-^ Shelf.... PRINCETON, N. J. BV^4070 rC64 M4 1884 ^^"' Columbia Theological Seminary. Memorial volume of the semi centennial of the MEMORIAL VOLUME OF THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AT COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAEOLU^A. COLUMBIA, S. C. PRINTED AT THE PRESBYTERIAN PUBLISHING HOUSE. 1884. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY. PAGE Minutes op Alumni Association ix PART I. ADDRESSES. Opening Address. By B. M. Palmer, D. D., LL. D 3 Congratulatory Address to Dr. Howe. By Rev. James H. Saye 8 Dr. Howe's Response 11 PART II. DISCOURSES. The Spirit op Presbyterianism. By T. E. Peck, D. D., LL. D., Professor in Union Theological Seniinaiy, Va 17 The Old Testament in History; or, Revelation and Criticism. By Henry M. Smith, D. D., Pastor of the Third Pres- byterian church, New Orleans, La 39 The Pulpit and the Pastorate. By C. A. Stillman, D. D., Pastor of the Presbyterian church, Tuskaloosa, Ala 84 The Federal Theology: Its Import and its Regulative Inpluence. By John L. Girardeau, D. D., LL. D., Professor in Columbia Theological Seminary 96 PART III. HISTORICAL SKETCHES. History op Columbia Theological Seminary. By George Howe, D. D., LL. D 131 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOE History op Foreign Missions, as related to the South- ern Presbyterian Church and Columbia Seminary. By J. Leighton Wilson, D. D., Secretary of Foreign Missions 157 PART IV. MEMORIAL SKETCHES OF DECEASED PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS. PEOFESSOES : Thomas Goulding, D. D. By Eov. F. E. Goulding 181 James Henley Thornwell, D. D., LL. D. By John B. Adger, D. D 188 Charles Colcock Jones, D. D. By John Jones. D. D 195 Aaron Whitney Leland, D. J). By Joseph Bardwell, D. D 205 William Swan Plumer, D. D., LL. D. By Moses H. Hoge, I). D 210 STUDENTS: James McEwen Hall Adams 217 William Hooper Adams 219 William Alcorn 220 Donald John Auld, M. D 221 Augustus O. Bacon 223 Henry Howard Banks 224 William Banks 226 John Andrew Barr 228 James Scott Barr 229 Samuel James Bingham 230 Eobert Manton Brearley 233 William Howard Brooks 235 Samuel Eobins Brown, D. D 236 Edward H. Buist 238 John B. Cassells 239 Edwin Cater 240 Samuel EdAvard Chandler 242 George Henry Coit 243 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE James Coopei- Cozby 244 James Archibald Cousar 246 William Banks Crawford 247 Thomas H. Cunningham 248 William Curtis, LL. D 250 William Coombs Dana, J). D 251 Edward Chaffin Davidson 252 Thomas J. Davidson. 253 James Adams Davies 254 Thomas Lockwood DeVeaux 255 Henr}^ Robertson Dickson 257 Samuel Donnelly 258 Joh II Douglas 260 Robert L. Douglas 262 John Elbert DuBose 263 Julius J. DuBose 264 J. DeWitt Duncan 265 Albert M. Egerton 266 William Curdy Emerson 268 Adolphus H. Epstein 269 David Finley 270 Malcolm D. Eraser 271 S. R. Frierson 272 Savage Smith Gaillard 274 James Finlej" Gibert 275 Joseph Gibert 278 James Ruet Gilland 279 Francis R. Goulding 280 William Allen Gray ; 282 Matthew Greene 283 George Cooper Gregg 283 Robert W. Hadden 285 Henry Hardie 286 John Stitt Harris 287 Homer Hendee 289 Thomas Hobby 290 William Inge Hogan 290 Richard Hooker 291 Franklin Merriam Howell 293 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE William L. Hu£vhes 294 John C. Humphry 295 William Meriwether Ingram 298 Thomas Chalmers Johnson 299 Eobert Crawford Johnston 300 E. C. Ketchum 301 Elmore Kinder 302 A. L. Kline, D. D 303 Barnabus Scott Krider 305 George Whitfield Ladson 306 Eobert Harvey Laiferty •• 307 Bazile E. Lanneau 309 I. S. K. Legare 310 Andrew Eutherford Liddell 311 G. C. Logan 313 A. J. Loughridge 314 William LeConto 315 Thomas Magruder 317 John Boyd Mallard 317 Charles W. Martin 318 William Mathews 318 John F. Mayne 319 Thomas Livingston McBryde, D. D 320 James E. MeCarter 321 Eobert Warnoek McCormick 322 William J. McCormick 324 William McDuffie 326 Duncan E. Mclntyre 326 John BlueMcKinnon 327 John McLees 328 Eobert McLees 330 Daniel Milton McLure 331 Peter McNab 332 John Calvin McNair 333 Donald McQueen, D. D 335 James Lyman Merrick 337 Telemachus F. Montgomery 337 William H. Moore 339 Hugh A. Munroe 339 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII PAGE Thomas Marquis Newell 340 Ebon Newton 341 Samuel Orr 342 M. A. Patterson 343 Eichard Peden 345 Abner A. Porter, D. I) 345 David H. Porter, J). D 347 Joseph D. Porter 348 Rufus Kilpatrick Porter 349 Joseph Melanchthon Quarterman 350 John Winn Quarterman 352 Charles Malone Richards 353 H. W. Rogers 354 W. H. Roane 355 Isaac Hadden Salter 356 William Edward Scriven 357 Lucius A. Simonton 358 Arthur Melville Small 359 Robert Robertson Small 360 Angus Ferguson Smith 362 Roiaert L. Smyth 363 W. R. Stoddard 363 AYallaes Howard Stratton 364 Philip H. Thompson 365 Edward R.Ware 366 John Franklin W^atson 367 Winslow Brainard Watts.... 368 Samuel Park Weir 369 William Wiley 370 Albert Williams 371 A. W. Wilson 372 Charlton H. Wilson 375 John D. Wilson 376 Leighton B. Wilson 377 William W.Wilson 379 Peter Winn 380 John Alfred Witherspoon 381 Arthur McDow Wrenn 383 William Black Yates 383 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART V. PAGE Eulogy on Professor George Howe, D. D., LL. D. By Prof. John L. Girardeau, D. D., LL. D 387 APPENDIX. Catalogue op the Faculty and Students op Columbia Seminary. Faculty 421 Students 422 MINUTES OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. Columbia, S. C, Nov. 4, 1881, 7^ p. m. The Alumni of the Theological Seminary met in the First Presbyterian church, and were called to order by the Rev. Dr. B. M. Palmer, who requested the Rev. Dr. I. S. K. Axson, chair- man of the meeting held in Charleston, May 25th, 1880, to take the chair, and Rev. T. H. Law, Secretary of that meeting, to act as Secretary of this until the organisation of an Alumni Associa- tion, to be assisted by Rev. J. W. Flinn, Secretary of the Com- mittee of Arrangements. The exercises of the evening were opened with the singing of a hymn ; after which the meeting Avas led in prayer by the Rev. James Beattie, one of the original students of Rev. Dr. Goulding at Lexington, Ga., before the establishment of the Seminary here, and subsequently a member of the first class in the institution. The Rev. Dr. B. M. Palmer then delivered a discourse intro- ductory to the celebration of Rev. Dr. George Howe's fifty years' services as Professor in the institution, his entrance marking the beginning of the Seminary as an organised school of theological training. At the close of the discourse, the graduates and former stu- dents present proceeded to organise an Alumni Association. The roll was called class by class, and the following responded to their names, which Avere enrolled in classes according to the year of graduation of the classes to which they respectively belonged : 1833. James Beattie, J. Leighton Wilson. 1834. I. S. K. Axson. 1837. J. H. Saye. 1839. John Jones. 1841. S. H. Hay, NeiU McKay, B. M. Palmer. 1842. D. E. Frierson, Z. L. Holmes. 1844. E. F. Hyde, C. B. Stewart, C. A. Stillman. 1848. J. L. Girardeau. 1849. R. H. Reid. 1851. Donald Eraser, A. A. James. X MINUTES 1852. D. L. Buttolph, James Douglas. 1853. S. C. Alexander, R. A. Mickle. 1854. Douglas Harrison, H. M. Smith. 1855. N. W. Edmunds. 1856. James McDoAvell. 1857. J. E. Dunlop, W. A. Wood. 1858. W. F. Pearson. 1859. R. B. Anderson, Robert Bradley. 1860. Jno. R. Riley. 1861. E. H. Buist, J. B. Mack. 1862. W. E. Boggs, G. R. Brackett, J. D. A. Brown, J. H. Colton, James S. Cozby, Thos. H. Law, Wm. McDonald, Hugh McLees, C. S. Vedder. 1863. R. E. Cooper, E. M. Green. 1864. W. P. Jacobs. 1868. W. W. Mills. 1869. A. P. Nicholson, W. C. Smith. 1870. L. K. Glasgow, John G. Law, J. L. Martin. 1871. H. C. DuBose, G. T. Goetchius, E. L. Leeper, Jas. S. White. 1872. A. R. Kennedy, T. C. Ligon, R. W. Boyd. 1873. C. E. Chichester, W. J. McKay. 1874. J. G. Fair, J. G. Hall, R. A. Miller, R. D. Perry, J. H. Thornwell, L. R. McCormick. 1875. J. W. Flinn, H. B. Garriss, R. C. Ligon, W. E. Mc- Ilwain. 1876. J. Y. Allison, D. A. McRae, S. L. Morris. 1877. E. P. Davis, J. E. Fogartie, G. A. Trenholm. 1878. D. I. Craig, H. G. Gilland, T. P. Hay, J. L. William- son, J. C. McMullen. 1879. H. C. Fennel, E. G. Smith, J. L. Stevens. 1880. J. T. Plunkett, L. H. Robinson, C. L. Stewart, R. A. Webb, S. L. Wilson, A. M. Sale, T. B. Craig. 1881. VV. G. Neville, J. L. McLin. The Committee appointed in Charleston to prepare and pre- sent at this meeting the draft of a Constitution, reported through Rev. Dr. B. M. Palmer. The Constitution proposed was taken OF ALUMIS^r ASSOCIATION. XI up article by article, and each one was unanimously adopted; after which it was adopted as a whole. The Association, on motion, proceeded to complete the organi- sation by the election of officers, the following officers being chosen to serve for the next year: President, B. M. Palmer. Vice-President, John L. Girardeau. Secretary, Thomas H. Law. Treasurer, Joseph B. Mack. The President then took the chair, and according to a pro- gramme previously arranged, the Rev. James H. Saye, a vener- able member of the class of 1837, delivered an address to the Rev. Geo. Howe, D. D., LL. D., congratulatory upon the completion of fifty years' services in the Professorship of Biblical Literature in the Seminary. This address was responded to in appropriate terms by Dr. Howe. The Committee of Arrangements having invited the Faculties of the several Theological Seminaries of the United States to be represented in this Semi-centennial celebration, letters which had been received in response, were read from the Faculties of the following institutions : Union, Va., (which was also represented in person by the Rev. Prof. Thos. E. Peck, D. D.,) Princeton, Western, Northwest, Danville, Auburn, and San Francisco. Due West Tbeological Seminary was represented by the Rev. Prof. James Boyce, D. D., who was personally welcomed by the Presi- dent and addressed the Association. All these letters and ad- dresses were full of kind interest and congratulation in view of this pleasant occasion. The following resolution from the Synod of North Carolina was also communicated to the Association : ^^Resolved, That the Synod of North Carolina, in session at Salisbury, N. C, November 4th, 1881, extend fraternal greetings to the Semi-Cen- tennial Association of the Columbia Theological Seminary, which is soon to convene in the city of Columbia, S. C. ; rejoicing with them in the success of efforts tore-endow that venerable 'School of the Prophets;' and praying the richest blessing of the great Head of the Church to be upon them, and the great work in which they are engaged. And that the Rev. J. T. Plunkett be commissioned to bear this resolution to the 'Semi-Centennial Association.' " XII MINUTES After prayer by the Rev. Dr. Axson, the Association ad- journed till 9 a. ra. to-morrow. Lecture Room, Presbyterian Church, Columbia, Nov. 5, 1881, 9 a. m. The Association met, according to adjournment, and was opened with prayer by the Rev. Dr. John Jones. The minutes of last evening's session were read and approved. The Committee of Arrangements for this Semi-Centennial Celebration reported through its Secretary, the Rev. J. W. Flinn, turning over to the Association the Minute Book of said Com- mittee. The arrangements which the Committee had made were approved and the Committee discharged. The Rev. C. E. Chichester, of the Committee appointed at Charleston to procure portraits of the deceased Professors of the Seminary, reported that a portrait of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Goulding had been kindly presented by his daughter, Mrs. Wil- liam M. Reid; one of Rev. Dr. A. W. Leland, by his son, Col. John A. Leland; and one of Rev. Dr. James H. Thornwell, had been loaned by Mrs. Thornwell, and probably would never be recalled. He further reported that efforts had been made to se- cure a fresh portrait of Dr. Howe, which is now in the hands of an artist and expected to be ready for this occasion, but the artist had disappointed the Committee at the last moment. On motion of Dr. Boggs, the diligence of the Committee was approved, and the same Committee was continued, with instruc- tions to confer with Dr. Howe, the Librarian of the Seminary, in regard to the preservation and use of the portraits obtained, and to draw upon the Treasurer for such funds as may be neces- sary to purchase a frame for the expected picture of Dr. Howe, and such other expenses as may be required in order to the pro- per preservation and use of these portraits. On motion, it was further resolved that the Secretary be directed to convey the thanks of the Association to Mrs. Reid, Mrs. Thornwell, and Col. Leland, for the portraits so kindly put into our hands. OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XIII The Rev. Dr. Mack, of the Committee appointed in Charles- ton to raise |30,000 for the endowment of the "Howe Memorial Professorship of Biblical Literature," reported that the Commit- tee had been earnestly at work in this matter, and that the amount of $26,200 had been raised toward the object. The Rev. J. W. Flinn proposed the folloAving resolutions, recommended by the Committee of Arrangements, which were adopted : Resolved, 1. That all the proceedings, sketches, addresses, and dis- courses of this Serai-Centennial Celebration be published in a substan- tial Memorial Volume, of which copies shall be issued. 2. That a Committee be appointed to edit the various papers and superintend their publication, and take steps to raise the necessary funds to defray the expense of printing and binding. 3. That a subscription circular be printed and sent to all the Alumni, former students, and other friends of the Seminary who might aid in the matter, for the purpose of obtaining subscribers to the volume, and raising money to pay the cost of publication. It was further resolved, upon the recommendation of the same Committee: 1. That copies of the Memorial Volume, when published, be presented to the following Theological Seminaries, Universities, and Colleges, viz. : Columbia, Union (Va.), Princeton, Union (N. Y.), Auburn, Lane, AVest- ern, Northwest, Danville, San Francisco, Due West, and New Bruns- wick Seminaries; South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Virginia, Southwestern Presbyterian, Vanderbilt, Furman, Washington and Lee, Cumberland, Trinity (Texas), Johns Hopkins, Missouri, and Central Universities ; and Davidson, Adger, Erskine, King, Austin, Arkansas, Hampden Sidney, and Westminster (Mo.) Colleges. 2. If any surplus remain from the sale of the Volume after the cost of publication has been paid, it shall be applied to the Lectureship contem- plated in the Constitution of this Association. On motion, the Alumni of the Seminary, resident in New Or- leans, La., the same who served on the Committee of Arrange- ments, were appointed a Committee to take charge of the publi- cation of the Memorial Volume and carry out the above resolutions. On motion of Dr. Boggs, it was resolved that a Committee on Finance be appointed, consisting of Rev. Messrs. J. B. Mack, E. XIV MINUTES M. Green, and J. W. Flinn, to devise and report some plan for raisinof funds to meet the expenses of the Association. A Committee, consisting of Rev. Drs. Palmer, Jones, Stillman, and Mack, was also appointed to consider and report to the Asso- ciation on Monday, as to the propriety of forming a Southern Presbyterian Historical Society. On motion of Rev. Dr. Jones it was resolved that some brother be appointed to prepare a memorial sketch of the Rev. F, R. Goulding, lately deceased. Rev. D. L. Buttolph, D. D., was appointed to perform this duty, and hand over the sketch to the Committee on the Memorial Volume. The same was also ap- pointed to read, in the Memorial Exercises of this afternoon, the Memorial prepared by the late Rev. F. R. Goulding, of his father, Rev. Thomas Goulding, D. D., the first Professor of the Seminary. Pending the consideration of a motion in regard to limiting the length of the memoirs of deceased alumni in the preparation of the Memorial Volume, the hour for the public exercises of the morning arrived, and the Association took recess to assemble again to-day at the call of the President. Repairing to the church, the Association, in connexion with the congregation there assembled, listened to a discourse upon Preshyterianism, delivered by the Rev. Professor Thomas E. Peck, D. D., of Union Seminary, Va., and a discourse historical of the Columbia Theological Seminary, by the Rev. Professor George Howe, D. D., LL. D. At the close of these deeply interesting and instructive exer- cises, the Association met again for business in the church. The unfinished business being taken up, on motion of Dr. Mack, it was Resolved, That in the preparation of the Memorial Volume, which is expected to contain all the public proceedings of this Semi-Centennial Celebration, the memorial sketches of the deceased Professors and Alum- ni, and the discourses delivered on this occasion, the Committee on Pub- lication be invested with discretionary power in the matter. On motion of Dr. Boggs, the ofiicers of the Association were OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XV appointed a special committee to propose to the Association on Monday nominations for a lecturer for the year 1883, and for members to serve on the Executive Committee. The Association then adjourned to meet again for business at 9 a. m., Monday. This afternoon was devoted to memorial services. In the pres- ence of the Alumni and many friends assembled in the church, sketches of the five deceased Professors of the Seminary were read: of Thomas Goulding, D. D., prepared by his son, the late Rev. Francis R. Goulding, and read by the Rev. D. L. Buttolph, D. D. ; of Aaron W. Leland, D. D., prepared by his son-in- law, Rev. Jos. Bardwell, D. D., and read by the Rev. John L. Girardeau, D. D. ; of Charles Colcock Jones, D. D., prepared and read by his brother. Rev. John Jones, D. D. ; of James Henley Thornwell, D. D., LL. D., prepared and read by the Rev. John B. Adger, D. D. ; and of William Swan Plumer, D. D., LL. D., prepared by Rev. M. D. Hoge, D. D., and read by Rev. J. Wm. Flinn. After the reading of these sketches, the roll of the deceased Alumni was called. All these exercises were peculiarly solemn, impressive, and in- teresting. In the evening, the Rev. Henry M. Smith, D. D., of New Or- leans, delivered before a large congregation of Alumni and others a discourse upon "The Old Testament in History, or Biblical Criticism and Inspiration." Sabbath morning, November 6th, the pulpit of the church was filled by the Rev. Dr. Palmer, of New Orleans. But in the af- ternoon of that day the Semi- Centennial exercises were resumed, the Rev. Charles A. Stillman, D. D., of Alabama, delivering a dis- course upon "The Pulpit and the Pastorate." And in the even- ing, the Rev. John Leighton Wilson, D. D., delivered a Sketch of our Church's Foreign Missionary Work, and the Connexion of the Seminary therewith. This was followed by an address upon the Mission Work in China, by Rev. H. C. DuBose, a XVI MINUTES member of the Soochow Mission — though this was not a part of the regular programme of the Semi-Centennial celebration. Lecture Room, Presbyterian Church, Columbia, Monday, Nov. 7th, 1881, 9 a. m. The Association assembled, and Avas opened with prayer by the Rev. A. A. James. The minutes of Saturday's meeting were read and approved. The Committee on the nomination of a lecturer for 1883, reported, recommending that the Rev. Dr. B. M. Palmer be ap- pointed, and that the subject be "The Theology of Prayer." The report was adopted. The same Committee reported, recommending that Rev. C. E. Chichester, G. T. Goetchius, and J. L. Martin, be appointed on the Executive Committee. This too was adopted. Rev. Dr. Mack, of the Committee on a Southern Presbyterian Historical Society, reported as follows : "That a Committee of three be appointed to correspond with the Faculty and Alumni of Union Theolo2;ical Seminary, Va., with reference to the formation of a Southern Presbyterian Historical Society ; and that the said Committee report the draft of a suitable Constitution and by-laws to a meeting of the friends of such a Society to be held durin,<; the sessions of the next General Assembly in the city of Atlanta."' The report Avas adopted, and the following were appointed to constitute the Committee contemplated, viz. : J. L. Girardeau, J. B. Mack, and John Jones. In behalf of the Finance Committee, Dr. Mack reported, recommending that each member of the Association pay one dol- lar annually to provide the necessary funds for the Association. The report was adopted. On motion of Rev. E. M. Green, it was '■'•Resolved^ That the thanks of the Association be tendered to the breth- ren who have prepared papers for this Semi-Centennial occasion ; and that Rev. Professor James Woodrow, D. D., be requested to prepare the discourse appointed to him in the programme, and that it be published in the Memorial Volume." OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XVII On motion, it was '■'■Resolved, That the thanks of the Association be returned to the Com- mittee of Arransements for their services in connexion with this cele- bration." On motion, the Secretary of the Association was instructed, that, upon hearing of the death of any alumnus or former stu- dent of the Seminary, he shoukl request some suitable person to prepare for the Association a memorial sketch of the deceased brother for publication. On motion, a Committee, consisting of Rev. Drs. C. A. Still- man, J. Leighton Wilson, and John Jones, was appointed to prepare and publish an address upon the condition and prospects of the Seminary. The Association then took recess to meet again this evening at 7^ o'clock in this room, and repaired informally to the church, to hear the last of the discourses upon the programme of the Semi-Centennial celebration. This discourse was delivered to an earnestly attentive and deeply interested audience, by the Rev. Professor John L. Girardeau, D. D., LL. C, upon "The Federal Theology : Its Import and its Regulative Influence." Lecture Room, 7J p. m. Upon the reassembling of the Association, the Rev. Dr. Palmer presented, with some remarks in regard to it, the follow- ing paper, which was unanimously adopted by a rising vote : "The Alumni of the Seminary, associated to celebrate the fiftieth an- niversary of their Alma Mater, respectfully and earnestly suggest to their beloved brother, the Rev. J. L. Girardeau, whether he can render any service to the Southern Church more important than to take up and com- plete the system of theoloiiy berrun by the late and lamented Dr. Thorn- well, and arrested by his death ; giving; to the world a complete work issuing from this Seminary, and the lasting testimony borne by it to the immutable truth of God." The evening was spent in free and pleasant remarks from many brethren, calling to mind numerous reminiscences of their Semi- nary experience ; and also expressing ardent hopes- and strong confidence as to the future of the institution. XVIII MINUTES Salutations from several brethren who had been providentially hindered from being present, were received. It was also announced that the Rev. S. E. Axson, an alumnus who was prevented from attending by the illness of his Avife, has, since our assembling here, been called to mourn her death. Whereupon the Secretary was directed to address to him a letter assuring him of our fraternal and hearty sympathy in his sore bereavement. The further announcement was made that the Board of Di- rectors had this day fixed September 20, 1882, for the reopening of the Seminary — which information was received with hearty applause. On motion, the thanks of the Association were returned for kind hospitality and other favors extended to the members. The Secretary was instructed to publish the proceedings of this meeting of the Association in the several weekly religious news- papets of the Church. The Association then adjourned with prayer by the President and the singing of the long metre doxology. B. M. Palmer, President, Thomas H. Law, Secretary. OP ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XIX CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED AT COLUMBIA, NOVEMBER 4tH, 1881. Article