BS 2560 .R62 1922 Robertson, A. T. , 1863-1934. A harmony of the Gospels for students of the life of A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS FOR STUDENTS OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST A. T. ROBERTSON, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Litt. D. BY PROFESSOR A. T. ROBERTSON A Harmony of the Gospels for Students of the Life of Christ. Based on the Broadus Harmony. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research. Third Edition. Pages 1538. A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Fifth Edition. Pages 284. Translation in Dutch, French, German and Italian. Practical and Social Aspects of Christianity. The Wis- dom of James. Second Edition. Pages 271. Paul the Interpreter of Christ. Second Edition. Pages 155. Types of Preachers in the New Testament. Pages 238. Epochs in the Life of Jesus. Pages 212. Numerous Edi- tions. Epochs in the Life of Paul. Numerous Editions. Pages 337- John the Loyal: Studies in the Ministry of the Baptist. Pages 327. Several editions. The Pharisees and Jesus. The Stone (Princeton) Lectures. The Studies in Theology Series. Pages 201. Luke the Historian in the Light of Research. Pages 267. The New Citizenship. Pages 157. Second Edition. The Glory of the Ministry. Pages 243. Second Edition. Making Good in the Ministry. A sketch of John Mark. Pages 174. Second Edition. Paul's Joy in Christ. Studies in Philippians. Pages 267. Second Edition. The Divinity of Christ in the Gospel of John. Pages 173. Second Edition. The Student's Chronological New Testament. Second Edition. Commentary on the Gospel According to Matthew. The Bible for Home and School. Pages 308. Studies in Mark's Gospel. Pages 158. Studies in the New Testament. Many editions. Pages 284. The Teaching of Jesus Concerning God the Father. The Teaching of Jesus Series. Pages 190. Keywords in the Teaching of Jesus. Pages 127. Several Editions. Life and Letters of John A. Broadus. Pages 476. Nu- merous Editions. Syllabus for New Testament Study. Pages 207. Fourth Edition. A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS FOR STUDENTS OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST Based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised Version / BY A. T. ROBERTSON, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Litt.D. CHAIR OF NEW TESTAMENT INTERPRETATION SOUTHERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me" NEW ^SJr YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS FOR STUDENTS OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST. I PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO ELIZA S. BROADUS ELDEST DAUGHTER OF JOHN A. BROADUS AN ELECT LADY BELOVED IN MANY LANDS PREFACE It is now just thirty years since one day his young assistant suggested to Dr. John A. Broadus that he prepare a harmony of the Gospels that should depart from the old plan of following the feasts as the turning points in the life of Jesus. He acted on the hint and led the way that all modern r irmonies have followed. The book has gone through a dozen large edi- tions and has become the standard harmony for many thousands of stu- dents all over the world. Broadus was concerned to bring out "the inner movements of the history, towards that long-delayed, but foreseen and in- evitable collision, in which, beyond all other instances, the wrath of man was made to praise God." This he succeeded in doing with marvelous power. A generation has passed by and it is meet that the work of Broadus should be reviewed in the light of modern synoptic criticism and research into every phase of the life of Christ. So I have made a new analysis that preserves Broadus's real purpose, but with new sections and new notes. The notes at the end of the old volume, written by me for the first edition, have been thoroughly revised and brought up to date. The Old Testament passages referred to in the Gospels are given in the text. The Gospel of Mark appears in the first column, then Matthew, Luke, and John. It is now known that Matthew and Luke made use of Mark for the framework of their Gospels. This change simplifies amazingly the unfolding of the nar- rative. There is still dispute concerning the historical worth of the Gospel of John, but the Johannine authorship is not disproved. It still holds the field in my opinion. Dr. C. H. Burney's theory of an Aramaic original is al- ready giving a new turn to Johannine criticism. A harmony of the Gospels cannot meet every phase of modern criticism. The data are given, as free from bias as circumstances allow, so that all students can use the book and interpret the facts according to their various theories. Numerous historical items call for notes of various kinds that throw light on the passage in question. No effort is made to reconcile all the "divergent statements of various details in the different Gospels. The differences challenge the student's interest as much as the correspondences and are natural marks of individual work. The notes and appendices at the end of the volume are meant for students who wish help for historical vii PREFACE study of the life of Christ. A harmony cannot give all the aid that one needs, but it is the one essential book for the serious study of the life of Jesus. Students in colleges, theological seminaries, Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association classes, Sunday School teachers and pupils, preachers, all who read the Gospels intelligently must have a modern harmony of the Gospels. One who has never read a harmony will be amazed at the flood of light that flashes from the parallel and progressive records of the life of Jesus Christ. Broadus began teaching the life of Jesus in 1859 and kept it up till his death in 1895. I began like work in 1888 and have kept on without a break till now. I count it one of the crowning mercies of my life that I have led so many successive classes of young ministers and young women (some five thousand in all) through the study of Christ's life. If only one can pass on to others in all their freshness and power the teachings of Jesus, he cannot fail. There was a time when men hung in wonder upon the words of Jesus, listening with awe and rapture as he spoke. The Figure of Christ fills the world today as never before. Back to Christ the world has come, the Christ of Faith and of Experience, the Jesus of History, the Man of Galilee, the Hope of Today, the Jesus Christ of the Four Gospels, in the full blaze of modern critical and historical study. A. T. Robertson. Louisville, Kentucky. vin CONTENTS PAGE Preface vii Chief Divisions of the Harmony xi Analytical Outline of the Harmony xiii Table for Finding Any Passage in the Harmony xxxiii The Harmony of the Gospels 1 Explanatory Notes on Points of Special Difficulty in the Harmony 253 1. About Harmonies of the Gospels 253 2. Synoptic Criticism 255 3. The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel 256 4. The Jesus of History 258 5. The Two Genealogies of Christ 259 6. The Probable Time of the Saviour's Death 262 7. The Feast of John 5:1, and the Duration of Our Lord's Ministry 267 8. The Four Lists of the Twelve Apostles 271 9. The Sermon on the Mount 273 10. The Combination of Luke and John 276 11. Did Christ Eat the Passover? 279 12. The Hour of the Crucifixion 284 13. The Time of the Resurrection of Christ 287 14. The Length of Our Lord's Stay in the Tomb 289 A List of the Parables of Jesus . . . 292 A List of the Miracles of Jesus 294 List of Old Testament Quotations in the Gospels 295 A List of Some Uncanonical Sayings of Jesus 302 Similar Incidents and Chief Repeated Sayings 304 CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE HARMONY PAGE PART I: THE SOURCES OF THE GOSPELS ... 1 §1 PART H: THE PRE-EXISTENT STATE OF CHRIST AND HIS INCARNATION 2 §2 PART HI: THE TWO GENEALOGIES IN MATTHEW AND LUKE 3 §3 PART IV: THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS 5 §§ 4-19. (Probably B.C. 7 to a.d. 7) PART V: THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTIST'S MIN- ISTRY 15 §§20-23. (Probably a.d. 25) PART VI: THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY 19 § § 24-36. (In all parts of Palestine. Probably a.d. 26 and 27) PART VII: THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY ... 30 §§ 37-71. (Probably a.d. 27 to 29) PART VIII: THE SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE IN DISTRICTS AROUND GALILEE . . 85 §§ 72-95. (Probably Passover in a.d. 29 to Tabernacles in a.d. 29) PART IX: THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY .... 114 §§ 96-11.1. (Probably Tabernacles to Dedication in a.d. 29) PART X: THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY .... 131 § § 1 12-127. (Probably Dedication in a.d. 29 to Last Journey in a.d. 30) CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE HARMONY PART XI: THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSA- LEM 152 §§ 128 a-138. (Friday before the Passover to Tuesday of Passion Week, a.d. 30 or 29) PART XII: IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS .... 173 §§ 139-152. (Tuesday afternoon to Thursday night of Passion Week, a.d. 30 or 29) PART XIII: THE ARREST, TRIAL, CRUCIFIXION, AND BURIAL OF JESUS .205 §§ 153-168. (Early Friday morning to Saturday of Passion Week, a.d. 30 or 29) PART XIV: THE RESURRECTION, APPEARANCES, AND ASCENSION OF CHRIST ...... 239 §§ 169-184. (Forty days from Sunday of Passion Week, A.D. 30 or 29) xu ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY PART I: THE SOURCES OF THE GOSPELS SECTION PAGE 1: IN THE DEDICATION LUKE EXPLAINS HIS METHOD OF RE- SEARCH 1 Luke 1: 1-4. PART II: THE PRE-EXISTENT STATE OF CHRIST AND HIS INCARNATION SECTION 2: IN HIS INTRODUCTION JOHN PICTURES CHRIST AS THE WORD (LOGOS) 2 John 1:1-18. PART III: THE TWO GENEALOGIES IN MATTHEW AND LUKE SECTION 3: apparently joseph's genealogy in matthew and mary's in luke 3 Matt. 1:1-17; Luke 3:23-38. PART IV: THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS SECTIONS 4-19 SECTION 4: the annunciation of the birth op the baptist to zacharias 5 Luke 1: 5-25. 5: THE ANNUNCIATION TO THE VIRGIN MARY OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS 6 Luke 1: 26-38. 6: THE SONG OF ELIZABETH TO MARY UPON HER VISIT . 7 Luke 1:39-45. xiii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 7: THE MAGNIFICAT OP MARY 7 Luke 1:46-56. 8: THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND HIS DESERT LIFE 8 Luke 1:57-80. 9: THE ANNUNCIATION TO JOSEPH OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS 9 Matt. 1: 18-25. 10: THE BIRTH OF JESUS 9 Luke 2: 1-7. 11: THE PRAISE OF THE ANGELS AND THE HOMAGE OF THE SHEPHERDS 10 Luke 2: 8-20. 12: THE CIRCUMCISION OF JESUS 10 Luke 2: 21. 13: THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE WITH THE HOMAGE OF SIMEON AND ANNA 10 Luke 2: 22-38. 14: MAGI VISIT THE NEW-BORN KING OF THE JEWS ... 11 Matt. 2: 1-12. 15: THE CHILD JESUS CARRIED TO EGYPT, AND THE CHIL- DREN AT BETHLEHEM SLAIN 12 Matt. 2: 13-18. 16: THE CHILD BROUGHT FROM EGYPT TO NAZARETH ... 13 Matt. 2: 19-23; Luke 2: 39. 17: THE CHILDHOOD OF JESUS AT NAZARETH 13 Luke 2: 40. 18: THE VISIT OF THE BOY JESUS TO JERUSALEM WHEN TWELVE YEARS OLD 13 Luke 2: 41-50. 19: THE EIGHTEEN YEARS AT NAZARETH 14 Luke 2: 51. PART V: THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTISTS MIN- ISTRY SECTIONS 20-23 SECTION 20: THE TIME OF THE BEGINNING .... Markl: 1; Luke 2: 1-2. 21: THE MESSAGE AND THE MESSENGER . . Mark 1: 2-6; Matt. 3:1-6; Luke 3: 3-6. 15 15 ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 22: A SPECIMEN OF John's PREACHING 16 Matt. 3: 7-10; Luke 3: 7-14. 23: THE FORERUNNER'S PICTURE OF THE MESSIAH BEFORE SEEING HIM 17 Mark 1: 7-8; Matt. 3: 11-12; Luke 3: 15-18. PART VI: THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY SECTIONS 24-36 SECTION I V 24: JESUS BAPTIZED BY JOHN IN THE JORDAN 19 Mark 1: 9-11; Matt. 3: 13-17; Luke 3: 21-23. 25: THE THREE TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS 20 Mark 1: 12-13; Matt. 4: 1-11; Luke 4: 1-13. 26: THE TESTIMONY OF THE BAPTIST TO THE COMMITTEE OF THE SANHEDRIN 22 John 1: 19-28. 27: John's identification of jesus as the messiah . . 22 John 1:29-34. 28: JESUS MAKES HIS FIRST DISCIPLES 23 John 1:35-51. 29: JESUS WORKS HIS FIRST MIRACLE 24 John 2: 1-11. 30: JESUS MAKES A FIRST SOJOURN AT CAPERNAUM, ACCOM- PANIED BY HIS KINDRED AND HIS EARLY DISCIPLES . 24 John 2: 12. ^ >^31: THE FIRST CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE AT THE PASSOVER 25 John 2: 13-22. 32: THE INTERVIEW OF NICODEMUS WITH JESUS .... 25 John 2: 23; 3: 21. 33: the parallel ministry of jesus and john with John's loyalty to jesus 26 John 3: 22-36. 34: Christ's reasons for leaving judea 27 Mark 1: 14; Matt. 4: 12; Luke 3: 19-20; 4: 14; John 4: 1-4. 35: jesus in samaria at Jacob's well and in sychar . 27 John 4: 5-42. 36: THE ARRIVAL of jesus IN GALILEE 29 John 4: 43-45. XV ANALYTICA L OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY PART VII: THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY SECTIONS 37-71 Eight Groups in the Period SECTION PAGE (1) The Rejection at Nazareth and the New Home in Capernaum 31ff. Sections 37-43. (2) The First Tour of Galilee with the Four Fisher- men and the Call of Matthew (Levi) on the return with the Growing Fame of Jesus. . . 35ff. Sections 44-48. (3) The Sabbath Controversy in Jerusalem and in Galilee 42ff. Sections 49-51. (4) The Choice of the Twelve and the Sermon on the Mount 46ff. Sections 52-54. (5) The Spread of Christ's Influence and the Inquiry from John in Prison. 55ff. Sections 55-59. (6) The Second Tour of Galilee (now with the Twelve) and the Intense Hostility of the Phari- sees 61ff. Sections 60-63. (7) The First Great Group of Parables with the Visit to Gerasa (Khersa) and to Nazareth (final one). 64ff. Sections 64-69. (8) The Third Tour of Galilee (following the Twelve) and the Effect on Herod Antipas 78 ff. Sections 70-71. 37: GENERAL ACCOUNT OF HIS TEACHING IN GALILEE . . 31 Mark 1: 14-15; Matt. 4: 17; Luke 4: 14-15. 38: THE HEALING AT CANA OF THE SON OF A COURTIER OF CAPERNAUM 31 John 4: 46-54. 39: THE FIRST REJECTION AT NAZARETH 31 Luke 4: 16-31. 40: THE NEW HOME IN CAPERNAUM 32 Matt. 4: 13-16. xvi ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 41: JESUS FINDS FOUR FISHERS OF MEN IN FOUR FISHERMEN 33 Mark 1: 16-20; Matt. 4: 18-22; Luke 5: 1-11. 42: THE EXCITEMENT IN THE SYNAGOGUE BECAUSE OF THE TEACHING OF JESUS AND THE HEALING OF A DEMONIAC ON THE SABBATH 34 Mark 1: 21-28; Luke 4: 31-37. 43: he heals peter's mother-in-law and many others . 34 Mark 1: 29-34; Matt. 8: 14-17; Luke 4: 38-41. 44: THE FIRST TOUR OF GALILEE WITH THE FOUR FISHER- MEN 35 Mark 1: 35-39; Matt. 4: 23-25; Luke 4: 42-44. 45: A LEPER HEALED AND MUCH POPULAR EXCITEMENT . . 36 Mark 1: 40-45; Matt. 8: 2-4; Luke 5: 12-16. 46: THRONGED IN CAPERNAUM, HE HEALS A PARALYTIC LOW- ERED THROUGH THE ROOF OF PETER'S HOUSE ... 37 Mark 2: 1-12; Matt. 9: 1-8; Luke 5: 17-26. 47: THE CALL OF MATTHEW (LEVl) AND HIS RECEPTION IN HONOR OF JESUS 39 Mark 2: 13-17; Matt. 9: 9-13; Luke 5: 27-32. 48: JESUS IN THREE PARABLES DEFENDS HIS DISCIPLES FOR FEASTING INSTEAD OF FASTING 40 Mark 2: 18-22; Matt. 9: 14-17; Luke 5: 33-39. 49: AT A FEAST IN JERUSALEM (POSSIBLY THE PASSOVER) JESUS HEALS A LAME MAN ON THE SABBATH AND DE- FENDS THIS ACTION TO THE PHARISEES IN A GREAT DISCOURSE 42 John 5: 1-47. 50: ANOTHER SABBATH CONTROVERSY WITH THE PHARISEES WHEN THE DISCIPLES PLUCK EARS OF GRAIN IN THE FIELDS 44 Mark 2: 23-28; Matt. 12: 1-8; Luke 6: 1-5. 51: A THIRD SABBATH CONTROVERSY WITH THE PHARISEES OVER THE HEALING OF A MAN WITH A WITHERED HAND IN A SYNAGOGUE 45 Mark 3: 1-6; Matt. 12: 9-14; Luke 6: 6-11. 52: JESUS TEACHES AND HEALS GREAT MULTITUDES BY THE SEA OF GALILEE 46 Mark 3: 7-12; Matt. 12: 15-21. 53: AFTER A NIGHT OF PRAYER JESUS SELECTS TWELVE APOSTLES 47 Mark 3: 13-19; Luke 6: 12-16. xvii A NALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION • PAGE 54: THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. PRIVILEGES AND RE- QUIREMENTS OF THE MESSIANIC REIGN, CHRIST'S STANDARD OF RIGHTEOUSNESS 48 Matt. 5-7; Luke 6: 17-49. The Place and the Audience 48 Matt. 5: 1-2; Luke 6: 17-19. (1) The Introduction: The Beatitudes and the Woes. Privileges of the Messiah's Subjects .... 48 Matt. 5: 3-12; Luke 6: 20-26. (2) The Theme of the Sermon: Christ's Standard of Righteousness in Contrast with that of the Scribes and Pharisees 49 Matt. 5: 13-20. (3) Christ's Ethical Teaching Superior to that of the Scribes (both the Old Testament and the Oral Law) in Six Items or Illustrations (Murder, Adultery, Divorce, Oaths, Retaliations, Love of Enemies) 50 Matt. 5: 21-48; Luke 6: 27-30, 32-36. (4) The Practice of Real Righteousness Unlike the Ostentatious Hypocrisy of the Pharisees as in Almsgiving, Prayer, Fasting 51 Matt. 6: 1-18. (5) Single-hearted Devotion to God as Opposed to Worldly Aims and Anxieties ...... 52 Matt. 6: 19-34. (6) Captious Criticism, or Judging Others ... 53 Matt. 7:1-6; Luke 6: 37-42. (7) Prayer and The Golden Rule 54 Matt. 7: 7-12. (8) The Conclusion of the Sermon. The Lesson of Personal Righteousness Driven Home by Pow- erful Parables 54 Matt. 7: 13-8: 1; Luke 6: 43-49. 55: JESUS HEALS A CENTURION'S SERVANT AT CAPERNAUM . 55 Matt. 8: 5^-13; Luke 7: 1-10. 56: HE RAISES A WIDOW'S SON AT NAIN 56 Luke 7: 11-17. 57: THE MESSAGE FROM THE BAPTIST AND THE EULOGY OF JESUS 57 Matt. 11: 2-19; Luke 7: 18-35. xviii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 58: WOES UPON THE cities of opportunity, the claims OP CHRIST AS THE TEACHER ABOUT THE FATHER . . 59 Matt. 11: 20-30. 59: the anointing of Christ's feet by a sinful woman in the house of simon a pharisee. the parable of the two debtors 60 Luke 7: 36-50. 60: THE SECOND TOUR OF GALILEE 61 Luke 8: 1-3. 61: BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION OF LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB 61 Mark 3: 19-30; Matt. 12: 22-37. 62: SCRIBES AND PHARISEES DEMAND A SIGN 62 Matt. 12: 38-45. 63: Christ's mother and brethren seek to take him home 63 Mark 3: 31-35; Matt. 12:46-50; Luke 8: 19-21. 64: THE FIRST GREAT GROUP OF PARABLES 64 Mark 4: 1-34; Matt. 13: 1-53; Luke 8: 4-18. Introduction to the Group Mark 4: 1-2; Matt. 13: 1-3; Luke 8: 4. 1: To the Crowds by the Sea (a) Parable of the Sower 64 Mark 4: 3-25; Matt. 13:3-23; Luke 8: 5-18. (6) Parable of the Seed Growing of Itself . . 67 Mark 4: 26-29. (c) Parable of the Tares 68 Matt. 13:24-30. (d) Parable of the Mustard Seed 68 Mark 4: 30-32; Matt. 13: 31-32. (e) Parable of the Leaven and Many Such Para- bles 68 Mark 4: 33-34; Matt. 13: 33-35. 2 . To the Disciples in the House (a) Explanation of the Parables of the Tare. . 69 Matt. 13: 36-43. (b) The Parable of the Hid Treasure .... 69 Matt. 13:44. (c) The Parable of the Pearl of Great Price . . 69 Matt. 13:45-46. ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE (d) The Parable of the Net 70 Matt. 13:47-50. (e) The Parable of the Householder 70 Matt. 13: 51-53. 65: IN CROSSING THE LAKE, JESUS STILLS THE TEMPEST . 70 Mark 4: 35-41; Matt. 8: 18, 23-27; Luke 8: 22-25. 66: BEYOND THE LAKE JESUS HEALS THE GERASENE DEMONIAC 71 Mark 5: 1-20; Matt. 8: 28-34; Luke 8: 26-39. 67: THE RETURN AND THE HEALING OF JAIRUS' DAUGHTER AND OF THE WOMAN WHO ONLY TOUCHED CHRIST'S GARMENT 74 Mark 5: 21-43; Matt. 9: 18-26; Luke 8: 40-56. 68: HE HEALS TWO BLIND MEN AND A DUMB DEMONIAC, A BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION 77 Matt. 9: 27-34. 69: THE LAST VISIT TO NAZARETH 77 Mark 6:1-6; Matt. 13: 54-58. 70: THE THIRD TOUR OF GALILEE AFTER INSTRUCTING THE TWELVE AND SENDING THEM FORTH BY TWOS ... 78 Mark 6:6-13; Matt. 9:35-11:1; Luke 9:1-6. 71: THE GUILTY FEARS OF HEROD ANTIPAS IN TIBERIAS ABOUT JESUS BECAUSE HE HAD BEHEADED THE BAP- TIST IN MACHyERUS 82 Mark 6: 14-29; Matt. 14: 1-12; Luke 9: 7-9. PART VIII: THE SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE IN DISTRICTS AROUND GALILEE SECTIONS 72-95 SECTION 72: THE FIRST RETIREMENT. THE TWELVE RETURN, AND JESUS RETIRES WITH THEM BEYOND THE LAKE TO REST. FEEDING OF THE FIVE THOUSAND 85 Mark 6: 30-44; Matt. 14: 13-21; Luke 9: 10-17; John 6: 1-14. 73: THE PREVENTION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PURPOSE TO PROCLAIM JESUS KING (a POLITICAL MESSIAH) ... 88 Mark 6: 45^6; Matt. 14: 22-23; John 6: 14-15. 74: the peril to the twelve in the storm at sea and Christ's coming to them on the water in the darkness 89 Mark 6: 47-52; Matt. 14: 24-33; John 6: 16-21. XX ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 75: THE RECEPTION AT GENNESARET 90 Mark 6: 53-56; Matt. 14: 34-36. 76: THE COLLAPSE OF THE GALILEAN CAMPAIGN BECAUSE JESUS WILL NOT CONFORM TO POPULAR MESSIANIC EX- PECTATIONS 90 John 6: 22-71. 77: PHARISEES FROM JERUSALEM REPROACH JESUS FOR AL- LOWING HIS DISCIPLES TO DISREGARD THEIR TRA- DITIONS ABOUT CEREMONIAL DEFILEMENT OF THE HANDS. A PUZZLING PARABLE IN REPLY 92 Mark 7: 1-23; Matt. 15: 1-20; John 7: 1. 78: THE SECOND WITHDRAWAL TO THE REGION OF TYRE AND SIDON AND THE HEALING OF THE DAUGHTER OF A SYRO-PH03NICIAN WOMAN 94 Mark 7: 24-30; Matt. 15: 21-28. 79: THE THIRD WITHDRAWAL NORTH THROUGH PHOENICIA AND EAST TOWARDS HERMON AND SOUTH INTO DE- CAPOLIS (KEEPING OUT OF THE TERRITORY OF HEROD ANTIPAS) WITH THE HEALTNG OF THE DEAF AND DUMB MAN AND THE FEEDING OF THE FOUR THOUSAND . . 95 Mark 7: 31-8: 9; Matt. 15: 29-38. 80: THE BRIEF VISIT TO MAGADAN (DALMANUTHA) IN GALI- LEE AND THE SHARP ATTACK BY THE PHARISEES AND SADDUCEES. (NOTE THEIR APPEARANCE NOW AGAINST JESUS) 97 Mark 8: 10-12; Matt. 15: 39-16: 4. 81: THE FOURTH RETIREMENT TO BETHSAIDA JULIAS IN THE TETRARCHY OF HEROD PHILIP WITH SHARP REBUKE OF THE DULNESS OF THE DISCIPLES ON THE WAY ACROSS AND THE HEALING OF A BLIND MAN IN BETHSAIDA . 98 Mark 8: 13-26; Matt. 16: 5-12. 82: NEAR CESAREA PHILIPPI JESUS TESTS THE FAITH OF THE TWELVE IN HIS MESSIAHSHIP 99 Mark 8: 27-30; Matt. 16: 13-20; Luke 9: 18-21. 83: JESUS DISTINCTLY FORETELLS THAT HE, THE MESSIAH, WILL BE REJECTED AND KILLED AND WILL RISE THE THIRD DAY 100 Mark 8: 31-37; Matt. 16: 21-26; Luke 9: 22-25. 84: THE COMING OF THE SON OF MAN IN THAT GENERA- TION 101 Mark 8: 38-9: 1; Matt. 16: 27-28; Luke 9: 26-27. xxi ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 85: THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS ON A MOUNTAIN (PROB- ABLY HERMON) NEAR C.ESAREA PHILIPPI 102 Mark 9:2-8; Matt. 17: 1-8; Luke 9: 28-36. 86: THE PUZZLE OF THE THREE DISCIPLES ABOUT THE RESUR- RECTION AND ABOUT ELIJAH ON THEIR WAY DOWN THE MOUNTAIN 103 Mark 9: 9-13; Matt. 17: 9-13; Luke 9: 36. 87: THE DEMONIAC BOY, WHOM THE DISCIPLES COULD NOT HEAL 104 Mark 9: 14-29; Matt. 17: 14-20; Luke 9: 37-43. 88: RETURNING PRIVATELY THROUGH GALILEE, HE AGAIN FORETELLS HIS DEATH AND RESURRECTION .... 107 Mark 9: 30-32; Matt. 17: 22-23; Luke 9: 43-45. 89: JESUS, THE MESSIAH, PAYS THE HALF-SHEKEL FOR THE TEMPLE 107 Matt. 17: 24-27. 90: THE TWELVE CONTEND AS TO WHO SHALL BE THE GREAT- EST UNDER THE MESSIAH'S REIGN. HIS SUBJECTS MUST BE CHILDLIKE 108 Mark 9: 33-37; Matt. 18: 1-5; Luke 9: 46-48. 91: THE MISTAKEN ZEAL OF THE APOSTLE JOHN REBUKED BY JESUS IN PERTINENT PARABLES 109 Mark 9: 38-50; Matt. 18: 6-14; Luke 9: 49-50. 92: RIGHT TREATMENT OF A BROTHER WHO HAS SINNED AGAINST ONE, AND DUTY OF PATIENTLY FORGIVING A BROTHER (PARABLE OF THE UNMERCIFUL SERVANT) . Ill Matt. 18: 15-35. 93: the Messiah's followers must give up everything for his service 112 Matt. 8: 19-22; Luke 9: 57-62. 94: THE UNBELIEVING BROTHERS OF JESUS COUNSEL HIM TO EXHIBIT HIMSELF IN JUDEA, AND HE REJECTS THE ADVICE 112 John 7: 2-9. 95: HE GOES PRIVATELY TO JERUSALEM THROUGH SAMARIA 113 Luke 9: 51-56; John 7: 10. xxii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY PART IX: THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY SECTIONS 96-111 SECTION PAGE 96: THE COMING OF JESUS TO THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES CREATES INTENSE EXCITEMENT CONCERNING THE MES- SIAHSHIP 114 John 7: 11-52. 97: STORY OF AN ADULTEROUS WOMAN BROUGHT TO JESUS FOR. JUDGMENT 115 John 7: 53-8: 11. 98: AFTER THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES IN THE TEMPLE JESUS ANGERS THE PHARISEES BY CLAIMING TO BE THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD 116 John 8: 12-20. 99: THE PHARISEES ATTEMPT TO STONE JESUS WHEN HE EXPOSES THEIR SINFULNESS 116 John 8: 21-59. 100: JESUS HEALS A MAN BORN BLIND WHO OUTWITS THE PHARISEES. THE RULERS FORBID THE RECOGNITION OF JESUS AS THE MESSIAH. THE CONVERSION OF THE HEALED MAN 118 John 9: 1-41. 101: IN THE PARABLE (ALLEGORY) OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD JESUS DRAWS THE PICTURE OF THE HOSTILE PHARI- SEES AND INTIMATES THAT HE IS GOING TO DIE FOR HIS FLOCK AND COME TO LIFE AGAIN 119 John 10: 1-21. 102: THE MISSION OF THE SEVENTY. CHRIST'S JOY IN THEIR WORK ON THEIR RETURN 120 Luke 10: 1-24. 103: JESUS ANSWERS A LAWYER'S QUESTION AS TO ETERNAL LIFE, GIVING THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN 122 Luke 10: 25-37. 104: JESUS THE GUEST OF MARTHA AND MARY 122 Luke 10: 38-42. 105: JESUS AGAIN GIVES A MODEL OF PRAYER (COMP. § 54) AND ENCOURAGES HIS DISCIPLES TO PRAY. PARABLE OF THE IMPORTUNATE FRIEND 123 Luke 11: 1-13. 106: BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION OF LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB 123 Luke 11: 14-36. xxiii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 107: WHILE BREAKFASTING WITH A PHARISEE, JESUS SE- VERELY DENOUNCES THE PHARISEES AND LAWYERS AND EXCITES THEIR ENMITY 125 Luke 11:37-54. 108: HE SPEAKS TO HIS DISCIPLES AND A VAST THRONG ABOUT HYPOCRISY, COVETOUSNESS (PARABLE OF THE RICH FOOL), WORLDLY ANXIETIES, WATCHFULNESS (PARA- BLE OF THE WAITING SERVANTS AND OF THE WISE STEWARD), AND HIS OWN APPROACHING PASSION . . 126 Luke 12. 109: ALL MUST REPENT OR PERISH. (TWO CURRENT TRAG- EDIES): PARABLE OF THE BARREN FIG TREE . . . 128 Luke 13: 1-9. 110: JESUS HEALS A CRIPPLED WOMAN ON THE SABBATH AND DEFENDS HIMSELF AGAINST THE RULER OF THE SYNA- GOGUE. (CF. §§ 49-51 AND 114.) REPETITION OF THE PARABLES OF THE MUSTARD SEED AND OF THE LEAVEN 129 Luke 13: 10-21. Ill: AT THE FEAST OF DEDICATION JESUS WILL NOT YET OPENLY SAY THAT HE IS THE MESSIAH. THE JEWS TRY TO STONE HIM - 129 John 10: 22-39. PART X: THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY SECTIONS 112-127 SECTION 112: THE WITHDRAWAL FROM JERUSALEM TO BETHANY BE- YOND JORDAN 131 John 10: 40-42. 113: TEACHING IN PEREA, ON A JOURNEY TOWARD JERUSA- LEM, WARNED AGAINST HEROD ANTIPAS 131 Luke 13: 22-35. 114: WHILE DINING (BREAKFASTING) WITH A CHIEF PHARI- SEE, HE AGAIN HEALS ON THE SABBATH AND DEFENDS HIMSELF (COMP. §§49 TO 51 AND 110) THREE PARA- BLES SUGGESTED BY THE OCCASION 132 Luke 14: 1-24. 115: GREAT CROWDS FOLLOW HIM, AND HE WARNS THEM TO COUNT THE COST OF DISCIPLESHIP TO HIM (COMP. §§70 AND 83) 133 Luke 14: 25-35 xxiv ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY section pAGE 116: THE PHARISEES AND THE SCRIBES MURMUR AGAINST JESUS FOR RECEIVING SINNERS. HE DEFENDS HIM- SELF BY THREE GREAT PARABLES (THE LOST SHEEP, THE LOST COIN, THE LOST SON) 134 Luke 15: 1-32. Jb 11 ^ : THREE PARABLES ON STEWARDSHIP (TO THE DISCIPLES, THE PARABLE OF THE UNJUST STEWARD; TO THE PHARISEES, THE PARABLE OF THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS; TO THE DISCIPLES, THE PARABLE OF THE UNPROFITABLE SERVANTS) 135 Luke 16: 1, 17: 10. 118: JESUS RAISES LAZARUS FROM THE DEAD 137 John 11: 1-44. 119: THE EFFECT OF THE RAISING OF LAZARUS (ON THE PEOPLE, ON THE SANHEDRIN, ON THE MOVEMENTS OF JESUS) 239 John 11:45-54. 120: JESUS STARTS ON THE LAST JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM BY WAY OF SAMARIA AND GALILEE 139 Luke 17: 11-37 121: TWO PARABLES ON PRAYER (THE IMPORTUNATE WIDOW, THE PHARISEE AND THE PUBLICAN) 140 Luke 18: 1-14. 122: GOING FROM GALILEE THROUGH PEREA, HE TEACHES CONCERNING DIVORCE 141 Mark 10: 1-12; Matt. 19: 1-12. 123: CHRIST AND CHILDREN AND THE FAILURE OF THE DIS- CIPLES TO UNDERSTAND THE ATTITUDE OF JESUS . . 143 Mark 10: 13-16; Matt. 19: 13-15; Luke 18: 15-17. 124: THE RICH YOUNG RULER, THE PERILS OF RICHES, AND AMAZEMENT OF THE DISCIPLES. THE REWARDS OF FORSAKING ALL TO FOLLOW THE MESSIAH WILL BE GREAT, BUT WILL BE SOVEREIGN (PARABLE OF THE LABORERS IN THE VINEYARD) 143 Mark 10: 17-31; Matt. 19: 16-20: 16; Luke 18: 18-30. 125: JESUS AGAIN FORETELLS TO THE DISCIPLES HIS DEATH AND RESURRECTION (COMP. §§83, 85, 86, 88), AND REBUKES THE SELFISH AMBITION OF JAMES AND JOHN 146 Mark 10: 32-45; Matt. 20: 17-28; Luke 18: 31-34. 126: BLIND BARTIMiEUS AND HIS COMPANION HEALED ... 