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 ' .S6 1832 
 
 Smith, Eli, 1801-1857. 
 Trials of missionaries 
 
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TRIALS OF MISSIONARIES. 
 
 APR 28 1913 
 
 AN^- 
 
 ADDRE88 
 
 DELIVERED IN PARK-STREET CHURCH, BOSTON, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 EVENING OF OCTOBER 24, 1832, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 REV. ELIAS RIGGS, REV. WILLIAM M. THOMSON, 
 AND DOCT. ASA DODGE, 
 
 ABOUT TO EMBARK AS 
 
 MISSIONARIES TO THE MEDITERRANEAN. 
 
 BY THE REV. ELI SMITH, 
 
 A MEMBER OF THE MISSION. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 
 
 47; Washington-Street. 
 1832. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 Dear Brethren, 
 
 This occasion brings fresh to remembrance my own 
 emotions, when called more than six years ago, as you 
 are now, to leave my friends and country. My first im- 
 pressions and anxieties, too, at entering successively the 
 scenes to which you are about to go, all come back re- 
 newed, 
 
 I am reminded of the misgiving-of-heart that assailed 
 me, as the ship glided from the harbor, and boldly plunged 
 into the Atlantic; seeming, while she unfeelingly tore me 
 from home, presumptuously to defy the winds and waves 
 to match their mighty power with human skill. I recol- 
 lect my strange reluctance to credit my senses, when, at 
 Malta, cowled monks, grated nunneries, images of saints 
 at the corners of the streets and carried in pompous pro- 
 cession, priests in their confessional-boxes shriving the 
 credulous penitent who knelt to whisper in their ear his 
 confession, advertisements of indulgences at the doors of 
 the churches, and the idolatrous worshiping of the host 
 while carried through the streets as a viaticum to the 
 dying; first changed all my dreams of the dark ages into 
 
present realities, and showed me that I had got to fight 
 over again, with the absurdities of popery, the battles of 
 the Reformation. The involuntary dread, too, with which 
 I shrunk fi-om my first contact with the antichristian 
 haughtiness of the turbaned Turk, as I landed in Egypt, 
 a single-handed missionary, aiming to undermine the faith 
 he adores, is distinctly recalled. And the near view of 
 death presented by the plague, as I was first surrounded 
 by it, and shut myself up from stranger and friend, fearing 
 contagion in every touch, comes up afi-esh. 
 
 But what were first impressions once, have lost their 
 novelty; and many of the anxieties they occasioned, have 
 been entirely removed, or essentially modified by expe- 
 rience. Four times has Providence mercifully preserved 
 me from the plague, while it was hurrying away its victims 
 around; ^a thousand have fallen at my side and ten thou- 
 sand at my right hand' from the cholera, and it has not 
 been suffered to touch me; and when nigh unto death in 
 a Persian stable, have friends been raised up to nurse and 
 heal me. I have seen the wrath of the Turk restrained, 
 when provoked by the destruction of his navy, and the 
 approach of a conquering enemy to his capital; no serious 
 molestation has been offered me while travelling thousands 
 of miles in his territories; and even the predatory hand of 
 the barbarous Kurd has not touched me. By observation 
 and repeated argument, the open abominations and subtle 
 wiles of papacy have become familiar. And after being 
 preserved through a dozen voyages, I am mercifully re- 
 turned to my country and friends. 
 
 I can never revisit those scenes, with the feelings I had 
 at first entering them. Instead of imagined and imagin- 
 ary trials, I now know, to a considerable extent, what to 
 expect. Permit me, brethren, so far as I am able, to 
 
transfer from my own mind to yours, some of the results 
 of my experience. 
 