I. The name of this Association shall be "The Alumni Association of the Theological Seminary of the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia." Art. II. All who have been students in the Seminary shall be regarded, if they please, as members of this Association ; and seven members shall be necessary to constitute a quorum. Art. III. The objects of this Association shall be to promote the interests of the Seminary, by bringing annually together, in fraternal union, all the classes that have graduated from the insti- tution, either in whole or by representation ; and to make contri- butions to theological science in its various departments, by lec- tures — one or more of which shall be delivered on an assigned topic, at each annual meeting, by a member selected at the pre- ceding meeting. Art. IV. The Professors, ex-Professors, and Directors of the Seminary, shall be regarded as ex officio members of this Asso- ciation. Art. V. The officers of this Association shall be a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer ; who shall be elected annually, and continue in office until others are chosen to succeed them. Art. VI. The officers, Avith three other members to be annu- ally chosen, shall be an Executive Committee, with power to attend to the business of the Association, in the intervals of its meetings. Art. VII. The stated meetings of the Association shall be held annually, in Columbia, on the same day with the regular annual meeting of the Directors at the close of the Seminary year, at such hour as may be appointed from year to year. Art. VIII. Special meetings of the Association shall be called by the President, on the written request of five members ; notice thereof being given in all the religious papers of our Church, at least one month in advance. XX MINUTES LETTER FROM THE REV. DR. A. T. McGILL. Theological SexMinaky, Princeton, N. J., October 28, 1881. Rev. Dr. B. M. Falnier: My Dear Sir: If I should fail to appear at Columbia on the 3d prox., at the interesting assembly, convoked for the purpose of celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of Dr. George Howe's in- duction as Professor there, I beg in advance to explain the hind- rance which prevents me, notwithstanding the appointment of our Faculty here to represent them. The honor of this appoint- ment was coveted by me, and it was made by unanimous vote. But the advance of age fetters the alacrity of my wishes. The journey is long, and the time is short, that I could spend in this the season of my throngest duties here. The grating of Railway travel would compel me to go and return slowly, by way of stop- ping over at several stations on the road, and my interview with brethren beloved at the destination would be hours instead of days. We all send greetings to Dr. Howe and the Alumni and other friends of your time-honored Seminary. It is a happy coinci- dence that the first and the second jubilee of this kind on our continent have been vouchsafed to the Presbyterian Church, North and South. And still happier, that the objects of such commemoration have been so much alike in character and accom- plishment. Probably no man living resembles more than Dr. Howe does our own Charles Hodge, now honored over Christen- dom, and nowhere so much as in the place of his late home, where he was best known. A winter spent in the hospitable home of Dr. Howe, brought me into the most intimate observa- tion of his manner of life, as well as the learning, piety, candor, and good sense, combined with which he conducted the exegeti- cal instruction of the Seminary. The breadth of his knowledge also, extending to History, Theology, and Ethics, filled me with admiration. And all the more, that the simplicity of a child, unpretending and unobtrusive, adorned the greatness of his mind, and charmed the intercourse with which both teachers and pupils approached him at all times. OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XXI May his precious life be prolonged, as Dr. Hodge's was, be- yond the semi-centennial congratulations, and extend through another decade his long-loved usefulness, in the "consolation of Christ, and comfort of love, and fellowship of the Spirit." Your conferences on this occasion will, doubtless, have much reference to the reorganisation of the Seminary for another era, which I do earnestly hope will be like the clear shining after the rain, to freshen the truth as it is in Jesus, and spread a greater influence than ever, to the ends of the earth. We should not anticipate, in the remotest future, another calamity like that which is overpast, coming to toss your foundation or dismantle your outfit. The lesson of 'this jubilant crisis must be, that new and greater things than ever should be done for the Seminary at Columbia. "Destroy it not, for a blessing is in it." One of the most memorable features of its life in the past is the sanctity of its officers and students. This was manifested peculiarly in the devout attention of all together, at the daily exercise of worship, in the prayer hall ; a particular ornament of godliness, in which, it has never been excelled by any other Theological Seminary I have known or heard of. In my time, the venerable Dr. Leland was there, in majestic form and mellow voice, to read the Scrip- tures with tones and emphasis which no commentary could rival in pressing every shade of divine thought contained on the ear and the heart of his auditors. The young Bazile Lanneau, Tutor in Hebrew, took his turn with the Professors in conducting prayers for the week, with singular pathos and heavenly unction which cannot be forgotten. It was, indeed, a privilege to be there, and that sacred school was a revival of religion for me all the time I communed with teachers and scholars at Columbia. Its traditions of the past should be treasured up for an earnest of the future. Its men of God, before and after that sojourn of mine — Goulding, Jones, Leland, Thornwell, and Plumer — who have gone to the "church of the first born, which are written in heaven," shed a lustre on your institution which the Church on earth should be glad to perpetuate on the same spot and with the same surrounding of good and faithful men, like Grilbert T. Snowden, the Crawfords, and others, who cherished it with so XXII MINUTES much zeal in the past generation of that beautiful locality. The conservative character of Columbia Seminary cannot be spared from the visible Church at this day. The true inspiration of God's word, the cardinal doctrine of atonement by substitution, the full development of scriptural polity in the structure, govern- ment, and discipline of the Church, indispensably need this pure light, where it was kindled at the first. We are situated at Princeton, between two great cities, the largest in America, and probably the richest also ; one of these being cosmopolitan as well as metropolitan, to which our South- ern brethren might come freely and fairly for help and means, in rehabilitating such an institution. Assuredly we could not grudge the munificence you might find near our own doors, but would rejoice to favor and second every such appeal for a new endow- ment. And we I'ejoice to know that the sunny and fertile South is rapidly recovering her own resources, which were once liberally sent here to help this mother Seminary in its infancy and long struggle to secure an adequate foundation. Beloved brethren of the South, be of good cheer. God will not forget your work of faith and labor of love and patience of hope in ministering to the wants of Princeton more than half a century since. Your prayers and alms went up as a memorial to him in seeking our good at the North, and our hearts are now gratefully with you, and sincerely prompt in agreeing with you touching this thing that we implore the God of all grace to give, and to hasten it in his time, greater prosperity than ever to the Seminary at Co- lumbia. We pray with you, and sing with you, "Return, Lord, how long?" "Make us glad, according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil. Let thy Avork appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto their chil- dren. And let the beauty of the Lord our God be upon us ; and establish thou the work of our hands upon us ; yea, the work of our hands establish thou it." With much fraternal love, and great respect, yours, ALEX. T. McGILL. OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XXIII MINUTES OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, COLUMBIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. Columbia, S. C, May 9, 1883, 5 p. m. The Alumni Association of the Theological Seminary con- vened in the chapel of the Seminary, the President in the chair, and was opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. Stillman. The following members were present : B. M. Palmer, J. L. Girardeau, C. E. Chichester, J. B. Mack, W. J. McCormick, Robert Bradley, E. P. Davis, W. G. Neville, C. R. Hemphill, I. S. K. Axson, W. E. Boggs, J. L. Stevens, G. T. Goetchius, J. S. Cozby, J. C. McMullen, J. L. Martin, C. A. Stillman, Jas. McDowell, T. H. Law, W. J. McKay, James Stacy, J. R. Mc- Alpine, R. A. Webb, A. M. Sale, J. G. Richards. The minutes of the last meeting were read for information. Dr. Palmer, on behalf of Committee on the publication of the Memorial Volume, presented a report, which was referred to a special Committee, consisting of W. E. Boggs, J. L. Martin, C. E. Chichester, J. B. Mack, and T. H. Law. Dr. Mack, Treasurer, presented a report, which was approved. Rev. C. E. Chichester, of Committee on Portraits, reported that the portrait of Dr. Howe, referred to in the last report, has been obtained and placed in the Library, and also one of Dr. Plumer. The Committee was continued, with a view to obtain- ing other portraits. Dr. Girardeau, of the Committee on the formation of a South- ern Presbyterian Historical Society, reported that steps had been taken at Atlanta, during the session of the last Assembly, look- ing to such organisation. The Secretary reported that he had requested brethren to pre- pare memorial sketches of deceased Alumni. On motion of Dr. Mack, the Rev. Dr. J. L. Girardeau was requested to deliver, in the First Presbyterian church this even- ing, a discourse memorial of the late venerable Dr. George Howe, who departed this life on the 1 5th of April last. On motion, the lecture of Dr. Palmer, appointed for this year, XXIV MINUTES was appointed to be delivered in the First Presbyterian church to-morroAv (Thursday) evening, at 8 o'clock, the lecturer having first explained how he had been led to change his subject from that of "The Theology of Prayer," to "The Certainty of the Evidences of Christianity." The following were elected officers for the next year : Presi- dent, C. A, Stillman ; Vice-President, J. L. Girardeau ; Secre- tary, T. H. Law ; Treasurer, W. E. Boggs. On motion, the Association took recess till 8 o'clock, to meet in the church. First Church, Columbia, May 9, 8 p. m. The Association assembled with a large congregation in the church, and heard a memorial discourse upon Dr. George Howe, delivered by the Rev. Dr. Girardeau. At the conclusion of the discourse, the Association resumed business. The Committee on the Memorial Volume reported, recom- mending: 1. That the Volume be published as speedily as pos- sible. 2. That a Committee, consisting of J. B. Mack, D. D., W. E. Boggs, D. D., and Prof. C. R. Hemphill, be appointed to edit the work and carry out the above resolution. The report was adopted. On motion of J. S. Cozby, it was Resolved^ That the thanks of the Association be tendered to Dr. Girar- deau for the discourse delivered this evcnin<^, and that it be inserted in the proposed Memorial Volume. It was also Resolved, That the Secretary of the former Committee on Publication. J. W. Flinn, be refunded, out of the funds of the Association, any ex- pense to which he has been put in this matter. On motion, the Association adjourned till 8 o'clock to-morrow evening, to meet in this place. Prayer by J. L. Martin. OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. XXV FiiiST Church, Columbia, Thursday, May 10, 8 p. m. The Association assembled and listened to the lecture of Dr. B. M. Palmer, upon "The Certainty of the Evidences of Chris- tianity," delivered before a large congregation. At the close of the lecture, the Association entered upon the consideration of business matters. On motion of Dr. Mack, the New Orleans Committee was in- structed to hand over to the new Committee on the Memorial Volume, all the funds paid in for subscriptions, with the under- standing that the funds be returned to subscribers if the book should not be published. The New Orleans Committee was, on motion, discharged. On motion, the Treasurer Avas authorised to turn over to the Committee on the publication of the Memorial Volume, to be used for that purpose, any funds in the treasury not necessary for the expenses of the Association. On motion of Dr. Girardeau, the thanks of the Association were returned to Dr. Palmer for the able and eloquent lecture to which the Association has listened with much pleasure this evening. The Committee on nominating a lecturer for 1884, presented the name of Prof. James Woodrow, D. D., principal, with Rev. J. F. Latimer, Ph. D., as alternate ; and the report was unan- imously adopted. The names of the graduates of to-day were added to the roll of members, viz. : W. C. Fleming, T. F. Boozer, 11. B. Zernow, and T. C. Whaling. On motion, the Treasurer was directed to correspond with all absent members of the Association, and invite the payment of the annual fee of f 1. On motion, the Constitution was so changed as, in Art. VII., to fix the time of the annual meeting /or the Wednesday of the week in luhich the Board of Directors holds its annual meeting. The desire of the Association was expressed that Dr. Palmer complete and publish the lecture delivered this evening. On motion of G. T. Goetchius, the members of the Associa- XXVI MINUTES OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. tion, resident in Columbia, with Dr. Boggs as Chairman, were appointed a Committee of Arrangements for the next meeting. All the minutes of this meeting were read and approved. On motion, the Association adjourned to meet again on the Wednesday before the second Thursday in May next. Closed with prayer by Prof. C. R. Hemphill; C. A. Stillman, President. Thos. H. Law, Secretary. PART I. ^HDID JEWESSES. I. OPENING ADDRESS. BY B. M. PALMER, D. D., LL. D. II. CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO DR. HOWE. BY THE REV. JAMES H. SAYE. III. DR. HOWE'S RESPONSE. OPENING ADDRESS. BY B. M. PALMER, D. D., LL. D. The pleasant duty devolves upon me as Chairman of the Com- mittee of Arrangements, fellow Alumni, of welcoming you to this fiftieth anniversary of our venerable Mother, and to this golden wedding of the senior Professor who was married to her in his youth, and has given to her the affection and toil of his life.' The tender words which are to fill his ear will be uttered by another, chosen as our representative to express the reverence and love in which we hold both his person and his woi-k. It is enough for me simply to allude to the double character of this festival, which commemorates at once the founding of an institution that has been a source of ble.isins; to the Church of God, and the life-loner labors of this revered father in our Israel, beginnino; almost with its birth and running through its history to the present hour, When this celebration was first suggested, our beloved Semi- nary appeared to be moving foi'ward upon an even and prosper- ous career. With a corps of instructors nearly complete, and with a fair proportion of students, to those wlio watched her from a distance she seemed a goodly bark speeding with favorable winds over a smooth sea. But before a meeting of the Alumni could be held to authorise our present assembhige, she had struck upon a hidden reef, and threatened to founder beneath the shock. Causes, to which I need not here refer in detail, led to the sudden suspension of all the offices of instruction. The tidings fell upon the Church like a fire bell in the night, and roused from their slum- ber the whole constituency upon whose support the Seminary more immediately depends. None who were present can forget the gloom Avhich settled over the meeting of the Alumni in the city of Charleston in the month of May, 1880; nor the clarion call which sounded out from that gloom and summoned to the rescue. With- out the contradiction of debate, it was resolved to raise the sum of at least $30,000 to repair the shattered endowment; and this Avas consecrated to a memory that will ever be dear in our his- 4 OPENING ADDRESS, torv as "The Howe Memorial Fund." Under the stimulus of this hiofh purpose, it was further resolved to go forward with the proposed Semi-centennial, though it should be under the shadow of a cloud. Hoping that the month of September would find the doors of the Seminary reopened, this celebration has been ad- journed almost to the close of 1881. Alas, we find those doors still sealed against approach, and the halls still silent which used to echo with the voice of worship and of song. We behold these reverend teachei's still seated before the gates, in painful expect- ancy 'of the dawn when busy feet shall again tread these lonely courts, and the sons of the prophets again catch the inspiration of wisdom from their lips. It is impossible for us not to feel the depression of the hour; and to some desponding heart we may seem to gather here for funeral obsequies rather than for marriage festivities. My breth- ren, I speak nothing new to Christian pastors, when I say that faith does not know the meaning of the word despair. In the exactions of his adorable providence, God sometimes draws upon that faith down to the very bottom of its strength ; yet in its mighty rebound it Avill spring above the stars and lay hold upon the power that is divine. In the old mythology the giant wres- tler rose from every fill to renew the struggle, receiving strength from the contact with his mother earth ; but in our better theo- logy, faith refreshes itself by looking into the fice of its Father, God, and is then ready for the heroic. It says to the very moun- tain which obstructs its path, " Be thou plucked up and cast into the sea." It may know disaster, as we know it to-day, but it knows not defeat; neither, my friends, shall Ave. The courage which does not rise to the level of every exigency, is cowardice; and the faith which measures possibilities by the standard of human weakness, is simple unbelief. When ancient Rome was besieged by the armies of Carthage, the very field upon which the tents of Hannibal were pitched was sold at public outcry in the beleaguered city at its full value — '•^yiullo pretio diminvto" is the lano-uage of the historian who records the fact. Never was Rome more sublime than in this confidence of her future destiny. It was the expression of that indomitable will which gave to her at OPENING ADDRESS. O length the empire of the Avorkl. You remember, too, the parallel incident in Hebrew histor}', in which a like heroism was born of a divine faith. When Jeremiah was languishing in the court of the king's prison, and Judah was about to hang her harp on the Avillows by the Avaters of Babylon, the prophet who had announced the captivity bought the field that was in Anathoth, subsci'ibing and sealing the evidence before all the Jews, in token that "houses and fields and vineyards should be possessed again in the land." Fellow Alumni, we are here for this self-same purpose today. We gather around the prostrate form of our mother, not to smooth her dying pillow, but to raise her from this temporary syncope, and bid her live. She was founded in the faith and prayers and tears of God's people when they were fewer and weaker than they are to-day ; and we are degenerate sons of the fathers who begat us] if our zeal will not perpetuate the legacy which they be- queathed. What ! shall an institution die which has three of its chairs actually filled by the most distinguished men in their re- spective departments, who are to be found in all our borders ? Shall a school perish before our eyes which has a vested fund of more than $100,000 ? Why, the fixthers who planted it fifty years ago rejoiced over a great success Avhen they had gathered but half that sum, and felt that a covenant-keeping God had an- swered their prayer and rewarded their faith. Many of us here remember well "the day of small things," when we were trained for our future work under only two Professors, one of whom re- mains to this present, the Nestor of those old Greeks upon whose shoulders rested a weight greater than we are called to bear to- day. If we inherit the piety and faith of those fiithers, let us remember that we are the heirs also of their responsibilities and trusts; and that they call upon us from the bosom of their his- tory to finish the work which they auspiciously began. "Nothing is so hard to kill as a Presbyterian church," said one of our emi- nent divines not long since translated to heaven ; and I do not see why the perseverance of the saints should not be as effec- tive in perpetuating 'the mother of churches as one of the daughters of her loins; nor can I see why the covenant of God 6 OPENING ADDRESS. should not be as good a basis for the united, as for the individual, faith of his people. If the prayers of two generations have gone up as incense before the throne, and their alms as the memorial of their obedience and trust, does it not inspire us, who enter into their labors, with hope that he who has gathered their tears in his bottle will yet pour them- down in rich drops of blessing upon the institution of tHeir love ? The historian of the Seminary will, perhaps, during this cele- bration, tell us of the necessity under which it was in the first instance founded. He will also exhibit the facts which show that, in conjunction vritli the sister institution in Virginia, it has, under God, given, during the fifty years of its history, that best of all blessings to any Church, a native ministry. Is the necessity any less for its continuance than for its origination ? When was there ever o;reater need for thorouo;h knowledo;e of Hebrew lano;uage and literature than in this age of a pretentious and flippant criticism, which seeks to undermine the authenticity and canon- icity of our sacred books ? When, since the days of Augustine or of Calvin, was there greater need of a sound systematised theology than in this age of rationalistic speculation which would trample in the dust every supernatural element in Christianity, w^hether of doctrine or of experience, deleting the miracles and flouting the inspiration of a divine record? When, since the earliest discoveries of modern science, has she been more impu- dently suborned to deny the intervention of the Deity in the control of his own handiwork, and to cut off the soul's privilege of personal communion with that Being in whose likeness it was originally fashioned ? When was there ever greater need of the lessons of Church history than in unmasking the old heresies which, under gilded names, go forth in our day to shake the faith of the unstable ? And when did the Church need more to be estab- lished in her ancient polity, than in this day of revolution and change ; when even religious tramps, with indecent defiance of authority and law, impugn the order of God's house and invade the very structure and being of the Church as a visible corporate society upon earth ? When was the call ever louder for a vigor- ous and efficient ministry to overtake the population spreading OPENING ADDRESS. 