^. %i. * a LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY PRINCETON, N. J. Dtfftto»....D.X. ( oQ Section JIS..V\5 m 4 /' * V't 4 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD, embracing An Account op the Causes, which gave Rise to Its Organization ; Its Organization and Name ; Its Position and Confessional Basis ; Object of Its Organization; Work, Development, and Various Sessions ; Its Policy ; And Its Future. /by SOCRATES HENKEL, D. D. NEW MARKET, VA.: Henkee & Co., Printers and Publishers. 1890. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by Henkel & Co., Publishers, New Market, Va., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. Some years ago, trie author was requested, by the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, to prepare, for publication, the history of this Synod. This seemed to be necessary, in order to present the Synod in its true light before the Church and the world. Some years were spent in securing proper data or material for that purpose. Re- course was had to different sources, as, the Minutes of this Synod and of other Synods, as well as to some of the most reliable and intelligent members of the Church, who were present during the trials and con- flicts which gave rise to its organization, and to other reliable sources. The object was to present the true, historical facts, in a fair, impartial manner, without any disposition to reflect unnecessarily on any one, or to perpetuate strife or contention. An honest, faithful statement seemed to be necessary in order to perpetuate the facts. Whatever discrepancies may appear in some portions of this his- tory, in regard to style, punctuation, &c, may be accounted for on the ground, that such portions were quoted in a general way, as they appeared on the records from which they were taken. The differences which appear in the elements and styles of the obituaries, result from the fact, that they are made up, with few exceptions, from the Minutes of Synod and church journals, nearly, in most instances, as their authors presented them. In the preparation of this work, care was taken to give such facts and matters as are best calculated to promote the highest interests of the Church, and to give them due prominence in a plain, simple way. Facts and sound principles should be maintained and perpetuated. Truth is what is needed. There is too much cant, prevarication, and hypocrisy. This work is now humbly submitted to an impartial public, to determine how well and faithfully its author has accomplished the object contemplated, with the hope, that it may prove a blessing in the department for which it is intended, and promote the best interests of the Redeemer's Kingdom. S. H. New Market, Va., /8go. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE CAUSES WHICH GAVE RISE TO ITS ORGANIZATION. PAGES. Doctrinal Position of the Church up to the Close of the Eighteenth Century — Divergencies from the Standards of the Church — Causes which Gave Rise to these Deviations from the Confes- sions — Pietism, Rationalism, Exaggerated Ideas of Liberty — Condition and Position about the Time of the Organization of the Tennessee Synod i CHAPTER II. THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF THE SYNOD. The Open Rupture — When, Where, and How — The Leaders — Organization — When, Where, and by Whom — The Name of the Synod — Basis — Regulations 24 CHAPTER III. ITS POSITION AND CONFESSIONAL BASIS. The Augsburg Confession and the Doctrines of the Church — The Constitution as Revised in 1866 — Its Adherence to the Confes- sions — The Printing Establishment — Its Publications 32 CHAPTER IV. THE OBJECT OF ITS ORGANIZATION. The Restoration of the Church to its Normal Condition in Doctrine and Practice — Its Positive Course — Prosperity of its Work — Its Extension in Various States 40 CHAPTER V. ITS WORK AND DEVELOPMENT. Its Different Sessions — When and Where — Its Different Decades — Its Accessions — Baptisms, Confirmations for Each Decade — Ordinations — Dismissals — Communications — Reasons for Re- jecting the General Synod — Its Extension — Contacts with Other Synods — Position in Regard to Slavery— Organization of Other Synods out of its Members and Congregations— Refutation of Resolutions Passed Against it— Its Position Relative to Promis- CONTENTS. V cuous Communion and Pulpit Fellowship, Secret Societies, and Chiliasm — Its Connection with the United Synod — Its Total Number of Accessions — Baptisms, Confirmations, Ordinations, Applicants, Churches, Ministers — Theological Students — Liter- ary Institutions — Basis of United Synod and Constitution — Obituaries 43 CHAPTER VI. ITS POLICY. Its Opposition to Mingling of the State and Church — They Should be Kept Separate — Scriptures Present Sufficient Rules for the Church — Denial of the Right of a Majority to Decide Relative to Doctrine or Church Discipline — The Word of God the Only Standard — Synods only Advisory Bodies — The Purview of Syn- ods — Opposition to Incorporating Synod with Civil Authority — Congregational Treasuries — The Power in the People or Congre- gation — Synods Not Sovereign 262 CHAPTER VII. ITS FUTURE. The Indications Favorable — It Has a Future Mission — Prepared for it 266 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. CHAPTER I. THE CAUSES WHICH GAVE RISE TO ITS ORGANIZATION. The causes which gave rise to the organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in the year 1820, will be found chiefly in the position which the Church occupied, at that time, in regard to doctrine and practice. Hence, it will be necessary, in the outset, to take a brief view of the condition of the Church, in these respects, dur- ing that period. The most authentic records seem clearly to indicate that the Church generally adhered closely to the doctrines and principles of the Bible, as set forth and confessed in the Unaltered Augsburg Confession and her other Symbolical Books, until towards the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. They were Lutherans, — just what their name indicated. The first Swedish colonists even, who settled in this country, based themselves firmly on the Augsburg Confession and Luther's Catechism. For a number of years every effort to preserve these doctrines in their purity and simplicity, was made. The instructions to the Governor were: "Before all, the Governor must labor and watch, that he render, in all things, to Almighty God, the true worship whiclf is his due, the glory, the praise, and the homage that belong to 2 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL him, and take good measures that the Divine service is performed according to the true Confession of Augsburg, the Council of Upsal, and the ceremonies of the Swedish Church, having care that all men, and especially the youth, be instructed in all parts of Christianity, and that a good ecclesiastical discipline be observed and maintained." — Schaeffer' s Early History, p. 15. In accepting the aid offered by the King of England and the English Society, the Salzburg refugees made it a condition, "that they should be protected in the free exer- cise of their holy religion, as contained in the Augsburg Confession, and the other Symbolical Books of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, of which they professed to be members." — Dr. Mann' s Lutheranism in America, p. ny. Neither did Muhlenberg and his co-laborers teach any other doctrines, nor endeavor to establish, in this country, any other system of faith, than that inculcated in the Lu- theran Confessions and Catechisms. ' 'The Lutheran Church in America was, from the beginning, built upon the old foundation of the Gospel, as interpreted by the collective body of the Symbolical Books ; and ministers and parochial school-masters were required to preach and teach in accord- ance with them." — Dr. Mann s Lutheranism in America, p. IJ2. "When St. Michael's Church, in Philadelphia, was founded, in 1743, it was publicly proclaimed : 'The corner- stone of this church has been laid, with the design that in it may be taught the Evangelical Lutheran doctrines, ac- cording to the apostles and prophets, as contained in the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and all the other Symbol- ical Books.' " — Halle Nachrichtcn, p. 288. "In the year 1748, the ordination of Rev. N. Kurtz occurred, the Swedish pastors joining in the performance of the solemn rite ; but before it was performed, a declaration was exacted from the candidate 'that he would adhere to the pu*e doctrine of our Evangelical Church, according to the Word of God and our Confessions of Faith.' The year LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 3 preceding, Brunnholz re-dedieated a church, as 'an Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, according to the foundation of the prophets and apostles, and our Symbolical Books.' " — Halle Nackrichten, p. 252. "In 1760, Paul D. Pryzelius was admitted into the Synod, after having made the following declaration : ' I sincerely promise, before God, the Searcher of hearts, that I will teach nothing to my congregations, except what is well founded in the canonical books of the Old and New Testaments, and to conform, in all my sermons, and in all my public and private instructions of the Holy Sacraments, to our Symbolical Books.' " — Halle Nackrichten, p. 856. "In 1 76 1, Muhlenberg gave direction for the form of the deeds for the newly begun church at Barren Hill, to the effect that they be ' prepared in such a way as forever to devote the church to the Evangelical Lutheran doctrine, according to the foundation of the Apostles, and the teach- ings of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession.' " — Halle Nack- richten, pp. 864. and 1 182. " In the Constitution for the Philadelphia congregation (1762,) which became the model for many others, the first article required the minister to teach according to the Un- altered Augsburg Confession." — Halle Nackrichten, p. 762. About the close of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth, the fathers who had immigra- ted to this country, and done the hard and difficult work of the pioneer, had passed from this realm to that beyond the skies, to enjoy their rest and their rewards. Their fidelity to the Confessions of the Church and her Scriptural services, their arduous, conscientious, energetic labors in establishing and building congregations, their faithful Gospel preaching and careful catechetical instruction, their zealous family devotion, and their pious walk and conduct, had passed, and well nigh escaped the memory of the survivors. Great political changes grew out of the results of the Revolutionary War. These, under the changed condition of things, together with other pernicious influences, which 4 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL, found their way into this country, proved disparaging to the Church and her work, leaving Christianity in a very precarious state, vacillating to and fro, with very little defi- nite or fixed policy or principles. Under this new and unsettled condition of things, Liberty, Freedom, the all- absorbing element of that day, exaggerated and carried beyond its proper sphere or domain, resulted in ignoring almost every thing that was definite, fixed, or established. It seems, in fact, that there was scarcely any positive Christian faith really recognized, and that almost every trace of a true and living churchliuess was obliterated. Pietism and Rationalism prevailed to an alarming ex- tent in Germany and other countries. The former, inaugu- rated by Spener, — a man of distinguished talents and rare learning, — for the purpose of reviving, in the Church, greater zeal for vital piety and practical Christianity, was afterwards carried beyond its contemplated object by Franke, a very zealous and able minister, and thus, amidst the agitation, it finally resulted in fanaticism, as well as in a perversion of many of the leading doctrines of the Church, and in ignoring, to a greater or less extent, her true Con- fessions. — Kurtz" s Church History, pp. zg8, igg. 240. The controversy between the Orthodox and the Pietists concentrated especially around the doctrines of Regenera- tion, of Justification, of Sanctification, of the Church, and of the Millennium. Page 242. Some of the ministers who immigrated to this country were of the Halle, Frankean, Pietistic school, and they came imbued with that spirit, to some extent, and infused it in some parts of the Church ; and, hence, it is, that we still see it occasionally cropping out, in certain sections, in its heterodox, fanatical elements. The latter, Rationalism, in the language of Kurtz's Church History, p. 276, crept into the Protestant theology of the continent, especially of German}-. The extremes of Pietism, it appears, prepared the way for Rationalism, the other extreme. One extreme usually results in another, in the opposite direction. Fanaticism generally ends in skep- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 5 ticism. This pernicious, disturbing element, Rationalism, also found its way to North America, and exerted a very baneful influence over the people in regard to the teachings of the Bible, as presented in the Confessions of the Church. The tendency was to yield or compromise nearly everything that was positive or definite, until, as Dr. Krauth said, in speaking of the condition of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, at the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, "We had a weak, indecisive pulpit, feeble catechisms, vague hymns, and constitutions which reduced the minister to the position of a hireling talker, and made Synods disorganizations for the purpose of preventing anything from being done." Unionism fol- lowed in the wake. On the 13th day of November, 1787, "The Corpus Evangelicum, or Unio Ecclesiastica," was organized in South Carolina, "composed of Lutheran and German Re- formed ministers, together with lay-deputies from the churches belonging to both denominations." — Bernheim* s History, &c, p. 289. But this organization did not long continue, as must be the case with any union not based on agreement in doctrine and principles. Failure and trouble are written on the face of any such attempt. A few years after the death of Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, which took place October 7, 1787, the Ministerium of Penn- sylvania changed its confessional basis, to the disparage- ment of the Confessions. In a paper "on the Lutheran Church in America," Dr. Mann says : "While the consti- tution of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, prepared under Muhlenberg's auspices, is based upon the Confessions of the Lutheran Church, in that published a few years after his death, they are entirely ignored ;" and Lntheranism continued to degenerate more and more, till a reaction was brought about. In the year 18 17, a new hymn-book, called Gemein- schaftliche Gesangbuch, intended for the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, published by Schaeffer & Maund, of 6 HISTORY OF THE EVAN6EUCAL Baltimore, Md., was introduced, and after examination by all the Lutheran and Reformed Synods in the United States of America, at that time, its use in all the congregations was authorized. See "Comprehensive Account of the Rise and Progress of the Blessed Reformation of the Christian Church. By Dr. Martin Luther."* Prepared by Rev. G. Shober, of the North Carolina Synod. Pp. 146, 147. In speaking of this new hymn-book, Rev. Shober says: "This meritorious undertaking paves the way to universal harmony, union, and love among our Lutheran and Reformed Churches, removing all the obstacles which hitherto prevented that happy effect, and establishes a uni- formity in that part of divine worship which cannot fail to be highly gratifying to all those who consider brotherly love an indispensable attribute of Christianity." No doubt, this insidious course produced, to a consid- erable extent, for the time being, the effect which the author of those lines so much desired, — for the songs and services used in worship exert great influence. But whilst it was doing this, it was aiding in engendering and culti- vating a spirit which, as the child of an unjustifiable com- promise of principles, ultimately resulted in ignoring some of the most vital and fundamental doctrines and elements of the Church, leaving her in that latitudinarian state of indifference and laxness in regard to almost every thing that was regarded as positive and definite, in which she appeared about the beginning of the nineteenth century, without helm or rudder, — a deplorable wreck, requiring years for its restoration. It may not be inadmissible to call attention here to the great religious revival which swept over the United States in 1800 and 1801, not that the Evangelical Lutheran Church gave it any special countenance at that time, — at a *If occasions for referring to the above work, in writing this history, present themselves, we shall indicate that work by the title, Luther, as " l.uther " is the name which appears on the back of the book. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 7 later period this delusive system or plan of operation was introduced in some portions of her territory, — -but to show the unsettled, unehurehly state of religion, in general, in this country, at that time. In regard to it, Rev. Storch, of North Carolina, writes : "By the side of this pestilence (infidelity), there prevails now, for over a year, a something, I know not what to name it, and I should not like to say Fanaticism. Chris- tians of every denomination assemble themselves in the forest, numbering four, six and sometimes ten thousand persons; they erect tents, sing, pray, and preach, day and night, for five, six, and eight days. I have been an eye- witness to .scenes in such large assemblies, which I cannot explain. I beheld young and old, feeble and strong, white and black, in short, people of every age, position, and cir- cumstance, as though they were struck by lightning, speechless and motionless ; and, when they had somewhat recovered, they could be heard shrieking bitterly, and sup- plicating God for mercy and grace. "After they had thus spent three, and many even more, hours, they rose up, praised God, and commenced to pray in such a manner, as they never were wont to do, exhorting sinners to come to Jesus, &c. Many of those who were thus exercised, were ungodly persons before, and we can now discover a remarkable change in them. Even deists have been brought to confess Christ in this way. Thus this thing continues even to this hour. "Opinions are various in regard to it; many, even ministers, denominate it the work of the devil ; others again would explain it in a natural way, or in accordance with some physical law ; whilst others look upon it as the work of God." — Rev. Dr. Bernheim\& History of the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas, pp. 351, 353. In the Minutes of a Conference, held in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, in 1806, Rev. Paul Henkel says relative to this revival : 8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL "Towards the close of the year 1801, there occurred a mighty waking up of religion among the English people in Guilford and Orange Counties, N. C, which caused our German people to understand the true worth of the Gospel. Both the pastors and their people were surprised ; for it appeared exceedingly strange to those who were well ac- quainted with the order of salvation, that true conversion should consist in such a way as declared by these people ; that true faith should originate in such sermons, as caused such corporeal convulsions, such representations of the devil, death, and hell ; the fearful and awful expressions of lightning, thunder, hail, fire, and brimstone against the sinner, deprived many of their senses, and prostrated them in fainting fits. "As the like proceedings were upheld and defended by so many English preachers, and as many had declared that by means of such workings they had received true and reliable witness of the pardon of their sins and of the new birth, many of us hesitated to contradict such proceedings, although they were thought to be so contrary to the doc- trines of the Gospel. Many passages of Scripture were pointed out as opposed to these outward manifestations ; but many good meaning persons defended them as Scriptu- ral, whereupon the important question arose among them : ' Must we "not also experience the same thing in order to be saved ?' The people became anxious and concerned, were much affected and distressed, and pressed upon their pas- tors to decide this matter for them, who were unwilling to do this without due consideration and the fullest assurance. "The German ministers were at first divided in their opinions on this subject ; nevertheless, it drove them to more intimate communion with each other in their official acts, and they have thus the opportunity to investigate this matter more closely." This course of procedure, that is, this revival theory, also had a tendency to divert the mind from the regular Means of Grace as set forth in the Word of God, as well as LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 9 from a reliance on the promises contained in Divine Reve- lation, to a dependence on the feelings or emotions, for salvation, thus disparaging, to a greater or less extent, the true doctrines of the Holy Scriptures, and leaving the Church in a state of distraction, in regard to some of the most vital features of sound Scriptural theology. In the year 1794, Robert Johnson Miller, — a licentiate of the Methodist Episcopal Conference,— was ordained, b}* Lutheran pastors, of Cabarrus and Rowan Counties, North Carolina, on petition from White Haven Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, really as a minister of the Protest- ant Episcopal Church in America, under obligations always to obey the Rules, Ordinances, and Customs of that Society of Christians ; as his ordination certificate will show, — on the opposite side of which the Lutheran ministers give their reasons for ordaining a man who was attached to the Epis- copal Church, as a minister of that denomination. — See Bemheim's History of the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas, PP- 338, 339- As such, he labored in connection with the Lutherans of North Carolina, and after the organization of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod in that State, in 1803, he continued to labor in that Synod till 182 1, when he severed that con- nection, and was ordained in Raleigh, N. C, to deacon's and priest's orders in the Episcopal ministry. In his former connection, even as an Episcopalian, he labored for a period of twenty-seven years. According to the Journal of the Episcopal North Caro- lina Convention of 18 18, it seems that previous to the year 1 8 16, there was no Episcopal clergyman in that State, and but one congregation in which the worship of that church was performed. Hence it was, that the said Miller thought it his duty to form a temporary connection with the Lu- theran Church. He was a man of quite respectable attain- ments, energy, zeal, and perseverance, and did much missionary work among the Lutherans. But it is not unreasonable to conclude that such connection and policy' IO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL had a tendency to looseness in doctrine and practice, as well as to unionism. In 1 82 1, a move was made to effect a fraternal union between the North Carolina Synod and the Protestant Epis- copal Convention of North Carolina. At the Episcopal Convention, held in Raleigh, April 28, 182 1, which Rev. Robert J. Miller attended with a view to connect himself fully with the Episcopal Church, "to which he really be- longed, having been ordained by Lutheran ministers of North Carolina, as an Episcopal minister, and was the pastor of an Episcopal congregation, White Haven Church, in Lincoln County," he proposed the establishment of such a union. His proposition was accepted, and received the proper action on the part of the Episcopal Convention, to consummate the contemplated union. At its meeting in Lau's Church, Guilford County, North Carolina, June 17, 182 1, the Lutheran North Carolina Synod accepted the proposition, and the delegates of the Episcopal Convention being present, the union was completed. At the next Epis- copal Convention, held in Raleigh, April 18, 1822, the pro- ceedings were ratified. But it seems this union did not long continue. "For, after the year 1823, nothing more appears concerning the fraternal relations of these two bodies." — See Bernheiiri ' s History, &c, p. $57. In 18 10, Gottlieb Shober, a Moravian, was ordained by the Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, but it seems, that, in some way, he also retained his connection with the Mo- ravians. He resided all his life in Salem, North Carolina, and labored in some Lutheran churches in its vicinity. — In regard to him, Bernheim's History, pp. 441, 442, says : "Rev. Shober was no Lutheran, he was a member of the Moravian Church, and never disconnected himself from com- munion with the same ; he lived and died as a member of that church. This information the writer received from his own daughter, the widow of Bishop Herrman. He merely served the Lutheran Church in the capacity of one of its ministers, being pastor of several neglected Lutheran con- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. II gregations in the vicinity of his place of residence." It is not unnatural to conclude, that such connection and labor would ultimately result, to some extent, in disintegration and disturbance. During the meeting of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, in 1816, it was resolved that the Secre- tary, Rev. Shober, "compile all the rules adopted by this Synod, and publish them in the English language." In accordance with this resolution, the secretary prepared and laid before Synod in 18 17, a manuscript compilation en- titled : ' ' Comprehensive Account of the Rise and Progress of the blessed Reformation of the Christian Church, By Dr. Martin Euther, actually begun on the 31st day of October, A. D., 1517 ; interspersed with views of his character and doctrine, extracted from his books ; and how the Church, established by him, arrived and progressed in North Ameri- ca,— as also, the Constitution and Rules of that Church, in North Carolina and adjoining States, as existing in Octo- ber, 1817." This work also contains a translation of twenty-two articles of the Augsburg Confession. The translation used, is, according to a statement made by Rev. Dr. Beale M. Schmucker, in a little work entitled, "English Translations of the Augsburg Confession," that of Dr. E. L. Hazelius, with all its omissions and notes. In the tenth article, the word true is omitted, and the article is accompanied with a foot-note, which perverts the true sense, and so modifies it, as to make it acceptable to the various denominations ; and so too, in regard to the eleventh article. Really, the trans- lation is very defective. According to the first article of the Constitution of the North Carolina Synod, as presented in that book, the first twenty-one articles of this translation of the Augsburg Con- fession, are made the point of union, and the ministers en- tering that Synod were pledged to the same. In that book, the Rules, made by that Synod in 18 17, for its government, appear. In the eleventh one of these 12 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Rules, page 172, the New York Liturgy is designated as one of the Symbolical Books of the North Carolina Synod. Whilst that work, compiled 03' Rev. G. Shober, ap- proved by the North Carolina Synod, and familiarly called "Luther," conforms in some respects to sound Lutheran principles, its general tone and tenor are compromising and unionistic, with a tendency to latitudinarianism and loose- ness in doctrine, rather ignoring the true Confessions of the Church, and disparaging her distinctive features, with a view to effect a kind of general, fraternal union with the different denominations. This is evident from the following remarks which the author, Rev. Shober, makes in the con- clusion of his book, called Luther, page 210: ' ' I have attentively examined the doctrine of the Episcopalian church, and read many excellent authors of the Presbyterians, know the Methodist doctrine from their book, 'Portraiture of Methodism,' and am acquainted with the Baptist doctrine so far as they admit and adore Jesus the Savior. "Among all those classes who worship Jesus as a God, I see nothing of importance to prevent a cordial union ; and how happy would it be if all the churches could unite, and send deputies to a general meeting of all denominations, and there sink down upon the rock Jesus, and, at the same time, leaving to each their peculiar mode and form ; this would influence all the Christians to love one another when and whersoever they meet, and they would commune together." Again, pages 211, 212, he says: " I think my sentiments and experiences are as ortho- dox and Calvinistical as need be, and yet I am a sort of speckled bird among my Calvinist brethren. I am a mighty good church man, but pass among such as a Dissenter in prunello. On the other hand, the Dissenters, many of them I mean, think me defective either in understanding or in conscience, for staying where I am. Well, there is a middle party, called Methodists, but neither do my dimensions LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 3 exactly fit them ; I am somehow disqualified for claiming a full brotherhood with any party ; but there are a few among all parties who bear with me, and love me, and with this I must be content at present." It requires no great acuteness to see how such loose, unguarded sentiments vitiated and corrupted the Church, and how they soon afterwards began to crop out everywhere, and still come to the surface in some sections. Now, in view of all these vitiating, corrupting, and disintegrating influences which were brought to bear on the Church during that period, it takes no very great stretch of mind to see the indefinite, unsettled, lax, disin- tegrated, and dilapidated condition of the Church in regard to doctrine and practice at the time of the rupture in the North Carolina Synod, in the year 1820. Nor is it any wonder that, in view of such influences, such a state of disintegration and dilapidation should exist, and result in the trials and troubles which followed. For, at that time, according to all the facts in the case, there was not a Synod in North America that unreservedly recognized and ac- knowledged the full, Unaltered Augsburg Confession, much less the other Symbolical Books. In view of such compromising, unionistic proclivities and unchurchly deviations and divergencies, differences in regard to doctrine and practice arose among some of the ministers of the North Carolina Synod, and they were more and more agitated. There were conflicts in the pulpit, in the, congregation, and in the family. One of the leading ministers charged Rev. David Henkel with teaching doc- trines contrary to the position of the Church. To defend himself against such unfounded charges, the latter appealed to a Latin copy of the Book of Concord, which he had in possession. That gave him a decided advantage, in some respects, in the estimation of many of the people, who were not willing to acquiesce in the extreme, latitudinarian views inculcated by the former. To counteract this increasing advantage, that minister called into question the correctness 14 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL of these translations from the Latin. This proved disparag- ing for a while, but soon afterwards Rev. David Henkel happened to come across a German copy of the Book of Con- cord, at the residence of a German in South Carolina, with whom he spent a night or two. After much persuasion, the German let him have the book. This he brought with him, rejoicing in his good fortune to get it, to North Carolina. — This he presented, to sustain the correctness of his transla- tions made from the Latin copy of his Book of Concord. For, this the people could read and understand for them- selves, and finding that his translations from the Latin copy referred to, were correct, many of the members of the Church took a decided stand in favor of him and his posi- tions, and faithfully defended him and his doctrines against the innovations and false charges of his opponents. The council of the congregation met, and after con- sidering the matter, one of the Elders, Capt. John Stire- walt, father of the late Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, presented the Book of Concord to the minister, saying, We want to know whether you intend to preach according to this book, in the future. The minister hesitated and evaded, but being pressed, he raised the book up and brought it down on the table, saying, From this day henceforth, I will not ; it is nothing but a controversial book. Mr. Stirewalt then raised the book up, and brought it down on the table, saying, From this day henceforth, you won't be our preacher. The differences in doctrine becoming more apparent, the controversies and conflicts assuming a wider range and more formidable aspects, effecting some of the more vital doctrines of the Church, and the authority of her Confes- sions being called into question, furnished occasion for rupture and schism, and gave rise to the chief causes or reasons which ultimately resulted in the organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ; and all that was wanting to bring about the final rupture was a suitable opportunity. The elements were at work, and the oppor- tunity for separation was not long delayed. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 5 In 1818, no Synod was held, in consequence of the fact, that as the Synod, at its session in October, 18 17, had, ac- cording to its constitution, adopted at that term, changed the time for its annual meetings from October to Trinity Sunday in each year, it was deemed unnecessary to meet in 18 18, so soon after the meeting in October, 18 17. Dr. Bernheim, in his History, p. 435, says: "This time of meeting was ' firmly fixed' (vest gesetzt)." Hence, on account of this change as to the time for the meeting of this Synod being firmly, unchangeably fixed, the Synod adjourned to meet on Trinity Sunday, 18 19. During the period of nineteen months which intervened between the meeting in October, 18 17, and that appointed for Trinity Sunday, 18 19, there was no opportunity for any united, official efforts to calm the conflicting elements in regard to differences in doctrine ; and, hence, the breach grew wider and wider. But notwithstanding the Synod, in its constitution, adopted October, 18 17, had changed the time for its regu- lar annual meetings from October to Trinity Sunday in each year, and firmly fixed that as the time ; notwithstand- ing it had adjourned to meet on Trinity Sunday, 18 19 ; and notwithstanding the fact that on that day a considerable number of candidates for the ministry were, according to previous resolution of Synod, to be consecrated, the Synod was convened, without regard to the ordination of these candidates, five or six weeks sooner than the time designa- ted in the constitution for the meeting of the Synod, to which Synod had adjourned to meet. The reasons assigned for this unconstitutional change were, that a communication had been received by the Secre- tary of the North Carolina Synod from the Secretary of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, to the effect that there was a general desire among its ministers to effect a more general union, and that as the next meeting of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania was to convene in Baltimore, Md., on Trinity Sunday, 18 19, — the same day on which the North Carolina 1 6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Synod was to meet, — it was necessary, — if the North Caro- lina Synod desired to take part, through a delegate or delegates, in considering the propriety of such a move, — to convene the North Carolina Synod sooner than the consti- tutional time. Hence it was, that a portion of the ministers of the North Carolina Synod, who were in favor of, possibly, a more general union than the ministers of the Pennsylvania Synod contemplated, even of the different Protestant de- nominations, according to Rev. Shober's ideas which have been already stated, after some consultation, requested the "President, with the consent of two or three ordained ministers residing in the vicinity," to convene the Synod before the time fixed in the constitution. The interval between the time when the call was made and that of the meeting,' was too short to enable ministers at a distance to reach the place of meeting.* At this meeting, Rev. Shober was elected as a delegate to represent the North Carolina Synod in the meeting which took place in Baltimore in 1 8 19. This meeting of the North Carolina Synod was afterwards called the "untimely" or called meeting. When the time fixed in the constitution of the Synod for its regular meeting, to which the previous regular Synod had adjourned, namely, Trinity Sunday, 1819, came, a minister of Tennessee and several of North Carolina, to- gether with a number of lay-delegates, met at the place appointed for the meeting of Synod, and not finding the President there, the minister from Tennessee sent one of his associates, accompanied by one of the elders of the congre- gation, to see the President, who was only several miles distant from the church, with a written request that he should come to the church, in order that everything might be arranged and done in a regular, orderly manner. The * In Tact, some of the ministers knew nothing of this meeting, or "untimely" Synod, as it was afterwards called, until after it was all over. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 7 President replied that he was not very well, and if he were, he would not go, remarking that the Synod had been already held, and that there was no need for holding it over, or again. He also commanded his Elders not to open the church ; yet after the messengers reasoned with him awhile relative to the matter, he agreed that the church might be opened for preaching, but not for any synodical business. At the appointed time the church was opened, and the regular services were conducted and a sermon was preached, after which the Synod met under several shade trees near by, and there being three petitions in due form from Rev. David Henkel's congregations presented, earnest- ly requesting his ordination to the office of pastor, his lay- delegates demanding it in accordance with the resolution passed at the previous meeting of the Synod, in which it was resolved or ordered, that he and a number of other can- didates for the office of the ministry, who had sustained their examinations and were approved, should be ordained at the next meeting of Synod, on Trinity Sunday, 18 19. He and another one of that number of candidates who was present, were ordained, in a regular, orderly manner, ac- cording to the custom of the Church and the resolution of the Synod. But afterwards, it seems, some of the ministers who were so strongly in favor of a general union among all Protestant denominations, began to call into question the validity of Rev. David Henkel's ordination, and to invali- date it, whilst they recognized that of the other candidate who was ordained with him at the same time and under the same circumstances. But the other party sustained the ordination of the said David Henkel, asserting that it had taken place strictly in accordance with the act or resolution of the previous regular Synod, which provided for its per- formance on "next Trinity," 18 19, and according to the regulations of the Church. The opposite party, however, contended that the word "Trinity" did not stand in con- nection with that action or resolution of Synod which 1 8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL appears in the book called " Luther," by Rev. G. Shober, but that the time for ordination was left blank. An exami- nation of the book was demanded, and when it was opened at the place, the word Trinity did not appear at first. But some of those who vindicated the validity of the ordination in question having previously detected the fact that a little piece of blank paper had been pasted over the word Trinity, by some one whom they knew not, after the book was printed and before it was distributed or circulated, as they presumed, took a knife and removed the little paper, and the word Trinity appeared at the right place, in connection with the act or resolution of Synod. After this occurrence, it is stated, that very little more was said about the validity of that ordination. Some of these books are still in exist- ence, with the paper on the word Trinity. Whilst it is unpleasant to make these statements rela- tive to that ordination, and whilst there is no disposition to reflect on any one, fidelity to the facts demands it. The controversies in regard to doctrinal differences grew more intense, and assumed a wider range. Strong opposition to the move for the organization of a general union, including different Protestant denominations, which failed in the meeting in Baltimore, Md., on Trinity Sunday, 1 8 19, and resulted in the establishment of the Northern General Synod, at Hagerstown, Md., October 24, 1820, which also afterwards met with opposition on account of its failure to adopt a well defined Doctrinal or Confessional Basis, was worked up and prevailed to a considerable extent. The persons who became the leaders in these conflicts or differences in doctrine and policy, were Rev. Gottlieb Shober on the part of the unionists and Rev. David Henkel on that of the anti-unionists. The opportunity for the final rupture or separation was furnished during the meeting of the North Carolina Synod, which convened in I„ineolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina, May 28, 1820. Rev. Dr. Bernheim gives the following description of LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 19 these men in his History of the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas, pp. 441, 442, 443: " Rev. Shober was a man of decided opinions, unyield- ing in everything which he considered right, as may be seen from a sketch of his life in the Evangelical Review, vol. viii., pp. 41 2-414 ; ' with a mind that knew no dissimu- lation, a lofty independence, an ardent temper, and a character decidedly affirmative, he frequently experienced difficulties and encountered points other than pleasant in his pilgrimage through life, and which a disposition more pliant could have averted.' " 'The lineaments of his countenance gave indications of a strong and active mind. ' ' He was one of the most active defenders of (the) General Synod, as he had also been prominent among its early founders.' But Rev. Shober was no Lutheran, he was a member of the Moravian Church, and never disconnected himself from communion with the same ; he lived and died as a member of that Church. This information the writer received from his own daughter, the widow of Bishop Herrman. He merely served the Lutheran Church in the capacity of one of its ministers, being the pastor of several neglected Lutheran congregations in the vicinity of his place of residence, Salem, N. C. It may be readily perceived that no compro- mise could be expected on his part in the difficulties which distracted the Lutheran Church at that time. " Firm as was the Rev. G. Shober, he found his equal in that respect in Rev. David Henkel, who, though a young man then, was equally as decided and unyielding in his opinions. He was a hard student and well educated, not only in the German and English languages, but also in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Theology, all of which he had principally acquired by private study and close application. He was the best informed candidate for the ministry the North Carolina Synod had at that time, and wielded even then a considerable influence in the Church. It is not to be supposed that he would readily yield his opinions to 20 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL others, or permit himself to be led about at the will of even those who were older than himself, when he believed his cause to be just. In him the Tennessee Synod had a cham- pion who could not be easily overcqmei j He had a mind that was clear, active, and penetrating ; ! he was quick in discerning an advantage, and not slow inVmaking use of it. These characteristics are gathered prinqjjirally from his own writings." When the North Carolina Synod met in regular con- vention, in Iyincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina, May 28, 1820, well represented by ministers and lay-dele- gates, especially of that State, it seems, the occasion and causes for a rupture were fully matured, and the much lamented and deplored ..separation took place. The unionistic party, it appears, claiming that they had a majority, made no proposition to the other party, to' investigate and adjust the difficulties and differences accord- ing to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures, in a friendly, Christian manner, but before they approached the other part}- who were at the church, they sent one of their minis- ters to one of the ministers of that party, with two questions. The first one was: "Will you withdraw from the Synod?" The second one was: "Will you submit to the decision of the majority of the ministers and lay-delegates, relative to the controversies and differences?" To these questions no decisive reply was made. He then went to the friends of his opponent and asked the same questions, which they answered in writing, stating: "We will not withdraw from the Synod, nor will we be ruled by a majority, but are ready and willing to investigate and decide every thing according to the teachings of the Augsburg Confession and the Constitution of the Synod, but not otherwise?" After all his opponents had gathered together, he again approached them, and demanded an oral or verbal answer to the same questions. The questions were answered according to his request. To this answer, he replied with a defiant mien, in a domineering tone: "That is not the LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 21 thing. I only ask, Will you, or will you not?" They replied, ' ' We will not. ' ' He then said : ' ' This is all I want to know," and quickly turned around, and briskly walked away. Then he and his friends came and presented the same questions, and received the same reply as that giv r en before. Their leader then attempted to show, that the Synod was not bound to any fixed or definite regulation, according to which controversies or differences are to be decided, but that such things are to be decided only accord- ing to the majority of the votes of the ministers and lay- delegates, and claimed, that they had the majority, and that it is reasonable and just, that their opponents should be thus governed in these matters, but the other party con- tended, that the doctrines of the Augsburg Confession, which they felt certain could be proved to be in accord with the teachings of the Bible, ought to be of greater considera- tion, than is the majority of the votes of persons, who are opposed to the doctrines and regulations of the Church. After a short interchange of words of a similar charac- ter, the unionistic party went into the church, and were followed by the other party. The President then delivered a long discourse in the German language, to show what he had heretofore sought to maintain. • He was followed by the Secretary in a still longer one, in the English language, in which he endeavored to show, that the Synod was by no means bound, to act according to the Constitution or Reg- ulation of the Synod ; and, notwithstanding the fact, that he himself had compiled the work and had it printed, according to resolution and the approbation of the Synod, he still contended, that it was not the intention, that it should be a rule or standard, according to which the mem- bers of Synod, should be governed in their transactions. He claimed, that it was only a kind of plan or form, which, in the course of time, if deemed necessary, in the future, might be formed or arranged into a rule of order, but for the present, no one needs any thing of the kind. But the other party showed from the Church Regula- 22 HISTORY OF THK EVANGELICAL tion itself, that it was accepted as such a work, having been first examined by a committee of ministers appointed by Synod, and favorably recommended, and afterwards ap- proved by Synod, and handed over for publication. In regard to this, he replied, that it was not so intended, and, that, for the want of time, he had written it hurriedly and inconsiderately, without previously investigating it properly ; hence, every thing must now be regulated and determined by the majority. The other party regarded that construction of the mat- ter as very singular and unsatisfactory, in view of the fact, that the work was published, on the order and approbation of the Synod, and that an amount of money sufficient to pay for printing and Binding 1,500 copies of the work, at a cost of 75 cents per copy, was taken out of the Treasury. The controversy now turned more directly to differences in doctrine. Some of the unionistic party called into ques- tion, and even denied, some of the doctrines clearly taught in the Augsburg Confession ; while on the other hand, the other party defended the teachings of said Confession with zeal and earnestness. In the midst of the discussion of these subjects, so vitally important, one of the officers of the Synod, who was so enthusiastic in regard to his idea of a general union, exclaimed: " Whoever is a right Lutheran, let him follow us out to J. H.'s hotel," — this was John Harry's hotel,— "there we will begin our Synod !" A reply came from the other side: "Whoever is a real fanatic" (Schwarmer), "let him follow ; for you are no true Lutheran preachers ; you are fanatics, and to such you belong." They then left the church and went to the hotel, leaving the other party in the church, and there commenced their Synod.* It is hardly just to conclude that all those who followed out were 111 full sympathy with this move ami the doctrines of the leader, but were carried along rather by the force of circumstances and their situations. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 23 Those who remained in the church, after some delib- eration and consultation, adjourned; and, on the 17th of July of the same year, they, with others, met again in Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, Green County, Tennessee, to organize a synod according to the teachings and doc- trines of the Church. These statements and historical facts are derived from the Minutes of the first meeting of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, which were not printed till 1821, and from intelligent men of irreproachable character and stand- ing, who were present and witnessed the whole procedure. The chief doctrines about which these conflicting par- ties differed were, first, in regard to Original Sin ; second, The Person and Nature of Christ; third, Baptism; fourth, The Lord's Supper; and strange as it may seem, 'these very differences still occasionally crop out in some sections of the Church. So deeply was that Pietistical element infused, that it has required much time and patience, and still re- quires much vigilance, to keep it from coming to the surface too frequently. It is true, efforts have been made to make it appear that personal difficulties were among the first causes which gave rise to the rupture. The facts will not justify such a con- clusion. For these did not occur till after many of the conflicts in regard to differences in doctrine and practice had taken place and been agitated. The truth is, the per- sonal matters referred to by some were not between minis- ters, but between one minister and a member of the German Reformed Church. That idea seems rather to grow out of an after-thought, to palliate. 24 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL. CHAPTER II. The organization and name of the synod. First Session. An open rupture having taken place, on account of dif- ferences in doctrine and practice, in the North Carolina Synod, at its meeting in Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina, May 28, 1820, and those who advocated and favor- ed the new-measure, unionistic policy, having withdrawn from the church, as indicated in the preceding chapter of this work, the others, who had determined to adhere closely to the doctrines and principles of the Church, as set forth in her Confessional Writings, after some consultation and de- liberation, adjourned, and with others, afterwards, met in Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, Green County, Tennessee, July 17, 1820, to organize a conference or synod, in accord- ance with the teachings, doctrines, and policy of the Word of God, as set forth in the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. This was a time for serious considera- tion, meditation, and prayer. The following ministers and lay-delegates were present, on that occasion : Revs. Jacob Zink, of Washington County, Virginia ; Paul Henkel, of New Market, Shenandoah Coun- ty, Virginia ; Adam Miller, of Sullivan County, Tennessee; Philip Henkel, of Green County, Tennessee ; George Est- erly (Easterly), of Green County, Tennessee ; and David Henkel, of Lincoln County, North Carolina, who, although he could not be present in person, acquiesced in the object of the meeting, and was recognized as a member. The lay- delegates representing congregations were, from Emmanuel Church, Washington County, Tennessee, John Keicher and Conrad Keicher ; from Union Church in the same County and State, Michael Kapp ; from Jacob's Church, Green County, Tennessee, John Nehs (Neas), John Ottinger, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 25 Philip Esterly, and John Renner ; from Sinking Spring Church, in the same County and State, John Bauer, Frederick Schaeffer, Peter Gabel, and Jacob Hermann ; from Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, same County and State, Frederick Gottschall, John Koch, Philip Ebert, and John Froschaur ; from three congregations in Sullivan County, Tennessee, Henry Herchelroth and Jacob Deck ; from Golden Spring Church, Green County, Tennessee, Nicholas Eley and George Boessinger. The meeting was opened in a regular, churchly man- ner, with singing and prayer. After the adoption of the following basis and regula- tions, an organization was effected, under the name and title of the Evangelical German Lutheran Tennessee Con- ference or Synod : Basis and Regulations. 