prefented Cicero with the library left 
 by his brother, Cic. Alt. 2, i. 
 
 Paetus, (al. Petrus,) a Greek, 
 prefented with the freedom of Rome 
 by Caefar, Cic. Phil 13, 15. 
 
 Caecinna PAETUS. Viil. Arria. 
 
 PALAEMON, -o«;V, the fon of 
 Ino, {Indus, Virg. Aen. 5, 823.) and 
 of Athamas, {Athcmantiades^ Ovid. 
 Met. 13, 919*) ; called alfo Melicerta, 
 V. -tes, and by the Latins Portumnus, 
 Ovid. Fqft. 6, 547. ; turned into a fea- 
 god, (G. 427.; Cic. N. D. 3, 15.; 
 Stat. TheL'^y 421, et ibi La^anf.) in 
 whofe honour the Illhmian games were 
 'inftituted, Stat. Theb. 6, 10, & 557, 
 et ibi La8ant. Hence, Palaemoniae co- 
 'ronae, chaplets of pine leaves, v/ith 
 which the viftors at the. Ifthmian 
 games were crowned, Claadian, de Con- 
 ■fill Tbcod. 289.} Plin, 15, ic.— — f 2. 
 
 1 PAL 
 
 The name of a fhepherd, Virg. EcK 
 
 5» ?^- 
 
 Palaephatus, an ancient Greek au* 
 
 thor, who wrote a book, entitled, De 
 
 incredibilibus. Palaephatia vox, the 
 
 writings of Palaephatus, whether of 
 him who wrote the book jull mention- 
 ed, or not, is uncertain, Virg. Cir. 88. 
 
 PALAMeDES, .is, the fon of 
 Nanplius, [Naupliades), king of Eu- 
 boea, a defcendant of Beliis, [Belldcs), 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 82. put to death by the 
 Greeks, through the craft of Ulyffes, 
 
 (G. 453.) Palamedeae 'viresy the 
 
 itrength of Palamedes, Manil. (4, 206. 
 PaleTiicdeum inventum, ingenious. 
 
 Pales, -is, the goddefs of ihepherds, 
 Ovid. Faji. 4, 721, & 776.; Virg. G. 
 
 3, 1, & 294.; Tibull. I, I, 14. 
 
 PaLilia, vel Parilia, -ium, v. .ioruni, 
 the feftival in honour of Pales, Varr, 
 R. R.2, I, 9.; L. L. 5, 3. ; Tihidl, 
 2, 5, 87. ; v/hich was celebrated on the 
 2 ill April, the day on which Rome 
 was faid to have been founded, {Pa- 
 rilibus natali urlis, Cic. Div. 2, 74, 
 Parilihus Romam condidit Romulus, VelL 
 I, 8. Fejlifque Paldibus urbis Moenia 
 conduntur, Ovid. Met. 14, 774.) F. 4, 
 806. Flamma Palilis, the iiame of Pa- 
 les, made at her facred rites, by rub- 
 bing one ftone on another, Ovid. F. 4, 
 
 798. Sidus Palilicium v. Pariliciumy 
 
 the conflellation Hyades ; fo called, 
 becaufe it nfed to fbine bright on the 
 night of the feftival of Pales, PUn. 18, 
 
 26 f. 66. Some make Pales a god, 
 
 Serv. ad Virg. C 3, I» ; Arnob. 1. l, et 
 
 Palfurius Sura, v. Palphurius, a fa- 
 mous orator in the time of Domitian, 
 Suet. Dom. 13. ; Juvenal 4, 53. ; Mar- 
 tial 6, 64, 13. 
 
 Palici, two brothers, the fons of 
 Jupiter by the nymph Thalia ; or ac- 
 cording to others, of Vulcan by Aet- 
 na, the daughter of Oceanus ; wor- 
 fhipped as deities by the Sicilians near 
 Catana ; fometimes ufed in the fing. 
 Palicus, Virg. Aen. Q, 585. et Mac- 
 rob, Sat. 5> 19' Stagna Palicorum, the 
 pools of the Palici, whence they were 
 
 fuppofed 
 
PAL t 301 ] 
 
 fuppofed to have emerged, Ovid. Md, Homer. 
 5, 406. et Macroh. ibid* Oknt'ia (lagna 
 Palic'i, Id. ex P. 2, 10, 25. The tem- 
 ple of the Palici flood near thefe ful- 
 phureous fpn'ngs, where folemn oaths 
 were adminKtered, and falfe fwearers 
 were drowned in the lake, S'll. 14, 220. 
 (ti Macroh. ih. 
 
 Palinurus, the fon of iafus, i^ya- 
 s7des), the pilot of Aeneas, P^irg. A. 
 5, 12. who being overpowered by the 
 god SoMNus, or fleep, fell from the 
 Itern, and was drowned near the pro- 
 montory of Italy, afterv/ards called by 
 liis name, Virg. Am. 5, 833, &c. {^sx 
 *axjv. rurfusy et vpuv, nujere, i. e. bis me- 
 jensy Martial. 3, 78.) 
 
 Palladius, a writer on hufbandry, 
 in the time of the Anton ines or later, 
 whofe works are ftill extant. 
 
 PALLAS, -adisi (properly called 
 by the Latins Minep.va), the goddefs 
 of wifdom and of war, of fpinning and 
 weaving, alfo of feveral other arts, &c. 
 [Mille dea ejl operum, Ovid. Fail. 3, 
 833.) faid to have fprung, by the ftroke 
 of Vulcan, from the brain of Jupiter, 
 armed with her lliield, (G. 363.). 
 {^De capitis fertur Jine mat re paterni Ver- 
 tice cum clypeo projlluijfe fuu, Ovid. F. 3, 
 841.) Hence, Ovid, fpcaking of his 
 poems, fays, Palladis exemploy de me fi- 
 ne mat re creata Carmina funt^ Trift. 3, 
 14, 13. — Princeps et invent rix belli, Cic. 
 N. D. 3, 21. Armifona, v/arlike, Firg. 
 Aen, 3, 544. turbata, enraged, ib. 8, 
 435.; innuptaj unmarried, the virgin, 
 ib, 2, 31. IntaBae Palladis urbs, the 
 city of the chafle Pallas, i. e. Athens, 
 Hot. Od. I, 7, 5. Pallas iniquafuit, fc. 
 Teucris, OvieL Tr. i, 2, 8. Gorgonls 
 anguife?'ae peBus operta comis, having her 
 breaft or bread-plate covered with the 
 hair of the fnaky Gorgon, Propert. 2, 
 2, 8. So Ovid, Met. 4, 803. Jam 
 Pallas aegida parat, her aegis or golden 
 breaft-plate, in the middle of which was 
 the head of the Gorgon Medufa, Hor, 
 Od, I, 15, II. Aegida horriferam, — 
 ipfamque in pe&ore Divae Gorgona, de- 
 fe&o vertentem lumina collo^ Virg. Aen. 
 8, 435, &c. etibi Serv.; Martial 7, i.j 
 
 PAL 
 
 II. 2, 447, &c. 5, 738, &c. 
 JDefenditur aegids pe&us, Ovid. Met. 6, 
 
 79. The aegis is alfo put for the 
 
 ihield of Pallas or Jupiter, Hor. Od. 3, 
 4, 57. ; Firg. Aen. 8, 354. Palladis 
 arbor, \.\\Q. olive, Ovid. Met, 6, 335.; 
 Art. A. 2, $iS. So Palladis rami, 
 Virg. Aen. 7, 154. hence Pallade pin- 
 gui tingere membra, with oil, Ovid. Ep. 19, 
 44. So Infufd Pallade, i. e. oleo. Id. Tr. 
 4, 5, 4. Baccifera Pallas, the olive bear- 
 ing berries, i.e. olives. Id. Amor. 2, 16, 
 8. — — — Palladis ales, i. e. the raven, 
 [c'jrn.ms). Id. Fad. 2, 89. Palladis 
 ars, the art of making wool into cloth. 
 Id. Pont. 3, 8, 9. Alia Palladis arte, 
 i. e. by war, not by fpinning and wea- 
 ving, Ovid. Art. i, 692. Pallas 
 
 is fometimes put for an image of her, 
 which was kept in the citadel of Troy; 
 thus, Ovid. Met. 13, 99. Hie locus eji 
 Vejlae, qui P alladafervat et ignem. Here 
 is the temple of Veila, which contain* 
 the palladium and the facred fire, ///. 
 Tr. 3, I, 29. So Pallada Roma tenet^ 
 
 Id. Faft. 6, 424. Palladu honoresy 
 
 the honours offered by Pallas to Paris, 
 wifdom and valour, Ovid. Ep. 17, 133. 
 Palladia nurnine tuta fugit, ( al. fuit fc. 
 navisj, by the power of Pallas, Ovid. 
 F. I, -9, 12. Palladia miinera, i. e. the 
 flute thrown away by Pallas, which 
 Marfyas found, Lucan. 3, 405. ; Ovid» 
 
 Fajl, 6, 703. ; Apollodor. , 4, 2 
 
 Palladii latices, oil. Id. M. 8, 275. Et 
 tu, (al. tua), Palladiae peiitur cui pal- 
 ma coronae, who art a candidate for an 
 olive crown, the prize of the vigors 
 at the Olympic games, Ovid. Art. A. 
 I, 727. arbor, the olive, Sil. i, 238. 
 
 Difficile s primum terrae Palladia gau' 
 
 de?it fylvd vivacis olivae, in the firft 
 place, unfertile grounds dehght or re- 
 joice in the wood of the long-lived o- 
 live, facred to Pallas, Virg. G.z, i8i.j 
 Plin. 16, 44 f. 90. Pcdladiae arces^ 
 i. e. Athens, jvid. Met. 7, 399, &: 
 723.; but Fid or Palladiae ligneus arcis 
 equus, the wooden horfe which van- 
 quifhed the citadel of Troy, confecra- 
 ted to Pallas, Propert. 3, 9, 42. Pal- 
 ladia rails ^ the (hip Argo, made by the 
 
 advice 
 
PAL [302 
 
 advice of Pallas, Id. in Win, 268. So i 
 j^u/^pisi Val.Flac. 8, 292.; opusy Phaedr. 
 
 4. 6. 
 Palladium, the image of Pallas, 
 
 '^•hlch was faid to have fallen from hea- 
 ven on the citadel of Troy, Oviii. F. 
 6,421. There was a prediftiou that 
 Troy would (land as long as this Image 
 {hould remain in the temple of Miner- 
 va ; on which account It was preferved 
 with religious care. But It was ftokn 
 away by UiyfTes and Diomedes, [Fa- 
 tale ajrrejji fucrato avellers templo Palla- 
 dium,) Virg.Acn.2, 169.; Add. S'll. 
 ^2, 41, — 50. Hence Palladli fiiriay 
 VIrg. Aen. 9, 151. to which Cicero 
 alludes, Mil 12. Hanc pro Pallad'w — 
 efgiejn Jiafuere, fc. Graeciy have ereft-^ 
 ed' this image of an horfe in place of 
 the Palladium, ib. 2, 183.—- — There 
 was another image of Pallas in the ci- 
 tadel of Troy, ib. 227. and perhaps fe- 
 veral. Aeneas is fnppofed to have car- 
 ried one of thefe along with him^ into 
 Italy. It was after vvards rcllgioufly 
 preferved, together with the Penates ^ 
 in the temple of Vefta at Rome, ( Vid. 
 R. Ant. p. 316.) Lucan. 9, 994. ; Liiu 
 
 5, 2 2. To this Cicero alludes, Phil. 
 If, 10. 
 
 PALLAS, -antisy an Arcadian, the 
 great-grandfather or progenitor, [proa- 
 vus)) of Evauder, P^ir^. Aen, 8, 5 i. af- 
 ter whom Evandcr called the town or 
 fortrefs, which he built on one of the 
 hills on which Rome afterwards Rood, 
 Pallantarum, ih, 54. [Fid. Geogr. 
 
 3 P A M 
 
 i.e. next morning. Id. F. 4, 573. — cY 
 Pallantis, -7dis, Sexto Pallantldos or" 
 
 her OS y Evan- 
 
 id. F. 5. 
 
 Index. ) Pa l l a n't 1 u s 
 
 dcr defcended from Pallas, 
 
 647- 
 
 PALLAS, -antis, voc. Palky Ovid. 
 
 Fail. I, 521. the fon of Evander, Virg. 
 Aen. 8, 104. ; fent by his father with 
 a body of cavalry to alTift Aeneas, ib. 
 514, 585, &:c. flain by Tunius, ib. 10, 
 487. ^ • 
 
 Pallas, -antis, a giant, faid by fome 
 to have been the father of Aurora ; 
 whence that goddefs is called PaLL .^N. 
 TiAs, -adis, Ovid. Met. 9, 420. Prac 
 via luci PaUantiusy Aurora who goes 
 before the light, //;. 15, 191. Pojiera 
 cum caclo motis Pallaniias djlris Fuljerit^ 
 
 tuy at the fixth rifing of Aurora, or 
 the dawn, i. e. on the fixth day, Ovid. 
 Met. 15, 700. Pallantide caefus eddem 
 Didiusy on the fame morning or day. 
 Id. F. 6, 567. 
 
 Pallas, -antisy an Athenian, the 
 father of Clytos and Butes, the com- 
 panions of king Cephalus, who are 
 hence called Pallante creati, Ovid. Met. 
 7, 500. \dfaiiy ib. 665. 
 
 Pallas, -aniisy the freed man of 
 Claudius, who, by means of his extra- 
 ordinary power, acquired immenfe ri- 
 dies, Tac. Ann. Ii, 29.; Suet. CI. 28. 
 which at laft proved his ruin. For Ne- 
 ro (whom he had been in ftru mental va 
 raifing to the empire, by bringing a- 
 bout the marriage of Agrlppina, the 
 mother of Nero, with Claudius, Tac. 
 Ann. 12, 2. and by perfuading Clau- 
 dius to adopt Nero, and to prefer him 
 
 to Britannicus his own fon, ib. 25. j 
 firft removed him from his public offi- 
 ces, ib. 13, 14. and at laft poifoned 
 him, becaufe by living to a great age 
 he prevented that emperor from ob- 
 taining his exorbitant wealth, [quod 
 immenlam pecuniam longd fenecld detineret^y 
 lb. 14. 65 f. — Pallas poiTeiTed no lefs 
 than three mUlIons of fefterces, (fejler- 
 tii ter mlUies p^jf^ij'orjy computed at a- 
 bout L. 2,421,875 of our money, Tac, 
 Ann. 12, 53. The fervility of the fe- 
 nate, in decreeing honours to this mi- 
 nion while in the height of his power, 
 exceeds belief, ib. et Plin. Ep. 7, 29. ct 
 8,6. 
 
 Pallas, -antisy the father of one 
 of the five T^Iinervas mentioned by Ci- 
 cero, fiain by his daughter for a juil 
 reafon, Cic. iV". Z>. 3, 23. 
 
 Pallor, -orisy Palenefs, a divinity, 
 to which Tullus Hoftihus vowed a 
 temple, Lii). 1,27. 
 
 P'a?vimenes, -is, an eloquent Greek 
 rhetorician, the teacher of M. Brutus, 
 L ic. Brut. 97- a great admirer of De- 
 mofthenes, Cic. Or. zg. 
 
 Pampkilus, a fcholar of Plato's, 
 
 Cic. M D. 2, 26. • ^ 2. A Greek 
 
 rhetorician, "Cif. Or. 3, 21. ^3. A 
 
 painter. 
 
PAN 
 
 t 303 ] 
 
 PAN 
 
 painter, the praeceptor of Apelles and 
 
 Paufias, Pl'm, 35, 11 f. 40. Pam- 
 
 pbilus is a name frequent in comedy, 
 Ter. 
 
 PAN, PaniSi V. -CJ-, ace. Pana, the 
 fon of Mercury and Penelope, Hygin. 
 224. the god of fhepherds, worfliipped 
 in a fpeclal manner by the Arcadians. 
 Deus Arcad'tac^ Virg. Eel. 10, 26. pe- 
 corisj Ovid. Fart. 2, 271. CuJIos ovii/m, 
 Virg. G. I, 17. called Inuus by the 
 Latins, Liv. I, 5. reprefented with 
 two fmall horns on his head, and the 
 feet of a goat, Herodot. 2, 46. hence 
 called conitpi'Sf Sii. 13, 338. of a very 
 amorous difpofitlon, (G. 380.). Se- 
 veral deities of this name are mention- 
 ed ; thus, P'lnu praecinSit cornua Panes y 
 Ovid. Met. 14, 638. Biformes Panes, 
 Columel. 10, 427. Caprlpedes Panes, 
 Propert. 3, 15, 54. (al. 3, 17, 34.) 
 Mcntatiaque numtna Panes, Ovid. £p. 
 4, 171. Panes, et hi Venercm Safyrorum 
 p}-onajiiventus. Id. Fart, i, 397. When 
 the gods were terrified at the enormous 
 (ize of the giant Typhon, (G. 437.), 
 Pan advifed them to conceal thcmfclves 
 from him under the form of wild beads; 
 on which account he was ranked among 
 the conilellations ; and becaufe on that 
 occafion he changed himfelf into a goat, 
 he was called by the Greeks Aegoc'erus, 
 and by the Latins Capricornus, Hy- 
 
 gin. 196. Panicus terror, a panic, 
 
 a fudden fright or caufelefs alarm, 
 which Pan was fuppofed to be the au- 
 thor of, Val. Place. 3, 46. ; Ck. Fam. 
 16, 23. 
 
 Pan I SCI, (q. Panes par'vi), wood- 
 land divinities, Ck.N.JD, 3, 17. fmg. 
 Panifcus, Cic. Div. 2, 21. ; Plin. -2^^, 
 II. 
 
 PANAETIUS, a floic philofopher 
 of Rhodes, the praeceptor of Scipio 
 Africanus the Younger, Ck. Or. i, 11. 
 Cff. I, 26. bywdiom he was greatly re- 
 fpedled, Ck. Att. 9, 1 2. the praeceptor 
 alfo of feveral others, Ck. Br. 26, & 
 30. Or. I, II. He ridiculed the pie- 
 diflions of augurs and aftrologers, Ck. 
 Div. I, 3, & 7. ^-Z 2, 42. He wrote very 
 accurately concerning the duties of 
 man, Cic. CJf. 1,2, et ^, 2. and Cicero 
 
 acknowledges that he borrowed much 
 from him in his book of Offices, (P^z- 
 naetius, quern muhiim in his lihris Jecutus 
 fiim. Off. 2, 17. ^temqiie nos, correc- 
 tione quadam adhib'itdy polijjimum fecuti 
 fumus, ib. 3, 2.). He wrote feveral o- 
 ther books ; as, concerning the bear- 
 ing of pain, Cic. Fin. 4, 9. providence, 
 Cic. Att. 13, 8. the duties of magiftrates^ 
 Cic. Leg. 3, 6, &:c. 
 
 Pandarus, a Trojan, the fon of 
 Lycaon, who, at the inftigation of 
 Pallas, broke off a propofed agreement 
 between the Trojans and Greeks, to 
 decide their quarrel by fmgle combat 
 between Menclaus and Paris, by throw- 
 ing a dart among the Greeks, and 
 wounding Menelaus, Homer. //. 4, 88, 
 &c.; Virg. Aen. 5, 496. Fie v/as flain 
 by Diomedes, ih. 5, 290. 
 
 Pan DION, -onis, a king of Attica, 
 (G. 418.), whofe daughter Procne 
 married Tereus king of Thrace, Ovid. 
 Met. 6, 426, &c. Pandione nata, Phi- 
 lomela, the other daughter, violated by 
 Tereus, ib. 520. Procne, ib. 634. Gf- 
 nitae Pandlone, the daughters of Pan- 
 dion, Procne and Philomela, ih. 665. 
 metamorphofed into birds, Philomela 
 into a nightingale, and Procne into a 
 fwallow, il. 668. Thus, cum bene ftt 
 claujae caved Pandione natae, (i.e. lufci- 
 niae), Nititur in Jihas ilia redire fuas. 
 Id. Pont. I, 3, 39. Ales Pandionis, a 
 fwallow, Lucan. ad Pif. 2^^. Pandioii 
 died of grief for the misfortunes of his 
 
 daughters, ib. 675. Pandioniae 
 
 Athenae, Athens, once governed by 
 Pandion, Oi^id. Met. 15, 430. Mons 
 Pandionius, the citadel of Athens, Stat. 
 "Theb. 2, 720. called Pandioniae arcesy 
 Claudian. de Rapt. Proferp. 2, 19, 
 
 PANDoRA, a woman made cf 
 clay by Vulcan, animated by Minerva, 
 and adorned by the other gods with 
 their proper gifts ; whence her name, 
 (q. omne donum, vel ab omnibus donatOf 
 Vid. G. 435.), Hygin. 142. 
 
 Pandrosos, -/, a daughter of Ce- 
 crops king of Athens, Ovid. Met. 2, 
 559. voc. Pandrofo, vel -e, ib. 738. 
 
 Panomphaeus, -/, an epithet of 
 Jupiter, {^ex jca; omnis, et o^^, vox : quod 
 
 omnium 
 
PAN [ so 
 
 cfxn'ium voces audiat, vel cmn'ium 'vocihus 
 coIatur)y Ovid. Met. ii, 198. 
 
 Pamope, -esy a fea-nymph, one of 
 the Nereids, O'vid. ad Lh. 435. vel Pa- 
 no? E a, Virg. Jen. 5, 240, & 825. G. 
 
 'c. Vwius PANSA, conful with 
 Hirtlus, In the year after the death of 
 Caefar, Ctc. Phil. 5, 19. He died of 
 the wounds which he received In the 
 battle of Mutina, Cic. Fam. 10, 33. 
 conf. Id. ad Brut. 6. PkiL 11,9. 
 
 Pantaleon, -oni'iSy a chief of Ae- 
 tolla, Liv. 42, 15. 
 
 Pant HE A, the wife of Abradates 
 V. Abradatas, king of Sufa, who be- 
 ing taken prifoner by Cyrus, and be- 
 ing treated by him with great refpeft, 
 brought over her hufband to his inte- 
 rcft. She killed herfelf on the body of 
 her hufba-nd, who had fallen in battle, 
 XenopLCyrGp."!. 
 
 Panthous, the father of iinpnor- 
 bus; who is hence called Pant ho ides, 
 Ovid. Met. 15, 161. and becaufe Pytha- 
 goras, in proof of his doarine concern- 
 tlic tranfinigration of fouls, pretended 
 that his foul had animated the body of 
 Euphorbus, i3. therefore, Pythagoras 
 is alfo called Panteoides, Hor. Od. i, 
 28, 10. FzW. Euphorbus f/ Pytha- 
 goras. 
 
 PanthUs, -f, (contrafted for Pan- 
 thoos,) the fon of Oireus or Othrys, 
 {Otnades v. Othryades ;) the pricft of 
 Apollo, whofe temple was in the cita- 
 del of Troy, {arcls Phoellque facerdcs,) 
 Virg. Jen. 2, 319. voc. Panthu, ib. 
 322. 
 
 PAPIUS, the name of a Roman 
 gens; whence Lex Papia Poppaea, 
 propofcd by the confiils M. Paplus and 
 Q. Poppaeiis, at the defire of Auguf- 
 tus, a, u. 762, Z)ic, 56, 3, & 4. {Vid. 
 A. 212.) 
 
 C. Papius, a tribune, who got a 
 law made, that foreigners fliould be 
 obliged to lea^e the city, a. u. 688. ; 
 
 £>io, 37, p- 33- • ^'"^' '^'''=^'>- 5- ^^^\' 
 2 3. JtU 4, 14. which Cicero very much 
 difapproves, Of. 3, 11. 
 - Papiniaxus, a celebrated lawyer, 
 in great favour with the emperor Se- 
 
 4 ] PAR 
 
 verus ; who at his death recommended 
 to him the care of his fons Caracalla 
 and Geta. When Caracalla had mur- 
 dered his brother, he commanded Pa- 
 pinian to palliate the deed in the fe- 
 nate ; but he declined it by faying, 
 that it was eafier to commit parricide 
 than to excufe It : on which account 
 he was beheaded, Spartlan. Sever. 21. 
 From Paplnlan, ftudents of law were 
 called Pai'inianistae, jujliman. In E- 
 pljlola Pandcclls praefixd. 
 
 PAPIRIUS, the name of an Illuf- 
 trious Roman ^f/?^. The Papirii an- 
 ciently were called Papisii, Cic. Fam. 
 9, 21. The Paplrllw&rt diftinguilhed 
 by various firnames ; as, Carho, Craf- 
 fuSy Curfor^ Alafoy AlugiUdnusj Sec. 
 
 L. PAPIRIUS Mugllldnus, the 
 firll cenfor, Lh. 4, 8. with L. Sem- 
 pronius Atratlnus, a. u. 312. Cic. Fam. 
 9, 21. 
 
 L. PAPIRIUS Curfory who as con- 
 ful and dictator repeatedly triumphed 
 over the Samnites, Liv. 8, 29, 5cc. 9, 
 14, &c. His rigid difclphnc, efpeclal- 
 ly in prorecuting his m.aftcr of horfe 
 for fighting, although with fuccefs, 
 contrary to orders, Llv. 8, 3dj| — 35. 
 gave occafion to the exprefiion, Papi- 
 
 EIANA SACVITIA, Llv. I O, 3. 
 
 L. Papituus Craffus, di£lator a. 
 615, and then confal with Duillus, a. 
 617, Ctc. Fam. 9, 21. 
 
 L. Papirius Fregellanusy the moH 
 eloquent man of his time, Ck. Brut» 
 
 46. 
 
 M. Pahrius, a Roman equesy mur- 
 dered by P. Clodius on the Fla Jppluy . 
 Cic. Mil. 7. Dom. 19. 
 
 L. Papihius P actus y the friend of 
 Cicero, Cic. Jtt. i, 20. ; an epicurean, 
 a man of learning and wit, Cic. Fam. 9. 
 
 Paralus, an Athenian, who firll 
 conftruded a triremis, Cic. Verr. 4, 
 60. ; Plin. 7,56. 
 
 PARCAE, -arnmy the three Fates, 
 Clotho, Lachefis, and Atropos, (hence 
 Tot rejlant de menje diesy quot nomina 
 Parcisy i. e. three, Ovid. Faji. 6, 795.) 
 faid to be the daughters of Erebus and 
 Nox, Cic. N. Z). 3, 17 f. or of Jupiter 
 and Themis, Hcfwd, ; fuppofed by the 
 ♦ poets 
 
PAR C 30j: 3 PAR 
 
 poets to determiiic the life of man by cut it, {Clotho colum tenet., Lachejh 
 
 ipinning, and to predict what was to mty Atropos Jilum frangit^) Laftant. i, 
 
 happen to him: (-lotho held the diltafF, 1 1. But their offices are not always 
 
 Lachefis fpan the thread, and Atropos diflinguifhed *, 
 
 * Catullus who gives a particular defcxij)- clofe, ib. 148. V'ik operi cunBag duxtra pro- 
 
 tion of the Parcae, makes each of them both peranteforores lu^chnt ; laJJ'anl rumpente:Jlaminfi 
 
 '■"'"" ' " * Parcas, AU the three filters are fcarcely fuf- 
 
 to hold the diftafF and at the fame time to 
 fpin, 60, 304, — 320. Then he makes them 
 conclude every part of thtir prtciitflions con 
 cerninj; Achilles with this line, Curriie duceri' 
 tes ful/temxncty cuiriti /i</t, Ren, run, ye fpin- 
 dles, drawing oat the wcof, iL 327, ^c. 
 Thus Virjnl, Tal'w faecla^Juis d'txerur.t, currite, 
 flips Caicadi'S fiabili fatorvm numine Farcae. 
 The Fartac agreeing with the fixt determi- 
 nation or order of the Fates, faid to their 
 fpindlcs, Run on, y^ ages, in this manner, 
 i. e. continue without jntermilli':n, and with- 
 out end, in x\\t prefcrt happy ilate, Ed. 4, 
 46 When t!-e Defkinies intended a long or 
 happy life to any man, they were fuppofed 
 to Ipin a white thread ; it the contrary, a 
 black thread ; thus, Pofiquavt Parcae meliora 
 ienigna Pen/a mantt ducunt hilares, et JIaminis 
 all/:, Lanipcae, Since the Purcae fpin threads 
 of a white colour, 1, e. promife long life and 
 profperity, 'Juvenal. 12, 64. iJum Lacheft 
 fuperej}, quod torgueat^ while Lachefis l;as fome 
 thread to fpin, ;. <?. while I have the prolpe«5l 
 of living a long time, Id. 3, 27. So, Dum 
 Jorarum Fila triu^i patiuntur atra, while the 
 Llack threads of three fifter?, /. e. the Parcae^ 
 allow, Ho^. Od. a, 5, 15, Si mihi lumfcae 
 ducufit non pulla furores jiamina, threads that 
 are not black, /. e. which do not threaten 
 death, Mart'wl. 6, 58, 7. Ultima I'ohentcs 
 crabat pen/a farcris Vt itahercnt parva jlamina. 
 mora, i. e. he entreated the fifiers (the Def- 
 tinies) to fpare him a little longer, Id. 4, 73, 
 3. Sed grave tardas ExpeSiare cohs. Morie- 
 ris famine notidum Alripio, But it is irkfome 
 (for your fon) to v. ait the flow dillafTs of the 
 Fates. You fliall die, your thread not yet 
 being broken, /. e. your fon will tut you ofi" 
 by poifon, to enjoy your eilate, Id. 14, 248. 
 At ruea Cktho Et Lachefis gaudent, fi. Sec. my 
 defcinies rejoice, i. e. 1 am pkafed, or fatisfied, 
 Jd. 9, 135. Lan'fcas nulli ires exorare puellas 
 Contigit, i^bfervant quern Jiatuere diem, No one 
 has been able to prevail on the Fates to delay 
 the day of his death. Martial. 4, 54, 5. So 
 Immites fcis nulla revolvers Parcas Stamifiqy 
 Stat. Theb. 7- Hunc cecir,erC diem Pai cae fa- 
 talia nentes Stamina, non ulli (i^Jjoluenaa dee, Ti- 
 buU. I, 7 f. 8, I. Efis io Suftri, nsc itiexora- 
 iile Clothe Volvit cpvs. There are gods, nor i.s 
 fate inexorable, S'at. Silv. 1,4, I. Irf.,;ffi 
 Lachefis cunabula dexira attig't, touched the 
 cradle of the boy with unlucky hand, /. e. 
 (determined thai his days ftiould be fhorr, ib^ 
 1, 1, 120. Si'b'tas iti'.mica levavit Parca ma- 
 pus, railed htr hands to break the thread of 
 life, ib. 137' Parcts frcgiles vrgeritibus annes 
 urging on his frail years or tender age to a 
 
 ficicnt for the work; fo many are to fall, and 
 co.ifequentiy there will be fo many threads 
 to be broken, as to tire the Parcae, Lucan. 
 3, 18 So Repeuta fla fararis fradurat-, (al, 
 tra6iurae,) about to break (or fpin) again the 
 threads cf thofc who (hould be reftored to 
 life. Id. 6, 703. Trifia Parcarum famina^ 
 ib. 777. Ilanc iucem celeri ttirbinc Parca neat I 
 Let Fate quickly bring on this day! Ovid, ad 
 Jjiv. 164. Et fahat vacua jam tibi Parca cola, 
 ftood with an empty diftafF, had no more wool 
 to fpin, i. e. the thread of life was fpent, U. 
 Amcr, 2, 6, 46. Extremaque Laufo Parcae f la 
 legunt, the Deftinies gather or wind up on 
 the fpindle the laft threads of the life of Lau- 
 fus, Virg. Aen. IO, 815. Patca meliore, with 
 better fortune, with more lucky aufpiceSjO-y/V, 
 Ep, II, 105. Parca non meniax. Fate that 
 does not deceive, Hor. Od, 2, 16, 39. Fcfr 
 que veracss cecinijfe Parcae, X^c, true in having 
 predicted, or who have truly foretold what 
 has been once determined (by Jupiter), and 
 what the fixt courfe of things obfcrves ; add 
 profperous fates or events to thofe that are 
 already paft, Id. Carmen. Saec. 25. Parcae 
 iniquae, the adverfe fates, Hor, Od. 2, 6, 9. 
 Propinquat Parcarum dies, the fatal day ap- 
 proaches, yirg. Aen. 12, 15O. An dominae 
 fa to quicquid cecinere for ores Omne fub arbitrio 
 dfunt effe Deum ? Ovid. Trift. 5,3, 17. 5«V 
 I'cct banc legem nentes fat alia Parcae bis genito 
 bis cednere tibi, the Fates, which fpin the 
 fatal threads, twice foretold to you, Bacchus, 
 who waft tv/ice born, (once of Sememe, 
 and a fecond time from the thigh of Jupiter, 
 Fid. G. 382.) this condition of life, (that thou 
 fliouldfl traverfe diftant countries,) ib. — — 
 The Fates were fuppofed to prediA or pro- 
 liounce at every one's birth the fortune of 
 their future lives : Thus, Ovid relating the 
 birth of Meleagtr, Stipes erat, &.C. Met. 2, 
 451, &c. ; Hygin. 171, ^ 174. Nubih 
 nafcenti mihi Parca fuit, my fate was clouded 
 or gloomy at my birth, Ovid. Trif 5, 3, I4> 
 Parcaque ad extremum, qua rtfca coep'it eat, let 
 my fate go on to the end in the fame way it 
 has begun, Id. Pont. 3, 7, 20. Sic Parcarum 
 foedere cautum ef, fp it is provided or ordered 
 by the law of the DefHnies, Ovid, Met. J^ 
 532. So Sic placiium Parcis, it is fo deter- 
 mined by the Fates, Hor. Od. 2, 1 7, 16. Sic 
 volvere Parcas, fc. fua fla, that "the Fates 
 thus fpin their threads, /. £. thus ordain, l^irg^ 
 Aen. 1,22. ParCae nioeriia dant Teucris, ib. 5. 
 789. tcnipora debita cfimplerqnt^ ib. 9, I07« 
 Immitcs babui Parcas^ I have had a cruel fate, 
 Pro/frf. 4, IZ, 13- 
 
 d q PARIS5 
 
? A R [306 
 
 PARTS, -Uis, the fon of Priam 
 and Hecuba ; called alfo Alexander ; 
 cxpofed when an infant on Mount Ida, 
 becaufe Heciiba, when pregnant of 
 him, had dreamed that (he had brought 
 forth a torch ; and the foothfayers be- 
 ing confulted had declared, that he 
 would caufe the de{lru6lion of his coun- 
 try. He was educated among iliep- 
 herds, and was himfelfa fhepherd. 
 Being appointed by Jupiter to deter- 
 mine the contcll: about beauty, or the 
 golden apple, between Juno, Minerva, 
 iand Venus, he determined in favour of 
 Venus ; which excited the wrath of 
 the other two goddeiTes again ft himfelf 
 and his nation. By the affillance of 
 Venus he carried off Helena, which 
 occafioned the war of Troy, [G, 414.) 
 Catull. 67, 87, & loi. 
 
 PARIS, '^disj a noted player, the 
 freed man of Domitia, the au:it of Ne- 
 ro, fuborned as an accufer of Agrip- 
 pTna, that empgror*s mother, Tac.Jnn, 
 13, 19, &: 2 1. Nero is faid to have 
 put him to death as a dangerous rival, 
 {qvajl gravem adverfariu?n) y Suet. Ner. 
 54. according to Dio, becaufe he widi- 
 cd to learn dancing from Paris, but 
 
 could not, Bioy 63, iR. ^^ 2. A 
 
 famous player of pantomime, a native of 
 Egypt, killed by IDomitian, becaufe 
 X)cmitia, the emprefs, was too fond of 
 h\m^ Suet, Dcm. 10.; Bloy 67.; Stho- 
 fiajl, in jwvenaL 6, 87. His merit as a:i 
 ador ig highly extolled by Martial, n, 
 
 Paris, a name given to Mummiu?^, 
 becaufe he fcduced the wives of Lucul- 
 ius and Pompey, Cic. Oral. 49. j A^ D. 
 3, 38.; ^/^ J, 18. 
 
 Parmenides, -/>, a fceptical philo- 
 fopher, who maintained thf uncertain- 
 ly of human knowledge, Cic. yic, 4, 
 23. He taught that all things were 
 produced from tire, ib. 37. and enter- 
 tained ftran;^e notions conccrninp- the 
 nature of the deity, Cic. N. D. i, 11. 
 
 PAR^JENIO, 'Onisy one of the prin- 
 cipal generals of Alexander, put to 
 ^catii by him on a fufpicipn oi treafon, 
 ^ujiin. 1 2., 6. ; Curt. 8', 8^ 
 
 Parrhasius, a" noble painter, Cic. 
 
 1 PAS 
 
 Tiifc. 1,2.; Suet. Tib. 44. a native of 
 Ephefus, the competitor of Zeuxis, 
 Plin. 35, 10. ; A then. 12, 21. ; Paufan. 
 1,43. et 6, 25. 
 
 Parthaon, -onis^ the father of Oe- 
 neus, king of Aetolia, whence Oeneus 
 is called Parthaone natusy Ovid. Met. 
 9, 12. Partkaonis arvay the country 
 of Aetolia, Stat. Thek z, ']z6. Par- 
 THA0i<riA domusy the family of Partha- 
 on, or of Oeneus, his fon, Ovid. Met. 8, 
 541. ; Stat. Theb. i, 670. 
 
 Parthcniae, v. -//, a name given 
 to the children born by the wives of 
 thofe Lacedaemonians who were fo lon^ 
 abfent in the MefTenian war, (G'.''463.) 
 Jujin. 3, 4, f/ 20, I, 15. 
 
 PARTiir.xius, a friend of Martial; 
 whence P arthenian,a togCy a toga which 
 Parthenius gave va a prefent to Martial, 
 
 8, 28. et 9, 50 f. 
 pARTHE!sroPAi:us, a renowned war- 
 rior, {inclitxis armis), Virg. A. 6, 480. 
 the fon of Menalippa and Mars, or Me- 
 lanion, a king qf Arcadia, vidio went, 
 when very young, to the Theban war, 
 Serv.ib. according to Hyginus, the fon 
 of Meleager by Atalanta, f. 70, & 99. 
 tStatius makes him the fon of Atalanta, 
 but does not mention his father, Theb* 
 4, 246, &c. He is reprefented as un- 
 cominonly beautiful, ib. 25 r, — 260. 
 Hence Martial fays of him, Nonjaculo 
 non enjs fully latfiifve fugittay Cajfide dura 
 liber Parlhenopaeus eraty his beauty pre- 
 ftrved him from being wounded, Mart. 
 
 9, 57, 8. F'rom his beautiful appear- 
 ance lie is fuppofed to have derived hia 
 nam.e, (q. virginei vulliis juvenis.) 
 
 Pakthenove, -esy (i. e. virginspm 
 •vocem habens ; a -rap^ivog, virgOy et o-sp' 
 I'ox :) one of the Sirens, the daughter 
 of the river Achelous, {^Achelo^iasy -adisy 
 Sil. 12, 34.) Hygin. 141. who gave 
 name to the city r^vaples, by her having 
 been buried there, Plin. 3,5. ; Sil. 12, 
 33. Hence Parlhenopeui moeniay the 
 walls of Naples, Ovid. Met. 14, 10 1. 
 
 Pary SATIS, 'Htisy the wife of Da<!« 
 rius Ochus, infamous for her cruelty, 
 (G. 616.) 
 
 pAsiPHAE, -esy the daughter of Sol 
 by the nymph Perseis^ JipoUodor. i, 9,, 
 
t* A S^ 
 
 K ; DV. A^. A3, 18. the wiTe of Mi*- 
 nos, rendered infamous by her pafijon 
 for a bull, and producing by him the 
 monfter called the Minotaur, [G. 
 374.) Pasiphaeia, k. Jiliaf Phae- 
 dra, the daughter of Pafiphae, OwW. 
 Met. 15, 500. 
 
 Pasithea, the name given by fome 
 to Euphrosyne, one of the three Gra- 
 ces, (blanJarum prima fororum)^ Stat. 
 Theb. 2, 286. ; Catull/6i f. 62, 43.— 
 whom Homer makes the wife of Som- 
 i^us, IL 14« 267. 
 
 C. (al. P.al: M,) Felkius'PATEJiCV- 
 Lus, an elegant Roman hiftori;in, part of 
 whofe works are ilill extant. He great- 
 ly flattered Tiberius, in whofe army he 
 ierved as a military tribune and lieute- 
 nant. He was alfo a flatterer of Seja- 
 nus, 2, 127, &c. and fome think that 
 he was cut off by Tiberius after the 
 fall of Sejanus, on account of his ad- 
 herence to that favourite, /^/V. Dod- 
 'well. Annal. Veil. Jin, 
 
 Patiscus, a Cihcian, whofe afliftance 
 Cicero ufed when proconful in Cilicia, 
 C'lc. Fam. 2, II. He commanded the 
 republican fleet in Afia after the death 
 of Caefar, ih. 8, 9, et 12, 15. 
 
 Patro, -oniSy an epicurean, very in- 
 timate with Cicero, Ck.Fam, 13, i. 
 
 Patroclcs, -is, commander of the 
 fleet of Seltucus and Antiochus, who 
 is faid to have difcovered many coun- 
 tries, Plin. 6, 1 7. 
 
 PATROCLUS, thefon of Menoe- 
 tius, ( Menoetiades), who having gone 
 out to battle in the armour of Achilles, 
 was (lain by HeCtor, (G. 447.) 
 
 •T 2 PATROCLlANAEyt//i*'^, clcfct-llools, 
 
 fuppofed to be fo named from the ma- 
 ker Patroclus, v. .ius. Martial. 12, 78, 
 
 ^- . 
 
 Patron, -c?/z*r, a companion of Ae- 
 neas, P'^irg. Aen. 5, 298. 
 
 Pattlcius, a name given to Janus, 
 becaufe the gates of his temple were 
 always open (patelant) in time of 
 war, Omid. Fajl. l, 129. ; Conf. MaC' 
 
 rob. Sat. I, 9. ^ 2. The name of a 
 
 creditor of Cicero's ; whence Patidcia- 
 num nometiy the money due to Patulci- 
 us. (Some make it the debt of Patul* 
 
 t 3C7 1 
 
 V ED 
 
 cius, ivhic'h Atticus paid Cicero fot 
 Patulcius,) Cic. Alt. 14, 18. 
 
 Pompe'ia Paullina, the wife of Se- 
 neca, Tacit, Ann. 15, 60. who deter- 
 mined to die with her hufband, ib. 63* 
 but was prevented by the order of Ne- 
 ro, ib. 64. 
 
 PAULLUS, v. Paulas y a firname 
 of the Aemilii. 
 
 L. Aemlius PAULUS, conful with 
 M. Livius, a. 534, f. 5. who triumphed 
 over the lilyrian?, Liv. Ep'it. 20. When 
 fecond time conful with Varro, he was 
 ilain in the battle of Cannae, Liv. 22, 
 49. ; Cic. Div. 2, 33. ; Or. 2, 87. He 
 might have made his efcape, bkut would 
 not furvive his defeat, ib. whence Ho- 
 race fays of him, Animaeque magna: 
 Prodiyum Pauhimy fuperante Poeno, (i. 
 e. Annibale), Grains irjigni referam Ca" 
 mena^ I will celebrate in a lofty flrain 
 Paulus, laviili of his great foul, Od. I, 
 12, 38. 
 
 L. Aemlius PAULUS, the fon of 
 the former, Liv. 23, 30. ; who in his 
 fecond confulflrip, conquered Perfeus, 
 king of Macedonia, Liv. 44, & 45. ; 
 Cic. Mur. 14. Verr. i, 21. OJj. 2, 22, 
 whence he got the firname of Mace* 
 
 DONicus. From him L. Pifo, the 
 
 father-in-law of Caefar, and proconful 
 of Macedonia, is called Paulus, by way 
 of derilion, Cic. Pif. 17. 
 
 PAUbANIAS, -ae, 
 daemon, who defeated the Perfian ar- 
 my under Mardonius ; but afterwards, 
 being detected of having confpired a- 
 gainil his country, he was put to death, 
 
 Nep. in vita ejus, (G. 466.) ^l[[ 2. A 
 
 Macedonian young man, who flew Phi- 
 lip, jiilTi^' 9> 6, &c.— ; — 5[ 3. A na- 
 tive of Caefarea in Cappadocia, the 
 fcholar of Herodcs Atticus, who lived 
 in the time of Adrian and the Anto- 
 nines, and wrote a valuable defcriptioa 
 of Greece in ten books, flill extant. 
 
 pAUsiAs', -ae, a famous painter 01 
 Sicyon, Plin. 35, 11 1. 40.; hence 
 >' avjiaca tabella, a pi£lure done by Pau- 
 fias, Hor. Sat, 2, 7, 95. 
 
 Pedanius Secundus, praefeft of the 
 
 city, murdered by one of his flaves from 
 
 refentment at fon e injury. On which 
 
 Q^q 2 account 
 
 king of Lace- 
 
P E D t -c 
 
 Bccoitnt all the fTaves in tlie family, to 
 the number of 400, were condemned 
 by the fenate to death, according to 
 ancient cuftom, (vctere en more)^ be- 
 caiife they had not protected their 
 nlaftcr, and were executed. The peo- 
 ple rofe to fave them, but were pre- 
 vented by the guards of Nero, Tac, 
 Ann. 14, 42, — 46. 
 
 Pi^DiAs, the name of a Roman ^fwj-. 
 
 pEDiANus, a Roman firname. 
 
 Afcfjn'ius Pn DIAKU3, ^'I'ln. 7, 48. who 
 Vfrote commentaries on Cicero, fome 
 valuable remains of which are Hill ex- 
 tant. 
 
 ^ PEDIUS, appointed by Cae- 
 far's will his co-heir, together with Oc- 
 tavius, Suet. Caef. 83. ; Ner. 3. after- 
 wards the colleague of 06tavius in his 
 firft confulate, Dioy 46, 46. the author 
 of the Zpx pEDiA, againft the confpi- 
 rators who afTaffinated Caefar, Dlo. ib. 
 • mentioned by Cicero as the lieu- 
 tenant of Caefar, Atf. 9, 14. and can- 
 didate for the aedileiliip with Planciiis, 
 
 Cic. Plane. 7. f 2. A grand Ton of 
 
 this Pedius is mentioned, who was a 
 painter, and dumb, Plin. 35, 4. 
 
 Pedius Blaefus, expelled from the 
 fenate under Nero, for having plunder- 
 ed the temple of Aefculapius, Tac. 
 Ann. 14, 18. and rcftored by Otho, 
 Sd. Hift. I, 77. ^ 
 
 C. Pe1)0 AIL'movanus, a poet, con- 
 temporary with Ovid, who wrote con- 
 cerning the exploits of Thefeus, O'viJ. 
 Pont. 4, 10, 7 I. ; Martial $, ^,6. call- 
 ed dcdus^ learned, th. 2, 77, 5. to whom 
 is afcribed the elegy to Livia on the 
 death of Drufus ; commonly fubjoined 
 
 to the \<''orks of Ovid. ^ 2. The 
 
 name of a lawyer in the time of Quinc- 
 tilian, who, from a defire of appear- 
 ing rich, involved his affairs, (Stc i edo 
 cmturhat^ fc. rattones pecimiarum, i. e. 
 becomes bankrupt), jfuv. 7, 129. 
 
 C. Peducaeus, the lieutenant of 
 Panfa, who perilhed in the battle of 
 Mutina, C':c. Fam. 10, 53. 
 
 Sext. PEDUCAEUS, praetor of Sicily, 
 Cic. Vevr. 2, 56. a man of great pro- 
 bity, an inftance of which is recorded, 
 Cic, Fin. 2 y 18, 
 
 8 j PEL 
 
 PEGaSUS, the name of the wing-- 
 ed horfe of Bellerophon, {G. 394.) 
 Hence hominein fortunatum, qui ejuf- 
 modi nuntios feu potius Pegafos habeatf 
 Cic. Qjiiint. 25 f. Gradus Pecasets, 
 very quick, Scnec. Trocid. 385. So 
 Volatu i eg seo f?rri, Catull. 55, 24. 
 (Vid. Geogr. Index, Pecae.) 
 
 PegasU;, a Trojan flain by Camilla, 
 
 Virg. A. II, 670. ^ 2. A lav.'yer, 
 
 and praefeft of the city, Jwvcnal. 4, 
 77. ; whence Senatvfconfidtum Fegjf.a' 
 tium, de jideicQmiJJ'. 
 
 Pelasgus, the fon of Jupiter and 
 Niobe, king of Arcadia ; wlio, by hiy 
 numerous wives, had 50 fons, whole 
 names are recounted, Apollodor. 3, 8, 
 I. He is faid to have firft civilifed the 
 rude inhabitants, and from him the 
 country was called PflAsgia, ''auf^n, 
 8, I. or Pelasgis, -Mis ; FUn. 4, 6 f. 
 10.; whence r\KLA3Ci, the Greeks, 
 (Vid. G. Index.) 
 
 PELEUS, (in two fyll.) -eoiy v. -eiy 
 the fon of Aea' us, the hulband of the 
 fea-goddefs Thetis, and the father of 
 Achilles ; who is hence called Peli- 
 
 DES, (G. 444.) PcLiAs (-iadis) 
 
 hajla, the fpear of Achilles, Ovid. Ep, 
 3, 126. But this word comes rather 
 
 from Pelion, Vid. Geogr, Index ^ 
 
 \'i-LEix fa'^iii the deeds of Achilles, 
 Sd. 13, 803. Peleus hved to a great 
 age ; v.'lience Pekos attasy is put for a 
 long period of years, Mjri'ial. 2, 64, 3, 
 
 IE LIAS, ae, the fon of Neptune by 
 the nymph Tyro, who ufurped the 
 kingdom lolcos, and fent his nephew 
 Jafon in quell of the golden fleece. He 
 perilhed mife^-ably by the art of Me- 
 dea, Cic. Or. 3, 5. (G. 439, & 443.) 
 
 Pelopea, v. ' elopiay the daughter 
 of Thyeftes, and mother of Aegif- 
 thus, by Thyeftes, Hygin. 88- (G, 
 405.) * 
 
 PELOPS 
 
 * Hence, Si JJUa furrit ,- fit quod Pelopea 
 Thycflae, Oviil. in I bin, 361. Prarfeaos Pe- 
 lopea facity the dedicating ff a tragedy on the 
 ftory of Pelopea to Paris, the fi-.vourite ot 
 the emperor, makes one a praeftdl in the 
 army, Juvenal. 7, 9Z. Paris is faid to have 
 
 been 
 
g' 
 
 tl 
 
 p E L r 309 1 
 
 PELOPS, '6pls, the fon of Tanta- &c. Hor 
 lus ; (Tantalldes) whence Tantalus is 
 called Peloph pater, Ovid in Ibin, i8r.; 
 Hor. Epod. 17, 6^. genltor. Id. Od. i, 
 28, 7. Pelops came with his father 
 frona Phrygia into Greece, and obtained 
 in marriage Hippodamia, by conquer- 
 ing her father Oonomaus in a horfe 
 race. He thus became mafter of the 
 kingdom of Pifa and Eh's. He had 
 by Hippodamia, Atreus and Thyeftes, 
 Pittheu3 and Troezen. Plis defcend- 
 ants became fo powerful in the fouth 
 part of Greece, that the whole country, 
 formerly called Jpia and Pelafgia., isjot 
 the name of Peloponnesus, (i.e. Pclo- 
 pishfula,) Piin.4,4. Pelops'injignls humero 
 ebumOfVirg. G. 3, 7. ( FicLTA^i talus.) 
 Equi Pthpis'illi Ni-piu?iiij winged horfcs, 
 which Pclcps received in a prefent from 
 Neptune, and which are faid to have 
 carried his chariot on the furface of the 
 waves, Ck, Tufc. 2, 27 f. ; Pan/an, 5, 
 17. Sorer PeloplSi Niobe, Ovia\m Ibin, 
 587. Saeva dojr.us Peloph, the cruel 
 family of Pelops, Atreus, Aegillthus, 
 
 P E K' 
 
 Od. I, 6,8. Pelopidae, 
 
 -arum, the defcendants of Pelops ; put 
 for bad citizens and enemies of the re- 
 public, the fupporters of Antony, C/r. 
 
 ,4tt. 15, II. Fam. 7. 28, & 30 < 
 
 PELOPEIA «r^'/z, the country of Phry- 
 
 ^am me Pclopem Piitheus 
 
 been fo c^cvJicA with this verfe, that he ac- 
 tually procured the baniihment of Juvenal. 
 Sd'oliap,. iUd. The Scholiaft fays that this 
 happened under N'ero ; but the old anony. 
 inous writer ot the life of Juvenal fays, that 
 Juvenal, when 80 years of age, was fent in- 
 to Egypt to command a cohort, (ad praefec- 
 iuram incxtrema parte tendentis Aegypti ) , where 
 he foou after died. But both thcfe accounts 
 are difcredi*ed by the beil commentators; 
 who maiiuain, that Juvenal lived after €nc 
 death of Dcmitian ; trom 'Jwjenal. 4, 15c, 
 &c, and to the time of Tryjan, and even (.f 
 Adrian; from 'jwj. 6, 406, 5cc. and parti- 
 cularly from Id. 13, 17. ^Aufet haec, qui 
 jam pCjR ter^a rcliquit Sexa^inta annos, Fontejo 
 confide natus^ Does a man wonder at thele 
 things, who has left 60 years behind him, 
 and was bora in the coi.fulfhip of Fontejus \ 
 i. e. a. u. 2ir, the 6t;hyear of Nero. So that 
 Juvenal was 60 years of age in th^- 3d 
 year ot Adrian, when he v^rote this fatire. 
 Martial, after he rc.ired (o Biiblli'^, which 
 Was rndcr Trajan, writes to Juvenal as a 
 
 man yet in full vigour, iz, 18. -Pie gives 
 
 him the title of eloquent, (JacunJus), which 
 prov's that he followed the profeiliun of a 
 pleader at the bar, 7, 90, l. and never fpeaks 
 of him as a poet : whence it is fuppof'cd that 
 he did not begin to write fatires tlil far ad- 
 vanced in life. 
 
 Mi/Il in arva, fuo quondam regnata paren- 
 tis once governed by his father, f. e. 
 Pelops, Ovid. rViet. 8, 622. But P<?/o- 
 peia regno, the realms of Pelops, i, c. 
 Peloponncfus, Stat. Theh. i, 117* P^« 
 lopea phalanx, a band of Argives, ih. 2, 
 471. Pehpeius Atreus, the fon of Pe- 
 lops, O'VuL Ep. 8, 27. Virgo Pelopeia, 
 Iphigenia, the great-grand-daughter of 
 Pelops, Id. Tr. 4, 4, 67. Ne non Pelo* 
 p'e'ia crcdar, left I be thought not to 
 be defcended from Pelops, i. e. his 
 granddraighter, Ovid. Ep. 8, 81. allud- 
 ing to what w*as faid, ibid. 66. -— . 
 pELofEiDcs IVjycenae, the capital of 
 Pelops, governed or enlarged by him. 
 Id. Met. 14, 414. Fajl. 3, 83. Turn he- 
 vd Creten, dextrd Pelopeidas undas De- 
 ferity the Pelopeian waters, i. e. that 
 part of the Myrtoan fea which borders 
 on Pcloponnefus, Id. F. 4, 285.——, 
 Pehpea damus, the family of Pelops, 
 Propcrt. 3, 19, 20. moenia, the city of 
 Pelops, i. e. Mycenae, Virg. Aen. 2, 
 
 193- 
 
 PELOPiDAS, -ae, the deliverer of 
 Thebes, his native city, from the ty- 
 ranny of the Lacedaemonians, Nep, 
 et Plutarch, in vita ejus, (G. p. 469.) 
 
 PcNELOPA, the wife of Mercury, 
 and mother of Pan, N. D. 3, 22. 
 
 PENEL6PE, ^es, vel -a, -ae, the 
 daughter of lea- ius and wife of UlyfTes, 
 to whom file continuedfairhful, during an 
 abfcnce of twenty years, though folicited 
 by many fuitors, always putting them 
 off with a promifc, that fhe would chufs 
 fome of them for a hufband, when fhe 
 hniflied a web,- which ihe faid flie was 
 weaving, but ahv-ys undid in the night 
 what fhe wrought in the day ; whence 
 Penelopae telam retexere, to undo what is 
 done, to labour in vain, Cic. Acad. 4^ 
 29. put for a chafte woman, Penelope 
 'venit, abit Helena, Mai'thl. i> 6^. 
 
 Penelopoea 
 
PEN [3 
 
 VziizLOVoT.h Jides, great conjugal fide- 
 lity, Onyle}. Tr. 5, 14, 36. 
 
 PENeUS, the god of the river cf 
 that name; whence Senex Peneus^ Ovid. 
 
 Met. 2, 243. Peneia Daphnsj 
 
 Daphne the daughter of Pen ens, lu. 
 Hill I, 452. called Nympba Peneay ih. 
 504. vel PenltSy 4au^ ib. 472. 
 
 M. Pennus, a tribune a. 628, the 
 opponent of C. Gracchws, Cic, Brut. 
 28. He got a law pafied obliging all 
 foreigners to leave the city ; for which 
 he is blamed by Cicero, Off. 3, 11. 
 
 PENTHESILeA, the daughter 
 of Mars, and qiicjen oftlie Amazons, 
 who brought affi (lance to Priam againfl; 
 the Greeks, and was flain by Achilles, 
 Dlodor. I, 12. ; Juftln. 2, 4. ; Ifygiru 
 112.; OvlJ. Ep. 21, 118.; ylrt. 3, 2. 
 But Propertlus fays, that after the re- 
 moval of her helmet difplayed her face, 
 lier beauty captivated that hero, 3, 11. 
 1^. Servius in one place fays that 
 Achilles fell in love v\rith her after (he 
 was dead, Serv. ad Virg. Aen. I, 490. 
 and in another place, that fhe had a fon 
 by him, (having no doubt become his 
 captive), ih. II. 661. which ferves to 
 explain Propertius. 
 
 PENTHEUS, (in twofyll.) -fw, v. 
 -«, the fon of EchTon, i^Ech'iorudes., 
 Ovid. Met. 3, 701.) and x-lgave, who 
 having contemned the facred rites of 
 Bacchus, was, by the power of that 
 god, deprived of his reafou; (hence call- 
 ed demensy Virg. 4, 469. et ibi Serv. ) 
 and having thrown himfelf in the way 
 of Agave and li^r companions, while 
 celebrating the facred rites of Bacchus, 
 was by them torn in pieces, Oii'uL Met. 
 
 3» 7CI, l< 
 
 -RitLi P E N T H E o lani- 
 
 ant corpordy in the manner of Pentheus, 
 Claudian. in prim. conf. Stilic. 2, 213. 
 
 PERDICCAS, -aey vel Perdicca, 
 the name of feveral kings of Macedonia. 
 ^ 2. A favourite general of Alex- 
 ander, to whom that king, when dying, 
 left his ring, Curt. 10, 5, 4. <?/ 6, 4. ; 
 Nep. 18, 2. After the death of Alex- 
 ander, Perdiccas aiming at too great 
 power, was (lain, Jvjlm. 13, 8 f. ; Nep» 
 
 PERICLES, -is, the fon of Xan- 
 
 10 1 PER 
 
 tippus, an illuftrious Athenian, \vho 
 by his fagacity and eloquence maintain- 
 ed the chief authority in that ftate for 
 many years ; till he was cut oiT by the 
 plague, (G. 466.) Pericles was the 
 fcholar of Anaxagoras, and the firlt 
 who joined learning and ilcill in philo- 
 fophy to the eloquence of the bar, Cic. 
 Brut. 11. whereby, in the opinion of 
 Plato, he got the better of all other 
 orators, Cic. Or. 4. lie was blamed 
 for expending too much money on pu- 
 blic edifices and fhews, Cic. Off. 2, 17. 
 
 Perdix, 'icisy an Athenian, the in- 
 ventor of the favv, flain by Daedalus, 
 his brother or uncle, out of envy, (G. 
 421.) 
 
 Feriander, -driy a tyrant of Co- 
 rinth ; one of the feven wife men of 
 Greece, Plutarch. 
 
 Periboea, the fecond wife of Oe- 
 neus, and mother of Tydeus, ( G. 434. ) 
 
 I'EKinoKNirs, a name given to one of 
 the priells of Cybele, Juvenah 2, 16. 
 
 PERlCLyMLiNus, one of the twelve 
 fons of Neleus, [bis fex Nelidacy) the 
 brother of Neilor ; to whom Neptune, 
 the founder of his family, gave the 
 power of transforming himfelf into any 
 iliape. When Hercules made war on 
 his father, he changed himfelf into an 
 eagle, and annoyed Hercules by wound- 
 ing him with his wings and talons in 
 the face. Hercules therefore (liot him 
 with his arrows, Ovid. Met. 12, 556, 
 &c. 
 
 PERILLU3, an Athenian artift 
 who made a brazen inilrument of tor- 
 ture in the form of a bull, for Phalaris, 
 the tyrant of Agrigentum ; who order- 
 ed the firft expitriment of it to be made 
 on Periilus himfelf, (G. 265.). Aes 
 Perilleum, the brazen bull made by 
 Periilus, Ovid, in Ihin. 439. 
 
 pERiMEDE, -esy a nottd forcerefs, 
 Theocrit. Eidyll. 2. — Hence Perime- 
 VES. gra;nina coSa manu, herbs boiled by 
 the hand of a forcerefs, Propert. 2, 4, 8= 
 
 PerimelEj-^j-, the daughter of Hip- 
 podamas, a nymph, converted by Nep* 
 tune into an ifland of the fame name, 
 Ovid. Met. 8, 391, &c. 
 
 PtnipATZTici, a name given to the 
 fcIluwcT^ 
 
PER [ <^i 
 
 followers of Ariftotle, becaufe tliev dif- 
 puted while walking, {quia d'ljputahant 
 inamhulantes^^ipiyrccTM^rig,^ m theXjyceum 
 or gymnaruim, where Ariftole taught, 
 Cic. Acad, r, 4. 
 
 PERP£NNA, V. PE^pcR^^^, a Ro- 
 man general, who bafely affafiinated 
 Sertoriiis, and was himfelf foon after 
 defeated and taken prifoner by Metel- 
 lus. By Metellus he was dehvered up 
 to Pompey, who ordered him to be 
 put to death, Plutarch, in Sertor.; Paterc, 
 
 2> 30- 
 
 Perse IS, -ulis, the daughter of Oce- 
 anus and Tethys, and the mother of 
 Circe, Pafiphae, and Aeetes, by Sol, 
 (^- 373-) hence Perse ides herbacy 
 magic herbs, Ovid. Rem. Am. 263. 
 
 Persephone, -es^ the Greek name of 
 Proferpine, Ovid. Fajh 4, 591. put for 
 Mors or death, Ovid. Ep. 2 i , 46. '77- 
 hid. 3, 5, 5. . 
 
 PbRSEUs, {2 fyll.) '<?/, V. -ecsy the fon 
 of Jupiter by Danae, who flew the Gor- 
 gon Mediifa, ({?. 395.) freed Andro- 
 meda from a fea-moniler, and then mar- 
 ried her, ih. 396. After his death Per- 
 feus was changed into a confteliation, 
 Hill called by his name, ib. 397.; Cic. 
 N. D. 2, 43. Plantaria Perfeos, the 
 winged feet of Perfeus, Val. Flac. r, 
 68. whence he is called penntpes^ -edis^ 
 by Catullus, ^^^ 25. — ^ adj. Perseus, 
 thus, SeBaqiie Persia Phorcidos ora manu^ 
 the head of Medufa cut off by the hand 
 of Perfeus, Prop. 3, 22, 8. 
 
 Perscs, -/VjV. Perseus, -/, the fon of 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, conquered 
 and led in triumph by Paulus Aemilius, 
 
 Liv. 44, & 45'. ; Cic. Tufc. 5, 40. 
 
 Perse is, •'idisf a poem concerning Per- 
 feus, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16, 25. 
 
 C. PiRsius, a learned orator, who 
 flourlfhed in the time of the Gracohi, 
 Cic. Or. 2, 6. Brut. 26. Fin. 1,3. 
 
 y^. PERSIUS Flaccus, a fatiric poet, 
 born at Volatcrrae, in the twentieth 
 year of the reign of Tiberius. He 
 itudied under Corniitus the ftoic philo- 
 fopher, whom he greatly refpeifted, and 
 at his death, which happened under 
 Nero, In the twenty-eighth year of his 
 jtge, he left Cornutus his library and 
 
 1 1 PET 
 
 a large fum of money. The philof©- 
 pher accepted the library, but reftored 
 the money to the lawful heirs. The 
 ftyle of Perfeus is obfcure, but his 
 writings abound with excellent mora! 
 reflections. He is highly praifed by 
 Qu_in6lilian, 10, r, 94. and Martial, 4, 
 29, 7. Plis writings now are divided' 
 into fix fatires ; but Quin6tilian and 
 Martial fpeak only of one book, ib. and 
 in ancient manufcn'pts the whole is 
 found written without any di{lin(5tion. 
 
 Pescennius, one to whom Cicero was 
 obliged in his exile, Cic. Fam. 14,4. 
 
 ^ PcTiLii, two tribunes who ap- 
 pointed a day for the trial of Scipio 
 Africanus, on a charge of having taken 
 money from king Antiochus, Liv. 38, 
 50. After the death of Africanus, the 
 fame charge was brought by the Pe- 
 tiliiy (rogatione Petilliand,) againft his 
 brother L. Scipio and fome others, who 
 were condemned, Liv. ibid. 54, & ^^, 
 
 L. Petilius, a fcribe, in whofe farm 
 the books of king Numa are faid to 
 have been found. Thefe books were 
 publicly burnt, becaufe they were faid 
 to contain things inimical to religion, 
 
 Liv. 40, 29. Petiliana regna^ 
 
 fuppofed to be the houfe and farm of 
 this Petilius, below the Janlculum, 
 Martial. 12, 57, 19. 
 
 Petilius v. Petillius, one who is 
 faid to have had the charge of the ca- 
 pitol, and to have ilolen from the head 
 of Jupiter's image a golden crowrn, 
 whence he was called Capitoli.mus, 
 Hor. Sat. 1 , 4, 94. et ibi Scholiajl, He 
 was tried for this crime, but acquitted 
 by the favour of Augultus, ih. i, 10, 
 26. 
 
 ]^. Petilius, a Roman knight, a 
 trader at Syracufe, Cic. Verr. 2, 29. 
 
 ^ Pltilius, one of the judges in 
 the caufe of Milo, Cic. Mil. 16. 
 
 Petlssius, a native of Urbinum, 
 (Urbinas, -atis,) who having fquander- 
 ed his fortune, attached himfelf to An- 
 tony, Cic. Phil. 3, )i. et 13, 2. 
 
 PiLTOsiRis, -isy an Egyptian aflro- 
 loger, Plin. 7, 49. ; Juvenal. 6, 580. ■ 
 
 M. Petrcius, the lieutenant of the 
 conful Antony, who defeated Catiline, 
 
 Ct€, 
 
Cic. Sext. 5:. ; Salluji. Cat. 59. tKe lieu- 
 tenant of Pompey in Spain, Ck. Fam. 
 1 6, 12' ^tt. 8, 2. defeated by Caefar, 
 Veil 2, 50. and obliged to furrendcr 
 with Afranius, Caef. B. C. I, 84, &c. 
 They were both difmifTed with impu- 
 mity. But they afterwards joined Pom- 
 pey, and after his death renewed the 
 war in Africa. After the defeat at 
 "Thapfus, Petreius and Juba, giving up 
 themfelves for loll, refolved to difpatch 
 <sach other, as if in hngle combat. Pe- 
 treius being the itronger, eaiily killed 
 Juba, and then attempting to flab him- 
 felf without eiTe6l, he was, at his own 
 requefl, difpatchcd by a ilave, Hir. B. 
 Afr. c. 94. 
 
 Fetra, the name of tv/o Roiaian 
 knights, put to death under Clandius 
 
 ior a dream, Tac. Ann. 1 1, 4 From 
 
 Tome ©ne of this family a fquadron of 
 iaorfe was called ala Petrina, Id. Hilt. 
 
 4»49- 
 
 6". PETRONIUS, a favourite of 
 
 Nero's, ar.d the diredor of his plea- 
 sures, allowed to be the arbiter of taite 
 and elegance, i^cleganiw.e arbiter'). Ha- 
 ving, through the jealoufy and art of 
 Tig e:] in us, loft the favour of Nero, he 
 put an end to his days with the utmoft 
 tranquillity, by opening his veins at in- 
 tervals and then clofing them again, 
 thus grcidually weakening himfelf, till 
 he expired without a ftruggle. He 
 wrote an account of Nero's debauch- 
 erics under the fiftitious names of pro- 
 fligate men and v/omen, and fent it to 
 him fealed, Tac. Ann, 16, 18, & 19. 
 This is thought by many to have been 
 the work, of which conliderable f''ag- 
 ments are fiill extant, calkd Tiii Pe- 
 tronii Arh'itri Satyricon ; but ethers, more 
 juftly, afcribe that bc.ok to a diiferent 
 author, who lived at a later period than 
 the a.ge of Nero ; concerning the par- 
 ticular time, however, they are not a- 
 gre^d. Vld. Burman. praef. ad Petron, 
 Are, 
 
 PETRUS, Clc. Phil. 13, 15. Vid, 
 Partus. 
 
 Phaecomes, -^f, a centaur, flain by 
 Neil:or, O^nd. Mat. 12, 431. 
 
 Phaedimus, one of the leven fons 
 
 2 1 P H A 
 
 of AmphTon and Niobe, flain by A" 
 polio, Ovid. Met, 6, 239, &c. 
 
 PHAEDON, ^dnis, a fcholar of So- 
 crates, to whom Plato infcribed his 
 book on the immortality of the foul, 
 Gell.2, 18. 
 
 Phaedra, the daughter of Minos 
 by Pafiphae, and wife of Thefeus, in- 
 famous by her criminal pafTion for her 
 ftepfon Hippolitus, (G. 424.), whence 
 Amor turpis Phaedraey Ovid. Rem. A. 
 64. 
 
 Ph\edrus, a favourite fcl\olar of 
 Plato's, Laert. 3, 29. alter whom that 
 philofopher called one of his dia- 
 logues Phaedrus, C'tc. Or, i, 7. Div. 
 I, 3, &. 7. ^ 2. An Epicurean phi- 
 lofopher, refpetled by Cicero and Atti^ 
 cus, Cic, Fam. 13, i. Add. Au, 13, 37. 
 
 «fj 3. A fieed man of Tiberius, 
 
 who expreffed the fables of Aefop in 
 Iambic verfe with beautiful fimplicity, 
 a work which is ilill extant. 
 
 Phaeneas, -ae^ a chief of the Aeto- 
 bans, Liv. 32, 32. 33, 3. 36, 28. et 
 38,8. 
 
 PHaeTHON, 'Otitis, the fon of 
 Sol by Clymene ; who having got the 
 management of his father's chariot for 
 one day, and being unable to manage 
 the horfes, fet the world on fire ; on 
 which account Jupiter tumbled him 
 headlong with a thunderbolt into the 
 
 river Po, {G. 374.). Phaethon 
 
 (i. e. lucens) is fometimes put for the 
 fun, Virg. Aen. 5, 105. and for* the 
 
 planet Jupiter, Cic. N. D, 2, 2C 
 
 Ph lETHONTfADBs, -Z//77, the fiftcrs of 
 Phaethon, P'irg, Ed. 6, 62. — ■— Phae- 
 thon Tis amnis, the Po, Si/. 7, 149. 
 
 So Siagna, Id. 17,497. Phaethon- 
 
 Tiii ignesy the conflagration caufed by 
 Pliaethon, Ovid, Met, 4, 247. 
 
 • Phaethon, the name of a Have, Cic^ 
 Att. 3, 8. ^. Fr. I, 4. 
 
 Phaethusa, one of the fifters of 
 Phaethon, who were turned into po- 
 plar trees, Ovid. Met. 2, 346. 
 
 <([ 2. A daughter of Sol by the nymph 
 Ncaera, who, with her fifter Lampetia, 
 kept the cattle of their father in Sicily, 
 Homer, Od. 1 2, 132. 
 
 Phago, -onis, a voracious glutton, 
 
 v.'h-3 
 
PH A [3 
 
 who IS faid to have devoured a whole 
 boar, a wedder, and pig, in one day, 
 with a propoitional qiianrlty of bread 
 and wine, Vopifc, in Aurel.jin. ; Varr^ 
 apud Non. 1 , 237. 
 
 Ph '. L A K c u s , V. Phakucus, a poet, 
 the inventor of that kind ot verft call- 
 ed Phalaecium CARMENi Tcreot. Mau- 
 rus, c. 71. 
 
 Phalantus, v. •fbus^ the leader of 
 the Partheniaey or thofe Lacedaemo- 
 nians who feized on Tarentum, [G. 
 166.). Hence Regnata petam Laconl 
 rura Pkalanto^ I will go to the country 
 once governed by the Lacedaemonian, 
 Phalantus, /. e. Tarentum, Her. OJ. 2, 
 6, 1 1. Phalanteum TarentniVf Sil. il, 
 1 6. /^gnd GiiUjl mollior Phalant'mi^ foft- 
 cr than a lamb fed on the banks of Ga- 
 lefus, a river near Tarentum, Mart'iaU 
 
 Phalaris, 'Id'is^ the tyrant of A- 
 grlgentum, infamous for his cruelty, 
 (G. 265.), Cic.OJ.^,6. r.rr. 4, 33. 
 Hence pHALAiiisMus, -i, tyranny, 
 Cic. Att. 7, II f. 12. 
 
 Phanias, v. 'ta^ -aSf a name ufed 
 by comic writers, Ter. And. 5, 4, 26, 
 
 &c. ^ 2. A freed man of Appius, 
 
 Cic. Fam. 2, 13. 
 
 Phanium, the name of a woman, 
 T'er. Phor. I, 4, 24, &c. 
 
 Phaon, 'Otiis^ a beautiful youth of 
 Lefbos, the favourite of the poetefs 
 Sappho, O'v'id. Ep. 15, II, &c. ; Plin. 
 22, 8 f. 9. whom he fcorned, ib. to 
 which Martial alludes, 10, ^^y 17* 
 
 Pharnaces, is, tlie fon of Mithri- 
 dates king of Pontus, who, by plot- 
 ting againll his father, forced him to 
 put an end to his days, Liv. Ep'it. f02. 
 Pharnaces received from Pompey the 
 kingdom of Bofporus as the reward of 
 his perfidy, App'ian. M'lthr, n. 250. Du- 
 ring the civil war between Caefar and 
 Pompey, Pharnaces had invaded the 
 Roman territory, hoping to regain the 
 whole of his father's kingdom, Dio, 42* 
 p. 134. on which account Caefar, ha- 
 ving fettled the affairs of EgypL and 
 Syria, marched againil Pharnaces, and 
 crulhed him fo fpeediiy, ciiat, giving 
 an account of his victory to a friend at 
 
 I? ] t* It E . 
 
 Rome, he made ufe of only ttirefi 
 words, Veni, vidi, Vici, {Vid. Cae- 
 s >R, p. 71.). Florus fays, that Caefar 
 ufed to boaft that he conquered the 
 enemy before he faw him, {^ante iHEturti 
 hoftem ejfty quam infum), 4^ 2. 
 
 Phegeus, -eosy king of Pfophis \n 
 Arcadia, the father of Arfinoe or AU 
 phefiboea, who is hence called Phe- 
 G 1 s , - 1 1> I s , Ovid. Rem. v^- 45 5' ( Vid^ 
 
 G. 432.). Phegeius enfis, the 
 
 fvvord of Phegcits, Ovid. Mei. 9. 412. 
 with which he fiew Alcmaeon, Hygiuo 
 245. 5 or of the two fons of Phegeus^ 
 Zemenos and Axion, Apollodor. 3, 7, 5. 
 
 Phegeus, ace. Ph'egeay a Trojan^ 
 
 flain by Turnus, Virg. Aen. 9, 765. ^ 
 
 ^ 2. The name of a (lave, ih. 5, 263. 
 
 Phemius, the mufician of the fuit» 
 ors of Penelope, celebrated by Homerj 
 ^^:i[f' i> 325, ^''■^c. 17, 263. He was, 
 at the interceflion of Telemachus, fa- 
 ved by Ulyffes, when he flew the fuit- 
 ors, ih. 22, 331, &c. put for any flcil- 
 ful mufician, Ovidi Am. 5, 7, 61. Phe- 
 mio quaeritur K^pac, Cic. Att. 5, 20 f. 
 
 50 xfpccf Phimio mandcitum ejl^ I have gi- 
 ven orders to find a mufical indrument 
 for Phemius, fome mufical flave, as it 
 is thought, of Atticus,- Cic. Att. 6, I m. 
 
 PheMonoe, -esy the daughter of 
 Apollo, the name of the firlu prieftefs 
 ©f the temple of Apollo at Delphi, who 
 utteied her oracles in hexameter verfe, 
 Paufan. 10, 5, Sc 6. put for any pro- 
 phetefs, Stat. Si/v. 2, 2, 38.; Lucan.^i 
 126. 
 