7 from ocean to ocean over the breadth of the continent, and then to keep pace Avith advancing civilisation over the entire globe ? The demand for well-equipped theological schools is more imperative now than ever ; and it was in providential f )resight of this present necessity they were doubtless providentially brought into being through the agency of our fathers. The fact is, the mission of the Church is that of a witness-bearer of the truth ; and while the conflict rages between the kingdom of darkness and the king- dom of light, so long will the Church be called to launch her tes- timony against error. There are certain epochs in which the battle is fierce along the entire line of controversy ; and it is in just one of these that our lot is cast to-day. We are summoned to the defence of each cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith ; and beyond this, for the very records in which that faith is em- balmed. It is not the time to dismantle our fortresses, but to strengthen them in bastion and tower, ''from turret to foundation stone." Pardon me, my brothers, if in the heat of these utterances I should seem to breathe an unworthy suspicion of your loyalty to our Alma Mater. It is neither in my thought nor in yours to hint the possibility of her dissolution. But my heart burns within me as in your presence the memories of other days crowd upon me "feelingly and fast." The fathers, where are they? Gould- ing and Leland and Jones and Thornwell and Plumer sleep in the tomb. We turn from these and look upon the faces of the living. How long will it be before the venerable HoweAvill carry his learning away and leave us to mourn the greatness of our loss ? How long before Wilson, with his heart of oak, shall cease to sound the bugle call and marshal the sacramental host for con- quest upon heathen shores ? The chill of December is upon the blood of all the protagonists of this School of the Prophets — and in the generations that are younger, the signature can be read upon the forms of more than one, warning that life's work from this time forth must be quickly done. Only the other day the gifted Robinson passed to his reward ; and over all the land the veterans who have fought the battles of truth, and held the posts of toil and trial, are going with their scars to the tomb. Shall 8 CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO DR. HOWE. we not be permitted to say, then, "instead of the fathers shall be the chihh-en" ? Then let the mother of the children live ; let the succession of faithful pastors continue to issue from these sacred halls. Join me, brethren, in the prayer, which shall also be with us a purpose, that our beloved Seminary may no longer sit in the dust as a widow bereft of her children, but rise to a new career of usefulness and renown, of which the past shall be only a prophecy. And may the Lord our God "lay her stones with fair colors and her foundation with sapphires, and make her windows of agates, and her gates of carbuncles, and all her borders of j^leasant stones" ! CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO DR. HOWE. BY THE REV. JAMES H. SAYE. My beloved Teacher and Father: It is made my duty to say a few words to you on this occasion. I know of no better theme in the review of the past than to mention our rea- sons for thanksgiving and gratitude to the Giver of every good thing. We have cause of thanksgiving, that our fathers were moved, a little more than fifty years ago, to establish a school for the better training of men for the discharge of the duties of the ministerial office ; that they located it at this place; that God's people were influenced to endow it by their gifts, so as to render it a fountain of light in the land ; and that God in his providence brought you from your pleasant home in another State at the right time, to take your place in this infant institution. We are thankful that you had such an affection for it that you could not be induced to forsake it, either by the rude shock of friends or by the pressing invitations to other fields apparently more desir- able. We are thankful that your life has continued, and that you have held your place in this institution for half a century ; and I am thankful that I am able to say, that though I have known many very popular instructors of youth, I have never known one CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO DR. HOWE. \) whose services were more valued by his pupils than yours have been by those who have enjoyed your instructions. We have cause of gratitude for the success of this School of the Prophets. It has had its vicissitudes of depression and pros- perity, but the light going forth has been constant till very re- cently. And we have hopes that the light may soon break forth again, never to grow dim till the judgment of the great day. In looking abroad, we perceive that the alumni of this institu- tion are widely dispersed over this land. Many of them have gone into frontier and destitute neighborhoods and gathered flocks in the wilderness ; others have become successful pastors of the older congregations ; and some have planted the gospel in heathen lands. They are found in every department of ministerial work. We think we can say in all sincerity, that they are the peers of the students of any institution in this broad land. I have lived to labor side by side with not a few of them who were stricken down in the midst of their days, but whose memory abides as a sweet fragrance in the churches. They preached the gospel so that it became a joy and rejoicing to God's people. Their examples and teachings can never be lost. Names may perish in the vortex of revolutions, but the word of the Lord liveth and abideth for ever ; lives in the nature of its own essence and in the flow by which it rolls on from generation to generation, in one living perpetual stream. The memory of Adams, Banks, John Harris, and John Douglas — all born since I Avas — is very fresh in my mind as pastors greatly beloved by God's people. The sphere of my observation, however, has been limited. In mention- ing names, I make no disparaging distinctions ; doubtless scores of others equally useful and alike deplored have been called to their reward. But there are hundreds still living who statedly meet the conofreo-ations of God's children and hold forth the word of life. Some in crowded cities, others along the highways and hedges ; yet all as the ambassadors of the King of glory. The influence of this institution is not only felt in these States, in Canada and Europe, but its light has gone forth into the dark places of the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty. Some of its first fruits were projected into Asia and Africa. It has had 10 CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO DR. HOWE. its representatives in the foui' quarters of the globe, and still has tliem. The voices of its students are now heard proclaiming the riches of God's grace in all sorts of foreign tongues and among people the most destitute of the true light. One of its students, lately deceased, stood among the distinguished translators of the ~ Sacred Scriptures into the language of Japan. So that the hun- dreds who have been here are now scattered abroad, sowing the good seed by all waters. If the past is adapted to excite feelings of gratitude and thanksgiving to our Father in heaven, what have we to hope for in regard to the future ? This location is one of health and general pleasantness. Its past record speaks favorably as adapted to promote bodily and mental energy, to cherish the natural powers for the perpetuation of health and life. It is a place easy of access. The artificial modes of travel lie off in every direction. He that sets his flice hither can soon be here. The s-ood things of this life can be ob- tained here as cheaply and speedily as under any star of the firma- ment. Its surroundings are conducive to mental improvement and progress in the knowledge of men and things. The foundation of the institution is very solid ; its property and library well adapted to promote the comfort and advancement of those who seek its benefits. The affections of hundreds, I may say thousands, of the best of God's people cluster around it. They carry it in their prayers to the throne of God's grace. Their hopes and desires in regard to its fruits are very earnest. Shall our hopes and expectations be disappointed? Shall it not live through the coming ages, a centre of light and holy influ- ence ? Shall it not be in the future as it has been in the past, a fountain whose streams shalt make glad the city of God ? We should expect great things, pray for great things, labor for great things. We are servants of a very great and a very liberal King. He is honored by the expectation of noble gifts. But all our works should be in profound humility ; all in reliance upon the divine aid and guidance; and we should ever remember that "except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it; except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." Recent events show that the people have a mind to work. The DR. IIOAVE'S response. 11 wall must therefore be built. The time to favor Zion, yea, the set time, is come, because her servants take pleasure in her stones and flivor the dust thereof. In the name and behalf of many who have sat at your feet, I congratulate you this day on account of the good accomplished by the Head of the Church through your instrumentality in this School of the Prophets. And we humbly pray that your life and health may be long continued ; that you may bring forth fruit in old age ; that your last days may be your best and most joyful in God our Redeemer ; and that you may receive the crown of life bestowed on all who love the final appearing of our srreat Judge and Advocate. DR. HOWE'S RESrONSE. I do not know, my brother, in Avhat terms to reply to the lan- guage of respect and love with which you have addressed me. I believe in a Providence, a Providence which rules over all things. I believe in a special providence. And I have reason to " know that the way of man is not in himself: it is not in man that walk- eth to direct his steps." There is a power above us that stirs up our nests, and tliAvarts our purposes, forecast them as we will, and this, too, for our own best good. In my early manhood a malady which is most often fatal had overtaken me, and, after a partial recovery, the frosts of the succeeding winter had brought on a relapse, and my medical friends thought it necessary that I should avoid the severities of another. I came, a stranger, not without solicitude, to the port of Charleston, but only to receive the kind hospitalities of those who seemed to know how to dispel the forebodings of a stranger's heart. The Synod of South Carolina and Georgia met in the city of Augusta on the 2nd of December, 1830, Dr. Goulding had asked for an assistant who should teach the original languages of the Scriptures. My name was brought before the Synod by the Board of Directors. I was 12 DR. howe's response. unanimously elected to this office for the year; accepted the office, first for three months, but Avas prevailed upon to stay till July. Similar reasons rendered it necessary that we should again avoid the severities of a Northern winter, and on the 3d of December, 1831, the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia, meeting in this city, elected me as Professor of Sacred Literature and Biblical Criticism. There have been days of sadness and foreboding since, Avhen even the best early friends of the Seminary have expressed their sympathy, and intimated that they would not blame me if I should aljandon the enterprise. But I have- not done so. The Lord would seem to say, "The new wine is in the cluster. De- stroy it not; for a blessing is in it." Yes, my brother, I believe in a general and a special providence. When our Lord and Mas- ter sent forth his apostles to preach the gospel, he did not pro- mise them a life of ease, but the reverse. They should meet with difficulties. They should be encompassed with opposers. But, says he, "Fear them not. What I tell you in darkness that speak ye in light: and what ye hear in the ear that proclaim ye upon the housetops. And fear not them which kill the body but are not able to kill the soul." "Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing ? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear ye not, therefore; ye are of more value than many spar- rows." Yes, there is both a general and a special providence. For he, our Master, ruleth both in the armies of heayen and the inhabitants of earth, and none can stay his hand or challenge his right thus to rule. There are men here to-night that can bear witness to this. The humble cottage of their fathers may have been in some defile in the distant mountains of a foreign land, by the side of some well known river of France,' Germany, Holland, or some dear spot in England, Scotland, or Ireland; and here we are together this night ! And what overruling power has ac- complished this ? We may think of the native force of our own will. But it was the overruling of him who now sits on the me- diatorial throne, having all power in heaven and earth ; control- ling as well the forces of nature as those of the moral Avorld. It was he that moved them to brave the dangers of the treacherous DR. Howe's response. 13 deep and the stormy winds, and brought them here. It is he, my brethren, who has called us to ow life-long work, will sustain us in it, and call us Juwie at last, to that house not made Avith hands, which is eternal in the heavens, and will make us kings and priests unto God and unto the Lamb for ever. It will be so. And it must be so. God the Father is pledged to God the Son. "I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the utter- most parts of the earth for thy possession." "Sit thou at my right hand.'" God the Son was pledged to God the Father. "Lo, I come to do thy will, God," by which will we are sanctified through the ofi'ering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. And God the Spirit, our second Comforter, whom Christ has sent, to take of his things and show them unto us, all conspire to give victory to his Church, and discomfiture to all its foes. And so let us hope and labor on till our translation comes, when the Lamb shall lead us to living fountains of waters, and God shall wipe away all tears from our eyes. PART 11. nDiscoxJK.s:E]s. I. THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. BY PROF. T. E. PECK, D. D., LL. D. 11. THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. BY HENRY M. SMITH, D. D. III. THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. BY C. A. STILLMAN, D. D. IV. THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY: ITS IMPORT AND ITS REGULATIVE INFLUENCE. BY PROF- JOHN L. GIRARDEAU, D. D., LL. D. THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. BY REV. T. E. PECK, D. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR IN UNIOX THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, VIRGINIA. In order to give some definite shape and form to our thoughts in considering this subject, let us inquire, first, what Presbyte- rianisHi is. In prosecuting this inquiry, we must eliminate all those elements or features which it has in common with other forms of ecclesiastical polity. Church Government is the genus, Presbyterianism is one of its species, coordinate with other spe- cies, such as Prelacy and Congregationalism. We are to consider only specific differences. According to this rule, we shall be forced to condemn a definition or description of Presbyterianism to which great currency has been given in our Church in this country by the reputation of its distinguished author. This definition makes Presbyterianism to consist of three things : (a) The parity of the ministry, {b) The participation of the people in the government of the Church, (c) The unity of the Church. Now, according to the rule we have laid down, the first of these features must be eliminated, because it is not distinctive, does not make Presbyterianism specifically different from another species of Church government with which we are all familiar. Congregationalism recognises as fully as Presbyterianism the parity of the ministry. The second must be eliminated also, but for a different reason. It is no feature of Presbyterianism at all. This form of government does not recognise the right of the people to take part in the government in the sense of governing. They take a part, and a very important part, in constituting the government, but not in governing. Papists and Congregation- alists agree in the principle that the power of electing officers is a power of government, while they draw very different, and even contradictory, conclusions from it. The Papists conclude that, as the power of governing does not belong to the people, the right of electing their rulers does not belong to them. The Con- 2 18 THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. gregationalists conclude that, as the people have the right of election, therefore some power of government belongs to them. Presbyterians deny the principle in which Papists and Congre- gationalists are agreed, and affirm against both, that the power of election belongs to the constituting of the government, but is not an act of government. The second element in the definition under criticism is therefore entirely out of place. The definition thus far is faulty in the same way as "feathered biped" would be faulty as a definition of man. The criticism on this last Avould be obvious — that there are many bipeds besides man, and that man is not a feathered biped. So there are other polities besides Presbyterianism which recognise the parity of the ministry, and Presbyterianism does not recognise the right of the people to take part in the government at all. The third element, in the form in which it stands, must be objected to on the same ground as the first. It is not distinctive. Papists and other Prelatists hold to the unity of the Church. But of this more anon. A better definition is one which was given by a great teacher in the Seminary whose semi-centennial anniversary we are now celebrating. He defines Presbyterianism as a form of Church government "by parliamentary assemblies composed of two classes of presbyters, and of presbyters only, and so arranged as to realise the visible unity of the whole Church." 1. It is a government by parliamentary assemblies. In this it is contrasted, on the one hand, with Congregationalism, and on the other with Prelacy. The term Congregationalism is here used in a very definite sense, as descriptive of a species of Inde- pendency. The Independents of the Savoy Confession w^ere not Congregationalists, in the sense of lodging the power of govern- ment in the cono-regation or brotherhood of believers. John Owen, their great leader, in his treatise entitled "The True Nature of a Gospel Church," might be mistaken for a Presbyterian, when he is treating of ecclesiastical power and government, as exemplified on the scale of a single congregation or assembly of believers. But such a congregation is held by Independents to be a complete church, and not to be associated with any other like congregation under the same government, Presbytery, or THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. 19 Synod, The Congregationalists hold the same views ; but they also hold (which Independents, as such, do not) that the govern- ment is lodged in the congregation or brotherhood. John Owen held ' as we do, that a single congregation is to be governed by an eldership or Presbytery ; that is, a bench or college of presby- ters chosen by the people as their representatives, not as their deputies or proxies ; chosen to govern not according to the will of the people, but according to the will of Christ, who ordained the constitution of the Church, created its oflBcers, and defined their functions. The parallel is exact between the idea of Presbyte- rianism and the true and original idea of the civil constitution of this country, and if Edmund Burke is to be trusted, of the Brit- ish constitution also. Parliaments are assemblies of representa- tives, not of proxies, of the people ; they are not to utter the voice of the people unless it be the voice of wisdom and justice; they are not responsible to the people in the sense of their con- stituents who elected them, but to the people in the sense of the sovereign people who ordained and established the constitution. To this sovereign people, whose voice is uttered and whose will is expressed in the fundamental law, every true representative will appeal from the judgment of his constituents. In the Church there is no sovereign people. Her constitution comes from Jesus Christ, her Head, and to him only the last appeal is made. As Presbyterianism is thus contrasted with the government of the people assembled en masse, or by their delegates or proxies, in being a government by assemblies of representatives, so it is contrasted, on the»other hand, with Prelacy, which is a govern- ment of one man. Yet even in Prelacy the principle of Presby- tery will make its authority and wisdom to be felt, as is shown in the holding of councils, provincial and general. It is a very instructive fact, mentioned by Prof. Baird, of the University of New York, in his recent "History of the Rise of the Huguenots," ^See his True Nature of a Gospel Church, Chap. VII. Works (Rus- sell's Ed., London, 1826), Vol. 20, p. 480. Compare the Savoy Declara- tion of 1658, the Institution of Churches, and the Order appointed in them by Jesus Christ, Arts. VII. and IX. SchaflF's Creeds of Christen- dom, Vol. III., pp. 724, S. 20 THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. that their enemies of the Papal party, seeing the energy, Avisdom, and effectiveness given to the movements of the Huguenots by their Presbyterian organisation, actually imitated them, and organised a quasi Presbyterian system for themselves. The same kind of concession has been made from time to time by our Con- gregational brethren also.^ It is from this feature of Presbyte- rianism that its name has been derived. It is not a government by presbyters merely, but by presbyters assembled in Presby- teries. 2. Another distinctive feature of our government is that these presbyters are of two sorts — presbyters who rule only, and pres- byters who both rule and teach. This feature is found also in our civil constitutions. There are two classes of representatives in our Legislatures ; and the principle of two classes of repre- sentatives has been deemed by statesmen and political philoso- phers as great an improvement on the representative principle as that principle itself was on the principle of democracy. The representative principle was a check on popular passion and pre- judice ; the principle of two classes of representatives is a check added to a check. 3. The third distinctive feature of our government is found in the mode by which it realises the idea of the visible unity of the Church. Popery realises the unity by a graded hierarchy, by a hierarchy consisting of officers of different ranks, and culminating in one man at Rome, called the Pope. This system secures unity, indeed ; but it is a terrible unity, sacrificing all individual life, and binding all abjectly to a single throne. Our system, on the contrary, realises the idea of the unity by the elasticity of its representative system. All its courts are Presbyteries ; that is, courts composed of presbyters. The same elements are found in all of them, from the lowest to the highest. The unity is secured not by the subjection of one class of rulers to another class, but by a larger number of rulers governing a smaller number of the same class. The representatives of the whole Church govern the representatives of each part, and that not by a direct control of • See Miller on Ruling Elders, Chaps. VII., YIII. ; King on the Elder- ship, Part I. THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. 