 The trials in regard to the necessaries of life, of which 
 friends at home often think and speak most, you will prob- 
 ably regard least of all. Called, you often will be, espe- 
 cially in travelling, to eat, and clothe, and lodge badly; 
 but still greater mental and moral privations will m^ake 
 you regard as trifles such as are m.erely bodily. The 
 sight, too, of the numerous poor around you, eating their 
 scanty meals of bread and oil, or filling their bellies with 
 the pods of the kharoob tree, perhaps the very husks the 
 prodigal son grudged the swine, and giving, by contrast, 
 an appearance of comfort to every form of poverty you 
 had seen before, will make you grateful, that, at the 
 worst, you are enabled to fare better than they, and dis- 
 pose you to forget your own wants in compassion for those 
 whom you go to benefit. And you will remem.ber your 
 great Lord and Master, who, in his errand of mercy to 
 our world, had not where to lay his head, and be ashamed 
 to complain. Above all men, the missionary is called to 
 apply to himself our Savior's injunction to his disciples, 
 *'Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what 
 ye shall drink, nor yet for your body, what ye shall put 
 on:' 
 
 Among the trials which you will feel to be serious, I 
 would mention, first, the trial, or perhaps I should say 
 disappointment, of your classical and sacred associations. 
 It is delightful to read the journals, or to listen to the nar- 
 ratives, of one who has surveyed the mountains and plains 
 of Greece from the castle of Corinth, has examined the 
 perfection of ancient art in the Parthenon at Athens, has 
 become familiar wdth the glory of Lebanon and the ex- 
 cellency of Carmel and Sharon, and has stood upon 
 *1 
 
6 
 
 mount Olivet, or at the foot of mount Ararat. It is also 
 interesting to anticipate going in person to such celebrated 
 spots. And still more satisfactory is the reflection of hav- 
 ing actually visited them. But the experience of really 
 living and travelling there, is not, to the missionary, a cup 
 of such unmixed gratification. — I say, to the missionary , 
 because, in this and the other trials I shall mention, others 
 can but very imperfectly sympathize with him. The 
 traveller goes to look with the eye of an antiquarian or 
 of a poet upon the relics of ancient art and power; or 
 with that of a philosopher and a politician upon present 
 exhibitions of character and of government. And if he 
 lodges among poverty and filth in the ruins of Thebes or 
 Baalbek; or is abused, hindered, and crossed in his pur- 
 poses, by venial Turkish governors, and lying, faithless 
 guides and muleteers; he is, indeed, discommoded, and 
 vexed to the quick; but still the one serves materially, by 
 way of contrast, to elevate his conceptions of the grand- 
 eur of ancient times, and the other teaches him constant- 
 ly new and valuable lessons of the very information he is 
 travelling to acquire. And he has neither the expectation 
 of a continued residence among such people, nor any 
 fixed desire for their happiness, to make their degradation 
 weigh permanently upon his spirits. — Not so with you, as 
 missionaries. You go not to study ancient Greece and 
 Palestine, nor present workings of human nature; any 
 farther than you will ever have an occasional regard to 
 the one for the illustration of Scripture, and will find an 
 understanding of the other an essential help to your mis- 
 sionary success. You go to reform and save the degen- 
 erate and perishing people who now dwell there; and your 
 tour is for life. If this object be foremost, as it ought to 
 be, in your minds and hearts, and you are led, when 
 
lodging in a hut, the companion of filth and vermin, or 
 daily cheated and belied by servants and false friends, 
 sometimes to reflect upon the discouragements and dis- 
 consolateness of your work; what comfort, think you, 
 will come from the idea, that you are on the spot where 
 Socrates argued, or Paul preached? The very light, that 
 will break in through such a reflection, will only make 
 you see more clearly the foul features of the moral degra- 
 dation around you, and feel more sensibly the extent of 
 the labor you propose to accomplish. In a word, the 
 misery of present scenes will diminish, and perhaps ulti- 
 mately destroy the charms of classical and sacred associa- 
 tions. And, if your experience be like mine, the nearer 
 you approach to Jerusalem, the less will be your desire to 
 visit it; from the expectation of more pain fi-om views of 
 its present wickedness, than of pleasure from reflections 
 upon its ancient glory. 
 