148 Mark 10: 46-52; Matt. 20: 29-34; Luke 18: 35-43. XXV ANALYTICA L OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 127: JESUS VISITS zacch^eus, and speaks the parable of THE POUNDS, AND SETS OUT FOR JERUSALEM . . . 150 Luke 19: 1-28. PART XI: THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERU- SALEM SECTIONS 128-139 SECTION 128 a: jesus arrives at bethany near Jerusalem . . . 152 John 11:55-12: 1; 9-11. 128 b: HIS TRIUMPHAL ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM AS THE MESSIAH Mark 11: 1-11; Matt. 21: 1-11, 14-17; Luke 19: 29-44; John 12: 12-19. 129: THE BARREN FIG TREE CURSED, AND THE SECOND CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE (COMP. § 31) .... 156 Mark 11: 12-18; Matt. 21: 18-19, 12-13; Luke 19:. 45-48. 130: THE DESIRE OF SOME GREEKS TO SEE JESUS PUZZLES THE DISCIPLES AND LEADS JESUS IN AGITATION OF SOUL TO INTERPRET LIFE AND DEATH AS SACRIFICE AND TO SHOW HOW BY BEING "LIFTED UP" HE WILL DRAW ALL MEN TO HIM 157 John 12: 20-50. 131: THE BARREN FIG TREE FOUND TO HAVE WITHERED . . 159 Mark 11: 19-25; Matt. 21: 19-22; Luke 21: 37-38. 132: the rulers (sanhedrin) formally challenge the authority of jesus as an accredited teacher (rabbi) 160 Mark 11:27-12:12; Matt. 21:23-22:14; Luke 20: 1-19. 133: THE PHARISEES AND THE HEROD IANS TRY TO ENSNARE JESUS ABOUT PAYING TRIBUTE TO CAESAR .... 164 Mark 12: 13-17; Matt. 22: 15-22; Luke 20: 20-26. 134: THE SADDUCEES ASK HIM A PUZZLING QUESTION ABOUT THE RESURRECTION 165 Mark 12: 18-27; Matt. 22: 23-33; Luke 20 : 27-40. 135: THE PHARISEES REJOICE OVER THE ROUT OF THE SAD- DUCEES AND A PHARISAIC LAWYER ASKS JESUS A LEGAL QUESTION 167 Mark 12: 28-34; Matt. 22: 34-40. ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 136: JESUS, TO THE JOY OF THE MULTITUDE, SILENCES HIS ENEMIES BY THE PERTINENT QUESTION OF THE MES- SIAH'S DESCENT FROM DAVID AND LORDSHIP OVER DAVID - 168 Mark 12: 35-37; Matt. 22: 41-46; Luke 20: 41-44. 137: IN HIS LAST PUBLIC DISCOURSE, JESUS SOLEMNLY DE- NOUNCES THE SCRIBES AND PHARISEES (COMP. § 107) 169 Mark 12: 38-40; Matt. 23: 1-39; Luke 20: 45-47. 138: JESUS CLOSELY OBSERVES THE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE TEMPLE, AND COMMENDS THE POOR WIDOW'S GIFT . 172 Mark 12: 41-44; Luke 21: 1-4. PART XII: IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS SECTIONS 139-152 SECTION 139: SITTING ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, JESUS SPEAKS TO HIS DISCIPLES ABOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSA- LEM, AND HIS OWN SECOND COMING IN APOCALYPTIC LANGUAGE. THE GREAT ESCHATOLOGICAL DISCOURSE 173 Mark 13: 1-37; Matt. 24: 25; Luke 21: 5-36. 140: JESUS PREDICTS HIS CRUCIFIXION TWO DAYS HENCE (JEWISH FRIDAY) 186 Mark 14: 1-2; Matt. 26: 1-5; Luke 22: 1-2. 141: AT THE FEAST IN THE HOUSE OF SIMON THE LEPER MARY OF BETHANY ANOINTS JESUS FOR HIS BURIAL . . . 187 Mark 14: 3-9; Matt. 26: 6-13; John 12: 2-8. 142: JUDAS, STUNG BY THE REBUKE OF JESUS AT THE FEAST, BARGAINS WITH THE RULERS TO BETRAY JESUS . . 188 Mark 14: 10-11; Matt. 26: 14-16; Luke 22: 3-6. 143: THE PREPARATION FOR THE PASCHAL MEAL AT THE HOME OF A FRIEND (POSSIBLY THAT OF JOHN MARK'S FATHER AND MOTHER) 189 Mark 14: 12-16; Matt. 26: 17-19; Luke 22: 7-13. 144: JESUS PARTAKES OF THE PASCHAL MEAL WITH THE TWELVE APOSTLES AND REBUKES THEIR JEALOUSY . 190 Mark 14: 17; Matt. 26: 20; Luke 22: 14-16, 24-30. 145: DURING THE PASCHAL MEAL, JESUS WASHES THE FEET OF HIS DISCIPLES 190 John 13: 1-20. xxvii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 146: AT THE PASCHAL MEAL JESUS POINTS OUT JUDAS AS THE BETRAYER 191 Mark 14: 18-21; Matt. 26: 21-25; Luke 22: 21-23; John 13: 21-30. 147: AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF JUDAS JESUS WARNS THE DISCIPLES (PETER IN PARTICULAR) AGAINST DESER- TION, WHILE ALL PROTEST THEIR LOYALTY . . . . 193 Mark 14: 27-31; Matt. 26: 31-35; Luke 22: 31-38; John 13: 31-38. 148: JESUS INSTITUTES THE MEMORIAL OF EATING BREAD AND DRINKING WINE 195 Mark 14: 22-25; Matt. 26: 26-29; Luke 22: 17-20; 1 Cor. 11: 23-26. 149: THE FAREWELL DISCOURSE TO HIS DISCIPLES IN THE UPPER ROOM 197 John 14. 150: THE DISCOURSE ON THE WAY TO GETHSEMANE . . . 198 John 15: 16. 151: Christ's intercessory prayer 200 John 17. 152: GOING FORTH TO GETHSEMANE, JESUS SUFFERS LONG IN AGONY 201 Mark 14: 26, 32-42; Matt. 26: 30, 36-46; Luke 22: 39-46; John 18: 1. PART Xin: THE ARREST, TRIAL, CRUCIFIXION, AND BURIAL OF JESUS SECTIONS 153-168 SECTION 153: JESUS IS BETRAYED, ARRESTED, AND FORSAKEN . . . 205 Mark 14: 43-52; Matt. 26: 47-56; Luke 22: 47-53; John 18: 2-12. 154: JESUS FIRST EXAMINED BY ANNAS, THE EX-HIGH PRIEST 209 John 18: 12-14, 19-23. 155: JESUS HURRIEDLY TRIED AND CONDEMNED BY CAIAPHAS AND THE SANHEDRIN, WHO MOCK AND BUFFET HIM . 209 Mark 14: 53, 55-65; Matt. 26: 57, 59-68; Luke 22: 54, 63-65; John 18: 24. 156: PETER THRICE DENIES HIS LORD 212 Mark 14: 54, 66-72; Matt. 26: 58, 69-75; Luke 22: 54-62; John 18: 15-18, 25-27. xxviii ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 157: AFTER DAWN, JESUS IS FORMALLY CONDEMNED BY THE SANHEDRIN 215 Mark 15: 1; Matt. 27: 1; Luke 22: 66-71. 158: REMORSE AND SUICIDE OP JUDAS THE BETRAYER . . 215 Matt. 27: 3-10; Acts 1: 18-19. 159: JESUS BEFORE PILATE THE FIRST TIME 216 Mark 15: 1-5; Matt. 27: 2, 11-14; Luke 23: 1-5; John 18: 28-38. 160: JESUS BEFORE HEROD ANTIPAS THE TETRARCH . . . 220 Luke 23: 6-12. 161: JESUS THE SECOND TIME BEFORE PILATE 220 Mark 15: 6-15; Matt. 27: 15-26; Luke 23: 13-25; John 18: 39-19: 16. 162: THE ROMAN SOLDIERS MOCK JESUS 226 Mark 15: 16-19; Matt. 27: 27-30. 163: JESUS ON THE WAY TO THE CROSS (VIA DOLOROSA) ON GOLGOTHA 226 Mark 15: 20-23; Matt. 27: 31-34; Luke 23: 26-33; John 19: 16-17. 164: THE FIRST THREE HOURS ON THE CROSS 228 Mark 15: 24-32; Matt. 27: 35-44; Luke 23: 33-43; John 19: 18-27. 165 : THE THREE HOURS OF DARKNESS FROM NOON TO THREE P.M. 232 Mark 15: 33-37; Matt. 27: 45-50; Luke 23: 44-46; John 19: 28-30. 166: THE PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING THE DEATH OF CHRIST 234 Mark 15: 38-41; Matt. 27: 51-56; Luke 23: 45, 47-49. 167: THE BURIAL OF THE BODY OF JESUS IN THE TOMB OF JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA AFTER PROOF OF HIS DEATH . 235 Mark 15: 42-46; Matt. 27: 57-60; Luke 23: 50-54; John 19: 31-42. 168: THE WATCH OF THE WOMEN BY THE TOMB OF JESUS . 237 Mark 15: 47; Matt. 27: 61-66; Luke 23: 55-56. PART XIV: THE RESURRECTION, APPEARANCES, AND ASCENSION OF CHRIST SECTIONS 169-184 SECTION 169: THE VISIT OF THE WOMEN TO THE TOMB OF JESUS . . 239 Mark 16: 1: Matt. 28: 1. xxix ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 170: THE EARTHQUAKE, THE ROLLING AWAY OF THE STONE BY AN ANGEL, AND THE FRIGHT OF THE ROMAN WATCHERS 240 Matt. 28: 2-4. 171: THE VISIT OF THE WOMEN TO THE TOMB OF JESUS ABOUT SUNRISE SUNDAY MORNING AND THE MESSAGE OF THE ANGELS ABOUT THE EMPTY TOMB 240 Mark 16: 2-8; Matt. 28: 5-8; Luke 24: 1-8; John 20:1. 172: MARY MAGDALENE AND THE OTHER WOMEN REPORT TO THE APOSTLES, AND PETER AND JOHN VISIT THE EMPTY TOMB 242 Luke 24: 9-12; John 20: 2-10. 173: THE APPEARANCE OF JESUS TO MARY MAGDALENE AND THE MESSAGE TO THE DISCIPLES 242 Mark 16: 9-11; John 20: 11-18. 174: THE APPEARANCE OF JESUS TO THE OTHER WOMEN . . 243 Matt. 28: 9-10. 175: SOME OF THE GUARD REPORT TO THE JEWISH RULERS . 244 Matt. 28: 11-15. 176: the appearance to two disciples (cleophas and another) on the way to emmaus 244 Mark 16: 12-13; Luke 24: 13-32. 177: THE REPORT OF THE TWO DISCIPLES AND THE NEWS OF THE APPEARANCE TO SIMON PETER 245 Luke 24: 33-35; 1 Cor. 15:5. 178: THE APPEARANCE TO THE ASTONISHED DISCIPLES (THOMAS ABSENT) WITH A COMMISSION AND THEIR FAILURE TO CONVINCE THOMAS 245 Mark 16: 14; Luke 24: 36-43; John 20: 19-25. 179: THE APPEARANCE TO THE DISCIPLES THE NEXT SUNDAY NIGHT AND THE CONVINCING OF THOMAS .... 247 John 20: 26-31; 1 Cor. 15: 5. 180: THE APPEARANCE TO SEVEN DISCIPLES BESIDE THE SEA OF GALILEE. THE MIRACULOUS DRAUGHT OF FISHES 247 John 21. 181: THE APPEARANCE TO ABOUT FIVE HUNDRED ON AN AP- POINTED MOUNTAIN IN GALILEE, AND A COMMISSION GIVEN 249 Mark 16: 15-18; Matt. 28: 16-20; 1 Cor. 15: 6. 182: THE APPEARANCE TO JAMES THE BROTHER OF JESUS . 250 1 Cor. 15:7. XXX ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF THE HARMONY SECTION PAGE 183: THE APPEARANCE TO THE DISCIPLES WITH ANOTHER COMMISSION 250 Luke 24: 44-49; Acts 1: 3-8. 184: THE LAST APPEARANCE AND THE ASCENSION .... 251 Mark 16: 19-20; Luke 24: 50-53; Acts 1: 9-12. TABLE FOR FINDING ANY PASSAGE IN THE HARMONY MARK Chap. Verse Section Page Chap. Verse Section 7 Page 1 20 15 8 13-26 81 98 2-6 21 15 8 27-30 82 99 7-8 23 17 8 31-37 83 100 9-11 24 19 8 38-9: 1 84 101 12-13 25 20 9 2-8 85 102 14 34 27 9 9-13 86 103 14-15 37 31 9 14-29 87 104 16-20 41 33 9 30-32 88 107 21-28 42 34 9 33-37 90 108 29-34 43 34 9 38-50 91 109 35-39 44 35 10 1-12 122 141 40-45 45 36 10 13-16 123 143 2 1-12 46 37 10 17-31 124 143 2 13-17 47 39 10 32-45 125 146 2 18-22 48 40 10 46-52 126 148 2 23-28 50 44 11 1-11 128b 152 3 1-6 51 45 11 12-18 129 156 3 7-12 52 46 11 19-25 131 159 3 13-19 53 47 11 27-12:12 132 160 3 19-30 61 61 12 13-17 133 164 3 31-35 63 63 12 18-27 134 165 4 1-2 64 64 12 28-34 135 167 4 3-25 64 64 12 35-37 136 168 4 26-29 64 67 12 38-40 137 169 4 30-32 64 68 12 41-44 138 172 4 33-34 64 68 13 1-37 139 173 4 35^1 65 70 14 1-2 140 186 5 1-20 66 71 14 3-9 141 187 5 21-43 67 74 14 10-11 142 188 6 1-6 69 77 14 12-16 143 189 6 6-13 70 78 14 17 144 190 6 14-29 71 82 14 18-21 146 191 6 30-44 72 85 14 27-31 147 194 6 45-46 73 88 14 22-25 148 196 6 47-52 74 89 14 26, 32-42 152 201 6 53-56 75 90 14 43-52 153 205 7 1-23 77 92 14 53, 55-65 155 209 7 24-30 78 94 14 54, 66-72 156 212 7 31-8:9 79 95 15 1 157 215 8 10-12 80 97 15 1-5 159 216 XXXlll TABLE FOR FINDING ANY PASSAGE IN THE HARMONY 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 6-15 16-19 20-23 24-32 33-37 38-41 42-46 47 M ARK — Continued Section Page Chap. Verse Section Page 161 220 16 1 169 239 162 226 16 2-8 171 240 163 226 16 9-11 173 243 164 228 16 12-13 176 244 165 232 16 14 178 245 166 234 16 15-18 181 249 167 235 16 19-20 184 251 168 237 MATTHEW Chap. Verse 1-17 18-25 1-12 13-18 19-23 1-6 7-10 11-12 13-17 1-11 12 13-16 17 18-22 23-25 1-2 3-12 13-20 21-48 1-18 19-34 1-6 7-12 13-8: 1 2-4 5-13 14-17 18, 23-27 19-22 28-34 1-8 9-13 14-17 18-26 27-34 Section 3 9 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 34 40 37 41 44 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 45 55 43 65 93 66 46 47 48 67 68 Page 3 9 11 12 13 15 16 17 19 20 27 32 31 33 35 48 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 36 55 34 70 112 71 37 39 40 74 77 Chap. 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 Verse 35-11:1 2-19 20-30 1-8 9-14 15-21 22-37 38-45 46-50 1-3 3-23 24-30 31-32 33-35 36-43 44 45-46 47-50 51-53 54-58 1-12 13-21 22-23 24-33 34-36 1-20 21-28 29-38 39-16:4 5-12 13-20 21-26 27-28 •1-8 9-13 Section 70 57 58 50 51 52 61 62 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 69 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 XXXIV TABLE FOR FINDING ANY PASSAGE IN THE HARMONY MATTHEW— Continued Chap. Verse Section Page Chap. Verse Section Page 17 14-20 87 104 26 17-19 143 189 17 22-23 88 107 26 20 144 190 17 24-27 89 107 26 21-25 146 191 18 1-5 90 108 26 31-35 147 194 18 6-14 91 109 26 26-29 148 196 18 15-35 92 111 26 30, 36-46 152 201 19 1-12 122 141 26 47-56 153 205 19 13-15 123 143 26 57, 59-68 155 209 19 16-20:16 124 143 26 58,69-75 156 212 20 17-28 125 146 27 1 157 215 20 29-34 126 148 27 3-10 158 215 21 1-11, 14-17' 128 b 152 27 2, 11-14 159 216 21 / 18-19 \ I 12-13, J 129 156 27 27 15-26 27-30 161 162 220 226 21 19-22 131 159 27 31-34 163 226 21 23-22:14 132 160 27 35-44 164 228 22 15-22 133 164 27 45-50 165 232 22 23-33 134 165 27 51-56 166 234 22 34-40 135 167 27 57-60 167 235 22 41-46 136 168 27 61-36 168 237 23 1-39 137 169 28 1 169 239 24 and 25 } 139 173 28 28 2-4 5-8 170 171 240 241 26 1-5 140 186 28 9-10 174 243 26 6-13 141 187 28 11-15 175 244 26 14-16 142 188 28 16-20 811 249 LUKE Chap. Verse Section Page Chap. Verse Section Page 1-4 1 1 3 15-18 23 17 5-25 4 5 3 19-20 34 27 26-38 5 6 3 21-23 24 20 39-45 6 7 3 23-38 3 3 46-56 7 7 4 1-13 25 20 57-80 8 8 4 14 34 27 2 1-7 10 9 4 14-15 37 31 2 8-20 11 10 4 16-31 39 31 2 21 12 10 4 31-37 42 34 2 22-38 13 10 4 38^1 43 34 2 39 16 13 4 42-44 44 35 2 40 17 13 5 1-11 41 33 2 41-50 18 13 5 12-16 45 36 2 51 19 14 5 17-26 46 37 3 1-2 20 15 5 27-32 47 39 3 3-6 21 15 5 33-39 48 40 3 7-14 22 16 6 1-5 50 44 XXXV TABLE FOR FINDING ANY PASSAGE IN THE HARMONY LUKE — Continued Chap. Verse Section Page Chap. Verse Section Page 6 6-11 51 45 17 11-37 120 139 6 12-16 53 47 18 1-14 121 140 6 17-19 54 48 18 15-17 123 143 6 20-26 54 48 18 18-30 124 143 6 27-36 54 51 18 31-34 125 146 6 37-42 54 53 18 35-43 126 148 6 43-49 54 54 19 1-28 127 150 7 1-10 55 55 19 29-44 128 b 152 7 11-17 56 56 19 45-48 129 156 7 18-35 57 57 21 37-38 131 159 7 36-50 59 60 20 1-19 132 160 g 1-3 60 61 20 20-26 133 164 8 4 64 64 20 27-40 134 165 8 5-18 64 64 20 41-44 136 168 8 19-21 63 63 20 45-47 137 169 8 22-25 65 70 21 1-4 138 172 8 26-39 66 71 21 5-36 139 173 8 40-56 67 74 22 1-2 140 186 9 1-6 70 78 22 3-6 142 188 9 7-9 71 82 22 7-13 143 189 9 9 10-17 18-21 72 82 85 99 22 / 14-16, \ \ 24-30 / 144 190 9 22-25 83 100 22 21-23 146 191 9 26-27 84 101 22 31-38 147 194 9 28-36 85 102 22 17-20 148 195 9 36 86 103 22 39^6 152 201 9 37-43 87 104 22 47-53 153 205 9 43-45 88 107 22 54, 63-65 155 209 9 46-48 90 108 22 54-62 156 212 9 49-50 91 109 22 66-71 157 215 9 51-56 95 113 23 1-5 159 216 9 57-62 93 112 23 6-12 160 220 10 1-24 102 120 23 13-25 161 221 10 25-37 103 122 23 26-33 163 226 10 38-42 104 122 23 33-43 164 228 11 1-13 105 123 23 44-46 165 232 11 14-36 106 123 23 45, 47-49 166 234 11 37-54 107 125 23 50-54 167 235 12 1-59 108 126 23 55-56 168 237 13 1-9 109 128 24 1-8 171 240 13 10-21 110 129 24 9-12 172 242 13 22-35 113 131 24 13-32 176 244 14 1-24 114 132 24 33-35 177 245 14 25-35 115 133 24 36-43 178 245 15 1-32 116 134 24 44-49 183 250 16 1-17:10 117 135 24 50-53 184 251 TAB-LE FOR FINDING ANY PASSAGE IN THE HARMONY JOHN Chap. Verse Section Page Chap. Verse Section Page 1 1 1-18 19-28 2 26 2 22 11 / 55-12:1, \ 9-11 } 128 a 152 1 29-34 27 22 12 12-19 128 b 152 1 35-51 28 23 12 20-50 130 157 2 1-11 29 24 12 2-8 141 187 2 12 30 24 13 1-20 145 190 2 13-22 31 25 13 21-30 146 191 o 23-3:21 32 25 13 31-38 147 193 3 22-36 33 26 14 149 197 4 4 1-4 5-42 34 35 27 27 15 and 16 } :::::: 150 198 4 43-45 36 29 17 151 200 4 46-54 38 31 18 "i ' " 152 201 5 1-47 49 42 18 2-12 153 205 6 6 1-14 14-15 72 73 85 88 18 / 12-14, \ { 19-23 J 154 209 6 16-21 74 89 18 24 155 209 6 7 22-71 1 76 77 90 92 18 / 15-18, \ \ 25-27 / 156 212 7 2-9 94 112 18 28-38 159 216 7 10 95 113 18 39-19:16 161 221 7 11-52 96 114 19 16-17 163 226 7 53-8:11 97 115 19 18-27 164 228 8 12-20 98 116 19 28-30 165 232 8 21-59 99 116 19 31-42 167 235 9 1-41 100 118 20 1 171 240 10 1-21 101 119 20 2-10 172 242 10 22-39 111 129 20 11-18 173 242 10 40-42 112 131 20 19-25 178 245 11 1-44 118 137 20 26-31 179 247 11 45-54 119 139 21 180 247 Note: — The verses that are omitted in the Canterbury Revision do not appear in this Har- mony. They are Mark 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; Matthew 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; Luke 17:36; 23:17; John 5:4. In addition to the Gospels use is made of Acts 1:3-8 in § 183, page 250. Acts 1:9-12 in § 184, page 251. Acts 1:18-19 in § 158, page 215. 1 Cor. 11:23-26 in § 148, page 195. 1 Cor. 15:5 in § 177, page 245. 1 Obr. 15:5 in § 179, page 247. 1 Cor. 15:6 in § 181, page 249. 1 Cor. 15:7 in § 182, page 250. XXXV11 A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS FOR STUDENTS OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST PART I THE SOURCES OF THE GOSPELS H. IN THE DEDICATION LUKE EXPLAINS HIS METHOD OF RESEARCH* Luke 1:1-4 1 Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to draw up a narrative con- 2 cerning those matters which have been fulfilled among us, even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses 3 and ministers of the word, it seemed good to me also, having traced the course of all things accurately from the first, to write unto thee in order, 4 most excellent Theophilus;f that thou mightest know the certainty con- cerning the 2 things 3 wherein thou wast instructed. 1 Or, fully established. * Gr. words. » Or, which thou wast taught by word of mouth. * Luke is the first critic of the life of Christ whose criticism has been preserved to us. Others had drawn up narratives of certain portions of Christ's work. Others still had been eyewitnesses of the ministry of Jesus and gave Luke their oral testimony. Luke sifted it all with care and pro- duced an orderly and reasonably full narrative of the earthly ministry of Jesus. We cannot re- produce all the sources that Luke had at his command, but it is clear that he followed in the main our Gospel of Mark, as any one can see for himself by comparing the two Gospels in this Harmony. Both Matthew and Luke made use of Mark. But they had other sources also. See note 2 on Synoptic Criticism at the close of the Harmony. See also Chapter IV, "Luke's Method of Re- search" in my Luke the Historian in the Light of Research. t Luke alone follows the method of ancient historians in dedicating his Gospel, as also the Acta (1:1), to a patron who probably met the expense of publication. So Luke as a Gentile Christian I writes an historical introduction in literary (Koine) Greek after the fashion of Thucydides and Plutarch. Mark had no formal introduction. Matthew's introduction is genealogical because he is writing for Jewish readers to prove that Jesus is the Messiah of Jewish hope. John, writing last of all, has a theological introduction to meet the Gnostic and philosophical misconceptions concerning the Person of Christ. Thus he pictures Christ as the Eternal Logos, with God in his pre-incarnate state, who became flesh and thus revealed the Father to men. 1 PART II THE PRE-EXISTENT STATE OF CHRIST AND HIS INCARNATION §2. IN HIS INTRODUCTION JOHN PICTURES CHRIST AS THE WORD (LOGOS) John 1:1-18 1 In the beginning was the Word,* and the Word was with God, and 2 the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All 3 things were made x by him; and without him 2 was not anything made 4 that hath been made. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. 5 And the light shineth in the darkness; and the darkness 3 apprehended 6 it not. There came a man, sent from God, whose name was John. The 7 same came for witness, that he might bear witness of the light, that all 8 might believe through him. He was not the light, but came that he 9 might bear witness of the light. 4 There was the true light, even the light 10 which lighteth 6 every man, coming into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made x by him, and the world knew him not. He 11 came unto 6 his own, and they that were his own received him not. But 12 as many as received him, to them gave he the right to become children 13 of God, even to them that believe on his name: which were 7 born, not of 8 blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word* became flesh, and 9 dwelt among us (and we beheld his glory, glory as of 10 the only begotten from the Father), full of grace and 15 truth. John beareth witness of him, and crieth, saying, n This was he of whom I said, He that cometh after me is become before me: for he 16 was 12 before me. For of his fulness we all received, and grace for grace. 17 For the law was given x by Moses; grace and truth came 2 by Jesus Christ. 18 No man hath seen God at any time; 13 the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. 1 Or, through. 2 Or, was not anything made. That which hath been made was life in him; and the life, &c. s Or, overcame. * Or, The true light, which lighteth every man, was coming. 6 Or, every man as he cometh. 6 Gr. his own things. 7 Or, begotten. 8 Gr. bloods. 9 Gr. tabernacled. 10 Or, an only begotten from a father. " Some ancient authorities read this was he that said. n Gr. first in regard of me. 13 Many very ancient authorities read God only begotten. * The Fourth Gospel makes no further use of the term Logos (Word) for Christ. No other Gospel employs the term, but in I John 1:1 we find "the Word of life" in this sense and in Rev. 19:14 we have: "and his name is called the Word of God." The Greek word has a double sense (reason and speech) and John seems to have both ideas in mind (1:18). Christ is the Idea of God and the Expression of God. The Stoics followed Plato in the philosophical use of Logos. Philo took it up and made it familiar to Jewish readers who were already used to the Hebrew Mimra (Word) in a personal sense. But John carried the term further than any of his predecessors and placed it on a par with Messiah, Son of God, Son of Man, and other phrases that portray aspects of the Person of Christ. John writes his Gospel to prove the deity of Jesus (John 20:31) against Gnostics (Cerinthian) who denied it, as he wrote his First Epistle (1 John 1:1-4) to prove the hu- manity of Jesus against Docetic Gnostics who disclaimed it. See note 3 at end of Harmony. 2 PART III THE TWO GENEALOGIES IN MATTHEW AND LUKE § 3. APPARENTLY JOSEPH'S GENEALOGY IN MATTHEW AND MARY'S IN LUKE* Matt. 1:1-17. (Cf. 1 Chron. 1:34: 2:1-15; 3:1-19.) 1 x The book of the feneration of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Ju- 3 dah and his brethren; and Judah begat Perez and Zerah of Tamar; and Perez begat Hezron; and Hez- 4 ron begat 3 Ram; and 3 Ram begat Amminadab; and Amminadab begat Nahshon: and Nahshon 5 begat Salmon; and Salmon begat Boaz of Rahab; and Boaz begat 6 Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; and Jesse begat David the king. And David begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Uriah; 7 and Solomon begat Rehoboam; and Rehoboam begat Abijah; 8 and Abijah begat 4 Asa; and 4 Asa begat Jehoshaphat; and Jehosh- aphat begat Joram; and Joram 9 begat Uzziah; and Uzziah begat Jotham; and Jotham begat Ahaz; 10 and Ahaz begat Hezekiah; and Hezekiah begat Manasseh; and Manasseh begat 6 Amon; and 11 5 Amon begat Josiah; and Josiah begat Jechoniah and his breth- ren, at the time of the "carrying away to Babylon. 12 And after the Carrying away Luke 3:23-38. (Cf. 1 Chron. 1:1-4, 24-28; 2:1-15; 3:17; Ruth 4:18-22.) Being the son (as was supposed) 24 of Joseph, the son of Heli, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, 25 the son of Jannai, the son of Jo- seph, the son of Matthias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Nag- 26 gai, the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of 27 Joda, the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of 7 Shealtiel, the son of 28 Neri, the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the 29 son of Elmadam, the son of Er, the son of Jesus, the son of Elie- zer, the son of Jorim, the son of 30 Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Symeon, the son of Judas, the son of Joseph, the son. of Jonam, 31 the son of Eliakim, the son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, 32 the son of David, the son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son of 33 Nahshon, the son of Amminadab, ^he son of 10 Arni, the son of Hez- 34 ron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah, the son of Jacob, the son 35 of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah, the son of Nahor, * This view is not accepted by all scholars, though it is found as early as Eusebius (Hist. Ecd. i, 7). See note 5 at end of Harmony. §3 THE TWO GENEALOGIES IN MATTHEW AND LUKE Matt. 1:1-17 to Babylon, Jechoniah begat 7 Shealtiel; and 7 Shealtiel begat 13 Zerubbabel; and Zerubbabel be- gat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eli- 14 akim; and Eliakim begat Azor; and Azor begat Sadoc; and Sa- 15 doc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; and Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Mat- than; and Matthan begat Jacob; 16 and Jacob begat Joseph the hus- band of Mary, of whom was born* Jesus, who is called Christ. 17 So all the generations from Abraham unto David are fourteen gen- erations; and from David to the Carrying away to Babylon fourteen generations; and from the Carrying away to Babylon unto the Christ fourteen generations. f 1 Or, The Genealogy of Jesus Christ. J Or, the birth; as in ver. 18. 3 Gr. Aram. * Gr. Asaph. ' Gr. Amos. 6 Or, removal to Babylon. 7 Gr. Salathiel. 8 Some ancient authorities write Sala. 9 Many ancient authorities insert the son of Admin; and one writes Admin for Amminadab. 10 Some ancient authorities write Aram. Luke 3:23-38 the son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber, 36 the son of Shelah, the son of Cai- nan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah, 37 the son of Lamech, the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Ma- 38 halaleel, the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God. ♦The Sinaitic Syriac, against all the early Greek manuscripts, reads in Matt. 1:16: "But Joseph, to whom the Virgin Mary was betrothed, begat Jesus." This ancient Ebionitic text is followed by Von Soden in his Griechisches Neues Testament and by Moffatt in his New Translation of the New Testament, but it is difficult to believe it genuine, for in Matt. 1:18-22 the writer pictures Joseph as on the point of putting Mary away privily. The two reports in the Sinaitic Syriac flatly contradict each other. Those who accept it say that the writer of the Virgin Birth view in 1:18-20 overlooked 1:16 (certainly a serious oversight). It is easier to think that an Ebionitic scribe in copying altered 1:16, but passed by 1:18-20. The Ebionites denied the deity of Jesus. Both Matthew and Luke (1:26-38) give the Virgin Birth of Jesus, but they preserve separate traditions on the subject. t Observe that Matthew's three divisions of the genealogy represent three great periods in the history of Israel. See note 5 at end of Harmony for discussion of the differences between the genealogies in Matthew and in Luke. 4 PART IV THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS Probably b.c. 7 to a.d. 7 §§ 1+-19. These sections include the annunciations, the birth, infancy, and childhood of both John and Jesus. §4. THE ANNUNCIATION* OF THE BIRTH OF THE BAPTIST TO ZACHARIAS Jerusalem, in the Temple. Probably B.C. 7 Lukel:5-25t 5 There was in the days of Herod, king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abijah: and he had a wife of the daughters 6 of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the 7 Lord blameless. And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now ^ell stricken in years. 8 Now it came to pass, while he executed the priest's office before God 9 in the order of his course, according to the custom of the priest's office, 10 his lot was to enter into the 2 temple of the Lord and burn incense. And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the hour of 11 incense. And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing 12 on the right side of the altar of incense. And Zacharias was troubled 13 when he saw him, and fear fell upon him. But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: because thy supplication is heard, and thy wife 14 Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. And 15 thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and he shall drink no wine nor 3 strong drink [see Num. 6:3; Judg. 13:4-6; 1 Sam. 1:11]; and he shall 16 be filled with the 4 Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. And many 17 of the children of Israel shall he turn unto the Lord their God. And he shall 5 go before his face in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children [see Mai. 3:1; 4:5-6] , and the disobedient * There are three annunciations: (1) to Zacharias § 4, (2) to Mary § 5, (3) to Joseph § 9. Luke gives the first two and Matthew the third. The Angel Gabriel is named by Luke (1:19, 26), but Matthew simply has "an angel of the Lord" (1:20). t It is certain that Luke tells the infancy stories from the standpoint of Mary while Matthew writes from the standpoint of Joseph. Matthew gives the public account while Luke tells the Erivate story from Mary herself (Ramsay, Was Christ Born at Bethlehem? p. 79). Luke could ave seen Mary, if still alive, or could have obtained it from one of Mary's circle either orally or in manuscript form. Some scholars even suggest "Gospel of Mary" and even, "Gospel of the Baptist" as a written source for Luke in 1:5-2:52. Sanday (The Life of Christ in Recent Re- search, p. 166) says: "These two chapters — 'whatever the date at which they were first committed to writing — are essentially the most archaic thing in the whole New Testament " Certainly Luke reveals the use of Aramaic or Hebrew sources by the sudden changes in his style from 1:1-4. Luke, if familiar with the current account as seen in Matthew, apparently felt that he owed it to Mary to record her story of her great experience. 