21 the part, but by controlling the power of the part. All the local Presbyteries are combined by representation in one Presbytery, called with us the General Assembly. "Of this General Assem- bly" we might say, in the language of Milton, "every parochial consistory is a I'ight homogeneous and constituting part, being in itself a little Synod, and moving towards a General Assembly upon her own basis, in an even and firm progression, as those smaller squares in battle unite in one great cube, the main pha- lanx, an emblem of truth and steadfastness." ' Now, the system thus described, we hold to be found in the New Testament, and to be that in substance which was adopted by the apostles. We say "in substance," and by this is meant that the principles are there. The scale on wdiich the principles are applied and exemplified will of course determine differences of detail and variety, to a certain extent, in the "circumstances" which are common to the Church with human societies ; but the principles themselves of government by representative assemblies, of representatives of two sorts, and of the unity of the Church, are all there ; and they must be found in every form of ecclesi- astical polity which claims to be Presbyterian in the full sense of the term. The government by Presbyteries was no new thing in the days of the apostles. The word Presbytery occurs three times in the New Testament ; and in two of these (Luke xxii. 6l3, and Acts xxii. 5) it denotes the well known council among the Jews which is commonly called the "Sanhedrim," a name which is itself Greek, and equivalent to Session or Consistory, It is not at all necessary to trace the origin of that court, or of the smaller san- hedrims of the Jews to the time of Moses. It is enough to know that they existed in the time of the apostles, and that the apostles adopted a similar government for the Christian Church. That the Church derived its government from the Synagogue, is a fact upon the proof of which, in the present state of theological learning, it is needless to expend many words. This is the con- 1 Milton's Reason of Church Government against Prelaty, B. I., Chap. 6. 22 THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. cession of a learned minister of the Churcli of England.^ The choice hiy between the temple model and the synagogue model ; and the apostles chose the synagogue. We need not be afraid to meet the defenders of Prelacy at the bar of antiquity. The apostles are the most ancient and venerable of the "fathers." Let them decide.^ But the Church, in its Jewish form, was not, and was not de- signed to be, aggressive. Provision was made for the reception of the Gentiles, but not for going after them. Those who Avere received, were proseli/tes, indeed ; comers to the fold ; not people "who were sought after, to be gathered in. Even in "the mission- ary age," as it has been called, .of the Jews — the age that followed the conquests of Alexander, when the Jews were widely dis- persed, and their synagogues were established in all the chief cities of the Greek Empire, they were a missionary people rather by the ordering of divine providence than by any conscious pur- pose or effort of their own. God brought his word near the Gen- tiles, and into the very midst of them, and constrained them to attend the services of the synagogues; but he ordained and sent forth no missionaries. The function of the evan;:^elist Avas not yet engrafted upon the office of the presbyter or ruler. It Avas not until the Redeemer had risen from the dead that the universal commission Avas given, "Go ye into all the Avorld and preach the gospel to every creature ;" "disciple all nations." This aggres- sive propagandist feature of Christianity is one of its distinguish- ing features ; a feature by Avhich it is distinguished not only from Judaism, but from Paganism. Mahomet copied it, but in a totally diff'erent spirit, and Avith means diametrically opposite. 'Litton on the Church of Christ, Chap. III.. Sec. 3, p. 185, of the American edition, Philadelphia, 18(J9. So, also, Lightfoot (now a Bishop) on Philippians, p. 9-1- and p. 191. ^The famous rule of Vincent of Lirinium, "^;/otZ semper, quod vhiqire, quod ah omnibus,''^ may be allowed, if, with II. Roarers, we make the apostles our onmes, their age our semper, and their writings our n.bique. Com[>are Milton's Raason of Church Government against Prelaty, B. 2, Chap. I. — the passage beginning with the words, "Mistrusting to find the authority of their order," etc. THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. 23 Presbyterianism could not vindicate its claim to be divine if it were not an aggressive polity, if it were not missionary in its constitution, in its spirit and its aims. The first missionaries formally ordained and sent forth to the Gentiles, were ordained and sent forth by the Presbyter}^ of Antioch, the Presbytery of the first church which was composed of both Jews and Gentiles, and therefore the first church in which the fellowship of all the races of mankind in the man Christ Jesus was visibly embodied and exemplified. If it be true, as the enemies of Presbyterianism assert, and as some of its friends seem disposed to concede, that it lacks the fea- ture of aggressiveness, then it must be confessed that, to this ex- tent, it lacks the credentials which a system claiming to be divine ought to possess. The assertion of our enemies is not borne out by history. We have not, indeed, sacrificed the individuality of our ministers to the unity of the Church, making them mere spokes in the great wheel, without any life, sphere, movement of their own. We have allowed tliem to be themselves, after the manner of the apostolic Church, in which the labors of apostles bore the stamp of their individuality, in wdiicTi the Pauline, Pet- rine, and Johannine types Avere recognised as distinct, although they all preached the gospel. Presbyterianism makes its minis- ters wheels within a Avheel ; thus combining efficiency of aggress- ive operations with the full preservation and development of individual life. Now, this polity so clearly sanctioned and even ordained by the apostles at first was, as it is alleged, very soon exchanged for Prelacy; so soon, indeed, that the change must be supposed to have received the sanction of the Apostle John at least. This is not the place to handle the argument in full. Only certain heads will be suggested. (a) There is not one particle of proof that prelatical bishops existed in the time of John, or even at the close of the first cen- tury. On the contrary, we find Clement of Rome at the close of the first century writing to the church at Corinth, and Polycarp at the beginning of the second century writing to the church at Philippi, and both of them recognising no other officers than pres- 24 THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. byters and deacons. In the case of Clement, this fact is the more noteworthy, as his Epistle is mainly an exhortation to unity and concord. Jerome ascribes the invention of Prelacy to factions and dissensions as being the best remedy for them. ^ What a fine opportunity, then, for the Bishop of Rome to glorify the Bishop of Corinth ; or if, as our prelatical friends suggest, the Bishop of Corinth was dead, and the see vacant, hoAV urgent the necessity for filling the vacancy, and how strange the absence of any ex- hortation to fill it ! [b) In the second place, even in later writers, it is too generally taken for granted that the "bishop" spoken of is a prelatical or diocesan bishop. In the Epistles of the Pseudo-Ignatius, for ex- ample, where is the proof that the bishop he so absurdly magni- fies is a prelate ? For all that we have seen, Ms bishop may have been (and probably was) a parochial bishop, and his pres- byters "ruling elders." We must always be on our guard against the "fatal force and imposture of words." According to the scriptural usage of the Avord 8cJi7S)n, the Papal and Angli- can Churches are amongst the most schismatical bodies in the world; according to the ecclesiastical usage of the word, a plausi- ble argument might be made to show that the Papal body is not schismatical at all. Another fruitful source of delusion is in taking it for granted that the polity of the Church was uniform in the early ages; that because Prelacy existed in Rome (if it did exist there) at the close of the second century, therefore it existed throughout the Church, whereas there is abundant reason to believe that it spread very gradually. The schism of Felicissimus at Carthage (A. D. 250) seems to have been the result of a struj^gle between the defenders of the old government of Presbytery and an "episcopal" party. This, at least, is the opinion of Neander. ^ This view is con- firmed by the existence of the '■^sejiioresplebes'' in the North Af- rican Church, described by Kurtz as "lay elders" and probably ^ See the fine passatje — beginnino- with the words, '•Prelaty ascendinjj; by a gradual monarchy," in Milton's Reason of Church Government uriiod ajjainst Prelaty, B. I., c. 6. ^ See Art. "Felicissimus" in Herzog's Cyclopaedia. THE SPIRIT OF PRESBYTERIANISM. 25. the "venerable monuments" in the fourth century of the race of "rulinof elders" then passing aAvav. ^ (c) But, in the third place, if the change had taken place so soon, it might be still a corruption. Greater and more important changes — changes affecting vital points of Christian doctrine and Christian morality — occurred in the very times of the apostles, as is plain from their Epistles and from the Lord's epistles to the seven churches of Asia. "I marvel," says Paul, "that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel." "Who hath bewitched you that ye should not obey the truth ?" "Having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh ?" The apostle of love also discerned the rising spirit of Prelacy in Diotrephes, "Avho loved to have the preeminence" and "cast out of the church" people better than himself. There is not much cause to marvel that men speedily exchanged the ordinances of God for their own inventions; on the contrary, considering the power of sin and the subtlety of Satan, the marvel is that the ordinances of God are allowed to exist at all. After the time of Constantino, Presbyterianism seems well nigh to have vanished from the Church for a thousand years, and all spiritual worship and all scriptural discipline seems to have vanished with it. It is no slight proof of its divine origin that sound doctrine and spiritual worship should have declined with its decline and should have revived with its revival. There must be an internal and vital connexion among these things ; and if it cannot be demonstrated that the decline of Presbyterianism in those early ages was the cause or the effect of the corruption in doctrine, worship, and discipline, it can at least be shown that the corruption was stimulated and aggravated by the prelatical ^ In Act. Perpetua et Felicitas, 13, and in the 29th Ep. of Cyprian, we read of "p?-es%Jier must be in every synagogue, to read and expound the law." Wise, see Heb. Com., p. 34. Thus professionally and historically identi- fied with the law, they were as a class responsible for its accuracy. And thus from the time it was given, they constituted the strong- est possible barrier against innovation or change. The second Hebrew Commonwealth is an historic monument of the authenticity of the Old Testament, indorsing it by the national life and institutions, and by the universal faith and worship. It is a chapter of history almost forgotten. Shut out from the sacred record and from the world's proud story, it is seemingly rejected of both. Yet this is the indispensable link which joins them in living unity. And so, like the stone Avhich the builders rejected, it has become a head stone of the corner. III. AN AUTHENTICATED CANON: THE SUPREME COURT OF THE THEOCRACY. To this evidence, which seems to be entirely conclusive, we may add that which is afforded by the Jewish courts of law. The Mosaic constitutions made all needful provisions for carry- ing the law into effect. "Judges and officers shalt thou make in all thy gates." Deut. xvi. 18. The elders, or heads of families in each community, were to constitute a local court. Deut. xix. 11. For litigated cases, and such as involved the most important interests, there was to be a high court of appeal, whose decision Avas final. Deut. xvii. 8. 62 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; There can be no doubt that it was such a court that Jehosha- phat intended to organise when he established the supreme court, described in the nineteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chron- icles: "In Jerusalem did Jehoshaphat set of the Levites and of the priests, and of the fathers of the people, for the judgment of the Lord and for controversies. . . . And he charged them, saying, Thus shall ye do in the fear of the Lord, and with a perfect heart. And what cause soever shall come to you of your brethren that dwell in their cities, between blood and blood, between law and commandment, statutes and judgment ; ye shall even warn them that they trespass not against the Lord, and so wrath come upon you, and upon your brethren. . . . And, behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters of the Lord, and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, for all the king's matters; also the Levites shall be officers before you." The number of members composing this court is not stated, neither is any distinctive title assigned it. It is designated sim- ply Ijy the classes of which it was composed, the priests, Levites, and elders of the people. Its organisation was simple but eflFec- tive. It was such a court as might be easily ctmstructed, easily assembled, easily perpetuated, and easily reorganised, if at any time it should be disbanded. Being founded in the constitution of the theocracy, and composed of representatives of the three great classes of the nation, it must always command public respect and confidence, and be a natural recourse and a supreme judicial authority. Just such a high court we find in New Testament times, simi- larly organised and constituted, with its civil and ecclesiastical president; its membership of priests, elders, and Levites or scribes, with Levites or scribes for its officers, and designated by the classes of its membership. "Wherever the New Testament mentions the priests, the elders, and the scribes together," says Emanuel Deutsch, "it means the great Sanhedrim. This con- stituted the highest ecclesiastic and civil tribunal. It consisted of seventy-one members, chosen from the foremost priests, the heads of families and tribes, and the learned, that is, the scribes OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 63 or lawyei'S." These classes are so associated in Matt. xvi. 21; xxvi. 3; Mark viii. 31; xi. 27; xiv. 43; xiv. 53; xv. 1; Acts iv. 5; vi. 12; etc. That the Sanhedrim, as found in New Testament times, Avas recognised as a supreme constitutional court is clear from its composition, its organisation, its poAvers, its descriptive title; from the fact that it appealed for authority to Deut. xvii. 9, and from the fact that the Targums give the same name to the courts of the ancient State, as in Isa. xxviii. 6 ; Ruth iii. 1, and iv. 1 ; Ps. cxl. 10; and Eccles. xii. 12. The Chaldee paraphrase on the Song of Songs asserts that the Sanhedrim existed during the Babylonian captivity. This was the opinion of Selden, of Leusden, of Grotius, and Reland. San- hed., in Kitto. It Avould be impossible to account for the unani- mous and elevated sentiment among the Jews at their return, without supposing some high and controlling judicial authority to have been among them during the times preceding. We have no precise nor positive evidence, however, on this point. But it is a striking fact, that as soon as the record resumes their his- tory, Ave meet in the designation of the governing authority among them the precise phraseology Avhich, both in the Old Tes- tament and the Ncav, is used to characterise their supreme court. Ezra tells us, i. 5, that the chief of the fathers, the priests, and the Levites, initiate the return. It Avas the ancient men of "the priests, Levites, and fathers," Avhose Aveeping Avas so significant Avhen they compared the second temple Avith the glory of the first. Ezra iii. 12. When Ezra despatched his costly contribution, viii. 29, he directed the messengers to report to "the chief of the priests, and the Levites, and the fathers of Israel, at Jeru- salem." And the plan to secure a belter observance of the Law, was the result of a conference between Ezra and "the chief of the fathers of all the people, the priests, and the Levites." Neh. viii. 13. The building of the temple and the city Avails plainly required the supervision of some constituted authority; who it was is not stated in direct terms. But Ave find that the Mishna claims that it Avas the exclusive prerogative of the Sanhedrim to authorise additions to the temple, or to the walls of the city. Hilc. Sanh., i. 5. 64 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; The edict of Darius was in these words: "Let the governor of the Jews, and the elders of the Jews, build this house of God on its place." Ezra vi. 7. Now, according to 2 Chron. xix. 8, the governor of the Jews, Zerubabel, prince of the house of Ju- dah, was entitled to be the secular President of the Sanhedrim. And in verse 14 the elders who were associated with him in the decree, are represented as having themselves the control of the work. A comparison of the two passages plainly suggests that he was the official head of an organised body. The Civil Government. During the second commonwealth, their several masters, Per- sians, Greeks, Egyptians, Syrians, and Romans, allowed the Jews to govern themselves according to their own usages. The only attempt against their religious liberties was made by i\ntio- chus Epiphanes, which resulted in the political independence of the Jews, after a war of twenty-five years. Their government was a reyival of the Theocracy, in a form stricter than ever known among them before. And it may be safely assumed that a people so tenacious of the minutest details of their laws, would not be satisfied with a mode of administering their laws which was not based on the best established and uni- versally accepted Mosaic authority. The form of government, says their historian Josephus, Antiq., xi. 4, 8, "was aristocratic, but mixed with an oligarchy ; for the high priests were at the head of their affairs, until the posterity of the Asmoneans set up kingly government." From this, it appears that the, high priest was the head of an oligarchy, and the chief executive of the state. On many occasions we find him occupying the foremost position in their political intercourse with other nations. This explains why it was that their heathen rulers claimed the right to appoint the high priest. It was because he was also the representative of the state. And we find that Jonathan the Maccabee actually accepted the appointment to the high priesthood from Alexander, King of Syria. Jos. Antiq., x. 2, 2. Josephus gives copies of a number of Roman decrees which recognise the high priest as Ethnarch of the Jews. Antiq., xiv. OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 65 10. And we find that as soon as the Maccabees had won the national independence, the people elected them to the high priest- hood, and from that time they exercised the function of civil rulers, and transmitted the high priesthood as an inheritance along with the royal dignity. The attempt to separate the two offices, and divide them between the sons of Alexander Jannceiis, paved the way for the usurpation of Herod and the extinction of the Asmonean race. But if Josephus does not clearly designate the oligarchy which was associated with the high priest in the government, it is else- where referred to with sufficient plainness. He says, Antiq., xii. 3, 12, that Antiochus the Great was received by "the Senate of the Jews," and that he granted them that they should be "gov- erned by their own laws." He also reports a friendly letter, ad- dressed to the Lacedtemonians by Jonathan the Maccabee "and the Senate." From such casual references it appears that the oligarchy associated with the high priest was a national assembly regularly constituted and organised. An incident in the life of Herod, afterwards king, throws somft light on the authority and power of this body. In his triumph- ant career as general in Galilee, Herod, on his own responsibility, executed a certain robber chief. The Sanhedrim at once decided that this was an infringement of its authority, denying the right even of a general in the field to inflict capital punishment 1\'ith- out its authority. Hyrcanus II., at that time high priest and king, very reluctantly yielded to the demand of the Sanhedrim to summon Herod for trial. The Roman authorities became alarmed for Herod, and urged Hyrcanus to save liim. With the influence of the king and the Roman government on his side, Herod escaped with his life. But he thought it necessary to his safety to leave the country until the danger should blow over. The incident shows how great and how firmly rooted was the power of the Sanhedrim, or Senate, among the Jewish people. In the theocratic sense, the kingship could scarcely be said to exist. Royalty was simply a function of the high priesthood. The Sanhedrim was the great representative assembly, composed of priests, Levites, and Israelites. Sanh. iv. 2. Its jurisdiction 5 66 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; extended over all civil and ecclesiastical affairs. This was the oligarchy over which the high priest presided. According to Josephus, he presided at the trial of Herod. Ant. xiv. 9, 4. And also at the trial of the Apostle James. Ant. xx. 9, 1. He also presides in all those cases which are reported in the New Testament, as cases of trial before the Sanhedrim. The powers of this body are enumerated in the Mishna. Sanh. i. 5. It may pass sentence on a tribe, or excommunicate a city ; it can judge the high priest himself; it can declare wai", or in- vestigate the charge of blasphemy ; or authorise to enlarge the walls of the city, or the porch of the temple ; and the Sanhedrim must decide as to a false prophet. The king cannot go to war but under the authority of the Sanhedrim. And even the func- tions of the high priest on the great day of Atonement were under their supervision. Such a body would be an effectual check on despotic govern- ment. It was thoroughly crippled by Herod, who massacred its principal members before he felt secure in his usurped authority. The Sanhedrim. The Avord Sanhedrim being Greek, many hold that the institu- tion itself is modern, dating from the Greek domination, which began about three centuries before our era. It is a sufficient answer, that among a people so tenacious of their institutions as the Jews, it Avould not have been possible for such a body to arise suddenly in the history, and at once secure control of all civil and ecclesiastical power, without leaving some trace of conflict with previously existing authority. But as far back as it can be traced, the supremacy of this body is undisputed. After the overthrow of the Persians by Alexander, it became necessary for the Jews to hold ofiicial intercourse with nations Avho used Greek as the court language. At that time the Greek became the polite language of the world, and prevailed in Pales- tine and throughout the East. In their new relations, a Greek terra was most naturally chosen to designate "the highest judi- ciary and legislative body in the Hebrew commonwealth." Wise, p. 59. And no term could be more appropriate for a body whose OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 67 functions were so comprehensive. Polybius uses it as the equi- valent of the Latin word Senates. It is the equivalent of our Eno-lish word "a council." The translators of King James' Ver- sion and the revisers of the New Testament so translate it. In every instance in which the word Sanhedrim occurs in the orig- inal, they translate it by the word Council, which is more than a dozen times. There is nothing, then, in the word itself which necessarily indicates modern ideas. If it were required to repre- sent the most ancient institution of this kind to foreign ideas, this is just the most suitable title that could be employed. But in diiferent circumstances and at different periods, this body had been known by very different names. After the fall of Jerusalem, it resumed its more ancient title, and was called the Beth-Din, or House of Judgment. Griitz, iv. 4. In the New Testament times it had been styled the Gerousia. Acts v. 21. And also "the Presbytery of the people." Luke xxii. 66. In the time of the Maccabees it had been known as the Beth-Din of the Asmoneans ; and before their time it was the Beth-Din of the high priests. Wise, pp. 59, 111. In addition to these titles, more or less special, we find one in common use among the people directly associating it with Old Testament times. We have given instances of the parallel desig- nations in the Old and New Testament by the enumeration of the classes of its membership — Priests, Levites, and elders, or Israel- ites, which is also the form used in the Mishna. There is also another form strikingly peculiar. The Old Testament frequently I'efers to a constituted authority, styled the Zekenim or Elders. Ezek. viii. 11. "The elders of the house of Israel." Lam. ii. 10. "The elders of Zion." Joel i. 14, and ii. 20. "Gather, assemble the elders." Ezra v. 5. "The eye of God was upon the elders." Ezra vi. 8. "The elders of the Jews." Ezra vi. 14. "The elders of the Jews builded and prospered." Ezra x. 8. "The council of the princes and elders." We find this very term in common use among the people in New Testament times to designate the Sanhedrim. And as the Jews were entirely and jealously attached to Old Testament ideas, we cannot avoid the conclusion that public sentiment identified the Sanhedrim with 68 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; the Zehenim of the sacred records. Here, then, we have an oli- garchy, which, Avith the high priest as its president, naturally constituted the government of the state. It was composed of the chief men of the three classes of the nation ; it held its ses- sions in the temple; it exercised control of all civil and ecclesias- tical affairs; it founded its authority on the Mosaic constitutions; it was constituted and organised in the same way as the supreme court of Jehoshaphat, which, from its first appearance in history, is clothed with the highest authority, and which has existed from time immemorial. The constitutional position and legal author- ity of the Sanhedrim is attested by our Lord himself when he says. Matt, xxiii. 