 Second: Your constitutions will be tried. Your fear 
 of sudden death from the plague, will indeed be dimin- 
 ished, when you find that a perfect quarantine, or avoid- 
 ing the touch of whatever has the contagion, will give you 
 security in the midst of it. And you will find few places 
 very subject to serious endemical diseases. The climate 
 of the Mediterranean is not a bad one for that latitude. 
 But it is still a southern climate. Three or four months 
 of continued heat, with hardly a change of temperature 
 which we should notice at home, and five or six months 
 of drought, uninterrupted by a single shower, necessarily 
 relax a constitution formed amid the invigorating changes 
 and refreshing showers of our northern latitude. The 
 nerves are then laid open to the withering action of the 
 scirocco wind, which you will encounter every where, and 
 they become a thermometer, exquisitely sensitive to every 
 
varying breeze. More and more sensitive they become, 
 too, as the process of enervation proceeds, to all the other 
 trials of your missionary life. The spiritual blindness and 
 obstinacy of those whom you would enlighten and convert, 
 affects them. The universal falsehood of those with whom 
 you. deal, tries them. All the little inconveniences of food 
 and lodging, too, then come to be felt, and prey upon 
 them. The springs of animal life are gradually worn 
 out, and the unnerved constitution falls an easy prey to 
 disease, or sinks under premature old age. I speak not 
 inconsiderately. It is my settled conviction that enfeebled 
 health and shortened life are among the sacrifices neces- 
 sary to the work of missions. They are an integral part 
 of the expense to be reckoned in counting the cost of the 
 conversion of the world. But, who that has a just sense 
 of the value of souls and of the vanity of life, will shrink 
 from them? Because the work cannot be done without 
 them, shall it be left undone, the world be suffered to con- 
 tinue in ruin, and the Savior's command remain un- 
 obeyed? 
 
 Third: Your courage will be tried. Not, indeed, the 
 courage requisite to face an enemy in combat, or death 
 on the scaffold. The Turks are so kept in check by fear 
 of the power and vengeance of Christian nations, that, 
 where you go, your life will rarely, if ever, be endangered 
 by their wrath. Your American citizenship will avail 
 you as much as Paul's citizenship of Rome did him. It 
 is your moral courage that will be tested. To preach the 
 gospel at home, whether to congregations or to individuals, 
 requires indeed a resolution that shall break through dif- 
 fidence; but no great degree of positive courage, for the 
 sentiments of the community are with you. But transfer 
 yourself to a land of Mohammedans and papists, by one 
 
of whom your religion is despised, and by the other is 
 hated; a land, too, where delicate sensibilities are not 
 regarded, but each one, tumbled and jostled by the rough 
 handling of the heartless and the passionate from earliest 
 youth, becomes as little sensitive to the treatment of 
 another as the mule is to the lash of his master, and none 
 is expected to feel short of a sound blow: stand up there 
 to proclaim all out of the way, and to exhort them to 
 renounce their hereditary veneration for the Koran and 
 Councils, and all the thousand dogmas and ceremonies 
 that hinge upon them; and receive the rough treatment 
 to which they are accustomed, made rougher in propor- 
 tion as you cross the current of public opinion and prac- 
 tice. Then will your -moral courage be tried; and if it 
 stand not the test, you will shrink back within yourself, 
 and your influence as a missionary will be a cypher. 
 
 Fourth: Your temper ivill he tried. In your dealings 
 with men, you will find them swayed by a selfishness so 
 gross, as to overstep the bounds of honesty and of honor, 
 within which it is commonly restrained among us. In its 
 workings, man overreaches man to the best of his ability, 
 and each, in managing his individual interests, acquires, 
 in his little sphere, a diplomatic adroitness at intrigue, 
 double-dealing, and deceit, not very unlike his, who has 
 grown grey in the cabinet, managing the balance of power 
 between neio-hborinor nations. Your servant will hire 
 shop-keepers and market-men to abet him in overcharging 
 in his purchases, by dividing with them his dishonest 
 gain; and then seek by cringing and falsehood to put 
 your suspicions to rest. Your entertainer in travelling 
 will serve you up more flattering speeches than nutricious 
 dishes; and then charge you in proportion to the former, 
 rather than the latter. So crookedly, in fact, are their 
 
