fsOCIETir OF INQUIRY KL ^ 7 ^ •v“ •‘■J. j- ' r<::^ ?^::iS' - ► a- ? i' H’''‘iv “*'■ • , ''.. I ■'■ ■■ ',v • 'f!^'-, ' , rj'"- ■ ^ T*' * ■ 'K 'w- *"' ■'» * 'ft > ■/ 'Vs '• '* ■ i( > • r , "y.!‘ ,.; ■ ■ I*. 'T ■ , r * r, •;■,*■■.,•■ ,fK. ■ Kf?-- -M' ' > ■ ' ■ * ' p.iC. * ■' . ■ « ■' v'^ ,v, sfj; ■■ , • , ' ■ ■? „ I '' ,■. ' ■ ' , ’-’v'r,'.- '■ '■■ ' ' ■■ '■ , ^r-'s ■, ■ ■ ''i' ■■ '': ' '■'''■ tn? Si ;/i';'"-,v;'.:i. , ' s Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/thirdtriennialreOOamer \L THE THIRD TRIENNIAIi REPORT OP THE / ® s? SJ dV CEYLON* an ^ppmtlri£ AND A LIST OP BENEFACTORS* IfEELORE: ffiHURCH MISSION PRESSv 183a ■" tractive system of the Hindoos^* quite insignificant and hu- miliating. The principal remark to be made on the course of Tam- nl studies is, that the best instructed in the Seminary have an increasing conviction, that such books as Negizhdam, liharata, and Scanda Purana, which consume most of the time of those devoted to Tamul learning, are but little w'or- thy of attention, in comparison w ith many others, both in Tamul and English. It has therefore become rather a diffi- cult question, how far it is expedient for a student to at- tend to them, merely from regard to popular opinion. The only reason for their being studied at all is, that .some of them are useful in acquiring a knowledge of the poetic di- alect; of which to be ignorant, is disgraceful in any one who makes the least pretension to Tamul learning A know- ledge of their contents, which is also important for those who have intercourse with the people on religious subjects, may be acquired with sufficient accuracy from a prose paraphrase, or even an abridgement in the common dialect. The Xative system of Arithmetic, which contains some- thing of Geometry and Trigonometry; also Xannool, the standard Grammar of High Tamul; Tiruvalluver, and a few others, are retained as approved Class-Books. The study of the Ennal, or standard work on Astronomy, used by Almanac makers in this District, has been attend- ed to by one of the students, with reference to his becoming a teacher in the Seminary. He has pursued it under the tu- ition of two of the best informed men in the “District, on Native Astronomy, who have lately manifested more can- dour aud liberality on this subject than most of their coun- trymen. * See this System in Appendix B. s Atjout two years ago a Class commenced the study of Sanscrit, but were obliged to discontinue it for want of a -competent teacher. This is scarcely worthy of notice, ex- cept as it gives occasion for mentioning the state of feeling towards the Seminary, among those interested in upholding Heathenism. As in this District a knowledge of the Sans- crit is confined almost exclusively to the Brahmins, a teach- er was of course sought for among that caste, and several were in vain offered the situation. At length one who former- ly came from the continent, and now resides in the vicinity of the Seminary, agreed to accept the offer, and api)ointed an auspicious day for coming to the station, tie did not, however, make his appearance, but in a few days sent an apology, saying that he had been quite deterred by the Brah- mins, in the neighbourhood, from entering upon the intend- ed employment. Since the last public examination in Ta- mul, however, there has been a change, and several Brah- mins have applied to be employed as teachers. In the general government of the Seminary, and mode of tuition, no alterations of importance have been introduced since the publication of the last Peport. The monitorial system is still continued. Each Class is under the immedi- ate inspection of a superintendent, who is in some measure responsible for the fidelity of the teachers and the progress of the pupils. The time of the Principal is devoted chiefly to the instruction of the first class, and to the government and general Superintendence of the Institution. In addition to the monthly examinations, by the Superin- tendents of the several Classes, others are held quarterly by a visiting Committee, consisting of the Principal and two other Missionaries. In the course of the last three years, there have been /o?<:r public examinations, in the English language, and two exhibitions, in Tamul. 6 Oti the 4th of Sep. 1830, the annual examination was held in the presence of C. H. Cameron Esq. one of His Majesty’s Commissioners of Inquiry, W. Norris Esq. Ad- vocate Fiscal, and a few other gentlemen. 44ie following schedule, drawn up for the occasion, show.s the seveial branches of study in which the classes were prepared to be examined. Fourth Class, containing 22 Youths. 1. Book of Phrase.'^, in Tamul and English. 2. Fundamental Rules of Arithmetic. Third Class, 19 Youths. 1. English Grammar; ( I,ennie’s.) 2. Geography; “ Cummings’ First Lessons." 3. Arithmetic; Fractions. Second Class, 20 Youths. 1. Arithmetic; Progression, Logarithms. 2. Pinnock’s Catechism of Geometry. 3. Fir.st Lessons on Astronomy. 4. Exercises in Grammar. First Class, 21 Youths. 1. Euler’s and Ronnycastle’s Algebra, through Quadra- tic Equations. 2. Trigonometry, Mensuration, and Land Surveying. 3. Declamations, consisting of pieces translated from the most approved Native Authors, on various branches of Science and Literature. 1. An extract from Menu’s Institutes, On Creation. 2. Ditto. — On the Supremacy of Brahmins. 3. Ditto.— Crimes and Penances. 4. An extract from the Scanda Purana, On the Geography of the Hindoos. 5. Extracts ftom the Kurma Purana and Scanda Purana, On the cause of eclipses. 7 6. An extract from Ramayana, On the origin of the Island of Cetjlon. 7. Concluding Address. As it was impracticable to examine the students in all these branches, Mr. Cameron, selected two or inore, in which the members of each Class were examined. The in- terest manifested by the gentlemen present, and especially the remarks of Mr. Cameron at the close of the examination, were highly gratifying. A similar examination was held before both of the Hon. the Commissioners a few days later, on the arrival of Col. Colebrooke in the District; and at his request. On this occa- sion, attention was principally given to tliose branches which had been before necessarily omitted. The exercise.s were longer and the examination more thorough, "than before, particularly in Algebra, and some other branches of the Mathematics. After becoming somewhat particularly acquainted with the plans and proceedings of the Mission generally, as well as with the state of the Seminary, and the progress of the .students, the Commissioners expre.ssed their gratification, with what they had witnessed, and their belief that His Majesty’s Government, instead of throwing any obstacles in the Avay of such a work, would grant every proper facility for prosecuting Avhat was so well begun. Soon after leaving the Seminary, each of these gentlemen made to it valuable donations ofbooks and apparatus. Mr. Cameron also appro- priated £10 for the best Tainul translation of an “Essay on the Objects, Advantages and Pleasures of Science,” pre- fixed to the Library of Useful Knowledge; also £10 for the best Essays in English, on the two following Questions! (1) “What are the advantages resulting to the Natives of this country from the study of the English Language? ” (2) “What are the advantages of Veracity, both to indhiduals and to the community at large? ’’ Col. Colebrooke proposed 8 the following theme for a prize Essay; “ What are the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the System^ of Caste, as it exists in this District”. I hese questions all relate to subjects of great practical- importance, and have not ceased to be discussed with inter- est and profit by the students. On the 15th of April 1830, the Seminary was favoured with a visit from the Lord Bishop of Calcutta, with several other gentlemen. The Bishop spent the greater part of a day, in examining the members of the Preparatory School and Seminary, confining himself, with the exception of Euclid and some branches of Mathematics, to Scripture lessons, the evidences of Christianity, and other kindred subjects. At the close, f lis Lordship expressed, in gratifying terms, the pleasure he had experienced, in the course of the examin- ation, encouraged the students to persevere in their studies, and intimated his intention to bestow some benefaction upon the Institution, which would not only perpetuate the remembrance of his visit to it, but be a testimony of his cordial approbation of the principles on which it is conduct- ed. The lamented death of this worthy prelate, which occurred soon after, prevented the fulfilment of his generous purpose. The last public examination in English, was held Sep, 8th, 1832, in the presence of the Right Ilon’ble the Gover- nor, Col. Lindsay of Calcutta, Col. Lindsay of Ceylon, and' several other Gentlemen. As the first Class, consisting of sixteen members, had finish- ed their course, and were many of them about to leave, it was thought proper to devote most of the time, allotted for the examination, to them. They were prepared to be examined in the following studies. 1. AstTonomy; the Solar and Puranic Systems contrasted^. Theory of eclipsesy Elements for calculating them\ Specimens of projecting Eclipses,, both of the Sun and Moon, 2. Blair’s Grammar of Natural and Experimental Philo- sophy, in course through Optics. 