2, "The scribes and Pharisees sit in the seat of Moses, whatever therefore they bid you to observe, that ob- serve and do." Tlie Mi si in a. This celebrated tril)unal has left us a large collection of ancient usages, ceremonial directions, and statutory enactments. Some of them may have come down from Mosaic times, others are as recent as the second century of our era. They have been classi- fied and recorded in the INIishna, Avhich comprises a system of directions for the minutest details of civil and ecclesiastical life. For a long time these regulations were transmitted by memory or kept as private memoranda, and they compose what is called the Oral Law. The mass became so great that several attempts were made to compile them. The work was begun by Hillel about 30 B. C, and completed by Rabbi Hakkadosh, about the close of the second century. And though prepared simply for private use, to aid him in his lectui-es to the School of Tiberias, they have ever since been accepted as standard authority. ^ ^The Talmud is the embodiment of the civil and canonical law of the Jews. The word means Learning;, or Instruction. It is composed of the MisiiNA, or Repetition, and Gemara, or Supplement. The precepts of the Mishna form the Halaclwth, or Rules. The Geinarais, the Hagga- da, or Comment. There are two Talmuds — the Talmud of Babylon and the Talmud of Jerusalem. In these the Gemara is different, but the Mishna is the same. The Mishna, or the Oral Law, is believed by the Jews to have been OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 69 It is very interesting and important to know what relation the Halakas, or rules of the Mishna, sustain to the Mosaic legislation. According to Dr. Wise, " The Sanhedrim, under Hyrcanus II., adopted a special provision that the oral law should not be writ- ten in books, in order that it might not be supposed to assume equal authority with the laws of Moses." Wise, Heb. Coram., p. 168. Maimonides, on San. x. 2, describes the way in which the Sanhedrim legislated on cases which came before them on appeal: "If they had received nothing on the question by tradition, they discussed the rights of the matter according to the most certain conclusions drawn from the law, till all, or the majority, were agreed; and a dissenter was regarded as a rebel elder, for God said, Deut. xvii. 11, 'According to the sentence of the Law which they shall teach thee.' " What the elders gathered from the true conclusions of the law, and applied to such a case, was en- joined by God — as the law says, ''Thou shalt do it. " It is plainly implied in this account that the Mishnic sustained to the Mosaic law merely the relation of statute law to the con- stitution. It was the authoritative interpretation and application of constitutional principles. Instead of being a rival system of law, it merely claimed to be the legitimate and efficient agent for construing and enforcing constitutional authority. Among the many maxims which the Sanhedrim claimed to have received from the fathers, there was none more highly vener- ated than the injunction to "make a hedge about the Law." Pirke Aboth, i. 1. It implied a profound sense of the sacred- ness of the law, to suppose that it deserved this special protec- tion. We have only to glance at the character of the Mishnic legislation to see what they meant by this injunction, and how transmitted by tradition from Moses. Maimonides classifies its contents as follows : 1. Interpretations received from Moses, which are indicated by the text of Scripture or inferred from it. 2. Decisions called " The Constitutions of Sinai." .3. Decisions sanctioned by a majority of the Sanhedrim. 4. Decisions intended to be a Iled^e to the Law. 5. Laws of prescription in ordinary affairs. 70 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; earnestly they set themselves to carry it out. They construed the maxim to mean — Surenhusius in loco — that it was necessary to enact a class of restrictions which would prevent the actual infringement of the law, by advancing specific obligation a step beyond the actual requirement of the legal precept, thus inter- posing a barrier, so to speak, to defend or protect the precept from violation. ' The ingenuity with which this principle is ap- plied to every conceivable form of ritual or ceremonial obligation, is not only marvellous but multitudinous. Every page of the Mishna is an elaborate illustration of it. It is done constantly, and systematically, at the risk of ignoring the spirit of the law, and of absorbing; attention with formal and often frivolous cere- monial. But it is to be noted that every such act of legislation, as well as the whole system, is a most emphatic testimony to the divine authority of the constitution. It is liomage, even though it be abject homage. And so — to use the language of a distin- guished authority — " The Pentateuch remained, under all cir- cumstances, the divinely given constitution, the written Law." Deutsch. This national parliament, the Sanhedi'im, founded on the Law; this supreme court, for ages interpreting it ; this historic legis- lature, applying its principles to the varying necessities of the people, presents in its threefold capacity of priests, Levites, and chiefs of the people, a judicial testimony to the Pentateuch as an inspired constitution. And its testimony is as valid and as con- clusive as the testimony of the British Parliament to the consti- tution of England, or the testimony of the American Congress to the Constitution of the United States. The Sanhedrim at Jerusalem was the supreme ecclesiastical authority for the Jews all over the world. From the facts cited, it will be apparent that no Scripture of any sort could obtain recognition as- part of the sacred record, without its endorsement. * For instance, the Law says, Thou shalt not labor on the Sabbath. The Mishna says, It is not lawful for a man to pare his nails, nor for a ■\voinan to plait her hair ; it is not lawful to put out a conflan^ration ; and it is not lawful for a tailor to carry his noodle with him a little before dusk on the Sabbath, for foar he uiii;-ht forii-ot, and carry it after the Sab- bath has bej^un, and so be guilty of something akin to labor. OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 71 It was the custodian of the law, and bound to repudiate and denounce everything chviming to be inspired which did not pro- ceed from the same divine authority. But it was at the same time just as truly bound to secure a place among the sacred records for every Scripture entitled to such a place. This follows from their official relations to the inspired law. Hence, from the necessity of the case, they were a court of adjudication of questions per- taining to the canonicity of the different books of Scripture which came under discussion, and were responsible for the whole canon of the Old Testament. It was the general opinion among the Jews, sanctioned by an extensive tradition, that the canon of the Old Testament Avas closed by the great synagogue — Keneseth Haggedhola. Tradition claims that the body of rulers described in Nehemiah, chap, viii., constituted at that time the permanent governing body of the state. It is said to have consisted of forty-four rulers or sarim, forty-four proxies or ser/anim, twenty-two priests and eiglit Levites. There were seventy permanent members. It met in the temple, and its presiding officer was the high priest or governor. This was a supreme judiciary and legislature. The functions of such a body at that time must have been very impor- tant. It was necessary to reestablish the state, and to authenti- cate the canon of Scripture for the Jews throughout the world. Both objects were imperatively necessary, and we see no reason to doubt the general belief that they undertook and accomplished them. It is commonly held that this body was afterwards merged into the Great Sanhedrim, which appears in the history under the Greek domination. But it will be seen that the difference between the two bodies was merely in name. Wise, Heb. Com., p. 11, 24. The description of the great Synagogue, its organisation, membership, and powers, is substantially a description of the great Sanhedrim. The Greek title, "Sanhedrim," could not have found a place in the Jewish vocabulary till the time when the two are said to have been merged. But the collective title of the great Synagogue, priests, Levites, and chiefs of the people or elders, as we find it in Nehemiah, is as Ave have seen, precisely 72 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; the designation of the great Sanhedrim in New Testament times. From the identity of name, of organisation, and of constitution and powers, we feel warranted in regarding the great Synagogue and the great Sanhedrim as being merely the same high court under different names. But Ave must always bear in mind that though it pertained to the Sanhedrim to close the canon, it did not originate it, nor the rule by which it was completed. An inspired canon was an exist- ino; fact even before the nation itself existed. Under the direct tion of the Holy Spirit, the Pentateuch, the Constitution of the Theocracy, was deposited in the side of the ark before they entered the promised land. And this was the standard to which every subsequent Scripture must conform. "•The Pentateuch, in its present form, constituted the founda- tion of the Israelitish history, whether civil, religious, moral, ceremonial, or even literary." Kurtz, 0. Gov't, 3, 506. The Pentateuch plainly designates the criteria by Avhich prophets or their writings were to be tested. In his preface to the Mishna, Maimonides enumerates them, and asserts that their force Avas binding. And thus the unity of Scripture Avas secured by the original canon itself. The Mishna emphatically asserts the superiority of the laAV over all other Scriptures. Megillah, 3, 1. The Babylonian Gemara enumerates the books Avhich the San- hedrim held to be canonical, and the list corresponds Avith that given by Josephus, Avhich Avas recognised by the Jcavs every- Avhere as authoritative, and continues to be till noAv. Baba Bathra, fol. 13, 2 ; 15, 2. ToAvards the close of the first century of our era, an incident occurred which illustrates its relations to the canon. The school of Shammai having secured a temporary majority in the body, called in question the canonicity of Ecclesiastes and the Can- ticles. After a very earnest discussion, all their influence Avas insufficient to secure the rejection of these books from the canon. Griitz, 4, 25. But no one denied the right of the San- hedrim to deliberate on such a question. And the result of the discussion also shoAvs that the canon had already been definitively OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 73 closed, and that it had been closed before their time, that is, by the Sanhedrim, before the beginning of the Christian era. It was thus closed under the authority of the highest tribunal provided in the Mosaic constitutions. Here we find a sufficient explanation of an otherwise mysterious fact, the universality and constant loyalty of Jewish testimony. "We have not an innumerable multitude of books among us as the Greeks have, disagreeing with and contradicting each other; but only twenty-two books, ^ which contain the records of all the past times, and which are justly believed to be divine. Five of them belong to Moses, and contain his laws and the tra- ditions of the origin of mankind, till his death. . . . The prophets who were after Moses wrote down what was done in their times, in tliirteen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to God, and precepts for the conduct of life. It is true that our history has been written very particularly since Artaxerxes, but it has not been esteemed of the like authority of the former by our forefathers, because there has not been an exact succession of prophets since that time. Ajid how firmly we give credit to our national books, is evident from what we do ; for during so many ages as have passed already, no one has been so bold as either to add anything to them, or take anything from them, or to make any change in them ; but it becomes natural to all Jews immedi- ately, and from their very birth, to esteem those books to contain divine doctrines, and to persist in them, and, if occasion be, Avill- ingly to die for them." Contr. Apion, 1, 8. With testimony of this kind, the assertions of the biblical critics must be compared. For instance, that "the Pentateuch, as a whole, cannot have been written by Moses ; and with respect to some, at least, of the chief portions of the story, cannot be regarded as historically true." Colenso on Pent., 1, 13. "In its present form, it was written after the times of Joshua," and could not have been completed till the times of Ezra ; and "if we are shut up to choose between a Mosaic authorship of the 1 111 counting twenty-two instead of twenty-four books, -Josephiis pro- bably counts Ruth as apart of the Book of Judges, and Lamentations as part of Jeremiah, as many of the early Christian writers did. 74 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; whole five books and the sceptical opinion that the Pentateuch is a mere forgery, the sceptics must gain their case." W. Robert- son Smith's Lects., p. 307. We simply confront such guess-work with the solid mass of evidence before us, and think it needless to offer any assistance to any unbiassed mind in reaching a satisfactory conclusion. The critics assert that the worship of the second temple was more elaborate than that of the first. This is confuted by the fact that the same sacred utensils were employed in both. Cyrus returned the enormous number of five thousand four hundred that had belonged to the first temple. Ezra i. It is further confuted by the fact that, even if Ezra contributed towards the strictness of the worship of the second temple, he could have had nothing to do with inaugurating that worship. According to his own account, he does not appear in Jerusalem until the seventh year of Artaxerxes, B. C. 458. Ezra also informs us that the temple had been dedicated in the sixth year of Darius, B. C. 515. The critics impose a severe tax on our imagination when they require us to conceive of Ezra inaugur- ating the worship of the second temple, when he himself informs us that it was done nearly sixty years before he came to Jerusa- lem, and perhaps before he was born. Ez. vi. 15 ; vii. 1-6. Ezra also expressly tells us that the Avorship of the second temple was reestablished "according as it is written in the Book of Moses." Ez. vi. 16. According to the Jewish law, the prophet who undertook such a work as is imputed to Ezra, would have signed his own death warrant. To add to the law, or to take from it, in the smallest particular, was a capital crime. Moreover, such a crime would require the connivance of all the classes of the nation, and all the members of each class. It would imply a conspiracy of the whole people. But a forgery which would involve such a variety of interests and so many conspirators, could not have met with universal approval. Either in that or in some following gen- eration some voice must have been raised in protest. It would be a greater wonder than that they wish to explain away, if a con- spiracy of such magnitude and extent could have occurred and left no trace in history. OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 75 m The idea that the Jews deliberately corrupted their sacred records is a mere conjecture, and a most unnatural one. We have no reason to think that such a thing was ever done by any people. AVe might fancy that among Gentile nations national interest or vanity could suggest forgery of this kind. But national interests and pride formed the strongest reasons with the Jews for keeping the record pure. Their hopes lay in the future. Their glory was enshrined in the predicted times when the coming Messiah was to crown their fidelity and reward their faith with greater blessings than their fathers had enjoyed. From their point of view, the burden of Scripture was simply the fulfilment of the national ambition. The strongest motives that can operate on the mind and heart, led them to venerate every letter of their record as a precious thing. To corrupt that record would have been dreaded as an occasion of divine wrath, an act of blind folly, a perversion of their religious faith, and a sacrifice of the charter of their national hopes. Hence their record has been cherished by all classes with a peculiar and unexampled devotion. They have pressed round "the records of their faith and history with a fierce and passionate love, even stronger than that of wife or child. And as they were gradually formed into the canon, they became the immutable centre of their lives, their actions, their thoughts, their very dreams." Deutsch, Talmud. The world owes them the justice to admit the greatness of their trust and the fidelity with Avhich it was dischai-ged. Kitto, Masora. The canon of the Old Testament which they have trans- mitted to mankind, stands confirmed by every kind of evidence which such a record requires. It is confirmed by all the evidence Avhich the nature of the subject would admit. IV. THE MYSTERY OP THE AGES SOLVED BY THE FULFILMENT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. The Gentile Crisis. With the beginning of the Christian era ancient history closes. New^ forces Avere introduced into the Avorld's life, which were to revolutionise its civilisation and mould society into otiier forms. 76 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; Under the impulse of those mighty forces a new chapter of his- tory begins, and it moves forward upon a higher plane. And after the lapse of eighteen centuries, those forces, with increasing energy, continue to bear humanity on, and to declare to mankind the path of destiny. It was confessed that the religions of heathenism had ftiiled to solve the problems of life. On the contrary, they made man's condition desperate. They overwhelmed him with superstition, corrupted society, and destroyed the foundations of personal virtue. Nothing more significantly illustrates their fiilure than the effort of the great systems of Greek philosophy to find some real ground for virtue. It Avas with questions pertaining to the very essence of religion, that philosophy first occupied itself. "Thales," says tradition, "first taught that the soul is immortal." Their maxims were mostly ethical, as the fragments of the writings of the early philosophers show. They sought a true theory of life and duty. When philosophy Avas more developed, the chief inquiry was. What is the chief end of man, the chief good, and how is it to be secured ? It was to this end that Socrates recommended the Greeks to hearken to the inner voice of conscience ; that Plato exalted the conclusions of reason ; that Epicurus recommended to study the suggestions of the senses, and Pyrrho to distrust them ; and that Aristotle advised to conform all things to the constitution of our whole nature. The whole subject of virtue was discussed from every point of view which uninspired reason can discover. In this manner philosophy aimed to elucidate the problems which religion had failed to solve. It at first seemed that philosophy might coiiperate with religion. But the attempt of Socrates to reconcile them only won a martyr's crown. It revealed the fact of a deadly antagonism between heathen religion and morality, even in the imperfect form which Socrates taught. Next we find Plato boldly excluding from his ideal state the theologians of heathenism — the poets — as a necessity of public virtue. Next, we find a pre- vailing sentiment that religion is incompatible with intelligence as well as virtue, and only fit to control the superstitious masses. OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 77 And finally, the principle is arrived at, that the nature of religion is fundamentally different from the nature of virtue. It is sometimes taken for granted that this startling conclusion implies that society, by a universal apostasy, desired to express its renunciation of all that is sacred, and reach by a final plunge the lowest depth of degeneracy. But the contrary is more likely to have been the case. It was an effort, when all moral principle was trampled under foot, to save something from the general wreck. It was a last protest of men's moral instincts against the pollutions of their I'eligion. Scipio declared that the Romans considered comedies and theatrical displays (which formed part of the worship of the gods) so disgraceful, that they debarred the actors from the privileges of citizens; that they branded their names by the censor, and struck them from the roll of the Tribe. Aug. Civ. Dei, i. 62. The meaning of which is simply this: Religion has become the agent of vice; the state must legislate in order to protect virtue. Thus the moral instincts denounced tlie immoralities which belonged to their own relio-ious Avorship, and sought to save virtue by separating it from religion. The Christian teachers constantly reminded the heathen of the lamentable fact, that their spiritual hopes were linked with a religion whose practices their moral instincts must despise. But those moral instincts unsupported could not maintain the struggle. Eventually they were overcome as a public factor of society. Nor even their splendid civilisation was of any avail to save society. "The idea of civilisation is not necessarily associ- ated with the idea of virtue. Men of refinement of manners may be, and often are, exceedingly corrupt. And what is true of individuals is true of communities. The highest civilisations of the heathen world were marked by a very low code of morals, and by a practice lower than their code." Contemp. Rev., Mar., 1881. Out of this condition of things arose the despair of heathenism. Seneca describes society as a beleaguered city taken by assault. "As soon as the signal is given, every restraint of decency and honor is abandoned, and each one contributes his utmost to the universal ruin." Benef. 7, 27. 