1. It is deemed proper and useful, that all the business and work, which may come before this Conference or Synod, shall be transacted in the German language ; and all the written proceedings in regard to its transactions, which pertain to the general interest, shall be published in the German language.* 2. All teachings relative to the faith, and all doctrines concerning Christian conduct, as well as all books publicly used in the Church in the service or worship of God, shall be arranged and kept, as nearly as it is possible to do, in accordance with the doctrines of the holy Scriptures and *The reason why we desire an entirely German Conference, is because we have learned from experience, that a conference, in which both languages, the German and the English, are used, the one or the other side will be dissatisfied. If the German is used, the English will understand little, and often nothing in regard to the matter ; and if the English is employed, many of the Germans will not understand more than the half of what is said, and hence know not how to act relative to the most weighty matters. Besides, at the present time, we find very few entirely English preachers who accept the doctrines of our Church, or desire to preach them. 26 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the Augsburg Confession. And especially shall the young, and others who need it, be instructed in Luther's Small Catechism, according to the custom of our Church, hitherto. This said Catechism shall always be the chief catechism in our churches. But the Catechism styled the Christian Catechism, which was published in the German and En- glish languages, in New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, may also be used in connection, to explain Lu- ther's Catechism. 3. No one can be a teacher or otherwise an officer in the Church, who has not been received into the congrega- tion, according to the order of the Church, and does not lead a Christian life. Whoever desires to be a teacher, shall also take a solemn obligation, that he will teach according to the Word of God and the Augsburg Confession and the doctrines of our Church. Nor can any teacher in our Conference be allowed to stand in connection with any organization in connection with the so-called Central or Gen- eral Synod, for reasons which shall hereafter be indicated. 4. None shall be members of our churches, except such as have been baptized according to the command of Christ, and confirmed, by the imposition of hands, according to the order of the Christian Church, and participate in the celebration of the Holy Supper.* 5. As to the ranks and grades in the office of teaching, or the ministry, we acknowledge not more than two as nec- essary for the preservation and perpetuation of the Church ; namely, Pastor and Deacon. Pastor is an evangelical teacher, who executes that office fully in all its parts, or performs all the ministerial acts. Such person must be or- dained with prayer and the imposition of hands, by one or more pastors, to such office. Besides, he must then also *If, however, any one, who has been baptized according to the command of Christ, and confirmed to some Christian Church, and can make this appear, desires to commune with us, or to be received into connection with our Church, he shall be permitted to do so, without being re-baptized or re-confirmed. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 27 solemnly affirm, that he will faithfully, according to the Word of God and the doctrines of our Church, perform the duties of that office. 6. A Deacon is also indeed a servant in the Word of God ; but he is not fully invested with the ministerial office like the Pastor is. But he is to give instructions in the catechism, read sermons, attend to funerals, admonish, and, if desired, in the absence of the Pastor, to baptize children. He must be an orderly member of the Church, and have the evidence of a Christian conduct. He must, at the de- sire of the church council, be examined as to his fitness for office by the Synod, and if he is found qualified, he must be consecrated and ordained to that office with prayer and the imposition of hands, by one or more pastors, either at Conference or in one of the congregations in which he labors. Besides, he shall also make a solemn affirmation, in the presence of the whole congregation, that he will faithfully serve in that office according to the instructions given him. But if such Deacon prove so industrious or assiduous in his office as to reach the required attainments and qualifications to bear the office of Pastor, and secures a regular call from one or more vacant congregations, he can be consecrated and ordained to the office of Pastor in the same manner as already indicated. In regard to the offices in the congregations, they shall be as they were heretofore customary in our Church : Elders, Deacons, &c. 7. At each Conference, pastors shall be named or elect- ed who shall conduct the ordinations, and sign with their own hands all ordination certificates and affix their seals, and see that good order is maintained. They shall also sign all other proceedings of the Conference or Synod ; and if for any reason it is desired, all the other pastors and the lay-delegates may also sign them. The preachers and lay- delegates may find it good or useful to appoint or name one of the pastors as chairman, who shall read all that is neces- sary, make propositions, &c. In the same manner may 28 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL one be appointed as secretary. But it is not to be under- stood that these must serve in these positions throughout all the sessions. Changes can be made, and others can serve, as circumstances require. 8. It was resolved, that annually, on the third Sunday of the month, October, a meeting of Conference shall be held, in the State of Tennessee, or in the western part cf Virginia, at such place as the majority of the preachers and lay-delegates indicate. But if it should be deemed neces- sary that the said Conference should meet in an adjoining State, it may be held in such State. But the Conference or Synod shall always retain the name Tennessee Confer- ence or Synod ; although it may have ministers and lay- delegates also in other States. 9. The Conference shall be composed of preachers and lay-delegates elected by their congregations, as has been the order heretofore, in similar cases ; but there shall not be more votes cast by the lay-delegates, than the number of preachers present is. The surplus delegates may be pres- ent, and consult and advise with the others. 10. The necessity for each congregation to have a treasury for itself, in which to deposit all the money that each member or other person may freely give, will manifest itself to all. Such moneys shall be used to defray the cost of printing the minutes of the Conference, to aid traveling ministers, and for other purposes which will best enhance the interests of the churches or congregations. The way and manner, in which these treasuries are to be kept, and the disbursements, are to be made, are to be left to the good judgment of the church councils and the ministers acquies- cing. The moneys may be gathered at every meeting, each month, or every three months. At every meeting of Con- ference, the council of each church shall make a report of the amounts thus collected. A treasury for the Conference, is, at this time, deemed unnecessary. 11. It will be found useful for every minister to keep a XTDTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 29 record of the number he baptizes, the number of confirma- tions, and of communicants and funerals, as well as of the German schools in his congregations, so that they may ap- pear in the proceedings of the Conference each year. 12. We also deem it of the highest importance to use all possible diligence to make our children acquainted with all our doctrines in faith, in the German language ; so that we may the more easily give them instruction therein ; and so that the parents especially may be careful to teach their children in regard to these things. 13. None of the teachers of our Conference can take a seat and vote in the present Synod of the State of North Carolina, because we cannot regard it as a true Lutheran Synod. 14. The propriety of preserving and maintaining these principles and regulations of Conference, as here set forth, and of acting according to them, must be apparent to all. — But if, at any meeting in the future, anything may be nec- essary, to be added, it may be done, by a majority of the votes, but in such a manner as not to come in conflict with the design and intention of the foregoing principles. The name Tennessee was not intended to indicate boundary, but to distinguish this Conference or Synod from other Synods already in existence ; as, the Pennsylva- nia Synod, the New York,' the Maryland, the North Caro- lina, and the Ohio Synods, and especially the North Carolina Synod. This is evident from statements in its own proceedings, where it is said, "If it become necessary, this Conference or Synod may be held in adjoining States. Again, in the proceedings of its eighth session, in 1827, during which its basis was revised and improved, to make it more clear and simple, it is stated, "This body shall continue to bear the title Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. But this title shall not be so construed as to give the members who reside in Tennessee any prerogatives or advantages over others ; for this body consists for the most part of members in other States ; but it shall bear this title 30 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL simply to distinguish it from the North Carolina Synod, which belongs to the General Synod." See Minutes of 1827; page 22. At first the German language alone was used in the transactions of the Synod, in view of the fact that nearly all the ministers, as well as a large portion of the lay-members, at that time, used that language. At a later date the English language was introduced. Thus, after agreeing on a basis and regulations, the Conference proceeded to the transaction of such other busi- ness as was deemed necessary. It then set forth its reasons for organizing this Synod. These reasons are based chiefly on the differences in doc- trine, as already indicated in the first chapter of this work. Then follows a Dissertation on Holy Baptism, relative to the differences between the conflicting parties, in regard to that subject. In its proceedings, appears also the constitution or plan of the General Synod, accompanied with objections to, and criticisms on, every article. Then follows a paper, signed by several Evangelical Lutheran ministers, of the State of Ohio, and others, showing why they cannot endorse or adopt the plan or constitution of the General Synod. And finally, appears the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, in its twenty-eight articles, in the German, — perhaps, among the first editions, if not the first edition, ever printed in the United States, in the German language, in its twenty-eight articles. Among the proceedings of this meeting, we note the following : 1. A resolution, making it the duty of one of the older ministers of that body, annually to visit all the congrega- tions in its connection, in order to look into their condition, and to give wholesome instructions to the younger teachers or ministers and their congregations, as well as cordial ad- monitions, and to report the result of his visits to the next meeting of Synod. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 3 1 2. In regard to a petition from a number of persons residing in Cape Cheredo, Missouri, asking a visit on the part of one of the ministers, it was resolved, that Rev. Jacob Zink visit that section as soon as possible and administer to their spiritual wants. 3. That the next meeting of this Conference be held in one of Rev. Adam Miller's congregations, in Sullivan County, Tennessee, beginning on the third Sunday of Oc- tober, 182 1. 4. Jacob Zink and Adam Miller were ordained by the imposition of hands and with prayer. After regular services and preaching, the Conference adjourned to meet at the time and place indicated. Thus, among great trials, difficulties, and anxieties, this Synod was organized, and took its position in the Church, depending on its great Head, to guide it in its efforts to maintain, promulgate, and perpetuate the Scriptural, churchly principles and doctrines it so earnestly loved, and to enable it to fill its mission with honor and abiding 32 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL CHAPTER III. TTS POSITION AND CONFESSIONAL BASIS. Notwithstanding the fact that at the time this Synod was organized, there was probably not a Synod in the United States of America that unreservedly received and acknowledged the Unaltered Augsburg Confession as its confessional basis, nevertheless this Synod laid down the following basis, requiring its ministers or officials in the Church, to make a sacred affirmation,' to teach in accord- ance with it : i. All doctrines of faith and teachings in regard to Christian conduct, as well as all books used in the public services of the Church, shall be so formulated and arranged as to conform, as nearly as possible, to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures and the Augsburg Confession of Faith. 2. The young and others who need instruction, shall be taught from Luther's Small Catechism, according to the custom of our Church. And this Catechism shall always be the chief catechism in our Church. The Christian Catechism, printed at New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, may, however, be used for the purpose of explain- ing Luther's Catechism. 3. No one shall be a teacher or an officer in the Church who has not been received into the congregation according to the order of the Church, and does not bear a Christian character. 4. Whoever desires to be a teacher, shall make a sacred affirmation or promise that he will teach according to the Word of God, the Augsburg Confession, and the doctrines of our Church. 5. No one who has not been baptized according to the command of Christ, and confirmed by the imposition of hands, according to the order of the Christian Church, and LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 33 partaken of the Lord's Supper, shall be a full member of our Church. This Synod recognized, in its constitution, two grades in the ministry, — Pastor and Deacon. The pastor is author- ized to perform every ministerial act ; whilst the deacon is allowed only to catechise, preach, and baptize. In 1827, its constitution was revised, but there were no material changes made in regard to its confessional basis, or in any other respect, except as to arrangement. In 1828, the constitution appears, in the proceedings, with explanatory remarks, by Rev. David Henkel, but with- out material changes. In its revised constitution of 1866, the confessional basis is more fully presented, so as to express more clearly its doctrinal position, as follows : 1. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings of the Old and New Testaments, shall be the only rule and stand- ard of doctrine and church discipline. 2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of the Holy Scriptures in regard to matters of faith and prac- tice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols : the Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, and the Unal- tered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, viz. : The Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Smaller and Larger Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of Concord, as true Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in the Augsburg Confession. — Minutes of 1866, p. ip. Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. (As Revised in 1866.) Article I. The name of this Synod shall be The Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. Article II. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings of the Old and New Testaments, shall be the only rule and standard of doctrine and church discipline. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 34 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the Holy Scriptures, in regard to matters of faith and prac- tice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols : the Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian creeds ; and the Unal- tered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, viz. : The Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Smaller and Larger Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of Concord — as true Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in the Augsburg Confession. Article III. This Synod shall be composed of regu- larly ordained ministers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and lay-delegates. The lay-delegates shall be appointed by the congregations in connection with this Synod to represent them in the Synodical Meetings. Each one of these congregations shall have the right to appoint one such delegate who shall have equal rights and privileges with the ministers in transacting the business of Synod. Every minister desiring to be received into connection with this Synod, shall, on his reception, be required .to sub- scribe this Constitution. No minister in connection with this Synod, shall be allowed to teach any thing, nor shall Synod transact any business contrary to the confessional basis as set forth in Article II. No business shall be transacted secretly or under closed doors, unless an unhappy period should arrive, in which the Church would be liable to persecution, except such as relates to the moral character of a minister, and to the ex- amination of candidates for the ministerial office. Cases of this kind, if deemed necessary and expedient, may be attended to in a private session of Synod. Article IV. The business of this Synod shall be to employ the proper means for the promulgation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, to impart its advice in matters of Christian faith and life, to detect and expose erroneous doctrines and false teachers, and to investigate charges of false doctrines, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 35 wrong practice, and immoralities of life, preferred against any of its ministers, and finding them guilty, to expel and depose from the Synod and holy office of the ministry, such as refuse after due admonition to repent of their wrong. It shall be the duty of Synod, as soon as the wants of the church shall demand, and its resources will justify, to engage in the work of Missions, both domestic and foreign ; and also in the work of Beneficiary Education, for the pur- pose of preparing indigent young men of talents and piety for the work of the ministry in connection with the Luther- an Church, according to such regulations as it may adopt, and consider best calculated to promote these great objects. Upon application to examine candidates for the minis- try, this Synod shall make the necessary provisions to attend to such application, and after due approval by a majority of two-thirds of the members voting, appointing one or more Pastors to consecrate such candidate to the office of the ministry at some suitable time and place by the laying on of hands and prayer. Synod shall require a probationary period of not less than one year, during which time all candidates for the ministerial office shall be taken on trial. Upon application, this Synod may receive congrega- tions who may desire to be connected with it, provided they subscribe this Constitution. Article V. The officers of this Synod shall be a Presi- dent, Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, and Treasurer. A majority of all votes cast will be required to constitute an election to any office. The duties of these officers shall be such as usually devolves upon the same in other public bodies, or as may be made obligatory upon them from time to time, by Synod. They shall be elected by ballot, at the regular session, annually, and hold their offices until their successors are elected. Article VI. Synod shall meet from time to time upon its own adjournments. Extra sessions may be called by the President, when requested for good and sufficient rea- 36 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL sons, to do so, by two ministers and two laymen in its connection. Article VII. Synod may at any regular meeting, by a concurrence of two-thirds of all the members present, make such regulations and by-laws as may be deemed nec- essary, not inconsistent with this Constitution. Article VIII. If anything contained in these articles should hereafter be deemed contrary to the Confessional Basis of this Synod, oppressive, or inexpedient, it may be altered or amended. But nothing contained in this Consti- tution shall be altered or amended unless a proposition for alteration or amendment shall have been laid before one of the sessions of Synod, in' writing, and agreed to by two- thirds of all the members voting. The proposition thus agreed to, shall then be laid, in due form, by the Synod in its Minutes before the congregations in its connection, for ratification or rejection by them ; and the ministers or ves- tries of these congregations shall, at some suitable time, before the next succeeding session of Synod, take the vote of these congregations, on the Constitution as amended, allowing the members to vote for its ratification or rejection and send a statement of the vote to that session of Synod. If, then, it shall be ascertained by Synod that a majority of these congregations have voted in favor of ratification, the amendment shall become and be declared by Synod on the face of its Minutes a valid part of said Constitution, and the parts thereof repugnant to such alteration, void. Thus, it seems, this Synod, after accepting and adopt- ing the true Scriptural basis, as set forth in the Confessions and authorized writings of the Church, adhered to it, and maintained it, in all its transactions and operations ; whilst a large number of those who bore the Lutheran name, as- sumed rather a loose, vacillating, indefinite, compromising policy, ignoring, to a greater or less degree, some of the more important doctrines and teachings of the Church, and rather conniving at the loose, unsettled, unionistic senti- UJTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 37 ments, which prevailed to such an alarming extent, at that time. This sound, Scriptural position gave this Synod decided advantages, having something fixed and positive, on which to build, and on which the mind could rely with certainty. The mind really requires something fixed, definite, and positive, on which it may rely and build up. No institu- tion or society can be successfully built up, and long main- tained, and perpetuated, on mere negatives and indefinite, unsettled principles. Even, in the structure of a material edifice, a good, solid, settled foundation is required, if the building is to stand properly, and be perpetuated. It was positiveness and definiteness, that gave Luther so much force and success in the days of the Reformation of the six- teenth century. One of the greatest evils of the present age, in regard to the Church, the Family, and the State, is the ignoring of the grand, fundamental principles, on which these divine institutions are really founded and constructed, and the loose, latitudinarian sentiments which now prevail, regardless of fixed, definite principles which underlie our ecclesiastic, civil, and social institutions. The more this Synod was assailed, abused, and perse- cuted on account of its doctrinal position, to which it so closely adhered, and which it so fearlessly maintained, the closer it was driven to it, and the more necessary it became for it to investigate, promulgate, proclaim, maintain, and perpetuate the sound, Scriptural doctrines of the Church, from the pulpit, in the family, and through the printing press, assured, that, if these fundamental, Scriptural princi- ples had power and vitality enough in them, to effect the grand and glorious Reformation in the Church, in the be- ginning of the sixteenth century, they might have a similar effect in the Church in this century. The printing establishment, founded in 1806, at New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, — the fourth, if not the third, one established in that State, was brought into requisition. In speaking of this establishment, Rev. G. D. 38 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Bernheim, D. D., says, in his History of the German Set- tlements and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas : "The Lutheran Church in America has had its publication boards and societies in abundance, which have doubtless accom- plished a good work ; but the oldest establishment of the kind is the one in New Market, Virginia, which dates its existence as far back, at least, as 1810; for the minutes of the North Carolina Synod were printed there, at that time. It Was established by the Henkel family, and has continued under their management to this day ; at the time of the division in the Lutheran Church in North Carolina, it came at once into the service of the Tennessee Synod, and has issued more truly Lutheran theological works in an English dress than any similar institution in the world. ' We may well say, What hath God wrought? How imperceptible have been his purposes ! How brightly they shine forth now.'' Pages 445, 446. In regard to this same matter the Herold und Zeitschrift, of January, 1888, a German Lu- theran paper, published in Allentown, Pa., says, relative to this family, "For sixty or seventy years, it has done more than any other to arouse its brethren in the faith, in America, to a Lutheran consciousness." Numerous publications of a doctrinal, devotional, and admonitory character began to issue from that printing establishment, among which were the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, both in a German and in an English dress. At a later date, the Christian Book of Concord, or Symbol- ical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, first edition in 1851, second, revised edition in 1854; Luther's Small and Large Catechisms, together with an Historical Intro- duction, to which are added Hymns and Prayers, adapted to Catechetical Instruction and to Family Devotion, trans- lated from the German, in 1852 ; Luther on the Sacraments, or the Distinctive Doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, respecting Baptism and the Lord's Supper, &c, in 1853; an d Luther's Church-Postil, Sermons on the Epis- tles for the Different Sundays and Festivals in the Year, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 39 translated from the German, in 1869, made their appear- ance in the English. Thus, this little, determined, positive move, though puny and insignificant in the eyes of men, called more and more attention to the importance of restor- ing the Church to her normal condition in doctrine, prac- tice, and churchliness. Men, learned, and honest in their relations to the Church, and having her true interest at heart, began to take position in the right direction, # and other good, solid, churchly works were issued from other presses, in other sections. The result is before us. It is not extravagant, to say, that three-fourths of those, bearing the name Lutheran, now recognize and accept the Confes- sional Basis of the Church. The great Head of the Church often brings into use or action, weak and simple means or instrumentalities, to accomplish great and important results, so that the world ma} r see, that the moving power is from God, and not of man. The Gospel "is the power of God unto salvation," Rom. 1, 16. "Not many wise men after the flesh, not manj- mighty, not many noble, are called : But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise ; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty." — 1 Cor. 1, 26, 27. 4° HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL CHAPTER IV. THE OBJECT OF ITS ORGANIZATION. The chief object of the organization of this Synod, was the restoration of the Church to its normal condition, in re- gard to doctrine, practice, and churchliness. This is evi- dent from the position it took, the basis it adopted, and the course it pursued in promulgating, circulating, and main- taining the pure, Scriptural doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, according to her Confessional Writings, in the family, in the catechetical class, from the pulpit, and through the printing press, from the time of its organi- zation to the present period. There was need for such a movement. This appears from the condition of the Church at that time, in respect to doctrine and practice. In the language of Rev. G. D. Bernheim, D. D., in his History of the German Settlements and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas, so gradual and yet so sure were the departures from the confessed faith of the Church, as well as the assimilation to the teachings and practices of the various denominations, that for a long time it awakened no alarm, and but a learned few had any idea of what the faith of the Lutheran Church was ; ad- mirers of Luther there were in abundance, even among the different denominations, but very few knew anything of the secret which made Luther the conscientious, fearless, and zealous man that he was. Multitudes admired Luther's energy and labors, but they knew little of the faith which actuated his efforts, and of the doctrines upon which that faith was based. Had they known it, and experienced it themselves, more would have been accomplished at that time in the Lutheran Church in America, and divisions would not have occurred ; then, also, there would have been less manifest desire to unite all denominations into LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 4 1 one Church, but a stronger desire to advance the interests of that Church, to which God has given a peculiar field of labor. Pp. 444, 445. God made use of this division in the Church, in ac- complishing a special purpose for the welfare of the Luther- an Church in America. P. 444. By means of this division the Symbols of the Lutheran Church were translated into the English language. This was a want that had long been felt, but before that time no one possessed the patience and energy to apply himself to the task. There was an abundance of anxious desire mani- fested by some to make the Lutheran Church in America an English as well as a German Church, but no anxiety manifested itself to anglicize the faith of the Lutheran Church ; that is, to translate its Confessions and theology into the English language. All honor then to the Tennes- see Synod for undertaking this work, which has accom- plished more in preserving the faith of our fathers in this country than any similar undertaking in the English language. Page 445. But as the sad and deplorable condition of the Church at that time, in these respects, has been already fully presented in the first chapter of this work, there is no necessity for a fuller description of it in this connection. With a view to the accomplishment of this desirable and much needed object, every minister and teacher was required to take an obligation not to teach anything that is in conflict with the confessed doctrines and practices of the Church, and all the books used in the Church were required to conform to these doctrines and practices. And, for its further promotion, quite a number of pamphlets and books, as well as articles in connection with the Minutes of the proceedings of the Synod, of a doctrinal, admonitory, and devotional character, were printed and circulated. This firm, positive course attracted attention, revived investigation, and thus exerted a healthful, effective infiu- 42 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL ence in the accomplishment of this much needed and im- portant end. Notwithstanding the conflicts it had to encounter, the obstacles it had to. surmount, the taunts it had to hear, and the abuse and persecution it had to endure, on account of its position in regard to doctrine and practice, it still perse- vered and went forward with a zeal, an earnestness, energy, and fidelity worthy of the cause it had espoused. The leaven had been infused, and the true Lutheran spirit re- vived. Its work soon prospered, and extended into North Carolina, then to Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Missouri, and afterwards to South Carolina, thence to Alabama, &c. Dormant energies were aroused, the number of ministers was increased, provision was made to supply the wants of many long-neglected congregations, ministers and laymen became more zealous, energetic, and faithful in the dis- charge of their respective duties, and the Church was thus increased, strengthened, and edified. The evils and dis- asters which were predicted and deplored by many who preferred to connive at deviations from the pure doctrines and usages, rather than contend for the faith once delivered to the saints, were over-ruled by the great Head of the Church for good, in the promotion of His Kingdom. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 43 CHAPTER V. ITS WORK AND DEVELOPMENT. FIRST DECADE. The most natural, easy, and simple way to present the work and development of this Synod, is, perhaps, to bring into requisition the proceedings as they appear in its Min- utes from its organization down to the present period. Second Session. Having already stated the more important work of its first meeting, we proceed to call attention to its second con- vention which took place in Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, October 22, 182 1, Rev. Adam Miller, pastor. On Saturday previous, October 20, services, preparatory to the celebration of the Lord's Supper, were held, Rev. David Henkel preaching in the German language from Mark 16, 15, 16. On Sunday, October 21, a large audience having as- sembled, Rev. Adam Miller delivered a short sermon in the German language, from Matt. 22, 14. He was followed by Rev. David Henkel, in the English language, on Col. 2, 14. Rev. Philip Henkel then preached in the German, on Luke 22, 15-20. The Lord's Supper was then administered to more than one hundred communicants. Deep solemnity pervaded the whole congregation. The following are the names of the members who con- stituted this meeting of Synod : Revs. Paul Henkel, of Shenandoah County, Virginia, Adam Miller, of Sullivan County, Philip Henkel, of Green County, Tennessee, and David Henkel, of Lincoln County, North Carolina. Rev. Jacob Zink was absent. Deacon George Easterly, of Green County, Tennessee, and Mr. Joseph Harr, of Sullivan Coun- ty, Tennessee, were present; the latter as an applicant for the ministry. 44 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL The lay-delegates were Mr. John Smith and Daniel Lutz, Esq., of Lincoln County, and Mr. Peter Boger, of Cabarrus County, North Carolina ; Messrs. Nicholas Uely, Martin Lintz, Jacob Leinbach, Frederick Schaeffer, Jacob Heyl (Hoyle), Philip Easterly, of Green County, Michael Brenner, of Sevier County, John Santer, Jacob Deck, H. Herchelroth, of Sullivan County, and Conrad Keicher, of Washington County, Tennessee ; and Ambrose Henkel, of Shenandoah County, Virginia. In the Minutes of this meeting, the following described letters and petitions appear : i. A letter from Rev. Jacob Larros, of Ohio, in which he vindicates the doctrine of Holy Baptism, according to the Augsburg Confession of Faith, supported by passages from the Holy Scriptures. In it he also speaks of the Kingdom of Antichrist, and presents his objections to the plan or position of the General Synod. 2.' A letter from Rev. Antonius Weyer, a member of the Lutheran Synod of Ohio and adjacent States, in which he freely presents his views in regard to the General Synod's system, and the general union of all sects and parties. 3. A letter from Rev. Jacob Grieson, of Guilford County, North Carolina, in which he manifests his regret, that he voted in favor of the General Synod, indicating, that he did not properly understand the matter ; and that the result is not what he expected it would be. 4. Is a letter from Rev. Henry A. Kurtz, of Kentucky, in which he states that he had been a member of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, but had tendered his resignation, and asks for assistance to aid him in the formation of a synod, on the plan of the Tennessee Synod, deploring the innovations which prevail in some synods. 5. A letter from Messrs. John Beck, Charles Greim, Henry Conrad, George Greim, Daniel Conrad, Philip Hed- rich, and Jacob Conrad, elders and members of several Lutheran congregations in Rowan County, North Carolina, in which they manifest their steadfastness in our Evangel- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 45 jcal doctrines, and petition for a minister to serve them, as they are not satisfied with the one they had. In regard to this, it was resolved that Rev. David Henkel visit them. 6. A letter from Rev. Daniel Moser, of Lincoln County, North Carolina, in which he expresses his regret that he cannot attend this meeting of Synod, but hopes to be able to be present at some other time, indicating that he cannot continue in connection with the North Carolina Synod unless it take a better position. Then follow petitions from seven congregations in North Carolina and Tennessee, asking for ministerial serv- ices, advice, &c. The petitions were answered- as far as it was possible to do at that time. One of these congrega- tions, Philadelphia, Lincoln County, North Carolina, peti- tioned for the examination and ordination of Mr. Jacob Cassner (Costner,) to the office of Deacon, but as Mr. Cassner was not present, the matter was deferred till the next meet- ing of Synod. Rev. Adam Miller was then appointed to visit, during the synodical year, the different petitioners and congrega- tions in North Carolina and Virginia, and all other congre- gations belonging to the Synod, and report to the next meeting. Under the head, ' ' General Transactions of the Synod, ' ' appear resolutions, the substance of which we present here : 1. That the objections to the General Synod be com- piled and printed. The committee, appointed to attend to this matter, consisted of Adam Miller, David Henkel, Con- rad Keicher, Ambrose Henkel, Daniel Lutz, John Smith, and Peter Boger. 2. That a circular letter be addressed to the brethren, of Ohio, to inform them of the intentions of Synod. 3. On motion of Rev. Adam Miller, it was resolved, that a Liturgy be arranged according to the Scriptures and the Augsburg Confession, 'that Rev. Paul Henkel be ap- pointed to attend to this matter, for the use of Synod, as soon as practicable, that between two and three hundred 46 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL copies be printed, and that the expenses be defrayed by the several treasuries. 4. On the request of some of the brethren in North Carolina, it was resolved, that an English session be an- nually held in North Carolina or an adjacent State. 5. On motion of Rev. Philip Henkel, it was resolved, that it shall be the duty of every pastor and deacon, to reg- ister the names of all the baptized in his charge, and to admonish them to continue faithful in their baptismal cove- nant, and to urge them to attend the catechetical instructions. 6. On motion of Peter Boger, it was resolved, that a copy of the Augsburg Confession, as well as of the Minutes of Synod, be deposited in every church. 7. On motion of Rev. David Henkel, a suggestion was made, that every person applying for ordination to the office of Pastor, shall be required to understand the Greek lan- guage well enough to be able to translate the Greek New Testament into the English. This suggestion was deferred till next meeting of Synod. 8. A petition from St. Paul's School at St. James' Church, Green County, Tennessee, was presented, asking Synod to make regulations for its conduct and government. Conrad Keicher, Paul Henkel, and Philip Easterly, were appointed a committee to give that matter attention, and report to the next meeting of Synod. 9. It was resolved, that the next meeting of Synod shall be held fourteen miles south of Green Courthouse, Tennessee, commencing on the third Sunday of October, 1822. 10. On petition of fifteen members of St. James' Church, it was resolved, that next Maundy-Thursday be set apart as a day of prayer and humiliation, to implore Almighty God, to have mercy upon his Church, in these perilous times. 1 1 . Revs. Paul Henkel and Adam Miller were appointed to examine Mr. Joseph Harr. Having sustained the exami- nation, he was ordained to the office of Deacon, by the imposition of hands and with prayer. EUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 47 The Synod was then dismissed with singing and prayer. The following is the Parochial Report : Since 1819, Rev. Adam Miller baptized 188 infants and 24 adults, and confirmed 32 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, since January, 1821, 119 infants and 10 adults, and confirmed 27; Rev. David Henkel, since July, 18 19, 444 infants and 56 adults, and confirmed 69 slaves and 156 white persons; Rev. Paul Henkel, since 1820, 50 infants and 2 adults, and confirmed 20. Revs. George Easterly and Jacob Zink made no reports. In conclusion follows a long report of the committee appointed to compile the objections against the General Synod, covering 23 pages. It is able, plain, and critical. Third Sessio?i. This Synod met, in its third session, in St. James' Church, Green County, Tennessee, October 21, 1822. On Saturday previous, the congregation having assem- bled, Rev. Paul Henkel preached the preparatory sermon. He was followed by Rev. David Henkel, on Gal. 3, 15-24. On Sunday, Rev. Adam Miller preached on the Gospel for that day. He was followed by Rev. Paul Henkel, on Matt. 6, 33. The Lord's Supper was then administered to about 140 communicants. After a short recess, Rev. David Henkel preached an English sermon from Titus 3, 4-7. During these services the house was filled to overflowing with attentive hearers. Monday, the 21st, the Synod was opened with singing and prayer. The following members were present : Pastors — Revs. Paul Henkel, New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, Adam Miller, Sullivan County, Tennessee, Philip Henkel, pasto?- loci, David Henkel, Lincoln County, North Carolina. Jacob Zink was absent. Deacons — George Easterly, Green County, Tennessee, and Joseph Harr, Sullivan County, Tennessee, were absent, on account of indisposition. 4# HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Applicants — Christian Moretz, Cape Girardeau County,. Missouri, Richard Blalock, Burke County, and Jacob Cassner (Costner), Lincoln County, North Carolina. Lay-delegates — Michael Brenner, St. Jacob's Church,, Sevier County, Jacob Hatzepiller, Union Church, Washing- ton County, Conrad Keicher, Emmanuel Church, same County, John Froschauer, Solomon's Church, Green County, Abraham Bock, St. Paul's, Monroe County, George Nehs v from the same County, Henry Herchelroth, Bueler's Church, Sullivan County, John Santer and Jacob Deck, Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee ; Ambrose HenkeL from three congregations in Virginia ; Peter C. Boger, Rocky River Church, Cabarrus County, Jacob Best, Phila- delphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina ; Joseph Hauf, Golden Spring Church, and John dinger, Lick Creek Church, Green County, Tennessee ; Peter Greim, three congregations, Rowan County, Conrad Kramm, Rocky Spring Church, Burke County, North Carolina. Rev. Philip Henkel called attention to the ministrations of Mr. Moretz, asking whether they should be recognized, and placed on record in the Minutes. The response was in the affirmative. The following are, in substance, the petitions presented to the Synod : i. A petition from Cape Girardeau, Wayne, and Perry Counties, Missouri, signed by seventy petitioners, asking for a minister, certifying to the good moral character of Mr. Christian Moretz, and requesting his ordination. In regard to this petition, it was resolved that said Moretz be examined. 2. A petition from Rocky Spring Church, Burke County, North Carolina, commending the character of Rev. Richard Blalock, formerly a minister of the Sepa- rate Baptist Order, requesting Synod to receive him as a minister. In regard to this, it was resolved that Revs. Paul Henkel and David Henkel, as individual ministers, ordain him as a Lutheran minister, if found qualified, and that as soon as he acquires a better knowledge of the Ger- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 49 man language, he be received into connection with the Synod. 3. A petition from three congregations, Pilgrim's, Beck's, and Emmanuel's, Rowan County, North Carolina, expressing their disapproval of the General Synod, pre- senting their withdrawal, signed by 142 persons, and re- questing ministerial services from this Synod. With respect to this petition, it was resolved, that Rev. Paul Henkel visit them during the fall, and that either Rev. Adam Miller or Rev. George Easterly visit them in the spring, and that in the event the congregations can agree with one or the other of the two latter, he shall become their pastor. 4. A communication from Mr. Jacob Aderhold, Lincoln County, North Carolina, suggesting the appointment of a suitable person in each congregation to attend to funeral services, in the absence of the pastor or deacon, and that some change be made in regard to the rules relative to sponsors in baptism. Relative to this, it was resolved that each congregation use its Christian liberty in respect to these matters, keeping within the teachings of the Augsburg Confession. 5. A petition from Mr. George Risch, now living in Tennessee Valley, Haywood County, North Carolina, in which he indicates his constant adherence to our Church, and solicits a visit from one of our ministers in his commu- nity. It was resolved that Christian Moretz visit that section. 6. A petition from fourteen lay-delegates and one minister, representing congregations in Indiana and Ken- tucky, who had met in Harrison's Church, Nelstoi County, Kentucky, September 28, 1822, in which they solicit Synod to hold a session in their community, and to transact such business as might promote the interests of the Church, and in which they appointed Rev. Philip Henkel, who had visited them during the summer, to represent their interests in reference to this matter. 50 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL In regard to these petitioners, it was resolved, that Rev. Philip Henkel be recognized as their representative in ref- erence to their requests ; that Revs. Paul Henkel and David Henkel, and Captain John Bible, as a lay-delegate, visit the petitioners, to render the services desired ; that such session be held in Brunnerstown Church, Jefferson County, Kentucky, commencing on the third Sunday in June, 1823; that all congregations interested in that meeting have the privilege of sending delegates ; that Rev. David Henkel inform the petitioners of this action of Synod ; and that, during the absence of Rev. David Henkel and that of Rev. Paul Henkel, on that mission, Rev. Adam Miller shall visit the congregations of the former, and Rev. Philip Henkel those of the latter. 7. A petition from the congregation at Coldwater, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, signed by fifteen persons, asking to be served by a minister of this Synod, and stating that they do not wish to stand in connection with the General Synod, nor to be served by any of its ministers. In regard to this, it was resolved, that Rev. Adam Miller visit them during his next journey to North Caro- lina, and that Rev. David Henkel visit them as often as possible, till Synod shall be able to make better arrange- ments to supply them. 8. A petition for the examination of Mr. Jacob Costlier for the office of Deacon. It was resolved, that Revs. Paul Henkel and Adam Miller examine him and report to Synod. Letters and Communications Received. The following is the substance of letters and communi- cations received, read, and acted on : 1 . A letter from Rev. Daniel Moser, in which he states his inability to be present, his desire that the next session of Synod be held in North Carolina, giving assurance that it would prove satisfactory to the people, that it might tend to healing the breach hitherto existing, and that Rev. Philip Henkel be requested to visit the congregations. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 5 1 With respect to this letter, it was resolved, that if Rev. Mr. Moser had given some positive information as to whether he has absented himself from the General Synod, Synod could give him a more satisfactory answer, but in view of the present aspect of things, it can make no definite reply, further than that it desires him to come to some decisive conclusion as soon as possible. 2. A communication, signed by three elders and eight church members, from St. Peter's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, in which they indicate their adherence to this Synod, and certify the election of Mr. Ambrose Henkel as their delegate. 3. A letter from Rev. Jacob Zink, in which he states that he baptized twenty-eight adults and sixty-nine infants in the State of Louisiana, but many more in the State of Indiana, — the exact number of which he cannot give at this time ; that the congregations are all united in opposi- tion to the General Synod ; that the General Synod is not Lutheran ; that the most of the people in Kentucky, — Lutherans and German Reformed, — are opposed to the General Synod, and that he heartily desires to be present at the meeting of Synod, but is deprived of this privilege. Rev. Zink's absence was excused. 4. A letter from Mr. George Goodman, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, stating, that he much desired to be in attendance at the meeting of Synod, but was prevented by important circumstances from so doing, and that he wished to have a statement inserted in the Minutes in what respects Synod is governed by a majority. In reply, the following is the gist of the answer: Re- solved, that, as the Bible is the only rule and standard of doctrine and church discipline, and as the Augsburg Con- fession is a clear and correct presentation of the more im- portant doctrines and principles of the Bible, a majority have no right to decide in these matters, in opposition to these teachings, but in other matters, such as deciding the time and place for meetings, and matters that do not come 52 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL in conflict with the aforenamed standard, the majority have a right to decide. On the report of the examining committee, it was re- solved, that Mr. Jacob Costner be ordained to the office of Deacon in his congregation, by Revs. Paul Henkel and David Henkel, or by one or the other of them, — which was done. It was also unanimously resolved that examinations of candidates for the office of Pastor, shall be publicly before the Synod. According to the petition from Missouri, Mr. Christian Moretz was publicly examined, and sustained a favorable examination. He was then ordained as a Deacon. Mr. Conrad Keicher asked the question : Is slavery to be considered as an evil? In reply, the Synod unanimously resolved, that it is to be regarded as a great evil in our land, and it desires the government, if it be possible, to devise some way by which this evil can be removed. Synod also advised every minister to admonish every master to treat his slaves properly, and to exercise his Christian duties towards them. This probably was the first move in that direction in the South. Deacon George Easterly was publicly examined as to his qualifications for the office of Pastor, and having sus- tained a favorable examination, was ordained to that office, Rev. David Henkel preaching a suitable ordination sermon on the occasion. It was resolved, that Rev. Adam Miller's journal of his last summer's travels, be appended to the Minutes. Synod approved the objections compiled by the com- mittee, appointed at the last year's session, in opposition to the constitution of the General Synod. In regard to the suggestion made at the previous ses- sion, that every applicant for the office of Pastor must be acquainted with the Greek language, it was resolved, that, as the opportunities for acquiring such knowledge, are not always accessible, the S3mod, whilst it regards such knowl- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 53 edge as highly useful, cannot, at this time, demand such re- quirement. It was resolved, that Synod meet in Sinking Spring Church, eleven miles west of Greenville, Tennessee, on the third Sunday in October, 1823. In regard to the action taken at the last session relative to St. Paul's School, Tennessee, the matter was referred to a society to be soon organized for that purpose. Synod agreed to patronize the printing of Dr. Luther's Sermon Book. The following is the Parochial Report : Rev. Jacob Zink baptized 69 infants and 28 adults ; Rev. David Henkel, 182 infants and 16 adults, and confirm- ed 32 slaves and 47 white persons ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 107 infants and 14 adults and 1 slave, and confirmed 74 ; Rev. Paul Henkel, 66 infants and 5 adults, and confirmed 36 ; Deacon C. Moretz, 29 infants ; Deacon George Easterly, 7 infants and 1 adult ; Rev. Adam Miller, 89 infants and 8 adults. Rev. Joseph Harr, no report. Fourth Session. In its fourth convention, this Synod met in Sinking Spring Church, Green County, Tennessee, October, 1823. On Saturday, Rev. George Easterly preached from Acts 2, 38-40, and Rev. Philip Henkel from Eph. 2, 8. The sen-ices were well attended. On Sunday, Rev. David Henkel based his sermon on 1 Cor. 11, 23-29. The Lord's Supper was then adminis- tered to 81 communicants ; after which Rev. David Henkel preached again, on the text John 1, 14. During these serv- ices the audiences were large and appreciative. Monday, October 20, the members of Synod having assembled, the Synod was opened with singing and prayer, followed by a kind, brotherly address, indicating the chief object of the meeting. The ministers present were, Revs. Philip Henkel, Green County, Tennessee, George Easterly, pastor loci. 54 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL David Henkel, Lincoln County, North Carolina ; Rev. Paul Henkel rendered an excuse for absence, on account of in- disposition, — he was excused, — Rev. Adam Miller sent a letter showing his desire to be present, but indicating the cause of his absence, as resulting, from the extent of his visitations, which prevented him from being able to reach the place of Synod, in time. He was excused. Rev. Zink was also absent. Deacons — Christian Moretz, of Missouri, and Jacob Costner, of Lincoln County, North Carolina. Joseph Harr departed this life since the last meeting. We have been unable to find any obituary notice in regard to him. Lay-delegates — Messrs. Frederick Schaeffer, place of meeting, Henry Meyer, Golden Spring Church, Green County, Henry Long, St. Paul's Church, Knox County, George Schaeffer, Zion's Church, Sullivan County, John Maurer, St. Paul's Church, Monroe County, John Keicher, Emmanuel Church, Adam Herrmann, Union Church, Washington County, Daniel Olinger, Bethesda Church, Green County, Tennessee ; George Goodman, of North Car- olina ; Ambrose Henkel, Shenandoah County, Virginia ; Emanuel Permann, Solomon's Church, Green County, Con- rad Easterly, St. Jacob's Church, Green County, Jacob Wiszler, Washington County, and Michael Brenner, St. Jacob's Church, Sevier County, Tennessee. i. The proceedings of the last year's session were read. Rev. David Henkel stated, that, up to this time, he had not, on account of certain circumstances, ordained Richard Blalock to the office of the ministry, according to the resolu- tion passed at the previous session. 