PJII^S .R7I5 Division F J 11 3 .R 715' Section I h k. I- ' t' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/shortegyptiangraOOroed_0 x C.i c. SHORT EGIPTIAN GRAMMAR BY y l-iiOFiisson 1)E. GUNTHER ROEDER DIRECTOH or THE PEI.IZAEUS-MUSEUM, HILDESHEIM, FORMERLY READER IN EGYPTOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRESLAU TKANSLA1U-]D FROM TIIF GEKMAN BY THE Hi:v. SAMUEL A. B. MEECER Ph. D. (Munich), D. D. PROl'KSSOB 01' HEllKEW AND OLD TESTAMRNT IN THB WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY CHICAGO NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVEESITY PRESS LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXX • ■* u.- •'><*•*»■ y ‘i *1 »' • 1/ (1»* ■ ■>'• .111.1.. 1..., •'«tVT ' I'l ki' i*H' t rti ' I « •.nH' ll " ,11 .*“1 -f • »f^ HflnjIDf ■«'.liLt Ml. .'!»'« ''0i«ii4, ikMii > •* .iXlMTit.* »*«i I k Ji TRANSLATOR’S PREFATORY NOTE. The ever-growing interest taken in Egyptology has encouraged the hope that an English edition of I)]-. Roeder’s compact little handbook may prove useful to English-speak¬ ing students of the present time. Eor the beginner in the ancient language of the Egyptians, there is nothing in any language which compares in any way with J)r. Kocder’s little book. As translator, I have followed the original as closely as the English idiom wonld pei'mit. I have, however, inserted additional references in the hihliogiaphical section, and have here and there tacitly corrected mis-])riuts and other minor errors. Because of a dihei- euce between the English and the German pronunciation of the letter j, 1 have used y as the transliteration of the Egyptian (j. It is with great pleasure that I avail myself of the oi)portuuity of expressing my personal thanks to my wife and Miss Walther for assistance in translation, and likewise to the Rev. J. A. IMaynard for a number of corrections and helpful suggestions. I wish also to thank the author for his kindness in reading the proof, the printers for the satisfactory accomplishment of their task, and the Yale University Press for their work of publication. Chicago, July 17*'’ - 1915. Samuel A. B. Mercer. PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR. AVlien Ermaii wrote liis Egyptian Grvammar in 1894, lie was confronted with tlie task of handling for the first time in a scientific manner the hieroglyphics and the Egyjitian language. He presented his subject in such a manner, however, that even a heginner could study it. In the later editions, with each of which there is associated an advance in the knowledge and dissemi¬ nation of more correct conceptions of the Egyptian, Erman’s work became broader and deeper, so that it now contains not only the foundations but also prac¬ tically all the essential details of our grammatical knowledge. Hence, it has naturally become harder for the heginner to understand. Furthermore, since the reading exercises have in part been omitted, the beginner is obliged, even during the first year, to jirocure in addition to the Glrammar a Chrestomathy and a Glossary as well. Idiese cost all together Mk. 43.80. This state of affairs has induced me to com^iile this little hook for all those who wish to occupy themselves with Egyptian for a few semesters only; or who wish to overcome the first difficulties quickly and begin as soon as possible the reading of the easier texts. Such introductions arc found in ahundance in other sciences, and have ])rovcd of great benefit. It is meant not only to convey the rudiments in a practical manner, in the cheapest possible form, for the benefit of those inter- PREFACE. vn csted, at tlio univovsity or in wider circles, but also to ])lacc at their disposal for the first year material of the easiest kind, Avitli all the necessary apjiaratus for reading, writing, and translating. It is hoped that my work will be jndged in the light of these circnmstances, es¬ pecially 'in view of its inexpensiveness. j\[y presentation of the grammar is based upon Erman’s „Grammar“, Sethe’s „A"erbum^‘, and the articles of various authors a])pearing in the technical jouimals. In the composition of the individual sections, I have been guided by my own experience in teaching. For the arrangement of other parts of ray book, I have had no suitable model. The pi’actical grammars in foreign languages, published in England (Budge, IMurray) and in Italy (Farina), have their own peculiarities, to which I am indebted for occasional suggestions. In accordance with the modern method of teaching, employed in all languages, I have considered it my task to bring before the })upil from the very first hieroglyphic examples of the rules. He should thus be able, even after the first lesson, to translate simple sentences independently. I shall be thankful for any suggested improvements, which are the result of practice; for even the smallest suggestion arising from experience can become of value to the future student. Only do not ask for scientific perfection; that would be impossible under the existing conditions. I am perfectly conscious of the fact that occasionally I have where unavoidable somewhat sim¬ plified complicated points of grammar, the double forms of the tense sdm.f for example, or entirely omitted them. But this book is written for beginners. The VIII PBEFACE. omission of references in the reading exercises is inten¬ tional, for tlie heginner does not need to see the com¬ plete texts from which the extracts were taken, and the Egyptologist knows them anyway. Breslau, Christmas 1912. Gunther K o e d e r. AUTHOR’S NOTE ON T HE ENGLISH EDITION The state of affairs in connection witli English text- hooks of the Egyptian language is not more satisfactory than that of the German. Professor Breasted’s trans¬ lation of the first edition of Erman’s grammar is long since exhausted and outgrown; and Budge’s and Murray’s introductory hooks, however useful they may have heen, cannot he considered a substitute. Therefore, I have gladly accepted Professor ]\[ercer’s kind offer to trans¬ late my little Introduction; and students, as well as I, will be thankful for his labour of love. May Professor i\rercer he permitted to see his work crowned with success! America and England have many first rate Egyptian archaeologists, hut compara¬ tively few Egyptian philologists; and accordingly the attention of wider circles has been directed more toward excavations and antiquities than toward Egy]hian liter¬ ature. It would be a real delight for German Egy])tology, if it could see its philological results made serviceable to the same wider circles, and if therel)y the general presentation of the intellectual life of Egypt could he disseminated in a desirable manner. Hildesheim, Christmas 1915. ‘ Glint her Boeder. d'hc work of printing could not he linishcd before Christmas 1919. iMiss Latona M'illiams has kindly helped much in reading the proofs and in correcting errors. CONTEN'rS. I’age Literature.VII Chronological Table §§ 1—6. . 1 Nature of the Language and of its Script §§7—9 .... 2 Script §§10-19. 4 I’reliininarj' Survey §§20—28 . 9 I’honology §§29—34 . 12 Noun §§35—48 . 15 General §§35—41. Adjective §§42—45. Numerals §§46—48. Pronoun §§49—59 . 21 Particles §§60—70 . 25 Preposition sand Conjunctions §§60—64. Adverbs and Par¬ ticles §§65—70. Verb §§71—130. 30 Stem §§71—79. Conditional forms §§80—82. Suffix con¬ jugation §§83—96. Predicate §§97—98. Imperative §§99—103. Infinitive §§ 104—111. Participles §§112 —117. Kelative forms §§118 -120. Auxiliary Verb §§I2!—130. Syntax (The Sentence) §§131—141. 48 Order of Words and Emphasis in Principal Sentences §§131—133. Special Kinds of Sentences §§134 —141. hist of Hieroglyphs. 54 Vocabulary. 63 Notes on the Reading E.xercises. 80 Inde.x. 86 Reading Exercises . . . ■.*1—*56 Literature for Beginners. Inlrodiictiuii. AD. ERMAN, Die Hieroglyplien, Gosclien Series, 1912, 80 Rt'., containing a concise sketch of the decipher¬ ment and grammar as well as a few texts. Texts. When the present Grammar and Reading Exercises are finished, the student should attempt texts which are almost or quite complete and which are printed in the form of sentences. Such will be found in AD. ERMAN, Agyptische Chrestomathie, Berlin, 1904, 12,50 M.; E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, An Egyptian Reading Book, London, 1896, 18 shillings (a series of historical, funeral, moral, religious, and mythological texts printed in hiero¬ glyphic characters together with a transliteration and a complete vocabulary); K. 8ETHE, Drkunden des Agyptischen Alter- tums: IV. Urk unden der 18. Dynastie, 16 Hefte, Leipzig, 1905 ff., each 5 M. The student should not allow the occurrence of occasional words, forms, and constructions which are not clear to liinder his progress, and difficulties will increase when he tackles inscriptions in their original arrangement. For such, see: Staatliche Museen zu Berhn, Agyptische Inschriften (since 1901, 7 Hefte, Berlin, 1901 ft’., each 7,50 M.); Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Btelae, etc., in the British Museum (since 1910, 5 parts, London, 1910 ff., each 7s. 6d.). Then he should copy inscriptions in Museums, Institutes, or Libraries which have origi¬ nals, plaster casts, or photographs. Then and only then will he learn to understand the peculiarity of the hieroglyphic scidpt and the nature of ancient monuments. Graiimiar. AD. ERMAN, Agyptische Grammatik, 3. Aufl., Berlin, 1911. 18 M. (scientific and complete: first edition translated by James H.Breasted,New York, 1894). K. SETHE, Das agyptische Verbum, I—II, Leipzig, 1899, 50 M. (fundamental). E. A. WAL¬ LIS BUDGE, Fir st Steps in Egyptian,London, 1895, 12shillings (only a collection of examples for the purpose of learning the use of words, without grammatical treatment). MARGARET A. MURRAY, Elementary Egyptian Grammar, London, 1908, 4 shillings (a brief synopsis of Egyptian grammar without a chrestomathy). XII LITERATURE. Lexicons. AD. EKMAN, Agyptisches Glossar, Berlin, 1904, 13 M. (belongs to the Chrestomathie); Zur agyptischen ^Vortf orschung I—lU, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akaile- mie der Wissenschafteu, 1907, 1912, Berlin, 3,50 M.; K. SETHE, Verbum III, Indices, Leipzig, 1902, 16 M. (nearly all verbs, but with references to examples). HEINE,. BEUGSCH, Hierogly- phisch- demotisches Worterbuchl—VII,Leipzig, 1867—1882, 820 M. (comprehensive but antiquated). Coptic. Whoever wishes to understand Egyptian grammar and syntax fully must study Coptic, which furnishes the vowel sounds: G. STEINDOEFF, Koptische Grammatik, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 1904, 14 M. M. A. MUEEAY, Elementarj’ Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar, London, 1911. Cf. §8d. below. History. JAMES H. BEEASTED, A History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908, $1.50 (with four maps and three plans; there is a larger edition of the same work with 200 illustrations; $ 4.80). A. A. WALLIS BUDGE, A History' of the Egyptian People, London, 1914 (with illustrations). EDUAED MEYEE, Geschiclite des Altertums, 2. Aufl., 1, 2, Stuttgart- Berhn, 1909, 15 M. (purely scientific with bibliography.) History of Culture. AD. EEMAN, Life in Ancient Egypt, translated by H. M. Tirard, London and New York, 1894 (with 411 illustrations, comprehensive an fundamental). G. STEINDOEFF, Die Bliitezeit des Pharaonenreichs, Bielefeld-Leipzig, 1900,4M. (with 143 pictures). GUNTHEE EOEDER, Aus dem Leben vorne Inner Agypter, Leipzig, 1912, 1 M. (translations of autobiographies Avith 16 pictures). HEE- MANN SCHNEIDEE, Kultur und Den ken der al ten Agypter, 2. Ausgabe, Leipzig, 1909 (with eight pictures and one map). Religion. AD. EEMAN, A Handbook of Egy'ptian Eeligion, translated from the German by A. S. Griffith, New York, 1907 (with 130 illustrations).GEOEG STEINDOEFF, The Eeligion of the Ancient Egyptians, American Lectui'es on the History of Eeligions, New York and London, 1905. JAMES H. BEEASTED, Development of Eeligion and Thought inancient Egypt, New Y'oi'k, 1912, $1.50 (Avith special reference to the pyramid texts and the Old Testament). GUNTHEE EOEDEE, Urkunden I-ri’EEATURE XIII zur Religion des alten Agypten, Jena 1915, 7,50 M. (Trans¬ lations of texts w ith introduction and explanations). Literature. AD. ERMAN and FR. KREBS, Aus den Papyrus der Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, 1899, 4 M. (a collection of translations with 37 specimens of writing). G. MASPERO, Les coutes populaires de I’Egypte ancienne, 4. ed., Paris, 1911 (translations of Egyptian literature). E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, London, 1914, 5 shillings. ALFRED WIEDEMANN, Popular Literature in Ancient Egypt, translated by J. Hutschison, London, 1902. EPIPHANIUS WILSON, Egyptian Literature, Revised Edition, London, and New York, 1901 (compiising Egyptian Tales, Hymns, Litanies, Invocations, the Book of the Dead, and Cuneiform writings). Records of the Past, Egyptian Texts, Vols. IV —YI, London. W. M. F. PI'iTRIE, Egyptian Tales, Vols. I II, London. 1899. Art. WILII. SPIEGELBERG, Geschichte der agyptischen Kunst, Leipzig, 1903, 2 M. (with 79 pictures). F. W. v. BISSING, Einfiihrung in die Geschichte der agyptischen Kunst, Berlin, 1908, 4 M. (with 32 plates); Denkmiiler iigyptischer Skulptur, Miinchen, 1906 — 191 1, 240 M. (144 large plates with text). G. MASPERO, Art in Egj'pt, London, 1912, $ 1.50 (with many pictures). JE.4N CAPART, L’Art J'lgyptien, Serie 1 — 2, Bruxelles, 1909 and 1911, each 10 Fr. (each 100 pictures with short text). W. M. F. PETRIE, Egyptian Decorative Art, London, 1895; Arts and Crafts in Ancient Egypt, London, 1906, 5 slrillings. Museums. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ausfiihrliches Verzeichnis der agyptischen Altertiimer und Gipsab- giisse, 1899, 3 M. (with 83 pictures). G. MASPERO, Guide to the Cairo Museum, 5. ed., Cairo, 1910. LUDWIG BORCHARDT, Works of Art from the Egyptian Museum at Cairo, Cairo, 1908, 25 shillings (50 photographs with short text). E. A. WAL¬ LIS BUDGE, A Guide to the Egyptian Collections in the British Museum, London, 1909 (with 53 plates and 180illustrations in the text). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art; A Handbook of the Egyptian Rooms, New York, 1911 (with many illustrations). Various reports of accessions to different XIV LITEKATUEE Egyptian collections: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Boston; Amtliche Berichte aus den Staatlichen Museen, Berlin. Periodicals. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, London; Zeitschriftfiir agyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, Leipzig; llecueil detravauxrelatifs a la philologie et l’arch6ologie 6gj'ptiennes et assyrien- nes, Paris (all three for the whole field of Egyptology, the last two also for the language). Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, London, Vol. I, 1914; Ancient Egypt, London, Vol. I, 1914 (both especially for excavations). Annales du Service des Antiquitfes de I’Egypte, Cairo; Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Leipzig (with bibliography of books and articles). Articles and reports on Egyptologj' are also to be found in : American Journ al of Archaeology, New York; Annals of Archaelogy and Anthropology, Liverpool; Sphinx, Upsala; Jornal of the Manchester Egj’ptian and Oriental Society’, Manchester. Bibliography. J’. LI. GRIFFITH in Archaeological Report, Egj’pt Exploration Fund, London, yearly since 1892--1893, and continued in JournalofEgyptianArchaeolog 3 '. L. SCHERMAN, Orientalische Bibliographic, Vols. I—XXV for 1887 — 1911. See also the various lists in the periodicals, and the j'earlj' reports in: Jahresberichte derGeschichtswissen- schaft, Berlin; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen- liindischen G esellschaft, Leipzig; Theologischer Jahres- bericht, Leipzig; American Journal of Archaeologj’, New York. Chronological Table. EARLY PERIOD: Predynastic period and Dyn. 1—2. § 1. 4000-2000 B. C. Primitive culture; beginning of the script. OLD KINGDOM: Dyn. 3-6 2900-2400 B. C. § 2. Kings were buried in pyramids (in which are the “Pyramid texts”); rich private persons in Mastabas. MIDDLE KINGDOM: Dyn. 11-13 2200-1800 B. C. § 3. Dynasty 12 is the period of classic literature and religion. Secular and religious texts were written on pap 3 Tus in hieratic, or engraved and painted in hieroglvphics on the walls of temples and private tombs and coffins. NEW KINGDOM; Dyn. 17-21 1600-1000 B. C. § 4. The classic literature of the Middle Kingdom is further continued; gradually more and more elements from the vernacular penetrate into the classic language, and from the hieratic script pass into the hieroglyphics. LATE PERIOD; (Libyan, Nubian, and Persian su- § 6. premacy): Dyn. 22—30 1000—332 B. C. After the language and orthographj’ had completely degenei’ated, there was a conscious return to antique words, forms, and writing; the “renaissance” was carried out by the kings of Sais (“Saitic Period”). GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD: since 332 B. C. § 6. While in daily life a very slurred vernacular was used—written in the “demotic” script—the priests, studying the religious literature of all past epochs, placed their texts on the walls of the temples in mysterious reinterpreted hieroglyphics which none of the common people could read. The knowledge of the hieroglyphics died out with the last priests of the Egyptian gods, who in I’emote places served them until the fifth centuiw A. D. The Greek language, which was spoken in Egypt since the last few centuries B. C., entirely replaced the native idiom in the first century A. D. Eoedeb-Meeoeb, Short Egvpiian Grammar 1 Nature of the Language and Script. § 7. The Egyptian language is related to Semitic languages as well as to the Berber and East African Hamitic languages, and has connections, which are easily traceable, with each individual language of both these groups. The theory of the grafting of a Semitic on to an African language has lately been given up again. If this intro¬ duction associates itself closely with the Semitic languages, especially Hebrew, it does so only on superficial grounds: on the one hand, because the history of Semitic languages is better known to us than that of the African; and on the other, because the greater number of those who will use this book will be Semitic and theological students. § 8. The most important epochs in the development of the Egyptian language—only one of which is really taken into consideration by this introduction, namely, the classical language—are the following: « THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE: in the “.Pyramid texts” (religious inscriptions of the Old Kingdom). Preserved almost entirely in the hieroglyphics. h THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE: in the inscriptions and papyri of the Middle Kingdom; imitated in the official and religious inscriptions of all the following epochs; but became more and more intermingled with vernacular forms and words. They are written in hieroglyphics and hieratic. e THE VERNACULAR: in the earlier epochs only faintly traceable; generally used in daily intercourse and secular writings of the New Kingdom; written almost §§ 8. 9. Nature of the Language and Script. 3 entirely in hieratic on papyrus. From this idiom the language of the Late Period was developed, which was written in demotic and used in official documents down to the Roman period. COPTIC: spoken in Christian times, and also used for the translation of the Bible, etc. It is a development of the vernacular of earlier times, and is written with the Greek alphabet and native supplementary letters, and hence is known to us in vocalization also. The Egyptian language is written in three different § 9. styles of script, which in this introduction are always transposed into hieroglyphics, facing towards the left. All scripts render only the consonants, without consider¬ ing the vowels. HIEROGLYPHICS: used in temples and tombs a carved in stone and wood or painted in colours; facing usually towards the right, but sometimes, for decorative reasons, towards the left. The knowledge of them was confined to priests and scholars. HIERATIC: written on papyrus with a dried rush h stem and black or red ink. The individual signs are written in more or less abbreviated form according to the hand-writing. They stand for hieroglyphs, and are always rendered in this introduction by hieroglyphs. They are written from right to left; but as hieroglyphics they are reversed in this introduction. DEMOTIC: an abbreviated script (brachygraph) c of the Graeco-Roman period developed from the Hiei'a- tic; facing towards the right. 1* The Script. 10. The hieroglyphic script originated in pictures of visible objects; a picture was drawn and the name of the re¬ presented object, or the act indicated thereby, was pronounced. For example @ was written for hor “face”, or -< 2 >- for yar(t) “eye” and for words of “seeing”. Later on, these pictures were also used for words which happened to be composed of the same consonants as those which made up their own name; thus was written also for Mr “upon” and for May “the upper", likewise was used for all forms of the verb “to make”, yir, yer, yor, etc. In all these cases no account was taken of the vowels, so that gradually the original pictures of objects became signs for groups of consonants. Some of these groups of consonants were very short, and appeared in other words as syllables. Herein lies an important step in the evolution of hieroglyphics to¬ wards a phonetic script. Finally, some of the characters depreciated so much, that they represented only one consonant. It thereby became possible to write any desired word as well as to denote the grammatical endings of words. 11. The hieroglyphic script of historical times contains elements of every epoch of its development; it has, in the first place, pictures for whole words (“word —signs’’), or for small groups of consonants (wrongly called “syllabic-signs”); and secondly, alphabetic phonetic signs for individual consonants (§ 12). A very practical habit of tlie Egyptians helps us to obtain quickly and almost accurately the meaning of words written phonetically: §§ n. 13. Tue Scrip r. 5 they placed at the end of almost every word a picture (“determinative” or “explanatory-sign’’), by which they indicated the group to which the word in question be¬ longed. The determinatives and word-signs are closely connected in origin and use. Thus, after names and designations of men is placed a of women a of gods a of birds a , of snakes a Milafter substantives and verbs which are associated with the idea of running a _/^, with that of eating and speaking a with that of seeing a -c 2 >-, with that of sun, light, or time a O, ''vith that of a range of desert mountains a , with that of fire a ; after abstracts a iiarchment-roll . w after energetic activities a ^ or etc. The number of determinatives is very large, and for in¬ dividual words they can be used and multiplied to almost any extent; yet in general, there are certain definite ways of writing the words; and, in fact, as time passed, more and more determinatives were placed after a word (§ 12 on page 6; cf. p. *1). § 12. Some characters were taken later on into the alphabet, § 13. and, occasionally in the Middle Kingdom, but often in the New Kingdom, they occur instead of the older characters. They are /- for m, ^ for AAAAAA ilj for (| y, (g for Kurther, quite early they wrote (|(| instead of (1 for y and or for ni. * The designations are traditional and partly quite arbitrary; they may not at all mean what the picture represents. 2 xhe Semitic equivalents are in reality more com¬ plicated than can be represented in this tabulated and preliminary list. § 12. LIST OP PHONETIC SIGNS (ALPHABET) M O ^ Ct> cr o X a S CD CD &- CD^ P CD P aq w m u vj cn e P er*- O CO cr^ ^ p 5 . '-p o p e 0 CO p c pr a> p- CfQ CO c-K O g- CP cr cr p s p- D rt) P P D CP O' O CP ^ ^ So" =oo ?p ^ •>;< CC\ Co 1^ u a o !3 i-' u “a Q, q* " ri n n n r-i n n. Co i of the Sign* Signs Sound Semitic- Name of the Sign Signs Sound Semitic §§ 14. 15. 'I’m: fcie'i;irr. 7 Tlie Egyptians laid more stress on the calligraphy § 14 than on the correct writing of a word. The characters belonging together were always placed in a square; thus a and not I • .w J ‘ In order to get the desired square, consonants were occasionally instead of rmt omitted, e. g. “man”; or characters were placed one inside the other, e. g. instead of \> ivt, instead of ^^7 some characters, also, were placed horizontally or verti¬ cally as desired. In the use and writing of “word-signs” and “syllabic- § 16 signs” (for words of more than one consonant) they proceeded quite differently, sometimes according to rule, sometimes at will and variably. Namely: ai All consonants of syllabic-signs were, in addition, a written out singly; e. g. |ljj sW,: “crocodile”, ym^h “respectable”, ^ m^c “just”. b) Only the first consonant Avas written separately: b wd “to command”. c) Only the last consonant was Avritten separately: c f AAAAAA » M 11. Cnh “to live”; syllables: ^ Q - AA/wy\ my\ d) The Avord-sign, wdth or without a stroke under or d after it, stands alone, without the addition of a consonant: hrp “guide”, pr “house”, | mr “director”, hry “chief”. 8 §§ 16—18. The Script. 16. As in Semitic grammar, and w are called “weak consonants". They are often not written even when they are spoken; perhaps because they had occasionally, as is certainly the case in Coptic as well as in Semitic languages, the value of a vowel (“half-vowel'’). 17. The determinatives are added or omitted, often at will. The number of added determinatives, also, is not the same in different kinds of orthography; in general, papp'i oftener than inscriptions have a determinative, and, indeed, since the New Kingdom, prefer several determinatives after a word. Examples; | or | “brother”. Ci “great”, t_) “work” wn “to open”, ill or ^^ tv^y?' “Osiris”, wstn “to steji”. 18. Special script-play arose, due to the fact that signs for holy or revered persons or things were placed before a those signs which they should immediately have followed. Examples; lim-ntr “servant of the god, prophet”, y “house of the god, temple”, mryymn “beloved of Amon” (Miauouv). b Names of kings were enclosed in an oblong, (“king’s ring, cartouche”) c — y (hieroglyph for rn “name”). Exam- € pies; /WVWv yinn-htp Amenhotep . ( ^o W’u] (Ur-k^-rC (hrst name of Amenhotep I). c Stereotyped formulas and frequently recurring titles were repeated only in recognized abbreviations. Examples; n, stn byty “king of Upper Egypt, king of Lower § 19. The Script. § 20. J?rei,rminary Survey. 9 Egypt”; _ 0 /vi nJjt “the stroug ox” (king’s title), Ijm-ntr tpi/ “first prophet, chief iiriest”; W(U, mb, “may he live, be happy and well” after the names of kings (*56, 1). Our transcription in Latin letters is not meant to § 19. render every hieroglyphic character, but only the con¬ sonantal value (without repetition) which is represented; thus, we transcribe not by sn-ti-man but by s'n. Furthermore, the omitted weak consonants y and w are also to be inserted in the transcription: kbhw „cool water”. Finally, the old consonantal values which were altered because of the change of sound are to be replaced (§ 33). In each word, the root is separated by a point from the preceding and succeeding parts (s.Cnlj “to give life”, m.sdm.t “rouge”, pr.f “his house”^; compound words are connected by a hyphen (Im-ntr “servant of the god”). Preliminary Survey. The Egyptian has two genders: masculine and feminine. § 20. Masculine substantives and adjectives have no ending which is invariably present; feminines add t to the stem: si “son”, “daughter”; J si nfr “a good son”, sd.t nfr.t “a good daughter”. Substantives and adjectives can stand in: Singular; ending: mas. —, fern. t. a 10 §§ 21. 22. Pkeliminakv Buuvev. b Plural; ending: mas. tv, fern, wt; always with the addition of three strokes i i i or I. Examples: ^ ^ liCw “the arms”, “the workshops”. (Continued in § 36 a.) The definite article is “the” (mascul.), “the” (feinin.), cf. examples in § 41. The nominative and accusative are not difterentiated a in hieroglypics; thus I stn “the king” (nom. and T AAA«.A'“thou hearest”, m n AAWW. “he hears”, ^ v\ 1 sdni.sn “they hear”. In like n as a sign of « AAAAAA manner the perfect, which attaches time to the stem of the verb: ^ sdm.n.y “I a AAAAAA have heard”, sdm.n.k “thou hast heard”, k AAAAAA ^ sdm 71 f “he has heard”. As a preliminary to the subject of prepositions, note § 24. the following: m “in”, “with”; n “for”, r m.s whose rudder was not there” (*43,4); nn snC.w bi.y my soul was not guarded (*23,7). Phonology. The following should be added to the table (§ 12) of alphabetic signs and their meaning: § 29. To the “weak” consonants: i is so closely related to the weak consonants that it is often not written; e. g. d/i “food” . It sometimes changes to (| y, e. g. in which case the word is often written with , as in the old orthography, still py- another y being added to the §§ 30. 