78 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; Tacitus exclaims: "The times have come to such a pass that we can neither tolerate our evils nor the remedies." Meanwhile a strange rumor begins to mingle among the super- stitions of the times. Suetonius tells us that "A firm persuasion had long prevailed through all the East, that it was fated for the empire of the world at that time to devolve on some one, who should go forth from Judea." Life of Vespasian. And thus the heathen world expressed its testimony to the need of a Redeemer. The Crisis of Judaism. At the beginning of the Christian era, the second Hebrew com- monwealth also had nearly fulfilled its appointed mission. The canon of the Old Testament was closed, and the official witnesses had rehearsed the prophetic story to the world. The sceptre was departing from Judah. Its nationality Avas passing away. It Avas soon to be erased from the list of independent states, and to be known merely as a Roman province. The Lawgiver, also, was soon to cease by the perversion of his office. The system of interpretation, which put a hedge around the law, practically ignored the meaning of the precept by obscur- ing or mystifying it. It associated the primary conviction of duty with the artificial injunction substituted for the precept. Hence the law itself, as a rule, was removed from the sphere of practical life, and, to all intents and purposes, "made void by their traditions." This refined subtlety of interpretation, continually accumulating the mass of special precepts, gradually formed an impassable bar- rier between the learned and the common people. The learned at length treated their unlearned brethren with as great contempt as the}" felt for the heathen themselves; while the people returned a bitter hatred for their scorn and oppression. See Gratz. Thus the common bond of loyalty to law, which once had united the people of all classes, was now severed, and was replaced by mutual hatred, by faction, and by fratricidal strife. The crown of the priesthood had also become tarnished. Although under Augustus the internal administration of the OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 79 government was left in the hands of the Sanhedrim, there always stood by its side the Roman procurator, representing the procon- sul of Syria, who Avas to collect the taxes and watch over the peace of the province. His legal authority was limited. But Roman suspicion afforded him ample pretexts for assuming the power of a dictator. Thirteen of these men bore rule in succession over Judea. Herod had already established the precedent of making the tenure of the high priesthood dependent on his royal pleasure. The procurators claimed the same authority, and enriched them- selves by it. The procurator conferred the investiture. This sacred oflSce Avas put up for sale to the highest bidder, and rival candidates shamelessly contended for it with intrigue and bribery. A woman purchases it for her lover. One man sends his son to the procurator Avitli a large measure filled with silver coin ; the successful candidate sends a similar measure filled with gold. Each high priest, knowing that the tenure of the office Avill be brief, makes the most of his purchase by putting his sons and nephews in the lucrative positions in his gift, and by sending his officials and bondmen to scour the country, burst open the gran- aries, and seize their contents as tithes in the name of the high priest. And thus the very name of the high priest Avas made odious. It is said that eventually the people came to hold in equal execration the Romans, who had robbed them of their liber- ties ; the house of Herod, Avhich had robbed the nation of its honor ; and the high priesthood, which had robbed religion of its sanctity. Raphall, 2, 367. The dispensation to Avhich the second commonAvealth belonged was rapidly disintegrating. And thus Judaism itself Avas indi- cating that the old system of things Avas passing aAvay, and that the time was at hand when a noAV dispensation Avas to take its place. Thus, both for Joav and Gentile, "the fulness of time" had come. The capacity of their respective civilisations had been exhausted. It had been announced to the Jews that their Mes- siah Avould also be a light to the Gentiles, and that in his day the Spirit Avould be poured out on all mankind. The histories of 80 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; Jew and Gentile had thus been moving on converging lines; they were appointed to meet and blend together in "the desired of all nations," and to flow on thenceforth in a common channel. Among the. Jews it was deeply felt that the time was at hand. The New Testament history refers to several false messiahs who easily induced multitudes to follow them (Acts v.). Josephus informs us that many impostors deceived the people with impunity. The facility with which the people were led astray 'by impostors shows the strength of the popular conviction that the days of the Messiah were near. Such expectations had long been growing in certainty and strength. And we trace them to their sacred records. The Scrip- tures are full of the Messiah. He is the burden of prophecy. The minuteness of detail in prophecy respecting him is marvel- lous. But the Messianic element of the Old Testament comprises much more than these special predictions. It constitutes the nervous system, so to speak, of the Old Testament religion. This is set forth in the Epistle to the Hebrews. It was the soul of their ritual; it was the light of the Psalms; it gave point and energy to doctrine, and controls the history from Genesis to Malachi. Liddon's Sec. Bampt. Lecture. For the coming of the Messiah all history had been preparing. In him it was to find its solution. The hand of Providence had been gradually building all the ages of history into one grand pedestal, whose summit was to be crowned with the Chief of empire, the Masterpiece of God: him of whom the whole family in heaven on earth is named — Jesus, the Messiah, "the bright- ness of his glory, and the express image of his person." To Jesus Christ and his cause the world contributed nothing except a pedes- tal., enhancing the splendor of his glory by the contrast with its own misery. It has received all things of his fulness. And in him it found rest. Every utterance of this adorable personage must be intensely significant. There can be no appeal to any higher authority. From his lips hmguage falls freighted with a deeper burden of meaning than ever it bore before. His official title is " The Word of God." And it is but what we should expect when he says of himself, "I am the light of the world"; "I am the truth." OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 81 In declaring himself to be the truth, the Messiah identifies him- self with the Old Testament. He is the truth, not by originatino- any new system, but by conforming exactly to what had been already revealed. "I am. not come to destroy, but to fulfil" (Matt. V. 17). He endorses, by using it, the classification of the Scriptures adopted by the Sanhedrim, " The LaAv and the Pro- phets," or, "The Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms." He de- clares that "Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law till all be fulfilled" (Matt. v. 18). He declares that Moses was the giver of the law (John v. 19): " Moses gave you the law " ; Matt. x. 8 : " Moses commanded " ; Matt. xii. 9: "Moses wrote"; Luke xvi. 29: "Ye have Moses and the prophets." Twelve times he refers to Moses by name ; in fourteen places he refers to the law; in five he couples the law with the lawgiver; seven times he refers to the Pentateuch as the word of God ; in thirteen places, also, he sets the seal of his authority to persons or events it describes. Kitto, Pent. In the sublime and awful conflict in the wilderness, where, as our representative and exam- ple, he demonstrates that faith in the inspired word of God is the appointed means to overcome the power of the tempter, we find that every one of the passages which he resorts to as inspired is selected from the Book of Deuteronomy. The Messiah thus emphatically indorses the Pentateuch as the law, the inspired revelation of God, which he himself came to fulfil. With these facts before us, while we can admit that the Bible is an "ancient book," we must also admit that it is not like any other ancient book. 1. It is the only ancient book which furnishes a rational account of the origin and moral condition of mankind. 2. It is the only book, ancient or modern, which grasps all history from beginning to end. 3. It is the only book which furnishes an adequate idea of the Creator. 4. It is the only book adapted to the moral nature and condi- tion of the Avhole race of man. 82 THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HISTORY; 5. It is the only book the world has ever seen which furnishes a universal rule of foith and life. 6. It is the only book Avhich officially sets forth the principles of God's moral government. 7. It differs from every other book in the fact that it has God for its author, grace for its subject, and eternal life for its end. 8. It differs, moreover, from all others, that even when its accuracv is challenged, it can only be tested by its own facts and principles. Hence the theory that the Bible is to be authenticated — "like any other ancient book" — breaks down at every point. It is a shallow criticism which supposes that it can disparage the faith of the Church in the Bible by stigmatising it as a "tra- ditional belief." The term implies .that the Canon of the Old Testament has never been attested officially and by competent authority. The phrase, therefore, is at once a sophism and a slander. What, then, are the proofs that our belief is not "traditional," but historic? 1. There is the admitted fact that the original Canon was formed as the constitution of the theocracy, and given to the Israelites even before their national life began. 2. A whole tribe, from the time that the law was placed in the side of the ark until New Testament times, existed by divine appointment as the custodians and teachers of the law. 3. There never has been a time when the Jewish people them- selves ceased to be living witnesses to the truth of their sacred records. 4. Criteria were provided in the original Canon by which all subsequent Scriptures were to be tested. 5. The original constitution provided also a high court compe- tent to apply those criteria. 6. That court, under its various titles of Beth-Din, Sanhedrim, priests, elders, and scribes, Avas always recognised by the JeAvish people as a supreme authority. Its legal authority is enunciated by our Lord himself in Matthew, chap. xxii. And it is an histori- cal fact that this court did exercise jurisdiction on these questions. OR, REVELATION AND CRITICISM. 83 It is not necessary to ask whether tliis court was inspired. It is sufficient to know that they were constituted for this purpose; that they were furnished with the proper criteria; and that the Canon they indorsed was indorsed also by the whole Jewish people and by our Lord himself. 7. The Old Testament Scriptures, as we have them, were accepted by our Lord himself, by his inspired Apostles, by the Church they founded, and have commended themselves ever since to the conscience of the Christian world at large as the inspired word of God. They have, therefore, been attested officially by competent authority, and in a manner entirely suitable to the dignity and importance of a revelation from God. At the same time, the Bible, from the very nature of the case, challenges the closest and most constant scrutiny. The nations shall walk in the light of it; but by it also the thoughts of the heart of man are to be revealed. No doubt it will stir antagonism. It does not shrink from it. But it brings its own credentials with it. "Here is a book which comes among men as a stranger, yet it is received with spontaneous gladness by every race and in every age. As soon as it is received, every heart is fired with zeal to propagate and perpetuate it. It has filled the world with love and strife. Other things grow old, but it lives in immortal youth. Through all the centuries it has survived alike its friends and its foes. Without a stain upon its garments, it rises above the thoughts of man in peerless majesty. And it stands to-day on the threshold of a career grander, perhaps, than all its wondrous history." "All flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away : but the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you." 1 Pet. i. 24, 25. THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. BY C. A. STILLMAN, D. D., PASTOR OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, TUSKALOOSA, ALA. " And how I kept back nothing that was profitable unto you, but have shewed you, and have taught you publicly and from house to house, testifying both to the Jews and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ." — Acts xx. 20, 21. Although Paul, as an apostle, extended his labors to many churches and wide missionary fields, yet, in some instances, he remained a long time in one place. On the occasion of the text, he had just concluded a three years' residence at Ephesus, and from the summary he gave of his labors there, it appears that he acted as a pastor of that flock. This summary gives a very clear and comprehensive view of the functions of this important office, and was evidently intended to furnish a model to all succeeding pastors. From this it appears — First. That PauVs chief empJoi/ment consisted in the instruc- tion of the people. He describes this under two forms: "pub- licly and from house to house." "Publicly," in public places and to promiscuous congregations, whether large or small, teach- ing and exhorting all his hearers in the aggregate. "From house to house," privately., not excluding the idea of small gatherings, often made necessary by the circumstances of the times, but clearly implying family visitation for the purpose of- conveying instruction to separate households, and also of personal contact with individual cases, so as to bring the truth, as far as possible, home to each heart. Second. That these pastoral services were all designed and suited to he profitable to the people. Edification, not mere grati- fication, was the rule. Whatever, in the whole compass of divine truth, was adapted to build them up in faith and holiness unto salvation, he was faithful to teach. He kept back none of it. This embraced the entire word of God; for, as he said to Tim- othy, "All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profit- THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 85 able for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works." Third. That his labors embraced all the methods by ivhich the truth could be impressed upon their minds. He describes his ministrations by three different expressions: "I have shewed you," literally, "conveyed as a message," giving them to under- stand that it came from God, was not his own invention nor the product of even his own best thoughts, but '"the preaching that God bade him preach." "And have taught you." He instruct- ed them as to the contents, meaning, and application of God's message; making it plain, and trying to rivet it on their minds. Again, "testifying." He was a witness of God's truth, not only as revealed to him in an extraordinary way as an apostle, but as learned by him from the Scriptures, as demonstrated to his view by its operation upon others, and as experienced by him in his own soul. Fourth. That the substance of this instruction was ^^repent- ance toivards God and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ;'' the grand essentials of the gospel system, both as to doctrine and practice. In Paul's view, Christ was the centre and the founda- tion of all saving and sanctifying truth. Faith in Christ, there- fore, involves, at least implicitly, every doctrine of a saving Christianity. And since the practical requirements of the gos- pel are addressed to a sinful race, all obedience and all spiritual attainments must be begun and carried forward in tlie spirit of a genuine repentance, having constant reference to the character and claims of God. No preaching, therefore, is legitimate Avhich is not virtually embraced in this terse but most complete com- pendium. The context and the corresponding history and Epistles of Paul show plainly enough that all these pastoral labors were con- ducted by him with all prayerfulness, tender sympathy, fidelity, watchfulness, and the exercise of a true ministerial authority which is "not for destruction but for edification." We may regard the words of the text, therefore, as presenting something like an exhaustive view of the whole office and func- 86 THE PULPIT. AND THE PASTORATE. tions of the New Testament pastor; as these are also summed up in the theme which we are called upon to discuss, viz., "The Pulpit and the Pastorate." This brings before us the practical side of the ministerial office, for which this Seminary was found- ed to train the sons of the prophets in our branch of the Church. In looking especially at this, we by no means disparage the other features of this training; Avhich are all valuable and can no more safely be dispensed with than the building can dispeiise with its deep and broad foundations. For they all have refer- ence to this as their practical outcome. Hence a clear and full conception of "the pulpit and the pastorate" must lead to the highest appreciation of the entire course of ministerial education, as well as show what it must embrace. I remark, then, first and generally, in regard to this work, that its chief f miction is to nmiister the word of God to the people. The pulpit is not an altar for the ofi"ering of sacrifice ; nor is the pastor a priest to mediate Avith God, to dispense sac- ramental grace, nor to preside at an imposing ceremonial. He, indeed, conducts the worship of the sanctuary, leads the prayers and regulates the praises of the congregation, and administers the simple sacraments of the gospel; but his grand function is to Sjjeak in God's name, teaching, expounding, and enforcing his truth. He is not a mere orator or lecturer, and has no commis- sion to utter from the sacred desk even the grandest, the most beautiful, or the most touching of mere human thoughts. He is simply God's messenger. His teachings have no authority ex- cept as they come from God, and no real worth except as they repeat and expound the divine oracles. Hence he receives all the truth he teaches through the channel of the inspired Scrip- tures. The Bible is the pastor's text-book, from which he obtains all the true learning of his profession, the cyclopiijdia of his reli- gious knowledo;c, the standard of his belief and teachings, the treasury from which he brings forth all the new as well as the old things which he distributes to his household, the armory where he finds all the weapons of his holy warfare. Hence, the importance which we attach to a most scholarly and thorough acquaintance witli this Book ; not only in its Eng- THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 87 lish form, tliough this is by no means to be slighted or under- valued, but especially in its original languages, as indited by the Holy Spirit. The pastor must know his Bible thus tliorou(jlihi that he may expound it with certainty and confidence; thus accurately, that he may avoid even minor mistakes; and thus fuVijj that he may bring out the otherwise hidden treasures of this Avord. And hence, too, he must be acquainted with the principles of a sound Biblical Criticism, as well as the formal rules of interpretation, so that he may be able to detect and ex- pose learned error under the specious guise of advanced scholar- ship; and also, without at all exhibiting the tools and technical- ities of his art, give to his people the rich fruits of his faithful investigations. But most especially should the pastor so learn his Bible as to be able to follow its wonderfully wise and skilful methods of in- struction, of introducing and unfolding doctrine, inculcating pre- cepts, applying tests of character, and ministering warning, rebuke, and consolation. The Bible is God, through his servants, deal'no; with the hearts and consciences of livino- men and women, and applying his truth to all their actual wants, characters, and circumstances, and not merely discussing topics in didactic essays. It is, therefore, the pastor's hand-book, in the pulpit, in the household, and in the treatment of individual cases. I proceed now to consider, in the second place, what the pastor Jias to do ivith Theology as a science. With the Bible in his hand, has he any need for it, and does it not lead away from the Bible and really supplant it V I am only repeating a wide-spread popular notion. I have nothing to say of false systems; but what is a true theology hut formulated Scripture ? It is a science, but not a mere science. As to its substance, it is God's own truth, revealed by him alone, originating in his mind, shaped by his wisdom, and based on his authority. As to its form, it is that same divine truth, methodised, classified, and expressed in propo- sitions conveying its true meaning, clearly distinguishing it from error, and unfolding its manifold and harmonious relations and its logical applications. It is just as legitimate as preaching or ex- pounding the Scriptures. It is o)ie mode of preaching, and it is 88 THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. an all-important aid to the preacher. The pastor must be a theo- loo-ian, and is one inevitably ; the question is, whether he be a mere superficial tyro in theology, or be thoroughly grounded in the true principles of this grandest of all the sciences. But let me not be understood as meaning that the pastor is to preach scientific theology; but I do mean that he cannot be thoroughly furnished for his great work without a clear and fam- iliar acquaintance with it. He must know the Scriptures ; but in order to expound them clearly, truly, and in an edifying man- ner, their contents must assume, in his mind, the shape of a well defined, connected, and harmonious system. He learns that system in the Seminary and in his study ; but when he goes be- fore his people, he puts the various truths of that system in forms which are adapted to popular edification. He simplifies them by explanation, amplification, and illustration, bringing them down to the comprehension of all classes. He teaches them in their application to the experience of men, their trials, an ants, duties, interests, and sins. He uses them to show the way of salvation, to guide and stimulate to holy action, to promote spiritual growth, and to comfort troubled hearts. This is what we understand by Pastoral Tlieology. It is theology in all its deptli and grandeur, but in the hands of the loving, sympathising, considerate pastor laboring for the spiritual good of all classes of his flock. The doctrines are the very same which it required intense wrestlings of thought as well as prayer and faith to learn ; and yet he now breaks these loaves into fragments and distributes them to his hungry hearers. This is Avhat Jesus, the great Teacher, did, and what Paul and John and James and Peter did. It is a Mse and mischievous idea that Christian theology be- longs to the cloister or study alone; that it is a lifeless skeleton of dry bones, having no connexion and no sympathy with living men and throbbing hearts; and is of no value to the actual expe- riences, especially of the masses ; and hence that men ignorant of it may be competent spiritual guides. The prevalence and work- ings of this error account for not a little of the flabby piety of the day. It lacks the strength which strong truth alone can give. The fact is, all the great doctrines of our faith are proper and THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 89 needful material for true pastoral work. Does the pastor need to explain to the inquiring sinner the way of salvation ? His true answer must embody the most profound doctrines of Chris- tianity — the nature of sin, its guilt, man's full accountability for it, and its fearful desert; God's character, his sovereignty, power, wisdom, justice, holiness, and grace, and the harmony of all these in the plan of salvation ; the trinity of the Godhead ; the deity of Christ, his incarnation, his whole character as the God-man Saviour ; the covenant of redemption ; the nature of the atone- ment, its efficacy, its adaptation to all cases, and the freeness of its offer of eternal life; the principles involved in justification; the nature of faith