 Pkeres, dis, the father of Adme- 
 tus king ot Pherae, Apollodor. 1,9, 16^ 
 whence Admetus is called pHERliTiA-- 
 DES, -AE, Gvld. Met. 8, 310. Art. A, 
 
 3' 19- 
 
 PherecIdes? -is, a Syrian, theprae- 
 ceptor of Pythagoras, who flourillied 
 in the time of Serv. Tuliius, the 6th 
 king of Rome, and is faid to have been 
 the firft who maintained the immortali- 
 ty of the foul, Cic. Tufc. r, 16. Ha- 
 ving drunk water from a well, he fore-* 
 told an earthquake, Cic. Div. i, ^o, 
 whence P h r. u e c 1 1^ E u m illudy that pre- 
 di6Hon of Pherecldes, ib. 2, 13.—— 
 
 51 z. An hiliorian, faid to have been 
 
 Kr t joiort 
 
PHI [31 
 
 more ancient than Herodotus, Ck, Or. 
 
 2, 12. 
 
 Phidias, -as, an illuftrions Athe- 
 nian painter and ftatuary in the time 
 of Periclts, (G. 289.), CU: Or. 2, 17. 
 Tufc. I, 15. (>. 71, &c, ; Plin. 35', 8.* 
 
 Phereclus, an avtift, who is faid 
 to have buih the (hip in which Paris 
 failed to Sparta to carry off Helena ; 
 whence that (hip is called Phereclea pup- 
 pis, Ovid. Ep. 16, 21. 
 
 Phi ALE, -cs, one of tiic companions 
 of Diana, Ovid Met. 3, 172. 
 
 pHiDYLt, -es, (i.e. parco-i thrifty, 
 from ^rtj:^, parco), the houfekeeper of 
 Horace's villa, or the wife of his ftew- 
 ^rd, commended for her piety, Hor. Od. 
 
 Philadelphi's, a name given to 
 Ptolemy fecond king of Egypt, from 
 hie affe&ion to Arfmoe his filler. PliL 
 Ptolemaeus. 
 
 Phil A EN I, two Carthaginian bro- 
 thers, who allov/ed themfelves to be 
 
 * Sirrvlacrh Phidiae nihil in illo genere per- 
 pBius, Cic. Or. 2. PhIDIACUM lAvd-at elur, 
 
 his (tatues were fo exquifitely fuiiihed, that 
 they fccmed to be alive, 'Jwutnal. 8, IC3. 
 JBeilica thidiaca Rat dea fucia manu. the ftafae 
 of Minerva made by Pkidias, Ovid. Punt. 4, 
 1,3a. (G. 289.).— The moft celebrated fta- 
 tue of Phidias was that of Jupiter in his 
 temple at Olympia, which no other ari- 
 jft ever equalled, {qvc-m fc. Jovem O'ym- 
 pium nemo aetnnlatur^ Plin. 34, 8 f. I9,) This 
 /iatue is particularly dtfcribed by Paisfanias, 
 5, II. Such was its beauty, that it is laid to 
 have addtd romething; to tlie received religirn 
 cjf thofe times; fo inxicb did the msjcfty of 
 the work equal the conception-- enrertatJit-d of 
 the god i ( Oijus puLhritudD a'^'j^cijfe aliqiiid etiam 
 receptae reilgicni I'ide^ur, adec majejias operis deum 
 aequavit)y Quin61il. 1%, ic, 8. Hence Pro- 
 pert iu 9 fayS; Phtd'iacvs f.gno fe "yupiter ornut 
 eburno, (i.e. frrriafuf eburno figno Phidiae), 
 
 3, 9, rj. Ph'tdiacofi digna J'bi'i dare tt>??pla pa' 
 ra-i^it^ f'al. parabit ; f. voliierit). Has petat a 
 910/Iro P':fa tonante manus^ (fc. Rabirii), If Fifa 
 ■wiflies to build a fuit^h'e temple for the fta- 
 tue of Jupiter done by Phidia?, let it afk the 
 aid of the arcnitcft Rabirius from our Thun- 
 derer, (/. F, Drmitian), Martial. 7, 55, 3. 
 B'Jt Phidias, though unrivalled in works of 
 ivory., {in chore Unge citra aemulum^y is faid to 
 have been more dexterous in mailing fliatues 
 of gods than of men, {dlis, quam hominVans^ 'f- 
 
 f.ciendis melior artifex traditvr^^ Quintftil. 12, 
 10, 9. Phidias conceived the idea of the ila- 
 tue of Jupiter from Homer, //. I, 528. ; Mac^ 
 .TQk.Sui.^t 13. 
 
 4 3 PHI 
 
 buried alive for their country, Sallujl. 
 Jug. 19, & 70. ; Fal. Max. 5, 6. extr. 
 4. ; ^/7. 15, 704. 
 
 Philammon, 'onis, the fon of A- 
 pollo and Chione, famous for his fl'cill 
 in vocal and inftrumental mufic, Ovid. 
 Met. II, 317. ■ 
 
 Phililmon, -onls, a comic poet, of- 
 ten preferred to Menander by the par- 
 tiality of his contemporaries, (pravis 
 Jul temporii judiciis ) , by the confent of 
 all defervedly eftecmed fecond to him, 
 
 ^unclil 10, I, 72. ^ 2. A country 
 
 man, the hufband of Baucis, who en- 
 tertained Jupiter and Mercury, Ovid. 
 Met. 8,631, Sec. 
 
 PHILeTAS, ~ae, a native of the 
 ifiand Cos, [Cous), a grammarian and 
 poet, the praeceptor of Ptolemy Phi- 
 ladelphus, Suidas. Among the Greek 
 elegiac poets he is ranked next to Cal- 
 limachus, ^inSfil. 10 f I, ^S. Hence 
 they are commonly joined together ; 
 thus, Sit tihi CaUimachif Jit Coi nota poe- 
 tae, (i. c. Philetae), Sit quoque vinofi 
 Tela muja finis, (i. e. Anacreontis), 
 Ovid. Art. y^. 3, 330. So ^2"/ cum CaU 
 limacho tu quoque, C'oe, noces, art hurtful 
 by the wantonnefs of thy love-poems. 
 Id. Rem. 760. Coo Battis amatajuo ejl^ 
 i. e. Philetae, for a Phileta, Id. Tr. 
 
 I, 5, 2. Orn Phileted.. nojlra ri- 
 
 ^avit aqua, the Mufe Calliope bedew- 
 ed my lips with water, from the 
 fountain of which Philetas formerly 
 drank, /. e. infpired me with a genius 
 for the fame kind of poetry w^ith that 
 of Philetas, Prop. 3,3,52. Serta Phi- 
 ieteis certent Romana corymbis, let the 
 Roman garlands contend with the 
 w^reaths of Philetas, /. e. let Propertius 
 the Roman poet be compared with 
 Philetas, ih. 4, 6, 3. 
 
 Philippides, v. Phidipptdes, -is, a 
 celebrated runner, Nep. i, 4. who in 
 twenty-three hours is faid to have gone 
 1500 fladia, or 187X miles, from A- 
 theiis to Lacedaemon, Solin, c. 6. et 
 Suidas. 
 
 PHILIPPUS, the fon of Amyntas 
 king of Macedonia, and father of A- 
 lexander the Great, [G. 469.). He 
 ufed to fay, that any fort or city might 
 
 be 
 
PHI i i 
 
 be taken which had a gate large enough 
 to admit a loaded afs, Cic, /liL i, i6 
 whence Horace fays, Dlff^id'tt url'ium 
 pcrtas vir MaceJcy i. e. Philippus, (cal- 
 led FiRy to diiHnguilh him from his fon 
 Alexander, who was called PUF.s.y or 
 jVFENis), Od. 3, \6, 16. Terra reg- 
 nata Phil'tppOy the country once govern- 
 ed by Philip, /. c. Macedonia, Ov'uL 
 
 Pont. /^y 15, 15. Nummi aurei V Hi- 
 
 LiPPEi centumy an hundred gold coins, 
 with the image of Philip imprefied on 
 them, Liv. 37, 59. Conf. Plaut. Jfin. 
 
 1, 3, !. et Poen. i, r, 38. Ph'ilippi 
 (contr. for Pbilippei^ aurei, fc. nummi, 
 Pldut. Baah. 2, 2, 52. called limply 
 PhU'tppeiy or contrai^ed Fk'd'tppiy (fc. 
 nummi aurei) y Hor. Ep. 2, i, 234. So 
 Centum ik/iaria Philippeay fc. numifmatUy 
 Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 27. Aarum Philip- 
 phtmy Philippean gold, /. e. puie, fo- 
 lid, as fine as that which thefe coins 
 were made of, Plaut. Cure. 3, 70. Bncch. 
 
 2, 2, 42. So Argcntum Philippuumy 
 
 Plaut. True. 5, I, 60.- Philippi- 
 
 CAE, -arumy fc. orationesy the orations 
 of Demoilheneaagainft Philip; whence 
 Cicero called his orations againfl An- 
 tony Philippics, {^Phiiippicae)y Cic. Att. 
 2, 21. Ridenda poemata maloy i^am 
 te confpicuae divina P hitippica f.imacy Vol- 
 veris a prima quae proximOy O divine or 
 admirable PhihVpic, of ilhjllrions repu- 
 tation, which art turned over next af- 
 ter the firft, i. e. the fecond Philippic 
 of Cicero, Juvenal, ip, 125. 
 
 PHILIPPUS, the fbn of Deme- 
 trius, JuJUn. 28, 3. called the ion of 
 Antigonus, Cic. Off. 2, 14. i. e. the 
 llepfon, becaufe Antigonus Dofon, who 
 aited as regent during the minority of 
 Philip, married Philip's moiher, yujlin. 
 /'/^.••Philip made a league againlt the 
 Romans with Hannibal, Liv. 23, 33, 
 &c. and afterwards with Antiochus 
 king of Syria, Liv. -^ly 14. But be- 
 ing vanquiflied by T. Qu^inftius Flami- 
 nius, Liv. 33, 7, — 10. he fued for 
 peace, ib. i i, 3c 12. which was grant 
 ed him, ib. 13, & 25. on which account 
 he afterv/ards joined the Romans againil 
 Antiochus, Li'i^' S^} 4. 
 
 15 ] PHI 
 
 PHILIPPUS was a firname of the 
 March at Rome. 
 
 Z. Mnrcius Philippus, conful with 
 Sex. Julius Caefar, a. 663, Cic. Rabir. 
 7. Or. 1,7. f/ 3, I. the bell orator of 
 his time, next to L. Craffus and M. 
 Antonius, Cir. Br.^'j. Or. 2, 61. 0^, 
 I, 30. He ufed to boail that he had 
 obtained the higheil preferments with- 
 out any bribe, (a thing uncommon at 
 that time!) Cic. Of 2, 17. 
 
 L' Philippus, L. F. conful with 
 Cn. Lentulus MarceUinus, a. 698, Cic. 
 Fam. I, 9. Ear. Refp. 6. the ilepfa- 
 ther of Odavius, Cic. Phil. 3, ic— — -> 
 Sevej!*al others of this name are men- 
 tioned in Livy and Cicero. 
 
 Philistl'S, a learned and accurate 
 hillorian, born at Syracufe, an imita- 
 tor of Thucydides ; a cotemporary 
 and intimate of Cicero, Cic Div. i, 
 20, & 23. Or. 2, 13, & 23. Br. 17, 5c 
 
 8t5. 
 
 PHILO, -dnisy a diftinguirtied aca- 
 demician, Cic. Or. 3, 28. the fcholar 
 of Ciitomachus, Cic. Acad. 4, 6. Be- 
 ing obliged to fly from Athens by the 
 Mithridatic war, he came to Rome> 
 Cic. Br. 89. where he fometimes taught 
 philofophy, fometimes rhetoric, Cic, 
 Tufc. 2,3. and had Cicero for his fcho- 
 lar, Cic. Br. 89. who thought hii^^hly 
 of his merit, Cic. Fam. 13, i. Philo 
 was the mafter of Antiochus, who how- 
 ever wrote againfl him, Cic. Acad, i, 
 4. et 4, 4. 
 
 Philo, an archite£l, who built an 
 arfenal (armatnentarium) for the Athe- 
 nians, Cic. Or. 1, 14. ^ 2. A freed 
 
 man of Caelius, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. » 
 
 ^ 3. A freed man of Pompey, Cic. Alt, 
 16, 3. 
 
 PHILOCTeTES, vel 7^, -^^, the 
 fon of Paean, [PaeantJades ve\ Pacan^ 
 tius. Fid- Paean), king of Meliboea 
 in Theflaly, (dux Meliboeusy Virg. Aen. 
 3, 402.), the cotppanion of Hercules, 
 to whom that hero, at his death, left 
 his arrows, which had been tinged 
 with the blood of the Hydra, ( Vid. G, 
 402. et 452.). Philoftetes was wound- 
 ed in the foot by the accidental fail of 
 li r 2 one 
 
PHI [ 31 
 
 pne of thefe arrows, or by the bite of 
 a ferpent ; which wound caufed incre- 
 dible pain to him, ib. whence J hllo£le- 
 taeus tile claniQi-y tlie doleful crying of 
 Philodletcs, reprefented on the ftage, 
 Cic. Tufc. 2, 23. 
 
 Philodamus, a chief man of Lamp- 
 facus, whofe daughter Verres attempt- 
 ed to violate ; and being prevented, af- 
 terwards caufed the father and fon to 
 be put to death, Cic. Verr. i, i^-, &c. 
 
 Philodemus, an epicurean philo- 
 fopher, • ic. Fin. 2, 35. fuppofed to be 
 the perfon mentioned, Hor. Sat. i, 2, 
 
 121, 
 
 Philodorus, a native of Traljes in 
 Lydia, {Trallianus), Ofc. Flacc. 22. 
 
 Philogenes, 'isj a flave or freed 
 fnan of Atticus, Cic. Alt. 5, 1 3. & 6, 4. 
 
 Philogonus, a Have of Q^ Cice- 
 ro's, Cic. ^ Fr. ly 3. 
 
 Philolaus, a Pythagorean philo- 
 fopher, born at Croton, [CroiQntata)y 
 the fcholar of Archytas, who firll 
 taught publicly the diurnal motion of 
 the earth round its axis, ( G. 14.)> Cic. 
 Or. 3, 34. 
 
 Philomela, the daughter of Pan- 
 dion king of Athens, and fider of 
 Progne, turned into a nightingale, [Q. 
 
 419 ) 
 
 Pnii-OMELys, the name of a man. 
 
 Martial. 4, 5. 
 
 Philopator, -oris, the firname of 
 a king of £gypt, given him by way of 
 irony, becaufe, having flain both father 
 and mother, he ufurped the crown, 
 jfujlin. 29, I. But Plutarch and Po- 
 iybius fay that his father died a natural 
 ^eath. 
 
 Pfiilotimus, a freed man of Cice- 
 |-o-s, Cic.Att. 2,. 4. et 6, ic. 
 
 Philotis, Idis, a female llave, who, 
 by an artful contrivance, is laid to have 
 gained ^ yiftory to the Romans over 
 the JUatins, foon after Camilhis had ex- 
 pelled the Gauls from ^..ome ; in com- 
 piempration of which an annual feflival 
 *va8 ever afterwards I>ept pn the 7th 
 J\i\j [Non. JuIX, hence called ^onac 
 CapratinaS) from a wild fig. tree, (ca- 
 riflcus), whence fhe gave a fignal to 
 |ie Romaus; PlutarcL in Romuio, f, et 
 
 6 1 PHI 
 
 in Camillo. The fame llory is related 
 by Macrobius, Sat. i, si. 
 
 Philoxenus, a poet of Syracufe, 
 who was imr;rifoi;t:d in the LatUumiae 
 for having ccnhired fome of the verfes 
 of Dionylius the tyrant. After being 
 liberated, when other verfes of the ty- 
 rant were read to him, inflead of gi- 
 ving his opinion concerning them, he 
 defired tq be carried back again to pri- 
 fon, Cic, Jit. 4, 6. ; Plutarch, cle Vir- 
 tut. Alex. Ma^ni ; Diodor. 
 
 PHILOPOEMEN, -enis, an excel- 
 lent general ot the Acheans, called, on 
 account of his Angular virtue, the lail 
 of the Greeks, [G. 475.)> -^^"y* ZS* 
 25, &c. 39, 49, &c. 
 
 Philo stratus, a Greek author in 
 the time of Severus, whofe v/orks are 
 ftill extant. 
 
 Philus, the firname of L. Fulvius, 
 Cic.Att. 4, 16. Amic. 4, 7, & 19. 
 
 Philj'ra, v. Cy -esy the daughter 
 of Oceanus, and mother of the centaur 
 Chiron, who is hence called Philyrtdes, 
 -ae, Ovid. Art. Am. I, 11. Philyreius 
 her OS, Id. Met. 2, 678. Pelion umhro- 
 fumy Phuyreta tecta, fliady Pelion, the 
 abode of Chiron the fon of Philyra, iL 
 
 'piiiNEUS, (2fyl].),.«, v.-eosy a 
 king of Thrace, or, according to o- 
 thers, of Arcadia, infcfted by the Har- 
 pies, ( Vid. G. 441.) ; which are hence 
 called Avcs ' hineae, Senec, Thyeft. 1 54. 
 Jijunla Fhenei) the hunger or famine of 
 i?heneu3, caufed by the Harpies, Pro- 
 pert. 3, 5, 4r. pRiiiEiA domuS) the 
 
 houfe of Phincus, F^irg. Aen. 3, 212. 
 
 Pminlus, the brother of Cepheus 
 king of Aethiopia, who was to have 
 ma-Tied Andromeda the daughter of 
 Cepheus, and heirefs of his kingdom, 
 before (he was expofed to the fea-mon- 
 ller from which Perfcus freed her ; and 
 as a rev/ard obtained her in marriage. 
 Phineus, enraged at his difappointment, 
 attacked Perfeus in the middle of the 
 nuptial feail, Ovid. Met, 5 , 8. but had 
 caufe to repent of his ralhnefs, all his 
 friends being either ilain by the fvvord 
 or turned into Ifone, by being fhcwn 
 the head of the Gorgon Medufa, ( Poe- 
 
PHI [31 
 
 nilet injujli nunc denlque phtnea helliy ib. 
 210.). Phineus himfelf at lad was al- 
 fo turned into ilone, //'. 231, &c. (G. 
 396.). He however firit flew leveral 
 ot bis opponents, [Phincd cecidere matiUy 
 they fell by the hand of Phineus, ih. 
 109.) 
 
 Phineus, voc. Phi?ieu, {2 fyl).), an 
 Athenian, remaikable for his juliice, 
 Ovii/. Met. 7, 399. 
 
 Phintias, v. Phintkias, -/7^, (al. 
 Pythias), a Pythagorean, the friend 
 of Damon, Cic. Ojf. ^y ro. Fh/. Da- 
 mon. 
 
 Phlegon, -on'uj one of the horfes 
 of the fun, OvU, Met. 2, 5^4. 
 
 Phlegyas, -as, the fon of Mars, 
 and king of the Lapithae in Thelialy. 
 
 (r/^. G.438.) 
 
 Phocion, 'Ofiisf an Athenian gene- 
 ral, illuitrious for his integrity, who 
 at an advanced age was put to death 
 by tlie popular party, Nep. 19, 4, 
 
 Phocus, the fon of Aeacus and 
 Pfamathe, [yleacldes, Ovid. Met. 7, 
 477, S: 494.), fiain by his brothers Te- 
 lamon and Peleus, (G. 385, & 444.) • 
 
 PHOEBUS, a name of Apollo, 
 and of Sol, or the fun, (G. 367.) ; 
 fometimes joined | as, Phoebus ApQllo, 
 Virg.Aen. 2, 251 "*. 
 
 * CLorus PLoehi, the choir of Pho'^bus, /. e. 
 the Muits ; thus, U:q./e i)iro Photbi chorus 
 adfurrexerit ornnis^ and how all the Mufes 
 role up to fhow refpcil to Gailus f!.e poet, 
 Virg. Ed. 6, 66. C-:rf^rs tUcbl, D.-aiia, the 
 flfier of Apollo, Ovid. Pont. 3, 1,JS,%- Cortina 
 I'hceLiy the oracle of Apollo, l^ir^. Atn. 6, 
 347. J'ax, i. e. the fun, Cic. Liu. i, 11. in- 
 trr/'tgs, i. e. the pronhtt or augur Helcnu^, 
 Firg. 4eri. 3, 474. Ipje (fc a.iiguflus) fcJens 
 nii'ec caridentis iimine Phvtbi, in trie Incw- white 
 entrance of the (liiijing Apollo, /. e in the 
 porch of the temple of Apollc, which he 
 built on the Palatine mourir, of Paiiaa 
 li:arbk', Virg. Aen. 7, 720. Repcriar medico e 
 artis Pljocbui., Ovid, Rem. Am. 76. Phuchi 
 facerdo%y the prieflels of Phoebus, i.e. the Si- 
 byl, Firg. Aen. 6, 319. Soror, i.e. Diana, 
 il, I, 333. Ai'gur PbotLus, the augur, or god 
 of augury, Hor. Carm. Saec. 62. taiidicus., 
 Lucan, 5, 70. Medlen; fugat c:f,ra, the fun re- 
 turning chafes away the (lars, Hor. (Jd. 3, 21, 
 2.4. Littora iitroque jncentia Fboeho., fc, /</,-•, un- 
 der both funs, the f\^\n^ and letting luri, the 
 ^aft an4 weft; Ovid. M^t. J, }y4- -^'l^^chf 
 
 7 ] P H O 
 
 Phoebas, -adis, f. a prophetic vir« 
 gin, the priellefs of Apollo at Delphi, 
 Lucan. 5, 128, 6.C.; Sd. 15,282. /}fy- 
 cenaeo > hochas amata duct, the prophe- 
 tic Caffandra, infpired by Phoebus, be- 
 loved by Agamemnon, Ovid. Tr. 2, 
 400. Junior. 2, 8, 12. 
 
 I HOEBE, -esi a name of Diana or 
 Luna, the filter of Apollo ; as, Innup- 
 ta Phoebe^ the unmarried Diana, Ovid. 
 Mtt. I, 476. jaculatrix, Id.Ep. 20, 229, 
 nemoraliSy delighting in the woods, Stat, 
 
 domefllcui, the domefLic of Auguftus, fo called 
 becauft Augullus built a temple for him oa 
 the Palatine mount, where AujrTuftus h?d his 
 houfe, Ovid. d\dd. TJ, 865. Fhoebi porucus 
 aurea, the portico adjoining to the tcaiple of 
 Apollo built by Auguftus on the Palatne hill, 
 Propert. a, 3 1, I. Aciim Phoebus^ Apoll© 
 worfhipped at Ailium, by whofe affiiiancc 
 Auguftus conquered Antony in a fea-tight 
 near that plac^. Id. 4, 6, 67. Hence he is 
 called Naval-.s Ph'.ebus., Ul. 4, I, 3 Furabcr 
 Phoebif fc fpecicm, I will fecretly affume the 
 appearance of, Id. ^, 2, 31. Phoebi irortus, 
 the port of Adium, /a', 4, 6, I5. Pheebi cuf- 
 iodis A£iia littura.^ of Photbus, the guardian 
 of the Roman em.pire, Id. 2, 34, 61. Phoebi 
 'vada, warm waters or baths, called Aquae yf- 
 
 poUihuresy near Caere, Martial. 6, 42, 7. 
 
 Arte Phoebita pellere morbos, by rhe medical 
 art, Ovid. Fuji. 3, 827. Chehs Phoebeay thi 
 lyre vi Apollo, Lucan. ad Pif. 159, phoebeae 
 lampadis injlur, like the lamp of Phoebus, /,<?.. 
 the fun, Virg. Atn. 3, 637. Ccnverti ad P'ooc 
 hdos ortusy t(> the rifiDg ot the fun, or the eaft, 
 Lucan. 9, 667. Flwebci idius, (al. igues), the 
 rays of the iun, Ovid. JVIet. 5, 389. Fboebea 
 palatia, the vemple of Apollo on the Palatine 
 mount, lb. 3, 103, Add. Propeit. 4, I, 1$. 
 Photbeui viurus, the wall of Troy, buiit by A- 
 pollo and Nep une, Lucan. 9, 965. (G. 372.), 
 Fboebea ferta^ a garland of laurtl, lacred to 
 Apollo, ib. 5, 170 ; Virg. Eel. 7, 62. Tem- 
 pora Fboebea -vlrgine ntxa tulity i. e. had his 
 ten^ples bound with a crown of laurel, into 
 which tr e Du^ihne, a virgin beloved bv A- 
 pollo, was changed, Ovid. Font. 2, 2,^2. Met, 
 I, 550, &;c. Phoebeae fortes y the oracle of A- 
 
 pollo, Ovid. Met. 3, 130. Jwvems Ph:ebeXuiy 
 
 the Phebcan youth, i.e. Aelculapius, the fon 
 of Apollo, Ovid. Met. 15,642. hence called 
 Phoebigena, -fld-, m Virg. Atn. 7, 773. Fhoe- 
 LTms angvis, i. e. Aefculapius worfhipped at 
 Epidauru9 in the fhape of a fcrpeat, and 
 b ought from thence to Rome, ib. 15, 742. 
 Ph'^^sbciui alesy i. e. the raven, [corvus), facrcd 
 to ApoHo, becaufe it gave omens by its croak- 
 ir:g, Ovid. Met. 3, 545. 
 
 SUv. 
 
P H O C 31 
 
 Sih, T, 3, 76. Aurea Phoebe, Ovid. Met. 
 
 2, 724*- 
 
 PHOEBE, Leudpp'ts, -Uis, the 
 daughter of Leucippns. ( Vid. Leucip- 
 pus.) 
 
 Phoenix, -Ids, the fon of Agenor, 
 who gave name to Phoenicia, (G.384.) 
 ylpoIhdot\ 3, I, I. Hyginus fays that 
 Phoenix fettled in Africa; and that 
 from bim the Carthaginians were call- 
 ed PoENi,/^/^. 178. 
 
 Phoenix, 'ic'ts, the fon of Amy n tor, 
 {crefus Jlmyntcrc) Ovid. Met. 8, 507. 
 the companion and inftruftor of Achil- 
 les, Cic. Or. 3, 15. ; Hcmer. II i, 443. 
 called Homericus Phoenix, Q^inctil. 2, 
 
 3, 12. greatly refpected by Achilles, 
 (reveretidus Jchllli,) Stat. Silv. 3, 2, 
 96. (G. 446.) <. r 1 
 
 Pholoe, -es, the name 01 a temaie 
 
 Cretan flave, V'irg. Jen. 5, 285. 
 
 •[ 2. A girl noted for her beauty in the 
 time of Horace, Od. 3, 15, 7. reprc- 
 fcnted as haughty, (afpera,) Od. i, 33> 
 6, and dildainkil, (figax, i. e. fugicns 
 viros,) ib. 2, 5, 17. So TibuUus, 1, 
 
 8,69, & 77. 
 
 PHOLUS, a centaur, {G. 439.) 
 who entertained Hercules, {Hofpes et 
 AU'idae ma^i,) Lucan 6, 391, when 
 he went to attack the centaurs, Sery. 
 in Firg. Jen. 8, 294. Pholus was flain 
 in the conteft which took place be- 
 tween the Centaurs and l.apithac at 
 the marriage of Pirithous ; which is 
 faid to have been caufed by Bacchus, 
 i. e. by wine, V'lrg. G. 2, 456. ; Hor. 
 Od, I, 18, 8. Ovid lays, that Pholus 
 was not killed, but made his efcape, 
 Met. 12, 306. 
 
 Phonolenides, -ae, the fon of 
 Phonolenus, Ovid. Met. 12, 433. But 
 this name is varioufly written. 
 
 * Vento femper rubei aurea Fbiebcy the golden 
 Phoebe, i e. the rr oon always reddens with 
 wind, i. e. appears red before wind, Virg. G. 
 I, 431. Airnague curru Kcdivago Phi^be medi- 
 um puljalat Olympumy was in the middle of her 
 courfe, Id. A. 10, lib. Ttrtia Fbocbe,^ the 
 third nfing of ths moon, th. third night, 
 Ovid. Fuji. 6, 2^0- Sexto, rtfurgebant crientis 
 arnua FUebcs. tl.e fixth horns of the rifiu? 
 
 8 3 P H O 
 
 PHORBAS, -antls, a Trojan ; by 
 affuming whofe form, the god Somnus 
 deceived Palinvirus, the pilot of Aeneas, 
 when he tumbled him into the fea, 
 
 Ftrg. Jen. 5, 842. ^ 2. A native 
 
 of Syene,in Egypt, [Syenites, -ae,) the 
 fon of Methion ; llain by Perfeus, 
 
 Ovid. Met. 5, 74, & 78. ^ 3. An 
 
 impious ThefTalian i^profanus,) who, 
 with a band of Phlegyae rendered the 
 temple of Apollo inacceffible, ib. 11, 
 414. 
 
 Phorcus, a fca-god, the fon of 
 Neptune and the nymph Thefea, Serv, 
 in Virg. Jen. 5, 824. Phorct chorus, i. e. 
 the fea-nymphs and fea-animals, ib. 240. 
 exerdtus, ib. 824. ^ 2. An excel- 
 lent fciilptor and painter, Plin. 36, 5. 
 
 Phorcys, -ynis, the father of the 
 Gorgon Mediila ; who is hence called 
 Phorcynts, Idis, Ovid. Met. 5, 23c. and 
 Phorcys, -ydis, Propert. 3, 22, 8. 
 
 Geminae Jorores Phorcydes, ace. 
 
 -ydas, the two fifters of the Gorgon, 
 {^Pephredo and Ervo,) who are faid to 
 have had but one eye, which they ufed 
 by turns, Ovid. Met. 4, 773. 
 
 PHORMIO, -dms, a Peripatetic 
 philofopher, at Ephefns ; whom Han- 
 nibal, while an exile there, having one 
 day heard deliver a lecture on the 
 art of war and the duty of a commiand- 
 er, laughed at his folly, Cic. Or. 2, 18. 
 Whence thofe were called Phor mi- 
 ones, who pretended to teach what 
 
 they did not undcrftand. -^ 2. The 
 
 name of one of the plays of Terence, 
 from a principal chara6ler in it; whence 
 Cicero ridiculing a witncfs of the fam»e 
 firname, fays of him, N'ec minus niger, 
 nee minus confidcns, quam die Terentianus 
 ejl Phormio, Caecin. ic. 
 
 P H 6 RO N E u s (3 fy 11. ) -ei, vel -eos, the 
 fon of InachuskiugofArgos, (G. 391.) 
 or according to others, the father of 
 Inachus ; whence Inachus is called 
 Phoronides, -ae, the fon of Phoroneus, 
 Stnec. Thyeji. f. I. and lo, the daughter 
 of Inachus, PhorSnis, -)dis, Ovid. Met. 
 
 668. 
 
 •Mattes Phor one ae, the Ar- 
 
 xnoon were again appearing, 
 
 e. the fixth 
 
 incu:h was begun. Id. Met. 8, II. Kecfit ti- 
 ki lucida Pbcil:, let net thc moon fhiae oa 
 thef , Id. m llln, IC9. 
 
 ^\vz matrons, ^tat. Theb, 12, 465. an- 
 tra. Id. SIL 3, 2, lOi. 
 
 Phosphoru:, the fame with Luc^t- 
 
■ P H [ 319 ] PHY 
 
 fer, the morning ftar or the planet Ve- the terror of his arms, a. u 
 Martial.Sf 
 
 nus, Cic. N. D. 2, 20.; Martial. iSf 21 
 
 PhOTINUS. Fid. POTHINUS. 
 
 PHRaaTES, -aej V. -is, a king of 
 Parthia, to whom Orodes, his father, 
 refigned the crown. Phraates, for his 
 fecurity, put to death all his brothers, 
 to the number of thirty ; and when 
 Orodes expreffcd his difTatisfaclion at 
 this, he ordered him alfo to be killed, 
 Dio, 49, 23. Juftin fays that Phraates 
 put his fathe» to death before his 
 brothers, 42, 4. He alfo flew many 
 of the chief nobility. At laft his fub- 
 jefts, provoked by his cruelty, expelled 
 him from the kingdom, and made Ti- 
 ridates or Teridates king. But Phra- 
 ates, afTiftedby the Scythians, retrained 
 the kingdom. Upon which Tiridates 
 fled to Auguftus carrying with him 
 the youngeft fon of Phraates, whom he 
 delivered to Auguftus, Jvjlin. 42, 5. 
 Notwithftanding this good fortune of 
 Phraates, Horace fays beautifully, that 
 virtue, diflfering in opinion from the 
 vulgar, excluded from the number of 
 the happy, fo detellable a tyrant ; 
 though relfored to the throne of Cy- 
 rus, i. e. of Parthia, which had formed 
 part of the Perfian empire, over which 
 Cyrus reigned, {^Reddltwn Cyri folio 
 Phraatem Dijfickm plehi, numero heatonim 
 eximit Firtus), Od. 2, 2, 17. Some 
 fuppofe that Phraates was twice ex- 
 pelled from his kingdom, a. u. 724, 
 and a. 730 ; that he firft regained the 
 crown by his own influence, Dio, 51, 
 18. and next by the aid of the Scythi- 
 ans, y///?iw. 42, 5. To the firft rello- 
 ration Horace is fuppofed here to re- 
 fer. Whatever be in this, Phraates 
 fent ambaffadors to Rome, a. u. 731, 
 to requeft of Auguftus that he would 
 fend back his fon and give up Tiridates. 
 Auguftus did not give up Tiridates, 
 but fent back his fon, on condition that 
 Phraates fliould reftore the ftrmdards 
 and captives taken from the Romans, 
 upon the defeat of CrafTus and of An- 
 tony, Dio, 53, 33. This Phraates 
 promifed, but did not perform, till 
 Auguftus having made an expedition 
 into the eaft, obliged him to do it by 
 
 54, 8. This event, as being highly 
 honourable to Auguftus, is celebrated 
 both by the poets and hiftorians, Horat, 
 Od. 4, 15, 6. Ep. I, 12, 27. et 18, ^d.; 
 O'vid.Tr. 2, 227. ; Strah. G, p. 288. et. 
 id, p. 748.; Suet. Aug. 2 1. Tih. 9.; 
 Veil. 2,91. ; Jujlin.^i. f.j Liv.Eplt, 
 139.; Eutrop."!, «r. ; Flor. 4, 12,83. 
 Strabo fays that Phraates alfo fent to 
 Auguftus four of his fons with two of 
 their wives and children, as hoftages, 
 16, p. 748. Add. Tac. Ann. 2, I. ; Suef. 
 Aug. 21 ; Jujlin, 42, 5. Phra- 
 ates was the name of feveral Parthian 
 kings. 
 
 Phryne, -es, a famous courtezan at 
 Athens, who being defended by Hy- 
 pertdes in a trial /or her life, was ac- 
 quitted chiefly by the effect which an 
 artful difplay of her beauty is faid to 
 have had on the judges, ^ivMil. 2, IC, 
 9. Praxiteles made a ftatue of Phrv'ne; 
 in which he expreiTed his own paiTion, 
 and the joy of his raiftrefs on receiving 
 her hire, PJln. 34, 8. ^infiil. 2, 1 5, 9.; 
 Athcnae. lib. 14. 
 
 PHRYXUS, the fon of Athamas, 
 king of Thebes by Nephele; who with 
 his filler Helle fled from the cruelty of 
 their ftep-mother Ino, on a '-am with 
 a fleece of gold, which carried them 
 through the air. Helle becoming gid- 
 dy through fear, fell into that ftrait, 
 which was afterwards called from her 
 Hclks'pontus, the fea of Helle. Phry- 
 xus continued his courfe to Colchis, 
 which was then governed by his rela- 
 tion Aeetes ; and according to the di- 
 rections which he had received from his 
 mother Nephele, facniiced the ram to 
 Mars, and fufpended his golden fleece 
 in the temple of that god, (G. 440). 
 Hence the ram is called Aries Phryx- 
 E'JS, Stnec. Med. v. 471. Aurea PhryX' 
 ea avis, Ovid. Ep. 6, 104. and its fleece, 
 Phryxeavelkray Ovid. Met. 7, 7. Afare 
 Phryxeum, the Hellefpont, into which 
 the fifter of Phryxus fell, Senec. Hen. 
 QB. V. 776. called alfo Pbryxi femita, 
 Stat. Achill. r, 409. Phryxus mar- 
 ried Chalc'ope, the daughter of Aeetes, 
 by v.-hom he had four foas, ApoUodof, 
 
PHY C 
 
 1,9, T. But Aeetes, afterwards afraid 
 left Pbryxus fhould feize the crown, 
 put him to death, Hyg'in, 3, & 22.; P''aL 
 Flacc. I, 43. (G. 440») 
 
 pHYLACus, the fon of Deion, king 
 of Phocis, by Diomede, ApoUodor, 
 
 1, 9, 4. who founded the city Phy- 
 lace in TheiTaly, Eujlath* ad Homer. II. 
 
 2, 695. the father of Iphidus, th. 
 705. ; Apollodor. 3,9, 8. ; Hyg'm. f. 
 103. and grandfather of Protefilaus, to. 
 who is hence called Phyllacides, 
 -aey Ovid. Art. A. 2, 356. Amor. 2, 
 6, 41. J Phylaades heros^ Propert. i, 
 19, 7. and hi^ wife Laodamla, Conjux 
 Phylaceia, Ovid. Tiift. 5, 14, 39. 
 
 Phyllis, -'idis^ the daughter of Ly- 
 curgus, king of Thrace, and herfelf 
 a queen of that country ; who fell in 
 love with Demophoon, the fon of The- 
 feus, in his return from the Trojan war. 
 Demophoon having left her with a 
 promife to return, and failing to per- 
 form his promife, fhe put an end to her 
 days, (G. 425.) Servius fuppofes that 
 Virgil alludes to this liory, (5"/ quos 
 aid Phyll'ulis ignes, fc. hahesy if you will 
 fmg the flames or loves of Phyliis j, i:. 
 5, 10. But others think, that Pliyilis 
 here is only a pailoral name ; as, lb. ^, 
 76. et 7, 63. et 10, 41. So Ovid feems 
 to take Phyllis for a fhepherdefs or a 
 country-girl, by joining her with A- 
 maryllis ; thus, Pkyllidis h'lc idem tenc- 
 rofque Amaryllidis ignes BucoUds juvenis 
 luferat ante mod'is^ fc. Virgilius, Tri^'?. 2, 
 
 537. «| 2. The nurfe of Domician, 
 
 who buried him after he was murdered, 
 in a farm of her's near the city, [in 
 fuhurbano fuo), on the Latin way, Do- 
 mit. 17. 
 
 Phyllodoce, -cs, a river nymph, 
 V'lrg. G. 4, 336. 
 
 Phyllius, a Boeotian, fond of the 
 boy Cycnus, whom he tried every me- 
 thod to pleafe, but in vain. At lad a 
 refufal caiifed the ruin of his favourite, 
 (FJrV/. Cycnus.) 
 
 PICTOR, "orh, a firname given 
 to C. Fabius, one of the Fabian fa- 
 mily, from his flcill in painting, Cic. 
 Tufc. 1,2. He painted the temple of 
 fafcty, (Sal us), Plln. -^s^ 7- The 
 
 320 3 PIE 
 
 firname of Piftor defcended to his pof- 
 terity, ( P^id. F a b i u s. ) 
 
 ^ Fabius PICTOR, -oris, a very 
 ancient writer of Roman annals, Cic, 
 Or. 2, 12.; Lhu I, 44. 2,40. 8, 
 30. 10, 37. 22, 7, &c. 
 
 PICUS, the fon of Saturn, and the 
 father of Faun us, Vtrg. Aen. 7, 48. 
 king of the Laurences, ( Laurenth Pi- 
 cijf ib. 1 70. remarkable for his flrill in 
 augury and horfemanihip. Virgil de- 
 fcribes ficus in the garb of a Roman 
 augur, by anticipation, with the lituus 
 or augur's ilaff of Romulus, who was 
 ilcilled in augury, girt with a fmall tra- 
 bea^ or fliort narrow tunic, carrying a 
 round (hield in his left hand, Virg. Aen. 
 7, 187. The goddefs Circe having fal- 
 len in love with Picus, [capta cupidtne 
 conjujixy i. e. amjris, defiring to become 
 his wife or miilrefs, as, E. 8, 18, Sc 
 66. fo maritus, for amator. Id. Aen. 
 4, 536.) and being reje^led, is faid to 
 have ftruck him with her wand, and to 
 have transformed him with her drugs 
 into a woodpecker, [verfumque veneniS 
 fecit avemy i. e. picum), Firg. Aen. 7, 
 190. This transformation of Picus 
 Ovid, i\\ his ufual manner, decorates 
 with a number of circumftances, as al- 
 fo that of his companions and wife Ca- 
 ne ns, Met. 14, 320, — 435. There was 
 a magnificent palace and temple built 
 by Picus in the citadel of Laurentum, 
 in which the ancient kings of Latium 
 ufed to be crowned, i^Hic fceptra ac 
 cipere, et prtmos ittolhre fafces Reglhus 
 cnai erat)f ib. 1 70. and where {Tali 
 intus templo-i for in hoc tcmpio) Latinus 
 received the ambaffadors of Aeneas, 
 //'. 192. Servius and other com.menta- 
 tors imsginc, that Virgil, in defcribing 
 this palace, alluded to the palace of 
 Augultus on the Palatine Mount, adv. 
 175, &c. But it feems more proper 
 to underftand the wordd fmiply, with- 
 out any fuch allufion. 
 
 PIeRUS, v. -ins, the father of the 
 Nine Mufes by Antiopa; whence the 
 Mufes were called by the poets, Pie- 
 rides et PiERiAE, Cic. N. D. 3, 21. 
 But Ovid fays, that Picrus, v. -oj, a 
 Macedonian, i^Pellaeis in arvis)^ was 
 
 th« 
 
P I L [ 
 
 t*he father of nine girls by Fvlppe, a 
 Paeonian or Macedonian woman, ( Pae- 
 onisf 'Xdis)j which nine fifters had the 
 prefumption to challenge the Nine Mu- 
 les to a conteft in mufic, and being 
 vanquiOied, were turned into magpies, 
 {in picas). Met. 5, 302. ad fin. But 
 the Mufes are generally thought to 
 have been named Pierides, -«m, iing. 
 Pierisj voc. Fieri , from PiErus, a 
 mountain inTiieffaly, on the confines 
 of Macedonia, (Vid. G. 323.) 
 
 PiLiA, the wife of Atticu;?, Cic. Att. 
 4, 4, &c. 
 
 M. PiLius, a connection of Atti- 
 cus, Cic. Att. 13, 31. J Fam. 8, 8. So 
 Q^PiLius, Cic. Att. j^, 17. 
 
 PiLUMNus, one of the progenitors 
 of Turnus, fometimes called his parent, 
 Virg. Aen. 9, 3. fometimes his grand- 
 father, ih. 10, 76. and great-great- 
 grandfather, i^quartus pater vel aha- 
 vus), lb. 619. He feems to have been 
 a deity of that country, for by hiiti 
 Turnus is faid to have derived his ori- 
 gin from the gods, iL 6 18. Ke was 
 like wife called Picumnus, Scrv. ad 
 Virg. A. 9, 4. et 10, 76. 
 ' Pimple IDES, -um^ the Mufes, fo 
 
 j called from Pimpia, a mountain of 
 Boeotia or Thrace, {^Vid. G, Ikdex.) 
 
 PiNARiij an ancient family of L.a- 
 tium, Liv. I, 7. Domus Pin aria, 
 Virg. Aen. 8, 270. Pinarii Nattae no- 
 liks, Cic. Div. 2, 21. 
 
 T. PiNARius, a friend of Cicero\'5, 
 Cie. Fujn. 12, 24. yltt. 6, 1. el 8, 15. 
 
 PINDaRUS, a Theban, an illuf- 
 trious Lyric poet, remarkable for the 
 fublimity of his fentiments and expref- 
 fion, (lyricorum priticeps), Quinclii. 10, 
 
 1, 61. whom Horace judged to be in- 
 imitable, ih. et Hor. Od. /{y 2, I-, &c. 
 Cicero joins Pindar with tlie Greek 
 poets of the fiift rank. Homer, Ar- 
 chilochus, and Sophocles, Or. i . Fin, 
 
 2, 3, 4- He flourilhed about the time 
 of Xerxes's invafiou of Greece, His 
 poems were written to celebrate the 
 vigors at the Olympic, lilhmian, Py- 
 thian, and Nemean games; and ac- 
 cordingly are divided into four parte, 
 entitled, Olympla, IJikmiai -Pythiay CX, 
 
 3JI j PIS 
 
 Neniea. Pindarici modi, the 
 
 ftrains of Pindar, Martial. 8, 18,6.-^ 
 Lyrae Pindaricat Jidicen^ a lyric poet, 
 O'-oid. Pont. 4, 17, 40. P/e^ris Pinda^ 
 ricis contendere^ Stat. Silv. .,3, loi. 
 Pindarici fontis qui non expalluU haujlus^ 
 who did not fear to drink of the Pin- 
 daric fountain, /. e. to attempt lyric 
 poems like thofe of Pi idar, Hor. Ep, 
 I, 3, 10. ^alis Pindarico fpirilus ore 
 tonaty with the fublimity of Pindar, 
 Prop. 3, 17, 40. So Id 2, t, 40. In 
 like manner Horace, Lnmenfufque ruit 
 profundo Pindarus ore, Pindar flows or 
 moves with vaft fublimity and copiouf- 
 ncfs of exprefiion, Od. 4, 2, 7. 
 
 T. PiNNius, one who made Cicero 
 his fecond heir, Cic. Fam. 13, 61. 
 
 PiRiTHOus, the fon of IxTon, king 
 of the Lapithae ; who, having concei- 
 ved a pailion for Proferpine, went dowft 
 to the infernal regions with his friend 
 Thefeus, in order to carry her off, (^i 
 dominant Ditis (/.<?. Proferpinam) tha- 
 lamo deducere adorti), Virg. Aen. 6, 
 397. But being feized, they vvere 
 thrown into chains by Phito. Thefeus 
 was afterwards Hberated by Hercules, 
 but Pirithous is faid to have been bound 
 faller: hence, Amatorem (fc. Profer- 
 pinae) trecentae Pirithoum cohilent cate- 
 nae, Hor. Od. 3, 4, 79. Nee Leihaea 
 •valet Thefeus ahrumpere caro Vincula Pi- 
 rithoo, lb. 4, 7, 27. This fable is va- 
 rioufly related by mythologills, (G. 
 
 423.) ; Hygin, 79. At the marriage 
 
 of Pirithous with Hippodame, v. -mia, 
 happened the bloody conflid between 
 the Centaurs and Lapithae, Oind. Met, 
 12, 210., &c. The friendfliip be- 
 tween Thefeus and Pirithous is cele- 
 brated, and their fidelity to each other, 
 ( Aegidae i. e. Thcfei Pirithoique fi- 
 des), Ovid. Pont. 2, 6, 26. Met. 8. 
 302. rrij}. I, 4, 18. Pont. 2, 3, 43. ; 
 Martial. 7, 23. 4. {Vid. G. 423, 438, 
 
 &439-) 
 
 PisANDER, 'dri, an Athenian prae- 
 tor, Nep. 7, 5.- ^ 2. A general of 
 
 the Lacedaemonians, Id. 9, 2. 
 
 <{| 3. One of the fuitors of Penelope, 
 Ep. I J 91. ; Homer, Cdyfs. 22, 
 
 Ovid 
 245. 
 
 91. ; Homer, Cdyfs, 22, 
 8 f PISIvS^ 
 
PIS t 322 
 
 PISISTRaTUS, an Athenian of 
 noble birth, of great eloquence, brave- 
 ry, and addrefs ; who artfully ufarp- 
 ed the government of his country, in 
 fpite of the oppofition of his kinfman 
 Solon, and retained it for thirty-three 
 years, till his death, (G. 465.) yuf- 
 tin, 2,8.; Cic. Sm. 20. BruL 
 
 put for any ufurper or tyrant ; as for 
 
 Caefar, Cic. Att. 8, 16. Pififtratus 
 
 firft arranged the books of Homer, as 
 we now have them, C'tc, Or. 3, 33, He 
 was contemporary with S.ervius Tul- 
 lius, the 6th king of Rome, GeU. 17, 
 21. — — PisiSTRATlD \e;, -arum, the 
 fons of Pifiilratus, Hippias and Hip- 
 parchus. who fucceeded him, (G. 465.) 
 
 PISO, a fjrname of the^^fjj Calpur- 
 ma ; faid to have been derived from 
 fome one of the family who cultivated 
 peafe ; or invented the peftle of a mor- 
 tar, Plin. 18, 3. J Lucan. ad P'tf. 15.; 
 faid to have been defcended from Nu- 
 ma Pompiliws, Fe/lin. 
 
 C. Calpurnius PISO, conful with M. 
 Glabrio, a. 686. qnd proconful of 
 Gaul, Cic, Att. I, I. when he feems to 
 have q'lelled 
 
 fome infurre<51iQn 
 
 th( 
 
 AUobroges, whence Cicero humojouf- 
 ly calls him their fubduer, [pacificator 
 jiUchrogum)y lb. 13. He is mentioned 
 as a fedate or cahn and copious fpeak- 
 er, ( Jlatarius et fennonis plenus orator ^ 
 Cic. Brut. 69.) 
 
 C. Pi so, a young nobleman of great 
 abihties and worth ; the fpn-in-law of 
 Cicero, to whom, during his banifli- 
 ment, he did all the good offices in his 
 power, Cic. Fam. 14, i. pojl reJ. in 
 Sen. 15. ad ^lir. 3. j PiJ. i. Brut. 
 78. He died before Cicero's return, 
 Cic. Sexi. 3 I. Cicero fpeaks of him as 
 one of the moil virtuous and apcom- 
 plifhed young men of that age, Br. 78. 
 
 L. PISO Caefoninus, conful with A. 
 Gabiniusj, a. 695, or 6. v,'ho conciirred 
 with Clodins ia banifhing Cicero, Cic. 
 Sexf. PiJ, &c. the father-in-l^w of Cae- 
 far, Cic. Fam. 4, 4. after whofe death 
 he oppofed Antony with great fpirit, 
 Cic. Phil. I, 4. But being fent as one 
 of three ambalTadors to Antony while 
 l>efieging Mutlna, he aded dilhonou^. 
 
 1 PIT 
 
 ably, {Jlagitiose fecit), Cie. Phil 8, 9. 
 et 10, 5. Fam. 12, 4. 
 
 PisoNES, -«m, two young noblemen 
 to whom Horace addreffed his Art of 
 Poetry, Horat. Art. P. 6, Sc 2^^. call- 
 ed Pompilius fanguisf the offspring of 
 Pompilius, becaufe the Calpurnii were 
 fuppofed to have been defcended from 
 Calpus, the fon of Numa Pompihus, 
 ib. 292, etibi Scholiajl. 
 
 Cn. PiSQ, made governor of Syria 
 by Tiberius, Tac. Ann. 2, 43. and fup- 
 pofed to have been employed by hira 
 to cut off" Germanicus by poifon, ik. 
 6. ; Suet. Tib. 52. Upon his return to 
 Rome, he was accufed, Tac. Ann. 3, 
 10. Perceiving the people to be greats 
 I7 enraged againfl: him, ib. 14. and not 
 being fupported by Tiberius, he killed 
 hirnlelf, ib. 15. 
 
 Pi so Frugi Licinianus, adopted by 
 Galba as his fucceflbr to the empire, 
 Tac. H//I. I, 14, & 15. ar^d on that ac- 
 count flain by the orders of Qtho, ib, 
 43. in the 33d year of his age. His 
 virtues deferved a better fate, ib. 48. ; 
 Suet. Galb. 17. — —Many other confi- 
 derable mon of the name of Pifo are 
 mentioned in the claffics. 
 
 Pis TOR, -orist the baker, a name 
 given to Jupiter, for a reafon men- 
 tioned, Ovid. Fqjl.d.^ i^o^ vc 
 
 Pitarati?, archon of Athens 
 when Epicurus died, Cic. Fat. g» 
 
 PiTHODEMUs, a noted wrefller, 
 Plin. 34, 8. 
 
 PiTHOLEON* -ntisi a poet of Rhodes, 
 who injudicioufly mix'^^d Greek and 
 Latin in his poems, Hor. Sat. i, 10, 
 22. 
 
 Pitta cus of Mitylenae, o.ne of 
 the feven wife men of Greece ; Hinc 
 tin Lycurgi, hinc Pittacly hinc Soloncs ; 
 as we fay, 'Hir Bagons, Miltons, New- 
 tons, Addifons, &c. Cic. Qr. 3, is<i 
 Leg. 2, -6. (G. 464.) 
 
 PiTTHEus, king of Troezen?, th? 
 grandfather of Thefeus by the mo- 
 ther's fide; who is hence called Pitthei- 
 dos Acthrae Jiliusy the fon of Aethra, 
 the daughter of Pittheus, (nom. Pit-. 
 
 theis,) Ovid. Ep. IC, 1 3 1.' PiT- 
 
 THEIA regna, the kingdom of Pit- 
 
 thiaj, 
 
Pit t 3 
 
 tbcus, 1. e. Troezine, where Pittheus 
 reigned, ib. 4, 107. {G. 421.) 
 
 PiTUANius, a very learned man, 
 intimate with Atticus, CicJtt. 4, 15. 
 
 PlaciD'l;ianus, a noted gladiator, 
 Hor. Sat. 2, 7, 97. {Fid, Facidia- 
 NUS. ) 
 
 M. pLAETDi^ius, the accufcr of M. 
 Fontejiis, Clc. Font. 5. curule aedile with 
 C. Flaminius, Clc. Cluent. 45. praetor 
 with Cicero, ib. ^'^. — Incerdio Plaetorl- 
 ano Seius amhujlus eji, is iinged by the 
 conflagration raifed againll Plaetorius, 
 i. e. alleited by his condemnation, as 
 being involved in his guilt, Clc. Att. 
 5, 20. 
 
 J'LAGiosippus, a name fuppofed to 
 be put for L. Philippus, the orator, 
 A. ad Herenn. 4, 3 1 • 
 
 C j^^£/W Plaguleius, one of the 
 partifans of Clcdius, Clc. Alt. ic, 8, 
 Dom. 3"?. 
 
 PLANCUS, V. PtANcrjs, a fir- 
 name of the Munattiy from one of that 
 fam.ily having the foles of his feet un- 
 commonly plain, [Plana appellantuvy 
 qui Jupra mcdum pedihus plant funt,) Fef- 
 tus ; et Plin. 11, 45 f. 105. 
 
 (7«. Plancius, of an equeftrian fa- 
 mily in the diftrid of Atinum, quaef- 
 tor in Macedonia under L. Appuleius 
 the praetor. When Cicero was ba- 
 niihed from Rome, Plancius met him 
 at Dyrrachium, and conveyed him 
 privately to his head-quarters at Thef- 
 faionica, ( Thejjalonicam in ^aejlorium 
 perduxit,) Cic. poft. red. in ben. 14. 
 Plane. 41. Plancius in his tribune- 
 fiiip did not difcover the fame at- 
 tachment to Cicero, Cic. Plane. 32. 
 Afterwards, however, when Plancius, 
 being chofen aedile, was acculed by a 
 difappointed competitor, M. Laieren- 
 fis, of bribery and corruption, Cicero 
 undertook his defence, and procured 
 his acquittal. In the civil war he 
 joined Pompey ; and after the defeat 
 of his party in the battle of Pharfalia, 
 feems to have retired to Corcyra, where 
 he lived in exile. Cicero gave him 
 hopes of a return ; but whether or not 
 that event took place we are no^ told, 
 Gic. Fiinu 4, 14, & 15. 
 
 23 ] P L A 
 
 X. Munat'tus PLANCUS, gover- 
 nor of Tranfalpine Gaul, after the death 
 of Caefar ; appointed to bear the con- 
 fulfhip with D. Brutus, the year after 
 Hirtius and Pan fa, Cic. Phil 3, 15. 
 Fcm. 10, I. ordered by the fenate, in 
 conjunftion with Lepidus, to found 
 the city Lyons, at the conHux of the 
 Rliofne with the Arar, Dioy 46, 50. 
 After the battle of Mutina and the 
 death of the confuls, Plancus join- 
 ed himfelf with Lepidus and Antony ; 
 and thus contributed to the deftruc- 
 tion of the republican party, Dioy 46^ 
 5^3. though he had given Cicero re- 
 peated affurances of his attachment to 
 the liberty of his country, Cic. Fam. 
 
 10, 4, 8, &c. He was conful with 
 Lepidus, a. u. 712, Dioy 47, 16. 
 — Plancus adhered to Antony, ac- 
 cording to Paterculus, with great fer- 
 vility, till the beginning of the civil 
 war between Antony and Auguftus, 
 when he deferted to Auguftus, 2, 83. 
 He never gained the confidence of that 
 emperor ; and therefore he is fuppofed 
 to have thought of going into volun- 
 tary exile to Rhodes or Mytilene, e- 
 fteemed agreeable places of abode by 
 the Romans, Cic. Fam. 4, 7. et 7, 3 f. 
 when Horace advifed him to banifh 
 his anxiety, and remain in his own de- 
 lightful villa near Tibur, Od. I, 7. 
 Confule Plancoy \. e. a. u. 71 1 or 712, 
 when Horace was in the heat of youth, 
 [calidus jwventd,) aged 24, ib. 3, i4f. 
 
 T. Plancus Burfa, the brother of 
 the former ; who burnt the fenate- 
 houfe after the death of Clodius, being 
 then tribune, a. u. 701, Cic. Phil. 13, 
 
 1 1. On which account being accufed 
 by Cicero, he was banilhed ; and 
 therefore he was ever after very inimi- 
 cal to Cicero, Cic. Phil. 6, 4. Fam. 
 7, 2. He was reftored to his country 
 by Caefar, ib. et Phil. 12, 18. After 
 the death of Caefar, he iided with An- 
 tony, Cic. Phil. II, 6. He is men- 
 tioned as extremely illiterate, Cic. Fam, 
 9, 10. 
 
 M. PLANCUS Heres, a Roman 
 
 calf's J a partifan of Pompey ; for whofc 
 
 6 f 2 pardon 
 
P L A I SH 1 t" I' t 
 
 pai'don Cicero intreats Dolobclla to In- Sarsina [Sat'smas, -dtis) 
 
 tercede with Caefar, Fa?n. 9, 13. 
 
 PLATO, 'onls, an iilullrious A- 
 thenian philofopher ; fo named from 
 the broadnefs of his fiiovilders ; the 
 fcholar of Socrates ; efteemed the mad 
 learned and eloquent of the ancient 
 philofophers, ( Pkilofophorum prnecipims. 
 Jive acumlne dijferendu five ehquendi fa- 
 cultate divind quadnm et Homeric d,Quinc- 
 tih ip, I, Bi. V^ir unus tnt'ms Gracciae 
 facile do3iJfimus^ Cic. Rabir. Poft. 9. 
 ^afi dens qu'idam phtlnfophorum^ Cic, N. 
 D. 2, [2. Princeps omnium longe, qin- 
 cunque fcripferunty aut locuti Jnnty Cic. 
 Or. 19. yovemjlquidcmy aiurd phdcfo- 
 phiy fi Graece loquatur, fic loquif Cic. 
 Brut. 31. Dodus Plato, Hor. Sat. 2, 
 .4, 3.) It Is fald that a clufter of bees 
 fettled on his h'ps when a child, Cic. 
 Div. I, 36. He travelled over Egypt 
 gnd Magna Graecia in queil of know- 
 ledge, Cic. Fin. 5, 29. T'ufc. 4, 19, £c 
 25. After his return to Athens he 
 taught in a gymriafium near that city, 
 called the Acadcmia ; whence his 
 followers were named Academici, [G. 
 294.) We have a compendium of his 
 philofophy, Cic, yicad. 3, 5. He 
 thought that the earth moved round 
 its axis, («i/j/7 moveri tiifi terram ;) 
 which opinion he expreffed, though 
 fomewhat obfcurely, In a book called 
 Timaeus, {terram verti circa axerti, ) ib. 
 4, 39. Cicero had fuch a veneration 
 for Plato, that he fays he would rather 
 err with him, than think juflly with 
 others, Tufc. I, 17. Numero Platonis 
 elfcuriusy a proverbial exprefiion con- 
 cerning any thing difficult to be under- 
 ftood ; from Plato's adopting the num- 
 bers of Pythagoras, Cic. Ait. 7, 13. — 
 Philofpphi Platonici, Gell. 15, 2. 
 Suhltmitas Platonic a, Plin, Ep. 1, 10. 
 - Plator, one of the generals of 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, Urj. 28, 
 6.- — — <{| 2. A native of Dyrrachium, 
 put to death by PIfo, Cic. Pif. 34. 
 Jlliir. Refp. 16. 
 
 j4. Plautius, praetor of BIthynia 
 and Pontus, Cic. Fam. 13, 29. 
 • M, Accius PLAUTUS, a native of 
 
 in Umbriaj- 
 faid to have been named Plotns or Plau' 
 tus from his fplay or, broad feet, (a pe- 
 dum planitic,) Fejlus. a celebrated Ro- 
 man comic poet ; of whofe plays 
 twenty are extant, though not all 
 entire. He died in the confulft'^ip of 
 P. Claudius Pulcher and L. Portias 
 Licinius, a. u. ^6g. or 5 70, while Cato 
 the elder was cenfor, Cic. Br. i c. > 
 
 LATJTINTUS j>i?,Vr m 
 
 Tri 
 
 :he fa- 
 
 ther defcribcd by Plautus in his play 
 called Tiiiy.uMMus, Cic. ad. Brut. 2, 
 
 Plau TIM numeri et jalesf the 
 
 verfes and wit of Plautus, Hor. Art. 
 P. 270, Add. Ep. 2, I, 58, & 170. 
 praifed by Cicero, Off. i, 29. 
 
 PLAUTUS, one of the judges 
 who were bribed to acquit Clodius, 
 fuppofed to be a hditious name, Cic, 
 Ait. I, 16. 
 
 Pleiades, -?/tc, vel Pleiades , the 
 feven ilars, fo called from their number 
 {TTKiioyii;^ plures',) fmg. Pleiasy v. Plicsp 
 V. PleTas, one of the feven fVars ;— fup- 
 pofed to have been the daughters of 
 Atlas; hence called Atlantcae, Ovid. 
 Faft. 3, 105. and Ada%>t%de3, Virg, G. 
 I, 221. (G. 379. ) — Lucida Pleios^ the 
 bright or beautiful Pleias, i. e. Mala, 
 Ovid. Met, I, 670. Plias for Pliades^ 
 Id.Ep. 18, 188. NoDita tmnftellis nume- 
 ros et nomina fecit, Pleiddas, &c. Virg. 
 G. I, 138. Tdygetefimiil OS terris ojlendii 
 honejhm Plias, v. Pleias, as foon as the 
 Pleiad Taygcte has (hewn her beau- 
 teous face to the earth, ib. 4, 232. 
 
 Pleiome, -es, the daughter of O- 
 ceanus and wife of Atlas, (G. 378.) 
 
 Pleu RATES, -isy a Macedonian, 
 Cic. Pif. 34. 
 
 Pleuratug, a king of the lilyrians, 
 Liv. 26, 24, c^c. 
 
 C. PLINIUS Secundum, born at Ve- 
 rona a. u. 776, pofi. Chr. Nat. 23. who 
 petiihed by the firft eruption of Vefu- 
 vius, in the 56th year of his age, Plin. 
 Ep.6, 16. Of his numerous writings, 
 ib. 3, 5. there is only extant his Natu- 
 ral Hiilory, in thirty-feven books ; a 
 work which has always been juftly 
 held iu the bighefl: eftimation, Gell. 5» 
 
 10- 
 
? L I [ 3J5 
 
 & 16. Hieronym. in Ifai. 
 
 J 
 
 28. Cerafa 
 
 cherries lb cal- 
 
 15, 54. /*« E%echieL (^ 
 i^LiNiANA, a kind of 
 led, Plin. 15, 25 f. 30. 
 
 C. PL INI US Caecilius Secmidusy the 
 nephew of the former ; called the 
 T^ounger Pliny y and his uncle the ElJer 
 Pliny ; born at Comum, P/in. Ep. 4, 
 13. near the lake Lariusy which there- 
 fore he calls his own, {fuusy) ib. 2, 8. 
 et 6, 24. His father was called Cae- 
 cilius ConienfiSy and his mother PUnia^ 
 the filler of the natural hiilorian ; who, 
 having loft her huihand, lived with her 
 brother, ib. 6, 16, & 20. ; by whom 
 her fon was adopted, ib. 5, 8. and 
 therefore affumed his name. Pliny, ha- 
 ying early loft his father, was educated 
 under the care of his mother and uncle, 
 and of Verginius Rufus, ih. 2, 1,8. 
 He was very ftudious from a boy, fo 
 that in the 14th year of his age he 
 wrote a Greek tragedy, ib. 7, 4. He 
 lludied eloquence under Quindlilian, 
 ib. 2, 145 9- He hved in great friend- 
 fliip with Tacitus, who was a little 
 older than Pliny, ib. 7, 10, & 20. et 9, 
 23. He was highly etteemcd by the 
 emperor Trajan ; and employed his in- 
 tereft with him more for the advantage 
 of others than his own, ib. 10, 4, 6, 
 & 105, <&c. The works of Phny now 
 extant are, his Epiftles in ten books, 
 and a Panegyric on Trajan. 
 
 Plisthenes, 'isy the fon of Pelops, 
 and father of Agamemnon and Menc- 
 laus ; whence Pliflhenius torusy the 
 couch of Agamemnon, 0-vid. Rem. Am. 
 
 778. ( Vid. G. 405. ) ^ 2 . A fon 
 
 of Thyeftes, ferved up to his father 
 by Atreus at an entertainment, Senec. 
 thyejl. 724. (G. ibid.) 
 
 pLoTius, the name of a Roman 
 
 ^ens. Plotiana bonay the elfedls 
 
 of one Plotius, Cic. Fam. 13, 8. 
 
 A. PLOTIUS Sihanus, a candi- 
 date for the aedilelliip with Cn. Plan- 
 cius, Cic. Plane. 7. ; praetor in the 
 confulfiiip of Marcellus and Sulpi- 
 cius, Cic. Att. 5", 15. — fuppofed to 
 have been the fame with A. Plautius, 
 praetor of Bithynia, Cic. Fam. 13, 29. 
 
 L. Plotius, a poet, a favourite 0/ 
 C. Marius, Cic, Arch. 9. 
 
 POL 
 
 V. 'OUy 'onist the foil of 
 
 PLUTO, 
 Saturn and Ops, the brother of Jupi* 
 tcr, and king of the infernal regions, 
 
 (G. 388.) Piuton pcltery Virg. Aen, 
 
 7, 327. Domus exiiis Plutonia, the 
 poor, empty houfe or abode of Pluto, 
 i. e. the infernal regions, Hor. Od. i, 
 4, 25. So, Perque Ditis domos imcuas, 
 Virg. Aen. 6, 269. called empty y be- 
 caufe pofleffed by the fhades, airy un- 
 bodied phantoms, fluttering about un- 
 der an hollow imaginary form, [ienues 
 Jine cor pore vitas — valitare cava Jub ima- 
 gine formae,) ib. 292. Plutoma, 
 
 ■ orum, certain places in Afia emitting 
 a noxious vapour, Cic. Div. i, 36. 
 
 Plutus, the god of riches, accord- 
 ing to the Greeks. 
 
 PoDiLiKius, the fon of Aefculapius, 
 a Ikilful phyfician, Ovid. Art. 2, 735. 
 
 Tr'i/l. 5, 6, II. 5[ 2. An Italian, 
 
 who took part with Aeneas againft 
 Turn us, Virg. Aen. 12, 304. 
 
 Podarces, 'isy the fiift name of 
 Priam, ( G. 400.) 
 
 POLeMO, v. -ony 
 
 the fon of 
 
 Philoftratus, an Athenian philofopher ; 
 the fcholar of Xenocrates, Cic. Or. 3, 
 i3. and his fucceflbr in the academy ; 
 who placed the chief happinefs of man 
 in living agreeably to nature, Cic, Fin, 
 4, 6. et 5, 31. Polemo in his youth 
 had been addicted to diffipation and 
 pleafure. Returning one morning after 
 fun-rife from a nodurnal entertainment, 
 and feeing the gate of Xenocrates 
 open, he went in, overpowered with 
 wine, as he was, befmeared with per- 
 fumes, and having his head crowned 
 with a garland, the ufualgarb of fuck 
 as had been feafting. He fat dov/n witl| 
 an air of deriiion, which raifed the in- 
 dignation of all prefent. But Xeno- 
 crates, without being moved, dropt 
 the fubjevit he was then treating, an4 
 began to diicourfe on modefty and tem- 
 perance. The attention of Polemo 
 was engaged : He foftiy pulled the 
 crown from his head ; and, in ftiort, 
 from being a diffolute debauchee, be- 
 came a great philofopher, FaL Max, 
 6, 9^ ext. I. ; Hor, Sat, 2, 3, 254. 
 
 P0LiT£.9, 
 
POL [3 
 
 PolItes, one of the fons of Pnam, 
 flain by Pyrrhus, after the taking of 
 Troy. Firg.jlen, 2, 526. 
 
 6". ^«i^x POLT.IO, a dlftingullh- 
 ed orator, hillorian, and poet ; ap- 
 pohited by Caefar governor of Spain, 
 Cic. Fam. 10, 30. After the death of 
 Caefar he wrote feveral letters to Ci- 
 cero, which are fi.iil extant, exprcffive 
 of his zeal for liberty, ih. 31, 32, & 
 33. He however afterwards joined 
 Antony, and did him important 
 fei-vice. In the war of Peruha, he 
 commanded feven legions, Pater c, 2, 
 76. By the mediation of Polho and 
 Maecenas, a war was prevented be- 
 tween Auguftus and Antony, and a 
 peace concluded at Brundufium, a. u. 
 714, D'lOy 47, 28.; Jpp'tan. B. C. />. 
 1126. Pollio was this year conful 
 with Domitlus Calvinus, Z)io, 48, 15. 
 Next year Pollio fubdued the Farthlniy 
 a nation of Illyriciun or Dalmatia, 
 Dioy 48, 41/. ; Flor. 4, 7. ; ylpplan, 
 de B, C. p. 1 135. and triumphed over 
 them, Hor.OiLzy i, 15. After this 
 Pollio hved in repofe, and devoted 
 himfelf to ftudy. U'hough by his union 
 with Antony he had contributed great- 
 ly to cruCh the hberty of his country, 
 yet he feems to have retained the high 
 Ipirit (/iToWj/vi) of freedom, which he 
 is faid to have tranfmitted to his fon, 
 Tiic. Jnn, I, 12. After Antony be- 
 came enflaved by his paiBon for Cleo- 
 patra, Pollio did not concern himfelf 
 ia his affairs ; but being requelled by 
 Augudus to accompany him to the 
 war of Aftium, he dtchned it, Paterc. 
 2, 86. He notwithltanding continued 
 to enjoy the friendlhip of Auguftus. 
 He wrote the hiftory of the civil wars, 
 in feventeen books, Suidas, beginning 
 from the confullhip of Meteiius and 
 Afranius, a. u. 694, v/hen the firil tri- 
 umvirate was formed between Caeiar, 
 Fompey, and Craffiis, Hor. Od. 2, i, 
 2. ; Vdi 2, 44. ; Flor, 4, 2. Nothing 
 of this work remains but a few frag- 
 ments. It is quoted by ancient authors, 
 with fuch exprtlfions of approbation as 
 muft make us regret the luis ut it, Tric. 
 Jr^, 4, 3.|. ; Suet. Caef. 30, 55, ^ 56. ; 
 
 2(5 'j !> L 
 
 Val. Mam. 8, 13. ; Sext. 4.; Serier* 
 Suafor. 6. While Pollio was engaged 
 in this undertaking, Horace wrote to 
 him the fird ode of the fecond book, 
 in which he defcribes , the difficnlty 
 and merit of the work. As an orator 
 Pollio is frequently praifed by Quinc- 
 tilian ; who, however, fays that in 
 point of elegance Pollio was fo infe- 
 rior to Cicero, that he might fcim to 
 have lived an age before him. 10, i, 
 113. x\s a tragic poet Pollio is extol- 
 led by Horace : Pollio return Facia 
 (i. e. caedes et fcelcra) canit pede ter 
 percuffo,) i. e. writes tragedies in tri- 
 meter Iambic verfe, coniifting of fix 
 feet. Sat. i, 10, 42. Hence. Mox^ 
 jihi public as Res ordituiris, grande munus 
 Cccroplo repetes cothurno, when you have 
 iiniflied your hiftory of public aftairs, 
 i.e. of the civil wars, you will refume 
 your grand employment of writing tra- 
 gedies in an Athenian bulkin, i. e. 
 with the majelly or elevated ftyle of 
 Sophocles, Hor. Od. 2, i, 10. So, 
 Sola Sophocleo tua cannula d'lgna cothur- 
 no, Virg. E. 8, 10. Pollio et tpfefacit 
 no'va carminay compofes new poems, or 
 poems of uncommon merit, ih. 3,86, 
 Virgil is faid to have retained his lands 
 by the favour of Pollio, when the ter- 
 ritory of Mantua was divided among 
 the veteran foldiers, Donat. in vita Fir- 
 gil. 36. Ser-o. ad Eel. 2, i. But that 
 is alfo afcribed to Varus, Serv. ad Ecu 
 6, 6. et 9, 29. Whatever be in this, 
 Pollio certainly was a great patron of 
 Virgil. By the advice of Polho he is 
 faid to have compofed his eclogues, 
 Donat. in Fit. 10. To him he infcribed 
 his fourth eclogue. Pollio was the 
 firil who erecled a public library at 
 Rome, and the only image of a living 
 perfon placed in it was that of Varro ; 
 which mark of refpeit, Pliny obferves, 
 as being conferred by fo diitinguifhed 
 an orator and citizen, (^principe oratore 
 et cive,) was no lefs honourable than 
 the naval crown, which he recti ved 
 from Pompey the Great, for his valour 
 in the war againil the pirates, 7, 30. 
 Add. Id. 35, 2. — Polho is always rank- 
 ed among the moil illuitrious men ol 
 
 his 
 
POL C 3 
 
 his time, Fell. 2, 36. ; Plin. Ep. 5, -^j 
 5.; Dial de Orat. 17, 21, & 25. He 
 is laid to have hved to a great age, 
 VaJ. AT^x. 8. 13. ^.v/. 4. 
 
 POLLUX, -z7^/j, the fon of Jupi- 
 ter and Leda, the brother of Caftor, 
 both fuppofed to have been changed 
 into a conllcllation called ' ■^i:mini, the 
 Twins, worlhipped by mariners, [G. 
 
 4"t-) ^ , 
 
 Jul /lis POLLUX, a Greek gram- 
 marian, who wrote a dictionary called 
 Onomasticon, dill extant. 
 