5 §5 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS Luke 1 :5-25 to walk in the wisdom of the just; to make ready for the Lord a people pre- 18 pared for him. And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife 6n well stricken in years. 19 And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God [see Dan. 8:16; 9:21] ; and I was sent to speak unto thee, 20 and to bring thee these good tidings. And behold, thou shalt be silent and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall come to pass, because thou believedst not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their 21 season. And the people were waiting for Zacharias, . and they marvelled 22 7 while he tarried in the Hemple. And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the Hemple: and he continued making signs unto them, and remained dumb. 23 And it came to pass, when the days of his ministration were fulfilled, he departed unto his house. 24 And after these days Elisabeth his wife conceived; and she hid her- 25 self five months, saying, Thus hath the Lord done unto me in the days wherein he looked upon me, to take away my reproach among men. 1 Gr. advanced in their days. * Or^sanctuary ' Gr. sikera. * Or, Holy Spirit; and so throughout all the Gospels. 6 Some ancient authorities read come nigh before his face. 6 Gr. advanced in her day 8. 7 Or, at his tarrying. §5. THE ANNUNCIATION TO THE VIRGIN MARY OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS Nazareth. Probably B.C. 7 or 6 Luke 1:26-38 26 Now in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto 27 a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. 28 And he came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, 29 the Lord is with thee. 2 But she was greatly troubled at the saying, and 30 cast in her mind what manner of salutation this might be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found 3 favour with 31 God. And behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a 32 son, and shalt call his name Jesus [see Isa. 7:14]- He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Most High: and the Lord God shall give unto 33 him the throne of his father David [see 2 Sam. 7:12-17] : and he shall reign over the house of Jacob 'forever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. 34 And Mary said unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a 35 man? And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee: wherefore also s that which 6 is to be born 'shall be called holy [see Ex. 18:12] , 36 the Son of God. And behold, Elisabeth thy kinswoman, she also hath 37 conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her that 38 8 was called barren. For no word from God shall be void of power [see Gen. 18:14]. And Mary said, Behold, the "handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. 1 Or, endued with grace. * Many ancient authorities add blessed art thou among women. (See ver. 42.) 3 Or, grace. * Gr. unto the ages. s Or, the holy thing which is to be born shall be called the son of Ood. « Or, is begotten. 7 Some ancient authorities insert of thee. 8 Or, is. » Gr. bondmaid. 6 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS § 7 § 6. THE SONG* OF ELISABETH TO MARY UPON HER VISIT Hill Country of Judea Luke 1:39-45 39 And Mary arose in these days and went into the hill country with 40 haste, into a city of Judah; and entered into the house of Zacharias and 41 saluted Elisabeth. And it came to pass, when Elisabeth heard the sal- utation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled 42 with the Holy Ghost; and she lifted up her voice with a loud cry, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. 43 And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come unto 44 me? For behold, when the voice of thy salutation came into mine ears, 45 the babe leaped in my womb for joy. And blessed is she that Relieved; for there shall be a fulfilment of the things which have been spoken to her from the Lord. 1 Or, believed that there shall be. §7. THE MAGNIFICAT OF MARY Hill Country of Judea Luke 1:46-56 And Mary said, 46 My soul doth magnify the Lord [see 1 Sam. 2:1-10], 47 And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. 48 For he hath looked upon the low estate of his handmaiden: For behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed [see 1 Sam 1:11]. 49 For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; And holy is his name [see 1 Sam. 2:2] . 50 And his mercy is unto generations and generations On them that fear him [see Ps. 103:17]. 51 He hath shewed strength with his arm; He hath scattered the proud 2 in the imagination of their heart [see 1 Sam. 2:4; Ps. 89:10]. 52 He hath put down princes from their thrones, And hath exalted them of low degree [see Job 5:11; 12:19], 53 The hungry he hath filled with good things; And the rich he hath sent empty away [see Ps. 107:9]. 54 He hath holpen Israel his servant, That he might remember mercy [see Isa. 41:8-9]. 55 (As he spake unto our fathers) Toward Abraham and his seed for ever [see Gen. 17:7; Mic. 7:20]. 56 And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned unto her house. 1 Gr. bondmaiden. 2 Or, by. * This hymn or psalm springs from the omen to Elisabeth. 7 § 8 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS §8. THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST, AND HIS DESERT LIFE Hill Country of Judea. B.C. 7 or 6 Luke 1:57-80 57 Now Elisabeth's time was fulfilled that she should be delivered; and 58 she brought forth a son. And her neighbors and her kinsfolk heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy toward her; and they rejoiced 59 with her. And it came to pass on the eighth day, that they came to circumcise the child; and they would have called him Zacharias, after 60 the name of his father. And his mother answered and said, Not so; 61 but he shall be called John. And they said unto her, There is none of 62 thy kindred that is called by this name. And they made signs to his 63 father, what he would have him called. And he asked for a writing 64 tablet, and wrote, saying, His name is John. And they marvelled all. And his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loosed, and he 65 spake, blessing God. And fear came on all that dwelt round about them: and all these sayings were noised abroad throughout all the hill country 66 of Judea. And all that heard them laid them up in their heart, saying, What then shall this child be? For the hand of the Lord was with him. 67 And his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied, saying, 68 Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel; For he hath visited and wrought redemption for his people [see Ps. 72:18; 111:9], 69 And hath raised up a horn of salvation for us In the house of his servant David [see 1 Sam. 2:10; Ps. 18:8], 70 (As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets which have been since the world began), 71 Salvation from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us [see Ps. 106:10]', 72 To show mercy towards our fathers, And to remember his holy convenant; 73 The oath which he sware unto Abraham our father [see Gen. 17:7; Lev. 26:42; Ps. 105:8; Mic. 7:20], 74 To grant unto us that we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies Should serve him without fear, 75 In holiness and righteousness before him all our days. 76 Yea and thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Most High: For thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to make ready his ways [see Mai. 8:1] ; 77 To give knowledge of salvation unto his people In the remission of their sins, 78 Because of the lender mercy of our God, 2 Whereby the dayspring from on high 3 shall visit us [see Mai. 4:2], 79 To shine upon them that sit in darkness and the shadow of death; To guide our feet into the way of peace [see Isa. 8:22; 9:2]. 80 And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, and was in the deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel.* 1 Or, heart of mercy. * Or, Wherein. 3 Many ancient authorities read hath visited us. * Dwell on this summary statement as to John's retired life in the wild regions of Judea, whence he will come forth thirty years later. 8 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS § 10 §9. THE ANNUNCIATION TO JOSEPH OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS Nazareth Matt. 1:18-25 18 Now the J birth 2 of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was 19 found with child of the 3 Holy Ghost. And Joseph her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, was 20 minded to put her away privily. But when he thought on these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: 21 for that which is Conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. And she shall bring forth a son; and thou shalt call his name Jesus; for it is he that shall 22 save his people from their sins. Now all this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, 23 Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son [see Isa. 7:14], And they shall call his name 6 Immanuel; 24 which is, being interpreted, God with us. And Joseph arose from his sleep, and did as the angel of the Lord commanded him, and took unto 25 him his wife; and knew her not till she had brought forth a son: and he called his name Jesus. 1 Or, generation: as in ver. 1 in § 3 2 Some ancient authorities read of the Christ. » Or, Holy Spirit. « Gr. begotten. 6 Gr. Emmanuel. §10. THE BIRTH OF JESUS Bethlehem. Probably b.c. 6 or 5 Luke 2:1-7 1 Now it came to pass in those days, there went out a decree from Caesar 2 Augustus, that all the J world should be enrolled. This was the first 3 enrolment made when Quirinius was governor of Syria. And all went to enrol themselves, every one to his own city.* And Joseph also went 4 up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of 5 David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David; to enrol himself with Mary, who was betrothed to him, being 6 great with child. And it came to pass, while they were there, the days 7 were fulfilled that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son; and she wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn. 1 Gr. inhabited earth. * Observe how the ruler of the civilized world is unconsciously bringing it about that the Messiah, the son of David, shall be born at Bethlehem, though his mother's home was Nazareth. All the previous history of Rome and of Israel gathers about this manger. As to Quirinius, and as to the Erobable time of the Saviour's birth, see note 6 at the end of the book. The vindication of Luke's istorical statements in these verses is one of the triumphs of modern research, as is shown in that note. 9 § 11 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS § 11. THE PRAISE OF THE ANGELS AND THE HOMAGE OF THE SHEPHERDS Near Bethlehem Luke 2:8-20 8 And there were shepherds in the same country abiding in the field, 9 and keeping J watch by night over their flock. And an angel of the Lord stood by them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them, and 10 they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Be not afraid; 11 for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy which shall be to all the people: for there is born to you this day in the city of David, a Saviour 12 which is 2 Christ the Lord. And this is the sign unto you; Ye shall find a 13 babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, and lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising* God, and saying, 14 Glory to God in the highest, And on earth 3 peace among 4 men in whom he is well pleased. 15 And it came to pass, when the angels went away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this 6 thing that is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known 16 unto us. And they came with haste, and found both Mary and Joseph, 17 and the babe lying in the manger. And when they saw it, they made known concerning the saying which was spoken to them about this child. 18 And all that heard it wondered at the things which were spoken unto 19 them by the shepherds. But Mary kept all these •sayings, pondering 20 them in her heart. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, even as it was spoken unto them. 1 Or, night-watches. * Or, Anointed Lord. 3 Many ancient authorities read peace, good pleasure among men. *Gr. men of good pleasure. B Or, saying. 6 Or, things. §12. THE CIRCUMCISION OF JESUS Bethlehem Luke 2:21 21 And when eight days were fulfilled for circumcising him [see Gen. 17:12; Lev. 12:3), his name was called Jesus, which was so called by the angel before he was conceived in the womb. §13. THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE WITH THE HOMAGE OF SIMEON AND ANNA Jerusalem Luke 2:22-38 22 And when the days of their purification according to the law of Moses 23 were fulfilled, they brought him up to Jerusal em, to present him to the * The Gloria in Excelsis. 10 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS § 14 Luke 2:22-38 Lord (as it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb, shall be called holy to the Lord) [see Ex. 13:2, 12, 15; Lev. 12:1-8], 24 and to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the 25 Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. And behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and this man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Spirit 26 was upon him. And it had been revealed unto him by the Holy Spirit, 27 that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord's Christ. And he came in the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, that they might do concerning him after the custom of the 28 law, then he received him into his arms, and blessed God and said,* 29 Now lettest thou thy Servant depart, O 2 Lord, According to thy word, in peace; 30 For mine eyes have seen thy salvation [see Isa. 52:10], 31 Which thou hast prepared before the face of all the peoples; 32 A light for 3 revelation to the Gentiles, And the glory of thy people Israel [see Isa. 42:6; 49:6]. 33 And his father and his mother were marvelling at the things which 34 were spoken concerning him; and Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold, this child is set for the falling and rising up 35 of many in Israel; and for a sign which is spoken against; yea and a sword shall pierce through thine own soul; that thoughts out of many hearts 36 may be revealed. And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher (she was 4 of a great age, having lived 37 with a husband seven years from her virginity, and she had been a widow even for four-score and four years), which departed not from the temple, 38 worshipping with fastings and supplications night and day. And coming up at that very hour she gave thanks unto God, and spake of him to all them that were looking for the redemption of Jerusalem. 1 Gr. bond'servant. * Gr. Master. » Or, the unveiling of the Gentiles. * Gr. advanced in many days. § 14. MAGI VISIT THE NEW-BORN KING OF THE JEWS Jerusalem and Bethlehem Matt. 2:1-12 1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod 2 the king, behold, *wise men from the east [see Num. 24:1 7] came to Jerusalem, saying, 2 Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we saw 3 his star in the east, and are come to worship him. And when Herod the 4 king heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. And gather- ing together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired 5 of them where the Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judea: for thus it is written 3 by the prophet, * The four New Testament psalms, given by Luke, breathe the atmosphere of Old Testament piety, quite in contrast to the formalism of the Pharisees and yet thoroughly Jewish in background and Christian in sentiment. But it is primitive Christian feeling. Section 7 gives the Magnificat of Mary in response to the song of Elisabeth in § 6. In § 8 we have the Benedictus of Zacharias and m § 13 The Nunc Dimittis of Simeon. 11 § 15 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS Matt. 2:1-12 6 And thou Bethlehem, land of Judah, Art in no wise least among the princes of Judah ; For out of thee shall come forth a governor [see Mic. 5:1-2], Which shall be shepherd of my people Israel. 7 Then Herod privily called the ^ise men, and learned of them carefully 8 4 what time the star appeared. And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search out carefully concerning the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word, that I also may come and worship him. 9 And they, having heard the king, went their way; and lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where 10 the young child was. And when they saw the star, they rejoiced with 11 exceeding great joy. And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped him; and opening their treasures they offered unto him gifts, gold and frankincense 12 and myrrh. And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way. 1 Gr. Magi. Compare Esther 1:13; Dan. 2:12. * Or, Where is Ae King of the Jews that is born? * Or, through. * Or, the time of the star that appeared. §15. THE CHILD JESUS CARRIED TO EGYPT, AND THE CHILDREN AT BETHLEHEM SLAIN Probably b.c. 5 Matt. 2:13-18 13 Now when they were departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I tell thee: for Herod 14 will seek the young child to destroy him. And he arose and took the young child by night, and departed into Egypt; and was there until the 15 death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt did I call my son [see Hos. 11:1]. 16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the 2 wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the male children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the borders thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had carefully learned of the ^ise men. 17 Then was fulfilled that which was spoken 2 by Jeremiah the prophet, saying [see Jer. 81:15], 18 A voice was heard in Ramah, Weeping and great mourning Rachel weeping for her children; And she would not be comforted, because they are not. » Gr. Magi. * Or, through. 12 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS § 18 §16. THE CHILD BROUGHT FROM EGYPT TO NAZARETH Probably b.c. 4 Matt. 2:19-23 19 But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in 20 Egypt, saying, Arise and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel: 21 for they are dead that sought the young child's life. And he arose and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Is- 22 rael. But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the room of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither; and being 23 warned of God in a dream, he withdrew into the parts of Galilee, and came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken *by the prophets,* that he should be called a Nazarene. 1 Or, through. Luke 2:39 39 And when they had accomplished all things that were according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. §17. THE CHILDHOOD OF JESUS AT NAZARETH Probably b.c. 4 to a.d. 7 Luke 2:40 40 And the child grew, and waxed strong, ffilled with wisdom; and the grace of God was upon him. §18. THE VISIT OF THE BOY JESUS TO JERUSALEM WHEN TWELVE YEARS OLD Probably a.d. 7 or 8 Luke 2:41-50 41 And his parents went every year to Jerusalem at the feast of the pass- 42 over [see Ex. 23:1 4-1 7; Deut. 1 6:1 -8] . And when he was twelve years old, 43 they went up after the custom of the feast; and when they had fulfilled the days, as they were returning, the boy Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; 44 and his parents knew it not; but supposing him to be in the company, they went a day's journey; and they sought for him among their kinsfolk 45 and acquaintance: and when they found him not, they returned to Jeru- * Cf. Isa. 11:1 where the Messiah is called Netzer, a Branch, though Nazareth is not mentioned in the Old Testament. t This simple statement of Luke tells more in one sentence than all the apocryphal Gospels of the Infancy, with their silly legends about the miraculous prowess of the child Jesus. 13 § 19 BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF THE BAPTIST AND OF JESUS Luke 2: 41-50 46 salem, seeking for him. And it came to pass, after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, 47 and asking them questions: and all that heard him were amazed at his 48 understanding and his answers. And when they saw him, they were 49 astonished: and his mother said unto him, 2 Son, why hast thou thus dealt 50 with us? behold, thy father and I sought thee sorrowing. And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be 8 in my Father's house? And they understood not the saying which he spake unto them. i Or, teachers. 2 Gr. Child. » Or, about my Father's business. §19. THE EIGHTEEN YEARS* AT NAZARETH Probably a.d. 7 to a.d. 26 (or 6 to 25) Luke 2:51-52 51 And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth ; and he was subject unto them: and his mother kept all these Mayings in her heart. 52 And Jesus advanced in wisdom and 2 stature, and in 3 favor with God and men [see 1 Sam. 2:26) . i Or, things. * Or, age. * Or, grace. * After the return to Nazareth, we know nothing of Jesus' life at that place beyond the general statements of Luke 2:52, with the knowledge and dispositions indicated in the narrative of § 18 and the fact that he was a carpenter, until he comes forth to be baptized by John, his forerunner. The social and political conditions of this period in Galilee are described by Edersheim.D. Smith, and other writers on the Life of Jesus, and briefly stated in Broadus's Commentary on Matthew, p. 30 f . Dwell on the general statement of Luke 2:52. Other passages throw light on the life in Nazareth as to habits of worship (Luke 4:16), the family group of brothers and sisters (Mark 6:3= Matt. 13:55 f.), work as carpenter (ibid.). A helpful book on this obscure period is Ramsay's The Educa- tion of Christ. 14 PART V THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTIST'S MINISTRY Probably six months and in a.d. 25. In the Wilderness of Judea and beside the Jordan, §§20-23 §20. THE TIME OF THE BEGINNING Mark 1:1 1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ ] the Son of God. Luke 3:1-2 1 Now in the fif- teenth *year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pi- late being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tet- rarch of the region of Ituraea and Trach- onitis, and Lysaniasf tetrarch of Abilene, 2 in the highpriest- hood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came unto John the son of Zach- arias in the wilder- ness. 1 Some ancient authorities omit the son of God. §21. THE MESSAGE AND THE MESSENGER Mark 1:2-6 2 Even as it is writ- ten J in Isaiah the prophet, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face [see Mai 3:1], Matt. 3:1-6 1 And in those days cometh John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of 2 Judea, sayingj Re- pent ye; for the king- dom of heaven is at Luke 3:3-6 3 And he came into all the region round about Jordan, preach- ing the baptism of repentance unto re- 4 mission of sins; as it is written in the book * See note 6 at end of Harmony. T See note 6. Luke follows the custom of ancient historians in dating events by the names of the ^ +6 ™ th , e 8on of a priest John was Probably thirty years old when he came forth. ; See Mark 1:15 ( = Matt. 4:17); Matt. 10:7; Acts 2:38. 15 §22 THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTISTS MINISTRY Mark 1:2-6 Who shall prepare thy way; 3 The voice of one crying in the wil- derness [see Isa. 40:8], Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight; 4 John came, who bap- tized in the wilder- ness and preached the baptism of re- pentance unto re- 5 mission of sins. And there went out unto him all the country of Judea, and all they of Jerusalem; and they were bap- tized of him in the river Jordan, con- fessing their sins. 6 And John was cloth- ed with camel's hair, and had a leathern girdle about his loins, and did eat locusts and wild honey. Matt. 3:1-6 3 hand. For this is he that was spoken of 2 by Isaiah the proph- et, saying, The voice of one crying in the wil- derness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. 4 Now John himself had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his food was locusts and 5 wild honey. Then went out unto him Jerusalem, and all Judea, and all the region round about 6 Jordan; and they were baptized of him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. Luke 3:3-6 of the words of Isaiah the prophet, The voice of one crying in the wil- derness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. Every valley shall be filled, And every moun- tain and hill shall be brought low; And the crooked shall become straight, And the rough ways smooth; And all flesh shall see the salvation of God [see Isa. 40:4-5). 1 Some ancient authorities read in the prophets. s Or, through §22. A SPECIMEN* OF JOHN'S PREACHING Matt. 3:7-10 7 But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said unto them, Ye offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to 8 come? Bring forth therefore fruit 9 worthy of Repentance: and think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children Luke 3:7-14 7 He said therefore to the multi- tude that went out to be baptized of him, Ye offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath 8 to come? Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of Repentance; and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up 9 children unto Abraham. And * Here we see Matthew and Luke preserving a non-Markan section, as so frequently hereafter, an example of the so-called Logia (Discourses). 16 THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTISTS MINISTRY §23 Matt. 3:10-10 10 unto Abraham. And even now is the axe laid unto the root of the trees: every tree therefore that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. * Or, your repentance. 8 That is, collectors or renters of Roman taxes. Soldiers in service. 6 Or, accuse any one. Luke 3:9-14 even now is the axe also laid unto the root of the trees: every tree therefore that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast 10 into the fire. And the multitudes asked him, saying, What then must 11 we do? And he answered and said unto them, He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none; and he that hath food, 12 let him do likewise. And there came also 2 publicans to be bap- tized, and they said unto him, 13 3 Master, what must we do? And he said unto them, Extort no more than that which is appointed 14 you. And 4 soldiers also asked him, saying, And we, what must we do? And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither 6 exact anything wrongfully; and be content with your wages. a Or, Teacher. *Gr. 23. THE FORERUNNER'S PICTURE OF THE MESSIAH BEFORE SEEING HIM Mark 1:7-8 7 And he preached, saying, There Com- eth after me he that is mightier than I, the latchet of whose shoes I am not Wor- thy to stoop down 8 and unloose. I bap- tized you J with wa- ter; but he shall bap- tize you 3 with the Holy Ghost. Matt. 3:11-12 11 I indeed baptize you x with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not 2 worthy to bear: he shall baptize you 3 with the Holy Ghost 12 and with fire: whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly cleanse his threshing- floor; and he will gather his wheat into the garner, but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire. 17 Luke 3:15-18 15 And as the peo- ple were in expec- tation, and all men reasoned in their hearts concerning John, whether haply he were the Christ; 16 John answered, say- ing unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but there cometh he that is mightier than I, the latchet of whose shoes I am not Wor- thy to unloose: he shall baptize you J with the 3 Holy Ghost and with fire: whose 17 fan is in his hand, §23 THE BEGINNING OF THE BAPTISTS MINISTRY Luke 3:15-18 throughly to cleanse his threshing-floor, and to gather the wheat into his garner: but the chaff he will burn up with un- quenchable fire. 18 With many other exhortations there- fore preached he 'good tidings unto the people.