3. Land Surveying. 4. Bishop Porteus’s Evidences of Christianity. The kind manner in which His Excellency was pleased to,- notice the performances of the students, and the circum- stance of Ms selecting and appointing a member of the first Class for a scholarship in the Seminary, to be supported by himselfy produced a happy effect upon the minds of the students, which will, it is believed, be long felt. The two public examinations, or rather exhibitions, in the Tara ul language, were held on the 30th of June, 1830> and 26th of June, 1832; principally for the purpose of awaken- ing the attention of the Tamulians to certain studies pur- sued in the Seminary. Till of late, the notion has been pre- valent, even among the best informed natives of the District, that their sacred books have not fallen into the hands of Europeans;, and that if they should obtain them, they have not the means of becoming acquainted with their contents. To undeceive them in this point, it has been one object, to- bring to view some of the most important parts of these books, especially such as have not been translated into Tamul, and in some instances, to show their- absurdity. It has also been an object to turn the attention of the people>^. by means of popular illustrations and experiments, to some branches of European J'cience,. wdiich, though of obvious utility, are here but little known. On the 30th of June, after a slight examination of the several Classes in Nannool, Tatva Kattalei, Trigonometry, and Surveying, Dissertations were read on the following subjects. 1. Observations on the Sanscrit Language. ^ A Classification of standard works in that languag** 10 a translation from the first Vol. of the A^atic Researches;,. 3. On the Vedanta System of Philosophy. 4. On the Anda Kosha. 5. On the Seanda Purana. (). Extract from Menu’s Institutes. 7. On the Origin of the Island of Ceylon, an extract from: the Ramayana. 8.. Remarks on some points of Hindoo Astronomy. 9. On the invention of the art of Printing, 10. On the Mariner’s Compass. 11. On the Telescope. A few days previous to the exhibition, printed notes of' invitation, accompanied with a list of subjects which were to be brought forward, were sent to such individuals in the District as were supposed to be most interested in literary pursuits. Though a very respectable number attended, there were but few who make any pretensions to learning. Some would not attend lest they should hear the contents of their sacred books, from the lips of foreigners, or from those not initialed, according to the prescribed Rules, into their mys- teries. A few who were present showed a marked disapprobation of w hat was stated in opposition to the Puranas, and two or three even left the place in anger. Several of the students,^ who prepared and read the more offensive dissertations, were subjected to a considerable degree of reproach, for daring to- express opinions contrary to those held by the wisest and best men of every agel At the second examination, in Tamul, it was generally understood, by those who were invited, that a formal com- parison would be made, between tne principal points in Geography and Astronomy, as contained in the Anda Ko- sha, (a part of the Seanda Purana,) and corresponding sub- jects taught in the Seminary. A large number attended, and 11 'more interest was manifested than on any preceding similar occasion. * There were none present, however, of those who consider themselves to be the oracles of the country on these subjects, and who feel that it devolves on them to de- fend the doctrines of the Puranas. XV. X>XSMI3SI0NS CX.ASSBS. Of the Sixty-three Students who were under instruction at the date of the last Report, one has died, and thirty-three have been dismissed. Of the number dismissed, ‘sixteen were members of the first Class, who finished their course of study in September last, eight were permitted to leave at their own request, to be employed in various situations, three or four left irregularly, and tioo were sent away as being unworthy of support. Of the sixteen who finished their scientific course in Sep- tember, eight are still connected with the Seminary as teachers, or as students in rheology, /our ate employed as Catechists, two are in the service of Ooverument, and one is a private tutor in a European family. After some modification of the Classes, at the commence- ment of the term, in October last, the arrangement was as follow^s. First Class 2-3. Second Class. 31. Third Class v ... . 28. Fourth Class 35. Number of Teachers 10. Theological Class . . . 25. Of the Theological Class,^//ec« only are connected with the Seminary, boarders; the remainder being at other stations, and attending lectures and recitations once a week. The *See Appendix C. 12 course of study pursued by the four Classes, both in Tamul and- Engrlish, is similar to that of preceding Classes; and will be sufficiently understood by what has already been stated. The Theological Class pursue the study of Logic, Rhetoric, and Sacred Literature, under the Principal, to whom they re- cite daily; and Systematic Divinity, with Biblical Exegesis, under a Missionary from another station. Who attends at the Seminary one day in a week, to deliver Lectures to the students, and hear Dissertations read by them, on the prin- cipal points of Christian Theology. V. PUBLICATIONS. The operations of the Seminary having brought the Mis- sionaries into more direct intercourse with such as are con- sidered learned in the District, it has been an object to im- prove the opportunity to correct, as far as possible, some of their grosser errors in natural science. The only branch much cultivated by them is Astronomy. This is held in high repute. Those who have but a smattering of this favourite science, are regarded as persons of high attainments. The Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, which they foretell from year to year, are regarded by thepeople as occnlar demonstrations of the truth, not only of their System * of Eclipses, but also of their Mythology. These circumstances, as well as the in- teresting nature of the study, have made Astronomy a sub- ject of particular attention in the Seminary. Every fit opportunity, has also been taken, for turning the attention of the people to the comparative merits of the European and the Puranic Systems. In pursuance of this object, in* connexion wdth one. of the dissertations, read at the examination in June, 1830, a comparative view was giv- en of the Elements, taken from the European and Hinddo^ *See Appendix D. 13 Calendars, of an Eclipse of the Moon, which was to happen on the 3rd of September following. Several discrepances in. the two Calendars, were pointed out, by which all who would carefully notice the Eclipse might easily determine as to their comparative accuracy. This statement produced some excitement among the audience, and several copies of it were taken, that it might be put to the test of observation; for it was confidently believed by many that the errors which were pointed out in the N’ative calculation ot Eclipses, the preceding Year, were owing to the inadvertence of the Almanac maker; and that similar errors would not be found again. The results of the observations made by the people, were such as had been anticipated; and for a time, a spirit of inquiry on this subject was considerably increased. Similar discrepances being found between the European and Hindoo account of an Eclipse, which was to happen on the 26th of March, 1831, it was thought to be a favour- able time for publishing a Tract on the subject of Eclipses; the particular object of which was to expose the fallacy of the argument, so firmly relied upon by the people, in favour of their whole System of Idolatry, that Hindoo Astronomers are able to foretell Eclipses. Some information was given in the Tract respecting the Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites, and the periodical return of Comets subjects to them entirely new; The Tract contained a notice of the errors found in the calculations of Eclipses, given in the Native Almanac, for two years preceding; but in particular those in reference to the Eclipse that was about to happen. As it was circulated but a few days before the Eclipse took place, many were in- duced to inform themselves of the points at issue, and care- fully to notice the result. The ol)servations of all being de. cisive against the correctness of the calculation given in the most approved Native Calendar, a considerable impression was made in favour of European Scienfce, as taught in the Se- 14 fliinary. Some, who formerly supposed that Europeans were indebted to the Natives for their knowledge of Astronomy^ were corrected in their notions, became less arrogant in their pretensions, and more willing to hold intercourse with the Missionaries on these subjects. A second Tract was afterwards published, by aid of the Jaffna Tract Society, exhibiting the popular Theory of Eclipses, as found in the Scanda Purana, and showing that, as this theory is demonstrably false, as well as, what is taught in other parts of the Purana, concerning the