 POLYAENUS, a great geometri- 
 cian, intimate with Epicunis, Cic. Fin. 
 I, 5. with whom he agreed in think- 
 ing, that the whole of geometry was 
 faife, or not founded in demonftration, 
 
 Cic. Acad. 4, 33. ^ 2. A native of 
 
 Macedonia, who wrote a book in Greek 
 on warlike Itratagems, which he dedi- 
 cated to the emperors Antoninus and 
 Verus. This work is ilill extant. 
 ■ POLYBIUS, an illullrious hido- 
 rian, ftatefman, and warrior, the fon 
 of Lycortas, general of the Achaean 
 league, born at Megalopolis, a city of 
 Arcadia, about 200 years before Chrifl, 
 the friend of Philopoemen, under whom 
 he learned the art of war. Polybius 
 was employed by his country in feveral 
 important negotiations. After the re- 
 duction of Macedonia by Paulus Ae- 
 milius, the Roman commifiioners in 
 Greece, under pretext that the Achae- 
 ans had favoured Perfeus, caufed above 
 a thoufand of the moil confiderable ci- 
 tizens to be feized and conveyed to 
 Rome. Among thefe was Polybius. 
 "When the Achaeans arrived at Rome, 
 the fenate, without hearing their caufe, 
 banifhed them to different towns in I- 
 taly, where tl^ey were kept in prifon. 
 Polybius, by the favour of Q^Fabius 
 and of Scipio Africanus the younger, 
 both fons of Paulus Aemiiius, whofe 
 friendlhip he had gained by his m.crit, 
 was excepted from this number. Po- 
 lybius lived in the greateil intimacy 
 with Scipio till the death of that great 
 man. He was with him both at the 
 fieges of Carthage and Numantia; and 
 Scipio is faJd to have fucceeded in eve- 
 
 27 ] POL 
 
 ry thing in which he followed the ad- 
 vice of Polybius, and to have failed 
 when he neglefted it, Paufan. 8, 30. 
 The Achaeans, after many fruitless ap- 
 plications to the fenate, at laft, at the 
 end of feventcen years, obtained the 
 return of their exiles, when their num- 
 ber was reduced to 300. Polybius, who, 
 by his influence with Gate the Cenfor, 
 contributed greatly to the releafe of his 
 countrymen, feems not to have ufed 
 this permiffion of reviiiti'.ig his native 
 city ; or if he did, liis Hay muft have 
 been ftiort ; for he was with Scipio 
 three years after at the fiege of Car- 
 thage, [G. 679.). After the death of 
 Scipio, Polybius returned to Megalo- 
 polis, where he lived for fix years, and 
 died at the age of eightv-two of a 
 wound he received by a tall from his 
 horfe. His countrymen erected ftatues 
 in different places to his memory, which 
 were (landing in the time of Paufanias, 
 /. 8. c. 9, 44, & 48. On one of thefe 
 was an infcription. Intimating, " That 
 Greece would not have gone wrong 
 from the beginning if it had followed 
 the advice of Polybius, and that he a- 
 lone had brought her reHef in dillrefs,^' 
 
 Id. 8, 37. Polybius wrote feveral 
 
 books } the Life of Philopoemen, an 
 Account of the Numantine war, Cic. 
 Fam. ^, 12. and his Unlverfal H'lfiory, 
 containing an account of the tranfac- 
 tions of all the nations then known for 
 fifty-three years ; that is, from the be- 
 ginning of the fecond Punic war to the 
 redu6lion of Macedonia into a Roman 
 province. It confided of forty books, of 
 which the five firft only remain entire. 
 There are however large fragments of 
 the other books. Polybius has al- 
 ways been held in the highefl eilima- 
 tion as an hidorian. Livy, who fre- 
 quently quotes and copies from Poly- 
 bius, perhaps from jealoufy, bellows 
 on him only the negative praife of be- 
 ing no defpicable author, [haudgiiaquam 
 fpernendus auBor)^ 7,0^ 45. Cicero fpeaks 
 of him in higher terms, [tonus auBor 
 imprimis), Cic. Off. 3, 32. Add. Id. 
 Att. 13,30- 
 
 J*OLyaus, V. -iusj a king of Cormth, 
 
 who 
 
POL 
 
 f 3 
 
 who IS faid to have broug!it up Oedi- 
 ptis as his own fon, Siat. Theb. i, 64.; 
 
 Ssnec. Oedip. v. 12. ( Fid. G. 429.) 
 
 ^2. One of the fuitors of Penelope, 
 Ovid. Ep. 1, 91. 
 
 PoLYCHARMus, a practor of the 
 Athenians, Cic. Att, 5, f f. 
 
 PoLYCLETUs, an excellent ftatuary, 
 CiV. Or, 2, I 6 f. BruL 86. /^Vr. 4, 3. 
 jTtf^^-. I, 2. Hence — ^tod ab arte My- 
 rSrfisf Aut Polycleteo jujfum efl quod iv'- 
 mere cado, by the graving- inltruaient of 
 Polydetus, Stat. Sih. 2, 2, 67. So 
 ^od Poly clet els infum ejl fpirare caminis, 
 fb. 4, 6, 78. 
 
 PoLYCRATES, -/V, a tyrant of Sa- 
 mos, uncommonly fortunate in life ; fo 
 that he is faid never to have met with 
 any crofs accident. To occafion to 
 himfelf fome vexation, he threw a ring 
 of great value into the fea, but he foon 
 aftet found it In the entrails of a fiih 
 •vfrliich was fent him. This fuppofed 
 happy rnan at lad met vtrich a miferable 
 exit, being decoyed to vifit Orontes, 
 the Perfian governor of Magnefia on 
 the Maeandcr, who put him to death, 
 Hero dot. 3, 39, &c. ; Cic. Fin. 5,30. 
 
 PoLYDAMAS, -antis, a Thracian ath- 
 leta of extraordinary (Irength, of which 
 feveral wonderful inllances are record- 
 ed, Paufan. 6, 5. ^2. The fon of 
 
 Fanthous, i^Paiithoidcs), the companion 
 of He£lor, Homer. II. 18, 249. ; Ovid. 
 Met. 12, 547. put for any nobleman, 
 
 Perf, I, 4. PoLYDAMANTEA arma^ 
 
 the arms of Polydamas, Sil. 12, 212. 
 
 PoLYDECTES, V. -as, -at^ ku^'g of 
 Serlphus, at whofe court Perfeus was 
 educated, (<?.395.)j Ovid. Afet. ^y 242. 
 
 PoLYEtORUS, the youngell fon of 
 Priam and Heciiba, Cic. Or. 3, 58, 
 whom his father, at the beginning of 
 the WZ.V, fent to Polymncftur king of 
 Thrace with a large fum of gold to be 
 educated there till the fate of Troy 
 fnould be determined. Polymneftor 
 having heard of the death of' Priam, 
 feized on the money, and affafiinated 
 Polydorus. According to Ovid, the 
 dead body of Polydorus vvas thrown 
 into the fea, and was found by Hecu- 
 ba on the fhore, Met. 13, 536. Ac- 
 cording to Virgil, he was buried, and 
 
 28 ] POL 
 
 a grove of myrtles grew on his tomb, 
 from one of which, while Aeneas at- 
 tempted to pull it, drops of blood are 
 faid to have dillilled, Aen. 3, 27, &c. 
 
 'PolydokIxj s fariguis, the blood of 
 
 Polydorus, Ovid. Met. 13, 629 Se- 
 veral others of this name are mentioned 
 in the claffics. 
 
 PoLYGNOTus, an ancient painter at 
 Athens, born in the ifland Thafus, 
 {rbafius), Cic. Br. 18.; Plin. 7, s^, 
 ^S^ 6f. 25. et 9f. ^^. ; QuindiL 12, 
 ID, 3, & 10. 
 
 PoLYKiSTOR, -oris, a name given 
 to Corn. Alexander, a grammarian, 011 
 account of his great knowledge in an- 
 tiquity. Suet, de III. Gramnt. 20. 
 
 Polyhymnia, vel Polymniaj one of 
 the Mufes, Hor. 0^/. 1, i, 33. ; Ovid, 
 FaJ. 5, 9, 5: 53. 
 
 PoLYiDUs, a Corinthian augur, Cic, 
 Div. I, 40.—^ 2. An excellent en- 
 ginecr, Vitruv. pratf. 7. 
 
 PoLYMNESTOR, -oris, 3. king of 
 Thrace, whofe eyes Hecuba tore out 
 with her nails, in revenge for the death 
 of her fon Polydorus, Ovid. Met. 13, 
 561, &c. 
 
 PoLYNiCEs, -is, the fon of Oedipus 
 king of Thebes, who having agreed 
 with his brother Eteocles to reign one 
 year each alternately, and being exclu- 
 ded by his brother from that right, fied 
 to ildraflus, king of Argos, and mar- 
 ried his daughter Argia. By the af- 
 fillance of Adraftiis he attempted to 
 recover his right by force, which gave 
 occafion to the Theban war, (G. 430.) 
 
 FOLYPHeMUS, the fon of Nep- 
 tune, a Sicilian Cyclops of monllrous 
 fize, who fed on human flefli, (G. 454.), 
 Cic. Tufc. 5, 39. ; Virg. A en. 3, 618, 
 &c. He took delight in feeding his 
 fheep; hence called pajlor Polyphemusy 
 
 ib. 657. ^ 2. One of the Lapithae, 
 
 Homer. II. i, 264. 
 
 FoLYXEN'A, one of the daughters 
 of king Priam, facrlficed by Pyrrhus 
 on the tomb of Achilles, (G. 448.) ; 
 hence Caedes Polyxenia, the blood 
 of Polyxena, CatulL 63,— 368. 
 
 Folyxo, -us, an Amazon, who 
 prompted the women of Lemnos to 
 
 flay 
 
P ou 
 
 fiay their hu (bands, Stat, Thek 
 reprefented as a prophetefs beloved by- 
 Apollo, FaL Place. 2, 316. 
 
 POMPEIA gensy a plebeian clan at 
 Rome, of which Vellcius Patcrculus 
 fays there were two or three branches, 
 (familiae), but does not inform us what 
 they were, 2, 21. 
 
 Cn, POMPEIUS, (firnamed Stra- 
 BO, from his fquint eyes, and his refem- 
 blance to his cook, \Vho was called 
 Monogenes Strabo, Plin. 7, 12»; Val. 
 Max. 9, 14, 2.), conful with L. Por- 
 tius Cato, a, u. 664, f» 5. one of the 
 Roman generals in the Social war, Cic* 
 Font. 15. Bdlh. 12. who gained a tri- 
 umph over the people of Afculum in 
 Picenum, [yffcu/ani Ptcer.tes)^ Afcon. 
 in Cic. Pif. 24. in which triumph P. 
 V'entidius, who afterwards triumphed 
 over the Parthians, being then a boy, 
 was led among the captives, Plin. 7, 
 43 f. 44. ; Fill. 2, 6$.y Gell. 2,4. In 
 the army of Pompey Cicero ferved as 
 a foldier, [tiro f nit), Cic. Phil. 12, 11. 
 Strabo, though poflefled of great mili- 
 tary talents, was hated on account of 
 his covetoufnefa. After his death, which 
 was occafioned by a thunderbolt, the 
 people treated his corpfe with great 
 indignity, Plutarch, in Pomp. pr'mc» j 
 
 FeIL2,2U 
 
 Cn. POMPEIUS Magnus, the fort 
 of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, bora a. u. 647* 
 When he was a very young man, and 
 ferved in the camp of his father, who 
 had been appointed general againft Cin- 
 na, he, with great addrcfs and forti- 
 tude, favcd his father's life, when one 
 L. Terentius, the tent-companion of 
 young Pompey, being bribed by Cinna, 
 had confpired with fome othets to af- 
 faffmate him. Upon Sylla's return to 
 Italy from the Mithrldatic war, Pom- 
 pey, then only about twenty- three 
 years old, joined him with three legions, 
 U'hich he had raifed by his own private 
 influence among his father's veterans 
 and others. Pompey, by his fuccefsful 
 . condu6^, contributed greatly to the 
 victory of the patrician or ariftocfatiq 
 party. Sylla having reduced all Italy 
 ^nder his dominion, lent Fompey wilL 
 
 t 329 ] POM 
 
 5, 90. an army into Sicily againft PerpenhJl 
 and Carbo the conful. Pompey forced 
 Perpenna to fly from the ifland * and 
 having taken Carbo prifoner, put him 
 to death, and fent his head to Sylla, 
 though he had formerly owed him ob« 
 ligations, Fal. Max. 5, 3. ; Ctc. Fam» 
 9, 2 I. From thence Pompey was fent 
 againft: Domitius, the commander of 
 the Marian or popular party in Africa, 
 who in the firfl engagement was defeat- 
 ed and flain. Pompey fo much extend- 
 ed the limits of the koman em.pire in 
 Africa, that upon his return to Rome 
 Sulla went out to meet him at the head 
 of the nobility, and faluted him by the 
 title of Pompeius Magnus , or Pompey 
 the Great, by which name he has fince 
 been dllllnguiihed. Lucan ufually calls 
 him by the fimple name of Magnus, 
 Sulla, with fume relu6lance, permitted 
 Pompey, though only an equesy and 
 not yet a fenator, to enter the city in 
 triumph ; an honour which had never 
 before been granted to any but to con- 
 fuls or praetors, Cic. ManiLzi.; P/in. 
 7, 26. After the death ot Sulla, Pom- 
 pey joined Catijlus the conful in crufh* 
 ing Lepidus the colleague of Catulus, 
 though formerly the friend of Pompey, 
 and promoted to the confulate by his 
 interefl, becaufe Lepidus wifhed to re- 
 verfe the adls of Sulla, and recal the 
 exiled Marians. Brutus, the lieutenant 
 of Lepidus, having voluntarily furren- 
 dered to Pompey at Mutina, on condi- 
 tion of having his life fpared, was, npt- 
 withftanding, by the orders of Pom- 
 pey, put to death. After this Pom- 
 pey was fent into Spain againft Serto- 
 rius, which war he finiihtd with his 
 ufual fuccefs. Sertorius being bafely 
 murdered by Perpenna at a fcaft, moft 
 of the Spaniards fubmitted to Pompey* 
 Soon after Perpenna being taken, in 
 order to fave his hfe, produced a num- 
 ber of letters, feveral of which, he faid, 
 were from the greaieft men ia Rome, 
 inviting Sertorius into Italy. Thefe 
 Pompey, with great prudence and mag- 
 nanimity, publicly burnt, without read- 
 ing one of them j and ordered Perpeji- 
 jiA tg be f|ut to death, left he fliould 
 T t dif«ov«r 
 
T O M 
 
 C 33=> ] 
 
 POM 
 
 dlfcover the names of thofe by wliom 
 the letters were written, Plutarch. 
 
 Pompey, in his return to Italy with 
 tiis vidorious army, fell in with a body 
 of thofe fugitive flaves, who, after 
 the deilrudiion of Spartacus, had e- 
 fcaped from Craflus, and entirely cut 
 them off, Plutarch, in int. Pomp. ; Cic. 
 ManiL II, Sext. ^i. For his vidory 
 in Spain Pompey obtained a fecond 
 triumph, while he was ilill only a pri- 
 vate citizen, and of the equeftrian rank ; 
 but the next day he entered on the con- 
 iulfliip, to which he had been elefttd 
 in his abfence, though not yet full thir- 
 ty-fix years old. But the fcnate, by a 
 decree, difpenfed both with his age and 
 abfence, Cic. Manil. 2 t . ( Fid. J. i^^.). 
 His colleague was M. Craffus, a. u. 
 684. Pompey, while conful, reflored 
 the power of the tribunes, which Sulla 
 had abridged. In return for this fa- 
 vour, Gabinius, one of the tribunes, 
 got a law paffed, invefling Pompey 
 with extraordinary powers to carry on 
 war againil the pirates, who then in- 
 felled the Mediterranean fea, and even 
 infulted the ports of Italy. This war 
 Pompey finished with wonderful dif- 
 patch, Cic. Manil. \2. While Pompey 
 was extinguifhing the remains of the 
 piratic war in Ciiicia, he was appoint- 
 ed, by a law propofed by Mauilius a 
 tribune, with (lill more ample powers 
 to carry on the war againft Mithri- 
 . dates. Veil. 2, 33. Pompey tinilhed 
 this war with great glory, having add- 
 ed to the empire three powerful king- 
 doms. Pontus, Syria, Bithynia, lea- 
 ving all the other kings and nations of 
 the call tributary to the republic, as 
 far as the Tigris, Plutarch. ; et Cic. 
 Prov. Conf. 12. He returned to Italy 
 a. u. 692. Apprehenfions were enter- 
 tained at Rome that he would lead his 
 viAorious army to the city, and feize 
 the government, which it was thought 
 he might have done. But he difband- 
 ed his troops at Brundufiura, and with 
 a private retinue purfued his journey 
 to Rome, where he was received with 
 the greateft joy. Plis triumph laded 
 for two days, and was the moli fplen- 
 
 did that had ever been feen la Rome-^ 
 Fell. 2, 40. ; Plin. 7, 26. Plutarch ob- 
 ferves, that it would have been happy 
 for Pompey to have died at this time, 
 in the height of his fame and fortunes, 
 and might have added, for his country 
 too. Next year the fenate having re- 
 fufcd to ratify the afta of Pompey in 
 Afia, many of which had been very 
 abfolute, he formed a combination with 
 Caefar and Craffus, to permit nothing 
 of importance to be done in the ftate 
 without their approbation, which is 
 commonly called the Fit^ Triumvirate, 
 and in the end proved fatal to the repub- 
 lic, and to Pom.pey himfelf, as alfo to his 
 two alTociates, ( Tu cauju malorum Facia 
 tribus dominis co?nmunis Roma^ Lucan. I , 
 84. Nulla Jides rc^gni fociis, omnifque po- 
 tcjlas Impaticns conf art is erit, ib. 93.) 
 ( Pld. G.241.). To confirm this alHance, 
 Pompey married Julia the daughter o£ 
 Caefar, who, from lier amiable quali- 
 ties, acquired great influence over her 
 hufband. Cicero and others ilrongly 
 diffuaded Pompey from this connection, 
 but their remonftrances were difregard- 
 ed. Pompey henceforth promoted the 
 ambitious views of Caefar, in violation 
 of all law and juftice. He and Craffus 
 however were not inattentive to their 
 own intereft. A. U. 698, they feized 
 on the confulfhip, though they had not 
 declared themfelves candidates within 
 the legal time. They caufed a law to 
 be paifed by Trebonius, one of th-j 
 tribunes, granting to Pompey as a pro- 
 vince Spain and part of Africa, for the 
 fpace of live years ; to CrafTus, Syria ; 
 and to Caefar, the continuation of his 
 command in Gaul for five years more, 
 Plutarch. Pompey managed his pro- 
 vince by his lieutenants, remaining him- 
 felf at Rome ; which was alfo contrary 
 to law. Befides, he enjoyed an exten- 
 five com million, which had been, con- 
 ferred on him, a. u. 696, by a decree 
 of the fenale, at the motion of Cicero, 
 after his return from exile, Cic, Dom. 
 4» 5> 7» &c. and confirmed by a la\v, 
 whereby the whole adminillrution of 
 the corn and provifions of the republic 
 was granted to Pompey for five years, 
 
 with 
 
POM 
 
 C 3$t ] 
 
 POM 
 
 with a power of chufing fifteen lieute- 
 nants to affiil him, Cic.j4u. 4, i.; Diot 
 39, 9. J Liv. Epil. 104.; Plutarch. Pomp. 
 645. This law was made on account 
 of diflurhances in the city occafioned 
 by a famine, D'lo, ibid, and it was al- 
 leged by Pompey's enemies that the 
 famine had been artificially created for 
 the fake of getting the law pafTcd, Zw- 
 catt. I, 318. 
 
 Pompey, in his fecond confulate, de- 
 dicated a fplendid temple to Venus Vic- 
 trix or the Conquerefsy and adjoining to 
 it a theatre, both which he had built 
 at his private expence. On this occa- 
 fion he exhibited the moft magnificent 
 fhews that had ever been fcen in Rome, 
 Cic. Of. 2, iG, Fam. 7, I. ; Plin. 8, 7. ; 
 
 DiOy 39. />. 107. 
 
 Next ye^r Julia, the great bond of 
 union between Caefar and Pompey, 
 died in childbed, and her infant fon 
 foon after her, to the great grief of 
 her father and hufhand, and alfo of the 
 whole Roman people, Pater c, 2, 47. 
 {^jful'ta — tu Jala fur entem Inde virum pofe- 
 r-ciSf atqxie h'lnc retinere par entem ^ Lucan. 
 1 , 115. Morte tua dlfciiffajides, hellumque 
 tnovere perm'ijfurn ejl ducibus, ib. 119.) *. 
 
 A. U. 700, accounts were received 
 at Rome of the death of Craifus and 
 his fon Publius, with the total defeat 
 of his army by the Parthiaos. By this 
 event the only curb left to the power 
 of Pompey, and the ambition of Cae- 
 far was removed j { Craffus erat belli me- 
 dlus tnoruy Lucan. i, i oo. faeva artna 
 dticiim dtrimensy 104. ) 
 
 Violent tumults having arifen in the 
 city on account of the murder of Clo- 
 dius by Milo, Pompey was elected 
 
 • Val. Maxinnis fays that Julia's death vvas 
 occafioned by a tright, upon feeing her huf. 
 band's robe brought home all bioody from 
 the Campus Mart) us, 4, 6, 4- where a tumult 
 had happened, in which fome were killed fo 
 near Pompey that he was covered with biood, 
 and forced to change his clothes. But accor- 
 ding^ to Plutarch, this fright only caufed a 
 mifcarriage. JuHa afterwards became preg- 
 nant, brought forth a daughter, and unfor- 
 tunately died alter her delivery; nor did the 
 child long furvive her, in Pomp. f. 647, pa- 
 tcrculus fays it was a foil, ib. But Dio agrees 
 with Plutarch, 39, 64. So Seneca, ad Vielv. 
 *p 34. aud Suetonius, Caef. 26. ; Lu.an. 5. 474. 
 
 fole conful to quell them. He had ex* 
 pecfled to be created diftator, and thus 
 to be fpontaneoufly invelled with the 
 chief power of the Hate ; but the ex- 
 pedient of making him fole conful was 
 preferred, Cic. Att. 4, 15. ^ Fr. 3, 8, 
 & 9. Milo was banifhcd. Pompey alTu- 
 med Scipio as his colleague in the con- 
 fulate for the laft five months, and mar- 
 ried his daughter Cornelia, who had 
 formerly been the wife of young Craf- 
 fus. After the death of Crafl'us and 
 Julia the jealoufies between Pompey 
 and Caefar came to an open rupture, 
 which terminated in a civil war. Va- 
 rious caufes were afligned for this 
 war ; but the chief reafon was, that 
 Pompey could not bear an equal, nor 
 Caefar a fuperior, (A^^^- quenquam jam 
 ferre potejly Caefarve prioreniy Pompelufue 
 /<2r^/H, Lucan. ! , 125.) Pompey truft- 
 ed to the fame of his former exploits, 
 (priori credere for tutmej ib. 135,) and 
 therefore was remifs in making prepa- 
 rations. Being feized with a dange- 
 rous illnefs, all the towns of Italy of- 
 fered public prayers for his fafety, an 
 honour which had never before beea 
 paid to any one. Veil. 2, 48. ; JuvenaL 
 10,283.; Cic. Tufc. I, 55. Thefe 
 proofs of popularity, joined to other 
 circumftances, ferved to lull Pompey 
 into fccurlty. Cicero and his moft 
 prudent friends advifed him to peace, 
 but he would liften to no accommoda- 
 tion; while Caefar, who propofed terms, 
 only meant to impofe on his adverfa^ 
 ries ; and the Roman people, by tame- 
 ly fubm-itting to the ufurped authority 
 and violent adls of the Triumvirate, 
 had loil the power of alferting their 
 liberty, and of reducing, as they ought, 
 both Pompey and Caefar to a private 
 ftation. AH that was left to them, as 
 Cicero often obfcrves, was to fubmit 
 to the conqueror. As Pompey was 
 negligent in making preparations for 
 war, fo in conducing it he did nothing 
 worthy of his former reputation. Pom- 
 pey declared, ** That he would con- 
 lider all as enemies who did not join 
 him ;" but Caefar, «< that he fhould 
 reckon ail thofe as his friends who re- 
 T t ? mained 
 
POM t 33 
 
 wained neuter," Caef, B. C, i, 33.; 
 Cic. ^tt. II, 6. Pompey^s confidence 
 in his fuperior refources proved his 
 ruin. His farmer prudence, as well as 
 his good fortune, feemed to have for. 
 Taken him. When the friends of Pom- 
 pey reminded him of the power of 
 Caefar, and that \i he fhould think of 
 leading his army againfl the city, there 
 was not a fufficient force to oppofe 
 him, Pompey fmiled, and with great 
 indifference bade thpm not be con- 
 cerned about that, " For, faid he, if 
 1 (lamp on th? ground in any part of 
 Italy, there will rife up forces enow 
 in an inftant, both horfe and foot/' 
 Plutarch. Upon hearing, however, 
 that Caefar had pafTed the Rubicon, 
 Pompey fled from Rome, the confuls, 
 the inferior magiilrates, and moft of 
 the fenate followiwg him. Cicero and 
 thofe who were truly attached to the 
 ancient conftitution of their country, 
 though they faw the danger of the con- 
 teft, and that which foever fide got the 
 better, the war mud end in tyranny, 
 (Pace ^pus ejl, ex vldor'ta cum mult a ma- 
 ia, turn certe tyrannus extjiety Cic. Att, 
 7» 5. Dominaiio ah vtroqxit^ i, c. Pom- 
 peio ct Caefare, quaeftta ejl ; non ici ac- 
 tum, beata et honejfa civ'ttas ut ejfet ; vter- 
 que regnare vulty lb. 8, 11.) ; yet they 
 thought it fafer to join Pompey than 
 Caefar, Cic. Jtt. 7, 7, 8, &c. Thus 
 Cato, Publicafignay ducemaue Pompeimn 
 fequimur ; ideo me mtl'ile vincat, Nejihl 
 Je v'tcijfeputety Lucan. 2, 319, &c. Add. 
 Id, 9, 19, &c, 
 
 Pompey, unable to make head a- 
 gainft Caefar in Italy, retired to Bruit- 
 dufium, where, being befieged by Cae- 
 far, he efcaped from thence to Greece, 
 (G. 164.) If Pompey had failed to 
 Spain, his own province, he would 
 have aded more wifely. But lie left 
 it to be defended by his lieutenants 
 Afraniiis and Petreius, whom Caefar 
 next year conquered, and added their 
 forces to his own. Pompey in the 
 mean time had collefted a great army 
 from the eail, (adi>erfis inJlruHus JSois, 
 farniftied with eaftern forces to oppofe 
 Caefar, Firg. Jen. 6, 832.) and fixed 
 his U^ad-{^yarters at Dyracchiym, ( G, 
 
 1 1 V ou 
 
 330.) Here Caefar, unable to brin^ 
 Pompey to an engagement, attempted, 
 though with a fmaller number of men, 
 to block him up, by raifing works of 
 immenfe extent, but was prevented 
 with great lofs. If Pompey on this 
 occafion had improved his advantage, 
 he might have totally defeated Caefar, 
 as Caefar himfelf declared ; {A3um de 
 Twhis fuerat, ft hojVis Jci'v'ljfet vidorid Ufi, 
 Plutarch. N'on injlante Pompeio^ negainty 
 fc. Caefar, <!j/m vincerefcirey Suet. Caef. 
 36.) or if he had continued to aft on the 
 defenfive, and kept near his fleet, he 
 muft have finally proved vidorious. 
 But being prevailed on by the impor- 
 tunity of his officers, contrary to his 
 own opinion, to riilv a general engage- 
 ment, he was completely defeated by 
 Caefar on the plains of Pharfalia, and 
 his camp taken. Pompey, by a (Irange 
 fatality, had made no provifion for this 
 difai^er. He might ilill have retrieved 
 his affairs, by collecting the remains of 
 his forces, and transferring the war to 
 Italy or fome other place, which he 
 might have eafily done, being mailer 
 at fea. But he was ftruck with fuch 
 conflernation, as difabled him to. con-* 
 cert proper meafures for extricating 
 himfelf from his difficulties. He firit 
 failed to Lefbos, to take in his wife 
 Cornelia, whom he had left at Mity- 
 lenae with his fon Sextus. From thence 
 he direfted his courfe to Egypt, to fo- 
 licit the a0iilance of Ptolemy, whofe 
 father Auletes, Pompey, by means of 
 Gabinius, had reftored to his throne, 
 ( depuljo Jceptra parent i Reddidtraty Lu- 
 can. 9, 1028.) Ptolemy was a minor, 
 (puptUusy Senec. cp. 4. piier. Lucan. 8, 
 448.) and happened then to be enga- 
 ged in war with his filler Cleopatra, 
 having his army encamped on mount 
 Casius near Pelufium, Caef. B. C 3, 
 103. ; Lucan. 8, 464. about the au- 
 tumnal equinox, ib. 467. The chief 
 minifters of Ptolemy were Photinus, 
 (al. Pothinus) an eunuch ; Theodotus 
 of Chios, his praeceptor ; and Achil- 
 las, an Egyptain, commander of the 
 troops. They having called a council 
 of the chief men about court, by th^ 
 
 advice 
 
POM I m 
 
 advice of Theodotus, Plutarch, or of 
 Photinus, Lucan. 8, 483, — 536. de- 
 termined to invite Pompey on (hore 
 and put him to death. The execu- 
 tion of this plan was committed to 
 Achillas. He t-aking along with him 
 Septimius, a Roman, who had former- 
 ly been a centurion in the army of 
 Pompey, Caef, ib. 104. with fome other 
 officers, went out in a fmall boat to 
 the galley of Pompey, and requelled 
 that he would truft himfelf with them, 
 becaufe the fhallow water would not 
 permit his own fhip to c^ome nearer to 
 the land. Pompey went into the boat 
 with two centurions and his freed man 
 Philip, contrary to the advice of feve- 
 ral of his friends. When they drew 
 near to the (hore, while Pompey was 
 taking Philip by the hand in order to 
 jraife himfelf with more eafe, Septimi- 
 us came behind him, and run him 
 through with his fword. Upon which 
 Achillas and the reft alfo drew their 
 fwords. Pompey perceiving his death 
 inevitable, covered his face with his 
 robe, («/ "cidlt commintis enfesy invohii 
 'vultus, Lucan. 8, 613.) and without 
 uttering a word fubmitted to his fate, 
 in the 59th year of his age, the day 
 after his birth-day, Plutarch. ; on the 
 day on which he had triumphed over 
 Milhridates and the pirates, Dioy 42, 5. 
 Cornelia with her company in the gal- 
 ley, feeing what paffed, fhrieked aloud. 
 The mariners quickly weighing an- 
 clior, fet fail, and the wind favouring 
 them, efcapcd the purfuit of the Egyp- 
 tian galleys, ib'ul. 
 
 In the mean time the murderers of 
 Pompey having cut off his head, em- 
 balmed it, the better to preferve its 
 features, defiguing it for a prefent to 
 Caefar *. 
 
 • Septimius is faid to have cut ofFthe head, 
 Lucan. 8, 668. hence PillaeuJ<^ui puer gladioU- 
 li collu rciid'it, Mugne, iuo, Ptolemy cut ofFthy 
 head, O Pompey, by thy own fwcrd, i. e. 
 by the fword of Septimius, who had been 
 thy centurion, i3. Ooy. On this account he 
 is called the client cf Pompey ; thus, Pompeius 
 et Cicero clieniibus fuis fraebers ccrviceniy fc. 
 Coguntur, Pompeius Septimio, qui olim or- 
 dines fub eo duxerat ; Cicero Popilio, quem 
 
 3 POM 
 
 The body of Pompey was tnrow^ 
 over board, and left naked on the 
 fliore, expofed to the view of all whft 
 defired to fee it. His freed man Phi- 
 lip, however, ftill kept near it, and 
 when the crowd was difperfcd, bathed 
 it in the fea, and, having nothing elfc, 
 wrapt it up in one of his own gannentl. 
 Looking round for materials to bi^a 
 it, he at laft found the wrecks of t 
 fifliing-boat, of which he compofed a 
 pile. In this he was ajTilled by an old 
 Roman foldier who had fervcd tiiidiif 
 Pompey in his youth. The body b«- 
 ing confumed they gathered the re- 
 mains and burled them tmder a fmatt 
 pile of earth, which they fcraped to* 
 gether with their hands, over whicTi 
 fome perfon wrote this infcription. 
 He who merited a temple, cast 
 SCARCELY Find a grave, Applan»15.C, 
 2, 281. Thealhesof Pompey were after- 
 wards conveyed to Rome and depolltei: 
 by Cornelia, in a vault of his Alban v3- 
 la, Phtarch. in Pomp. Jin, JLucan fays^ 
 that the funeral rites of Pompey were 
 performed by one Cordus, formeft|r 
 quaeftor to Pompey, 8, 715. who pla- 
 ced a ftone over the tomb, with thi* 
 infcription, Hic situs est Magotjs, 
 i3. 793. Be this as it may, the E- 
 gyptians raifed a monument to him oa 
 the place, and adorned it with figures 
 of brafs ; which being defaced by time, 
 and almoft buried in fand and rubbifh, 
 was reflored by the emperor Hadrian, 
 App\an. B* Civ, 2, 481 f. ; Spart'mn. in 
 Hadrian, c. 14. 
 
 The principal authors of the death of 
 Pompey foon after met with thejuft 
 punifliment of their perfidious cruelty.. 
 Achillas and Photinus were put to 
 death by Caefar. Ptolemy, being over« 
 thrown in battle on the banks of the 
 Nile, dlfappeared, and was never after- 
 wards heard of. Theodotus, having 
 efcaped from Egypt, lived a vagabond 
 in poverty and contempt, till Brutus 
 finding him in his province of Afia, 
 put him to death with, cxquifite tor- 
 ture, Plutarch, in Pomp, f, Appian 
 fays, that Theodotus was cruciiied bf 
 Caflius, B. Civ. 2.j>. 284. 
 
 PQinpej" 
 
POM 
 
 C 334 1 
 
 POM 
 
 Pompey in his youth was remarkable 
 for his engaging appearance. There 
 was a dignity in his afped mingled 
 with gentlenefs, which commanded re- 
 lpe£^, Plutarch, in lif. P.pr.; Fell, 2, 
 2g. ; Pliru 7, 1 2. ; Ck, Brut. 6S. This 
 gracefulnefs his countenance is faid to 
 have retained after death, (Permanfife 
 dfcm facrae veneralile fortnae, ) Lucan. 
 8, 664. 
 
 The death of Pompey is often 
 mentioned by ancient authors, as a 
 ilriking inftance of the inftability of 
 human greatnefs, juvenal. 10, 2^^. ; 
 Cic, Tufc. I, 35. Fam, 6, 15. Div, 2, 
 9.; Flor, 4, 2„ 52.; VaL Max. 5, i, 
 10. ; Pattrc. 2,54.; -Dio, 42, 5. ; Jp- 
 ftan.B. C. 2, 281. Tres ubi (fc. in 
 Aegypto,) Pompeio detraxit arena tri- 
 vmpkosy Pompey being flain, and his 
 licadlefs body left naked on the Ihore 
 of Egypt, tarnifhed the glory of his 
 three triiimphs ; which the fand or 
 ftore itfelf is poetically faid to have 
 taken from him, ProperL 3) 1 1, 35- 
 
 There is reafon to believe that if 
 Pompey had gained the viftory, he 
 and his partlfans would have exercifed 
 jt with more cruelty than Caefar did. 
 We learn this from feveral paiTages of 
 Cicero^ who fays that Pompey openly 
 <!eclared his intention of imitating Sul- 
 la, {SylJani regn'i fimil'ttudinem concvphity 
 Cic. Att. 9, 7. ^am crehro illud^ 
 •* Sulla potuitj ego non potero V* iL 
 10.) Cic. MarcelL 6. and even denoun- 
 ced a profcription, (Luccriae muliisjer- 
 monihus denuntiata fji^ Cic. Att. 8, i I, 
 Nefcio quas ejus Lucerias \. e. piofcrip- 
 tiones Luceriae dtnuntiatas horrent, ib. 
 16.) Marcell. 6. ; whence Cicero frames 
 new words to exprefs this defire, (^Sul- 
 laturire et prof crip turire animura Pompeii^ 
 Cic. Att. 9, I2.*et 10, 5.; But Pom- 
 pey never attempted to make h:mfelf 
 leader of his country, as Caefar did ; 
 when perhaps he might have done it. 
 He always returned contented after 
 his vidories to a private rank, (Jemper 
 ah armis Civikm repetijfe togam,) Lucan. 
 8, 8'.3. Tacitus however obferves, 
 that Pompey was not better than Ma- 
 
 rius and Sulla, but only more artful i*^ 
 difguifing his luft of power, [occultiorf 
 non meiior). Hi ft. 2, 38. 
 
 Pompey is called by Cicero in his 
 letters to Atticus by various names ; 
 Ep I CRATES, from his domineering 
 fpirit, 2, 3. MegabocchuSf from his 
 conquefts in Africa, ib. 7. . Hierofoly- 
 mariiis, from his having taken Jerufa- 
 lem, ib, 9. Sampficeramust from his ha- 
 ving conquered a petty prince in Syria 
 
 of that name, ib, 14, 16, &c. Do- 
 
 mus Pomp EI A, the houfe of Pompey, 
 
 Ovid. Pont, /^y 5, II. POMPEIA PoRTI- 
 
 cus, the portico of Pompey, built near 
 his theatre, fupported on an hundred 
 pillars ; hence called Hecatorjlylon-, fur- 
 rounded with a double row of plane- 
 trees, &c. Propert. 2, 32, 1 1, called 
 Umbra Pompeia, Id. 4, 9, 49. ; Gvid. 
 Art. 1,67. f/ 3, 387. Pompeii dona. 
 Martial. 2, 14, ic. ; and fimply Pom* 
 peiuSi Id. II, I, II.; Add. Vitruv. 5, 
 9.; Plin. 35, 9, 10, & II. — PoM- 
 PEiAN! triurnphi, the triumphs of Pom- 
 pey, Lucan. 3, i66,fignay Id. i, 323. — 
 PoMPEiANAK/)j(/Y^x, the party of Pom- 
 pey, Hirt. B. Hifp. 35, & 37. — Pom- 
 PEiANi, orum, the favourers of Pom-- 
 pey, thofe of his party, Fell. 2, 15. 
 — PoMPEioPOLis, i. e. Soli V. Soloe, 
 a city of Cilicia, given by Pompey to 
 the pirates to dwell in, Mel. i, 13. 
 
 Cn. POMPEIUS, the eldeft fon of 
 Pompey the Great, called fimply Mag- 
 nus, Lucan. 9, 121, & 145. who after 
 the defeat of Scipio in Africa, renew- 
 ed the war in Spain. Pie was flain ia 
 his flight from the battle of Munda, 
 Hirt. B. Hifp. 39. ; Pat ere. 2, 55. 
 
 Sext. POMPEIUS, the younger 
 fon of Pompey the Great ; who after 
 the defeat and death of his brother at 
 the battle of Munda, fupported him- 
 felf for fome time in Spain, by wan- 
 dering about with a few robbers, j4p. 
 pian, 4, p, 637. Being joined by a 
 number of afTociatcs, he had collefted 
 a confiderable force even in the life- 
 time of Caefar, Flor, 4, 8. After the 
 death of Caefar, Sextus was recalled 
 by the fenate, and invelled with the 
 
 fame 
 
POM I m 
 
 Tame authority by fea, which his fattier Ii 
 had pofTeflVd. Being ranked by the 
 triumviri, Antony, Lepidus, and Au- 
 guftus, amon):^ the affalfins of Cacfar, 
 he fcized on Sicily ; whither a great 
 number of thofe who had been pro- 
 fc-ribed and of others flocked to him. 
 In fnort, he became fo powerful as to 
 be able to wage war with Auguftus 
 and Antony fo fuccefsfully, that they 
 were obliged to conclude a peace on 
 terms very advantageous to Sextu's. 
 By one of the articles, leave of return- 
 ing to Rome was granted to all the 
 profcribed and to others who from 
 different caufes had fled to Pompey. 
 On this occafion Auguftus and Antony 
 fuppcd with Sextas on board his fliip. 
 During the entertainment, Mena or 
 Menadorus, one of his captains, pro- 
 pofed to Sextus, that he fhouid cut 
 his cable and make himfeli mailer of 
 the Roman empire, by difpatching his 
 guefts. Pompey fpurned at the 
 thoughts of fuch perfidy ; but hinted, 
 that he fhouid not have been much of- 
 fended if Mena had done the deed 
 without his knowledge, Plutarch, in 
 Anton. Sextus had it in his power at 
 feveral times to have vanquilhed his 
 adverfaries, but negleftcd his oppor- 
 tunities. He was fo elated with his 
 fucceffes, and fo confident of his naval 
 ftrength, that he called himfelf the ion 
 of Neptune, jipplatu ^, p. 729.; Plin, 
 9, 16. ; Z)ic, 48, 19, &. 31. Neptu- 
 Nius Dux, Iior,EpO(Lg, 7. Horace 
 alfo calls him Servis amicus perjidis^ be- 
 caufe m.any of his adherents were fugi- 
 tive flaves, ib. 10. And Lucan fay?, 
 that he was unworthy of being defccnd- 
 ed from Pompey the Great, becaufe 
 having exercifed piracy in the Sicilian 
 feas, he had tarniihed the glory of his 
 father's triumph over the pirates, 6, 
 420. At lail Sextus being entirely 
 defeated by Auguilus in a fea-iight 
 near Sicily, chiefly by the abihties of 
 Marcus Agrippa, fled to Antony ; and 
 attempting to raife diilurbances, was 
 llain by Titius, one of Antony's ge- 
 nerals, (who had formerly deferted 
 from Pompey to Antony,) at Mjletus 
 
 3 P Q M 
 
 in Caria, Fell. 2, 79. ; Strab. 3, ^. 
 141.; i^/«7r. 4, 8. (Dio fays at Me- 
 daion in Phi7gia, by miftake, as it is 
 fuppofed, 49, 1 8.) in the 40th year of 
 his age, Appian. 5,^. 7^3. 
 
 Thus Pompey and his two fons had , 
 their graves in the three different divi- 
 fioHS of the globe, over which the father 
 had triumphed ; ( Pompeios jwuenes JJia, 
 atque EuropUyfed ipfum Terra tegit Lihyes^ 
 fi tamen ulla tegit, ^lid mirum toto ft 
 fpargitur orbe ? jacere Uno non poterat 
 tarda ruina loco ; What wonder is there, 
 if the ruin of thi» family is difperfed 
 over the whole world ? i, e, through 
 the three parts of the then known 
 world ; it was {<y great that it could 
 not be confined to one part, Martial^ 
 5, 75. Eur op am miferi, Lihyamque^ 
 Afiatnque timete : Difirihuit tiimulos vef- 
 tris fortuna triumphis. mifiranda do* 
 tnus, toto nihil orhe vidchis Tutius Ematia, 
 i. e. than ThefTaly, where the battle 
 of Pharfalia was fought. Pompey and 
 his two fons efcaped from thence, to 
 perifh in the three different parts of 
 the earth, Lucan. 6, 817. Et qaafi 
 non pojfet tot tellus ferre fepulcJyra, Divtfit 
 cineresj Petron. Sat. c. 120.) 
 
 POMPILIUS, the name of a Pa- 
 trician gsns at Rome, originally de- 
 fcended from the Sabines, whence was 
 Numa Pompilius, the fecond king of 
 Rome, [G. 195.) '^ietum regnum 
 
 Pomp^di for Pompilii, Hor. Od. I, IZ^ 
 
 Pompilius fanguls^ i. e. the Pifoa 
 
 fprung from Numa, Hor, Art, p. 292. 
 
 PoMPiLii, -orum, friends of Cati- 
 line, Cic. Pet, Conf, 3. 
 
 Pom PON I us, the name of an ancient 
 Roman ^fRj-, of which there were fe- 
 vcral branches (familiae.) 
 
 M, Pom PON I us, a tribune, who 
 having iummoned L. Manhus to his 
 trial bt-fore the people, Liv. 7, 4. was 
 obliged by the fon of Manlius to fweir 
 that he would droo his accufation, 
 ib, 5. 
 
 r, P0MP0N1U3 Aiticus, the 
 friend of Cicero ; adopted by the tef- 
 tament of his uncle on the mother's 
 fide Q. Caecilius j and on that account 
 
 caUed 
 
POM [ 
 
 caiTed ^Caecillusy ^F. (i. e/Q^intf 
 Filfus) Pomponlanus Atticus, Cic. Att. 
 3, 20. Nep» mvita ylfiicty c, 5. Cicero 
 ii writing to Atticus, Immediately 
 after the death of his uncle, addreifes 
 him by this name ; and joins the be- 
 ginning of his letter with the inicrip- 
 tion, ^od quidem it a ejfcy Sec. i. e. 
 that you have been adopted by your 
 yucle, and have changed your name, 
 &€. i6. 
 
 Pom PON lA, the fjfter of Atticus, 
 married to Q. Cicero, the orator's 
 
 brother, Cir. JiL 1,5. 
 
 .f 2. 
 
 The 
 
 mother of Scipio Africanus, as was 
 fuppofed, by Jupiter transformed into 
 afnake, Sii 13, 61^, 
 . Po^pOKius Sxcundm, a tragic poet, 
 of confular rank ; the friend of the 
 •?Ider Pliny, wbofc h'fe he wrote, Plin. 
 
 Ep' 3» 5- ; ^yinail. 10, i, 98. 
 
 PoMPONiAKA//r^, pears fo called, be- 
 caufe probably firil engrafted by one 
 Poniponius, Plin. 15, 15. 
 
 C. POMTINUS, (Pontinusy V. 
 •-itts)^ praetor when Cicero was coiifu], 
 Cic. Cat. 3, 2. ; Flacc. 40. After his 
 praetorfnip he obtained the province of 
 Cifalpine Gaul, in which he conquer- 
 ed the Allohrogcsy and triumphed over 
 them, Cic. Prcv. Conf. 13. j^iL 4, 16.; 
 ^ Fry 3, 4. ; Dioy .^7, p. 50, 51. et 
 49,/. 120. He was the lieutenant of 
 Cicero in Cilicia^ Cic. Fam. 2, 15. 3, 
 g. et 19,4. j4tt.6y ^. 
 
 PoNTiDius, a native of Arpinum, 
 an orator, Cic. Or. 2, 67.; J5r. 70. 
 
 C. PONTIUS, general of the Sam- 
 nites, who made the Rotr.ans pafs uii- 
 der the yoke at the Furcae Caudinae 
 in Samnium, Cic. Off.ty 2;. (G. 227,) 
 But being afterwards conquered, he 
 was led in triumph by Q^Fabius Maxi- 
 Wus Gurges, and put to death, Fid» 
 Fa 15 1 us. 
 
 L, PONTIUS Agiu/a, the lieute- 
 nant of Brutus, fiaia at Mutina, Cic. 
 J'^jm. iCy 33. 
 
 T. Pontius, a centurion of un- 
 common ftrength, Cic. Scru 10. Fin, 
 
 Pontius Pildtus^ governor of Ju- 
 daea, in the time of Tiberius, by whofe 
 orders cur Saviour v/as crucified, (/«/- 
 
 r,6 1 ? o it 
 
 plicio affediis eraty as Tacitus exprcffc^ 
 it, jinn. 15, 44.) 
 
 Po p 1 L 1 A ^^;?x, a plebeian family at 
 Rome, Cic, Leg- 2, 22. 
 
 Pop I LI A, the mother of Q. Catu- 
 1ns, the firft woman at whofe funeral 
 a public oration was delivered in her 
 praife by her fon, Cic. Or. 2, 2. 
 
 M. PoriLius, conful a. 394, priefl 
 of Carmenta, / Flamen Carmmtalisjy 
 who being informed, while facriticing 
 to that goddefs, that a frdition of the 
 people had taken place, went out into 
 the affembly, clothed '^vith his facer- 
 dotal robe, (laena)^ as he wa«, ai^d by 
 a fpeech calmed the cona motion ; 
 whence he was called Laenas, -ati\y 
 which name he tranfmittcd to his pof- 
 terity, Cic. Br, 14. ; Li'v, 'Jy 12. 
 
 C. PopiLius Laenasy twice conful 
 3,583, 595. — Being fent as an am- 
 baifador to Antiochus king of Syria, 
 to defire in the name of the fenate, that 
 he would defill from hoililities againil 
 Ptolemy, king of Egypt; when Antio- 
 chus hefitatcd about wliat anfwer he 
 fliould return, Popilius drew a circle 
 with his rod round him, ana demanded 
 that he would return a decided anfwtr 
 before he left that circle; whereupon 
 the king faid, that he would do what 
 the fenate required, Cic. Phil. 8, 8. ; 
 Liv. 45, 12.; Fat Max. 6, 4, 3. 
 
 C. Popilius Laenau a military tri- 
 bune, who (lew Cicero, though he had 
 formerly httn defended and preserved 
 by Cicero, when accufed of a capital 
 crime, Fal. Max. 5, 3, 4. Plutarch 
 calls him Hsrennius. 
 
 PoPLicOLA, V, Puhllcola, m. a name 
 given to M. Valerius, who afiilled Bru- 
 tus in expelling the kings, on account 
 of the popular laws v/hich he propo- 
 fed, (a ^ofnthm colendo), Liv. 2, 8. 
 
 POPPAEA, the iecond wife of Ne- 
 ro, Suet. Ner, 3c. Poppaeana, fc. 
 
 vngucnfay Poppean ointments, compo- 
 fed of afs-milk, invented by Poppaea* 
 to improve her beauty, Juvenal. 6j 46 u 
 She is faid to have carried along wiih 
 her, wherever fhe went, ^oo ihe ailes, 
 to yield milk for making a bath-ifof 
 her td bathe in, Flm. 11, 41. 
 
 PORCIA* 
 
P O R [ 3?7 3 
 
 PORCIA gens, a plebeian gens at Carmenta, 
 Rome, originally from Tufculum, Plu- 
 tarch, in Caton. Cenfor, fr. ; T'ac. Ann. 
 II, 24. ; Vid, Cato. 
 
 PORCIA, the fifter of M. Cato 
 Uticenjts, the wife of Domitlus Aheno- 
 barbus, C'tc, Att. 15, 1 1. ; in praife of 
 whom Cicero compofed a funeral ora- 
 tion, (hiudatio)y Cic. Att. 13, 37, & 
 48. 
 
 PORCIA, the daughter of Cato, 
 and wife of Bibulus ; whom, after the 
 death of Bibulus, Brutus married, ha- 
 ving, for that purpofe, divorced his 
 former wife Claudia, though of an un- 
 tainted charafter : on which account 
 he was much blamed, Cic, Att, 13, 9, 
 & 10. Porcia having heard of the death 
 of Brutus, determined not to furvlve 
 him ; and bemg refufed the ufe of a 
 fword, or any other weapon, is faid to 
 have fuffocated herfelf by fwallowing 
 burning coals, Val. Max. 4, 6, 5. ; 
 Dio^ 47, 46. ; Appian. B. C, 4, p. 669. 
 or hot embers, {^Ardentes avido bikit ore 
 favi/Ias), Martial. 1,43,5. Plutarch 
 mentions this faft, but feems not to 
 believe the truth of it, in vita Bruii, f. 
 It is thought that Porcia died before 
 the battle of PhilippI of a lingering ill- 
 nefs, Cic. ad Brut, 9, & 17.; Plutarch, 
 ibid. 
 
 Porcia bafiUca, a court for the ad- 
 mlnlllration of juilice, built by Cato 
 when cenfor, Liv, 39, 44. 
 
 M. PoRCius Laeca, a tribune, a. 
 ^^d, Liv. 32, 7. fj 2, An accom- 
 plice in Catiline's confplracy, Salhift. 
 Cat. 27. called M. Lecca by Cicero, 
 Cat, I, 4. 
 
 L. PoRCius Licinus, v. -iusy conful 
 with P. Claudius, Liv. 39, 32. ; Cic, 
 Br, 15. 
 
 L. PoRCius Nasica, an orator, Cic, 
 Or, 2, 64. 
 
 PoRPHYRiON, 'onisy a giant of a 
 tremendous fize, or menacing ftature, 
 Nor, Od, 3, 4, 54. f '2. A chario- 
 teer of the FaBio PrasmUy or Green 
 faction, i. e. who wore green livery, 
 JVlartial. 13, 78. f 3. The name of 
 
 a little bird, ib, ^ Plin. 10, 46 f. 63. 
 PoRRiMA, a filler or companion of 
 
 PCS 
 
 the mother of Evander, 
 Ovid, Faji. I, 633. ; Gdl. 16, 16. 
 
 PORSeNA, v. Porfenna, the king 
 of Chifium in Tufcany, who received 
 the Tarquins when expelled from 
 Rome, and led an army againft Rome 
 In order to rtftore them, [G, 208.) 
 Martial, i, 22, 6. et 14,98.5 Virg, 
 Aen. 8, 646. ; Hor. Epod. 16, 4. ; Cic* 
 Sext. 21. ; Liv, 2, 9. 
 
 PoRTUMNUs, V. PortanusyZ fea-god, 
 who prefided over harbours, (portubus 
 praeejl), Virg. Acn. 5, 241.; et ibi 
 
 Serv.; Cic N. D. 2, 26. Portum- 
 
 NALiA, -iunit V. -ioruniy a feftival In ho- 
 nour of Vortumnus, Varr. L, L, 5, 3. 
 PORUS, an Indian king, conquer- 
 ed by Alexander, . urt. 8 f. (G, 634.) 
 Po 81 DON I us, a Stoic phllofopher, 
 a native of Apamea, {^Apamenus), who 
 lived at Rhodes, Cic, Att, 2, i. the 
 fcholar of Panaetius, Cic. Off, 3, 2. 
 the Inilruftor and friend of CIcero> 
 Cic, N, D, I, 3. Ait, 2, I. vlfitcd by 
 Pompey In his return from Syria, and 
 though very ill of the gout, yet enter- 
 tained that general with a lefture on 
 philofophy, Cic. Tufc. 2, 25. 
 
 POSTHUMIUS, the name of a 
 Roman gens. 
 
 A, PosTHUMius, dI£lator agalnft 
 the Latins, Liv. 2, i 9, Sc 20. 
 
 A. PosTHUMius TubertuSi a dila- 
 tor, who conquered the Aequi and /^o/- 
 fci in a great battle, Liv. 4, 26, — 29. 
 f:iid by fome to have put to death his 
 own fon, for fighting contrary to or- 
 ders ; but falfely In the opinion of L.I- 
 vy ; becaufe if that had been true, we 
 ftiould ufe imperia Pojlhumiana prover- 
 bially, rather than Manliana imperia^ 
 for cruel commands, ib. 29. 
 
 IV!. PosTHUMius Regillenfisy a mlli- 
 tr.ry tribune with confular authority, 
 a. u. 341. the general of the Romans 
 againft the Aequi, who, by unjuft fevc- 
 rity, provoked his foldiers to fuch a de- 
 gree, that they ftoned him to death, 
 
 Liv. 4, 49, & 50. ^uacflio Pojlhu- 
 
 mianae caedis, an enquiry concerning 
 the murder of Pofthumius, ib, 5 "> . 
 
 SpuTi Po ST H UNIT'S AlbinuSf conful, 
 a. u. 644, lent againft Juguitha, ^al- 
 Uu lujl. 
 
P o s 
 
 [ !5S8 1 
 
 PRO 
 
 hjl, Ju^' 36. with very bad fuccefs, ib. 
 
 Many others of the name of Poft- 
 
 humius are mentioned by Cicero and 
 Li ivy. 
 
 PosTHUMUs V. Poftumusy an opu- 
 lent, fuperilitious, and parhmonious 
 friend of Horace, Hor, Od. 2,14. 
 
 Rahirius Posthumus, a Roman 
 eques, concerned with Gabinius in re- 
 ftoring Ptolemy king of Egypt; in 
 (defence of whom, Cicero delivered an 
 oration, which is (lill extant. 
 
 P0STVERT4, a filler or companion 
 of Carmenta, Ovid. F. 1, 633. (aid to 
 be one of the names of Carmenta v. 
 -rtis, thought to have power over preg- 
 nant women, Ge//. 16, 16. 
 
 PoTHiNus, an Egyptian eunuch, 
 minifter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, 
 one of the chief authors of the death 
 of Po m pey , Fid, Po m p e 1 u s . 
 
 PoTiTii, V. 'iciif -orum, an ancient 
 family of Latrum, to whom Hercules 
 entruiled the charge of his facred rites, 
 Ijiv, I, 7. The r'etitii having entruft- 
 cd the management of that charge to 
 public Haves, became extindl in the 
 courfe of a year, though they confift- 
 eft of 12 familiae, Liv. 9, 29, fmg. Po- 
 titiu8, Firg, Aen. 8, 269. j 'laut. Bacch, 
 i» 2, 15- 
 
 P, PoTiTiUE, a fenator, Cic. Fern 
 
 pRAXiTELF.s, -ir, a famous fculptor 
 and ftatuary, pjin. 7, 38. 34, 8. et ^6, 
 
 5 KAxiTCLiA capta, heads hne- 
 
 !y expreffed, as thofe of Praxiteles, Cic, 
 i)iv. 2, 21. 
 
 Pre CI ANUS, a lawyer, a favourite 
 of Caefar, and a friend of Cicero, Cic. 
 fam. 7, 8. 
 
 />. pRETius, a Rom^n equesj who 
 traded at Panormus, Cic. Ferr. 5, 62. 
 
 Priamus, the fon of Laomedon, 
 ( Laomedontiadcs, Virg. Aen. 8, 158.) 
 king of Troy, (G. 400.) faid to have 
 had 50 fong, 17 of whom were born 
 gf his lav/ful vyife, [ex jujla uxcre nati.) 
 After th€ deilrudlion of Troy, and the 
 lofs of his children, Priam was flain by 
 Pyrrhus, the fon of Achilles, before 
 |he altar of Jupiter, or -cf his J^matesf 
 
 Cic. Tufc. 1,35.; Firg. Aen. 2, 554, 
 
 &c. Juvenal. 10,268.; (G. 187.) . 
 
 onjux Priameia, the wife of Priam, 
 /. f. Heciiba, Ovid Met. 13,404.- — 
 Sceptra Priameiay the fceptre of Priam, 
 Firg. Aen. 7, 252. Pri amides, 
 
 -acy Deiphohus^ the fon of Pnam, ib. 6, 
 ,94. — Priameis, tdisi the daugh- 
 ter of Priam, i. e. CafTandra, Ovid. Amor. 
 
 i> 9' 37- 
 
 Priapus, the god of gardens, (0- 
 vid. Faji. I, 415.; (G. 363.) 
 
 Proca, f. -asy a king of Alba, the 
 father of Amulius and Numitor, the 
 grandfather of Romulus and Remus, 
 Liv. I, 3.; Firg. Aen. 6, 767.; Ovid. 
 Met. 14, 622. Fajl. 4, 52. et 6, 143. 
 
 Procili s, an hiitorian, elleemed 
 by Atticus, Cic. Att. 2, 2.; Plin. 8, 2. 
 
 Procles, -//, the twin-brother of 
 Euiyfthenes, king of Lacedaemon, 
 Cic. Div. 2, 43. 
 
 PROCNE, V. ■ GNr, -es, the daughter 
 of Fandlon king of Athens, married to 
 Tereus king of Thrace, and by him 
 the mother of Itys, (Fid, Itys; et G. 
 418.) whom fliC killed and ferved up 
 to his father, on account of the injury 
 done by him to her fiiler Philomela : — • 
 converted into a fwallow, [Altera fc, 
 Procne teaafubit^ &c.) Ovid. Met. 6, 
 669. Hence Procne is put for a 
 fwallow, Firg' G. 4, 15. called alfo 
 Pand'ionis ales^ Lucan. ad Pifon. 255, 
 and Cecropiae domus /leternum opprobrium^ 
 Horat. Od, 4, 1 2, 6. 
 
 pROCOPius, a Greek hiftorian, born 
 at Caeiarea in Paltftiue, fecretary to 
 Juftinian ; who wrote an account of 
 Btlifarius, &c. His work is Hill extant, 
 
 Procris, -?x, v. '"tdisi ace. Procrimy 
 Vc 'iny the daughter of Iphis, or of 
 Erechtheus, king of Athens, [Erech- 
 this, -tdisj, and wife of Cephalus, (G. 
 420.) Firg. Aen. 6, 445. ; ei ibi Serv.; 
 Ovid, Met, 7, 694 
 
 Procrustes, -ac, a noted robber of 
 A'tica, who ufed to adjufl the bodies 
 of travellers to an iron bed, in which 
 he placed them ; cutting oft part of 
 the member or thofe who were long- 
 erj and diftending thofe who were 
 
 ihprter | 
 
PRO C 
 
 fliorter ; — flain by Thefeus, Plutarch, 
 in Tbefeo ; D'todor. 4, 5. ; Ovid, Met, 
 7, 438. Ep. 2, 69. ^ 
 
 pROCULA, an immodeft woman; 
 ufed as a common name, jfuvenaL 2, 
 
 68. ^ 2. . The wife of Codrus, of 
 
 fmall ftature, thus, Ledus erat Codro 
 Proculd minora fhorter than his fliort- 
 legged wife Procula, Id, 3, 203. 
 
 PROCULeiUS, a Roman equesm 
 great favour with Auguftus, JwvenaL 
 7, 94.; Pl'in. 7, 45.; Uio, 51, i_l. 
 brother to Terentia, the wife of Maece- 
 nas ; remarkable for his affeflion to his 
 two brothers Scipi6 or Caepio and Mu- 
 raena, with whom he divided his pa- 
 trimony ; and afterwards, when they 
 were deprived of their efFefts in the 
 civil war, he again (hared his fortune 
 with them, Hor. Od, 2, 2, J.; et ibi 
 
 SchoilaJ. The fon of Proculeius 
 
 feems to have failed in filial afFeftion to 
 his father, ^iiiBlUatu 9, 3, 68. 
 
 Proculus, anciently ufed as a.prae- 
 nomerif Liv. i, 16. 2, 41. et 4, 12. in 
 after times as a cognomen j Tacit. Hift. 
 1, 24, & 25. Jnn, 3, 18. II, 35. 15, 
 50. & 51, 13, 30. 
 
 PROCuLUS yulius, a patrician, 
 defcended from Afcanius or lulus, 
 Dlonyf, 2, />. 93. et Plutareh, in Romu' 
 lo ; who, when Romulus had difap- 
 peared, and was fuppofed to have been 
 torn in pieces by the fenators, allayed 
 the commotion of the people, by de- 
 claring, that Romulus having come 
 down from heaven, had appeared to 
 him ; and having charged him to tell 
 the Romans to cultivate the art of 
 war, and to worfhip him under the 
 name of Q^iirinus, had again afcended 
 into heaven, Hid, et Liv. i, 16.; Cic. 
 Leg, I, I. 
 
 PRocyoN, 'OW/J-, the leffer dog-ftar, 
 Bor, Od, 3, 29, 18. which rifes before 
 SiriuSf the dog-ttar, Columell, u, 12. 
 hence called by the Latins Anteca- 
 Nib, Cic N. D, 2,44. 
 
 PRODiCUS, a philofopher, born 
 in the iiland Cea, [Ceus, al. CouSi i. e. 
 in Cos ; al. Chius, i. e. in Chios,) Cic, 
 N.D, I, 42. ; Laert. 9, 50. who wrote 
 foncernin^ the nature of things, Cic, 
 
 339 1 .'^.^^ 
 
 Or. ;, 32. and is faid to have been th^ 
 author of the fable of Hercules being 
 accofted in a folitary place by Virtue 
 and Pleafure, and giving the prefer- 
 ence to Virtue, [G. 398.) whence Ci- 
 cero calls this fable Hercules Prodicius^ 
 the Hercules of Prodicus, OJf. i, 32. 
 
 P.ioETUs, a king of Argos, whofe 
 daughters (Proet^ides) having prefu- 
 med to prefer themfelves to Juno in 
 point of beauty, were by her infe£led 
 with fuch infanity, that they imagined 
 themfelves to be cows, (G. 393.) 
 
 PROMETHEUS, (3 fyll.) -«, 
 Virg. E. 6, 42. vel -eosy Stat. Theb. 
 11,468. the ion of Japetus and Cly- 
 mene, who is faid to have made a man 
 of clay, and to have animated him with 
 fire which he ftole from the chariot of 
 the fun, by applying to it the end 
 of a rod, (ferula J^ hence called calUdut, 
 Hor. Od. 2, 18, '^^. and hum.oroufly 
 put for a fkilful potter, jfwvenal. 4, 
 133. On account of his impiety he 
 was chained by Mercury to a rock on 
 the top of mount Caucafus, where an 
 eagle or vulture continually preyed on 
 his hver, (G. 435.) Martial, Sped. 7, i, 
 
 Firg. ^. 6, 42. et Hi Serv, Henee 
 
 Promethea ^w^i7, the ridges of Cau- 
 cafus, to which Prometheus was fixed, 
 Propert. i, 12, 10. So Prometheae 
 rupesy Martial, 9, 46, 3. Promethet 
 fcopuliy Senec. Here. fur. 13. et 1267. 
 FiSa Prometheo diceris ejfe lut§y i. e. 
 you are fo old and ugly. Id. 10, 39, 4. 
 Speaking of the ferula^ Martial fays, 
 Clara Prometheo munere lignafiimus, 14, 
 
 80. Promethidcs, -ae^ the Ion of 
 
 Prometheus, i. e. Deucalion, Ovid. Met, 
 
 Pr.^-paetides, -«m, women of Ama- 
 thus in Cyprus, who having dared to 
 deny the divinity of Venus, were by 
 her turned into iloncs, Ovid. Me/. io« 
 221, & 242. 
 
 Sex. Jure/ius PROPERTIUS, a 
 celebrated eiegiae poet of the Auguf- 
 tan age, whofe works are ftill extant 
 in four books. 
 
 } ROSERPiNA, the daughter of 
 
 Ceres by Jupiter, and wife of Pluto, 
 
 {G, 360, & 388.) — Rfgna Profirpinae^ 
 
 V u 2 " the 
 
PRO 
 
 [ 340 1 
 
 P T O 
 
 the infernal regions, Hor, Od. 2, 13, 
 
 20. Ep, 17, 2. Nullum Saeva caput 
 Proferpina fugit, i. e. fpares no one, Hor* 
 Od, I, 28, 20.^-Proferpina, in order 
 to free the foul from the body, was 
 fuppofed to cut a hair from the head 
 of evei-y perfon about to die, Virg. 
 y/m. 4, 694.; Stat. Silv. 2, i, 147.; 
 Vihull. 3, 5, 5. This notion was pro- 
 bably derived from an ancient cultom 
 of cutting fome hairs from the heads of 
 dying perfons, and confecrating thern 
 to Proferpiiie and the infernal gods ; 
 as hairs ufed to be pulled from between 
 the horns of a victim about to be fa- 
 crificed, ( Vid. A. 323.) 
 
 PjtOTAGOHAS, -ocj a philofoplicr, 
 bon at Abdern, banilhed from Athens, 
 and his books publicly burnt, becaufe 
 he had, in the beginning of a book, ex- 
 prelfed a doubt concerning the exiil- 
 ence of the gods, Cic. N. D. 1, i, &c 
 23. He alfo wrote books on other 
 fub]e£ls, Cic. Or. 3, 32. Brut. 12. 
 
 Pr(,t."silaus, the fon of Iphiclus, 
 from Phylace^ a city of Theflaly, the 
 lirft of the Greeks that landed on the 
 coaft of Troy ; — llain by Hetlor, ( G. 
 
 459-) 
 
 PROTEUS, (2. fyll.)-«, V. -COS, ace. 
 -m, the fon of Oceanus and Tethys, a 
 fea-god, who could change himfclf in- 
 to any fliape, (G. 386.) to which 
 Horace alludes. Sat. 2, 3, 71. Ep. i, 
 i» 90. ^ 
 
 Protogenzs, -isy a painter, a native 
 of Caunus, Cic. Br. \ 8. Jtt. 2,21.; FUn. 
 35. 10. — put for any learned, ingenious, 
 
 or artful Greek, Jtmcnal. 3, 120. 
 
 ^ 2. A reader to M. Marius, Cic. 
 Fam. 7, T. 
 
 PRUSIAS, -ae, king of Bithynia, 
 to whom Annlbal litd, after the defeat 
 of Antiochus, and by wliom he was 
 betrayed to the Romans, Liv. 39, 46, 
 & 51.; JVep. 23, 12. Prufias after the 
 defeat of Perfeus, wliofe filler he had 
 married, came to Rome with his fon 
 Nicomcdes ; and to recommend him- 
 felf to the favour of the fenate and 
 people, behaved with the meaneil fer- 
 ,viHty, Zi-u. 45, 44. Afterwards, ha- 
 ving attempted to take away the life 
 
 of Nicomedes, that he might be able 
 to provide for his younger children by 
 the ftepmother of Nicomedes, he ^as 
 firft dethroned by his fon, and then 
 put to death, Liv. Epit* ^o.; Jujlin. 34, 
 
 4- 
 
 PsAMMiTicHus, a kiag of Egypt, 
 
 (G.665.) 
 
 PsEUDt , a name given to one who 
 pretends to be what he is not, (from 
 
 v|.ty<5~<i), jcjUo '.) thus, PsfiUDO-'^Hl- 
 
 uppus, i.e. Andrifcus, a perfon of low 
 rank, who affumed the name of Pliilip, 
 and pretending to be the fon of Per- 
 feus, had the influence to excite a war 
 in Macedonia, which he fupported with 
 confiderable ability, till he was van- 
 quiihed by Metellus, hence called Ma- 
 CKDONicus, Liv. Epit. 48, 49, & 50.; 
 Flor. 2, 14.; Cic. Rull. 2, 33.; VaL 
 Max. 7, 5, 4. ; Tac. Ann. 12, 62. 
 
 Pseudo-Peiiscus, (called alfo alter 
 Pfeudo-Phllippus, Liv. Epit, 53.) ano- 
 ther pretender to the kingdom of Mace- 
 donia, who was cut off by L. Tremel- 
 lius, Eutrop. 4,15. 
 
 Pseudg-Mariu^, i. c. the impoftor 
 Marius, one C. Amatius, a plebeian of 
 low extraction, who pretending to be 
 the fon of C. Marius, and giving out 
 that he wifhed to revenge the murder 
 of Caefar his kinfinan, raifed great 
 diflurbances at the funeral of Caeiar 
 and after it ; till Antony ordered ^im 
 to be feized and llrangled, and his 
 body to be dragged through the llreets, 
 Cic. Phil. 1,2.; Liv. Epit. i f 6. ; VaL 
 Max. 9, 15, 2.; Jppian. B. Civ. 3,/. 
 527, 529, 549. [Vid. Antonius, 25.) 
 — So in later times, PstuDO-AcRiP- 
 PA, Tac. Ann. 2, 39. ; Pseudo-Dru- 
 
 SUS, ih. 5, 10.; PsEUD.J- NEKO, Id. 
 
 Piyi. 2, 8. Thus Cicero calls Cor- 
 
 nutus, Pscudo-Cato, i. e. an imitator 
 of Cato, Cic.jitt. 1,14. Aliquem Pseu- 
 do-Da]masippum reperiernusy fome one 
 fond of buying flatues like Damafip- 
 pus, Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 15. Vid. Hor. 
 Sat. 2, 3, 64. 
 
 PTOLEMAEUS I. the fon of 
 Lagus, a Macedonian of mean rank, 
 according to fome writers, the natural 
 fon of Philip, Paufan. i, 6, one of the 
 
 chief 
 
P T O [34 
 
 chief generals of Alexander. After 
 the death of that conqueror, he ob- 
 tained the government of Egypt and 
 the adjoining countries; which, by his 
 abilities, he made a great kingdom, 
 and tranfmitted it to his dciccndants, 
 who continued to enjoy it for many 
 generations, till it was reduced into a 
 Roman province by Auguitus. His 
 fuccefTors were all called from him by 
 the name of Ptolcmv, and were di- 
 Ib'nguifhed by different epithets. He 
 himlelf was diftinguifhed by the name 
 of Lacus or SoTER, i. e. Servator, the 
 Saviour, an appellation given him by 
 the Rhodians for the alliftance which 
 he afforded them agaiuil Demetrius. 
 He died in the eighty-fourth year of his 
 age, and thirty-ninth of his reign, com- 
 puting from the death of Alexander, B. 
 C. 283. leaving to his fon Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, whom for two years be- 
 fore his death he had aflbciated with 
 himfelf in the government, befides E- 
 gypt, Phoenicia, Coelefyria, part of 
 Arabia, Libya, Aethiopia, the ifland of 
 Cyprus, Pamphylia, Cih'cia, Lycia, 
 Caria, and the ifles called the Cycla- 
 des. Hence Tacitus thus juftly de- 
 fcribeshim: Ptolemaeus, qui Mace do- 
 nutn primus Aegypti opes firmwvit. Hi ft. 
 4, 83. but adds an account of a ftrange 
 inftance of his fuperftilior., ibid. 
 
 n. PTOLEMAEUS PHI- 
 LADELPHUb, lb named by the 
 figure called AnUphrajisy becaufe he 
 caufed two of his broihers to be put 
 to death upon a charge of their having 
 formed defigns againft his life, Faujan. 
 I, 7, He finifhed the plans of im- 
 provement which his father had be- 
 gun ; the founding of the celebrated 
 library at Alexandria, and the building 
 of the famous watch-tower in the ifle 
 of Pharos, whence it is called Ptokmae- 
 ia Pharosy Propert. 2, i, 30. In order 
 to open a communication with the 
 countries of the ealt, he built on the 
 Red Sea, tirft Berenice and then Myos- 
 Hormos; whither the commodities of 
 the eaft were conveyed in fliips, and 
 tranfpi?rted from thence on camels to 
 Copies on the Nile, {Fid, G. 66$.) 
 
 I ] P T O 
 
 The excellent regulations of the two 
 firft Ptolemies rendered Alexandria 
 the chief commercial city in the world, 
 which it continued to be till it was 
 taken by the Saracens, a. 642. ( Fid. G. 
 23, 127, & 627.) — Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus was a great favourer of learning 
 and learned men. Among thofe who 
 fhared of his bounty, the moft diftin- 
 gullhed were Euclid, Theocr'ttus, Calli- 
 macbus, and Lycophron. Ptolemy was 
 the moft opulent prince of his time. 
 He is faid to have made an alliance with 
 the Romans, Liv. Eptt. 14. He died 
 in the fixty-third year of his age, and 
 thirty-eighth of his reign, B. C. 247, 
 and was fucceeded by his fon, 
 
 HI. PTOLEMAEUS Everge- 
 TES, fo called on account of his bene- 
 ficence ; who to revenge the injurious 
 treatment and murder of his fifter Be- 
 renice, queen of Syria, led an army 
 into that country, and extended his 
 conquefts to the Tigris. Being fud- 
 denly recalled to quell a fedition at 
 home, he brought back with him iin- 
 menfe fpoils, Jujlin. 27, i. On occa- 
 fion of his abfence, his Queen Berenice 
 had vowed to confecrate her hair if he 
 returned in fafety, which fhe perform- 
 ed. Fid. Berenice - Ptolemy Ever- 
 gctes interefted himfelf in the affairs of 
 Greece. He affifted Aratus in efta- 
 bhfhing the Achaean league. But 
 when Aratus, from a jealoufy of Cleo- 
 menes king of Sparta, called in the 
 Macedonians to his alliftance, Ptolemy 
 aided Cleomenes. But not having af- 
 forded him fulncient fupport, Cleome- 
 nes was defeated and fled into Egypt. 
 Ptolemy died in the twenty -fifth year 
 of his reign. He was the laft of that 
 race who was diftinguiflied for his vir- 
 tues, Almoft all iiis fucceffors were 
 infamous for their profligacy and 
 crimes. Tacitus, inftead of diftinguifh- 
 ing him by his ufual firname, calls him, 
 I tolemaeus, quern tertia aeias iulil. Hill, 
 4, 84. qui ex Macedonihus tertius regnavit, 
 Ann. 6, 2^. Evergetes was fucceeded 
 by his ion, 
 
 IV. PTOLEMAEUS Philopa- 
 TOK, fo called by an antiphrafls, ac- 
 
 cordine: 
 
P T O 
 
 C 342 1 
 
 P T 
 
 cording to Juflin, 29, I. becaufe he 
 murdered his father and mother ; but 
 Polybius and Pkitarch fay that his fa- 
 ther died a natural death. — Ptolemy 
 Philopator, having engaged in war with 
 Antiochus king of Syria, defeated him 
 in a great battle at Raphia, not far 
 from Gaza, by the conduit of Nico- 
 laus, an Aetoli:in, much about the fame 
 time that Hannibal defeated the Ro- 
 mans at the Thrafymene lake, P&Iyb. 
 5, 82. After this fuccefs Ptolemy 
 gave himfelf up to debauchery ; and 
 having murdered his queen Arfinoe, 
 called Eurydice by Juftin, 30, i. and 
 Cleopatra by Livy, 27, 4. he was en- 
 tirely governed by a courtezan called 
 Agathoclea and her brother Agatho- 
 cles, Jttftin' 3^, 2. He died worn 
 out with intemperance in the thirty- 
 feventh year of his age, and feven- 
 teenth of his reign, and was fucceeded 
 by his fon, then five vears old, 
 
 V. PTOLEMAEUS Epiphanes. 
 — Antiochus, king of Syria, and Philip 
 of Macedon combined to deprive this 
 prince of his dominions, but were pre- 
 vented by the Romans, who, at the re- 
 queft of the Egyptians, undertook the 
 guardianfhip of the young king, and 
 for that purpafe fent M. Lepidus in- 
 to Egypt, (qui tutor to nomine regnum pu- 
 fiUi adminijlrety Juftin. 30, 3. ad pueri 
 tutelam gercndam, Val Max. 6, 6, I. 
 JVIarcum Lepidum PtuJanaei lileris iutorem 
 In Aegyptum rnifcrunt), I'ac. Ann. 2, 
 67. Ptolemy at firft governed well, 
 being diretled by the wife counfels of 
 Ariliomenes, an Acarnanian, whom Le- 
 pidus had appointed his guardian ; but 
 afterwards feduced by flatterers, he put 
 Aridomenes to death, gave himfelt up 
 to the indulgence of criminal pleafure, 
 and by his cruelty excited his fuhjetTts 
 to rebel. They were cruilied by the 
 abilities of Polycrates. At iaft Ptole- 
 my was poifoned by his courtiers after 
 having reigned twenty-four years, 
 
 VI. PTOLEMAEUS Philome- 
 TOR, his fon, who was but fix years of 
 age, fucceedcd, and Cleopatra his mo- 
 ther was declared regent. After her 
 death he engaged ia war v/ith Antio- 
 
 chus Epiphanes, king of Syria, his mo- 
 ther's brother, in order to recover Pa- 
 leftine and Coelefyria, but was defeated 
 and taken prifoner : upon which the 
 Alexandrians made his brother Ptole- 
 my Phyfcon king. Antiochus led an 
 army into Egypt, under the pretence 
 of reftoring Philometor to the throne, 
 but in reality to make himfelf mafter 
 of the country. The two brothers 
 upon this united together, and agreed 
 to reign jointly ; which forced Antio- 
 chus to difcover his real intentions. Pie 
 had over-run moll of Egypt, and was 
 juil about to befiege Alexandria, when 
 an embaiTy from Rome [Fid. Popili- 
 us) prevented it, Juflin. 34, 2, 8c 3.; 
 
 Li'iu 44, 19. et 45, 1 1, & 12. Some 
 
 years after, a difference having arifen 
 between the two brothers, Phyl'con ex- 
 pelled his brother, who went to Rome 
 to implore the protedion of the fcnate. 
 Two ambafiadors were fent to reilore 
 him. They divided the Egyptian do- 
 minions between the two brothers, 
 Li%\ Epit. 46.; Val Max. 5, i, i. ; 
 Polyh. Legat. 1 1 3. But they did not 
 live in concord. At lad the death of 
 Philometor left Phyfcon in polfeflion 
 of the whole, Juflin. 38, 8. 
 