as the instrument of justification, and its rela- tion to repentance and good works ; the doctrine of regeneration, including the agency of the Spirit, the entire dependence of the sinner, and yet his full responsibility while dead in sin. It is common with some to speak of the simple and elementary truths of the gospel, as capable of being handled by untrained spiritual guides. They are simple, as they come to the knowledge and experience of the converted soul ; and yet they certainly rank with the profoundest of all truths ; and when they have to be ministered to the dark and perplexed minds of inquiring sinners, each one peculiar in its cast of thougdt and subject to the innum- erable perversions of human error and satanic delusion, what but the most thorough and extensive knowledge of these great doc- trines can qualify the pastor to meet these various and often dif- ficult cases, and lead them out safely into the light? Nor is this knowledge of theology any the less important to the pastor in the work of traininr/ the adopted sons and daugh- ters of the Lord Almighty, for duty, for trial, and for glory. He must understand well the great and by no means simple doctrine of sanctification ; the sources, methods, capabilities, means, and hindrances of Christian growth. There is no doctrine wdiich is more grossly perverted, in our day, even to the extent of fimati- cism and licentiousness; beguiling not only unstable, but earnest, souls ; and hence none Avhich needs to be more thoroughly under- stood by the shepherds of Christ's flock. So, likewise, in ministering comfort to the afflicted, so impor- 90 THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. tant a part of pastoral labor, so often called for, and so valued by the people; how inadequate is the fitness of the untrained, super- ficial minister ! The sources and grounds of true Christian con- solation are not found near the surface, but deep down in the most fundamental and grandest truths of religion, viz., in the divine character and in the terms and securities of the everlasting cove- nant ; those pertaining to God's sovereign, wise, holy, and gracious purposes, where ignorance is lost and confounded, but on whicli an intelligent faith reposes Avith confidence and peace, converting darkness into light, grief into submission and even joy, and gloomy despair into cheerful and at times rapturous hope. But a necessary part of pastoral work is instruction, incite- mnit, and training in the duties of religion. Mere knowledge, however thorough and accurate, will not suffice. The people must be trained to the practice of good works. This is necessary to their salvation and their highest development, as well as to the honor of God. But how vain is the attempt to detach practical from doctrinal preaching, and how unreasonable to contrast it, as more important ! Practical preaching has no true meaning and no real force and efficacy except as it is based on doctrine. Christian ethics is not a mere code. It is founded on truth, on the princijjles which are laid down in God's word, and forms part of the Christian's creed. That pastor, then, guides his flock most truly who traces back all duties to these principles, teaching all obligations in the light of sound doctrine, and teaching all doctrine with a practical end in view, especially as supplying the only adequate motives and encouragements. Again, the true Christian pastor is an experimental preacher of the gospel. He is not a mere theologian nor a mere lecturer. As all liis instructions are intended to reach the hearts of his jseople, they must come living and warm from his own heart. This can be the case only when he has had a genuine experience of those truths. He cannot learn the real nature, power, and excellency of the gospel in any other way. He may have explored all the fields of philosophic and speculative theology, and under- stand the* history, principles, and rules of biblical criticism in their application to both the original and cognate languages of THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 91 the Bible, and yet remain a mere sciolist in genuine religious knowledge, because of liis lack of that spiritual experience which is an essential commentary on both the Scriptures und systematic divinity. He is still out in the court of the Gentiles and has never entered the holy place, much less the holy of holies — has had no real intercourse with God, cannot lead his people near, and has no authentic message to them. How can he warn, exhort, and invite sinners to Christ unless he has felt the plague of his own sins, the sorrows of a personal repentance, the desolation of a conscious helplessness, the fitness, power, and preciousness of Christ as his own Saviour, and the peace of God shed abroad in his own soul ? So must he have experienced the elements of a spiritual war- fare in his own renewed but partially sanctified heart, the burden and grief of indwelling sin, the deceitfulness of sin in that heart, and the Aviles and depths of Satan ; and on the other hand the presence and workings of grace ever flowing from Christ his Head, ere he can teach others how to grapple with the arch- tempter, and to mortify and crucify their own lusts. He must himself have enjoyed the consolations of God's presence, the efficacy of prayer, the preciousness of the promises and all the various sources and means of spiritual support, in order that he may know how to speak a word in season to him that is weary, to uphold the weak, and to console the tried and afflicted. This characteristic of the public ministrations of the pastor naturally leads us to consider those which are more private, but scarcely less important. He preaches not only publicly, but '"''■from, house to house." This part of his work brings him and his message into the closest contact with his people ; face to face, heart to heart. It is a most valuable and even necessary supple- ment to the pulpit. In the privacy of their homes he can intro- duce many instructions that are more or less impracticable in general discourse, and bring home his public teachings with more of explanation and more direct application than is possible in the pulpit. Here he treats really concrete cases, meets individual difficulties, and applies the truth in methods adapted to each par- ticular state of mind. Here he reminds his people that he preaches 92 THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. in the pulpit to them, and does not merely deliver a thesis or dis- cuss a general abstract topic. In family visitation and personal conversation he follows up his pulpit exercises, learns their prac- tical effect on his hearers, ascertains their spiritual condition severally, and secures an opportunity to give to each one his due portion, whether of instruction, warning, encouragement, or appeal. Plappy is that pastor whose preaching awakens in his people a spirit of investigation and inquiry, even though it be attended with some questionings and perplexing difficulties. Nothing is more encouraging than to teach earnest minds, meet honest difficulties, and guide sincere seekers after truth. The pastoral office is one side of a rdationship. He has a flock and he is their shepherd. Mutual knowledge, confidence, sympathy, and love, are all implied. It is a close and endearing relationship. Hence, permanency is always contemplated, so as to give full opportunity for this relation to become what it was intended to be. A covenant is entered into between the parties and before God. They are made one by a tie even more sacred than the nuptial bond, though not for life as that is. It is a confi- dential relationship, warranting the utmost freedom of communi- cation in all the affiiirs of the soul, and yet at the farthest remove from the espionage, impertinence, and tyranny of the confessional. It is a tender relationship, in which a loving devotion to the entire flock is the anima.ting and guiding impulse, and the afl"ec- tion of that flock is a powerful encouragement and an ample reward. And it is a most responsible relationsip ; for he labors, watches, and prays for his people as one that must give account, and they on their part must also do the same, as to the fulfilment of their obligations. The faithful pastor knows his flock, just as the Oriental shep- herd knows his sheep, each and every one, calling them by their true names, understanding the religious history, the peculiarities, the trials, the frailties, and the excellences of them all. He maintains a strict Avatch over them ; not the strictness of a spy or of a tyrannous lord over God's heritage, but of a loving, careful father over his children, following them with his eye, warning them against danger, and ever ready to defend, assist, guide, THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 93 restrain, comfort, and encourage them in the way of the Lord ; and especially caring for the lambs, whether the children of the Church or "the little ones" of Jesus. Like Paul, he is "gentle among them as a nurse cherisheth her children." Yea, he shows "A fiither's tenderness, a shepherd's care, A leader's courage which the cross can bear, A ruler's awe, a watchman's Avakeful eye, A pilot's skill the helm in storms to ply, A fisher's patience and a laborer's toil, A guide's dexterity to disembroil, A prophet's inspiration from above, A teacher's knowledge and a Saviour's love." What a blessed ministry is this ! How grateful to every thoughtful and appreciative mind ! How does it exhibit the wis- dom of Jesus and his great love to his Church — "He gave them pastors." How does it embody the loving care of the Great Shepherd of the sheep ! How admirably suited to the actual circumstances of his people in this world ! And then how does it react upon the pastor himself, in rich benefits to his own soul and helps to his ministry ! His intercourse with his people in their varied and often strik- ing experiences develops to his view innumerable applications of divine truth, which are often new and surprising, showing the many-sidedness of that truth and its marvellous fitness to meet the actual wants of men. It reveals' the work of the Holy Spirit as he takes the things of Christ and shows them to the soul. Thus he learns from those whom he teaches ; not only the intel- ligent, but the unlettered. He often finds his best human teach- ers in the homes of Christian poverty, at the bedside of sickness, in the dying chamber, and in the house of bereavement. He learns from the growing Christian, flourishing in the courts of the Lord ; from the aged soldier of the cross, who has struggled long with sin, Satan, and the world ; from the young convert in the glow of his first love ; from the tempted, tried, and wounded believer — yea, even from the backslider. Religious experience is a large volume ; it has many chapters and numerous graphic illustrations; and it is the diligent and faithful pastor who sees most of it, and learns its lessons most fully. 94 THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. All this experimental knowledge thus acquired he carries back with him to his study and his closet, subjecting it to the crucible of his OAvn thoughts. With God's word in his hands and with these various cases borne on his heart to the throne, he seems to get a new message from on high, and then carries that message into the pulpit, prepared to preach with unwonted appropriate- ness to their real necessities. He is no longer a mere sign-board. He is a guide, who goes along with them, and shows them the very way they must travel. Thus do the several aspects of the pastorate, doctrinal, experi- mental, and practical preaching, in the pulpit, in the fiimily, and to the individual; its oversight and care; its tender and con- soling ministrations ; its confidential relationships, and its parental discipline, all combine to make one whole, complete, harmonious, beneficent, and strong ; worthy, indeed, to be one of the ascen- sion gifts of our triumphant Redeemer, and worthy to be cher- ished and maintained in all his churches by all his people. It was chiefly designed for them, and they realise its highest value. Hence it is Ave have dwelt mainly upon pastoral Avork, even in the pulpit. The pulpit has, indeed, a much wider sphere and a more general value ; e. g. as the strong buhvark of a pure Christianity against the assaults of infidelity and superstition, as the great educator of the people, as the true palladium of social order and political liberty, of human life, property, and happiness, and as "the most important and effectual guard, support, and orna- ment of virtue's cause." But its highest glory is that it is God's instrument in the deliverance of men from sin and eternal death, and that though the visible, audible agent is a mere man, his simple Avords are made the poAver of God unto salvation. "For lettinc; down the crolden chain from high, He draws his audience upward to the sky." In conclusion, then, it is a matter for profound thankfulness that this beloved Seminary, in the fifty years of its noble history, has never been conducted as a mere school of learning, rhetoric, or philosophy, or even as a mere theological institute, but has ever given the conspicuous place to the spiritual and practical aspects of the ministerial Avork ; and it is our devout prayer that THE PULPIT AND THE PASTORATE. 95 it may, in the long years of the futiu-e, be preeminently God's chosen instrument for giving to his Church many "pastors accord- ing to his own heart, who shall feed his people with knowledge and understanding." To this end let us give our labors and our influence in the effort to rebuild this institution on deep and broad foundations, and in proportions exceeding even all its former glory. We aim at no progress in its standards of doc- trine, either as to the faith, the order, or the worship of the Church ; for these we regard as based upon the complete and unchangeable teachings of God's inspired word. What we long to see is, that the most ample means shall be provided for the inculcation of these great principles upon the largest number of students consecrated to the ministry of truth — men who will hold up these standards with unswerving fidelity amidst prevail- ing defections ; Avho will combine the most thorough scholarship with humble and ardent piety, and wdio will labor to spread these sacred principles with evangelic zeal in our own broad land and amongst the nations of the earth. It is not merely to an insti- tution of learning that we renewedly dedicate our efforts on this occasion, but to the cause of divine truth, to the salvation of souls, the interests of holiness, the upbuilding and comfort of the Church, and above and through all these, to the glory of Christ. THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY: ITS IMPORT AND ITS REGULATIVE INFLUENCE. BY JOHN L. GIRARDEAU, D. D,, LL. D., PROFESSOR IX COLUMBIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. The subject to which attention is asked on the present occa- sion is, The Federal Theology: Its Import ayid its Regulative Influence. It has become almost an adage, that the Church has developed her theology mainly through conflict Avith error. This must be so from the nature of the case. Attention is not apt to be specially directed to what is undisputed, and our clearest judgments are derived from comparison. The contrast of truth and error, induced by the assertion of the latter, enhances our comprehension of both. The doctrine of the covenants constitutes no exception to this law. It was not brought distinctly under investigation and formally developed until the period succeeding the Reformation. Luther grandly elucidated the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone. Justification he saw clearly. Imputation he perceived less distinctly; and he stopped short of the controlling principle of federal representation. Even Calvin, magnificently endowed as he was by his abilities and learning for a systematic treatment of revealed truth, although he produced a theological work distin- guished for its comprehensive grasp of the doctrines of religion in their relation to each other, did not seem to have had his mind definitely turned to the federal scheme. It was when Placseus broached his theory of the mediate impu- tation of Adam's sin, that the attention of the Reformed Church was thoroughly aroused to the importance and scope of the federal theology. The theologians of the Dutch School, in their massive works, subjected it to a full, if not an exhaustive, consideration; and their example was followed by some of the most illustrious divines of England and Scotland. And while Cunningham, Hodge, and our own Thornwell have trodden in their footsteps, and evinced in their discussions their sense of the importance of THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY, ETC. 97 the federal system — a fact for which the present generation of Calvinists should be devoutly thankful — it is to be feared that indications are beginning to manifest themselves of a growing tendency towards a departure from this type of theology. Espe- cially would it be for a lamentation should it disappear from the pulpit — the grand organ by which divine truth is brought into contact with the masses. And as surely as the pulpit drifts away from it, will it more and more cast its instructions in the mould of a wretched legalism ; or, losing the influence of this pervading genius of theological truth, and so lapsing from any thorough- going inculcation of doctrine, it will more and more neglect its heavenly call to be an instructor of Christ's people, and sink its high didactic office into that of a vapid and sensational haranguer. The present effort is essayed not alone from sympathy with the intrinsic value of the theme, but also in the hope of citing atten- tion, in some humble degree at least, to the necessity of keeping it before the mind of the Church. But, not to consume time with preliminary observations, I hasten to consider: I. The Import of the Federal Theology. Let us begin with the covenant of grace, for the reason that its existence and the operation of the representative principle in con- nexion with it are more clearly and explicitly set forth in the Scriptures than are the fact of the covenant of works and the way in which its results are entailed. Admitting the analogy between the two covenants which the Apostle Paul affirms, we shall by this method gain the advantage of expounding the obscurer case by that which is the more definitely revealed. There would seem to be no necessity to distinguish, as some have done, between the covenant of redemption and the covenant of grace as two separate covenants : the former as conceived to exist between God the Father and Christ, and the latter between God and the elect. For, in the first place, the hiAV of parcimony opposes the supposition of two covenants. This presumption could only be removed by such explicit testimony of Scripture to the existence of two as can hardly be contended for in the face of another construction of its teaching by so many theologians. In the second place, it is inconceivable that God would have entered 7 98 THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY: into a covenant with sinners except in Christ as Mediator and Federal Head. To say that one covenant was made with the Son and another with the elect, is to assume as the differentia of the latter the fact that it was not made with them in Christ, but apart from him. But that cannot be admitted. To reply that the covenant, though not made Avith him, Avas made Avith the elect as in him, is to give up the distinction. The covenant, according to the ordinary conception and statement of it, Avas at the same time made Avith him and Avith his elect seed in him. It is Avholly unAvarran table to hold that a federal arrangement should obtain in relation to sinners, except as they are represented by a federal head. The covenant Avith Christ, therefore, embraced the cove- nant with his elect constituency. They are never dealt Avith except as they are in him. In the third place, let it be conceded that the covenant Avears tAvo aspects, one immediately contem- plating Christ as federal head and representative, and the other, the elect as beneficiaries, and they are evinced to be but separate faces of the same great compact by the consideration that the privileges, graces, and duties of the elect are benefits conferred upon them in Christ, are but parts of that salvation Avhich he meritoriously secured for them by his perfect performance of covenanted righteousness. Their faith, it is true, as an indispen- sable duty, conditions their subjective and conscious union to Christ, but faith is the necessary result of regeneration, in Avhich they are the passive recipients of the grace acquired for them by their federal head. That which is held to be a covenant of grace, in distinction from the covenant of redemption, may be regarded as but a testamentary administration, in behalf of the elect, of the one eternal covenant between the Father and the Son. It may be added, in the fourth placfe, that the analogy between the cove- nant of grace and that of Avorks, which is universally admitted to have been but one, and the language of the Calvinistic symbols which must be strained to support any other supposition, oppose strong presumptive evidence to the hypothesis of two distinct covenants. It is one and the same covenant, Avhich, regarded in relation to the means employed and the end contemplated, is denominated the covenant of redemption, that is emphatically ITS IMPORT AND ITS REGULATIVE INFLUENCE. 99 designated the covenant of grace when conceived in reference to its source, and to its unmerited application to sinners as the recipients of its benefits. It is peculiarly a covenant of grace to them, since its legal condition was fulfilled, not by themselves, but by another for them, guilty and corrupt. But Avhatever view is maintained concerning this question, let it be understood that, in this discussion, allusion is had to that "covenant of grace" Avhich was in eternity made by God the Father "with Christ as the second Adam, and in him with all the elect as his seed." ^ In this covenant the principle of representation was involved as an essential element. Christ, by the appointment of the Fathei-, and by his own spontaneous election, became the legal representative of the elect seed who weregiven to him to be re- deemed. He undertook all their legal responsibilities, as Avell those Avhich related them to the preceptive requirements of the moral law, as those which bound them as transgressors to endure its penalty. Whatever the law exacted of them, in order to their justification, he as their representative obligated himself to render. The life of obedience due from them he engaged to live, the death demanded of them he bound himself to die. It is indispensable to a just apprehension of this vitally impor- tant subject, to notice that what was a covenant of redeemino- grace to his seed was a covenant of works to Christ. It was they, not he, who needed to be redeemed ; they, not he, who were to be debtors to grace. He stood under the covenant, as the second Adam, a probationer, required and undertaking to render perfect, personal obedience to every demand of law, in order to the justi- fication of his seed in him. This exhaustive obedience he performed. Viewed in relation to the commands of the law, it may properly be denominated pre- ceptive obedience; in relation to its curse, penal obedience. It is usual to distinguish these two aspects of it by the terms active and pfl!ssM'e obedience. But it was both, during his life and at his death, at the same time active and passive. From the incep- tion of his obedience he suff"ered, and at the climax of his suffer- MYestminster Larg. Cat., Quest. 31. 