* i Or, in. » Gr. sufficient. • Or, Holy Spirit. * Or, the gospel. * One can easily put together all that we are told of John the Baptist in John 1 :6-15 and in Sec- tions 4, 6, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 49, 57, 84, 133. See also Acts 1:5, 22; 10:37; 13:24; 18:25; 19:1-7. For a full discussion of the Baptist see my John the Loyal. These months of John's ministry prepared the way for the Messiah. 18 PART VI THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY The Year of Obscurity* Probably Part of a.d. 26 and 27 In all parts of the Holy Land (the first Perean Ministry, the first Galilean Ministry, the first Judean Ministry, the first Samaritan Ministry). §§ 24-36. This early ministry includes the baptism, the temptation, John's witness to Jesus, the first disciples, the first miracle and work in Galilee, the first work in Judea, the arrest of John, the work in Samaria, and the return to Galilee. §24. JESUS BAPTIZED BY JOHN IN THE JORDAN Bethany beyond Jordan. Probably a.d. 26 Mark 1:9-11 9 And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized of John 4 in the Jordan. Matt. 3:13-17 13 Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to the f Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him. 14 But John would have hindered him, say- ing, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to 15 me? But Jesus an- swering said unto him, Suffer Ht now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all right- eousness. Then he Luke 3:21-23 * The precise duration of this early ministry cannot be determined. Our Lord's baptism must have been at least two months before the Passover, and may have been some weeks or months earlier. Then the highly successful ministry in Judea after the Passover must have lasted several months (John 3:22; 4:1-3). If the "yet four months" in John 4:35 be understood to be not a com- mon saying as to the usual interval between seedtime and harvest, but a statement that it was then just four months before harvest, that would make the Judean ministry extend eight months after the Passover. But this interpretation is upon the whole improbable, and we can only say that the opening ministry lasted several months. The time occupied makes very little difference for our understanding the events and discourses. All of the incidents during this period after the temptation are given in John's Gospel. But for the Fourth Gospel we should not know that Jesus did not plunge at once into the great Galilean Ministry. ... t The Gospel of the Hebrews (one of the apocryphal gospels) is quoted by Jerome (adv. Pelag. 111 -2) as having the following: "Behold, the Lord's mother and His brethren were saying to Him, John the Baptist baptizes unto the remission of sins; let us go and be baptized by him. But he said unto them, What sin have I done, that I should go and be baptized by him? unless perchance this very thing which I have said is an ignorance." 19 §25 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY Mark 1:9-11 10 And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens rent asunder, and the Spirit as a dove descending up- 11 on him: and a voice came out of the heavens, Thou art my beloved Son, in thee I am well pleas- ed [see Ps. 2:7; Isa. 42:1], Matt. 3:13-17 16 suffereth him. And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway from the water: and lo, the heavens were opened 2 unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming 17 upon him; and lo, a voice out of the heav- ens, saying, 3 This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. I Or, me. s Some ancient authorities omit unto him. am well pleased. * Gr. into. Luke 3:21-23 21 Now it came to pass, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also hav- ing been baptized, and praying, the heaven was opened, 22 and the Holy Ghost *descended in a bod- ily form, as a dove, upon him [see John 1:82-34), and a voice came out of heaven, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee fl am well pleased. 23 And Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. 8 Or, This is my son; my beloved in whom 1 §25. THE THREE TEMPTATIONS* OF JESUS The Wilderness of Judea. Probably a.d. 26 Mark 1:12-13 12 And straightway the Spirit driveth him forth into the wilder- 13 ness. And he was in the wilderness forty days tempted of Satan; and he was with the wild beasts; Matt. 4:1-11 1 Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. 2 And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he af- terward hungered. 3 And the tempter came and said unto him, If thou art the Son of God, com- Luke 4:1-13 1 And Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, re- turned from the Jor- dan, and was led 3 by the Spirit in the wil- derness during forty 2 days, being tempted of the devil [see Heb. 4:15]. And he did eat nothing in those days: and when they were completed, he hun- * The Gospel of John does not describe the baptism of Jesus, but refers to the event in a way that shows knowledge of the Synoptic Gospels. t Codex Bezae (D) reads in Luke: "Thou art my beloved son, to-day have I begotten thee." The Gospel of the Ebionites has: "Thou art my beloved son, in thee I am well pleased, to-day I have begotten thee." See §85 for similar language at the Transfiguration. t Mark gives only a summary account while the Logia (the oldest known record) tells the temptations in detail. This early document reveals the Messianic consciousness of Jesus as dis- tinctly as it appears in the Gospel of John. The record of the baptism in § 24 and of the tempta- tion in § 25 goes back to the two oldest strata of the Gospel sources (Mark or the Memoirs of Peter and the Logia of Matthew) and shows that Jesus enters upon his Messianic work knowing that he had his Father's approval and the power of the Holy Spirit upon him. 20 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY §25 Matt. 4:1-11 mand that these stones become ^read. 4 But he answered and said, It is written [see Deut. 8:8], Man shaU not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceed- eth out of the mouth 5 of God. Then the devil taketh him into the holy city; and he set him on the 2 pinnacle of the tem- 6 pie, and saith unto him, If thou art the Son of God, cast thy- self down: for it is written [see Ps.91 :11- m, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: And on their hands they shall bear thee up, Lest haply thou dash thy foot against a stone. 7 Jesus said unto him, Again it is written [see Deut. 6:16], Thou shalt not tempt the 8 Lord thy God. Again the devil taketh him unto an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory 9 of them; and he said unto him. All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship 10 me. Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written [see Deut. 6: 13], Thou shalt wor- 21 Luke 4:1-13 3 gered. And the devil said unto him, If thou art the Son of God, command this stone that it become 4 4 bread. And Jesus answered unto him, It is written [see Deut. 8:3], Man shall not live by bread alone. 5 And he led him up, and shewed him all the kingdoms of s the world in a moment 6 of time. And the devil said unto him, To thee will I give all this authority, and the glory of them: for it hath been de- livered unto me; and to whomsoever I will 7 1 give it. If thou therefore wilt worship before me, it shall 8 all be thine. And Jesus answered and said unto him, It is written [see Deut. 6: 13], Thou shalt wor- ship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt 9 thou serve. And he led him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the tem- ple, and said unto him, If thou art the Son of God, cast thy- self down from hence: 10 for it is written [see Ps. 91:11-12], He shall give his angels charge concerning thee, to guard thee: 11 And on their hands they shall bear thee up, Lest haply thou §26 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY Mark 1:12-13 Matt. 4:1-11 Luke 4:1-13 ship the Lord thy God, dash thy foot and him only shalt against a stone. thou serve. 12 And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said [see Deut. 6:16], Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. 13 And when the devil 11 Then the devil had completed every and the leaveth him; and be- temptation, he de- angels ministered hold angels came and parted from him ofor unto him. ministered unto him. a season. 3 Gr. in. * Or, a loaf. 5 Gr. the inhabited earth. • Or, until. §26. THE TESTIMONY OF THE BAPTIST TO THE COMMITTEE OF THE SANHEDRIN At Bethany beyond Jordan John 1:19-28 19 And this is the witness of John, when the Jews sent unto him from 20 Jerusalem priests and Levites to ask him, Who art thou? And he con- 21 fessed, and denied not: and he confessed, I am not the Christ. And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elijah? And he saith, I am not. 22 Art thou the prophet? And he answered, No. They said therefore unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent 23 us. What sayest thou of thyself? He said, I am the voice of one crying 24 in the wilderness Make straight the way of the Lord, as said Isaiah the 25 prophet [see Isa. 40:3] . J And they had been sent from the Pharisees.* And they asked him, and said unto him, Why then baptizest thou, if thou art not the Christ, neither Elijah, neither the prophet? John answered 26 them, saying, I baptize ''with water: in the midst of you standeth one whom ye know not, even he that cometh after me, the latchet of whose 27 shoe I am not worthy to unloose. These things were done in 'Bethany 28 beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. 1 Or, And certain had been sent from among the Pharisees. ' Or, in. 8 Many ancient authorities read Bethabarah, some Betharabah. §27. JOHN'S IDENTIFICATION MESSIAH OF JESUS AS THE At Bethany beyond the Jordan John 1:29-34 29 On the morrow he seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold, 30 the Lamb of God, which x taketh away the sin of the world [see Isa. 58:7] ! This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is become before * In 1:19 the priests and Levites are Sadducees. The idea seems to be that the Pharisees had the Sadducees sent on this embassy (c/. § 22) . Later Jesus will say that John was Elijah that was to come; some will even take Jesus to be Elijah. 22 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY §28 John 1:29-34 31 me: for he was 2 before me. And I knew him not; but that he should be 32 made manifest to Israel, for this cause came I baptizing 3 with water. And John bare witness, saying, I have beheld the Spirit descending as 33 a dove out of heaven; and it abode upon him. And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize 3 with water, he said unto me, Upon whom- soever thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and abiding upon him, the 34 same is he that baptizeth 3 with the Holy Spirit. And I have seen, and have borne witness that this is the son of God.* 1 Or, beareth the sin. 2 Gr. first in regard of me. 3 Or, in. §28. JESUS MAKES HIS FIRSTf DISCIPLES At Bethany beyond the Jordan John 1:35-51 35 Again on the morrow John was standing, and two of his disciples; 36 and he looked upon Jesus as he walked, and saith, Behold, the Lamb 37 of God [see Isa. 53:7] ! And the two disciples heard him speak, and they 38 followed Jesus. And Jesus turned, and beheld them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? And they said unto him, Rabbi (which is to 39 say, being interpreted, faster), where abidest thou? He saith unto them, Come, and ye shall see. They came therefore and saw where he abode; and they abode with him that day: it was about the tenth hour, 40 One of the two that heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, 41 Simon Peter's brother. He findeth first his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messiah (which is, being interpreted, 42 2 Christ). He brought him unto Jesus. Jesus looked upon him, and said, thou art Simon the son of 3 John: thou shalt be called Cephas (which is by interpretation, 4 Peter). 43 On the morrow he was minded to go forth into Galilee, and he find- eth Philip: and Jesus saith unto him, Follow me. Now Philip was from 44 Bethsaida, of the city of Andrew and Peter. Philip findeth Nathanael, 45 and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, 46 and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. And Nathanael said unto him, Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? 47 Philip saith unto him, Come and see. Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold, an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 48 Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before Philip called thee, when thou wast under the 49 fig tree, I saw thee. Nathanael answered him, Rabbi, thou art the son * Put together the Baptist's testimonies to Jesus in sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 57. Add John 1:6-15. Note also the four testimonies of Jesus to John, sections 49, 57, 85, 133. Observe the four successive days here in John 1:19, 29, 35, 43, and the third day from the last in John 2:1, making a week that is covered in detail (cf. the Passion Week at the close) . We have other glimpses of special days in the ministry, as the Busy Day of the blasphemous accusation and the parables (Matt. 12 and 13). In John 1:39 the very hour is preserved, probably Roman time (ten in the morning) , as John writes long after the destruction of Jerusalem and outside of Palestine and uses the Roman reckoning (midnight to midnight) in John 20:19. But see note 11 at end of Harmony for Ramsay's objections to this view. t Notice here a series of First Things; first testimony of John, first disciples, first miracle, first residence at Capernaum, first passover during his ministry, first extended discourse. 23 § 29 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST S PUBLIC MINISTRY John 1:35-51 50 of God; thou art King of Israel* [see 2 Sam. 7:14; Ps. 2:7]. Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee underneath the 51 fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye shall see the heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man f [see Gen. 28:12]. »Or, Teacher. * That is, Anointed. 3 Gr. Joanes: called in Matt. 16:17 Jonah. « That is, Rock or Stone. §29. JESUS WORKS HIS FIRST MIRACLE At Cana in Galilee John 2:1-11 1 And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee: and the 2 mother of Jesus was there: and Jesus also was bidden, and his disciples, 3 to the marriage. And when the wine failed, the mother of Jesus saith 4 unto him, They have no wine. And Jesus sahh unto her, Woman, what 5 have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. His mother saith 6 unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. Now there were six waterpots of stone set there after the Jews' manner of purifying, 7 containing two or three firkins apiece. Jesus saith unto them, Fill the 8 waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the ^uler of the feast. 9 And they bare it. And when the ruler of the feast tasted the water 2 now become wine, and knew not whence it was (but the servants which had drawn the water knew), the ruler of the feast calleth the bridegroom, 10 and saith unto him, Every man setteth on first the good wine; and when men have drunk freely, then that which is worse: thou hast kept the good 11 wine until now. This beginning of his signs did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested his glory; and his disciples believed on him. 1 Or, steward. 2 Or, that it had become. § 30. JESUS MAKES A FIRST SOJOURN AT CAPERNAUM, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS KINDRED AND HIS EARLY DISCIPLES (Later Capernaum will become his home) John 2:12 12 After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, and his brethren, and his disciples: and there they abode not many days. * Notice that these first disciples at once believed that Jesus was the Messiah (ver. 41, 45, 49). Compare the confession of Jesus (§ 35) to the Woman at Jacob's well and the confessions of Peter in Matt. 14:33; John 6:69; Matt. 16:16 (§§ 74, 76, 83). t Cf. the close of the temptation in the wilderness and the experience in the Garden of Geth- semane. 24 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY § 32 §31. THE FIRST* CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE AT THE PASSOVER Jerusalem.! Probably a.d. 27 John 2:13-22 13 And the passoverj of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus went up to 14 Jerusalem. And he found in the temple those who sold oxen and sheep 15 and doves, and the changers of money sitting: and he made a scourge of cords, and cast all out of the temple, both the sheep and the oxen; 16 and he poured out the changers' money, and overthrew their tables; and to them that sold the doves he said, Take these things hence; make 17 not my Father's house a house of merchandise. His disciples remembered 18 that it was written, The zeal of thine house shall eat me up [see Ps. 69:9]. The Jews therefore answered and said unto him, What sign shewest 19 thou unto us, seeing thou doest these things? Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this x temple, and in three days I will raise it up. 20 The Jews therefore said, Forty and six years was this temple in building, 21 and wilt thou raise it up in three days? But he spake of the temple of 22 his body. When therefore he was raised from the dead, his disciples remembered that he spake this; and they believed the scripture, and the word which Jesus had said. 1 Or, sanctuary. §32. THE INTERVIEW OF NICODEMUS WITH JESUS At Jerusalem during the Passover John 2:23 to 3:21 23 Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, during the feast, manv 24 believed on his name, beholding his signs which he did. But Jesus did 25 not trust himself unto them, for that he knew all men, and because he needed not that any one should bear witness concerning J man: for he himself knew what was in man. 1 Now there was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus,§ a ruler 2 of the Jews: the same came unto him by night, and said to him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do 3 these signs that thou doest, except God be with him. Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born * Many scholars consider this the same incident as that in the Synoptic Gospels and placed by them in Passion Week (§ 129) probably on Monday. It is urged that Jesus would not have repeated such an act and hence one must follow either the order of John or of the Synoptics. But there is no inherent difficulty in the repetition of such an act when one reflects on the natural indignation of Jesus at the desecration of the temple on his visit during his ministry and considers that Jesus may have wished to make one last protest at the close of his ministry. Certainty, of course, is not possible in such an argument one way or the other. t Observe the successive scenes of this early ministry — beside the Jordan, on the eastern side, at Cana of Galilee, at Capernaum, at Jerusalem, in Judea, in Samaria. X This is the first of the passovers in John's Gospel (2:13; 6:4; 13:1). There may have been another. § Nicodemus appears as an exception to the statement of 2:24, as one whom Jesus did trust, and who amid all difficulties of temperament and station proved not unworthy of the trust, 25 § 33 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY John 2:23 to 3:21 4 2 anew, he cannot see the kingdom of God. Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter a second time into 5 his mother's womb, and be born? Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter 6 into the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Marvel not that I said unto 7 thee, Ye must be born 2 anew. 3 The wind bloweth where it listeth, and 8 thou hearest the voice thereof, but knowest not whence it cometh, and 9 whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit. Nicodemus 10 answered and said unto him, How can these things be? Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou the teacher of Israel, and understandest not 11 these things? Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, 12 and bear witness of that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. If I told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I 13 tell you heavenly things? And no man hath ascended into heaven, but he that descended out of heaven, even the Son of man, 4 which is in heaven. 14 And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness [see Num. 21:8-9], even so must the Son of man be lifted up: that whosoever 5 believeth may 15 in him have eternal life. 16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth on him should not perish, but have eternal life. 17 For God sent not the Son into the world to judge the world; but that 18 the world should be saved through him. He that believeth on him is not judged: he that believeth not has been judged already, because he 19 hath not believed on the name of the only begotten Son of God. And this is the judgment, that the light is come into the world, and men loved the 20 darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil. For every one that 6 doeth ill hateth the light, and cometh not to the light, lest his works 21 should be 7 reproved. But he that doeth the truth cometh to the light, that his works may be made manifest, 8 that they have been wrought in God. 1 Or, a man, for . . . the man. 2 Or, from above. 3 Or, The Spirit breatheth. * Many ancient authorities omit which is in heaven. s Or, believeth in him may have. 6 Or, practiseth. 7 Or, con- victed. 8 Or, because. §33. THE PARALLEL *MINISTRY OF JESUS AND JOHN WITH JOHN'S LOYALTY TO JESUS John 3:22-36 22 After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judea; 23 and there he tarried with them, and baptized. And John also was baptiz- ing in jEnon near to Salim, because there x was much water there; and 24 they came, and were baptized. For John was not yet cast into prison. 25 There arose therefore a questioning on the part of John's disciples with a 26 Jew about purifying. And they came unto John, and said to him, Rabbi, he that was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou hast borne witness, 27 behold, the same baptizeth, and all men come to him. John answered and * Jesus gained his first disciples from John at Bethany beyond Jordan and many in Jerusalem. Now he is surpassing John. On John's loyalty to Jesus see my John the Loyal. 26 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY § 35 John 3:22-36 said, A man can receive nothing, except it have been given him from 28 heaven. Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, 29 but, that I am sent before him. He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, re- joiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is 30 fulfilled. He must increase, but I must decrease. 31 He that cometh from above is above all: he that is of the earth is of the earth, and of the earth he speaketh: 2 he that cometh from heaven 32 is above all. What he hath seen and heard, of that he beareth witness; 33 and no man receiveth his witness. He that hath received his witness 34 hath set his seal to this, that God is true. For he whom God hath sent speaketh the words of God: for he giveth not the Spirit by measure. 35 The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his hand. He 36 that believeth on the Son hath eternal life; but he that 3 obeyeth not the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abideth on him. 1 Gr. were many waters. 2 Some ancient authorities read he that cometh from heaven beareth witness of what he hath seen and heard. 3 Or, believeth not. §34. CHRIST'S REASONS FOR LEAVING JUDEA John 4:1-4 1 When therefore the Lord knew how that the Pharisees had heard that 2 Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John (although 3 Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples), he left Judea, and departed 4 again into Galilee. And he must needs pass through Samaria. Luke 3:19, 20 19 But Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias his brother's wife, and for all the evil things which Herod had done, added 20 yet this above all, that he shut up John in prison.* Mark 1:14 14 Now after that John was delivered up Jesus came into Galilee. Matt. 4:12 12 Now when he heard that John was delivered up he with- drew into Galilee. Luke 4:14 14 And Jesus return- ed in the power of the Spirit into Gali- lee. §35. JESUS IN SAMARIA.f At Jacob's Well and in Sychar John 4:5-42 5 So he cometh to a city of Samaria, called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph: and Jacob's J well was there 6 [see Josh. 2^:82]. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat 2 thus * The place of John's imprisonment was Machserus, east of the Dead Sea. See Josephus, War, Ch. VII, vi. In Antiquities, Ch. XVIII, v, 2 Josephus gives the public and political reason for John's imprisonment because of Herod's fear of a revolution. He "feared lest the great influ- ences John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion." t Notice that John also had recently been preaching to Samaritans (§ 33) and compare here- after Philip's work in the city of Samaria (Acts 8:5 ff .) 27 § 35 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY John 4:5-42 7 by the well. 1 It was about the sixth hour. There cometh a woman of 8 Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink. For 9 his disciples were gone away into the city to buy food. The Samaritan woman therefore saith unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a Samaritan woman? ( 3 For Jews have no dealings 10 with Samaritans.) Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. 11 The woman saith unto him, 4 Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the 12 well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof 13 himself, and his sons, and his cattle? Jesus answered and said unto her, 14 Every one that drinketh of this water shall thirst again: but whosoever drink eth of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall become in him a well of water springing up unto 15 eternal life. The woman saith unto him, *Sir, give me this water, that 16 I thirst not, neither come all the way hither to draw. Jesus saith unto 17 her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. The woman answered and 18 said unto him, I have no husband. Jesus saith unto her, Thou saidst well, I have no husband: for thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou 19 now hast is not thy husband: this hast thou said truly. The woman 20 saith unto him, 4 Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place 21 where men ought to worship. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when neither in this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, shall 22 ye worship the Father. Ye worship that which ye know not; we worship 23 that which we know: for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit 24 and truth: 6 for such doth the Father seek to be his worshippers. 6 God is a 25 Spirit: and they that worship him must worship in spirit and truth. The woman saith unto him, I know that Messiah cometh (which is called 26 Christ) : when he is come, he will declare unto us all things. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he. 27 And upon this came his disciples; and they marvelled that he was speaking with a woman; yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why 28 speakest thou with her? So the woman left her waterpot, and went 29 away into the city, and saith to the men, Come, see a man, which told 30 me all things that ever I did : can this be the Christ? They went out of 31 the city, and were coming to him. In the mean while the disciples 32 prayed him, saying, Rabbi, eat. But he said to them, I have meat to 33 eat that ye know not. The disciples therefore said one to another, Hath 34 any man brought him aught to eat? Jesus saith unto them, My meat is 35 to do the will of him that sent me, and to accomplish his work. Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh the harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields, that they are 36 7 white already unto harvest. He that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal; that he that soweth and he that reapeth 37 may rejoice together. For herein is the saying true, One soweth and 38 another reapeth. I sent you to reap that whereon ye have not laboured : others have laboured, and ye are entered into their labour. 