 Vn. PTOLEMAEUS Physcon, 
 (i. e. tun-bellieuj) fo called from the 
 prominence of his belly, affumed to 
 himfelf the name of Evergetes IL 
 i.e. Benefador^ which the Alexandrians 
 changed into that of Cacoergetes, 
 i. e. am 'who delights in doing evil ; a fir- 
 name which he juilly deferved by his 
 intemperance, perfidy, and horrid cruel- 
 ty. He died univerfaliy detefted, l<. 
 C. 117. 
 
 Vni. PTOLEMAEUS, his fon 
 fuccecded, called LATHyRus from the 
 mark of a kind of pea on his nofe or 
 face. He being expelled by his mo- 
 ther CUopatra, retired to Cyprus. 
 Cleopatra alfociated with herfelf iu the 
 government her younger fon Ptolemy 
 Alexander; whom, when fhe attempt- 
 ed fome time after to cut off by fnares, 
 (he was prevented by him and put to 
 death. On account of this parricide 
 Alexander was expelled and Lathyrus 
 
 reilored. 
 
P T O C 343 
 
 reftored. Alexander, endeavouring to the 
 regain the crown, periihed in the at- 
 tempt, ytjjlin. 39, 4. A rebellion was 
 raifcd againft Lathy riis in Upper E- 
 gypt. The rebels being defeated, 
 ihut thcmfelves up in Thebes, where 
 they fuilaiued a iiege for three years. 
 That city, when taken, was treated 
 with fuch rigour, that from being one 
 of the richeil in Egypt, it was reduced 
 almoll to nothinjT, Paiifan. Lathyrus 
 died foon after, B, (,'.81. Plis daughter 
 Berenice, and only legitimate child, 
 fucceeded, called alfo Cleopatra, which 
 was the common name of the daughters 
 of that houfe, as I'toleniy was of the 
 fons. But Sulla, at that time diftator 
 of Rome, fent Alexander, the fon of 
 that Alexander who murdered his mo- 
 ther, to take pofTtlfion of the kingdom, 
 as being th^e neareil heir-male, App'ian. 
 B, Civ. p. 414. To accommodate the 
 difference, he married Cleopatra; but a 
 few days after the marriage, caufed her 
 to be put to death. 
 
 IX.PTOLEMAEUS Alexander 
 reigned fifteen years. At lait the 
 Egyptians, diffatished with his govern- 
 meiit, expelled him, and appointed 
 Ptolemaeus Auletes, the ballard fon 
 of Lathyrus, to fuccecd. Alexander 
 retired to Tyre, where fome time after 
 he died, having inllituted, as was faid, 
 the Roman people his heir, Cic. RulL i. 
 
 h'- 
 
 Caefar, when aedile, wifiied 
 
 be appointed by the people of Rome 
 to relcore Alexander, but was prevent- 
 ed by the faction of the nobility. Suet. 
 Caef. II. The Romans did not af- 
 fert their right to the dominions of 
 Alexander in confcquence of this tef- 
 tament, though they fcnt ambafTadors 
 to Tyre, who earned off the moiicy 
 which the king had depofited there, 
 Cic. Rull. Zi 16, But Clodius after- 
 wards made ufe of that pretext to 
 feize on the ifiand Cyprus, though for 
 a different caufe, Plutarch in Cat. ; Cic. 
 Dom, 7.; Sext. 25. i^Vid. Clodius.) 
 X. PTOLEMAEUS affumed to 
 himielf the name of Dionysus, (i.e. 
 Bacchus or Liber) j but he is common- 
 ly called AuLET^s, i. e. the player on 
 
 3 P T o 
 
 Jlute, from his fondnefs for that 
 kind of muiic. Strah. i7,/>. 796. Stra- 
 bo calls him tlie lail of the Ptolemies ; 
 of whom he obferves, that the three 
 firft were the beft, and that all the 
 rell were corrupted by luxury ; but 
 that the fouith, the feventh, and the 
 lalt were the worft, ibid. Cicero fays 
 that Atiletcs liad neither the birth nor 
 fpirit of a king, ( nsque gsmre neque am- 
 nio re^io ejfc)y RuU. 2, 16. Auletes, 
 that he might ellabiifli his right to the 
 crown, which was reckoned doubtful, 
 wifhed to procure from the Roman 
 fenate the title of Friend and Ally, 
 which he obtained through the intcreft 
 of Pompey and Caefar, whofe friend- 
 fliip he purchafed in the confulfhip of 
 Caefar, by a bribe of 6000 talents. 
 Suet. Caef. 54. ; Dioy 39, 12. Unable to 
 raife this fum without violent exadlions, 
 and having by his improper conduct in 
 other refpe<5i:s raifed public difcontents, 
 which he could not allay, he fecretly 
 left his kingdom and repaired to Rome, 
 where he gave out that he had been 
 expelled by his fubjecls, and requefled 
 to be reftored by force, Dioy ib. In 
 his way to Rome he met with M. Cato 
 at Rhodes, who advifcd him to re- 
 turn and be reconciled to his fubje6ls ; 
 telling him how difficult it would be 
 for him to gain the leading men at 
 Rome, whofe avarice Egypt turned 
 into filver could fcarcely fatisfy, Plu' 
 tarch. in Cat, Ptolemy, however, by 
 the intereft of Pompey, obtained a 
 decree of the fenate, that he fhould be 
 reftored by Lentulus Spinther, the 
 conful, to whom the province of Cili- 
 cia was afligned, Diot ib. j et Cic. Fam, 
 
 i, 7- 
 
 In the mean time, the people of 
 Alexandria, not knowing that their 
 king had gone to Italy, or fuppofing 
 that he was dead, had made his eldelt 
 daughter Berenice queen. She mar- 
 ried Seleucus, defcendcd from the 
 kings of Syria ; but becoming difTa- 
 tisfied with him, fhe put him to death, 
 and married Archelaus, Did, 39, 59. 
 
 The Alexandrians being informed 
 
 how the matter flood, fcnt an hundred 
 
 ambafTadorSi 
 
P T O 
 
 [ 
 
 ambafTadors to Rome, (Strabo fays, 
 more than an hundred, 17, p. 796.) 
 to juftify their conduct. But Ptolemy 
 having hired afTaflins, caufed moft of 
 the ambafTadors to be difpatched on 
 their journey ; others he killed in the 
 city by the fword or by poifon ; and 
 the reft he prevailed on, cither by ter- 
 ror or bribery, not to bring the fub- 
 jed of their miifion before the magi- 
 ilrates, nor to make any mention of 
 their companions who had been mur- 
 dered. The affair, however, being 
 much talked of in the city, the fenate, 
 upon the motion of Favonius, ordered 
 Dig or Dmi, an Academician philo- 
 fopher, the chief of the embafTy, who 
 had hitherto efcaped, to be brought be- 
 fore them, that, they might learn from 
 him a true ftate of the matter. But 
 fuch was the influence of the klng*s 
 money, which he borrowed from all 
 hands, that neither did Dio come into 
 the fenate, nor was any mention made 
 of the murder of the ambafTadors while 
 Ptolemy remained in the city. Nay, 
 though he alfo caufed Dio to be poifon- 
 ed, yet no cognifancc was taken of it. 
 Pompey flill continued to entertain 
 the king at his houfe, and fupported 
 him with all his power. Soon after 
 the king left Rome and went to Ephe- 
 fus, and there remained in the temple 
 of Diana, till he fhould hear the iffue 
 of his affairs at Rome. In the begin- 
 ning of next year, A. U. 697, in the 
 confulfliip of Cn. Lentulus MarcellTnus 
 and Marcius PJiilippus, the flatuc of 
 Jupiter on the Alban mountain having 
 been llruck with lightning, the Sybyl- 
 line books were, according to cuflom, 
 ordered by the fenate to be infpedled. 
 On which occafion certain verfes were 
 found, or faid to have been found, fore- 
 warning the Romnn people not to re- 
 ftore an exiled king of Egypt with an 
 army, Dio^ 39, 15.; C'lc. Fam, i, 7. ; 
 Lucan. 8, 824. This oracle was fup- 
 pofed to have been fabricated by the 
 enemies of Lentulus and Pompey, and 
 is therefore called by Cicero, calumnla 
 religionis, Fam. i, i. 2.ndji3a religio, ib* 
 4. It had^ however, fuch influence on 
 
 344 1 P ^ O 
 
 the fuperftitious multitude, that the 
 people, by the advice of C. Cato, a tri- 
 bune, repealed all that had been ena(5t- 
 cd concerning this bufmefs, Dlo^ 39, 
 15. The matter being debated in the 
 fenate, it was refolved, " That it feem- 
 ed dangerous to the repubhc, that the 
 king fhould be reftored by a multi- 
 tude," Cic, ^ Fr. 2, 2. After this 
 various opinions were delivered ; fome 
 propofed that the king fhould be re- 
 llored by Lentulus without an army ; 
 others moved that that charge fliould 
 be granted to '^ompey, Cic. Fam. I, I. 
 who, though he openly favoured Len- 
 tulus, yet was fufped:ed of defiring 
 the commiflion to himfelf, C'lc. J^ Fr» 
 2, 2. Fam. I, 2. The king himfelf by 
 letters, and his creditors, were very 
 carnefl that Pompey fhould be appoint- 
 ed, lyic. Fcnn. 1, I, & 6. But the chief 
 men in the fenate, fearing to encreafe 
 the overgrown power of Pompey, pre- 
 vented it, Dio, 39, 16. At lafl more 
 interefting matters having occurred, 
 the fenate dropt the fubjed of Egypt 
 altogether, and the king was left to 
 fliift for himfelf. Cicero hinted to 
 Lentulus, that if he had fufHcient force 
 to reftore Ptolemy, the oracle might 
 be evaded, Cic. Fam. i, 7. But Len- 
 tulus, frightened by the difficulty of 
 the attempt, laid afide all thoughts of 
 it. Whereupon Ptolemy, by the ad- 
 vice of Pompey then conful for the fe- 
 cond time, applied to Gabinius, the 
 governor of Syria ; who, being influ- 
 enced by the letter of his patron Pom- 
 pey, and tempted by the greatnefs of 
 the fum which the king promifed him, 
 no lefs than ten thoufand talents, in 
 contempt of the oracle, and in viola- 
 tion of the laws of his country, Cic* 
 Pif. 2 1 . undertook the bufmefs ; and by 
 the afTiilance of M Antonius, Cic. PhiL 
 2, 19. afterwards triumvir, then com- 
 mander of a body of horfe, fucccfsful- 
 ly effeded it, Plutarch in Anton. Ga- 
 binius having made himfelf mailer of all 
 Egypt, delivered it to Ptolemy, and 
 left with him a confiderable number of 
 Roman troops, both horfe and foot, 
 for the guard of his perfon, who, in a 
 
 few 
 
P t o t t 
 
 few years contra6led tlie manners and 
 ciiftoms of the country, Caef. B. C. 3, 
 103, & iiOi Among thtfe was Sep- 
 timius, wlio afterwards murdered Pom- 
 pcy, Dloy 42, 3, & 38. Ptolemy put 
 to deatli his daughter Eerenlce, and all 
 the riched men who had oppofed him; 
 that by the confifcation of their efFe^fts 
 he might make up the fum which be 
 bad engaged to pay Gabiiiius and bis 
 army. Archelaus, the liufband of Be- 
 renice, fell in battle, Liv. Ep, 105. ', 
 Diot 39, ^^, Sec. Ptolemy Auletes died 
 about four years after his re-eftablifi-i- 
 ment, B. C. 51. leaving two fons and 
 two daughters. He appointed by his 
 will, that his eldeil fon Ptolemy and 
 biseldeft daughter Cleopatra fhould 
 marry, according to the cuilom of that 
 houfe, and reign jointly. Thus Cleopa- 
 tra fays to Caefar, ^i (fc. pater) 
 jura mihl cowrnunia, Et thalami cum fra- 
 tre dealt, Lucan. 10, 93. As they 
 v/ere both very yoiing, Cleopatra, who 
 was the oldell, being only feventeen 
 years of age, they were placed under 
 tlie tuition of the Roman people, Caef, 
 B. C, 3, 108. and Pompey is faid to 
 have been appointed by the'fenate to 
 be the young king's guardian^ Eutrop, 
 
 6, 21. PtoleMais, -^d'lS, the 
 
 daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, L e. Cle- 
 ooiUra, Liican. 10, 69. 
 ^ XL PTOLEMAEUS, the fon of 
 Auletes, called Novus DionyfuSi during 
 his minority, was under the direction 
 of Pothinus an eunuch, and Achillas 
 the commarider of hi> forces, who, no 
 doubt to engiofs the whole pov/er to 
 themfelves, deprived Cleopatra, in the 
 king's name, of her fhare in the fovc- 
 reigiity. She having raifed troops in 
 Syria and Palaeiline, came to afl'ert her 
 rights ; and Ptolemy was encamped 
 with his army between mount Cafuis 
 and Pelufmm, not far from the camp 
 of Cleopatra, wiien Pompey, after his 
 defeat at Pharlalia, approached the 
 coall of Egypt, Caef. B. G. 3, 103. ; 
 i)/(9, 42, 3. \V'id. PoMPEius). Pto- 
 lemy being defeated by Caefar, was 
 drowned in crofimg the Nile, Dio^, 42, 
 4 3. Caefar gave the kingdom to Cko- 
 
 4j i P T 
 
 patra, and ordered her to mafry hi^t 
 younger brother, then, only eleven years 
 of age, (according to a cultom obfer- 
 ved not only by the Ptolemies, but al- 
 fo by other royal families, liheris fociat'is 
 in malnmonlum regnumquej Tac. Ann. 
 2, 3.), and that they Ihould enjoy the 
 fovcrcignty in common, D'lo, 42, 44. | 
 Hirt. Bcli Alex. 33. But when he 
 grew up fhe cut him ofFby poifon, and 
 thus remained fole queen of Ey^ypt^ 
 Joftph. Ani. 15, 4. After the death of 
 Cleopatra Egypt was reduced into a 
 Roman province. {^VuL OcTAVius.) 
 
 PTOLEMAEUS Apion, the na- 
 tural fon of Ptolemy Phyfcon, who 
 was made king of Cyrenaica by his fa- 
 ther, and at his death left the Roman 
 people his heir^ "Juji'in. 39, 5* The 
 Romans granted libeity to the different 
 Hates of that country, \h, ; but on ac- 
 count of the convulfions raifed by the 
 leading men contending for powcr^ 
 they afterwards reduced it into the 
 form of a province, :b.\ L'lv. Ep'iL 70.; 
 Plutarch, in Lucidl. p. 492.; Eutrop. 6, 1 1 a 
 
 PTOLEMAEUS Crraunus, {le. 
 thunder), the fon of Ptolemy Soter^ 
 who obtained pofiefTion of the kingdom 
 of Macedonia ; and, to enlarge his do- 
 minions, flew, by the moft fiiocking 
 perfidy and cruelty, in the bofom. of 
 their mother, the fons of his fifter Ar- 
 finoe, by Lyfimachus king of Thrace^ 
 yujlln. 24, I, 2, 3v 3. But his criinea 
 did not long remain unpuniflied \ for 
 the Gauls having defeated him in bat- 
 tle, and taken him prifoner, cut ofT 
 his liead, and fixed it on a lance, ih* 5-i 
 
 PTOLEMAEUS Alexander, the 
 younger fon of Ptoltmy Lathyrus, and 
 brother of Auletes king of Cyprus, was 
 deprived of his kingdom moll urjullly 
 by the Romans, Cic. Dom, 8, k 20^ 
 Sexf. 26, '■. c. according to a law paffed 
 by P. Clodius the tribune^ Which Ci- 
 cero calls Rogat'io Lypria fceleji'ijfima^ 
 Sext. 28i The eaute of this law is faid 
 to have been, that when Clodius hap" 
 pened once to be taken by the pirates^ 
 and applied to Ptolemy for money to 
 pay his ranfom, Ptolemy, who was 3 
 X X grea*5c 
 
P T O [34,6 
 
 great mifer, fent him only two talents, 
 
 Plutarch, in Cat. Min. ; Strah. 4. p. 684. 
 Cato Ut'icenfis was appointed to put 
 this law in execution, which removed 
 him out of the way, and fo prevented 
 him from oppofing the deftruftive mca- 
 fures of Clodius and Caefar, Cic. Dom. 
 25.; Plutarch, in Caef. p. ']\%.\ Pat ere. 
 
 2, 45. Ptolemy poifoned himfelf be- 
 fore the arrival of Cato, and thus left 
 his immenfe wealth to"be carried away 
 to Rome, Plutarch, in Catone ; hucan. 
 
 3, 164. Some fay that Ptolemy in- 
 tended to have put all his money on 
 board a (Iiip with holes, and when he 
 got out to fea to fink himfelf with it ; 
 but that he had not courage to execute 
 this purpole, Val. Max. 9, 4. ext. i. ; 
 App'inn. Civ. B. 2. /J. 44 1 . 
 
 PTOLEMAEUS, a celebrated a- 
 llronomer and geographer, who flou- 
 riflied at Alexandria under Adrian and 
 the Antonines, (G. 22.}. His v.'oiks 
 are ilill extant. 
 
 PuBLicius, the name of a Roman 
 gensy feveral of which are mentioned 
 by Cicero, Div. i, 50. Cat. 2, 2. Or. 
 2, 67. Balb. II. ^/int. 6. Cluent. 15. 
 
 PuBLiLiA, the wife of Cicero, after 
 he divorced Terentia, Cic. Alt. 12, 32. 
 
 PuBLiLius, the father or brotlier 
 
 of Piibhlia, ih. 7. 
 
 PuBLiLiA, the name of a tribe, Lin). 
 
 1> 15- 
 
 ^ PuELiLius Phlloy conful a. u. 
 
 416. who conquersd the Latins, Liv. 
 «, 12. 
 
 PUBLIUS, a frequent praenomen 
 among the Romans : thus, ^lincliy 
 cxU PuhTii (gaudent pramomins molles au- 
 riculae), &c. Hor. Sat, 2, 5, 32. ufed 
 "by way of familiarity or blaud-iihmeut 
 for the whole name *. 
 
 So, ^i 
 
 ih'/ Iwhereijf fuum Piillluviy 
 
 (fc. Clodium, cum quo in gratiam odio Cae- 
 faris redierant, quod Ciceroiien- p-J!igt:bat), 
 darent m'lhi ipfz nlium PuhUufr^ (fc. Vatinium, 
 ipfis exofuin, cuj»i quo e^ro in gratiam redi- 
 rem)- &("-. dc. Fam. I, 9. ri, ^'^. So Subon' 
 iumeliote traHatur nofter PuBHUs, i. e, Clotliu?, 
 Cic, Att. i> 7. TeRTIA aderit^ modo ne PuB- 
 a,iu3 rcgattisftty Tertia will be our gueft, pro- 
 vided Puhl'us be not invited, (v/ho this Pub- 
 htts is we know r.oi), Qk. Fam, 16, 3?. 
 
 ] P Y L 
 
 PuBLius mimorum poet a, fc. Syruf, 
 Publius Syrus, a native of Syria, a 
 mimic poet, highly efteemed in the 
 time of Julius Caefar and Auguflus, 
 Plin. 8, 51 f. 77. He was contempo- 
 rary with Laberius, both of vi'hom a6t- 
 ed their compofitions at the games ex- 
 hibited by Caefar on occafion of his tri- 
 umph. Cicero fays that he heard them 
 both with great indifference, Cic, Fam. 
 12, 18. — Ex prior e (fc. epiftola) thea- 
 trum Publiumque cogtwvi, I learned what 
 applaufe Dolobella received when he 
 entered the theatre, and the apt words 
 fpoken extempore by Publius Syrus, 
 or introduced into the part he was then 
 afting, fuitably to the occafion, Cic. 
 Att. 14, 2. Add. Macrob. 2, 7.; Gell, 
 17, 14. There are fome fragments of 
 the compofitions of Publius Syrus 
 itill extant. 
 
 PuLCHELLus, 3 name given to Clo- 
 dius, Cic Alt, 2, T. 
 
 PuLCHER, a firname of C. Appius, 
 Liv. 33, 44, &c. 
 
 P. Pupius, one of the firll plebeian 
 quae dors, Liv. 4, 54. 
 
 L. Pupius, an aedile, Liv. 39, 39. 
 and praetor, ib, 45'. 
 
 Pup PI us, v. Pupius, a tragic poet, 
 whofe plays are faid to have been fo 
 pathetic as to draw tears from the au- 
 dience ; hence lacrimofa poemata Puppi 
 for PnppYi, Hor. Ep. I , I , (>6, et ib. 
 ScholialL 
 
 PYGMALION, -mis, the fon of 
 Belus and king of Tyre, the brother of 
 Dido, whofe hiifband Sichaeus he flew 
 in order to feize his riches. But Dido, 
 having fecretly fled from Tyre with a 
 great fum of money, difappointed him, 
 yirg. Aen. I, 343, &c. ^ 2. A na- 
 tive of Cyprus, who made a beautiful 
 ivory image of a woman, which being 
 animated by the power of Venus, be- 
 came his wife, and bore to him a fon 
 called Paphos, who gave name to one 
 of the chief cities of the ifland, Ovid. 
 Met. 10. 243, — 298. 
 
 pYLADiiS, -is, the fon of Strophius 
 by Aftyochea the fifter of Agamem- 
 non, the faithful friend of Ore'lej, [G. 
 407.). Plence Fyladea amicitia, for 
 
 true 
 
P Y R. 
 
 C 347 
 
 true friendfliip, Cic. Fin. 2f 26, Add. i, 
 Cvid. Pont. 2, 6, 25. et 3, 2.; '^'ariial. 
 6, II.; 5'/a/. <S'i/'y. 2, 6, 54. ; Jwvenal. 
 16, 26. 
 
 Pyracmon, -o»/V, one of the Cy- 
 clops or workmen of Vulcan, Virg. Am, 
 8, 424.^ 
 
 Pyramus, a young man of Baby- 
 lon, whofe paifionate love for Thlfbe, 
 and her affedlon for him, proved fatal 
 to both, Omd. Mtt. 4, 55, &c. 
 
 Pyrene, -est the daughter of Be- 
 bryx, or of the king of the Bdrycesy 
 fing. BebryXf who dwelt among the 
 mountains which feparate France from 
 Spain ; whence fhe is called Bkbricia 
 VIRGO, ^/7. 3, 420. Being violated by 
 Hercules, flie fled from her father's 
 houfe, and was torn to pieces by the 
 wild beads in thofc mountains, which 
 from her were afterwards called Mon- 
 T£s Pykenaei, ik 441. 
 
 Pyrgo, -us, the nurfe of Priam's 
 children, Vir^. Aen. 5, 645. 
 
 Pyrgoteles, -w, an excellent gra- 
 ver -of precious ftones in the time of 
 Alexander the Great, Plin. 37, i. 
 
 pYROis, -entis^ m. one of the horfes 
 
 of Phoebus, 0-vid. Met. 2, 153. ^ 2. 
 
 The planet Mars, Col 10, 290, 
 
 Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion, 
 (G. 435.), OvuLEp. 15, 167, &c. 
 
 PvRRHo, -gnis, a pliilofopher, who 
 doubted concerning every thing, whofe 
 followers were called Pyrrhonei, fcep- 
 tics, C'lc.Or. 3, 17. He maintained, 
 that virtue is the only thing to be defi- 
 red, Clc. Fin. 4j 16. 
 
 Pyrrhus, the fon of Achilles, {^A- 
 chlllides) ', called alfo Neoptolemus, [G. 
 
 446.). f[ 2. A king of Epire, who 
 
 carried on war with the Romans, (G. 
 230. &c.) 
 
 PYTHAGoRAS, -ae, an iUuftrious 
 ancient philofopher, [F^iJ, G. 12, &c 
 
 3 Q^UI 
 
 28, 10. Faha Pyih agorae cognata, 
 the bean related to '.')'th.igoras, Hor. 
 Sat. 2, 6t 63. becaufe he forbade the 
 eating of beans, SiiwJlaJi. lb. ; Clc. Div, 
 1, 30. — Soninia Pythagorean the dreams 
 of Pythag'jras, Hrr. Ep. 2, 1, 52. . "j- 
 thrgorica pblIofol)huiy PHn. 13, 13. -Py- 
 THAGORE!, ^orun, the Followers of Py- 
 thagoras, Cic. Tufc. I, 16, et 4, 2, et 
 5, 39. '. D. I, 5. Sen. II. So Py- 
 
 THAGORTCI, ClC Div. I, 30. 
 
 Pythias, acy the friend of Damon, 
 Cic. Of. 3, 10.; FaL Max. ^, 7, i. 
 Vid. Damon. — -^2. A famous an- 
 cient navigator, (G. 17.) 
 
 Pythis, -zj, an excellent fculptor 
 and p:i.inter, PHn. 35, 9. et j^6, 5. 
 
 Pythiv'S, a name of Apollo, (G, 
 36^.), whence Pythia, -ae^ the pricll- 
 efs of the temple of Apollo at Delphi, 
 (G. 306. ?< 367.), Cic. Div. 19, 36. 
 
 Pythia, orumj games in honour 
 
 of Apollo, (G. 309. & 367.) 
 
 Python, -onis, the name of a fer- 
 pent flain by Apo41o, (G. 366.), Ovid, 
 Met. I, 43B. ; Lucan. 5, 134. 
 
 Pythodorus, a native of Tralles, 
 
 [TraUianus), Cic. Flacc. 22. ^2, 
 
 An excellent carver, Plin. 36, 5. 
 
 T. T.^nvnidius Quadratus, a gover- 
 nor of S\ria, Tac, Ann, 12, 4<r, '■:< 54. 
 
 M. Fabius QUINCTILIaNUS, an 
 excellent teacliei of rhetoric and plead- 
 er of caufes at Rome in the time of Ve- 
 
 fpafiau and his 
 
 been born at Calagurris 
 
 fuppofed to have 
 
 m Spam, 
 
 lad 
 
 brought to Rome • when very young. 
 
 where he certainly was educated, as wc 
 learn from himfelf, 6, 3, 57. <?/ ro, i, 
 24, & 102. et 12, II, 3. et 5, 7, 7. ; 
 plin. Ep. 2, 14, 10, When advanced 
 
 Renati Pyihagorae arcana, born a- in life, he was appointed praeceptor to 
 
 gam, or animating a new body, Hor. 
 Epod. 15, 21. becaufe he taught, that 
 the fouls of men, after death, pafied into 
 other bodies ; and faid that his own foul 
 had animated the body of Euphorbus 
 the fon of panthou?, [PantlmJcs, q.v.), 
 in the lime of the Trojan war, Hor. Od, 
 
 the grandfons of the fifter of Doimtian, 
 ^linclil. 4, prooem. 2. He wrote twelve 
 books concerning the inilitution of an 
 orator, dedicated to Marcellus Vidlo- 
 rius, ib. i. pr. et 4. pr. Among the 
 fcholars of Quindtilian was Pliny the 
 Younger, Ep. 2, 14, 10. f/ 6, 6, 3. 
 X A 2 Q^uiadtiliaii 
 
(IV I [ 348 ] R A B 
 
 Quin<^ilian is extolled by Martial as a r^ft Demetrius the fon of king Philip, 
 
 teacher and advocate, 2, 90, i. and by 
 Juvenal, 7, 186, &c. 
 
 Sex. QuiNCTiLius, a conful a. u. 
 who died of tlie plague, Liv. 3, 32. 
 
 Crj. QuiNCTjLiiiS, created di61:ator 
 ?\. 423, to drive a nail in the temple of 
 Jupller, Liv. 8, 18. 
 
 F. Q^uiNCTiLius Varus J a praetor 
 in the fecond Punic war, Liv. 29, 38. 
 who defeated Mago in the country of 
 the Infiibres, Liv. <o, 18. 
 
 X.QuiNCTius, a turbulent tribune, 
 who endeavoured to get the afts of 
 Sulla revcrfed, Cip. luent. 29. ; Plu- 
 tarch, in Lucullo. 
 
 QUINTIUS,vel ^linalus, the name 
 of a Roman clan., [^intia gens)-, Liv. 
 3, 12. I'he ^iintii were originally 
 from Alba, Liv. i, 30. 
 
 L. QUINTIITS Cincinnatiis, called 
 to be didator from the plough, Liv. 
 
 3, 26. (G. 214.) ; Cic, Sen. 16. 
 
 Qv^i^T y A prata, the Qviintian meadows, 
 a name given to the four acres of land 
 on which Cincinnatus lived when he 
 ^vas called to be dictator, L'v. 3, 26. 
 
 Caejo QUINTIUS, the fon of Cin- 
 cinnatus, banilhed for refilling the tri- 
 bunes, Liv. 3, II, 12, & 13, He was 
 the firft whowas obliged to give fure- 
 ties to the public for his appearance on 
 the day of trial. As he did not appear, 
 the money was exadxed from his father 
 with fuch rigour, that he was oHiged 
 to fell his efffcds, and live retired in 
 the country, ih. 13. 
 
 T. QuiNTius Barhjttis Capitollnus, 
 fix times conful, Liv. 2, 56.-4, 13. 
 
 P. QuiMTius, a plebeian, defended 
 by Cicero in an adion of bankrpptcy. 
 The oration for Quintius ia the firit of 
 Cicero's orations extant. 
 
 r. QIUNTIUS Flanumus, m.ade 
 conful after being quaellor without go- 
 ing through the interm.ediate olhces, 
 Liv. 32, 7. He overcame Philip king 
 of Macedonia at Cynocephalae, Liv. 
 33, 7, &;c. He proclaimed liberty to 
 the ftates of prt;ece at the Illhmian 
 
 imes, 
 
 ib, 32,— 34, His triumph laft- 
 
 ed for three days, Id. 34, 52. Many 
 SiPble captives and hoilages, among the 
 
 and Armenes the fon of Nabis, were 
 led before his chariot, ib. The embaffy 
 of Flaminius to Prufias proved fatal to 
 Hannibal, 39, 51. 
 
 Q_iRiNi.'S, a name of Romailus, 
 Liiu I, 20. et 5, 52. et 8, 9, et 28, 1 1.; 
 Cic. Offl 3, 10. ; Virg. Aen. i, 296. ei 
 \hi Serv. ; OviiL Fajl. 2, 475. Visions 
 arma ^/irinij the arms of the victorious 
 Romulus, put for Auguftus, /. e. Au- 
 guflus in arms, or armed, Virg. G. 3, 
 2 7 . Tertiaqtte arma patri fufpendet anna 
 ^uirinpj and fhall hang up or dedicate 
 the third fpofia op'ima to father Romu- 
 lus, Li. Aen. 6, 860. ct ibi Serv. 
 
 Q^iRiNi a£'</?j, the temple of Romu- 
 lus, Liv. ^f 21. et 10, 46. el 28, II. 
 QuiRiNALis^^w^«, the prieft of Ro- 
 mulus, inflituted by Numa, Liv. 1,2c. 
 Col/is .^-;uirinr. Ovid Fait. 4, 375. o- 
 therwife called Co/l/s ^irinalis, the 
 Quirinal hill, one of the feven hills of 
 Rome, Liv. r, 44. yugum ^irinaki 
 Ovid. Faft. 6, 2f8. — Liliius ^uirinaJis, 
 the augur's Itaff of Romuhis, or like 
 to that which Pvomulus ufed, Vlrg. 
 Aen. 7, 187. So Trabea ^irinalis, ib. 
 10, 612. Ql'IHINALIA, -/ttw, fefti- 
 
 vals in honour of Romulus, Cic. ^ Fr. 
 
 2, 3, S: 13. ; Ovid. Fail. 2, 513. 
 
 The Romans are faid to have been cal- 
 led ''^uiRiTEs from Quirinus, or from 
 CureSf a city of the Sabines, Serv. ad 
 Virg. 7, 710,; Liv. I, 13, 
 
 R 
 
 Rabirius, a Roman who wrote 
 concerning philofophy, but inaccu- 
 rately, Cic, Acad. I, 1.- ^ 2. A 
 
 poet ; Mag7i:que Rabirius oris, i. e. mag' 
 n'floquusy fubllme, Ovid. Pont. 4, 10,5. 
 Add. Scnec, Benef, 6, 3. ; ^linLiiL 1O3 
 1,90. 
 
 6'. RABIRIUS, an old fenator, 
 accufcd of treafon by T. Labienus, a 
 tribune, at the infllgation of Julius Cae- 
 far, for having killed L. Saturnlnus, a 
 tribune, about thirty years before, 
 Dioi 37, 26, Cicero fays, forty years, 
 in PiJ. 2. by miflake, as Afconius on 
 this pafTa^e obferves, Suetonius fays, 
 
R A B 
 
 C H9 ] 
 
 REG 
 
 fome years before, (aliquot ante annosy) 
 Caef. II. Rriblriiis was defended by 
 'Hortenfius ruul Cicero, then conful, 
 whofe oration is (llil extant, but imper- 
 ■feft. The affair had Hrfl been brought 
 before the praetor, who appointed two 
 men, [rfuuniviri,) to judge in the caufe, 
 C. Taefar and J. Caefar. By them 
 Rabiiius was condem!»ed to death ; but 
 he appealed from their fentence to the 
 people in the omiiia Cetituriata. There 
 he would have been condemned alfo, 
 had notMctellus,the augur and praetor 
 for that ye'dv, diffolved the afiembly by 
 pulling down the banner {^vexillumy) 
 which, when an affcmbly of the Ro- 
 man people by centuries met, was al- 
 vvays difplayed fiom the Janiculum, 
 Dioy 37, 27, Sc 18. Suetonius obferves, 
 that nothing fo much contributed to 
 his acquittal as the cruelty of Cat Car's 
 fentence, 5'wf^ Caef. 12. In this caufc 
 not merely the life of Rabirius, but 
 alfo the power of the fenate, was at- 
 tacked, C'lc. Rah'ir. 2. J D'io<, 37, 26. 
 
 C. RABIRIUS P< 
 
 Ro 
 
 man eriucs^ the fon of C. Curius, the 
 chief of the equellrian order, one of the 
 principal farmers of the public reve- 
 nues, [puhiicanusy) Cic. Rabir. 2, cal- 
 led C. Rabirius Poflhiimus, from adop- 
 tion, ih. 17. He had lent great fums 
 to Ptolem.y Auletes, while that king 
 was at Rome ; to recover which, after 
 the reftoration of Ptolem.y, he went to 
 Egypt, and became the receiver of the 
 king's taxes, (dwccctes regiusy) ib. 8, 
 & 10. But differing with the k'ng, 
 he was ill treated by him, imprif<>ned, 
 and threatened with death ; fo that he 
 was glad at laft to make his efcape with 
 the lofs of all, ih, et 14.; and it was 
 wholly owing to the generofty ot 
 Caefar, that he was enabled to main- 
 tain his equeftrian rank, ih, 15, After 
 the condemnation of Gabinius, how- 
 cyer, for extortion, (de repetundis,^ 
 when his eftate was not fiifficient to 
 make up the damages in which he was 
 condem ned, ( quanta Jumnia Uilumfui/fec^ ) 
 ib. 13-), Rabirius, who was charged 
 with having received pavt of the mo- 
 
 ney given by Ptolemy to Gabinius, 
 was profecuted to make up the de- 
 ficiency, [acciifatus de rifiduh (c. pecu- 
 niis,) ib. 4. So that this caufe was 
 an appendicle to that of Gabiniua, iL 
 Rabirius was defended by Cicero, and 
 acquitted. 
 
 L. R\Bius, a partifan of Marius, 
 who fled to Mithridates ; and being 
 fent by him with L. Magius to Ser- 
 torius, betrayed Mithridates and re- 
 turned to the Romans, Cic. Ferr. I, 
 34, dt Ibi Afcon, 
 
 R A B o c E N T u s , a chicf of the BeJJiy 
 beheaded by Pifo, Cic. Pif. 34. 
 
 L. Rabonius, one who undertook 
 to keep the temple of Callor at Rome 
 in proper reparation. Cic. Verr. I, 50, 
 &c. 
 
 L. Racilius, a tribune (de tri- 
 iunis) in the confulfliip of Marcellinus 
 and Philippus, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, I. fex 
 magiflratibusy) Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 4. the 
 fame probably who is mentioned, Cic, 
 Verr. 2, 12, 
 
 Raxut. f. RaTvIus, fome contemp- 
 tible perfon, a freed man or Have of 
 Brutus, Cic. Atl. 12, 21. 
 
 T. ( aninnis Rkbilus, a lieutenant 
 of Caefar's in Gaul, Cic. Att. 13, 37. 
 m^de conful at the fcventh hour of 
 the laft day of the year before Cae- 
 far's death ; fo that he continued in 
 oince only for part of a day, Vid. 
 Cic. Fam. 7, 30. 
 
 Regillts, (afirname oi the Acmilii ; J 
 the fon of Lcpidus, conful with Q. 
 Catulus, a. 675, Cic. Att. 12, 24. 
 
 Reginus, a Roman, entrufted with 
 the command of the Tufcan fea (mare 
 infcrum) by Pompey, by whofe alTift- 
 ance Cicero thought he could efcape 
 from Italy ; but was prevented by the 
 vigilance of Antonv, Cic. Att. 10, 12, 
 M, Atllius REGuLUS, a cele- 
 brated Roman general in the firft Pu- 
 nic war ; who having gained great ad- 
 vantages over the Carthaginians in A- 
 frica, was at laft defeated and taken 
 prifoner by Xantippu?, a Lacedaemo- 
 nian, w^ho commanded the Carthagi- 
 i}ian army. Regulus, being fent to 
 
 Rome 
 
REG 
 
 [ 350 ] 
 
 R H O 
 
 Rome to propofe an exchnnge of pri- 
 foners, fpoke againft it in rhe fenate ; 
 and having returned to Carthage, ac- 
 cording to his promlfe, was put to 
 death with the greatefl tortures, (G. 
 237.) Liv. Efif, 18.; tc'lf.'!. 13. 
 et 3, 26. Fin. 2 20. ; P'lf. 19. ; Phil. 
 11,4.; Horat. Od. 3, 5, 41. ; Sil. 6, 
 539.; GelL 6, 4.; Fal Max. 1, I, 
 14. This great man pofTrficd no more 
 than feven acres of ground, iL 4, 4, 6. 
 
 L. Livincius KEGVLV^t an intimate 
 friend cf Cicero's, CI:. Fam. 13, 60. 
 
 Remulli.s, a Tihurtian, or native 
 of Tibur, (Tihrs,) Virg. Acn. 9, 
 
 360, & 633 5[ 2. One of the 
 
 kings of Alba, the fon of Tiberlnus ; 
 killed by a thunderbolt for his impiety, 
 Ovid. Met. 14, 616, &c. faid to be 
 the grandfon of Tiberinus, Ovid. FaJ}. 
 
 4» 49- 
 
 REMUS, the fon of Ilia and Mars, 
 flain by his brother Romulus, Liv. i, 
 6. or l)y one Celer, who had the charge 
 of building the walls, Dionyf. i. 87. 
 O'uid.FhJi. 4, 837.^/5, 469. (G. 192.) 
 The brothers are faid to have had a 
 difpute v/hether they fnoiild call the 
 city which they had founded Roma, 
 from Romulus; or RcMORi, from 
 Remus, Cic. Div.exEnnio, i, 48. — - 
 The annivcrfary of the murder of Re- 
 mus was kept as a holiday, called Re- 
 MURiA, 'Orum ; and in proccfs of time 
 the Brft letter being foftencd, [J [pern 
 mutata eft in lenem tempore longo Litter a.) 
 LtMURiA; when folemn rites were 
 performed to the (hades of their an- 
 cellors, \_qua (fc. luce v. die,) pcfnis 
 (i. c,ki)\\his) jjj/iiiferunfur avis,"] Ovid 
 
 Faft. 5, 479, <S:c. Reml'Iunus 
 
 oger, a field poflcffed by Remus, FeJIus 
 in voce. 
 
 REX, Regis, a firname of the Mar- 
 cii, Sud. Caef. 6. Fid. Marcius. ^ 
 
 Rhadamanthtjs, the fon of Jupiter 
 and Europa, king of Lycia ; on ac- 
 count of his juftice fuppofed to have 
 been made after death one of the 
 judges of tl;e infernal regions, Virg. 
 Jen. 6, S66. et Hi Serv. (G. 384.) 
 Conf. Ovid. Met. g, 436. faid to have 
 been the firft lawgiver, Flin, 7, j6. 
 
 Rhamnes, -etisy an Italian prince 
 and augur, a friend of Tarnus, flain 
 by NifuSj Virg. Aen. 9, 325, \c. 
 
 Rhamnes, "u. Ramnes,^/ Rammen- 
 SEs, -ium^ 3 name given to the firit 
 century of Equites from Romulus, Zi-y. 
 I, 13.; Varr. L. Z. 4. 9. Celfi PJoam- 
 nesy the exalted, haughty or fallidious 
 knights, Hor. Art. p. 342, Ramnes 
 viris Propert. 4, i, 31. 
 
 RHEA, the daugliter of Caelus 
 and Terra, the wife of Saturn, Ovid, 
 Fall. 4, 20 1, called alfo 0?s and Cyhele, 
 
 RM£A Silvia^ called alio Ilia, the 
 mother of Romulus and Remus, (G. 
 192.) Flor, 1, I. 
 
 Rhea, a prit-Ilefs, the mother of 
 Aventinus, by Hercules, Virg. Am. 7, 
 659. 
 
 Rhecus, a king of Thrace, who 
 having comt to the affiftance of Troy, 
 when the gates were ftmt in the even- 
 ing, encamped on the fiiore ; and be- 
 ing betrayed by Dolon, a Trojan fpy, 
 was flain by UlyfTes and Dion^edes, 
 and his horfes carried off, on which 
 depended the fate of Troy, (G. 452.) 
 Sithonli tentoria RJ.nfiy Ovid. Art. A. 2, 
 137. Rhefi niveae citaeque bigae, CatulU 
 56, 26. 
 
 Rhetenor, -or//, one of the com.- 
 panions of Diomedcs, changed into a 
 bird by Venus, Ovid. M^i. 14, 504. 
 
 Rhintom, 'Onis, a com.ic poet of 
 Tarenlum, Cic. Alt. I, 20. ; Var. R, 
 R. 3, 3, 9. 
 
 Rhodo, -oiiis, a friend of Q. Ther- 
 mus> Cic. Fam. 2. 18. 
 
 Rhodo PIS, -//'//V, vel Rhodope, -es, 
 a T'lracian ccurtefan, of uncommon 
 beauty ; originally the fellow- flave of 
 Aefop ; with whom Choraxes, vel -us, 
 the brother of the poetpfs Sappho, fell 
 defperately in love, and wafted on her 
 all his fubftance ; which foiced him to 
 turn pirate in order to repair his for- 
 tune, Ovid. Ep. 15, dy Being car- 
 ried to Egypc, flie is faid to have made 
 fo great a fortune, that fhe built with 
 it the lafl and molt beautiful of the 
 pyramids, Plin. 36, 12 f. 17 f. But 
 Herodotus, who relates fevtral parti- 
 
 cul^iri 
 
R H O [3; 
 
 Gulars concerning Rhodopis, denies the 
 truth of this ftory, 2, 134, & 135. 
 Rhodopis is laid to have become queen 
 of Egypt in a very furprifnig manner, 
 Strak' )'], p. 808. Jill. in. Var, H'ljl, 
 13, 33.; Add. Phiat'ch. de Pythla, et 
 Athenae. 13, 7. To reconcile thefe 
 different accounts, two women of the 
 fame name are fuppofcd to have ex- 
 ifled. Vid. Perhon. ad Ad'ian. 
 
 Rhoebus, the name of the horfe of 
 Mezentius, Plrg. Aen. 10, 861. 
 
 Rhoecus, f. Rhoetus, the name of 
 a giant, Hor. Od. 3, 4, SS* ^^ ^t ^9» 
 
 23. ^ 2. A native of Samos, faid 
 
 to have been the inventor of the 
 plaftic art, Plin. 35, 12 f. 43. 
 
 Rhoetus, king of the Marrubians 
 in Italy, and father of Anchemolus, 
 Firg. Aen. 10, 3S9. 
 
 Rhoetus, v. Ivkoecus, a centaur, 
 Virg. G. 2, 456. ; Lucan. 6, 390. 
 
 Rhotus, one of the architefts of the 
 labyrinth of Lemnos, Plln. 36, 1 3 f. 19. 
 
 RiPHEus, f- Rhipheus,-/, v. -eost 
 a Trojan remarkable for juftice, Virg. 
 
 Aen. 2, 416. «[ 2. A centaur, 
 
 Ovid. Met. 12, 352. 
 
 RoBiGus, v. RuPicus, agod wor- 
 fhipped to keep blafting and mildew 
 from corn, Varr. L. L. 5, 3. 
 
 ROMULUS, the fnil king of 
 
 Rome, (G. 192.) ■■ Enfe Romuleo 
 
 cadlt AmuUusy by the fword of Romu- 
 lus, Ovid. Fnjl. 3, 67. Urhs Roinuleay 
 i.e. Rome, Id.. Met. 15, 625. Muri 
 Romulei, the walls of Rome, Sil. 7, 
 485. So, Colics Romulei J the hills of 
 Rome, Ovid. Met. 14, 845. RomuleO' 
 que rccsns horrebat regi'Z culnw, the palace 
 or cottage in which Romulus had lived 
 was rough, being newly covered vv'ith 
 Roman ilraw ; (it ufed to be repaired 
 from time to time,) Virg. Aen. 8,654. 
 
 " Gens RoMULA for Romnkay the 
 
 Roman nation, Hor. Carm. Saec, 60. 
 Romulei tellusy the land of Romulus, 
 the country round Rome, Vir^, Aen. 
 
 6, 876. Rom ULIDAE, -i7rwm, the 
 
 Romans, Per/. 1,31.; Lucr. 4, 687. 
 
 ROSCIUS, the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. 
 
 L' Roscius, an ambafTador of the 
 
 1 1 R O S 
 
 Romans, flain by Lar Tolumnius at 
 Fidenae, Cic. Phil. 9, 2. 
 
 .^ ROSCIUS, a celebrated Roman 
 comedian, fo remarkable for his (kill 
 in ailing, that whoever excelled in 
 any art, was called a Rofcius in his 
 way, Cic. Or. i, 28. He was no lefs 
 refpe£ti. d for his worth as a man, than 
 admired for his Hngular merit as an 
 aftorj fo that Cicero f;!y8 of him, 
 that he was fuch an artift, as to feem 
 the only one fit to come upon the 
 ftage; yet fuch a man as to feem the 
 only one undt to come upon it at all, 
 Cic. ^iin^. 25. that for his virtue he 
 defcrved a place in the fenate, Cic. ^ 
 Rofc. 6. His daily pay for adling 
 is faid to have been 1000 denarii, 
 i.e. L. 32 : 5 : 10 of our money. Ma- 
 croh. Sat. 2, 10. Some make his yearly 
 income much greater. Pliny computes 
 it at B. S. D. (L. 40,362 : I : 8,) 
 7, 39.; and Cicero, at H. ^. fexagies, 
 (L. 48,434, 10 s.) ^Rofi.S. After 
 Rofcius had made an ample fortune, he 
 gave his fervices to the pviblic for many 
 years without any pay, Cic. ib. Hence 
 we need not wonder that he was fo 
 much beloved, and his death fo much 
 regretted, Cic. Arch. 8. Cicero al- 
 ways fpeaks of him with the greatell 
 a'Xti&dow, Div. 1,36. Wlienhewasa 
 child in his cradle, his nurfe, having a- 
 waked in the night-time, is faid to have 
 found him fleeping, and a ferpent fold- 
 ed round him, which the foothfayers 
 declared was an omen of his future 
 renown, ib. et 2, 3 i. He had natural- 
 ly a great fquiat, {^perverfifftmis oculis 
 Jiiit ;) which however in hira was reck- 
 oned no deformity, but the contraiy, 
 Cic. iV. D. I, 28.— He had a law-fuic 
 with one Fannius about a {lave, in 
 which Fwofcius was defended by Cicero. 
 The oration is ilill extant, and en- 
 titled. Pro ^ Rafcio omoedo. He 
 is called dodhis Rofcius., Hor. Ep. 2, i, 
 88. — RosciANA iiniiatlo fcnis, Cic. Or. 
 
 2, 59- 1 
 
 ■S'^.v. ROSCIUS, a native of Ame- 
 ria, [Amerimis,) whofe father, Sexc. 
 Rofcius, having been murdered, as was 
 fuppofcd, !)y his private enemy T. 
 
 Rofcius, 
 
R O S t ^ 
 
 Rofcms, and his cftate, worth about 
 L. 60,000, having been fold to Chry- 
 fogonus, the freed man and favourite 
 of Sulla, for a trifling fum ; he, to fe- 
 cure his poflefTion of it, employed one 
 C. Erucius to accufe youn^ Rofcius 
 of the murder of his father. Rofcius 
 was defended by Cicero, then only 
 twenty-feven years of age, and acquit- 
 ted. The old advocates had refufed 
 to defend him, fearing the power of 
 the profecutor, and the refentment of 
 Sulla, Cic. Rofc, Am. 6, 10, 11, S:c. 
 Brut. 90 f. OJf. 2, 14. 
 
 Tit. Rosen, -orwriy two citizens of 
 Ameria, {muniapss jlmcrin'ii) firnamcd 
 Capita and Maj^nus, by whofe means 
 the father, S. Rofcius, was killed and 
 the fou accnfed, Oc. Rofc yl. 6. 
 
 L. RoGCius GtkoyTi tribune, a. 686, 
 in the confulfiiip of C. Calpumins Pifo 
 and Manius Acilius Glabrio ; who got 
 a law paffed, appointing that fourteen 
 rows [gradus) next to tiie Orchellra in 
 the theatre, where the fenators fat, 
 fhould be fet apart for the E-jvUcs, 
 Hor. Epod. 4, 15. Ep. T, I, 6z. \ 
 Juvenal. 3, 159. and that no one fliould 
 fit in any of thefe rows who was not 
 an eques, and wlio had not the fortune 
 of an eques, {^n'lfi qui eqiies et equejiri 
 cenfu ejtt,) Cic. Phil. 2, 18. This 
 law was called Lex Rcfda theatralisy 
 Hor. Ep. I, 1, 62. ; and is faid to 
 have rejhred dignity to tlie equeilrian 
 order, Cic. Mur. 19. Fdl. 2, 32. So 
 that fome fimilar regulation feems to 
 have been made formerly, which had 
 fallen into difufe. Fid. Otho. 
 
 RoxANA, V. -ey -es, the daughter of 
 Oxyartes, v. Oxartes, fatrap or king 
 of BaCirlana, with whom Alexander 
 the Great fell In love at a feail, and 
 married her, ylnian. 4, p. 284. et 7, 
 447.; Diodor. 18, 3.; Strab. li, p. 
 356.; Curt. 8, 4, 23, &c. 10, 3, II. 
 After the death of Alexander, flie 
 bore a fon, who -vas acknowledged as 
 king, in conjunction with Aridaeus, 
 the brother of Alexander, Jie/lin. 13, 
 4. J Curt* lo, 6, & 7. But Roxane 
 and her fon were afterwards put to 
 death by CafTandcr, Jufin. 1^,2. 
 
 S2 ] RUT 
 
 Rub REN us Lappa, a tragic poet in 
 the time of Juvenal, who, had he not 
 been deprefTed by poverty, would not 
 have been inferior to the ancient tra- 
 gedians, i^non minor antiquo cothurno, i. e. 
 antiquis tragicis poeiis, Aefchylo, Sophode, 
 &c. ) but while employed in writing 
 the tragedy of Atreus, he was obliged 
 to pawn his phctters and cloak, i. e. 
 his furniture and cloaths, for food ; 
 ( Cnjui et al-oeolos et laenam pignorat A- 
 treus.) Some fuppofe Atreus to be 
 the name of an ufurer, who took the 
 furniture and cloaths of Rubrcnus as 
 a pledge for the money lent him, Ju^ 
 'Venal. 7^ 73. 
 
 RuiiRius, a wicked agent employ- 
 ed by Verrcs, Cic. Verr. I, 25, & 26. 
 
 RuFus, a Rom.an furname, fome- 
 times turned into RuFio, -onis, Cic. 
 Att. 5, 2. 
 
 RuFFi.vus, a conful in the war 3- 
 gainfl Pvrrhus ; one of the progenitor^ 
 of Sulla, (G. 235.) 
 
 P. Servilius RuLLUS, a tribune in 
 the confulate ok Cicero, who propofed 
 an agrarian law, offering many advan- 
 tages to the people ; which Cicero by 
 his eloquence prevented from being 
 paffed. Cicero''3 three orations on this 
 fubject are ilill extant, but the firft 
 and lad Imperfcdl. 
 
 P. RUPiLIUS, the colleague of 
 P. Poppllius Laenas in the conlulate, 
 a. 621 ; who exerclfed a fevere inqul- 
 fition againft the partiisans of the Grac- 
 chi, Pat ere. 2, 17. ; Cic. Verr. 4, 50. 
 Aniic. II. He put an end to the lirit 
 Servile war in Sicily, Flor.o^, 19. ; Liv. 
 Epit. 59. ; Orof. 5, 9. and by the ad- 
 vice of ten ambaffadors eftabliihed a 
 number of regulations for the govern- 
 ment of the iiland^ called Lex Ru- 
 riLiA or L,EGEs K upiliaejC/V. Caecil. y 
 et ibi A/con. Ferr* 2, 13, & 50. ^/ 3, 40. j 
 
 M. Pinariin Ruse a, a tribune, a. !• 
 622 ; who propofed a law to regulate 
 the age of fulng for offices, {lex an- 
 nalisi) Cic. Or. 2, 65. 
 
 P. RuTiLius KuFus, conful a, 
 649. Pie was hated by the equites, be- 
 caufe when quaeilor in Afia, a. 632, 
 with Mucius Scacvoh, the augur, 
 
 who 
 
RUT [ 353 1 SAL 
 
 who then governed tliat province as fia, Tac. Ann. i, 80. where he obtain - 
 
 praetor, A/con. In. Clc, Caecil. 17. and ed triumphal ornr.iments, (tr'iumphi hi- 
 
 afterwards, a. u, 654, when h'eutenant ftgnla)y ib. 4, 46. He afterwards com- 
 
 of Q^Mucius Scaevola, (called by way manded in Macedonia and Achaia, ib. 
 
 of diilin-ilion Poni'ifex, Cic. Amic. i.) 5, 10. wheie died, i^. 6, 39. 
 
 he had fuccefsfully checked the in- y^/^wj" Sabinus, a chief of the Z///- 
 
 jiiries exercifed by the farmers of the goncs in Gaul, who pretended to b<^ the 
 
 revenues on the inhabitants of the pro- grandfon of Julius Caefar, Tac. Hifi, 
 
 vince, Lh\ Ep'i.L\ Clc. Bulb, 13. On 4> 55- Attempting to free his country- 
 
 this account, after his return he was men from the donn'nion of the Romans, 
 
 brought to a trial, and molt unjullly he was defeated in battle. After wliich 
 
 Condemned, Ck. F01U, 13. Or. i, 53. 
 Brut. 29. ; Pater c. 2, 13. the J uciices at 
 that time being chofen from the equef- 
 trlan order, Applan. B.C. ly p. $-jz. 
 He afterwards lived in exile at Mity- 
 
 he concealed himfeif in a cave for up- 
 wards of nine years, by the afiiflance of 
 his wife Epponina, ib. 67. (Plutdrch 
 calls her Enipona), and two freed men. 
 At lall being difcovered, he was put 
 
 lenae in Lefbos, where he avoided the to death, together with his wife, by the 
 cruelty of Mithridates to the Romans, orders of Vefpalian. Nothing more 
 (into^atos,) by changing his drefs, dT/c. cruel than this execution, as Plutarch 
 Rabir. Pojl. 10. Rutilius is highly obferves, h'dppcned under that Empe- 
 praifed by Cicero for his virtue, ib. ei ror ; and as a puni:hment from Hea- 
 Pif. '3^(). et alibi pajjim. He was a learn- ven, his whole family was foon after 
 ed man for the time in which he lived, extinguiflied. Plutarch, in Erotic feu A- 
 He had ftudied under Panaetius, and matoriofii. 
 
 imbibed the principles of the Stoics, C. Licinius Sacerdos, praetor of 
 
 Cic. Brut. 30. Offi 3, 2. He acquired Sicily before Verrcs, Cic. Verr, f, 10. 
 the knowledge of civil law from Scae- and lieutenant of O.Metellus in Crete, 
 vola, Clc. OJf. 2, 13. He is called by Cic. Plane. 11. 
 
 Sadala, a king of Thrace, Cic. 
 Verr. i. 24. 
 
 Safinius, a native of Atella, Clc, 
 Cluent. 25. 
 
 Sal A CI \, a name of Amphitrite, 
 the wife of Neptune, Cic. de Uni'verf. 
 35. ; GelL 13,22.; Ftflus. 
 
 Sal A CO, v. -otiy -onls, a name givGn 
 to any arrogant or proud perfon, tho' 
 poor ; hence I/Ilns Sahi^onis inigultas, 
 the injuilice or unreafonablencfs of that 
 arrogi nt fongfttr, fc. Tigellius, Cic. 
 P'am. 7, 24. 
 
 ^ Salassus, the brother of P. 
 Curtms, Clc. Fam. 6, 18. 
 
 Saleius BaJfiiSi a poet of great ge- 
 nius and worth in the time of Vefpa- 
 fian, ^iindil. 10, i, »o. j Dial, de Ori-t. 
 5, & 10. but in poor circumftances, 
 'Juvenal. 7, 80. 
 
 SALIX, 'oriwi, the priefts of Mars, 
 
 Vitelhus, ib. 2, 63. ilain in the Itruggle i^a faltu nonilna ducunt, Ovid. Fait. 3, 
 
 between the parties of Vitellius and 387. Vid. y/. 311.) Hence Saliare 
 
 Vefpafian, ib. 3, 74. Numae carmen^ a poem compofed by 
 
 Sabinus /^'w'/'jf/.'j', governor of Moe- Numa, for the ufe of the Sahi, Tac, 
 
 Y y Ann, 
 
 Ovid magnanlmuSi Pont, r, 3, 63.- 
 Several others of the name of Rutilius 
 are mentioned by Ciceio and Livy. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabazius, a name given to [upi- 
 tcr, Fal. Max. i, 3, 2. and to Bac- 
 chus, Cic. Lrg. 2, 15. Sabazia, 
 
 ■ or urn, facrcd rites in honour of Bac- 
 chus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23. 
 
 Sabellius, a conful, Clc. Brut. 34. 
 
 Sabidius, the name of a Roman 
 family, Cic. petit. Conful 2. ; Mariial. i , 
 
 Sarina Poppaea. Vid. Poppoea. 
 
 Sabinius, a native of Keate, an 
 agent of Clodius, Cic, Sext. 37. 
 
 S A B I N u s Flavlus, the brother of Vef- 
 pafian, praefecl oi the city under Nero 
 and Otho, Tac.HlJl. 1,46. alfo under 
 /' 
 
SAL 
 
 I 354 ] 
 
 SAL 
 
 Jnn. 2, 83.; Hor, Ep. 2, i, 86. ; et 
 Fejl. Curfus Saliaris, the motionof the 
 Sa/ii, in their iolemn procefTion through 
 the cfty, Senec. Ep. 15. So Neu mo- 
 rem in Salium ( for Saliorum ) , Jit requies 
 pedum, Hor. Od. i, 36, 12. Salhres 
 coenae, dapes vel epulae, fumptiious, Hor. 
 , Od. 1, 37, 2. Epulari Sdiarem in mo- 
 dum, to feaft fumptuoufly, Cic. Jit. 5, 
 9- _ 
 
 Salinator, -om, (i.e. a dealer in 
 fait), a name given to M. Livius, be- 
 caufe, when cenfor, he impofed a tax 
 on fait, Liv. 29, 37.; Cic. Sen. 3, & 
 4. Cr. 2, 67. Br. 18. 
 
 •ALONius, a client of Cato the cen- 
 for, whofe daughter Cato married, and 
 had a fon by her, when above 80, 
 Plin. 7, 14. Fid. Cato, p. 85. 
 
 C. SALLUSTIUS Crifpus, the 
 Roman hiftorian, born at Amiternum, 
 a town of the Sabines, a. u. 668, call- 
 ed by Tacitusj Rerum Romanarumjloren- 
 iijfmus audor, Ann. 3, 30. Of his works 
 there only remains entire the hiftory of 
 the Jugurthine war, and of the confpi- 
 racy of Catiline, {de hello Jugurthi- 
 no et Catilinario, Quinclil, 3, 8, 9.) It 
 appears, however, that he wrote a com- 
 plete hiftory of Rome, which was ge- 
 nerally preferred by the ancients to 
 that of Livy, {Hie, fc. Salluftius, hijh- 
 riae major ejl aiidor, fc. quam Livius, Id. 
 2,5,19.) whence Martial fays, that 
 Sallull, in the opinion of the learned 
 of his time, was efteemed the lirft or 
 moil excellent Roman hiftorian, (P/v- 
 tniis Remand Crifpus in hi/loria), 14, 
 
 fy to be underftood by boys than Sal- 
 lull, {ad quern inteUigendum jam profedu 
 Gpus fit), 2, 5, 19. Salluft is faid to 
 have revifed with care what he wrote 
 with faciHty ; and indeed the labour 
 he bellowed is manifeft from his works. 
 Id. 10, 3, 8. Quindillan mentions an 
 oration of Sallull's againft Cicero, 4, 
 I, 68. et 9, 3, 89. But the declama- 
 tion or inventive of Salluft againfl, Ci- 
 cero, which is commonly fubjoined to 
 the fragments of Sallull's works, with 
 Cicero's anfwer, are thouglit to have 
 been compofcd by fome rhetorician in 
 
 later times. No author ever defcri- 
 
 bed more admirably the beauty of vir- 
 tue, and the turpitude of vice, than 
 Salluft. It is, however, to be regret- 
 ted, that he did not ad as he wrote. 
 He was expelled from the fenate by the 
 cenfor Appius, Dio, 4c, 63. a. u. 704, 
 for having been engaged in an intrigue 
 with Faufta, the daughter of Sulla, 
 and wife of Milo, {a quo deprehenfus^ 
 •virgis caef'us ej}), Gell. 17, 18.; Serv. 
 in Virg. Aen. 6, 61 2. ; Acron in Hor. 
 Sat. I, 2, 41. ; Pfeud. Cic. in Salluft. 
 5, & 6. He was afterwards made prae- 
 tor by Caefar, a. u. 707, that he might 
 recover his fenatorian dignity, Dio, 42, 
 53. and in that capacity was near be- 
 ing flain in a mutiny of Caefar's vete* 
 ran foldiers, before he went to Africa, 
 ib, et Appian. B. Civ. 2, /. 485. In 
 this expedition Salluft had an impor- 
 tant command, Hirl. B, Afr. 8. which 
 he executed with fidelity and fuccefs, 
 ih. })\. Caefar, after having vanquifn- 
 191. ^ l..m-, however, in the judgment ed Scipio and Juba, gave the govern- 
 ofQuinailian, has equalled the incom- ment of Africa to Salluft, {ihi Crifpo 
 
 parable brevity of Salluft by other good 
 equalities, {immorlalem illam SaUuJliive- 
 locitatem divetjis mrtutibus conf&ciuus ejl. 
 Id. 10, I, 102.) So that their merit, 
 though of a different kind, was equal, 
 (Nam mihi egregie dixiffe liidetur Strvili- 
 us \'onianus. pares ess magis, quamft- 
 miles, ib.) Quin£tilian coutrafts Sal- 
 luft with Thucydides, and Livy with 
 Herodotus, {iVtc oppmere Thucydili 
 Sallufiium verear ; ns(: indignetur /ibi He- 
 rodotus aequari T Livium), ib. joi. 
 The fame author thinks Livy mpre ea- 
 
 Scilhijilo proconj'ule cum imperio relido, 
 Hirt. B.- Afr. 97.) who, by pillaging 
 the province, accumulated an immenfe 
 fortune, Dio, 43, 9. which he left to 
 his grand-nephew by his fifter, whom 
 he adopted as his fon, Tac. Ann. 3, 30. 
 C. SALLUSTIUS Crifpus, the 
 grand-nephew of the hiftorian, the next 
 to Maecenas in the favour of Auguf- 
 tus ; and after the death of Maecenas, 
 vi'hom he ftrove to imitate, the chief 
 confident of Auguftus and Tiberiug, 
 Tac* Ann. 3> 30, ; Add. iv, 1,6. et 2y 
 
 40, 
 
SAL 
 
 C 355 ] 
 
 S A R 
 
 40. To him Horace infcrlbed the 2d 
 ode of the 2d book, in which the poet 
 defcribes him as an enemy to the hoard- 
 ing up of money, and vahiing it only 
 from its life, [NuUus argento color ej}, a- 
 •vans ylbdilo terris inimice lamnae^ (for 
 laminae^ y Cr'ijpe Sallvfti, n'tji tewperato 
 Splencleat vfu. Silver has no coloin*, i. e. 
 no beauty or vahie, when it is conceal- 
 ed in the covetous earth, /'. e. while it 
 is hoarded up by mifers ; O Crifpus 
 Sallullius, an enemy to plates of filver 
 or gold, i.e. who defpifeft mere money, 
 unkfs it fhine by moderate ufe, i. e, 
 unlefs it acquire value from being ufed, 
 
 ib. I, &c.) Sallustiani horti, the 
 
 gardens of Salluil, which afterwards 
 became ihe property of the Emperors, 
 
 Tac. Ann, 13, 47.; //"//?. 3,82. Sal- 
 
 LUSTiANUM mdallum, a copper mine 
 in Savoy, named, as Pliny fays, from 
 Sallufl, the friend of Auguftus, (pro- 
 bably becaufe it belonged to him), 34, 
 
 2. 
 
 Cn, Sallustius, a friend of Cice- 
 ro's, C'tc.Fam, 14, 4, & II. Att. II, 
 1 1, & 20. Dm, I, 28. ; Add. Att. i, 
 3, & II. 
 
 P. Sallustius, the brother or re- 
 lation of Cn. Sallullius, 6\V, Att. 11, 
 I r. 
 
 Salmacis, -JV/zV, a nymph, who fell 
 in love with Hermaphroditus, [G. 
 
 363-) _ 
 
 Salmoneus, (3 fyll.) -f/, V. -foj, the 
 
 fon of Aeolus, a king of Ehs, who u- 
 fed to imitate the thunder of Jupiter 
 by riding in a chariot over a brazen- 
 bridge, and darting torches or fire- 
 brands among the people like lightning, 
 
 (G.\\6.) Salmonis, -'idts^ the 
 
 daughter of Salmoneus, Val. Fiacc. 5, 
 479. ; Owd, Amor. 3, 6, 43. 
 
 Sext. Saltius, a duumvir, or one 
 of the two chief magiftrates of Capua, 
 Cic, Rull 2, 34. 
 
 Salvius, a freedman of Atticus, 
 Cic. Fam. 9, 7. & II. — Alfo of Hor- 
 tenfuis, the orator's fon, iL 10, j8. 
 
 S-vLUS, -uiis. Safety, a goduefs, 
 whofe temple was near the houfe of 
 Atticus on the Quirlnal hill, Qic. Att. 
 
 4» I' 
 
 P!l 
 
 35^4' 
 
 \ 
 
 Semiarius, an exile, who killed C» 
 Trcbonius by the command of Dolo^^ 
 bella, Cic. Phil. n,2. 
 
 Samsicer^ ML'S, a name given to 
 Pompey,6'/V. Att. 2, •4, 16, 17, & 23. 
 — Properly the chief of the Emeseni, 
 Strab. 16, p. 1092. 
 
 Sancus, a god worfhipped by the 
 Sabines, as the author of their race, 
 SiL 8, 421.; Dicnyf. 2, p. 113. called 
 alfo Fidius and Semo, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 
 213. 
 
 Sando, 'Onisy the father of Athe- 
 nodorus, the Stoic, Cic. Fam. 3, 7. 
 
 Sandrocottus, an Indian, who, 
 after the death of Alexander, freed his 
 country from the dominion of Macedo- 
 nia, and made himfcif king, Jujlin. 15, 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ Fabius Sang A, a fenator, Cic. 
 Pif. 31. the patron of the Allobroges, 
 who difcovered to him the confpira- 
 cy of Catiline, Salhjl. Cat. 41. 
 
 Sannio, -oiiisi the name of a pro- 
 curer, Ter. Adel. 2, 2, 13, &c. 
 
 <|[ 2. A flave, A. ad Hcrenn. 4, 50. 
 
 Sapala, a herald, the friend of Ca- 
 tiline, Cic. petit. Conf>i. 
 
 SAPPHO, 'lis, a famous po^tefs, 
 born in the ifland Lefbos, [G. 343^) 
 hence called Lfjbia Sappho, Ovid* Trill. 
 
 2, 365. — -SAPPHica pitella Mufa doc^ 
 
 tior, more learned than the Sapphic 
 Mufe, i. e. than Sappho, who, cn ac- 
 count of the beauty of her verfes, was 
 called * the tenth Mufe,* Catul 35, 
 16.^ 
 
 S..RDANAPALUS, the laft king of the 
 AfTyiians, infamous for his eiFeminacy 
 and luxury, Jujlin. i, 3. (G. 598.); 
 Cic. Fin. 2, 3^^. Tufc. 5, 35. ; jfuvc 
 
 nal. 10, 362. Sardanapalicum in mo* 
 
 rem, Sidon. Epitl. 2, 13. 
 
 Sarmentus, a noted buffoon at the 
 court of Augullus, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 52, 
 8cc. who tamely bore the feoffs that 
 were thrown out againil him, juvcnal. 
 5, 3. ; et ibi Scholiaft. Plutarch fays, 
 that he was of fervile condition, and 
 a great favourite with Auguftus, irk 
 Antonio^ p. 945. Horace gives an hu- 
 morous account ot a difpute between 
 him and cue Meflius Cicerrus? ib. 
 
 Y y « Sa?.- 
 
S A R t 356 1 SAT 
 
 SARPVDoy, -onis, the fon of Japi- 24. and painted with a fcythe or pru- 
 
 nlng-hook in his hand, Firg. Aen. 7, 
 179. whence he is called Falcifer 
 
 ter, Ck. Dk\ 2, 10.; Virg. Aen, 10, 
 471. by Eiiropa, Hygin. 178. accord- 
 ing to Homer, by LaodamTa,-the daugh- 
 ter of Bellerophon, king of Lycia, Ho- 
 mer. //. 2, 876.; Ovid. Met. I ^, 256. flain 
 by Patroclus, [G. 385.) Homer. II 16, 
 482. 
 
 Sascrna, a friend of Antoriv's, 
 
 C'lc. Phil. 13,13. Ait. \^,": S A - 
 
 SERNAE, pater et fJius, two writers on 
 huftandry, Varr. R. R. i, 2,22.; 
 Cdnmel. 1, I, 4.; Plin. 17, 23. 
 
 Sassia, the mother of Chientius, 
 Clc. Cliteni. 5. 
 
 Satrius, the heutrnant of Trebo- 
 n;iir>, Cic. ad Brut. 6. 
 
 M. 
 
 Satimus, 
 
 the 
 
 fifle 
 
 r's 
 
 fon 
 
 and 
 
 heir of 
 
 M. 
 
 Minus 
 
 :iu3 
 
 B:isi' 
 
 [us, 
 
 Cic 
 
 • ^^I' 
 
 3. is. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. Jpulclm SATURNINUS, a tri- 
 bune, who propofed feveral popular 
 Jaws, which raifed great tumults i;i the 
 city. At laft he was flain by order of 
 Marius, then conful for the fixth time?, 
 by whom he had at ih-fl been encou- 
 raged and alhlled, Plutarch, in f\]ario%\ 
 Cic. Cat. 1,2.; Ralir. Perd. 3, 6, &c.; 
 Vhil. 8, 5.; BnJ. 62. J Appian. B.Civ. 
 I, p. 367, &c. 
 
 Ctj. SATuRJ^IrtT';, contemporary with 
 Cicero, whofe father was tlie f.rfl na- 
 tive of A tin urn that obtained a cu- 
 rule .office at Rome, Cic. Plane. 8. high- 
 ly praifed by Cicero, ih. iff 12. accu- 
 fed by Cn. Domitius, Cic. Fam. 8, 14. 
 the heir of Q^Fuiius, ib. 12,6. 
 
 SATURN US, the moft ancient 
 king of Crete ; whence he was expel- 
 led by his fon Junlter ; and having 
 wandered over many countries, came 
 at lait into Italy, where he was kindly 
 received by Janus, then king of the 
 •country, who gave lilm a (hare of h's 
 kingdom. Saturn civillfed the rude in- 
 liabitants, by teaching them agricul- 
 ture, and prefcribing to them laws. 
 The happintfs produced by thefe im- 
 provements made the time of his reign 
 be called the golden age, (G. 357.) 
 ■whence he is called Aureus ::aturnusy 
 Virg. G. 2, 538. Saturn was worfliip- 
 ped as the god of time, C/V. N. D. 2, 
 
 D»usy the fcythe bearing god, O'oid. 
 Fajl. 1,234. Dens curvus Saturnif the 
 
 fcythe of Saturn, Firg. G. 2, 406. 
 
 Stella Suiurnii the planet Saturn, Cic. 
 N. D. 2, 20, & 46. Siella quam Satur- 
 niam nowinanfy id. Somn. fc. 4. faid to 
 be cold, ffrigidaf Virg. G. l, 336. 
 Saturtii fidas gelidae ac rigentis cjfe ria- 
 turacy Plin. 2, 8 f. 6.) beca.ufe at a great 
 diilance froni the fun : — called impiuSf 
 cruel, noxious, Hor. Od. 2, 17, 22.; 
 gravis^ dangerous, baleful ; becaufe it 
 was thought ur.lucky to be born when 
 that planet was in a particular part of 
 the heavens, Per/. 5, 50. thus. Bare 
 Lamen igriorat, quid fi Jus trijle minetur Sa- 
 iurni, fhe is ignorant of adrology, or 
 does not know what the baleful pla- 
 net of Saturn threatens, jfwvenal. 6, 
 571. Ft grave Saturnijidus in omne ca- 
 puty Propert. 4, i, 84. The planets 
 of Mars and Saturn were thought e- 
 qnally u:: favourable, ( (era,, nee quid- 
 quam placidum Jpondenlia, Martis^ falci^ 
 fcrique Jcnis^ i. e. Saturni), Ovid, in 
 
 Ibln. 2, 217. Saturni dies, the day 
 
 of Saturn, i.e. Saturday, Tihull. i, 3, 
 17. or the Sabbath of the Jews, Ovid. 
 Art. Am. 1,416. for the ancient Ro- 
 mans did not divide their time into 
 
 weeks, {A. 331.) From Saturn I- 
 
 taly was called Saturnia, fc. terra, 
 and the part in which he fettled Lati- 
 
 um, (G. 140, S: 357.) So Ari^a 
 
 SaiurrJa, the lands of Saturn^ /. e. I- 
 taly, Firg. Aen, 1, 569. tellus, Id. G. 
 2, 173. regna. Id. Feci. 4, 6. — Conjux 
 Saiunna, i. e. Ops or Rhea, Sil. 10, 
 3 38. yuno Saturnia, the daughter of 
 Saturn, Firg. Ain. 3, 380. or fmiply, 
 
 Satuknia, ib. I, 23. Satur.ni- 
 
 vs pater, Jupiter the fon of Saturn, 
 
 Firg. Aen. 4, 372 . S A T u R N I A , fc. 
 
 arx, was anciently the name of the 
 Capitcline hill of Rome, Firg. Aen. 
 
 8,358. Versus Saturnius, a 
 
 particular kind of verfe, Fejius. 
 