Earth being an extended plane, with Mount Meru in its Centre, and other absurdities in Geography and Astronomy, the System cannot be supported by the authority of the Purana, but on the contrary, destroys the credibility of the so much venerated book, in w hich it is taught, as of divine origin. The publication of this Tract also, has done something, it is believed, to break up the deep laid foundations of error, on these subjects, and to promote the progress of truth in the District. VI. MOSIA2. STATE. The leading object of the Institution being the dissemi- nation of Christianity among the Heathen, it may be proper briefly to state, what has been done towards its accomplish- ment. Ey means of the Native Bible Association, to w^hich all the members of the Seminary belong, they are furnished with copies of the Scriptures, both in Tamul and English. The quarterly meetings of the Society, when several ad- dresses are ii.sually made, bring the claims of the Bible distinctly before the students, and inform them of what is done, in different parts of the world, to promote its circula- tion and reception. The evidences of Christianity are also carefully investi- 15 gated, and compared with the pretensions of Brahminism; which is the prevailing JSystem of idolatry in this part of the Island. However gross that system may be in the view of an enlightened Christian, whose Bible and common sense alike teach him, that God is a Spirit, and that they who worship Him, must worship in spirit aud iu truth; or however fair it may appear to one, who, though called a Christian, thinks it immaterial what name is given to the God who made us, “Jehovah, Jove or Lord; " it is certain that neither doe.>> its grossness prevent its being captivating, even to men of some learning, nor its plausible appearance, prevent its embracing absurdities the most revolting to reason, and abominations the most abhorrent to every right moral feeling. The reason why so many, who are at least nominally Christians, have, while residing in the midst of idolators, at- tempted to palliate tl)e e^il of the Brahminic system i.s, that they have never looked beyond its external covering. They see the Natives mild, peaceful, and immensely accom- modating— having no will but that of their superiors; and they cannot imagine that a system, which forms manners so plausible, can be radically defective. They do not reflect that the serpent which looks so fair, as it lies basking in the sun, has a poisonous fang — ; that here, as in other parts of the world, a man can “ smile and smile and be a villain.” The truth is the Hindoos are generally unprincipled. Nor is it their fault merely, but the fault of their idolatrous system. The moral precepts, ^such as they are, of their sacred books, are without sanctions; and while killing a cow is a greater crime than committing adultery, and any sin is easily aton- ed for, by rubbing sacred ashes on the forehead, or bathing in certain holy waters, there can be no proper sense of mor- all guilt, no suitable abhorrence of its defilement. Children 16 are early taught to deceive, to lie, to swear, to be impure; and as they grow up, they increase in the kno.wledge and practice of vices which cannot be named. The country is not only filled with licentiousness, but with theft, forgery,- perjury, conspiracy of one against another, oppression of the poor by the rich, and the murder, — generally before birth,— of illegitimate offspring. But what can be expected of men who believe that the gods, whom they worship, were guilty of these or greater sins; and that all the crimes, com- mitted by them, in this mortal state, are either occasioned by the immediate operation of some superior power which they cannot resist, or are the entailed effects of errors, com- mitted in a former birth, from v\hicli they cannot escape. Whatever theory w'e may form on the subject, or what- ever may be the opinion of those who see the Natives only in one attitude, it is a fact too manifest to all who know them intimately, that while they are so stupid as to worhip,, with great parade and expense, idols of stone, brass, silver and gold, “the work of men’s hands,” many of them are so adroit, in worldly things, as to be able to circumvent the most cautious European; and so base as to stick at nothing;,, likely to advance their object, except from fear of detection and punishment, — their only rule of right and wrong being apparent expediency. The system of idolatry, which, to a rational mind, appears wholly absurd, is so connected with their earliest associa- tions, so alluring in its festivals and processions,and ad- ministers so much gratification to pride and sensuality, that its deformities are never considered. If the devotees of the system are sometimes forced, by an exposure of its absurdi- ties, to feel and acknowledge that it is ridiculous, still they are captivated by its pomp and show, and enslaved by their appetite for its indulgences. All the sympathies of their childhood are enlisted on the side of idolatry. The feasts at the temples are their principal holydays, and are thus con- 17 nccted with their leadin'? ideas of enjoyinent in this worlds and their hopes of happiness in the world to come. In tact, the principles of the system are interwoven with the very elements of society, and regulate all the acts and duties of life. Though Brahminisra sometimes appears very severe in its requirements, its severities are readily practised; and though expensive, its expenses are cheerfully home. The reason is, it flatters the pride ot the human heart. Men can more easily fast, go on pilgrimages, do penance, tor- ment themselves in various ways, and even give up life, than repent of their sins, and accept of salvation through the merits of the Saviour. Such a system, venerated beyond measure, as the religion of their forefathers for unnumbered ages, it may be readily supposed, the people are slow to renounce. The progress of education among them, however, will gradually undermine it, and this in proportion as that education is extensive, and is a thorovgh Christian education. Schools established on any plan short of this, will utterly fail of breaking up the deep laid foundations of idolatry; and if they effect any thing, will only change a few^ of its outward forms. The studies in the Seminary are of such a nature, and are pursued under such a degree of Christian influence, that the students are, almost without exception, early convinced of the truth and divine origin of tbe Bible. They are all, in this sense, nominal Christians;, and many of those not members of the church, are desirous of being admitted to its privileges. Of 142 now in the Institution, 53 have been baptized and received to Christian communion. No one is received until he gives satisfactory evidence of a real change of heart, as well as life; nor until after a protracted period of proba- tion. After all, it is not to be supposed, that neither hypo- crites nor self-deceivers can be found among them. They are found in the purest clmrclies in Christian lands. There waa one even in the select company which attended our Saviour* 18 But it is hoped their number is small. Now and then one- who has had great advantages and, l)y his apparent im- provement of them, excited the most pleasing hopes of his subsequent usefulness as a Christian, after going out from the Seminary,. has turned hiS' back upon Christianity, and appeared among its enemies, with the badges of idolatry a- gain upon him. This is not, probably, from any belief in Brahminism, or doubts as to the truth of Christianity; but rather from an indifference to all religion, and a desire to* please heathen friends, or obtain some worldly object; stich: as an eligible marriage. This is matter tor lamentation, but not for despondency. It is to be expected.lt is one of the nu- merous trials connected with the introduction of Christiani- ty into a heathen country, and should lie submissively borne.. The number, however, of those regnlarly dismissed from the Seminary, having completed their course, whether members of the church or not, who have turned back to Heathenism,, is very small. Most have remained nominal Christians, though that, alas, as in Christian lands, leaves them far indeed from’ the kingdom of Heaven. Besides the direct influence upon the members of the Seminary, there is, through them, an impression favourable to Christianity made upon the population around; to many of whom they regularly communicate what they have learnt of the Gospel. — Those more particularly employed; in these labors, are the Theological Class, who are thus the better preparing to act hereafter as teachers and preachers of Christianity. It is a regulation that, besides frequent visits to the villages, in the vicinity of the Institution, they should occasionally spend four or five days in excursions to more distant places, for the purpose of reading and distributing tracts and portions of the Scriptures, and in other ways making known the glad tidings of salvation. It is hoped they will gradually exert an important influence, indifferent parts of the District. 