31. Phonology. 13 [| y has a double nature ; it corresponds in Coptic, h as well as in the Semitic languages, sometimes to y, sometimes to i. As a weak consonant it is often not wr itten (§ 16). It changes with ^ w (cf. d). _D C is, in contradistinction to i, y, and w a strong c and unchangeable consonant, which, until the fifth cen¬ tury B. C., was still spoken, and its influence appears in the Coptic etymology. ^ w, as a weak consonant, is often not written (§ 16). d In some words old tv becomes y, in others old y be¬ comes w. As to 72, r, h the Egyptian script knows no Z; where § 30. the Coptic has an I, or where the corresponding Semitic ® indicates it, n /wvvw or ci:> r or the vulgar combination AW^A^ AA/VWV or I I I nr is found. Final c=:> r sometimes appears in the script slurred h to (| 2 / (i. e. i*?), and then in Coptic disappears. In reality it disappeared in early times. Such an r is written which can only be transcribed in an historical way by r, or by y according to the effected vow'el- change. Cf. kvr, *24,1; skr *13,5. The aspirates. They were sharply distinguished from § 31. each other in the older language. ITl h somewhat as in our ‘‘have”. k as in the energetic shout “ha!”, © k as in the Scotch “loch”; ^-=> k somewhat similar to the last, and was in part changed to © k. 14 §§ 32. 33. Phonologt. § 32. The s and t sounds: a In the Middle Kingdom the s sounds, —s and P s were interchangeable. b Of the dentals, in the Middle Kingdom s=i t became ^ f and (1 became d. The Semitic equivalents are here especially complicated, and our traditional transcription certainly does not reproduce the spoken sound. § 33. The most frequent cases of (§ 29—32): sound-change are i and r to (] y- y to ^ w and the reverse. i to O li. s to and the reverse. s=) t to t and d to d. All these transitions, in the designation of which the hieroglyphics are not consistent, had been made as early as the Middle Kingdom; hence, from this time on, for —can be given an old —s or ^ s, and for o an old o t or s — > t etc. From the beginning a habit should be formed of using the old signs h, s, s, t, and d in transcription, to impress upon the mind the original phonetic value, even when they are written with the hieroglyphics for more recent sounds. g g - s and are wrongly written where t and d respectively (not at all derived from t and d) are meant; e. g. s.ndni.t instead § 34. Phonology. § 35. Nouns. 15 of *50,4; ^tn instead of ytn *23,5 *24,5. Likewise 1 (| (which as a grammatical ending depreciated to I, § 81) for t. Wliere in the course of centuries there arose trans- § 34. positions in consonantal values, first of all there was written the original phonetic value with its peculiar w'ord or syllablesign—justas in the case of tlie reproduction of a consonant, changed on account of a change in sound (§ 29a, 30b)—and then the transposed consonants were again added in their new position. Hence from the old /i)»i '] “to create’’, arose the later k^m “goodness”, arose the later i/^m ) . Nouns. The noun (substantive and adjective) has essentially § 36. the following root forms: With tw^o, three or more consonants: among which a may be “weak” ones, which are not always written. Formations with an ^ vi prefixed to the root (just b o as in Semitic). Examples; “paint” from s(hH “to paint”. Compounds with prefixed nt or j ^ hw (really, c ^ ■“ “place“) express abstracts, or with suffixed yr.J (“he does”) express the names of professions and of attributes. Example: hxv-nfr “tlie good”. 16 §§ 36—38. Nouns. § d Some substantives, especially names of gods, have a singular ending in w, which is often not written; e. g. e Compounds often have a special determinative for the whole group; e. g. ri-pr “temple”; nty.w-ym “the dead” (*32,4). 36. The plural endings are: masc. w, fern. wt. They are written: d Either hy writing the word sign three times, according to ancient custom: ntr.w '‘gods”. h Or hy a word sign with the “plural-strokes” (§20h): ^i. c Or by the “plural-strokes” after the determina- d § 37. a h § 38 . In all these cases the w of the ending in both genders is seldom written, e. g. (^^I'^cient). The “plural-strokes” often do not denote a real plural, but a singular word with a plural meaning. Examples: collectives: (^7,3); abstracts: “splendour” C*4,7). Such words, even when they are written without the plural-strokes, are often constructed like a plural, having their verb in the plural; the same is true of compounds with vh “each“. Example *6,7—8: “iny milk (streams), Csk.n they enter thee”. In compound words only the first part takes the plural ending; e. g. — j” ^ h^.tyw-C “counts” from §§ 39—41. Nouns. 17 h^.ty-C; - I I l/my.iv-hch “forefathers” from ymij-hc]i, r$.iu-yr “temples” *31,10. In addition to the plural, the old language had a § 39. dual, which in some cases lasted into the time of the Coptic. Ending: masc. ivy fern. |j(| or ^ ty. The dual was written: a) by means of a repetition of the word sign: - ° a (■.ivy “both arms”; cf. thn.wy *16,6. b) by means of a repetition of the determinative: h ^ “both feet”, cf. '^40,2. 43,5. c) by means of the addition of the “dual-strokes” c n AAAAAA which are then taken as a sign for the ending y: ^ ^ sn.ty ‘‘both sisters”. In like manner, the suffix of a dual noun can take the “dual-strokes”: ynlj.wy.f "*^46,9. For extant Egyptian nouns with both genders (mas- §39A. online and feminine) cf. § 20. Fames of foreign lands “ are feminine, e. g. lisy-t “the wretched Cush (Nubia)” *30,8. The neuter is represented: in antiquity by the feminine h (cf. § 120), in more recent times by the masculine: cf. < 2 =^ yry.w “that which is done (masc.)” *25,7. For the connection of two substantives with or without § 40. the connective n cf. § 21c. To indicate an attribute a substantive is joined to an adjective; e. g. w^h stny.i ‘•fortunate in royalty” (*4,7). The classical language has no article. In the verna- § 41. cular, the definite article “the” Avas developed from the demonstrative pronoun “this” jii, o Eoeder-Merger, Short UorpTiAN Grammar 2 18 §§ 42. 43. Adjective. ni (§57d), and lasted into the classical period (§8b). Likewise, the indefinite article “a” was developed from the numeral wC “one” (§46). Examples: pS U “the land” (*50,8); ti (m.)ChC.t “the grave” (*49,2); wi hr.w “the wretched ones” (*52,9); wC.t ssm.t “a mare” (*40,1 Ij. —For declension cf. § 21. Adjective § 42. In writing, adjectives are usually not distinguishable a from substantives and participles. For adverbs cf. § 66. b An especially frequent nominal formation in adjec¬ tives is the “gentilic”, which is formed by the addition of [|(| or \\ y to a substantive; it is also derived from prepositions: § 63. The ending y is often not written, especially in the feminine. Gentilic forms derived from feminine substantives end, in the singular: mas. ^ ty, fern. l(]o or ty.t; in the plural: mas. I tyw, U I _a.li. I O fern. tyw.t. Examples Itmiy “artist” (*2,2) from hm.t Cl “art”; nw ty “municipal” from }iw.t “town”, plural niv.tyw *21,11; mh.ty “northern” (*17,11) from mlji.t “north”, t; i:i. The adjective follows the substantive which it qualifies, and agrees with it in number and gender; the writing of the endiug, however, is very irregular and careless. The adjective ky “the other”, fern. kty, is exceptional in that it precedes its substan- §§ 44. 45. ADJECTn’E. § 46. NajIERALS. 19 tive; examples: ^ ky rmt “another man”; kty phr.t “another remedy”. Cl a The adjective cjs “self’ with suffixes is used in a § 44 . special way. Examples; ^ “the king himself’; VvAAAA O □ “ 4 ^ 1 Mn ds.f 7/p,s'.y d.ly “my own crescent sword” (in a speech by the king). Two compound expressions for “all”, “the whole”, are h o r “more than” (§61b). Examples: wr n.f yrp r mw “great to him wine than water == he has more wine than water” (*7,3); Csd st r SC n wdh “they are more numerous than the sand of the sea-shore” C"37,3). Numerals The numerals may be used as substantives or adjectives; § 4 ( 5 . the feminine and plural endings, however, are very seldom written. The numeral signs are almost always used; only with the lowest units occasionally the phonetic sign is 20 §§ 47. 48. Numerals. also used. The phonetic values, which are partly con¬ jectured only by means of combination, are: 1 I wC 2 II sn.wy 3 III Innt 4 j j fdw 6 III 7 III nil siv 8 jjjj Ipnn 9 !j[III i)sd 5 III dwd 1 1 1 50 g^nnn nnn sw(?) 100 (5 sd.t 70 nnn nnnn ¥m 200 30 nnnn nnnn Jmnw 1000 9onnnnnn 2 )sd.tw(?) 10000 1 Cbc 10 n 20 nn 30 nnn 40 nn n n nnn 100000 1000000 md dwt(?) inCbd hmw dwd(?) ^ l>fn § 47. The ordinal numerals are derived from the cardinals by affixing nw. Example: hm-ntr hi.niv “the second 48 - a prophet” (■^6,3). But or tpy “the first” ^6,3) is an exception. Fractions are indicated by prefixing 11 r-fdw “a quarter”; hut ys “a half” is an exception. Dates usually have the form: “year (hd.t-sj)) 1, month (ybd?) 1, —season, day (skv) 1 during (hr) the sovereignty of king N”. We are accustomed to number the months or to give them the names which they bore among the people, the names being derived from the feasts cele¬ brated in them. They are: § 49. Pronouns, 21 Q i^.i“Tnun- dation” 1. ^ Thoth. 2. Paophi. 3. Hathyr. 4. Choiak. Q2)r.P‘Spring” (“sprouts”) 5. ^ Tybi. 6. Mechir. j7. Phamenoth. 8 Pbarmuthi. I V\ I AA^^A^ AAAAAA /WVVNA 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . smw ‘Summer” Pachon. TP" Payni. TiT Epiphi. Ill Mesore. After the twelve months the five intercalary days are h inserted ( ^ Ijry.iv “those above [beyond] the year”). The sign “mouth 1” is often replaced by ^ tptj “first”; and the day-number | can be omitted from the first day of the month. Examples: "^5,1. *8,4. *17,1. *18,4. Pronouns The independent pronoun is found in two different § 49. forms: an older one which is still in use in the classical language, and a more recent one which appeared as early as the Old Kingdom. The suffixed pronoun (§ 52) has an unmistakable relationship with the older pronoun. The more recent seems to be composed of the older AAAAAA pronoun and a stem nt. Both forms are known to Semitic languages also, where, in the singular per¬ sons, now one and now the other form is used (§§ 60—51 also reflexive). 22 §§ 50—53. Pronouns. 51,52. § 53. §50 Oldei’ forms §51 Younger forms §52 Suffixes Sing. I thou fern. he she it Plural we you they ivy ^ ^ AA^^AA ynk tw AA^AA/* ntk tn AAAAAA ntt sw AAAAAA ,kf p. S'J AAAAAA A O 1 liU j yVWWv 1 1 1 n A jQ AAAAAA 1 AAAAAA 1 1 ynn AA^AAA 1 1 1 in AAAAAA a ' S AAAAAA O 1 1 1 nttn n AA/WSA 1 1 1 1 lin AAAAAA n AAAAAA 1 1 1 1 utsn AA^VWv I I I AAAA-NA I I I I /wwvs I I I U my k thy t f his 6’ hers )i our t)i your sn their The regular sound-change (§ 33) brought it about that from the ISliddle Kingdom on c:, t in every case could be written instead of :-> t; in like manner — instead of p. The suffix /| y “my’’ was often not written; it was also possible to substitute for it or if a god, king, man, or woman was the speaker. Likewise, wy “P’ was also written or only ^ (•■*' 3h,6). Examples: yuk hyk yih “1 am a useful servant'’ (■*9,11); si.y H h.t.y ‘-my son of my body” (*6,4). §§ 54—56. Pronouns. 23 The above forms of the independent pronoun (pronomen § 54. ahsoliitum) are used both for the nominative (“I”) and for the accusative (“me”); the dative (“to me”) is represented by the preposition n ('§ Glc) with suffixes. The neuter “it” as suffix is usually expressed by means of 1 .S' (cf. § .‘59A])'). Examples: tip “I bring tliee u])” f*5,.5); hsi/ XL'U Jim.fhr.s “his majesty ])raises me on account of it” (*54,11); ss^ij.n.ij xvy “I satiated myself (*45,11). Contrary to the usual oi'der of words (§ 25), the § 55. pronoun and also the preposition n with suffix stand immediately after the verb, and hence before the subject and object. Tf the sentence has two pronouns dependent upon the verb, the dative precedes the accusative: (/•//».// n.k rnp.wt “1 gave thee the years” (*5,9); hsj/.n wy nh.y “my lord praised me " (*42,2); xush.n.y. n.J s.t “I answered to him it (1 answered him concerning it)” (*47,8), Eor the demonstrative pronoun there'are many difi'erent tj .5(5. forms, which may be used as substantives or adjectives. In general the initial consonant is characteristic: x> for the masculine, t for the feminine, and n for the plural. § 57a-c contains the older forms. When used as adjectives they are all placed after the substantive. On the other hand, the more recent [)ronoun pS “this” (§ 67d), and the later article “the” (§ 41), are placed before the substantive.: in like manner also the more recent plural forms - connected for the most part with n—i.e. nn cr^i □ I AA/NAAA h.t tn “this castle"’. and nw (§ 57e). Examples: p7' pn “this house”, 1 pi stn n AAAAAA “this king" nn n h^Ltyio “these barbarians” (*31,1. 37,7). 24 §§ 57 59. Pronui'ns. § 57. a) this b) the... here c) that Sing. mas. □ pn AWSAA □ ^ piv feiii. tn AAAAAA Plural mas. fern. (1 ° um 1 AAAAAA ° yptn 1 AAAAAA []d^| ypw ypUo il) the WWSA U e) More recent plurals (originally the neuter “this”): I )in, ^ “these”. § 58. In short sentences, piu “this” is added for emphasis, where we are unable to reproduce it as a demonstrative pronoun. In verbal sentences it has hardly any significance, in nominal sentences it is used as a predicate or an nsertion (§131b). Examples: ^ ynivli piv “I am it”, rn.y piv Ijnt ntrw “my name (is) at the head of the gods” ('^'39,2), piv nfr “it is a beautiful land” (*7,1). § 59. The possessive pronouns of the Indo-Germanic languages (“my” etc.) were represented originally in classic Egyptian as in the older Semitic languages by suffixes (§ 52). The Egyptian vernacular, like the later Semitic dialects, devised later on a new form of possessive article. This is composed of the article (§ 57d) and suffixes (§ 62), and became more and more usual as time Avent on. The irregular writing is explained in §29a. Examples: prf or VU-f (originated out of pJf) pr “his house”. §§ 60. 