 Saturnalia, -iwn, et -ioritm, the 
 feftlval of Saturn, firft for one day, and 
 afterwards for three days. The firfl 
 
 day 
 
SAT 
 
 day was on the 17th of December, 
 [V'ld. A. 337.). Ipfis Saturnaiibus, on 
 the very fcalls of Saturn, Hor. Sat. 2, 
 3, 5. SattirnaliLtis mane, Cic. Att. 5, 
 20. CaecJem Saturnallhus fieri placuit, 
 Cic. Cat. 3, 4. Secund'is Safunia/ibus, 
 on the fecond day of the Saturnalia, 
 Gk,/ltt.i7,i ^2. Tertlis SalurnaUhiis, 
 on the third day, ik~ — Nhces Satur- 
 NALiTiAE, Y. -ic'iaey nntp which ufed to 
 be fert as a prefent durinfr the fcftival 
 days of Saturn, Marflnl. 70^ 90, 2. 
 and for which they iifed, during that 
 feftival, to play at dice, Id. 31, 5, 8. 
 SaturnaUfium trihutum, i. e. an epigram 
 which Martial ufed to fend every year 
 at the Saturnalia to his friend Macer, 
 Id. ic, 17, I. Fer/iu Salunialiciij i. c. 
 licentious, il;. 11, * 6, 11. Saturna/ichnn 
 latum y' t\\G clay of wh^h tlie fmail ima- 
 ges were made, vvhich ufed to be fent 
 as prefents oi| the Saturnalia, ih. 14, 
 182. 
 
 Saturius, the advocate of Chaerea, 
 in his action againft Rofcius, Cic. ^ 
 Rojc. I. 
 
 L 357 3 
 
 S C A 
 
 nation, Plhu 19,4. 19. the fame with 
 what Virgil calls ofcilla, G. 2, 389. 
 
 Add. Mania/, ^j 68, 9. Satyri- 
 
 DES, 'tim, certain iflands faid to have 
 been inhabited by fatyrs or wild men 
 with tails little lefs than tliofe of hor- 
 
 fes, Paufan. 1, 23. Satyr ion, -i, 
 
 n. an htrb, which was fuppofed to ili- 
 mulate to venery, Plin. 26, 10. ; Pe- 
 iron, c. 8, & 20, & 2 1. Satyria- 
 sis, -/j, f. et Satyri ASMus, -/, a ve- 
 hement defire for venery, Cael. AureL 
 3, 18. Add. Thsod. Prijclnn. 2, 1 1. 
 SATyRUS, a noted archited, Plin. 
 
 36, 9. ^I 2. A (lave of At'ticus, 
 
 Cic. Att. 12, 22. 
 
 C. Saufeius, a partiGin of Satur- 
 nlnus, Cic. Rahir. Ptrd. 7. 
 
 L. Saufsius, a friend of Atticus, 
 an Epicurean, Cic. Att. i, T^.et 4, 6. a 
 laborious Undent, ih. 2, 8. Add. Id. 
 14, 18. et 15, 4. et 16, 3. Ncp. 25, 12. 
 Saurus, a ilatuary, Plin. 36, 5. 
 Sax A, a native of Celtiberia, made 
 a citizen, and even a tribune of the 
 people by Caefar, Cic. Phil. 11,5. a 
 SATyRI, 'Orumt Satyrs, a kind of partifan of Antony's, ih. 10, lO. 8, 3. 
 rural dernii^ods, liaving the horns, ears, - - ' *-- 
 and feet of goats, the rell human, re- 
 markable for their nimblenefs, cunning, 
 loquacitY, and amorous difpolitions, 
 {G. 380.), Cic. N. D. 3, 17.; Plin. 
 
 13, 12. &C. 
 
 SdAEVA, a centurion in the army of 
 Caefar, who behaved with furprifing 
 courage in defending a fort at Dyrac- 
 chium, Caef. B. C. 3, 53. ; Flor. 4, 2, 
 7, 2. et 8, 54. Capripedcs Sa/yriy Hor. 40. which Lucan amplities beyond be- 
 Od. 2, 19, 3. Agrejles, Id. Art. P. 22 i. lief, 6, 146, — 263. He is called Caf- 
 leViSy Ovid. Art. Am. i, 542. fahantes, Jttis Scaeva by Suetonius, Caef. 68. M. 
 
 Caef us Scaeva by Val. Maximus, 3, 2, 
 23. Appian mentions Scaeva, but a- 
 fcribes the chief merit to Minutius, B, 
 
 C. 2, 465.-^ ^ 2. A (lave of Q^Cro- 
 
 to, who killed Suturnlnus, and on that 
 account obtain erd his freedom, C. Ru' 
 bir. Perd. 1 1 . 
 
 Virg. Eel. 5, 73. dicaces, Ovid. Fall, i, 
 225. Ijafcivus Satyrvs, Sil. 3, 103. 
 Protervi Satyri, Hor. Art. P. 233. — 
 Satyrus, qui apud Tarerdinos in aedc Vef- 
 tac ejU the image of a Satyr, Cic. Verr. 
 4, 60. 
 
 Satyriscus, a young or little fa- 
 tyr, Cic. Div. i, 20. -- — Satyri c a 
 fahula, a play in which Satyrs were in- 
 troduced as a6lors, Scholia/I. in Hor. 
 Art. P. 220. hence Satyrica fcena, a 
 fatyric fcene, different from the tragic 
 and comic, adorned with trees, caves, 
 mountains, &'C. Fitnru. 5, 8. Sccna- 
 rum fronfes traglco more aut comico, feu 
 fatyrico difgnare, Id. 7, 5. Satyricajig- 
 na, (al. Saturnia), ilatues or im?.ges of 
 fatyra, or of Priapus, to preveiV. faffl- 
 
 Scaevola, a firname of the Mucii, 
 rid. Mvcivs. 
 
 ScAMANDF.rt, V". -drus, -dri, the fon 
 of Heftor and Andromache, Homer. Ih 
 
 2!, 223. ^ 2. A freed man, Cic, 
 
 Clucnt. 16. 
 
 P. ScANDiLirf>, a Roman eques at 
 Syracufe, 0.\ Verr. 3, 58. 
 
 ScANTiA, (t*/. aliter,) a w^oman men- 
 tioned, Cic. Mil. 27. 
 
 Sca:^tiu?> auerfon fond of garden- 
 ing » 
 
SC A [3 
 
 ing ; whence Scantlana poma, a fpecies 
 of apples named from him, Plin. 15, 
 14.; CatOi 7, 2. 
 
 Scaftius, a trader and agent in ne-* 
 gotiating money-matters, [ri^gotiulor), 
 ■who had a difpute with the people of 
 Salamis in Cyprus concerninp^ a fum of 
 money lent to them by Bmtus at an 
 extravagant intereil, which <^ave Cice- 
 ro, when governor of Cihcia, a great 
 deal of trouble to fettle it, C'lc. Ait. 5. 
 1th. 6, i» 2, &c. Appi'is, the prede- 
 cefTor of Cicero in the government of 
 that province, who was the {'athei-in- 
 law of Brutus, had made Scaptius a 
 praefecl, and had given him fome troops 
 of horfe, with which he miferably haraf- 
 fed the Salaminians, and at one time, 
 in order to extort payment, (hut up 
 their whole fenate in the council-room, 
 till five of them were Itarved to death. 
 Cicero correcled thefe abufes, but, to 
 gratify Brutus, did all he could to pro- 
 cure payment, ib. 
 
 M. ScAPTius, the brother of the 
 former, whom Cicero made a praefed, 
 Cic.Att, 6, I. 
 
 P. JScArrius, a plebeian, who, by 
 Ills teftimony, prevailed on the Romans 
 to adjudge to thcmfclves a held, to de- 
 termine the property of which th^^y 
 had been chofcn as arbiters by the peo- 
 ple of Ardea and Aricia, L'lv. 3, 71, 
 
 &72. 
 
 P, Scapula, a lirname of the 
 
 Quintii, Plhu 7, 53. ^ 2. An ufu- 
 
 rer, Qc. ^inl. 4. <?[ '^. The anchor 
 
 of the war which Labienus and the fons 
 of Pompey carried on again It Caefar in 
 Spain, Qc. Fam. 9, 13.; Hut. B. Hifp. 
 33. ; Dio, 43. p. 228. 
 
 ScATiNius, f. ScantlnhiSy tlie name 
 of a Roman gens, originally from the 
 town Aricia, C':c. Phil. 3, 6. By a tri- 
 bune of this name was palled the Ssa- 
 t'lnran law againil illicit amours, Cic. 
 Fam. 8, 13. ; 'Juvenal. 2, 44. ; Fal. 
 JMax. 6, It 7. ; Suei. Dam. 8. 
 
 ScAunus a firaame of the Aem'ilu 
 Jind Aureliij faid to have been derived 
 from fome one of them \v\\o did not 
 irand rightly on his ancles, (prav'isful- 
 
 5-8 ] S C A 
 
 tus male talis), Hor. Sat. i, 3, 48. et 
 ibi Acron. ; Phn. 11, 45 f. 105. 
 
 M. Aemilius SCAURUS, a noble- 
 man of great abilities, who, by his 
 fplendid talents, reftored the glory of 
 his family, almoft extind, Cic. Mur. 
 "if. Or. 2, 64. He was made conful 
 a. u. 638, and in the fame year chofan 
 Prince of the Senate, by the cenfors 
 L. Metellus and Cn. Domitiu3. The 
 fpecious virtues of Scaurus, however, 
 were tarniflied by bafe avarice and o- 
 ther vices. When Jugurtha, in order 
 to make himfelf fole mafter of Numi- 
 dia, had murdered Hiempfal and eX' 
 pelled Adherbal, §caurus (Irongly ur- 
 ged the fenate to avenge that crime, 
 Sallujl. Jug. 15. But the money and 
 intereil of Jugurtha prevailed, ib. 16. 
 Adherbal being again defeated by Ju- 
 gurtha, and beiieged in Cirta, Scaurus 
 was fent on an embaffy to caufe Jugur- 
 tlia to raife the fiegc ; but in vain, ib. 
 
 25. Adherbal was foon after forced 
 to furrender, on condition tiiat his life 
 Oiould be Ipared ; but notwithftanding 
 Jugurtha cruelly put him to death, ib. 
 
 26. On this account the Romans de- 
 clared war againll Jugurtha, and fent 
 an army into Numidia under the com- 
 mand of Calpurnius Bellia the conful, 
 who appointed Scaurus one of his lieu- 
 tenants, 28. Scaurus, who had hither- 
 to rejected the offers of Jugurtha when 
 m.oil of his faction were corrupted, waa 
 row, together with the conful, gained 
 by the greatnefs of the bribe ; in con- 
 fequence of which a (hameful agree- 
 ment was made with Jugurtha, ib. 29. 
 But inch was the influence of Scaurus, 
 that v/lien three commilfioners v/ere ap- 
 pointed to enquire into that matter, he 
 procured himfelf to be created one of 
 the number, ib. 40. and condemned a- 
 moug the rell even his aiTociate Beilia, 
 Cic. Br. 34. Scaurus was fome years 
 after made cenfor, and alfo obtained a 
 fecond confullhip, in his application 
 for which he was oppofed by P. Ruti- 
 lius, when they both accufed each o- 
 ther of bribery, Cic. Br. 29, & 30. Or. 
 2,69.-- — Cicero, in different places, 
 
 highly 
 
S C A [ 
 
 highly extols the virtues of Scaurus ; 
 thus, ^Ec quern hom'inem vidimus , ec quern 
 vere Cutnmemorare poff'umus bar em conjilioy 
 gravitate, conjlanlia^ ceteris iHrtutihus, ho- 
 noris, ingtnii, rerum geftarum ornamen- 
 tis, M. Aemilio Scaur o j'wIJe P cujus nutu 
 prope t err arum or bis regehatur. Font. 7. 
 
 Add. Off. I, 22, & 30. He praifes 
 him paiticularly for the firmnefs with 
 which he fupported the caufe of the 
 fenate againll all the feditious or po- 
 pular magiltrates, from Graechus to 
 
 Q^Varius, Cic. Sext. 47. Scaurus 
 
 was acculed by Varius of having been 
 inftrumental in railing the Italic war, 
 (Valerius Maximus fays improperly of 
 having been bribed by Mithridates to 
 betray the Itate, 3, 7, 8.) ; but he fi- 
 lenced this charge with great prefence 
 of mind, ^tinciih 5, 12, 10. et 5, 13, 
 ^^, — Scaurus wrote three books con- 
 cerning his own life, which Cicero 
 praifes for their ufefulnefs, and com- 
 pares to Xenophon's life of Cyrus, 
 Brut. 29. Add. Plln. 33, I. ; Tac. Fit. 
 
 ylgr. I.; Val. Max. 4, 4, 11. Scau- 
 
 rus made the Via Aemllia to Pifa, and 
 dug a navigable canal from Parma to 
 Placentia, (G. 184.) 
 
 M. Aemilius SCAURUS, the fon of 
 the former, the ilepfon of the dictator 
 Sulla, PUn. 36, 15. who married Me- 
 tella the widow of Scaurus, Plutarch. 
 in Syll. Pliny calls her Prafcriptiunum 
 fecirix, becaufe fne enriched herfelf by 
 purchaiing the effeds of the profcribcd, 
 ih. Scaurus was one of the lieutenants 
 of Pompey in the Mithridatic war, and 
 appointed to command in Judaea by 
 Pompey when he went to Rom.c, jfo-^ 
 feph. B. J. 1,7. Pompey having di- 
 vorced his wife Mucia, Scaurus mar- 
 ried her, Afcon. in Cic. pro Scaur. Ee 
 ing made aedile, a. 694, he lavifhed an 
 incredible fum oi money in exhibiting 
 Ihews to the people, Lie. Off. 2, 16. 
 Sext. 5, 4. ; PUn. 36, 14, 15, &c. 34, 7. 
 et 35, II, fo that notwithllanding the 
 imnienfe fortune he received from his 
 father and mother, he plunged himfelf 
 in debt, PUn. 36, 15. He afterwards 
 hovvever obtained the praetorJhip, and 
 fa that office prefidcd at the trial of P, 
 
 359 } SCI 
 
 ; Sextius, Cic. Sext. 47, & 54. After the 
 expiration of his office he got the pro- 
 vince of Sardinia, upon his return from 
 which he was accufed of extortion ; 
 and though his unjult exadions had 
 been notorious he was defended by 
 Cicero, and acquitted, Cic. Alt. 4, 1 6. 
 ^ Fr. 3, I.; Afcon. in Scaur. \ Val. 
 Max. 7, I. Only a few fragments of 
 Cicero's oration in defence of Scaurus 
 remain. Scaurus was rejected m his 
 fuit for the confullhip, and condemned 
 for bribery, Cic. Off. i, 39. When the 
 common people interceded importu- 
 nately to preferve Scaurus, Pompey, 
 then fole conful, quelled their noife, 
 by fending in his foldiers among the 
 crowd, who flew feveral of the moft 
 tumultuous. Scaurus was baniffied by 
 the unanimous fentence of his judges, 
 Appian. B. C. 2. p. 442, 
 
 The ScAUHi, both father and fon, 
 are celebrated among the moft illuilri- 
 ous Rom.ans by Horace, v/ho joins them 
 with men of a very different character, 
 Regulum et Scauros, Sec. Od, i, 12, 37. 
 Nonrie igiturjure, ac ?neritd, vitia tdtima 
 Jidos Contemnunt Scauros, et cafligata re^ 
 mordent ? Do not therefore the meanefl 
 vices, /. e. the moft vitious, juftly de- 
 fpife the hypocritical Scauri, and, when 
 cenfured, recrimuiate f Juvenal. 2, o^^. 
 alluding to that trait in the character 
 of the elder Scaurus in Salluft, Vitia 
 fua callide occuUans, Jug. 16. —Juve- 
 nal ufes Scauri for noblemen of the 
 higheft rank, 6, 603. and for rigid 
 cenfors, 11, 91. 
 
 M. Aurelius Scaurus. Vid. Aure- 
 
 LIUS. 
 
 ScHOENEus, (2 fyll), a king of 
 Arcadia, the father of Atalanta, who 
 is hence.called Schoeneis, -'^idis, Ovid. 
 Am. I, 7, 13. Ep. i6, 263. Virgo 
 SchoenEIA, Id. Tr'ifl, 2, 399 
 10, 61 1, &; 660. 
 
 SciNi?. VtcL Sjnis:, 
 SCH-TO, -onisy 2i firname 
 gens Cornelia, laid to have been deri- 
 ved from one Cornelius, who condu di- 
 ed his father when blind, and fervtd 
 him in place of a ftaff, (fcipioji Ma- 
 crob. I^at. 2) 6. 
 
 P. 
 
 Met, 
 
 of th( 
 
SCI C 360 ] 
 
 p. Cornelius SCIPIO, made mailer chus, 
 of horfe {fuaglfter equitum) by the dic- 
 tator Camillas, L'lv. 5, 19. military tri- 
 bune with confular power, ib. 24. and 
 Interrexj ib. 32. intefrex a fecond time, 
 
 M 6, I. «{[ 2. A d.'itator, Liv. 9, 
 
 44. 
 
 P. Cornelius SCIPIO, conful when 
 Annibal came into Italy, a. 535, Liv, 
 21,6, &c. defeated by Annibal at the 
 river TicTiius, ib. 46. afterwards cut off 
 by the Carthaginians in Spain, Liv. 
 25, 34. ; Cic. qf.i,iS. Plane. 25. Balb. 
 15. with his brother, 
 
 Cn. Cornelius SCIPIO Ca^vus, who 
 had been conful with Marcellus, a. 532. 
 He was fent with a fleet and army into 
 Spain againft Afdrubal, Liv. 21, 32. 
 where at firll he was very fuccefsful, 
 ib. 60, & 6i. et 22, 19, & 21. till the 
 feventh year, when he was cut off by 
 the enemy twenty -eight days after his 
 brother, Liv. 25, 37. to the great grief 
 of his countrymen, ib. 
 
 P. Corneiius SCIPIO Jfricanus Ma- 
 jor, the fon of P. Scipio who was kill- 
 ed in Spam. Scipio, when very 
 
 young, faved his father's life in the 
 battle at the river TicTnus, Liv. 21, 
 46. He ferved as a military tribune 
 in the battle of Cannae, Liv. 22, ^^. 
 Being fent with proconfular authority 
 into Spain, when only twenty-four years 
 
 of age, Zm 26, 18. he drove the Car- 
 thaginians from that country, Liv. 28, 
 16. In the fourteenth year of the Pu- 
 nic war^ he was made conful, a.-u. 549, 
 and the province of Africa decrce4,to 
 him, ib. 38. He put an end to t^ie 
 war by the defeat of Annibal in the 
 battle of Zama, a. u. 552, Liv, 30, 
 32,-35. He was the firlt that ob- 
 tained a firname ( African us j from 
 the country which he conquered j and 
 afterwards, from his example, many 
 who did not fo v/ell deferve it received 
 the fame honour, Liv. 30. / ; Martial. 
 2, 2. In the war againft Antiochus 
 he went as lieutenant to his brother 
 Lucius, Liv. 37, I.} Lie. Phil. 11, j. 
 After his return from thence, being 
 accufed by two tribunes called Pltilii, 
 of having taken money from Antio- 
 
 S C I 
 
 he difdained to anfwer their 
 charge, and retired to Liternum^, where 
 he died and was buried, having 'order- 
 ed that his body flioidd not be carried 
 back to his ungrateful country, Liv. 
 38, 53. i — Scipio was created cenfor, 
 Z/v. 32,7. macle conful a fecond time, 
 34, 42. and thrice chofen chief of the 
 fenate, Liv, ib. 44.. et 3S, 28. He 
 thought it below the. dignity of the 
 Roman people to profecute Hannibal 
 with unrelenting hatred, Liv. 33, 47. 
 
 Being fent on an embaiTy into A(ia> he 
 is faid to have had an interview v/^th 
 Annibal, 35, 14. 
 
 L. SCIPf O, 'the brother of Africa- 
 nus, who triumphed over Antiochus, 
 Liv. 37, 59. and hence was called A- 
 siATicus, ib. 58. ; Cie. Muren. 14. 
 He was afterwardo found guilty of ha- 
 ving embezzled the public money, (pe- 
 culatiis), and ordered to be ltd to pri- 
 fon, Liv. 38, 55, & 58. but was libe- 
 rated by Tiberius Gracchus, then a 
 tribune, ib. 60. ; Cie. Prov. Conf. 8. ; 
 Plin. 33, II. lu the ceiiforfhip ofCa- 
 to and Fiaccus, Scipio, being of the 
 cqueflrian order, was deprived of his 
 horfe, Liv. 39, 44. 
 
 P. Cornelius SCIPIO Nas'ica, the 
 fon of Cneius who was killed In Spain. 
 When a very young man, and before 
 he had been quactior, he was judged 
 by the fenate to be the moil virtuous 
 man in Rome,, and therefore appolnteji 
 to receive the Jmage of Cybele, the 
 mother of the gods, which was brought 
 to Rome from Pef?inus, a town in 
 Phrygia, Cic. Har. Rrfp. 13. ; Liv. 29, 
 14. et 35, 10. He obtained the con- 
 fulfliip, a. 562, Liv.. 2) -J 9 24. Scipio 
 was an eminent lawyer, and gave his 
 counfel freely to all that alked it, Cic, 
 Or- 3, 33. ; Plln> 7'. 34- He conquer- 
 ed the Lufitani, Liv. 35, i. and Boil, 
 Liv. a 6, 38, — 40. 
 
 P. ^Cornelius SCIPIO Naslca, the 
 fon of the former, called Corculum, 
 on account of his wifdom, twice con- 
 ful, a. 591, with C. Figiilus, and a. 598, 
 with C. Marcellus, and cenfor a. 594, 
 Cic. Brut. 20, & 58. He was obliged 
 \Q reiign his hrit confullhip by a decree 
 
 of 
 
SCI [ 
 
 of tKc fenate, together with his col- 
 league, on account of a certain infor- 
 mality in their ticftion, Cic, N. D. 2, 
 4. Dk\ 2, 35. He dif]-ered with Cato 
 in opinion concerning the dcllrudlion 
 of Carthage, and ftiorigly urged in the 
 fenate the injuftice and imprudence of 
 that mtafure, [G. 678.), Plutarch, in 
 Cat, Maj. The event (liewed that Sci- 
 pio was the wifer man. 
 
 P. Cornelius SCI PI O Nasi en, the 
 fon of the former, conful with D. Bni- 
 tus, a. 615, Cic. Br. 22. was put in 
 prifon by the tribune Curiatius by an 
 extraordinary ilretch of power, for ha- 
 ving oppofed the decree of the tri- 
 bunes, Cic, Leg. 3, 9. On this occa> 
 fion tlie iirname of Serapion was gi- 
 ven liim by Cuiiatius in derifion, from 
 his refemblance to a dealer in fwine of 
 that name, Liv. Epit. 55. ( propter fimi- 
 litud'tnem fuarii negotiatoris ^ Phn. 21, 3 f . 
 7. or to his flave, fuarii negotiatoris vile 
 tnancipium^ Piin. 7, 12. or to the flave 
 of a prieft that flew the victims, Val. 
 Max. 9, 14, 3.; ^uinniHan. 6, 3, 57.), 
 and he continued ever after to be dif- 
 tinguifhed by it, Cic. Alt. 6, r. He 
 was afterwards made Pontifex Maximus\ 
 and though in a private ftation, /. e. 
 not inveftcd with any magiftracy, flew 
 Tiberius Gracchus, Cic, Cat. i, i. 
 which action was appnn^ed of by the 
 fenate, on the motion of the conful 
 Mucins, who himfelf had refufcd having 
 any hand in it, Cic, Dom. 34. Plane. 36. 
 and is highly extolled by Cicero, Cic. 
 C)ff. I, 22. but was juftly blamed by 
 tlie friends of Gracchus, Cic. Amic. \ 2. 
 Vid. ^undilian, 5, 13, 25. Scipio per- 
 ceiving that on account of his conduft 
 ..he was the objecl of public odium, left 
 the city, and went into A.lia, with the 
 privilege of what was called Libera /?- 
 gatioy where he died at Pergamus, tic. 
 Place. 31. ; I al Max. 5, 3. 
 
 P. Cornelius SCIPIO, the fon of 
 Africanus, was of a very weakly con- 
 flitution, but his mind was highly cul- 
 tivated by learning, Cic. Sen. 9, & 11. 
 The only public ofrice we read of his 
 ; having obtained was that of augur, 
 Li'u. 40, 42. He adopted the fon of 
 
 3^1 3 S C I 
 
 Paulus Acmilius, the conqueror cf 
 Perfeus, who was therefore called, 
 
 P. Cornelius SCIPIO Atmilianui. He 
 added the praife of eloquence to mili- 
 tary glory, Cic. Of. i. 32. Brut. 2 1, 
 He was fo fond of Xeni)phon\s Cyro- 
 paetlia, tliat he always carried it about 
 v/ith him, Cic. ^Fr. i, j, S. Hc 
 deflroyed Carthage, whence he got the 
 firname of Africanus Minor, (G. 
 679.) and Nurr-antia, Cic. Manil. 20. 
 yNhtwcti Everfcr Carthaginis et \uman- 
 tiae, bv an antoiiomafia, ufed to be put 
 for his name, ^in^il. 8, 6, 30, & 43. 
 After his return from the Numantine 
 war, being afkcd by Carbo, a tribune, 
 in an alfembly cf the people, what was 
 his opinion concerning the (laughter of 
 Tiberius Gracchus, htr anfwered, that 
 he thought that Gracchus had been 
 flain juftly, if he had intenrled to make 
 himlelf mafter of the republic, fjure 
 cacfum "oieh-i, ft occupandat reipulUcae 
 animum hahuijfet;) by which anfwcr hc 
 incurred the hatred of the plebeians, 
 who figniiied their difapprobation by ^ 
 violent outcry, Patcrc. 2, 4.; F lutarch. 
 in Graccho ; Cic. Alil. 3. Or. 2, 25. ; 
 Ful. Max. 5, 2, 3. About two years 
 after he keenly oppofed the execution 
 of the agrarian law palFcd by C. Grac- 
 chus. Having one day fpoken warm- 
 ly agalnft it in the fenate, he was con- 
 ducted home by the fenators, and a 
 crowd of the Italian allies, Cic. Amic 3. 
 Next morning he was found dead in 
 his bed, Cic. MIL 7. in the 56th year 
 of his age, a. u. 624 j as fomc fay, 
 with matks of violence, Pattrc. 2, 4. 
 according to others, with none, Appian. 
 B. C. i.p.^fyu It is uncertain who was 
 the author of his death. Various perfons 
 were fafpecfted, and among the reft his 
 wife Sempronia, the fifter of the Grac- 
 chi, ilf. et Cic. Or. 2, 40. ^ Fr. 2, 3. 
 Fr.m. 9, 21.; Fi^L Max. 4, i. No 
 enquiry was made concerning it, 
 i!;. A little before mention had been 
 made of creating him dictator ; but 
 this was prevented by certain prodi- 
 gies and the appointment of holy davs 
 for their expiation, Cic. N.D. 2, 5. p. 
 ^"' 3? 5- 7 ii^mn. Scip. 2. The death of 
 2, z Scipio 
 
SCI [36 
 
 Scipio was lamented by tlie nobility 
 as the grealeft misfortune ; and even 
 the plebeiaas,. whom his oppofition to 
 the popular laws of Gracchus had dif- 
 pleafed, celebrated his funeral with the 
 
 flrongeft marks of affeflion, ib. 
 
 There was the moft intimate friend- 
 fhip between Scipio and Laelius, Cic. 
 jim'ic. I, &c. as there had been be- 
 twixt the firll Scipio Africanus and 
 the father of Laelius, Llv. 26, 42. et 
 27, 7, &c. ; Paterc. 2, 127. The 
 younger Scipio and Laelius, when they 
 retired from public bufinefs, ufcd to 
 amufe the:nfelves by joining even in 
 puerile divciTions, Cic. Or, 2, 6. in 
 company with the poet Luciliuf-, who 
 was a tavourite with them, Hor, Sat. 
 2, , 65, &c. as Eiinius had been of 
 the great Scipio Africanus, Ctc. Arch. 
 9. ; Hor. Od.^, 8, 20. Thus Horace, 
 who calls Africanus Scipiadesy -ae ; 
 ^u'ln ubt fe a 'vulgo et Jcend in fecre- 
 ta remorant Virtus Scipi'idae et mitis 
 {apientia L^-^cli ; Nugcvi cum illo et dif- 
 cin&i ludere^ dome Decoqueretur oliis. Joli- 
 ti, Sat. 2, I, 71. Scipio and Laeiais 
 wei e efteemed as perfedl models of an 
 elegant fimplicity of expreiTion i^velut 
 jittici Rom.inorura)^ Quuidtii. 12, LO, 
 39. Hence the wriciag^ of Terence 
 were afcribed to Alricanus, Id. 10, i, 
 99. 
 
 P SCIPIO \afica, the great-grand- 
 fon of Scipio Serapion, Cic. dtt. 6, i. 
 one of the advocates of Verres, Cic. 
 Verr. 4, 36. Being adopted by C^Me- 
 tellus Pius, he was calhd J^ Caecilius 
 Metellus Pius Scipio; Dio, 40, 51. 
 Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 12. or fhordy, Q^Me- 
 telluy Scipio, one of the h'ontificesy Cic. 
 Har. Refp. 6. He was competitor 
 for the confuUhip with Milo, A/con, 
 in Cic Mil. Argument, and being ac 
 cufcd of bribery, was faved by the 
 interccffion of Pompey, who had a 
 little before married his daughter Cor- 
 nelia ; and foon after caufed him to be 
 declared his colleague in the couiulihip 
 for the lalt five months of the year, a. 
 u. 700, Dio, 40, 5 I , .X 5 ^. Appiun. B. 
 C, 2, p. 44 2. It wa,s according to the 
 opinion of Scipio, that the decree of 
 
 2 ] SCO 
 
 the fenate was made, " That Caefar 
 fhould difmifs his army by a certain 
 day, or be declared an enemy ;" agaiult 
 which the tribunes M. Antony and Q^ 
 Caffius having, without effeii, inter- 
 pofed their negative, fled with Curio 
 to Caefar, and gave him a pretext for 
 turning his arms againft his country, 
 Caef. B. C. I, 2, \c. ; Dio, 4I, 3, xc. 
 In the battle of Pharfalia Scipio com- 
 manded in the centre, with the legions 
 which he had brought from Syria, of 
 which he had been governor, {medium 
 aciem cum legionibus Syriacis tencbat,^ 
 Caef. B. C. ?, 88. ; Lucan. 7. 221. 
 After the death of Pompey, Scipio 
 renewed the war in Africa. Being 
 defeated by Caefar near Thapfu>s, he 
 attempted to efcape into Spain, but 
 being overtaken by fome of Caefar's 
 fhips, he flew himfelf, Hirt. B. Afr. 96.; 
 Appian. 2, p. 49 1. ; (G, 6'jg.)'^ 
 
 SciP.ON, -onis, a noted robber on the 
 coaft ot Megnris, flain by Thefeus ; 
 whofe bones, being tofled up and down, 
 are faid to have been turned into rocks, 
 called Scopuli Scironis vel Saxa Sciro- 
 1^1 A, the rocks of Sciron, ^vid. Met. 7, 
 443. Ep. 2, 67.; Propert. 3, 14, 12. 
 (G.3C2.) 
 
 SCO PAS, -aci an eminent ftatuary 
 and fculptor, born in the ifland Paros, 
 
 Paufan. 
 
 * Of all the Scipios (Sci/>iones,) the poetg 
 n.cn !on chi.-fly the two conquerors ol Afri- 
 ca, (rf«o Afr;cani), and call them by a pa- 
 tronyiiiic namt, 6ciPiX.DAE, -arum, fons of 
 Scipio ; thus, ^n% — geminoSy duo fultn'tna belli,, 
 "icipiadas, cladem L byan, fc. indiitos retinquat ? 
 Vivr. Aen. 6, 844 Hiec {ic. [ralia) txtul.t,-- 
 Sc p'laias duro: beilo Id. G. 2, I70, Sclpiadae 
 duces tapHi. Id. in Cuiice, v. 369. Su in the 
 fldgular ; ScipiadiS, bsui futmeny C-.irthaginis 
 h'ltror^ OJJa dedit terrae^ pro'inde ac famul* ir>ji-. 
 mus tJJ'ety i. e, the elder Atricauus died, as 
 well as the meaneft flave, Lucret 7. 1047. 
 Fortis .<cipiadesy v. -day in accuf. -am, Hor. 
 Sat. a, I, 17. — Silius calls the tv.-o Scipios 
 who perlfhed in Spam, fulmina gentis Scipii- 
 daCy 7, 106. Horace calls Scipio and the 
 Romans who fell in the battle of Thapfus, 
 Vidtorum nepotes \ and alcrihes their deUruc- 
 tion to the wrath ot Heavrn, that their death 
 might atone for the {laughter committed in 
 that country by their ancefiofi, Od, a, i, 
 2i, &c. 
 
SCO C 36.^ 1 S E B 
 
 Pan-fan. I, 43. et 6, 25. ; Win. ^6^ 5.; his daughter JuHa, Scribbnia her tnoi 
 
 C/r. Z^i-y* I, 13. ; Hor. Od. 4, 8, 6 ther attended her, Paterc. 2, 100. 
 
 5[2. A wealthy Theffah'anj who having L. SCRIBONIUS Libo, a tribune 
 refufed to pay the poet Sirnonidts half who accufcd Serv. Galba of niifcon- 
 of the price, which he had promifed duft while governor of Spain, Cic. Or. 
 
 for a poem Simonides wrote on him, 
 defired him to feek the reft, if he plea- 
 fed, Irom Carter and Pollux, whofe 
 praifes the poet had introduced for the 
 fake of ornament. Soon after Simoni- 
 des was called out to fpcak with two 
 young men who deflred to fee him. But 
 when he went to the door, he found 
 no one there. In the mean time the 
 apartment in which they were feailing 
 fell, and ciufhed Scopas with his guefts 
 in fuch a manner, that their bodies 
 could not be diftingaifhed, fo that 
 when their fiiends wifticd to bury them, 
 they were obliged to apply to Simoni- 
 des, to point out where each fat ; and 
 
 from this recollection he is faid to have ber father's head, while he was afleep, 
 invented what was called The art of a hair of a purple colour, ipurpureux 
 MEMORY, or local memory, C'lc. Or. 2, captUus,) Virg. G. i, 405.) on which 
 
 86. ^ 3. A commander of the his fate depended, (G. 375.) ; Ovid. 
 
 Aetolians, Z/'y. 26, 24. Met. '6 pr. ^ 2. The daughter of 
 
 ^COKW\JS,\d-os,etScorpWi-oms, Phorcus, turned by Circe into a fea- 
 the name of one of the figns of the monfter, fuppofed to refide in a cave 
 zodiac, Col. 11, 2.; Plin.i'], 24. called near the promontory ScylJaeum, on 
 Formidolofus, becaufe it was thought un- the fouth-wcft coaft of Italy, ( Vkl. G, 
 hicky to be born when that con ilella- i74> & 375-) Monjlra Scyllaea, 
 
 1,53.^/2,65. 
 
 ScROFA, a firname given to the 
 Trentellii, Ck. Alt. 5, 4. <?/ 6, i. for a 
 caufe mentioned, Varr. R. R. 2,4.66 
 Macroh. Sat. i, 6. One of the name of 
 ^CRoFA wrote books on hufbandryj 
 Pl'm. T7, 27. 
 
 SCYLAX, -ac'iSf 2L chiif man of 
 Halicarnalfus, the intimate acquaint- 
 ance of Panaetius, an eminent aftrolo- 
 ger, Cic. Div. 2, 42 f 2. A cele- 
 brated navigator, (G. 610, ^ 634.) 
 
 ScYLLA, the daughter of Nifuskin^ 
 of Megara, who, falh'ng in love with 
 Minos king of Crete, while he be- 
 fieged her father's capital, cut off from 
 
 tion was in a particular part of the fl<y, 
 Bor. Od. 2, 17, 17. Brachm contrahit 
 nrdens Scorpius^ Virg. G. I, ^^. Lonca- 
 n)at brachui, Ovid. Met. 2, 195. In 
 ancient times the Scorpion occupied 
 two-twelfth parts of the zodiac, extend- 
 ing its claws {hrachia vtl chelae) over 
 the fpace which was afterwards called 
 Libra, ib. hence called Major, Lucan. 
 6, ^94. Virgil therefore alTigns to 
 Aucuftus the place of Libra between 
 Vir)>^o and Scorpios, (^Erigonen, i. e. 
 Vir^inem, (.helajque Sequentes, i. e. 
 Scorplum,) G. i, 33. 
 
 ScRiBONius, the name oi a Roman 
 gens or family, {^Fumilia Scribcniorum,) 
 Tac. Ann. 2, 27. 
 
 SCRIBONL ,the wifeof Auguf- 
 tus, whom he divc-rced, in order to 
 rnaiiy Livla Dtufilla, Suet. Aug. 61, 
 & 69.; Tac. Ann. 2, 27. Fid. Oc- 
 TAvius* When Auguftu-j baniihcd 
 
 the moniler Scylla, or the monftrous 
 dogs with which fhe was furrouiided, 
 Stat. Sil. 5,3, 2-oO. Scyllaea rabies, the 
 rage of thefe dogs, Firg. Acn. i, 200. 
 Scyllaeae undae, the fouth part of the 
 Tufcan fea, near therefidence of Scyl- 
 la, Lucan, 2, 433. 
 
 ScYLLiAS, -ae, V. Sryllis, ace. -/;;, a 
 native oil Scior.e,. famous for his art of* 
 diving, Herodot. 8,8.; Paufan. ro, 19. 
 who is faid to have cut the anchors 6f 
 
 the ftiips of Xerxe^, Plin. 35, ri. 
 
 ^ 2. A nottd marble- cutter of Crete, 
 (fculptor,) Plin. 36, 4, 
 
 ScYR-N, -onis, an Epicurean, C.-'r. 
 Acad. 4, 33. 
 
 ScYTHuN, a m.an, who is f;- d by 
 the poets to have had the pcv.er of 
 turni- g hinilelt u.to a woman, and 
 again mtoa man at pieafure, O'Vui. -iV/, 
 4, 280 
 
 Seeo£Us, an intimate friend of Ca- 
 Z z 2 tulus, 
 
S E D 
 
 [ 3^4 3 
 
 SEN 
 
 tulus, Ce, Alt, , 14, A: 15. thought 
 to have I een the fame with Statins Se- 
 bofus, mem.oiied by Pliny, 9, 15. 
 
 SzDULiU.:, a leader of Haves and in- 
 cHgent citizens, employed by Clodius, 
 Cic, Dom. 30. 
 
 Segilius, a worthlcfs man, who 
 endeavoured to prejudifc Octavianus 
 ligainil Cicero, Cic. Fam. 1 1, 20, & 21. 
 
 Alius SEJaNUS, a native of Fof- 
 Jinlly a town of Tufcany, hence called 
 Tuscus, Jwv. 10, 74. praefed of the 
 praetorian cohorts, the favourite of 
 Tiberius ; inveded with the higheft 
 power, but at lafl: put to death for 
 confpiring to make himfelf emperor, 
 and his body dragged with a hook 
 through the lfr«ets, [G. 244.) Toe. 4, 
 1. et alibi paffim ; Su^t. Tib. 48, 6r, & 
 62. Sejanus ducitur unco Spt^andusy 
 Juvenal 10, (i(y. Paterculus gives a 
 flattering eulogium of 6ejanuc, while 
 in the height of his power, 2, 127. &c. 
 very diflcrent from the charader o-iven 
 of him by thofe who wrote after his 
 fall. 
 
 Sejus, a freed man or agent of Atti- 
 
 cus, Cic. Ait. 
 
 5' 13- 
 
 Cn. Seju:, a fenator, Cic, Cluent. 38. 
 
 M, Sejus, L. F. one who in the 
 time of a dearth fold corn to the 
 people at an AS the bulhel, Cic. Of. 2, 
 17. when acdile, a, 680, Plm. 15, i. 
 Being condemned in a trial, he was fo 
 reduced in his fortune, that he could 
 not fupport the dignity of an eques, yet 
 prevailed againlf M. i iib, a nobleman 
 of the firll rank, when competitors for 
 ED office, Cic. Plane. 5, 
 
 ^ SEjUi PojihumKSy a Roman /-^.v/x, 
 whofe houfe Ciodrus wifhed to pur- 
 char's from him againft his will, and 
 iipon his perlifting to re^ufe, caufed 
 him to be cut oil by poifon, Cic. Dom. 
 44- ; Har. Rejp. 14. 
 
 S-LENr, 'cs, the daughter of the 
 king of Egypt, and wife of Antiochus 
 king of Syria, the mother of Antiochus 
 Afiaticus and . eleucus CybiofaCtes, 
 Cir. Verr. d, 27. ; Jojeph, Ant. 13, 29. 
 
 SELEUCUS, one of the generals 
 of Alexander the Great, v\ho, in the 
 diltribution of the provinces of that 
 
 and mother of 
 I, 12. N.D. 2, 
 
 conqueror, obtained the kingdom of 
 Syria, which he tranfmitted to his de- 
 fcendants, called from him Scleici- 
 DAE, Jufiin. 13, 4. et 15, 4, &c. (G. 
 472, & 473.) 
 
 Seleucl'S, the name of a flave, Cic. 
 
 Fam. 6, 18. ^ 2. An excellent mu- 
 
 fician, JuvenaL 10 21 i. IJ[ 3. An 
 
 aflrologer, {mathematicus')y greaily re- 
 fpeaed by Vefpafian, Tac. H'Ji. 2, 78. 
 
 ^. Selici s, an ufurer, Cic. Alt. i. 
 12- the friend of Lentulus Spint'ier, 
 
 Cic. Fam. I, 5. FUJa Seliciak/, 
 
 the villa of ScHcius, i^. 9, 16. Seli- 
 ci a, his daughter, as ic is thought, 
 Cic. Ait. 15, 12. 
 
 Scuus, a bad orator, Cic. Fam. 7, 
 
 Cef /^, Selii, learned men, intimate 
 with Lu :ullus, Cic. Acad. 4, 4. 
 
 Semele, -^-j-, the daughter of Cad- 
 mus king of Thebe 
 Bacchus, Cic. Tufc. 
 24, who is hence called Thehanae Stme* 
 les pucfy Hor. Od. i, 19, 2. proles ScmC' 
 ksy ribul. 3, 4, 45. proles SemelEIA, 
 Ovid. Met. 5, 529. 1 hyoneus Seme lews, 
 Hor. Od. I, 17, 23. 
 
 SEMIRaMIS, -ulisy the wife of 
 Ninus king of Babylon, who built Ni- 
 nive, and at his death left his govern- 
 ment to Semirjmis, who greaily ex- 
 tended the empire, (G. 598.) She is 
 faid to have founded Babylon, becaufe 
 fi^e greatly enlarged it, Propert. 3, 1 1, 
 21. Cicero calls Gablnius by the name 
 ot Semiramis, to mark his effeminacy 
 and crueltv, Pron). 'onf. 4. 
 
 SEMPRONIUS, 'the name of a 
 Roman gensy which confifted of many 
 branches or families, Cic. et Liv, pajfim ; 
 the moft iliurtrious of which was that of 
 the Gracchi ; whence Semprmniae 
 LEGES, the laws pafl'ed by Tiberius or 
 Caius Gracchus, Cic. Phil I, 7. Roga- 
 tiones ..EMPKONiAE, Tac. Amu J 2, 6o« 
 
 Vid. Plutarch, in Graccbis. ocJi- 
 
 PRotiiA^u M feiiaiusconjulrwn, a decreeof 
 the fcnate made in favour of Stmpro- 
 nius, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 7. Add. i^. 22,. 
 8. et 25, 8, & 13. 
 
 JL. Annaeus Seneca, a native of 
 Corduba in Spain, who removed to 
 
 Rome 
 
SEN [ ^Ss 3 S E R 
 
 Rome in* the time of Auguftus, with but his ftyleis dlfapprovedof by Qulnc- 
 
 his wife Elbia or Ht\lvia, and three tilian, who obfervcs, that the efteem in 
 
 fons, M. Jt4nnaeus NovtHns, (afterwards which Seneca's writings were held, 
 
 adopted by Junius Gallic, and hence corrupted the public tafte with refpe6t 
 
 called Junius Annneus^ v. Annaeam/s to compofition ; becaufe his admirers, 
 
 Gallio); L\ Ani:aeus Seneca; and L. An- inftead of imitating his beauties, copied 
 
 «^(f«j /i3.Vfl, the father of Lucan. Mar- his faults, lo, i, (25, &c. Of the 
 
 tial is fuppoled to call thefc three fons, tragedies which bear the name of Se- 
 
 Do^'i Stvecae ter numeranda domusj 4, ncca the Medea is the only one men- 
 
 40, 2. Seneca the father is commonly tioned by Qjnindilian as having been 
 
 called Rh. TOR, from a colledion which written by Seneca, 9, 2,8. Martial 
 
 he made of the declamations of dif- mentions the two Senccas and Lucaii 
 
 ferent rhetoricians, quoted by Quinc- as the glory of Cordiaba, i, 62, 7. and 
 
 tiiian, 8, 3, 31.^/ 9, 2, 42, & 98. ftill praifes the b'berality of Seneca the 
 
 extant. But he is chiefly diftiuguilhed philoiopUer, 12, 36, 8. So Juvenal. 
 
 by his fon, 5, 108. 
 
 L, /innacus SENECA, called the h£N';:cio, -ojiisf a Roman firname, 
 
 philofopiier. He was a child when his Plin. Ep. 3, 11.; Tac, Agr, 2. 
 
 father removed to Rome. Hence he 
 mentions his having been then carried 
 in his aunt's arms, ad I/eiv. i6. He 
 was taught rhetoric by his father, and 
 
 C. Sentius, a praetor of Macedo- 
 nia, a. 671, Cic. Verr. 3, 93.; P'ts, 
 
 34- 
 
 C. Septimiu?, a praetor, Clc, p. Red. 
 
 philofophy by the ableit mailers. Af- 9. and augur, C'lc. An, 12, 13, & 14. 
 ter having borne the qnaeftorfliip he L. Septimius, a Roman in the fer- 
 
 v/as banidied to the ifland of Corfica vice of Ptolemy king of Egypt, who 
 
 by the emperor Claudius, on fufpicion flew Pompey. Vid. Pompeiu.^. 
 of having been privy to the amours of Septimius, a friend of Horace, Od^ 
 
 Julia, the daughter of Germanicus, 
 Schol'iajl in JuvenaL Three years after, 
 he was recalled by AgrlppTna, whom 
 Claudius had married upon the death 
 of Mcfi'alTna, and appointed praeceptor 
 to her ion Domitias Nero, alter wiirds 
 emperor, Tac. Ann. 12, 8. Under 
 Nero Seneca acquired immenfe weakh, 
 and therefore is called pratdives, Juve- 
 nal. 10, 16. Vid. Tac. 14, 52, -^ 53. 
 but at length he was put to death by 
 order of that tyrant, and all his goods 
 conHfcated ; the pretext for which 
 was, that he had been concerned in the 
 conlpiracy of Pifo, Tac. Ann. 15, 60, 
 &c. Ot this there was no proof ; but 
 in fuch eitimation was Seneca held, 
 that fome of the confpirators were faid 
 to have propofed making Seneca em- 
 peror, ib. 60. to which Juvenal alludes, 
 
 8,211. Seneca excelled in almoll 
 
 every kind of compolition, both in 
 prole and'verfe, whence he is called by 
 'j^Yiwy Princeps eruditionisy 14,4. Moll 
 of his works are iliii extant, and a- 
 bound in excellent moral refiedions j 
 
 2, 6. Ep. I, 9. and a favourite of Au- 
 gullus, Sttet. Horat. 8. 
 
 ^ Septitius, a Roman eques, Cic. 
 Verr. 3, 4. 
 
 .ScpT;:i.tLEju?, a native of Anagnia, 
 who flew C. Gracchus, Cic. Or. 2, 67. 
 
 Seiiapio, v. -on, -onis, a native of 
 Antioch, a writer on geography, Cic. 
 
 Ait. 2, 4, 5c 6. ^ 2. A firname of 
 
 Scipio Nafica. Vid. Scipio. 
 
 Sera pis, -idisy a god of the Egyp- 
 tians, Cic. Div. 2, 59. N. D. 3, 19. 
 (G.669.) ; TacIIifi. 4,84. 
 
 C. Seuenu^, (al. Scrdnusy v. Serra- 
 nusy) cunful with Caepio, a. 646 ; 
 chofen in preference to Q. Catulue, 
 Cic. Plane. 5. 
 
 Sercstus, a brave Trojan chief, 
 whom Aeneas left, together with 
 Mnellheus, to command in his abfence, 
 when he went to aik aifiltance from 
 Evander, Virg. Aen. 9, 171. 
 
 ScRGius, the name of a Roman 
 gensy faid to be derived from Sergeilus, 
 one of the com.panions of Aeneas, 
 Virg.Acn. 5, 121. 
 
 C. Sejigius, 
 
S E R [ 366 ] SIC 
 
 C. S^RGius, a military tribune with ried for a fecond hufband D. Junius Si- 
 confular authority, Liv. 6, 5, &c. 
 
 Cn. SiRCius, a praetor, Liv 
 tf/32 
 
 Z,. Seiicius CatUina, 
 
 3'» 4- 
 FV^ Cati- 
 
 LINA. 
 
 /,. SergiU5 Fldenasy a conful. i^/'u. 
 
 4, 17. ^ 2. A military- tribune, 
 
 L'lv. 5. 16. 
 
 /If. S::rcius ^'/Vyj-, the lieutenant of 
 Aemilius the conrul, Liv- 44, 40. 
 
 lanus, (Fid. Cato, p 87.) and by 
 him was the mother of Junia, the 
 wife of Caffius. Serviiia was fond of 
 Julius Cnsfar, and was beloved by him, 
 Suet. Caef. 50.; Plutarch. Cat. p. 770. ; 
 Brut. p. 986. 
 
 Se.'^vius, a '^ov[\2cci praenomen. 
 
 Servius TuUltis, the 6th king of 
 Rome ; fo named becaufe he was faid 
 to have been born of a female Have, 
 
 Si: RR AN us, V. SeranitSy a firname of {^ferva, G. 200.) Liv. i, 3 ;. ec 4, 3. 
 X!tit AttUU, firft given to ^AttiUns Cm- SESOS FRIS, the moft celebrated 
 
 cinnatui, the dictator, [a fcrenda) ; be- of the ancient kings of Egypt, {G. 
 caufe the ambaffadors fent by the fe- 664.) 
 nate to inform him of his havina been 
 appointed diftator, found him fowing 
 in his farm, Ck. Rnfc. Am. i, 18. 
 Hence Et te fulro, Serranf^ Jerentem^ 
 Virg.Aen. 6, 844. 
 
 Sext. SekRanl'j Ga'Dianus^ a tribune, 
 inimical to Cicero, C'lc, Att. 4, 2. Sexi. 
 ll.Har,Refp.iS. 
 
 Serranus Domefl'icuny one who de- 
 
 P. Sevtius Capttol'nus^ conful, Liv. 
 3, 32. and decemvir, ib. 33. 
 
 Severus, a Roman cognomen or fir- 
 name of the Caecinae, CaJJii, Cejlii-, Clau- 
 diiy &c. Tacit. 
 
 ^ Sextiltus, a friend q\ Milo, 
 Cic. ^ i^V. 2, I. 
 
 S EXT I A Tabula, the office of Sex- 
 tius, a banker, as is fuppofed ; —a 
 
 tvered a funeral oraticm on his fon, place in the forum where audions ufed 
 
 compofcd by Cicero, [laudavit pater to be held,- Cic. ^uinB. 6, &c. . 
 
 Jcripio meoy i. e. oratione, a me fcripta, 
 quam pater de fcripto recitavit,) Cic. 
 .^.Fr. c..,8. 
 
 ^ SERTORIUS, an illuOrious 
 Roman general, of the party of Ivlarius, 
 •whom however he relinquilhed 
 
 Sextina vel Sejl'iana dida, the fay- 
 ings orjeits of one Scxtius, which had 
 not much art, Cic. F im. 7, 32. 
 
 Sexti'js, a Rom^an name. 
 
 P. SEXTIUS, quaeftor to C. An- 
 tonius, the conful, whom he uryed to 
 
 count of bis cruelty. Being profcribed attack Catiline, Ctc. Sext. 5. a tribune 
 by Sulla, he fled to Spain ; where he in the confuhhip of Lentulus Spinther, 
 induced the inhabitants to join him, who ftrenuouily promoted the bill for 
 
 {^^ique feros rnovit Sertorius exul Iheros, 
 XiUcan. 2, 549-) and having carried on 
 a long war, with wonderful ability aud 
 fuccefs, was at lad killed by the 
 treachery of Perperna, one of his 
 chief ollicers, Lrc. Epit. 91, — 96.; 
 Plutarch, in Seriorio. 
 
 Servilius, the name of a Roman 
 gfhsy originally from Albi, Liv. I., 
 30. confiding of a number of different 
 branches or familiae ; the AhSlae, Cr.e- 
 pior\eSy Cafcus, Gemini., Glauciae, Pq/I- 
 
 hiimi, Ruili, &:c, Servili,-. ni /joriif 
 
 gardens in Rome, nan)ed from one 
 Servihus, Tac. Ann. !«:, 5^. H. 3, 3S. 
 
 SEKVILIA, tbe^fider of CaLo 
 Uticenhs, and the mother of M. Bru- 
 tus, ( Via. Bruto-s, p. 46,) She mar- 
 
 the redoration of Cicero, and with a 
 body of armed men oppofed the violent 
 attempts of Clodius to prevent it. A 
 
 ^i 
 
 flain 
 
 the 
 
 number ct people were 
 conted. On which account Scxtius 
 was afterwards accufed of violence. 
 He was defended by Hortenfius and 
 Cicero, and acquitted, Cic. ^. Fr. 2, 
 4. 1'he oration ot Cicero for Sextius 
 is dill exiant. 
 
 Sexti'S, a ^om^.u praenomen. 
 Sic A, a fiiend of Cicero's, in whofe 
 farm he daid, when he left Rome, 
 going into exile, Cic. Att. 3, 2. 
 
 SicHAEis, the huiband of Dido, 
 murdered by her brother Pygmalion, 
 on account of his riches, Virg. Aen. 1, 
 347.; Patsrc. r, 6.; J'-iJlin* 18, 4. 
 
S I c 
 
 C 3^7 1 
 
 S I M 
 
 C. Sicivius, a Roman, at whofe 
 inftigatioii the plebeians made a fe- 
 ceffion to the mans facer, Liv. 2, 58. 
 and after their return, ht was arnoiig 
 the firft tribunes of the commons that 
 were created,, ih. 33. et 3, 54. 
 
 Decimus 'Junius SILANUS, con- 
 ful with Miiiena. While conlul elefl, 
 being iirfl aflctd his opinion, accord- 
 ing to cullom, concerning the piinifli- 
 ment which ought to be infllcttd on 
 Lentulus and the other accomplices In 
 the conipiracy of Catihne, who had 
 been apprehended, he decreed that they 
 fliould be put to death, Sallvjl. Cat. 
 50. ; C'tc Cat. 4, 4. 
 
 SiLENUS, a demi god, the nnvfe, 
 praeceptor, and companion of Bac- 
 chus, Cic. Tufc. 1, 48. {G. 383.) 
 
 Si L EN us, a G'cek hillorian, Cic. 
 Viv. ]y 24.; Liv. 26,49. 
 
 Si LI us and Silus, a Rom.an fir- 
 name. 
 
 F. Si LI us, propraetor of Bithynia 
 and rontus, a. u. 702, Cic. Fam. 7, 
 21. 9, 16. et 13, 62, :v 63. 
 
 C. 81 LIU s, the favourite of the em- 
 prefa Mellah"na, whom fhe formally 
 married ; which proved the deftruc- 
 tion of both, 'Tac. Ann. 11, 5 — 35.; 
 "Juvenal. 10, 330, &c. j liiuct. CI. 26, 
 &36. 
 
 C. SILIUS Italicus, conful in the 
 
 admirer, that he celebrated Virgil's 
 birthday with more folemnlty than 
 his own ; efpecially at Naples, where 
 he iifed to approach his tomb with as 
 much reverence as if it had been a 
 temple, Flin. Ep» 3, 7. One of thefc 
 villas had belonged to Cicero, Martial. 
 II, 49, 2. fuppuled to be that called 
 AcADEMiA, Pirn. 31, 2 f. 3. Silius 
 employed much of his time in writing 
 verfes ; which, accordiiig to Pliny, 
 difcover more indutlry tlian genius, ib. 
 Being afFiided with an incurable im- 
 pofthume, [infanabilis clavus^) he ilar- 
 ved himfelf to death under 'rrajan, in 
 the 76th year of liis age, ib. His 
 poem concerning the fecond Punic 
 war. In feventeen books, is flill ex- 
 tant ; fo many parts of which are mere 
 imitations ot Virgil, that h.' is called 
 by fume the ape of Virgil. Silius is 
 highly extolled by Martial in feveral 
 of hjs epigrams ; thus, S'/Vi . ajialidum 
 decus Jororum, the ornament of the 
 mufcs, 4, 14, I, &c. He is called 
 perpeluus, immortal ; or, according to 
 others, conilant or fteady in his con- 
 dud, 6, 64, 10. f/ 7, 62, I. Silius, 
 Jlujonio nonfemel ore potens, diftingulfh- 
 ed both as an orator and a poet, 9, 88, 
 2. and therefore the fittelt perfon to 
 poflels the villa of Cicero, and the 
 tomb of Virgil, {Haeredcm, dominumque, 
 n which Nero was killed, [ajferto Jut tumulique, larilque, Non alium mallei. 
 
 qui (i";. 2Lm\\i?,) facer orbe fuit, facred 
 on account of the world being- then 
 freed from a tyrant. Martial. 7, 62, 
 10.) Sihus was fufpeded of having 
 voluntarily joined in iome 01 the ac- 
 cufations that were carried ol under 
 that prince ; but made ule of his in- 
 terepL under the reign of Vltellius with 
 diicretion and humanity. He gained 
 great honour from his upright adml- 
 iiiilration of Afia, as proconlul under 
 Vefpafian. In the decline of life he 
 retired from Rome to Campania j 
 where he had feveial villas, each of 
 which he furnifhed with a large col- 
 ledllon of books, ilatues, and pictures, 
 which he not only pollcfTcd but even 
 adored ; particularly thofe of Virgil, 
 of whom, he was was fo paluonate aa 
 
 nsc Maro, nee CicerOf) 11, 49, 3. 
 Add. ib. 5 1. ; where commentators, to 
 explain the meaning, have changed the 
 reading varioufly. Sdius lived to fee 
 his eldeft ion made conful, Flin, ib. et 
 Mariial. 8, 66, He loft his younger 
 fon beiore he cairie to the confular at^e, 
 Flin. lb. ; Martial. 9, 88. 
 
 Si LAN ION, a ftatuary, who became 
 iilultrious Vv'iihimt being taught, [nudo 
 dodorc nobilis,) Piin. 34, 8 f, 19. 
 
 SiLVANUs, a rural oivinity, god of 
 the woods and lields, (G. 380.) 
 
 Flotius biLVANUS, a tribune, a. 664, 
 the author of the Flautian or Flotian 
 law, about the manner of granting the 
 freedom of the city, Cic. Arch. 4. 
 
 SIMON 1 DEo, -is, a Greek philofo- 
 pher and poet, bcrn in tlie ifland Ceos, 
 
 Fhacdr. 
 
SIN [368 
 
 Thaedr. 4, 21, & 24. (G^. 337.) SI 
 morn'des excelled chiefly in writing 
 ckgies ; whence Maejlius lacrymis Si- 
 MOMLEiSt Catull. 38, 8. 
 
 Si SON, 'on'/jy an artful Greek, who 
 by a feigned (lory induced the Trojana 
 to bring within their city the wooden 
 horfe reared by the Greeks, Plrg. Aen» 
 2, 59, &:c. (G. 187.) 
 
 SINIS, vel ScintSf -is, a robber in 
 Attica, wiio ufed to bend two trees 
 towards one another, and, after ha- 
 ving tied the legs of a man to each, 
 then let them go afiinder, and thus 
 tore the mifcfable pv.'rlun to pieces 
 in a fhocking manner, Ovid. Afel, 7, 
 440.; Pro/eriy 3, 2 2, 37. Sinis was 
 flain by Thefeus, OrzW. iL 
 
 Siren tF, -utnj fabulous females, re- 
 ading in fmail rocky iflands on the 
 foutn-wcfl coad of Italy, f'iirefium la- 
 His J Piopert, 3, 12, 34.) who, by their 
 enchanting nmfic, were fuppol'ed to 
 decoy mariners on fhore, where they 
 were deilroyed by fhipwreck, (Cr» 155, 
 
 & 456.) 
 
 ^iriiD , the dog-ftar, which rifcs 
 after the fummer l«.;iicice, and was fup- 
 pofed to occafion the great heat of 
 that time of the year, V'lrg. Aen, 3, 
 141. ; Lucan. lO, 211. 
 
 L, orneltus SISiiNNA, a Roman 
 hiftorian, contemporary with Marius 
 aiiti by ha, who wrote an account of 
 
 the civil war between them, Pater c, 2, 
 9.; SalliijL Jitg, i)^. laid by C'cero to 
 furpais all preceding writers of hiltory, 
 but itill to want feveral qualifications 
 requifite to iorni an accomphflied hif- 
 tonan, ,ic, Br. 64, & 74.; Leg. i, 
 2. He is laid to have tranflated the 
 poems of Ariitidcs of Miletus, Cvtd. 
 Tr'ijl. 2, 443. which contained iome 
 indelicate cleicriptions, ih. 413. 
 
 Sisyc.MBis, the mother of Darius, 
 taken prih^ner at the battle of IfTus 
 by Alexander ; who treated her with 
 fo tnuct) geiierofity, that upon hearing 
 of his death fhe put an end to her days 
 by abitainnig iiom food, Curt. 10, 5, 
 19,-26. 
 
 SISyPHUS, the firft king of Co- 
 rinth, noted for his cunning and rob^ 
 
 ] SIT 
 
 beries ; for which he was doomed 
 in the infernal regions to roll a 
 huge ftoue up a mountain, w4iich, 
 when it reached the top, ab'.ay. rolled 
 
 back again to the foot, (G. 416.) 
 
 SisYPHii /<3^(7r^>r, Propttt. 2, 17, 7. 
 Stfyphi'j faxa labore geram^ Id. 2, 20, 
 
 32. Sifyphus was f id to have had 
 
 connexion with Anticlea, the mother 
 of UlyjTes, before her marriage with 
 Laertes ; whence UlyfTes was fuppofed 
 to be fprung from Sifyphus, (Stfyphio 
 cretus f anguine y) Ovid. Met. .3, 32. 
 and is culled by way of reproach his 
 fon, ( i.pYHiDEs,) Id. Art. Am, 3, 
 
 P, SITTIUS, a native of Nuceria ; 
 hence called Nucernius, mentioned by 
 Catiline among his afTociates, <aUuJl. at, 
 21. the fame that is called P. Cincius, 
 C'tc. -yll. 20. whofe fr.ther greatly afiilled 
 the Romans in the Italic war, ib. et 
 Flor. 3, 18, I!. Sittius left Rome be- 
 fore the confpiracy of Catiline broke 
 out ; and having raifed a body of 
 troops at his own expence, from Italy 
 and Spain, pafTcd over to Africa, 
 where the princes were at war among 
 themfelves. Sittius fometimes afllfted 
 the one, fometimes the other, and al- 
 ways with fuccefs ; whence his men, 
 called from him ittian(, became 
 very expert foldiers, Appian. B. C. 4, 
 620. He alfo equipped a fleet ; and 
 was of gieat fervice to Caefar in his 
 war againlt Scipio and Juba. After 
 their defeat Sittius was rewarded by 
 Caefar with lands in Maui^tania ; part 
 of thofe which had belonged to Ma- 
 naffes, the friend of Juba, ib. p. 621.; 
 Hlrt, B. Afr. 95, S: 96, ; Dioy 43,/, 
 214. After the death of Caefar, Sit- 
 tius was iniidiouily flain by Arabio, 
 the fon of ManafTes, Appian. ibid, 
 whence Cicero fays, Arabioni de Sittio 
 nihil irafcor, I am not difpleaftd with 
 Arabio for having flain Sittius, Alt, 
 
 51TTIUS, a perfon who owed Caelius 
 money in Cihcia ; hence, Syngrapham 
 Sittianam tibt commendo, I requell you 
 will endeavour to procure payment cf 
 
 th? 
 
S M E C ;69 ] 
 
 the money due on the bond of Sittlus, 
 Ck. F(m. 8, 2, 8. So 8, 4, 13. 
 
 SMERDIS, vcl Ihrgisy the bro- 
 ther of Cairbyfesj king- of Perfia ; 
 whom that monarch ordered to be put 
 to death in confequence of having 
 dreamed that he faw Smerdis on the 
 throne. But the dream was verified 
 by one of the Magi, who pretending 
 to be the real Smerdis, ufurped the 
 government, and held it fur fomc 
 months, till he Vv'as flain by a confpiracy 
 of feven Perfian noblemen, (G. 605.) 
 Jujt'in. 1,9.* 
 
 S MIL AX, -acts, a virgin, who fell 
 in love with a youth called Crocus; 
 and being flighted by him, pined away, 
 and was turned into a ilirub named 
 after her, PUn. 16, 35 f. 63. ; OmcL 
 Met.\, 283, 
 
 Smintheus, (2 fyll.) a name of 
 Apollo, Ovid. Met, 12, 585. {G. 367.) 
 
 SOCRATES, -w, an Athenian, the 
 fou of Sophronifcns, a ftatuary or 
 ilone-cutter, and of Panarete, a mid- 
 wife ; the moft renowned of the an- 
 cient philofophers, (G. 467.) called 
 the parent of philofophy, C'lc. Fin. 2, 
 I. which he is faid to liave firil called 
 down from heaven, tic, Tufc. 5, 3. 
 He ufed to fay, that the fliorteft way 
 to glory was to be what one wiflied to 
 be thought, Cic.Off.2, 12. He pof- 
 feffed fuch equanimity of m.ind, that 
 he is faid to have always preferved the 
 fame countenance ; neither niore chear- 
 ^■:1 nor more diilurbed at one time than 
 ,t another, Cic. Off. i, 26.; Plin, 7, 
 19. From the fcholars of Socrates 
 various- fefts of philofophers were 
 formed, Cic. Or, 3, 17. whence he is 
 called Fons philofophorum, Quinc^til. i, 
 
 . ]C, 13. SocRATici, the followers 
 
 of Socrates, Cic. Div. i, 3. Off. i, 37. ; 
 ^:in£f, 10, I, 35, & 83. Socraticae 
 chariae, the writmgs of the Socratic 
 philofophers, Fior. Art. P. 31c. who 
 are called Dornus Socraticdy Id. Od. i, 
 29, 1 4-. So Socraiici libri, the books 
 of Plato, Xenophon, &c. Propert. 2, 
 34, 27. Socrates himfeif havipig left 
 Eo writings, ( ^lum ipfe lUeram Socrates 
 nullam rcltquffct, Cic. Or. 3, 16.) So^ 
 
 SOP 
 
 cratici fernwnes'y the difcourfes, dialo- 
 gues, or leflons of Socrates, ib. 18. 
 So Socraticus fcrmo, ib. 17. Socraticae 
 difputationcsy ib. 34. Sorratiris madet 
 fermonll'us, is embued or feafoned with, 
 i. e. inftrufted in the Socratic philofo- 
 phy, ib, 3, 21, 9. Inter Socraticosy a- 
 midil the prcfeflors of philofophy, jfu- 
 vtfud. 2, 10^ Socraticum opus., i. e. the 
 Phaedon of Plato, the fcholar of So- 
 crates, on the immortality of the foul, 
 Ovid, in Ihin, 496. which Cleoinbrotus, 
 an academic philofopher, having read, 
 is faid to have thrpwn himfclf into the 
 fea, /Z-. f/ Cic, Tufc. 1, 34. Id fuit Socra- 
 ticum ?naxime, moft like Socrates, Cic. 
 Or. 3, 18. Socraiici el Platonici ffe vo- 
 lumusy Cic. Off. 1,1. 
 
 Socrates, a painter, PUn, ■^^y 11. 
 Vid. OcNUS. 
 
 Sol, the fun ; fometimes confound- 
 ed with Apollo ; Fid. Phoebus, [G, 
 373.} worfliipped at Rome near the 
 temple of Romulus, ^miflil, i, 7, 12. 
 
 SoLiNus, the author of a book cal- 
 led Poly/jffor, confiiting almoft entire- 
 ly of excerpts from Pliny ; whence he 
 is called that author's ape. 
 
 Solon, -onis, the lawgiver of A- 
 thens, born at Salamis ; one of the 
 feven wife men of Greece, (G. 464. ) 
 
 SoMNUS, the god of llecp, Firg. 
 Jen. ^y 838, &c. 6, 893. 
 
 SOPaTER, 'trisy a praetor of Sy- 
 
 racule, Liv. 24, 23, 5c 2^, ^ 2. 
 
 A general of Philip, king of Mace- 
 donia, fent into Africa, with 4000 
 foldiers, to affift the Carthaginians, 
 Liv. 30, 26. Being taken by the Ro- 
 mans, his releafe was aflied by the am- 
 bafladors of Phihp, but refufed, ib. 
 
 42. «| 3. A general of Perfeus, 
 
 Liv. 42, 62. ^[ 4. A native of 
 
 Halycia in Sicily. Cic. Ver. 2, 28. 
 
 qi 5. Another of Tyndaris, 7/^. 4, 39. 
 
 SOPHOCLES, -isy an Athenian 
 tragic poet, contemporary with Peri- 
 cles, Cic. Off, 1,40. called divinus poda 
 by Cicero, Div, 1,25. who appears 
 to have reckoned him the firft or moft 
 excellent tragic poet, Or, i. But 
 Quin6tilian, though he leaves the quef- 
 tion concerning the comparative merit 
 3 A of 
 
SOP [37 
 
 ol Sophocles and Euripides undetermi- 
 ned, yet feems to give the preference 
 to Euripides, 10, I, 67, Sec. So- 
 phocles was born about 495 years be- 
 fore Chrift, thirty years after Aefchy-- 
 ius, and fifteen before Euripides. He 
 was only twenty years old when he 
 produced his iirfl tragedy, and gained 
 the prize of tragic merit aver his maf- 
 ter Aefchylus. Of the numerous trage- 
 dies which Sophocles wrote, only feven 
 remain. He is faid to have lived to near 
 the age of an hundred, and to have 
 died of joy lor having been declared 
 vittor in the conteft" for poetic fl^ill, 
 J^a/, Max^Sj J.cxt. 12. So Pliny, 7, 
 53. But Lucian fays that he was 
 choakcd with a grape-ftone, at the age 
 of ninety-five, de Macroblis,/. A lit- 
 tle before his death ^ ophocles was ac- 
 cufed by his fon lophon of ialanity, 
 that he might be excluded from the 
 management of his cilate, and a curator 
 appomted for taat purpofe. Upon 
 this Sophocles read in court his tra- 
 gedy called Oedipus Coloneus, which 
 he had juft hnifned ; and afl<ed, if that 
 appeared to be the produftion of one 
 deprived of his reaion ? The judges, 
 filled with admiration of his genniS; 
 inftantly acquitted him, and declared 
 his fon infane for having accufed him, 
 ih, Cicero fays that this trial was in- 
 ftituted by the fons of Sophocles, be- 
 caufe on account of his application 
 to ftudy he feemed to ncgled his pri- 
 vate fortune, Sen. 7. Sophocles dif- 
 tinguilhcd himfelf by his attention to 
 ilate-afFairs, as well as by his dramatic 
 compofitions. He wao at one time 
 Jtrchon, or one of the chitf magillrates 
 of Athens, in conjunftion with Peri- 
 cles, Cic, Of. I, 40. Cicero always 
 mentions Sophocles among the Greek 
 poets of the firil rank, Or. i. ^tW. i. 
 <jj &c. — : — jin p'Xngis aliquid Sofho- 
 CLEu/.i P Do you compofe any thing 
 in the ftylc oi Sophocles ? Cic. Fam. 
 16, 18. ^ola SopiK'deoiuT. carmina digna 
 cothurnoy are worthy of the buHcin of 
 Sophocles, which is faid to have been 
 invented by him, i. e. arc as fubhme as 
 the poems of oophocles, Virg.Ecl. 8^ 10. 
 
 o 1 SOS 
 
 Nulla Sophocleo ven'iet jaBura cothurno, 
 in the dat. i. e. the fame of the tragedies 
 of Sophocles (hall never be diminiflTicd, 
 Ovid Am. I, 15, 19. An in Sophodeis 
 horridus cothurnisy fc. efi ? i. e. Does he 
 write tragedies ? Martial. 3, 20, 7, 
 Varro Sophocleo non injiciande cothurnoy 
 not to be hindered from wearing the 
 Sophoclean bulkin, or from writing 
 tragedies, i. e. who cauft write them 
 well, /^A 5, 31, I. 
 
 Sophocles, a learned and eloquent 
 man of Agrigentum, Cic. Ver. 3, 88. 
 
 SOPHONISCA, the daughter of 
 Afdrubal and wife of Syphax, king of 
 Numidia ; a woman of uncommon 
 fpirit and beamy. Her father being 
 defeated by Scipio, and her huiband 
 made prlftnier, flie fell into the power 
 of MafinifTa ; who, moved by her en- 
 treaties, and captivated by her en- 
 gaging appearance, in order to prevent 
 her from falling into the hands of the 
 Romans, a favour which fhe earneftly 
 requeiled of him, married her. But 
 finding what he had done difapproved 
 of by Gcipio, .and having no other me- 
 thod of performing lui promife, he fcnt 
 her a cup of polfon, which fhe with 
 the gieateit fortitude and compoiure 
 drank, Zm 30, 12, — 15. 
 
 SoPOLis, a painter in the time of Ci- 
 cero, Cic. An. 4, 16. called alfo Sopy- 
 lus, Plin. 35, II. 
 
 SosiA, the name of a flave, Ter. And. 
 I, 1, 1. 
 
 SosiGENES, -/V, a learned Egyp- 
 tian aftronomer, by whofe affidance Ju- 
 lius Caefar reformed the Roman calen- 
 dar, Plin. 18, 25. ; (Vid. A. p.J,2().) 
 Sosii, eminent bookfeilers in the 
 time of Horace, Hor. Ep. I, 20, I. 
 Art. P. 345. 
 
 SosiLus, a Lacedaemonian, the 
 companion and indrudor of Hannibal 
 in the Greek language, who wrote the 
 liiftory of his wars, Nep. 22, 13. 
 
 C. Sosius, qaaeilor to M. Lepi- 
 dus, and afterwards praetor, Cic. Att. 
 
 8^ 6. SosiANU?, a name given to 
 
 Apollo, Plin. 13, 5. ct 36, 4 f. 4, 8. as 
 is fuppofed, becaufe his liatue was 
 bicught to Rome by C<. Sofi'JS. 
 
SOS [3^ 
 
 ^ 80s I us, a Roman eques, from Pi- 
 cenum, who burnt the regiitcr-office 
 at Rome, Ck. iV^ Z>. 3, 30. 
 
 So s p I T A, a name of Juno, C/V. Mtir. 
 41. N. D. I, 29. Div, I, 2. ; Ovid, 
 Fajl 2, 56. 
 
 SosTRATA, the name of a woman, 
 Ter, Heat. 4, r, 34, &c. 
 
 SosTRATUs, a Sicih'an, Ck. Verr. 
 
 3» 23. 
 
 Sosus, the name of a book, written 
 by the philofopher Antiochus, again It 
 Philo, Cu. Acad. 4, 4. 
 
 SoTADEs, -w, a native of Maronea, 
 ,in Crete [Creteiifs Maromtay Suidas), 
 the author of an obfcene poem, called 
 Phlyax or CiNAEDus, lb. Martial. 2, 
 86, 2. Hence vcrfcs of that kind 
 were called Satadei vel Sotadui, (c. ver- 
 fus^ which had this peculiarity, that the 
 words might alfo be read backwards, 
 ih. Add. ^ihcl'il. r, 8, 6. et 9, 4, 6, 
 & 9c.; Pl'm. Ep. ^, ^. Vid. Scall^er, 
 Poet. 2, 30. 
 
 SoTERicus Marches, a freed man, 
 i^Uhertinus homo), Cic. B alb. 25. 
 
 SoTiRA, a noted midwife, Pl'm. 2%, 
 
 1- 
 
 SPARTaCUS, a famous gladiator, 
 by birth a Thracian, who having bro- 
 ken forth from a fchool of gladiators 
 at Capua, with about 70 of his com- 
 panions, and having colletled a great 
 number of flavcs, carried on war a^ 
 galnll: the Romans for a cpnfiderable 
 time in Italy, with various fuccefs. At 
 lall he was cut off by L. Cralfus, when 
 praetor, with about 6o,oco of his fol- 
 lowers, L'lv. Ep'it. 95, & 96. ; Plutarch, 
 in Crajfa. He is called Spartacus'vagans, 
 becaufe he wandered overdifferent parts 
 of Italy, Hor. Od. 3, 14, 19. acer. Id. 
 Epod. 16, 5. Cicero puts Spartacus 
 for the moll bitter enemy, Phil. 4, 6. 
 and Lucan makes Pompey fay ot Cae- 
 ■far, Ut fundi caufa cadcreit qua Sparta- 
 ius hojlis, 2, 554. 
 