19 A Moral Improvement Society has been formed in the In- stitution, v/hich, there is reason to believe, will prove the means of good, not only to the students, but to many others, and aid in elevating the native character, * APPARATUS, I.IBR AR'S'. The buildings for the Institution remain much the same as when the last Ileport was published. Some progress, however, has been made towards completing Ottley Hall, and the repair of pa rt of the large Old Church is commenced, to form a New Chapel. This Church was built of he^vn cor- al, and its walls, pillars, and gigantic arches, are in a good state of preservation; though it has stood, for more than half a century, without roof, doors, or window^s; — a sad memen- to of a former nominal Christianity. It is so large that not only a Chapel, of sufficient size for the use of the Seminary, and the Congregation at the station, may be prepared in it, but several other rooms, as they may be needed for the In- stitution, or for a printing press, should one, as is contemplat- ed, be added to the establishment. The Philosophical and other Apparatus, and the Library, bave received some additions. Class-books are not only fur- nished for the students, while pursuing their course of study, but also when they leave the Institution; that they may be able to review, and keep in mind, the subjects to which they have attended; and thus make them profitable to them, in after life. There is a small library belonging to the students, and one also for the use of the Moral Improvement Society. It is a pleasing fact, that not only these, but the Seminary Library, are more used than formerly; as the students are be- coming better able, especially the Theological Class, to con- sult English books to advantage. The enlargement of mind, and aid in their investigations, thus obtained, can be fully * See Appendix E. 20 understood only by] those who have witnessed, somev/hat, the eflects of their reading, though as yot but limited. VIII, FUHBS, The sum of £194. 17. 3. has been received, as appears by a list of subscribers in the Appendix, and appropriated to Avards the expense of buildings for the Seminary, except £20 as a donation from C. H. Cameron Esq. to encourage trans- lations and original composition, among the students. The Right Hon. the Governorwas pleased to subscribe £60 annually, towards the support and education of four youths of Dutch or Portuguese descent, to be selected by His Ex- cellency; and it was expected that a Class of these youths would, ere this, be added to the Institution, so that the be- nefaction could be realize!; but want of suitable teachers will oblige the Conductors to defer, for a time at least, the proposed enlargement. As the present Government has kind- ly allowed the Mission to be reinforced from America, and this permission has been sanctioned by His Majesty’s Secre- tary of State, an Assistant Teacher may ere long be expected. It is possible that, on his arrival, a department for Dutch and Portuguese youths may be formed; but it must depend on the funds available for the purpose, and on other circum- stances which cannot uow be foreseen. The desirableness of the object in itself, especially if provision be not elsewhere made for this neglected but important class of society, is very deeply felt and readily acknowledged. The support of all the youths on the Foundation— the wages of the teachers— the salary of the Principal — the ex- pense of books— apparatus— and buildings, (over what has been contributed for the latter object in Ceylon and India, ) have all been paid from the funds of the Mission, fur- nished by the Board in America. The sum thus expended the last three years, on the Seminary and Preparatory 21 School is £2,558. 11, 3; exclusive of the greater portion of the books and apparatus. IX. CONCI.UBING- Another three years’ progress has tended to confirm the re- sults of former experience, as given in the last Report. These are, as stated, that there is no want among the natives, of capacity for instruction— that in their instruction, the Free Boarding School system may have a most important place ---that giving prominence to the English language, in the higher schools, approves itself in practice, as it did in theo- ry — that the members of the Seminary are an important me- dium of communication with the people at large— that the plan of the Institution is not too extensive — and that the training up of Christian teachers is in a fair way to be ac- complished. Further experience has also more fully shown, that the study of English literature and European science, when com- bined with a careful investigation of the evidences of Chris- tianity, is one of the most powerful means of overthrowing idolatry It is true that men may be convinced without be- ing persuaded — and idol worship may be seen to be ridicu- lous and yet tenaciously adhered to; but mathematical, and evenoccular demonstration, of the falsehood of leading doc- trines, in the books accounted sacred, and on which the whole System of Brahminism rests, cannot but shake the faith of those, who, contrary to the common practice, ever venture to think for themselves. The heart governs the understanding, and no degree of intellectual light will convert men from the love and prac- tice of long cherished and darling sins, but it removes the darkness under which guilt hides itself, and opens the way for the approach of truth to the conscience and the affections. 22 these are eiFectnally touched by the Holy Spirit, the work is accomplished. The hope of propagating Christianity among the Hindoos? infatuated as they are with idolatry, must rest principally on eariy,systematic,and thoroiigli,C7tWsf/a/i education, 'I'he truth must be brought to irear directly on childhood. The mental vi- sion must then be taught to discriminate light from darkness, or it will not do it afterwards'. Whatever God sees fit to do is possible with Him; but that he will see fit, extensively to open the blind eyes of aged Hindoos, who have long chosen d iikiiess rather than liglif, and have long wilfully called evil good and good evil, neither experience nor the promises of Scripture warrant us to believe. Even in Christian lands, the greatest hopes of the Church are from the young, and a new and powertul principle begins to be developed, in the pro- gress of Infant and Sunday Schools, which shows that if the god of this woi ld can be anticipated in his possession of the tender mind, and the earliest aflFections of children can be drawn forth towards their Heavenly Father, the ruins of the fall may, with d.vine aid, easily be repaired. The Holy Spirit thus early takes possession of li!s own mansion; the enemy is driven out before he has made those lodgments from which, when once made, he is almost never, in this life, fully dispossessed; and the living temple of God rises up and stands forth, in its just proportions, with unimpaired fresh- ness and beauty. The great reason why education in the East, even where the literature and science of the West have,to a good degree, been introduced, and some enlargement of mind, and some breaking away from ancient prejudices been eftected, has done so little towards the moral elevation of the Natives is, that it has not been a Christian education. To obtain the co- operation of rich and influential natives, it has, in some cases, been judged necessary to exclude the Bible even from 23 «harity schools. If such concessions were ever called for at the hand of Christians, or tended in any ^ood decree to promote the cause of native edncation,in its incipient sta- g:es, it is certain that, in most places, they arc not novo demanded; and that yieldimj them is removing’ the great lever by which the Native community is to be raised from its present moral degradation. However half instructed or half infidel Christians, who know little of the Bible, but l)y the report of its enemies, may affect to undervalue it in the vsystem of education; or howe^ er sincere but timid believers may be afraid of introducing it to the scandal of other re- ligionists, it is certain that modern Europe owes her present elevation, above the older portions of the Earth, yirincipaily to the light and influence of the Sacred Scriptures; — and not less certain, that Christian instruction, when confined to its legitimate object, that of moral persuasion, maybe in- troduced, almost any where among the Hindoos, without exciting any dangerous opposition. The scandal is ra- ther when Christians keep their religion out of sight. The Native, Avhose every action almost is regulated by religion, is stumbled when he sees no marks of Christianity in those who bear the name; and is ready to suspect, either that it is worthless and powerless, or that it has some secret agency which will eventually disclose itself; perhaps hy a terrible explo'iion, as of a mine under his feet. He tberefore prefers to stand aloof from those whose proceedings he does not un- derstand. Were the Hindoos met fairly by the proposal, on the part of ( bristians, to instruct them in the Bible, as well as in the arts and sciences, they would see and prize consisten- cy of conduct in their new' friends; and strong in the faith of their ancient creeds, they would fearlessly examine the claims of Chrstianity, not supposing it possible for them to embrace it: but as the superiority of European learning is seen, that of the Christian religion would, in many cases. 