100 THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY: ings he acted. From beginning to end he was a suffering actor, an acting sufferer. In life and death, consequently, and in rela- tion to precept and penalty alike, he rendered obedience. This obedience was marred by not the slightest flaw — it was absolutely perfect. By it justice was completely satisfied and the law glori- ously exalted. Did the limits of this discourse permit it, convincing proof could be furnished of the necessity — which has been disputed by some Calvinists even — that Christ should have rendered obedience to the precept of the law in order to the justification of his seed, and that this preceptive righteousness should be imputed to them, in order to the attainment of that end. That cannot now be at- tempted. Sufiice it to say, that the elect seed of Christ were not merely, by virtue of his propitiatory sufferings, to be placed in a condition of confirmed innocence — of everlasting exemption from punishment, but to be entitled, on the ground of a perfect and unchallenged obedience to the preceptive requirements of the law, to the positive communications of the divine favor. Not only was it incumbent on Christ to deliver his people from the death incurred by the fall of Adam, but as the second Adam to do what the first was required to do — to pay obedience to the precepts of the law. That, strictly speaking, is righteousness, and that the glorious representative of the elect wrought out for them. He produced a perfect obedience to the whole law, and therefore won for himself an adorable name by which he is known in the assem- blies of the saints — "the Lord our righteousness." Like the seamless robe he wore on the day of his crucifixion, the- righteous- ness of Jesus is without division. "Let us not rend it," but regard it, as he himself produced it — a grand totality, one and indivisible. The question now necessarily arises, Avhat were the results secured by this covenanted obedience of Christ to all the require- ments of the divine law ? The inquiry need not here be pressed, whether he, considered as an individual, was bound to render obedience to the law for himself, although I confess to a concur- rence in the view of those theologians who maintain that he was ; so far, at least, as a preceptive rule was concerned. Antecedent- ITS IMPORT AND ITS REGULATIVE INFLUENCE. 101 ly under no obligation to obey the law which he administered, yet having voluntarily subjected himself, as incarnate, to its scope, he came by that free act under obligation to comply with its demands. If it was possible for him to be "made under law," it was possible for him, as an individual, to be obligated by its authority. But the question is in regard to his obedience considered as that of the head and representative of his elect seed. What, in that capacity, did he by his obedience secure ? In the general, the answer must be : all the benefits of redemption. But foremost among these blessings — the special answer is — he secured justi- fication for himself and for his seed in him. It may be objected to this statement, that it is inadmissible to affirm that Christ was justified, and that all which can properly be said is, that he secured the justification of his seed. This ob- jection cannot be supported upon grounds derived from the Cal- vinistic conception of the principle of representation as employed in the plan of redemption. That Christ, upon the completion of his covenanted obedience, was justified, is evinced, in the first place, by the analogy between him as the federal representative of his seed under the covenant of grace and Adam as the federal representative of his posterity under the covenant of works. If Adam had performed the condition of the covenant, he would have been justified as federal representative. As Christ fulfilled the condition of the same covenant both as to its precept and its penalty, he was justified as federal representative. The consid- eration that Adam's obedience was contingent, while Christ's was not, makes no difference as to the result contemplated. The cer- tainty, that Christ would fulfil the condition upon which justifi- cation was supended, only rendered that justification certain. Both the first and second Adams were probationers under the provisions of a legal covenant, Avhich conditioned justifica- tion upon perfect, personal obedience to law. The difference between them is, that in one case the stipulated rcAvard was missed, and in the other it was won. In the second place, the justification of Christ is proved by the fact that he voluntarily assumed the guilt of his seed, and that it was judicially imputed 102 THE FEDERAL THEOLOGY: to him by God the Father. If he had not been justified from it by the authority which formally attached it to him, that guilt would have remained upon him. Either he was, before his re- surrection, federally guilty or he was not. If he was not, the guilt of his people was not transferred to him, and therefore con- tinues upon them. That is out of the question. If he Avas, his guilt had to be removed in order to the removal of theirs, for his guilt was theirs. But the non-imputation of guilt, or, what is the same thing, its removal, is an essential element of justifica- tion. Now, Christ s voluntarily assumed guilt was not imputed to him after his resurrection and ascension. Consequently, he Avas justified. He had perfectly satisfied infinite justice by the sacrifice of himself for sin, and the Father publicly and formally absolved him from the guilt Avhich he had previously reckoned to his account. The only difficulty Avhich can attach to this view is one which springs from the grievous misapprehension, that it implies the pardon of Christ as a personal sinner. It Avould certainly be rank blasphemy to intimate that he labored under an inherent and conscious guilt which needed to be remitted. It is (|uite another thing to say, that his imputed guilt Avas removed by God's justifying sentence: a reward to Avhich he had entitled himself by his unimpeachable obedience to law. But, further, the justification of Christ involved the justification of his elect seed. Not that it is now intended to affirm — Avliat, of course, is true — that his justification secured that of his people, as one to be subjectively and consciously experienced by them in the course of their mortal existence. What is meant is, that at the very moment and in the very act of his justification theirs Avas, in a sense, effected. They were justified Avlien he was justified. This is not the Antinomian doctrine of an actual justification in eter- nity. To that extraordinary- notion it is impossible to attach any intelligible meaning. What divines have termed decretive justi- fication, that is, the eternal purpose of God to justify the elect, is at once true and apprehensible; but one finds as much diffi- culty in grasping the idea of an actual eternal justification as in conceiving "a chiniiiera buzzing about in a vacuum." ITS IMPORT AND ITS REGULATIVE INFLUENCE. 103 There is a distinction which is now strangely neglected, but to which the Calvinistic theology ought to be recalled, as vital to its consistency and completeness. It is one which was maintained by some of the most eminent divines of the seventeenth century — bv such men as Witsius and others of the Dutch school, and Owen, Charnock, and Halyburton. It is the distinction bet^veen what was variously termed fundamental, or general, or active, or virtual, justification on the one hand, and what was denominated passive or actual justification on the other. The import of it is that, on the one hand, the elect were, in mass, justified in foro Dei, in the justification of Christ as their federal head and repre- sentative; and that, on the other hand, they are severally jus- tified in foro consci.entia', when in the period of their earthly history they actually exercise faith in Christ. In the first in- stance they are conceived as justified constructively, federally, representatively; in the second, subjectively and consciously. In the first, they were justifieH rt 05 <5 N z H Z g W 1^ UJ M. W. McClesky,* Geo. W. McCoy,* Hu<:;b A. Munroe,* T. M. Newell,* E. F. Rockwell, I). D., CLASS OF 1841. (7) James B. Dunwody, W. C. Emerson,'' Geo. Cooper Gregg,* William P. Harrison, Samuel H. Hay, John L. Mclver,* Neill McKay, D. D., Peter McNab,* B. M. Palmer, D. D., LL. D., M. A. Patterson,* Colin Shaw, Albert Williams,* J. D. Wilson, Peter Winn, James Woods, (15) CLASS OF 1842. David E. Frierson, D. D., Z. L. Holmes, A. A. Porter, D. D.,* CLASS OF 1843. George H. Logan,* Eicbard Q. Way, CLASS OF 1844. Edmund Anderson, James R. Baird. Wm. Curtis, LL. D.,* William Flinn, J). D., Joseph Gibert,* (•^) (2) K. C. F. C. W. C. Pa. Y. C. y. C. M. C. Ala. s. c. c. F. C. S. C. C. u. c. F. C. N. H. U. K C. F. C. s. c. c. F. C. s. c. c. K. C. N. H. C. C. F. C. F. C. Dav. C. Dav. C. F. C. 1837 1837 1837 1838 1838 1838 1840 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1839 1839 1839 1840 1840 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 Ga. N. C. Pa. Conn. Ga. S. C. s. c. Ga. s. c. N. C. N. C. N. C. s. c. N. C. N. C. Ga. S. C. Ga. S. C. N. Y. Ala. S. C. Ga. S. C. s. c. s. c. N. C. s. c. APPENDIX. 425 NAMES. Where Gradu- ated. OS < W Z < Homer Hendee,* 0. U. 1841 N. Y. Ezekiel F. Hyde, II. c. 1841 Canada. William H. Moore,* Dav. C. 1841 S. C. William H Smith, u. c. 1841 N. Y. Clarke B. Stewart, 1841 S.C. Charles A. Stillman, D. D., (11) 0. u. 1841 s. c. CLASS OP 1845. G. AY. Bogo;s, 1842 S.C. Savai^e S. Gaillard,* 1842 S.C. H. W. Henderson,* 1842 S.C. J. B. Hillhouse, 1842 S.C. James R. McCarter,* F. C. 1842 Ga. E. H. Laflfertj,* W. C. Pa. 1S42 Ohio. John McLees,* 1842 s. c. Henry Newton, F. C. 1842 Ga. J. W. Quarterman,* F. C. 1842 Ga. II. E. SherriU, Dav. C. 1842 N. C. Julius J. Fleming, (11) C. C. 1842 s. c. CLASS OP 1846. P. C. Calhoun, S. C. c. 1843 S.C. Joseph Furse, William T. Savage, Dav. C. 1843 1843 S.C. Norman Tcrrv, 1843 William W. AVilson,* S. C. C. 1843 s. c. Thomas S. Winn, (6) F. C. 1843 Ga. CLASS OP 1847. T. C. Crawford, Dav. C. 1844 N. C. AVilliam L. Hughes,* 1844 s. c. William H. Roberts, 1844 N. C. William E. Screven,* F. C. 1844 Ga. William H. Thompson, 1844 Ga. Joseph K. Wight, (6) N. H. 1844 Conn. CLASS OP 1848. G. H. Cartledge, 0. U. 1845 Ga. 426 APPENDIX. NAMES. Q (h H 03 tn -»J M J^ H Z S H H CO S. R. Frierson,* John L. Girardeau, D. D., LL. D., Robert W. Iladden,* Arnold W. Miller, D. D., Edward P. Palmer, D. D., Joseph D. Porter,* (7) CLASS OF 1849. B. L. Beall, S. M. Blanehard, A. E. Chandler, William H. Hall, Thomas A. Boyt, D. D., A. (t. Johnson, AVilliam Matthews,* Robert II. Reid, Albert Shotwell, William II. Singletary,* Edward R. Ware,* M. A. Williams, (12) CLASS OF 1850. J. M. Quarterman,* H. W. Rorrers,* AViUiam B. Telford, David Wills, D. D., (4) CLASS OF 1851. Robert Af2;new, John R. Bowman, D. D., Asahel Enloe, Gurdon R. Foster, Donald Eraser, D. D., AUiert A. James, B. E. Lanneau,* A. J. Loughridg-e,* Washington Peace,* Jan%es L. Rogers, A. M. Watson, N. H. C. C. N. H. C. C. F. C. O. U. Dart. C. Dav. C. O. U. F. C. Mar. C. S. C. C. Dav. C. U. A. J. C. O. IT. N. H. s. c. c. T. C. Gl. U. N. H. Dav. C. 0. U. O. U. Dav. C. C. C. O. C. N. H. J. C. Dav. C. 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 1846 Tenn. S. C. Ala. S. C. s. c. Ala. N. C. 184G iConn. 1846 1846 1846 1846 1846 S. C. Ga. Ga. Ga. Ga. 1846 S. 0. 1846 Ga. 1846 1846 S. C. Ala. 1846 Pa. 1847 Ga. 1847 liMiss. 1847 iS. C. 1847 Tenn. 1849 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 1848 Ireland. Ga. S. C. Ala. Ga. S. C. s. c. 8. C. Pa. Penn. S. C. APPENDIX. 427 NAMES. Where Gradu- ated. Q >< Pi < H - 6-! W 1^ < A. J. Witherspoon, D. D., (12) S. C. C. 1848 S. C. CLASS OF 1852. J. H. Alexander, 0. u. 1849 James S. Barr,* Dav. C. 1849 N. C. John J. Boozei',* 1849 s.c. D. L. Buttolph, D. D., W. C. 1849 s. c. James DouH W rt cc -^ f^ Z H ^; s W H -< H CO Thos. B. NeiU, Samuel Orr,* Henry M. Smith, D. D., (11) CLASS OF 1855. James A. Cousar,* James A. Davies,* Nicholas W. Edmunds, B. Scott Kritler,* Eobert Q. Malhxrd, D. D., Kobert S. McAllister, ^Y. J. McKnight, D. D., Eobert McLcres,* David H. Porter, D. D.,* C. J. Silliman, L. A. Simonton,* Arthur M. Small,* Eobert E. Small,* Charlton H. Wilson,* (U) CLASS OP 1856. William Alcorn,* Eobert M. Brearley,* Thos. J. Davidson,* A. H. Epstein,* William Hall, John S. Harris,* Elmore Kinder,* A. L. Kline, D. D.,* James McDowell, George D. Parks, M. D., James McQueen, E. L. Neelv, M. D. Wood, Warren D. Wilkes,* S. C. Boyce, J. C. Phelps, (16) CLASS OF 1857. Jno. A. Barr,* S. C. C. O. U. J. c. Dav. C. s. c. c. Dav. C. F. C. H. C. s. c. c. o. u. o. u. o. u. o. u. o. u. U. Pa. s. c. c. o. u. p. I. \^. o. u. Dav. C. 0. U. s. c. c. Dav. C. Dav. C. 0. U. E. C. E. C. Dav. C. 1852 'S. C. 1851 |Ga. Penn. 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1853 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1855 1854 1853 1854 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1854 1854 1855 S. C. S. C. s. c. N. C. Ga. Miss. N. C. s. c. Ala. Ala. Ga. S. C. s. c. s. c. Ireland. s. c. s. c. Hungary. Ala. N. C. s. c. s. c. s. c. N. C. N. C. Tenn. S. C. s. c. s. c. Miss. N. C. APPENDIX. 429 S P Q ft >i C3 < w NAMES. 1^ ^ a < S. J. Bingham,* 0. u. 1855 Ala. David Chalmers Boggs, 0. u. 1854 S. C. Samuel Wilson Davies, D. D., H. S. C. 1854 Va. James E. Dun lop, u. y. 1855 s. c. John C. Humphry,* 1854 N. Y. (Tilhert C. Lane,* Mi. C. 1855 Vermont. Jethro Rumple, D. D., Dav. C. 1855 N. C. William A. Wood, D. D., (9) Dav. C. 1853 N. C. CLASS OF 1858. Samuel Edward Axson, 0. U 1855 Ga. George Henry Coit,* A. C. 1855 R. I. David Fairley, Dav. C. 1855 N. C. Edward 0. Frierson, 0. U. 1855 s. c. William T. Hall, D. D., Dav. C. 1855 N. C. Andrew E. ]jiddell,* 0. U. 1855 Ga. John C. McNair,* U. N. C. 1855 N. C. Hugh M. Morrison, U. M. 1855 Miss. Levi H. Parsons, 1857 Ala. William F. Pearson, 1855 S. C. Rufus W. Shive, U. M. 1855 Miss. A. Pickens Smith, D. D., 0. U. 1855 Ala. Theodore E. Smith, 0. U. 1855 Ga. James A. Walker, (14) S. CM. A. 1855 S. C. CLASS OP 1859. James C. Alexander, Dav. C. 1856 N". C. Robert B. Anderson, D. D., N. H. 1856 N. C. Robert Bradley, 0. U. 1856 s.c. Chester Bridgman, A. C. 1856 Mass. J. DeWitt Burkhead, Dav. C. 1856 N. C. John N. Craig, D. D., W. C. Va. 1858 Va. John Darroch, N. H. 1856 N. C. John A. Danforth, 0. U. 1856 Ala. Henry R. Dickson,* c. c. 1856 S.C. James H. Gaillard, TJ. M. 1856 Miss.- Holmes L. Harvey, 0. U. 1856 Ala. Henry F. Hoyt, F. C. 1856 Ga. James C. Kennedy, 1856 S.C. J. F. B. Mayes, Fur. U. 1857 S.C. 430 APPENDIX. NAMES. =^ Q S H " r^ ^ < f^ r » ^ p >^ w PS C3 < w Z H HH Z S P^ H 02 Eobert W. McCormick,* Archibald McQueen, T. D. Witbei'spoon, D. D., Arthur McD. Wrenn,* (18) CLASS OF 1860. H. M. Brearley, William L. Curry, Edward C. Davidson,* Thomas L. DcVeaux,* William A. Gregg, Benj. T. Hunter, David W. Humphreys, Henry Keigwin, Duncan E.McIntyre,* Francis P. Mullally, D. D., John S. Park, John R. Riley, D. D., Wm. R. Stoddard,* J. S. N. Thomas, Philip H. Thompson,* J. L. Underwood, John S. Willbanks, (17) CLASS OF 1861. Samuel C. Alexander, Henry Howard Banks,* W. L. Boggs,* Edward H. Buist,* William A. Carter, W. M. Coleman, John E. DuBose, C. M. Hutton, Robert C. Johnston,* Robert Z. Johnston, Isaac J. Long, D. D., Joseph B. Mack, D. D., Duncan McDuffie, Daniel M. McLure,* E. P. Nicholson,* O. U. Dav. C. U. M. N. H. U. N. C. Fur. U. U. M. c. c. o. u. O. IT. Dav. C. H. C. O. U. U. M. s. c. c. E. C. Dav. C. U. Nash. O. U. E. C. J. C. Dav. C. O. U. s. c. c. o. u. U. N. C. O. U. U. A. U. Va. Dav. C. Cr. C. Ja. C. O. U. O. U. U. N. C. 1857 1856 1856 1856 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1859 1857 1857 1859 1857 1857 1857 1859 1857 1857 1858 1858 1858 1859 1859 1859 1858 1858 1858 1858 1860 1859 1859 1858 1859 Ireland. N. C. Ala. Ala. S. C. S. C. Tenn. S. C. s. c. s. c. s. c. Ky. s. c. Ireland. Tenn. S. C. s. c. N. C. Tenn. Ala. S. C. Penn, Ark. S. C. s. c. Ala. N. C. Ga. Ala. S. C. N. C. Ky. Tenn. S. C. s.c. N. C. APPENDIX. 431 NAMES. § « « o l>i Pd BS M -< H z H Z « W w iX' fd H H t/2 J. M. Eobinson, G. S. Roudebush, D. D., Isaac II. Salter,* W. B. Watts,* William Wiley,* John Woodruff, (21) CLASS OP 1862. E. A. Blackford, William B. Boi,^gs, D. D., Gilbert E. Brackett. D. D., William H. Brooks,* J. Doui^las A. Brown, Orin Carpenter, James H. Colton, James S. Cozb}', J. Edgar Dixon, Eobert L. Douglass,* John T. Fallis, M. W. Frierson,* S. H. Gallaudet, William J. Hogan,* George W. Ladson,* Thomas II. Lavv, James A. McConnell, William McDonald, Hugh McLees, James II. Nail, D. D., J. M. P. Otts, D. £)., George L. Petrie, S. Parsons Pratt, F. T. Simpson, A. F. Smith,* David A. Todd, Charles S. Vedder, D. D., John F. Watson,* Thomas B. Wells, Charles H. White, John A. Woodburn, (31) J. C. Dav. C. Cr. C. Cr. C. ^Y. C. Pa. s. c. c. W. C. Ya. O. U. C. U. U. N. C. O. IT. J. c. Dav. C. Cr. C. U. M. J. C. IT. A. O. U. S.C. M.A. J. C. IT. N. C. Dav. C. O. U. Dav. C. O. IT. IT. C. N. H. O. C. s. c. c. u. c. Dav. C. Y. C. J. C. IT. N. C. 1858 185S 1858 1859 1859 1860 1860 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 I860 1859 1859 1859 1860 1859 1859 1860 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 1860 1860 1859 1860 1859 1859 1860 1859 S.C. Ala. N. C. Mo. Penn. S.C. Mass. Va. S.C. Tenn. N. C. Ga. S.C. Ky. Miss. Ala. Ga. S. C. Penn. N. C. S.C. Ala. S.C. Ala. N. Y. Ga. Miss. S.C. N. Y. S. C. - Conn. N. C 432 APPENDIX. NAMES. CLASS OK 1863. William H. Adams,* C. A. Baker, Thomas P. Cleveland, Eobert E. Cooper, A. IST. Ferjruson, Edward M. Green, H. M. Hartfield, Theodore Hunter, C. G. Liddell, William McDuffie,* K. M. Mclntyre, A. M. Mecklin, A. D. Mister, Geor* W BS tf < N z H Z s W CO (19) (7) (5) CLASS OF 1866. None. Harv. U. O. U. N. H. U. N. C. Dav. C. O. U. o. c. o. u. LaG. C. Dav. C. u. y. LaG. C. L. C. O. U. West. C. o. c. IT. N. C. s. c. c. c. u. o. u. o. u. Dav. C. C. C. Dav. C. U. N. C. Dav. C. U. N. C. o. u. 1861 1860 1861 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1880 1861 1860 1860 1861 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1862 1859 1863 1862 1863 Mass. Ga. Ga. S. C. N. C. Ga. Miss. S. C. Miss. S. C. N. C. Miss. Pcnn. Ga. Mo. Miss. N. C. s. c. Tenn. Fla. Ala. N. C. S. C. N. C. N. C. S. C. N. C. La. S. C. S. C. APPENDIX. 433 1 ft >* NAMES. HERI iADU TED. H i-i Eh ^6^ ^02 Eh 02 CLASS OF 1867. A. W. Gaston, E.&H.C. 1861 Ga. Robert L. Smythe,* (2) 0. U. 1863 S.C. CLASS OP 1868. William W. Mills, s. c. c. 1866 s. c. S. F. Tenney. (2) IT. Ga. 1866 Ga. CLASS OP 1869. William R. Atkinson, s. c. c. 1867 S.C. Benjamin L. Baker, 0. u. 1867 Ga. W. W. Brimm, 1866 Ga. A. J. Davis, William N. Dickey, Dav. C. 1867 N. C. Peter Gowan, 1866 S.C. John B. McKinnon,* Dav. C. N. C. A. P. Nicholson, s. c. c. 1861 S.C. Charles M. Richards,* 1861 S.C. W. Cuttino Smith, U. V. 1860 S.C. Jno. Lowrie Wilson, (11) St. c. 1867 Tenn. CLASS OP 1870. John L. Caldwell, Dav. C 1867 S.C. James H. Douglass, Dav. C. 1868 S.C. L. K. Glasgow, S. c. c. 1867 -i.e. W. M. Ingram,* LaG. C. 1869 Tenn. James F. Latimer, Ph. D., 1867 S.C. John G. Law, 1867 Tenn. James L. Martin, 1867 S.C. John S. Moore, D. D., U. M. 1867 Ala. S. M. Neel, LaG. C. 1868 Tenn. F. M. Swoope, (10) W. C. Va. 1868 Va. CLASS OP 1871. Eugene Daniel, D. D., 0. C. 1868 Miss. Hampden C. DuBose, s. c. c. 1868 S.C. W. W. Evans, Cr. C. 1868 Ky. 28 434 APPENDIX. ft ^ — ■ S L3 . H es NAMES. HEE TED D5 ij Eh i-H < ^6^ Eh 02 George T. Goetchius, V. Ga. 1868 Ga. J. W. Heath, N. U. 1868 Ala. Frank L. Leeper, 1868 Ala. John T. McBryde, s. c. c. 1868 S. C. John J. Eead, 0. c. 1868 Miss. Eichard D. Smart, Wof. C. 1868 S. C. J. Spratt White, (10) U. V. 1868 s. c. CLASS OP 1872. Wm. S. Bean, U. Ga. 1870 Ga. 0. M. Green,* K H. 1871 Pa. J. C. Grow, 1869 Ga. L. S. Handley, U. M. 1869 Ala. Frank M. Howell,* U. M. 1869 Mis's. Milton C. Hutton, U. M. 1869 Ala. Josephus Johnson, U. M. 1869 Miss. Thos. C. Johnson, U. M. 1869 Tenn. A. Eoss Kennedy, Dav. C. 1869 S. C. Wra. LeConte,* s. c. c. 1869 s. c. T. C. Lift-on, E. C. 1869 s. c. Jas. A. Mecklin, IT. M. 1869 Miss. Jas. W. Query, E.G. 1869 N. C. W. T. Thompson, 1869 Va. Jos. Washburn, (15) W. C. 1869 Ga. CLASS OF 1873. S. Henry Bell, Dav. C. 1870 N. C. Samuel D. Boggs, s. c. c. 1870 s.c. C. E. Chichester, 1870 s. c. Samuel N. Garrard, 1870 Ala. C. W. Grafton, U. M. 1870 Miss. Thos. L. Haman, U. M. 1870 Miss. Eobert B. McAlpine, Dav. C. 1870 Ark. . Daniel K. McFarland, D. D., U. M. 1870 Miss. Wilson J. McKay, Dav. C. 1870 N. C. Wm. A. Milner, " (10) Dav. C. 1870 Ga. CLASS OF 1874. Harry C. Ansley, U. Ga. 1871 - Ga. APPENDIX. 435 NAMES. HERE ElADU- TED. ^5 1^ < ^(1> ^ Eh Edward H. Briggs, V. Ga. 1871 Ga. Jos. C. Carothers, 1871 Miss. Thos. H. Cunningham,* U. Ga. 1871 S. C. Wni. H. Dodge, Dav. C. 1871 Ga. E. Means DuBose, S. C. C. 1871 S. C. J. DeWitt Duncan,* 1871 Kv. John a. Hall, Dav. C. 1871 S.C. Chas. R. Hemphill, U. V. 1871 s.c. J as. R. Jacobs, 1871 S.C. Thos. T. Johnston, K. C. T. 1871 Canada. Robert M. Kirkpatrick, Dav. C. 1871 Ala. Nicholas M. Long, King C. 1871 Tenn. David S. McAllister, Dav. C. 1871 N. C. Leslie R. McCormick, s. c. c. 1871 S.C. P. M. McKay,* K. C. T. 1871 Fla. Carl McKinley, 1871 Ga. Geo. W. McMillan, Dav. C. 1871 N. C. Alfred L. Miller, Dav. C. 1871 S.C. Robert A. Miller, Dav. C. 1871 S.C. Jas. K. P. Newton, U. M. 1871 Miss. Robei-t D. Perry, 1871 S.C. Samuel R. Preston, King C. 1871 Va. James A. Smith, Dav. C. 1871 N. C. James W. Spratt, Dav. C. 1871 S.C. James H. Thornwell, (26) s. c. c. 1871 S.C. CLASS OP 1875. Julius J. Anderson, Dav. C. 1872 Ala. James S. Black, 1872 N. C. David 0. Byers, King C. 1872 Tenn. Wm. B. Crawford,* Dav. C. 1872 Ark. Albert B. Curry, 1872 Ga. William A. Dabney, 1872 Ga. Thos. R. English, Dav. C. 1872 S.C. Erasmus E. Erwin, Dav. C. 1872 S.C. James Y. Fair. 1871 8. C. J. Wm. Flinn,' IT. M. 1872 Miss. H. B. S. Garriss, 1872 N. C. I. M. Ginn, 0. U. 1872 Ga. J. Harvey Hammet, Dav. C. 1872 S. C. 0. J. Harris, 1872 s. c. 436 APPENDIX. NAMES g fi « 5 <5 f^ ^'3 ^ p tw P4 Pd BS oj w ?5 H IZ ^ M CO Jas. E. Jones, Richard C. Ligou, Thos. M. McConnell, Wm. E. Mcllwaine, D. C. Rankin, Robert A. Reid, John M. Rhea, Robert N. Smith, Jerry Witherspoon, D. D., (23) CLASS OF 1876. Jos. Y. Allison, Samuel C. Caldwell, A. M. Hassell, John Henderson, W. T. Hollingsworth, J. J. Johnson, W. W. Killough, M. R. Kirkpatrick, D. A. McRae, S. Leslie Morris, R. O. B. Morrow, James W. Rogan, W. M. Stratton, W. G. F. Wallace, Andrew W. Wilson,* (15) CLASS OF 1877. Robert Adams, William Boyd, M. C. Britt, J. Tallulab Bruce, Edward P. Davis, James E. Fogartie, J. J. Henry, Donald McQueen, Samuel W. Newell, E. Newton,* George A. Trenholm, (11) E. C. King C. E.'C. E. C. King C. O. U. U. M. U. M. O. U. Dav. C. E.G. U. M. King C. Dav. C. Dav. C. U. Ga. Aus. C. Dav. C. Dav. C. Dav. C. U. T. U. M. U. Ga. 1872 iGa. 1872 S. C. 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1876 1876 1874 1874 1874 1876 Va. N. C. Tenn. S. C. Tenn. Ga. Miss. N. C. Miss. Texas. Canada. Ga. Ga. Ark. Ala. N. C. S. C. Ala. Tenn. La. Ala. S. C. Ga. Texas. Ga. Ga. Ga. S. C. Canada. S. C. Miss. Ga. S. C. APPENDIX, 437 ^ HERE TED. fi i^ NAMES. Eh i-h H •< ^6 < 1 z s 02 CLASS OF 1878. J. L. Brownlee, E. C. 1 1877 S.C. W. S. Plumer Bryan, Dav. C. I 1875 s. c. D. Irvin Craig, 1875 N. c. Henry G. Gilland, St. c. 1875 Miss. Zebulon B. Graves, U. M. 1875 Mo. Tbos. P. Hay, 1875 S.C. T. J. Home, Ark. C. 1875 Ark. Thos. M. Lowry, E. C. 1875 S.C. John C. MeMuilen, Dav. C. 1873 Ala. Frank J. Mundy, 1873 N.J. Alex. E. Norris, Dav. C. 1873 S.C. Jas. L. Williamson, ( 12) Dav. C. 1873 s. c. CLASS OP 1879. Clarence V. Cavitt, R. C. 1877 Texas. H. C. Fennel, E. C. 1876 S.C. Harvey W. Flinn, U. M. 1876 Miss. Chas. W. Eobinson, Dav. C. 1876 N. C. John D. Rowe, 1876 N. C. E. Geddings Smith, Dav. C. 1876 S.C. Horace M. Whaling, 1876 Va. Wm. G. Woodbridge, (8) 1876 Miss. CLASS OF 1880. Samuel E. Bishop, Dav. C. 1877 S. C. Frank J. Brooke, Dav. C. 1877 Va. J. R. C. Brown, Jr., R. C. 1877 Va. Thos. B. Craig, Dav. C. 1877 s. c. A Mclver Fraser, Dav. C. 1877 S.C. David E. Frierson, 1877 S.C. Baxter D. D. Greer, Dav. C. 1877 Ala. J. L. D. Houston, Ark. C. 1877 Ark. Robert A. Lapsley, Dav. C. 1877 Ala. Thos. J. Lee, Cent. U. 1877 Ky. John F. Mayne,* Dav. C. 1877 Ala. John A. McLees, Dav. C. 1877 S.C. J. T. Plunkett, S.W. P. U. 1877 Tenn. L. H. Robinson, E. C. 1877 S.C. 488 APPENDIX. NAMES. L. A. Simpson, Cbas. M. Shepherd, J. McL. Seabrook, Calvin L. Stewart, Robert A. Webb, Samuel L. Wilson, W. H. Wy cough, CLASS OP 1881. Wm. y. Davis, Wni. T. Matthews, Jas. L. McLin, Jas. W. McClure, Wm. G. Neville, Jas. L. Williams, CLASS OF 1882. Henry D. Lindsay, James P. Miller, Alex. M. Sale, Samuel 1. Woodbrtdg-e, CLASS OF 1883. Tbos. F. Boozer, Wm. C. Fleming, Thornt