 Sphaerus, a Stole philofopher, 
 Ck. Tufc. 4, 24. 
 
 Speusippus, the filler's fon of Pla- 
 to, left by him, as it were, the heir of 
 the Academic philofophy, Cic. Acad. 
 1, 4. He difiered very little in his 
 
 t ] S T A 
 
 opinions from Ariftotle, Ck. Or. ii 
 18. 
 
 SPHINX, ■7igis, a poetic female 
 monfler, which infefted the territory 
 of Thebes, (G. 429). Ladant. in Stat: 
 Thfh. I, 66. et 2, 505. ; Senec. Phenjjf, 
 116. et Oedip. 92, &c. 
 
 SpiNTO, Znis, a Roman deity, pro- 
 perly a river, Cic. A^. Z>. 3, 20. 
 
 S? INT HER, i>. Spinier, .eris, a fir- 
 name of the Lentuli, Cic. 
 
 Spongia, a fiftitiaus name of one 
 of the judges v/ho acquitted Clodius, 
 Cic. Alt. 1,16. 
 
 Sporu5, a bafe favourite of Nero^ 
 Suet. N. 2^. 
 
 SPURINNA, an harttfpex, who af- 
 ter infpedting the entrails of a vid:im, 
 wh'ch Cael\u- offered a Httle before his 
 death, Cic. Dlv. i, 52. warned him ta 
 beware of the ides of March ; and oa 
 that day, as Caefar was going to the 
 fenate-houfe, happening to meet Spu- 
 rinna, he 'faid to him by way of ridi- 
 cule, that the ides were come without 
 any hurt ; < Yes, faid Spurinna, but 
 they are not pall j' and in a few mi- 
 nutes after Caefar was killed in the fe- 
 nate-houfe by the confpirators. Suet. 
 Caef. 81. ; Dio, 44, 18. ; Apfian. B. C. 
 2. p. 522,5c 525. 
 
 S 1- u R 1 u s , a Roman praeiwmtn, 
 
 C. STALENUS,a fenator, Cic. Cltient. 
 7, & 24. condemned for having been 
 concerned in bribing a jury> ib. et Br. 
 
 Staph yLus, the fon of Sithenus, 
 who is faid to have firil taught the me- 
 thod of mixing v/ine with water, Plim 
 
 L. Statilu'S, a Roman eques, an 
 accomplice in the confprracy of Cati* 
 line, Cic. Cat. 3, 3, & 6. ; Sallujl. Cat, 
 17. who was fei'/ed with the ambaffa- 
 dors of the Allobroges, ib. 44, 46^ 47^ 
 and put to death, ib. ^^. 
 
 Statilius Taurus, one of the chief 
 friends of Augullus, Paterc. 2, 127. 
 the fame probably who is mentioned, 
 Cic. Att. 12, 13, --C 14. He carried on 
 feveral wars with iuccefs, Vid. Dio. et 
 Appian. 
 
 StatIra, the daughter of Darius, 
 3 A 3 riiarried 
 
S T A 
 
 [ 37» 1 
 
 S T E 
 
 married by Alexander, Jujlin. ii, lo. 
 and cifter his death, cruelly murdered 
 by Roxana, Plutarch, in j^fkxandro, f. 
 
 Statius, anciently a name peculiar 
 to flaves, but afterwards a firname of 
 citizens, Gell. 4, 20. 
 
 CneciUtis STATIUS, an old comic 
 poet, called Statius, as having been 
 originally a flave, GcU. ib. called fim- 
 ply Statius by Cicero, Or. 2, 64. 
 
 P. Papinhis STATIUS, a poet, 
 born at Naples, highly refped-ted by the 
 emperor Domitian. He wrote mifcel- 
 laneour. poemi' called Silvae, in five 
 books ; the Thebais, -Id'is^ a kind of 
 epic poem, in twelve books ; and the 
 Achilleis, an unfiniihed poem in two 
 books : all of which are {lill extant. 
 Statius was contemporary with Mar- 
 tial and Juvenal. Martial never men- 
 tions him, from what caufe is uncer- 
 tain. Juvenal fpeaks of the eagerncfs 
 with which the people auembled to 
 bear l^tatius recite his Thebaid ; but 
 adds, that notwithflanding this mark 
 of public jipprobation, he muft have 
 ftarved if he had not fold a new play, 
 ■which he had written on the fubjedt of 
 Aga'vei to Paris, the favourite of Do- 
 mitian, 7, 82. 
 
 L. STATIUS Muvcus, a Roman, 
 who, after his praetorfliip, command- 
 ed an army in Afia, which, according 
 to the order of the fenate, ifcer the 
 death of Cat far, Cic. Ph'iL 1 [, 12. he 
 refigned to Caflkis, Veil, 2, 69. Be- 
 ing afterwards made commander of the 
 fleet by Caffius, he, on the fame day 
 <:n wlu'ch the battle of Philippi was 
 
 fought, defeated, m a nav 
 
 al battle, 
 
 "Domitius Calvinus, who was bringing 
 large reinforcements^to Antony and 
 Caefar, Apinan, B. C. 656. And if 
 Brutus had not been forced by his 
 foldiers to fight a fecoud time, after 
 the death of CafTiiis, he might have 
 conquered Antony and Caefar by fa- 
 mine, ih. 660. After the death of 
 Brutus, Statius Murcus, with all his 
 forces, joined Sext. Pompey, Veil. 2, 
 72. who having by this afiiftance obli- 
 ged Caefar and Antony to conclude a 
 peace with him on honourable terms, 
 
 mod ungratefully, upon a groundlefs 
 accufation, put Statius Murcui to 
 death, ih. 77. ; Appian. ih. 5, />. 712. ; 
 Dioy 48, :9. and by the lofs of this 
 brave man accelerated his own deilruc- 
 tion, ih. 
 
 Stator, -onV, a name given to Ju- 
 piter, bccaufe he flopped (Jljlehat) the 
 flight of the Romans in a ba'-tlc with 
 the oabines, Liv. i, 12. et 10, 36. ; 
 Flor. I, I, 13. 
 
 Statorius, fent as an ambafTador 
 to Syphax by the Scipios, Liv. 24, 
 48.^/30, 28. 
 
 Aruntius Stella, a poet of noble 
 birth and opulent fortune, celebrated 
 by his contemporaries Statius and Mar- 
 tial, (5". "y. ) None of his works re- 
 main. 
 
 STENTOR, -c/vV, one of the Gre- 
 cian chiefs in the war againft Troy, 
 the found of whofe voice was fo un- 
 commonly loud, that it was equal to 
 the joint found of fifty others, Homer. 
 II. 5, 784. Hence, Tu mifer exclaiuciSy 
 ut Stentora vincere pojps, Juvenal. 13, 
 
 112. SrcKTOREA voXi vcry loud, 
 
 Armb. 
 
 Stkphanio, a writer or ador of 
 pantomimes, [mimus)^ who lived to a 
 great age, Plin. 7, 41. 
 
 L. Stertimus, a proconful in 
 Spain, Liv. 5 i, 50. whence he brought 
 great fpoils to Rome, 33, 27. 
 
 St^rtinius, a Stoic philofopher, 
 Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 33, oL 296. Ep. 1,12, 
 
 20. 
 
 Sterope, -es, one of the Pleiades^ 
 at whofe rifing the fea was fuppofed 
 to become tempctluous, Ovid. Trijl. i, 
 ic, 14. 
 
 Step.opes, -a, one of the Cyclops, 
 Virg. Aen. 8, 425. 
 
 Stesichorus, an illullrious lyric 
 poet, born at Himera, above 500 years 
 before Chrill, where there was a beau- 
 tiful flatue of him, Cic. Vcrr. 2, 35. 
 Stefichorus was highly efteemed by 
 the ancients, ^fuit totd Graecid fummo 
 propter ingenium honore el nomine), ib. 
 Quinftilian fays, that he excelled in 
 fupporting the dignity of his characters, 
 next to Homer, 10, i, 62. Henc« 
 Slefichorique 
 
S T H [ 373 1 
 
 Stefichonqne graves camenae, Hor. Od. named from 
 4, 9, 8. He wrote an invedllve againfl 
 Helena, on which account her brothers 
 Cailor and Pollux arc faid to have de- 
 prived him of fight ; but Steiiciiorus 
 having atoned for his fault by writing 
 a recantation, (pal'modia), and a poein 
 in her praife, his fight was rcftored, 
 Hor. Epod. 17, 42. &c. et ih'i Scbol'iaJ}. 
 All hib works, which Suidaa fays were 
 comprehended in 16 books, are now 
 loft, except a few fragments. 
 
 Stkenelus, the fon of Perfeus 
 and Andromeda, kingofArgos, {G. 
 
 397), one of the Graecian chiefs in the 
 
 I'rojan w'ar, Virg. 2, 261.; Hor. Od. 
 
 I, 13-, 4. et 4, 9, 20.- — ^-Si HiiN^fiLii- 
 
 lus hoJliSf i. e. Euryfthcus, the ion of 
 
 Stheuelus, the enemy of Hercules, 
 
 Ovhi. Ep. 9, 25. (G. 398.) Proks 
 
 Sthlneleia CycnuSf Ovid. Met. 2, 
 
 367- 
 
 Sthenius, a native of Thermae in 
 Sicily, (Thetmitanus), grofdly injured 
 by V'enes, Cic. Verr. 2, 34, — 48. ct 
 5, 42. 
 
 Sthenoboea, the w^ife of Proetus, 
 kingofArgos, who fell in love with 
 Belieroplion, Jnv, 10, 137. ; Hur. Od. 
 
 3> 7- (<^-393'), 
 
 Stilbo, v. Stilpo, -onus, a philo- 
 
 fopher, born atMegara, naturally prone 
 to drunkennefs and iewdnefs, but he 
 overcame thefe propenfities by reafon, 
 Cic. Fat. 5. Jcad. 4. 24. the praecep- 
 tor of Zeno, the founder of the Stoics, 
 Laert. 2, 1 13, &c. Having efcaped 
 from the flames of his native city, 
 when taken by the enemy» he was al'k- 
 cd by Demetrius PoliorcGles, if he had 
 loft any thing : ** No, fays he, for I 
 carry all my effects with me," [Omnia 
 mea mecum porto ) , Senec. Ep. 9. ; Lacrt.. 
 ib. 
 
 Stilico, v. StilIcho, -dnist the 
 general and father-in-law of the empe- 
 ror Hoaorius ; greatly celebrated by 
 Claudian : Vir^o Stiliconia, the 
 
 S U E 
 
 a portico at Athens, 
 {crox), where Zeno, their founder, 
 taught, (G. 291.) LiheUi Sioici, books 
 written by the Stoics, Hor. llpod. 8, 1 5. 
 Stolca dogmata, the maxims of the Sto- 
 ics, Juvenal. 13, 121. Sxoice, 
 
 adv. in the manner of the Stoics, Cic. 
 Pardigm. i, 1, Sec. Miiraen. 35.-— 
 StoicIda':, -arum, the fons of the 
 Stoics, i. c. the Stoics, (a kind of pa- 
 tronymic noun), Juvenal, 2, 65. 
 
 Sext. Stola, one of the judges iu 
 the caufe of Flaccus, Cic. Place. 2C. 
 
 Stolo, -onis, a , Roman firname, 
 Varr. R. R. lyZ.; Plln. 17, i, /?/ 27, 
 I ". 
 
 Strabo, -onisi a firname, original- 
 ly impofed on fome perfon from liis 
 having dillorted eyes, PUn. Ii. 37. 
 
 STRABO, an illuftrious Greek 
 geographer, born at Amafia in Pon- 
 tus, v/ho ilourKhed under Auguilus and 
 Tiberius. His excellent work on geo- 
 graphy, in 17 books, is (till extant. 
 
 Strato, -cnisy a native of Lampsfi- 
 cus, ihe fcholar of Theophr alius, Cic. 
 Acad, I, 9. who denied divine provi- 
 dence, Cic. Ih.^t 38. A^. D. I, 13. 
 
 Stratocles, -w, a Greek orator, 
 who is faid to have fabricated the fto- 
 ry of Themiftocles having poifoned 
 hlmfclf by drinking bull's blood, Cic. 
 Br. Ii. 
 
 Stratonici;, -esy the name of feve- 
 ral Afiatic queens. 
 
 Stratonicus, anative of Alaban- 
 da, famous for his witty anfvvers, Cic. 
 
 K. D. 3, 19. ; Athenae. 8, 8. ^f 2. 
 
 A rich Macedonian, to whom Piau- 
 tus is fuppofcd to allude, Rud. 4, 2, 
 27. 
 
 Stratorius, quaeflor or lieutenant 
 to Coruificins in Al'ilca, Cic. P'dm. 12, 
 
 daughter of Stilico, Claudis'ti de Nupt. 
 Hon. 177. 
 
 Stiphelus, one of the centaurs, 
 Ovid. Met. 12, ^5 9. 
 
 STOICI, a fed of philofophers, fo 
 
 'SuAD.A, the goddcfs of eloquence 
 and perfuafion, Lie. Brut. 15. called al- 
 fo Su^iDELii, Hor. Ep. I, 6, 38. 
 
 Suetonius Paulimuy governor of 
 Britain, who conqu^ired Boadiceii, Tac. 
 Ann. 14, 29, &c. 
 
 C. SUETONIUS Tranqiulltis, the 
 fon of Suetonius Lenis, an equcsy and 
 legionary tribune, Suet. 0th. lO. He 
 
 lived 
 
SUF [ 3 
 
 lived in the time of Trajan and Adrian, 
 and was private fecretary to the latter. 
 He was very intimate with the young- 
 er PHny, Plin, Ep. i, 24. who procu- 
 red for him from Trajan the Jus tr'iiim 
 Uherorumy ib. 10, 95, & 96. Ph'ny, in 
 his letter to the emperor, calls Sueto- 
 nius a man of great probity and learn- 
 ing, as well as of noble birth, {probif- 
 Jimum, honejltjfimum^ erud'it'iffimum vin/m)^ 
 ib. 95. The only works of Suetonius 
 now remaining are his hves of the 
 Twelve Caefars, and of a few gram- 
 marians and poets: 
 
 SuFFENus, a bad poet, but a great 
 admirer of his own works ; hence Ni- 
 mirwn idem omncs fall'iniur : neque ejl 
 quifquam, ^urm non in aliqiia re videre 
 Sujftiium Poffis. Suus cuique attrihuUis 
 eft error, Sed non 'videmus manticae quid 
 in tergo ej}, Catulh 2, 18. 
 
 Numerius Suffucius, a native of 
 Praenefte, who in confequence of a 
 dream is faid to have difcovered the 
 Series Praeneftinae, Cic. Div. 2, 41. 
 
 SULLA, feu Sylla, a fim^ime of 
 the gens Cornelia. 
 
 P. Cornelius Sulla, praefor a. u. 
 538, Liv. 25, 2. who lirll: celebrated 
 the Lndi jlppolUnaresy games \Vi ho- 
 nour of Apollo, i^. 12. He fcems to 
 have remained \\\ the city during the 
 time of his office, ib. 15, 19, 22. 
 
 L. Cornelius SULLA, of a patrici- 
 an ^^«j-, (gentis patricide i \. i, Cornchaejy 
 from a family aimoH: funk to obfcmicy, 
 (familid prope jam exiinctd), by the in- 
 activity of his ancertors, iallijlijug. 59. 
 there having bcren no one of ar»y reputa- 
 tion in it lince Cornelius Ruitlr.us, con- 
 lal in the war againfl Pyrrhus ; from 
 whom Sulla was fixth in deicent, Pa- 
 tera, 17. J Plutarch, in Syll. pr. (G. 
 234 f. 5.) Sulla was born to a very 
 Imail fortune, and fpent his youth in 
 profligate dilTipation. He had how- 
 ever Gainfully cultivated his mind by 
 Latin and Greek literature. His for- 
 tune was greatly increafed by a weal- 
 thy courtezan, called Nicopolis, v.'ho 
 left him her heir. Being made quaef- 
 tor, it fell to his lot to attend Marius, 
 the conful, to the war ac/ainil Jnour- 
 
 74 1 S U L 
 
 tha in Numidia, where, by his talents 
 and addrefs, he In a fhort time became 
 a great favourite with Marius and the 
 army, Salhiji. Jug. 96. Sulla (hared 
 with Marius the glory of finifhing 
 the war, by prevaih'ng on Bocchus''...^ 
 to deliver up Jugurtha to him, ib. % 
 113. and that device he caufcd to be 
 engraved on a ring, which he after- 
 wards always ufed in fealing his letters. 
 This offended Marius; who however 
 judging Sulla to be too inconfiderable 
 a perfon to merit his envy, ftill con- 
 tinued to employ him as one of his 
 lieutenants in his fecond confulihip, 
 and in his third made him a military 
 tribune. Li thefe polls Sulla perform- 
 ed feveral fignal fervices, which fo 
 muchraifed the jealoufy of Marius, that 
 he no longer afforded Sulla opportu- 
 nities of difplaying his abilities. Up- 
 on this Sulla applied himfelf to Catu- 
 lu3, the colleague of Marius in the 
 confulihip, a man of great worth, but 
 deficient in vigour and adlivity ; who 
 therefore, in affairs of difficulty, em- 
 ployed Sulla, whofe power and re- 
 putation by this means greatly increa- 
 fed, which exafperated Marius ftill the 
 more againft him. Hence arofe that 
 enmity betwixt Marius and Sulla, 
 which afterwards produced fuch cala- 
 mities to the Hate, and at laft termi- 
 nated in the extin6lion of Roman h- 
 btrty. 
 
 Sulla, at the expiration of his prae- 
 torfhip, a. u. 660, was fcnt into Afia, 
 under pretence of reitoring Ariobar- 
 zanes, king of Cappadocia, to his 
 throne, but in reality to check the 
 growing power of Mithridates. During 
 Lio itay on the banks of the Euphrates, 
 Orobazus, a Parthian, came to him in 
 quahty of ambaffador from king Arsa- 
 ces, to form a friendfhip and alliance 
 with the Roman people, the firft ap- 
 plicaiion that had ever been made by 
 the Parthians on that fubjecl. One of 
 the ambailador's retinue, from obferving 
 the countenance of Sulla, is faid to 
 have foretold that he fhould become 
 the greateft of men, Plutarch. 
 
 After the retuni of Suiia from Afia, 
 
 the 
 
S U L [3- 
 
 the Italic or Social war broke out in 
 Italy ; in which Sulla greatly dillin- 
 guifhed himfelf. He was made conful, 
 a. u. 665, in the fiftieth year of his 
 age, and the management of the war 
 againd Mithrid.ites decreed to him by 
 the fenate. But Marius envying him 
 tha command, by rac.ins of the tribune 
 P. -.ulpicius, got it transferred on him- 
 felf by an order of the people. Two 
 tribunes were difpatched to Nola, to 
 take the charge of Sulla's army, and 
 refign it to Marius. The folditrs, up- 
 on hearing what was intended, were 
 fo much exafperated, th^ft they ftoned 
 the tribunes to death ; to fuch a de- 
 gree had Sulla ingratiated himfelf with 
 his troops. Marius in revenge put the 
 friends of Sulla in the city to the 
 fword, and plundered their houfes. Up- 
 on this Sulla m.arched to Rome with 
 his army, and having vanquiihed all 
 oppofition, obliged Marius to fly from 
 the city. Sentence of death was paf- 
 fed on him, together with Sulpicius, 
 and fome others. Sulpicius being be- 
 trayed by a ilave, was executed. Sulla, 
 according to promile, granted to the 
 ilave his freedom for what he had done, 
 but immediately ordered him to be 
 thrown from the Tarpeian rock for 
 betraying his mailier. A price was fet 
 on the head of Marius, but lie made 
 his cfcape. V'uL Marius. Sulla, ha- 
 ving fettled matters in the city the bcfl 
 way he could, fct out againll Mithri- 
 dates, who had poffefTed himfelf of A- 
 fia Minor, and of great part of Mace- 
 donia and Greece. Sulla hrll laid fiege 
 to Athens, which was commanded by 
 Arillion, a native of the place, one of 
 the generals 6f Mithridates, who treat 
 ed the inhabitants with great cruelty. 
 The city was taken by aii'ault, and gi- 
 ven up to be plundered. 'Great num- 
 bers were flain. At lalt Sulla was pre- 
 vailed on to put a (lop to the maifa- 
 cre. On which making honourable 
 mention of the ancient Athenians, he 
 faidj " that he forgave the living for 
 the h ke of the dead.'' Some time af- 
 ter Sulla defeated the army of Mithri- 
 dates under Arehelaus ^nC\ Taxiles, 
 
 5 ] S U L 
 
 confiding of above 100,000 men, near 
 Cheronaca in Boeotia, with fuch llaaigh- 
 ter, that not above 10,000 are faid to 
 have efcaped. Not long after he de- 
 feated another army dill more nume- 
 rous, near Orchcmcnos. Sulla next 
 tranfported his forces into Alia, wliere 
 he permitted them to live on tlie inha- 
 bitants at free quarters, Plutarch, which 
 contributed greatly to flacken military 
 difclpilne, SalJuJl. Cat. 11. In the 
 mean time, being informed that the 
 party of his adverfaries had regained 
 the afcendency at Rome under Cinna, 
 and had flain a number of his friends, 
 ( VuL Ma-uus), he concluded a peace 
 with Mithridates on honourable terms, 
 and returned to Italy, after an abfence 
 of three years, with an army of about 
 60,000 men, a. u. 670. The forces of 
 his opponents were far more numerous. 
 Paterculus, who highly extols the perfe- 
 verance of Sulla, in fird humbling the 
 public enemy before he turned his arms 
 again d his domedic foes, fays, " that 
 he had only 30,000 againd 200,000,'* 
 2, 24. But Sulla, with wonderful 
 conducl and good fortune, vanquiihed 
 them alk The affiltance of Pompey 
 contributed greatly to his fuccefs, ( VuL 
 PoMPEius), whence Pompey is call- 
 ed Sullajws dux^ Liucan. 7, 367. and 
 Sulla is called his mader. Id. i, 326. 
 or teacher, ib. 335, 
 
 Sulla, upon his fird arrival, behaved 
 with lenity and moderation ; but ha- 
 ving completely fubdued his enemies, 
 he gratified his revenge with imexam- 
 pled cruelty. 
 
 Sulla was the fird who publifhed a 
 lid [tabula] of peifons whom he doom- 
 ed to dedru6tion, confifcating their 
 effecls, and promifing a price for their 
 heads; which was called a Proscrip- 
 tion, and was afterwards imitated by 
 the fecond triumvirate, Antony, X>e- 
 pidus, ar.d Odaviu?; or Augudus, who 
 are hence called his fcholars : thus, 
 ^uu caelum ttrr'is non m'lfceaty Cffr. In 
 tabulam Bullae Ji d'lcant dijcipuli ires, it 
 the three fcholars of Sulla Ihould fpeak 
 againd his profcription-table, Juvenal^ 
 2, 25, <Sc 28. Hence Sulla is called 
 
 cruenfusf 
 
S U L C 3' 
 
 erumttis^ bloody, Martial 1 1, 6, 9- trux, 
 Id. 0, 44, 10. and Noh'iihim fae'v'tjfmus, 
 
 TacrHilh 2, 38. {yv\, G. 240. ::L A. 
 
 198.) The various exsrr.pks of cruelty 
 which the inftruments ofliis vengeance 
 exercifed, are pathetically deicribed by 
 Lucan, 2, 139, — 222. He ordered 
 levcral thoufand Samnites and others 
 who had furrendered on a promife of 
 pardon, to be butchered in the Villa 
 PuU'ica, Livy, Ep'iU 88. and Fiorus, 3, 
 21. fay, 8000 ; Plutarch, 6cco ; Sene- 
 ca, 7000, de Clem. I, i ?. ; Val. Maxi- 
 mus fays, four legions, 9. 2, i. {Jlimi 
 jios Hefperiac, Lain jam foil jnwr.tus Con- 
 cidil, ct miferae macidavit ovUiii Romae^ 
 Lucan. 2, 196.) Sulla had ailcmbled 
 the fenate in the temple of }3eilo;ia, 
 and was juil beginning to make a 
 fpeech, when the maffacre commen- 
 ced. The fenators were ftruck with 
 horror upon hearing the dying groans , 
 of fo many wretched men. But Siilli, 
 with great indifference, bid them mind 
 their prefent bufmefs, and not concern 
 themfelves about: what was doin;; with- 
 out doora ; that the noifc which they 
 heard was occafioned by a few ofiend- 
 crs v/hom he had ordered to be punifii- 
 ed, Plutarch. {Hoc agamus, Pat res ('.cm- 
 fcr'ipti., fcdit'iofi paucul'i meojujfu occ'iduntur ^ 
 Senec. de Clem, i, 12.) He then con- 
 tinued his difcourfe with the fame com- 
 pofure of countenance with which he 
 had begun it, UmL 
 
 After the death of young Marius, 
 Sulla affumed the name of Felix or 
 Faustus, i. e. fortunate or lucky. 
 Hence H'ljne., Salvs rerum, Felix his 
 Sulla vqcari— meruit ? Did Sulla by 
 th.d:' ">TaiTacres deferve to be called the 
 8aviour of the ilate, and Fortunate-? 
 Lucan, 2, 22 1. And when his wife 
 Me.cila brought fn-th twins, a boy 
 ^nd gul, he called vl;e boy Faustus, 
 and the girl, Faust a. Sulla wrote 
 memoirs or commentaries concerning 
 his own life, which are often mention- 
 ed by Plutarch ; and called by Cicero, 
 Hijhriacjus, Div. i, 33. 
 
 Sulla caufcd himfelf to be made per- 
 petu;'! didVdtor ; and ena£ted a number 
 of laws concerning the regulation of 
 
 6 ] S IT L 
 
 the Hate, (Fid. J. 198.) After he 
 had ruled with abiolute authority for 
 near three years, hcy to the ailoniili- 
 ment of all, refigned his power, and re- 
 tiring to his villa near Curnae (in Cu- 
 manufN,) notwithlfanding his numerous 
 murders, lived unmoleited till his death, 
 which was occalioned by the morbus 
 p.'dicularis, a. u 675, in the 6ift year of 
 his age. His funeral was celebrated 
 with great magnificence, though Le- 
 pidus the conful and others wilhcd to 
 hinder it. His body was burnt in 
 the Campus Martius-, where a monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory. He 
 was'the firlt of the'^-^wx Cornelia whofe 
 
 o 
 
 body was burnt, Plin, 7, 54. vvhi^h was 
 done at his own defire, left his remains 
 fhould afterwards be dug up and dilfi- 
 pated, as he did thofe of Marius, Cic, 
 Leg. 2,22.; Val, Pvlax. 9,2, i. 
 
 Sulla fcems never to have thought 
 of entirely fubverting the conftitution 
 of his country, or of perpetuating his 
 power in his own family. His great 
 objecl leems to have been to revenge 
 himfelf on his enemies, and to cruHi 
 the popular party ; {Nee plus victoria 
 Sullae Praejlltiti invlfas penitus auam loU 
 lere partes i TiUcan. 2, 229. Non domina' 
 t'lonis causa Syllum arma funifjje^ argumen- 
 tum ejl diBatura depofita, Quinctii. 5, 
 10,72.) When he difmilfed his iic- 
 tors in the forum, and went home as a 
 private perfon, no one offered him the 
 leait infult, except one yoiuig man, 
 who followed him home, throwing out 
 again (I him all the way abufive lan- 
 guage ; in anfvver to which Sulla is re- 
 ported to have only faid, " This young 
 man will prevent any one hereafter 
 from fpontaneoully religning fo great 
 power,'' Appian. B. C. r, 415. which 
 was verified in Juhus Caefar, ii>. who 
 ufed to fay, *' That it difcovered great 
 ignorance in Sylia to lay dov^^n the dic- 
 tator Ihip ; (Syllam littcras nefciv'iJJ'e^ qui 
 d'lclaturam depofuifftt ) y Suet. Caef. 77. 
 Sylla brought from Athens the library 
 of Apellicon, in which were the works 
 of Ariflotle and Theophraftus, Strah. 
 1 3. /i. 609 ; Plutarch, in Sylla ; Laert, 
 in Theophrajio; Athzn, 3. p, 214 — 
 
 iSULLANi 
 
S U L 
 
 SuLLANi milkesj the foldiers of Sulla, 
 Sallujl. Cat, \6. ^uUanuin ferrumy the 
 f word of Sulla, Lucan. i, 350. Sullanae 
 cadavera pacts, the carcafes of thofe 
 whom Sulla flew after his vidory, or 
 when he had obtained peace, Id. 2, 
 171. ^o Sudan a cadaver a, i. e. eorum 
 qui caefi funt a Suda, ib. 220. ji&aque 
 laur'iferae damnat Sidlana juventae, i. e. 
 Pompeius condemns the actions of his 
 triujnphant youth under Sulla, Id. 8, 
 25". Sudani manes f life, the manes of 
 Sulla appearing to rife from his tomb 
 in the middle of the Campus Martius, 
 uttered difmal preditllons, Id. i, 581. 
 Nos Sudanas in invidiam ra^^it, he ex- 
 pofes me to odium as a favourer of 
 the party of the nobility, like Sulla, 
 CiC. Rud. 3, 2. SuUano more exemploque 
 vincef, Pompey, if he conquer, will 
 imitate Sulla, Cic. y^tt. 10, 7. Hie dies 
 Sudanusy the day on which Sulla for- 
 ced Marius to leave the city, iL 8. 
 
 SuLLATURiT animus ejus, the mind of 
 Pompey defires to imitate Sulla, ib. 8. ; 
 ^in8d. 8, 3, 32. et 8, 6, 32. 
 
 Faujlus Cornelius SULLA, the fon 
 of the diclator, who exhibited a fliew 
 of gladiators in honour of his father, 
 feveral years after his death, a. u. 692 ; 
 on whicb> occafion he gave a magnifi- 
 cent entertainment to the people, Cic. 
 Vatin. 13.; Plin. 19, 1. He fided with 
 Pompey in the civil war ; and after the 
 battle of Pharfalia joined Cato in A- 
 frica. After the battle of Thapfus 
 be was put to death, Liv. Epit. £ 14. 
 
 P. SULLA, a kinfman of L. Sul- 
 la, the didtator, chofen conful with P. 
 Autronius, but before he entered on 
 his office, was condemned for bribery, 
 Sadujl. Cat. 18. He was afterwards 
 accufcd of having been concerned in 
 the confpiracy of Catiline ; but being 
 defended by Horteniius and Cicero, he 
 was acquitted. He lided with Caeiar 
 in the civil war, and commanded his 
 right wing in the battle of Pharfalia, 
 Caef. B. C. 3, 89. After his return 
 to Rome, bting made city quaeilor, he 
 fuperintended the public fale of the 
 goods of thofe whofe effeds Caeiar 
 had confifcated j as he had ihivty-fix 
 
 [ 377 3 
 
 S U L 
 
 years before been employed as a clerk 
 (fcriba) i\\ felling the forfeited eftates 
 of thofe profcribed by Sulla, Cic. Off, 
 2, 8. Hence Cicero, in fpeaking con- 
 temptuoufly of his death, whether 
 caufed by robbers or by indigeftion, 
 fays, " That there was caufe to ap- 
 prehend left the public fales or audions 
 of Caefar fhould not go on fo briflcly» 
 after the lofs of fo notable an audion- 
 eer,"( wrifor, ne hajla Caefaris refrixerit,) 
 Cic. Fam. 9, 10. et 15, 17. 
 
 Serv. SULLA, the brother of Pub- 
 lius, a fenator, and an aflbciate in the 
 confpiracy of Catiline, Cic.Sud. 2, 
 
 C. SULPICIUS Gadusy a noble 
 Roman flcilled in Greek literature, and 
 eloquent, Cic. Off. i, 53. Brut. 20. 
 fond of ailiology, and an adept in it, 
 Cic. Off. I, 6. Sen. 16. made praetor, 
 3.581, Liv. Epit. II, 6c 15. After- 
 wards, when a military tribune in the 
 army of Paulus AemiHus, he foretold 
 an eclipfe of the moon, the night be- 
 fore the battle was fought in which 
 Perfeus king of Macedonia was de- 
 feated, Liv. 44, 37. ( Fid. G, 22.) He 
 was made conful with M. Claudius 
 Marcellus, a. 687, Liv. 45, 44. 
 
 P, SULPICIUS Rufus, tribune 
 a. 665, Cic. Har. Refp. 19. pofTeffed of 
 great powers as an orator, ih. He gain- 
 ed popularity by oppoling C. Julius 
 Caeiar, who defu-ed to be made conful 
 contray to the laws, ib. 20. et Brut. 63. 
 that is, before he had been praetor, Plu- 
 tarch in Sulla. His attempt to trans- 
 fer the command of the Mithridatic 
 war from Sulla, brought deftrudion 
 on himicii*, and finally on his country, 
 p^id. Sulla & Marius. 
 
 Serv. SuLPicius, conful, Liv. ^, 10. 
 one of the ambaiTadors lent to Athens 
 to examine the laws of that republic, 
 Liv. 3, 31. After his return he was 
 chofen one of the Dece?nvtri, ib. 33. 
 
 Serv. SULPICIUS Rufus, ^ F- 
 the fon of an eques, Cic. Mur. 7. call- 
 ed Lemonia, from the name of his tribe, 
 Cic. Phil 9, 7. remarkable for his 
 knowledge of the civil law, Cic. l\\ur. 7. 
 He was the competitor of Murena for 
 the confuliliip, and being difappointed, 
 3 B acculc'i 
 
S U M 
 
 C 378 ] 
 
 T A C 
 
 ^tciriifed him of bribery ; but without 
 fiiccefs, Ck. Mur.i, Flacr. 13. He was 
 afterwards conful with M. Marcellus, 
 a. u. 702, Cic. Farn, 8, 6. He was 
 appointed proconful of Achaia by Ju- 
 lius Caefar, iK 4, 3, & 4. whence he 
 wrote a beautiful confolatory letter to 
 Cicero upon the death of his daughter 
 Tullia, ih. 5. He in the fame year, 
 •a. 708, fent Cicero an account of the 
 jimrder of his colleag-ue in the confu- 
 late, M. Marcellus, 'ih. 12. Sulpicius 
 being fent on an embaffy to Antony, 
 -then befieging Mutina, died on the 
 
 way, Ctc. Phil. 9, i. A llatue 
 
 •was erevSted to him in the Rojfra, and 
 other honovirs decreed by the fenate to 
 his memory ; according to the opinion 
 of Cicero, lb. 7. 
 
 Sum MAN us, a deity, whofe imao-e 
 was placed on \\nt faji'igium of the tem- 
 ple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Cic. Div. \ , 
 10. Ovid profell'es himfelf ignorant 
 w^hat this deity is, FajL 6, 731. Pliny 
 fays that nocturnal lightnings were 
 attributed to him, 2, 52. So Sanrl. 
 Aiigiijlin. 4) 23. 
 
 SuKA, the name of a freed m.an, Cic. 
 
 Fam.^^ IC. <|[7.. A lirname given to 
 
 Lentulus, one of the chief accomplices 
 in Catiline's confpiracy ; becaufe when 
 quaeftor under Sulla, having fquander- 
 ed a large fum of the public money, 
 and being required by Sulla to give an 
 account of it, Lentulus with great in- 
 difference told him, '* That he had no 
 account to give ; but that he prefent- 
 cd to him the calf of his leg/' (fura)i 
 as boys uftd to do when they milled 
 their llroke in" playing at tennis, Plu- 
 tarch in Cic.f\S6g, 
 
 SuREN^A, a general of the Partliians, 
 Tdc. Ann. 6, 42. 
 
 SVLLA ei SVLLANUS. VliL Suf.LA. 
 
 SvLLus, a P)'thagoi-ean, C'lc. N. D. 
 I, 34. — <f[ 2. A general of the Cre- 
 tans, Liv. 42, 51. 
 
 kSYLVAXU-.. FiiL SiT.VAWU'-. 
 
 Rhea SvLVTA, a name of Ilia, the 
 mother of Komulus, Liv. i, 3. [G. 
 192.) 
 
 Sylvivs, a fon of Afcanuis, the fe- 
 cond king of Alba, Liv. 1, 3. 
 
 Faft. 6, 769. ; Propert. 5, i r, ^9. king 
 of Numidia, firft the ally of the Romans, 
 Ltv. 24, 28. 27, 4. 28, 17, & 18. but 
 having married Sophonifba, the daugh- 
 ter of Afdrubal, he renounced the 
 friendfliip of the Romans, and joined 
 the Carthaginians, Liv, 29, 23. Be- 
 ing vanqu idled by Scipio and Mafinif- 
 fa, he was taken prifonei^, Liv. 30, 5, 
 & 1 I. and carried to Italy by Laelius, 
 0). 17. where he died at Tibur, iL 4^. 
 
 SYRUS, the name of a flave in Te- 
 rence. So Cic. An. 12, 22. A number 
 of Haves were brought to Rome from 
 
 Syria ; 
 2, (J^, 
 
 whence Syri venalf.s, Cic. Or 
 
 svriiAx 
 
 , -aciSy 
 
 ■d 
 
 ■ iiClSi 
 
 Cvld. 
 
 Tacfarinas, atisy a 
 who had ferved in the army of the Ro- 
 mans, and afterwards carried on war 
 again il them with great auimofity, 
 Tacit, Ann, 2, 52. At laft being de- 
 feated by Dolobella, he ruflied on the 
 weapons of his enemies, and was flain, 
 ib. 4, 23. 
 
 L. Cornelius TACiTUS, a celebra- 
 ted Roman hiiliorian ; born towards the 
 latter end of the reign of Claudius, or 
 in the beginning of the reign of Nero ; 
 not of the Patrician gens Cornelia^ but 
 of one lefs illullrious. Ta^tus owed 
 his firll; preferment to Vefpafian ; his 
 digm'ty was encreafed by Titus, and 
 farther promoted by Domitian, Tac. 
 Hi/}, 1, I. Under Nerva, he was raifed 
 to the confulfhip, PUn. 2, i. and is 
 thought to have been the firft of his 
 family who enjoyed that honour. Ta- 
 citus lived in the moit intimate friend- 
 fliip with the younger Pliny. PUn, Ep, 
 1,6, & 2c; 4, 13, & 15: 6, 9, 16, & 2C: 
 7, 20, & 33 : 8, 7 : 9, 10, 14, & 25. 
 He married the daughter of Agrlcola, 
 the conqueror of Britain ; whofe life he 
 has written, Tac. Agr, 9. Tacitus em- 
 ployed the time of his manhood in the 
 bulinefs of the Forum, and in difcharg- 
 ing the duties of the different oflices 
 which he enjoyed. It was in the lat- 
 ter part of life that he applied himfelf 
 to the compofition of hillcry, in the 
 time of Trajan, when, as he expreffes 
 it, ont might think what he pleafed, 
 
 and. 
 
TAG [ 379 1 
 
 and Gxprefs what he thought, (rara quinius 
 
 iemponim fdicitaie^ ithi fcnhre quae velis, 
 ef quae fcntias dicere licet.) Hi(l. i, i. Of 
 his hiftory, which was pubh'flied firlt, 
 only the firft four books remain, and 
 part of the fifth : of the annals, part 
 of the fifth book, containing three 
 years of Tiberius ; the feventh, eighth, 
 ninth, and tenth books, together with 
 the beginning of the eleventh, contain- 
 ing the whole four years of Caligula, 
 and the fix firfl: of Claudius, have pe- 
 rifhed ; alfo a part of the fixteenth 
 book, containing the two lafl years of 
 Nero. The time of the death of Ta- 
 citus, as well as of his birth, is uncer- 
 tain. The emperor Tacitus ordered 
 the works i)f this hiilorian, whom he 
 claimed as his progenitor, to be placed 
 in all the public libraries, and ten co- 
 pies of them to be tranfcribed every 
 year, Voplfc. hi vit. Tac, 
 
 P. I'adiu?, a trader at Athens, 
 Cic. Verr. i, 39. afterwards one of 
 Verres's lieutenants in Sicily, ih. 5, 25. 
 .^. T.^Dius, a relation of Verres, and 
 a witnefs againft him, Ck. Verr, 1, 49. 
 Tagcs, -/V, a young man who is 
 faid to have fprung from a field near 
 Tarquinn while it was plougln'ng, and 
 to have firll inltruftcd the Tufcans in 
 the arc of augury, Cic. Div. 2, 23. ; 
 Ovid, Met. 15,558. 
 
 Tagus, a Rutulian flain by Nifus, 
 Firg, Aen. 9, 418. 
 
 Talassio. Vid, Thalassio. 
 Talaus, the father of EriphTle ; 
 whence Amphiaraus, her hufband, is 
 called Talai generi Ovid, in Ibin, 356. 
 
 Talxa, a name, probably fiftitious, 
 of one of the judges in the trial of 
 Clodius for having violated the rites of 
 the Bona Dea, Cic. Alt. i, 6. 
 
 Talna, v. Thalna^ a philologilt, who 
 an<;ed Cornificia, the daughter of Q^ 
 Cornificius, in marriage, but was re- 
 jected by her female relations on ac- 
 count of the fmallnefs of his fortune, 
 Cic. Att. 13, 29. 
 
 Talno! 
 
 Rutulian flain 
 
 by Aeneas, Virg. Aen. 12, 513. 
 
 Tanai?^, ace. -;w, another Rutulian 
 ilain by Aeneas, ih. 
 TANaQIUL, -r//^, the wife of Tar- 
 
 TAN 
 
 ifcus, flvilled \w auguiy ; 
 who determined lier hufband to re- 
 move from Tarquinii to Rome, Liv, i> 
 34.6"//. 13, 818. (G. 199.) — Tariaqn'd 
 tua, your wife, Juvenal. 6, 566. ; Ju- 
 fon. EpiJ}. 2^, %\. 
 
 Tantalus, the fon of Jupiter 
 and king of Phrygfa, the father of Pe- 
 lops ; faid to have been the only pcrfon 
 admitted to the tables of the gods, 0-vid. 
 Met. 6, 172. ; hence called Peloplf gem- 
 tnry Convlva deorumy Horat. Od. I, 
 28, 7. Having abufed this honour by 
 divulging the fecrets of the gods, 
 (whence he is called infidusy Hor. 
 Epod. 18, \7^. fallaxy Stat. Theb. i, 
 247. prcditory Ovid. Am. 3, 12, 30. 
 vulgatory ib. 3, 7, 51. and garrulus, 
 Ovid. Art. A. 2, 606. Add. Met. 6, 
 213.) he was puniflied in the infernal 
 regions with perpetual thirfl, which he 
 could not quench, though he flood up 
 to the chin in water, Cic. Tufc. i, 5, 
 the flream always flying from his lips 
 when he tried to catch it, Hor. Sat. 
 
 1, I, 68. He was alfo tortured with 
 conftant hunger, though the moll de- 
 licious fruits were hanging on a tree 
 within his reach ; but when he at- 
 tempted to feize them, a blafl of wind 
 drove them from him, Ovid. Met. 4, 
 45^' ^aerit aquas in aquisy et poma 
 
 fugacia capiat Tantalus y Id. Amor. 2, 
 
 2, 43. But this puiiiihment is com- 
 monly afcribed to a different caufe. 
 Tantalus having invited the gods to an 
 entertainment, in order to try their di- 
 vinity, killed his fon Pelops, and caufed 
 him to be drefled and fet before them. 
 They all abllained from the horrid 
 food, except Ceres, who ate one of his 
 fhoulders. Jupiter rellored the boy to 
 life, and Ceres gave him an ivoiy 
 fhouider in place of that which fhe had 
 eaten, Serv. in Virg. G. 3, 7. ; Ovid. 
 Met. 6, 410*. 
 
 Tanusius 
 
 * T/vntalides, -ae^ Pelnps, the fon of 
 Tantalus, (Wid. Ep. 17,54. TantaliJes ebur* 
 fnii, i. e. Pelops having an ivory fhouldtr, 
 OviJ, Triji. 2, 385. Fratres Tantalidae, Aga- 
 memnon and Menelaus, the grandfons of 
 Tantalus, IJ. Fajh 2, 627, Tantalides omnes 
 ipfufuqai regcbat Jc/jitUw, i. e. Agamemnon, 
 
TAN t J? 
 
 Tanusius Geminus, a Roman hifto 
 rian, Suet. Caef. 9. Seneca mentions 
 his annals, Ep, 93. 
 
 Tar AS -antls, the fon of Neptune ; 
 the founder of Tarentum, Paufan. 10, 
 IC.(G. 166.) 
 
 Tarcho, -o«/V, v. 'Oniis, a Tufcan 
 chief, Virg. Aen. 8, 603. the ally of 
 ^eneas, tb. 11, 727, &c. 
 
 Tarcondimotl's, a petty prince of 
 Cihcia, whom Cicero, found faithful to 
 the Romans, Ck. Fam. 15, i. 
 
 Sp. Melius TARPA, one of the five 
 judges appointed by Auguftus to de- 
 termine the merit of poetical compofi- 
 tions, Hor. Sat. i, 10, 38. ; ^'irL P. 
 387. et ill Scholiafl. 
 
 TARPEIA,''(3 fyU.) the daughter 
 of Sp. Tarpeius who is faid to have 
 betrayed the Capitol, which her father 
 commanded, to the Sabines in the time 
 of Romulus, JL'tv. I, II. From her 
 the Capitoline hill was fuppofcd to have 
 been called Mons Tarpeius y Varr. I . L. 
 4, 7. and a fteep rock on the fide of it, 
 from whicii criminals ufed tobe thrown, 
 Rupes Tarpela-i ib. et Lucan. i, 196. 
 
 TARQUiNIUS, the name of the 
 fifth and of the feventh king of Rome, 
 ( Tarqvimi reges^'wg, Aen. 6, 8 1 7.) de- 
 rived from Tarquinii^ alown of Tufcany, 
 ■whence the liril Tarquin removed to 
 Romt, ( Fid. G. 199, 207.) The name 
 of Tarquin became fo odious on account 
 of the tyranny of the lall king, Oind. 
 Fojl. 2, 687, — 853. that L. Tarquinius 
 Collatlnus, one of the two firft confuls, 
 gnd all of that family, ( Tarquiniagens)) 
 ^vcre baniflied, Ziv. 2, 2. 
 
 Ovid. JSp. o, 45. So Met. 12, 626, Refphe 
 Tantaliaer ; eadcm Dea vtla ienehut, regard 
 Agamcmno . i. e. remember whut happcntd 
 to him, for i ilendtng Diana : fhe cletain.-d 
 hi^ fhipsat Aulis, Oi/iV /"(z/;, 5, 307. (0,406) 
 Non egc Tertal'de 7najor-, than A^amen;no!), 
 Id. Am- 2, S, 13. Tantulides tufts, may you 
 be cu-t in pieces, and ferved up, as Pelops 
 va?s Oi>id. in Jiin, 436. ^fanioiidss rtdux, 
 
 i, e. M iielaus, Ovid. Pont. 4, 16,26. 
 
 Tani ALis. -iJis^ tlic oaugh'Cr of Tantalus, 
 i. e. Niobe, Ovid. Met. 6, 2 jr. T'ar.taiides 
 ptatres, matrons defcended from Tancalu^-, 
 O'vrd. Et> 3» ^* -^^^ ''g'i Tuntalidae Tantalis 
 uxor I'ro, I (Hermione) defcendcd from Tan- 
 falus, fliajl be the wife of (Orcftes) a dc 
 (pendajit of Tantalus, iii. i2,z. 
 
 o 3 T A U 
 
 jL. Tarquinius, a witnefs who gave 
 information concerning the confpira- 
 cy of Catiline ; and accufed Craffus, 
 Sallujl, Cat. 48. Some read here Tar- 
 quitius ; becaufe the name of Tarqui- 
 nius was prohibited after the cxpuliioa 
 of the kings. 
 
 L. Tarqjjitius, of patrician extrac- 
 tion, mailer of horfe, Li'v. 3, 27. 
 
 Tarquitius, one who wrote con- 
 cerning the Tofcan art of augury, 
 Plin. in Catol. Aiictor. 1. 2. fuppofed by 
 fome to be the fame with the perfou 
 mentioned by Cicero, Alt. 6, 8. 
 
 Tarquitus, a Rutulian, the fon of 
 Faunus and Dryope, (lain by Aeneas, 
 Virg. Aen. 10, 551, &:c. 
 
 //. Tarutius Firmanw, an inti- 
 mate acquaintance of Cicero's, ikilled 
 in divination, particularly in the Chal- 
 dean calculations, ( Chaldaicis rationilus,) 
 Cic. Div. 2, 47. 
 
 Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, 
 who made war on the Romans, for ha- 
 ving carried off" the Sabine women 
 from the Circenfian games, Liv. i, 9, 
 & II.; Virg. Aen. 8, 635, &c. The 
 hoflile armies of both nations being 
 prevented from engaging by the inter- 
 pofition of the women, a peace was 
 concluded, and Tatius afTociated with 
 Romulus in the regal power, [regnum 
 Lonfociant, they agree to reign jointly), 
 Liv. ',13. Some years after, Tatiu3 
 was fiain in an infurreclion at Lavini- 
 um, ib. 14, From him one of the firlt 
 three tribes and of the three centuries of 
 Eqiiiies were called Tatienses, ib. i, 
 13, & 36. 10, 6, (G. 194.) 
 
 Jubellius TAUREA, an illuflrious 
 warrior of Capua, who joined in the 
 revolt from the Romans to Annibal, 
 Liv. 23, 8, & 46. While he ferved in 
 the Roman army, he v/as efteemed the 
 braved horfeman in it, except Claudius 
 Afellus, with whom he afterwards en- 
 gaged in fingle combat, but by a ftra- 
 tagem deferted the field, ib. 47. Af- 
 ter Capua was taken by the Romans 
 he ftabbed himfelf, Liv. 26, 15. 
 
 1'auriscus, a player, who, asTheo- 
 phraftus fays, ufcd to call an aclor 
 backward or foohili, {^a,vcrjus, fc. a ra- 
 tions 
 
T A U r 38 
 
 i'ione et con/illo), \vho, while reciting, 
 iifed to have his eyes fixed on feme- 
 thing, Cic. Or. 3, 59. 
 
 Taukus, a young Cretan nobleman, 
 with whom Pafiphae, the queen of Mi- 
 nos, had an intrigue, which is fuppo- 
 fed to have given rife to the (lory of 
 her falling In love with a bull, (iauruSi 
 
 G- 374;) 
 
 • Slaliliiis Tavrvs. ^-^/V/. St ATI LI us. 
 
 TAycETE, -esf ont oi the Pit i a des, 
 Virg. G. 4, 232. 
 
 Taxiles, -isf a general of Mithrl- 
 dates, Plutarch, in Sylla. 
 
 Tecmessa, the mlftrefs of Ajax, 
 Hor. Ods 2,4, 6. the daughter of Teu- 
 thras, a prince of Phrygia, whom A- 
 jax flew, and became enamoured of his 
 captive daughter, D'lSlys Crstenjis. She 
 is reprefented as fad or melancholy, 0- 
 i)id. Art. Am. 3, 5 I 7, & 523. 
 
 TeLaMON, v. -0, -dnis^ the fon 
 of Aeacus, and father of Ajax, ( G. 
 385, & 450.), who is hence called Te- 
 lamone creatus, Ovid. Met. 12, 624. 
 ThlAmoni Ades, -aCi lb. 13, 231. 
 
 TtLAMONIUS, ib. 194, 266, 321, &C. 
 
 Telchius, one of the charioteers 
 of Caftor and Pollux, Plin. 6, 5. 
 
 Teleboas, -ae., a centaur, flala by 
 Neilor, Ovid. Met. 12, 441. 
 
 Tele^onus, the fon of UlyiTcs 
 and Circe, who, through millaks, flew 
 his father, Ovid. Fq/I. 1, i, i86. He 
 founded the city Tufculum, which, 
 from Its lofty iituatlon, and from hlin, 
 is called Telegoni juga parricldaty Hor. 
 Od. 3, 29, 8. (G. 186, & 458.) 
 
 TELEMaCHUS, the ion of U- 
 lyiTes and Penelope, (proles pntietit is U- 
 lyjfeiy Hor. Ep. 1,7, 40. PcndopenSy 
 Catull. 59, 229.; G.457.) 
 
 Telemus, the fon or Eurymus, 
 (£ury?mdes)y flcilled In augury, who 
 foretold to Polyphemus what he was to 
 fuffer from Ulylfes, Ovid. Met. 13, 77c. 
 
 Telephus, the fon of Hercules 
 and Auge, king of Myfia, who oppo» 
 fmg the paffage of the Greeks through 
 his country, v/as wouncled by Achilks. 
 But a peace being made, Achilles af- 
 terwards cured him, by fcraping fome 
 rud from his fpear on the wound, or 
 \iy means cf an herb; called from that 
 
 f 1 T E R 
 
 circumflance Telephion, (G. 447.). In 
 return for this Telephus granted the 
 Greeks a paffage through his country, 
 and pointed out their way, Cic. Place, 
 29. 
 
 Pontius Tele SINUS, a general of 
 the Samnites in the Marian party, who 
 led his army to the Colline gate of 
 Rome, where he maintained a long and 
 doubtful combat with Sulla. At lafl 
 he was defeated and (lain. Moil of 
 his followers were cut to piece?. This 
 vlilory decided the fate of the war. 
 Sulla therefore ever after celebrated 
 the annlverfary of It with games In the 
 Circus, Pat ere. 2, 27. 
 
 TELLUS, -uris., the goddefs of the 
 earth, Cic. N. D. 3» 20. and wife of 
 Coelus or Heaven, Apollodor. I. Ad 
 Te/luris, (c. aedem, Cic. ^ Fr. 3, i, 
 4. — often put for the earth, Serv. ad 
 Firg. A en. I, 175. 
 
 T E L X 1 o p E , V. Thelxitipe, on e of the 
 firfl: four Mufes, different from the 
 nine, Cic» TV. Z). 3, 21. 
 
 Tenes, 'is, the founder of Tene- 
 dos, and worfhipped by the Inhabitants 
 as a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 15. Ferr, I, 
 19. 
 
 (7. Te REN TILL A Arjdy 3 trlbunc, a. 
 u. 292, who propofed a law, called af- 
 ter his own name Lex TEREKTiLLAf 
 " That five men fhould be created for 
 drawing up regulations to limit the 
 confular autliorliy,'* [legihus de imperio 
 conjulari fcribendis)y EIv. 3, 9. which 
 the Patricians oppofed with the utmofl 
 violence, ih. 1 1, &c. 
 
 TERENTIUS, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens, conlifting of various branches 
 ov famdiae. 
 
 l\ TERENTIUS Afer, a celebra- 
 ted conn'c poet, who, when a boy, was 
 brought to Rome from Africa as a 
 ilave, whence he was called Afer, the 
 African. He got the name of P. Te- 
 rentlus, from his mafter P. Teren- 
 Tius Lucanusy who, op account of 
 the excellent genius of Terence, can- 
 fed him to be educated with great care, 
 and then manumitted him. Terence 
 lived In great intimacy with Scipio A- 
 f^icanui and Ladius, who were thought 
 
 tQ 
 
T E R [ 382 ] 
 
 to have afTifted him in writing his plays, 695, 
 Cic.Jtt.'], 3.; ^in5ltl. 10, 1, 99.; 
 Suet, in 'Vila Terenf. Nor dicl Terence 
 himfelf deny the fa6l, Tcr. ^del. prol. 
 I J. Hence Cicero makes Laelius fay, 
 'TerenUano njerbo (fc. obfequium) luhen- 
 ter ut'imur, Amic. 24. For Cicero 
 thought that the word ohftquium was 
 firft ufed by Terence, ^inci'il. 8, 3, 
 ,35. — — TERENTiANUSj^^/^r, Quinftil. 
 IT, I, 3. ue, Simo, in the Adelphi, 
 mild and gentle, [len'is et clemens), Cic. 
 Coel. 16. SoTerentianus Phorm'io, 
 as defcribed by Terence, Cic. Caecin. 
 10. ; ^I'lnclil. 6, 3, 56. Terentianus 
 Timoroumenos, id eft, ipfe fe piinicnSi the 
 felf-tormentor of Terence, Cic. Tufc. 
 3, 27. Add. Hor'at. Sat. i, 2, 20. 
 
 TEPvENTIA, the wife qf Cicero, 
 to whom the letters of the 14th book 
 of his familiar epiftles are dire6led. 
 During the banifhment of her hufband, 
 fhe bore the injuries of Clodius with 
 great fortitude, Cic. Favi. 14, 2. Dotn. 
 23. Sext. 24. and offered her eftatcs to 
 fale to fupply the neceflities of her fa- 
 mily, ib. But Cicero, after living with 
 htr for more than thirty years, difplea- 
 fed with her temper and condudi, di- 
 vorced her. [T'^'id. Cicero, p. 118.). 
 Terentia is faid to have lived to the 
 age of 103 years, Plin. "j, /^S. ; Veil. 
 Max.S, 13, 6.* 
 
 Terentia, vel Teren'illay the wife of 
 Maecenas, beloved by Auguftus, JDio, 
 54, 1 9. ; Suei. Jug. 66, & 69. 
 
 ikf.TERCNTius Farro. Fid.VARRO. 
 
 P. Tekentius Bi/po, a Roman e- 
 ques, Cic. Jit. 4, 7. & 11, 40. 
 
 T E S 
 
 with whom Atticus confulted a- 
 bout annulling the law concerning Ci- 
 cero's banidiment, by getting the fenate 
 to decree that it was a privilegium, and 
 therefore of no force by the law of the 
 15. He was 
 ar. 
 
 twelve tables, Cic. Att. 
 
 ^ Terentius Culeo., a tribune, a. 
 
 * According to St Jcrom, ihe took for her 
 fecond hufl>and Salluft the hiftorian, Cicero's 
 enemy, and Mefbala for her third, Hiercn. 
 Optra, tow. 4. fijr. 1. p. T90. Die CafiTius 
 mentions ber bein^^ married to Vibius Rufus, 
 who was coni'ul under Tibcriis?, and valued 
 hinnfelf on the pofTcflion of two things, Ci- 
 cero's wife, and Caefar's thair in which he 
 was killed. D/o, 57, 15.. />. 612. (<?<7/5C5- tV/- 
 yrvcj^^ fella curulis aurata, Dio, 54, 6. ftdes 
 auredy Suet. Caef. 76. in whicii, by a decree 
 of the fcna.te, Caelar fat in the fcnate-houfe, 
 and on the tribunal in the forum, ib. ; Cic. 
 Phil. 2,34. Ii'i-^>. 1,5^.; P/i/;. II, 37-; Val. 
 M.K. I, 6, 13:} • 
 
 alfo one of the Ponflfices, Cic. H 
 Refp. 7. 
 
 ^ Terentius CuUeoy a fcnator, a 
 captive with the Carthaginians, who 
 being liberated by Scipio Africaniis, 
 Lro. 30, 43. followed his chariot in the 
 triumphal procellion with a cap on his 
 head, as if he had been freed from fla- 
 very, ib. 45. 
 
 Tereus, (2 fyll.), -eiy w -eos ', ace. 
 -ea'y \oc.-eu\ abl. -eo^ a king of Thrace, 
 
 {Fid. G. 418.). Tereides, -at, 
 
 tlie fon of Tereus, i.e. Itys, Ovid, in 
 Ibin^ 436. 
 
 Terminus, the god who prefided 
 over the -boundaries of fields, Liv. i, 
 IC. et 5, 54.; Ovid.F.-Jl. 2, 50, 5c 641. 
 
 TerminALIa, -i«;w, zt -oruniy the 
 
 fcafts in honour of the god Terminus, 
 a day dedicated to that purpofe, Cic. 
 Ph'd. 12, 10. Att. 6, I.; Hor. Epod. 2, 
 59. ; Farr. L. L. 5, 3. 
 
 M. Terpolius, a tribune, Cic. Corn., 
 2. 
 
 TEiiPsiCHORE, 'CSj one of the nine 
 Mufcs, Juv. 7, 35- ^ 
 
 i'err.a, the goddefs of the earth, 
 the fame with Tellus, Cic.N.D. 3, 20. 
 Liu. 6'^. Leg. 2, 18. Varro makes her 
 the fame with Ceres, R. i?. 3, i, 5. 
 Add. Serv. in Firg. G. I, 168. f/ 4, 
 64, &c. Herthumy v. Aerthuniy id ejl, 
 Terram matrem, colunt, Tac. G. 40. 
 
 Tektia, the daughter of L. Aemi- 
 lius Paulus, Cic. Din), i , 46. called alfo 
 
 Aemilia, ib. 2, 40. ^ 2. The fifter 
 
 of Brutus, Suet. Caef. 30.; Cic. ad Brut. 
 Germ. 5, 6. and wife of Caflius ; called 
 alfo Tertulla, a diminutive for Ter- 
 tia, Cic. Att. lAri 20, & 23. et 15, 11. 
 Fid. JuxiA, which was her proper 
 name. 
 
 Testa, a name given to the lawyer 
 Trebatius, Cic.Fam.'j, 22. 
 
 Testius PcnariuSf an orator, who 
 ufed to writhe his chin [mentum intorque- 
 re) while pleading, Cic, Or. Zy 66. 
 
 1'ethvs, 
 
T E T [ 383 ] T H A 
 
 Tethys, -yoSi V. -j'/V, the chief of Cyprus, where he built a city of the 
 the fea-goddefTes, the filler and wife of fume name with his native city In the 
 ^ ^ ' " - ~~. ~ 'Hand Salamis, [G. 451.). Dido, in 
 
 Virgil, fays, that Teucer, when ex- 
 pelled from his native country, came 
 to Sidon, and hints that he was in- 
 d':;bted to her father Belus, who had 
 conquered Cyprus, for his fcttlement 
 in tliat ifland, l^irg. Jen. 1,619. There 
 were fcveral ancient tragedies on the 
 ftory of Teucer : thus, Teucer Pacuvii, 
 Cic. Or. I, 58. from which the follow- 
 ing faying of Teucer is quoted, Patriu 
 ejiy uhkimqite ejl bene. Wherever I am 
 
 Oczawu^i Jpellodor. 1,1.; Virg. Georg 
 
 1, 31. ; Ovid. Met. 2, 509. et 9, 498.— 
 put for the fea, IVlartiaL SpecL 3, 6. 
 Acqmra Tethyos, Lucan. 3, 233.' Re- 
 ctproca TetJjysy tlie eb])ing and flowing 
 fea, Sil. 3, 60. Vagay Lucan. 6, 62. 
 
 Teuca, f. Teutana, a queen of the 
 Illyrians, who ordered P. Junius and 
 Titus Coruncanius, the Roman ambaf- 
 fadors, to be (lain, PUn. 34, 6. ; Flor. 
 
 2, 5*. ; lAv. Ep'it, 20. 
 TEUCE R, V. Teucriis, -rr'h a Cretan, 
 
 who landed with a colony on the coail happy, there is my country, Cic. Tu/c. 
 of Phrygia, near theRhoetean promon- 5, 37. — Teucrion, -;', n. an herb, tlie 
 tory, and ruled over tliat country be- medicinal qualities of which are faid to 
 fore Troy exifted, Firg. Jetu 3, ic8. have been difcovered by Teucer, Plin, 
 He is faid to have introduced from 25, 5. 
 
 Crete th6 worfhip of Cybele, which T\:.vtur.\9,, -antis, v. TeuihranteSf -ae, 
 the Romans, many ages after, brouglit a king oi Myfia ; vi-hence the country 
 from Phrygia to Rome, iL 111. A- of Myfia is called Tsuthrania, P/in. 
 
 5, 30 f. 33. where the river CaTcus ri- 
 les, hence called Teuthranteus Cal- 
 
 cus, Ovid. Met. 2, 243. Stephanas 
 
 and Euilathius make Teuthras the foa 
 of Pandfon king of Athens, and father 
 of Thefpius ; whence the fifty daugh- 
 ters of Thefpius are called Teuthrantia 
 turha^ Ovid. Ep, 9, 51. but others de- 
 rive that epithet from a town of Atti- 
 
 pollodorus makes Teucer the fon of the 
 river Scamander and the nymph Idaea, 
 and confequently a native of that place, 
 3, 1 1, I. From Teucer the inhabitants 
 of the country were called TtucKi, ih. 
 which name was afterwards applied to 
 the Trojans, Virg.Acr.. 2, 252, & 571, 
 &c. hide recur dat'i Teiicros a f anguine 
 Teucri Ducere principium^ Ovid. Met. 
 13,705. Hence alfo Tlucjria, Troy, ca, (G. 403.) 
 
 ih. 2, 26. Teucri campi, the Trojan 
 plains. Si at. A chill. I, 86. Teucri a ni, 
 Trojan anceftors, Ovid. Fajl. 4, 4c. 
 Teucras carinas mergere. Id. Met. 14, 
 72. Teucris, -tdisy a daughter of 
 Teucer. Capti-vas Teucridas inter, a- 
 mong the captive Trojan women, Ovid. 
 Sabin. 1,81. Teucris illd'knlum fane ne- 
 gothim, that Trojan woman is truly a 
 ilow thing, i.e. a flow payer, hieaning 
 Antony his colleague, as it is luppolcd, 
 who was flow in paying his debts, 
 (But the reafon of the name is uncer- 
 tain); Cic. Ait. 1,12. 
 
 TEUCER, the fon of Telamon and 
 
 TEUTATi:^, -ae, a deity of the Gauls, 
 to whom human victims were facriticed, 
 Lucan. I, 445. 
 
 Thais, -a/w, a famous Athenian 
 courtezan, often celebrated by Menan- 
 der ; whence Ihe is called Menandrea 
 Thais, Propert. 2, 6,3. Thais pretio- 
 fa Mcnandri, coilly, becaufe ilie exact- 
 ed a great fum of money from thofe 
 whom ihe allowed to vifit her. Id. 4, 
 5, 43. She became the miilrefs of 
 Ptolemy, one of tlie generals of Alex- 
 ander, and afterwards king of Egypt, 
 whom flie attended in the expedition 
 to Afia. At an entertainment which 
 
 Plefi5ne ; who, upon his return from Alexander gave his oiHcers at Perfepo- 
 
 the Trojan war, not being permitted lis, before he fet out againll Darius, 
 
 by his father to land in Salamis, be- Thais, who was prefent, and had drunk 
 
 caufe he had not brought his brother plentifully, as well as the reft of the 
 
 Ajax with him, or for fome other company, propofcd to the king to 
 
 caufe, failed whh his companions to burn the royal pulaee at Perfepolis, in 
 
 revenge 
 
T H A 
 
 revenge for Xerxes burning the 
 Athens. The propofal was approved 
 of, and inftantly executed, Plutarch, in 
 j^lexandrOi p. 687.; Curt, 5, 7, 3.; 
 Dlodor. I7» 72. 
 
 Thalassio, -y. Talalssio, -o«:j, -ius, 
 *oel -us, the god of marrlag-e among the 
 Romans, the fame with Hymen or //y- 
 menaeus among the Greeks, M.irtial. [, 
 36, 6. et 12, 42.; Catutl. 6o, 13+. 
 This word ufed frequently to be uled 
 in nuptial fongs, the reafon of which 
 we learn from Livy, i, 9. 
 
 THaLES, -et'is, et Thalc'Sy -is, ace. 
 ►fw, a native of Miletus, one of the 
 feven wife men of Greece, the father 
 
 of ancient philofophy, ( 
 
 & ;88.) 
 
 TtiALESTRis, =1;. Th.vlestria., a qaecH 
 of the Amazons, who, ftruck with the 
 fame of Alexander, came to vifit him 
 with 300 female attendants. Curt. 6, 
 5, 25, &c. Jiidin calls her alfo Mini- 
 thoea or Minithya, 2, 4. et 12, 3. 
 
 Thalia, one of the Mufes, Hor. Od. 
 3, 6, 25. 
 
 Thali\Rchus, a ficlltious name, de- 
 noting the mailer of a fcaft, Hor. Od. 
 
 TnAMyRxs, -as, vel -/j-, -/j, a tamoiis 
 Thracian poet, (Geticus vates, Stat. 
 Theb. 4, 182.), and inufician, who ha- 
 -Aung ventured to cbailcnje the Miifcs 
 to a contefl of ficill, and being van- 
 quilhed, was by them deprived of his 
 fight and of his power of mafic, il;. ; 
 Prop. 2, 18, 19. ; Ovid. Jrt. 3, 399. 
 in ib'ni. 274. near Dorion, a town of 
 Theflaly, Homer. II. 2, 595.; Lucan. 6, 
 352. But Statins places Dorion in 
 
 Mefll-nia, TheL 4, 182. ^ 2. A 
 
 Cihcian augur, who introduced the 
 knowledge and art of divination (fr'ien- 
 riam artemqne harujyicum iniu/it) into 
 Cyprus, Tac. Hijl. 2, 3. 
 
 Thaumas, -antisj the fon of Pontns 
 and Terra, and the father of Iris, y/- 
 pollodor. I, 2, 6. whence Iris is called 
 T H A u M AN r 1 AS , - adh_ 
 Thaumas, Vlrg. Aen. 9, 5. 
 tias Irisy Ovid. Met. 4, 479. orTk.-.u- 
 MantiSj -uitSf y. -idos ; thus, Advocct^ 
 an pehigo foil tarn ThaumantiJa pafc't^ i.e. 
 Ills, or the rainbow, that xii-A to be 
 
 t 384 ] THE 
 
 city fed or to draw water from the fea, Stat. 
 Achill. I, 222. (as the ancients fuppo- 
 fed, G.d^.^. Thaumantidos ed'Ua pera- 
 gercy to perform the orders of Iris, 0- 
 ind. Met. II, 647. — alfo Virgo ThaU' 
 mantca, ib. 14, 845. 
 . The A NO, -us, a Trojan woman, the 
 mother of Mimas, Firg. Aen. 10, 704. 
 
 TiiEP.E, -esy the wife of Alexander 
 tyrant of Pherae, who, difgufted at his 
 cruelty, and lamenting the death of 
 Pelopldas, whofc virtues (he admired, 
 by the afTiilance of her three brothers, 
 put the tyrant to death, Plutarch, in 
 Pelopida; Cic. Inv. 2, 49. Conon gives 
 a more probable reafon for this aftion, 
 that Thebe had difcovered that Alex- 
 ander had determined to difpatch her 
 and her brothers, Conon. Narr. 50. 
 
 C 2. A nymph, faid to have had 
 
 five daughters by the river Asopus, 0- 
 vid. Jm9r. 3, 6, 33. called Martian i. e. 
 warhke ; or, as fome think, becaufe 
 i\\z had a daughter called Evadne by 
 Mars, whom Ovid calls the daughter 
 of Asopus, [Asdpisy -id:s)i ib. 41. 
 
 T H E L A i R A , ( al. Helair 1 , v. Hilai- 
 ra')y the daughter of Leucippus, and 
 filter of Phoebe, Prop, i, 2, 16. 
 
 Thclis, ace. Thdimt v. -in, the fame 
 with Thetis, Farr. R. R 3, 9, 19. 
 
 Themis, -7^, v. -vlisy ace. -//«, v. -iny 
 voc. -i, the daughter of Coelus and 
 Terra, Apollodor. I, 1,2. a prophetic 
 goddefs, (fatidica)y Ovid. Met. i, 321. 
 
 the daughter of 
 Thauman- 
 
 Vv'hofe temple was on mount Parnallus, 
 hence called Parnajfvjy ib. 4, 643. — • 
 Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha confult- 
 ed tiie oracle of Tiiemis how they 
 might repair the lofs of the human 
 race, ib. I, 379. ^ 2. The daugh- 
 ter of I^us, the wife of Capys, and 
 mother of Ancbifes, Apollodor. 3, 11, 2. 
 Themjson, -omy a celebrated phy- 
 fician, the fcholar of Afclepiddes, and 
 tile founder of the fed called Method- 
 
 's, Sense. Ep.^$-y Cc 
 
 If 
 
 Pin 
 
 29, I f. 5. — ufed by Juvenal for fome 
 medical quack ia his time, 10, 221. 
 
 TiiLMiiTA, a woman born at Lamp- 
 sacus, a celebrated difciple of Epicu- 
 rus, Laeri. IC, 5.; Cic, Fin. 2, 21. 
 whence Therr.i/idfjpientiori Cic. Pif. 26. 
 
 THE- 
 
THE C .^85 3 THE 
 
 THEMrST6CLES.-/V, thefonof of Thrace threatened 
 •Neocles, [Nsocl'idcsy -ae, Ovid. Pont. 
 •l> 3> 69.), an lUuilrious Athenian ge- 
 
 neral, by whofe conduit the Greeks 
 defeated the fleet of Xerxes at Salamis; 
 but he was afterwards banlflied through 
 the jealoufy and envy of his citizens, 
 (G. 334, & 465.) '-^Cvjus (fc. Pom- 
 peii) omne r«)/y///?/;7/ TkEMistoclEu^t <?//, 
 whofe whole plan is like that of The- 
 miilocles, to place his chief dependence 
 on his power by fca, Cic, Att. 10, 8. 
 So ExiHum ThemijIncJcum, ib. 
 
 THEOCRiTUS, the prince of pa- 
 floral poets, a native of Syracufe, who 
 flourirtied m the time of Ptolemy Phi- 
 ladelphus. C^uincl:illan fays of him, 
 Admirahilis in Juo genere Theocritus^ I o, 
 1, ^^. Thirty of his Eiihjllia and fome 
 epigrams are ilill extant. Virgil, in 
 feveral of his eclogues, has imitated 
 and even copied Theocritus. 
 
 Thcodhctes, -w, born in Cilicia, a 
 fcholar of Ariilotle's, in the opinion of 
 his mafter an elegant writer, iic. Or. 
 51, & 57. ; Laert. 5, 24. to v/hom A- 
 riflotlc is faid to have given in a prefent 
 his books on oratory, VaL Max. 8, 
 
 14, 2. Hence Qu^incxilian obferves, 
 that it was uncertain whether the book 
 on rhetoric, which bore the name of 
 Theodecles, was his or Ariilotle's, 2, 
 
 15, 10. et 3, I, 15. He had an un- 
 common memory, Cic^ Tiifu I, 24. fo 
 that he is faid to have been able to re- 
 peat any number of verfes upon once 
 hearing them read, ^inciil 11, 2, 51 f. 
 
 Theodamas, 'Cihlisy the father of 
 Hylas, the favourite boy of Hercules, 
 Apollodcr, I, 9, 19. ; Hygi»- 271. 
 
 Theodorus, of By/antium, {By- 
 •zantius), a fophiit at Athens in tlic 
 time of Socrates, who ufed to writs 
 orations for others, Cic. Br. 12. hence 
 called by Socrates xoycSaiSaX'^ci a fpeech- 
 Wright orframer, Cic. Or. I2.j ^lin^HL 
 
 3» i» I- _ 
 
 Theodorus, of Cyrcne, {Cyrenrn- 
 
 €ust vel -na£us)y a philofopher, who 
 denied the cxiltence of the gods, Cic. 
 N.D. I, I. and therefore was banifhed 
 from Athens and Cyrene, Laert. 2, 
 86, 101, ^<c. When i.yfim:lchus king 
 
 him with the 
 crofs, on account of the freedom of his 
 fpeech, " Keep thefe menaces for your 
 courtiers," fays the philofopher, « it 
 is all one to Theodorus whether he rot 
 on the ground or in the air," ( Theo- 
 dori quidem nihil inttr eft y humine, an Jul" 
 lime piitref cat) y Cic. Tufc. i, 43. 
 
 Theodorus, of Gadara, [Gada^ 
 reus), Q^ilndil. 2, 15, 21. who wilhed 
 rather to be called a Rhodian, Id. 3> 
 1,(7. He taught rhetoric with great 
 reputation at Rhodes, where Tiberius 
 Caefar, when he retired to that ifland, 
 lludioudy attended him, iL His fcho- 
 lars were called Theoj^okKi, iL 18. 
 
 Theodosius, a Chian, fent as an 
 ambaffador to the Roman fenate, af- 
 faffmated by the influence of Clodius» 
 
 Cic. Refp. Ear. 16. ^ 2. The name 
 
 of two Roman emperors, (C 249.) 
 Theodofianus codexy a book publifned by 
 the authority of Theodofius the young-> 
 cr, a. C. 43'8. J containing the confti- 
 tutions of the emperors from Conflan- 
 tine to his own time, i^A, 223.) 
 
 Theodotus, a rhetorician, prae- 
 ccptor to Ptolemy, who advifed the 
 kiUing of Pompey, and was therefore 
 flain by Brutus, ^'/id. Pompeius, p» 
 
 333;) 
 
 Theognis, a poet of Megara. 
 
 Theomnastus, a Syracufan, onr 
 of the agents of Verres, Cic. Verr. 2, 
 21. called by the Syracufans, ThtV- 
 ladus, ih. 4, (i(i. 
 
 Theon, -onis^ a bitter fiandcrer 
 or backbiter ; whence Dente Th^unmo 
 circiimrodij to be bitten by the tooth of 
 malice or calumny, to be falfely afper- 
 fed, Hor.Ep. I, 18, 82. ; dihi iSJjoUaft.'y 
 ylujon. Ep» 4, 102. 
 