61. Partici.es, 25 Particles PREPOSITIONS AND CONJ (JNOTIONS Prepositions are divided into simple and compound, § 60 according to their formation. Tliey are sometimes combined with suffixes (§ 52), and used as conjunctions (§ 64a). Before suffixes they have occasionally a fuller wu’iting, due to change of vocalization. Simple prepositions (others are in the vocabulary); § 61 m, with suffix ijmf “in him”: in or a out of a place; with persons or things; as an attribute (with “to be” § 131 b). "With infinitive “with” § 106. r, with suffix yr./Ho him”: towards some- thing or somebody; hostile to anyone; free from, hidden from something; more than something else (comparative § 45). With infinitive; in order to (§106). awaaa n, with suffixes n.f “to him”: for anyone c (cf. dative §21 h); to anyone; on account of a matter. With infinitive; on account of, because. ^ ljr\ upon an object; on account of a matter. With d infinitive: with, during (contemporaneous; §§ 106, 124b 125b, 132b). ^ hr: under an object, i. e. carrying it. e ^^ hr: with a person; during the reign of (§ 48). f yn: on the part of a person, through someone; g used with the passive (§95—96) and to emphasize the subject (§131a), also with the infinitive (§ 107). -fM- AWWS Imt before, at the head of. h 26 §§ 62. 63. Particles. § 62. Compound prepositions (to be found in the vocabu¬ lary under their chief constituent parts) consist mostly of a simple preposition and a substantive. The meaning of these phrases has gradually worn away. For example, compounds are made: » With “in": J (“on the phallus of”)“before'’(*23,10. *29,9. *14,6); m-h^.t (“at the head of’’) “before"; “since" *18,3; m-C ••by’’ *54,5. h With n “for”: ^ n-mrw.t (“out of love for”) “on account of”: n mrw.t.k “on account of thee” *12,7 (as conjunction: i;64a). r-(js (“at the side of”) “near”; I c With r “to”: c ^ ^ ^ £^3 hrw-r (“distant from”)“outside”;nyr//.^-r “until”; “to” *18,4. § 63. Gentilic forms (cf. § 42b), the meaning of which often ^ developed independently, were derived from the simple as well as the compound prepositions by using the suffix //. Examples: — from m; W ym.y “he who is in or on something” yr.y “he who belongs to someone, the companion” from r;c^ hr.y “he who is upon something, the chief” from hr; ^ >0’ h^'y-yl) “dAvelling in” from ^ 'O’ “in the midst of’. h Gentilics are treated like adjectives or .substantives, and take suffixes. Examples: ym.y-yh n ntr nfr “darling (he who is in the heart) of the king” (*7,10); hr.y-yb § 64. Particles. 27 Sbthv, lmt.li unm-ti/tv “inhabitant of Abydos and director of the ■westerners’’ (*8,6-7); ymi/.t yh.k “slie dwells in thy heart” ('*50,3); ymy.w yiv.w “inhabitant of the island” (*13,8). As conjunctions, use is made of either prepositions § (a) and other particles, which stand at the beginning of the sentence (b); or particles which are inserted as the second word in a sentence, and called enclitic conjunctions, because they were perhaps occasionally unaccented (c). In some sentences (§ 135, 138), there is, after the conjunctions, a verbal form corresponding to our “conjunctive’’ (§ 93). Among conjunctions, the following are especially frequent (others are in the vocabulary): “if”; © A m-ht n-mrw.t “so that”. Examples: n-mrw.t mn rn.y “that my name may endure” (*10,5), n-C^.l-n mrr.y sw “be¬ cause I love him” (*10,4), m-ht .s(lm.f s.t “after he had heard it” (*30,10), r-nty.t A'is iv.S.ty “so that Nubia was inclined” (*30,8). a D yst “since”, “when”; ^ h'*' “since’’, “now”, “but”. Examj)les: st gm.n Imi.y “when my majesty had found him’’ (*25,5), hr ptr yr.n.y .iilm “but then I heard” (*51,9). hvt “but”; (||1 ys “how”, “yes”, “surely”; c yrt “but”, “however”, “further”; ® yr “also’’, “like¬ wise”, “but”. Example: yr rjr.t rh ri pn “but whoever knows this charm” (*56,9). 2R §§ 65—68. Particles. ADVERB.R AND PARTICLES § 65. For adverbs, use is made either of invariable derivatives of substantives and adjectives (§ 66); or of particles which are connected with prepositions ("§ 67). The particles usually stand at the besiuoing; in interrogative sentences (§ 137) also at the end of the sentence. Some are combined with suffixes f§ 69). § 66. The adverb derived from a noun is; a apparently similar to it (the noun); occasionally with the ending iv or t: d.t “eternally”, J ^ nfr.w “well”, Q wr.t “very”, “quite”. Examples; dw i/h.k mt/ Rc d.t “thy heart is glad as (that of) Re eternally” (*'3,11), tvds.i/ ivr.t “quite decayed” (*25,6; cf. *16,8), kCy.k nfr “thou shinest beautifully” (*55,1). b is connected with a preposition, especially ?•; ©.A. . , , _O' 1 ^^ r mnh “in excellent manner”; a d § 67. j/h.t nh.t “above all” (*54,11), r-mi/.ty.t “in like manner” (*26,6). To the adverbs, which are derived from prepositions, belong; a “there", “yonder”; “before”, “earlier”. Example: hyk ym “the servant here=r’. h ^ m-hdh and ^ hr-ljd.t “before”, “for¬ merly”. § 68. Some adverliial particles stand in the second place in a sentence, e. g. xvy “how”, “pray”. Examples: §§ 69. 70. Particles. 29 ndm wy ymd.t.k “how beautiful is thy goodness” (*12,10), yy ivy “come! welcome!” (*39,9). Some particles which cau only be rendered by an § (j<), adverb are combined with suffixes; their adaptability to different persons, however, has almost entirely disappeared, so that the particles were soon used imchaugeably with one detiuite suftix. Some noteworthy ones are: m “behold”, later unchangeable “behold (thou)”, at the begiuuing of the sentence, often immediately before the subject. a yr “but”, “now”, “namely”, later unchan- h geable yr.f as second word in a sentence: hd.n yr.f U wd “when the earth became bright in the morning” (*18,8).—//r, yr.f are used for emphasis after the imperative (§102), and in Interrogative sentences (§ 137). The most frequently used interjections are: § 70. hd “0!”, “Ha!”. They often stand before a proper noun, which is then preferably followed a by pn “this”: y Cnh.w “0 ye living!” (*21,5), fU hd Fpy pn “0 thou king Pepi!”. In the Nominative of address, substantives often have b the article: pd y.t-ntr “O thou father of god” (*49,11), pd ytn “0 thou Aton!” (*55,2j. Some interjections have suffixes, e.g. yud-hr.Jc “Hail, c thou!” (*27,10. *31,8). 30 §§ 71—73 . The Verb. The Verb THE ROOT OF THE VERB 71. Verbs may be divided into the following groups according to the number and kind of the consonants of their root: a) Regular verbs. These have two, three, four, or five “strong” consonants; the most frequent are those of three consonants. Examples I /WWVA mn “to remain”, “to hear”, invade”, AAAAAA ra R ^ rO nlwilim “to roar”. 72. bj Weak verbs. These have three, four, or five con¬ sonants, of which the last is a weak one (g or tv cf. § 16). Although the weak consonant was usually not written, it nevertheless influenced the formation of individual forms. It manifests itself especially in the feminine infinitive (§ 104), as well as in the possibility of doubling in the tense sdm.f (§ 91) and in the parti¬ ciples (§ 113). Examples: j|jP msy “to give birth to”, Itntg “to sail up stream”. 73. c) Duplicating verbs. These have three, four, or five consonants, of which the last two are alike. Often only one of these two consonants is written, from which it may be concluded that a double consonant was pronoun¬ ced. Both consonants were written (evidently because a vowel was pronounced between them), not only as in the case of weak verbs in the accented form of tense sdm.f (§ 91), and in the participles (§ 113), but also in other forms of the suffix conjugation, as well as in §§ 74—76. The Verb, 31 the qualitative (§ 80), in the infinitive (§ 104), in the imperative (§ 100), etc. The infinitive, contrary to the weak verbs, is always masculine (§ 104). Examples: —“to see", spdd “to prepare". - d) Irregular verbs. Some verbs appear written irre¬ gularly and occasionally differ from the forms of other verbs. Note: 1) Two verbs for “to give”: A- & rdy and § 74. _fl dy; both are weak verbs with feminine infinitive. The old language preserves almost all forms of both verbs; gradually rdy died out and was replaced by dy. The duplicating forms (§91) of dy were written • or _and read dyy. 2) Two verbs for “to come”: yUHJ^y?) both are weak verbs and have a feminine infinitive. The older verb yu;(tj, which is used especially in dependent clauses, was gradually replaced by yy- Among the numerous changes (“modifications, conju- § 76. gations”) of the root in Semitic languages, the following are frequent in Egyptian: the causative (§ 78) is formed by prefixing 1 s (Semitic s or i). The PiCel formations with doubled middle consonant, which in Coptic have still to a certain extent an unusual vocalization, are not to be discerned in hieroglyphics; but yet, on account of the diversity of meaning in some verbs, they are to be 32 §§ 77—79. The Verbs. \ ^ AVWSA conjectured (e. g. hny “to sail” and “to convey anyone ). § 77. Remains of other derivatives of a root are the forms with prefixed n like the NiphCal (e. g. ndddd “to endure” from p dd “to endure”; with i_l double final consonant like the PaClel (e. g. spdd “to prepare”); with repetition of the last conso¬ nant like the “Falpel” and the “PaCalCel” (e. §• P ® P ^ sMh “to hasten” (*41,2); O A sdidi “to tremble”). § 78. The causatives (§ 76) are in general treated like verbs with the same number of strong or weak consonants; that is, causatives of three consonants like four-consonant n AAAAAA O /VW^V\ (J verbs (e. g. I © ^ s.nljn “to bring up” from © % nljn “to be a child”). However, the causatives of twm consonants have by way of exception a feminine infini- tive. Example: Infinitive Iwa/w s.mn.t from 1 s.inn 1 12 ^ \ A/VWW “to establish”, causative of mn “to remain”. § 79. Apart from the infinitive, imperative, and the parti¬ ciples, only the perfect of the tense-formations (of Semitic languages) is preserved in the Egyptian conditional (§ 80). The imi)erfect has been replaced by the suffix conjugation (§ 83). The use of all Egyptian tenseforms was gradually limited by means of difi’erent combinations with auxiliary verbs (§ 121). Real moods are not traceable; forms which are used like our subjunctive appear in the tense sdm.f (§ 91) and in the predicate (§ 97). §§ 80. 81 . Conditional. 33 THE CONDITIONAL (Called qualitative or pseudo-iiarticiple) The endings (§ 81) are attached to the root; the y § 8® and tv occurring in them are often not written. In weak verbs (§ 72) the final weak root consonant y or tv is usually not written. In duplicating verbs (§ 73) in earlier times the last consonant was occasionally doubled; later, however, this was hardly ever the case. The endings of the conditional form (in parenthesis § 81 are the later ones—that is, the forms developed by phonetic changes): the dual and the third plural died out early; they were replaced by the third masculine singular. Sing. 3 f. 3 m. y ov w (later disappeared) Plural 2 tywny (later t) f. ty Dual 3 m. wy 1 wyn (later n) f. tyw Roedbr-Mekchr, Short Egyptian Grammar 3 34 § 82. Conditional. § 83. Suffix Con.iugation. 82. A transitive-active kind of conditional form, which was already rare in the older language, is found later, though only with rh “to understand”, “to know”, “to be able”; otherwise it always had an intransitive- passive meaning and indicated a conditional (“quali- tative”). If it stands independently, as it also did (though rarely) in ancient times, it usually introduces the fulfilled condition of a previously mentioned action (apodosis). Usually it introduces a conditional sentence, which is subordinate to another sentence. Then it is often dependent on a verb which is in the tense of the suffix conjugation (§ 83), and thus resembles a participle (“pseudo-participle”). Cf. §§ 124a, 126a, 132a. Examples: yy-tji n.y hcty “thou comest to me while thou rejoicest” (*12,5), ywC.lcwy ni nb “I was rewarded with the gold” (*26,4), w^Jj.f ivy wdi.kwy “he laid me down when I was healed” (*47,5). THK SUFFIX CONJUtiATION S3. 'I’he most frequent tenses (tempora) are formed by the addition of the suffixes (§ 52), either directly to the stem (s^m.y'tense) or after the insertion of syllables (n, yn, 7/r, lx), which are derived from particles (§ 84). Ki’om all these forms a passive (§ 95) can be built by the further insertion of the syllable tiv; another form is the more comprehensive passive sdm.tvf (§ 96). Eiirther, from the tenses sdm.f and khu.n f substan¬ tival forms introducing refill ive sentences (§ 118) are built. §§ 84—86. Suffix Conjugation. 35 The tenses of the regular verb; The translations merely § 84. detine in a practical way, and by no means exhaust the meaning of individual forms. Active Mm./ hears Passive sdm.tw.f he is heard sdm.n.tw.f he has been heard sdm.yn.f then he heard been heard sdmJjr.f he shall hear sdmJjr.tw.f he shall be heard sdni.liS.f thus he hears sdm.kd.tw.f thus he is heard Passive klm.w.f (of sdm.f and sdm.n.f): “he is heard” and “ho has been heard” (§ 96). The inflection of tenses: If the subject is a noun, § 86. it comes immediately after the root of the verb; e.g. mn rn.y “my name prospers” (*10,5), dw yh.lc “may thy heart be glad” (*5,11). yr.n hm.y nii “my majesty did these things” (^10,3). If the subject is a pronoun, it is added in the form § 86. of a suffix (§ 52) to the root of the verb; the tense sdm.f “he hears” is perhaps built on the form of a noun 3* §§ 87—91. Suffix Conjugation’. 3fi (“his hearing”). According to the Coptic the pronoun- ciation was something like sedmof. § 87. Almost all tenses can also be impersonally used in the active and passive. Their appearance is then the same as before the nominal subject: yy.tw “one came” ("*^30,7), yr.n.tu) “it shall be done” (*36,2), rdy.tw m-hr-n tdty “it was imposed upon the vizier (*52,4). § 88. The tense sdm.f occurs in both independent and dependent sentences, for the past as well as for the present. It is used in assertions, questions, and direct and indirect speech, as well as in requests, and especially after verbs of causing, seeing, finding, etc., to express a condition, purpose, or result. Examples: wn n.k p.t “the heaven is open for thee” (*6,1), nlni.y r hw Ijr hm.f “I grew up at the residence of the king” (*10,2), dy.y md.sn Ijm.k “I charge that they see thy majesty” (*13,6), dy.m ])r.t-r-hrw “may they (the gods) give a funerary offering” (*8,8; 22,4). § 89. The tense sdm.n.f indicates the past, and is used in a manner similar to idm.f. It often appears indepen¬ dently in historical narrative, besides like a pluperfect dependent upon m-ht “after (he had heard)”. Example: siiis.n.y ntr nfr “I have sei’ved the king (*9,10). 