10 
 
 /minds formed, that a falsehood will often come out as the 
 I readiest answer to a simple inquiry, when not the shadow 
 of a motive appears for concealing the truth. Their own 
 method of settling their matters is, to meet cheating with 
 cheating and lie with lie; and then, by furious altercation 
 and wrangling, work themselves to a mutual adjustment. 
 Like as the inequalities of two flints are knocked off by 
 collision; and in the one case as in the other, the more 
 fire is elicited in the process, the more perfect, generally 
 is the agreement in the end. Your way will be, to deter- 
 mine within yourself what is right, and then do it, regard- 
 less alike of their arguments, their smiles, and their 
 threats. But who can steer this straight course through 
 such vortices of falsehood and passion; and not have his 
 temper warped, and be provoked to lift his voice and give 
 utterance to his indignation? The occasions will occur 
 daily, and if you yield to them, a touchy, impatient, dic- 
 tatorial spirit, the reverse of evangelical meekness, will 
 be the inevitable consequence. Such experience long 
 continued will tend to cloud you in universal suspicion; 
 and you will look upon all the world through the dis- 
 torting medium of a sour misanthropy. I may seem to 
 exaggerate the effects of little causes. But their very lit- 
 tleness, by enabling them to touch you in the bosom of 
 your families, and in your every-day business, makes them 
 the more irritating. And you must not be disappointed 
 to find this far from being the least of your missionary 
 trials. 
 
 Fifth: Your wisdom will he tried. To trace out even 
 all the parts and bearings of papacy and the kindred 
 religions, as theoretical systems of theology, requires 
 thought and discrimination. But, in the shape which it 
 gives to the minds of its professors, does the cunning of 
 
11 
 
 "the master-piece of the prince of darkness" chiefly 
 appear. And to adapt the means of conviction to such 
 minds, calls for consummate wisdom. Without it, you 
 may imagine yourselves wielding the most pungent argu- 
 ments, when in fact every one strikes a spot shielded with 
 adamant, and falls pointless to the ground. For papacy 
 has left so few places undefended, that they are not to be 
 hit by a random shot. They must be searched for and 
 aimed at before the wound will be inflicted. Would you 
 know where to touch the heart and conscience that they 
 may feel? Wise experiment must teach you where they 
 have not been hardened and blinded. Would you give 
 the truth a shape that shall meet their exigency? You 
 must study practically from observation, as well as theo- 
 retically from books, the highly artificial attitude in which 
 their false religion has placed them. Your chief mission- 
 ary business, in a word, of conveying truth to the minds 
 of men, will be a constant test of your practical wisdom. — 
 Your wisdom will be tried, too, in the common dealings 
 of life. Men are not brought up in such a school of in- 
 trigue, as is the state of society in that part of the world, 
 for nothing. A man's words being no index to his feel- 
 ings or his intentions; they are forced to judge from other 
 more unequivocal but less palpable symbols; and thus they 
 become acute discerners of character. The missionary's 
 character is soon studied; and before he is aware they 
 have fathomed it, and found what they can, and what they 
 cannot do with him. And if, in the trial, his common 
 sense, the best of all worldly wisdom, be found wanting, 
 he will be made the constant butt of their wily schemes. 
 
 Sixth: Your piety will he tried; in various respects. 
 Its activity will be assayed. With how many stimulants, 
 arising from close contact with brilliant examples, the 
 
12 
 
 thrilling sight and reports of revivals of religion, and a 
 spirit of restless enterprise and competition pervading a 
 whole community, have you been goaded on here from 
 every quarter to run well the race of christian zeal? These 
 extraneous excitements will soon, in a great measure, cease 
 to be felt; and your piety will be thrown upon its own 
 internal springs of action to move it onward in its course 
 of labor. Is there no danger that it will be found defec- 
 tive in the trial, and will leave you to flag, and stop, and 
 settle down into the apathy and indolence of the dead 
 mass of mind that will surround you? — Its benevolence will 
 be tested. The great proof of our Savior's benevolence 
 was its unmoved endurance of ingratitude, scorn and 
 injury from those who were its objects. Similarly will 
 yours be tried. The missionary goes not to the pleasant 
 work of doing good to them who do good to him, and 
 who deserve his esteem. Men, who daily cheat, curse 
 and malign him, and in whom he can detect, perhaps, 
 scarcely one estimable quality, are the characters for 
 whose benefit he is to wear out his life. And absolutely 
 essential to his usefulness is it, that his love to their souls 
 have strength to overrule all the risings of provocation at 
 their abuse, and of contempt at their meanness; and that, 
 instead of sufferincr him to regard and treat them with the 
 abhorrence their conduct deserves, it inspire him with 
 increased compassion at every new exhibition of their 
 turpitude. May your piety, brethren, prove, in the trial, 
 to be of this heavenly stamp; and though injured, may 
 you pity still, and still strive to save! — Its very stability 
 will be closely assailed. How many supports has it hith- 
 erto had, from the stated ordinances of the house of God, 
 from the social meeting for conference and prayer, from 
 the interchange of experience and sympathies with Chris- 
 