 I'keoi'H ANEs, -is, an hiftonan of 
 Mitylcnae, the capital of Leibos, in 
 great favour with Pompey, whole aCta 
 he recorded, Cic Arch. 10. ; Ait. 2,5. 
 f/ 5, 1-; Tac. Ann.6y iS. 
 
 TheophIlus, the freed man of 
 
 MarccUus, Cic. Fam. 9, 10. H 2. 
 
 One condemned of forgery (fdlfij ai 
 Athens, Tac. Ann. 2, 55. 
 
 THEOPHRASTUi),anativeofE- 
 
 leius in Leibos, the fou of a fuller, the 
 
 3 C ichwlar 
 
THE [3 
 
 ftholar and fuccefTor of Arlftotle, (G. 
 295.) originally named Tyrtamus, call- 
 ed firft Euphrallus, and then Theo- 
 PHRASTUS, from his admirable elo- 
 quence, {^di-v'tnitate loquendi nomen Inve- 
 fiif), Cic. Or. 19. ; QTuindlil. 10, i, 83. 
 After fpending moll part of his life 
 at Athens, he was difcovered to be a 
 il ranger by an old woman, at whom 
 he afived the price of fomething, Cic. 
 Brut. 46. ; ^i'lnclil. 8, I, 2. He v/rote 
 an incredible number of books, I.acyt. 
 5, 42, feveral of which afe flill extant. 
 To Theophraftus we are indebted for 
 prefcrving the works of Ariilotlc. He 
 lived to the age of eighty-five, ib. 40. 
 ■ and yet fo ditTatisfied was he with his 
 acquifitions in knowledge, that at his 
 death he is faid to have accufcd nature 
 for having given fo long a life to ilags 
 and crows, to whom it was of no ufe, 
 and fo fhort a life to men, to whom it 
 was of the grcatell importance, Cic. 
 Tufc. 3, 28. 
 
 Theopompus, a Greek orator and 
 liiflorian, born in Chios, the fcholar of 
 Ifocratcs, Cic. Or. 2, 13. and fellovv- 
 iludent of Ephorus, who being of a 
 flow capacity, Ifocrates iifed to fay, 
 that he applied a fpur to Ephorus, 
 and a bridle to Theopompus, who was 
 of a very quick genius, Cic. Brut. $6.; 
 ■^inail. 2, 8. II. f^ 10, I, 74. Theo- 
 pompus began his hiftory where Thu- 
 cydides left oft, Diodor. 14. p. 305. Hie 
 wrote in a lofty and elevated flyle, Cic. 
 Brut. 1 7. refembling that of an orator, 
 which profcffion he had long exercifed 
 before he undertook, at the folicitation 
 of fome friends, the compofition of 
 
 liiilory, ^inctil. 10, l, 74. Placet 
 
 cmnia did Ificrateo Theopowpeoque morey 
 fvery thing fhould be exprelTed va the 
 manner of Ifocrates and Theopompus, 
 i. e. m meafured periods, Cic. Or. 61. 
 But Theopompin-) genere^ in a bitter or 
 fatirical ihde, Cic. Jtt. 2, 6. For Theo- 
 •pompus is faid to have been very abu- 
 iive or cenforious, (malcdicenilffimus) , 
 4n his writings, Nep. in Alcihiad. ii. 
 He is alfo faid to have been fabulous, 
 Cic. Leg. I, I. None of his works are 
 •liow extant, ^ilnilil. lo, i. 
 
 74- 
 
 ^6 ] THE 
 
 Theopompus of Cnidus, (Cnidi' 
 us), an intimate acquaintance of Cae- 
 far's, Cic. Ait. 13, 7. ■* 
 
 THEoxiiNA, a noble Theflalian la- 
 dy, who put an end to her own life, 
 and that of her hufband and children, 
 to prevent their falling into the hands 
 of Philip king of Macedonia, Lliu 40, 
 
 4- 
 
 Theoxenus, a general of the A- 
 chaeans, Liv. 33, 18. 
 
 Theramenes, -/j, a citizen of A- 
 thens, one of the thirty tyrants ap- 
 pointed by Lyfander; who difappro- 
 ving of the cruelty of his colleagues, 
 was by them thrown into prifon, and 
 condemned to drink hemlock. He 
 drank the poifon with alacrity, [utji- 
 tiens ohduxit) and with a fmile, faid, 
 ** I drink this to the handfome Cri- 
 tias," [Proplno hoc pulchro Ctiriae)y 
 who had been the moft violent (to.eter- 
 
 rimus) againft him. It was cuflo- 
 
 mary among the Greeks to name the 
 perfon to whom they were to hand the 
 cup. Thus Theramenes with plealant- 
 ry foretold the death of Critias, which 
 foon after happened, Cic, Tufc. 1 , 40. 
 — Theramenes is praifed by Cicero as 
 an orator, Or. 2, 22. and a ftatefman, 
 ib. 3, 16. But none of his writings 
 were extant in the time of Cicero, who 
 therefore fays, De Theramene audivi- 
 mus, Or. 2, 22. 
 
 Thericles, -is, a famous Corinthi- 
 an potter in the time of the poet A- 
 rittophancs, Lucian. Lexlph. c. 7. At/jc- 
 Tide. 9. p. 470. whence Theuiclea 
 fc. Tafdj vafes made by Thericles, 
 
 Cic. Verr. 4, 18. f 2. A noted 
 
 fculptor, Plin. 16, 40. 
 
 Thermus, a Roman firname. 
 
 yL Minucius Thermus, twice de- 
 fended by Cicero, and acquitted, Cic. 
 Place. 39. 
 
 ^ Th5.r.mus, praetor of Afia, a. 
 701. Cic. Fcim. 2, 17. the friend of Ci- 
 cero, two of whofe letters to Thcrmus 
 are Hill extant, Cic. Fam, 2, 18. et 13, 
 53.; Co7if. 5, 13, 21, &c. 
 
 Therodamas, -anfisy v. Therome- 
 DON, -outis, a king of Scythia, who u- 
 fed to keep lions, and feed them with 
 
 human 
 
THE 
 
 C 3S7 1 
 
 THE 
 
 human blood, to render them more 
 fierce, Ovid. Pont. 1, 2, 121. whence 
 Therodamar.te'i Icones. Id. in Ibin, 383. 
 
 The RON, -cJ?//x, V. 'Cnt'iSi a chief of 
 the I-atins, the largell in Hze among 
 them, [v'lrum, for virorum, tnaxmus), 
 flain by Aeneas, nrg. J, 10, 312. 
 
 f[ 2. One of Adaeon's dogs, 
 
 Oind. Met. 3, 211. 
 
 THERSANDER, -dn, v. -^r^/^, 
 V. Thejjfandriis., the fon Polynlces and 
 Argia, ^7^/. Theh. 3, 677, & 683. ; i/j- 
 ^i«. 71. J /ipollodor. 3, 7, 2. one of the 
 feven leaders, called Epigoiii, who took 
 Thebes, and placed l^hei fander on the 
 Theban throne, (G.432.) He is fiippo- 
 fed afterwards to have gone to the Tro- 
 jan war, and to have been one of thofe 
 (liut up in the waodtn horfe, S.rv. ad 
 Firg. A. 2, 261. et Lilt at. ad Stat. TheL 
 3, 683. Di6lys Cretenfis fays he was 
 fiain in a battle with Telephus, 2, 2. 
 Hemer docs not mention him. 
 
 Therses, a Theban, [IJnmi'ws)^ the 
 friend (bofpes) of Anius, Gvid. Met. 
 13, 682. 
 
 Thersilochus, the fon of Ante- 
 nor, (Antenortdes), (lain in the Tro- 
 jan war, Virg. Aen. 6, 483. et 12, 363. 
 Tkersites, ~ae, a Graeclan, remark- 
 able for his deformity, impudence, and 
 fcumlity, who ufed to inveigh againft 
 all the leading men, particularly againll 
 Agamemnon and UlyfTcs, Homer. 11. 
 2, 212, 5cc. ; Otnd. Pent. 4, 13, 15. 
 Am. 2, 6, 41. UlyfTcs llruck him for his 
 jibufive language, Oind. Met. 13, 233. 
 and Achilles flew him with a ftroke of 
 his fift, becaufe he laughed at him for 
 mourning the death of Patroclus, ih. 
 
 Thersites is put for any ugly and 
 
 cowardly perfon, Oind. Rem. Am. 482. j 
 Juvenal. 8, 269. et il, 31. 
 
 THilSEUS, (2 fyll.y H, V. -eos, the 
 fon of Aegeus (Aegldes) and Aeihra, 
 called by the poets the fon of Nep- 
 tune, Cic. N. D. 3, 18. king of A- 
 thens, one of the moll renowned lie- 
 roes of antiquity, (Vid. G. 421, &:c.) 
 
 Thesides, -flf, the fon of The- 
 
 feus, I. e. Hippolitus, Ovid. Ep. 4, 6$. 
 plur. Thesldae, the Athenians, p^irg. 
 C, 2,383 -Tniis^us, adj. of or 
 
 belonging to Thefeiis, thus, Theo>a ca- 
 rlna^ the (hip of Thefeus, Propert. i, 
 3,. I. Thesea JideSi fincere aifcdion, 
 true friendfhip, fuch as that of The- 
 feus to Pirithous, Ovid. Trij}. i, 3, 66. 
 Thesed laude^ by the virtue or praife- 
 worthy conduct of Thefeus, Id. Met. 8, 
 263. 
 
 Thesalus, a native of Lampsacus, 
 wliom Verres accufed of having exci- 
 ted the people of that city againll him, 
 Cic. Verr. I, 33. 
 
 ^ Thkudas, -aCt a freed man of Tre- 
 bianus, Cic. Fam. 6^ 10. 
 
 THESPIS, -^disy a native of Ica- 
 ria in Attica, the firll inventor of tra- 
 gedy, in the time of Solon, Plut irch. 
 in Solonc, Hor. Ep. 276. (Vid. Rom. 
 A. 355-) 
 
 Th ESP I us, V. Theflius^ the fon of 
 Erechtheus, king of Thefpiae, a town 
 of Boeotia, who had 50 daughters, all 
 of whom bore fon s to Hercules, [G. 
 403.) whence Thefpiadum nepotes, the 
 poftcrity c Hercules by one of thefe, 
 
 Sil. 
 
 19- 
 
 Th EST I us, the father of Althaea, 
 who is hence called Thestias, -adis, 
 Ovid. Met. 8, 452. Trift. I, 6, 18. al- 
 fo the father of Toxcus and Plexippus, 
 hence called TLjiiadae) -arum, (G. 
 433.) Ovid. Met. 8, 304, & 434. Eef^ 
 pice Thejliadeny remember the fate of 
 Meleager, th^ grandfon of Theilius by 
 Althaea, Id. Faji. 5, 305. 
 
 Thestor, -oris, the father of Cal- 
 chas, the augur; who is hence called 
 Thestorides, -aci Ovid. Met. 12, 
 19. ; Stat. Achill. 1, 497. 
 
 THLSTyLis, -;>, a country woman, 
 Firg. E. 2, II. 
 
 THETIS, -Idisj t. -ulos, a fca-god- 
 defs, the daughter of Nereus and Do- 
 ris, and grand-daughter of Oceanus or 
 Neptune, and Tcthys ; hence called 
 Neptvmne, -es, CatuU. 63, 28, SiC. the 
 wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles, 
 (Vid. G. 445.) Marina Thetis, the 
 fca-goddefs Thetis, Hor. Od. i, 8, 14. 
 
 So aequorea, Ovid. Met. 11, 226. 
 
 Thetis is fometimes put for the fea ; 
 thus, Tentare Th^tim v. -in ratilus, to 
 fail, Firg. £.4, 32. Plana Tktisy the 
 
 C 2 
 
 caloi 
 
T H I 
 
 [ s^s 3 
 
 T H U 
 
 calm fea, Stat. Theh, 5, 709. Eryth- 
 raei Thetidos lapiU'iy pearls from the 
 Arabian or Red Sea, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 
 X8. 
 
 Thisbd, -esy 2l Babylonian girl, be- 
 loved by Pyramus, Ovid. Met. 4, 55, 
 &c. 
 
 Thoas., -ant'is, a king of Taurua, a 
 country on the Pains Maedtis^ Ovid. 
 
 Pont. 3, 2,59. Z)zW/7Thoant£a, 
 
 Diana, vvorfhipped in Taurica by fa- 
 crificing to her human vidlims, Fal. 
 F/acr.S, 208. (Vid. G. 408.) 
 
 Thoas, the father of Hypfipyle, 
 preferved by -her, JpoIIodor. i, 9, 17. 
 
 (G. 441.) ^ 2. A praetor of the 
 
 Aetolians, Liv. 35, 12, &c. 
 TnoiviyRis. Fid. Tomyius. 
 L. Thorius Balbus, a native of 
 Lanuvium, a great voluptuaiy, Cic. 
 Fin. 2, 20, & 22. 
 
 5j^. Thorius, a popular orator, Ctc. 
 Brut. 31. When tribune a. 646, he got 
 alawpaffed, {Lex Tkoria)y exempting 
 the poffeffors of the p\iblic" lands in I- 
 taly from paying tribute, [agnun ve&i- 
 galilevavit), ib. ^6. which proved moft 
 pernicious to the Hate, ylppian.B. C, i, 
 267. This law alfo contained fome 
 regulations concerning the public paf- 
 tures, Cic. Or. 2, 70. 
 
 TiioTH, the name of Mercury a- 
 inpng the Egyptiiins, and of the firfl 
 month of their year, Cit. iV. D. 3, 22. 
 Thrasea, a noble Rom.an of great 
 virtue, put to death by Nero, T.nc.Jtm. 
 16, 21. 
 
 Thrasius, (al. T'hnf.us,) a footh- 
 faver of Cyprus, who having advifed 
 JBusiris to facrifice foreigners to appeafe 
 Jupiter, in order to procure rain, was 
 himfelf made the firft victim, Qvld. Art. 
 Am. I, 649. 
 
 Thraso, -onisy aboafting captain in 
 
 Terence, Eun. 3, 1, 6cc. «[ 2. A 
 
 flatuary, Plin. 34,^ 8.-—^ 3. A na- 
 tive of Tynd^ris in Sicily, Cic. Fen: 
 4, 22. 
 
 THRASYBuLUS, a celebrated 
 Athenian general, who delivered his 
 country from 
 thirty tyrants, 
 
 monians had appointed to rule A- 
 thens, Nep. 8, i. Having recovered 
 peace, he caufed a law to be made, 
 called an amnejly, or act of oblivi- 
 on, that every thing that was pad 
 fhould be forgotten, ih. 3. Being af- 
 terwards fent with a fleet into Afia 
 Minor, and having landed near Afpen- 
 dus in Pamphilia, he was flain by an 
 unexpected attack from the people 
 of that town, whom his foldiers had 
 plundered without his knowledge, Xc- 
 nnph. Htllen. 4, 17. Nepos fays, in 
 Cilicia, ih. 4. 
 
 Thrasyllu.*;, a Theffalian, flain by 
 Eurydamas, to revenge which Simo v. 
 '0«, the brother of Thrafyllus, flew 
 Eurydamas, and dragged his body 
 round his brother's tomb, Ovid. Ih. 3, 
 334.; SchoUaJl.inHomer.il. 22,398. 
 
 Thrasymachus, of Chalcedon, a 
 celebrated fophiil, Cic. Or. 3, 16, & 
 32. faid to have been the firft who 
 treated of the harmonious arrangement 
 of words in fentences, Cic. Or. 12. 
 
 THUCYDiDES, As, an excellent 
 Greek hiflorian, the ion of Olorus, 
 defcended by the father's fide from a 
 king of Thrace, and by the mother's 
 fide from Miltiades, born at Athens 
 about 475 years before the Chriilian 
 aera. When Herodotus read his hii- 
 tory publicly at the Olympic games, 
 Thucydides, then a boy, is faid to have 
 been fo aiFetted with the honours con- 
 ferred on Herodotus, that he (lied 
 tears, which attracted the notice of 
 Plerodotus, Suidas in voce Thucydi- 
 des. Being fent to the relief of Am- 
 phipoliii, and having failed in the at- 
 tempt, he was banilhed by the fadiion 
 of Cleon, Thuryd. 4, p, 32 I. During 
 his exile he lived for the moft part in 
 Thrace, on an ellate belonging to his 
 wife, where he is faid to have written 
 the hillory of the war between the peo- 
 ple of Peloponncfus and the Atheni- 
 ans, commonly called the Peloponnefian 
 war, in eight books, (G. 346.) His 
 work contains an account only of the 
 
 the opprcfiion of the full twenty-one years of that war. The 
 whom the La^edae- hiftory of the other fix years was writ- 
 ten 
 
THY t 38 
 
 ten by Xenophon and Theopompus. 
 Cicero fptaking of Tluicydides, fays, 
 Et Athcmeujis erat etfummo Joconatus^fiini- 
 mufqite vh'f Br. II. T hucy elides omnes ci'i- 
 cendiarttjic'iOy med fententid^ facile v'lcit : qui 
 tta creher ejl rcrunifrequentiuy ut verborum 
 prope numerum failttU'iLinim iiumero confe' 
 quatur^ Sec. Or. 2, 13. He defcribes 
 wars and battles as if he were foundinof 
 
 o 
 
 a chafge on a tnimpet, (^de bellids rebus 
 canit etiam quodammodo bellicum^y Cic. 
 Or. 12. Demodhenes fo much admi- 
 red Thucydides, that, \\\ order tho- 
 roughly to acquire the energy of his 
 language, he is faid to have tranfcri- 
 bed his hiftory eight times with his 
 own hand, Luc'ian. adverfus tndoB. Thu- 
 cydides poffelfes in an eminent degree 
 the lirft quality of an hiftorian, impar- 
 tiality. The diilingnifliing properties 
 of his llyle are concifenefs and force ; 
 but, as Cicero obferves, his brevity of- 
 ten renders him obfcurc, particularly 
 in his fpeeches, on which account he 
 is not a proper model for public fpeak- 
 ers to follow, C'lc. Or. 9, There were 
 feveral orators at Rome in the time of 
 Cicero, who profeifed to be imitators 
 of Thucydides, {qui fe Thucydidlos pro- 
 Jitercntur)^ but had nothing of his e- 
 nergy either in fentiment or llylt. 
 When they have uttered, fays Cice- 
 ro ridiculing them, a few mutiL^rcd 
 and broken peri(xls, which they might 
 have done vvichout any inader to imi- 
 tate, they think themfelves genuine 
 Thucydidefes, (germanos fe pulant ejfe 
 Thucydldas)^ Cic. Or. 9.. 
 
 THYESTES, -Is, et -ac, the fon 
 of Pelops by Hippodamia, the grand- 
 fon of Tantalus, and great-grandfon 
 of Jupiter, Cic. Tifc. ^, 1 2, .5c 18. He 
 is faid to have had chddren by Acto- 
 pa, the wife of his brother Atreus, 
 king of Mycenae; in revenge for which 
 Atreiis ordered thefe children to be 
 {lain and ferved up to tlicir father Thy- 
 eil-cs at an entertainment. From which 
 dreadful fpedacle the fun is faid to 
 have turned away his face or chariot, 
 
 (G. 405.) Theyestes fibula, a 
 
 play of Ennius concerning this horrid 
 itory, Ck* Br, 20.— Hence, Uiqus 
 
 y 1 THY 
 
 ( al. Atque) T H y est K A E redeant fi ifn^ 
 para [A.fercula] menfae. Soils ad E'6as 
 currus agetur aquas, Ovid. Pont. 6, 4, 
 47. So, ^mlemy fuglcfitf per art us Sole, 
 'Thyejlcae noclem diixere Mycenae, as M^'- 
 cenae, difgraccd by the fupper of Thy- 
 elles, was darkened when the fun fled 
 
 to the call:, Lucan. i, 543. Thy- 
 
 ESTi": AE precss, the execrations of Thy- 
 eltes agaiidl; Atreus for his wickednefs, 
 contained in the plays compofed on 
 that fubjed, Hor. Epnd. 5, 86. ; Cic, 
 
 Plf. 19. Thyestiades, -ae, i. c, 
 
 Aegifthus, the fon of Thyelles, Ovid, 
 Art. Am. 2, 407. 
 
 TwyiA, the dauglitcr ()f the river 
 Cephifus, Herodot. 7, 1I8. fuppofed 
 to have been the firft that was initiated 
 into the myfteries of Bacchus, whence 
 Thvias f. Thvas, -aiUs, v. -ados, a 
 bacchanal, i/or. 0.'/. 3, 15:, 10.; Flrg, 
 Aen. 4, 301. ace. plur. Thyadas, Hor, 
 Od. 2, 19, 9. but others derive thi$ 
 word from ^vuv^ to ruih with impetu- 
 oRty. . 
 
 Thymhlf, .-es, a noted adrefs or 
 dancer in the time of Domitian, the 
 wife or miilrefs of the mimic Latlnus, 
 both of them greatly admired by that 
 emperor, Martial, i, 5, 5. Sheisfuppor 
 fed to have been named from ^&i/uf\>j 
 an elevated part on the Greek llagc 
 where the attors flood, Pollux; whenc« 
 a particular kind of players were call- 
 ed T H Y M E L 1 CI , Vltniv. 5, 8. — A tre^ 
 pi do "Thymele fibmijja Latino, Thyme- 
 le is fent by her hufband Latinus, a- 
 fraid of being accufed, (to the inform- 
 er, in order to conciliate his favour), 
 Jwoenal. I, 36. Ruflca Thymele dlfclt, 
 i. e. the country girl learns in the 
 theatre to be as immodell as Thymele, 
 !d 6, 66. 
 
 Thymoetes, a Trojan, who firil 
 advifed that the wooden horfe con- 
 Ihuded by the Greeks fhould be 
 brought within the walls of Troy, as 
 Servius fays, to revenge the death o( 
 a child who had been killed by Priam's 
 order, in confeqnence of an anfvvcr of 
 the foothfayers, I^lrg. Aen. 2, 32. 
 
 Thyone, -ts, the m.other of Bac- 
 chus^ thfcfame with Semele : whence 
 
 'T/.n'oneui 
 
TIB I ': 
 
 Thyoneus (3 fyll.) a name of Bacchus, 
 Hor.Od. I, 17, 23. ; et ibi SchoUaJ}. or 
 Thyonianus, CatulL 27, 7 *. 
 
 TiBERiNus Sylviusy the tenth king 
 of Alba, Liv. 1,3. 
 
 Tiberius, a Roman praenomen, [Ti- 
 herii coeperunt vodtnri, qui ad fluvhtm 
 Tilenm tiafcehantur, Euit. fub Val. 
 Max.) 
 
 TIBERIUS ^ero Caefar, the fuc- 
 ceffor of Auguftus in the empire of 
 Rome, Suet. Tib. 3 ; Tac, Jnn.' 6, 51. 
 He is commonly diilinguiflied by the 
 name of Tiberius, Tac. et Suet, pajjm, 
 
 Vid. Nero.' Tibereia auhy the 
 
 court of Tiberius, Stat. Sih. 3, 3, 66. 
 
 Pira Tiber! ANA, akindt^f pears, 
 
 of which Tiberius was fond, P/in. 15, 
 
 15- 
 
 Julus Albius TIBULLUS, an ex- 
 cellent elegiac poet in the time of Au- 
 guftus, efteemed by, Quinclilian the 
 moil correft and elegant in his way, 
 (Cujus (fc. elegiac) mihi terfus atque 
 elegans maxime indetur mtdor TibuIIus)y 
 10, I, 93. the friend of Horace, who 
 infcribes to him, Od. i, 3^. and £p, 
 I, 4. often celebrated by Ovid, thus. 
 Donee erunt igtteSf arcufque Ciipidlnis ar- 
 may Difcsntur numeric cuke Tibulle, tuiy 
 Am. I, 15, 27. So ih. 3, 9, 39, & 66. ; 
 Art, Jm. 3, 334. ; Rem. 763.; Tr. 2, 
 447,. 463. et 4, 10, 51. (?/ 5, I, 18. 
 
 TIBURTUS, f. Tihunmsy f. Tihursy 
 'tis, the founder of Tibur, Plin. 16, 
 44. ; Hor. Od. I, 7, 13. alTifted by his 
 two brothers Coras and Catiilus, Serv. 
 ad Virg. 7, 670. Hence Horace calls 
 the walls of Tibur, tnoenia Catili, Od, 
 I, 18, 2. 
 
 M. TiGELLius Ilermogenex, a Sar- 
 dinian freed man, very ikilful in mufic, 
 a favourite with Julius Caefar, Cic. 
 Fam. 7, 24. Jtt. 13, 49, & 51. and af- 
 
 * Some fiippofe Thydne t<» have been the 
 nurfe of Bacchus Vld. Scbdiaft. ad. Fmdar, 
 Pytb. -^^ I'/b. But others derive Thyoneas, 
 as •weii as Thyas, from S-uf.-v; and this de- 
 rivatioij feems to be con^irmed by Horace 
 joining Thyoneus with Sumeleius : which he 
 hardly v. oiild have done, if he had taken 
 Thyone to be the fame with Semele, ib. Ci- 
 cero mentions feveral of the name of Bac- 
 chus; one of them, the foa cf Nifus and 
 Thyone, Nat. D, 3, 23. (T/a. G.'382.) 
 
 90 ] TIL 
 
 terwards with Auguilus, Hor. Sat. i, 
 
 2, 5. liberal to muficians, mimics, and 
 other people of that defcription, who 
 therefore were forry at his death, ib. 3. 
 Horace defcribes him as of a very in- 
 confiftent chara6lerj( A^'/Z/wi/ unquam 
 Sic impar filiy ib. 18.) 
 
 Sofonius TiGELLiiMus, praefecl of 
 the praetorian cohorts, Tac. Ann. 14, 
 5 I. who gained the favour of Nero by 
 the bafe^ means, ib. 57. et 15, 50. 
 and at lad deferred him. Upon the ac- 
 ceffion of Galba he was forced to put 
 an end to his days, having fpent his 
 old age in the fame profligate manner 
 as he had fpent his youth, Tac. Hifc, 
 I, 72. 
 
 TIGRaNES, -is, king of Arme- 
 nia, the fon-in-law of Mithridates, Cic. 
 Manil. 2. vanquilhcd by Euculhis with 
 prodigious lofs, Plutarch, in Lucullo. 
 After the death of Mithridates he came 
 into the Roman camp, and threw him- 
 felf at the feet of Pompey, who relto- 
 r?d him to his throne. Id. in Pomp. 
 Bio, 36, l^.'y Cic.Sext. 27. but not till 
 after receiving from him an immenfe 
 fum of money, Veil. 2, 37, no lefs than 
 6000 talents to himfelf, 10,000 drach- 
 mae to each tribune, 1000 to each cen- 
 turion, and 50 to each foldier, Appian. 
 in Mithrid. p. 243. Hence Pompey 
 calls him Tigrunes nieuSy Lucan. 2, 637. 
 
 Tigranes, the fon of the former, 
 who having rebelled againft his father, 
 firft invited Pompey into Armenia ; 
 but diffatisfi^d with the favourable, 
 terms granted by Pompey to. his fa- 
 ther, he endeavoured to excite the 
 Parthians againft the Romans. On 
 which account he was carried by Pom- 
 pey to Rome, and led in triumph, 
 Plutarch, ibid. He afterwards made his 
 efcape from prifon by the afliftance of 
 Clodius, Dioy 38, 30. p. 78.; Cic.Att. 
 
 3, 8. Appian by miilake fays l>e was 
 put to death, ih. 253. 
 
 Z. Til LI us Cimber, (ahTullius Cim- 
 ber), one of the principal affafiins [de 
 percujfuribus v. inter fecloribus ) of Caefar, 
 though formerly he had been a keen 
 fupporter (propugnator) of his party, 
 Ctc, Phd. 2, 1 1, J Suet.CaeJ.%2. Af- 
 ter 
 
TIM C 39 
 
 ter the death of Caefar, he equipped 
 a fleet in BIthynia, which province he 
 had received from Caefar when alive, 
 Qic. Fam. 12 J 13. He gave the charge 
 of this fleet to Turulius the quaellor, 
 and went himfelf with his troops to 
 Syria, to aflift CalTius, iL et D'lo, 47, 
 
 TIMAEUS, a Greek hiftorian, 
 born at Tauromenium in Sicily, [Tau- 
 romenttesj, who flouriilied in tlie time 
 of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracufe. 
 Cicero calls him the moft learned and 
 eloquent of the Greek hiftorians, Cic. 
 Of. 2, 14 ; but Plutarch fpeaks of 
 him In very difi^erent terms, in Nicia 
 pt\ Ke wrote many books, none of 
 which are now extant, particularly a 
 continued hiflory (perpetua h'ljhria) 
 of Sicily, Suhlas ; and a detaclied ac- 
 count of the wars of Pyrrhus, Cic. 
 Fam. 5, 12. Diodorus praifes him for 
 his knowledge and accuracy, but blames 
 him for his unfeafonable and bitter re- 
 marks on charatlerp, whence he was 
 called Epitimaeus, i. e. the reprover, 5, 
 I. et 13, 90. [maledicentUjimus, Nep. 7, 
 1 1.) Polybius blames him not only 
 for his fatirical afperity, but alfo for 
 want of veracity, 12, 3, & 6. Timae- 
 ns was banifhed from Sicily by Ai^a- 
 thocles, and wrote his hiftory at A- 
 thens, Plutarch, tk Exiiio. He is faid 
 to have lived to the age of 96, Lucimi. 
 de Maa-obiis. 
 
 TiMAEUS, a Pythagorean philofo- 
 pher of Locris, {^Locrenfis)) contem- 
 porary with Plato, Cic. Fin. 5, 29. 
 
 TiMAGENES, -is, a native of Alex- 
 andria, brouglit as a captive to Rome 
 by Gablnius, purchaftd as a flave by 
 lauihis, the fon of Sulla, who on ac- 
 count of his uncommon genius manu- 
 mitted him, SuiJas. He was particu- 
 larly remarkable for his wit and raille- 
 ry, [Scnec. Controverf. 34. ; Hor. Ep. I, 
 39, 15.) by which means he lull the 
 favour of Auguftus, and was debarred 
 from coming to the palace. Whereup- 
 on he burnt the hiilory which he had 
 compofed concerning the ads ot Cae- 
 far. He afterwards lived in the fami- 
 m/ of Afmius Pollio to a good eld age, 
 
 I 1 TIM 
 
 and was univerfally refpedled, (iota civi' 
 tale dikSus eft), Senec. de Ira, 3, 23. 
 
 TiMAGORAS, -acy an Athenian, 
 put to death, by his countrymen, be- 
 caufe when fent on an embalfy to the 
 king of Perha, he had, according to 
 the Giidom of the country, proftrated 
 himfelf on being admitted to an au- 
 dience of that monarch, Fal. Mcix. 6, 
 3, ext. 2. {G. 62 r.) But Plutarch 
 fays, that he was punifhed capitally 
 for having received bribes from the 
 Perfian king, in Pe/opida, p. 294. ; et in 
 ylriaxerxe, p. l o 2 2 . 
 
 TiMAGORAS, an Epicurean philofo- 
 pher, Cic. Ac: 4, 25. 
 
 TIMANTHES, vel TmANrEs, 
 'isf an excellent painter, a native of 
 Cythnus, [Cythnius,) Quiudil. 2, 13, 
 13. or of Sicyon, Eufiath. ad. II. 
 24, 163. contemporary with Zeuxis, 
 Cic. Brut. 18. His moll celebrated 
 work was the pidure of Iphigenia, 
 about to be facrihced to Diana; in 
 which having exhaniled all his art in 
 reprefenting the grief of the other fpec- 
 tators, and not being able properly 
 to exprefs the feelings of Agamemnon, 
 he veiled his face, Plin. 35, 10.; Cic. 
 Cr. 22. ; Fal. Max. 8, 11, ext. 6. In 
 this pidure he is faid to have excelled 
 Celotes of Teios, ^inSil. 2, 13, 13. 
 He alfo vanquiflied Parrhafms, in 
 painting the contcft betvv'een Ajax and 
 UiyfTes for the arms of Achilles, Plin. 
 35, 10. ; Aelian. 9, i i. 
 
 Ti MARCH IDE s, -/V, a freed man 
 and an occenfus of Verres in Sicily, no- 
 torious for his crimes, Cic. Fsrr. 2, 28, 
 &c. 
 
 TiMOCHAREs, -/.r, the phvfician or 
 friend of king Pyrrhus, who propofed 
 to Fabricius, for a fuitable reward, to 
 cut off that prince by poifon, Cell. 3, 
 8. (G.233.) 
 
 TiMocLFA, a noble lady, who pu- 
 niflied one of the foldicrs of Alexander 
 for offering violence to her by tum- 
 bhng him into a draw-well, Plutarch, 
 in Atex. 
 
 TiMOCLiLS, -?x, a dancer, the com- 
 panion of L. Pifo in lylacedonia, Cic. 
 
 TiMO. 
 
TIM 
 
 TiMOCRATEG, bvotlier to Metro- 
 dorus, the friend of Epicurus ; whom 
 that philofophcr abufed in his writings, 
 becaufe he had differed with him in o- 
 pinion, Cic. N. D, I, 33, & 4c. He 
 was, however, appointed by Epicnrns 
 one of his heirs, Ck. Fin. 2, 31.; Laert, 
 10, 16, &c. 
 
 TIMOLEON, -cnth, an inuflrioiis 
 g-entral of Corinth, who had fuch a 
 detellation of tyranny, that he caiifed 
 his own brother Timophanes, to be 
 put to death, becaiife he had ufurped 
 the government of his country, Nep. 
 20, I. Being fent to the affillance of 
 the Syracufans, he expelled the tyrant 
 Dionyfius, drove the Carthaginians 
 from Sicily, after having defeated them 
 in a great battle near the river Crini- 
 fus, ii 2. [G. 267.) He lived during 
 the reft (^f his life in a private Ration 
 at Syracufe, where iie was juitly 
 treated with the higheil refpe^l, ib. 3, 
 & 4. After his death he was buried 
 at the public expence in a gymnafnim^ 
 called from him, Timokontiitm^ ih. 5. 
 Plutarch fays that he was buried in 
 the forum, /// inta ejus. He had a 
 firm belief in divine providence, [Ni- 
 hil emm rerum humanarum fine dcorum nu- 
 wine agi pntabai,) Nep. ib. 4. When a 
 petulant perfon one day inveighed a- 
 gainft him in the public aU'enibly, he 
 thanked the gods, that they had re- 
 ilored fuch liberty to the Syracufans, 
 that any one might exprefs his fen- 
 timents concerning whom lie pleafcd 
 with impunity, //;. 5. 
 
 TiMo.M ACfius, a noted painter of 
 Byzantium in the time of Julius Cacfar, 
 Pl'm. 35, If. 
 
 TIMON, -un'is, an Athenian in the 
 time of the Pclopomiefian v.ar ; \\ h« 
 from his averfion to lociety, and the 
 dillike he exprciTed againlt his own 
 fpecles, was called the MiJ'anthrope^ 
 or Man-hater, Cic.Tufc. ^y 11.; yimic, 
 
 23. TiMONEA cot nay a iolitary fup- 
 
 per, (al. mociicay) Seuec. Ep. 1 l>. 
 
 Ti M o N I u M , V. Timoneum, a houfe which 
 Antony cauied to be built on the fea 
 near the illand Phavos, after his dtfeat 
 
 392 ] T I K 
 
 • at Aftium ; where he propofed to live 
 retired like Timon, Plutarch, in Anton, 
 p, 94S. 
 
 TIMOTHEUS, the fon of Conort, 
 an ilhiftrious Athenian general ; dif- 
 tinguiOied not only by his military ex- 
 ploits, Nep. 13, I, &c. but alfo by his 
 learning, C'lc. Off. i, 33. He fupped 
 one day with Plato, and was highly 
 
 delighted with the hmphcity of his 
 fare. Having met the philofopher 
 next day, he faid, " Your fuppcrs are 
 agreeable, not only for the time, but 
 alfo on the day after,'* C'lc. Tufc. 5, 
 
 TimOtheus, a poet and mufician 
 of Miletus, who made feveral improve- 
 ments in ancient mufic. He ufed 
 eleven firings to his lyre, inftead of fc- 
 \-en, the oidinary number ; and there- 
 fore the Lacedaemonians are faid to 
 have ordered the additional firings to 
 be taken off, Qc. Lcgg. 2, 15 f. Pau- 
 fanias fays, they fufpended his lyre in 
 a place called Shia, 3, 12. Athenaeus 
 mentions this circumftance differently, 
 14, 9. Timotheus is reported to have 
 demanded twice as much for teaching 
 thofe who had been in{lru6ted by ano- 
 ther, as he did from thofe who liad 
 never been taught at ,all, ^inci. 
 2, 3, 3. Timotheus flourifhed in tlie 
 time of Philip and Alexander. 
 
 Timotheus, an excellent fculptor ; 
 one of thofe who carved the Mauio- 
 Icum, Pih^ 34> 8. 
 
 T. Tin CAS, V. Tinea, a native of 
 Piacentia, a man ot great wit and hu- 
 mour, i^dicax et facet us y) Cic. Br. 46. 
 The fame probably who is mentioned, 
 (^imia'il, r, 5, 12, 
 
 of 
 
 PIPHYS, -yls f. -xos, the piiot 
 the Ihip Argo, Virg. E. 4, 34. ^ud 
 t'lbi cnmpatr'idy 7ia^cita Tlphy, med? What 
 had you to do \s'ith my country ? i. e. 
 Why did you come to Lemnos ? Ov'ul. 
 Pp. 6, 48. 
 
 THIESL4lS, -aey a famous The- 
 ban augur, [G. 455-) pi't lor any 
 blind perfon, Juvenal. [3, 349. 
 
 TIRLDaTES, 'is, a Parthian no- 
 bleman, raifjd to the throne, when 
 
 Phraiites, 
 
T I R 
 
 C 
 
 Phraates was expelled for his cruelty ; 
 but Phraates being- afterwards reftored 
 by tlie afliftance of the Scythians, Tf- 
 ridates fled to Auguftus, and carried 
 with him the youngcll fon of Phraates, 
 
 i)io, 51, 18.; Jjijiin. 42, 5. ^ild 
 
 'T'lr'tdatem ierreat^ unice Securusy per- 
 fectly regardlefs of what terriiics Tiri- 
 dates, or what he is afraid of, Hor. Od. 
 J., 26, 5. lell Auguftus (hould give 
 him up to Phraates, who demanded 
 him ; but Auguftus did not comply 
 with the requeft, Dio^ ik et 53, 33. 
 
 TIRO, -Qtiisi firft the flave, and 
 afterwards the favourite freed man of 
 Cicero, Cic, Fam. 16, i, <3cc. An. 7, 
 
 5. ; hence called M. TuU'ius Tiro j 
 a man of an elegant genius, whom 
 Cicero educated with the greateft care, 
 and afterwards employed as the allift- 
 ant of his ftudies, Gell. 7, 3. et 13, 9. 
 How much Cicero valued Tiro, we 
 inay judge from the affectionate ex- 
 preflions which he ufes in his letters to 
 him, Fam. 16, i, 2, &:c. ; Add. Plin. 
 Ep. 7,4. — Tiro is laid to have written 
 three books, containing the jells and 
 witty fayings of Cicero ; but thefc were 
 afcribed alfo to Quintus, Cicero's bro- 
 ther, or to fome other perfon, ^in^lL 
 
 6, 3, 5. Tiro aifo contracted the com- 
 mentaries or rriemoirs which Cicero left 
 concerning himftlf, Id. 10, 7, 31. Ti- 
 ro compoied fevcrai learned works of 
 his own, GfU. 13, 9 — To Tiro we are 
 indebted for the epiftles of Cicero to 
 his friends ; coinmonly called Epis- 
 TOLAE AB Familiares, but in the moft: 
 ancient manufcripts Epistolae ad di- 
 rERSos. Tiro is faid to have firft in- 
 vented the art of writing fliort-hand, 
 and to have lived to the age of an 
 hundred, Hieroriym. in Cbrenic. Eufeh. 
 
 TisiAS, -aCi a Sicilian, the moft 
 ancient writer on the art of rhetoric, 
 ^inSil. 2, 17, 7. et $, J, 8. 
 
 TiSAMENEs, -is, the fon of Orcftes, 
 king of Mycenae, Ovid, in loin, 348. j 
 Frontin. i, 2. [Pld. G. 408.) 
 
 T I s I p H 6 N E , -es, ( i. e. uitria caedis, ) 
 one of the three Furies *. 
 
 * Impexfl ftros pro cnnibus angufs. hating 
 fierce fnakes inty/ined for hair, TihuU. 1,3, 
 
 93 1 Tit* 
 
 TissAPHERNEs, -is, Ti Perfiau fa- 
 trap, Ncp. 9, 3. et 17, 2. ; Jupn. 5, 
 1. (Fid G. 61'].) 
 
 TiTAN, -anlsf vcl TiTANUS, -/> 
 the fon of Coelus and Terra, the elder 
 brother of Saturn, (G. 355.) Ti- 
 to nes vel Titaniy the fons of Titan, 
 (the Titans,) who made war on Sa- 
 turn for taking the kingdom from their 
 father, [G. 356, & 438.) f 
 
 TITH6NUS, vel -ox, the fon of 
 Laomcdon, with whom Aurora fell in 
 love on account of his btauty, and car- 
 ried him off through the air into Aeth- 
 iopia, fo that he became her hufband ; 
 whence (he is called Tiihoni conjux, 
 Ovid. Ep. 18, I IT. Am. 2. 5,45.; 
 TiTHONiA conjux, Virg. Acn, 8, 384.; 
 Ovid. Faft, 3, 403. and fimply Titho- 
 nia. Fa/. Flac. i, 311. or Tithonisy 
 '^dis, Stat. Silv. 5, i, 34. — When the 
 dawn rifes, Aurora is faid to leave the 
 couch of Tithonus, Fivg. G. i, 447 i. 
 — Aurora procured from Jupiter immor- 
 tality for Tith5nus; but having forgotten 
 ■ to allv perpetual youth, he became fo 
 weak, through extreme old age, that 
 he prayed for death, and was changed 
 into a cicada, (G. 377.) Hence Mi- 
 nuit Tithonum longafenedus, lefTened his 
 llrengch, or weakened him, Hor. Od. 2, 
 17, 3. Tithonujque rcmotus in auras, fc. 
 
 occidit^ 
 
 69. So Crinita hyJris^ Claudian. de Rapt. 
 Proferp. I, 40. Serpentibui undique compta^ 
 Virg. Cul. 217. pallida. Id. G. 3, SS^- Pat- 
 la fuccirlia crutnta — ultrix acclnfiit Jiagetloy 
 quatit Jotites, Id. A. 6, ^^^, Sc SlO. Sufvi, 
 Hor. Sat. I, 8, ^^.--Eradere vitae Ttmporo, 
 ft pojpsy Tiftphonaea tuae, to erafe from the 
 record of your life, if you can, the time in 
 which you e>:ercifed envy and malice agaulfl 
 me, like a fury, Ovid. Tr. 4, 9, 6. 
 
 f BiUa TiTANfA, Titanian wars, i. e. 
 fiuitiels, luch as the Titans washed apaini't 
 the gods,4<S';/. 12, 725. litaniaci drdcyieiy pr.>- 
 dufcd from the blood of the Titans; or whicli 
 Medea received from Titan or the fun, to- 
 gether with her charict, Ovid. Md. 7, 39.;,!. 
 
 I Proxitna profpicnt Tithono nupta rtUc'o 
 Arcadiae facrum ponilficale deae^ i. c. on tha 
 next day fhall be the fcftivai of Carmenia, 
 Ovid. Faf, I, 461. 'Jam, Fhr^Xy a nup.a 
 qucrerii^ STiibone, rr/inf.,;, O Trcjan Tiiho- 
 nis, you complain that rou arc left by vour 
 wli:"-, i. e. it is n;ornine, H. 6, 4-1. 
 
 3 D 
 
TIT I m 
 
 accid'tt, and TItbonus is dead, though 
 formerly removed by Aurora into the 
 air, i. e. carried thiough the air into 
 Aethiopia, iL r, 28, 8. - — ■ Tithoniafe- 
 neBus^ Stat. Silv. 4, 3, 151. 
 
 TiTHRAusTES, -/>, Captain of the 
 king of Perfia's guards ; who by the 
 king's order put TifTaphernes to death, 
 and fucceeded him in, his government, 
 
 (G.670 
 
 TiTiNtA, the wife of Cotta, Cic. 
 Br, 60. 
 
 Cn. TiTiNiU!^, a Roman eques, Cic. 
 Cluent. ^G, 
 
 ^'i'n iNius, the brother-german of 
 C. Fannius, i. e. by the fame mother, 
 Cic. Verr, i, 49. He fecms to have 
 been intimate with Cicero, w}io made 
 L. TulHus one of his lieutenants at 
 the recommendation of Tjtiniu?, Cic. 
 An. 5,21. Add. ih. 2, 4. f/ 7, 1 8. et 9, 6. 
 
 TiTiNii, perfons put to death by 
 Catiline during the ufurpatiun of Jiulla, 
 Cic. Pet. ConJ'.c. 2. 
 
 TiTius, one of the ringleaders of 
 Clodius*s mobs, Cic. Dom. 29. ; Har, 
 refp. 27. ; Sext, 52. 
 
 C, TiTius, an orator and writer of 
 tragedies, Cic. Br. 45. 
 
 C. TiTius Rufusy city praetor in 
 the confulfliip of Paulus and Marccllus, 
 Cic. Fam. 13, 57. lieutenant of Dolo- 
 bella in Ana, ih. 12, 15. 
 
 P. TniU', a tribune, a. 71c, Cic. 
 Fam. 10, 12. 
 
 5^:c. TiTius, a feditious tribune, a. 
 654, Cic. Or. 2, Ti. by whom feveral 
 jaws were paffed, called Le;^es Titiae, 
 Cic. Leg. 2, 6, & 12. He was an 
 acute fpeaker, but fo efFeminrUe in his 
 gefture, that a certain dance was from 
 him called Tit i us, Cic. Br. 62 f. ; 
 ^inSIil. II, 3, 128. 
 
 TiTius Sepiniius, a writer of lyric 
 poems and tragedies, Hor. Ep. i, 3, 9. 
 fuppofed to be the fame mentioned, Od. 
 2, 6, I. et Ep. 1,9. 
 
 TiTURius, one who exaded tribute 
 at Toiofa, r/ic. Font. 5. 
 
 ^'f. TiTur.Nius Rvfus, the only one 
 temaining of the Titurnlan i^ily ^ <-^^- 
 
 3 TON 
 
 Titus, a Roman praenomen. It is 
 ufed as the notnstt, or name of the Ro- 
 man emperor, to diftingulfh him from 
 Vefpafian, his father. Fid. Vespasia- 
 
 TITyRUS, the name of a fneplierd 
 in Virgil, borrowed from Theocritus, 
 jE. I, I, & 39. Under the name of 
 Tityrus the poet is fuppofed to exprefs 
 his gratitude to Auguftus for reftoring 
 his lands. Fid. Oct.^ vius, {it Mar- 
 tial. 8, $6, 8.) But others think that 
 under this charai^er he reprefents 
 the people of Mantua, aud the people 
 of Cremona under that of Meliboeus, 
 £.1,4. et 9, 28. Tityrus tlfewhere 
 denotes merely a fliepherd, iB. 5, 12. 
 €t 9, 23. a defpicable muficlan or poet, 
 
 ih. 8, 55. Tityre, te cecitii^ I fung of 
 
 thee, Id. G. 4, 566 Fiiyrus ipfij is 
 
 put for Virgil himfelf, Properi. 2, 34.. 72. 
 
 TITYUS, V. oj, the fun of Terra, 
 {Terrae omntparentis alumnus,) Virg. 
 Aen. 6, 595. a giant, whole body is 
 faid to have covered nine acres, ib. He 
 attempted to offer violence to Latona, 
 (whence he is called tticontinens, Hor, 
 Od. 3,4, 78. and raptor., ib. 4, 6, 2.) 
 On thih account he was flain by Apol- 
 lo ; and in the infernal regions a vulture 
 perpetually preyed on his liver, (G. 
 437.) Tthull 1,3, 75. 
 
 Ti.tPOLE.Mu; , a fon of Kerculesr 
 and Ailyoche, the daughter of Phy- 
 las, yJpoilodor. 2, 7, 8 f. who fettled 
 in Rhodes, Id. 2, 8, 2. Add. Ovid, 
 Met. 12, 537. 
 
 Tlepclemus, a painter in the re- 
 tinue of Verres, Cic. Verr. 3,28. born 
 at Cibyra, (Cihyrdta,) ib. 4, 13, & 21- 
 
 i^ar ToLUMNius, king of the Ve- 
 jente^^, killed by Corn. Coffus in fingle 
 combat, Liv. ^, 17, & 19. ; Propetr. 4, 
 10, 37. 
 
 ToLus, V. Olus, the perfon whofe 
 head is faid to have been found in dig- 
 ging for the foundation of the Capi- 
 tol ; whence it had its name, [q. Caput 
 Toll, v. Oli, A. 564.) Dionyf. 4, 59. 
 
 TcNG LLUS, V. -iTius, an aflbcate 
 and favourite of Catiline's, Cic, at. 
 2, 2, 
 
 TomJ-ri?, 
 
TOM 
 
 ToMyRis, -is, ace. 
 Scythia, who vanquiflied and flev/ Cy 
 rus, (6*, 602.) 
 
 ToRANius, a partifan of Pompey's, 
 and on that account an exile ; who 
 entertahied the fame fentiments con- 
 cerning the civil war with Cicero, Cic. 
 Fam. 6, 20, & 21. He was after- 
 wards killed in the profcription of 
 Antony and Augudus, being betrayed 
 by- his own fon, who had joined the 
 triumviri, Val. Max. 9, 11, 5. 
 
 ToR(iyATUs, a firnatne of the Man- 
 B ; firft given to T. Manh'us, froni the 
 chain (iorquis) which he took from 
 the neck of a Gaul, whom he had (lain 
 in fingle combat, Liv. 7, 10. : Cic. 
 Ttifc. 4, 22. Fin. I, 7. Of. 3, 31. (G. 
 225. j calhd faevus fecuri, Virg. Aen. 6, 
 825. becaufe he ordered his fon to be 
 beheaded, for having fought with the 
 enemy again ll orders, Liv. th. 
 
 Trabea, a comic poet. Cell. 15, 24.; 
 Cic. Fiji. 2, 4. Tufc. 4, 31. — Nihil tibi 
 opus eji illud a Trahea, you have no 
 reed to quote that verfe from Trabea, 
 Cic. Fafh. 9, 21. 
 
 Tkachallus, viil Trachalus, an ora- 
 tor, contemporary with Quindtilian, 
 10, I, 119. 
 
 TRAJINUS, an excellent Roman 
 emperor, (G. 246.) Plin. Pan. et Ep. 
 I. 10.; Tac. H'lji. 1,1. Agric. ^, & 44. 
 
 Tran;;^illus, a Roman firname ; 
 as of Suetonius. 
 
 C. TREBATIUS refta, a learned 
 lawyer, intimate with Cicero, who re- 
 commended him to Caefar while in 
 Gaul, Cic. Fam. 7, 5. and wrote to him 
 many humorous letters, Cic. 7, 6, — 23. 
 Ke alfo infcribed to him his Topics, 
 Cic. Top. I. Fam. 7, 1 9. He enjoyed 
 the confidence of Caefar after his vic- 
 tories, Suet. Caef. 78. He was alfo a 
 favourite with Auguftus. — Horace in- 
 troduces Trcbatlus as advihng him to 
 give over writing fatires, Sat. 2, 1,4, 
 &78. 
 
 Z. Trekf.llius, firft an opponent, 
 and aftervvards a friend of Antony's, 
 Cic. Phil. 6, ^. et 13, 12, &c. 
 
 Tr>:hcllius Maximus, a governor 
 ^i Bntain, hated by his army for his 
 
 [ 39^ 1 T R t: 
 
 a queen of fordid avarice. Being deferted by hfs 
 troops, through the influence of one 
 Caelius, he fled to Vitellins, Tac. Hiji. 
 i, 60. but met with no favour from 
 him, Bolanus being fent to fnpply his 
 place, ib. 2, 65. Tacitus differs from 
 himfelf a little \\\ his account of this 
 matter, Agric. 16. 
 
 TRr:p.ius, one whom Juvenal ftrong- 
 ly difliiades from continuing to fubmit 
 to the contempt and negledl with 
 which poor clients were treated by 
 their rich patrons, 5> 19, & 135, &c. 
 
 6;TRE130NIUS, a tribune a. 698, 
 who got a law paffed, afligning to the 
 confuls provinces for five years, to 
 Pompey, the two Spains and Africa ; 
 and to Craffus, Syria ; alfo to Caefar, 
 Gaul for other five years, Dio, 39, 33, 
 &c. Suet. Caef. 24. This law ferved to 
 precipitate the ruin of the republic, 
 and in the end proved deftrutlivc to 
 the propofer of it. Trebonius wa« 
 made one of Catfar's lieutenants, Caef 
 5. G. 5, 17, & 24. He adled in that 
 capacity with M. Antonius at the 
 fiege of Alefia, i3. 7, 81. He was 
 entrufted with the charge of con- 
 ducing tlie fiege of Marfeilles while 
 Caefar was abfent in Spain, Id B. C» 
 
 2, I, & 15. A. U. 706, he was 
 
 made city praetor, in which office he 
 behaved with great prudence and hu- 
 manity, according to the teftimony of 
 Catfar, B. C. 3, 20, & 21. and oppo- 
 fed the turbulent attempts of Coelius, 
 ib. et Dio, A^z, 22. Fell. 2, 68. The 
 year after, he obtained the government 
 of Spain v/ith proconfular authority, 
 Dio, 42, 29. Hirt. B. Alex. 64. whence 
 he was in a fliort time expelled by Sca- 
 pula and Aponius, the generals of the 
 
 republican party, ITio, ibid, In the 
 
 year of the city 708, when Caefar firfl 
 introduced the cuftom of creating con- 
 fuls for only a part of the year, and to 
 fet the example, he himfelf with his col- 
 league Lepidus had refigned the con- 
 fullhip, Trebonius and Q. Fabius were 
 fubilituted in their room, Dio, 43, 46. 
 for the three laft months of the year, 
 Suet. Caef. 76. to the great difpleafure 
 of the people ; which they fignitied when 
 3 B 2 thp 
 
T R E C 596 ] TUB 
 
 the new confuls firft appeared in the There were fevcral fea-gods called Tri 
 
 theatre, ib. .80. Though Trebonius 
 had been raifed to the higheft prefer- 
 ments by Caefar, yet he joined the con- 
 fpirators againft him, animated, as it is 
 fuppofed, purely by a hatred of tyran- 
 ny, Ck. Phil. 2, II, & 14. ^'^ If, 4. 
 f/ 13, 10. Veil. 2, 56. On the fatal 
 day [Idihts Martiis) he engaged An- 
 tony in converfation at the door while 
 the other confpirators were difpatching 
 •Caefar, and thus faved his life, Cic.PhiL 
 2, 14. <r/ 13, 10. Ep» 2, 28.; jyw, 44, 
 19. After the death of Caefar, the 
 province of Afia was alTigned to Tre- 
 bonius by the fenate, where he was 
 treacheroufly (lain at Smyrna by Dolo- 
 bella, Cio, Phil, u, 2, &c. 12, \o, et 
 13, 10. Veil 2, 69.; D'w, 47, 29.; 
 Appian. B. Civ. 3, p> SA^* '^c. 
 
 ^;;.TREMELLIU£.S'^/-<9/i/. ^/V.ScROFA. 
 
 C. Valerius 7'riarius, the friend of 
 Cicero, whom he appointed guardian 
 to his children, C/V. Fin. i, 5. ^n. 12, 
 28. 
 
 TRICIPITiNUS, afirname of the 
 
 LuCRETII. 
 
 Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, the fa- 
 ther of Lucretia, Llv. 1, ^^^ & 59. et 
 2, 8. ; Cic. Leg, 2» 4. 
 
 lu. Lucretius Tkicipitin-us, a con- 
 fu], who triumphed over the Volfci and 
 jicqui, Liv. 3, 8, & ic. 
 
 Triopas, v. -c, the father of Eri- 
 
 fichth 
 
 'ho thence is called T{ 
 
 PEius, O^j'id. Met. 8, 75 J. and his 
 daughter Triopeis, -Xdis, ib. 872, 
 
 Triptolemus, the fon of Celeus, 
 king of Eleufis, whom Ceres taught 
 the arc of hulbandry, and fent him 
 through the world to communicate the 
 knowltdge of it to others, (G. 360,) 
 • He was ranked among the iniernal 
 judges, Cic.TuJc. i, 41. 
 
 Tkismegistus, (i, e. ter maximus), a 
 name of Mercury among the Egypti- 
 ans, Lactant. i, 6, oc 7. 
 
 Tritannus, a centurion, remark- 
 able for his {Irength, Cic. Fifi. i, 3»; 
 Plin. 7, 20. 
 
 Triton, v. .<?, 'onis, a fea-god ; the 
 attendant and trumpeter of Neptune, 
 (G.386.) Cic. N. D^ I. 28, et 2, 25. 
 
 tons, ( Triton Rs,) Firg. Aen. 5, 824. 
 
 Tri TON I A, f. Tritoriis, Adis^ a name 
 of Minerva, (G. 361.) 
 
 Trivia, a name of Diana, becaufe 
 /he prefided over places where three 
 ways met. (G. 377.), and an image of 
 her was placed there with three faces, 
 one looking towards each way, Ovid. 
 
 Faji. 1 , 141. T R I V I A E lacus, the 
 
 lake of Diana near Aricia, Virg. Aen. 
 7,516. Trivtae lucus, a grove facred 
 to Diana near Cumae, ib. 6, i 3. 
 
 Trogus Pompeius, a Latin hiilo- 
 rlan in the time of Auguflus, who 
 \vrote a general hi (lory of the world, 
 abridged by Juflin. The original 
 work is loft, and the abridgment only 
 remains, Jufiin. Praef. 
 
 Troilus, a fon of Priam, (lain by 
 Achilles, Virg. Aen. l, 475. ; Hor.Od, 
 
 2>^9. 15- ^. 
 
 Tros, -o/j, a king of Troy, who gave 
 name to that city, Virg. G. 3, 36. 
 whence Trosy Trois, a Trojan, Id. Aen. 
 I? 577- Troes, Trojans, (G. 187.) 
 
 Trophonius, the fon of Valens and 
 Phoronis, called alfp Mercuriusy Cic. N. 
 D, 3, 22. worfhipped with particular 
 ceremonies, Li. Div. i, 34. (G. 305.) 
 
 Trophonius, an architect, who with 
 his brother xVgamedes built the temple 
 of Apollo at Delphi, Pan/an. 10, 5. 
 and having implored that god to grant 
 them in return what was beft for them, 
 they were both, three days after, found 
 dead, Cic. T'ufc. i, 47. 
 
 Tru 
 
 cULENTUs, the churl, the name 
 
 of one of the plays of Plautus, Cic. Sen. 
 14. 
 
 Trypho, 'Onist the name of a Have, 
 Cic. Att. 3, 8. Fam. 13, 6f. 
 
 TuBERo, -Q///X, a firname of the 
 Aeiii. 
 
 ^ Aelius TuBERQ, a very brave 
 man, though poor, to whom, on ac- 
 count of his merit, Pauius Aemilius 
 gave his daughter in marriage, VaL 
 Ma:':. 4, 4, 9. ; Plin. 33, il f. 50. 
 
 ^ TUBERO, the fon of the form- 
 er, whence he w^as the nephew of Af- 
 ricanus the younger, [Africani fororis 
 f.lius,) Cic. Mun 36. a iioic hi princi- 
 ple 
 
TUB 
 
 [ 397 
 
 T U i. 
 
 pie and prailice ; vvlii'ch he fliewed, 
 as Cicero thought, InjudiciQufly at the 
 funeral grimes celebrated by liis coufin, 
 
 Q^M 
 
 aMiuuis, 1 
 
 in honour oi Africanu8, 
 
 and on that account, wiien he ftood 
 candidate for tht prattorfi.ip, lod his 
 ekdion, ih. Htnce IJta fiaa (fc. Stoi- 
 corunv) lulcroties^ d Favojim, ve/^ri 
 quoqiie reipuhi'tcae iv.gr at a nom'muf geMu'il. 
 Tac. Ann- i6, 22. Tubero was a man 
 of great integrity and wcrtli, Clc. Br. 
 
 31- 
 
 P.TuBERO,thebrolherof the former, 
 who pronounced a funeral oration on 
 his uncle by tlie mother's hde, Scipio 
 Africanus, written by Laehus, Gc.Or. 
 2, 84. 
 
 ^. TuBERO, an ancient Latin hi- 
 ftorian, Ll^v. 4, 23. ; DhnyJ, if. 
 
 L. TuBERO, the companion and 
 friend of Cicero, C'lc, Leg. 7. who wrote 
 a hiilory, Cic. J^ Fr. I, i, 3. and 
 therefore is fuppofed to have been the 
 fame with the hillorian lall mentioned. 
 He was lieutenant to Q^ Cicero, Cic. 
 ih. d Plane. Al. He joined Pompcy Br. 15. 
 in tlie civil war, Cic. Ltg. 8. but was Tuditanus, an Infane nobleman, 
 reltored by Caefar, with his fon Q^ the grandfather of Fulvia, the wife of 
 Tub ERG, who accufed Ligarlus, Clc. Antony, Cic. Phil. 3, 6. jic. 4, 27.; 
 Lig. I. Val.Max. 7,8, I. 
 
 A^ Pojihumius Tubertus, a dlda 
 
 him one. of his heirs, and to have com- 
 mitted to him, together with Vaiius, 
 the charge of correfting the Aencis, 
 Dutiat. in Vita Plrgil. c. 1 5. 
 
 A7. TUCCIUS, curule aedile, JJv. 
 35, 4'. and pi actor, ///. 7,6, 45. who 
 commanded in BriiUii and Apulia, fJ. 
 37,50. cf 385 36. He was made trium'vir 
 for tranrplacting a colony, IJ. 39, 22. 
 
 «j 2. The accufer of C. Sempro- 
 
 nius Rufus, by whom he himfclf was 
 alfo accufed, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. 
 
 TuDiTANUS, a firname of the Setri' 
 proni'i ; firit given to one of that gens^ 
 becaufe he had a head like a mallet, 
 [quod caput tuditiyi mallcofimik hahuerit, ) 
 Fcilus. 
 
 M. TuDITANUS, COnful, 2. 5 1 3, 
 
 f. 5 J 4, the year in which Livius Ar- 
 dronlcus exhibited the fir!l play at^ 
 Rome, and the year before Ennius was 
 born, Cic. Br. 18. Tujc. i, ?. 
 
 P. TuDiTANus, the colleague of 
 Cethegus in tlie confulate, a. ^49, and 
 afterwards alfo in the cenforihip, Cic, 
 
 tor, who gamed a lignal vidory over 
 the Aequi and Volfci, Liv. 4, 26, 29. 
 P. Tubertus, the colleague In the 
 confulate, firit of Valerius Poplicola, 
 and then of Meneiu'us, who obtained 
 the light of being buried within the 
 city, which his poilerlty retained, Cic. daughters of S 
 
 Ti'LLA, a companion of Camilla, 
 Virg. Atn. 1 \^(>^(i, 
 
 irviiis TULLIUS, the fixth king 
 
 of Rome, (G. 20c.) Tullianum, 
 
 a place in the prifon, Sallujl. Cat. ^^. 
 built by Servius Tullius, Varr.L. L.^, 
 
 %1. et Fejlus. TuLLiAE, the two 
 
 ervius Tullius ; married 
 
 Lfg. 2, 23 
 
 C. lioJliUus TuBULUS, praetor, Liv. 
 27, 6. of the cliy, ib. 7. He after- 
 wards was fent agalnlb Annlbal, and at- 
 tacked him with fucccfs, ih. 42. 
 
 Z. TuBULUS, a praetor a. u. 6ir. 
 who took money openly for giving 
 judgment in caufes; on which account 
 he iied from his trial, and went into 
 voluntary baniihment, Cic. Fin. 2, 16. 
 et 4, 28. et 5, 22. N. D. 3, ^o. 
 
 Pkiiiis I'uccA, a poet, the fiicnd of 
 Virgil and Horace, Hor. Sat. i, 5, 40. 
 et JO? 84, Virgil is falfl to h?'-^ ^''^"''■ 
 
 left 
 
 to the two Taiquinii, (G. 202.) 
 
 J\L Tullius Ciuroj the orator. FirV. 
 
 CiCERO. TuLLiA, the daughter of 
 
 Cicero, Cic. Fam. 2, 15. ct 6f 18. Att, 
 
 10, 18, (Sec. dim. TuLLiOLA, Cic. Aft. 
 
 ^'3'&c. 
 L. Tullius, a relation of Cicero's ; 
 
 one of his lieutenants in Cillcia, Cic.Att. 
 
 5, 21. mentioned ih. 4. et Vcrr. 4, 11. 
 L. Tullius I\Jonianus, one who 
 
 went with Cicero's fon to Athens, Cic. 
 
 Alt. 12, 52. TULLIANUM caput i H 
 
 debt due by Tullius, ih. 15, 2.6. called 
 TulUanumftmis^ becraife, as it ii thought, 
 
 the 
 
T U L C ^98 
 
 the intereft was half an as (Jemis) for 
 100 ajfes per month; or, as wc fay, 
 6j)er cent, per annum, ib. 29. 
 
 1^ u L L I u s Cimber. Vtcl. T i l L i u s . 
 
 IW (i. e. Manias) Tullius, con- 
 ful with Sulpicius in the tenth year 
 after the expuliion of the kings, Cic. 
 Br. \6. ; Lh\ 2, 19. 
 
 Tullius, the chief [magi/Ier) of a 
 fociety of farmers of the pubKc reve- 
 nues, Clc. Fen\'^, 71. 
 
 TuLLus Hojiilius, the third king of 
 Rome, {G. 196.) Virg. Jen. 6, 815. 
 
 Jttius TuLLUs, a chief of the Volfci, 
 the hoft of Coriolanus, Liv. 2, 55, &c. 
 
 TuLLUs Clwvius, one of the Roman 
 ambaffadcrs, put to death by Lars To- 
 lumnius,.6'/V. Phil. 9, 3. called TuUus 
 Claelius by Pliny, 34, 6. 
 
 L. Vokahus TuLLus, cotiful with 
 i.epidus, a. 688, Ck. Cat. 1, 6. Att. 
 
 8, IS'— — ^^ 2. The patron and friend 
 of Propertius, i, i, 9, &.c. 
 
 TuLLUs Hojl'iltus. a tribune-eledt of 
 the commons, a partifan of Antony's, 
 C'lc. Phil. 13, C2. 
 
 Turbo, -o«?V, the name cf a gladi- 
 ator, Hor, Sat. 2, 3, 301. 
 
 TuRDUs, the lirname of a plebeian 
 branch of the Gens Papiria, Cic. Fam. 
 
 9, 21, 7. C, Pap'irius Tukdus, a 
 
 tribune, Liv. 41, 6. 
 
 Z/. TuRius, (a). Thorius,) an orator 
 of fmall genius, but of great indullry, 
 Cic. Br. 67. 
 
 ^ TuRiu-:, a trader (^negotiator) iii 
 Africa, Cic. Fanu 12, 26. Haersditas 
 TuR.iANA> the fortune or eilate left 
 
 by Turius, ih. Eros ( -oiis ) Tv R i u s, 
 
 the freed man of Q^Turius, ih. 
 
 TURNUS, the fon of Daunus and 
 \-\r.r. ^f .u^ Rutuh', Fir^. Aen. 
 
 Venilia, king of the 
 
 .eneas, 
 
 lb. 12, 
 
 7, 577, &c. (lain by 
 928. (G. 19c,) 
 
 TuRPiLiUSj an old epic poet, Non. 
 4,422. 
 
 L. Amhi%nns Turpio, mentioned as 
 one of the principal adtors in the title 
 of all the plays of Terence, except the 
 Adclphi and Hecyra. 
 
 TuRPio,-o«7'.r, a contemptible perfon 
 at Rome, who had been a Ihoemaker or 
 ,. cobltr, (futoriuSi) Cic. Att. 6, i. 
 
 3 T Y N 
 
 D. TuRRANNius, V. -anitis, a man 
 poffefTed of ufeful learning, who lived 
 iometimes with Cicero, and fometimes 
 with Cicero's brother, Cic. Att. i, 6. 
 f/ 6, 9. £"/ 7, I. He is thought to be 
 the fame mentioned by Pliny, 3, i. 
 
 A/" TuRRANNius, a perfon of great 
 intea^rity, who would not accept of a 
 province from Antony, Cic. ■ 'hil. 3,10. 
 
 L. (URSELius, one whofe efFefts 
 Antony ieized bv a forged will, Cic. 
 
 Phil.2,\6. 
 
 u RUT, I us, quaeftorto Tilh'us Cim- 
 ber in Bithynia, and commander of his 
 fleet, Cic. Fam. 12, 13. 
 
 TuscENius, an obicure perfon, who 
 complained of Q^Cicero, Cic. 1^. Fr. i, 
 I, 6. et 2, 2. 
 
 7"UT0R> -oris, the name of an old 
 comedy, or of the writer and adior of 
 it, \ery ridiculous, [inimus vetusy op* 
 pido ridicidusy) Cic. Or. 2, 64. 
 
 Tychius, a fliilfui artiil, v/ho made 
 the fi-iJeld of Ajax, Ovid. Fajl. 3, 823. 
 
 TYDEUS, (2 fyll.) -ei, V. -eos, the 
 fon of Oeneus, king cf Cal)-don and 
 Peribaea ; one of the fcven leaders 
 againil Thebes, where he was flain, 
 (G. 434-) ^^^ father of Diomedes ; 
 v-lio is hence called Tydides, -ae, [G, 
 
 45S.) 
 
 Tymoetes. Fid. Thymoetes. 
 
 TYND A K\JS,\.Tyriddreus, -i, aking 
 of Lcicednemon, tlie huiband of Leda, 
 and lather of Cailor and Pollux, of 
 Helena and Ciytaemneftra, (G. 411-) 
 whence TyndarIdes, -acy the fon of 
 ''lyndarus, i. e. Caltor, Fal. Flac. 6, 
 612. TYNDAiaDAE, -aruniy the fons 
 of Tyndarus, i. e. Caftor and Pollux, 
 Cic. N. D. 2, 2.et 3,5.; 0%nd. Trijl. r, 
 10, 45. 2emini, 
 Id.F.5, 
 
 ., Id. M. 8, 30 T. fratres, 
 700. Clariim Tyndar^daeJidiiSy 
 the bright ftar of Caltor and Pollux, 
 PFjr, Od. 4, 8, 31. et \, 12, 27. Hence 
 Optatos quaerere 'Tyndaridas, to defire 
 tiiat this ftar, wifhed for by mariners, 
 
 might appear, Propert. i, 17, 18. 
 
 Tyndaris, -/^/'j, the daughter of Tyn- 
 darus, i. e. Helena, Virg. Aen. 2, 6c i.; 
 Ovid. Ep. 5, gi. Am. 2, 12, 18.; Pro- 
 pert. 2, 32, 3[. f/ 3, 8, 30 — We hard- 
 ly find Tyndaris rut for Civ tern nae- 
 
 ' ftra, 
 
T Y P 
 
 ftra, but her hufband Agamemnon is 
 called Tyndarei gener^ the fon-In-law of 
 Tyndarcus, 0-vid, in Ibin, 356. Add. 
 
 Cic, Fat. 15. adj. Tyndareus 
 
 puer, i. e. Caftor or Pollux, Fal. Flac. 
 I, 167. 
 
 . Typhoeus, (3 fyll with eu a diph- 
 thong, gen. -deiy v. -oeosy Ovid. Fait. 
 
 4, 491. dat. Typhoeoy in 3 fyll. the eo 
 founded in one fyll. Firg. Aen. 9, 716. 
 accuf. Typhoeay in 4 fyll. Ovid. Md. 
 
 5, 348. Faft. I, 573. or in 3 fyll. as 
 TyphoeOy Vn-g, G. ), 279. ; Ovid. Met. 
 3, 305.) a giant of enormous fize, 
 Virg. j^cn. 85 298. faid to have an hun- 
 dred hands, Gvid, Met. 3, ;^03. buried 
 under the iOand Inarime, Virg. Am. 9, 
 716.; Lvcan. 5, lOT. Ovid fays, un- 
 der Sicily, Met. 5, 346, 5:c — - — adj. 
 TypkoeuS, vel 'otm ; thus, Tela Ty- 
 phoea. the darts uled by Jupiter againfl 
 Typhoeus, i. e. thunderbolts, Firg. 
 Ae-n. I, t6^. Typhoia rervix, the neck 
 of Typhoeus, Claudian. de Rapt, Prof. 
 
 3 » I S 3. T Y p H o I s ( 'Idos, ) Aetna f 
 
 placed upon Typh5eus, Ovid, Ep. 5, 
 i 1. 
 
 Typhon. -ontsy an enormous giant, 
 (G. 437.) thv ught by fome to be the 
 fame with Typhoeus, Ovid. Faji. 2, 46 1 . 
 
 C 399 ] 
 
 VAC 
 
 YRANNIO, V. 
 
 •oniSy a fjramma- 
 
 lian and geographer, Cic. Ait. 2, 6. et 
 12, 2, 3c c. who taught in Cicero's fa- 
 mily, Cic. ^ Fr. 2, 4. He v/as alfo 
 employed to arrange the books of Ci- 
 ceio's library, Qc. Atl. j\.y 4, ic 8.— 
 Suidas mentiocs two of this name. 
 
 Tyro. P^ie/.TiLio. 
 
 Tyro, -//j, the daughter of Salm.o- 
 v.eus\{Sal}rioriiSf -zdis,) and Alcidlce ; 
 who fell in love with EnTpcus, the god 
 of a river of Elis, and ufcd often to 
 walk on his banks. Neptune there- 
 fore having afTumed the form of Eni- 
 peu3, had by her two fons, Pelias and 
 l^eleus, the father of Neilcn-, Homer. 
 Cdyfs. II, 234, &c.; Apcllodor. i, 9, 
 8.; Ovid. Ep. 19, 132. It appears 
 that Enipeus and Tyro were mutually 
 fond of each other, Ovid. Am. 3, 6, 43. 
 Propertius aicribes to Enipeus in Thei- 
 ^aly, 3s 19, 13. et I, 13, 21.^ what 
 
 others attribute to Enipeus in EIjs, 
 6Vrrt/A8,/^. 356f. 
 
 Tyrrhus, the chief fhepherd of 
 king Latinus, Virg. Aen. 7, 485, 508, 
 
 532. Tyrrhidae pueriy the fons 
 
 of Tyrrhus, ih. 484. 
 
 Tyrtaeus, an Athenian poet, by 
 whofe poems the Lacedaemonians were 
 fo animated, that, after fallainingmany 
 defeats, they at laft conquered the Mcf- 
 fenians, (G. 463.) Some of his vcrfcs 
 are Hill extant, which merit tiie cha- 
 rafter given of them by Horace, Tv 
 taeufque mares 
 Ferjibiis exaeuity 
 tilian ranks him 
 11,2 
 
 animos in Martia bella 
 
 Art. P. 402. Quinc- 
 
 ncxt to Homer, 12, 
 
 Tyrus, v. -Oy the mother of the Sy- 
 rian VtuxiSy Cic. N. D. 3, 23. 
 
 M. Fifrttvius VACCUS, general of 
 the F\ndani znd Privernates againftthe 
 Romans ; who had a houfe at Rome 
 on the Palatine mount, which being 
 pulled down, and the area adjudged to 
 the public, was called Vacci prata, 
 Liv. 8, 19. ; Cic. Dora. 38. 
 
 Vacerra, a lawyer in the time of 
 Cicero, Cic. Fam. 7, 8. 
 
 Vac UN A, the goddefs of vacation 
 or relpite from labour, to whom the 
 hufoandmen, after tlie conclufion of 
 harveft, offered facriliccs, Ovid. Fajl. 6, 
 307. S!ic had a temple and a facred 
 grove around it at Reatc, in the coun- 
 try of the Sablnes, PUtu 3, 12 f. 17, 
 There feem to have been on Horace's 
 farm the remains of an old temple of 
 Vacuna, behind which he dictated to 
 his amanuenfis one of his epiftles, Ep. 
 
 I, 10, 49. Vaccjnales fociy the 
 
 hearth in the temple of Vacuna, Ovid. 
 Fajl. 6, 308. 
 
 Valens, -rdisy the father of one 
 called Mercury, Cic. N. D. 3, 22. 
 