2. In regard to the meeting held, last summer, in Nel- son County, Kentucky, a printed paper was read. The Synod expressed its entire approbation with the result, and recognized the members of Harrison's Church, Nelson Coun- ty, Kentucky, and those who met with them in that meet- ing, as brethren, giving assurance, that, as far as possible, UJTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 55 it will care for them, and indicating regret, that Rev. Paul Henkel, on account of sickness, could not be at that con- ference. 3. It was resolved, that all who applied for ministerial services from this Synod, be supplied as far as possible. It was also stated, that Rev. Paul Henkel visited the three congregations, which had applied for sendees, and preached for them, baptized their children, instructed their catechu- mens, and administered them the Lord's Supper, last fall. 4. In regard to the resolution passed at the last year's session, relative to the circulation of Luther's Writings, as fast as possible, it was stated, that three of Luther's Ser- mons were already printed, and can be obtained at Dr. Solomon Henkel's printing establishment, New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia. The Parochial Report presented is as follows : Rev. Philip Henkel baptized 87 infants and 12 adults, and confirmed 50 white persons ; Rev. George Easterly, 52 infants and 5 adults, and confirmed 13 white persons ; Rev. David Henkel, 159 infants and 2 adults, and confirmed 7 slaves and 57 white persons ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 87 in- fants and 9 adults; Rev. Adam Miller, 100 infants and 12 adults, and confirmed 6 slaves and 12 white persons. The following petitions were received and read : 1. A petition from Keinadt's (Koiner's) Church, Au- gusta County, Virginia, in which they state, that they have no regular minister at this time, in consequence of the fact that they do not desire a minister from the General Synod, that they do not regard that Synod as Scriptural, and hence they cannot consistently call a minister from it, and that as the}- regard our Synod as adhering to the Augsburg Con- fession, they turn their attention to it for the purpose of obtaining a teacher. 2. A petition from the Hawksbill Church, Shenandoah County, now Page County, Virginia, in which they say, that, as Rev. Paul Henkel cannot serve them now, in con- sequence of ill health, they might secure the sendees of a 56 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL minister in connection with the General Synod, but in view of its doctrinal position, they do not desire to do so, and hence they petition for the promotion of Mr. Ambrose Henkel to the office of the ministry, vouching for his moral character. 3. A petition from Pine Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia, now St. Mary's, of similar import to that of the former. 4. A petition from Cape Girardeau, Perry, Wayne, and Madison Counties, Missouri, requesting the ordination of Deacon Christian Moretz to the office of Pastor, and giving evidence of his good character. 5. A petition from Valley Church, Wythe County, Virginia, in which the petitioners indicate, that they do not wish any longer to co-operate with the North Carolina Synod, that they have withdrawn from it, and desire to be received into our Synod, and also that their preacher, Rev. Andrew Sechrist, acquiesces in this move. 6. A petition from the Church in the Fork, Washing- ton County, Virginia, asking for the promotion of Rev. Andrew Sechrist in the ministerial office. 7. A petition from Zion's congregation, Sullivan County, Tennessee, in which they express a desire, that, if Rev. Adam Miller cannot serve them more frequently, Andrew Sechrist serve them. 8. A petition from Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, signed by the church council, in which they state, that, as they have no opportunity to be served by a minister, unless it be by one from the General Synod, and seeing that our Synod still adheres to the Augsburg Confession, they desire our Synod to supply them with a minister. They further state, that Rev. Philip Henkel preached for them once last summer, and that they have such confidence in him as induces them to desire him to serve them. 9. A petition from Emmanuel Church, Washington County, Tennessee, in which the petitioners desire the next LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 57 meeting of Synod to be held in their church ; whereupon Ambrose Henkel also presented a verbal petition from four congregations in Virginia to the same effect. 10. A petition from three congregations in Davidson County, formerly Rowan County, North Carolina, in which the petitioners express their heartfelt thanks for the services received from our Synod, and pray for a continuance of the same. 11. A petition from the congregation in Jeffersontown, Jefferson County, Kentucky, petitioning for a minister be- longing to our Synod ; especially for David Henkel. 12. A petition from a congregation in Clark County, on Fourteen-mile Creek, Indiana, asking our Synod to provide them with a minister. 13. A petition, verbally stated by Rev. David Henkel, on behalf of Mr. George Risch, in Tennessee Valley, for a minister. The following action was taken in regard to these petitions : 1. With respect to petitions 5, 6, and 7, in regard to the reception of Mr. Sechrist, it was resolved, that, as he indicates in writing that he accepts and holds our position, he be received and examined, and, if he sustain a proper examination, he be ordained. 2. Relative to petition 4, concerning the pastoral ordi- nation of Deacon C. Moretz, it was resolved, that, as he has faithful^' served for two years in his present office, and sustained an irreproachable character, if he sustain a favor- able examination, he be ordained to the office of Pastor. 3. In reference to 2 and 3, as to the reception of Mr. Ambrose Henkel as a deacon, it was resolved, that he be received and examined, and, if found qualified, he be or- dained to the office of Deacon. Hereupon, the examination of these three applicants took place, and they stood a favorable examination. After the examination, Rev. David Henkel preached an ordina- tion sermon from Eph. 4, 3-14 ; after which the applicants 58 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL were ordained with prayer and with the imposition of hands. 4. In reference to petitions, numbers 1, 8, 10, n, 12, and 13, relative to services from this S3'iiod, it was resolved, that every preacher present agree to visit a certain district in the bounds of the petitioners desiring services. It was further resolved, that, in the future, when a minister cannot be at Synod, he shall, when necessary, attend to such dis- trict as may be assigned to him. It was also resolved, that Rev. George Easterly visit the congregations in Davidson County, North Carolina, this fall ; that, in the spring, Rev. Sechrist visit them again, in case Rev. Adam Miller cannot visit them ; and that Rev. Adam Miller visit the petitioners in Augusta, Rockingham, and Shenandoah Counties, Virginia, next spring or in the beginning of summer. Rev. George Easterly was requested to visit Mr. Risch, in Haywood, North Carolina, this fall. In the event Mr. Sechrist does not visit Davidson Coun- ty till spring, thus making it possible for Rev. Miller to make both visits, he shall serve Rev. Miller's congregations, during his absence. Rev. Moretz was appointed to visit the petitioners in Kentucky and Indiana, this fall, and in the spring or the early part of the summer, either Rev. Philip Henkel or David Henkel is to visit them again.* Relative to the verbal petition, number 9, it was re- solved, % that the next meeting of Synod be held in Keinadt's (Koiner's) Church, Augusta County, Virginia, twelve miles east of Staunton, and begin on the first Sunday in Septem- ber, 1824. In this connection appears a paper, in which it is stated, that a German periodical, published in Baltimore, Maryland, bearing date, June 25, 1823, was received, in which, it is learned, that, during its last session, in the town of Lebanon, * It seems to have been the object of Synod, to serve all congrega- tions, that petitioned for services, as far as it was possible for it to do. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 59 Pennsylvania, the Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania with- drew its connection with the General Synod, by resolving not to send any more delegates to it, and that this resolution shall continue in force, in the future, until the congrega- tions themselves shall revoke it. For this move, certain reasons were assigned, which indicate dissatisfaction on the part of many with the plan of the General Synod. In view of this fact, in order to obtain desired informa- tion, this Synod deemed it not improper to submit the fol- lowing inquiries to the Pennsylvania Synod, asking a reply : i. "Do you believe, that Holy Baptism, administered with natural water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, effects the forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and confers everlasting salvation upon all who believe it, as the words and promises of God declare ? 2. "Do you believe, that the true body and blood of Christ, under the form of bread and wine in the Holy Sup- per, are present, administered, and received? Do you also believe, that the unbelieving communicants receive in this Supper the body and blood of Christ, under the form of bread and wine? "We do not ask whether the unbelievers obtain the forgiveness of their sins thereby, but whether they also re- ceive the body and blood of Jesus in this Sacrament. 3. "Do you believe, that Jesus Christ, as true God and man in one person, should be worshiped? 4. "Is it right for the Evangelical Lutheran Church to unite with any religious organization that seeks to deny the doctrines of the Augsburg Confession and Luther's Cate- chism ? Or is it right for Lutherans to go to the Holy Sup- per with such ? 5. "Is your Synod to be henceforth ruled by a majority of the voters ? 6. "Does your Synod intend still to adhere to the declaration, that Jesus Christ, the Great Head of his Church, has given no special direction or order for the establishment 60 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL of Church Government, as it is declared in the Constitution of the General Synod ? ' ' Your answers to these questions in writing, addressed to our Secretary, Rev. David Henkel, Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina, will be duly appreciated." Fifth Session. This Synod met, in its fifth session, in Keinadt's (Koiner's) Church, Augusta County, Virginia, September 6, 1824. On Saturday, Rev. George Easterly preached on Heb. n,6. On Sunday, Rev. Daniel Moser preached on Tit. 3, 4-7. He was followed by Rev. David Henkel in the En- glish. Then Rev. Philip Henkel preached on 1 Cor. 11, 26. The Lord's Supper was administered. The house was filled with devout worshipers. On Monday, the members of Synod assembled. The pastors present were : Revs. Paul Henkel, New Market, Virginia; Adam Miller, Sullivan County, Tennessee; Philip Henkel, Green County, Tennessee ; George Easterly, of the same County as the latter ; David Henkel, Lincoln County, North Carolina. Revs. Jacob Zink and Christian Moretz were absent. Deacons — Ambrose Henkel, New Market, Virginia. Andrew Sechrist and Jacob Costner were absent. Delegates — Messrs. George Goodman, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, representing nine congregations ; Ludwig Stein, Sullivan County, John Renner, Green County, Ten- nessee ; Daniel Tussing, Pine Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia ; Joseph Nehs, Green County, Tennessee ; Martin Meyer and John Printz, Hawksbill Church, Shenandoah, now Page County, Virginia ; Peter Schaeffer and John Bauman, Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia ; Henry Miller, Philip Church, Rockingham County, Vir- ginia; Casper Keinadt and Jacob Keinadt (Koiner), of the place of meeting. 1. Rev. George Henry Riemenschneider, of Pendleton LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 6l County, Virginia, having applied for reception into Synod, having given, in writing, satisfactory evidence of his acqui- escence with the doctrines and position of Synod, and that more than a year ago he had withdrawn from the Maryland Synod, and a paper, signed by nineteen leading church members, having been presented, vouching for his irre- proachable, Christian character, he was received as a regu- lar member of Synod, by the extension of the right hand of fellowship. 2. Rev. Daniel Moser, Lincoln County, North Caro- lina, having expressed a desire to be received into connec- tion with this Synod, and a petition, number six, signed by members of three of his congregations, testifying to his good moral conduct, and certifying that since 1820 neither they nor their minister belonged to any synod, and asking to be received into Synod ; and Rev. Moser, in writing over his own signature, stating that he regarded the doctrines maintained by the Tennessee Synod as in accord with the Augsburg Confession, it was resolved, that he and his con- gregations be received, and that he be recognized by Synod as one of its pastors. At 12 M., Rev. Riemenschneider preached on 1 Cor. 10, 15. 3. Rev. David Henkel having stated that during his travels he met Rev. Zink, who informed him that for cer- tain reasons over which he had no control, he could not be present ; he was excused, and Rev. Riemenschneider moved that a letter be sent him in the name of the Synod, express- ing its appreciation of his labors and encouraging him to continue steadfast in his office. The following petitions were then read : 1. A petition from Messrs. Andrew Bastian, Peter Allbrecht, and John Setzer, signed by the Sewitzen Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, praying that one of our ministers might visit them, as they desired a minister who teaches according to the fundamental doctrines and regula- tions of the Lutheran Church. 62 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 2. A petition from a congregation in Nelson County, Kentucky, expressing their gratification on account of services already rendered by Synod, and a desire for a con- tinuation of such services. 3. A petition from a church in Jefferson County, Ken- tucky, expressing gratitude for the inestimable services ren- dered them by Rev. David Henkel, speaking of him in most favorable terms, and praying for further services. In connection with this, it should be observed, that Rev. David Henkel was most cordially received and liber- ally remunerated by these two congregations in Kentucky for his services, and that he received similar treatment from the brethren in Indiana. 4. A petition, signed by the councils of four congrega- tions in Davidson County, North Carolina, in which they express their sincere thanks for services already received, and petition for a preacher. 5. A petition, signed by the elders and, deacons of Philadelphia congregation, Lincoln County, North Caro- lina, in which they pray that a committee be elected, and that the North Carolina Synod be requested to appoint a similar one, and that these two committees meet, and show and state publicly the differences in doctrine between the two synods. 6. A petition from Rev. Daniel Moser's congregation of similar import. 7. A petition from St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, of same import. 8. A petition from St. Jacob's Church, Tennessee, in which the petitioners request that less labor be imposed on Rev. Philip Henkel, in traveling, and if this cannot be done, that some other minister serve them during his absence. 9. A petition from Hawksbill Church, Virginia, and a verbal petition from three other churches, praying for the ordination of Mr. Ambrose Henkel to the office of Pastor. 10. A petition from Rader's Church, Virginia, stating LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 63 that they have had no minister for a long time, that their young people are being neglected, and that hence they de- sire that Rev. Adam Miller serve them. In connection with this, there is a petition from old Pine Church of similar import. It also asks for the services of Ambrose Henkel. 11. A petition from a congregation in Harrison County, Indiana, asking for ministerial services. In regard to petitions numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, and n, asking for services, it was resolved that the following min- isters spend two months each before the next meeting of Synod, in visiting and serving these petitioners : Revs. Adam Miller, George Easterly, Philip Henkel, David Henkel, Daniel Moser, and Ambrose Henkel, and that they arrange the sections which each one is to visit to suit themselves. Relative to this, it was observed that as this Synod has no treasury, out of which to remunerate traveling ministers, the petitioners «re expected to defray such expenses, as they have, to their praise, heretofore done. The laborer is worthy of his reward. Letters were then read from Revs. C. Moretz and Andrew Sechrist, and Peter Heyl (Hoyle), Esq., delegates elect from congregations in Lincoln County, North Carolina, and Deacon Jacob Costner, rendering excuses for their ab- sence. &c. They were excused. And also a letter from Mr. Carl Gock, of Pennsylvania, in which he expresses himself as dissatisfied with the General Synod, and states that he had reprinted the report of the committee, appointed during the second session of our Synod, to compile the objections to the constitution of the General Synod, and circulated 1,200 copies, &c. The petitions numbered 5, 6, and 7 received attention, and among other actions taken in relation to them, it was resolved, inasmuch as there are a number of persons who do not understand the difference between the doctrines held by the Tennessee Synod and those held by the North Caro- 64 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL lina Synod, and to establish peace and harmony as far as possible, that a committee, consisting of Messrs. Casper Keinadt, Jacob Keinadt (Koiner), and Adam Leonard, be appointed, with the privilege of selecting a secretary. It shall be their duty to collect, from the writings of the two parties, the conflicting doctrines held by each, and place them opposite to each other, so that every one may see the difference ; and if those who have deviated from the teach- ings of the Augsburg Confession and the Lutheran order shall publicly renounce, in print, such deviations, further steps for a re-union may be instituted. Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, an English Lutheran preacher of Tazwell County, having appeared since the opening of this session, and expressed a desire to be received into Synod ; and presenting a petition from his congregations, in which they testify to the Christian walk and conduct of said Bonham, and ask to be received into Synod, besides other evidence of his good character, after examination he was received into Synod by the extension of the right hand of brotherly fellowship, and his congregations were also received. Relative to petition number 9, it was resolved, that Ambrose Henkel be examined in regard to his qualifications for the office of Pastor, and, if he sustain the required exami- nation, that he be ordained to that office. The examination proved satisfactory, and he \yas ordained to that office, by Revs. Riemenschneider, Miller, and Easterly. It was now resolved, that the next meeting of this Synod be held in St. John's Church, twenty miles nqrtheast of Lincolnton, North Carolina, commencing on the first Sun- day in September, 1825. A young man, Adam Miller, Jr., nephew of Rev. Adam Miller, was introduced to Synod as an applicant for the office of the Ministry. He was placed under the supervision of his uncle. The following is the Parochial Report : Rev. George Easterly baptized 72 infants, 8 adults, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 65 and 2 slaves, and confirmed 1 2 ; Rev. Daniel Moser, since 1820, 350 infants and 1 adult, and confirmed 121 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 171 infants, 9 adults, and 7 slaves, and confirmed 17 ; Rev. Adam Miller, 118 infants and 22 adults, and confirmed 51 ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 23 infants ; ReV. Paul Henkel, 16 infants; Rev. Jacob Zink, no report ; ReV. Nehemiah Bonham, no report ; Rev. G. H. Riemenschnei- der, since 1822, 68 infants and 2 adults, and confirmed 44 ; Rev. Ambrose Henkel, 42 infants ; Rev. David Henkel, 133 infants, 15 adults, and 9 slaves, and confirmed 60. Synod then adjourned to meet at the time and place designated. As Appendixes, follow the report of the committee to present in print the differences in doctrine between the two Synods, and a memorial addressed, by Rev. David Henkel, to the Synod of Maryland and Virginia. Sixth Session. Synod met in its sixth session, in St. John's Church, Lincoln County, now Catawba County, North Carolina, September 5, 1825. On Saturday previous, two sermons were preached, — one by Rev. Christian Moretz, and the other by Rev. Am- brose Henkel. On Sunday, two discourses Were delivered,, and the Lord's Supper administered to 206 communicants, Ministers present — Revs. Philip Henkel, Geo, Easterly, N. Bonham, Ambrose Henkel, C. Moretz, D. Moser, and David Henkel, and Deacon J. Costner. Applicant — Mr. Adam Miller, Jr. Delegates — Messrs. Adam Cloninger, Jacob Pleyler, An- drew Taylor, G. Burkhart, G. Nehs, G. Bible, A. Siegel, Peter Heyl, J. Efird, P. Allbright, G. Goodman, Jonathan, Hertzel, Daniel Sechrist, J. Beck, Michael Rudisill, John Ramsauer, David Hahn, C. Kramm, Adam Lingel, John Moretz, H. Rudisill, Elias Bast, and the church council of St. John's. Eight letters were received and read, assigning reasons 66 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL for absence, asking to be excused, and petitioning for minis- terial services. The requests were granted. Action was now taken relative to doctrinal questions which bad been propounded, two years ago, to the Pennsyl- vania Sj-nod, and which had not been as yet answered, nor any reason given for such delay. In respect to this, Revs. Daniel Moser and Ambrose Henkel, and Messrs. John Ramsauer and Peter Heyl, were appointed a committee to renew the questions. A memorial was presented, signed by nine persons, re- questing Synod to make another effort to effect a union with the ministers of the North Carolina Synod, but in such a manner as not to compromise the genuine Lutheran doc- trines. In reference to this memorial, it was resolved, that, as the ministers of the North Carolina Synod failed to respond to our former proposal for negotiations with a view to adjust the differences, according to the standard of the Church, the same proposition and questions be repeated, and if their answers prove satisfactory, all necessary steps shall be taken to effect peace and harmony ; but if the answers should fail to be satisfactory, we further propose to them, that a time and place may be selected, and that each party appoint a speaker to present the disputed doctrines, in such a manner that the audience that may assemble at the time and place, may form their views relative to the differences, and that the arguments on both sides may be afterward published. The committee, appointed to prepare a paper, containing certain questions to be submitted to the Pennsylvania Synod for its consideration and answers, submitted their report. The questions are similar to those prepared in 1823. The Secretary was ordered to address a friendly letter to the Rev. Muhlenberg, a member of that Synod, to obtain counsel relative to the present condition of the Church. Here two petitions from Tennessee follow, asking for the ordination of Mr. Adam Miller, Jr. He was examined and ordained. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 67 Eight petitions from North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee, were received, asking for ministerial services. Arrangements were made to supply them. All the congregations in connection with Synod were advised more generally to introduce Luther's Catechism. The time and place for the next meeting of Synod were the first Sunday in September, 1826, and Buehler's Church, near Papersville, Sullivan County, Tennessee. The paro- chial report is favorable. The following is the Parochial Report : Rev. George Easterly baptized 40 infants and 6 adults, and confirmed 12 ; Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, 32 infants and 12 adults; Rev. Ambrose Henkel, 60 infants and 1 adult; Rev. Daniel Moser, 130 infants, 6 adults, and 11 slaves, and confirmed 39; Rev. Christian Moretz, 105 infants, 7 adults, and confirmed 20 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 1 10 infants, 7 adults, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 45 ; Rev. David Henkel, 135 infants, 6 adults, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 41 ; Rev. Paul Henkel, 20 infants, 5 adults, and con- firmed 10. Obituary of Rev. Paul Henkel.— Rev. Paul Heukel was a sou of Jacob Heukel who was a son of Justus Henkel who was a son of Rev. Ger- hard Henkel who was a German Court preacher, and came to America about 17 18, and located at Germantown, near Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania. Rev. Gerhard Henkel was a descendant of Count Henkel, of Poeltzig, who was instrumental in sending Rev. Muhlenberg to America. Count Heukel was a descendant of Johauu Heukel, D. D., LL. D., born in Leutschau, Hungary, and was Father Confessor to Queen Maria about 1530. He sympathized with Protestantism, and maintained friendly relations with Melanchthou, Erasmus, Spalatin, and others who were engaged in the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Rev. Paul Henkel was born on the Yadkin River, Rowan County, North Carolina, December 15, 1754. Whilst he was a youth, his pa- rents, with their family, moved to Western Virginia. About the year 1776, Paul Heukel determined to prepare himself for the Gospel Min- istry, placing himself under the instruction of Rev. Kruch, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Fredericktowu, Maryland. After having taken a course in the German, Latin, and Greek languages, and other studies necessary to the ministerial office, he applied to the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania and adjacent States,— 68 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the only Lutheran Synod then in existence in this country. He was examined and licensed to preach. Having received a call from con- gregations in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, at and near New Market, Shenandoah County, he accepted, and located at New Mar- ket, Virginia, and extended his labors into other sections, as Augusta, Madison, Pendleton, Wythe, &c, where he laid the foundations of a large number of congregations. On the 6th of June, 1792, he was solemnly set apart to the office of Pastor, in the city of Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania. His ordination was performed by Rev. John Frederick Schmidt, pastor of a church in that city. He afterward located in Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, and labored in that section about three years. He then returned to New Market, Virginia, and resumed his labors among his former congregations. In 1800, he received a call to congregations in Rowan (his native County), North Carolina. He accepted it, but even there, as in Virginia, he did not confine his labors simply to those congregations, but extended them to other places in the surrounding counties. But finding that section unhealthy, on account of chills and fever, he returned in 1805 to New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, and became an independent missionary. Not depending for a support on any special missionary fund, but on the promises of his Master and the good will of those to whom he ministered, he made several tours through Western Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, gathering the scattered members of the Church, administering to them the Word and Sacra- ments, instructing and confirming the youth, and, as far as practicable, organizing new congregations. During the War of 1812-1815, he took up his residence at Point Pleasant, Mason County, Virginia, and organized several congregations in that section, but at the close of the war, he returned to his old residence at "New Market, Virginia, and resumed his missionary labors. In 1803, whilst he resided in North Carolina, he, with several other ministers, formerly belonging to the Pennsylvania Synod, organ- ized the North Carolina Synod. In October, 1812, while he resided at Point Pleasant, about ten of the brethren of the Pennsylvania Synod held their first special conference west of the Alleghany Mountains, in Washington County, Pennsylvania. To this conference he was invited, but for certain reasons was unable to attend. But at the con- ference which was held the next year at Clear Creek, Fairfield County, Ohio, he was present, and was recognized as one of their body, although he still belonged to the Synod of North Carolina. In 1818, he took part in the organization of the Ohio Synod, and in 1820, in that of the Tennessee Synod. In [S09, he published a small work in the German language, on Christian Baptism and the Lord's Supper. This work was afterwards LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 69 translated into the English. In 1S10, he published a German hymn- book for the benefit of the Church, containing two hundred and forty- six hymns. In 1816, he published another hymn-book in the English language, which was afterwards enlarged and improved, and contains four hundred and seventy -six hymns,— a portion of which are adapted to the Gospels and Epistles of the Ecclesiastical Year. A considerable number of these hymns, both German and English, were composed by him. In 1814, he published his German Catechism, and not long after- wards his English Catechism, for the especial benefit of the young, not changing the substance of Luther's Catechism. To these Catechisms he appended an explanation of all the Fast and Festival Days observed in the Church. Soon after this, his little work, written in rhyme, en- titled Zeitvertreib (Pastime) made its appearance, to the amusement of some, and the annoyance of others,— it was a satirical rebuke to fanaticism and superstition, vice and folly. He was well proportioned, large and erect, standing about six feet, with well developed physical organs, full of energy and perseverance. His mind was well balanced. His attainments were liberal. As a citizen, he was kind, affectionate, and forbearing. As a neighbor, he was universally esteemed and beloved. As a preacher, he had few su- periors in his day. He was animated and often eloquent. His soul was in his Master's cause. Few ministers performed more arduous, faithful, efficient labor than he did. In all the relations of life, he was true, faithful, pious, reliable, and upright. On the. 20th of November, 1776, he entered into the holy estate of matrimony with Miss Elizabeth Negley, who, with her father's family, had emigrated from New Jersey to Virginia. They became the parents of nine children,— six sons and three daughters. The oldest son enter- ed the medical profession, and the other five, the ministerial, becoming Lutheran ministers. He preached his first sermon in Pendleton County, Virginia, now West Virginia, in the year 1781, on Phil. 2, 5, and his last one, in New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, Oct. 9, 1825, on Luke 2, 34. After faithfully serving his generation for many years, it pleased the great Head of the Church to call him from his labors here to his reward in the Church triumphant. He died of paralysis, on the 17th day of November, 1825 ; aged 70 years, 11 months, and 11 days, and was buried at New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia ; Rev. Geo. H. Riemenschneider officiating. The sermon was based on Phil. 1,21. In speaking of the Rev. Paul Henkel, John G. Morris, D. D., LL. D., says, in his work, "Fifty Years in the Ministry," he "was, in early life and for many years, a laborious missionary among the scat- tered Anglo-German population in the South. He may indeed be con- sidered as one of the pioneers of the church in that region, which was 70 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL in those days truly desolate. His narrative, which was printed, has all the interest of romance, and if he had performed the same self-denying labors in the service of any other church he would have received a greater earthly reward." Seventh Sessio?i. According to appointment, Synod met in Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, September 8, 1826. The ministers, with the usual delegates, were present. The absentees were excused. It was resolved, that, at the next meeting of Synod, both the German and the English lan- guages may be used in the proceedings of Synod. The parochial report shows progress. Rev. David Henkel was elected secretary, his office to continue through the synod- ical year. It seems, that heretofore that office terminated with the session of Synod. The name of Rev. Andrew Sechrist was, for good and sufficient reasons, dropped from the clerical roll. The Synod having made several attempts to meet with ministers of the North Carolina Synod in consultation, discussion, or debate, and all having failed, it authorized Revs. Adam Miller, Daniel Moser, and David Henkel to proclaim or announce a public meeting, to be held at or near Organ Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, com- mencing on the 4th day of November prox into, to take into consideration and discuss the points of doctrine about which there were differences, and invite ministers of the North Carolina Synod to be present and participate, with a view to adjust the conflicts and restore harmony. At this meeting, it was resolved, that Luther's Small Catechism be translated and printed in an English dress, and that Rev. Ambrose Henkel make arrangements to have the matter receive proper attention. Seventeen petitions from the following States, Virginia. North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio, numerously signed, requesting ministerial services, were received. — Arrangements were made to supply the wants of the peti- tioners. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 7 I Several letters from Pennsylvania were read, requesting Rev. David Henkel to visit that State and preach and vindi- cate the distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church. He was advised to go, and he finally agreed so to do. Mr. Samuel C. Parmer, of Tennessee, applied to be received under the care of Synod, with a view to the minis- try. He was received, and placed under the care of Rev. Adam Miller. Adam Miller, Jr. , was examined and ordained as pastor, and David Forester as deacon, and a committee was ap- pointed to ordain J. N. Stirewalt as a deacon some time during the synodical year. It was resolved, that Synod meet in its next session in Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, twenty miles west of Abingdon, Virginia, on the first Sunday in Septem- ber, 1827. As the Divinity of Christ was called into question, both from the pulpit and in print, Rev. David Henkel was requested to write a book on that subject. He consented to do so. This gave rise to his work against the Unitarians. The following is the Parochial Report : Rev. Ambrose Henkel baptized 54 infants, 1 adult, and 2 slaves, and confirmed 10; Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, 40 infants, 10 adults, and 5 slaves ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 83 infants, 1 adult, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 14; Rev. Adam Miller, Jr., 53 infants, 1 adult, and 1 slave ; Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., 216 infants and 10 adults, and confirmed 138; Rev. Daniel Moser, 104 infants, 1 adult, and 7 slaves; Rev. George Easterly, 52 infants, 2 adults, and 2 slaves, and confirmed 6 ; Rev. David Henkel, 205 infants, 14 adults, and 7 slaves, and confirmed 83 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 100 infants, 5 adults, and confirmed 30. Eighth Session. Synod met, according to previous appointment, in Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, September 3, 1827. The ministers were all present except Revs. H. 72 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Riemenschneider, Philip Henkel, Adam Miller, Sr., N, Bonham, J. Zink, and Deacon Costner. These were excused. Rev. David Henkel was appointed secretary for the synodical year. Both the German and English languages, according to previous resolution, were permitted to be used during the sessions of Synod. The committee, appointed at the previous session, to call a public meeting for the purpose of discussing the points of doctrine, on which there were differences, and invite ministers of the North Carolina Synod to participate with equal rights, reported, stating, that the meeting was appoint- ed and regular notice given, but none of the North Carolina Synod ministers attended. By those assembled, the committee were requested to make another similar appointment for the same purpose. — Afterwards the committee were again solicited to do the same thing, try another assembly, in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Hence, another meeting was called to assemble, for the same purpose, in St. Paul's Church, in the aforesaid County, on the day after the rising of the North Carolina Synod, which was held in that Church ; so that it might be convenient for the ministers of that Synod to be present. — The committee reported the result of this meeting to Synod, — which was, that none of the ministers of the North Caro- lina Synod attended the meeting. Revs. Daniel Moser and David Henkel appeared, and after the latter made an address, it was thought there was no use in pursuing the matter any further at that time, as there was no one to discuss with. — The report was received and ordered to be spread on the Minutes. The committee, after the failure of this meeting at St. Paul's, requested Rev. David Henkel to prepare a paper, showing the propriety and reasons for such a meet- ing and such discussion, under the circumstances. He did so, and it was ordered to be printed in the Minutes of this session. See Minutes of 1827. As the questions, submitted to the Pennsylvania Synod LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 73 and the address to the Rev. Muhlenberg, have not been an- swered, it was resolved, with a view of obtaining the senti- ment of several synods, as well as of individual ministers, in regard to the differences, that Rev. David Henkel pre- pare a pastoral address, showing the position of this Synod in respect to true, genuine Lutheran doctrine, requesting synods and individual ministers to manifest their approval or disapproval of its position. Rev. David Henkel was re- quested to prepare this pastoral address for publication, other ministers giving such aid as deemed proper. He agreed to prepare this address as soon as time would admit. This address was to be published in both the German and English. For the distribution of publications and good books, special agents were appointed, who were to be aided by the ministers, &c. Rev. Ambrose Henkel, who was appointed at the last session of Synod to procure an accurate translation of Lu- ther's Small Catechism, submitted the manuscript transla- tion to Synod. It was received, and after the Synod spent a day in examining it, and finding it satisfactory, he was requested to have it published, with the preliminary obser- vations. This was probably the first full, direct translation of said work ever published in this country in the English. Rev. David Henkel, who was appointed at the previous session to write a work on the Person and Incarnation of Christ, reported that he had not as yet completed it, owing to a press of other engagements. At the request of some of the lay-delegates, Rev. David Henkel was asked to make an English translation of the entire Augsburg Confession of Faith. He agreed to under- take the task, provided sufficient time be allowed. As the constitution of Synod, at its organization, stands among the proceedings of Synod, unseparated from them, as it were, and as there is no definite distinction between the articles that are unalterable and those which are, a committee was appointed to remodel and improve it. This was done, and after a careful examination, it was ordered 74 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL to be printed in connection with the Minutes of this session. A resolution was passed requiring ministers to give a very careful and thorough course of catechetical instruction in the doctrines and practices of the Church, to the young and inexperienced, before admitting them to the ancient rite of confirmation, as there was a growing negligence in that direction. Another resolution was passed admonishing parents to send their children more regularly to such instructions, and to be more liberal in remunerating ministers for their serv- ices, especially those who are able to do so. It was also resolved, that those having a view to enter- ing the ministry, should take a respectable course in literary training, and be examined in regard to such attainments, as well as to their theological acquirements, before entering the ministry ; and where opportunities present, they were ad- vised to study the Greek and Hebrew languages, as well as the German and English. There being petitions for the ordination of Mr. John N. Stirewalt, a committee was appointed to ordain him at some future time during the year. On the 13th day of October, 1827, he was ordained. A petition, requesting Mr. Abraham Miller of Tennessee, to be taken under the care of Synod, with a view to the ministry, being presented, the request was granted. Then follows a long list of petitions from three different States, praying for ministerial services. Their requests were granted as far as possible. Synod adjourned to meet in St. Paul's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 8, 1828. No parochial report appears for this session. Ninth Session. Synod convened in its ninth convention, in St. Paul's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 8, 1828, and continued till the 13th. The ministers were all present, except Revs. Riemen- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 75 Schneider, Zink, Adam Miller, Sr., and Moretz, and Deacon J. N. Stirewalt. These having rendered sufficient reasons for their absence, were excused. Thirty-four delegates were present. Three applicants, preparing for the ministry, — Messrs. George A. Leopold, Ephraim Rudisill, and John Huggins, — after examination, were received under the care of Synod. Rev. David Henkel was unanimously elected secretary, with Mr. Ephraim Rudisill as his assistant. It was recommended, that the members of the Church, who are able to do so, read the Christian Book of Concord, or the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and that students of theology study it carefully. This clearly indicates the deep interest which this Synod felt re- lative to the true, fundamental doctrines of the Church, and how it desired to maintain and perpetuate these sound, Scriptural principles. As the edition of the English hymn-book, used by the Synod, was about exhausted, it was resolved, that it be revised and improved, and that Rev. Ambrose Henkel pro- vide for another edition, and that he be assisted in this work by Revs. Paul Henkel, N. Bonham, G. Easterly, D. Henkel, and Adam Miller, Sr. With a view to the edification of the members of the Church, it was resolved, that an article or a treatise on some doctrinal subject be annually printed in connection with the Minutes of the Synod, if the matter meet with sufficient encouragement. This course, it seems, had an excellent effect. It made the people better acquainted with the more important doc- trines of the Church, and caused them to take more interest in its promotion. The Secretary, Rev. David Henkel, was requested to write a treatise on the subject of Prayer, and that it be printed in connection with the proceedings of Synod. This was done, and it is worthy of re-publication at this time. It covers twenty-three pages. Rev. David Henkel reported 76 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL that the work which he was requested to prepare on the Person and Incarnation of Qhrist, was completed. Twenty-six petitions were received from congregations situated in the following States : Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio, — returning thanks for sendees rendered during the past, and praying for a continuation of such services. Arrangements were made to supply the petitioners. After examination, David Fores- ter was ordained to the office of Pastor. No parochial report appears in these Minutes. Tenth Session. The tenth session was held in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, from the 7th to the 10th of Sep- tember, 1829. The following ministers were absent : Revs. Riemen- schneider, Bonham, Miller, Sr., Easterly, and Forester, and Deacon Costner. Twenty-three delegates were present. The absent ministers, having rendered satisfactory reasons for absence, were excused. Only eight of the ministers presented parochial reports. These were for two years, and show that by them 1,198 infants, 87 adults, and 31 slaves were baptized, and 511 persons were confirmed. Twenty-seven petitions from congregations representing five States were presented, returning thanks for sendees rendered, and praying for a continuation of similar sendees. Deacon John N. Stirewalt was ordained as pastor. The persons, appointed at the last session, to revise, amend, and publish the Church hymn-book, having de- clined the undertaking of that work, for various reasons, Rev. David Henkel was appointed to compile a suitable hymn-book, and present the manuscript to some future session of Synod for examination. Rev. David Henkel was requested to prepare an article on Regeneration, and have it published in connection with the proceedings of Synod. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 77 In view of intervening circumstances which occurred since the session of 1827, it was deemed unnecessary to publish the pastoral letter, ordered to be published, at that session. The Secretary was requested to send copies of the Minutes of this session to the German Reformed Synod of Pennsylvania, which had sent ten copies of its proceedings to this Synod, and also to East Pennsylvania Synod and the Ohio Synod, — each ten copies. At his request, Mr. John Huggins, theological stu- dent, was placed under the special care of Rev. David Henkel. On motion of Miles Abernathy, Esq* , the sincere thanks of this body were tendered to Dr. Solomon Henkel, of New Market, Virginia, for the kindness and liberality manifested towards this Synod in printing and publishing its Minutes and other matter from time to time. Revs. John L. Markert and Nehemiah Bonham were appointed to visit all the congregations in connection with Synod, and look after their interests, and report to the next meeting of Synod. This course, it appears, had a good effect on the congregations and ministers. Synod adjourned to meet in Cove Creek Church, Green County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday of Septem- ber, 1830. During the first decade the number of ministers, which was six, who entered it at its organization, was increased to seventeen, and five theological students, — an increase of nearly two hundred per cent. During this time one minis- ter, Rev. Jacob Zink, died, and the name of one, for good and sufficient reasons, was dropped from the clerical roll of the Synod. The number of baptisms reported, — not more than two- thirds of the ministers reported regularly, — was 5,517 infants, 443 adults, and 205 slaves, — total, 6,165. The number confirmed was 1 , 902 . The number of congregations, though no regular catalogue of them appears in the Minutes. 