28 THE BEGINNING OF CHRIST'S PUBLIC MINISTRY § 35 John 4:5^2 39 And from that city many of the Samaritans believed on him *because of the word of the woman, who testified, He told me all things that ever I 40 did. So when the Samaritans came unto him, they besought him to abide 41 with them: and he abode there two days. And many more believed 42 because of his word; and they said to the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy speaking: for we have heard for ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Saviour of the world.f 1 Gr. spring: and so in ver. 14; but not in ver. 11, 12. » Or, as he was. 3 Some ancient authorities omit For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans. 4 Or, Lord. 6 Or, for such the Father also seeketh. • Or, God's spirit. 7 Or, white unto harvest. Already he that reapeth, &c. §36. THE ARRIVAL OF JESUS IN GALILEE John 4:43-45 43 And after the two days he went forth from thence into Galilee. For 44 Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country 45 [see Luke 4-H[ Mark 6:4; Matt. 13:57]. So when he came into Galilee, the Galileans received him, having seen all the things that he did in Jerusalem at the feast: for they also went unto the feast. * See note on p. 27. t In this early ministry Jesus allowed himself to be regarded as the Messiah by his first disciples (§28), and personally declared that he was the Messiah to the woman at the well (§ 35) (John 4:26), which many other Samaritans also personally believed (John 4:39, 42). He never declared this to the Jewish rulers at Jerusalem till the very end (§ 156), doubtless because such an avowal would lead them to kill him, and so must not be made till his work in teaching the people and training his disciples should be completed. Compare what he says later to Peter in Matt. 16:17-20 (§ 82). At the baptism and the temptation of Jesus it was clear that Jesus knew that he was the Son of God, the Messiah, and was so regarded by the Baptist. Events in Judea and Galilee change the early policy of Jesus and lead to silence on his part in the use of the word Messiah, though many of the people know that he makes Messianic claims and the rulers in Jerusalem come to suspect him and to fear him. See my volume on The Pharisees and Jesus. 29 PART VII THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Probably* Autumn of a.d. 27 to Spring of 29 (Apparently about a year and a half) §§ 37-71. Great fulness of detail in Mark for this period and con- densed report in Luke while Matthew is chiefly topical in this portion. Mark's Gospel plunges at once into the Great Galilean Ministry (cf. Peter's summary of Christ's life in Acts 10:36-43 to the household of Cornelius). The mass of material makes clear grouping difficult, but there is progress^ in the development of events. 1. The Rejection at Nazareth and the New Home in Capernaum, § § 37-43. 2. The First Tour of Galilee with the Four Fishermen and the Call of Matthew (Levi) on the Return with the Growing Fame of Jesus, §§44-48. 3. The Sabbath Controversy in Jerusalem and in Galilee, §§ 49-51. 4. The Choice of the Twelve and the Sermon on the Mount, §§ 52-54. 5. The Spread of Christ's Influence and the Inquiry from John in Prison, §§55-59. 6. The Second Tour of Galilee (now with the Twelve) and the Intense Hostility of the Pharisees, §§60-63. 7. The First Great Group of Parables with the Visit to Gerasa (Khersa) and to Nazareth (final one), §§64r-69. 8. The Third Tour of Galilee (Following the Twelve) and the Effect on Herod Antipas, §§70-71. *We cannot confidently determine the length of the ministry in Galilee. We are not sure whether it began in summer or late autumn (see footnote 7 in Explanatory Notes at end of Harmony). If the feast of John 5:1 was a passover or there is an unknown passover, the Galilean ministry lasted at least sixteen months, for it ended when another passover was near (John 6:4). Otherwise we should not certainly know that it lasted more than some six or eight months. About the two subsequent periods of our Lord's ministry we shall find no room to question that each lasted six months; but here we have to admit much uncertainty as to the time. After all, a determination of the time employed would be a matter of very little importance to our study of this period. But the immense amount of material in this period argues for a length of over a year. t Throughout this great ministry in Galilee, and the periods that will follow after, the reader ought to trace carefully the progress of the history along several lines: (1) the Saviour's progressive self-manifestation; (2) the gradual training of the Twelve who are to carry on his teaching and work after his death; (3) the deepening and spreading hostility of the Jewish influential classes and official rulers. By constantly observing these parallel lines of progress, it will be seen that the history and teachings of our Lord exhibit a vital growth, moving on to an end by him foreseen (Luke 12:50), when the hostility of the rulers will culminate as he before the Sanhedxin avows him- self to be the Messiah, and the Twelve will be almost prepared to succeed him. 30 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 39 §37. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF HIS TEACHING IN GALILEE Mark 1:14-15 14 [Now after that John was delivered up, Jesus came into Galilee], preaching the gospel of God, 15 and saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe in the gospel. Matt. 4:17 17 From that time be- gan Jesus to preach, and to say, Repent ye; for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. Luke 4:14-15 14 [And Jesus return- ed in the power of [see John 4:3, 43] the Spirit into Galilee] : and a fame went out concerning him through all the region 15 round about. And he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all. In sections 38-43 {the Rejection at Nazareth and the New Home in Capernaum) Jesus revisits Cana and Nazareth, recalls the four fisher- men by the Sea of Galilee, and begins his ministry of teaching and healing in Capernaum. § 38. THE HEALING AT CANA OF THE SON OF A COURTIER OF CAPERNAUM John 4:46-54 46 He came therefore again unto Cana of Galilee, where he made the 47 water wine. And there was a certain mobleman, whose son was sick at Capernaum. When he heard that Jesus was come out of Judea into Galilee, he went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, 48 and heal his son; for he was at the point of death. Jesus therefore said 49 unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will in no wise believe. 50 The mobleman saith unto him. 2 Sir, come down ere my child die. Jesus saith unto him, Go thy way; thy son liveth. The man believed the word 51 that Jesus spake unto him, and he went his way. And as he was now 52 going down, his Servants met him, saying, that his son lived. So he inquired of them the hour when he began to amend. They said therefore 53 unto him, Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him. So the father knew that it was at that hour in which Jesus said unto him, Thy 54 son liveth: and himself believed, and his whole house. This is again the second sign that Jesus did, having come out of Judea into Galilee. 1 Or, king's officer. * Or, Lord. 8 Gr. bond-servants. §39. THE FIRST REJECTION AT NAZARETH Luke 4:16-31 16 And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and he entered, as his custom was, into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and 17 stood up to read. And there was delivered unto him Hhe book of the 31 § 40 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Luke 4:16-31 prophet Isaiah. And he opened the 2 book, and found the place where it was written, 18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, 3 Because he anointed me to preach 4 good tidings to the poor: He hath sent me to proclaim release to the captives, And recovering of sight to the blind, To set at liberty them that are bruised 19 To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord [see Isa. 58:6; 61:1-2]. 20 And he closed the 2 book, and gave it back to the attendant, and sat down: 21 and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him. And he began to say unto them, To-day hath this scripture been fulfilled in your 22 ears. And all bare him witness, and wondered at the words of grace which proceeded out of his mouth: and they said, Is not this Joseph's son? 23 And he said unto them, Doubtless ye will say unto me this parable, Physi- cian, heal thyself [see John 6:42; 7:15]: whatsoever we have heard done 24 at Capernaum, do also here in thine own country. And he said, Verily I say unto you, No prophet is acceptable in his own country [see John 4-44]' 25 But of a truth I say unto you, There were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when there came a great famine over all the land [see 1 Kings 1 7:1 ; 18:1-2] ; 26 and unto none of them was Elijah sent, but only to B Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow [see 1 Kings 17:8-9]. And 27 there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian [see 2 Kings 5:1 , 1J+]. 28 And they were all filled with wrath in the synagogue, as they heard these 29 things; and they rose up, and cast him forth out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might 30 throw him down headlong. But he passing through the midst of them 31 went his way. And he came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee. 1 Or, a roll. 2 Or, roll. 3 Or, wherefore. * Or, the gospel. 6 Gr. Sarepta. §40. THE NEW HOME IN CAPERNAUM Matt. 4:13-16 13 And leaving Nazareth* he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is by 14 the sea, in the borders of Zebulun and Naphtali; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken *by Isaiah the prophet [see Isa. 8:28; 9:1-2], saying, 15 The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, 2 Toward the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the 3 Gentiles, 16 The people which sat in darkness Saw a great light And to them which sat in the region and shadow of death, To them did light spring up. 1 Or, through. 2 Gr. the way of the sea. 3 Nations, and so elsewhere. * Nazareth was never the Saviour's residence during his public ministry. After the wedding at Cana he lived a short time at Capernaum, and henceforth that city will be his abode, till he leaves Galilee six months before the crucifixion — most of the time, however, being actually spent in several journeys throughout Galilee, together with a trip to Jerusalem, and retirement to districts around Galilee. 32 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §41 §41. JESUS FINDS FOUR FISHERS OF MEN IN FOUR FISHERMEN* By the Sea of Galilee, near Capernaum 16 Luke 5:1-11 1 Now it came to pass, while the mul- titude pressed upon him, and heard the word of God, that he was standing by the lake of Gennesaret; 2 and he saw two boats standing by the lake: but the fishermen had gone out of them, and were washing their 3 nets. And he entered into one of the boats, which was Simon's, and asked him to put out a little from the land. And he sat down and taught the multitudes out of 4 the boat. And when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Put out into the deep, and let down your nets for a 5 draught. And Simon answered and said, Master, we toiled all 6 night, and took nothing: but at thy word I will let down the nets. And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of fishes; and 7 their nets were breaking; and they beckoned unto their partners in the other boat, that they should come and help them. And they came, and 8 filled both the boats, so that they began to sink. But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a 9 sinful man, Lord. For he was amazed, and all that were with him, 10 at the draught of the fishes which they had taken; and so were also James and John, sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus 11 said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt 2 catch men. And when they had brought their boats to land, they left all, and followed him. 1 Or, Jacob: and so elsewhere. 2 Gr. take alive. * Three of these two pairs of brothers (Andrew and Peter, John and James) had already become disciples of Jesus at Bethany beyond Jordan (James probably soon afterwards), but now they leave their prosperous fish business and follow Jesus continuously as many business men since have given up a lucrative business for the ministry. They, along with Philip and Nathaniel, had been with Jesus in the early ministry (the year of obscurity). 33 Mark 1:16-20 And passing along by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew the brother of Simon casting a net in the sea: for they were fishers. 17 And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers 18 of men. And straight- way they left the nets, and followed 19 him. And going on a little further, he saw James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who were also in the boat mend- 20 ing the nets. And straightway he called them: and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired servants, and went after him. Matt. 4:18-22 18 And walking by the sea of Galilee, he saw two brethren, Simon who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea; for they were fishers. 19 And he saith unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you fishers of men. 20 And they straight- way left the nets, and 21 followed him. And going on from thence he saw other two brethren, 2 James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in the boat with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he 22 called them. And they straightway left the boat and their father, and followed him.* 42 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY § 42. THE EXCITEMENT IN THE SYNAGOGUE BECAUSE OF THE TEACHING OF JESUS AND THE HEAL- ING OF A DEMONIAC ON THE SABBATH Luke 4:31-37 31 [And he came down to Caper- naum, a city of Galilee.] And he was teaching them on the sab- 32 bath day: and they were aston- ished at his teaching; for his 33 word was with authority. And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an unclean 3 devil; and he cried out 34 with a loud voice, 4 Ah! what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to de- stroy us? I know thee w r ho thou art [see Ps. 16:10], the Holy One of God. 35 And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the 3 devil had thrown him down in the midst, he came out of him, having done him 36 no hurt. And amazement came upon all, and they spake together, one with another, saying, What is Hhis word? for with authority and power he commandeth the unclean spirits, and they come 37 out. And there went forth a rumour concerning him into every place of the region round about. 8 Or, convulsing. s Gr. demon. * Or, let alone. B Or, this word, that with authority — Mark 1:21-28 21 And they go into Capernaum; and straightway on the sabbath day he entered into the syna- 22 gogue and taught. And they were astonished at his teaching: for he taught them as having au- thority, and not as the scribes. 23 And straightway there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, and he cried out, 24 saying, What have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the 25 Holy One of God. And Jesus re- buked ^im, saying, hold thy peace, and come out of him. 26 And the unclean spirit, Hearing him and crjdng with a loud voice, 27 came out of him. And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, say- ing, What is this? a new teach- ing! with authority he command- eth even the unclean spirits, and 28 they obey him. And the report of him went out straightway every- where into all the region of Galilee round about. « Or, it. come out? §43. HE HEALS PETER'S MOTHER-IN-LAW AND MANY OTHERS At Capernaum, in Peter's Home Mark 1:29-34 29 And straightway 'when they were come out of the synagogue, they came into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James 30 and John. Now Si- Matt. 8:14-17 34 Luke 4:38-41 38 And he rose up from the synagogue and entered into the house of Simon. And Simon's wife's moth- er was holden with a THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §44 Mark 1:29-34 mon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever; and straightway they 31 tell him of her: and he came and took her by the hand, and raised her up; and the fever left her, and she ministered unto them. 32 And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all that were sick, and them that were possessed with 33 devils. And all the city was gathered to- gether at the door. 34 And he healed many that were sick with divers diseases, and cast out many 4 devils; and he suffered not the 4 devils to speak, because they knew him. 6 Matt. 8:14-17 14 And when Jesus was come into Pe- ter's house, he saw his wife's mother ly- ing sick of a fever. 15 And he touched her hand, and the fever left her; and she arose, and ministered unto him. 16 And when even was come, they brought unto him many pos- sessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with a word, and healed all that 17 were sick: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken 2 by Isaiah the proph- et [see Isa. 53:4], say- ing, Himself took our infirmities, and bare our 40 And when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers diseases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every one of them, and healed 41 them. And 4 devils also came out from many, crying out, and saying, Thou art the Son of God. And rebuking them, he suffered them not to speak, because they knew that he was the Christ. 1 Or, demoniacs. 2 Or, through. 3 Some ancient authorities read when he was come out of the synagogue, he came, &c. * Gr. demons. 5 Many ancient authorities add to be Christ. See Luke 4:41. In sections Jf.^-52 Jesus makes his first tour of Galilee with the Four Fishermen whom he has now called to follow him continuously. On the return to Capernaum Matthew is called and various miracles arouse the enthusiasm of the multitudes and the hostility of the Pharisees to Christ's teachings. Luke 4:38-41 great fever; and they besought him for 39 her. And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her: and immediately she rose up and min- istered unto them. §44. THE FIRST TOUR OF GALILEE WITH THE FOUR FISHERMEN Mark 1:35-39 35 And in the morn- ing, a great while before day, he rose up and went out, and departed into a desert place, and 35 Luke 4:42-44 42 And when it was day, he came out and went into a desert place: and the mul- titudes sought after him, and came unto 45 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 1:35-39 36 there prayed. And Simon and they that were with him fol- 37 lowed after him; and they found him, and say unto him, All are seeking thee. 38 And he saith unto them, Let us go else- where into the next towns, that I may preach there also; for to this end came I 39 forth. And he went into their syna- gogues throughout all Galilee, preach- ing and casting out 4 devils. Matt. 4:23-25 Luke 4:42-44 him, and would have stayed him, that he should not go from 43 them. But he said unto them, I must preach the 6 good ti- dings of the king- dom of God to the other cities also; for therefore was I sent. 44 And he was preach- ing in the synagogues of 6 Galilee. 23 And tfesus went about in all Galilee,* teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gos- pel of the kingdom, and healing all man- ner of disease and all manner of sickness 25 palsied; and he healed them. And there followed him great multi- tudes from Galilee and Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judea and from beyond Jordan. 24 among the people. And the report of him went forth into all Syria: and they brought unto him all that were sick, holden with divers diseases and torments, possessed with devils, and epileptic, and 1 Some ancient authorities read he. 2 Or, good tidings: and so elsewhere. * Or, demoniacs 1 Gr. demons. 6 Or, Gospel. « Very many ancient authorities read Judea. §45. A LEPER HEALED, AND MUCH POPULAR EXCITEMENT Mark 1:40-45 40 And there cometh to him a leper, beseech- ing him, J and kneel- ing down to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. 41 And being moved with compassion, he Matt. 8:2-4 2 And behold, there came to him a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt thou canst make me clean, 3 And he stretched forth his hand, and Luke 5:12-16 12 And it came to pass, while he was in one of the cities, behold, a man full of leprosy: and when he saw Jesus, he fell on his face, and be- sought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, * This journey about all Galilee included a great mass of teaching and healing (dwell on Matt. 4:23-25), of which only a few specimens are recorded, and these apparently occurred at Capernaum, his headquarters. The journey given by Luke only (8:1-3) is probably distinct from this, and if so it would be a second, while that of Luke 9:l-6(=Mark 6:6-13 =Matt. 9:35, 11:1), which is quite certainly distinct, would then be a third journey about Galilee. The reader ought to expand his imagination and take in these extended labors. 36 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 46 Mark 1:40-45 stretched forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou 42 made clean. And straightway the lep- rosy departed from him, and he was 43 made clean. And he 2 strictly charged him, and straightway sent 44 him out, and saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing the things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. 45 But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to spread abroad the 3 matter, insomuch that 4 Jesus could no more openly enter into 5 a city, but was without in desert places: and they came to him from every quarter. Matt. 8:2-4 touched him, saying, I will; be thou made clean. And straight- way his leprosy was cleansed. 4 And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. cleansing, according as Moses command- ed, for a testimony unto them [see Lev. 13: 49; 14:2-82]. 15 But so much the more went abroad the report concerning him : and great multi- tudes came together to hear, and to be healed of their in- 16 firmities. But he withdrew himself in the deserts, and prayed. 1 Some ancient authorities omit and kneeling down to him. 2 Or, sternly. 3 Gr. word. « Gr. he. 6 Or, the city. Luke 5:12-16 thou canst make me 13 clean. And he stretch- ed forth his hand, and touched him, say- ing, I will; be thou made clean. And straightway the lep- rosy departed from him. 14 And he charged him to tell no man: but go thy way, and shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy 46. THRONGED IN CAPERNAUM, HE HEALS A PARA- LYTIC LOWERED THROUGH THE ROOF OF PETER'S HOUSE Mark 2:1-12 1 And when he en- tered again into Ca- pernaum after some days, it was noised that he was 4 in the 2 house. And many were gathered to- gether, so that there Matt. 9:1-8 And he entered into a boat, and crossed over, and came into his own city. 37 Luke 5:17-26 17 And it came to pass on one of those days, that he was teaching; and there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were come out of every 46 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 2:1-12 was no longer room for them, no, not even about the door: and he spake the word un- 3 to them. And they come bringing unto him a man sick of the palsy, borne of four. 4 And when they could not 6 come nigh unto him for the crowd, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed where- on the sick of the 5 palsy lay. And Jesus seeing their faith saith unto the sick of 6 the palsy, x Son, thy sins are forgiven. But there were certain of the scribes sit- ting there, and rea- soning in their hearts, 7 Why doth this man thus speak? he blas- phemeth: who can forgive sins but one, 8 even God? And straightway Jesus, perceiving in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, saith unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? 9 Whether is easier, to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins are forgiven; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? 10 But that ye may know that the Son of man hath s power Matt. 9:1-8 2 And behold they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed; and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy, *Son, be of good cheer; thy sins are 3 forgiven. And be- hold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth. 4 And Jesus 2 knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts? 5 For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins are forgiven; or to say, 6 Arise and walk? But that ye may know that the Son of man hath 'power on earth 38 Luke 5:17-26 village of Galilee and Judea and Jerusalem : and the power of the Lord was with him 18 6 to heal. And be- hold, men bring on a bed a man that was palsied : and they sought to bring him in, and to lay him 19 before him. And not finding by what way they might bring him in because of the multitude, they went up to the housetop, and let him down through the tiles with his couch into the midst before Jesus. 20 And seeing their faith, he said, Man, thy sins are forgiven 21 thee. And the scribes and the Pharisees be- gan to reason, saying, Who is this that speaketh blasphem- ies? Who can for- give sins but God alone? 22 But Jesus per- ceiving their reason- ings, answered and said unto them, 7 What reason ye in your hearts? 23 Whether is easier to say, Thy sins are forgiven thee; or to say, Arise and walk? 24 But that ye may know that the Son of man hath 'power THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §47 Mark 2:1-12 on earth to forgive sins (he saith to the sick of the palsy),* I 11 say unto thee, Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thy house. 12 And he arose, and straightway took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion. Matt. 9:1-8 to forgive sins (then saith he to the sick of the palsy), Arise, and take up thy bed, and go unto thy 7 house. And he arose, and departed to his house. But when the multitudes saw it, they were afraid, and glorified God, which had given such 3 power unto men. Luke 5:17-26 on earth to forgive sins (he said unto him that was pal- sied), I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go 25 unto thy house. And immediately he rose up before them, and took up that where- on he lay, and de- parted to his house, 26 glorifying God. And amazement took hold on all, and they glo- rified God; and they were filled with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to-day. 1 Gr. Child. * Many ancient authorities read seeing. 3 Or, authority. * Or, at home. 5 Many ancient authorities read bring him unto him. 8 Gr. that he should heal. Many ancient authorities read that he should heal them. 7 Or, Why. § 47. THE CALL OF MATTHEW (LEVI) AND HIS RECEP- TION IN HONOR OF JESUS Mark 2:13-17 13 And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude resorted unto him, and he taught them. 14 And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphseus sitting at the place of toll, and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed 15 him. And it came to pass, that he was sitting at meat in his house, and many Capernaum Matt. 9:9-13 9 And as Jesus pass- ed by from thence, he saw a man, called Matthew, sitting at the place of toll: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him. 10 And it came to pass, as he *sat at meat in the house, behold, many publi- Luke 5:27-32 27 And after these things he went forth, and beheld a publi- can, named Levi, sit- ting at the place of toll, and said unto him, Follow me. 28 And he forsook all, and rose up and fol- lowed him. 29 And Levi made him a great feast in his house: and there was * Note the parenthetic explanation of the writers in the middle of the saying of Jesus. It is proof that each of the Gospels had the same written source here or rather, as we know otherwise, that Matthew and Luke had Mark before them. 39 §48 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 2:13-17 4 publicans and sinners sat down with Jesus and his disciples: for there were many, and they followed him. 16 And the scribes 5 of the Pharisees, when they saw that he was eating with the sin- ners and publicans, said unto his disci- ples, 6 He eateth 7 and drinketh with publi- cans and sinners. 