24 be at first conjectured, then believed, and finally professed. Another fact which has become more evident is, that well edijcated youths are not likely to want suitable employment. Indeed the acquaintance with English, acquired in the Se- minary, enables the students to obtain situations under Government — or as tutors in jirivate families — or assistants in other Missions, so readily, that it is difficult to retain in the Institution a sufiicient number, of those well qualified,to supply it with needed teachers; and much more difficult fully to furnish the Mission with as many Native-preachers, Schoolmasters, and other assistants as are wanted. To secure fully this latter object, it may probably become necessary even to add a class to the Seminary, who shall be confined to Tamul and Sanscrit studies; that they may not be under the temptation of leaving it which those are who have studied English; unless the number educated in English should he very considerably increased. It is further evident, that though the Seminary is not confined to raising up and pre'paring young men for Mission service only, it is yet decidedly a. Mission Institution. Its in- fluence is diverse and extensiv^e; and if in some respects it is indirect, as to the propagation of the Gospel, it is not there- fore the less beneficial. However the students who leave it may afterwards be employed, they are always, according to their means and inclination, able to promote the spread of Christianity. By being in various situations, in different parts of the Island, and sometimes even on the Continent, (as one of them now is a teacher of the elements of Mathe- matics in the Seminary at Palamcottah)theirinflueneeis more extended than it would be if all were retained in connexion with (he Mission; and so far as it is good, wdiich generally it has been, it effects more in proportion than that of those employed on salaries as Christian teachers. The Natives look with great jealousy on all those who are as they esteem 25 it, for being' Christians; that is, on all who receive wages for making known the Gospel. The independent testimony of one whose living does not depend on his labours to promote Christianity, they regard as more important than that of ma- ny whom they consider to be hirelings. Hence a pious native in office under Government, or otherwise in a situation to support himself can, if he chooses, do more, in some respects, to recommend Christianity, than those regularly employed as Christian teachers. There is also a great preparatory work yet to be accomplished, in raising up translators and origi- nal writers in Taraul — training teachers of various kinds' and in promoting general elementary education, as intro- ductory to Christianity. For all these, as well as aiding in the direct and immediate propagation of the Gospel, the Seminary is an efficient Missionary establishment; and as such it is still respectfully commended to the notice and aid of all who are interested in the progress of Native edu- cation, or of true religion. B. C. Meigs. D. Poor. M. Winslow.. L. Spaulding. H. Woodward.- J. Scudder. ORIGIN OF THE FREE BOARDING SCHOOL SYSTEM: When the Mission was commenced, in 1816, the desire of the Natives fop edacation' was so small, and their prejudices against Missionary operations so great, that it was Dot easy to induce them to send their children even to the common Free Schools, which were soon established in dift'ereiit villages, much less to commit them to the immediate care and instruction of the Missionaries. At the same time it was evident,, that with* only those rudiments of Taraul learning which could be taught in such schools, and the slight knowledge of Christianity which could be commuuicated in them, by mean.s of Scripture lessons and the occasional religious instruction of Christian superintendents and visitors, while the regular teachers remained heathen; and the children were con- stantly with their heathen friends, the progress of moral renovation would at best be very slow. It seemed necessary to attempt, in addition to the Native Free Schools, a more tho- rough system of education, however diflicult it might be of accomplishment. Family Boarding Schools offered such a system. Taking native children, from their parents and friends,, and keeping them under constant Christian instruction, both in Tamul and En- glish, for such a length of time as on trial might be found expedient, would be removing them from a Heathen into a Christian atmosphere. Their prejudices would probably be overcome, as well as their ignorance enlightened, and their situation be favouiable to the full influence of truth, upon their minds and hearts. The plan of such an establishment,- at each of the Stations, was communicated to the Society which supports the Mission, wfth the information that a child could be boarded and clothed for the small sum of L 3. 0- 0. a year. This plan was approved, and provision wa.s soon made, for the support of several children, by individuals and voluntary associations in America. Ji'ames to be given* them were also, in most cases, designated by their benefactors. But when the proposition was made to the Natives, to give up some of their children to the, direction of the Mission, they formed the wildest conjectures as to its design. Some thought that the children were to be enslaved; others that the boys were to be sent into- the interior of the Island, or to some foreign country, as soldiersl None could under- stand why men of another nation should come to them, and from mere benevolence, offer to feed, clothe, and educate their children. At length, however, to the astonishment of many, si.\ small boys, whose parents had become personally acquainted with some of the Missionaries, were entrusted to their care. Of these one was named Samuel Worcester, for whose support provision bad been made by a small Association ofyoung Ladies in Salem, Massachusetts — the first that adopted tlie proposed plan. He was received into tlie School at the age of about seven- Appendix. 27 ■years, in Jan. 1?1S, and then commenced the English and Tamijl Alphabets. Tn Oct. 1828, he finished the prescribed course of study, and was entitled to an honorable dis- mission; but was retained to serve as an assistant teacher. He is an efficient instructor both in Tamu) and English, and as such may be, it is hoped, permanently connected ■with the Seminary. Of the remaining Aue who commenced study with him, two are dead, one was dismissed •as unpromising, om has for many years been employed as a Catechist and Sitperinten- denl of Schools, and the fifth is an Assistant Interpreter at the Cutcherry of Jaffiiapatam* After these six beys entered the School, a considerable time elapsed before any others could be induced to join it. By degrees, however, the confidence of the people in the Missionaries was increased; and even a few girls, whose parents were poor, were en- trusted to the care of the female members of the Mission. The difficulties of bringing girls under instruction were very great. When their pa- rents were requested to send them to school, the usual reply, and one which they thought to be quite sufficient, was,“it is not our custom”. It was in fact considered a rtisgrace for a female to be able to read and write. It was supposed she would of course make a bad use of her knowledge. Those who finally gave up their daughters to be instructed, were subjected to no small degree of reproach for this departure from national and immemo- rial usages. The children also were often much chagrined by the sarcastic remarks of those who occasionally looked in to see what changes they were undergoing. The girls themselves, though quite y'oung, appeared to feel that there was some im- ^tropriety ia their learning to read and write; and it was not until they had each the promise of a small gold necklace, when able to read fluently in the New Testament, that they could be induced to apply themselves successfully to study. Amidst these difficulties, which were only gradually overcome. Boarding Establish- tnents, for children of both sexes, were formed, first at Tillipally and Batticotta, and a year or two later, at Oodcoville, Panditeripo, and Manepy. In some instances it became necessary to yield a little to the prejudices of the Natives. At Batticotta, as the boys were unwilling to eat on the Mission premises, a cook-house was built for them on an adjoining pit ce of land, which belonged to a Heathen. There they took their food, for more than a year. The establishment was then removed within the Mission enclosure. On this removal, several of the boys left the school; but most of them soon returned. There was. however, another difficulty. Though there were three or four wells in the enclosure, they had all been used, mOre or less, by those connected with the Mission family. The water was not, of course, sufficiently pure for a good caste Tamulian. On this subject the boys held a council, and decided that if all the water should be drawn out of one of the wells, and the well cleaned, it would then be fit for their vise. But on attempting this, as it was the rainy season, and the water high, they could not succeed. After labouring a whole day without gaining much, they very sagely concluded, that a< they had drawn out as great a quantity of water as the well contained when they began, it must be sufficiently purified. They then used the water without any further difficulty. 