13 
 
 tian friends, from Sabbaths kept so strictly that all the 
 circumstances of their return carry away your thouo-hts 
 as on a current almost involuntarily to spiritual things, 
 and from the floating opinions and feelings of a great 
 religious community surrounding you as an atmosphere to 
 be constantly inhaled for the renovation of the feelings 
 that circulate in your heart? All these props are about to 
 be knocked away, and your piety to be exposed to the 
 serious trial of its ability to stand stable with little to lean 
 upon, beside the immediate grace of God. To many 
 oppressive weights, also, will it be subjected. Sabbaths 
 profaned by labor or frivolous amusement in those whom 
 you see, and by entire worldliness of mind in those with 
 whom you converse, will tend to distract its spirituality. 
 Constant familiarity with moral corruption, brought nigh 
 by the conduct of those with whom you have to do, and, 
 by its very touch, almost contaminating your heart and 
 giving callousness to your conscience, will tend to adul- 
 terate its holiness. To its other burdens, the prince of 
 darkness will add the weight of his influence. The 
 existence and influence of Satan is no Jewish fable. In 
 his wide dominion, he has his more and his less loyal 
 provinces. The missionary goes to raise the standard of 
 revolt where he reigns lord paramount of all. And can 
 he expect to encounter no more than his ordinary strata- 
 gems and assaults? I am not dealing in figures for the 
 sake of impression. I seriously believe you will have to 
 contend with more of Satan's wiles in your own personal 
 experience, than if you remained here, where his suprem- 
 acy has been partially renounced. Under all these trials 
 of its stability, brethren, may your piety prove not to be 
 a parasitic plant, that shall droop and fall ! But, rooted in 
 the soil of a regenerate heart, and watered by showers of 
 
14 
 
 divine grace, may it, like a stable oak, stand unbent by 
 them all ! 
 
 Finally: Your faith will be tried. The devout Martyn, 
 in anticipation of the missionary life, said, "in seasons of 
 unbelief, nothing seems to lie before me but one vast unin- 
 teresting wilderness, and heaven appearing but dimly at 
 the end." Similar feelings will your circumstances often 
 occasion you. When removed from so many of the 
 present sources of religious enjoyment, your resort will 
 be to the anticipation by faith of the enjoyments of 
 heaven. If your faith prove weak, your goal will be dim, 
 and your course dark. But if it be like that of the 
 patriarch, who, while he lived as a pilgrim and a stranger, 
 looked for a city that hath foundations whose builder and 
 maker is God, your hopes will be bright, and your path 
 as the shining light that shineth more and more unto the 
 perfect day. — Your work will add to the trial of your faith. 
 Here there is so much of sight in the encouragements of 
 a preacher of the gospel, that he is liable to forget to call 
 in the aid of faith. While he ploughs and sows, he sees 
 the showers descend, and the seed spring up and bear 
 fruit, with so much regularity as to be tempted to regard 
 the process with feelings differing little from those of the 
 husbandman, when he looks upon the progress of» his 
 yearly crops. But you go to a dry and thirsty land, where 
 no showers have descended for centuries; and as you clear 
 away the rocks, and sow the seed, not a little faith is 
 required to expect that the heavens will again be opened 
 to water it, and to make it bring forth fruit in its season. 
 To look with confidence to the means you will use for the 
 conversion of men, ignorant of every image of piety, 
 brought up in the full belief of ingenious and captivating 
 error, and corrupted in conscience and in heart, till the 
 