78 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL, as near as can be approximated from the applications for reception in connection with the Synod, was more than thribbled during that period. The labors of the Synod ex- tended into nine States, — Tennessee, North Carolina, Ken- tucky, Missouri, Virginia, Indiana, South Carolina, Georgia, and Ohio, — sowing the seeds of sound Gospel doctrine. Perhaps there was no Synod at that time which did as much work, in proportion to the number of laborers, as this Synod did. SECOND DECADE. Eleventh Session. The eleventh session of this Synod was held in Em- manuel Church, Green County, Tennessee, beginning Sep- tember 13, 1830. It seems, that only four of the pastors, with seventeen lay-delegates, were present at this session. The others, having rendered satisfactory excuses for their absence, were excused. Rev. Philip Henkel was elected secretary. Very little business was transacted. Six petitions, four of which were from the State of Indiana, were received, praying for ministerial services. Their requests were answered as far as it was possible to do at that time. Mr. Eusebius Henkel was received as a student of theology, and put under the special care of his father Rev. Philip Henkel and Rev. George Easterly. Synod adjourned to meet in Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday of September, 1831. Twelfth Session. The twelfth session of this Synod was held in Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, commencing Septem- ber 12th, and continued to Friday, the 16th, 1831. Nine ministers were present, and twenty-five lay-dele- gates. The absentees were excused. Rev. Ambrose Henkel was elected secretary. The committee on letters and peti- tions consisted of Revs. Philip Henkel, Ambrose Henkel, and Mr. Irenius N. Henkel. On hearing the sad intelli- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 79 gence of the death of Rev. David Henkel, the following persons were appointed a committee to prepare an obituary on his death : Revs. Daniel Moser and Adam Miller, Jr. , and Messrs. Philip Rudisill and Henry Goodman. The applicants for the ministry were Mr. William C. Rankin, of Green County, Tennessee, and Mr. Henry Goodman, of Rowan County, North Carolina. Petitions asking, that Mr. W. C. Rankin, formerly a licentiate of the Presbyterian Church , be ordained to the office of Pastor, being submitted, after examination and confirmation, Mr. Rankin was ordained to that office. Mr. John Huggins, of Lincoln County, North Carolina, an applicant for the ministry, applied for license to preach and baptize, but as he had no call from congregations to that effect, his request was not granted. At the request of Mr. John Easterly, a former applicant for the ministry, he was placed under the care of Rev. Philip Henkel, as a student of theology. After examination, Mr. Henry Goodman was ordained to the office of Deacon. Thirty-three petitions, returning thanks for past serv- ices and prajdng for a continuance of the same, were received, and their requests granted. Among these, there were several new congregations. Rev. Philip Henkel reported that he had organized five congregations in Indiana, — the first in Clear Creek township, Monroe County ; the second in Beanblossom township, Monroe County; the third in Park County; the fourth in Whiteriver township, Morgan County, and the fifth on Whiteriver Bluff, Johnson County, Indiana. The Synod being informed that Greenville College, Tennessee, was not under the control of any denomination, but a State institution, it was recommended to those who wished to take a regular literary course. Rev. David Henkel, who had been appointed to com- pile a hymn-book, having departed this life, Rev. Ambrose Henkel was appointed to attend to that matter, with the privi- So HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL lege of selecting such person as he deemed proper to assist him ; and so, too, in regard to securing a translation of the Augsburg Confession, and submit it to Synod for exami- nation. The Parochial Report, — only six of the ministers report- ing, — shows that during this and the past year 876 infants, 65 adults, and 37 slaves were baptized, and 320 persons were confirmed. It was resolved, «that the Synod meet, in its next session, in or near Organ Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, on the second Sunday of September, 1832. The committee on obituary, submitted the following, which was received, adopted, and ordered to be printed in connection with the Minuted: Obituary of Rev. David Henkel. — We, the members of the com- mittee, appointed to report the particulars relative to the last illness, death, &c, of our worthy and highly esteemed brother in Christ, the Rev. David Henkel (son of the Rev. Paul Henkel), a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, beg leave to submit the following : This much esteemed and venerable fellow-laborer, having finished the work assigned him by Divine Providence, departed this life, June 15, 1 83 1, at 9 o'clock in the morning, to the great grief of his friends and relatives ; aged thirty-six years, one month, and eleven days. He was born in Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, May 4, 1795. His last illness was Dyspepsia, which disabled him from officiating in a public capacity for the term of nine mouths. He bore his afflictions with a perfect resignation to the will of his Divine Redeemer. He embarked in the cause of his blessed Savior when a youth (A. D. 181 2). And we are happy to say, to the praise of this worthy servant of Christ, that his assiduity and vigilance to study and deep researches into the truth of Divine Revelation have seldom been equaled by any. He remained immovable in the doctrines he promulgated to the end of his life. This venerable servant of the Lord had to endure many trials, crosses, and temptations, but he maintained his integrity through them all, trusting to the promises of his Redeemer ; and notwithstand- ing the difficulties he had to encounter, he left a bright example to succeeding pilgrims. His ardent desire for the promotion of his Re- deemer's Kingdom, and his love of truth, caused him to submit cheer- fully to the difficulties connected with his official labors. When on his death-bed, being interrogated by his friends, whether he still LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 8 1 remained steadfast in the doctrines which he had taught, he confidents- answered in the affirmative. Being again asked, whether he feared death, he replied in the negative. The last words which he was heard to utter, were : " O Lord Jesus, thou Son of God, receive my spirit /" and in a few moments expired. He entered into the holy estate of matrimony with Miss Catharine, Heyl (Hoyle), daughter of Hon. Peter Heyl (Hoyle), of near Lincoln- ton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. The perishable remains of this worthy brother were followed to the grave by his loving companion and seven children, together with a numerous train of mourners, who were left, to lament the loss of a kind father, an affectionate husband, a friend and benefactor. The body is deposited at St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Caro- lina. The funeral sermon was delivered by the Rev. Daniel Moser, from Phil, i, 21 — " For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain." Lord so teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts to wisdom ! The committee, appointed to draught the obituary notice of the Rev. David Henkel, requested the Secretary to add any particulars relative to his ministerial labors and writings which he may be able to obtain. In conformity with the above request, I am enabled, from notes made by my lamented brother during his life time and other sources of information, to which I have had access, to give the following par- ticulars, viz. : He commenced his Gospel labors at St. Peter's Church, in South Carolina, where he preached his first sermon, November the 1st, 1812, from which period up to the time he preached his last sermon at Philadelphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on Sunday, the 1 2th of August, 1830, where he administered the Lord's Supper, — which concluded upwards of three thousand and two hundred sermons ; delivered generally to crowded and attentive congregations. He bap- tized two thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven infants, and two hundred and forty-three adults, and he confirmed one thousand one hundred and five persons. During the whole course of his ministry, which was distinguished for industry and perseverance, in the cause of his Divine Master, he traveled in all seasons, even the most inclement, and frequently preached two and three times in a day, in the German and English languages. Besides which he maintained an extensive correspondence with many individuals, distinguished for piety and learning, and wrote the following works : His first work, containing a sermon, entitled, "The Essence of 82 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the Christian Religion, and Reflections on Futurity," was published in 1817. His second, called "The Carolinian Herald of Liberty, Religious and Political," published in 1821. His third, "Objections to the Constitution of the General Synod," made its appearance, annexed to the Minutes of the Tennessee Synod, held in 1821. His fourth, entitled "The Heavenly Flood of Regeneration, or Treatise on Holy Baptism," published in 1822. His fifth, " An Answer to Joseph Moore," who wrote in opposition to the doctrines contained in his Heavenly Flood, published in 1825. He then draughted 6thly the Constitution, together with the remarks thereon, of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in 182S : and annexed to the Minutes of the same year, his Treatise on Prayer appeared. His seventh, A Translation from the German of Luther's Small Catechism, with Preliminary Observations by the translator, published in 1829. His eighth, "An Essay on Regeneration," published in 1S30. His ninth, "A Treatise on the Person and Incarnation of Jesus Christ, in which some of the principal arguments of the Unitarians are examined," which has just left the press. Thirteenth Session. The thirteenth session of this Synod was held in Phan- uel's Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, from the tenth to the fifteenth of September, 1832. On Saturday and Sunday, the usual services were held. Only four ministers were in attendance, and twenty-four lay-delegates. None of the absentees, except Rev. Philip Henkel and Deacon Costner, having sent in sufficient reasons for their absence, were excused for their non- attendance. Rev. J. N. Stirewalt was appointed secretary. Charges having been preferred, by Rev. N. Bonham and others, against Rev. W. C. Rankin, of deviation, from the Augsburg Confession of Faith, both in regard to doc- trine and practice, Mr. Rankin was notified to attend the next session, and answer the charges. Twenty-two petitions of the usual import, relative to services, &c, were presented, and received such action as LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 83 they deserved. Among these, there were petitions for the examination and ordination of Deacon Henry Goodman. Having sustained his examination, he was ordained to the office of Pastor. The place and time for the next meeting, resulted in favor of St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, as the place, and the second Sunday of September, 1833, as the time. The Parochial Report, only five ministers reporting, — one, however, Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., for three years, — ■ shows 808 infants, 69 adults, and 41 slaves, baptized, and 253 confirmed. Fourteenth Session. Pursuant to previous appointment, Synod met in St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, Monday, September 9th, and continued till the 12th, 1833. Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied with services suitable to these days. The ministers, with applicant Eusebius S. Henkel, and thirty-three lay-delegates, representing forty-three congre- gations, were all present, except Revs. Forester, Bonham, Adam Miller, Jr., Moretz, Markert, and Deacon Costner. A president and a secretary were elected, — Secretary, Rev. Ambrose Henkel. In view of satisfactory reasons rendered for absence, all the absentees, except Rev. C. Moretz, were excused. Relative to the charges preferred against Rev. W. C. Rankin by Rev. N. Bonham, at the previous session, Rev. Bonham being unable to be present during this meeting, and Rev. Rankin desiring to withdraw from this body, in a friendly manner, the matter was not investigated, and the name of Rev. Rankin was dropped from the clerical roll. With respect to the translation of the Augsburg Con- fession, which Rev. Ambrose Henkel was requested, at the session of 1831, to procure, he submitted to Synod a trans- lation, made by his brother Rev. Charles Henkel, of Ohio, 84 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL with proof-sheets, for examination. But a press of urgent business being before Synod, it could not devote time enough for a careful examination. Hence, each member having a copy in proof-sheet form, was requested to exam- ine it carefully, as soon as possible, and send him such suggestions as each deemed proper. Twenty-seven petitions from different States were pre- sented, classified, and acted on. They expressed satisfaction with the services they had received from Synod, and a desire for further services. Some of these asked for the publication of a good article or a sermon in connection with the Minutes, and others, for the ordination of Eusebius S. Henkel and Irenius Henkel to the office of Deacon. In regard to the latter, as he was absent, no action could be taken at this meeting. The former, having sustained his examination, was ordained to that office. A letter having been received from Mr. Ephraim Con- rad, of Wayne County, Missouri, asking to be received under the care of Synod, as an applicant for the ministry, his request was granted. It was ordered, that a sermon on the Lord's Supper, translated from the German of Arndt's Postil, be connected with the Minutes, and that they be printed in the German and English. Frederick Hoke, Esq., of Lincoln County, North Carolina, was appointed to contract for the printing of the Minutes. Rev. Philip Henkel was appointed to prepare the trans- lation of the aforesaid sermon. It was resolved, that the next session of Synod be held in Rader's Church, Rocking- ham County, Virginia, commencing on the second Sunday of September, 1834.* Rev. Philip Henkel was also requested to prepare for publication a Dissertation on the Person of Jesus Christ, as *NoTK. — It appears, that, in consequence of high waters and other causes, scarcely any ministers were able to reach the place of meeting ; and, hence, no regular session of Synod was held there ; nor were there any proceedings printed for that year. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 85 •extant in the Christian Book of Concord, and submit it to the next session. During the past year, nine ministers reporting, — one for several years, — 801 infants, 56 adults, and 17 slaves, were baptized, and 399 persons confirmed. The death of Rev. Philip Henkel being announced, be- fore the Minutes had passed through the press, the follow- ing obituary, prepared by the Secretary, was appended to the Minutes : Obituary of Rev. Philip Henkel. — Before these Minutes could be put to press, the sad and heartbreaking news was received, that our much beloved brother and fellow-laborer, in the Lord's vineyard, the Rev. Philip Henkel, departed this life, October 9, 1833. For the satisfaction of his friends and relatives, we subjoin the fol- lowing brief account : The deceased was a sou of the Rev. Paul Henkel, and a fellow- member of the Lutheran Tennessee Synod, of which he also was one of the first framers. He was born on the 23d September, 1779, in Pendle- ton County, Virginia. In early life he imbibed the principles of Ae Christian religion, and in a short time became a zealous defender of the same. In 1800, he commenced his Gospel labors in the Lord's vineyard, in whose service he continued with undaunted zeal, for 38 years and 3 months, during which time he preached upwards of four thousand three hun- dred and fifty sermons, of which one hundred and twenty-five were funeral sermons. He baptized four thousand one hundred and fifteen infants, and three hundred and twenty-five adults ; and confirmed to the Christian Church one thousand six hundred and fifty persons. At the present session of our Synod, we frequently had the pleasure of hearing him proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Here he was also, (but alas, for the last time ! ) nominated President of our Synod. And after the close of the Synod, he proceeded, in good health, to visit the congregations in Guilford and the adjacent counties. After he had arrived in Randolph County, North Carolina, he preached in Richland Church, on September ^2 1st, from Col. 3, 1-5. (His last sermon on this earthly stage ! ) Being invited by a neighboring friend, he retired to his house, where he was at the same evening attacked with the bilious fever, to which, after a short illness, he fell a victim. He departed this life on Wednesday, the 9th of October, 1833. On the day following, he was buried at Richland Church. His earthly abode was 54 years and 17 days. A short time before he expired, he said : " If it is the will of the Lord, to take me to rest, 86 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL I am willing." And then repeated the following lines (which also were the last words that were heard from his lips): " Christ is my life alone, To die is gain for me ; I give myself to be his own : O may I ever with him be." Fifteenth Session. Synod met in its fifteenth session, in Blue Spring Church, Green County, Tennessee, on September 14th, and continued to the 17th, 1835. Appropriate services were held on Saturday and Sun- day previous, and the Lord's Supper administered to a large number of devout communicants. About one-half of the ministers, with five applicants for the ministry, — Messrs. Daniel L. Schoolfield, Henry Wetzel, Christian G. Reitzel, Samuel C. Parmer, and Wm. Hancher, — and twenty lay-delegates, representing twenty- nine congregations, were present. After the election of a president, Rev. Adam Miller was appointed secretary. The Minutes of 1833 were read, as well as a printed letter from Rev. A. Henkel, in which he informed Synod, that very few members had attended the appointment for the meeting of Synod in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, in 1834, and that consequently very little business was transacted, except the reading of the letters addressed to Synod, which letters were left in his care, to be forwarded to the next meeting of Synod. The usual committees were appointed. The absentees, on proper reasons, were excused for their non-attendance. A letter was' received from Rev. Eusebius S. Henkel, of Indiana, that they intend to organize a Synod in that State, — a move which this Synod heartily approved, asking the blessing of God to rest upon their labors. A large number of petitions, expressing thanks for serv- ices received, asking the blessing of God on the work of LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 87 the Synod, requesting a continuance of services, suggesting that suitable articles be appended to the Minutes, &c, were received, and properly acted upon. Among these is a petition from Wythe, Smyth, and Washington Counties, Virginia, in which the petitioners state their withdrawal from the North Carolina Synod, together with their pastor, Rev. Andrew Sechrist, whose name, for sufficient reasons, had been dropped from the clerical roll of this Synod, and desire to be received with their pastor into this Synod. Rev. Sechrist, having con- fessed, that experience had taught him, that, in withdraw- ing from S3 r nod, he had committed an error, for which he was sorry, and solemnly pledged himself to teach and prac- tice according to the Holy Scriptures and the Augsburg Confession of Faith, he and his congregations were received in connection with Synod. Rev. Ambrose Henkel submitted sufficient reasons for the delay in regard to the publication of the Church hymn- book. Messrs. C. G. Reitzel and D. S. Schoolfield were ex- amined with respect to their qualifications. Rev. A. Henkel was respectfully requested to complete the hymn-book as soon as practicable. There being a great demand for books, and especially for English Catechisms, the Secretary was requested to write to Dr. Solomon Henkel, New Market, Virginia, rela- tive to that matter, calling for catechisms and other useful books. Rev. Philip Henkel, who was requested to prepare a translation from the Christian Book of Concord, on the Person of Christ, and submit it to this meeting of Synod for examination and publication, having departed this life, the translation was made by the Secretary, assisted by Mr. J. R. Moser, as it appears in connection with the Minutes of this session. In regard to publications, the Synod took the following action : 88 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Inasmuch as this body deem it highly important that the writings of the late Rev. David Henkel be printed and bound, so that they may be handed down to future genera- tions, be it resolved, that the Secretary be directed to corre- spond with Dr. Solomon Henkel relative to this matter, and report the result of his correspondence to the next meeting of Synod. The following applicants, Messrs. Hancher, Reitzel, Schoolfield, and Parmer, having sustained their examina- tions, were ordained to the office of Deacon. Philadelphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, was chosen as the place for the next meeting of Synod, and the second Sunday of September, 1836, as the time. The Parochial Report shows that 1 130 infants, 63 adults, and 41 slaves were baptized, and 515 persons confirmed. After the close of the Synod, the Secretary received a letter directed to Synod, by Rev. John L,. Markert, of Indiana, written by order of and in the name of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod of Indiana, in which he states, that the suffering condition of the Church in the West, pressed upon them from all directions, to adopt some plan to with- stand the enemy. For this purpose councils were held and propositions made, and the final result was the organization of a synod. A meeting was held in Johnson County, Indi- ana, on the third Sunday of August, 1835, and after proper consultation, the Constitution of the Tennessee Synod was received and adopted, and the organization effected. In that letter, they entreat their brethren of the Tennessee Synod not to consider this course as an intention to sepa- rate from them, but as a means of strengthening the same cause. The ministers of the Tennessee Synod who effected that organization, were Revs. J. L. Markert, Christian Moretz, and Eusebius S. Henkel. Sixteenth Session. This session was held in Philadelphia Church, Lincoln LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 89 County, North Carolina, beginning on the 12th and closing on the 16th of September, 1836. On Saturday and Sunday previous appropriate services were conducted and suitable sermons preached, both in the German and English languages, and the Lord's Supper administered to 240 communicants. Only about one-half of the ministers, with four appli- cants and twenty-seven lay-delegates, were present. The applicants were Messrs. Henry Wetzel, from Wythe County, Virginia, Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, and Jonathan R. Moser, Lincoln County, North Carolina. After the election of a president, Mr. J. R. Moser was appointed secretary. Very few of the absentees were ex- cused, and a resolution passed urging the ministers to be more faithful and regular in attending the meetings of Synod. Mr. George Wetzel, of Wythe County, Virginia, was admitted to a seat and vote in Synod. The Secretary of the previous session, appointed to correspond with Dr. Solomon Henkel relative to supplying the books desired by Synod for circulation, reported rather favorably. An agent to attend to this matter was appointed. The books mostly in demand just at that time were David Henkel on the Person and Incarnation of Christ, his Answer to Joseph Moore, and the English Catechism. A letter having been received from Mr. Jonah Hottel, Esq., of Wythe County, Virginia, in which charges were preferred against Rev. Andrew Sechrist, and the latter having received no previous notice of such preferment, so as to enable him to prepare for defending himself against these charges, the matter was deferred, for investigation, till the next meeting, Mr. Sechrist agreeing to cease his ministerial work till the case shall have been adjusted. Notwithstanding this fraternal course on the part of the Synod, it seems, Mr. Sechrist absented himself from further attendance during this session of Synod, without leave. For this course of conduct he was censured by the Synod. Mr. Solomon S. Miles, of Lancaster District, South 90 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Carolina, having appeared in the presence of Synod, and stated his intention of re-publishing Luther's Commentary on Galatians, in the English language, the Synod recom- mended the work and encouraged Mr. Miles in this enterprise. The usual petitions received proper attention. The peti- tion for the examination and ordination of deacons S. C. Parmer and William Hancher to the office of Pastor, and applicants Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, and Jonathan R. Moser to the office of Deacon, were taken into consideration. These candidates for the ministry having sustained favora- ble examinations, were regularly ordained to the offices indicated in the petitions, except Mr. Parmer who was ab- sent, and consequently could not submit to the requirements necessary for ordination. Mr. H. Wetzel was continued as a student of theology. It was resolved, that the Minutes be printed in German and English, and that a sermon of Luther's be appended. The agent was requested to send copies of the Minutes to the recent Indiana Synod. Only four ministers reporting, the Parochial Report shows 490 infants, 20 adults, and 14 slaves baptized, and 11.3 confirmed. The death of Rev. John N. vStirewalt being announced, it was resolved, that a suitable obituary notice be prepared and appended to the Minutes. But it appears that for the want of proper infor- mation relative to Mr. Stirewalt, the publication of the obituary was delayed till the next session. Synod adjourned to meet in Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, on the second Sunday in September, 1837. Seventeenth Session. According to adjournment, Synod convened in Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, on Monday, the nth of September, and continued its sessions to the 15th, 1837. Saturday and Sunday were devoted to religious service**, preaching, confession and absolution, and the dispensation of the Lord's Supper. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 9 1 On Monday, the Synod was organized, by the election of a president and Rev. J. R. Moser as secretary. Rev. John J. Riemenschneider, a member of the Ohio Synod, being present, was received as an advisory member of Synod. Mr. Peter Wetzel was taken under.the care of Synod as a student of theology. A part of the absentees were excused. A letter having been received from Rev. Andrew Se- christ, assigning reasons for his absence, but making no refer- ence to the charges preferred against him, at the previous session, it was deemed proper to appoint a committee to take into consideration his case and report to Synod. The com- mittee consisted of Revs. William Hancher and D. S. School- field, and Mr. Jacob Stirewalt. After due consideration, this committee submitted the following report : Whereas, at the last session of this Synod, serious charges were preferred against Rev. Andrew Se- christ, and whereas he was notified by Synod to appear at this meeting and defend himself against these charges, and whereas he has failed to appear in person, or to write any- thing in justification of his course, and whereas the charges are of such a nature as to disparage the ministerial office, we, your committee, recommend, that he be no longer re- garded as a minister in connection with this Synod. This report was received and adopted. The petitions, numbering thirty-four, of the usual character, received proper attention. Among these, there was a petition from Probst Church, Pendleton County, Vir- ginia, now West Virginia, asking to be received by Synod, and recommending Mr. A. S. Link as a suitable person for the ministry ; and other petitions asking for the examina- tion and ordination of candidates for the ministry. Rev. Ambrose Henkel, who had been appointed, by Synod, to compile and prepare matter for an English hymn- book, and submit the manuscript to Synod for examination, presented the copy. A committee, consisting of Revs. H. Goodman and Wm. Hancher, and Messrs. Wm. Wolford, 92 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL R. Leineberger, and Peter Wetzel, were appointed for that purpose. After careful examination, the committee sub- mitted a favorable report, suggesting, that if any of the mem- bers of Synod desired to examine the work more thoroughly, they might do so, and report any desirable changes to the compiler. The report was adopted. Relative to a letter received from Rev. Adam Miller, Jr., in regard to the Augsburg Confession, it was resolved, that Dr. Solomon Henkel correspond with Rev. Miller with respect to that matter. According to resolution, the proceedings of this meet- ing were to be printed both in German and English, and a copy sent to each of the ministers of the Evangelical Lutheran Indiana Synod. Having sustained a favorable examination, deacons D. S. Schoolfield, Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, and Jonathan R. Moser were ordained as pastors, and applicants Henry Wetzel, A. S. Link, Jacob Stirewalt, and Alfred J. Fox as deacons. During this session, as far as reported, 817 infants, 24 adults, and 13 slaves were baptized, and 291 were confirmed. As the obituary notice of the death of Rev. John N. Stirewalt was not received in time to be inserted in the proceedings of the session of 1836, it was ordered to be printed in connection with the Minutes of this session. Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, was agreed upon as the place for the next meeting of Synod, and the second Sunday in September, 1838, as the time. Obituary of Rev. John N. Stirewalt. — It is with feelings of deep sorrow that we record the death of our worthy and beloved co-laborer, Rev. John N. Stirewalt, a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Ten- nessee Synod. He departed this life, August 13, 1836, in Rowan County, North Carolina ; aged 34 years and 6 days. He died of lung disease, with which he was afflicted a number of years. The Lord, in whose hands stand the death and life of man, saw fit to remove this useful laborer in his Vineyard from time into eternity. At an early age, he was instructed, by his parents, in the rudi- ments of the Christian religion, and after he had completed his literary LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 93 and classical course of study, he entered the ministry, in the year 1827, and was ordained to the office of Pastor, August 10, 1829, during the Synod held in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina. He was an earnest and zealous teacher of the principles of religion, fearlessly proclaiming the everlasting Gospel eight years and ten months, with great joy and zeal. During this period he dispensed the bread of life ; and, notwithstanding his sickness, he made known the saving Gospel of the crucified Savior, with efficiency, to many who had been deprived of it, both in his native State and in adjoining States. In view of his fidelity to the end of his days, we trust, in yonder, glorious day, he is crowned with an unchangeable crown, and clothed with immortality. During his sickness he frequently admonished his friends and visitors to continue steadfast in the doctrines he had taught them, and shortl}' before his departure he said : I hope that God the Father, through Christ, may be merciful to me and all others, saying I hope and trust to die in the same faith I taught others, exclaiming, God help us all. Amen. After the cold hand of death had closed his eyes, his body was placed in the silent grave at Sewitzen Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, to await the resurrection morning. Rev. Daniel Moser rendered the funeral services, and preached a sermon from Phil. 1, 21-23. As the deceased had intended to move to Virginia, his family, consisting of his wife and four children, soon after his death took their departure, and located on a farm which he had previously pur- chased, adjoining the corporate limits of the town of New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia. — Jonathan R. Moser, Secretary of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. Eigh teen th Session . In pursuance of previous appointment, Synod assem- bled in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 8, 1838. Saturday and Sunday were spent in worship, preaching, and communion sendees. About two-thirds of the ministers, with thirty-three lay-delegates and two applicants, Mr. Peter Wetzel and Mr. Banks McRee, were present. After the election of a president, Rev. Abel J. Brown was appointed secretary. After the usual routine business relative to petitions, 94 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL returning thanks for services rendered, asking for services and ordinations, making suggestions, &c. , had received proper attention, deacons Alfred J. Fox and Jacob Stirewalt were examined with respect to their qualifications for the ministry j and proving themselves worthy and qualified to bear that office, they were solemnly ordained as pastors. The Secretary submitted the following preamble and resolutions : "Whereas, repeated, unfair measures have recently been taken by the Synod of South Carolina, for the purpose of bringing into disrepute the Evangelical Lutheran Ten- nessee Synod ; and more especially by the remarks contained in a sermon delivered during her last session by Rev. John Bachman, D. D.; which was published by her sanction and under her immediate patronage ; which sermon (if its perni- cious influence be not counteracted) is well calculated to make a wrong and an unfavorable impression on the minds of persons otherwise honestly disposed, and to render our Synod, her doctrines, and her ministers the objects of con- tempt, of ridicule, and of incessant and unmitigating persecution ; and believing as we do, that we stand on the primitive basis of the Lutheran Church, and that the doc- trines of the glorious and ever memorable Reformation, effected through the special instrumentality of the illustrious Saxon Reformer, Dr. Martin Luther, and his immortal co- adjutors, are perfectly compatible with the Word of God, which we acknowledge to be the only infallible rule of faith and practice ; be it therefore resolved, i. That we consider the proceedings of the South Carolina Synod toward us as uncourteous, ungenerous, un- fair, and uncharitable ; 2. That we regard the allegations contained in Dr. Bachmau's sermon as being without the least shadow of foundation or slightest approximation to truth, and nothing but base calumny, and calculated to disparage our Synod." Resolved, that the foregoing preamble and resolutions be adopted. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 95 On motion, it was unanimously resolved, that the Secretary and Rev. A. Miller, Jr., be requested to write and publish a vindication of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennes- see Synod, in reply to Dr. Bachman's sermon. "Inasmuch as this body has been informed that the Synod of Virginia, during her last session, entered a reso- lution in the Minutes of her proceedings, stating that she did ' not recognize the members of the Tennessee Conference as Evangelical Lutheran ministers,' be it Resolved, that the Secretary correspond with the presi- dent of the Virginia Synod, to ascertain what are the reasons why she does not recognize the members of our Synod as Evangelical Lutheran ministers." The Synod recommended the Treatise on the Person and Incarnation of Christ, written by Rev. David Henkel, and informed the brethren that the Church hymn-book, prepared by Rev. Ambrose Henkel, by order of Synod, is now published, and may be obtained any time by applying to the publisher, Dr. Solomon Henkel, New Market, Shen- andoah County, Virginia. Revs. Ambrose Henkel, Jacob Killian, and Jacob Stire- walt were requested to prepare a liturgy for the use of the Church, and lay it before Synod at its next session for examination. The number of baptisms and confirmations, as far as reported, is 480 infants, 7 adults, 42 slaves, and 93 con- firmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday of September, 1839. After the close of Synod, the Secretary received a letter from Rev. Ephraim R. Conrad, a member of the Indiana Synod, calling attention to the condition of the Church in Missouri, the State in which he resided, and praying Synod to send to their assistance Rev. J. R. Moser, or Rev. A. J. Brown, or some other minister of our Synod. The Secretary recommended special attention to be given to that request. 96 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Nin eteen th Session . Pursuant to resolution of the last session, Synod con- vened in Emmanuel Church, Surllivan County, Tennessee, September, 1839. Saturday and Sunday were devoted to the services usual on such occasions. After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Brown was elected secretary. The usual committees were ap- pointed. The ordinary business received proper attention. In regard to Rev. Adam S. Link, it was resolved, that inasmuch as he has failed to write to Synod, absented him- self from it, and united with the Ohio Synod, he be no longer regarded as a member of this Synod, and that his name be dropped from the clerical roll. Rev. Christian Moretz, a member of the Indiana Synod, being present, was invited to a seat in the Synod, with all the rights and privileges of a member. He responded in a most happy and affectionate manner, giving a brief state- ment of what was being done in the Synod he represented, for the cause of the Church, and asking the blessing of God on the labors of the brethren of the Tennessee Synod, of which he had been a member, and from which he so much regret- ted that duty required him to take his leave. With respect to the appointment of a committee, at the previous session, consisting of Revs. A. J. Brown and A. Miller, Jr., to write a reply to statements which appeared in a sermon delivered by Rev. Dr. Bachman, of Charleston, South Carolina, in opposition to this Synod, and have it printed, it appeared that the committee had complied with the request, and that a large number of copies of the work had been circulated. The Synod approved of the manner in which the charges were refuted, and tendered its thanks to the committee for their prompt and able defence of Synod against the declarations made in that sermon. Rev. A. J. Brown, having been appointed, at the pre- vious session, to write to the Virginia Synod, to show cause why it could not recognize the members of the Tennessee LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 97 Synod as Evangelical Lutherans, stated, that he had written a kind, brotherly, Christian letter to the President of that Synod, Rev. J. B. Davis, asking the reasons why his Synod could not recognize the members of the Tennessee Synod as Evangelical Lutherans, but had received no reply, for reasons he knew not. In view of this fact, he asked, that a copy of the letter he wrote be appended to the Minutes, so that the unprejudiced public might have all the necessary light in regard to the matter. His request was granted. Rev. Jacob Killian then presented a copy of the pro- ceedings of the last meeting of that Synod to this S)mod, which shows the action of that Synod towards this Synod, in justification of its previous resolution, and the reasons why the President of the former did not reply to the Secre- tary of the latter. A committee of four, Revs. Hancher, Killian, Wetzel, and Brown, were appointed to prepare a reply to this action of the Virginia Synod, and submit it to Synod. At the proper time the reply, which was clear, forcible, and con- vincing, was submitted and adopted. The committee, which had been appointed at the pre- vious session, to prepare a liturgy for the use of the Church, submitted the manuscript copy for examination. A com- mittee, consisting of Revs. A. Miller, Jr., H. Goodman, and G. Easterly, Messrs. A. W. Abernathy, D. Siegle, and G. Burkhart, were appointed to examine the manuscript. After a careful examination, they submitted a very favorable re- port, approving the work. The report was received. The death of Rev. Daniel Moser being announced, the Synod passed the following resolutions : 1. That we deeply sympathize with the family in their sad and irreparable loss of an affectionate husband and a kind father. 2. That Rev. Adam Miller prepare a brief obituary notice of the life and labors of the said Moser, and publish it in connection with the Minutes of this Synod. The number of baptisms and confirmations this synod- 98 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL ical year, according to the report, which is not full, is 672 infants, 74 adults, 25 slaves, and 348 confirmed. The time and place agreed upon for the next meeting, were Pilgrims' Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, and the second Sunday of September, 1840. Obituary of Rev. Daniel Moser. — On the nth day of July, 1839, our worthy and highly esteemed friend and co-laborer in the vineyard of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, Rev. Daniel Moser departed this life, in Lincoln, now Catawba, County, North Carolina ; aged 49 years, 2 months, and 3 days. On the 8th day of May, 1790, he was born of Christian parents, in Orange County, North Carolina, and, in his infancy, was baptized by Rev. Henry Barnhardt. On the 3d day of October, 1808, he was con- firmed, by Revs. John L. Markert and Philip Henkel to the Evangel- ical Lutheran Church, in Lauen Church, Guilford County, North Caro- lina. He entered the ministry in the year 1812, and was ordained to the office of Pastor in the year 1820, during the Synod which met, in that year, in the Evangelical Lutheran Church, in Lincoluton, North Carolina. In this office, he maintained honor, dignity, and firmness, adher- ing closely to the Gospel of our Divine Redeemer, and gave diligence in serving God, and leading an upright life and irreproachable conduct, in his labors, rightly dividing the word of truth. As a preacher, it may be said with truth, that he was firm in the faith, and worthy of his vocation ; as a husband, he was kind and affec- tionate ; as a father, pleasant and instructive ; as a citizen, he was friendly and liberal ; and, in a word, his whole life was irreproachable, as far as it is possible for that of man to be. Well may it be said, that in his death the community, in which he lived, was deprived of one of its best members, and sustained an irreparable loss. Yet we must bow- to the will of our heavenly Father, and exclaim : He is the Lord ; he doth what seemeth good in his sight. Brother Moser labored in the gospel ministry about twenty-seven years. During this period he preached 1,943 sermons, baptized 2,450 persons, and confirmed 821. He preached his last sermon in St. Peter's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on the 30th day of June, 1839, on Matt. 28, 20: "Teaching them to observe all things whatso- ever I have commanded you," &c. His last sickness was paralysis. He was found about a mile and a-half from his residence, sitting at the road. His right side was en- tirely paralyzed. When he was found he was speechless, and remained so till his end, which took place on the seventh day of the attack. Consequently, he was deprived of the power to speak to his relatives LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 99 and neighbors, which they so much regretted. Yet, we have reason to believe that, in view of his well grounded hope, he was fully assured of his gracious acceptance. His earthly remains were interred in the grave-yard at St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina. His funeral services were rendered and a sermon was preached on the occasion by the writer of this notice, from 2 Tim. 4, 7, 8 : "I have fought a good fight,''' &c. Rev. A. J. Brown then followed with im- pressive and pertinent remarks, suited to the sad and solemn occasion. In conclusion we add, "Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth ; j-ea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors, and their works do follow them." — Adam Miller. Twentieth Session. This session was held in Pilgrims' Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, from Monday the 14th to Wednes- day the 1 6th of September, 1840. During this session thirty-one petitions, of the usual import, were submitted to S} r nod, and received proper attention. Among these is a petition from a number of Lutherans of South Carolina, in which they state, that they formerly belonged to the South Carolina Synod, but as that Synod had deviated from the doctrines and usages of the Church, and introduced innovations, run into fanaticism, &c; and that, from what they had heard and read, they were satis- fied that the Tennessee Synod adhered to the true doctrines and usages of the Church ; hence, as their pastor. Rev. Godfrey Dreher, had more labor to perform than he could endure, they entreated Synod to send some suitable minis- ter to assist him in his arduous labors. Synod resolved that Rev. A. J. Brown visit these petitioners. Applicants Messrs. J. Rhodes and J. W. Hull, having declined to submit to an examination with a view to ordi- nation to the office of Deacon, were continued under the care of the Synod. Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, one of the committee to compile and publish a suitable liturgy, reported, that the work is IOO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL now passing through the press, and will soon be ready for circulation. The practicability and expediency of publishing a re- ligious periodical within the bounds of Synod, were con- sidered. The matter met with favor, but it was deferred for future consideration. Revs. Miller, Brown, and Moserwere appointed to select or prepare a suitable article to be printed in connection with the Minutes. A few remarks on the Instruction of Youth, together with Luther's Preface to his Large Catechism, were selected and prepared by the committee. During this synodical year, as far as reported, 616 in- fants, 3 adults, and 20 slaves were baptized, and 240 con- firmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Rader's Church, Rocking- ham County, Virginia, on the second Sunday of September, 1841. During this decade, there were 12 applicants for the ministry, 17 ordinations, including those to the office of Dea- con, and 2 deaths of ministers, and 6,690 infants, 408 adults, and 250 slaves baptized, and 2,569 persons confirmed. Un- fortunately, the parochial reports are not full. Probably not more than three-fourths of the ministers presented reports. THIRD DECADE. Twenty-first Session. This session of Synod convened in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, September 13, 1841. Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied, as usual on such occasions, with devotional services, preaching, and communion. After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Brown was elected secretary. The usual committees were ap- pointed. The petitions and papers designed for Synod, were received, and placed in the hands of the committees, whose reports received proper attention. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 10 1 With respect to a petition from Mill Creek Church, Hardy County, Virginia, now West Virginia, asking to be received in connection with the Synod, and to be supplied with the niinistrations of the Gospel, the request of the petitioners was granted. Relative to a petition from New Market, Virginia, and one from Koiner's Church, Virginia, the committee reported as follows : ' ' No. 2 1 is a petition from members of our church in New Market, Virginia, in which the petitioners request our Synod to give an expression of its sentiments in reference to 'New Measures;' — the union of all the different denomi- nations into one great body as recommended in the ' ' Fra- ternal Appeal to the American Churches ;" — the celebration of the Centenary of Lutheranism, as recommended by the General Synod at its last session ; — also, that we do some- thing in reference to the denunciation of our Synod, by the General Synod in 1839, and its recent proceedings in refer- ence to our Synod ; — and that we again express our opinion of the General Synod. No. 22 is a petition from Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, of nearly the same import." In regard to this matter, the following action was taken : "The subject of 'New Measures' was now taken up, and, after considerable discussion, it was unanimously Resolved, That we decidedly disapprove the new meas- ures which have been introduced into the Lutheran Church by modern enthusiasts, believing that they are contrary to the Word of God, the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession of Faith, the Symbolical Books of the Lutheran Church, and her usages in her purest and best ages, and calculated to sow the seed of discord among her members. ' ' "The subject of a general union of all the different de- nominations into one great body, was then taken up, and, after considerable discussion, it was Resolved, That inasmuch as the Church of Christ is a collection of all true believers, and is not now, nor never 102 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL was divided, and as it is impossible for different and con- flicting doctrines all to be in accordance with the Word of God, and a Christian union of the different denominations to be effected without a unanimity of sentiments, and as professors greatly differ in their religious sentiments and modes of church government, the union of all the different denominations into one great body, is impracticable and inexpedient ; and if effected, instead of promoting, would prove detrimental to the true interest of the Redeemer's Kingdom, and endanger the civil and religious liberties of our happy country. In reference to the General Synod and its proceedings towards our Synod, it was Resolved, That whereas the General Synod has fre- quently denounced the Tennessee Synod as an anti-Lutheran and an anti-Christian body, both in its doctrines and prac- tices, and some of its members have recently made system- ' atic efforts to have our Synod recognized as an Evangelical Lutheran body, and have expressed a desire to bring it into connection and co-operation with the General Synod, and have been violently opposed in this by others of its mem- bers ; be it therefore i. Resolved, That with us it is a matter of but little importance whether that body recognizes our Synod as an Evangelical Lutheran Synod or not, inasmuch as our ortho- doxy and existence as a Lutheran body, in no wise, depend on its decisions. 2. Resolved, That we cannot recognize the General Synod as an Evangelical Lutheran body, inasmuch as it has departed from the primitive doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church. 3. Resolved, That under existing circumstances we feel no disposition to unite with the General Synod, and never can unite with it, unless it return to the primitive doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church. 4. Resolved, That Rev. A. J. Brown be appointed to draw up our objections to the General Synod, and show LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 103 from its own publications wherein that body has departed from the doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church ; and submit his manuscript to our Synod at its next session for examination, and if approved, it be printed. The celebration of the Centenary of Lutheranism in the United States, as recommended by the General Synod, at its last session, w 7 as then taken up, and, after a short discussion, it was unanimously Resolved, That w 7 hereas the General Synod, at its last session, recommended the celebration of the Centenary of Lutheranism in the United States, and have not only called upon those Synods connected with it, but all other Lutheran Synods, to unite with and aid them in this celebration by their contributions to raise $150,000 to endow their literary and other institutions ; and whereas our Synod has been asked to express its opinion in reference to this subject, be it Resolved, That we decidedly disapprove the proposed centenary celebration, and will discountenance it by refusing to unite in it, and by withholding our contributions to raise the proposed sum." In reference to the petitions, requesting the examina- tion and ordination of Messrs. J. Rhodes and J. W. Hull to the office of Deacon, it was resolved, that, in the absence of these persons, the request cannot be complied with at this time. With regard to the petitions, requesting the examina- tion of Deacons C. G. Reitzel and H. Wetzel, relative to their qualifications for the office of Pastor, the request was granted, and the ordinations conferred. On application, Mr. Denis D. Swane} r , of New Market, Virginia, was received under the care of Synod, as a student of theology. In reference to the action of Synod, during its previous session, concerning the establishment of a religious journal, the following action was taken : ' ' Resolved, That we have no doubt that the publication of a religious periodical, within the bounds of our Synod, if 104 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL devoted principally to the publication of correct translations from the writings of Luther, and conducted by some one of our pastors, who would take upon himself the responsibility of the task, would be of lasting utility in the Church ; but T that the Synod does not feel willing to take upon itself the responsibility of such a publication. We have reason to be- lieve, that such a publication, as long as conducted accord- ing to the acknowledged Symbols of the Lutheran Church, would meet with general encouragement among our brethren ; but whether such a work could be sustained, could not well be ascertained before the next Synod ; therefore, Resolved, That we recommend subscriptions to be taken up in our congregations, to ascertain what number of sub- scribers can be procured." According to the Parochial Report, 461 infants and 15 adults were baptized, and 155 were confirmed. Concerning the action of Synod at its session, taken re- lative to reports circulated about Rev. D. S. Schoolfield, the committee reported the following : ' 'In reference to the case of the Rev. D. S. Schoolfield, we are happy to state, for the satisfaction of our brethren, that we have received a letter from the Rev. Win, Hancher, in which he informs us, that the charges against Mr. Schoolfield were legally investigated by the congregation in which it was said they had occurred, and that he was honorably acquitted." Synod adjourned to meet in Trinity Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on the second Sunday of Septem- ber, 1842. Twenty- second Session. The twenty-second session of Synod was held in Trinity Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, commencing on the 1 2th and closing on the 16th of September, 1842. Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied as usual on such occasions. This meeting was well represented, there being present 13 ministers, 4 applicants, and 37 lay-delegates, representing LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 105 42 congregations. After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Brown was elected as secretary. The routine business was transacted in the regular manner. St. John's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, on ap- plication, was received into Synod. Rev. A. J. Brown, who was appointed to prepare for publication the Objections to the General Synod of the United States, and submit his work to Synod for examina- tion, stated, that, on account of intervening circumstances, he had not been able to complete the work, but that he would be able soon so to do. He then submitted the manu- script as far as he had finished it. A committee was ap- pointed to examine it. The report of the committee was quite favorable. Another committee was appointed to examine the other portion of the work as soon as it could be finished, and if the work be approved, it should be pub- lished. Three applicants, Messrs. Polycarp C. Henkel, Jesse R. Peterson, and Jacob M. Shaver (Schaeffer), were received under the care of Synod. Revs. J. R. Moser and C. G. Reitzel and Mr. P. C. Henkel were appointed to select and prepare a suitable article to be printed in connection with the Minutes. They selected an article on Good Works, from the Christian Book of Concord. It appears in connection with the Minutes. Mr. Denis D. Swaney was ordained to the office of Deacon. At a called session, held in St. Paul's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, December 13, 1841, it seems, applicants John Rhodes and Joel W. Hull were ordained to the office of Deacon. The death of Deacon John Rhodes having been an- nounced, it was resolved, that Rev. A. Miller prepare a suitable obituary, and have it appended to the Minutes. During this synodical year, 739 infants, 49 adults, and 1 slave were baptized, and 505 persons were confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in St. James' Church, Green 106 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL County, Tennessee, on the first Sunday in October, 1843. Obituary of Rev. John Rhodes. — Departed this mortal life, on the 3d of September, 1842, the Rev. John Rhodes ; aged 22 years and i4days. This amiable and interesting young man was a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. He was ordained and set apart to the gospel ministry, on the 13th day of December, 1841. He manifested great zeal in the cause of his divine Redeemer, and bade fair for great usefulness to society, as an "able minister of the New Testament." About three months previous to his death, he visited the churches under the pastoral care of Parson Dreher, in South Caro- lina ; and, sometime during the month of August, he returned to his native State, (North Carolina, Lincoln County,) to visit his affectionate mother and family, and to attend the ensuing session of the Evangel- ical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ; when and where, in all probability, he would have been promoted to the office of Pastor. He returned home in the enjoyment of excellent health, to enjoy (for a few days) the society of relatives and friends. But, alas ! in the midst of those scenes of social enjoyment, so agreeable and interesting to kindred spirits, he was attacked with fever, which, in a short time, terminated his earthly existence. He bore his afflictions with much Christian fortitude and resignation to the will of his Heavenly Father. He said, ' ' that if it was the will of God to take him into Eternity, he did not crave his life. " A short time before his death, he called his mother and family to his bedside, where he united with them in prayer to God, to aid them in the trying Aoments of their separation. He then proceeded, though laboring under great bodily debility, to give them an expression of his faith, upon which he was about to leave this world ; he solemnly warned them to guard against false doctrine and teachers ; admonishing them to continue in the true doctrine, ' ' as once delivered to the saints." He solemnly assured his affectionate mother, that she should be entitled to an interest in his prayer, to his last moments. He yielded up his soul to God, his Heavenly Father, without a murmur, about five minutes after 7 o'clock, A. M. In the person of the deceased, the mother has been deprived of a dutiful son ; the family of an affectionate brother ; and society of an invaluable member. The body of the deceased was deposited in a family grave- yard, near Vestal's Ford ; his funeral sermon was preached in Phila- delphia Church, on the same day, by the writer of this notice, from Phil. 3, 20-21 : "For our conversation is in heaven ; from whence we also look for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, ac- cording to the working, whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself." LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 107 Twenty-third Session. This session convened in St. James' Church, Green County, Tennessee, on September 30, 1843. Besides the regular routine business, the more import- ant transactions of Synod consisted in the reception of five applicants for the ministry, — Messrs. James M. Wagner, Henry Mumpower, Timothy Moser, John Conly, and Moses Roberts, and the ordination to the office of Deacon of Messrs. Jesse R. Peterson, P. C. Henkel, and I. M. Shaver. The Parochial Report shows 444 infants, 29 adults, and 2 slaves baptized, and 190 confirmed, during the year; only six ministers, however, reported. Rev. A. J. Fox was elected secretary of this session. It was resolved, that Synod adjourn to meet in Zion's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina,- on the first Sunday of October, 1844. Twenty-fourth Session. Pursuant to previous arrangement, Synod met in Zion's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday, the 5th day of October, 1844. After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Fox was elected secretary. During this session, the name of Deacon S. C. Palmer was, for sufficient reason, stricken from the clerical roll. On petition, St. Paul's Church, Page County, Zion's Church, and St. Jacob's Church, Shenandoah County, and St. Jacob's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, were received into connection with Synod. Messrs. James K. Hancher, Thomas Crouse, and Jacob D. Emmett were taken under the care of Synod. Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt were appointed to prepare a paper on the Duties of Church Officers, and sub- mit it to the next session of Synod. Applicants T. Moser and James M. Wagner were or- dained to the office of Deacon. Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., having departed this life, Revs. G. Easterly and A. J. Fox were appointed to prepare a 108 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL suitable obituary notice on him and append it to the Minutes. The Parochial Report, several of the ministers re- porting for two years, presents the baptism of 1135 infants, 99 adults, and 14 slaves, and 441 confirmations. Synod adjourned to meet in Zion's Church Shenan- doah County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1845. Obituary of Rev. Adam Miller, Sr.— Departed this mortal life. Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., our veuerable, esteemed, and most worthy brother, and fellow-laborer in the vineyard of our benign Redeemer, Jesus Christ, on the 6th day of July, A. D., 1844; aged 84 years, 2 months, and 18 days. Mr. Miller was born in York County, Pennsylvania, on the 18th day of April, 1760, of Christian parents, who, in his infancy, dedicated him to the Lord, by observing his own appointed means, the Ordinance of Holy Baptism. He was brought up and instructed in the nature and observance of this sacred vow, made by his parents, until matured by age and discretion ; and upon being convinced, by the solemn and divine truths of the everlasting Gospel, he publicly confessed his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, by being confirmed, according to the custom of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, a member of the same, in which he continued to occupy a respectable station, as a private member, until the 53d year of his age, having previously migrated to Sullivan County, Tennessee. That part of the country being quite destitute of ministers, who were members of the Lutheran Church, the calls for ministers were many. These things, with the very many pressing solicitations of his friends and brethren in the church, so wrought upon his philanthropic mind, that he was ultimately induced to em- bark in the ministry of the Gospel. He delivered his first sermon in the year 1813, and was ordained to the office of Pastor of the Evangel- ical Lutheran Church in the year 1820, by the members composing the first regular session of the Tennessee Synod, convened at Solomon's Church, Green County, Tennessee, in which capacity he continued successfully to act until his death. He served in the gospel ministry about thirty years, during which time he labored much, preached a great many sermons, and broke the bread of life to many immortal souls. And, indeed, his labors every- where appeared to be owned, blessed, and crowned with abundant success, by the great Head of the Church. He preached his last ser- mon in the Poor Valley Church, Washington County, Virginia, from Luke, 4th chapter and 18th verse, six days before he breathed his last. Notwithstanding the simplicity of his style, and the plainness of his manner of delivering his sermons, he, as far as acquainted, was LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 109 ■universally distinguished and admired for his candor, zeal, faithful- ness, and untiring diligence in the performance of the 1 duty assigned him by his Divine Master. In a word, his character, as a minister, may truly be said to have been highly exemplary and interesting. As a husband, he was kind and endearing ; as a father, he was gentle and indulgent ; and as a citizen and member of society, he was affable and inoffensive. Hence, it may truly be said, that, by his death, the church has been deprived of a useful minister ; his relatives of a valu- able friend ; and society of a worthy and exemplary member. Never- theless, we would feel a disposition to bow with due deference to every event directed by heaven, and say, Thy will be done, O Lord ! His last illness appears to have been a violent attack of the Scarlet Fever. His sufferings were truly great, though he bore them with great fortitude and submission, until the 5th day after his attack ; when, feeling that he was fast sinking, he requested the 71st Psalm to be read in his hearing, which having been done, he declared the con- tents to be his own sentiments, and then added, ' ' Cast me not off in the time of old age ; forsake me not when my strength fails me." He then requested the 573d hymn in the Lutheran Church Hymn-book to be sung. On the next day the violence of the disease grew too power- ful for his age and weak frame, and he closed his eyes in the sleep of death. His perishable remains were committed to the narrow confines of the grave, in a family graveyard, near the place where he expired. His funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. A. J. Brown, from Hebrews, the nth chapter and 4th verse, at Poor Valley Church, and was followed by the Rev. William Hancher, with appropriate and interesting remarks. We add, in conclusion, that we trust that while his perishable body reclines in the cold mansions of the dead, his disembodied and never-dying spirit is reaping the rich reward of all his earthly toils, in the world of never-ending bliss and glory. Twen ty -fifth Session . This convention of Synod assembled in Zion's Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia, October 6th, and continued till the 9th, 1845. It was organized by electing a president and Rev. H. Wetzel as secretary. Synod learned, with regret, of the death of applicant John Conly. Inasmuch as Rev. Daniel S. Schoolneld had failed to appear before Synod in person, to justify his course of pro- IIO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL cedure, as well as to write, to explain the causes of his conduct, as requested, it was resolved, that his name be erased from the clerical roll of Synod, and he be no longer recognized as a member of it. Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt, who were appointed at the previous session to prepare a paper on the Duties of Church Officers, reported that they had not as yet completed that work, but would continue their efforts. "On motion of Dr. S. G. Henkel, seconded by the Secretary, it was Resolved, That two copies of the Minutes of the present session of Synod be sent to each of the Old School Evangel- ical Lutheran Synods in the United States, not connected with the General Synod, as a token of respect. Inasmuch as we have no newspaper published under our auspices, and as the Lutheran Standard, of Ohio, and 'the Lutherische Kirchenzeitung , of Pennsylvania, are pub- lished by Old School Lutheran Synods, and have taken a stand against 'new measures,' a motion was made by Dr. S. G. Henkel, that we recommend said papers to our church members, and that a copy of our Minutes be sent to each of the editors of said papers. After some discussion, the above motion was laid over until tomorrow morning, and Synod closed with singing and prayer." "Synod met, and was opened with singing and prayer. Dr. Henkel's motion was now again called up. After some further discussion on the subject, it was Resolved, That inasmuch as this body is not sufficiently acquainted with the Lutheran Standard and Kirehenzeitiuig \ we defer an expression until the next session of Synod. The committee, Ambrose Henkel, Jacob Killian, Jacob Stirewalt, J. K. Handier, Samuel G. Henkel, and Marcus H. Rudisill, on Documents No. 4, reported as follows : 1. Whereas a charge of a serious nature is alleged against the Rev. Adam Miller, and as this Synod is not a judiciary, but an advisory body, and simply claims the LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD, III right of imparting her useful advice, and employing the proper means for the purpose of promulgating the Gospel of Jesus Christ; and inasmuch as a majority of his elders have held a meeting, and have investigated the charge alleged against him ; and said meeting of elders, after an investigation of the charge, unanimously declared him inno- cent ; and they see no cause why he should not resume his official labors ; and as a respectable number of the members of his congregations concur with the decision of the elders ; however, as there still seems to be a dissatisfaction existing in the matter, it is Resolved, That the Revs. H. Goodman and J. Killian be appointed to take the voice of his congregations in a clear and distinct manner, as soon as possible, and if the voice of the congregations wish him to continue his official duties, that we, in that case, concur with them, provided they honorably acquit him. 2. And whereas a charge has also been alleged against the Rev. J. W. Hull, we, in reference to this matter, would recommend the following, viz. : That inasmuch as Mr. Hull has been acquitted by his elders, and as there yet seems to be some dissatisfaction in his congregations, and Mr. Hull manifests a desire to have a reconsideration, we would therefore recommend his congregations to re-examine the matter, and see if things cannot be amicably adjusted, and that the Rev. J. Killian attend to this matter ; and, in case the congregations succeed in deciding the matter, that we concur with them. Resolved, unanimously, That this report be accepted and adopted." With respect to preparing the Christian Book of Con- cord, or the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, to appear in an English dress, the following action was taken : ' ' Inasmuch as the book, entitled the Christian Concor- dia, contains the acknowledged Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and is extant only in the German and 112 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Latin languages, Dr. S. G. Hehkel requested this body to express their views as to the expediency of translating and publishing said work in the English language ; and if deemed expedient, he proposed to procure a correct transla- tion of it, and publish it in the English language, as soon as practicable. Whereupon it was Resolved, unanimously, That we consider it expedient that the Concordia be translated and published in the English language, and that the proposal of Dr. S. G. Hen- kel meets our entire approbation, and that we encourage him in his tfndertaking." Applicants James K. Hancher and Thomas Crouse, after sustaining satisfactory examinations, were ordained to the office of Deacon. Messrs. Jonathan Easterly and Socrates Henkel were taken under the care of Synod, as students of theology. The Parochial Report shows that 642 infants, 32 adults, and 11 slaves were baptized, and 169 persons confirmed, during the year. Synod adjourned to meet in St. Daniel's Church, Ca- tawba County, North Carolina, on the third Sunday of October, 1846. Twen ty- sixth Session . Synod convened, in its twenty-sixth session, in St. Daniel's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 17, 1846. It was organized by the election of a president and Rev. J. R. Moser secretary. As the time of the Synod was taken up by a matter of the greatest importance, it was resolved, that the action of the last session relative to the Lutheran Standard and ICirchenzeitung, cannot receive much attention. The Adam Miller case, as it was called, was the all- absorbing subject. The case was brought up by the com- mittee, appointed to report on the charge against Rev. Adam Miller, which was a very grave and serious one. It was resolved, that Mr. W. W. McGinnas be appointed to give a LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 113 relation of all the circumstances connected with that case. After a short recess, Mr. McGinnas proceeded to present the facts in the case, and the circumstances connected with it. After a thorough investigation, the Synod resolved, that the requirements of the action taken by Synod the previous year in regard to that case had not been complied with on the part of the said Miller. Whereupon Mr. Miller with- drew himself from the Synod. In view of this fact, Synod deemed it unnecessary to take further action relative to the matter at that time. Mr. Michael Rudisill, an elder of St. Paul's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, and also Messrs. Ephraim Shell, Daniel Rader, and John Hass withdrew themselves and the congregations they represented. In reference to the case of Rev. J. W. Hull, he volun- tarily asked a suspension from the exercise of the ministerial functions, until his difficulties be properly adjusted. His request was granted. Concerning the drafting of regulations on the Duties of Church Officers, Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt were con- tinued as the committee. After sustaining a satisfactory examination, Deacons Jesse R. Peterson, Polycarp C. Henkel, and J. M. Shaver, were ordained to the office of Pastor. Mr. Adam Efird was received as a student of theology. The report shows that, during the year, 528 infants and 26 adults w r ere baptized, and 235 persons confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Buehler's Church, Sulli- van County, Tennessee, on Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1847. Tu enty- seven th Session . This session. convened in Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, October 2, 1847. The organization was effected by appointing a presi- dent, and electing Rev. Abel J. Brown, secretary. Besides the ordinary routine business, the following are the more important transactions of this meeting : 114 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL A committee, consisting of Revs. Forester and Easterly, was appointed to prepare an obituary on the death of Rev. Nehemiah Bonham. "The committee appointed to examine and report on the papers pertaining to the case of the Rev. J. W. Hull, submitted the following : Papers, Class ist, Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, are petitions from Bethany Stand, St. Martin's, Mt. Moriah, Goose Creek, Morning Star, and Rocky River Churches, North Carolina, signed by 73 persons, members of the Lutheran Church, in which most of the petitioners state that they have been sup- plied with preaching, during the past year, by brother Hull ; and that after the limit assigned him by the action of the last Synod, had expired, he preached at their request, and upon their responsibility. They further state, that they be- lieve he has been acquitted of the charge alleged against him, according to the Constitution of our Synod and the Holy Scriptures : and that further action upon the subject would be contrary to both. They also pray that he may be continued amongst them as their minister. Papers, Class 2d, are certificates of the good general character of Mr. Hull, as a Christian and Christian minis- ter, signed by 202 persons belonging to the Lutheran, Pres- byterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Seceder Churches, and persons in connection with no church. Papers, Class 3d, is a certificate by Mr. Setzer, known to one of the committee as a man of intelligence and high standing in society, stating that Mr. Hull has made efforts to reconcile his wife and induce her to live with him, but without success. From all the light the committee have been able to ob- tain upon this difficult and painful subject, they are of opinion that Mr. Hull is censurable in some respects ; and especially for having, as they think, in violation of his agreement w y ith the Synod, at its last session, preached before the difficulties between him and his wife were settled ; but that in this LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 1 5 there is a mitigating circumstance, as will appear from papers, Class 1 st. The committee recommend, 1 . That Mr. Hull preach for those churches which have petitioned for his services. 2. That the Synod advise Mr. Hull, as he is not wholly free from censure, that he be very careful as to his walk and conversation, and that he make all possible, reasonable efforts, to adjust the difficulties existing between him and his wife, and live with her in peace and harmony, as the Scriptures require man and wife to live together. Adopted by vote of the Synod. ' ' "The committee, composed of A. J. Brown, J. Stire- walt, J. Killian, John Moser, A. W. Abernathy, and Daniel Seagle, on letters and petitions addressed to Synod in refer- ence to the Rev. Adam Miller, formerly a member of the Tennessee Synod, but who, while under heavy charges of immorality, withdrew his membership from our connection, at the last session of our Synod, submitted the following : In the papers committed to our hands, we find three different classes : 1. There are several petitions, signed by members of churches which have, through their delegates to Synod, withdrawn from our connection, and persons not belonging to our church, which, your committee are of opinion, re- quire no action from Synod. 2. There are two petitions, one from St. James' Church, Greene, and the other from Salem Church, Cocke County, Tennessee, in connection with our Synod, and some peti- tions from individual members belonging to different churches in connection with the Synod ; also a letter from the Rev. G. Easterly, in which the petitioners and the writer of the letter charge our Synod with having dealt with Mr. Miller contrary to our Constitution and the Scrip- tures, and call upon Synod to reconsider and revoke its former proceedings in reference to the said Miller ; and, at the same time, declaring their intention of withdrawing from Il6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL our connection, in case we do not comply with their request. 3. There is another class of petitions from churches in connection with our Synod, formerly under the pastoral charge of Mr. Miller ; and also two letters from the Rev. Ambrose Henkel and the other from the Rev. Polycarp C. Henkel, in which the petitioners and writers of the letters express it as their opinion that Synod has acted, in reference to Mr. Miller, in strict accordance with our Constitution and the Holy Scriptures, and protest against its revoking any of its former proceedings in his case ; some of the peti- tioners moreover declare that it would be subversive of the best interests, if not ruinous to the Synod, to receive the said Miller again into its connection ; and that if it does, they, in that case, will withdraw their connection from our Synod. , After a full investigation of the whole matter, and the most serious and prayerful reflection upon this difficult and painful subject, your committee, under a deep sense of their responsibility, would recommend the following resolution for the adoption of Synod : Resolved, That in the opinion of this Synod, the Synod has not, in its former proceedings, in reference to the charges against the Rev. Adam Miller, violated either its Constitu- tion or the Holy Scriptures, and cannot therefore disannul its proceedings. The balance of the forenoon session was spent in the discussion of this matter. A recess being given, Rev. Goodman preached from John 5, 39. After sermon, the discussion was resumed, and after a thorough consideration, the report was adopted with but two dissenting voices. After a satisfactory examination, Deacons Timothy Moser, James M. Wagner, and James K. Hancher were ordained to the office of Pastor, and Mr. Adam Efird to that of Deacon. Rev. Ambrose Henkel was requested to prepare a trans- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. II? lation of Luther's Sermon on the Sin Against the Holy •Ghost, and have it appended to the Minutes. During this synodical year, 738 infants and 51 adults were baptized, and 315 persons confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Shen- andoah County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1848. Twenty-eighth Session-. This convention assembled in Solomon's Church, Shen- andoah County, Virginia, September 30, 1848. It was organized by electing a president, and Rev. J. R. Moser, secretary, with Rev. H. Wetzel as assistant. In relation to Rev. Joseph W. Hull, it was resolved, that Synod rejoices to learn that his difficulties have been satisfactorily adjusted. With respect to the obituary ordered at the previous meeting, to be prepared on Rev. N. Bonham, and appended to the Minutes of that session, it was ordered that, as it did not reach the printer in time to appear in that number of the Minutes, it be appended to this number. "Dr. S. G. Henkel laid before this body copies of several works published by Mr. Ludwig, of New York ; and Revs. Stirewalt, J. R. Moser, Wetzel, Swaney, and Mr. D. M. Henkel, were appointed a committee to examine and report on the same. The report was favorable. Dr. Henkel also informed Synod that the translation of the Book of Concord has been in progress for some time, and is now gone through with for the first time ; but before it will be ready for the press, the whole will have to receive some further revision. He expects to be able to have it ready for delivery some time next summer. The object in deferring the publication is to give time to have the trans- lation as correct as possible. Dr. Henkel also stated, that inasmuch as the distinct- ive doctrines of the Lutheran Church on the Sacraments t are not generally understood by the English community, fl8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL owing to the fact, that the most of Luther's works are ex- tant only in the German and Latin languages, he therefore announces to our bod}' that he contemplates publishing a volume containing a translation into English of Luther's letter on Anabaptism, and his sermon on the subject of Baptism, in which he gives a full explanation of the whole subject of Baptism ; and also his larger confession on the Lord's Supper, which treats that subject in full. He pro- poses, if deemed expedient by Synod, to make arrangements to have the work correctly translated, and published as soon as practicable. Resolved, That the proposition of Dr. Henkel meets with the entire approbation of Synod ; and that we most cheerfully recommend the work to our churches. Whereas, in a work published by Dr. Hazelius, of Lexington, South Carolina, entitled ' The History of the American Lutheran Church,' we find erroneous statements in regard to our body; and whereas said work has been recommended to the public by various ecclesiastical bodies and religious publications ; and whereas those statements, under such circumstances, are well calculated to mislead the mind of the public and prejudice it against our body, and operate very injuriously to the cause of truth, be it therefore Resolved, That the Rev. A. Henkel, J. Stirewalt, J. Killian, Dr. S. G. Henkel, and Mr. Socrates Henkel, be appointed a committee to examine the statements referred to, and correct such errors as they may notice therein ; and that they request the editors of the Lutheran Standard, Lutheran Observer, and such other papers as ma)' be deemed expedient, to publish such corrections in connection with this preamble and resolution. The committee, composed of J. R. Moser, H. Wetzel, S. G. Henkel, and T. Moser, appointed to report on the subject of entering into a friendly correspondence with the Western Virginia Synod, handed in the following report." 'We, the committee appointed to report on the subject LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. II9 ■of entering into a friendly correspondence with the Western Virginia Synod, submit the following. We find the following papers having reference to the subject : No. 1 is a letter to Synod, by Rev. A. J. Brown, in which he states that he received a letter from the Rev. E. Hawkins, a member of the Western Virginia Synod, on this subject, which he refers, together with his answer to the same, to our Synod, for their action. No. 2 is the above-named letter of Rev. E. Hawkins to brother Brown, the object of which is the establishment of a friendly correspondence between our Synod and the Western Virginia Synod, by a reciprocal interchange of delegates between the two Synods. No. 3 is brother Brown's answer to Rev. Hawkins letter, in which he gives his views on this subject. No. 4 is a petition from St. Paul's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, stating that the petitioners ' are opposed to any union of energies and resources between us and the New Lutherans, except on the condition that they first re- nounce all their Anti-Lutheran doctrines, measures, &c. ' After mature deliberation on this subject, your com- mittee would recommend the following resolution for the adoption of Synod : Resolved, That, although it would afford us the highest gratification, and we most sincerely desire to see those who are one with us in name, also united in doctrine and prac^ tice ; and in that case, would most cheerfully unite and co-operate with them in such measures as are calculated to advance and promote the cause of truth ; yet, we wish it to be distinctly understood, that however much a union is desired, it can only be effected upon the assurance of a strict adherence to the doctrines and usages of our Church, as set forth in its Symbols ; and until we can have this assurance, we, on our part, can consent to no such union. Unanimously adopted. Resolved, That we rejoice to learn that some of our f20 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL German Lutheran brethren in the West, have formed them- selves into a Synod, called "The German Evangelical Lu- theran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States," and that they are publishing a German paper, styled " Der Lutheraner" which is devoted to the promulgation and defence of the primitive doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church ; to which paper we would call the attention of our German brethren." Deacon Denis D. Swaney was ordained to the pastoral office, and applicant David M. Henkel to that of Deacon. Mr. Daniel Efird was received as a theological student. The number of baptisms, as reported, is 430 infants, 26 adults, and 5 slaves, and that of confirmation, 252. Synod adjourned to meet in Beck's Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, October 20, 1849. Obituary of Rev. Nehemiah Bonham. — "The following is an ab- stract of the facts collected by the Rev. George Easterly and D. For- ester, in relation to our departed brother in Christ, the Rev. N. Bonham : The Rev. N. Bonham was born on the 1st day of November, 1765. He studied theology under the care of the Rev. Paul Henkel, and received license to preach in the year 1790, being 25 years of age ; and in the year 1791 he was ordained pastor by the Rev. John George Butler, a member of the Maryland and Virginia Synod. In the year 1824, he attached himself to the Tennessee Synod, and continued an active member of the same until the year 1844, when he was thrown from his carriage and severely wounded, by which he was disabled from rendering further services to the church, as he never recovered from the injuries he received by the fall. He departed this life on the 5th of November, 1846 ; aged 81 years and 4 days, of which about 54 years had been devoted to the ministry. His death was lamented by an affectionate wife and eight children, and also by the little flock which he had gathered at Morning Star Church, Haywood County, North Carolina, at which place his remains were solemnly deposited." Twenty-ninth Session. This meeting convened in Beck's Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, October 20, 1849. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 121 Rev. J. R. Peterson was elected secretary, with Rev. P. C. Henkel as assistant. The following will present, in brief, the more special proceedings of this convention : Christian Moretz, Jr., was received as a student of theology. ' ' Whereas the Rev. George Easterly has withdrawn himself from this body since the last session of our Synod, by forming a body in Tennessee, which styles itself ' The Reorganized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ;' and whereas the said body, in its proceedings, has charged our Synod with violating its constitution, according to ' their opinion;' be it therefore Resolved i. That the name of the Rev. G. Easterly be no longer retained in our clerical catalogue ; and 2. That so soon as the said body shall have clearly pointed out in what respect our Synod has violated its con- stitution, we shall proceed to meet the charge." On petition, St. Paul's Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, was received into connection with this Synod. At a called session of a portion of the ministers of Synod, held in Emmanuel's Church, New Market, Virginia, September n, 1849, Deacon David M. Henkel was ordained to the office of Pastor. As far as reported, 631 infants and 44 adults were baptized, and 295 persons confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, Green County, Tennessee, on Saturday before the third Sunday of September, 1850. Thirtieth Session. This session met in Solomon's Church, Green County, Tennessee, September 14, 1850. After the election of a president, Rev. J. R. Peterson was appointed secretary. Union Church, Washington County, Tennessee, and 122 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Winkler's Church, Burk County, North Carolina, were re- ceived into Synod. On petition, St. Paul's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, which had been withdrawn from Synod, contrary to its will, by its delegate, at the time Rev. Adam Miller, in October, 1846, withdrew from Synod, was received back into Synod again. St. John's Church, in the same county, which had been withdrawn from Synod, in a similar man- ner, at the same time, was also received back into Synod. Rev. U. Forester not considering himself properly a member of Synod, it was ordered that his name be no longer continued in its clerical catalogue. It was also resolved, that, in the future, the number of the congregations and of the communicants be also included in the parochial report. After submitting to the usual examinations, Deacons Adam Efird and Thomas Crouse were ordained as Pastors, and applicants Daniel Efird, James Fleenor, and J. B. Emmert as Deacons. With respect to the case of the Rev. Adam Miller, who withdrew from the Synod in October, 1846, which resulted in an effort to form what was erroneously called the ' ' Re- organized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod," the Committee on Letters, among other things, reported the following : ' ' No. 5 are the proceedings of the third meeting of the 'Associate Council' of the Lutheran churches of Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston Counties, North Carolina, which assembled at Salem Church, Lincoln, North Carolina, on Friday, the 2d of August, 1850, in which they state that every honorable effort was made to acquit the Rev. A. Miller of the charge of adultery preferred against him, but that all resulted in an entire failure, and did not render his innocence even probable. They also show, to some extent, the futility of the proceedings of the pretended ' Reorgan- ized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod,' and the falsity of its allegations preferred against our Synod. They LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 23 also recommend Synod to reply to the charges made by the said ' Reorganized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ' against us." Concerning this same case, it was also ascertained that the committee, appointed to reply to and refute these charges, had done so in a very able and satisfactory manner. The reply is appended to the Minutes of this session, and covers nineteen closely printed pages. It is clear and exhaustive, and leaves no room for escape ; and in confirmation of the same position, it is followed by an appendix, signed by twelve elders who formerly belonged to the said Miller's charge. It is regretted that the reply is too long for inser- tion in this connection. At a called session of a part of the ministers of Synod, held in Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, April 7, 1850, applicant Socrates Henkel was examined, and or- dained to the office of Deacon, by Revs. Jacob Killian and Henry Wetzel. According to the report, during this year, 530 infants and 44 adults were baptized, and 212 confirmed. The time and place fixed for the next meeting were, Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1851, and Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia. During this decade, there were sixteen applicants for the ministry; sixteen were ordained to the office of Deacon, and fourteen to that of Pastor ; one minister withdrew from Synod, the names of two ministers were discontinued from the clerical catalogue, and two died; 6,576 infants, 442 adults, and 28 slaves were baptized, and 2,828 persons were confirmed. It should be kept in view that the reports were not generally full. FOURTH DECADE. Thirty-first Session. Synod met in its thirty-first convention in Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, October 4-10, 1851. f24 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Rev. Jacob Killian was elected president, and Rev. H. Wetzel, secretary. Rev. Andrew Henkel of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio, being present as a delegate from that Synod, was received as an advisory member. Among the proceedings of this meeting, the following is of general interest : Rev. Denis D. Swaney was granted an honorable dis- charge from this Synod to the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio. The Rev. John F. Campbell appeared and presented credentials as a delegate from the "Lutheran Synod of Vir- ginia," to this convention of our Synod. But inasmuch as the Synod of Virginia, at her sessions in 1838 and 1839, passed resolutions, denouncing the ministers of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and misrepresenting her doctrines, and warned the vacant churches in Virginia against them ; and inasmuch as these resolutions were cal- culated to excite the public mind against our ministers and the doctrines of the Lutheran Church, where they are not known ; it was therefore Resolved, That we cannot consistently with a sense of duty to ourselves, as an Evangelical Lutheran Synod, re- ceive delegates from the Virginia Synod, until they render us justice by rescinding the aforenamed resolutions, and give us evidence of their strict adherence to the doctrines contained in the Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. After the Rev. Mr. Campbell could not be received as a delegate, he was invited by the President to a seat as an honorary member, which he cordially accepted. The Committee on Letters submitted the following, which was received and adopted : Number five is a letter from Prof. Reynolds, directed to Rev. Andrew Henkel, delegate to this Synod from the Joint Synod of Ohio, with the request that he present this Synod with its contents, — in which he expresses a desire to see a LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 125. closer and more efficient union between the Tennessee and Ohio Synods, which have the same doctrinal basis, than that which now exists, or can be effected by simply adopt- ing a system of an interchange of delegates, and suggests several methods by which he thinks this union can be effected. He also expresses a desire that this Synod should increase her efforts to extend the circulation of the Lutheran Standard and Evangelical Review, among her members. Your committee are gratified to learn, through the interesting and fraternal communication of Prof. Reynolds, that our brethren in Ohio wish to approach us in a closer connection in reference to energies and resources, to promote the cause and welfare of the Church in general.. Your committee beg leave, therefore, to submit the following resolutions : Resolved 1. That in reference to a closer and more effi- cient connection between the Joint Synod of Ohio and this Synod, it is deemed inexpedient for Synod at present to propose any plan further than that of sending delegates. 2. That Synod repeat her former recommendation of the Lutheran Standard, and that our ministers use their influence with their members to increase its circulation. 3. That inasmuch as the Evangelical Review calls forth some of the ablest expositions of the doctrines of our Church, and also exposes contrary doctrines, Synod recommends it to the clergy particularly, and the public in general, who wish to become acquainted with the controverted points of doctrine. Melanchthon Church, Randolph County, North Caro- lina, was received into Synod. Dr. S. G. Henkel, one of the publishers of the " Book of Concord" in the English language, now informed Synod that that work is completed and ready for delivery. A committee was appointed to report, at some future stage of this meeting, on the above publication of the Book of Concord. Committee — Rev. Messrs. Wm. Hancher, J. Killian, 126 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL A. Henkel, of Ohio, H. Goodman, A. Efird, and CoL Hedick. At the proper time, the committee submitted the fol- lowing report : "The committee to whom the duty was assigned to re- port on the Book of Concord, lately published by Solomon D. Henkel and Brothers, beg leave to report : That the short space of time allotted them, together with a sense of their inadequacy to judge upon a work so important as the one assigned, would induce them to sus- pend their judgment in regard to the correctness of the translation ; but that the work is otherwise well executed, and its contents such, as to be of inestimable value to all who desire a thorough acquaintance with the doctrines and usages of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. And 7 although the committee beg leave, for the reasons above assigned, to suspend their individual judgment upon the translation, yet, from the knowledge they have of the literary attain- ments and abilities of the translators, and the reviser of the translation, they would not hesitate a moment to say, that they believe it fully expresses the sense of the original in which it was written. And the committee beg leave further to state, — That, considering the peculiarly critical condition in which the Lutheran community is placed at this time, and also the great importance of the undertaking, together with the unavoidable expense it incurred, they are con- strained to say, that the Church should feel herself under deep obligations to the individuals engaged in the above. We, the committee, beg leave to recommend the fol- lowing resolutions : Resolved i . That this Synod owe a deep sense of grati- tude to the brethren who were engaged in the above arduous work ; and that her thanks be herewith tendered to them. Resolved 2. That she earnestly recommend this work to all her ministers in particular, and their members in general. Resolved 3. That these recommendations be extended WTHE^RAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 27 'to all who call themselves Lutheran ministers, throughout the Lutheran Church,, and the community in general. Resolved 4. That the above report and resolutions be published in the Lutheran Standard, and that the Secretary forward a copy of the same to the Rev. C. Spielmann for that purpose." Received and adopted unanimously. Dr. S. G. Henkel informed Synod that the work, "Luther on the Sacraments," which he announced to Synod in 1848, (see Minutes of 1848, page 7,) is now in progress of publication, and will be out by next meeting of this Synod. He also informed Synod that Luther's Large and Small Catechisms, in one i2mo. volume, are in course of publication, and will be ready for delivery in a few months. Resolved, That Synod learns with much pleasure, and feelings of gratitude to the publisher, the nearness of com- pletion of the above named works. The firm of Solomon D. Henkel & Brothers, New Market, Virginia, consisted of four brothers, namely, Dr. Samuel Godfrey, Mr. Siram P., Mr. Solomon D., and Dr. Solon P. C. Henkel. They were sons of Dr. Solomon Henkel, who was a son of Rev. Paul Henkel. Of this firm, Dr. Samuel Godfrey Henkel made all the necessary arrangements to secure correct translations of these works, as well as to assure their publication in an English dress. The best authenticated copies of the origi- nal works had to be obtained for use in the translations. He had the general supervision and management of the translations during their progress and completion, and superintended the matter as it passed through the press. The undivided gratitude of the Church is due this firm in view of such untiring efforts and labors in presenting these works to the public in the English language. Whilst, as a physician and surgeon, he had few supe- riors in the State, be was a zealous Christian, of respectable attainments in English, German, and Latin, as well as a good practical printer, well up in Lutheran theology and 128 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL general literature, always taking a deep interest in the Church, — a man of sound judgment, with indomitable en- ergy and untiring zeal. He was very familiar with the German language, and spoke it fluently. The following is what he says relative to this matter, in the prefaces to the first and second editions of the Christian Book of Concord : "The Book of Concord, comprising the Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, has as yet enjoyed but a limited circulation in the United States. Wrapped in the obscurities of its original languages, — the 'Latin and Ger- man, — that venerable production of the Reformation has been left to slumber almost entirely in silence and neglect. Numerous causes have contributed to prolong this neglect. The descendants of German emigrants in America, have never cultivated the language and literature of their fathers with due interest ; many of them are unable to read German ; while many, able to read, and occupying elevated stations, have never manifested a laudable zeal for the doctrines of the Church. The most obvious cause, however, seems to be, that the larger portion of Lutherans in America, are accustomed to read the English language only, and conse- quently have never had an opportunity to appreciate the value of their Symbols. Yet, we cherish the anticipation of a brighter day in the Lutheran Church. In a land of freedom, of science, and art, where the generous spirit of political wisdom en- courages the exercise of reason, and guards the decisions of conscience ; where industry, energy, and enterprise, though daily attaining fresh prospects of future improvement, are continually unburying the sacred treasures of the past, we believe that the doctrines of our Church will ultimately be reclaimed, and that men of our western clime will enter into the investigation of these doctrines with all the avidity natural to a love for the truth. That these doctrines and these principles of immutable truth, are congenial with the tastes and feelings of the American mind, we may fearlessly LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 29 deduce from recent facts. Within the last few years, the Book of Concord and Luther's House-Sermons have been reprinted in this country; and several of Luther's works have lately been translated into the English language, and circulated extensively. It was, therefore, reasonable to presume, that a faithful translation of the Book of Concord into the English lan- guage, was demanded by the necessities of the times, and would effectually co-operate with these laudable exertions. Partial translations indeed of the Augsburg Confession had been made at different times ; but it had never been fully rendered into English until 1831, when a translation was completed by the Rev. Charles Henkel, assisted by Pro- fessor Schmidt, of Columbus Seminary, Ohio ; and several small fragments from the Book of Concord, were subse- quently translated by others. At the urgent solicitation of many zealous members of the Church, we announced, October 9th, 1845, our resolu- tion to procure a correct English version of the entire work, and publish it as soon as practicable. Since that period no time or labor has been spared to fulfill our promise. We have had to engage the talents not only of men familiar with the Lutheran doctrine, as well as with the German and English languages, but, in consequence of the obsolete style in which the German copy of this work was originally written, we have constantly had recourse to men who were able to consult the Latin copy whenever it was requisite. And here we feel bound in justice to the indus- try and valuable abilities of those who contributed their friendly aid, to specify the several portions furnished by each. The Augsburg Confession, the Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Appendix, and the Articles of Visitation, in a version purely literal, were furnished by the Rev. Ambrose and Socrates Henkel. The Large Catechism was transla- ted, in the same manner, by the Rev. J. Stirewalt ; the Epitome by the Rev. H. Wetzel ; and the Declaration by the Rev. J. R. Moser. The Small Catechism was copied 130 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL mainly from the translation by the Rev. David Henkel, published in 1827. Much assistance in reviewing the proof- sheets throughout the publication of the work, was rendered by Joseph Salyards, Principal of the New Market Academy, who has long cultivated the study of science and general literature ; and he likewise furnished translations of all the Prefaces, from the Latin, and of the Historical Introduction, from the German. All these translations when collected, were carefully compared with the original by the Rev. Ambrose Henkel, and afterwards, with the exception of the Historical Intro- duction and the Prefaces, were revised, transcribed, and prepared for the press by the Rev. Socrates Henkel. We have derived considerable assistance, too, in the progress of the work, from the Rev. L. Eichelberger. The principal translations were made from the German edition of 1 790, published at Leipsic ; and, being favored by the Rev. C. P. Krauth, with a copy of the original German Dresden edition of 1580, we were enabled to com- pare them with that also. The Latin copy, to which uni- form reference was made in comparing the translations, was that published by Hase in 1846 ; and from this the Prefaces were all translated. Whenever the German copy presented insuperable obscurities, recourse was also had to this edition in numerous passages. The Appendix was taken from the German and Latin edition published by Muller, printed at Stuttgard, 1848, from which the Historical Introduction was also translated. Deeming it most compatible with the nature of the work, — the subjects being chiefly of a didactic and doctrinal character, — we have endeavored throughout to preserve as just and uniform a medium as possible, between a transla- tion purely literal, and one which admits all the freedom and elegance of English composition. We have labored to be faithful, and yet not to offend the fastidious ear. We have been anxious to preserve the serious tone and spirit of the pious original. But, as imperfection is the fate of all LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 131 human efforts, the candid reader will no doubt discover many inaccuracies. Any friendly suggestion, therefore, pointing out such defects, will be received with gratitude, and enable us to render a second edition more worthy of an intelligent public. May our labors be the instrument, in the hands of Providence, for promoting an acquaintance with the Book of Concord, the norm of all genuine Lutherans since 1580, and for extending the doctrines taught by the illustrious Reformer ! In presenting the second edition of the Book of Concord in the English language, the publishers take pleasure in announcing that the whole work has again been carefully revised and compared with the original text. The first edition, though containing many imperfections, met never- theless with a kind reception in the church ; which induced the publishers to use every effort that seemed necessary to bring the work to greater perfection. Accordingly, before publishing a second edition, the talents of individuals, known as literary men and prominent theologians in the Church, were engaged, who were requested to revise the work, comparing it with the original, not changing however the language of the first edition more than would be found necessary to render it a good translation ; and to these gentlemen sincere acknowledgments are due for a vast number of valuable suggestions. The Augsburg Confession was revised by Rev. C. P. Krauth, D. D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, Pa.; the Apology, by Rev. W. F. Lehmann, Professor of Theology, Columbus, Ohio ; the Smalcald Articles, by Rev. Wm. M. Reynolds, D. D., President of Capital University, Ohio; Luther's Small and Large Cate- chisms, by Rev. J. G. Morris, D. D., Baltimore, Md.; and the Formula of Concord and Catalogue of Testimonies, by Rev. C. F. Schaeffer, D. D., Easton, Pa. The Historical Introduction was also carefully compared and revised by 132 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the original translator ; and every attention was given by the publishers to have the corrections faithfully attended to; thus they feel confident, that the English translation of the Book of Concord will meet that encouragement from the Church, which her Symbols originally received." After sustaining a satisfactory examination, Deacon Socrates Henkel was ordained to the office of Pastor. Synod adjourned to meet in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on the first Sunday of October, 1852. The Parochial Report presents the following: 68 churches, 3,329 communicants, 604 infant baptisms, 5 slaves, and 37 adults, and 250 confirmations. Thirty-second Session. Pursuant to adjournment, Synod met in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, October 2-7, 1852. The election of officers resulted in favor of Revs. Jacob Killian, president; A. J. Brown, secretary; and A. Efird, treasurer. The usual routine business received proper attention. At the request of petitioners, Salem, St. Peter's (Piny Woods), St. Paul's, Zion's, St. Jacob's, St. John's, St. Peter's, and Bethlehem Churches, South Carolina, and Lingel's, Caldwell County, North Carolina, were received in connection with Synod. The President gave notice that, at some future time, he would introduce resolutions in regard to ministerial support. Rev. J. K. Hancher gave notice that he would intro- duce resolutions in regard to ministerial education. Rev. A.J. Brown gave notice that, at some future period, he would introduce resolutions relative to the establishment of a Literary Institution and Missionary operations. With respect to this, it was Resolved 1. That the Synod devise some plan for the establishment of a Literary Institution, which will not con- flict with our present Constitution. ^LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 133 Resolved 2. That, in reference to Beneficiary Education J and Missionary operations, societies for these purposes be/ formed disconnected with this Synod. The President, Rev. J. Killian, introduced the follow- ing preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted. Whereas, it not unfrequently occurs that the amount of salary promised and paid to the pastor by his congrega- tions, or charge, is so limited, either by reason of the negli- gence or inability of his church members, that he is driven by the force of circumstances to devote a considerable portion of his time to other pursuits than those of the ministry, to procure for himself and family the necessaries and comforts of life, — thereby greatly diminishing his usefulness as the spiritual shepherd of Christ's flock ; — and whereas we be- lieve that each congregation or charge that possesses the ability to do so, is morally bound to make reasonable pro- visions for the temporal wants of their ministers ; for the Holy Scriptures declare that, "If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great matter that we should reap your carnal things ?" " The laborer is worthy of his hire. "Even so hath Christ the Lord ordained, that they which preach the Gospel, should live of the Gospel." Therefore, with a view to the expression of the convictions of this Synod, on this subject, we do hereby adopt the following resolutions : Resolved 1. That we view with feelings of deep regret and mortification, the extremely low views entertained by too many of our church members in reference to the ade- quate support of the ministry, and the importance of meeting punctually their engagements to its maintenance. Resolved 2. That, as a Synod, we entertain the belief that those congregations which withhold from their minis- ter his just dues, have no Scriptural grounds to hope for, much less to expect the blessings of a righteous and just God to descend upon them, whilst keeping back "the wages of him that is hired," as their spiritual shepherd. # 134 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Resolved 3. That the congregations which entertain enlightened views upon this subject, and manifest by their practice a disposition to conform to justice, the demands of Christian liberality and correct moral principle, are enti- tled to our praise and gratitude as a Synod ; and we do most devoutly pray that God may bless them abundantly in all their efforts to elevate the standard of piety and Christian obligation. After sustaining a regular examination, Deacon Daniel Efird was ordained to the pastoral office, and applicants James E. Seneker, John Seneker, Christian Moretz, Jr., and Adam Fleenor, were ordained to the office of Deacon. After a long and interesting discussion in reference to the establishment of a Diterary Institution within the bounds of our Synod, it was Resolved 1. That the ministers of this Synod be re- quested to take the sense of the members of their respective congregations as to the propriety and practicability or im- practicability of establishing a Literary Institution within the bounds of our Synod, disconnected with the Synod, and that they report to the next session of our Synod. Resolved 2. Further, that this Synod appoint an Edu- cational Convention, to meet, at the time and place of the next meeting of the Synod, and that the congregations in connection with this Synod be advised to appoint their delegates to Synod, delegates also to the Convention, and that a committee be appointed to devise a plan for the estab- lishment of a Literary Institution, and also to prepare a Constitution for its government. The President appointed Revs. P. C. Henkel, A. J. Fox, J. R. Peterson, and D. M. Henkel, as the committee. During this year, the Parochial Report shows 97 con- gregations, 4,131 communicants, 637 infants, 26 adults, and 30 slaves were baptized, and 179 persons confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, Sul- livan County, Tennessee, on Friday before the third Sunday in October, 1853. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 35 Thirty -third Session. This session assembled in Emmanuel's Church, Sulli- van County, Tennessee, on Friday before the third Sunday of October, 1853. Revs. Ambrose Henkel was chosen president, J. R. Peterson, secretary, and J. Stirewalt, treasurer. The usual business was transacted. The committee, Revs. J. Stirewalt, J. M. Wagner, A. J. Brown, and Ambrose Henkel, to whom were referred the resolutions of the Pennsylvania Synod, in reference to union with the General Synod, together with the accompanying letter of the committee appointed to transmit them to the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, suggesting to our Synod the propriety of uniting with them, in the "General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the United States," examined the said papers carefully, and respect- fully submitted the following : Whereas, we regard the Unaltered Augsburg Confes- sion as the authorized and universally acknowledged Symbol of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and consequently the belief and acknowledgment of it, in its entireness, as essen- tial to the existence of Lutheranism in its integrity; and whereas we profess, in our Synodical Constitution, to be- lieve the doctrines of the Christian system, as exhibited in this Symbol, and have pledged ourselves to teach according to it; and, whereas the doctrinal position of the General Synod, as we understand it, is only a qualified acknowledg- ment of the Augsburg Confession, as we think is evident : a) From the Constitution of this body, in which there is no clause binding its members to teach according to the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and not even a distinct mention of this instrument. b) From the Constitution recommended by the General Synod to the District Synods connected with it. c) From the form of oath required of Professors in its Theological Seminary, when inducted into office. 136 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL d) From the construction placed upon its Constitution by the framer of that instrument, and other prominent mem- bers of it. e) From the various publications made by distinguished members of the General Synod, in which distinctive doc- trines of our Church Confessions are openly assailed, and for doing which, they have never been called to account. Be it therefore Resolved 1. That we cannot, under existing circum- stances, take any steps towards a union with the General Synod. Resolved 2. That we duly appreciate the motives which prompted the Pennsylvania Synod to invite us to unite with them in the General Synod, and shall ever be thankful to this body for any advice which it may see proper to give, or any suggestions which it may make to us, and will calmly and prayerfully consider them, but at all times act according to the dictates of our own judgment. Resolved 3. That we have witnessed, with heartfelt gratitude to the Great Head of the Church, the revival of increased attachment to our excellent doctrinal standards, and particularly the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and the open and decided stand taken in favor and support of them by distinguished sons of the Church, and even by prominent members of the General Synod. Resolved 4. That we are encouraged to hope that the time may yet come, when all in this country, professing Lutheranism, and having departed from the doctrines of the Church, will return to her confessional standards, and that we will continue to labor and pray with increased energy and faith and zeal, for the accomplishment of this great and desirable object. Resolved 5. That our Secretary send a copy of these resolutions to the Pennsylvania Synod. Relative to the petitions from Illinois, Indiana, Mis- souri, and Arkansas, it was Resolved, That, inasmuch as Rev. J. B. Emmert has it in contemplation to perform a LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 37 visit to the West, and Rev. J. K. Haneher has conditionally promised to visit some of the petitioners, these brethren be requested to give them proper attention. In the report of the committee on letters we notice the following : No. 10 is a letter from Rev. A. Biewend, a member of the Missouri Synod, in which he informs us that he was appointed a delegate to this body, but that, owing to inter- vening circumstances, he was prevented attending. He also expresses the hope and desire that a more intimate acquaintance may be formed between these two bodies. Your committee would recommend the following for adoption : Resolved 1 . That we duly appreciate the kind regard of the Missouri Synod, and that we also desire a more intimate acquaintance with them, and that we appoint Rev. J. R. Moser a delegate to the next session of that Synod. 2. In reference to all papers addressed to this Synod, relative to the establishment of a Literary Institution within the bounds and under the patronage of this Synod, we recommend the following : Whereas, this subject was, by the last session of Synod, referred to a convention, to be held for the purpose of considering the propriety and practicability of such a move,, be it, therefore, Resolved, That this subject requires no further action from this body, and that the committee appointed to devise a plan for the establishment of a Literary Institution, and to prepare a Constitution for its government, be discharged. After the usual examination, Deacons James Fleenor and J. B. Emmert were ordained as pastors. The Parochial Report shows 75 congregations, 5,049 communicants, 782 infants, 78 adults, and 16 slaves bap- tized, and 588 confirmed. St. Peter's (Piny Woods) Church, Lexington District, South Carolina, was agreed upon as the place, and Saturday 138 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL before the first Sunday in November, 1854, as the time for the next meeting. The following Appendix to the Minutes of the Tennes- see S3 T nod is of interest to the Church : "As Secretary of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, for the last Synodical year, I have received the fol- lowing communications for the Synod, since the adjournment of its last session. 1. A letter from Rev. R. A. Fink, Secretary of the 'Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Virginia,' communicating certain resolutions of rescission, passed by that body, in reference to the Tennessee Synod, which I give entire, together with the preamble. ' Whereas, it is desirable for the good of our Lutheran Zion, and the cause of our Lord Jesus Christ, that unit)' and fraternal love should characterize all our relations as Lutherans — therefore, ' Resolved, That the resolutions of this Synod, passed at its meeting in 1838 and 1839, in regard to the Tennessee Synod, and contained on the Minutes of our Synod, are hereby rescinded. ' Resolved, further, That, as far as possible, we will seek to cultivate fraternal relations with our brethren of the Tennessee Synod, and that a delegate be appointed to said body to represent this Synod in its next annual convention in 1854. 'Resolved, That our Secretary be instructed to for- ward a copy of these resolutions to the said Tennessee Synod.' 2. A letter from Rev. Messrs. Theo. Brohm and A. Hoyer, who had been appointed delegates from 'The German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States,' to the recent session of our Synod. As the letter is both interesting and encouraging, I give it in full. lutheran tennessee synod. 1 39 New York and Philadelphia, October 6, 1853. Reverend and Dear Brethren : — Animated by an ardent desire to cherish the unity in spirit with all true Lutherans wherever, the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States, at her last annual meeting at Cleveland, Ohio, had appointed the undersigned as delegates to attend your synodical meeting and to deliver her fraternal greet- ings. But after having learned the place where your Synod is to meet this year, we regret to be precluded, by the great distance, and other local difficulties, from the great pleasure of carrying out our commission, both honorable and agreea- ble to us, as a greater sacrifice of time would be required than we can properly answer for to our respective congre- gations. In order to compensate this want of personal attend- ance, we take the liberty, with consent of our president, to address your reverend body by these few lines, assuring you of our fraternal love and sympathy, founded upon the con- viction, that it is one and the same faith which dwells in you and in us. We are highly rejoiced in this vast desert and wilderness, to meet a whole Lutheran Synod steadfastly holding to the precious Confessions of our beloved church, and zealously engaged in divulging the unaltered doctrines and principles of the Reformation among the English portion of Lutherans, by translating the standard writings of our Fathers, at the same time firmly resisting the allurements of those who say they are Lutherans, and are not. Our synod extends, through our instrumentality, the hand of fraternity to you, not fearing to be refused, and ardently desires, however separated from you by different language and local interests, to co-operate with you, hand in hand, in rebuilding the walls of our dilapidated Zion. We are authorized to beseech your venerable Synod, to delegate as many of your members as you may deem proper, to our synodical meeting, to be held next year at St. Louis, 140 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL promising hereby a friendly and hospitable reception. — Should your Synod next year assemble at a place easier accessible, and more convenient to us, we, or they whom our synod ma}- appoint, shall not fail to attend. Praying that the Lord may vouchsafe to replenish your reverend body with the spirit of truth, wisdom, zeal, love, and peace, and bless your deliberations for the glorification of His holy name, we remain, dear brethren, with sincere respect and love, your co-laborers in the vineyard of the Lord. THEO. BROHM, A. HOYER, of Philadelphia. 3. A copy of the Minutes of the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States, for 1853. A. J. BROWN. November 3, 1853." Thirty-fourth Session. Synod assembled in St. Peter's (Piny Woods) Church, Lexington District, South Carolina, on Saturday before the first Sunday in November, 1854. The election for officers resulted in favor of Rev. A. J. Brown, president; Rev. J. R. Peterson, secretary; and Rev. J. M. Wagner, treasurer. The usual business received proper attention. On regular application, Salem Church, Alexander County, North Carolina, and Emmanuel Church, Lexington District, South Carolina, were received into Synod. On learning that the Virginia Synod had rescinded the resolutions it had passed against this Synod in 1838 and 1839, it was resolved, that Synod rejoices to learn that the Virginia Synod has at length done our Synod the justice to rescind its former obnoxious resolutions ; and that, in view of this fact, we will endeavor to cultivate a feeling of fraternal regard for the Virginia Synod. Rev. Theodore Brohm, of the Synod of Missouri, Ohio, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 14I and other States, was introduced to Synod, and received as a corresponding member by this body. Rev. G. Dreher and Michael Rauch, of the Lutheran Church, were received as advisory members. The Rev, Theodore Brohm, of the Missouri Synod, being present, the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted : Whereas, the Rev. Theodore Brohm, of the city of New York, delegate of the Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States, has appeared amongst us, and we are assured from personal interviews with him, as well as from other sources of information, that the Synod which he represents adheres strictly to the doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as exhibited in her confessional standards, and are zealously and actively engaged in promoting the interests of the Redeemer's kingdom ; be it, therefore, Resolved 1. That we are highly gratified to see brother Brohm in our midst. Resolved 2. That we fully and cheerfully reciprocate the kind and fraternal feelings expressed and manifested towards us by the Missouri Synod. Resolved 3. That we will endeavor to cultivate a more intimate acquaintance and a closer union with the Missouri Synod. Resolved 4. That, for this purpose, Rev. Socrates Hen- kel be appointed a delegate from this body to the Eastern division of the Missouri Synod, to be held in Baltimore ; and that Rev. J. R. Moser be appointed our delegate to the Western division of said Synod, at its next session. Mr. Julius L- Stirewalt having been ordained to the office of Deacon by Revs. A, Henkel and H. Wetzel, his name was ordered to be inserted in the clerical roll. In answer to petitions from time to time addressed to this body, it was Resolved 1. That a committee be appointed to devise a plan for the division of this Synod into district synods, and report to next meeting of Synod. I42 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Committee — Rev. Messrs. P. C. Henkel, J. R. Peterson, A. Henkel, H. Wetzel, A. J. Brown, and Wm. Haneher. Resolved 2. That Rev. S. Henkel collect and preserve the archives of this Synod. According to the Parochial Report, 7*22 infants, 27 adults, and 15 slaves were baptized, and 251 persons were confirmed during the year. Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, on Friday before the third Sunday in September, 1855. Thirty -fifth Session. This convention met in Emmanuel's Church, New Market, Virginia, September 14, 1855. Revs. A. J. Brown was elected president; J. Killian, secretary; and S. Henkel, treasurer. Besides the usual transactions of this meeting, the following business deserves notice : Rev. Spielmann, President of Capital University, Colum- bus, Ohio, the delegate appointed to this body by the Western District Synod of Ohio, was introduced to Synod, and invited to a seat and vote. Rev. J. P. Cline, of the Virginia Synod, was invited to a seat as an advisory member. Rev. Martin Sondhaus, having presented an honorable dismission from the Pennsylvania Synod to this body, was received as a member. The name of Rev. Joel Swartz, (now Rev. Joel Swartz, D. D.,) having been ordained by Rev. Socrates Henkel and Rev. D. M. Henkel, was ordered to be enrolled in the clerical catalogue. On petition from the Lima charge, in Allen County, Ohio, Rev. Paul J. Stirewalt was ordained to the office of Pastor. Phanuel's Church, Rockingham County, and Bethlehem Church, Augusta County, Virginia, were received into Synod. For reasons regarded as sufficient, it was resolved, that LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 43 the name of Rev. Joseph W. Hull be erased from the clerical catalogue, and that he be no longer regarded as a minister of this Synod. In answer to petitions and letters in reference to dis- tricting this Synod, Dr. S. G. Henkel offered the following preamble and resolution, which were unanimously adopted : Inasmuch as the committee, appointed last year, to re- port a plan for districting the Synod, failed to report, and as there are letters and petitions now before Synod, in refer- ence to this matter, and which require our notice, therefore, as the best answer we can return for the present, be it Resolved, That, in order to meet the inconveniences which seem to present themselves for want of some annual meeting of our clergy, where young men may be examined and ordained, and also to give an opportunity to interchange views in reference to the wants of the church, and also to give occasion for united efforts in preaching — we would recommend that the members of this Synod, who reside near enough to each other for that purpose, hold some annual meeting, according to their own appointment, where they may transact such matters as would not seem to call for the united iadvice of Synod. This meeting might be termed a Special Conference. Rev. D. M. Henkel asked for a letter of honorable dis- mission, which was granted. Dr. S. G. Henkel submitted the following proposition for the consideration of this body : Inasmuch as the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod has been instrumental in bringing before the Lu- theran Church in the United States her fundamental doc- trines, by the translation of her Symbols into the English language, would it not, in order that her doctrines be brought before the Church more fully, be advisable that Luther's Church Postil be translated into the English language ? If it meet the approbation of Synod, I propose, as soon 144 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL as practicable, to procure a correct translation of that work r and to publish it in two octavo volumes. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to report on Dr. S. G. Henkel's proposition to this body — "to publish as soon as practicable a correct English translation of Dr. Luther's Church Postil." The President appointed Revs. H. Wetzel, C. Spiel- raann, H. Goodman, and M. Sondhaus, said committee. The committee, Revs. H. Wetzel, H. Goodman, M. Sonhaus, and C. Spielmann, appointed to report on Dr. S. G. Henkel's proposition to publish a correct English translation of Luther's Church Postil, submitted the following : We, the committee appointed to report on the proposi- tion of Dr. S. G. Henkel, as to publishing Dr. Luther's Church Postil in the English language, respectfully submit the following : Being fully convinced of the great value and excellence of Luther's Church Postil, and its importance to our minis- ters and congregations, and being influenced by a desire that this great work be made accessible also to our English ministers and church members, be it Resolved i. That we learn with joy that Dr. S. G. Hen- kel contemplates publishing Luther's Church Postil in the English language. Resolved 2. That we will do all that we can to encourage lind assist Dr. Henkel in this enterprise. This report was received and adopted. Dr. S. G. Henkel now addressed the Synod on the necessity and importance of giving an expression in regard to ministerial support. Whereupon, the following com- mittee was appointed to report in reference to this subject. Committee — Dr. S. G. Henkel, John Leonard, and I. L. Wagner. The committee, appointed to report on the subject of Ministerial Support, submitted the following : Inasmuch as the ministers of the Tennessee Synod have heretofore received from their congregations a very inade- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 45 quate support, so much so, that many of them have been compelled to resort to some other employment in order to be sustained, thereby, to a great extent, destroying their usefulness in the ministry, we respectfully submit the fol- lowing resolution for adoption : Resolved, That we remind our church members, both as individuals and congregations, of the teaching of the Word of God that the laborer is worthy of his hire, and that we appeal to them as to Christians, and with a view to their own best interests and the interests of their congregations, and the perpetuity of the preaching of the Gospel among them, that they see to it that their pastors be not thus neg- lected, and left to struggle amidst pecuniary embarrass- ments. We would also assure them, unless they use more diligence in this matter, the time will come when they will be deprived of, the services of the faithful minister of the truth, and they will be visited only by wolves in sheep's clothing. On motion, the above preamble and resolution were unanimously adopted. For this year, the report shows the baptisms of 513 infants, 46 adults, and 10 slaves, and the confirmation of 244 persons. Synod adjourned to meet in Melanchthon Church, Ran- dolph County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the fourth Sunday in October, 1856. v Thirty- sixth Session, This meeting convened in Melanchthon Church, Ran- dolph County, North Carolina, October 25, 1856. The officers elected were : Revs. J. K. Hancher, presi- dent; T. Moser,- secretary; and J. M. Wagner, treasurer. Mr. Eli E. Smyre and Mr. Augustus R. Bennick were received as students of theology. Notice was then given, that, under certain conditions, petitions would be addressed to the next meeting of this body, for a dismission of the ministers and churches of our I46 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Synod in North and South Carolina, from the Tennessee Synod, with a view to the formation of a new synod. After considerable discussion, on motion, the subject of said notice was postponed until some future period of this session. On petitions, Bible's Church or Chapel, Tennessee, Friendship Church, Watauga County, North Carolina, and Zion Church, Hardy County, Virginia (now West Virginia), were received. Deacons Christian Moretz and A. Fleenor were ordained to the pastoral office, and applicant John M. Smith to that of Deacon. On motion, by Rev. C. G. Reitzel, the following pre- amble and resolution were adopted : Whereas, the destitutions of our beloved Lutheran Zion are alarmingly great, and whereas, from the North and South, East and West, the Macedonian cry is annually coming to us, "Come over and help us," and break the bread of life to us and our children. And whereas, we believe that it is the Christian's duty to make provision for his destitute and perishing brethren, be it, therefore, Resolved, That this body earnestly recommend the con- gregations connected with this Synod, to establish congre- gational treasuries, for the purpose of aiding domestic missionaries, and young men of hopeful piety and promising talents, who are laboring to qualify themselves for the work of the Gospel Ministry in the Lutheran Church, and as a means of encouragement and comfort to our destitute breth- ren, report the result of such efforts, annually, to Synod. In answer to petitions praying for a division of this body, be it Resolved, That it be made the duty of the ministers of this body, to take the vote of their respective congregations, with a view to ascertain their wishes upon this subject, and report the result to the next session of Synod ; our brethren present from Virginia concurring, and willing to form a LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 47 separate organization in their State, provided the vote should result in favor of such organization. The following brethren were appointed delegates to sister synods : Rev. M. Sondhaus, to Joint Synod of Ohio; Rev. J. Stirewalt, Northern District Synod of Ohio; Rev. J. M. Wagner, Western District Synod of Ohio ; Rev. J. R. Moser, Missouri Synod ; Rev. J. Killian, Pennsylvania Synod; Rev. H. Wetzel, Eastern District Synod of Missouri. Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Green County, Tennessee, September 26, 1857. During this year, as reported, there were 741 infants, 57 adults, and 24 slaves baptized, and 752 confirmed. Thirty- seventh Session. Synod assembled in Solomon's Church, Green County, Tennessee, September 26, 1857. Revs. A. J. Fox was elected president ; J. M. Wagner, secretary; and H. Goodman, treasurer. In regard to a division of the Synod, it was resolved, that, under existing circumstances, it is deemed inexpedient at this time. Messrs. M. J. Stirewalt, Dr. H. H. Maxwell, J. C. Barb, and J. Cloninger made application to be received under the care of Synod as students of theology. Rev. H. Wetzel then offered the following preamble and resolutions, which were adopted : Whereas, it has been customary in this Synod, when applied to, to receive under her care, as students of theology, young men ; and whereas, we wish to make this as benefi- cial to them and as safe to ourselves as possible, therefore, Resolved, That young men making application to be received under the care of this Synod, as students of theolo- gy, be examined as to the motives by which they are prompted in seeking their way into the ministry; and the extent to which they are willing to qualify themselves for this high and holy calling. 148 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Resolved, That, if any young man of good report, suit- able talents, and a willingness to qualify himself suitably for the ministry, make application as above, but has not the means to qualify himself, we then exert ourselves to secure to him the needed assistance. Resolved, That the examination be conducted by a committee of three ministers and four laymen, and that they report to Synod. Whereupon the following committee was appointed, viz.: A.J. Brown, H. Wetzel, A. J. Fox, and Messrs. Jacob Keicher, John Moser, Jacob Stephens, and Ambrose Costner. We, the committee, who were to hold a Colloquium with Messrs. Maxwell, Cloninger, Barb, and Stirewalt who made application to be taken under the care of Synod as students of theology, have attended to that duty; and would report that we were pleased with the young gentlemen, and recommend that they be received as students of theology. We were gratified to learn that Messrs. Barb and Stirewalt have made respectable progress in literature, the latter having made, in addition to the Sciences and Mathematics, considerable progress in the languages ; and that they be advised to prosecute their literary studies still further. We recommend that Mr. Maxwell prosecute his theological studies under the care of some of our older ministers. Report received and adopted. It was then Resolved, That Messrs. Stirewalt, Barb, Maxwell, and Cloninger, be received under the care of Synod as students of theology. The Committee on Minutes reported that the Northern General Synod, at its session in 1857, rescinded the resolu- tion it passed at its session in 1839, against this Synod. The following committee was appointed to revise the Liturgy of Synod: Revs. S. Heukel, J. Killian, A. Henkel, A. J. Brown, J. M. Wagner, J. K. Hancher, J. R. Peterson, and Dr. S. G. Henkel. Upon motion, the President^Rev. A. J. Fox, was added to the committee. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 149 New Jerusalem Church, Davidson County, North Caro- lina, was taken into connection with this Synod. The rules and regulations, prepared by Rev. H. Wetzel, were appended to the Minutes of this session of Synod. It was Resolved, That the President of Synod furnish Rev. Joel Swartz with a letter of honorable dismission from this Synod, with a view of joining one of the District Synods of Ohio. The following brethren were appointed delegates to sister synods : Rev. H. Goodman, to the Eastern District Synod of Ohio; Rev. J. Stirewalt, Joint Synod of Ohio ; Rev. J. K. Hancher, Western District Synod of Ohio ; Rev. A. J. Brown, Pennsylvania Synod; Rev. J. R. Moser, Missouri Synod. Deacons J. E. Seneker and J. A. Seneker were ordained to the office of Pastor. The Parochial Report shows 677 infant baptisms, 41 adult, and 21 slave, and 219 confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Zion's Church, Lexington District, South Carolina, on Friday before the third Sunday in October, 1858. Thirty -eighth Session. This convention met in Zion's Church, Lexington District, South Carolina, October 15, 1858. In the clerical catalogue of this meeting appear the names of Rev. George Schmucker and Rev. John H. Hun ton. It seems the latter was ordained during a meeting of the Special Virginia Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and the former was received into said Conference at the same time, and their names ordered to be enrolled in the clerical catalogue of the Synod. The election of officers resulted in favor of Rev. J. Killian, president; Rev. P. C. Henkel, secretary; and Rev. J. M. Wagner, treasurer. Rev. Samuel Rothrock, of the North Carolina Synod, and Revs. Prof. W. Berley and N. Aldrich, of the South 150 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Carolina Synod, were received as advisory members, and Rev. Godfrey Dreher. Whereas, there are petitions before this Synod praying for a revision of the constitution of this Synod, and whereas objections have been laid to this instrument before this meeting, be it therefore Resolved, That a convention, to be composed of all the clerical members of this body, with a lay-delegate from each congregation, be convened at Mt. Moriah Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, on Friday previous to the second Sunday in February, 1859, for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of amending or revising our present Synodical Constitution ; and, that if said con- vention can agree upon such revision or amendment, that then their action be carried by the different ministers to their respective churches, and that the same be placed be- fore them ; and that^ said congregations send up their views thereupon to this session of Synod, to be held in the year \ 1859, for her action on the same. The committee, appointed at the previous session on the revision of the Liturgy, having been relieved, Revs. A. Henkel, H. Wetzel, and S. Henkel were appointed to revise said Liturgy : The following ministers were appointed delegates to sister synods : Rev. J. Killian, to the Joint Synod of Ohio ; Rev. H. Wetzel, to the Eastern District Synod of Missouri ; Rev. J. R. Moser, to the Western District Synod of Missouri; Rev. H. Goodman, to the Eastern District Synod of Ohio. Rev. H. Wetzel was appointed to preach the opening sermon at the next session of our Synod, on the subject of Pastoral Duty. Rev. P. C. Henkel was appointed his alternate. There were, according to the report, 640 infants, 56 adults, and 29 slaves baptized, and 453 persons confirmed. Deacon John M. Smith was ordained Pastor, and M. J. Stirewalt, Deacon. Rev. J. L,. Stirewalt was granted a letter of honorable dismissal. \ LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 15 1 Synod adjourned to meet in Bethlehem Church, Au- gusta County, Virginia, on Saturday before the second Sunday in September, 1859. Thirty-ninth Session. Saturday, September 10, 1859, Synod assembled in Bethlehem Church, Augusta County, Virginia. Rev. A. Efird was elected president ; Rev. S. Henkel, secretary ; and Rev. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. Rev. C. Beard, of the Virginia Synod, was invited to a seat as an advisory member. With respect to the revision of the Constitution, the following action was taken : Whereas, the revision of the Constitution of this Synod, a matter of no little importance to the future prosperity of the congregations, in its connection, should receive mature consideration ; and, whereas, it appears from letters ad- dressed to this meeting of Synod, that the arrangement of the revision proposed by the convention appointed at the last session of Synod, is not satisfactory, be it, therefore, Resolved, That a committee be appointed, consisting of members of this session, present from the different sections of the Synod, to whom shall be referred all the papers ad- dressed to this meeting, bearing upon the subject ; and that it be made the duty of said committee to examine the re- vision prepared by the convention, to make such arrange- ment of its parts as may be deemed proper, to make such suggestions as may be considered necessary and suitable, and to report to this meeting. On motion, a committee was appointed in accordance with the resolution, consisting of the following members of Synod : Revs. A. Efird, H. Goodman, H. Wetzel, J. Killian, J. Stirewalt, J. R. Peterson, M. J. Stirewalt, J. C. Barb, S. Henkel, Dr. S. G. Henkel, and A. Koiner, Esq. The report of this committee was received and adopted, and the revision of the Constitution, as amended by this committee, was taken up, and read section by section, and 152 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL article by article, and after several slight amendments, it was adopted section by section and article by article. It was then Resolved, That the revision, as amended, be appended to the Minutes of this meeting, and that it be made the duty of all the ministers in connection with this Synod to lay the same before their respective congregations for their acceptance or rejection, and report the result of the action of the congregations to the next meeting of this Synod, that final action may be taken. Revs. J. R. Peterson, A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, A. Efird, J. Killian, A. J. Brown, and J. M. Wagner, were appointed a committee to draft by-laws and rules of order for this Synod, and report them for adoption at its next convention. ' On motion, by A. Koiner, Esq., the following preamble and resolution were passed : Whereas, Synod has heard with deep regret the inade- quacy of the support of our ministers, and the destitution of some of our congregations ; therefore, be it Resolved, That each minister of this Synod is hereby requested to preach, at least one sermon to each of his con- gregations, during the ensuing synodical year, on the duty of the congregations to give their ministers an adequate support, and also one sermon urging the claims of our desti- tute congregations, and the necessity of encouraging young men to engage in the work of the ministry. A letter of honorable dismission was granted Rev. M. Sondhaus. Deacon Miles J. Stirewalt was ordained to the office of Pastor. Q. S. Stirewalt and John S. Bennick were received as students of theology. During this synodical year, 669 infants, 38 adults, and 65 slaves were baptized, and 280 persons were confirmed. The time for the next meeting was Saturday before the LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 53 third Sunday of October, i860, and the place, St. John's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina. Fortieth Session. Synod assembled in St. John's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the third Sunday of October, i860. The officers of this session were: Revs. A. J. Fox, president; J. R. Peterson, secretary; and J. M. Smith, treasurer. On application, Bethphage Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, was received into Synod. The following ministers, belonging to the Synod and residing in the State of Tennessee, viz.: A. J. Brown, J. K. Hancher, J. C. Barb, J. M. Shaffer, , J. Cloninger, James Fleenor, and J. B. Emmert, with the congregations under their charge, laid petitions before this meeting, for an honorable dismission from this body for the purpose of forming a new synod in East Tennessee. The following is a copy of the petitions of congrega- tions praying for dismission, setting forth the reasons by which they are influenced and the principles by which they intend to be guided : To the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, to be con- vened in St. John'' s Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, 071 Saturday bejore the third Sitnday in October, i860 : Dear Brethren : — We, the members of Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, respectfully ask your reverend body to grant us an honorable dismission from the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, for the purpose of uniting with a new Lutheran synod to be formed in Ten- nessee. ■ We have not taken this step hastily and rashly, but after long and prayerful reflection. We are satisfied that if a new synod be formed in this State with proper views and feelings, upon the right basis, it will greatly conduce to the 154 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL interest of the Redeemer's Kingdom in this section of His Moral Vineyard. In taking this important step, it is proper and due as an act of respect to the parent Synod, that we should briefly set forth the considerations by which we have been influenced. i . Our Synod is scattered over so wide an extent of territory as to render it at all limes, when our Synod meets in another State, very inconvenient and expensive for our ministers and delegates to attend its annual meetings ; and, in some instances, utterly impracticable, without neglecting our domestic and private business. 2. The present arrangement in regard to the places at which Synod shall convene from time to time, is such that we cannot have a meeting of it in our own State more than once in four years, thus depriving our congregations for three successive years of whatever advantages ma5 r result from a meeting of the Synod in our midst. 3. As our Synod is at present organized, or is likely to be organized under any constitution that has been proposed for our adoption, we can transact among ourselves all the business ordinarity transacted, as well as it can be trans- acted by the whole Synod. Our principal business is to examine and ordain candidates for the ministry; and this can be done by the ministers and churches in any State connected with the Synod, and has been done by the breth- ren in Virginia for several years, and by us in Tennessee on one occasion, at our recent conference meeting. 4. The wide extent of territory over which we are scat- tered, and the great difficulty, if not the impossibility, of having all the different sections of the Church fairly and fully represented in our synodical meetings, renders it a slow process to bring to an issue any important measure in which Synod may engage. Of this we have an illustration in the attempts which have been made to revise our Synod- ical Constitution. These, dear brethren, are some of the leading consider- ations which have influenced us to the pursuance of our LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 55 present course. Others might be stated, but we deem it unnecessary. It may be proper to add, that we are by no means disaffected towards our brethren with whom we have been so long and pleasantly connected, with whom we have so often met and taken sweet counsel, and contended for the faith once delivered to the saints, and which is so clearly set forth in our venerable Augsburg Confession. Nor do we, in the formation of a new Synod, contemplate any change in the doctrinal basis upon which our Synod was organized, nearly half a century ago, and upon which she has ever since uniformly and firmly stood. Under this banner our Synod has already achieved many a signal and glorious victory, and under this she is destined still to be victorious. With this we are satisfied, and upon this we intend still to stand. In view of the considerations above stated, we flatter ourselves you will grant us an honorable dismission from your venerable body. May the unerring spirit of God guide you in all your deliberations, so that they may redound to the glory of God and to the advancement of the Redeemer's Kingdom. In answer to the above petitions, the following pream- ble and resolution were adopted by Synod : Whereas, our ministerial brethren in the State of Ten- nessee, — A. J. Brown, J. K. Hancher, J. C. Barb, J. M. Shaffer, J. Cloninger, J. Fleenor, and J. B. Emmert, with their congregations, have asked an honorable dismission from this body, with a view to the formation of a new synod in their own State, and whereas they give us the assurance, that, in taking this step, they have no other object in view than the welfare of our beloved Lutheran Zion, and the more extensive dissemination of the time-honored and heaven-blessed doctrines of our Church ; therefore, be it Resolved, That whilst we are sincerely sorry to sever the ties which have bound them to us as a part of our Synod, we feel it to be our duty to grant their request, with 156 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the fervent prayer, that the smiles and rich blessings of the Great Head of the Church may rest upon them, and that all their efforts to extend the Redeemer's Kingdom, may be crowned with abundant success. These ministers and congregations organized the synod, styled the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod of Ten- nessee. The committee, Revs. J. Killian, A. Efird, and S. Henkel, on revision of the Constitution, reported as follows : We, the committee, appointed to report on the subject of the Revised Constitution, respectfully submit the fol- lowing : Upon examination of the papers coming from congre- gations and individuals in connection with our Synod, and of the statements of the result of the vote taken in the con- gregations, in regard to the Revised Constitution, we find that some of them failed to take action in reference to this matter, as required by a resolution passed at the last meet- ing of our Synod ; and that the vote, as far as presented to Synod, resulted in favor of the revision by a very considera- ble majority. But after careful and mature consideration, your committee are constrained to believe that, in view of the present aspect of things, it is inexpedient at this time to take final action on the Revised Constitution ; and, Whereas, it might leave the impression, that the con- fessional basis, as set forth in the second article of the Revised Constitution, influenced this action ; and, whereas, this might detract from the character of the Synod for orthodoxy, and be construed as a rejection of our confes- sional basis, your committee would earnestly recommend the passage of the following resolution : be it Resolved, That this Synod adopts as its basis the fol- lowing, and that the ministers belonging to this Synod subscribe it: 1. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings of the Old and New Testaments, alone, shall be the only rule and standard of doctrine and church discipline. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 57 2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of the Holy Scriptures, in regard to faith and practice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols of the Church, — the Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, — and the Unaltered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (namely, the Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Small and Large Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of Concord) as a true and Scriptural declaration of the doc- trines taught in the said Augsburg Confession. The report was adopted. A committee, consisting of Rev. Messrs. A. J. Fox, J. M. Smith, and T. Moser, was appointed to examine and ordain brother E. E. Smyre, at Phanuel's Church, Rowan County, North Carolina. The committee, appointed at the last Synod to prepare a Code of By-Laws and Rules of Order for Synod, was con- tinued, after striking off the names of Rev. Messrs. A. J. Brown and J. M. Wagner. • The committee thus consisted of Rev. J. R. Peterson, Rev. A. J. Fox, Rev. P. C. Henkel, Rev. A. Efird, and Rev. J. Killian. A committee, consisting of Rev. A. Henkel, Rev. S. Henkel, and Dr. S. G. Henkel, was appointed to collect all historical facts relating to the confessional basis of this Synod, and report to the next meeting. According to the Parochial Report, 649 infants, 39 adults, and 29 slaves were baptized, and 452 persons were confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Lexing- ton District, South Carolina, November 9, 1861. During this decade, 19 ministers were ordained, 2 re- ceived on letters, the name of 1 was erased from the clerical roll, 3, besides those residing in Tennessee, were dismissed to other synods, 26 churches were received, 6,634 infants were baptized, 445 adults, and 244 slaves, and 3,647 persons were confirmed. These are the numbers of bap- tisms and confirmations shown by the Parochial Reports, 158' HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL which are by no means full ; perhaps, not more than two- thirds were really reported. FIFTH DECADE. Forty-first Session. Synod met in St. John's Church, Lexington District,. South Carolina, on Saturday before the second Sunday in November, 1861. The officers elected were : Revs. A. Efird, president ; J. M. Smith, secretary; and M. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. Revs. J. Moser, Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, Prof. J. M. Schreckhise, D. M. Blackwelder, and Smithdeal, of the South Carolina Synod, were received as advisory members. Rev. John H. Hunton was granted a dismission to the Pittsburgh Synod. The Committee on Rules of Order reported. The re- port was received and adopted, and ordered to be appended to the Minutes. Messrs. D. E. Fox and L,. A. Fox were received as theological students. I. Conder was ordained. A convention, having been called to meet in Salisbury, North Carolina, May, 1862, composed of delegates from the Southern Synods, the Synod appointed Revs. A. J. Fox, E. E. Smyre, of North Carolina, and Revs. J. Killian and S. Henkel, of Virginia, to represent it in that convention. The Parochial Report, only eight ministers reporting, shows 346 infant baptisms, 44 adult, and 18 slave, and 358 confirmations. In regard to the time and place for the next meeting, it was Resolved, That in consequence of the political troubles of our country, and as Virginia is so near the seat of war, and as we know not when our troubles will end, when Synod adjourns, it adjourn to meet in Grace Church, Ca- tawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1862. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD.- 159 Forty-second Session. Synod convened in Grace Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 1862. The following persons were elected officers of Synod : Revs. T. Moser, president; J. M. Stirewalt, secretary; and Thomas Crouse, treasurer. In consequence of the political troubles and conflicts and the War between the States, the convention called to meet in Salisbury, North Carolina, failed to convene ; and for the same reasons, the members of Virginia, Tennessee, and Missouri, whose presence, under these circumstances, was not expected, were excused for their non-attendance. The By-Laws and Rules of Order, not meeting the general approbation of the congregations, were rescinded. Mr. D. E. Fox, after examination by Rev. P. C. Henkel, was licensed to preach. The Parochial Report, only seven ministers reporting, shows 412 infant baptisms, 39 adult, and 8 slave, and 306 confirmations. Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Cataw- ba Count} r , North Carolina, on Saturday before the third Sunday of October, 1863. After the adjournment of Synod, the Secretaty being informed of the death of Deacon Jacob Costner, and an obituary being submitted to him, he ordered it to be ap- pended to the Minutes, as follows : Obituary of Rev. Jacob Costner. — The Rev. Jacob Costner was born August 27th, 1788, and departed this mortal life March 19th, 1862, at the advanced age of 72 years, 7 months, and 2 days. He in- termarried with Mary Ann Rudisill, December 10th, 1S10, who bore him ten children, five of whom preceded him to eternity. Mr. Costner was born of pious parents who dedicated their son to God in infancy, by the Sacrament of Holy Baptism, and at an early age he was admitted to full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church by the rite of confirmation. In Mr. Costner's early life, the scarcity of ministers in the Lutheran Church was very great, and he was ordained to the office of Deacon, as it was then established in the l6o HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, but from causes not clearly understood by the writer, he never labored in the ministry. Mr. Costner was warmly attached to the Church of his fathers, and was active in the performance of whatever he considered his duty, and so' long as strength permitted, his place in the congregation was never vacant ; but for a number of years before his death, his strength so far failed as to prevent his regular attendance upon the public ministra- tions of the Gospel. His concern, however, for the prosperity of the Church continued unabated, and,, as he nearedthe grave, his prospects for heaven grew brighter. The writer visited him during the somewhat protracted and painful sickness which terminated his earthly existence,, and had opportunities of hearing from him expressions of a well- grounded hope of acceptance with God. In all the relations of life, Mr. Costner was exemplary. He was an affectionate husband, a kind and indulgent father, and a useful citizen. Forty-third Session. Pursuant to adjournment, Synod assembled in St. John's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 17, 1863. The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. J. R. Peterson, president; J. M. Smith, secretary; and M. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. Rev. H. Goodman gave notice, that, at a suitable time, he would call the attention of Synod to the importance of missionary work in the Confederate Arrny, during the War between the States, which commenced in the spring of 1 86 1, and ended in the spring of 1865, — four years. This matter being brought up, a committee of four, consisting of Revs. A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, H. Goodman, and Mr. J. F. Plonk, was appointed, to propose a plan for such work. After consideration, this committee submitted the following : Whereas, this Synod is fully aware of the great neces- sity of doing something to supply our own soldiers in the Confederate Army with the preaching of the Gospel by our ministers, Resolved 1. That we establish an Army Mission in the following manner : Let as many ministers in connection LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. l6l with this Synod as will subscribe this resolution, be obli- gated to perform missionary labors in the Confederate Army, for the period of one month in each year, if our funds and the situation of the army will permit. Resolved 2. That two ministers go at the same time, and that in rotation, being chosen by lot at each annual meeting of Synod. Resolved 3. That their expenses, at least, be defrayed by donations obtained from the congregations by solicitation. Resolved 4. That those ministers, having performed such missionary visits as herein required, shall make a re- turn of their traveling expenses to a treasurer hereinafter provided, who shall pay said expenses out of the funds he may have in hands for said purpose. Resolved 5. That a treasurer be appointed whose duty it shall be to receive such "money as may be collected for the purpose herein stated. Resolved 6. That it be the duty of the ministers, asso- ciated with this enterprise, to take up collections in their several congregations, semi-annually ; and that they for- ward said collections to the treasurer. This was received and adopted. Moses Harmon, Esq., Newton, Catawba County, North Carolina, was elected treasurer of the mission funds, and Rev. P. C. Henkel as corresponding secretary with the army and ministers, to secure information as to the points and times best suited for such work. The committee to bring up the Revised Constitution for the consideration of this body, handed in the following : Whereas, it was made our duty to prepare and submit to Synod a suitable plan for the revision of the Constitution of Synod, we, your committee, beg leave to submit the following : That a session of Synod convene at Zion Church, on Saturday before the 4th Sunday in March, 1864, at which time it is contemplated to consider the propriety or impro- priety of adopting the Constitution submitted to Synod at 1 62 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL her session in i860, with such suitable amendments as may be agreed upon, which shall then be printed and submitted to the different congregations, in connection with the Ten- nessee S3 r nod, for their approval, amendment, or rejection. We, the ministers and lay-delegates of the present Synod, unanimously and most earnestly entreat the minis- ters and congregations, not represented in the present session of Synod, seriously to consider this matter, and such minis- ters to be present, and such congregations to be represented, each, by one lay-delegate. This report was received and adopted. Messrs. L,. A. Fox and D. E. Fox were authorized, in special cases, to exercise the functions of a pastor. David S. Henkel and David A. Goodman were received as theological students. It was ordered, that 1,500 copies of the Minutes be printed, and that a work, entitled "A Few Fragments on Regeneration," by the late Rev. David Henkel, be printed in connection with the Minutes for cir- culation in the Confederate Army. The Parochial Report, only seven reporting, shows 193 infant baptisms, 8 adult, and 14 slave, and 214 confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in St. Mark's Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the second Sunday in October, 1864. Forty-fourth Session. This session of Synod was held in St. Mark's Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, commencing October 8, 1864. The officers elected were : Revs. J. M. Smith, president ; A. J. Fox, secretary; and M. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. Rev. J. R. Peterson introduced the following preamble and resolutions, which, after a free interchange of opinions, were unanimously adopted. Feeling, as we do, the great want of a religious peri- odical in the families of our connection, and as the Southern LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 163 Lutheran is the only paper of Lutheran character now pub- lished in the Confederate States, be it, therefore, Resolved, That this Synod most cheerfully recommend the Southern Lutheran to the families composing our con- gregations, and that the ministers connected with this Synod be encouraged to introduce it into our families. Resolved, That a collection be taken immediately after the sermon to-day for the purpose of sending the Lutheran to the soldiers. The matter in regard to the adoption of the Revised Constitution being brought up, it was resolved, that final action on that matter be deferred till the next meeting. Licentiate L. A. Fox was ordained to the office of Pastor, and applicants D. S. Henkel and D. A. Goodman were licensed to perform the functions of the ministry. The Parochial Report for this year shows 2,187 infant baptisms, 13 adult, and 26 colored, and 261 confirmations. Ten ministers reported, and the presumption is, that some of them reported for several years. Synod decided to meet in its next convention, in St. Peter's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 21, 1865. For ty-fifth Session . This meeting assembled in St. Peter's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 21-24, l86 5- The following officers were elected : Revs. J. R. Peter- son, president ; C. Moretz, secretary; and J. M. Smith, treasurer. Philadelphia Church, Caldwell County, and Pizgah Church, Alexander County, North Carolina, were received into Synod. In regard to the Revised Constitution, final action was deferred till the next annual meeting of Synod. Rev. A. J. Fox gave notice, that he would, some time during this session of Synod, bring to its notice the subject of publicly licensing young men for the ministry. 164 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL When this subject was brought up, a committee, con- sisting of Revs. A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, and T. Moser, was appointed to draft a licensure. The form was submit- ted in due time, and ordered to be printed in connection with the Minutes. Previous to the year 1862, Synod did not practice the licensure policy, and it continued- that policy for only a few years. The contingencies of the Civil War gave rise to that system, so far as this Synod is concerned. D. E. Fox was ordained to the office of Pastor, and David S. Henkel and David A. Goodman were licensed for one year. During the year, according to the report, only eight ministers reporting, 282 infants, 21 adults, and 2 colored, were baptized, and 156 confirmed. The time and place for the next meeting were, Thurs- day before the fourth Sunday in October, 1866, and Beck's Church, Davidson County, North Carolina. Forty-sixth Session. This session of Synod convened in Beck's Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, October 25, 1866. Revs. A. Efird was elected president; L. A. Fox, sec- retary ; and J. M. Smith, treasurer. Rev. A. J. Fox suggested the propriety of organizing conferences in the Synod. The ministers and congregations in Virginia, in con- nection with the Tennessee Synod, having already organized a conference in that State, called the Virginia Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, the ministers and congregations in North Carolina were divided into three conferences, designated the Eastern, the Middle, and South- ern Conferences, and the ministers and congregations in South Carolina were formed into a conference, called the South Carolina Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. These conferences were not allowed to transact any business which properly belonged to the Synod. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 65 Rev. A. J. Fox offered the following which was adopted : Com mission to the General Synod of North America. Whereas, The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Southern States, is, when compared with other branches of the great Christian family, but a very feeble body, 'and feeble as it is, is divided into nine or ten small synods, em- bracing in the aggregate not more than 200 ministers and 350 churches with about 35,000 communicant members ; and, Whereas, We firmly believe in union there is strength, but in division there is weakness ; and, Whereas, The central point in the Lutheran Church is her doctrinal standards, to which she must firmly cling or cease to exist, and five of these Southern synods having united themselves in a body known as the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, and adopted as her doctrinal basis the Augsburg Confession of Faith ; and, Whereas, We, as a Synod, are anxious to do all we can to promote the interests of true Evangelical Lutheranism, and we think this can be done best by uniting the energies and resources of the Symbolical Lutheran Church in these States ; therefore, Resolved, That one of our most experienced and influ- ential ministers be appointed a commissioner to meet the next regular meeting of the "General Synod, &c. ," to con- vene in Staunton, Va., in May, 1867, and to confer with that body upon the practicability and possibility of uniting our Synod with said General Synod, and to report to the next session of this Synod the result of any conferences he may have with the General Synod or any of her authorized com- mittees. Afterward this Synod shall take such steps as she shall determine best. This commissioner shall observe the following instructions in all his intercourse with the General Synod : this Synod proposes a union with the General Synod upon these conditions, viz. : That the General Synod pledge 1 66 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, herself that no church journal or book shall be published, or other publications shall ever be made by her order or un- der her sanction that contains anything contrary to any article of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession of Faith, and that no professor shall be appointed in any Theological Seminary who will not solemnly promise to teach correctly all the doctrines of said Confession, and that no Synod shall ever be received into her connection who does not without any reservation subscribe the said Confession ; and further, with this distinct understanding upon her part, that, if at any time in the judgment of the delegates who represent this Synod, the General Synod shall violate the above principles our delegates may withdraw from that session to report to the next session of this Synod whose action alone shall de- termine the future course of this Synod in relation to the General Synod. The Synod proceeded to ballot for the commissioner. — Rev. Dr. A. J. Fox was chosen principal and Rev. J. R. Peterson, alternate. The following action was taken in regard to a church paper, called Evangelical Lutheran : Inasmuch as we feel the great necessity of a good Lutheran Church journal cir- culating among our people, but not feeling ourselves able in the present crippled condition of pecuniary affairs to com- mence the publication of such a paper now, and as there is a weekly paper purporting to be strictly and symbolically Lutheran (at least in doctrinal features), published in Char- lotte, N. C, in which we find some things, it is true, of a practical character which we cannot endorse, yet in view of the above stated facts and some other things we, for the present, Resolve, To approve the circulation of the Evangelical Lutheran among our people. Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, having sent to Synod a copy of resolutions passed by the Virginia Special Conference, pray- ing for the advice of this Synod in regard to the formation of aliew synod in Virginia, based upon the " time-honor- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 67 ed and established doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church;" the following action was taken : Whereas, The ministers and congregations, in connec- tion with this Synod who are located in the great Valley of Virginia, have expressed a desire to organize themselves into a separate synod, although we regret to separate from those with whom we have been for so many years associated, yet in view of the reasons presented by them, and the great distance that separates us from them and, consequently, the difficulty of meeting as often as the interest of the Church requires ; therefore, Resolved, That we approve, unanimously, the measure proposed by these brethren, and advise them to organize as soon as possible with such constitution and other regula- tions as may not be inconsistent with the Word of God and the Symbolical Books of the Lutheran Church, and promise them that as soon as the President shall be officially inform- ed that this has been done, he will give them an honorable dismission from this Synod, with a distinct understanding, however, that a regular correspondence be maintained by the interchange of delegates or by the formation of some central organization. The death of Rev. D. E. Fox having been announced in the President's Report, a committee, consisting of Revs. I. Conder and J. M. Smith, was appointed to prepare suita- ble resolutions relative to him. The following was submitted : Memorial of Rev. D. E. Fox, who departed this life, September 4, 1866; aged 31 years. Whereas, It has pleased the Great Head of the Church, since our last session of Synod, to remove from our midst our beloved brother, Rev. D. E. Fox ; therefore, Resolved 1. That by this afflicting dispensation we have lost a wortlvy young brother, who had labored but a short time in his Master's vineyard. Resolved 2. That, notwithstanding our deep regret for 1 68 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL his removal and the loss to our Church, since it has resulted in his everlasting gain, we bow in humble resignation to the will of God. Resolved 3. That we deeply sympathize with his afflict- ed wife in her bereavement, and commend her to Him, who is the husband of the widow, and makes all things work together for good to them that love God. Resolved 4. That these resolutions be incorporated with the Minutes of this Synod, that a copy be sent to the Evan- gelical Lutheran for publication, and a copy, also, to the bereaved wife of the deceased. It was adopted by rising and standing in silence. M. L,. Fox, M. D., was received under the care of Synod as an applicant for the ministry. Spanish Grove Church, Forsythe County, North Caro- lina, was received. Relative to the Revised Constitution and the Rules of Order and By-Laws, the following action was taken : Inas- much as the Revised Constitution, prepared by the Extra Session of this Synod convened in Ziou Church, Catawba County, N. C, on the 26th day of March, 1864, upon which final action was postponed by the regular session in 1864, and again in 1865 to the present session, has been approved by a large majority of the congregations of our Synod; be it, therefore, Resolved, That it is and shall be, until altered, amended, or disapproved by this Synod in the manner provided for in its last article, the organic law of this Synod. Resolved, That the Rules of Order and By-Laws, which have been read and approved, rule by rule, and section by section, be now adopted as a whole, and, henceforth, until altered or amended as provided for in the last article, be in full force and effect in the Synod. A delegate was appointed to the next convention of the Holston Synod. With respect to the Freedmen, the following action was taken : LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 69 Whereas, The colored people among us no longer sus- tain the same relation to the white man they did formerly, and that change has transferred the individual obligations and responsibility of owners to the whole Church; and, Whereas, Some of them were formerly members of our congregations and still claim membership in them, but ow- ing to the plainly marked distinctions which God has made between us and them, giving different colors, &c, it is felt by us, and them also, that there ought to be separate places of worship, and, also, separate ecclesiastical organizations, so that every one could worship God with the least possible embarrassment ; and Whereas, These colored people are considered firm ad- herents to our Church, and we feel it our imperative duty to assist them in adopting such measures as will meet best the necessities of their present condition ; be it, therefore, Resolved 1. That whenever any of our colored brethren desire to preach, they may make application to some one of the ministers of our Synod, who shall inform the President, when it shall be the President's duty to appoint two or- dained ministers who, in connection with two laymen whom they may choose, shall constitute a committee to examine the candidate upon his motives and mental and moral qual- ification, and, if they are satisfied, to license him to preach, catechise, baptize, and celebrate the rites of matrimony among those of his own race, according to the usages of our Church, until the next regular session of Synod there- after, when said committee shall report. This license, however, does not authorize them to preach in our churches, or take part in our ecclesiastical meetings; nevertheless they are permitted to worship with us as heretofore, yet we advise them to erect houses for themselves in which they may worship. Resolved 2. That we will use every reasonable means to aid them in organizing and building up congregations. Thomas Fry, a freedman, having frequent^ expressed a desire to preach, the President, in compliance with the 170 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAL resolution given above, appointed Rev. P. C. Henkel and Rev. J. M. Smith as the clerical half of a committee to ex- amine and, if found qualified, to license him. This year, only about half of the ministers reporting, 322 infants and 20 adults were baptized, and 217 confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Cedar Grove Church, Lexington . District, South Carolina, on Thursday before the fourth Sunday in September, 1867. Forty- seventh Session. This meeting was held in Cedar Grove Church, Lex- ington District, South Carolina, commencing September 19, 1867. The officers elected were : Revs. A. J. Fox, president ; J. R. Peterson, secretary; Daniel Efird, corresponding secre-, tary; and David S. Henkel, treasurer. Revs. J. H. Bailey, E. Kaughman, A. W. Lindler, and Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, of the South Carolina Synod, were received as advisory members: Sardis Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, was received in connection with Synod. Rev. Prof. Smeltzer addressed the Synod in regard to the interests of Newberry College and Theological Seminary, South Carolina. Synod took favorable action relative to these institutions. The President stated in his message, that he had ex- tended the license of D. S. Henkel, and that he had given Rev. J. M. Wagner an honorable dismissal to the Holston Synod. These acts were approved. The commissioner, appointed to attend the Southern Lutheran General Synod, which was held in Staunton, Virginia, in 1867, reported. It seems he fully carried out his mission, and kept within the limits of his instructions. He spoke in the highest terms of the manner in which he was received and treated by that body. He appeared to be well satisfied with the sentiments of that Synod, as ex- pressed during his sojourn among its members. He then LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 171 submitted the following report of a committee, appointed by said General Synod, to confer with the said commissioner : The committee, appointed to confer with the Rev. Dr. Fox, as a commissioner from the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, have advised with him in reference to a union of that Synod with this body. We, with pleasure, report that the interview afforded us satisfactory evidence of the truly Christian character of the Synod which Dr. Fox represents, and the high princi- ples of integrity and church love which animates them in the propositions made to this General Synod ; therefore, Resolved, That we will cordially receive said Synod as an integral part of this body on the truly Lutheran basis which we have adopted, and in accordance with which we feel bound as an ecclesiastical body to withhold our sanction or imprimatur from any religious publication of whatever form, which shall inculcate principles opposed to the doc- trines of the Augsburg Confession as construed and defended by our Church in her Symbolical writings. Resolved, That we feel ourselves in like manner bound to appoint or employ no Professor in our Theological schools who shall teach doctrines at variance with our time honored Confession. In regard to this report, a committee was appointed to give an expression relative to it. The committee submitted the following : Inasmuch as the question of a union between this body and the General Synod in North America is one of very grave importance, and should be well and maturely consid- ered, your Committee upon the Report of the Commissioner to the General Synod have examined the matter in all its bearings ; and inasmuch as but a very small number of our ministers are present, and comparatively few congregations represented in this meeting ; and inasmuch as our brethren residing in Virginia may fail to effect an organization in that State, we would therefore recommend that a Committee of five, three ministers, of whom the President shall be one, 172 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL and two laymen; be appointed to collect all the facts they can in relation to this contemplated union, and report them to the next annual meeting of Synod, that decisive action 1 ma}- then be taken. The foregoing report was adopted, and the following committee appointed : Revs. J. R. Peterson, P. C. Henkel, A. J. Fox, and Messrs. A. Costner and M. L. Cline. Feeling the great necessity of making suitable religious impressions upon the minds of the children of our congre- gations ; therefore, it was Resolved, That the ministers of our connection be re- quested to endeavor to get up and encourage Sunday schools in all their congregations, and report their success to the Committee on the State of the Church, some time previous to each annual meeting of Synod. License was granted M. L,. Fox, M. D., to perform the functions of the ministry. The Parochial Report shows 340 infant and 14 adult baptisms and 257 confirmations. Synod adjourned to meet in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 24, 1868. Forty-eighth Session. Synod assembled, pursuant to adjournment, in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 24, 1868. The election of officers resulted in favor of Rev. J. M. Smith, president; Rev. C. Moretz, recording secretary; Rev. A. J. Fox, corresponding secretary; and Rev. T. Moser, treasurer. Rev. G. D. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod, was received as an advisory member. During the meeting of the Southern General Synod, at Newberry, South Carolina, in 1868, the Holston Synod was admitted. It appears from the proceedings of this session of the Tennessee Synod, that the Northern General Synod, at its LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 73 meeting in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in its twenty-third session, adopted the Augsburg Confession. The committee , of the Tennessee Synod, in reporting on the Minutes of the said General Synod, say the General Synod may have made advances in the right direction, but it does not yet seem to reach the sound Lutheran faith. Well, it may appear rather singular that a general body, claiming to be Lutheran, should have failed to adopt the Augsburg Confession till its twenty-third session. Is it any wonder that there was a continual conflict between it and the Tennessee Synod, which was and is strictly con- fessional ? Rev. Miles J. Stirewalt, Augusta Station, Indiana, re- ceived an honorable dismission to the English District of the Joint Synod of Ohio. The President, in his message, calls attention to the condition of the Church in the Valley of Virginia, caused by an attempt to organize a new synod in that section, called the Concordia Synod of Virginia, and recommends a suitable committee to be appointed to investigate that matter, and report the result of their investigation. The committee was appointed, and submitted the following report : We, the committee, appointed to take into consideration the relation sustained by the body claiming the title of "Evangelical Lutheran Concordia Synod of Virginia," to the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and to give an expression of Synod in regard to this matter, beg leave to submit the following : Whereas, In the year 1866, application was made to our Synod by the brethren in the Valley of Virginia, to form a synod in that locality; and, whereas, such request was granted to these brethren, accompanied with a promise contained in a preamble and resolution passed by our Synod in regard to this matter, that, as soon as an organization ' should be effected in accordance with said preamble and resolution, an honorable dismission from our Synod would 174 HISTORY OF THE FJVANGEEICAI, be granted these brethren ; and, whereas, an effort was made to form a regularly constituted synod, but the object contemplated failed ; and, whereas, the Revs. H. Wetzel, G. Schmucker, and J. E. Seneker, with several congrega- tions, united themselves into a body, styled "The Evangel- ical Lutheran Concordia Synod of Virginia," thereby disturbing the peace and prosperity of the Church in that section of our Synod, the other brethren dissenting ; and, whereas, the Rev. H. Wetzel has denied the jurisdiction of our Synod over him, and as no request has been made by the other brethren, who entered the said organization, for an honorable dismission from our Synod ; therefore, be it Resolved, That this Synod disapprove of the course pursued by these brethren in this matter, and that their names be retained in our clerical catalogue until they properly apply for an honorable dismission, or announce their withdrawal from it. This report was received and adopted. Several years afterwards, efforts were made to make an impression on the public mind, that a difference in doctrine between the ministers in the Valley of Virginia, in connec- tion with the Tennessee Synod, gave rise to the organization of the new synod formed in the Valley of Virginia, and called the Concordia Synod of Virginia. But these efforts failed. For the fact is, there was not, at the time of its organization, one word said about differences in doctrine, and all the ministers of the Tennessee Synod, in the Valley of Virginia, with delegates representing their congregations, were notified of the time and place agreed upon for such organization, and invited to be present and participate in its organization ; and when the time came for such organi- zation, and none of the ministers in Virginia, of the Ten- nessee Synod, except Revs. H. Wetzel, J. E. Seneker, and George Schmucker, appeared, Rev. H. Wetzel, be it said to ' his praise, opposed the contemplated organization, but was overruled. Since that time, all the churches in the Valley of Virginia, except two, which went into that organization, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 175 "have returned to the Tennessee Synod, and now stand in its connection. One of the churches that did not return, now stands independent of any synod, and is served by a Missouri Synod preacher, whilst the other one stands in connection with what is called the Concordia District of Ohio. Rev. H. Wetzel was ultimately received again in connection with the Tennessee Synod, and Rev. J. E. Seneker, a year or so before his death, spoke of returning to this Synod ; and even Rev. George Schmucker finally expressed a preference for this Synod, stating that he neither could conscientiously, nor would he, submit to some of the regulations of the new order of things. That Concordia Synod, having changed its tactics a time or two, finally drifted into what is now called the Concordia District of Ohio, and so far as the material taken from the Tennessee Synod is concerned, it consists of several congregations in West Virginia, a few fragments in Vir- ginia, and a few of the fragments in North Carolina which were broken off by the withdrawal of Rev. Adam Miller, Jr., who was resting under grave charges of immorality, and was in the very act of being suspended by the Synod when he withdrew. With respect to the President's recommendation, that an effort be made to reunite all the ministers and congrega- tions who have formerly been in her connection, with those now in it, with a view of forming the Synod into district synods, and out of these district synods, a joint synod, and that a committee be appointed to take this matter into immediate consideration, the committee on his message recommended, that such committee be appointed to give that matter proper attention. The committee suggested was appointed, and consisted of Revs. P. C. Henkel, A. J. Fox, and T. Moser, Messrs. A. Costner and F. L,. Herman. Rev. N. Aldrich presented his credentials as a delegate from the North Carolina Synod, and was received as such. Rev. J. M. Smith was chosen as a delegate to the next con- vention of the North Carolina Synod. 176 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL On the reception of Rev. N. Aldrieh, there were mutual, fraternal greetings, upon which Rev. G. D. Bernheim made some of the most eulogistic remarks respecting the charac- ter and high orthodox standing of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and the indebtedness of Lutheranism in America to her. Revs. S. Henkel, J. Stirewalt, and J. Killian were ap- pointed a committee to report on the Book of Worship, at the next meeting of Synod. With respect to re-districting North Carolina into con- ferences, Synod voted unanimously, that the conference embrace all ministers and churches in North Carolina, be- longing to the Tennessee Synod, and that its name be the North Carolina Conference of the Tennessee Synod. The committee, on union with the General Synod of North America (Southern General Synod), not having had time to give the matter proper attention, were continued. Rev. L. A. Fox received an honorable dismission to the Southwestern Virginia Synod. Messrs. John S. Bennick and William H. Swaney were received as Licentiates. The Committee, appointed to prepare a plan for the reconstruction of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Syn- od, from the limited time they had to consider the matter, did not feel themselves fully prepared to mature a plan which would fully meet the necessity of the case, but respectfully submitted that it is the opinion of the Committee that a committee of one be appointed to open a correspond- ence with some of the most prominent members of the Holston Synod upon this subject, and that Synod be re- spectfully invited to consider this matter in her next annual convention ; and that this committee of one report the result of his correspondence to the next meeting of this Synod ; and that the Virginia Conference be requested to take up the subject of organizing themselves into a branch synod, and lay the same before the next meeting of this Synod. As recommended above, Synod appointed the Corres- LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 77 ponding Secretary a committee of one to open the corres- pondence with prominent members of the Holston Synod. The committee, Rev. S. Henkel, Rev. T. Moser, and Mr. A. Costner, appointed to report in reference to the publi- cation of the Epistles, contained in Dr. Martin Luther's Church Postil, now in manuscript in the English language, and in the possession of parties at New Market, Virginia, submitted the following : In regard to this subject, we recommend, that a call be made by the Synod on those parties, to make arrangements for the publication of those sermons in what they may con- ceive to be the most judicious and practicable manner, at as early a period as possible, and that the Synod give such enterprise their heartfelt co-operation and support in the circulation of the work. The Parochial Report shows 454 infant and 29 adult baptisms, and 343 confirmations. The place and time for the next meeting were Emman- uel Church, New Market, Virginia, and Friday before the first full moon in October, 1869. Forty-ninth Session. Synod convened, in its forty-ninth session, in Emman- uel Church, New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, October 15, 1869. The officers for this meeting were : Revs. T. Miller, president; S. Henkel, recording secretary; A. J. Fox, cor- responding secretary; and J. S. Bennick, treasurer. Rev. D. M. Henkel was received as delegate from the Pennsylvania Synod. On motion, the following resolution was adopted : Resolved, That this Synod hail with joy the appearance of Dr. Luther's Church Postil on the Epistles, in the English language, published by the New Market Evangelical Lu- theran Publishing Company, New Market, Virginia, and that each minister is hereby earnestly requested to recom- mend this work to his people. 178 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL The Committee on Union with the General Synod South, was continued. The Committee on Joint Synod not being prepared to make a report, recommended that a committee of five, three ministers and two laymen, be appointed to take charge of the matter. A committee of two ministers and one layman was ap- pointed, to report at some future session of this meeting in regard to that matter. The following is the report of this committee : Your committee, Revs. A. J. Fox and J. Killian, on the subject of a Joint Synod or Branch Synods, have ex- amined the matter, as far as we have had opportunity, and regard such an organization as very desirable, provided some safe ground of union can be traced out, and we regard this as at least possible. We regard the calling of a con- vention of all concerned, at as early a day as practicable, as the best plan, and would, therefore, propose to our brethren of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod, to meet us, in convention, as soon after the rising of this Synod in the year 1870, as may be convenient, in Grace Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, as this is one of the most central points. And that they then enter into a free conference with us, upon this subject, and endeavor to agree upon some safe plan by which the end may be consummated. Resolved 1. Therefore, that a copy of this report be forwarded by the Corresponding Secretary of this Synod to the chairman of the committee appointed by that synod to correspond with us upon this subject. Resolved 2. That the committee of the Holston Synod, charged with this matter, be requested to furnish the Corre- sponding Secretary, as soon as possible after the rising of their Synod, with a copy of their proceedings. Resolved 3. That, if our proposition to call a convention is complied with, the time of the meeting of this convention be fixed upon at the next meeting of this Synod. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 79 A church paper, called the Lutheran and Missionary, was recommended. Rev. William H. Cone, delegate from the North Caro- lina Synod, was prevented from attending. The President having announced, in his report, the death of Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, and that of Rev. E. E. Smyre, the following was adopted by a rising vote : Resolved 1. That we have learned, with feelings of the deepest sorrow, of the death of our dear and well beloved brethren and fellow servants of our Lord and Master, Jacob Stirewalt and E. E. Smyre. Resolved 2. That, in the death of these brethren, we have lost two of our most esteemed and worthy workmen in our Redeemer's cause upon earth; and that the Church has sustained a loss not easily repaired ; nevertheless, we feel ourselves fully resigned to this very painful dispensa- tion of Divine Providence, and earnestly pray God to speed- ily fill their places with others equally good and true. Resolved 3. That this Synod hereby expresses her deep and most sincere sympathy with the family of brother Stirewalt, and also the relations and other friends of brother Smyre. The committee, Revs. J. Killian and A. Efird, appointed to prepare a plan for Beneficiary Education, and submit it to this session of Synod, submitted the following : 1. That, owing to the want of sufficient time, we find it impossible to mature such a plan as we think would be necessary to enable us to operate successfully in this im- portant enterprise of the Church. We, therefore, respect- fully ask Synod to continue the committee to the next convention of Synod, so that we may have sufficient time to mature it. 2. That we respectfully recommend to Synod the im- portance and necessity of urging our ministers to take up collections, at an early day, to raise funds to enable J. Stirewalt and others to prosecute their studies for the Gospel Ministry. 180 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 3. That whatever money may be raised by the Synod for beneficiary purposes, be deposited in the hands of the Treasurer of Synod, and that he pay out the money, upon the order of the President of Synod, countersigned by the Secretary. 4. That the Treasurer be requested to report, to the next meeting of Synod, the amount of money coming into his hands, and the amounts paid over by him to the bene- ficiaries of the Synod, with proper vouchers. 5. We further recommend, that the officers of the Synod be appointed an Executive Committee, to decide upon the merits of the applicants for aid from the funds of the Synod. 6. We recommend further, that the beneficiaries of Synod be requested to report to Synod at her next meeting, a certificate from their teachers, of their moral standing and progress and proficiency in their studies. This report was adopted, and this seems to be the first direct formal action of this Synod in regard to beneficiary education. Mr. John N. Stirewalt, of New Market, Virginia, and Mr. M. A. Aderholt, of North Carolina, were received as students of theology. Rev. William H. Swaney was honorably dismissed to the English District of Ohio. The Parochial Report shows that during the year 408 infants and 39 adults were baptized, and 298 persons were confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in St. Peter's Church, South Carolina, November 5, 1870. Obituary of Rev. Jacob Stirewalt.— Rev. Jacob Stirewalt was born near Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina, on Saturday, August 17, 1805, and departed this life, at his residence, in New Market, Shen- andoah County, Virginia, on Saturday the 21st of August, 1869, at the age of 64 years and 4 days. He was the second son, the third and youngest child of Capt. John and Elizabeth Stirewalt ; was baptized in infancy, and eventually con- firmed to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. By his pious parents he was trained up and educated, and acquired that firmness of Christian LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 181 character and those habits of persevering and systematic labor which marked his entire life. In his day the advantages for acquiring an ed- ucation were not equal to what they are now, still by close study and personal application he attained an eminent degree of literary and theological knowledge. He was married to Henrietta Henkel, the daughter of Elias Henkel, at New Market, Virginia, on the 8th day of January, 1833. Two of his sons, John N. and Jerome Paul, are now actively engaged in the work of the Gospel ministry. He was ordained Deacon, September 14, 1837, and preached his first sermon at Mt. Calvary Church, Page County, Virginia. On Sep- tember 14, 1838, he was ordained Pastor, in Lincoln County, North Carolina. On the same day of his ordination to the office of Pastor, the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, of which he was a most faith- ful member, "Resolved, That Revs. A. Henkel, Jacob Kalian, and Jacob Stirewalt, be requested to compile a Liturgy for the use of our church, and present it to the next session of the Synod for examina- tion." This duty was performed ; the Liturgy was adopted, publish- ed, and is yet extensively used in our church. As evidencing the energy and devotion, with which he discharged the duties of the office of Pastor, it may not be improper to state that, in the 32 years of his ministry, he preached 3132 sermons, of which 560 were funeral discourses ; he confirmed 708 persons, and baptized 1259, and united in marriage 171 couples in the same period. As if to complete the circle of his life, just three months before his death, he preached his last sermon in the same county and near the same, place, at which he preached his first. A life of such protracted usefulness, and crowned with such fruits, may well lead us to ponder upon the character and habits of the man, and studying the means by which he accomplished so much, we may find in his example many useful hints to ourselves. His character, like his features, was clearly defined and individual. Regulating his own life, even in its minor details, by the sternest and most critical rules of the severest discipline, he always had a charitable word for the faults and errors of others. Proclaiming the enormity of sin and the eternal punishment of the ungodly with terrible distinct- ness, he delighted most in picturing the absolute perfection of the character of Christ, and wooing by the sweet inclinings of a Savior's boundless love. He never denounced the evil without presenting the remedy ; never threatened with punishment, that he did not more forcibly offer the rewards which attend the good. To him the Christian religion was an active, controlling principle — indispensable to man's happiness, not only in the world to come, but in the every day affairs of life. He did not merely preach in the pulpit ; he so lived in practice 182 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL that his whole life was but a continued application to his sermons. The Bible and the works of Luther were his almost daily study, and the churches to whom he ministered listened as he preached, with that confidence and inclination to belief which generally follow the knowl- edge that the preacher has given to his subject the full benefit of all his ability, energy, and research. His opinions and conclusions were firmly formed after he had thoroughly examined and carefully and prayerfully studied his subject. Just before his departure, the sainted subject of this notice called his sou to his bedside and requested him to repeat the Lord's Prayer, — this being done, he quit this earthly habitation, to be present with the Lord. Rev. Ireneus Conder improved the visitation of Providence by preaching an eloquent discourse on the uncertainty of life and the cer- tainty of death. ' ' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth : yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors, and their works do follow them." Fiftieth Session. This session met in St. Peter's Church, Lexington County, South Carolina, November 5, 1870. The election of officers resulted in favor of Revs. A. J. Fox, president; S. Henkel, recording secretary; J. R. Peter- son, corresponding secretary; and T. Miller, treasurer. Rev. A. R. Rude, D. D., Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, J. A. Sligh, and J. N. Derrick, of the South Carolina Synod, and Rev. Austin, of the Georgia Synod, were received as advi- sory members. Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate from the North Carolina Synod, expressed his desire, in a letter, to be present, and renders feebleness of health as his excuse for absence. The committee, appointed at the previous session, to prepare regulations for Beneficiary Education, submitted their report, which was adopted. The President having announced the death of Revs. Ambrose Henkel, Christian G. Reitzel, and Adam Efird, the following resolutions were unanimously passed by a rising vote : Resolved, That, by the death of these, our beloved LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1B3 brethren in the ministry, their families and their relatives have lost most affectionate heads, who were examples of domestic, social, and moral virtues — sound in faith and doctrine ; the Church and the Synod, to which they be- longed, devout and faithful members. Resolved, That we humbly submit to the dispensations of God, "who does all things well," and be encouraged while we are spared to labor in our Master's vineyard, to be more faithful in the work before us. Resolved, That we deeply sympathize with the bereaved families and relatives of our beloved co-laborers in the ministry; and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to them. # The following is the report of the committee on union with the Southern General Synod, which was adopted : We' the committee, to whom was referred the subject of a union of this Synod with the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod in North America, have given the subject much study, and while we have found many things in con- nection with it which would make such union desirable, we have also found many other things which seem, to your committee, to indicate that union with that ecclesiastical body is, at present, of such doubtful propriety, that we are wholly unprepared to recommend such a connection, and therefore, most respectfully ask that your committee be excused from the further consideration of this matter. At the instance of Rev. S. Henkel, Junius S. Koiuer, Waynesboro, Virginia, and J. Paul Stirewalt, New Market, Virginia, and at that of Rev. J. M. Smith, Adolphus Yount, Newton, North Carolina, and Wilburn T. Miller, of Newton, North Carolina, were received under the care of Synod, with a view to the ministry. The Parochial Report, only nine ministers reporting, shows 29 adult baptisms, 417 infant baptisms, and 326 con- firmations. It was Resolved, That Synod adjourn to meet in Philadelphia 1 84 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, on Saturday be- fore the third Sunday in October, 1871. During this decade, there were 1 1 applicants for the ministry, 3 ordinations, 7 licentiates, 5 dismissions, 3 died, 8 churches received, 5,261 infant baptisms, 256 adult bap- tisms, 40 slaves, and 28 colored, and 2,735 confirmations. It is to be regretted, that not more than two-thirds of the ministers furnished reports, and frequently not that number. During this decade, there were many difficulties to encounter, obstacles to surmount, and disasters to overcome. The Civil War, of four years, between the States, North and South, which commenced in April, 1861, and continued till April, 1865, exerted a very depressing, disastrous, and demoralizing influence, not only over the country generally, but also over the Church. In the South, a large majority of the able-bodied men were in the army. Ministers were sometimes arrested, andothers "refugeed," as the term went, when the Northern army invaded the country. Anxiety prevailed. Residences, mills, saw-mills, barns, &c, were burned by the hundreds. Horses, cattle, and other stock and property were driven up North by parties who followed the armies for the purpose of plunder. Churches were fre- quently occupied for weeks and months as hospitals and rendezvouses. The whole labor system was subverted and demoralized. The currency was vitiated and rendered worthless. Millions of slaves, that had been regarded as property, were set free, and required immediate care and attention, not having been trained during their state of slavery to provide for themselves. For five years, the ministers in Virginia and Missouri, belonging to the Tennessee Synod, were prevented from meeting in the synodical conventions with their brethren in North and South Carolina. But notwithstanding this con- dition of things, there never was a truer and more faithful set of men. They worked in season and out of season. They attended as faithfully as possible to the spiritual wants of their people ; they advised, encouraged, and cheered the LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 85 wives and children whose husbands and sons and brothers had entered the army, often performing manual labor. Nor were the people generally less faithful. Strong faith pre- vailed. The exclamation was, Christ will take care of His Church, and God will provide for His people, and ulti- mately overrule all things for the best. It is almost mirac- ulous how the .people passed through the war as well as they did, and how soon they emerged from its ruins and devastations, both as to spiritual and temporal matters. Surely no one who knows anything about the conditions of things in the South, during the war and a few years after its close, can doubt the intervention of the hand of Provi- dence. The lessons of faith, hope, and charity were learned. The people learned to depend on God, rather than on them- selves. It is easy to talk about faith when peace, plenty, and prosperity prevail, but it is quite different when all these are removed. Obituary of Rev. Ambrose Henkel. — Rev. Ambrose Henkel, the fourth son of Rev. Paul and Elizabeth Henkel, was born in Shenan- doah County, Virginia, near Solomon's Church, 8 miles northwest of New Market, on the nth day of July, 1786, and was initiated into the church through the Holy Sacrament of Baptism, in his infancy, and, at a more mature age, entered into full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, through the ancient and solemn rite of Confirmation. In 1802 he started, on foot, to Hagerstown, to learn the printing business. After working with Mr. Gruber, of Almanac reputation, and at Reading and in Baltimore, for three or four years, he purchased the bed and irons of a Ramage press and some old type, and, in 1806, established the first printing office in New Market, Virginia. With these old type, and cuts made by himself, he published a pictorial Ger- man spelling-book of his own arrangement. In 1807, he commenced the publication of a weekly German paper, called the " Virginia and New Market Popular Instructor and Weekly News, ' ' which continued for two years— and suspended for want of advertising patronage. The office was, however, continued as a Book and Job office by him, until he sold to his brother Solomon, about 181 7. He entered the ministry in the year 1823, and preached his first sermon;in German, in Mt. Calvary (Hawksbill) Church, Page County, Virginia, on the 23d day of November, 1823, from 1 Corinthians 10, 1-12, and continued actively, faithfully, and successfully in the ministry till 1 86 HISTORY OP THE EVANGELICAL i860. He preached his last sermon in Bethlehem Church, Augusta County, Virginia, in the year 1868. He was engaged in the office of the ministry 47 years. His labors in all the departments of his minis- terial office, were extensive. He preached 3,995 sermons, of which 402 were funeral discourses ; he baptized 1,625 persons, of whom 90 were adults ; he confirmed 1,952 persons in the Church, and united in the holy estate of matrimony 400 men and women. In 1S38, under order of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, he prepared and published the Church Hymn-Book, which has now passed into its 4th edition. In 1833 he was appointed, by the same body, chairman of a com- mittee to prepare a Liturgy or Book of Forms and submit it to the Synod ; which was done, and it was approved and published in 1843. He also aided in the preparation of a purely literal translation of the Augsburg Confession, the Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Ap- pendix, and the Articles of Visitation, which appeared in print in. the Christian Book of Concord, in the year 1851. In the years 1857-8, he prepared a similar translation of the first volume of Luther's Church Postil on the Epistles, as extant in Ploeh- man's edition, which work, after having been carefully compared with the original German, revised, transcribed, and prepared for the press, was issued in serial numbers. He was, perhaps, the oldest practical printer and editor in the State— having edited a newspaper in New Market 62 years before his death. As a writer and translator, he was noted for the precision and accuracy of his style, rather than ornament. He was a profound thinker, an earnest student, and a forcible speaker. He was married three times. His first wife was Miss Catharine Hoke, daughter of Frederick Hoke, Esq., of Lincoln County, North Carolina. His second one was Miss Mary Kite, daughter of Mr. Martin Kite, of Page County, Virginia, and his third one was Miss Veronica F. Heyle (Hoyle), daughter of Peter Heyle, Esq., of Lincoln County, North Carolina. He departed this life on the 6th day of January, 1870, at 1 o'clock, ' A. M.; aged 83 years, 5 mouths, and 26 days. He left 6 children, a number of grand-children and great-grand-childreu. His funeral services were rendered by- Rev. Jacob Killian, in the presence of an unusually large concourse of people, in Emmanuel Church, New Market, Va., near which his body awaits the resurrection. Obituary of Rev. Adam Efird. — And again another. The Rev. Adam Efird, of Lexington County, South Carolina, September • 13, 1870. And all his days were forty-nine years, four mouths, and twenty-three days. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 87 He was born in Stanley County, North Carolina, April 20, 1821, confirmed in St. Martin Church, by Rev. A. J. Fox, April 6, 1839, and ordained to the ministerial office, in St. Peter Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, in October, 1847. He removed to Lexington County, South Carolina, in October of 1854, and took charge of several churches in connection with the Tennessee Synod. Actively engaged in the work of his Lord, beloved by his people, and honored and respected by the community, he proved himself to be a workman that needed not to be ashamed. His health, however, failed, and he, unable from bodily infirmity to continue his labor in the sacred office, finally offered his resignation ; but his people would not give him up. He was unanimously re-elected, though unable to officiate. His five churches clung to him while he lived, and though his demise was not generally known, he was followed to his last resting place by a large multitude of mourning and attached people. He served, during the war, as a member of the Legislature for two years, and filled the office of Probate Judge for Lexington County, at the time of his death. He had held the office for nearly six years. He left a wife and six children to watch, wait, and follow in the narrow path. One son had gone before him, to the happy land on high. Rev. Dr. Rude, of Columbia, performed the funeral services. Obituary of Rev. Christian G. Reitzel.