28 Appendix. In 1823, there were supported, at the five stations, more than 30 girls and 120 boys; among the latter of whom were several so far advanced in their studies as to require more attention than they could have, unless some one of the missionaries should be devo- ted to them. At the same time, they appeared sufficiently promising to warrant, and cal! for, an attempt to put them in more favourable circumstances for higher attainments. This showed the necessity of a Central or High School,and led to the attempt of forming one under the name of a “College for Taraul and other youth." The Plan of such an Institution was prepared and published, and though by some thought rather large, was warmly approved by the friends of the Mission in America, and generally also in India. Funds, to considerable amount, were conditionally pledged in America to its prosecution, and would have been given, had not unexpected obsta. cles from the local Govornment,(which are now happily removed, )prevented its projec- tors from carrying the plan I'ully into effect. The Institution was commenced in a modified form, at Batticotta, in 1823, by bring- ing together the most forward lads from the diffefent Boarding Schools, and placing them under the care of one of the Missionaries, who, with assistant teachers, was to be principally devoted to their instruction in literature, science, and religion. The number at first received was forty-eight, who after qualifying themselves by farther attention to some elementary branches, entered upon a course of study, both in Tamul and English* similar to that laid down in the original plan for a college. Thus commenced the Mis* sion Seminary. Soon after the Seminary was put into operation, it was thought that the instruction of the girls, who were then at different stations, could be better prosecuted if they were all at one place. They were therefore collected into what is called the "Female Centra} School," at Oodooville, which now consists of fifty girls. It is designed, generally, to have them remain in the School until they are married. A considerable number, who entered at an early period, have been settled in life, with pleasing prospects of happiness and usefulness. They have become Christian wives and mothers, and have shed around a Heathen neighbourhood the attractive infiuence of female piety and virtue. In order still farther to forward the progress of education, a Preparatory School was opened at Tillipally, in 1825, into which the boys from the other boarding schools were received. This School has sometimes contained more than one hundred boys. Being under the instruction of well qualified teachers, and generally admitted young, their ad- vantages for acquiring, what is very difficult for the Tamulian, the peculiar idioms and pronunciation of the English language, have been very good. This school has lately been transferred to Batticotta and united to the Seminary as ant Introductory Class. In place of it, English Day Schools are formed at some of the sta- tions, to prepare boys for entering the Introductory Clast in the Seminary. Before closing this short notice of the Boarding School System, it may be proper M advert to some of its peculiarities; or, as is thought, its advantaget. Appendix. 29 1. it remoTes the children of heathen parents from the direct influence of idolatry, and brings them under constant Christian Instruction. 2 . It secures regular and prompt application to study, in place of the most desultory and indolent habits. 3. It brings children under a course of instruction which may be continued so long as fully to answer the end designed, instead of leaving them to be interrupted, when per- haps they have but just begun to make successful progress. 4. As they are usually supported by individuals or associations, who appropriate funds for each specifically by name, there is an individuality and a definiteness in the charity which is mutually interesting to the benefactor and the beneficiary. There is often a cor- respondence maintained between them, which affords evidence to the former that his money is not misapplied, and to the latter that there are those who care for him, even in a distant land. While, therefore, it costs as much to support and educate one child in the boarding schools, as to teach reading and writing to twenty in the village schools, the money is equally well expended. Indeed more immediate good is expected, by the Mission, from supporting and educating thoroughly the two hundred children and youth, now in its boarding establishments, than from the partial education of the three or four thousand, usually in its village schools. But the two parts of the system should be carried on together. The Boarding Schools train up teachers and superintendents for the Village Schools, and the Village School# furnish and prepare scholars for the Boarding Establishments. Thus they mutually assist each other. (B) HINDOO CHRONOLOGY. The following is taken from the Asiatic Researches, as a translation of a paragraph in the Surya Siddhanta. “Time of the denomination Murta,(or mean siderial,)is estimated by respirations; sit "‘respirations make a vicala, sixty vicalas a danda, sixty dandas a nacshatra day, and “thirty nacshatra days a n.acshatra month. The Savan month is that contained between “thirty successive risings of Surya, (the sun,)and varies in its length according to the “Lagna Bhuja,(or the sun’s right ascension.) Thirty tit’his compose the Chandra(or Lu- “nar)month. The Saura month is that in which the sun describes one sign of the zodiac, "and his passage thro’ the twelve signs makes a year. One of these years is a Deva day, or "day of the gods. When it is day with the gods it is night at Asura,(or the south.)Sixty ‘‘of the Deva days multiplied by six, gives the Deva year, and twelve hundred of the De* “va years form the aggregate(basis?)of the four yugas. To determine the Saura year# “contained in this aggregate,(rather in the four yugas)write down the following numbers, “4, 3,2, which multiply by 10,000; the product, 4,320,000,is the aggregate, orMahayuga. "including the Sandhi and Sandhyana, (the morning and evening twilight.)This is divid- 30 Appendix. “pd into four yogas, by reason of the different proportions of virtue prevailing on eartK “in the following- manner: Di\ide the aggregate 4,320,000 by 10, and multiply the quo» “tient by four, for the Satya Y uga, by three for the Trela, by two for the Dwapar, and by ■“one for the Cali Yuga. Divide either of the Yogas by six for its Sandhi andSandhyana. ‘■Seventy one Maha Yugas make a Manwantava, and at tVie close of each Manwautera “there is a Sandhi equal to the Satya Yoga, or 1,728,000 Saura years. A Calpa is there- “fore equal to lOOO Malta Yugas. One Calpa is a day with Brahma, and his night is of “the same length; and the period of his life is 100 of his years. One half of the term of “Brahma’s life, or fifty years, is expired, and of the remainder, the first Calpa is begun, “and six Manwanteras, including the Sandhi, are expired. The seventh Manwantera, int& “which we are now advanced, is named Vaivaswata. Of this Manwantera, twenty-seven “‘Maha Yugas are elajised, and we are now in the twenty-eighth.” According to this extract, the Hindoo computation of the numbers of years in the different Yugas is as follows. Satya Yuga— — * 1,728,000 Treta Yuga 1,296,000 Dwapar Yuga — .864,000 Cali Yuga 432,000 Great Yuga 4,320,000 Of the Great Yugas, seventy one, with a Sandhi, form a Manwantera of 308,448, OOft years, and fourteen of these, with a Sandhi, that is, 4, 320, 000, 000 years, make a Calpa, which is one day of Brahma, or 1,000 Great Yugas. This number of years doubled, or % OOO Great Yugas, are a day and night of Brahma; and these multiplied by as many days as there are in one hundred years, the period of his life, forms a Great Calpa. or one day in the life of Vishnu, who also lives 100 years, composed of these immeasurably long ■days. Tht following is from the KURMA P URAJ^A. SECTIO.'^ 5th. Those who are perfect in knowledge declare the length of Brahma’s life to be tWd pararttas. His age also * is one hundred ofhis years. 18 twinklings of the eye make one kashda, 30 kashdas one cala, 30 calas one mukurla, 30 mukurtas one day, 15 days one half-moon, 2 half-moons one month, 6 months one ayana or course ofthe sun, 2 ayanas, the northern and the southern, make one year. To the Devas in the superior Deva world, the northern course makes a day and the southern a night; 360 such days and nights make a year of the Devas. 12,000 years make a greater quadruple yuga; of which the first yuga is 4,000, the 2nd 3,000, the 3rd 2,000, and the 4th 1,000 years, [besides the intervals between.] * "His age also” — The age of men and of the other gods, is limited to 100 oftheif years respectively. Appendix ^ 31 T,POO Deva years make a great ytiga, 71 great yugas a manwantra, 14 manwantras a day of Brahma; and his night is equal to his day. This day is called a calpa. The caipas are all of the same length, and so are the periods of the respective Menus. 