17 And when Jesus heard it, he saith unto them, They that are ^hole have no need of a physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous but sinners. Matt. 9:9-13 cans and sinners came and sat down with Jesus and his dis- ciples. 11 And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your 2 Master with the publicans and sinners? 12 But when he heard it, he said, They that are 3 whole have no need of a physician, but they that are 13 sick. But go ye and learn what this mean- eth,* I desire mercy, and not sacrifice: for I came not to call the righteous,but sinners. Luke 5:27-32 a great multitude of publicans and of oth- ers that were sitting at meat with them. 30 And 8 the Pharisees and their scribes mur- mured against his dis- ciples, saying, Why do ye eat and drink with the publicans and sinners? 31 And Jesus an- swering said unto them, They that are 3 whole have no need of a physician; but they that are sick. 32 lam not come to call the righteous but sinners to repentance. 1 Gr. reclined: and so always. 2 Or, Teacher. ' Gr. strong. * That is, collectors or renters of Roman taxes: and so elsewhere. 6 Some ancient authorities read and the Pharisees. 6 Or, how is it that he eateth . . . sinners? 7 Some ancient authorities omit and drinketh. 8 Or, the Pharisees and the scribes among them. §48. JESUS IN THREE PARABLES DEFENDS HIS DIS- CIPLES FOR FEASTTNGf INSTEAD OF FASTING Mark 2:18-22 18 And John's disci- ples and the Phari- sees were fasting: and they come and say unto him, Why do John's disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not? 19 And Jesus said unto them, Can the sons of the bride-chamber Matt. 9:14-17 14 Then come to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast x oft, but thy disciples 15 fast not? And Jesus said unto them, Can the sons of the bride- chamber mourn, as Luke 5:33-39 33 And they said unto him, The disciples of John fast often, and make supplica- tions; likewise also the disciples of the Pharisees; but thine 34 eat and drink. And Jesus said unto them, Can ye make the sons of the bride- chamber fast while * Hos. 6:6. t It was probably the presence of the disciples of Christ at Matthew's feast on one of the Jewish fast days that occasioned the complaint of John's disciples and the Pharisees. It is sad to see disciples of John aligned with the Pharisees against Jesus. 40 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §48 Mark 2:18-22 fast, while the bride- groom is with them? as long as they have the bride-groom with them they cannot 20 fast. But the days will come, when the bride-groom shall be taken away from them, and then they will fast in that day. 21 No man seweth a piece of undressed cloth on an old garment; else that which should fill it up takethfrom it, the new from the old, and a worse rent 22 is made. And no man putteth new wine into old Vine- skins: else the wine will burst the skins, and the wine perish- eth, and the skins: but they put new wine into fresh wine-skins. Matt. 9:14-17 long as the bride- groom is with them? 35 But the days will come; and when the bride-groom shall be taken away from them, then will they fast in those days. And he spake also a parable* unto them; No man rend- eth a piece from a new garment and put- teth it upon an old garment; else he will rend the new, and also the piece from the new will not agree !7with the old. And no man putteth new wine into old Vine- skins; else the new wine will burst the skins, and itself will be spilled, and the skins will perish. 38 But new wine must be put into fresh >9 wine-skins. And no man having drunk old wine desireth new: for he saith, The old is 3 good. 1 Some ancient authorities omit oft. 2 That is, skins used as bottles. 3 Many ancient authorities read better. In sections J+9 to 51 we see the Pharisees attacking Jesus both in Jerusalem and in Galilee with great hostility and with the purpose of killing him because of violation of the Pharisaic regulations about the Sabbath. Jesus defends himself and his disciples by various arguments and personal claims. But the days will come, when the bride- groom shall be taken away from them, and then will they fast. 16 And no man putteth a piece of undressed cloth upon an old garment; for that which should fill it up taketh from the garment, and a worse rent is made. 17 Neither do men put new wine into old 2 wine-skins: else the skins burst and the wine is spilled, and the skins perish; but they put new wine into fresh wine-skins, and both are pre- served. Luke 5:33-39 the bride-groom with them? is * Note the use of the term parable in Luke. There are three parables (the sons of the bride- chamber, the new patch on an old garment, the new wine in old wine-skins) here together. A few isolated ones have already occurred as in John 2:19. 41 §49 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §49. AT A FEAST IN JERUSALEM (POSSIBLY THE PASSOVER) JESUS HEALS A LAME MAN ON THE SABBATH AND DEFENDS THIS ACTION TO THE PHARISEES IN A GREAT DISCOURSE John 5:1-47 1 After these things there was *a feast* of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.! 2 Now there is in Jerusalem by the sheep gate & pool, which is called in 3 Hebrew 2 Bethesda, having five porches. In these lay a multitude of them 5 that were sick, blind, halt, withered. 3 And a certain man was there, 6 which had been thirty and eight years in his infirmity. When Jesus saw him lying, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he 7 saith unto him, Wouldst thou be made whole? The sick man answered him, *Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the 8 pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me. Jesus 9 saith unto him, Arise, take up thy bed, and walk. And straightway the man was made whole, and took up his bed and walked. 10 Now it was the sabbath on that day. So the Jews said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath, and it is not lawful for thee to take up thy 11 bed [see Ex. 20:10; Deut. 5:14]. But he answered them, He that made me 12 whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk. They asked 13 him, Who is the man that said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk? But he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself 14 away, a multitude being in the place. Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole : sin no more, 15 lest a worse thing befall thee. The man went away, and told the Jews 16 that it was Jesus which had made him whole. And for this cause did the Jews persecute Jesus, because he did these things on the sabbath. But 17 Jesus answered them, My Father worketh even until now, and I work. 18 For this cause therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only brake the sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God. 19 Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing: for what things soever he doeth, these 20 the Son also doeth in like manner. For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth; and greater works than these 21 will he shew him, that ye may marvel. For as the Father raiseth the dead and quickeneth them, even so the Son also quickeneth whom he will. * This feast of John 5:1 was most probably a Passover (see note at end of volume, note 7). If bo, we should know that our Lord's public ministry lasted three years and a fraction, and that the great ministry in Galilee lasted some 18 to 20 months. Otherwise, we should know of only two years and a fraction for the former, and 6 to 8 months for the latter; as John gives three passovers beyond question (John 2:13; 6:4; 12:1), and our Lord's ministry began some time before the first of these. If the feast of 5:1 was not a passover, it is quite impossible to determine what other feast it was. While one would be glad to settle these questions, if it were possible, yet it really does not matter as regards understanding our Lord's recorded history and teachings during the great ministry in Galilee, the only point of difference being that if this feast was a Passover (or if there is an un- mentioned Passover) we should conceive of the three journeys about Galilee as occupying a longer time, and including more extensive unrecorded labors in preaching and healing. t It is to be noted that John's Gospel gives the Jerusalem Ministry of Jesus almost entirely except Galilee in ch. 2, Samaria and Galilee in ch. 4, Galilee in ch. 6 and again in ch. 21. It seems clear that John wrote with full knowledge of the Synoptic Gospels and supplements them at certain points. Both Luke and John were thus critics of the Gospel records. 42 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY § 49 John 5:1-47 22 For neither doth the Father judge any man, but he hath given all judge- ment unto the Son; that all may honour the Son, even as they honour the 23 Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which 24 sent him. Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth him that sent me, hath eternal life, and cometh not into judge- 25 ment, but hath passed out of death into life. Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour cometh, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice 26 of the Son of God; and they that hear shall live. For as the Father hath life in himself, even so gave he to the Son also to have life in himself: and 27 he gave him authority to execute judgement, because he is 5 the Son of 28 man. Marvel not at this: for the hour cometh, in which all that are in 29 the tombs shall hear his voice, and shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have 6 done ill, unto the resurrection of judgement. 30 I can of myself do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgement is righteous; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of him that sent 31 me. If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. It is another 32 that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he wit- 33 nesseth of me is true. Ye have sent unto John, and he hath borne witness 34 unto the truth. But the witness which I receive is not from man: howbeit 35 I say these things, that ye may be saved. He was the lamp that burneth 36 and shineth : and ye were willing to rejoice for a season in his light. But the witness which I have is greater than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to accomplish, the very works that I do, bear 37 witness of me, that the Father hath sent me. And the Father which sent me, he hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any 38 time, nor seen his form. And ye have not his word abiding in you: for 39 whom he sent, him ye believe not. 7 Ye search the scriptures, because ye think that in them ye have eternal life; and these are they which bear 40 witness of me; and ye will not come to me, that ye may have life. I 41 receive not glory from men. But I know you, that ye have not the love 42 of God in yourselves. I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive 43 me not; if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive. How 44 can ye believe, which receive glory one of another, and the glory that 45 cometh from 8 the only God ye seek not? Think not that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, on whom ye have 46 set your hope. For if ye believed Moses, ye would believe me ; for he wrote 47 of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?* 1 Many ancient authorities read the feast. 2 Some ancient authorities read Bethsaida, others Bethzatha. 3 Many ancient authorities insert, wholly or in part, waiting for the moving of the water: 4 for an angel of the Lord went down at certain seasons into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole, with whatsoever disease he was holden. * Or, Lord. 6 Or, a son of man. 6 Or, practised. 7 Or, Search the scriptures. 8 Some ancient authorities read the only one. ♦Observe that here more than a year before the crucifixion, and probably two years (i.e. if the feast of 5:1 was a passover or if an unnamed passover is granted), the hostility of the Jews \ at Jerusalem (comp. John 4:1) has reached the point of a desire to kill him, as a sabbath -breaker and a blasphemer (5:16-18). So we shall find him staying away from Jerusalem at the passover of John 6:4, and until the Tabernacles six months before the crucifixion (John 7:1-10). Meantime, the hostility will go on increasing in other parts of the country (Mark 3:6, etc.). — Notice also that in this discourse at Jerusalem our Lord repeatedly declares himself in a high sense the Son of God, and the appointed judge of mankind (ver. 27), and says that Moses wrote concerning him (ver. 46). All this indicated that he was the Messiah, but he did not here expressly assert it as he did in Samaria (John 4:26). That would have precipitated the collision, for to claim to be the Messiah would in the view of the Jewish rulers involve political consequences. Comp. John 11 :48. 43 50 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §50. ANOTHER SABBATH CONTROVERSY WITH THE PHARISEES WHEN THE DISCIPLES PLUCK EARS OF GRAIN IN THE FIELDS Probably in Galilee on the Way Back from Jerusalem* Mark 2:23-28 23 And it came to pass, that he was go- ing on the sabbath day through the corn- fields; and his dis- ciples 3 began, as they went, to pluck the 24 ears of corn. And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the sabbath day that which is not lawful? 25 And he said unto them, Did ye never read what Da- vid did, when he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with 26 him? How he en- tered into the house of God 4 when Abia- thar was high priest, and did eat the shew- bread, which is not lawful to eat, save for the priests, and gave also to them that were with him? 27 And he said unto them, The sab- Matt. 12:1-8 1 At that season Jesus went on the sabbath- day through the corn- fields: and his dis- ciples were an hun- gred, and began to pluck ears of corn, 2 and to eat. But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said unto him, Behold, thy dis- ciples do that which it is not lawful to do upon the sabbath. 3 But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he was an hun- gred, and they that were with him; how 4 he entered into the house of God, and *did eat the shew- bread, which it was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them that were with them, but only for 5 the priests? Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the sabbath [see Num. 28:9-10], 6 and are guiltless? But I say unto you, that 2 one greater than 7 the temple is here. But if ye had known what this meaneth [see Hos. 6:6], I Luke 6:1-5 1 Now it came to pass, on a 6 sabbath, that he was going through the corn- fields [see Deut. 23: 25]; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, and did eat, rubbing them in their 2 hands. But certain of the Pharisees said, Why do ye that which it is not lawful to do on the sabbath day [see John 5:10; Ex.20: 3 10; Deut. 5:14]? And Jesus answering them said, Have ye not read even this, what David did, when he was an hungred, he, and they that were with him [see Lev. 24: 9;lSam.21:l-6];how 4 he entered into the house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat save for the priests alone? * Because in Mark 3:7 Jesus withdraws to the Sea of Galilee. 44 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §51 Mark 2:23-28 Matt. 12:1-8 Luke 6:1-5 bath was made for man, and not man for 28 the sabbath : so that the Son of man is lord even of the sab- bath.* desire mercy, and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the 8 guiltless. For the Son of man is lord of the sabbath. 5 And he said unto them, The Son of man is lord of the sabbath. 1 Some ancient authorities read they did eat. * Gr. a greater thing. 3 Gr. began to make their way plucking. 4 Some ancient authorities read in the days of Abiathar the high priest. 6 Many ancient authorities insert second-first. §51. A THIRDf SABBATH CONTROVERSY WITH THE PHARISEES OVER THE HEALING OF A MAN WITH A WITHERED HAND IN A SYNAGOGUE Mark 3:1-6 1 And he entered again into the syna- gogue; and there was a man there which had his hand withered 2 And they watched him, whether he would heal him on the sabbath day; that they might accuse him. ° And he saith unto the man that had his hand withered, x Stand 4 forth. And he saith unto them, Is it law- ful on the sabbath day to do good, or to do harm? to save a life, or to kill? But they held their peace. 5 And when he had looked round about In Galilee Matt. 12:9-14 9 And he departed thence, and went into 10 their synagogue; and behold, a man having a withered hand. And they asked him, say- ing, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath day? that they might accuse him. 11 And he said unto them, What man shall there be of you, that shall have one sheep, and if this fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out? 12 How much then is a man of more value than a sheep! Where- fore it is lawful to do Luke 6:6-11 6 And it came to pass on another sab- bath, that he entered into the synagogue and taught: and there was a man there, and his right hand 7 was withered. And the scribes and the Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal on the sabbath; that they might find how to 8 accuse him. But he knew their thoughts; and he said to the man that had his hand withered, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and stood 9 forth. And Jesus said unto them, I ask you, Is it lawful on * Note the five arguments made by Jesus in defence of the conduct of the disciples on the Sab- bath (the historical appeal in the conduct of David, the appeal to the law about the temple service, the voice of prophecy, the purpose of God in the Sabbath, and the lordship of the Messiah over the Sabbath). Jesus had already (John 5:17) argued that he was equal to the Father and hence had the right to do certain things (acts of mercy) on the Sabbath. t On three other later occasions controversies arise with the Pharisees concerning Sabbath observance (John 9:1-34; Luke 13:10-21; 14:1-24). In John 7:20-24 Jesus refers to the miracle in John 5 and adds another argument (circumcision on the Sabbath) for his conduct on the Sabbath. 45 §52 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 6 Mark 3:1-6 on them with anger, being grieved at the hardening of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he stretched it forth: and his hand was re- stored. And the Phar- isees went out and straightway with the Herodians took coun- sel against him, how they might destroy him.* Matt. 12:9-14 good on the sabbath day. 13 Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, 14 as the other. But the Pharisees went out, and took counsel against him, how they might destroy him. Luke 6:6-11 the sabbath to do .good, or to do harm? to save a life, or to 10 destroy it? And he looked round about on them all, and said unto him, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his hand was restored. 11 But they were filled with 2 madness; and communed one with another what they might do to Jesus. 1 Gr. Arise into the midst. 2 Or, foolishness. In sections 52 to 54 we see Christ choosing the Twelve Apostles and delivering the Sermon on the Mount to them and to the multitudes. § 52. JESUS TEACHES AND HEALS GREAT MULTITUDES BY THE SEA OF GALILEE Mark 3:7-12 7 And Jesus with his disciples withdrew to the sea: and a great multitude from Galilee followed: 8 and from Judea, and from Jeru- salem, and from Idumsea, and beyond Jordan, and about Tyre and Sidon,f a great multitude, hearing 2 what great things he 9 did, came unto him. And he spake to his disciples, that a lit- tle boat should wait on him be- cause of the crowd, lest they 10 should throng him, for he had healed many; insomuch that as many as had 3 plagues 4 pressed upon him that they might touch 11 him. And the unclean spirits, whensoever they beheld him, fell down before him, and cried, Matt. 12:15-21 15 And Jesus perceiving it, with- drew from thence: and many fol- lowed him; 16 and he healed them all, * Here at some point near the sea of Galilee, there is already a plot to kill him, as some had wished to do in Jerusalem (comp. on § 49). t Note the wide territory from which the crowds now come, from Idumea in the south to Phoeni- cia in the north and from Perea in the east. 46 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §53 Mark 3:7-12 saying, Thou art the Son of God. 12 And he charged them much that they should not make him known. Matt. 12:15-21 and charged them that they should 17 not make him known: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken *by Isaiah* the prophet, saying, 18 Behold, my servant whom I have chosen; My beloved in whom my soul is well pleased : I will put my Spirit upon him, And he shall declare judgement to the Gentiles. 19 He shall not strive, nor cry aloud; Neither shall any one hear his voice in the streets. 20 A bruised reed shall he not break, And smoking flax shall he not quench, Till he send forth judgement unto victory. 21 And in his name shall the Gen- tiles hope. 1 Or, through. ' Or, all the things that he did. 3 Gr. scourges. * Gr. fell. § 53. AFTER A NIGHT OF PRAYER, JESUS SELECTS TWELVE APOSTLES Mark 3:13-19 13 And he goeth up into the moun- tain, and calleth unto him whom he himself would: and they went 14 unto him. And he appointed twelve 1 , that they might be with him, and that he might send 15 them forth to preach, and to have 16 authority to cast out 2 devils; 3 and 17 Simon he surnamed Peter; and James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and them he surnamed Boanerges, 18 which is, Sons of thunder: and Luke 6:12-16 12 And it came to pass in these days, that he went out into the mountain to pray; and he con- tinued all night in prayer to 13 God. And when it was day, he called his disciples: and he chose from them twelve, whom also he named Apostles;! 14 Simon, whom he also named Peter, and Andrew his brother, and James and John, and Philip and Bar- tholomew, * Isaiah 42:1-4. t Matthew postpones giving the names of the Twelve till they are sent out to preach in Galilee (Matt. 10 :1:4. § 70). There isafourth listinActs 1:13. See the four compared in note at the end of this volume, note 8. 47 §54 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 3:13-19 Andrew, and Philip, and Bar- tholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Si- mon the 4 Canan3ean, 19 and Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him. Luke 6:12-16 15 and Matthew and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon which was 16 called the Zealot, and Judas, the son of 5 James, and Judas Iscariot, which was the traitor. 1 Some ancient authorities add whom also he named apostles. See Luke 6:13. 2 Gr. demons. 3 Some ancient authorities insert and he appointed twelve. * Or, Zealot. See Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13. B Or. brother. See Jude 1. 54. THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. PRIVILEGES AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MESSIANIC REIGN. CHRIST'S STANDARD OF RIGHTEOUSNESS Matthew, chapters 5-7. Luke 6:17-49* A level place on a mountain, not far from Capernaum The Place and the Audience Matt. 5:1-2 1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into the mountain: and when he had sat down, his disci- 2 pies came unto him: and he open- ed his mouth and taught them, saying, Luke 6:17-19 17 And he came down with them, and stood on a level place, and a great multitude of his disciples, and a great number of the peo- ple from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; 18 and they that were troubled with unclean spirits were healed. 19 And all the multitude sought to touch him: for power came forth from him, and healed them all. 1. The Introduction: The Beatitudes and the Woes. Privileges of the Messiah's Subjects Matt. 5:3-12 3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of 4 heaven. x Blessed are they that Luke 6:20-26 20 And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed are ye poor: for yours is the * There is little doubt that the discourses given by Matthew and Luke are the same, Matthew locating it on "the mountain," and Luke "on a level place," which might easily be a level spot on a mountain. (See note at end of this book, note 9.) Observe that they begin and end alike, and pursue the same general order. Luke omits various matters of special interest to Matthew s Jewish readers (e.g. Matt. 5:17-42), and other matters that he himself will give elsewhere (e.g. Luke 11:1-4; 12:22-31) ; while Luke has a few sentences (as ver. 24-26, 38-40), which are not given by Matthew. 48 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §54 Matt. 5:3-12 mourn [see Isa. 61 :3] : for they shall 5 be comforted. Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the 6 earth [see Ps. 37:11]. Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be 7 filled [see Ps. 55] . Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy [see Ps. 18:25; Prov. 11:17]. 8 Blessed are the pure in heart : for they shall see God [see Ps. 24:3-5] . 9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God. 10 Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of 11 heaven. Blessed are ye when men shall reproach you, and persecute you, and say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my 12 sake. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you. Luke 6:20-26 21 kingdom of God. Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh. 22 Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of 23 man's sake. Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy: for behold, your reward is great in heaven: for in the same manner did their fath- 24 ers unto the prophets. But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your consolation. 25 Woe unto you, ye that are full now ! for ye shall hunger. Woe unto you, ye that laugh now! for ye 26 shall mourn and weep. Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for in the same manner did their fathers to the false prophets. 1 Some ancient authorities transpose verses 4 and 5. 2. The Theme of the Sermon: Christ's Standard of Righteousness in Contrast with that of the Scribes and Pharisees Matt. 5:13-20 13 Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost its savour, where- with shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast 14 out and trodden under foot of men [see Mark 9:50; Jesus often repeated his 15 sayings]. Ye are the fight of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hid. Neither do men fight a lamp, and put it under the bushel, but on 16 the stand; and it shineth unto all that are in the house [see Mark 4:21; Luke 8:16]. Even so let your fight shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. 17 Think not that I came to destroy the law or the prophets: I came not 18 to destroy but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the 19 law, till all things be accomplished. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven : but whosoever shall do and teach them, 20 he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven. 49 § 54 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 3. Christ's Ethical Teaching Superior to that of the Scribes (both the Old Testament and the Oral Law) in Six Items or Illustrations (Murder, Adultery, Divorce, Oaths, Retaliation , Love of Enemies) Matt. 5:21-48 21 Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not 22 kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgement [see Ex. 20:13; Deut. 5:17]: but I say unto you, that every one who is angiy with his brother ^hall be in danger of the judgement: and whosoever shall say to his brother 2 Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and whosoever shall 23 say, 3 Thou fool, shall be in danger 4 of the 6 hell of fire. If therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother 24 hath aught against thee, leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way, first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. 25 Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art with him in the way; lest haply the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge 6 deliver 26 thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou have paid the last farthing. 