— Christian G. Reitzel was born March 30, 1805, in Guilford County, North Carolina. On the 15th day of November, 1827, he entered into the holy estate of matri- mony with Miss Delilah Ingold, with whom he had eleven children. September 17, 1S35, he entered the ministry as a Deacon. Sep- tember 16, 1 841, he was ordained to the office of Pastor, in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia. In the year 1841, he located in Catawba County, North Carolina, and took charge of St. Peter's, Miller's, and Zion's congregations, in that county, and of Friendship Church, in Alexander County, and served them till 1849. On the 4th day of February, 1850, his first wife departed this life. A few years after this event, he married a second time. By this union he had six children. On the 25th day of October, 1870, he departed this life; aged 65 years, 6 months, and 26 days. He was buried at St. Peter's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina. His funeral services were rendered and a sermon was preached by Rev. J. M. Smith, on 2 Tim. 4, 7, 8. Whilst he was a plain, humble, common man, he possessed excel- lent native talents and fine mental capacities and powers. He was well indoctrinated in the teachings of Divine Revelation and the sound principles of the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, de- 188 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL rived froin the Holy Scriptures. He was very exact and rather critical. He was a faithful, zealous preacher, a devout Christian, a good neigh- bor, a reliable citizen, an affectionate husband, and a kind father. SIXTH DECADE. Fifty-first Session. Synod met in its fifty-first session, in Philadelphia Chnrch, Gaston County, North Carolina, October 14, 1871. The officers elected were, Revs. S. Henkel, president ; I. Conder, recording secretary; J. M. Smith, corresponding secretary; and A. J. Fox, treasurer. Rev. Prof. L. A. Bikle, corresponding delegate from the North Carolina Synod, was received. On a letter of honorable dismission from the Pennsyl- vania Synod, Rev. L,. A. Fox, who formerly had been a member of this Synod, was received into connection with it. With regard to union, Synod passed the following reso- lution ; be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this Synod, that, at the present time, union, in the form of a Joint Synod, or Branch Synods, is preferable to that of one by consolidation. The committee, appointed to meet with a similar com- mittee appointed by the North Carolina Synod, for the purpose of preparing a basis for union between the Tennes- see and North Carolina Synods, met in Mount Pleasant, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, April 25, 1871, and, after due consideration and considerable discussion, agreed on a basis, which was afterwards adopted by the North Carolina Synod, and, during this session, by the Tennessee Synod, with slight explanations. This basis is appended to the Minutes of this meeting. It is too long for insertion here. The edition of the Hymn-Book, used by Synod, being exhausted, Revs. S. Henkel and A. J. Fox and A. Costner, Esq., were appointed a committee to examine various hymn- books and liturgies, and report at the next session of Synod. M. Iy. Fox, M. D., and Mr. A. L,. Crouse, having sus- tained examinations, were ordained to the pastoral office, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 89 and Mr. John N. Stirewalt was ordained to the same office b) r the Virginia Conference of this Synod. A church paper, called the Evangelical Lutheran, having been revived, and published by Rev. N. Aldrich, Charlotte, North Carolina, was recommended. The committee on the synod, called the Concordia Synod of Virginia, submitted the following, which was adopted : While we still regard the action of our misguided brethren, Revs. Wetzel, Seneker, and Schmucker, as irreg- ular and schismatic, yet, as we can see no advantages that can accrue to our Synod by the retention of their names in our clerical roll, we recommend that their names be stricken from our list of pastors. The committee, appointed to prepare resolutions on the death of Rev. Jacob Killian, submitted the following, which were unanimously adopted by a rising vote : Whereas, It hath pleased the Almighty Disposer of all events, in the righteous dispensation of an all-wise provi- dence, to call the Rev. Jacob Killian, a member of this Synod, from his labors on earth to his reward in heaven, be it, therefore, Resolved 1 . That in this painful dispensation, we recog- nize the hand of our Heavenly Father, who doth all things well ; and bow with filial resignation to his chastening hand. 2. That we deeply lament the loss of a devoted friend, an earnest and efficient laborer in the work of the ministry, and of one manifesting the liveliest interest in the prosper- ity of our beloved Zion. 3. That we will ever cherish his memory, endeavor to imitate his many virtues, and emulate his bright examples, in an untiring devotion to the welfare and prosperity of the church, which he so much loved. 4. That we sincerely condole with the family of our deceased brother, in their sad bereavement and deep affliction. 5 . That the Secretary of Synod forward a copy of these resolutions to the family of the deceased. I90 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL According to the Parochial Report, 504 infants and 38 adults were baptized, and 271 confirmed. Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, was agreed on as the place for the next meeting of Synod, and Saturday before the first Sunday of September, 1872, as the time. Obituary of Rev. William Hancher. — We make up the following in regard to this venerable minister, from an address delivered by Rev. A. J. Brown, D. D., before the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod of Tennessee : Rev. William Hancher, born in Frederick County, Virginia, Sep- tember 7, 1 788, venerable alike for his years and his long and success- ful work in the ministry, is entitled to special mention and honor on this memorable occasion. He was ordained to the full work of the ministry in 1836, and died in 1870, at the advanced age of four score and two years, minus only two days. From the time he entered the ministry, till disabled by disease, embracing a period of nearly forty years, he labored constantly and assiduously in this calling. He occu- pied during this time, for much of it almost alone, an extensive, and an important and fertile field in the territory of the Holston Synod, and faithfully and successfully did he cultivate and develop its re- sources. His labors were confined principally to Sullivan County. He was for years the pastor of the principal churches now composing the charges of his son, brother J. K. Hancher, his grand-son, Rev. William G. Wolford, and Rev. A. J. Brown. It was at an important and critical time in the history of the Lutheran Church in this country. It was in the midst of her transition state from German to the English language. At the time of his ordination, father Hancher was perhaps the only minister in the Tennessee Synod who could speak the English language only. Under the difficult circumstances by which he was surrounded, when so much valuable material was lost to the Lutheran Church in many other sections of country, he not only retained in the church in the field of his operations the old members, but also brought into it most of their children, and many others whose proclivities were by education and earl}' associations anything else rather than Lutheran. To his labors are we largely indebted for the firm hold of Lutheran ism in Sullivan County, and for its prosperity in after yearfe. Father Hancher was a man for whom nature had done much, and had he enjoyed in early life the advantages of thorough, mental culture, he might have attained distinction in any of the great depart- ments of human activity and interest. But such was not the case. I lis youth, his early manhood, and much of his riper years, were spent LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 19I in manual labor. We speak of him now particularly as a minister of the Gospel. Much as we may regret his want of education, it may have been the best far the church at that particular juncture in its history . While it is important, if not absolutely necessary, for the minister to be in advance of his people generally in education and general intelligence, it is not best that he should be too far in advance of them in these respects. For if so, they will fail to appreciate his labors and to be benefited to the fullest extent by them. But I am wandering from the subject, and will return. For his work father Hancher had many fine,' and some rare natural endowments. He was a ready speaker, and had a soft, mellow voice of sufficient volume and compass to address with ease to himself large audiences in the open air, and there was in his mental organism a deep, pathetic vein, which was clearly seen in his preaching, and sel- dom failed to be deeply felt by his hearers. We have witnessed moving scenes under the influence of his preaching. Father Hancher was not a systematic sermonizer. While he attached great importance to soundness in doctrine, and gave promi- nence in his preaching to the distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church, his preaching was mostly practical and hortatory, and looked to the immediate conversion of sinners. His themes were generally such as treat of the deep innate depravity of the human heart, of re- pentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, the glories and felicities of heaven, the shortness and uncertainty of human life, and the importance and wisdom of making immediate and speedy preparation for death and judgment. He preached as a dying man to dying men, deeply impressed with the importance of his mission and the tremendous responsibility which it involves. And he was success- ful in bringing many souls, to Christ, which shall adorn his crown when the Master comes to make up his jewels. During his life he received many evidences of the esteem and love of his brethren, and when he died, he died deeply lamented. Like a ripe sheaf, he has been gathered home into the heavenly garner, full of years and of honors. Obituary of Rev. Jacob Killian. — Rev. Jacob Kalian was born of a well-known, influential, Christian family, in Lincoln County, North Carolina, June 8, 1818. He was dedicated to God in infancy, and, at a more mature age, he entered into full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church. After securing a respectable education, he commenced the study of theology, with a view to the ministry. May 11, 1836, he entered the ministry, in connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee I92 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Synod. In the year 1S37, he located near Waynesboro, Augusta County, Virginia, where he took charge of Koiner's Church, and other congregations in that section, and lived and labored there, till he was called from time into eternity. He entered into the estate of holy matrimony with Miss Julia A. Koiner, daughter of George Koiner, Esq. , of near Fishersville, Augusta County, Virginia. He was a large, portly man of commendable bearing and extensive influence, commanding general respect and esteem. He was possessed of fine native talents and excellent oratorical powers. He was an in- fluential speaker, and frequently grew quite eloquent in the delivery of his sermons. His voice was clear, strong, and forcible. He was a faithful and zealous laborer in the vineyard of his Lord and Master, true and faithful to the doctrines and usages of the Church, and strictly conservative. He made a good impression wherever he went. He was well acquainted with the history and doctrines of the Church, and always inculcated them in the best and most impressive manner. He was a good, reliable citizen, a kind neighbor, and an affection- ate husband and a loving father. After spending a useful, successful, Christian life, in the Church, the Family, and the State, he departed this life, July 5, 1871 ; aged 53 years and 28 days, and entered his rest in the upper Sanctuary, leaving four children, — three sons and one daughter, with numerous relatives and friends to lament their irreparable loss. He was buried at Bethle- hem Church, near his residence, Revs. J. I. Miller, D. D., and I. Conder officiating, in the presence of an unusually large and sympa- thetic concourse of relatives and friends. ' ' At length released from many woes, How sweetly dost thou sleep ; How calm and peaceful thy repose, While Christ thy soul doth keep." Fifty- seco7id Session. Synod assembled in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first Sunday in September, 1872. The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. A. J. Fox, president; L,. A. Fox, recording secretary ; S. Henkel, corresponding secretary; and J. S. Bennick, treasurer. Revs. J. A. Snyder and Prof. J. I. Miller, of the Vir- ginia Synod, and J. P. Stirewalt and J. S. Koiner, theo- logical students, were received as advisory members. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 93 A committee was appointed to prepare a fuller paro- chial table. The Staunton, Virginia, Female Seminary, Rev. Prof. J. I. Miller, president, was recommended. The committee of correspondence with members of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod in regard to a union of that synod with this Synod, submitted the following : We have had some correspondence with the president of that synod, and from his letters learn that the synod is likely to sever her connection with the Southern General Synod at her next convention, and that she is favorably disposed towards a union with this Synod, with the ultimate design of uniting with the General Council. The committee recommended, that a delegate be ap- pointed to attend the next meeting of the Holston Synod, and, if possible, make arrangements for the union of these two synods in a joint synod. With a view of securing a higher degree of attainment on the part of those who intend to enter the ministry in connection with this Synod, both in regard to literature and theology, a committee was appointed to prepare a course of studies for theological students, who do not take a regular course in a theological seminary. The committee, S. Henkel, A. J. Fox, and A. Costner, submitted, among other things, in their report, the following : After a careful and conscientious examination of differ- ent hymn-books and liturgies now in use, (among them the Book of Worship — a work of decided merit) we would, under the circumstances and in view of the highest consid- erations, recommend to congregations in need of hymn- books or books containing the service of the Church, "The Church Book for the use of Evangelical Lutheran Congre- gations. By authority of the General Council of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church in America." This book we regard as a work of the highest merit, strictly churchly in / all its features. The principles on which this was constituted were not 194 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the taste of anj r individual or committee, but the consensus of the Lutheran Church in its purest periods, in all countries. Great care and labor have been bestowed on this work, in order to attain the highest degree of perfection. We are assured on the highest authority, that it is in its final shape as far as it goes — the forms for Baptism, &c, (Artcs Minis- teriales) remain to be added. The work will not be changed — the forms will simply be appended to later editions. The work is equally as cheap as the Church Hymn-Book. If any of our ministers should need a book containing the Actes Ministeriales before the later editions of the Church Book are published, we refer them to the "Book of Forms by Rev. J. A. Seiss, D. D.," published about fourteen years ago, and to the old Liturgy of the Pennsylvania Synod. The President having recommended in his report the propriety of reviving the ancient custom of installation, it was Resolved, That it be the duty of the President, with the consent of the pastor-elect and the congregation, to ap- point a committee of installation, in all succeeding changes in the pastoral relations in our Synod, to perform this ceremony. The Committee on the Revision of the Constitution of Beneficiary Association, was discharged, and another, con- sisting of Rev. S. Henkel and Mr. A. M. Bowman, was ap- pointed in place of the former. The corresponding delegate to the North Carolina Synod, presented, among other things, in his report, the following : The only thing done in which this Synod is directly interested, was in regard to the contemplated union of this Synod with that in a joint body. The subject elicited much discussion, was fully ventilated, and was disposed of by the adoption of resolutions referring the matter to the next convention of the Synod for further action. These resolu- tions were ordered to be forwarded by the Corresponding Secretary to the President of this Synod. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 95 In regard to this, Synod took the following action : Resolved 1. That we heartily endorse the sentiment of the North Carolina Synod, expressed in these resolutions, viz.: "That a union of the two Synods in a Joint Synod is both practicable and desirable." 2. That we entirely approve the action of the North Carolina Synod in reference to this union. 3. That this Synod is ready to meet the North Carolina Synod in a joint convention at any time and place, and on any basis of lay representation that may be agreed upon by the Presidents of the Synods interested. The following report was adopted : The committee, consisting of Revs. S. Henkel and I. Conder, appointed to reply to the communications of Revs. P. C. Henkel and J. R. Moser, of Missouri, to this Synod, submitted the following : Whereas, We learn from the communications of these brethren, that the prospects for building up the Church in the West are favorable, and that these brethren, in connec- tion with others, have taken preliminary steps for the organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod in the State of Missouri ; be it, therefore, Resolved 1. That we hail with pleasure this information. 2. That their efforts put forth for the organization of a Synod, meet our approbation. 3. That, in order to aid them in publishing the pro- ceedings of their conference, and their proposed constitu- tion in connection with their discussion of "Doctrinal Theses selected from the Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, showing the principal distinction between the Lutheran Church and other ecclesiastical Communions," we request our ministers at once to bring the matter before their respective congregations and secure subscriptions to said work, which your committee presumes will cost fifteen cents per copy, and send the amount to Rev. P. C. Henkel or Rev. J. R. Moser. 196 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Appropriations were made for the benefit of four bene- ficiary students. Messrs. M. L. Little and W. C. Holler were received as applicants for the ministry. During this synodical year, 392 infants and 43 adults were baptized, and 284 confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Zion Church', Lexington County, South Carolina, on the third Sunday in October, 1873. Fifty-third Session. Synod met in Zion Church, Lexington County, South Carolina, October 16, 1873. Rev. J. M. Smith was elected president ; Rev. J. R. Peterson, recording secretary ; Rev. L. A. Fox, corresponding secretary; and Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, treasurer. The following course of study, for private students in theology, was recommended: Home's Introduction, Hut- ter's Compend, Book of Concord, Krauth's Conservative Reformation, Knapp's Christian Theology, Mann's Schmidt's Christian Ethics, Kurtz's Sacred History, Kurtz's Church History, Ripley's Sacred Rhetoric, Vinet's Homiletics, Vinet's Pastoral Theology. Instruction must be given in Exegesis, Catechetics, Liturgies, and Ecclesiastical Polity. It is presumed that every minister who undertakes to give instructions, will be able to point out and guard his students against such things in any of the books given above that is un-Lutheran. The most objectionable one has important features not found elsewhere. Special attention is to be given to the study of the New Testament in Greek, and when the minister is able to teach Hebrew, to the study of the Old Testament in Hebrew. St. James Church, Summit, South Carolina, was received. The Virginia Conference of the Synod was requested to examine, and, if found qualified, to ordain J. Paul Stirewalt. M. L. Little and J. C. Moser, after examination, were LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 197 licensed as ministers. Mr. W. P. Cline and Mr. D. L. Crouse were received as theological students. Arrangements were made to establish a regular synod- ical fund. Heretofore, there was no such fund in this Synod. The amounts necessary for printing Minutes, traveling expenses, &c, were raised by voluntary contribu- tions from individuals and congregations, nearly every con- gregation having a treasury. The following action was taken relative to Our Church Paper: Resolved, That we hail with much pleasure, the appear- ance of Our Church Paper, a religious journal, published at New Market, Virginia. The respectability of its appear- ance, the ability with which it is conducted, and the sound- ness of the doctrines and practices which it inculcates, are just what we think they ought to be, and we therefore regard it our duty, as far as possible, to encourage its circulation among the people of our congregations, and that we exert our- selves to introduce it into every family of our connection. The Constitution and By-Laws of Synod were ordered to be appended to the Minutes of this session. Messrs. J. F. Moser and A. B. Efird were received as beneficiaries, with a view to the ministry. Appropriations were made for four beneficiaries. Corresponding delegates were appointed to different synods. The following action, taken by the North Carolina Synod, relative to union: "That all action in regard to union with all other ecclesiastical bodies be postponed for five years," — seems to have put that matter to rest for that period at least. According to the report, there were 599 infants and 34 adults baptized, and 447 confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet in Pilgrim's Church, David- son County, North Carolina, Thursday before the first Sunday in October, 1874. I98 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Fifty-fourth Session. This meeting was held in Pilgrim's Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, beginning October 1, 1874. The officers elected were : Rev. L. A. Fox, president ; Rev. A. L. Crouse, recording secretary; Rev. J. M. Smith, corresponding secretary; and Maj. A. Koiner, treasurer. Rev. W. Kimball, corresponding delegate from the North Carolina Synod, was received. Letters of honorable dismission were granted Revs. P. C. Henkel and J. R. Moser to the Missouri Conference of the Lutheran Church. Crouse's Mission, Alabama, Morning Star, Page County, and St. Jacob's Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia, were received. For sufficient reasons, the name of Christian Moretz, Jr. , was erased from the clerical catalogue of Synod. Rev. C. H. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod, was received as an advisory member. During its meeting in 1874, the Holston Synod resolved to unite with the General Council of the Lutheran Church in America. The Synod being notified of the fact, that the said General Council appointed a committee to. co-operate with similar committees from other general bodies, and from synods not in connection with any general body, in arrang- ing for a general colloquium of all Lutherans in America, who accept unqualifiedly the Augsburg Confession, the following action was taken : Resolved, That we cordially approve this move of the General Council. During this year, there were 384 confirmed, and 39 adults and 497 infants baptized. Synod adjourned to meet in Mt. Calvary Church, Page County, Virginia, Thursday before the first Sunday in Sep- tember, 1875. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 199 Fifty -fifth Session. Synod assembled in Mt. Calvary Church, Page County, Virginia, September, 1875. Its officers were Rev. J. R. Peterson, president ; Rev. I. Conder, recording secretary; Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, corre- sponding secretary; and Rev. S. Henkel, treasurer. Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate of the North Carolina Synod, was received. Mr. J. W. Hausenfluck was received as an applicant for the ministry, and, at his request, placed under the direc- tion of Rev. S. Henkel. Rev. J. M. Smith, in a letter, informed Synod that the congregations in Catawba County, North Carolina, had de- cided to establish a high school of a strictly Lutheran character. Synod approved of that move and heartily com- mended the enterprise. Relative to the death of Rev. Godfrey Dreher, of Lex- ington County, South Carolina, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted by a rising vote : Whereas, God, in his all-wise Providence, has been pleased to call from time to eternity Rev. Godfrey Dreher, pastor of Lutheran congregations, Lexington County, South Carolina, hereby Resolved, That we express our high appreciation of his services and success ; that we bow in humble submission to the will of him that doth all things well, cherish the memory of Rev. Dreher, and pray the Master to send in his stead faithful and worthy ministers of the New Testament. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be published in Our Church Paper. On motion, the congregation in Monroe, Union County, North Carolina, was received. A committee was appointed to prepare a constitution and regulations for Home Missionary operations, and report to the next meeting. On motion, Rev. S. Henkel was required to secure all 200 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL the minutes and pamphlets of the different sessions of our Synod, and have them bound, and also to collect such other material as may be of interest to the Church. Appropriations were made for the benefit of two bene- ficiaries. There were 484 infant and 48 adult baptisms, and 359 confirmations, reported at this convention. Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Lex- ington County, South Carolina, on Thursday before the second Sunday in October, 1876. Obituary of Rev. Godfrey Dreher. — Rev. Godfrey Dreher departed this life at the residence of his son-in-law, Rev. Daniel Efird, at Pine Ridge, Lexington County, South Carolina, July 28, 1875; aged 85 years, 7 months, and 24 days. Funeral services were rendered and a sermon preached at the said residence, by Rev. H. W. Kuhns, from 1 Thess. 4, 14, in the presence of a very large, sympathizing congrega- tion. His earthly remains were then conveyed, in solemn procession, to St. Michael's Church, twelve miles distant, where another sermon was preached by the same minister from Psalm 71, 9, at the request of a large assembly, which had gathered there, to pay the last tribute of respect to departed worth. His body was then placed in the grave, to await the final resurrection, in rear of the pulpit of St. Michael's, between the graves of Revs. Wingard and D. Dreher, the place which he had selected and which had been reserved for that purpose, — a pulpit which he had filled with so much acceptance. He entered the active services of the ministry in connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, in the year 181 1, and confined his labors chiefly to ministerial services in Lexington County, South Carolina, in a community generally known as "Dutch Fork," where he labored with acceptance and success. He was one of the first ministers who preached in the English language in that community. He was present at the conference which met in St. Michael's Church, Lexington County, South Carolina, in 1824, where and when the Evangelical Lutheran South Carolina Synod was organ- ized, and elected as president of that synod. At that time the paro- chial reports show that he had six churches in his charge. From that time till 1835, he was elected treasurer of synod, successively each year. In that year, the constitution of the synod was so changed as to require a layman to fill that office. About the year 1834, some difficulties and differences arose in the synod which were not satisfac- torily adjusted. In 1837, he met a committee appointed by the presi- dent of the synod, to meet at Lexington Court House, South Carolina, LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 201 to adjust the differences. After some consultation, he was, at his request, permitted to withdraw from the synod in an amicable manner. Eight congregations went with him. These congregations he faith- fully and zealously served, aided occasionally by visiting ministers and such other assistance as he could command, till 1851, preaching as many as two sermons on three of the Sundays in each mouth, although his congregations were situated a very considerable distance from his place of residence, and from five to eight miles distant from each other. From 1 851 to 1854, he was permanently assisted by Rev. Daniel Efird. In 1854, he received an attack of paralysis. ' This ended his ministerial career. He was always regular and punctual in his attendance at his appointments. The inclemency of the weather never prevented him from filling his engagements and complying with his obligations. It seems he was prompt in all the relations of life, and strong in his con- victions. He was true and faithful, zealous and energetic in the performance of his duties. He was a man of excellent native powers and abilities, firm and indomitable. As a minister, he was earnest and effective, and often, and especially when he spoke on his theme in which he most delighted, "justification by Faith," he grew most eloquent and pathetic. He wielded a very decided and beneficial influ- ence in the community in which he labored. He contributed liberally of bis temporal means towards the establishment of the theological seminary of the South Carolina Synod, first erected at Lexington Court House, South Carolina. As a man, he was generous, liberal, just, kind, and affectionate in all the departments of life. "He now rests from his labors, and his works do follow him." Fifty- sixth Session. Synod convened in St. John's Church, Lexington County, South Carolina, October 5, 1876. The officers chosen were : Revs. S. Henkel, president ; J. M. Smith, recording secretary; J. R. Peterson, corre- sponding secretary; and A. J. Fox, treasurer. Rev. J. C. Moser and H. A. Meetze were received as advisory members. St. Matthew Church, King's Mountain, the church at Hickory, North Carolina, St. Thomas Church, South Caro- lina, and St. Mark's, Luray, Virginia, were received. A committee of three, consisting of Revs. J. M. Smith, J. R. Peterson, and A. J. Fox, was appointed to examine 202 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL A. L. Yount, and, if necessary, to ordain him. There was also a committee appointed to ordain J. W. Hausenfluck, if found qualified. Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., of the South Carolina Synod, was received as a corresponding delegate from that synod. The committee, appointed to prepare a paper relative to the death of Rev. Thomas Crouse, submitted the follow- ing, which was adopted by a rising vote : Whereas, God, in his wise Providence, has called from his labors on earth, Rev. T. Crouse, a faithful minister of our Synod, to his rest and reward on high ; therefore, Resolved, That we recognize the hand of God herein, and humbly bow to his righteous ways, that we cherish his memory, and pray God for grace, that we may meekly sub- mit to his dispensation. Resolved, That these resolutions be published in "Our Church Paper,'" and a copy be sent to the family of the de- ceased. The action of Synod in 1864, creating the license sys- tem, was rescinded, a committee of three was appointed to prepare and submit to the present convention of this Synod, a plan by which the requirements of our Constitution in regard to the candidates for the ministry in their period of probation, can be complied with. This committee, not being able to submit a plan, for the want of time, Revs. A. J. Fox, J. R. Peterson, and S. Henkel, were appointed a committee to give this matter proper attention, and report at the next meeting. The license system having been rescinded, Messrs. J. A. Cromer and E. L. L,ybrand, who applied for license, were requested to labor, for the time being, under some regular pastor or pastors. The committee appointed at the last session to prepare Regulations for Missionary Work, submitted the following : Article I. There shall be elected, annually, by Synod, an Executive Committee of three, or five, or more members, as the nature and extent of the work may require, who shall LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 203 hold office until their successors shall be appointed. Of this committee, the Committee on Vacancies shall be a member. Article II. This Executive Committee shall have charge of the Missionary work between the conventions of Synod. They shall elect one of their number Treasurer, who shall hold and disburse the missionary moneys accord- ing to the directions of the committee. The Executive Committee may establish or discontinue missions, may employ or dismiss missionaries, and shall have the super- intendence and control of all missionary operations during their time of office. Article III. This committee shall hold at least two meetings during the year. It shall keep a clear and correct account of all its transactions, and especially of all moneys received and disbursed, and report annually to Synod, and be prepared with vouchers to sustain the same, which re- port shall be recorded by the Secretary of Synod. Article IV. All moneys collected from congregations or otherwise, and donations for the purpose of missions, shall be paid over to the Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee, for which he shall give his receipt. Article V. Diligent and rigid inquiry shall be made as to the condition of every community, and the prospects of establishing a self-sustaining congregation or pastorate whenever application shall be made for aid, and where these are not favorable, no money shall be expended as a mere venture. Article VI. Every pastor in connection with this Synod shall be required to take up collections in each of his congregations, annually, in the most judicious manner, for missions. Article VII. These regulations shall be subject to amendment at any meeting of Synod after giving one day's notice of the proposed amendment, and with the concur- rence of two-thirds of the members present. 204 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL Your committee, in submitting the above plan, would call the attention of the Synod to the importance of concen- trated effort. It is a lesson learned after a dear experience by other bodies, and they are now centering their labors upon a few places until they make them self-supporting. It is found to be far better to make large appropriations to one point and assist in building a church than to scatter a small fund among many. With respect to the Southern General Synod's sugges- tion, that this Synod reconsider its actions declining to unite with that synod, the following action was taken : Resolved, That under existing circumstances, we regard it inexpedient to take any steps either toward uniting with or in any way committing ourselves to any one of the General Lutheran Bodies in this country. The following preamble and resolution were passed : Whereas, Prof. Ben. Hyde Benton, President of Poly- technic Institute, at New Market, Virginia, has kindly tendered to this Synod three free scholarships in that Insti- tute, one for the congregation of this Synod in South Caro- lina, and two for our Churches in North Carolina, upon condition that the candidates are over 14 years of age, and come with a recommendation from one of the ministers of this Synod, Resolved, That we highly appreciate this kind offer and most cheerfully accept it, and tender our most sincere thanks to the kind donor. The baptisms reported were 544 infants and 56 adults, and 325 confirmations. Synod adjourned to meet in Coble's Church, Guilford County, North Carolina, November 8, 1877. Obituary of Rev. Thomas Crouse. — Rev. Thomas Crouse died April 11, 1S76, at 12.30 P. M. He was born in Davidson County, North Carolina, June 6, 1822. His paternal ancestors came from Germany to Pennsylvania, thence to Forsyth County, North Carolina, where Andrew Crouse, the father of the deceased, was born. He married a Miss Daniels, whose LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 205 parents came from Ireland. They afterwards settled in Davidson County, North Carolina, where the subject of this sketch was born. He was baptized in infancy, in Beck's Evangelical Lutheran Church, where he afterwards received religious instruction, and was confirmed. He received his literary education at Prof. Dusenberry's school, Lexington, North Carolina, and his theological training under the direction of tutors. He entered the ministry in connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in 1845, and continued in its work until his death, having been engaged in the Master's service about 31 years. Soon after he began his work, he moved to Randolph Count}', North Carolina, where he married Barbara Fox, a descendant, through her maternal line, from one of the Electors of Saxony. She died in about eight years, leaving four children. He afterwards married M. C. Fox, youngest sister of Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., by whom one son was given him. As a theologian, he was a sound and firm defender of the doctrines and customs of the old type of Lutheranism. As a preacher, he was attractive, because of his earnestness of manner, clearness of thought, force of style, and persuasive voice. He labored in Guilford and Alamance, and organized Melanch- thon, the only Lutheran Church in Randolph County. In 1873, he moved to Davidson County, and rebuilt Beck's, the church of his youth, of which, with three other congregations, he was pastor until his death. His last sermon was preached in Beck's Church, ten days before he died. Surveying his work, we are convinced that he was a "workman that need not be ashamed," and that he has many jewels in his crown. Fifty-seventh Session. Synod assembled in Coble's Church, Guilford County, North Carolina, November 8, 1877. The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. S. Henkel, D. D., president ; J. Paul Stirewalt, recording secretary ; M. L,. Little, corresponding secretary ; and D. Efird, treasurer. Rev. P. C. Henkel, having been called back from Missouri to Conover, North Carolina, to lead in the perma- nent establishment of a school of a high grade, at the latter place, was unanimously received into Synod. Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate from the North Carolina Synod, was received. 2o6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEXrCAI, On Sunday, the new church erected to take the place of the old Coble Church, was dedicated, Rev. S. Henkel, D. D., preaching the sermon, and Rev. P. C. Henkel lead- ing in the dedicatory services. It was moved, that when Synod adjourn, it adjourn to meet in St. Matthew Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia, on Thursday before the first Sunday in September, 1878. Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate of the North Carolina Synod, conveyed to this Synod in a few pertinent remarks, the fraternal greetings and kindly feel- ings of the North Carolina Synod, and was appropriately replied to by Rev. S. Henkel, D. D. Rev. A. L,. Yount, having left the bounds of this Synod, having received a call from a congregation at Murphysboro r Illinois, was requested to return to Synod the amount he had received from it as a beneficiary, not having labored in the bounds of the Synod anything like the length of time the regulations of the Beneficiary Society of Synod required from its beneficiaries. This he did ; that is, refunded it in due time. On motion, the President appointed a committee of three to prepare rules and regulations for the government of beneficiaries, to report at the next meeting of Synod. Committee — Revs. A. J. Fox, J. M. Smith, and Mr. M. L. Cline. The reports show that during this year 585 infants and 56 adults were baptized, and 471 persons were confirmed. Synod adjourned to meet at the time and place already indicated. Fifty -eighth Session. This meeting convened in St. Matthew Church, Shen- andoah County, Virginia, August 29, 1878. The officers of this convention were Revs. P. C. Henkel, president; L. A. Fox, recording secretary; A. J. Fox, cor- responding secretary; and J. Paul Stirewalt, treasurer. The congregation at Conover, Catawba Coupty, North Carolina, was received. LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 207 A committee of three was appointed to prepare a plan for missionary work. A committee was appointed to ex- amine Mr. A. R. Yoder. Rev. V. R. Stickle}', corresponding delegate of the North Carolina Synod, was received. Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., read the Regulations for the •Government of Synod in the work of Beneficiary Education. It is too long for insertion here. It may be found in Min- utes of 1878. The committee, appointed to prepare resolutions on the death of Rev. Henry Goodman, presented the following, which was adopted, the Synod rising : Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God, in his wise Providence, to remove Rev. Henry Goodman from his labors on earth to his reward in heaven, Resolved 1. That in the death of Father Goodman, the Church has lost an earnest, faithful, and zealous laborer in his Master's vineyard ; Resolved 2. That we bow in humble submission to him who doth all things well ; Resolved 3. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to 118 Hawkins, Rev. E., 119 Henkel, Rev. D. M., 121, 143 Henkel, Rev. Andrew, 124 Huuton, Rev. J. H., 149, 158 Historical facts, 157 Henkel, David S., 164 Holston Synod, 172 Hausenfluck, Rev. J. W., 202 History of Synod, 247, 252, 253 Instructions to the Governor, 1 Invitation to Pennsylvania, 71 Instruction, catechetical, 74 Installation, 194 Interest in beneficiary education, 213 Joint Synod, 178, 188 Joint Union, &c, 194, 195, 226, 228 Kurtz's, Rev. N., ordination, 2 Kurtz, Rev. H. A., 44 Killian, Rev. Jacob, 92 Koiner, Rev. J. S., 213, 251 Lax condition of the church, 13 Leaders in the conflict, 18, 19, 20 Larros, Rev. Jacob, 44 Liturgy, 45-. 95- 97, 99 Luther's writings, 55 Letter, pastoral, 73 Literary training, 74 INDEX. 273 Luther's Commentary on Gala- tians, 89, 90 Link, Rev. Adam S., 96 Lutheran Standard, no, 125 Lutherische Kirchenzeitung, no Luther on the Sacraments, 117, 118, Lutheraner, 120 Literary Institution, 132, 134, 137 Licensure, 163, 164 Lutheran and Missionary, 179 Lutheran, Evangelical, 189 Lutheran High School, 199, 205, 213 Lybrand, Rev. Eli Lot, 207 Letter by Hunt and others, 221 Lutz, Rev. W. A., delegate, 243, 244 Muhlenberg, 2, 66 Miller, Rev. Robert Johnson, Episcopalian, 9 Moser, Rev. Daniel, 45, 50, 51, 61, 97 Moretz, Rev. C, 48, 52, 96 Majority, 51, 52 Miller, Rev. Adam, Sen., 52, 108, 109 Meeting in Kentucky, 54, 55 Miller, Rev. Adam, Jr., 66, 71, 92, no, in Meeting for discussion proclaim- ed, 70 Meeting, public, 72 Markert, Rev. John L., 77, 88 Moser, Rev. Jonathan R., 92, 137, 198 McGinnas, W. W., Esq., 112, 113 Moser, Rev. T., 116 Missouri Synod, &c, 120 Ministerial support, 132, 134, 145, 152 Ministerial Education, 132 Moretz, Rev. Christian, Jr., 146, 198 Mission work in the Confederate Army, 160, 161 Missouri conference or synod, 195 Missionary Regulations, 202, 203 Miller, Rev. Thomas, 207 Mission Work transferred to Con- ferences, 209, 212 Monuments, 213, 232, 241 Miller, Rev. Dr. J. I., 229 Missionary work, 242, 244, 251 Miller, Rev. J. T., 246 Miller, Rev. J. P., 250 Moser, Rev. J. F., 250 New York Liturgy, 12 Name of Synod, 29, 30 New Measures, 101 New Synod, 166, 167 Newberry College, 170 Ordination of David Henkel, 17 Organization of the Northern General Synod, 18, 173 Opportunity for the final rupture, 18 Organization of Tenn. Synod, 24 Ordination of Jacob Zink and Adam Miller, 31 Object of its organization, 40-42 Objections to Gen. Synod, 52, 105 Obituary, Rev. Paul Henkel, 67-70 Rev. David Henkel, 80-82 Rev. Philip Henkel, 85-86 Organization of Indiana Synod, 88 Obituary, Rev. John N. Stirewalt, 9 2 -93 Rev. Daniel Moser, 9S-99 Rev. John Rhodes, 106 Rev. Adam Miller, Sen., 108-109 Obituary, Rev. N. Bonham, 120 - Deacon J. Costner, 159-160 Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, 180-182 Rev. A. Henkel, 185-186 Rev. C. G. Reitzel, 187-188 Rev. Wm. Hancher, 190- 191 Rev. Jacob Killian, 92, 191- 192 Our Church Paper, 197 Obituary, Rev. Godfrey Dreher, 200-201 Obituary, Rev. T. Crouse, 204-205 Rev. H. Goodman, 208 Rev. J. S. Bennick, 217-218 Rev. A. J. Fox, 230-231 Mr. Thomas E. Armentrout, 238-239 Obituary, Rev. M. L. Fox, M. D., 248-249 Obituary, Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., 249-250 Offman, Rev. D. I., 250 • 274 INDEX. Obituary, Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D-, 253-255 Obituary, Rev. H. Wetzel, 255- 256 Pryzelius, Paul D., admitted, 3 Political changes, 3 Pietism, 4 Point of Union, 11 Paper pasted on the word Trinity, 18 Personal difficulties, 23 Position and Basis, 32 Persecution, 37 Printing establishment, 37, 38 Publications, 38, 39 Pennsylvania Synod, 59 Publications, 87, 88 Petition from South Carolina, 99 Proceedings of General Synod, 102, 103 Peterson, Rev. J. R., 113 Plan for Missionary work, 207 Probst, Rev. L. K., 240, 244 Peschau, Rev. F. W. E., 240 Price, Rev. J. P., 246 Policy, 262-265 Rationalism, 4 Religious revival, 6-8 Revival theory, 8, 9 Rules, 11, 149 Rupture, 20 Riemenschneider, Rev. G. H., . 60, 61 Regeneration, 76, 162 Rankiii, Rev. Wm. C, 79, 82, 83 Riemenschneider, Rev. John J., Resolution of Virginia Synod con- demned, 95 Reply to Rev. Dr. Bachman's sermon, 96 Reply to the action of Virginia Synod, 97 Reitzel, Rev. C. G., 103 Religious journal, 103, 104" Rhodes, Rev. John, 105, 106 Reynolds, Rev. Prof., 124 Review, Evangelical, 125 Report of committee on resolution of the Pennsylvania Synod rela- tive to union with the General Synod, 135-136 Revision of Liturgy, 148, 150 Revision of constitution, 150, 151, 152, 156, 157, 161, 163, 168 Rules of order, 158 Re-union of all the Tennessee Synod members, 175, 193 Reconstruction, 176, 177 Rules for beneficiaries, 206 Reception of Concordia High School, 211, 212 Rudisill, Rev. J. A., 228 Regulations for United Synod, 235, 236 Relation of Tennessee Synod to United Synod, 245, 246 Swedish colonists, 1 Saltzburg refugees, 2 St. Michael's church, 2 Shober, Rev. G., 6, 10, II, 12, 16 Storch, Rev., 7 Stirewalt, Capt. J. N., 14 Separation, 21, 22, 23 Session, second, 43-47 — third, 47-53 Slavery, 52 St. Paul's School, 46, 53 Session, fourth, 53-60 Sechrist, Rev. A., 57, 87, 89, 91 Session, fifth, 60-65 — sixth, 65-70 — seventh, 70-71 — eighth, 71-74 Stirewalt, Rev. John N., 74, 76, 90 Session, ninth, 74-76 Symbolical books, 75 Session, tenth, 76-78 — eleventh, 78 — twelfth, 78-82 — thirteenth, 82-83 — fourteenth, 83-86 — fifteenth, 86-88 — sixteenth, 88-90 — seventeenth, 90-93 Schoolfield, Rev. D. S., 92, 104, 109, no Stirewalt, Rev. Jacob, 95, 99 Session, eighteenth, 93-95 — nineteenth, 96-99 — twentieth, 99-100 — twenty-first, 100-104 — twenty-second, 104-106 — twenty-third, 107 INDEX. 275 Session, twenty-fourth, 107-109 — twenty-fifth, 109-112 — twenty-sixth, 112-113 Shaver, Rev. J. M., 113 Session, twenty-seventh, 113-117 Sin against the Holy Ghost, 117 Session, twenty-eighth, 1 17-120 Swaney, Rev. Denis, 120, 124 Swaney, Rev. Wtn. H., 176, 180 Session, twenty-ninth, 120-121 — thirtieth, 1 21-123 — thirty-first, 123-132 — thirty-second, 132-134 — thirty-third, 135-140 — thirty-fourth, 140-142 — thirty-fifth, 142-145 Spielmann, Rev., delegate, 142 Sondhaus, Rev. Martin, 142, 152 Swartz, Rev. Joel, 142, 149 Stirewalt, Rev. Paul J., 142 Session, thirty-sixth, 145-147 — thirty-seventh, 147-149 Seneker, Rev. J. E., 149 Seneker, Rev. J. A., 149 Session, thirty-eighth, 149- 151 Schmucker, Rev. George, 149 Smith, Rev. J. M., 150 Stirewalt, Rev. J. L., 150 Session, thirty-ninth, 151-153 Stirewalt, Rev. M. J., 152, 173 Session, fortieth, 153-158 Smyre, Rev. E. E., 157 Session, forty-first, 158 — forty-second, 159-160 — forty-third, 160-162 — forty-fourth, 162-163 Southern Lutheran, 162-163 Session, forty-fifth, 163, 164 — forty-sixth, 164-170 Sunday-schools, 172, 233, 245 Session, forty-seventh, 170-172 — forty-eighth, 172-177 — forty-ninth, 177-182 — fiftieth, 182-188 — fifty-first, 188-192 Stirewalt, Rev. John N., 189 Session, fifty-second, 192-196 — fifty-third, 196-197 Stirewalt, Rev. J. Paul, 196 Synodical Fund, 197 Session, fifty-fourth, 198 — fifty-fifth, 199-201 — fifty-sixth, 201-205 — fifty-seventh, 205-206 Session, fifty-eighth, 206-208 — fifty -ninth, 208-210 Summit Rule, 209, 210 Session, sixtieth, 211-212 — ■ sixty-first, 212-214 — sixty-second, 214-218 Sunda}--school Work, 215 Session, sixty-third, 218-228 — sixty-fourth, 228-231 Souls, 221 Settlemvre, Rev. D. J., 228 Sox, Rev. D. A., 228 Session, sixty-fifth, 231-232 — sixty-sixth, 233-239 Smeltzer, Rev. J. P., D. D., 233 Session, sixty-seventh, 239-243 — sixty-eighth, 243-250 — sixty-ninth, 250-256 Schaid, Rev. Prof. J. G., 250 Time for holding Synod changed, .15 Time for the regular meeting of Synod, 16, 17 Treatise on prayer, 75 Thanks to Dr. Solomon Henkel, 77 Uniouistic proclivities, 13 Union, more general, 15, 16 Unionists withdraw from the church to a hotel, 22 Union, general, 101, 102, 178, 183 Union with Southern General Synod, 216, 217 Virginia Synod rescinds her reso- lutions against the Tennessee Synod, 138, 140 Work prospered and extended in different States, 42 Weyer Rev. Antonius, 44 Work of the different decades, 77, 78, 100, 123, 157, 184, 212, 252, 253 Wetzel, Rev. Henry, 103, 229 Wagner, Rev. James M., 116, 170 Western Virginia Synod, 118, 119 Yount, Rev. A. L., 202, 206 Yoder, Rev. Prof. R. A., 251 Ziuk, Rev. Jacob, 51 OFFICE ESTABLISHED 1806 BY REV. AMBROSE HENKEL. HENKEL & CO., Publishers NEW MARKET, SHENANDOAH CO., VIRGINIA. :o: PUBLISHERS OF THE FOLLOWING BOOKS: Luther's Church Postil ; or, Sermons on the Epistles for the different Sundays and Festivals of the Church Year, complete, 550 large pages, bound in cloth, $1.75 The same, bound in sheep, $2.00 History of the Evangelic- al Lutheran Tennessee Syn- od, embracing an Account of the Causes which gave Rise to its Or- ganization ; Its Organization and Name ; Its Position and Confes- sional Basis ; Object of its Organi- zation ; Work, Development, and Various Sessions ; Its Policy ; and Its Future. By Rev. Socrates Henkel, D. D. 284 octavo pages. Bound in cloth $1.50 Same, cloth, bevel edges, with pic- ture of Rev. Paul Henkel, $1.75 Infant Church Membership — Baptism and The Mode of Christian Baptism, by Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., 90 large pages, bound in paper 35 cts. Answer to Joseph Moore, the Methodist, with a few Frag- ments on the Doctrine of Justifica- tion, by Rev. David Henkel, 50 cts. Unitarian s — Rev. David Henkel against the Unitarians — a Treatise on the Person and Incar- nation of Jesus Christ ... 35 cts. Grades in the Ministry, with remarks on the Ministerial Office and Ordination, by Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, and a Sketch of the Author's Life 75 cts. Christ's Descent Into Hell, by Rev. P. C. Henkel, D.D., 10 cts. A Sermon on Immortality, 2d edition, 32 pages, large type, by Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., 10 cts. The two bound together in cloth 40 cts. Memorial Address on Luther's Parents, Birth, and Education, and a Sermon on Justification, by Rev. A. L. Crouse, — price reduced to 15 cts. Enchiridion ; or, The Small Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther, for laymen and minis- ters, to which is appended a selec- tion of Hymns and Prayers, a- dapted to Catechetical Instruction and Family Devotion. Fifth edi- tion. An excellent book, 15 cts. Per doz. copies, well bound, $1.50 A Christian Catechism for Little Children — 3d edition — by Rev. A. L. Crouse, (single copy 5 cts.) per dozen 45 cts. Order of Conducting Sun- day-schools, by Rev. A. L. Crouse, price per dozen . . 12 cts. The Ten Commandments, with explanations on heavy card board, per dozen 20 cts. Lutheran Confirmation Certificates, heavy paper, single copy, 5 cts., per doz., 36 cts. fifcg^All books sent postpaid on receipt of price. Stamps received. o Subscriptions for the " Book of Concord " Solicited. — Efforts are now being made to publish a cheap edition of the Christian Book of Concord, provided the under- taking will meet the necessary en- couragement. To subscribers the price is to be, postpaid : $2.25 in Cloth Binding; $2.50 in Leather Binding. The revised (New Market) edi- tion, published in the year 1854, is to be subjected to a searching revision, by competent persons, and the book presented in good form. Subscriptions are desired at an early date, to ascertain if a suffi- cient number is obtainable to in- sure the publication of the book. The amounts of subscriptions will not be required, until after the publication of the zvork, if published. Address above. Office Established in 1806 by Rev. Ambrose Henkel. SOCRHTES HENKEL. HMBROSE L. HENKEL. ELON O. HENKEL. HENKEL & COMPANY'S- STEAM PRINTING HOUSE, New Market, Shenandoah Co., Va. NEM ••• TYPES, ■•• PRESSES. ••• STEHM, ••• 5C. They have the pleasure of announcing that, having recently refitted their print- ing house with new types and improved machinery, propelled by steam, they are now better than ever before prepared to offer inducements for the execution of all kinds of Printing ; such as, Sefao©! Catalogues, Church; Mlautes, Circulars, &c. As to the character and excellence of their work, they take very great pleasure in referring to their patrons in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, New York, and other States. ORDERS SOLICITED. WORK SATISFACTORY. PRICES REASONABLE. They are the publishers and proprietors of the "Shenandoah Valley" and "Our Church Paper," and publishers of the "Seminarian," Lutherville, Md., the " Von Bora Messenger," Luray, Va., &c. SHENANDOAH VALLEY, $1.50 per 3'ear, is a reliable, Family, Local News- paper, giving especially the local news of Rockingham, Shenandoah, and Page Counties, Va., as well as the general news. OUR CHURCH PAPER— Price Reduced to $1.00 per year, cash in advance, placing it within the reach of all. It is a good, conservative, but positive Lutheran, Family Newspaper, striving for the upbuilding of the Church, especially in the South. Issues of vital importance to the church, are treated in a judicious and comprehensive manner, by itsable and competent corps of Editors and Contributors. Our Church Paper, at §i.oo per year, is the cheapest weekly Lutheran newspa- per now published, and deserves the hearty support and co-operation of every Lutheran minister and layman, especially in the South. No pains will be spared to make it worthy of liberal and increased patronage and subscription, which the publishers indulge the hope it will receive. Every family should subscribe for and read a good church paper. Our Church Paper and the Shenandoah Valley will be sent one year, to the same address, for $2.25, cash in advance. Our Church Paper for one year, and "Luther's < 'kurch Pastil, sent for $2.50. ^''\,^Lt :■:&>