5} !)0. In the same way the tense sdm.yn.f often appears in the historical narrative; while sdm.kd.f usually ap])ears in the conclusion of conditional sentences. Both sdm.yn.f and .sdm.kd.f as well as sdm.ljr.f often express also a command. Example: IjC.yn hm.f “his majesty appeared” (*30,9). 91. The weak and dujilicating verbs (^ 72,73) show in the tense sdm.f two different moods (manner of speech). §§ 92—94. Suffix Conjugation. .37 which in the strong verbs we cannot satisfactorily ascertain, probably owing to our ignorance of voca¬ lization. The two moods are Usual Form Emphatic Form § 92. i'd»i./may he hear wnn.J may he be mrr.f may he love ms(Jd.f if he hates The emphatic form is often used independently, and § 93. dependency (but not regularly) where special stress is laid on the verb; thus in sentences of wish, condition, question, precept, threat, consequence, etc., whether they are introduced by a conjunction or not. It is also used in sentences of temporal subordina¬ tion and in emphatic phrases. The emphatic is to be translated sometimes like a conjunctive; but usual¬ ly, however, not differently from the simple form of the verb. The emphatic (doubled) form is frequent only in the 94. active sdm.f. It is also found, however, in the passive, sdm.tw.f. In the other tenses of the suffix conjugation it is not found at all. Examples: n-Cd.t-n mrr.u sw •‘because I certainly love him” (*10,4), virr.tn “if you 38 §§ 95. 96. Suffix Conjugation. § 97. Pkedicativf.. wish” (^21,9), “I hid myself for fear, wrSj/.t the guard should see (me)” ("*^43,6), “he who desires hss hv hnti/ ymn.tifw that the First of the Westerners praise him” (''21,1). 95. In the passive of the suffix conjugation, the following differences occur: a) The passives, which according to the table in § 84 form almost every tense by means of -tw, are closely related, even in meaning, to the active, from which they are derived; Cs.tw wr.xo m-bSh “the great ones were called before (his majesty)" (51,5), drp.tw.f “may he he presented with offerings” (23,8), (jm.n.tw Hr “Horus was found” ("33,11). § 9(>. b) The passive sdm.iv.f (Table § 84 end) has the ending w in the singular, and y in the plural; neither of them are ordinarily written. The duplicating verbs show the doubling; the weak verbs often do not have the last weak consonant and the ending tv written. Examples: n sp yry.tv mi/ty.t “never was the like done” ("16,lU), rdy.w nf yhv.t “the office was given to him” ("34,1 between Mm.n.J forms). PREDIGATIVE 8 97. An old form, whose use is confined to a few definite cases, is still seen iu the so-called predicative. It has the ending xv which is often not written; before this the duplicating verbs show the doubling, and the weak verbs usually do not write the last weak consonant y. The predicative is uncliangeable, without regard to the gender, number, and person of its subject; and it does § 98. Predicative. §§ 99—101. Lmperative. 39 not take a suffix. It is, therefore, followed either by a substantive or an independent pronoun. The predicative is used only in negative sentences after § 98. the verbs tm and ynvj “not to be”, and usually has an active meaning: ri* n tm wnm N “charm for the not-to-he-eaten of ]S=charm that N be not eaten” (*.56,8), tni rdy hr ys “who does not bend (the right) to the side” (*11,3). Cf. the prohibition §103. IMJ’ERATIVE The imperative has a singular and a plural; a difference § 99. in gender is not distinguishable in hieroglyphics, but according to the Coptic it is assumed in vocalization. The singular shows the simple root of the verb; in the duplicating verbs it has the doubling. The plural has the ending // (later also tv), which is often not written out, and which in the weak verbs merges in the last weak consonant. Usually the plural-strokes are added to the determinative. Singular Mm hear! niii* see! Examples: ts fjv “lift up thyself” (*29,4), yry hriv nfr “make (celebrate) a beautiful day!” (*49,11. 50,9). The following verbs have an irregular imperative: § 101. Verbs of giving (§74): ^ ° //w/y “give!”, « ymy kmy r pid.k “place ointment on thy nose!” (*50,1), Plural § 100. Mm.y hear! cUy.y cross over Oil 40 §§ 102. 103. Imperative. § 104. Infinitive. h Verbsof coming (§ 75): .A 7^ myro “come!”, my.y “come ye!”. 8 102. To strengthen the imperative, an independent pronoun is often added: also the particle yr (§69b), or the preposition n (§ 61b), both with suffixes: chc yr.k n A^^AAA Cq ^ f i “stand up, thou! (*38,4), n.k htp-ntr “take to thyself the divine offering!” § 103. The negative of the imperative (the prohibition) is expressed by the imperative IP^^U a following predicate (§ 98): ymy snd “fear not!” (*48,7). INFINITIt'E § 101. The infinitive is sometimes treated as a verb, sometimes as a substantive. In strong verbs, its form is that of the simple root; in the duplicating verbs, it doubles the last consonant; tlie weak verbs and the causative of two consonant verbs (§ 78) take the feminine ending t as suffix. Table for the formation of the infinitive: mn to remain wi’i to see s(hn to hear iihsh to hasten /wwvs hnn.t to establish ms.t to give « birth to ^ hnty.t to sail up o the river §§ 105—109. Infinitive. 41 The infiuitive stands like a substantive, and is often S105. not distinguishable from a real substantive (in ’^12,8 it is even written as a plural); a) [n independent sentences as subject, object, predicate, in the genitive, etc. Examples: “0 ye living ones, mrr.niv Cnh msdd.iv Jjp.t who love life and hate death” (*.36,4), s/) n hdhd “the time (example) of attack” (*37,6), (Z//.// ndc kny.t “I give to thee to be strong (strength)” (*13,1). “thy heart will be glad n mid on account of the sight” (*56,4). b) In sentences dependent upon verbs (especially § 106. commands, cause etc.) and prepositions such as r “in order to”, m and hr “with”, “during” (simul¬ taneousness, cf. §61). Examples: Osiris djj.j “may he give” — j/r.t — ilm — p7'.t “to do, to be powerful, to go out” (*23,2—4). “I have brought thee up, r hkd pd.t psd to rule the nine bow-people” (*16,2). “Darling of the king m s.mnh njjiH’./through the beautifying of his monuments” (*27,2), h.wt hr shy.t “bodies pass away” (49,6). The logical subject follows the infinitive either in the § 107. genitive with w.aaa n (§ 21c) or is introduced by the pre¬ position (| /vwA^ yn “on the part of” (§ 61g). Example: d^vd Wsjir yn N. “worship of Osiris by N.” (*27,1. *31,6). If the object is a substantive it follows immediately tj 168. after the infinitive, if it is a pronoun it is added to the infinitive as a suffix. Examples: „thou rejoicest mdd nfriv.y to see my beauty—the sight of my beauty (*12,5), dwd.f “to adore him” (*32,3). An infinitive, independent and without the statement § 100. of a subject, often occurs in successive sentences, where 42 §§ 110. 111. Infinitive. § 112. Participles. we should expect a verb. Example; yr.t n.f “and he made a door for him” (*11,10. *12,3; likewise ^hc *16,6). §110. The infinitive can be added to a verb of the same root as itself, as a complementary infinitive, for the purpose of strengthening. In such a case it has in general the usual form, although in three-consonant verbs it is feminine. Examples: sdm sdm.t wC “who alone may listen” (*11,2), hnn.sn Ijn.t “if they row zealously” (*56,4). § 111. Closely related to the infinitive is a circumstantial form sdm.t.f which looks like a feminine infinitive. In it the root of the duplicating verbs shows no doubling, and the weak consonants of the weak verbs are often not written. To express the subject it is combined either with a substantive which immediately follows the circumstantial form like a genitive, or with the pronominal suffix. The object, if it is a pronoun, follows the circum¬ stantial form in the independent forms; in this it differs from the infinitive, which takes the suffix. At the be¬ ginning of a sentence or paragraph, the circumstantial form occasionally stands independently like a verb; often it comes after prepositions; often it indicates a temporal subordination. Example: rdy.t.y wd.t n rdwy.y “I gave my feet the way = ran on” (*43,5), dr Ipr.t mny “since the death” (*39,10). rARTIGIPLES § 112. Participles are divided on the one hand into active and passive, on the other hand into complete (perfect) and incomplete (imperfect) action. In all participles. §§ 113. 114. Pauticiples. 43 the root of the duplicating verbs can show the doubling; the root of the weak verbs shows it only in the imperfect participles. Table: a) Active khn he who has heard wnn he who has ^WWSA ^ ^ ^ DGen b) Passive § 118. ^ having ’ come out Ijsy.y praised (Id.w saying m^SAv seeing mrr.w loving lo sh^.w who is remembered m dyy.iv who is given The endings of the participles, as shown in the table, § 114. are, in the perfect; active—, passive y\ in the imperfect: active iv, passive xv. In number and gender, the parti¬ ciples are like the noun; they take, therefore, in the feminine singular the ending t, in the plural, the plural- strokes and the ending w, feminine wt, although the tv is not generally written. Examples: mk km.t, wCf his.wt “who protects Egypt and subdues the foreigners” C*14,l, cf. *6,5), mrr.iv “he who desires, that—” (*21,1), “his father rnn hv who brought him up” (*25,9), mh-yb “he who fills the heart == darling” (*10,1), hsy.y “the praised” (*14 9), dhv.w “he who is honoured” (*32,1). 44 §§ 115—117. Participles, § 118. Eelative Forms. § 115. The logical subject of passive participles is introduced either directly, or by n: mry RC, ms n jDliwtn “beloved of He, created by Thot” (*15,7). In genealogies; yry n “begotten by (chiefly of the father)” and msy n “born of (mother)” (*21,4. *24,3). § 11(>. A rare participle with future meaning is found in the so-called verbal adjective: sdm.tyfy “he who will hear”; in such a case the root of a duplicating verb shows the doubling, and the weak consonant of a weak verb is seldom written. Endings: Sing. m. ^ tyfy fern. iysy Plur. m. |1 lywsn fern. ^ tywst Examples; mh.tyfy “he who will be well” (as proper noun: *15,3), “he Avho desires, (Jd.tyfy shall say” (*21,2), “each living one, swd.tyfy who will pass by” (*21,8). a 'VW' §117. Another rare participle sdm.n “audible” indicates possibility. It occurs in only one form, which can take both the feminine and the plural ending (as § 114). THE RELATIVE FORMS §118. From the tenses sdvif and sdm.n.f of the suffix con¬ jugation, sub.stantival relative forms are derived, which take the masculine ending w (usually not written) or the feminine ^, according as they refer to a masculine or feminine substantive. The verb root has in the form sdnuv.f tlie same apj)earance as in the accented form of the sdm.f (§ 92); hence the weak and the dupli- §§119.120. REi.ATm; Forms. §§ 121.122. Periphrastic tenses. 4.'> eating verbs have the doubling of the last strong con^ sonants. Table of the relative forms; Masculine: he whom he hears Feminine: sdm.t.fs\\e whom he hears, (that which he hears) iVhw.tP.n./ he whom he has heard Mm.t.n.f ?\iQ whom he has heard, (that which he has heard) The relative forms, which in use are with difficulty § 120. differentiated from participles, are often used substan¬ tively. They can then be used with an adjective, espe¬ cially nb “all”. They usually introduce a relative sentence, e. g. in the enumeration of epithets. Examples: dyi/.t 2 )-t, kmd.t ti, ynn.t hCpy “that which heaven gives, the earth creates, and the Nile brings” (*22,6), nn yry.w.ti.li n:y “this which thou hast done to me” (*24,10), snn.t ytn “that around which the sun revolves” (*24,.5). PERIPHRASTIC TENSES The verb-forms are strengthened by many combinations § 121. with auxiliary verbs; in the vernacular (vj 8c) these combinations, mostly with “to be” and “to make”, gra¬ dually supplanted the simple verbforms of the older classical language. The auxiliary verb “to be”. Some of the most frequent verb forms are strengthened § 122. 46 §§ 122, 124. Periphrastic tenses. or paraphrased by prefixing the auxiliary (|^ yw and WH “to he”. For the forms of the suffix conjugation (§ 83) two possibilities present them¬ selves: a When the subject occurs once: wn sdm.f he hears he hears sdm.n.f AAAAAA wn khn.n.f A/VSAAA he has heard he has heard ^ wn.)/n sdm.j then he heard I When the subject occurs twice: he hears wn.f sdm.f he hears Mm.f then he heard 123. The verbs yw and wn “to be” can also be used before a genuine nominal sentence (§ 27). yw ch.tvyJ m tUdi.k “ber horns are on thy head” ('^38,8). 124. In like manner those sentences which are not genuine nominal sentences (§ 132) can be introduced by yw or wn: a With the qualitative (§80): yw (i mdu; “the chicken is speaking = chirps” (*65,7). §§ 125—127. Periphrastic ten.ses. 47 With hr aiul the infinitive {§ 106); ijw hw-nb hr dwi b njrw.j “everyone praised his beauty'’ (*35,2; ct'. *30,11- *31,1). If the subject of these unreal nominal sentences is a § 125. pronoun, the following combinations present themselves, which are used very often in the vernacular of the New Kingdom (§ 8c) and which still continue in the Coptic: With the qualitative: (| V^-f « ‘‘he is hearing”, ijiv.h wbn.ty “thou risest” (*55,3). With hr and the infinitive: y^'f ^ sdm ‘‘lie is hearing”, tvn.yn.in hr bhd “tlien were they by fieeing = tlien they fied headlong” (*37,9). The future tense and the future command areren-§l26. dered by the preposition r with the infinitive (§ 106); a this occurs after the auxiliary verb (| ^ yiv “to be”: yiv.tn r drp n.y “ye shall sacrifice to me” (*36,7), yiv dpi r yyi “a ship will come” (*48,8). In an unreal nominal sentence (§ 132): yb n hm.k r h kbb “the heart of thy majesty will be glad” (*56,3). The auxiliary verb cZ/C “to stand” is placed §127. before a verb in order to reproduce the accentuation in historical narration. It appears usually as the tense sdm.n.f chc.n, more seldom With forms of the suffix conjugation; ChC.n thn.n hni.f a hnCJn “then his majesty came into conflict with them” C37,6). 