360 of these caipas make a yearofBrahma, and 100 years a para, tvhich is his age^ When the age of Brahma is completed, all things that exist, animate and inanimate, are resolved into crude matter, (prakriti) in consequence of which, the deluge that then occurs is called the prakriti deluge. Brahma and all the re.st of the gods are subject to birth death, and other vicisitudes; but the sole Para Brahma, whom the eminent call Mahesura,. whose form is that of time, and surpassing time, fs that of air, is subject to neither birthi nor death. As you have sometimes noticed, in yonr useful Journal, the Mission Sclrools in' the North of the Island, and have always evinced a deep interest in the progress of native education, I beg leave to forward you an account of an examination in Tamul,. of the American Mission Seminary at Batticotta. on the 29th ult; which I had the pleasure oT attending. A very respectable congregation of Natives was as^^cmbled in the Chapel of the Semi- nary, before the exercises commenced, and was increased, from time to time, as those who lived at greater distances came in, until the place was somewhat crowded. The Principal opened the business of the day, by reading the 19th Psalm, and making some remarks concerning the objects and state of the Seminary. He mentioned that there were 80 students, divided into four Classes, and six teachers, besides several moni- tors; and a number of lads preparing for the Institution. The several classes were first hastily e.xamined in English and Tamul Excrcises--the Native system of Arithmetic — the Cural, a native poetic work on morals — and Nannool, or Grammar of the poetic dialect. Before a more particular examination in other studies, a part of a prize traaslation in- to Tamul, from English, was read by one of the Students. It was the 1st Section of the Essay prefixed to the Library of useful knowledge on the Objects, Advantages, and Plea- sures of Science; written, as is understood, by the present Lord C.hancellor of England - It was given to the Students for translation, by one of bis Majesty’s Commissioners of Inquiry, when they visited the Seminary. The Second Class were, after thi.s, examined in Trigonometry. They gave popular illustrations of the method of ascertaining the heights, distances, and magnitudes of in- accessible objects; for the double purpose of showing their acquaintance with the subject and preparing the way for some discussions which were to follow. This was succeeded by LETTER To the Editor of the Colombo Journal. Sir, 32 Appendix. a dissertation, on the method of applying the principles of Trigonometry to land-«nrrey» ing — illustrated by the necessary apparatus. The remaining part of the examination, or rather exhibition, for such it became, was designed to give a comparative view of the Hindoo and European systems of Geography and Astronomy; so as to elucidate and prove the latter, and to show the falsehood of the former. Extracts from the Scanda Purana, in verse, containing the principal points of the Hindoo system, were sung and explained, after the native method; and drawing* were exhibited representing the earth and the planetary world, according to that system and also according to the system of Europeans. The following Dissertations were then read, by member i of the First CfaM;-accom- panied by diagrams and appropriate apparatus. 1. On the shape of the Earth. The object of this was to prove that the statements in the Purana, of the flatness of the Earth, cannot be true. This was done by an application of the principles of Trigonometry, before explained, to the statements concerning the height and situation of the Polar Star, in connexion with its observed elevation above the horizon at this place. In the Purana, the Polar Star is supposed to be situated directly over the summit of mount Meru, or the centre of the Earth, at the height of 1,500,000 yojana, or more than 27,000,000 of miles. Taking the height thus given as one of the sides of a right angled triangle, and having the opposite angle, which is known here by obser- vation to be nearly 10 degrees, by the rules of Trigonometry vve may get the base or the distance from us at which the star should be vertical. But this would make mount Meru so distant that we, instead of being in the first or Jambu Island, as is said in the Purana, must be as far off as the sixth Island! and to cause the Star to rise one degree, as it will by our going only to Negapatam, we must on the supposition that the earth is flat, travel not 69 miles only , but more than fourteen millions of miles! Of course Englishmen, to whom the Polar Star in London is nearly 62 degrees high, never could come from that country here; and those here never could go there, as it would take for the journey some thousands of years. The conclusion was that by data taken from the Purana itself, it is clearly demonstrated that the Earth cannot be flat. 2. The principles of the foregoing dissertation applied, to show the falsity of what i» said about Mount Meru, and the seven Islands that surround it. 3. Three proefs that the earth is round, to which was added an explanation of the me-^ thod in which its diameter and circumference are measured, and the importanc* of knowing the earth’s semidiameter, as a base line in several important calculations. 4. An application of the principles of Trigonometry to Navigation, shewing the me- thod of navigating a ship, when out of sight of land, by the lag, and by observation, with the help of tables formed on the principle of the earth’s convexity. 5. Method of ascertaining, by ihetrules of Trigonometry, the distance of the Sun and planets-, the semidiameter of the earth and parallaxes of the heavenly bodies being known- 6. The real magnitudes of the heavenly bodies, ascertained by a knowledge of their di*-- tances and apparent magnitudes. Appendix. The motion f and phases cf the moon and the cause of eclipses-, illuilrated in a fatni= liar manner, and compared, as were the principles established in other essays, with the tbburd doctrines of the Purana. Two dissertations in Tnmul on themes piren out by His Majesty’s Commissioners of Inquiry for prize essays in En-lish-{l)On the advantages, to the Natives ofthis country »f studying the English Language; ^2) On the benefits of veracity both to individual* and society; or the'evils of lying an 1 deception. The manner in which deception is some- times practised, by jugglers and others, was shown by a skilail pet formancemf sleight of, :hand. with cups anti balls, by one of the students; who after having “quite astonished the Natives," and led them to think he had supernatural assistance, explained the manney, in ■which it was dotte, and in which they are often deceived. The examination was c'o»ed by an address from one of the Native Instructors, former- ly a student of the Seminary, giving a short history of the establishment, — the number ot the students educated in it, — their present employment and prospects,— and the benefits ■to the country at large, of the Institution. Ti , perns the Seminary, in its present shape, was established ?) years ago; that with tVo«e now in it, there have been about 150 members; and that of these, four are now in C’Ovcrnment service as Interpreters, f'vr are employed as privete tutors in English fami. lies, and most of the remainder, who have left, in various capacities as Native Preach- «rs, Catedhists, Schodlmasters, &c„ in connexion with the American and other Missions. The address was delivered with much feeling, and produced a very sensible, and evi- dently pleasing impression upon the audience. The whole of the exercises, though long were attended to with unabated interest, and must have convinced those who were ca. ,pable of understanding the subject, that the Puranic system of Geography and Astrono- my is wholly erroneous. When it was stated and proved that the Earth is round, one of the learned Natives, with much seriousness, rose and inquired, if it was intended to say that the account in the Purana was incorrect; or if it was meant that the Scanda Purana is not true! — a thought which he seemed to suppose no one could entertain. The same man, with as much appa- •rent sincerity, when the daily revolution of the Earth was mentioned, said, “that cannot be “bdieved; for if the Earth should turn over, all the water in the seas, and elsewhere, would fun out.” This raised a laugh against him, and one of his own people asked if he couid not swing a vessel of water round his head without spilling it. The power of attraction in the load-stone was also shown; and the principle on which all heavy bodies near the Earth gravitate to its centre, was explained. Indeed it appeared evident that the study of these subjects, in the Seminary, has done much already to promote correct views on the dift'erent, and -vary important, points intro- duced in the examination; and consequently to shake the faith of the natives in the Puranic System. This is the case, 1 am told, not only as regards the students themselves, hut those of •the more learned and thinking among the people, with whom they have