15 
 
 one ceases to recognize the truth and the other to brook 
 control, is the height of faith in God. Men of the world 
 have it not; they stand not this trial of the missionary, 
 and at once give up the work as hopeless. But to the eye 
 of that, which is "the evidence of things not seen," it is not 
 hopeless; for it discerns, applied to the simple machinery, 
 the power of the Hand that moves the world. Such, we 
 trust, brethren, will your faith prove to be, making you 
 ever regard, with unshaken confidence, the promise of 
 God to stand as sure in Asia as in America. And while 
 you labor in the regions once evangelized by Paul, you 
 will look as steadfastly as he did, not to miracles, nor to 
 wisdom, but to the foolishness of preaching the cross of 
 Christ, for the salvation of them that believe. 
 
 Having added up so many items of the cost, I ought 
 now to estimate also the value of the prize. In other 
 words, to this enumeration of your trials I ought to add, 
 for a counterpoise, a view of your pleasures and prospects. 
 But I have not time to enlarge. 
 
 Your satisfaction will be unalloyed and ennobling, in 
 feeling that you have thrown yourselves into a position 
 perfectly congruous to all your true relations to time and 
 eternity; by selecting an employment, that sinks to their 
 deserved rank of trifles the affairs of the body and of 
 time, by neglecting them; and exalts to their proper mag- 
 nitude the affairs of the soul and of eternity, by looking 
 to them for its objects and its pleasures. — Sublime is the 
 feeling and glorious the prospect of enlisting as officers 
 in the great army that is to complete what the Savior bled 
 on the cross and now sits upon the throne of the universe 
 to accomplish, the subjection of the whole world to his 
 will. You go indeed to a post of labor and fatigue; and, 
 as you besiege the citadels oif the beast and of the false 
 
16 
 
 prophet, whose conquest is to complete the triumph of the 
 Lamb, the struggle may be hard and long. But, when 
 crowned with the laurels of victory, how trifling will all 
 your present trials appear ! — Unspeakable will be your 
 pleasure, leaving, as you do, this fold guarded by so many 
 faithful shepherds, and going to gather the sheep that are 
 scattered upon the mountains, when you succeed in bring- 
 ing back one and another that was lost, and participate 
 in the joy of the angels of God at his recovery. — The 
 consolations of divine grace, too, if you continue faithful, 
 will be meeted out to you according to your day, and you 
 will find them neither few nor small. 
 
 And, my christian friends of this congregation, may I 
 not add, among other pleasures of missionaries, sympathy, 
 encouragement and prayers from the churches at home. 
 You surely will not chill their hearts by the ungenerous 
 insinuation, that when they beg the means to be sent 
 abroad they are pleading for personal favors. For to 
 whom can it be a personal favor, to be banished from the 
 comforts of home and the privileges of our favored land, 
 and to wear out life in the midst of such, and unnumbered 
 other similar trials? Nor will you, (may I not say?) wait 
 for them to write or come home to stir up your interest 
 and your zeal in their cause. This order of things ought 
 to be reversed. You are at the centre, the heart of the 
 system of evangelical action; missionaries at the distant 
 extremities. From you the current of life should be pro- 
 pelled warm and rapid; from them it can be expected to 
 return only at a cold and languid rate. You ought to 
 take them by the hand and lead them onward, imparting 
 to them renewed portions of your zeal and faith. 
 
 These brethren will find others in the field, who, years 
 ago, went out from you, and have since been bearing the 
 
17 
 
 burden and heat of the day. Might I speak of my own 
 recollections, I would tell you how often I have taken 
 sweet counsel with them. But you yourselves know their 
 worth. Let the vessel, now about to leave, go freighted 
 with your warmest sympathies and your sincerest prayers 
 for them, as well as for those who will sail in her. 
 
 I need not add, dear brethren now about to depart, an 
 expression of my own fullest sympathy in the trials and 
 the prospects of yourselves and of them. I hope soon to 
 join you, and, by spending and being spent with you, 
 share, not only in your feelings, but in your labors. 
 
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