48 §§ 128 — 130 , Periphrastic tenses. § 131 . Syntax. With the qualitative (§ 80): Chc.n rdy.hwy r yw “then was I thrown on the island” (*45,2). §128. The auxiliary verb .- yry “to do” is used, in forms of the sutfix conjugation, to paraphrase the re¬ spective forms of other verbs: a First of all with compound verbs: yry.s dy-Cnh “may she be presented with life” (*12,4. *11,11). l> Then also with others: yry.y Sm.t “I did the going = 1 went” (*43,8), yry.n.y Sdni “I learned” (*51,9); yr.k Cnlj.ty “mayest thou live” (*39,4). § 121). For historical narrative, especially with verbs of going, the combination of an infinitive with pw “this” and yry.'ll./ “he did” is used: rjp yry.nf “to go was that which he did = he went”. pB “to have been”, “to have had”, in different verb forms is constructed, espe¬ cially in negative sentences, with the infinitive of a verb, in order to denote a condition or an action which occurred in the past: n sp pS.tw yr.t myty.t “never was the like done” (*54,7). §130. The auxiliary verb J\' im.t piv Syntax ORDER OE WORDS AND EMPHASIS IN PRINCIPAL SENTENCES § 131. The regular word-order in verbal and nominal sen- a tences has already been discussed (§ 25-27). The word- order becomes irregular by emphasizing a word. The emphasized word is usually found at the beginning of a sentence and is introduced by the preposition (I AA(VSAA y'il §§ 132. 133. Syntax. 49 or ?/r (| I ^ • • • ?/» '^^y-f -- ‘‘his majesty it was who gave-”, yr y^t rh ri* pii “but whoever knows this charm” (*56,9). lu nominal sentences, which as a rule begin with the b subject, the verb “to be” is to be understood (§ 27j between the subject and tbe predicate. Often the pronoun pw “this” (§ 57b, § 58) is inserted there. The predicate may be introduced by m “as”: yh.y ni hnv.y “my heart (was) my companion” (*45,5); nh m Mj.w “Every land was bowed” (*19,2). The word-order, subject—predicate, of the nominal §132. sentence (§ 27) is also transferred to sentences with verb-forms (unreal nominal sentences). In such the verb stands: In the qualitative, especially with transitive verbs, to a indicate a condition: yh.w ndm “hearts were glad” (*34,11), (U(U.t lir.ty “the council (of gods) was satisfied” (*35,11), H CjjC.w lid MS “they are stationed behind Kadesh” (52,3). In the infinitive with hr, especially with transitive b verbs, to indicate the beginning of a condition. Examples: rhy.t hr hy hnw “mankind began to rejoice and shout” (*31,2), 'pid.t hr dwi’./“the nine-fold (gods) praised him”, (*32,3). These sentences can be introduced by an auxiliary c verb “to be” (§ 124). The omission of words is frequent in all kinds of§133. sentences, especially in comparisons. Often the subject or object is omitted, especially when it is a pronoun; and likewise when the discourse is about the king. Of. R 0 kder-Merc ER, Short Egyptian Grammar ^ 50 §§ 134. 135. Special kikds of sentences. also the impersonal use of the verbal forms (§ 87) and of the infinitive (§ 109). Examples; iw yb.k my Rc ‘-thy heart be glad like (that of) Re’’ (*5,11), yry.n.f m mmvf “he made (it) as his monument’’ (*6,8. *11,9. *12,2j, yry n.j N “N makes (it) for him” (*6,11. *16,11). Cs.tw ur.w m-b^h ‘-the princes were called into the presence of (his majesty)” (*51,5); mnh.f Ijr yh “he was pleasant to the heart (of the king)” (*27,7). SPECIAL KINDS OF SENTENCES Temporal sentences. § 134. The dependent temporal sentences are sometimes placed before, sometimes after the principal sentence. Usually they have no conjunction, so that the condition of dependence is shown only by the context and verb- forms. Occasionally they are introduced by m-ht “afterwards” (*30,10), ' J\ O ^ tp-c “before" (*44,10), ^ dr “since” (39,10) &c. Examples: yw wp.n.f —, yw.y hr h.ty “he opened—, (while) I was on my belly’’ (*46,10-11), dc pr, yw.n m wSd-wr “a storm arose, (as) we were on the sea” (*44,9. (*48,3), hd.n td, ph.n.y “when the earth had become light I arrived” (*43.9), hft ipr hm.fr nhrn “when his majesty came to Naharin (Mesopotamia)’’ (*40,4). Conditional sentences. § 136. The conditional sentences can he introduced by yr “if”; often, however, there is no conjunction. The verb is usually found in a form of the suffix conjugation; §§ 135—137. Spectai. kinds ok sentences. 51 with the tense khn.f often in the accented form (§ 91); htp.h “when thou settest, the earth (is) in darkness’’ (*65,5—6), mrr.tn -, w// M.ta “if ye desire-, then read!“ (*21,9—22,1). Final sentences &c. Our conjunctions “that”, “in order to’’, “so that”, § 136. “until’’ are for the most part not reproduced; the verb usually stands in the khn.f tense. Occasionally <=> r (also r-rjd *51,4; r-iitj/.t *30,8) introduces such sentences. Indirect interrogative sentences are introduced without a conjunction; the nuance of purpose and final sentences is often not perceptible. Cf. r with the infinitive “in order to’’ (§ 106); tense khn.f 88). Ex aniples: ‘'Kemember joy, r iji/.t Jiriv pfS n myny till that day of death cometh” (*50,6), dy.y mksn “I cause that they see’’ (*13,6. 10), “he said, clk.f hnC.y that he (wouldj fight (with me)” (*42,7), “he wished, yw.y m yry rd.wy.f tliat 1 would be his guide (com¬ panion of his feet/’ (*40,2). Interrogative sentences. In interrogative sentences are found the forms of the § 137. suffix conjugation; they are usually introduced by a particle which the enclitic (j OM-f 1§ 69b) often follows. Such interi ogative words, coming at the beginning or end of the sentence, are: accented: ° yn-m, (to yn\ § 131) “who?”, “what?’’; yh “what?”, (xeneral particles used to introduce 4* 52 §§ 138—141. Special kinds of sentences. questions are: (aaaaw(|'^ yn yw as first word; ^ ^nr, try as second word. Example yn~m yn iw “Who brought thee?” (*47,2.7). Negative sentences (§ 281)). § 138. Principal sentences are negatived by the older particle _fu- n or the younger nn “not”, which always stands first in the sentence. The verb is found in the forms of the suffix conjugation; and with the tense sdm.f after nn in the accented form (§ 91). n rlj lym.f “his majesty knew not” (*51,4), nn sp n C “not one remained” (*45,1). Likewise in the relative sentence (§ 141c). § 139. Dependent sentences are negatived by means of the auxiliary verbs tm and (] ^ ymy “not to be”, “not to have”, the verb of which follows in the predicate (§ 98). §140. Relative sentences (§ 141c) are negatived by the ad¬ jective ni/tc.ty “who is not”, “who has not”, which agrees in gender and number with the substan¬ tive, which it follow's. It can also be used as a substan¬ tive. nyw.tij.t “that which does not exist” (*9,5). Relative sentences. § 141. Relative sentences (cf. § 28a) are usually introduced " by the relative pronoun nty, nty.t “who”, plural j nty.n\ which can also be used substan¬ tively. Examples: sd nty tp U “a man who is on earth” § 141. Special kind-s of sentences. 53 (■'56,11), nty Ijm.f i/ni ‘‘the place on which his majesty is = the palace’’ (*52,8), 7iti/.w ijdi.'s “those who are in it" (*44,11), utij.iv-ijtn “those who are there = the dead” (*32,4), ntj/.t ‘‘that which is (exists)’’ (*9,5). The introductory “who’’ is often omitted in relative b sentences; in which case, if the subject is the same, the verb takes the form of a participle; but if the subject is different, it prefers the relative form (§ 118): prr.t in-b^h tdr-C^ “that which comes out before the great god (i.e. delivered as an offering)” ( '19,8), “the prince, rd/j.iv.u itn whom the king has dispatched” (*27,3), ‘•( Isiris, nrr.w n.f ntr.w to whom the gods bow” (*28,9), ikd.tv ym.i rh.w.n.k “rowers are in it (the boat) whom thou knowest (known to thee)’’ (*48,9), The relative sentence is negatived either by the ne- c gative relative ni/w-ty (§ 140); or, in nominal sentences, by the introductory negative n, iin “not” (§ 138); nn drw “there is no boundary’’ (*7,7), ivih.t nn hni.i “a ship which has no rudder” (*43,4), “a liero, nn itx.nw.J who has not his like (his second)” (*42,6). List of Hieroglyphs. The following list of hierogl3’pliics is a selection from the com¬ plete Ust, which Lepsius arranged according to classes for the type- foundry of Ferd. Theinhardt of Berlin. Todaj- we know the real meaning of manj' signs which at that time were ■wTongly defined; the meaning, however, of many others is yet unknown. After each hieroglyph there is given (in italics) the Egj^itian word with which it is connected; and also how the sign is to be read, if its phonetic value is not written. Further, the classes are given (in bold-face tj'pe) in which the hieroglyphs as determinatives are placed. The list, as well as the data, is incomplete. In ad¬ dition to those necessary for the reading excercises, only the most frequent hieroglyphs, phonetic values, and phrases are given. Abbreviation: g. = god. A. MEN 2 ^ to call, Cs 5 8 9 16 1 I dw:^, yw^, to worship to turn around, Cny to dance, to rejoice, ksy 27 I to bow death, mummy, fi gure, tivt 29 30 31 49 chief, offi¬ cer, wr, smsw, ir old man, ySiv to smite, hw hws, to build to build 71 ^ child, hrd death, enemy 82 ^ soldier, 84 jirisoner 86 89 91 enemy, foreigner man, suffix § 53 to speak, to eat 92 98 sitting, weariness to drink, swr — ^to row to hide, ymn Lisr OF lliEROGLvrHS; A—D. 55 12 I ^ clean 105 ^ to carry, 15 to work 106 110 I/h (n 16 rnp.ivt) the dead 17 ^ 120 121 128 king, suffix § 53 king, Osiris i king I 128 131 { myntv, siiv foreigner, Bedouin honoura- bleperson, SJJd 133^7/r, to fall honoura¬ ble person, suffix § 53 B. WOMEN singer, dancer y ^ woman, ^ suffix § 53 139 10 11 19 25 31 32 33 36 54 yyy to give birth to run C. GODS ^ wsyr^ -i g. Osiris I ytlj, g. Ptah I g. tnn h (Ptah) ^ yn-kr.t, 4 g. Onuris »inif,g.Min I ■ii g. Ainou || Siv, g Show 5 rc, g. Re ^ MS, JjCrw -1 g. Set, Baal H yn]piv, -1 g. Anubis j dhivty, 1 g. Thot ^ hnmw, 1 g. Khnum D. PARTS OF MAN 1 © (B(U, tp 3 Ijr 6 hair 10 to see (cf. U’iyr) 12 to see 15 )Cyn 17 Iwdd.t £) cf. P 5 29 >r 33 j^to spit, to ' flow out 35 J mdw 37 X back 38 p SC 39 u to suckle 43 0 to em¬ brace, hpt 46 u kd 47 n, nyw, negative 51 hn 52Q^c:/0 56 cjsr 58 htv 59 __flC, for 63 62,-,^_ Dmh, rmn 56 List of HiERO';i,yi>Hs; D — G. 63 A_a dy, grh 66 — Dmy 66 Q_ji hnk, to distribute 69 Z1 to smite, etc., nljt 76 d 82 imwi 84 I dhC 87 <2^:=] dkr ' 90 '=iD &i/<, man 90 c —u) int I 95 t;/ hm \ 96 J\ to go, yw, ’ 7Wlt, Ck I 98 ^ to go back, pry i 99 leg, rd 101 (jrg \ 102 j k \ 103 J h 9 ^ bound sacrilicial animal 13 yh 14 yw 16 17 ^ goat,berd. 19 m^-ljd? sCh. 22 28 baboon, rage 36 5^^ mi 38 nt; 49 ivp-w^.wt 65 ^ ynpw 58 ^ 66 ^ 1 bad wea- ther, g. stS 8 IS. 15 16 30 ^i.^ 33 V wp 35 //i?f.^ 41 \ Cb 44 hiv,bh,hy^ 46 ^ to bear, sdm, ydn 48 ^ yh 49 cr^ bpS 51 I whm 58 mammals 69 I sSb 60 61 ^ tail' 63 ywC^ yiw 110 9, flesh, IjC 111 9 flesh E. MAMMALS 2 P::^ horse, htr 3 ^ ox, /fi, yl. F. PARTS OF MAMMALS 3 ^ yb instead of E 3 Q nose, to breathe, Jnd,br.t, rs G. BIRDS i, also for G 5 . 5 ^ List oi- HiEROGLyrHs: G—M. 57 rK m.t 15 ^ god, king 16 ymn 28 chm \ 30 mw.t ^ 33 \Rnb.ty(?) 36 m 38 w § 13 46 48 (Jliivti/ 53 hS 54 biw 75 tnw, hn db 53 60 bnw 66 ^ dfi 67 birds 71 73 CJc pi 78 79 wr 80 evil 81 '^rJjy.t 83 87 w ti 10 11 16 23 26 30 ■=5^^ lifn snake, goddess see Gr 33 IMl snake ^z 90 ^sS 91 ^sncl K. FISH (ny-swt?) rii ms 80 I 82 I bd.t 89 |\/I\/i snw.t 90 § 13 ' ' bower n //// (U^l/?) ^ § 75 ^ sb-i 93 J bur 98 § }t(hn Cdh.t si 39 Q dJj.t 41 plants,//H, ysy 42 # //i 43 47 I wd(l 63 lotos 67 68 J W 73 ^ (late) wd 74 J //(j I (old) ivd 1 N. HEAVEN, EARTH, WATER =1 heaven, 11 .t, hry 2 night, kivl'W 5 ^|//n 7 Q sun, dates, r<7, /irw, shv 13 77 Q light, to 111 light, hnmm.t 14 ^ 23 Q /jC 26 0 28 moon,yC//, yhd 30 ipr 35 -jl^^ sbd, divd 37 == td 40 fY^ desert, foreign country, hds.t 42 dw 44 ydh.t 46 TOTF district, sji.t, hsp 47 land, earth, td, ydb (see X 20) 48 s earth, land 49 £^3 way, bor¬ der, wd.t, My) 50 r-— ym (later m § 13) -=ys 51 [m stone 53 o o o or o grains 54 (sand, incense, •paint) 5 6 ^A^w. fi 58 ^a/vsaa ^HW AA/WNA ?nr Lisi' 01' Hieuogia'I’hs: N—(i- 59 59 pond 60 r -n—I 6' 61 Sni 66 ( 3 nw I'l ^ hi/^ 0. BUILDINGS AND THEIR PARTS 1 © city, iiouse;/;n'i 3 n house, 2>'>' 6 ^ pr.t-r-lji IV 9 ra /i 10 l_n mr, iiiit m 12 17 19 29 36 h.t nh.t-ht (jSI eph- thys) H.t-hr, goddess Hathor chc 53 f| ■hi obelisk 54 Q stela 61 ^ ]jkr 65 rXl least, hb 68 /] throne 69 'uiiMi' door, to open, Ci 70 —s, bolt 71 -jy- i/s, sh, Sivy 72 jx3=a ts 74 -aoe- mmVi g. Min 76 H M 80 n //i, house 84 m srl, : wall 43 ^ gate, sbi 45 [p linb 48 ^ h^p 51 A === pyi'amid P. SHIPS AND THEIR PARTS 2 ship, 7?d,tomoTe down I stream i 14 1 to sail u]) stream 16 t^iv, iiju' 19 I CljC 21 rudder 22 I hr IV 23 ^ Q. HOUSE ARTICLES 1 rl (Cf. ■h iusyr) 5 jpi- like 1 7 to sleep 8 to die 9 p 6' 17 Ijtp 19 20 /l\ hr 25 coffin 28 ^ dbS 29 J ywu 31 ^ hn 34 ys 60 39 List of Hieroglyphs: Q—T. mdr 28 - 42 1 1 di-ess, mnh.t 42 1 ^ 1 + (CrJ?) 51 ^ ivdc 54 ^ ts 58 /-1 )iidC 59 stand for i 45 treasure, (cUs.t ?); gentilic: S. CLOTHING, JEWELRY, INSIGNIA 7 Q Jjp-s 8 (] l"l 11 Y H, hijtij 1 ^xvdhw images of gods and, ^ district 1 ^^ V ! 14 (5 tv § 13 117 {p hvitj I 31 ^ H names R. TEMPLE ARTICLES 2 hdxv.t 13 god, ntr ;37 ^ | 16 hrij.t-ntr 18 20 22 dd smd in 32 clothing tongue, death, mr, ns tb.t 26 ySh 38 '39 Q Sn 41 dmd 43 Cnh 44 Q like 45 treasurer 50 ^ hrj), shill ^ !/»in ^ ti'd I* Civ.t 64 I ivd's, dCin 65 'I ivds.t 48 66 4' ivsr 75 A nhdhd T. ARMS AND WAR ARTICLES j 'l foreign I country, cdtn, kind, tn / rs I List of Hieroglyphs: T—V. 61 9 I hm 10 ^ 15 to cut 20 shn 21 pd 31 I it!I 33 .—e arrow, ihr^ iir 39 41 Ci 43 o —li 45 chariot U. TOOLS AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS 3 J }—. itp 5 r''^—^ mv 8 ^ vid with Q, 68 miC 12 ■mr, hoe 13 plough fe'uC 14 tm 19 "I tij 20 ll inm >y» 21 i 24 s wr V {dh: U 31) 27 y mnh 28 1 trhd 29 p irbd to -i open 30 hm 31 dh 1 ()nr:l] 24) 33 1 ¥f 36 1 ml 38 5- u-C 40 »r.pNeit) 42 \ [ ims 45 c msn,(jnw.t krs 48 49 A l>^ib It 50 P^) nb V. WICKER-WORK 1 (9 cord, to fasten, id.t 100 (cf. S 14) 2 std 5 dtr 6 9 6 5 (cf. Q 42) 8 sack, trf 10 'S,' Crk 15 0 '=*^ m h 17 id 21 x:>c Cnd 26 -^"1 wd 27 rivd 28 ^ si 29 sJ 30 I h 34 ik 37 ^ U'dh 41 F=o phr 43 s=5f 44 yty 45 C3 embalm (wt) 62 List op Hieroglyphs: W—Z. W. VESSELS 1 W oil, mrli.t, 4 I hs or Ijts || water, khh hm hnt ^ Ijnm 5 6 8 11 34 35 O 37 13 5 fluids, gifts Mt 14 ^ Wt-t, milk 21 0 nw, yn 22 yn 23 tQ, 23 O mixvt 26 29 2 31 y7 xi'shjpxxv.t 33 0 bread, ti 39 ^ 40 B '40 ^ 43 ^ 46 49 63 59 ‘a 60 n bi yt fire, cook¬ ing hxtr dr fruit nh kd.t hb, feast corn, yt copper, arms U X. OFFERINGS 3 C3ED nljn 4 c°D bread, oft’ering 10 Q pdro.t 14 ® sp 19 Q t5 20 cm (see N 47) 22 ^ dy Y. WRITING, MUSIC AND 3AME ARTICLES ss , book, abstract harp sJm j «/'■ ■v/i 11 12 Z. STROKES AND DOUBTFUL SIGNS 6 W )/§l3.39c. 7 X hcd, xcpy 9 n >»d 10 -fl- Ijri/ 12 m t 19 CZDI rn : 22 .