 A. Valentius, an interpreter of 
 Verres in ijicily, Cic- Ferr. 3, 37. 
 
 VALERIUS, the name of digensy 
 one of the noblell and raoft ancient in 
 
 Rome, 
 
V A L [ 400 ] V A L 
 
 Rome, divided into a nuniber of dif- rinn, in the time of Marias 
 fcrent branches ovfamlliae; as, the Flac- 
 ciy Laroinl) Mejfala?, Max'tmi^ &c. The 
 Valerii were anciently called Vahfn ; 
 as the FurVi were Fuft'ii^ 3cc. Q^uin6tiL 
 I, 4, 13. To th.it ge/rs F'ak ria iht Ro- 
 mans vrere indebl-ed for the liril: eila- 
 bliCiment of their liberty, IJv. 2,8.; 
 Dlonyf. 5, 19. arid aftervvards for its 
 
 ort, 
 
 .IV. 3, ss- 
 
 ilfo 
 V1:L 
 
 !0, 9. But 
 
 firll fllaViifh-' 
 
 fupp 
 
 one of the fame 
 cd tyranny by h 
 us Flaccts. 
 
 />.VALER[lTS,"the fon of Vole- 
 fus, who was prefent at the death of 
 Lucretia, having- accompanied her ,fii- 
 ther to Collatia when J^ucrttia fent 
 for him, Lhu j, 58. After the ex- 
 pulfion of Tarquin and the vcdontary 
 exile of Collatinus, Valerius was crea- 
 ted conful with Brutus, L'lv. 2, 2. 
 Brutus being i\x\\\ in the fame ytar, 
 ^Valerius remained fole C'.mfnl. He 
 was continued in that oiTire alfo for 
 the two next year's, with' difFcre'.it col- 
 leagues. He defeased Tarqiiin, aiid 
 by bis able conduct defended Rome 
 sgainft the attempts bf Porseiia. He 
 caufcd fcveral laVvs t6l5e''made for fe- 
 Ciiring the rights of tliejlcopk ; whence 
 he got the fnname (>f 'Popltcola^ or 
 Publico LA, L'ro. i, 8. ' After an in- 
 termilTion of two years he was made 
 conful for the fourth time, a. \\. 25c. 
 and triumphed over the Sabine?, ih, 16. 
 This great man {^crmrJum covfenfu pr'in- 
 cepT hAl'i pactfqiie orttlii^) died the year 
 after io poor, that he did not leave 
 •what \yas* fufficient to defray the ex- 
 pences of his funeral, 
 at the pwbh'c cxpeacc, 
 and riot to Brutus^ Horace afcribes the 
 expulfion of Tarquin, Sat. 1,6, 1 2. 
 
 M. V A L ?. R I U S . Vld. C O R Y U S . 
 
 Z. VALERIUS Fhccus, being 
 made Interrex, a. 67 i, palled a law, call- 
 ed from him L:x Fiihria, ratifying all 
 the acts of Sulla, Clc. RuU. 3, 2. ; Jp- 
 plan. B. C.i.p' 6S6. and conferring on 
 him didatorial power; whereby, as 
 Cicero juftly obfcrves, all laws were 
 extinguifaed, il\ 
 
 <^;V A L ET. I u s JrUiaSf a R. o n a n h i il - 
 
 He xvas buried 
 ib. To Valerias, 
 
 and Sulla, 
 FelL 2, 9. often quoted by Livy, 3. 
 5, &L. faid to have greatly exaggera- 
 ted ia£ts, {^nullitm ment'iendl modum tenet, 
 L,iv. 26, 49. immodire omnium rerum 
 riufn.'rum auget^ 33, 10. et 36, 19, & 
 38.) None of his works are now ex- 
 tant. 
 
 VALERIUS Maxlmus, an hiftori- 
 cal author who wrote an account of 
 memorable culboms, aclions, and fay- 
 ings, in ntne books, [exemplonim memo- 
 rjoilium Uhri novem :) which he infcri- 
 bed to tl\e emperor Tiberius. But the 
 books we now have under that title be- 
 ing inferior in elegance and purity of 
 ftyle to other compofitions of that age, 
 are thought to be only an epitome of 
 the original works, compiled, about 
 3bo years after, by one Paris or Nepo> 
 tianus. Fid. FoJ[. de H'ljlor. Lat, p, 122. 
 et Fa^- Max. m ufiun DelpFinu 
 
 C. VALERIUS Flaccus, a Raman 
 poet cbntempoiary with Martial, who 
 infcribed to him feveral of his epigrams. 
 In one of thefe Martial advifes him to 
 drop the iludy of poetry, and betake 
 himfelf to the bar, as being more lucia- 
 tive^ I, 77. Martial add refies him as 
 a native, or at kail an inhabitant of 
 Padua, I, 62, 3. et i, 77, 2. But 
 
 ()th( 
 
 :e him a native of Sctia, 
 
 (^Si'tinus.) Place us viu'ote a poem on 
 the expedition of the Argonauts, called 
 /frgonautlcaf -on, hi eight books, which 
 he dedicated to Vefpafian ; but death 
 prevented him from tinifhing it- He 
 died young at Padua. Qu_in!R;rl!<an, 
 fpeaking of him, fays, Mvhtitn in Valerio 
 Fheco nuper amifimus, 10, T, 90. 
 
 Valeria tnbuhy the ofhce of Vale- 
 rius, a place in the forum where the 
 tribunes ufed to'iit, fuppofed to have 
 been fo na;:iGd from one Valerius a 
 banker, who kept there his account- 
 books, ttahidae)y Cic. Vat. 9. Fam. 
 
 14.' ^• 
 
 C. Valgius mpp'iJHUs, a friend of 
 
 Cicero's, fo cal/ed from Valgius who 
 adopted him. His own name was C. 
 Hippius, from that of his natural fa- 
 ther, which name Cicero alfo give-s him 
 in. the fame epiflle, Fam. 13, 76. 
 
 C. Valgius, 
 
V A L C 40T 1 
 
 C Valguts, a learned botanift, who himfelf, Cic. B 
 fent an unliniriied work to Aiiguftus 
 concerning the nk of herbs, Plin. 25, 
 
 C. Valgixis, a teacher of rhetoric, 
 the fcholar of Apollodorus, ^tindii 3, 
 I, 18. et 3, 5, 17. et 5, 10, 4. 
 
 Valctus, the fon-in-hiw of Sulla, 
 who feiztd on many eftates in the time 
 of Sulla, Ck. RuU. 3, 1. 
 
 Valcius, a poet of confiderable me- 
 rit in the time of Auguftus, Hor. SaL 
 I, 10, S^,; T'lhull. 4, 1, 179. the friend 
 of Horace, who wrote a beautiful ode, 
 to confole him on the lofs of his fon 
 Myites, Qd. 2, 9. 
 
 L. V^\RF.Nrs, accufed of murder, 
 anrd defended by Cicero. But the ora- 
 tion is loft, and therefore the allulions 
 of Qj-niidilian to it are fome of them 
 not caiily explained, 4,2,73. 7, i, 9, 
 &c. 
 
 Vargula, a witty man, (Jicax), 
 mentioned, i ic. Qr» 2, 60. 
 
 L, (al. r.) Vargunteius, a fenator, 
 an alTociate of Catiline, who undertook 
 to murder Cicero in his bed, Sail. Cat. 
 28 ; OV. SulL 2. Cicero calls him an 
 equesj Cat. i , 4. 
 
 P. Varinus, a governor of Afia, 
 Cic. Flacc. 19. 
 
 M> Vahsidi us, a Roman equcs, Cic. 
 Fam. 10, 7, & 12. 
 
 L. Varius CotyJas, v. -a, one of the 
 chief friends of Antony, Cic. Phil. 13, 
 1 2. whom he fent as ambaifador to the 
 fenate, il>. 8, 10, 5c 11. 
 
 ^VARIUS, a native of Sucro, 
 [Sucromrifis), in Spain, called Hybrula 
 vel Ihridtty (i. e. of a mixt breed), on 
 account of the uncertainty of his being 
 a citizen, (propter ohjcurum jus civita- 
 tis), Val. Max. 3, 7, 8. ti 8, 6, 4. of 
 a difagreeable appearance, (^homo vaftus 
 et fGeclus)^ Cic. Or. J, 25. but elteemed 
 a good oiator, ib. et Br. 49, S: 62. 
 When tribune, a. u. 662, he got a law 
 pafTed, [lex Varia)^ that enquiry fhould 
 be made concerning thofe by whofe 
 means the Italian war had been raifed, 
 Val. Max. ibuL ; Lie. Mil. 36. Br. S^, 
 & 88. by which law many great men 
 w?re coodemned, and at lait Varius 
 
 V A R 
 
 89. who periflied mi* 
 ferably, and thus luffered the juil pu- 
 nidimcnt of liis crimes, in having cau- 
 fed the death of Drufus and Mctellus, 
 Cic. N. Z). 3, 3;^. 
 
 Z. VARIUS, a poet greatly elleem- 
 ed by Auguftus, Bur. Ep. 2, i, 247. 
 the friend of Virgil and Horace, Hor^ 
 Sat. 1, 5, 40, .<x' 93. I, 6, ^S\^ ^' i'.9» 
 22. called by Horace Maeonii earminis 
 aleSi the bird or fwan of Maeonian verfc, 
 ;'. e. the fuccefsful imitator of Homer, 
 or a fublime epic poet, Od. 1,6, t. 
 Varius was unrivalled as an epic poet 
 at Rome, [Forte epos acer^ Ut nemo^ Va- 
 rius diicit), before the i\eneis of Vir» 
 gil was publilhed, Hor. Sat. 1, 10, 43. 
 After that he was ranked next to Vir- 
 gil, Id. Art. P. 55. Varius alfo wrote 
 tragedies ; and Quiniftilian fays, the 
 Thyeftes of Varius might be compared 
 to any tnigedy of the Greeks, 10, i, 
 98. Add. Dial, de Oral. c. 12. One 
 Gracchus feems to have written a play 
 on the fame fubjeft ; hence, Cum Va- 
 rius Gracchujque darent Jera diHa tyran- 
 nic when they infcrted in their trage- 
 dies the cruel reproaches of Thyeftes 
 againft Atreus, i>vid. Pont. 4, 16, 31. 
 Virgil had fuch an efteem' for Va- 
 rius, that he left him one of his heirs, 
 with the charge of correding and pub- 
 lilhing the Aeneis, Donat. in vit. Virg. 
 c. 15. None of the works of Varius 
 remain but a few fragments. 
 
 VARRO, -dim, a firname of the 
 Tcrentii. 
 
 t. Tcr^niius VARRO, defcended of 
 a mean family, the fon of a butcher, 
 as was faid, Liv> 22, 25. ; Val. Max, 
 3, 4, 4. who raifed himfelf to prefer- 
 ment by his eloquence and popular 
 arts, ib. 26. ; Cic. Br. ig. Wlien con- 
 ful with Paulus Aemilius, a. 537, he 
 occafioned by his rathnefs the dreadtul 
 defeat at Cannae, y>k'.^22, 45, ^\c. 
 After the battle he fled to Canufmm 
 with about fifty horfemen, /^. 49. Such 
 however was the magnanimity of the 
 Romnns, that when he returned to the 
 city he was met bv great numbers of 
 all ranks, and thanks given him, be- 
 came he iiad not defpaired of the re- 
 3 E public, 
 
V A R [ 402 ] V A R 
 
 P^Wjc, ih. 61 f. After the expiration Cicero reproaches him, and draws a 
 
 of his ofiice, the diilrid of Picenum 
 was affigned to him, Liv. 23, ^2. ef 
 27, 35. and his command continued 
 during all the years of the war, Liv. 
 35, 6. He was afterwards alfo em- 
 ployed in feveral honourable commif- 
 fions, Liv. 30, 26. et 31, 11, & 49. 
 
 M. Terenths VARRO, the moft 
 learned of the Romans, [Romanorum 
 erudit'ifslmiis, Quinftil. ic, 1,95.), born 
 at Rome a. 638, one of the lieutenants 
 of Pompey in the war againil the pi- 
 rates, when he is faid to have propo- 
 fed the imprafticable fcherne formerly 
 conceived by Pyrihus, of making a 
 bridge of boats over the Adriatic fea 
 where it is narroweii, PHn. 3, 1 1 f. 16. 
 In this war Varro obtained a naval 
 crown for his merit, Plin. 7, 30. Pie 
 afterwards commanded Farther Spain 
 as the Heutenant of Pompey, with two 
 legicins, Dioy 41, 23.; Cic. Fam. 9, 13.; 
 Caef. B. C. I, ^S. of courfe he fupport- 
 ed the intereft of Pompey in the begin- 
 ning of the civil war, Caef.B. C. 2,^17, 
 & r8. But after the defeat of Pe- 
 treius and Afranius he made his peace 
 with Caefar, ih. 20, ^21.; Z)w, 41, 
 23. and returned to his fludies. Du- 
 ring this period a particular intimacy 
 fubfifted between him and Cicero. Var- 
 ro fnfcribed his book concerning the 
 Latin tongue to Cicero, and Cicero 
 liis academical queftions to Varro, Clc. 
 ^'Ic. I, I. ^n, 13, 16, & 18. Caefar 
 entrufted to Varro the charge of pur- 
 chafmg and arranging books, both 
 Greek' and Latin, for public libraries, 
 which he intended to eftablifh ; but 
 this defign was fruftrated by the dic- 
 tator's death, Suet. Casf. 44. Some 
 fuppofe that Varro was employed about 
 this time as quaeftor to M. Brutus, the 
 governor of Cifalpine Gaul, from a re- 
 commendatory letter of Cicero's to 
 Brutus, Fam. 13, 10. But this ap- 
 pears to have been written in favour of 
 lome other perfon of the fame name. 
 Notwithftanding the indulgence of 
 C?-efar to' Varro, Antony unjuftly fei. 
 2:ed his villa in the territory of Casl- 
 P14^-j (fundus Cqjfmas), with which 
 
 beautiful contrail between the charac- 
 ter of Varro ( Jandijfimi atqiie integerrimi 
 virij and that of Antony, [bomtnis tur- 
 pijfvni), Cic. PhiL 2, 40, & 41. Varro 
 was in the liil of thofe profcribed by 
 the triumviri, but was faved by the 
 friendlhip of Fufms Calenus, Appian. 
 B. C. 4, 616, &c. There was another 
 Varro of the fame name, who, to pre- 
 vent his fufi'ering by millake, pafted up 
 a paper to inform the public how the 
 matter ftood, Dio, 47, 11. Paterculus 
 fpeaks of one Varro, who, when about 
 to die by the command of Antony, 
 prefaged with great freedom the fate 
 of Antony himfelf, 2, 71. Varro, 
 though he faved his life, however loil a 
 number of his books, and fome valuable 
 manufcripts, Gell. 3> 10. He lived to 
 above ninety years of age, univerfally 
 refpedled, His image, while alive, was 
 placed in the firft public library at 
 Rome, that of Ahnius PoUio, and the 
 image of no other living perfon befides, 
 Plin. 7, 30. He wrote an incredible 
 number of books, and continued his 
 fiudies to the clofe of life, Val. Max. 
 8, 7, 3. He was eighty-four when 
 profcribed, and then he had v/ritten 
 no fewer than 490 books. Cell. 3, lo^^ 
 He wrote his book on hufbandiy in 
 his eightieth year, Varr. de Re RuJHcai 
 I, I. Pliny fays in his eighty-hril year, 
 18, T^f. and mentions his having pub-^ 
 liflied fome work when eighty-eight, 
 (al. 83), 29, 4/ 18/. There is a 
 noble eulogium on Varro and his works 
 in Cicero, Acad, i, 3. and in Phny, 35, 
 2f. Of the nuinerous works of Varro 
 there only remain his three books de 
 Re Rvjlka ; the 4th, 5th, and 6th 
 hooks de Latina i}7!gua 'f the 7th, 8th, 
 and 9th books de Analogia^ fome of 
 which aie very imperfedt. Of the rell 
 there is nothing extant but Icattered 
 fragments. 
 
 P. Tcrentius VARRO, a native of 
 Atax or Attax, a village in Gallia Nar- 
 bonncnfix, (hence called Varro AtacI- 
 Nus, Hor. Sat. T, 10, 46.; ^inclil. 
 10, I, 87.) who wrote a poem on the 
 eipedidun 
 
V A R 
 
 C 403 1 
 
 VAT 
 
 expedition of Jafon, which is celebrated 
 Ly Ovid, Am. [,15,21. Art. Am. 3,355. 
 He borrowed great part of the mate- 
 rials from ApoIIo7iius Rhodius, whence 
 t^incliliau commends him chiefly as 
 an' interpreter, [interpres opens alien'i, 
 Hon fpeniendus)) lO, I, 87. Quindli- 
 iian quotes him, 1,5, 18. and mentions 
 a quotation of Cicero's, as it is thought, 
 from the fame. poet, 8, 6, 73. Varro 
 attempted alfo other fubjedts, as love- 
 poems, (thus, Haec quoque perfulo In- 
 dehat "Josone Varro, having finifhed his 
 poem called Jason or Argonauticay -on, 
 Propert. 2, 34, 85. So Ovid, Trijl. 
 2,439.), and fatires, but without fuc- 
 cels, (expcrto frujtra Varrotie AtacinoJ, 
 Hor. Sat. J, 10, 46. 
 
 Varus, a firname of the Attii or 
 
 P. Ati'ius Varus, praetor of Africa 
 at the beginning of the civil war, Ck. 
 Leg. 2. called P. Attius, Cic. Alt. 7, 
 
 13- 
 
 ^ Atius Varus, a general under 
 
 Caefar, Caef. B. G. 8, 28. B. C. 3, 37. 
 
 L. Varus, an epicurean, a friend of 
 Caefar's, ^ilndlL 6, 3, 78. 
 
 ^intfUius Varus, vel Varus ^linc- 
 fHiusy a general under Brutus in the 
 battle of Philippi, who, after the de- 
 feat, caufed himfeif to be killed by his 
 freed man, Ve/Li^'ji. 
 
 P. ^linail'ws VARUS, the fon of 
 the former, conful with Tiberius, a. u. 
 741, Dio, 54, 25. />. 539. afterwards 
 governor of Syria, where he enriched 
 himfclf by the plunder of his province. 
 Fell. 2, 1 1 8. He was next made go- 
 vernor of Germany, where, behaving 
 with haughtinefs and cruelty, he was 
 cut off with his army, by the contri 
 vance of two German generals, Armi- 
 iiius and Seghnerus. Vaius feeing no 
 polFibihty of efcape, ilabbed himfeif, 
 {Daci phis ad morkndum, quam ad pug- 
 nandiim anhnl fitii), VelL 2, 119.; Dio, 
 66, 18, &c.; Flor.4, 12, 30^ &c.; Tac. 
 Ann. 1,61.; Suet. Aug.22.— VariA" 
 NA clades, the dellrudtion of Varus, 
 Suet. Aug. 23.; Cal. 5.; Plm. 7, 45. 
 Uvae Varianae, Plin. 14, 2. fo called 
 from one Varus, who cuUivated virss ; 
 
 as the pcrfon mentioned by Horace^ 
 Od. I, 18, I. 
 
 VARUS, an able and juft critic^ 
 Hor. Art. P. 438. The old Scholiail 
 on this paffage calls him Qu^indtilius 
 Varus of Cremona, a poet ; to whom, 
 it is ffippofed, Horace infcribes the i8th 
 ode of the firft book, and on whofs 
 death he wrote the 24th ode of the 
 fame book. But this is not certain. 
 
 VARUS, the friend and patron of 
 Virgil, Virgi Eel, 6, 7, & 10, &c. et g, 
 35. Who this Varus was is uncertain. 
 He is thought to have been the fam^i 
 with him who is mentioned by Horace^ 
 The Varus of Virgil appears to have 
 been a diilinguidied warrior. Eel. 6, 7. 
 
 P. Vaiiexu?, a countryman ta 
 whom Caftor and Pollux are faid to 
 have told the vidory of Paulus Aemi- 
 lius over Perfes, before it could pofii-' 
 bly be known at Rome, Cic. N. D. 2, 
 2. et 3, 5. 
 
 P. Vatinius, a tribune a. u. 694^ 
 the chief inftrument of CsCefar in car- 
 rying on his violent rneafures, Cic. Vat. 
 I, &c. who got a law palled, [lex Va- 
 tinia)f granting to Caefar the command 
 of Hither and Farther Gaul, together 
 with lUyricum., for live years, ib. 12. 
 By the intereit of Caefar Vatinius ob- 
 tained the practorftiip in preference to 
 Cato, Vdh Max. 7, 5.; Plutarch, in 
 Caton. Hence Senecft fays. Nihil mihi 
 tecum fort una ; non facio mei tihi copiam. 
 Scio apud te Catones repelli, Vut'fnios Jieri^ 
 Ep. 1 18. After his praetorfhip, Vati- 
 nius was accufed of bribery by Calvus j 
 and though he had always been a vio- 
 lent enemy to Cicero, yet that orator, 
 after his return from banifhmeat, was 
 prevailed on by Pompey and Caeiar to 
 undertake his defence, Cic. Fam. i, 9. 
 ( Vid. Cicero, /. 1 14.). Vatinius was 
 one of the lieutenants of Caefar in 
 Gaul, Cuf. B. G. S, 46. He diltin^ 
 guillied himfclf greatly by his conducl 
 and braver-v on the fide of CacCar in 
 the civil war, Birt. A Alex. 44, 45, 
 Sec. A. U. 706, according to the new 
 
 was 
 
 regulations of 
 
 Caefar, Vatinius 
 maae conful with Calcnus for the lat- 
 ter part of the year, Diof 42_, 55/ 
 
 .?£ 
 
 Hei\ce, 
 
VAT [ 404 ] V E N 
 
 Hence, Per confuJatum pejerat V.tinluSi called Monetalis, becaufe, as it 
 alfo made au- 
 
 Catull. 52, 3. He wa 
 giir in place of Appius, Cic, Fam. 5, 
 10. At the death of Caefar, he was 
 governor of Illyriciim ; and upon the 
 arrival of Brutus in that country, he 
 refigned to him his province and the 
 command of his army, for v^hich he is 
 praifcd by Cicero, Phil. 10, 6. But 
 this he appears to have done by con- 
 i^raint, i}/o, 47, 21.; L'lv. Ep'it, 118. 
 The feven legions which he command- 
 ed are faid to have voluntarily fubmit- 
 ted to Brutus, from a contempt and 
 deteilation of Vatinius, on account of 
 both the hafenefs of his difpofition and 
 the deformity of his perfon, [in quo He 
 formitas corporis aim turpiiudlne ceriahat 
 ingenii), Veil. 2, 69. Dio fays, that 
 his foldiers defpifed him on account of 
 his difeafe, ib. (u e. Jlri/ma, a fuelling 
 in the neck, which the French call 
 goulre), occafioned, as Plutarch ob- 
 ferves, by a fcrophulous humour, in 
 'vifu Cic. Hence Cicero, fpciiking of 
 the intention of making him an augur, 
 fays, Deniqnc ethim Vatinii Jinmam fa- 
 cer not'n S^'icL^pa:^ (i. e. purpura his tintln., 
 vejle augur alt) vejliant, Cic. Att. 2, 9. 
 and feeing him one day pleading, called 
 
 him " a tumid orator," Plutarch. 
 
 Vatiniana crirfiina, the accufations 
 brought by Calvus againil: Vatinius, 
 Caiull. ^^y 2. Munere tjlo Od'ijfan te 
 odio Vatiniano, on account of that 
 prefent I fliould h?ve hated you bit- 
 terly, with as great hatred as Vatini- 
 us bears to you, (Calvus), for accu- 
 fm-T him, SatuIL 14, 2. 
 
 Vatikiu-, a buffoon at the court 
 of Nero, and afterwards a dangerous 
 informer, originally a llioemaker of 
 Beneventum, diilorted in his perfon, 
 and remarkable for his low wit, (fiur- 
 rd'rhus facetiis), Tac. Ann. 15, 34.; 
 Hift. I) 37- Fi'om him a kind of 
 glafs cups were called, Vatinii calicesy 
 Martial. 14, 96. or Vatini fc. pocula, 
 Id. 10, 3, 4. with four handks, [na- 
 forum quatucr)^ refembling, as it is 
 faid, the nofe of Vatinius, Schol'uifl. ad 
 Juvenal, ibid. -y Martial. 14,96. 
 
 Vectenus, a friend of Cicero's, 
 
 thought, he was a banker or money- 
 broker, Cic. Att. io, 5, & II. 12, 3. 
 et '?, 13. 
 
 VccTius, a fenator, Cic. F'acc. '^^. 
 
 P. VnDius, an intimate friend of 
 Pompey's, a man of a worthlefs cha- 
 racter, Cic. Att. 5, I. 
 
 VEGif.Tivrs, the author of a work on 
 the military art, in hve books. He 
 lived in the time of Valentinian. 
 
 P. Vf.kilius, one who rcfufed to 
 accept a province from Antony, Cic, 
 PhU. 3, 10. 
 
 VEj::NTn, appointed governor of 
 Syria by Bibulus, at his departure, 
 Cic. Ait. 7, 3. 
 
 V."j6vis, V. Vejupitcu, /*. e. bad 
 Jupiter, GelL 5, 12. [A. 289.) or 
 young Jupiter, without a beaid and 
 thunderbolt, Ovid.Faf. 3, 430, 436, 'kc. 
 
 C. V.:lleius, a tribune, a. 667,, 
 much attached to the philofophy of 
 Epicurus, Cic. Or. 3, 21. N. D. 1,6. 
 
 VELLEIUS Paterculusy a Roman 
 hiilorian who flourifhtid in the time of 
 Tiberius, of whom he gives a flatter- 
 ing eulogium, 2, 12 1, &c. His grand- 
 father, C. Vtllejus, {%nr nuUi fecim- 
 dus)y ilabbed himfelf, becaufe, on ac- 
 count of his age and infirmities, he 
 could not attend Tib. Nero, the fa- 
 ther of the Emperor, in h' 
 Naples, Fell, ly '^6. Vid. Nero, 
 
 Venjlia, a nymph or goddefs, the 
 fifler of Amata, and mother of Turnus, 
 Virg. A. \Oyn6. 
 
 Ven^n^iniu--, a Latin hiilorian, of 
 whom we know little elfe bat the name, 
 Cic. iMg. 1,2. Att. 12, 3. 
 
 VENTIDIUS Bajfusy a native of 
 Afcuium in Picenum, who, when a 
 child, 'A-as carried in triumph in his 
 mother's hofom by Pompcius Strabo 
 in the Italic war, and afterwards, by 
 a wondeiful turn of fortune, obtained 
 the higheft preferments, and was the 
 fivil wlio triumphed over the Parthians, 
 Vail. Max. 6, 9, 9.; Gell. 15, 4. He 
 firlt fupported himfelf by furniftiing 
 mules to the magiftrates, and bringing 
 corn to the camp, whence he is call- 
 ed MuLio, a muleteer or mule-driver, 
 
 Cic. 
 
 Right from 
 
 k 
 
V E N 
 
 f 405 ] 
 
 V E R 
 
 Cic. Ep- 10, 18, 8. and SuFFmANr.u?, 
 (i. t . q:>ra jar feu farinam in cajira mnlis 
 achexi:)i Fliu. 7, 43 f. 44.. While 
 thus employed, he attra^'ted the atten- 
 tion of Caefar, who promoted him, 
 Gell. ib.\ Dio, 43, 51. He was prae- 
 tor in the year after Caefar*s dt ath, 
 while Hirtius and Panfa were coi/fuls, 
 a. 711. After the battle of Mutina 
 he joined Antony with three le_t;ions, 
 and thus faved him from deflruc^tion, 
 Cic. Fatn. 10, 33. i?/ IT, 13. Hirtius 
 and Panfa being cut off at Mutina, 
 OAavius. Caefar and Pedius were fub- 
 ftiruted in their ftead. Pedius having 
 died, and Oftavius having refigned his 
 office^ Ventidius and fome other per- 
 fon were created confuls in tlieir room, 
 Doy 47, 15. So that he was both con- 
 ful and praetor in the fame year, VaL 
 Max. 6, 9, 9. Hence, Vidit hie an- 
 niis VeniuUum^ per quern urhem inter cap- 
 tivos Picentium in triumpho dutfus erat ; 
 in ea confuJarem praetextam jungentmi 
 Praetorid, (fc. cumy ai. -iae). On this 
 Qccafion the following verfes were pall- 
 ed up in different parts of the llreets ; 
 Concurrite omnes augiires, harufpices : 
 Portcntum inufuatum corijlatum eji recens^ 
 Nam mulos quijYicahat cnnful fa8us ej}^ 
 Gell. ib. Juve.ial, fpeaking of Servius 
 Tullius and V-ntidius, fays, 'Seri'is 
 (fc. Tullio) regna dahmt, captivis (fc. 
 Ventidio) faiu iriumphisy 7, 201. 
 The exploits of Ventidius againll the 
 Parthians are related at great length 
 by Dio, 48, 39, 42. et 49, 19,-22. 
 So Plutarch, in vita y^ntonii. 
 
 V'.NuLF.iL's, one of the retinue of 
 Verrcs, Cic. Verr. 3, 42. 
 
 ViNULUs, the ambaffador of Tur- 
 nus, Virg J.S, 9. 
 
 VENUS, -h'is, the goddefs of love 
 and beauty, (G, 363.) put for the 
 indulgence of love, Ovid, ik/<?/. 6, 439, 
 Sec. for coraelinefs, grace, ^or beauty, 
 Plin. 35, 10 f. 36, n. 10. for a miftref-, 
 Firg.^K 3, 68. J Ovid. Met. 9, 141 
 Hor. Sat. 1,2, 
 eft throw of 
 rac), Hor.Od 
 
 . Steda Feneris, the planet Venus, 
 
 called Lucifer, the morning ilar, when 
 
 it appears in the morning, and Vefpe- 
 rus or Hefperus, in the evening, Cic, 
 
 N. D. 2, 20. Venus Coa, a pifture 
 
 of Venus bv Apelles of Cos, Cic. Div. 
 
 1 , I 3. Vi: N E R 1 A fdcerdosy a prieft- 
 
 efs of Venus, Plant. Rud. 2, 2, 23. 
 Fencriiy fc. fervi, ilaves employed ia 
 the temple of Venus, Cic. Caecil. 17, 
 Cluent. 15. Venereus, v. Venerius^ fc. 
 jatiusj the higheft throw of the tali, 
 Cic^ Div. f, 13. <?/ 2, 21, & 59. 
 
 Vf.rcinget6r.ix, 'tgis, king of the 
 Arvcniiy who induced moll of the 
 ftates of Gaul to form an union to 
 fliake off the Roman yoke, Caef. B. 
 G. 7, 4. but after a brave ftruggle, 
 was at laft completely defeated, and 
 obliged to furrender hitnfelf to Caefar 
 at Alefia, //;. 89. ; Flor. 3, 10 f. He 
 was afterwards led in triumph by 
 Caefar, who cruelly caufed him to be 
 put to death, Dioy 40, 41. et 43, [9. 
 Verres, a hrname of the Cornelii. 
 C. Lornelius VERRES, city praetor 
 a. 679 ; after this he was governor of 
 Sicily for three years, during which 
 time he opprefTed the Sicihans fo cruel- 
 ly, that they brought a pubUc accufa- 
 tion againit him. Cicero, who had 
 formerly been quaeftor in that ifland, 
 was employed to conduct the profecu- 
 tion ; and his orations againft Verres, 
 {orationes VerrInak,) which are ilill 
 extant, ihew to what a miferable ilatc 
 tiie Roman provinces were reduced j 
 and how difhcult it was to bring theiF 
 oppreiloio to juilice. Verres went into 
 voluntary exile. fie was afterwards 
 re-rtorcd ; and at lafl was profcribed by 
 Antony, becaufe he had rtfufed to 
 give up to him fome Corinthian vales 
 which Antony deflred, Plin. 34, 2. 
 happy in this, however, as Lattantius 
 fays, that before his death he had heard 
 of the fate of Cicero, his accufer, 2, 
 4 f. Lex Vekrea, a law or regula- 
 
 Verres in Sicily, Cic. 
 Verrla, -Qrum, a 
 
 119. alfo for the high- 
 the dice, [tali vel felfa- 
 7, 7, 2?. ; Suet. jius. 7- 
 
 tion made by 
 Verr. 3, 49- - 
 feilival which Veres inflituted in Sicily, 
 to commemorate his ferviccs, Cic. 
 Ven\ 2, 25, &c. Negahant, fc. Siculi, 
 tnirandum eJJ'sy jus tarn nequam ejje Fsrri- 
 r.ur:?, hterally, that the broth made 
 
 with 
 
V E R C 4o<5 ] VIC 
 
 With tlie fiefh of a boar-pig was Vefta, Liv. j, 20. ; C/V. Cat. 4, i, &- 
 
 fo bad, i.e. that the adminiitration 6. Incejla Vefialis [ic. \\rgo) viva de- 
 
 ofjuilice by Verres was io bad; al- foditur, Liv. 8, 15. €122,57.; Plin. 
 
 lading to the proper fignification of " 
 the word verres^ 3. boar-pig, Cic, Verr. 
 I, 46. So Sacerdolem exf^crnhantur. 
 
 Ep. 4, II. ^ra VeJialiSy Lucan. i, 
 544. Foci Vcji'desy ib. 544. Fejla 
 Vtjialiay -iunif Ovid. Fail. 6, 395. 
 
 C, ViiSTORius. a banker of Puteoli, 
 Cic. Fam, 8, 8. Alt. 4, 6,et 6, 2. 
 ' L, VfcTTius, a Roman equcs., Dio, 
 37, 41. or a plebeian, App\an. B. C. 2, 
 434. ; who gave information againit 
 Julius Caefi^r, as having beet an ac- 
 comphce in the confpiracy of Catiline, 
 Suet. Caef. 17. He was aftersvards 
 bribed by Caefar, when conful, faifely 
 to accufc certain perfons of having fo- 
 hcited iiim to affafhnate Pompey ; but 
 faihng to make good his cliarge, he 
 was tln-ow-n into prifon, v^diere Caefar 
 caufed him to be ilrangled or poifoned, 
 Sud. Caef' 20. ; Cic. Fam, 2, 24. ; 
 Vat. 10, & II.; Appian. ib. ; Dio^ 38. 
 9* (/-^zJ. Caesar, />. 57.) 
 
 P. Vl-ttius, a general of the Marjl 
 in the Itahc war, Cic, Fhil. 12, 11.—— 
 ^ 2. A quaeftor to Verres, Cic. Verr^ 
 
 5» 44- 
 
 Veturia, the mother of Corio- 
 
 num, liher^ fpeclare viderisy you feem to lanus, Liv. 2, 40. «ff 2. The name of 
 
 look to Vertumnus, i. e. to widi to be a century. Id. 26, 22 
 
 qui Verrem iam nequom reiiqwjdy i. e. 
 the Sicihans curfed Sacerdos, the 
 former governor of Sicily, for having 
 left fo bad a fucceifor as Verres, ib. 
 
 j9^ Verres, a relation of C. Verres, 
 Cic, I . Aa. in Verr. 8. 
 
 Vhrrius, a friend of Paetus and 
 Cicero, Cic, Fam. 9, 20, & 26. aifo of 
 L,entulus Spinthcr, ib. 12, 14. 
 
 C. VERRi'Tiui;, a feigned name, 
 aiTumed by Venes, for the faice of con- 
 cealment, Cic. Verr, 2, 76, tc 77. 
 
 Vertumnus, an anci^^jt Tufcan 
 deity, adopted by the Romans ; who 
 prelided over the change of feafons, 
 and over meichandire ;— fuppoled to 
 turn himfelf laio any form. Thus in 
 Propertius, fpeaking of himfelf, he 
 fays, Opportuna mea ejl cunciis natttra 
 figurisy 4, 2, 21. ylt niihi quod for mas 
 unus veriebar in ornnesy No me a ab even- 
 tu patria lingua dedit, ib. 47. Vertum- 
 
 publiihed ; becaufe there were book- 
 fellcrs itands or fnops at the temple of 
 Vercumuus in the Tafcan llrcet, Hor. 
 Ep. I, 20, I. in the plur. Vertunmisy 
 quotquot funty iiatus iuiquis, all the Ver- 
 tumniy or Vertumnus in all his Ihapes, 
 being inimical to him at his birth, i. e. 
 a whimfical or unreafonably unconllant 
 
 man. Id. Sat. 2, 7, 14. Vertum- 
 
 N ALL'S -iurny the fellival of Vertum- 
 nus, celebrated in October, Varr. Lat. 
 Livg^ 5,3. 
 
 T, Flavins V e s p A s i A n u s , the tenth 
 emperor of Rome ; fprung from a 
 intan family in the country of tlic Sa- 
 bincs J funamed from his rnoihei Vcf- 
 pafia, Suet. Vefp. i, .\c. 
 
 Vesper, -'eri ; Vefpemsy v. Hefpirusy 
 the evening liar, Virg. G. i, 251.; 
 Hor, 3, 19, 26. 
 
 Vesta, the goddefs cf fire, [G. 
 
 359.) A. 276. Vt stales virgmesy 
 
 the Veilal virgins, the piielUiies 01 
 
 L. Veturius PZ'/77, a conful in 
 the fecond Punic war, a. 547, Cic. Br, 
 
 14 ; Liv, 28, ic. Several of this 
 
 name are mentioned by .Livy. 
 
 {.\ V E T u s I u s, a CO n i ul, Liv. 2,19. 
 — T. Vetusius, a conful, Liv. 2, 28. 
 
 C. ViBiENus, a tenator, fo wound- 
 ed by the hired mob of C.odius, thaL 
 he died, Cic. Mil. 14. 
 
 /,. V 1 B I u s , an eques, Cic. Verr. 2,74, 
 
 Vjbius Viriusy a chief man at Ca- 
 pua, who advifcd the revolt to Hanni- 
 bal from the Romans, Liv. 23, 6. 
 When the Romans were on the point 
 of making tliemfelves malters of Ca- 
 pua, he piit an end to his days by poi- 
 fon, Liv, 2 6> 13, & 14. 
 
 L. ViBULLi'js Rufus, a f(iend of 
 Pumpey, Cic, Fam. I, 9. Att,^y 24. et 
 8, I.; Caf.B. C. 1, 15. 
 
 VicEPOTA, the. goddefs of victory, 
 Zir. 2, 7- ; Cic, Leg. 2, l\. 
 
V I N 
 
 Z. ViciNius, V. Vin'ictus 
 in the confulfliip of Marcellus and Sul- 
 picius, Cic. Fam. 8, 8. 
 
 I^lanellus ViCtorius, a noble Ro- 
 man, to whom Q^iin<l'^jlian dedicated 
 his fyftem of rhetoric, ^wicTiL pr. Sec. 
 
 M, ViGELLiuP, a fcholar of Panae- 
 tiiis, Cic. Or. 3. 2 1. 
 
 L. ViLLius, a tribune, who got a 
 law pafTed, fixing the years in which 
 the different offices of the ilate fnonld 
 be borne, whence he was called An- 
 na lis; which name defcended to his 
 pof-lerity, Li'u. 40, 44. ; Cic. Rull. 2, 
 2. But there feems to have been cer- 
 tain regulations concerning this mat- 
 ter before, Lh\ 25, 2. 
 
 yul'ius ViNDEX, -/c/V, governor of 
 Gaul, who revolted againll Nero, but 
 was cruflicd in the attempt, "Tac. Hi/]. 
 1, 51. <?/ 4, .57. ; Suet. Ner. 41. ; Galb. 
 II.; Plutarch, in Galha. 
 
 ViNDicius, a flave who difcovercd 
 the confpiracy formed by the fons of 
 Brutus and others to rcilore Tarquin, 
 LitK 2, 5. 
 
 L. VI^MCIUs, a young man, 'Suet. 
 Aug. 46, intimate with Auguilus, ih. 71. 
 
 7". ViNius, the profligate favourite 
 of Galba, ydeterrimns morialium j , who 
 by his crimes battened the deilruclion 
 of his mailer, and of hiuafelf, Tac. 
 E'lfl. I, 6, 42, & 48. 
 
 ViPSANi u s. Vid. Ac n iPPA. ViP- 
 
 SANiA, the daughter of Agrippa, and 
 wife of Tiberius, Tac. Ann. i, 12. et 
 
 3' '9- 
 
 ViKBiL's, the name given to Hip- 
 
 polytus, when reftored to life by Aei- 
 culapius, ( G. 424.) 
 
 6". ViRGiLius, the relation cf Cu- 
 rio, Cic. Fanu 2, 9. the colleague of Q^ 
 Cicero in the praetorfhip, and gover- 
 nor oi Sicily in the year in which M. 
 Cicero was baniflicd. Terrified by the 
 threats of Clodius, he would not ad- 
 mit Cicero into his province, though 
 formerly his friend, Cic. Plane. 40. 
 Virgilius was greatly eileemed for his 
 upright government, Cic. ^. Fr, i, 2, 
 2. ; Add. Alt. 12, 51. f/ 13, 26. 
 
 M. ViiiciLius, a tribune a. G66 ; 
 whoj in or^er to prevent Sulla from 
 
 [ 407 1 V I R 
 
 a tribune, going to the MIthridatIc war, named 
 a day for his trial ; but Sulla llightei 
 it, Cic. Br. 48. Plutarch, in Sulla. 
 
 P. V I R G I L I U S Maro, called 
 the prince, i, e. the moil excellent of 
 the Latin poets, born at Andes, a 
 village near Mantua, (whence Man* 
 tua Virgilio g.ivdd, Ovid. Am. 3? i^f 
 7.), a. 6S4, on 15th Oclober, [Id. 
 Octohr.)^ in the firll confullhip of 
 Pompey and Crafius. His mother's 
 name is fald to have been Maia. Con- 
 cerning the rank and condition of his 
 father, and even his very name, we arc 
 uncertain. We know but few of the 
 occurrences of Virgil's life. It appears 
 from his v/orks, that he received an 
 excellent education. He compofed 
 when young, (audaxjuventdf G. 4, 565.) 
 his bucolics or pailorals, and celebrates 
 the pniifes of thofe great men by whom 
 he appears to have been patronifed ; 
 Oclavius, whom he calls a god, E. 1,6. 
 ct 5, 64. as being the adopted fon of 
 Julius Caefar, whom the Triumviri had 
 deified, a. 712, Dio, 47, iH, & I9. 
 Pollio, £. 3, 84- 5: 88. 4, i2i &a 
 Varus, E. 9, 26, & 35. and Gallus, 
 E. 10, 2, cvc. There is no mention cf 
 Maecenas in the padorals, whence it 
 is fuppofed tliat Virgil was not intro- 
 duced to him till after he had finiflied 
 them. It dots not appear that Mae- 
 cenas during that period poffelfed the 
 high degree of favour with Auguilus, 
 wliich he afterwards enjoyed. The 
 firll mention we find made of him is ia 
 a. u. 71 8, when he was entrulled with 
 the care of the city and Italy, m the ab- 
 fence of Auguftus, Bio^ 49, 16. ; yell. 
 2, 88. ; Tac. Ann. 6, il. 
 
 Martial, hovVever, fays, that Virgil 
 having loll his l^ands near Mantua, ( nd» 
 OcTAvius, p. 282.), was abundantly 
 fupplied and enriched by the bounty of 
 Maecenas, 8, 51, 7. At the defire of 
 Maecenas Virgil undertook the com- 
 pofition of -the Georgics, in order to 
 promote the iludy of agriculture ; and 
 to Maecenas he dedicated each of the 
 four books, G. i, 2. ct 2, 41. et 3, 
 ^i. et 4, 2. On this work he is faid 
 to huve employed fevcn years, refiding 
 ■ ■ chiefly 
 
R r 408 1 
 
 With regard to the 30. ; 
 
 V I 
 
 dticfly at Naples. 
 
 fpace of time we are uncertain. He 
 himfelf informs us, that the place of 
 l*is refidence when he finiflied the Geor- 
 gics, was Naples, G. 4, 56 ^ 
 
 The defign of the Aenei? is thought 
 to have been to reconcile the Romans 
 to a monarchical p^overnment, and in 
 particular to malce them chearfully fub- 
 roit to the Julian family, (J. e. to Au- 
 g^uftus), as being declined by the fates 
 to poitefs the empire. Whatever be in 
 this, we learn the time at which dif- 
 ferent parts of the work were compo- 
 fed from the various allufions wh^ch 
 the poet makes to the exploits of Au- 
 guftus, ^/V. OcTAVius. Virgil is faid 
 to have taken twelve years to comT^ofe 
 the Aeneis. After having broiioht it 
 to a concliifion, he propofed to travel 
 into Greece and Afia, and to remain 
 there for three years, in order to polifli 
 his work. But meeting with Au- 
 ^jftus at Athens returning from the 
 caft to Rome, {Dio, 54, 10.) he de- 
 termined to come back with him. Go- 
 ing to vifit Megara, a neighbouring 
 town, he was fuddenly feized with a 
 dangerous illnefs, (languorcm nacius ej}.)y 
 which was encreafed by his voyage. 
 He died at Erundufiuni, (fom>e fay, at 
 Tarentum), 22d September, ( XKal. 
 Odohr.) a. 735. when he had nearly 
 completed his fifty-fecond year. Hi^ 
 bones were canied to Naples, and bu- 
 «'ied \x\ a monument eretled at a fmall 
 diilance from the city, with the fol 
 lowing infcription, which he is faid to 
 have didated on his deathbed ; Man- 
 tua me genuit, Calahri rapuere, tenet nunc 
 Parthenope ; ctc'ini p,,ifnia^ rura, duces, 
 Donat. in vita Virgil, c. 14, 54. An- 
 other epitaph is faid to have been lately 
 difcovcred, S'ljiitey viatores^ qnaefo^ piuca 
 leg'Je. Hie Maro fitus eft. Mabillon. Itiner. 
 itiil p. • 2. Nciih.'rr ofthem is thought 
 to be genuine. '1 he tomb of Virgil 
 is ftill fhown in the neighbourhood of 
 Naple.% (G. 153.) In'his laft will he 
 ordered his Aeneis to be burnt, be- 
 caufe it was not finilhed to his mind ; 
 but this was not permitted, according 
 to the orders of Auguilus, Pl'm. 7, 
 
 V r R 
 
 JO. : Macroh. Sat. 
 
 GelL 17, JO. ; iviacroo. :iat. i, 
 24. Varius and Tucca, the friends of 
 Virgil, are faid to have been employed 
 to corred the Aeneis, but were forbid- 
 den to make any additions to it : 
 wnience, it is fuppofed, there are fo 
 many im.perfeft verles in thac work. 
 The celebrity of the paftorals and 
 georgics of Virgil raifed the higheft 
 expedlations of the Aeneis. Thus 
 Propertius, Cedite Roman'i frnptores, cc- 
 d'lte Grar ; ^ efc quid ma]u\ nafc'itur 
 Iliadej Propert. 2, 34, 6,. With what 
 admiration it was received wljen pu- 
 blifhed, we ^earn from contemporary 
 authors. Thus Ovid, Tityrus, et fe- 
 getes, Aenemque arma hgentur, Roma 
 triumphail dvm caput orh'is erk. Amor. 
 I, 15:, 2,-.; Add. Id. ^\rt. 3, ^37. 
 Trift. 2,^:33.; I^em. 39^. Ovid was 
 only 25 years old when Virgil died ; 
 and therefore he fays, Vtrg'-l um 'v'ldi 
 tnntunii Tr 4, 10, 51. (^in6l;]ian 
 places Virgil next to Homer, and 
 makes him neaHy equal to him, pro- 
 p'iOr tamen primoy qnam tertiary for what 
 he wanted in genius, he fupplied by 
 care. Homer has more ftriking pafla- 
 ges, Virgi] is more uniform, [quantum 
 emlnentioribus inncimur^fortajfe adquafitate 
 penf.imus)^ lo, i, '66. The dillinguifh- 
 ing charaCteriRic of Virgil is judg- 
 ment, [acerrhni judicii P. f^irgi/ius,) 
 Id. 8, 3, 24. He is faid to have 
 w'ritten very few verfes in a day, Id, 
 10, 3, 8. Donatus, or whoever was 
 the author of the life of Virgil afcribed 
 to Donatus, fays, that he ufed to make 
 a nmnber of verfes in the morning, and 
 by polifliing reduce them to a very 
 few through the day, c 9, 33. The 
 works of Virgil foon after their publi- 
 cation were generally read and inter- 
 preted in the fchools of grammarians. 
 Suet. III. Gram. c. 16. Thus Q^uindli- 
 lian advifes, in the teaching of boys, to 
 begin with Homer and Virgil, i, 8, 
 5. He gives the fame advice to ftu- . 
 dents of rhetoric, to, i, 85. Colu- 
 mella fpeaks of Virgil with the higheil 
 psaife, \ pr. 'i^o. et i, i, 12. ^/ 10, 5. 
 and calls him a heavenly poet, ffidere" 
 vs,) ib. 434. So Vegctius, [Mantu- 
 
 anus 
 
V 1 R • [ / 
 
 CKus poeia d'lvino ere,) r pr. 8. Silius 
 Irallcus ufed to approach the tomb of 
 Virgil with the fame reh'gious awe as 
 a temple, and kept his birth-day more 
 folerHnly than his own, Plln. Ep. 3, 7, 
 8.; Martial, I r, 49, & 51. Statins 
 f.ntertained the fame veneration for 
 him, Silv. 4, 4, 51. 
 
 Virgil died in opulent circumilanccs. 
 ' le owed his affiuence chiefly to the 
 liberality of Maecenas, Marl'utl. 8, ^6. 
 He had a houfe at Rome on the Ef- 
 qailine hill nigh the gardens of Mae- 
 cenas ; but he refiJed for the mod 
 part in his Campanian villa, PJeudo- 
 Donat. in vit. Virg. c. 6, 24. near No- 
 la, Gell. 7, 20. Hence Juvenal ob- 
 ferves, that had Virgil been poor, he 
 could not have compofed fo noble a 
 work as the Aeneid, i^Nam fi Virgilio 
 puer, et tokrahik defit (for deejfet') Hn/pl- 
 tiumy caderent omnes a crimbus hydrae^ 
 Surda nihil gemeret grave buccina, had 
 he wanted a fervant, and a comfort- 
 able lodging, he could not have given 
 fuch a defcription of AleAo ; the 
 Inakes would have fallen from her hair, 
 and her dumb trumpet would have ut- 
 tered no dreadful found, 7, 69, &c. 
 alluding to the reprefentation given of 
 her, Firg. Aen. 7,445.6'^ 511, &c.) 
 Vid. Maro. 
 
 VIRGINIA, the daughter of L. 
 Virginius, a centurion, whom licr fti- 
 ther flew in the middle of the/or//w, to 
 prevent her falling into the power of 
 Appius, the decemvir, (G. 215*) Liv. 
 3, 44, — 49. ; Cic. Fin. 2, 20. 
 
 Virginia, the daughter of Aulus 
 ViRGiNius, a patrician^ married to 
 Volumnius, a plebeian conful, and 
 therefore excluded by the patrician 
 matrons from their facred rites to Pa- 
 trician Challity, { Pndlcitia Patricia; ) on 
 which account ibe dedicated a temple 
 to Plebeian Challity, Liv. 10, 23. 
 
 Flainus ViRCiNius, an orator in the 
 time of Quindilian, who wrote on 
 rhetoric, ^lintiil. 3, i, 2\. et 3, 6, 44. 
 ^^ II, 3, 126. 
 
 ViRiATus, a native of Lufitania, 
 originally a {hepherd, who having for- 
 tunatt^ly efcaped the bafe mafH^cre of 
 
 09 1 VIS 
 
 Galba, (Fid. Galba), and having 
 collefted an army of his countrymen, 
 carried on war againft the Romans 
 with great fuccefs for eight years, Ap- 
 pian. Hif^an. p. 297. ; according to 
 Juftin, for ten years, 44, 2. fourteen 
 years, Liv. F.pit. 54.; Plor. 2, 17. Ew 
 trop. 4, 16. twenty years, Paterc. 2, 
 90. Fabius, the proconful, made peace 
 with him on equitable terms, Liv. Epit, 
 54. which the Roman people ratified, 
 Appian. Hifp.p. 290. But it was food 
 after violated by Caepio, the brother 
 and fuccelTor of Fabius, who obtained 
 the confent of the fenate to refumc 
 lioililities, ib. p. 294. Viriatus was 
 murdered by fome of his domeflics, 
 whom Caepio bribed to perpetrate that 
 deed, Appian. ib, 296. ; Li air op, 4, 16. 
 Viriatus is higlily extolled, not only 
 for his military talents, but alfo for his 
 moderation and abllinence, Appian. ib. 
 297. His equal dillributiori of booty 
 is praifed by Cicero, OJ", 2, 11. 
 ViRiATiNtJM btlluwy the war againft 
 
 Viriatus, Suet, Galb. 3. Silius Ita- 
 
 licus mentions a Spanifh general called 
 Viriatus, in the fecond Punic war, 
 3, 354. who was llain by Pauliis Aemi- 
 lius, ib. 10, 233. and adds concerning 
 him what was truly applicable fo the 
 Lufitanian general ; Nomen Rcmanis 
 fadvm r^iox nohile damnis, 3) 336. 
 
 ViRiDOM ARus, n king of the Gauls, 
 flain by Marcellus in fingle combat, 
 Plutarch, in Marcel, p. 301. 
 
 ViRRO, -onisi a fictitious name of a 
 rich luxurious Roman, who treated 
 with negleft poor clients whom he ad- 
 mitted to his table, and paid attention 
 only to his rich gUelts ; thus, Firrd 
 fdd et reJiquis Firronibiis ilia jubebit Po* 
 ma dari, Juven?.l. 5, 49, &c. 
 
 Vise EL LIN us, a firname given toi 
 8p. Caflius, who was thrown from the 
 Turpeian rock for aiming at fovcrc!gn- 
 ty, C'ic.Amic, i i. 
 
 Vis EJUS, appointed tribune of the 
 people by Antony; originally the 
 keeper of a bath (halneator) at Pifau- 
 rum, Cic. Plnl. 13, 12. 
 
 C. VisELLius Varro, a coufin of 
 Cicero's, Cic. Brut. 76. Att. 3, 23. 
 
 ^ F X.Visi- 
 
VIS L 4 
 
 L. VisiDius, a Roman eques^ who 
 guarded Cicero when conful, and was 
 afterwards a keen opponenc of Antony, 
 Cic. Ph'iL 7, 9. 
 
 -^. ViTELLius, the ninth Roman 
 emperor, Sud. Fit. i, &c. ; Tacit. HiJ}. 
 
 I, 57.— ViTELLiAKi miiiteSi the fol- 
 
 diers of Vitellius, iL 85. ; F/in. 34, 7 f. 
 17. So Partes Fiteilianae, Tac. Hi ft. I, 
 
 iT/. VITRUVIUS Po/Iio, a learn- 
 ed and Hcilful architeft, who compofed 
 an excellent work on architefture in 
 ten books, which he dedicated to Au- 
 giiilus. It is dill extant. 
 
 Domitius Ulpianus, a celebrated 
 lawyer, born at Tyre, praetorian prae- 
 feft under Alexander Severus ; feve- 
 ral of wliofe works are ftill extant. 
 
 ULYSSES, V. U/yxeSf 'is, et Ulys- 
 SF.Us, V. Ulyxeus, gen. UlyJJa^ v, 
 Ulyxei, (in 3 or 4 fyll.) or contracted 
 Ulyxi^ voc. Ulyxe, v. Ulyjfes ; the fon 
 of Laertes, [Lasrtiades,) and Anticlea, 
 king of Ithaca ; the wifeil of the 
 Greeks in the Trojan war, (G. 451.) 
 
 P. Umbrenus, a freed man, an af- 
 fociate of Catiline, Cic. Cat. 3,6.; 
 Salhift. Cat. 4c. 
 
 Umbro, 'onis, a brave Italian, Firg. 
 Aen. 7 J 752. from the mountains of 
 the Marfj, ih. ic, 544. 
 
 Umidius, v. Umnndius, a rich mifer, 
 Hor. Sat. I, I, 95. , 
 
 j9. VocoNius Saxa, a tribune, a. 
 584, the propofer of a law, [lex Vocd- 
 nja,) prohibiting citizens to leave their 
 eftates to wom.cn, Cic. Far. i, 42, & 
 
 43. jBa/L 8. Fi?i. 2, I'J. Sen. 5* 
 
 VocoNiA pira, a kind of pears fo 
 ramed from one Voconius, P/in. 15, 
 
 15. The Foconii are faid to have 
 
 been defcended from Aricia, Cic. Phil. 
 
 DilLus YocijLAf a Roman general 
 under Velpafian againft the Gauls, 
 Tac. Jli/}. 2, 24. whom he defeated, ib. 
 34. but was at laft over-reached and fiain 
 by them, ib. ^6, & 59. 
 
 C. VoLCATius, unjuftly treated by 
 Dolobella, Cic. Corn. i. fragm. He 
 died fuddenly, Plin. 7, 53, 
 
 10 ] VOL 
 
 L. VoLCATius TulluSf repulfed >A 
 fuing for the aedilefhip, Cic. Plane. 
 21. but was afterwards conful with 
 Lepidus, a. 687. He refufed to ad- 
 mat Catiline, as being accufed of ex- 
 tortion, to Hand candidate for the con- 
 fulftiip, Cic. Tog. C^ml fr. ; Sallufl. 
 Cat. 18. He appears to have been the 
 only fenator that refufed to thank 
 Caefar for rcftoring Marcellus ; de- 
 claring that he would not have done 
 it, had he been in the place of Mar- 
 cellus liimfelf; (becaufe perhaps he 
 fcorned to thank the ufurper for what 
 he ought not to have had power to 
 
 beftovv), Cic. Fam. 4, 4. Ernefti 
 
 afcribes this to the fon of Volcatius ; 
 but improperly ; for the Volcatius men- 
 tioned by Cicero mufl have been aa 
 older conful than himfclf, becaufe 
 he was afl<ed his opinion before Cice- 
 ro, Cic. Fam. 4. 4. 
 
 L. Volcatius Tullus, L. F. city 
 praetor, a. 707, Cic. Fam. 13, 14. 
 conful, a. 720, Dioy 5l> 43. 
 
 Volcatius, one of the retinue of 
 Verres, Cic. Fcrr. 2, Ip, 23, 5ic. 
 
 Vol ERG Publilius, a plebeian, who 
 having refufed to enlift as a common 
 foldier, because he had been a centuri- 
 on, was about to be fcourged by the 
 liftors of the conful, when he was re- 
 fcued by the interpofition of the people, 
 Liv. 2, ^^, who next year, a. 282, 
 created him a tribune j in which office 
 he got a law palled, [Lex Publilia), 
 that the plebeian magiilrates fhould be 
 created at the Comitia Tributa, ib. 56, 
 
 Volesus, a Sabine, who came to 
 Rome with Titus Tatius, Ovid. Pont^ 
 3, 2, 1C5." ■ ■ — <[ 2. A proconful of 
 Afia under Auguftus, Senec. Ir. i, 5. 
 
 VoLOGEsus, a king of Parthia, 
 Tac. Ann. 12, 14. who waged war 
 againft the Romans under Nero, ih. 
 50, &c. 
 
 L. VoLUMSiUs, an intimate ac- 
 quaintance of Cicero's, Cic. Fam, 7, 
 32. ; Farr. R. R. 2, 4, 12. 
 
 VolUmnius FlaccuSf fent a? an 
 ambaflador to the fenate by Brutus 
 
 when 
 
VOL [4 
 
 when befieged at Mutina, Cic. Fam. 
 II, 12, & 18. 
 
 P. VoLUMNius, a fenator, one of 
 the judges in the caufe of Cluentius, 
 Cic. CI 70. 
 
 P. VoLUMNius, called Eiitrapelus^ 
 from his wit, Ctc. Fam. 7, 32, & 33. a 
 friend to Antony, 6/V. Phil. 13, 2. Vld. 
 Horat. Ep I, 18,42. 
 
 VoLUMNiA, the freed-womanof Vo- 
 lumnius Eutrapeliis, the miftrefs of 
 Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 24. called alfo 
 Cytheris, ib. 22. 
 
 VoLUsiANUS,vel Volufiusy the harvf- 
 pex ofVerres, i-ic. Vcrr. 3. 21, & 1 1. 
 
 VoLUx, -ucis^ the fon of Bocchus, 
 king of Mauritania, Sallujl. Jug. 105, 
 
 Cti. W^ VoLUsiUs, one of the re- 
 tinue of Cicero in Cih'cia, Cic» Att, 5, 
 i I. Fam. 5*^10. 
 
 M. VoLusius, a quaellor in Afia, 
 Ctc. Fam. 16, 12. afteru'ards, when 
 |)lebeian aedile, (aedilis plebis), being 
 profcribed by Antony, he faved himfeif 
 by afiuming the habit of a priefl of 
 Ifis, Val Max. 7, 3, 8. 
 
 VoLUsius, a poet, contemporary 
 with Catullus, who, in imitation of 
 Ennius, wrote the annals of the Ro- 
 mans in verfe ; a contemptible work. In 
 the opinion of Catullus, 36, et 93, 7. 
 
 Vopiscus, a Roman name, faid to 
 have been firft given to one of two 
 twins that was born fafe, the other 
 having been formerly loll by abortion, 
 (q.Opifcus,) PHa. 7, 10. 
 
 Julius Caefar VOPISCUS, called 
 alter Caefar^ becaufe he received the 
 ireedom of the city from Caefar ; a 
 great partifan of Antony's, Cic. Phil. 
 II, 5. He is thought to be the fame 
 that is mentioned, Farr. R. R. i, 7.; 
 P/m. I7,4f. 
 
 Urania, v, ./?, -es, one of the Mufes, 
 Ovid. Fajl. 5, 55. whom Catullus makes 
 the mother of Hymenaeus or Hymen, 
 the god of marriage, 60, 2. 
 
 Uranus, vel Cadus^ the father of 
 Saturn, (G. 355.) 
 
 VULCaNUS, the god of fire and 
 of the works of the forge, (G. 365.) 
 the fon of Jupiter aiid Juno, or of Jung 
 
 II ] X A N 
 
 alone, Hefiod. Theog. 397. hence called 
 Junonigcruiy Ovid. Met. 4, 173. Be- 
 ing thrown by Jupiter from heaven on 
 account of fome offence, he fell on the 
 illand of Lemnus ; whence he is called 
 Pater LemniuSy Virg. Aen. 8, 454' or 
 Lemniusy Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 49. and waa 
 rendered lame by the fall ; whence he 
 is called tardives deus ; thus, Dare Jcrip- 
 ta tardipedi deo^ to commit to the flames, 
 CatuU. 36, 7. Vulcan was the bui- 
 band of Venus ; hence ^las componis, 
 dona Fencris marito, give to the hufband 
 of Venus the verfes which you com-r 
 pofe, i. e. commit them to the flames, 
 Juvenal. 7, 25.— Vulcan us is often 
 put for fire ; thus, Furit imm'i^s VuU 
 canus immij[Jis habetiisy the fire rages 
 with loofe reins, or with ung'ivernablc 
 fury, Virg. Aen. 5, 562. Sparger e VuU 
 canmn tetlis, i. e. ignem, ib. 7, 77. So 
 Fulcano fuperarile, ih. 2 y 312. Vulcano 
 decoquit humoremy Id. G. i, 294. Ful- 
 canum naribus ejjiant, breathe fire from 
 their noflrils, Ov'id. Met. 7, 104. The 
 workmen of Vulcan were called Cy- 
 
 cl5pes, q. "y. Vulcania armay 
 
 arms made by Vulcan, Virg. AenSy 535. 
 impenetrable, Cic. Tufc. 2, 14. Horri- 
 da acics Volcania., the horrid army of 
 Vulcan, i. e. the dreadful conflagra- 
 tion, Virg. Aen. 10, 40.8. So Pejiis 
 Vulcania-, Sil 14, 424. et 17, 509, & 
 599. Vulcania muneray the prefent of 
 Vulcan, or the chariot made by him, 
 
 Ovid. Met. 2, 106. -Vulcan A LI a, 
 
 'iumy the fealls of Vulcan, ColumcL 1 1, 
 3. ; Plin. Fp. 5, 3, 8. 
 
 VuLTEjus, one of the retinue of 
 L. Metellus in Sicily, Cic, Verr. 3, 66, 
 
 VuLTEjus Menay a common crier, 
 who alTilled at audlions or the hke ; 
 probably the freed man of one V'ulte- 
 jus, Hor. Ep. n^iy SSy^^S- 
 
 T, VulturCius, vel VoUurciusy 
 a native of Croton, an accomplice in 
 Catiline's confpiracy, Cic. Cat, 3, 2. ; 
 Sullujl. Cat. 44, &c. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xantippe, -esy the wife of Socrates^ 
 
 remarkable for her bad tem.per and for 
 
 3 F 2 fcolding 
 
X A N [41 
 
 fcolding her hufband, GelL 1, 17. But 
 Cicero takes no notice of this part of 
 her chara6ler, Tufc. 3, 15. 
 
 XANTlPPUS, a Lacedaemonian 
 general, who being fent to the ailift- 
 ance of the Carthaginians, defeated 
 Reguhis, and took him prifoncr, C'lc. 
 Off. 3, 26. The Carthaginians, envy- 
 ing his gbry, Avhea they fent him 
 back to his country, are faid to have 
 caufed him to be drowned, App'iatu 
 L'tbyc. c. 6. ; .S7/. 6, 680.—^ 2. An A- 
 thenian wlio defeated the Perfian fleet 
 at Mycalc ; the father of Pericles, ( G. 
 466.) 
 
 Xantho, -?Af, one of the fea-nymphs, 
 Virg. G, 4, 356. 
 
 Xeno, 'onrs, an Epicurean, eflecmed 
 by.Atticus and Cicero, Cic. Jff. 5, 
 
 10. et 13, 27. Others of this name 
 
 are mentioned by Cicero, Jit. 5, i ^. 
 Verr. 3, 22. 
 
 Xenocles, •/.<•, a rhetorician of A- 
 dramyttium, (Adramyt£nus)y wlio was 
 conftantly with Cicero while in Aiia, 
 Cic. Br. 91. 
 
 Xenocrates, -is, of Chalcedon, 
 (Ckalcedonius)j the fcholar of Plato, 
 and his fucceffor in the academy, (G. 
 
 294-) 
 
 Xfnomenes, -?V, the holl of Cice- 
 ro at Thy re urn, Cic. Fam. 16, 5. 
 
 Xenophanes, 'is, of Colophon, 
 {Colof:h(mius)y the founder of what was 
 called the Eleatic kt\ of philofophers, 
 (G. I5.)» ^^'^" maintained the uncer- 
 tainty of human knowledge, ib. 23. 
 but taught the unity and infinity of 
 the Divme Being, Cic, Acad. 4, 37. N. 
 
 X>. I, II. 
 
 Xenophilus, a mufician of Ch ai- 
 ds, a Pythagorean, who lived above 
 joo years in the greateft happinefs, 
 VaL Ma:c. 8, i 3, 3. j PUn. 7, 50. 
 
 XE^6Pi-iON, 'Otitis, the fon of 
 Gryllue, an Athenian ; the fcholar of 
 Socrates ; as much didinguifhcd for 
 iris mihtary iliiil as for his learning, 
 (G. 468.) Scipio Africanus, the 
 younger, was to fond of the Cyropae- 
 d'la of Xenophon, that he always car- 
 ried it about with him., Cic. Tufc. 2, 
 Zt. ^fr.ly i,^. His ftyk has fuch 
 
 2 ] ZEN 
 
 unaflFefted fimplicity and beauty, that 
 the Mufes are faid, as it were, to 
 have fpokea by his voice, Cic. Or. 
 9, & 19. ; ^inail. 10, i, 33, & 82. 
 Xenophontius v. -eus Hercu- 
 les, Hercules defcribed by Xenophon, 
 Cic. Fam. 5, 12. (G. 39B.) Xeno- 
 phonteium ^. -eum genus fcrmonis, a ilyle 
 fuch as Xenophon ufed, Cic. Br. 35;. 
 
 Xerxes, -is, the fon of Darius, 
 king of I^erfia, who invaded Greece 
 with a vaft army and fleet. He made 
 a bridge of boats over the Hellefpont 
 to tranfport his forces, (G. 349.) 
 Hence, Xerxis et i/nperio hina cotjfc vada, 
 Propert. 2, l, 22. HJlcfpontum junxit, 
 et tuaria amhula-vif, fc. per, Cic. Fin. 2, 
 34. So Lucan» 2, 674. He dug a 
 navigable canal through mount Athos, 
 (G. 327.) ; whence Athos is faid to 
 have been failed over, [veli/icatus Athos \ 
 cum Jlratum clajfrbus ifdera, (fc. quibus 
 Athos veliiicatus,) Suppofuumque rotis 
 foUdum mare,) Juvenal. 10, 1 75. Ri- 
 vers are faid to have been drunk up by 
 his troops, ib. i 77,— The bridge be- 
 ing broken down by a tempett, he or- 
 dered the fea to be Uflied and chainedj 
 ?Z'. 180. ; Herodot, 7, 34, & 35. But 
 his fleet having been defeated at Sala- 
 mis, by the conduct of Tliemiilocles, 
 he made his cfcape in a fiihing-boat, 
 y^'Jiin. 2, (3. ; juvenal. 10, 185. (G. 
 465.} His land army was defeated at 
 Plataea by the Greeks under the com- 
 mand of Paufanias and AriiHdes, (G. 
 466.) When one day he had review- 
 ed his army, he is faid to have wept 
 with the thouglu, thr.t fo many thou- 
 fand lives would in fo fliort a time be 
 extindt, Plin. Ep. 3, 7,. 13.; Herodot, 
 7, 45. ; VaL Max. 9, 13. ext. i. 
 
 ZALEUCUS, the lawgiver of 
 Locri in Iu^'j Cic. Leg. 1, 22. ct 2, 
 6. Att.6. I. (G. 176.) 
 
 ZENO, -dnii, a native of Cittium, 
 (Cittieus ;) the fcholar of Polemo, Cic 
 Acad. I, 9, 10, &c. the founder of the 
 Stoics, who placed the chief happinefs 
 
 of 
 
ZEN [41 
 
 of man in virtue alone, Cic. Mur, 29. 
 ylcad. 4, 42, & 43, S.c. 
 
 ZENO, of Elea, (FJcates ;) the 
 founder of that feci of philofophers, 
 called from his birth-place Eleatici ; 
 who paid the chief attention to the 
 art gf reafoniug or logic, [diakdiuei) 
 of which Zeno is faid to have been the 
 inventor, Cic. Mead. 4, 42, Zeno, 
 having entered into a confpiracy to 
 free his country from the tyranny 
 of Nearchus, and being dete6led, was 
 put to the rack, to make him difcover 
 his aifociates ; but no tortures could 
 draw from him a confeffion ; andhechofe 
 rather to die than betray his accom- 
 plices, Ck. Tufc. 2, 22. A^ /). 3, 33. 
 Tlie Itory is varioufly related by au- 
 thors, who differ about the manner of 
 his death, and the name of the tyrant ; 
 but agree that 2ieno's fellow-citizens, 
 animaiied by his fortitude, rofe againft 
 the tyrant and floned him to death, 
 Laert. 9, 25.; Fal. Max. 3, 3, ext. 2, 
 fc 3. S aulas in Xenons. 
 
 ZENO, an Epicurean philofopher 
 at Athens; the chief of his feft, (^- 
 picnreoriim coryphaeus 'vel princeps, ) Cic. 
 N. D. I, 21. whole ledures both Ci- 
 cero and Atticus attended, Cic. Fin. 
 I, 5. Tufc. 3, 17. He ufed to call So- 
 crates, the Attic buffoon, Cic. N. D. 
 
 J' 34- ^ 
 
 Zenodotus, a grammarian, prae- 
 
 ceptor to the children of Ptolemy So- 
 ter, and keeper of the library of" Alex- 
 andria, Siiidas ; Suet. Gram. 1 1 f. 
 
 Zethes vel Zetes, v. -wj-, the fon 
 of Boreas, the north wind, and Ori- 
 th5-ra, the twin-brother of Calais; 
 (hence called duo fratres Aquihnia pro- 
 ks, Propert. I, 20, 25. Sail Bared, 
 Senec. Med. 231.); who both had 
 wings like their father, Ovid. Met. 6, 
 713, &c. They went with Jafon to 
 Colchis, in quell of the golden fleece, 
 as Ovid fays, in the firfl ihip that ever 
 failed on the fea, which had not before 
 been difturbed, ib. {G. 420.) When 
 they came to Thrace, they drove the 
 harpies from the houfe of Phineus, a 
 king of that country, whom they had 
 infefled by carrying off the fo'>d from 
 
 3 ] Z O I 
 
 his table, {G. 442.) Zethes and Ca- 
 
 lais were (lain by Hercules, Senec. Med. 
 934. ; HyguuFah. 14. Various caufes 
 of their death are affigned, VicL Schij- 
 liajl. in Apollon. i, 211, & ^300. 
 
 Zethus, the fon of Jupiter and 
 Antiope ; the twin-brother of Am- 
 phlon, Ovid. Met. 6, no. ; Hygin. 76, 
 & 155.; who both having been ex-. 
 poftd, wheii infants, were educated by 
 a fhepherd ; and when tiiey grew up 
 alfo became Oiepherds. But A mphlon, 
 having got the prefent of a harp from 
 Mercury, paid his chief attention to 
 mufic. Their mother having efcaptd 
 from her confinement, (/7^. An no- 
 pe,) is faid to have fled to the moun- 
 tains, where fhe applied to her fons 
 for protedion ; but Zethus, thinking 
 her a fugitive, would not admit her ; 
 contrary to the wifli of Amphlon, who 
 was of a gentler difpofition : hence. 
 Ft durur.i Zethumy et lacrimis Amphiona 
 molkm Fxperta eji Jiahulis mater aha8a 
 fuisj Propert. 3, 15,29. They being 
 informed by the fnepherd who file was, 
 flew Lycus, and tied Dirce to the 
 mouth of a fierce bull, ib. 38. Senec. 
 Thtb.v. loy 8i 126.; Oed. 610. {Fid, 
 Dirge.) Zethus and Amphlon ha* 
 ving thus become ma(ters of Thebes, 
 made an addition to the city, and fur- 
 rounded it with walls, Paufan. 9, 4. 
 They are faid firfl: to have built 
 Thebes, Homer. Ody/f. ir, 262. Fid, 
 Amphion. 
 
 ZsTHus, a freed man, Cic. Fam. 9, 
 
 15- 
 
 Zephyrus, the god of the wed 
 wind, the fon of Aftraeus and Aurora, 
 Hygin. praef. the father of Chloris or 
 Flora, the goddefs of flowers ; who 
 is hence called ZErHVRJTis, -)dis, 
 Catull. 64, 57. 
 
 ZEUXLS, -/J-, V. -ulis ; ace. -in ; of 
 Heraclea, [Heraclcotes,) a famou«; 
 painter, the cotemporary and rival of 
 Parrhafius, Cic. Inv. 2, i. ; Flin. '3^^^ 
 9, & 10. 
 
 Zeuxis, -JV//V, ace. -im ; a perfon 
 fufpedled of parricide in the province 
 of Q^Cicero, Cic. ^Fr. i, 2, 2. 
 
 ZoiLUS, an ill-natured critic, born 
 
 at 
 
Z O P [ 4 
 
 at Amplilpolis; who wrote againft Ho- 
 rner, Plato, and others, AeTian. Var. 
 H'ljl. II, lO. in the time of Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, Vitruv. 'jipvaef. Some 
 fay that he was crucified ; others, that 
 he was ftoned to death ; and others, 
 that he was burnt alive, ib. From his 
 cenfuring Homer he was called Ho- 
 me romastii, Homer's fcourge, Sul- 
 das» From him any cenforious critic 
 was called ZoiLus ; thus, ^uifquis es, 
 cxlUo, Zoile, nomen babes i Ovid. Rem. 
 Am. 366. 
 
 ZopyRus, one of the feven Perfiaa 
 noblemen who deilroyed the magi. He 
 
 14 ] z o s 
 
 afterwards recovered Babylon to Da- 
 rius, when it had revolted, (G. 609.) 
 
 ^ 2. A noted phyfiognomift, 
 
 C'lc. Tufc. 4, 37. Fat. 5. 
 
 ZoROASTREs, -/J, vcl -ae^ a king of 
 Baftrla, who is faid to have been the 
 firft inventor of magic, Plin. 30, i. 
 Add. /^.y, 16.; Jufm. I, I. (G.623.) 
 
 ZosiMUs, a freedman of the young- 
 er Pliny, Plin. Ep. 5, 19. ^ 2. A 
 
 Greek hiftorian in the fifth century, 
 whofe work is flill extant. 
 
 Zosippus, a nobleman of Tynda- 
 ris in Sicily, Cic. Verr. 4, 42. 
 
 FINIS, 
 
 Printed by Murray 15* Cocl-gnr^ 
 Craig^ Clofe^ Edinburgh, J_ 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 13. col 2. line 7. for AloTdae rW Aloidae. 
 27. ly? col. lajl line, fer rom read from. 
 41. col. 1. line 19. /or Falvia rfj</ Fulvia. 
 
 — 16. from the foot, for Jpftan read 0/^/W 
 
 — 3. for enebo read tenebo, 
 
 — 19, & 22. for aiigujle read angufle, 
 
 14. ybr DiOPHAMES rftf^ DiOPHANES. 
 
 — 32. (s/>«* name infert oL 
 
 — 30. for Carneades read Carneades. 
 
 — 37. for Arsaces read Arsaces. 
 
 — 38. /or Phikeia rffl^PHiNEiA. 
 
 — 34. for triumphis read triumphos. 
 
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