27 Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt not commit adultery [see Ex. 28 20: 14; Deut. 5:18}: but I say unto you, that every one that looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his 29 heart. And if thy right eye causeth thee to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from thee; for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should 30 perish, and not thy whole body be cast into 7 hell. And if thy right hand causeth thee to stumble, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not thy whole body 31 go into 7 hell. It was said also, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let 32 him give her a writing of divorcement [see Deut. 24:1 ] : but I say unto you, that every one that putteth away his wife, saving for the cause of fornica- tion, maketh her an adulteress: and whosoever shall marry her when she is put away committeth adultery.* 33 Again, ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt 34 not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths [see Lev. 19:12; Num. 30:2; Ex. 20:7; Deut. 5:11; 23:21]: but I say unto you, Swear not at all [see Matt. 26: 63-64] ', neither by the heaven, for it is the throne 35 of God ; nor by the earth, for it is the footstool of his feet ; nor 8 by Jerusalem, 36 for it is the city of the great King [see Isa. 66:1]. Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, for thou canst not make one hair white or black 37 [see Ps. 48:2]. 9 But let your speech be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: and whatso- ever is more than these is of 10 the evil one. 38 Ye have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a 39 tooth [see Ex. 21 :24; Lev. 24:20; Deut. 19:21 ] : but I say unto you, Resist not 40 "him that is evil; but whosoever smiteth thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also [see John 1 8:23]. And if any man would go to law with 41 thee, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloke also. And whosoever 42 shall 12 compel thee to go one mile, go with him twain. Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away. 43 Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour [see Lev. 19: 18; Deut. 23:6; 25:19]. *See further Mark 9:43-47; 10:11-12; Matt. 18:8-9; 19:9. 50 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §54 Matt. 5:21-48 44 and hate thine enemy : But I say un- to you [see Luke 23:34] , Love your enemies, and pray for them that 45 persecute you; that ye may be sons of your Father which is in heaven : for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just and the unjust. 46 For if ye love them that love you, what reward have ye? do not even the "publicans the 47 same? And if you salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the 48 Gentiles the same? Ye therefore shall be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect. Luke 6:27-30, 32-36 27 But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them that 28 hate you, bless them that curse you, pray for them that despite- 29 fully use you. To him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and from him that taketh away thy cloke withhold not thy coat also. 30 Give to every one that asketh thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not 32 again. And if ye love them that love you, what thank have ye? for even sinners love those 33 that love them. And if ye do good to them that do good to you, what thank have ye? for 34 even sinners do the same. And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? even sinners lend to sinners, 35 to receive again as much. But love your enemies, and do them good, and lend, "never despair- ing; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be sons of the Most High: for he is kind toward 36 the unthankful and evil. Be ye merciful, even as your Father is merciful. 1 Many ancient authorities insert without cause. 2 An expression of contempt. 3 Or, Moreh, a Hebrew expression of condemnation. * Gr. unto or into. 6 Gr. Gehenna of fire. 6 Some ancient authorities omit deliver thee. 7 Gr. Gehenna. 8 Or, toward. 9 Some ancient authorities read But your speech shall be. 10 Or, evil: as in ver. 39; 6:13. " Or, evil. n Gr. impress. 13 That is, collectors or renters of Roman taxes: and so elsewhere. 14 Some ancient authorities read, despairing of no man. 4. The Practice of Real Righteousness unlike the Ostentatious Hypocrisy of the Pharisees, as in Almsgiving, Prayer, Fasting Matt. 6:1-18 1 Take heed that ye do not your righteousness before men, to be seen of them: else ye have no reward with your Father which is in heaven. 2 When therefore thou doest alms, sound not a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have received their 3 reward. But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what 4 thy right hand doeth: that thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father which seeth in secret shall recompense thee. 51 §54 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Matt. 6:1-18 5 And when ye pray, ye shall not be as the hypocrites: for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have received 6 their reward. But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thine inner chamber, and having shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret, 7 and thy Father which seeth in secret shall recompense thee. And in praying use not vain repetitions, as the Gentiles do: for they think that 8 they shall be heard for their much speaking. Be not therefore like unto them: for J your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye 9 ask him. After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in 10 heaven, Hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, 11 as in heaven, so on earth. Give us this day 2 our daily bread. And 12 forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And bring us 13 not into temptation, but deliver us from 3 the evil one. 4 For if ye forgive 14 men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. But 15 if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. 16 Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen of men to fast. 17 Verily I say unto you, They have received their reward. But thou, 18 when thou fastest, anoint thy head, and wash thy face; that thou be not seen of men to fast, but of thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall recompense thee. 1 Some ancient authorities read God your Father. 2 Gr. our bread for the coming day. s Or, evil. * Many authorities, some ancient, but with variations, add For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever, Amen. 5. Single-hearted Devotion to God, as Opposed to Worldly Aims and Anxieties Matt. 6:19-34 19 Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon the earth, where moth and 20 rust doth consume, and where thieves x break through and steal: but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth 21 consume, and where thieves do not x break through nor steal: for where 22 thy treasure is, there will thy heart be also. The lamp of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. 23 But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is the darkness! 24 No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to one, and despise the other. Ye cannot 25 serve God and mammon. Therefore I say unto you, Be not anxious for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than the food, and the body 26 than the raiment? Behold, the birds of the heaven, that they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; and your heavenly Father 27 feedeth them. Are not ye of much more value than they? And which 28 of you by being anxious can add one cubit unto his 2 stature? And why 29 are ye anxious concerning raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: yet I say unto you, that 52 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §54 Matt. 6:19-34 30 even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. But if God doth so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, ye of little faith? 31 Be not therefore anxious, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we 32 drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? For after all these things do the Gentiles seek; for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of 33 all these things. But seek ye first his kingdom, and his righteousness; 34 and all these things shall be added unto you. Be not therefore anxious for the morrow: for the morrow will be anxious for itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. 1 Gr. dig through. * Or, age. 6. Captious Criticism, or Judging Others Matt. 7:1-6 1 Judge not, that ye be not judg- 2 ed. For with what judgement ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured unto you. 3 And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that 4 is in thine own eye? Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me cast out the mote out of thine eye; and lo, the beam is in thine 5 own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye. 6 Give not that which is holy un- to the dogs, neither cast your pearls before the swine, lest hap- ly they trample them under their feet, and turn and rend you. 1 Or, teacher. 53 Luke 6:37-42 37 And judge not, and ye shall not be judged: and condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: re- lease, and ye shall be released: 38 give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, shaken together, running over, shall they give into your bosom. For with what measure ye mete it shall be measured to you again. 39 And he spake also a parable unto them, Can the blind guide the blind? shall they not both 40 fall into a pit? The disciple is not above his toaster: but every one when he is perfected shall 41 be as his 'master. And why be- holdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but consider- est not the beam that is in thine 42 own eye? Or how canst thou say to thy brother, Brother, let me cast out the mote that is in thine eye, when thou thyself beholdest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote that is in thy brother's eye. §54 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 7. Prayer, and the Golden Rule Matt. 7:7-12 7 Ask, and it shall be given you: seek, and ye shall find: knock, and it 8 shall be opened unto you, for every one that asketh receiveth; and he 9 that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. Or what man is there of you, who, if his son shall ask him for a loaf, will give 10 him a stone; or if he shall ask for a fish, will give him a serpent? 11 If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things 12 to them that ask him? All things therefore whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, even so do ye also unto them: for this is the law and the prophets. Luke 6:31 31 And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. 8. The Conclusion of the Sermon. The Lesson of Personal Righteous- ness Driven Home by Powerful Parables Matt. 7:13 to 8:1. 13 Enter ye in by the narrow gate: for wide *is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many be they that enter in 14 thereby. 2 For narrow is the gate, and straitened the way, that leadeth unto fife, and few be they that find it. 15 Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, 16 but inwardly are ravening wolves. By their fruits ye shall know 17 them. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit: but the corrupt tree 18 bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring 19 forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. 20 Therefore by their fruits ye shall 21 know them. Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father 22 which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy by thy name, and by thy name cast out 3 devils, and by thy name do many 4 mighty 23 works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: de- part from me, ye that work iniquity. Luke 6:43-49 43 For there is no good tree that bringeth forth corrupt fruit; nor again a corrupt tree that bring- 44 eth forth good fruit. For each tree is known by its own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather 45 they grapes. The good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth that which is evil; for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh. 46 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? 54 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §55 Matt. 7:13 to 8:1 24 Every one therefore which heareth these words of mine, and doeth them, shall be likened un- to a wise man, which built his 25 house upon the rock: and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon 26 the rock. And every one that heareth these words of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the 27 sand: and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and smote upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall thereof. 28 And it came to pass, when Je- sus ended these words, the mul- titudes were astonished at his 29 teaching: for he taught them as one having authority, and not as their scribes. 1 And when he was come down from the mountain, great multi- tudes followed him. 1 Some ancient authorities omit la the gate. 2 Many ancient authorities read How narrow is the gats, &c. s Gr. demons. * Gr. powers. 6 Many ancient authorities read for it had been founded upon the rock: as in Matt. 7:25. In sections 55 to 58 we see the rapid spread of Christ's influence and the inquiry from the Baptist in prison* Luke 6:43-49 47 Every one that cometh unto me, and heareth my words, and doeth them, I will shew you to 48 whom he is like: he is like a man building a house, who digged and went deep, and laid a foundation upon the rock: and when a flood arose, the stream brake against that house, and could not shake it: 3 because it had been well 49 builded. But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that built a house upon the earth without a foundation; against which the stream brake, and straightway it fell in; and the ruin of that house was great. §55. JESUS HEALS A CENTURION'S SERVANT CAPERNAUM AT Matt. 8:5-13 5 And when he was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a centurion, Luke 7:1-10 1 After he had ended all his say- ings in the ears of the people, he entered into Capernaum. 2 And a certain centurion's Serv- ant, who was sdear unto him, was sick and at the point of 3 death. And when he heard concerning Jesus, he sent unto him elders of the Jews, asking * Here we have only Matthew and Luke, a block from the Logia of Matthew. 55 §56 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Matt. 8:5-13 beseeching him, and saying, Lord, my ^servant lieth in the house sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. 7 And he saith unto him, I will come and heal him. 8 And the centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not 2 worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but only 3 say the word, and my Servant shall be healed. 9 For I also am a man 4 under author- ity, having under myself soldiers: and I say to this one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my Serv- ant, Do this, and he doeth it. 10 And when Jesus heard it, he marvelled, and said to them that followed, Verily I say unto you, 6 I have not found so great 11 faith, no, not in Israel. And I say unto you, that many shall come from the east and the west, and shall 7 sit down with Abraham, and Isaac , and Jacob , in thekingdom 12 of heaven [see Ps. 107:3; Isa. 49: 12]: but the sons of the kingdom shall be cast forth into the outer darkness: there shall be weeping 13 and gnashing of teeth. And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; as thou hast believed so be it done unto thee. And the Servant was healed in that hour. Luke 7:1-10 him that he would come and 4 save his B servant. And they, when they came to Jesus, be- sought him earnestly, saying, He is worthy that thou shouldst 5 do this for him: for he loveth our nation, and himself built us 6 our synagogue. And Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not 2 worthy that thou shouldst come under 7 my roof: wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but 3 say the word, and my Servant shall be healed. 8 For I also am a man set under authority, having under myself soldiers: and I say to this one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my 5 servant, Do this, and he doeth 9 it. And when Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned and said unto the multi- tude that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. 10 And they that were sent, re- turning to the house, found the 6 servant whole. 1 Or, boy. 2 Gr. sufficient. ' Gr. say with a word. 4 Some ancient authorities insert set: as in Luke 7:8. 5 Gr. bond-servant. • Many ancient authorities read With no man in Israel have I jound so great faith. 7 Gr. recline. 8 Or, precious to him; or, honourable with him. §56. HE RAISES A WIDOW'S SON AT NAIN Luke 7:11-17 11 And it came to pass *soon afterwards, that he went to a city called 12 Nain; and his disciples went with him, and a great multitude. Now 56 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §57 Luke 7:11-17 when he drew near to the gate of the city, behold, there was carried out one that was dead, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow: 13 and much people of the city was with her. And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said unto her, Weep not. 14 And he came nigh and touched the bier: and the bearers stood still. 15 And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he gave him to his mother. 16 And fear took hold on all; and they glorified God, saying, A great prophet 17 is arisen among us: and, God hath visited his people. And this report went forth concerning him in the whole of Judea, and the region round about. 1 Many ancient authorities read on the next day. 57. THE MESSAGE* FROM THE BAPTIST AND THE EULOGY OF JESUS Galilee Matt. 11:2-19 2 Now when John heard in the prisonf the works of the Christ, he sent by his disciples, and said 3 unto him, Art thou he that Com- eth, or look we for another? 4 And Jesus answered and said unto them, Go your way and tell John the things which ye do 5 hear and see: the blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, and the dead are raised up, and the poor have *good tidings preached to them. 6 And blessed is he, whosoever shall find none occasion of stum- bling in me. Luke 7:18-35 18 And the disciples of John told 19 him all of these things. And John calling unto him 10 two of his disciples sent them to the Lord, saying, Art thou he that cometh, or look we for another? 20 And when the men were come unto him, they said, John the Baptist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that cometh, 21 or look we for another? In that hour he cured many of diseases and "plagues and evil spirits; and on many that were blind he 22 bestowed sight. And he answer- ed and said unto them, Go your way, and tell John what things ye have seen and heard [see Isa. 2: 18-19; 85:5-6; 61:1]: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have *good 23 tidings preached to them. And blessed is he, whosoever shall find none occasion of stumblirjg in me. ♦Observe that his fame as having raised the dead, and as being "a great prophet," spread widely, and reaching John, led to his message of inquiry (connect Luke 7:17 and 18). t John's prison was at Machaerus, east of the Dead Sea. Jesus was somewhere in Galilee, probably near Nain, which was in the southern part of Galilee. 57 §57 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Matt. 11:2-19 7 And as these went their way, Jesus began to say unto the mul- titudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to behold? a reed shaken with 8 the wind? But what went ye out for to see? a man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they that wear soft raiment are in 9 kings' houses. 2 But wherefore went ye out? to see a prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much 10 more than a prophet. This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, Who shall prepare thy way be- fore thee. 11 Verily I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there hath not arisen a greater than John the Baptist: yet he that is 3 but little in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. 12 And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and men of violence take it by force 13 [seeLukel6:17]. For all the proph- ets and the law prophesied until 14 John. And if ye are willing to re- 15 ceive Ht, this is Elijah, which is to come [see Mai. 4:5). He that hath ears 6 to hear, let him hear. 16 But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It ib like* unto children sitting in the marketplaces, which call un- 17 to their fellows, and say, We piped unto you, and ye did not dance; we wailed, and ye did not e mourn. Luke 7:18-35 24 And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to say unto the multitudes con- cerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to behold? a 25 reed shaken with the wind? But what went ye out to see? a man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they which are gorgeously ap- parelled, and live delicately, are 26 in kings' courts. But what went ye out to see? a prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more 27 than a prophet. This is he of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face. Who shall prepare thy way before thee [see Mai. 3:1]. 28 1 say unto you, Among them that are born of women there is none greater than John: yet he that is 3 but little in the kingdom of God is greater than he. 29 And all the people when they heard, and the publicans, justified God, 12 being baptized with the baptism of 30 John. But the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected for them- selves the counsel of God "being 31 not baptized of him. Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation, and to what are 32 they like? They are like unto children that sit in the market- place, and call one to another; which say, We piped unto you, and ye did not dance; we wailed, * Parable of the Children Playing in the Market Place. 58 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §58 Matt. 11:2-19 18 For John came neither eating nor drinking, and 19 they say, He hath a 7 devil. The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold, a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! And wisdom 8 is justified by her ''works. 1 Or, the gospel. 2 Many ancient authorities read But what went ye out to see? a prophet? 8 Gr. lesser. * Or, him. 6 Some ancient authorities omit to hear. 8 Gr. beat the breast. 7 Gr. demon. 8 Or, was. » Many ancient authorities read children: as in Luke vii, 35. 10 Gr. certain two. u .Gr. scourges. 1? Or, having been. 1S Or, not having been. Luke 7:18-35 33 and ye did not weep. For John the Baptist is come eating no bread nor drinking wine; and ye 34 say, He hath a 7 devil. The Son of man is come eating and drink- ing; and ye say, Behold, a glut- tonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! 35 And wisdom 8 is justified of all her children. § 58. WOES UPON THE CITIES OF OPPORTUNITY. THE CLAIMS OF CHRIST AS THE TEACHER ABOUT THE FATHER. Galilee Matt. 11:20-30 20 Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works 21 were done, because they repented not. Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida ! for if the 1 mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sack- 22 cloth and ashes. Howbeit I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable 23 for Tyre and Sidon in the day of judgement, than for you [see Isa. 14'M8-15]. And thou, Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted unto heaven? thou shalt 2 go down unto Hades: for if the ^ghty works had been done in Sodom which 24 were done in thee, it would have remained until this day. Howbeit I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgement, than for thee [see Gen. 19:24]. 25 At that season Jesus answered and said, 1 3 thank thee, Father [see John 3:85; 17:2], Lord of heaven and earth, that thou didst hide these things 26 from the wise and understanding, and didst reveal them unto babes: yea, 27 Father, 4 for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight. All things have been delivered unto me of my Father: and no one knoweth the Son, save the Father: neither doth any know the Father, save the Son, and he to whom- 28 soever the Son willeth to reveal him. Come unto me, all ye that labour 29 and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke* upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest 30 unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light [see Jer. 6:1 6; Sirach 51:28]. 1 Gr. powers. 2 Many ancient authorities read be brought down. 3 Or, praise. * Or, that. * Rabbinical figure for going to school. Jesus thus definitely pictures himself as the expert on God in a Johannean passage (c/. Luke 10:21-24). He conceives himself as the Teacher who alone is able to interpret the Father. 59 § 59 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY § 59. THE ANOINTING* OF CHRIST'S FEET BY A SINFUL WOMAN IN THE HOUSE OF SIMON A PHARISEE. THE PARABLE OF THE TWO DEBTORS Galilee Luke 7:36-50 36 And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. 37 And he entered into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. And behold, a woman which was in the city, a sinner; and when she knew that he was sitting at meat in the Pharisee's house, she brought *an 38 alabaster cruse of ointment, and standing behind at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears, and wiped them with the hair of her head, and 2 kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. 39 Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were 3 a prophet, would have perceived who and what manner of woman this is which toucheth him, that she is 40 a sinner. And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat 41 to say unto thee. And he saith, 4 Master, say on. A certain lender had two debtors: the one owed five hundred 6 pence, and the other fifty. 42 When they had not wherewith to pay, he forgave them both. Which 43 of them therefore will love him most? Simon answered and said, He, I 44 suppose, to whom he forgave the most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. And turning to the woman, he said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath wetted my feet with her tears, and wiped 45 them with her hair. Thou gavest me no kiss : but she, since the time I 46 came in, hath not ceased to 6 kiss my feet. My head with oil thou didst 47 not anoint: but she hath anointed my feet with ointment. Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven : for she loved much : 48 but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. And he said unto 49 her, Thy sins are forgiven. And they that sat at meat with him began 50 to say 7 within themselves, Who is this that even forgiveth sins? And he said unto the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace. 1 Or, a flask. 2 Gr. kissed much. s Some ancient authorities read the prophet. See John 1 :21, 25. ' Or, Teacher. * The word in the Greek denotes a coin worth about seventeen cents. • Gr. kiss much. 7 Or, among. In sections 60 to 63 Jesus makes a second {three in all) tour of Galilee, this time with all the Twelve. Intense hostility of the Pharisees is aroused by the work. They make the blasphemous accusation that Jesus is in league with Satan. Even the kindred of Jesus fear that he is beside himself because of the excitement and the charges. * This anointing in Galilee must be distinct from the anointing at Bethany, near Jerusalem, more than a year later. This sinful and penitent woman is represented by a very late tradition as being Mary Magdalene, and hence all the popular uses of the term Magdalen. But that notion has no historical support whatever, and it becomes violently improbable when we find that in the very next paragraph Luke introduces Mary Magdalene as a new figure in the history. Some men even identify Mary of Bethany with this woman that was a sinner and also with Mary Magdalen, a medley of medieval mysticism. 60 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §61 §60. THE SECOND TOUR OF GALILEE Luke 8:1-3 1 And it came to pass soon afterwards, that he went about through cities and villages, preaching and bringing the x good tidings of the king- 2 dom of God, and with him the twelve, and certain women which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary that was called Magdalene, 3 from whom seven 2 devils had gone out, and Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto 3 them of their substance. 1 Or, gospel. 2 Gr. demons. 