— d slsr 25 Q yp.t i 30 ^ nm VocabiiLary- The vocabulary contains, besides the words necessary for the reading-exercises, other words also which are frequent in easier texts. The words are arranged according to the Egyptian alphabet (§ 12); such, however, as are written with the same hieroglyphics are placed in groups, in order that thej' may the more easily be found. The hieroglj'phics placed before groups or single words by no means represent the whole orthography of the word in question; but are only a characteristic mark out of the orthography of the word, which is to facilitate the recognition of the word b}' the beginner. The numbers give the pages of the reading exercises, where the complete writing of the word can be found. Abbreviations; g. = God. c. = country, p. ■= place, t. ■= temple. i.t moment. iS.t-hr inspection *24,5. 32,2. ih'.t roast meat *1,9. iW^ distant, to be happy itjp to load, load. * 12 , 8 . iw length *20,10. 47,lu, iiv.t-yb jo}- *24,7. ihh(i?) to mix *18,7. ihdw town Abydos *8,5. ynvy to be old. 36,9. 45,10. th imm to grasp *28,1. ih.t field *26,7. ipd duck, goose, birds *8,8. yiw.t office *15,2. 21,10. TTT ili.t inundation § 48. isy to hurry, to accelerate *52,5. .6. J/j/) f. oncf-. yir.t beans(?) *7,2. yirr.t wine *25,8. ii.t-yb wish *19,10. yih excellent *14,9. 33,5, 64 Vocabulary: yiht .— yh . f . fOl yiht horizon *3,7. 20,4. 55,1. yik.t bulblike *45,9. n yy (yiy?) come § 75 . * 9 , 1 . J yy-wy welcome I *33,9. yCy to wash *27,8. yCh moon *15,8. yiv to be § 122fif. § 26c. 131b. J\ to come *12,8.42,5.51,1 § 75. ( -) yiv islsnd *13,8. 43,10. 45,2. yivC to reward *26,14. ywC heir, inheritance *9,7. 29,2. 33,10. 9 ywf meat *1,8. yivmv town Heliopolis *11,5. 1 y^ to believe *46,2. yby to thirst *43,11. ^ yb heart *3,6. 25,7. Of. hry-yb. ybd month *5,1. § 48. yp to count *34,4 yp.t-i§.ivt t. Karnak (Thebes) *4,9. ym there *7,6. 45,8 thereof *22,8. yrm.t goodness *12,10. 15,5. yniih reputation *2,7. ymiJiy worthy, respected *2,3.4. ..-JW ymy not to be *48,7. § 139. ymy give! *50,1. § 101. _n_ ymy he avIio is in *10,1. 19,5. iJ ymy-yh darling *7,10. ymy-n (mr) director *2,6.7. ynm to conceal (oneself). ymn g. Amon of Thebes *2,9. ymn.t the west *20,1. 28,2. ymn.ty western, right 3,7. 55,5. yyi on the part of *27,1. § 61g. yn-m who? *47,2. § 137. yny to bring *22,7. ynic offering *19,3. ynpw g. Anubis *19,4. '^yyir stone *6,10. 54,6. I egg-shell *55,7. I yyih to enclose *52,9. I ynh eyebrow *46,9. ! (y)nd-hr Haill *27,10. 31,8. yr if § 135; emphasis § 131. With suffixes: *18,8. § 69b. I § 102. § 137. I ■- yry to make *20,3. to create, to beget *18,7. § 115. 128. to pass time *45,4. auxiliary verb § 128. yry-yh.t to sacrifice *11,4. yyy he who belongs to *26,6. 40,2. § 36a. ynv figure *31,10. yyp wine *1,8. yyyyt Orontes *53,8. ^ yytt milk *1,8. ox *8,8. 36,9. yhw.iy builder, farmer. ® 5^ yli.l affair *8,9. A'oCABni.ARv; ^lnn,v'(--^k)—Cs. 65 yhmAv(-§k) see Im. I ys grave *9,1. 36,5. 7T" ysy to haste. ysw reward *24,8. yst, yst behold, here (§ 64b) *18,1. 37,1. 51,1 fif. it barley *7,6. o (also ) yt (also if?) father *3,2. 6,8. 10,7. 11,9. 12 , 2 . yt-ntr ^ 1 “father of the god“ (title of a priest) *49,3. ■ ^n—rr ytni g. Atum *3,7. yf/i disk of the sun *16,9. 55,2. yfric stream *24,1. ytjj to take *47,4. ydh two border's (shore?) *25,8. ^ yilnw representative, assistant Cw,t small cattle. Cwiij to rob. Cb horn *38,8, tombstone *22,1 (cf. \rp)- to be supplied with *13,6. to fit out *56,2. 0 Cm to swallow. Cny to turn around *53,10. *27,8. _Q C arm *12,9. tp-C before *44,10. § 134. tpy-C.wy ancestor *39,10. m-C of *54,5. =* Ci great, to be great (Ciy). n-Ci.t-n because *10,4. Cih.t offering, gift. Cim Syrian, Asiatic *13,5. 40,3. Cnh to live § 18c, the living *21,5. life *22.5. Cnli ear *7,9. >OC Cnd fat. SrgpS Cry to ascend. Crf bag (with paint?) *19,6. 36,9. Crky last *18,4. Chi to fight *37,4. 42,7. Chi battle *13,7. arrow *42,11. M ChC to stand *51,3. J auxiliai'y § 127. ChC life-time *18,1. 55,11. (m).ChC.t grave *49,2. S ChC palace *10,1. 14,6. 56,2. Chm holy sparrow-hawk, idol. Chnw.ty cabinet (of the king) *2,6. Cyn lime-stone. R O ED E R-M E RCK R , SUORT EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR Cs to call *51,5. 66 Yocabolarv: Cs} — irff. <=5=^ Cs) to be many, many *7,4. 18,1. 37,3. Csi rich *31,9. Ck to go in *5,8. 23,6. 41,1. W £^3 Wi.t way *6,2. 43,5. ^uiy to bow to (r) *30,8. wiw wave *45,3. luih to lay *47,5. ivih happy, lasting *4,7. to be happy *21,9. iviS hapinness *4,1. ^ wi&.t ^ town Thebes *4,6. Wiiy to go to ruin *25,6. J gi'cen, fresh, young *16,3. iricl green paint *1,11. goddess Uto of the Delta. wid-wr the (Red) Sea *13,8. 44,9. 45,3. wy how 1 *35,3. § 68, cf. yy-u'y. t~c3>c, wyi ship. one *37,10. 40,11. alone *55,11. tcC.ty the only one *4,10. U'Cy to be alone *45,4. 53,5. V'CCw lonesomeness (of the king), palace *11,2. n ? wCb clean *8,9. 1 priest *2,1. 21,6. U'Cf to fetter *6,5. 14,1. i ^ wbi to penetrate *27,6. W wbti to rise (sun) *12,7. 18,9. in 55,3. \y wp to adjust *11,3. ivpy to open *46,10.| wp-rvi.wt g. Upuat *8,6. 29,8. w)i to open *6,1. wniv.t hour *51,9. ivnn to be, to exist *36,3. wnn-nfr Osiris *23,8. 28,3. \cnm food *55,11. to eat *56,8. great *11,1; the great one *51,2; first-born 23.8. n-wr-n because *27,7. U'rry.t war-chariot *13,9. wrSy.t guard *43,6. I whn to repeat *4,1. 27,8. i irhy.t stem *44,7. ' Qni) whC to loosen, i rj 1^'&yr g. Osiris *2,9. Title ! 11 of the dead *9,9. u-sr to be mighty *22,9. wsr strong *12,1. 14,5. U'ir.w might *18,2. XI7 ti''Sb far, to be Avide. ivsh width *47,11. U'Sh t transport ship *43,3. u'itn to step out *6,4. X ii'sb to answer *47,8. Q wt to embalm. n\t toAA'ii name? 19,5. C —u) ivtl to beget *49,8. VorAnui.AiiY: wdn—piwj 67 f U'(hi to sacrifice. wdJiw altar. 1 ^ wd to command * *29,5. 1’ i wd command *39,9. wdi whole, healed, to be happy *30,7. 47,5. wdi to go *56,1. ivdi.t holy Uzat-eye. wdC to judge. ^ wdb shore, beach *37,3. J bi to cut into pieces *54,10. hi to be happy (?) *18,9. bi soul *23,4. biw boat *56,2. biw might *13,2. 19,2. 37,8. ram, soul. ni-bih before *19,8. 46,11. out *23,10. ^ bis.ti/.t goddess Bubastis (of the town hiS.t). bik olive-oil *7,4. higy to be tired *33,6. by.t honey *7,4. byty king of Lower Egypt *4,1. 41,7. biji mine in Sinai *47,9. byn bad. byk falcon. byk to work *16,8. byk servant *9,11. 54,4. bCr g. Baal *53,4. bw place *10,2. bw-nb each one *35,2. bw-nfr the good § 35c. bivt abhorrence. bb.t whirlpool (?) *24,1. bn.t harp *49,1. bnw Phoenix (bird in Helio¬ polis). bmo.t black granite(?) *11,10. V bnr sweet *35,3. / bnr date. bhi to flee *37,9, b&y to introduce. bU to revolt *30,8. bd.t spelt (wheat) *7,6. bd^ to become discouraged *52,6. □ jl p.t heaven *6,1. to fly. pi to have been *54,7. § 130. pi this, the *41,1. § 41. Q piw.t primitive times *9,6. 16,10. piw. ti primitive god *8,3. piw.t sacriflcial bread. 5* 68 TocAnm.ARy: pC.i — mnw. ^ pC.t mankind * * * * § 34,6. pw, pwy these *28,2. § 58. pwn.t c. Punt. pfi that *37,1. § 57c. pfs see fit/ to cook. pn^ to turn over. I_I pr house *2,8. pr-Jid treasury *3,10. pr-Ci pharaoh *56,1. pr.t winter *8,4. 18,4. § 48. pry to ascend, to come out *6,3. 23.6. 40,11. to he delivered up *19,8. pr.t-r-hrw saci'ifice for the dead *8,8. pry hero *42,6. prsn baking *1,9. p)h to get *43,9. 13 *27,6. ky.ty the, the other § 43. ^k ickw darkness *35,6. kfi to unveil *46,4. I kni to complete *18,1. h>l.f Egypt *14,1. 44,4. kni-wr Isthmus of Suez *43,10. ksy to bow *19,2. kS see kii. S g ghh g. Geb *28,6. ykgl) to cast down *37,10. 53,7. to find *25,5.45,8.46,5. UXgnih to perceive *44,2. 53,1. gmJi.t crown *38,10. g»igtu to crack (?) *46,3. gnw.t chronicles *15,10. ■ to be silent. gr.t but *56,9. § 64c. grh rest, night. .-C grg to lay a trap *51,3. g^ side *11,3. 50,4. r-gs near *52,11. O t 0 fi bread *1,9. 15,1. J ■■■ ' ti earth, land. fi-)?i)-y Egypt *34,7. ti-sty Nubia *52,2. ti-dsr cemetery *8,6. 19,5. iis border *17,10. iyty to tread under foot *13,4. twt figure, form. iwt to unite *50,1 (“altoge¬ ther”). @ tp head. tp-C see C. tp upper pai-t, terrace *20,5. fp upon, on *23,5. tpy he who is upon *19,5. 21,5. tpy.t best oil *50,1. ipy-C.wy forefather, ancestor *39,10. I tpy the first *5,3. 32,7. § 47. £1 tpy to breathe *49,10. tf see yt father. tm not to be *11,3. 56,8. § 98. § 139. £ try time *43,8. tnn obelisk *16,6. 20,8. H t til/ man *49,8. chicken *55,7. ti.ty vizier *2,7. 52,4. tiw wind (cf. nfw). tw thou, thee *5,5 ft’. ^ (b.t sandal, sole. tph.t cave *22.7. Vocabfi.ary; tny — (Jihc. 79 tny to lift. iny town This, Thinis district *9,2. 27,5. tnii.t throne *38,3. thwhw to rejoice *35,1. thn to collide *37,5. III] t'pi to shine. r=®=ct ts knot, to tie. tsy to lift *29,4. d A d.t hand. dih fig *1,9. 7,2. 45,8. dy to give § 74. to appoint *41,11. dy-Cnli to give life § 128a. m-dy together with, of *51,10. ■)!< dwi to adore *27,1. 32,1. dwi to become morning *18,8. dwiy.t morning *23,5. dwn to stretch out, to move *45,6. dbh to request *54,5. dp.t ship *44,11. dp.t taste *44,1. dmd to unite. (“united”) *32,5. dr to drive away. drp to sacrifice *23,8. 36,7. dsr red. dkr fruit *7,5. ddmn Nubian g. *25.2. d d.t eternity, eternal *4,3. 6,11. I diy to cross over *43,3. iH, di»m generation *49,7. didi.t college *21,7. 35,11. ® dsdi head *13,6. hry-didi being upon. chief *4,4. 8,2. 10,10. dC storm *44,9. 48,3. dCm elektron (silver-gold) *16,8. 20,5.10. 1^^ (Iw mountain *19,5. cliv (hiv?) bad. db.t brick *25,5. dbi to replace. 2 dbC seal, to seal. dfi food *19,7. S’ driv border *7,7. dr since *16,10. 39,10. § 134. r-dr whole *26,5. (§ 44). dhwty g. Thot *35,10. d.i self § 44a. dir splendid *4,7. 31,9. dd to say *9,9. 21,2. r-dd that *51,4.11. § dd to last, to exist, li dd.t duration *24,7. ddw town Busiris *8,5. 29,7. Remarks on the Reading Exercises. Tlie reading exercises are easier texts gathered in such a waj’ tiiat out of the simpler sentences of the texts a connected paragraph was chosen or formulated. More difficult parts of the text ai-e completel 3 - dispensed with. Nowhere is an 3 thing added; only in a few cases an exceptional orthograph 3 - had to be replaced b 3 ' the customary one of the same word. The separation of words and the placing of signs have been carried out in such a wa 3 " that the beginner can easil 3 ’ recognize the separate word-pictui'es; in this respect the antique originals look diflferent, but this had to be withheld from the beginner. The reading exercises are to be taken in order, and, in fact, only after the sections referred to in the margin have been studied. The difficulty of the texts grows gradually, although the simple language and the clear unity' of words of the classical age predo¬ minate. It is only at the end that e.xamples of the freer vernacular of the New Kingdom and the antique of the Old Kingdom are given. The contents are quite dissimilar. Single woi'ds and short titles form the beginning. Besides the temple inscrijjtions of kings, there are insci'iptions from the graves of men in private life; then there are hy'inns to gods, and finally' some belles-lettres. In the following remarks the numbers *1—*56 with the number of the line refer to the reading exercises. The section marks (§§) refer to the grammar, and the designations 03, M74 to the hst of hieroglyphs (page 54 ff.). Egyptian words in italics are found in the vocabulary (page 63 ff.). With the assistance of the helps al¬ ready mentioned the hieroglyphics are to be transcribed into Latin letters according to § 19, and a complete written translation should be made. Then try to re-translate into hieroglyphics the tran¬ scription as well as the translation without helps. Page * 1 , 2—7: Alphabet (§ 12), together with the latin tran¬ scription, should be copied often until complete ease is acquired. In like manner all printed groups are shortened. *1,8 — 11: for reading, writing, and translating: single words out Rkmarks on the eeatvino exercises: '2,1 *11,4. 81 of lists of offeving.s. *2, 1—3: names of men, preceded by a title and followed by miC-hrw “blessed” in different forms. Proper names with a meaning should ahvays be analysed into their component parts and translated. * 2 , 4—5: names of women, as in 1 — 3. *2, 6 —11: names of men and women xvith titles and epithets. * 3 , 1—2: names of family relations followed by proper names. * 3 , 3—4: two men Avith statement of relationship or titles. *3, 5—7: sentences xvith verbal forms; 8—11: titles of two officials. 9: § 39. 9: Inny. 10: pr-M 03 + M74; § 39. *4: titles, 1—3 and 6—8 of two kings (Amenemhet I. and Thutmose III.), 4—5 and 9 — 11 of three officials. 1: dy-Cnh presented with life. 4: district of the Ory.x-Antilope (N 46, Q 59, E 17). *5, 1—2: date from Abydos, during the time of king Amenhotep I. 2: niri/ beloved. *5, 3: title of a priest and of a temple-official. *5,4-8: address of the goddess Hathor to king Thutmose III. The suffix y “my” is not written, or is represented by the woman (§ 53). 7 : “milk” is plural § 37 b. *5, 9—11: address of a god to the king. 9: di/.n.y. 11 : § 133. *6, 1—4: hymn to the dead. Order of words § 55. *6, 5—11: dedicatory inscription on a lime-stone door in the Amon-temple of Amenhotep I. at Karnak. 6 — 7: title of a king. 8,11: § 133. *7, 1 — 7: description of a fertile land in Syria; the verb “to be” is usuallj' not expressed (§27). 1: § 58. 2: § 61a. 3: §55. 7: § 138. *7, 8 —11: high-priest of Amon. 10: ntr-nfr the king. * 8, 1—3: Amon of Karnak and Luxor. *8, 4 — 11: dated sacrificial formula (“day one”) for Antef; htp dy sin “an offering xvhich the king gives”, is a shortened formula for “offering”. 6—7: §63. 8: § 88. * 9 , 1 — 9: the dead speaks from the grave. 2: yry.n.y “I have built (it)”; first the district U-wr “Tliinis”, then the town ihd>v “Abj’dos” which is in it. 4—8: epithets of Osiris. 