intercourse. Thus she foundations of error are undermined, and just views of science and religion, as con- 'jiected with it, begin to prevail 34 Appendix. Those of your correspondents, Mr. Editor, who have intimated, that the benefits ofi teache ing- Native youths the elements of science, are but questionable, would, 1 think, had they been present, have seen evidence that, however it may be as to any individual student’s ob‘ taining a living by his learning,(in which, however it appears there has been no diifisculty, in this district, in the case of deserving young men,) — there is evidently much general good done, by the cultivation of these studies. It may be more important to a poor lad "to learn now to make a shoe, than to work a problem in Euclid," but it must be more im» portant to the community, that some should learn how to do the latter, than that all •hould learn only the former. The number educated in such an institution as the American Mission Seminary, must of course bear a very small proportion to the whole population of the country, and for that proportion to be instructed in the elements of science, and to some ex* tent in European literature, for the purpose of raising the standard of education a» mong the natives, and producing the modes and habits of thinking and feeling, which prevail in Christian countries, and thus improving their social and religious state, is, to say the lea«t, as important in its place, as teaching them the mechanic arts or agriculture, tnleed the former will prepare the way for the latter, and the “school* master abroad" among the people, especially with the Bible in his hand, will im* prove in all respects their moral condition. I am, Mr. Editor, your's truly, OBSERVER. (D) HINDOO SYSTEM OF ECLIPSES. Extract from the Scanda Purana. When in former time, Vishnu and others set abotit churning the sea of milk, not having obtained the grace of Siv'a black poison issued forth; upon which they ran awav in conftsion. Then repairing to mount Cailasa, they praised and entreated the fire-like Siva, who look up the poison and ate it, sayirg to d ishnu and the others "Do vou Devas go and churn again;" and they went, but neglecting to invoke Ganesa, mount mandra, which thev used as a churning stick, became loose and fell into the abyss. Then they worshipped Ganesa, bv whose grace the mountain arose from the abyss into the sea; and they churned again. After some time ambrosia came up in a golden pot. Then the Asuras and the De« Vas began to dispute and fight, each asserting that it came by their elforts. Seeing this, Vishnu assumed the form of a meretricious female of unparalleiled beauty; on which thev were filled with lust, and all came crowding around. Gama also, having diacharged bis flowery arows at them, they became more libidinous than the lecherous Appendix, 3^ ^I'isihli, onre In Taruk* fore«t. Thus not only the A suras but others also were fasci- nated; as the desire of women, above all other desires, is not to be suppressed even by the greatest, Vishnu as a meretricious female, then asked them, ''‘Do you wish for me or for the ambrosia? (?tl me.'’ On which all the Asuras, their minds beiftg fascinated, exclaimed, *‘the female for us;” but the Devas chose the ambrosia, and went aside with it; and the Asuras who disputed with them, took Vi-bnu to another place, Vishnu in the form of an enchantress, said to the Asuras, “there is one here fit to embrace me on a bed ■'of (lowers; hut which it is, I do not yet know.” Hearing this, the Asuras each one •aid. “There is no one amatth for Vne; 1 am the most fit; I am the hero;” arid crowd. Ing around, they fought with weapons for the privilege of connexion with Vishnu as a female, and many perished; hut two of them, aware of the stratagem, put oft' their Own form, and taking that of the Devas, went and stood with them. Seeino- the Asums dead, Vishnu, under the form of a fascinating prO'litute, gave the Ilevas ihe amlirosia; on which tl’e two Asuras also, standing in the company of tho Devas, received and ate it, but without repeating the incantations. This Surya and Chandra perceived, and l>v a wink, informed Vi.shnu that they were not Devas, but Asuras in who h.ud ft'cs received and eaten ambrosia. Then Vi.shnu saw thtt decef ticn, : nrl corning to them among the crowd of Devas, he cut off their heads with tie tjoon in his hand, and gave the rest of the ambrosia to the Devas. The ambrosia that those Asuras had eaten, had not descended below their necks, when their he.uds were cut off: and though their bodies perished, their heads could not die. Seeing this. Vishnu, who once measured the earth at one step, said that havingeaten ambrosia, thev would remain in the sky; and he gave them the station of planets. Those two heads from that time, m the form of red and black serpents, seize Surya and Chandra who betrayed them. JV'bte. Sorva is the Sun, and Chandra the Moon. The heads of the two Asuras seiz» iov on them at per odical times, are supposed to cause eclipses. Under the namec of Rahu and Ketu they are sometimes spoken of as the bead and tail of a Serpent, and correspond with the Moon’s nodes. (E) MORAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY. The animated discussions in the Colombo Journal, on the comparative taoral worth of certain cl.-isses of the community, suggested the expediency of forming a Society in the Seminary to he denominated “The Moral Improvement Society.” When a charge of radical defect of character is brought against an individual, oi? a body of men. it is obviously more important to use, without delay, appropriate means for a reform, than to waste time and strength in attempts to cover deficiencies or to prove exisliug merits 516 Appendix. The nature and bearings of the Society may be sufficiently understood by the foll»Ti»> teg extracts from its Articles. •PREAMBLE." "Whereas it is notorious that Natives of this Island are extensively addicted to ■"certain immoral practices, which disqualify them for places of power and trust, to ’"which they might otherwise be eligible; and w'hereas it is important that the people ■"should, vvith relereiioe to reform, distinctly understand the nature and extent of "the i harges alledged against them; and whereas the members of this Senriinary, who *‘enjoy some | eculiar advantages for invesiigating this subject, are deeply and person” •'ally interested to use appropriate means for correcting the principles and reforming ••the namiers and cnslunrs of iheir countrymen; — it is thought expiedient to form a "Society in this Seminary , to be denominated THE MORAL IMPROVEMENT SO'” "CIETY,” “The object of the Society shall be generally to promote the cause of morality, both ■"in the Seminary and in the conjniunity at large; particularly,— “1. To inquire into the extent and evils of that deception and dishonesty, which "are practised in the community, under the various forms of lying, promise breaking, "false witness, perjury and bribery;— to enquire into the extent and evils of intemper» "ance, gambling, and other kindred immoralities, by which the people waste their tim« "and I roperty, ruin their health, blast the:r own hopes and prospects in life, forfeit the "confidence of Government, and each other, and thus keep themselves in a state of •’moral degradation.” •■2. To investigate the immediate causes of the above mentioned evils, so farespeci” "ally os they may be peculiar to the state of things in this country.” “3. To devise ways andmeans for efiecting such a reformation both in principle and "practice, on the part of the hen imorists, as w ill best secure the confidence and appro* '•bation of their Superiors, promote their own personal interest, and render them usefid "memh'ers of Society.” “T he principal means used for accomplishing fhe objects here mentioned are free di»> "cusBions, and addresses at stated meetings of the Society correspondence with persoot "who have left the Seminary — ana the distribution of Moral and Religious Tracts. In order "to awaken ihe atteiuion of persons in the ‘Vicinity, public meetings of the Society are ■'‘held quarterly, which respectable Natives are invited to attend," iBonation^ to ttfe 1830 1832. ZN CEVI.ON» Rds. F. F». The Hon. Sir Richard Ottley ........ 133. 4 0- Hon. Mr. Sergeant Rough !33. 4. 0. IV . i\ orris Esq 2o0. 0. 0.. Colonel Colebrooke iOO. 0. 0. C. H Cameron Esq 8. 0. P. A. Dyke Esq 103. 4. 0, C. R, Ruller Esq 50. 0. 9. R. Atherton Esq. ” ....TOO. 0. 0. R. Brooke Fsq 2B. 8. 0., G Brooke Esq ^ .13, 4. 0. Rev. J. Roberts ,25. 0. - 0^ Zir INDIA, R«P. A. P, Captain Cotton. 100. 0. 0. St. John’s Lodge, No. 13, Secunderabad- . .... .100. 0. 0> Capt. Bracks, ...... ,46. 14. O- A Friend., 30. 0. 0, Capt. Willoughby.. 15, 0. Q. I.ieutWebb.. 20. 0, 0- Capt. Salmon ,...,,..20. 0. 0. — Staircase Esq ,50. 0. 0, — Mahony Esq .50. 0, 0, Rev. C. Winckler .,24. 0. 0« The above donations are less than the sum mentioned ira 88 the JReport, as received within the three years, a part oi that sum, though brought into the accounts of 1830, being acknowledged in the preceding Report. The donors are re- quested to accept the best thanks of the Mission for their valuable aid; which they are respectfully solicited to con- tinuco p ‘V- V' - ai’,: . ., Si