5: §140, 141. 8: nty.iu “the existing”. * 9 , 9—10; 2: ss relates personal experiences. 1: dweller in the palace = king. *10, 3—8: Thutmose 1. relates why and for Avhat purpose he restored the temple of Osiris in Abydos. 3: hn.y “my majesty”. 4,5: § 64. 4: § 92. *10, 9—11: chief builder and high-priest of Amtm. 9: § 106. *1 I, 1—3: address of a vizier, chief-justice. 3: § 98. *11, 4—11: dedication on a granite door in the Amon-temple of Thutmose III. at Heliopolis. Roedeb-Mekcee, SnoBT Egyptian GitAJtMAR ® 82 Eemarks on the reading exercises: *12,1—*21,5. 10: § 109. 11: § 128. § 12 , 1—4: dedication on a granite door in the Amon-temple of queen Hatshepsut; the words and suffixes relating to it have feminine forms only in part. 3: § 109; dh' mnw ymn is the name of the door. 4: § 128b. * 12 , o—13; 11: “poetical stela”, Amon addresses Thutmose 111. 12,5: § 82, 105. 7: §62. 8: § 105. 9: § 39a. 10: §68. * 13 , 1:§105. yij.n.y is almost without meaning; tyty.lc: § 88; ymy.w: § 63. 5: skr § 30. 6: § 88; Cjjr: § 82. 11: § 82. *14,1—7 : titles of Rameses II. and Psamtik I.; the epithets begin with an adjective or participle. 1; vik according to § 13. *14, 8—11: royal official. 9: lord of the palace = the king. *15, 1—3: recorder of bread and corn. * 15 , 4: note .about a woman who sits beside her husband. * 15 , 5—6: Hatshepsut, wife of the king. * 15 , 7—8: address of a king. 7: read mry RC 7, 8: § 115. * 15 , 9 — 11: address of Thoth to Thutmose III., whose title he establishes. 9; yry.y “I make”. 10: imv.y. 11; yry participle. *16, 1—2: address of Hathor to the king. 1: km^.t participle. 2: rni\.y “I brought up”; my. § 64; mrr.ry. § 92; Txki \ § 106; the “nine-bow (people)” are the arch-enemies of the Egyptians. *16, 3—11 : dedication for the two obelisks of Hatshepsut in Karnak. 6: § 109. 7: name of door. 10: § 96. 11: § 133. * 17 , 1—11: scarab of Amenophis III. in commemoration of his marriage with Tyy whose parents were of simple birth. *18, 1—19, 3: death of Thutmose III. and accession of Amenophis II. 1: § 64b. 3: siC-m “of”. 4: nfry.t-r “until”. 7: hC.w ntr of the body of the king; yry. § 113. 8: § 69b. * 19 , 2: later sign for m § 13. * 19 , 4—9: sacrificial formula from the gi’ave of Nhty, Anubis is to give thousands of oft’erings to the dead. 5: epithets of Anubis. 8; § 112. * 19 , 10—20. 2: note on a woman, who was the wet-nui'se of the king. 10: Sii.t.f for “his wife”, namely of the lord of the grave; 7 i-is.t-yb.f “his darling”. 11: Hr the king. * 20 , 3—11: two verses from the strophically arranged autobiography of a chief of builders. 3: hmw.tyw “hand artist”. 4; /i.t-7)tr “temple” with two further poetical descriptions of the same. *21, 1—4: acclamation to the visitor of a grave, who should pray for the buried person. 1: nvr: § 113; Ass: § 92. 2; § 116. 4: § 115. * 21 , 5—22, 11: detailed appeal of the same kind. 5; § 70. 8: § 116. 9; § 135. 11: KeMAUKS on the HEAUlNli EXEUCISES: *22,1—*3a,5. 83 nw.tyw ‘‘the towii-gods” i. e. the gods of the luother city. * 22 , 1 : my “so”. 4: §88. 5; § 104. 6: § 120. 9, 10: § 104. *23, 1--24, :i; otferiiig formula with wishes for the life of the dead iu the future, oft".: infinitive, dependent on dy.f. 6: C/c “to go in and out again". 7: § 96. 8: § 95; m-m “together with”. 10: § 113. 24, 1: swr § oO. *24, 4—8: Anion speaks to Hatshepsut. 5: § 120. 6: mrr.y, hi: § 50. 8: yry.iu.nJ n.y § 120. *24, 9 11: address of .\nion to Thutmose Ill. 9: Si.y. 11: § 128. *25, I -11: dedication of the Dedwen-temple of Thutmose III. at the second cataract. 3: king Sesostris 111. made a god. 4: § 109; Nubian sand-stone. 5: 64b; it fails him. 6: § 66 a. 7: “as some¬ thing which a son did” § 118. 8—9: epithets of “father” § 112. 10: order of words § 55: Thutmose speaks in the first person. *26, 1 —11 : Admiral Ahmose relates his deeds. 3: hpr.t § 114. 4: § 82. 5: (?/•./ § 44. 6: § 66b. yry.w “those who belong thereto”. 7: § 66a. 8 — 9: proverb. 8. ynyry.t.n.f % 120. * 27 , 1 — 29 , 4: Osiris hymn. * 27 , 1-8 : title of the suppHant, usually in¬ troduced bj' relative forms § 118. 1: § 61 g, 107, 2. hnnh § 106. 4: read n hh n rnp.tvt “of millions of years”. 5: U-wr “district of Abydos”. 7: hr-yh of the king § 133. 10: § 70. * 28 , 1 — 29 , 1: epithets of Osiris. 1—4: pla 3 - on the words hi and nfr. 2: pivy for 2 )iu § 57 b. 6: syih “who glorifies him”. Off. active relative form § 118, between which are passive participles § 112; both with n.f “for him”, “to him”. 11: is it yry.w.n § 118 “which was made for him” or is mh.t.f omitted as *33, 2? * 29 , 2: Geb, father of Osiris. 4: appeal to Osiris, § 99. * 29 , 5—6: address of the god-king. 5: n-d.n.y Si.y n h.t.y. * 29 , 7—30, 6: ofifering for¬ mula for Autef, who finallj’ speaks himself. 11: district-prince of the Min-district (Panopolis, Achmim). *30, 2—6: first person singular. 3: § 120. 6: § 120. *30. 7—31, 5: Nubian war of Thutmose U. 7: § 87; “to rejoice the heart of his majesty” = to announce to him. 9: § 90. 8,10: § 64a. 11—1: § 124b. * 31 , 2—3: § 132. * 31 , 6 — 33 , 7: Osiris hymn, consisting only of epithets. * 32 , i: passive participle. 2: the circum¬ polar stars. 4: “those tarrj'ing there” = the dead. 5: hsf.w § 106. II flp.: § 118. * 33 , 2: Isis; mk.t § 13. 3 — 7: epithets of Isis. 6: biyy. * 33 , 8— 36 , 2: the appointment of Horus as world- 6* 84: Eeiurks on the reading exercises: *33,8—*49^1. ruler; from a hymn to Osiris, who is addressed, in 35 , 7. * 33 , 8: rsrs. 9: § 68. 11. f repeats the subject, Horus. * 34 , 1ft’.: epithets of Horus. l:§113b. 2: §89. 3: §81. 6: § 113b. 8: §118. 11: ndm.w § 80. * 35 , 2: § 124b. 5: mric.t.f “love to him”. 6: “father”: Osiris. 9: the office of the god-king. * 36 , 1: “it” is omitted § 133. 2: § 87. * 36 , 3—11: appeal to the visitors of the grave. 3: § 70; uti/.iv § 141. 4: § 105. 5: § 116. 6: § 135. 7 : § 126. * 37 , 1 — 11: victorj' of Thutmose III. over Naharina (Mesopotamia). 1: § 64b:jj/'j §57c. 3: r “more than”. 4; §106. 5—7: § 127. 7: ?(« § 57. 9: § 125b. *38,1-39,4: a god-king speaks to Thutmose III.; the suffl.x “I”, “my” is usually not written. 4: § 102. 11 tiw and 39, 1 h.wt: written as plural in accordance with § 36a. *39, 1: (y)hmAv “those who know (thee) not” with the antique inital y. 2: rn.y § 58. 4: § 128. * 39 , 5-1 1: Senmut (*4, 9), favourite of queen Ilatshepsut (repre¬ sented as king), is proud of his exalted position. 10: § 111. *40, 1-41, 6: Amenemheb relates his warlike deeds under Thut¬ mose 111.; the suffix of the first person singular is often not written. *40, 2: “he wished that”; yry § 63. 4: hft\ conjunction “when” with the tense sdm.f. 8: ym.sn: among the barbarians. *40 41, 1: § 41. 3: § 59. *41, 7 — 42, 4: monument which Thutmose 111. presented to the high-priest Kb-icC.wy as a proof of favour. 7: dy.w “given”, namely the stone. *42, 2: § 55, 54. *42, 5-43, 2: Sinuhe relates his fight with a Syrian hero. 6: a hero without his like. 7: “he said that”. *43, 2; war-god Mont (nintw). *43, 3— 44, 8: Sinuhe relates bis llight as desei'ter from the left bank of the Nile to Syria by way of the Egyptian fortresses at the Bitter Lakes. 4: § 141c. 5: § 111; hd from the way northward to land. 6: § 94, 133. 7: § 63. 8: § 128. 11: ti “on account of”. *44, 3: §55. 4: §41. 8: § 120. *44,9 - 45,11: a man relates his ship-wreck in the Bed Sea. *44, 9:pry.iv § 82; yic.n § 134. 10: § 64. 11: nty.w § 141. *45, 1: § 138. 2: § 82. 5; § 132a. 7: § 120. * 46 , 1 — 48 , 11: a dragon-god appear.s to the ship-wrecked man and prophecies his deliverance. * 46 , 2: § 58. 3: § 132b. 11: § 134. * 47 , 2: § 137 yn-m. 5: § 82. 8: § 55. 9: § 58. * 48 , 2: from (the number of) the select. 7: § 103. 8: § 126a. 9: rl.ir.ii.k § 120. * 49 , 1 50, 11: song of Remarks on the reaiuno exercises: "*^49,2 —"^56. 85 the harper, in tlie tonil) of Neferhotep, who summons to eiijoymeiit of life (in the vernacular § 8o with article § 41). * 49 , 2: § 41. .V. hpr § 60. 8: irtl 11: § 100. * 50 , 1: § 101a. 4: i.mhn.t § 33g. 7: § 136;^j/j § o7c. 8: mri/ § ll3a. 11: § 55. * 51 , 1 — 53 , 11: battle of Raineses II. against the Kheta (Hittites) on the Orontes. Report in the vernacular. *51, 1: § 64. 3: § 80. 4: § 138; r-dd “thats” 5: § 133. 7: § 141. 9: § 64h, § 128b. * 53 , 3: § 132b. 4: § 87. 8: 133. 50 , 4: “hour” of rage. * 54 , 1 — 11: Una elateiy his warlike deeds (ancient language; suffix first singular is usiialla not written). 4: >■ “more than”. 5: § 81. 6: § 95; first the matre“ lis given, then the object. 7: § 130. 8: hr-hi.t antique for t at the head of” § 62a. 10: lujj.w.sC. 11: § 54, 66b. *55, 1 — 11: hymn of Ainenophis IV. to the sun-god Aton. 1: § 66a. 2: § 70. 5: § 134. 7: § 124a. 8: conjecture “it” after LC^ih § 133, 9; the names of the countries are removed from the sentence and are repJesented by s(i) nb. 11: hr// § 63; icn/// “(corn-)food”. *56, 1 —7: a sage gives the king advice how to enjoy himself. 1: § 102, 18c. 3: § 126b. 4: § 105, 110. *56,8—11: prologue and epilogue of a chapter of the Book of the Dead. 8: § 139. 9 § 135, 68. lO: § 96. 11 : § 118. Index. (ludex in completion of the table of contents.) i ii3 consonant § 29a. Sound-change § 3ca. Accusative §§ 21a. 54. 55. 108. Adjective §§ 42—45. Gender § 20. With dependent substantives§4 2. Used substantivelj’ 35. 41. Verbal adjective g IIG. Adverb §§ 65—70. All r-dr § 44b. Article § 41. In address § 7 oh. AUribute §§ 40. 42b. 35c. Au.xiliary verbs: ytv, u'li to be g§ 122—126. to stand § 127. yry to do §§ 128. 129. pi to have been § 130. Causative g§ 76. 78. Circumstantial form idm.tf § 111. Come 75. 101b. Comparison g§ 45. 61b. Complementary infinitive § 110. Compounds: Substantives §§ 35e. 38. Prepositions § 62. Conditional form §§ 80—82. Conditional sentences §§ 82. 88. 135. Conjugation (Semitic) § 76. Conjugation with suffi.xes §§ 23. 83-96. Conjunctions §§ 60. 64. Not o.xpressed §§ 134 — 136. Conjunctive. Tense Mmf §§ 91 — 94. After conjunctions g 64. Construct state §§ 21c. 40. Date § 48. Dative §§ 21b. 61c. 54. 55. Declension §§ '.1. 40. Dental sound § 32b. Determinative g§ 11. 17. For compounds § 35e. In the plural § 36c. In the dual § 39b. Doubled form see emphatic foim. Dual see determinative. Duplicating verbs § 73. Emphasis bj’ means of yn §g 13la. eig. Emphasis in the sentence § 131. Emphatic form: tense idm.f 91 — 94. Enclitic conjunctions §§ 64. 69b. Future § 126. Gender: Nouns §§ 20. 43. 46. 50—52. Conditional form § 81. Suffix-conjugation § 86. Imperative § 99. , Infinitive § 104. I Participles § 114. ! llelatives § 118. I Genitive § 21c. Of the infinitive § 105. Gentilics §§ 42b. 63. Give §§ 74. 10 la. /i-sound § 31. Sound-change g 33c. I Hebrew g§ 7. 12. Index. 87 hr preposition § fild. With infinitive §5 106. lli-Ib. 125b. 132b. Imperfect (Semit.) §§ 79. 112. Impersonal use: of the suffix-conjugation § 87. of the infinitive § 109. Infinitive with /(r, see hr. Inrtection of the verb: by means of piersonal suffix § 86 . by means of personal endings §81. Interjection § 70. Interrogative sentences § 137. Indirect § 136. k : suffix § 52. ending of conditional form § 81. I in hieroglyphs § 30a. 9 H prefi.xed to substantives § 35b. iMoods of the verb §§ 79. 91. n ns consonant § 30. Formation of perfect § 23. With dative, see dative. With subject of a partic. § 115. j Names of countries fern. § 39Aa. Names of gods § 18a., with end¬ ing u’ § 35 d. Names of kings and titles of kings § 18b. Negative: of sentences §§ 28b. 138. of verb-forms §§ 98. 139. Neuter § 39Ab. “it” § 54. Niph'al § 77. Nominal sentences: real § 27. unreal § 132. with yxo, un §§ 123—12^. with pio §§ 58. 131b. Nominal verb-forms: infinitive §§ 104—110. participles §§ r2—117. relative-forms §§ 118—120. Nominative §§ 2 la. 54. Noun: §§ 35—41. Gender § 20 . Adjecfively used § 42a. Object §§ 25. 55. 108. Omission: of consonants § IJ. of weak consonants § 16. of endings §§ 36d. 43. 46. 80 97. 99. 114. 118. of suffix of 1st. sing. § 53. of words §§ 133. 134—136. Optative: tense sihn.f §§ 88 . 93. passive with tw § 95. Passive: formation with tw §§ 83. 84. 95. duplicating form § 94. formation with w §§ 83. 84. 96. use with yn “since” § 61g. Perfect (Semit.) §§ 79. 112 . l_Egypt.( §§ 23. 84. 89. Pi‘er§ 76. Plural: of the noun §§ 20b. 36. 37. 38. of the imperative § 99. of the infinitive § 105. of the participle § 114. Plural-strokes §§ 20b. 36. 37. Possessive pronoun §§ 22. 52. 59. Predicate, see nominal sentence. Predicative § 97. Prepositions §§ 60—63. As adverbs § 67. Gentilic § 42b. Present §§ 23. 88. Prohibition § 103. Pronouns: personal (absolute) §§ 49. 54. possessive, see possessive, interrogative § 137. demonstrative § 56. relative, see relative sentence, reflexive § 49. suffixes §§ 22. 52. 53. 59. Pseudo-participle §§ 80. 82. pw in nominal sentences § 58. Quality §§ 80. 82. r: as consonant § 30. sound-change § 33a. 88 ISDEX. forms adverbs § 66b. preposition, see vocabulary. Eelative sentences §§ 28. 141. rh “to know’’: conditional § 82. 5 -sound § 32. Sound-change 33d. f. 53. Sentence §§ 25. 28. 131 — ’41. Semi-vowel § 16. Semitic language §§ 7. 12. Sound-change §§ 33. 19. Substantive, see noun. Suffix §§ 22. 4P. 52. 5P. With prepositions § 60. Suffix-conjugation §§ 83—96. Syllable-signs §§ 10—11. 15. f-ending of the feminine § 20. Ending of the adverb § 66a. f-sounds § 32b. Sound-change §§ 33e. f. g. 53. Temporal sentences §§ 134. 88. 89 64. 'J’enses: conditional §§ 80—82. suffix-conjugation §§ 83—96. predicative 97—98. circumstantial sdm.t.f. § 111. That §§ 136. 88. ty. ending of conditional §§81. 33g. e.iding of the dual § 39. ending of the gentilic § 4 2. To be g§ 26c. 27. Transposition: of characters § 14. of consonants § 34. tic: ending of the passive §§ 84. 96. Verb §§ 71 — 130. Verbal-adjective § 116. Verbal-sentence § 26. Vowels §§ 9. 8 1. 10 . 73. 91. 10 ; weak consonant §§ 16. 29d. sound-change § 33b. ending of masculine noun § 35d. ending of plural §§ . Ob. 36. ending of adverb § 66 a. in -weak verbs § 72. ending of passive § 96. wy. ending of dual § 39. Weak consonants §§ 16. 19. 29. In verb-stem § 72. AVords (order of) §§ 25. 55. 131. y. weak consonant §§ 16. 29b. Sound-change § 33a—b. in the gentilic § 42b. in weak verbs § 7“’. Lesestiicke 11 Roedar^ ftgypt- Grammalik. 1 ^4 1 ^ §‘fO '^3^ CSD S' I /|Sfl i^(®31 ^(5 111 "\ 553 ?;3—= ZZi I G ^ i\ ^ ^ ^Jioy Q 7 it! 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