3 Many ancient authorities read him. Notice that the events of §§ 61-66 all occurred on the same day, called the Busy Day* §61. BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION OF LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB Galilee Mark 3:19-30 19 And he cometh into a house. 20 And the multitude cometh to- gether again, so that they could 21 not so much as eat bread. And when his friends heard it, they went out to lay hold on him: for they said, He is beside himself. 22 And the scribes which came down from Jerusalem said, He hath Beelzebub, and, 3 By the prince of the 2 devils casteth he 23 out the 2 devils. And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How can Satan 24 cast out Satan? And if a king- dom be divided against itself, 25 that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house be divided against it- self, that house will not be able Matt. 12:22-37 22 Then was brought unto him J one possessed with a devil, blind and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the dumb man 23 spake and saw. And all the mul- titudes were amazed, and said, 24 Is this the son of David? But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, fThis man doth not cast out 2 devils, but 3 by Beelze- bub the prince of the 2 devils 25 [see John 7:20; 8:48, 52; 10:20). And knowing their thoughts he said unto them, Every kingdom di- * This "Busy Day" is just one of many such days in the Master's Ministry. See, for instance, the last day of his public ministry in the temple in Jerusalem. Observe Jesus in the forenoon teach- ing a crowded audience (Mark 3:19), some of whom insult and blaspheme him, and others demand a sign, and at length his mother and brethren try to carry him off as insane (comp. Mark 3:21); in the afternoon giving a group of most remarkable parables, several of which he interprets; towards night crossing the Lake in a boat, so tired and worn that he sleeps soundly amid the alarming storm; then healing the Gadarene demoniacs, and returning by boat, apparently the same evening. What a day of toil and trial. t Luke (11:14-36) gives another blasphemous accusation later in Judea. Matthew (9:27-34) also has another blasphemous accusation. Note Christ's use of parables in replying to the accusa- tions. 61 62 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 3:19-30 26 to stand. And if Satan hath risen up against himself, and is divided, he cannot stand, but hath an end. 27 But no one can enter into the house of the strong man, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house. Matt. 12:22-37 28 vided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall 26 not stand: and if Satan casteth out Satan, he is divided against himself: how then shall his king- 27 dom stand? And if I 3 by Beelze- bub cast out 2 devils, 3 by whom do your sons cast them out? there- fore shall thev be your judges. 28 But if I 3 by the Spirit of God cast out 2 devils, then is the kingdom of 29 God come upon you. Or how can one enter into the house of the strong man, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his 30 house. He that is not with me is against me; and he that gather- 31 eth not with me scattereth. There- fore I say unto you, every sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven 4 unto men; but the blasphemy against the Spirit shall not be forgiven. 32 And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him; but whoso- ever shall speak against the Holy Spirit it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this 6 world, nor 33 in that which is to come. Either make the tree good, and its fruit good; or make the tree corrupt, and its fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by 34 its fruit. Ye offspring of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good 35 things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. The good man out of his own good treasure bringeth forth good things: and the 36 evil man out of his evil treasure bringeth forth evil things. And I say unto you, that every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give 37 account thereof in the day of judgement. For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned. 1 Or, a demoniac. * Gr. demons. * Or, in. * Some ancient authorities read unto you men. 8 Or, age. Verily I say unto you, All their sins shall be for- given unto the sons of men, and their blasphemies wherewith so- 29 ever they shall blaspheme: but whosoever shall blaspheme against the Holy Spirit hath never forgiveness, but is guilty 30 of an eternal sin : because they said, He hath an unclean spirit. §62. SCRIBES AND PHARISEES DEMAND A SIGN Same day. Galilee Matt. 12:38-45 38 Then certain of the scribes and Pharisees answered him, saying, faster, 39 we would see a sign from thee. But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no 62 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §63 Matt. 12:38^5 40 sign be given to it but the sign of Jonah the prophet: for as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the owhale; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth [see Jonah 1 :1 7; 41 2:1-2; 3:5; k%; 1 Kings 10:1-10]. The men of Nineveh shall stand up in the judgement with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they re- pented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, 3 a greater than Jonah is 42 here. The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgement with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, 3 a greater than Solomon is 43 here. But the unclean spirit, when 4 he is gone out of the man, passeth 44 through waterless places, seeking rest, and findeth it not. Then 4 he saith, I will return into my house whence I came out; and when 4 he is 45 come, 4 he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished. Then goeth 4 he, and taketh with s himself seven other spirits more evil than 5 himself , and they enter in and dwell there : and the last state of that man becometh worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this evil generation 1 Or, Teacher. 2 Gr. sea-monster. s Gr. more than. * Or, it. B Or, itself. §63. CHRIST'S MOTHER AND BRETHREN SEEK TO TAKE HIM HOME Mark 3:31-35 31 And there come his mother and his brethren; and, stand- ing without, they sent unto him, calling him. 32 And a multitude was sitting about him; and they say unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren without seek 33 for thee. And he an- swereth them, and saith, Who is my mother and my brethren? 34 And look- ing round on them which sat round about him, he saith, Behold, my mother and my brethren! Same day. Galilee Matt. 12:46-50 46 While he was yet speaking to the mul- titudes, behold, his mother and his breth- ren stood without, seeking to speak to 47 him. *And one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand with- out, seeking to speak to thee. 48 But he an- swered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my £9 brethren? And he stretched forth his hand towards his dis- ciples, and said, Be- hold, my mother and 50 my brethren! For 63 Luke 8:19-21 19 And there came to him his mother and brethren, and they could not come at him for the crowd. 20 And it was told him, Thy mother and thy brethren stand with- out, desiring to see thee. 21 But he an- swered and said un- to them, §64 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 3:31-35 35 For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. Matt. 12:46-50 whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, he is my brother, and sister, and mother. Some ancient authorities omit ver. 47. Luke 8:19-21 My mother and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it [see John 15:14]. In §§ 6 If. to 69 we have the first great group of Parables with the visit to Gerasa and the return to Nazareth §64. THE FIRST GREAT GROUP OF PARABLES* Same day. Beside the Sea of Galilee. Introduction to the Group Mark 4:1, 2 1 And again he be- gan to teach by the sea side. And there is gathered unto him a very great multi- tude, so that he en- tered into a boat, and sat in the sea; and all the multitude were by the sea on the land. 2 And he taught them many things in par- ables, and said unto them in his teaching, Hearken: Matt. 13:1-3 1 On that day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the 2 sea side. And there were gathered unto him great multitudes, so that he entered into a boat, and sat; and all the multitude stood on the beach. 3 And he spake to them many things in par- ables, saying, Luke 8:4 4 And when a great multitude came to- gether, and they of every city resorted unto him, by a parable: he spake 1. To the Crowds by the Sea Mark 4:3-25 3 Behold, the sower went forth to sow; 4 and it came to pass, as he sowed, some seed fell by the way side, and the birds came and devoured 5 it. And other fell on the rocky ground, where it had not (a) Parable of the Sower Matt. 13:3-23 3 Behold, the sower went forth to sow; 4 and as he sowed, some seeds fell by the way side, and the birds came and de- 5 voured them; and others fell upon the rocky places, where they had not much Luke 8:5-18 5 The sower went forth to sow his seed and as he sowed some fell by the way side; and it was trodden under foot, and the birds of the heaven 6 devoured it. And other fell on the rock ; and as soon as it * We have met various separate parables heretofore, but here is a group of at least ten. Two other great groups will occur hereafter, one group given in Luke only, and the last group during the last week of our Lord's public ministry. 64 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §64 Mark 4:3-25 much earth: and straightway it sprang up, because it had no 6 deepness of earth: and when the sun was risen, it was scorch- ed; and because it had no root, it with- 7 ered away. And other fell among the thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no 8 fruit. And others fell into the good ground, and yielded fruit, growing up and in- creasing; and brought forth, thirtyfold, and sixty fold, and a hun- 9 dredfold. And he said, Who hath ears to hear, let him hear. 10 And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parables. 11 And he said unto them, Un- to you is given the mystery of the king- dom of God : but unto them that are with- out, all things are done in parables: that 12 seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not under- stand; lest haply they Matt. 13:3-23 earth: and straight- way they sprang up, because they had no deepness of earth : 6 and when the sun was risen, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away. 7 And others fell upon the thorns; and the thorns grew up, and choked them: and 8 others fell upon the good ground, and yielded fruit, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. 9 He that hath ears 1 , let him hear. 10 And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in parables? 11 And he answered and said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not 12 given. For whoso- ever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have abundance : but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath. 13 Therefore speak I to them in parables; be- cause seeing they see not, and hearing they hear not, neither do 14 they understand. And unto them is fulfilled 65 Luke 8:5-18 grew, it withered away, because it had no moisture. 7 And other fell amidst the thorns ; and the thorns grew with it, and 8 choked it. And oth- er fell into the good ground, and grew, and brought forth fruit a hundredfold. As he said these things, he cried, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. 9 And his disciples asked him what this parable might be. 10 And he said, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God: but to the rest in parables; that see- ing they may not see, and hearing they may 11 not understand. Now the parable is this: §64 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 4:3-25 should turn again, and it should be for- 13 given* them. And he saith unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how shall ye know all the 14 parables? The sow- er soweth the word. 15 And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; and when they have heard, straight- way cometh Satan, and taketh away the word which hath been 16 sown in them. And these in like manner they that are are 15 Matt. 13:3-23 the prophecy of Isaiah, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall in no wise under- stand; And seeing ye shall see, and shall in no wise per- ceive : For this people's heart is waxed gross, And their ears are Luke 8:5-18 12 The seed is the word of God. And those by the way side are they that have heard; then cometh the dev- il, and taketh away the word from their heart, that they may not believe and be saved. dull of hearing, And their eyes they have closed Lest haply they should perceive with their eyes, And hear with their ears, And understand with their heart, And should turn again, And I should heal them [see Isa. 6:9-10]; 16 But blessed are your eyes, for they see; and your ears, for they hear. 17 For verily I say unto you, that many prophets and righteous men desired to see the things which ye see, and saw them not; and to hear the things 18 which ye hear, and heard them not. Hear then ye the parable of the 19 sower. When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and under- standeth it not, then cometh the evil one, and snatcheth away that which hath been sown in his heart. This is he that was sown by the 20 way side. And he that was sown upon 13 the rocky places, this is he that heareth the word, and straight- way with joy receiv- 21 eth it; yet hath he not root in himself, but endureth for a while; and when trib- ulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, straighway he sown upon the rocky places, who, when they have heard the word, straightway re- 17 ceive it with joy; and they have no root in themselves, but en- dure for a while; then, when tribula- tion or persecution ariseth because of the word, straightway 18 they stumble. And others are they that are sown among the thorns; these are they And those on the rock are they which, when they have heard, re- ceive the word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away. 22stumbleth. And he that was sown among the thorns, this is he that heareth the 14 And that which fell among the thorns, these have are they that heard, and as * Observe that Jesus spoke these words just after the blasphemous accusation and on the same day (Matt. 13:1). 66 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §64 Mark 4:3-25 that have heard the 19 word, and the cares of the 2world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruit- 20 ful. And those are they that were sown upon the good ground ; such as hear the word, and accept it, and bear fruit, thirtyfold, and sixty- fold, and a hundred- fold. Matt. 13:3-23 word; and the care of the 2world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becom- 23 eth unfruitful. And he that was sown up- on the good ground, this is he that heareth the word, and un- derstandeth it: who verily beareth fruit, and bringeth forth, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. Luke 8:5-18 they go on their way they are choked with cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and bring no fruit to perfection. 15 And that in the good ground, these are such as in an honest and good heart, hav- ing heard the word, hold it fast, and bring forth fruit with pa- tience. 21 And he said unto them, Is the *lamp brought to be put under the bushel, or under the bed, and not to be put on the stand? 22 For there is nothing hid, save that it should be mani- fested; neither was anything made 23 secret, but that it should come to light. If any man hath ears to 24 hear, let him hear. And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure ye mete it shall be measured unto you: and 25 more shall be given unto you. For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath. 1 Some ancient authorities add here, and in ver. 43, to hear: as in Mark 4:9; Luke 8:8. 2 Or, ags. 3 Or, seemeth to have. 16 And no man, when he hath lighted a lamp, covereth it with a vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but putteth it on a stand, that they which enter in may see the light. 17 For nothing is hid, that shall not be made manifest; nor anything secret, that shall not be known and 18 come to light. Take heed there- fore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he 3 thinketh he hath. (6) Parable of the Seed Growing of Itself Mark 4:26-29 26 And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed 27 upon the earth; and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed 28 should spring up and grow, he knoweth not how. The earth x beareth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, then the full corn in the ear. * Note here another brief parable of the lamp to enforce the lesson of the parable of the Sower. Preachers to-day sometimes tell one story to illustrate another. 67 §64 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 4:26-29 29 But when the fruit 2 is ripe, straightway he 3 putteth forth the sickle, be- cause the harvest is come [see Joel 8:18]. 1 Or, yieldeth. 2 Or, alloweth. 3 Or, sendeth forth. (c) Parable of the Tares Matt. 13:24-30 24 Another parable set he before them, saying, The kingdom of heaven 25 is likened unto a man that sowed good seed in his field : but while men slept, his enemy came and sowed Haves also among the wheat, and went 26 away. But when the blade sprang up, and brought forth fruit, then 27 appeared the tares also. And the Servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst thou not sow good seed in thy field? whence then 28 hath it tares? And he said unto them, 3 An enemy hath done this. And the Servants say unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them 29 up? But he saith, Nay; lest haply while ye gather up the tares, ye root 30 up the wheat with them. Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather up first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn. 1 Or, darnel. 2 Gr. bond-servants. 3 Gr. A man that is an enemy. (d) Parable of the Mustard Seed Mark 4:30-32 30 And he said, How shall we liken the kingdom of God? or in what 31 parable shall we set it forth? x It is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown upon the earth, though it be less than all the seeds that are upon the earth, 32 yet when it is sown, groweth up, and becometh greater than all the herbs, and putteth out great branches; so that the birds of the heaven can lodge under the shadow thereof. Matt. 13:31-32 31 Another parable set he before them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like unto a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, 32 and sowed in his field: which in- deed is less than all seeds: but when it is grown, it is greater than the herbs, and becometh a tree [see Dan. 4-'l%, 21], so that the birds of the heaven come and lodge in the branches thereof. 1 Gr. As, unto. (e) Parable of the Leaven and many such Parables Mark 4:33-34 33 And with many* such parables Matt. 13:33-35 33 Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three Measures of meal, till it was all leavened. 34 All these things spake Jesus * See note, p. 68 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §64 Mark 4:33-34 spake he the word unto them, as 34 they were able to hear it: and without a parable spake he not unto them: but privately to his disciples he expounded all things. Matt. 13:33-35 in parables unto the multitudes; and without* a parable spake he 35 nothing unto them: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken 2 by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in para- bles; I will utter things hidden from the foundation 3 of the world [see Ps. 78:2]. 1 The word in the Greek denotes the Hebrew seah, a measure containing nearly a peck and a half. 2 Or, through. 3 Many ancient authorities omit of the world. 2. To the Disciples in the House (a) Explanation of the Parable of the Tares Matt. 13:36-43 36 Then he left the multitudes, and went into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, Explain unto us the parable of the tares of the 37 field. And he answered and said, He that soweth the good seed is the 38 Son of man; and the field is the world; and the good seed, these are the 39 sons of the kingdom; and the tares are the sons of the evil one; and the enemy that sowed them is the devil: and the harvest is x the end of the 40 world; and the reapers are angels. As therefore the tares are gathered 41 up and burned with fire; so shall it be in the end of the world. The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that cause stumbling, and them that do iniquity, and shall 42 cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be the weeping and gnashing 43 of teeth. Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father [see Dan. 12:8]. He that hath ears, let him hear. 1 Or, the consummation of the age. (b) The Parable of the Hid Treasure Matt. 13:44 44 The kingdom of heaven is like unto a treasure hidden in the field; which a man found, and hid; and 2 in his joy he goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field. 1 Or, for joy thereof. (c) The Parable of the Pearl of Great Price Matt. 13:45-46 45 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is a merchant 46 seeking goodly pearls: and having found one pearl of great price, he went and sold all that he had, and bought it. * Note the expression. Matthew gives nine in Chapter 13 and Mark another. There may have been still others on this day. 69 65 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY (d) The Parable of the Net Matt. 13:47-50 47 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a met, that was cast into 48 the sea, and gathered of every kind: which, when it was filled, they drew up on the beach; and they sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, 49 but the bad they cast away. So shall it be in 2 the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the right- 50 eous, and shall cast them into the furnace of fire : there shall be the weep- ing and gnashing of teeth. 1 Gr. dragnet. 2 Or, consummation of the age. (e) The Parable of the Householder Matt. 13:51-53 51 Have ye understood all these things? They say unto him, Yea. 52 And he said unto them, Therefore every scribe who hath been made a disciple to the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is a householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure things new and old. 53 And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished these *parables, he de- parted thence. §65. IN CROSSING THE LAKE, JESUS STILLS THE TEMPEST Mark 4:35-41 35 And on that day, when even was come, he saith unto them, Let us go over unto the other side. 36 And leaving the multitude, they take him with them, even as he was, in the boat. And other boats were with him. Same day. Sea of Galilee Matt. 8:18, 23-27 18 Now when Jesus saw great multitudes about him, he gave commandment to de- part unto the other side. 23 And when he was entered into a boat, his disciples followed him. Luke 8:22-25 22 Now it came to pass on one of those days, that he entered into a boat, himself and his disciples; and he said unto them, Let us go over to the other side of the lake: and they launched 23 forth. But as they sailed he fell asleep: * Eight of these ten parables go in pairs (the sower and the seed growing of itself, the tares and the net, the mustard seed and the leaven, the hid treasure and the pearl of great price) . But nothing can be made out of the number of the parables spoken on this day. We do not even know what the number was. Jesus had spoken various shorter and more or less isolated parables before this occa- sion. An immediate occasion for the use of so many and such extended parables at this point was the hostility of the Pharisees and the need of special instruction for the disciples who were taught by Jesus how to interpret parables, though they had much difficulty later in applying the instruc- tion about the parabolic teaching. 70 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 66 Mark 4:35-41 37 And there ariseth a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the boat, inso- much that the boat 38 was now filling. And he himself was in the stern, asleep on the cushion: and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that 39 we perish? And he awoke, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great 40 calm. And he said unto them, Why are ye fearful? have ye not yet faith? 41 And they feared exceed- ingly, and said one to another, Who then is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? Matt. 8:18, 23-27 24 And behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch that the boat was covered with the waves: but 25 he was asleep. And they came to him, and awoke him, say- ing. Save, Lord; we perish. 26 And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, ye of little faith? Then he arose, and re- buked the winds and the sea; and there was a great calm. 27 And the men mar- velled, saying, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him? Luke 8:22-25 and there came down a storm of wind on the lake: and they were filling with water, and were in jeopardy. 24 And they came to him, and awoke him, say- ing, Master, master, we perish, And he awoke, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water: and they ceased, and there was a calm. 25 And he said unto them, Where is your faith? And being afraid they marvelled, saying one to an- other, Who then is this, that he com- mandeth even the winds and the water, and they obey him? 66. BEYOND THE LAKE JESUS HEALS THE GERASENE* DEMONIACf Gerasa (Khersa) . Same day Mark 5:1-20 1 And they came to the other side of the sea, into the country 2 of the Gerasenes. And when he was come out of the boat, straightway there Matt. 8:28-34 28 And when he was come to the other side into the - country of the Gadarenes, there met him two possessed with dev- ils, coming forth out 26 27 Luke 8:26-39 And they arrived at the country of the 4 Gerasenes, which is over against Galilee. And when he was come forth upon the land, there met him * The long famous instance of "discrepancy'' as to the place in this narrative has been cleared up in recent years by the decision of textual critics that the correct text in Luke is Gerasenes, as well as in Mark, and by Dr. Thomson's discovery of a ruin on the lake shore, named Khersa (Gerasa). If this village was included (a A r ery natural supposition) in the district belonging to the city of Gadara, some miles south-eastward, then the locality could be described as either in the country of the Gadarenes, or in the country of the Gerasenes. t Matthew mentions two demoniacs, Mark and Luke describe one, who was probably the promi- nent and leading one. 71 66 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 5:1-20 met him out of the tombs a man with 3 an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling in the tombs: and no man could any more bind him, no, not 4 with a chain; because that he had been often bound with fet- ters and chains, and the chains had been rent asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: and no man had strength to tame 5 him. And always, night and day, in the tombs and in the mountains, he was crying out, and cut- ting himself with 6 stones. And when he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and wor- 7 shipped him; and cry- ing out with a loud voice, he saith, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the Most High God? I adjure thee by God, torment me 8 not. For he said un- to him, Come forth, thou unclean spirit, out of the man. And he asked him, What is thy name? And he saith unto him, My name is Legion; for we are Matt. 8:28-34 of the tombs, exceed- ing fierce, so that no man could pass by that way. 29 And behold, they cried out, say- ing, What have we to do with thee, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to tor- ment us before the time? Luke 8:26-39 a certain man out of the city, who had 2 devils; and for a long time he had worn no clothes, and abode not in any house, but in the tombs. 28 And when he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the Most High God? I be- seech thee, torment 29 me not. For he com- manded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For oft- entimes it had seized him: and he was kept under guard, and bound with chains and fetters; and breaking the bands asunder, he was driv- en of the 6 devil into 30 the deserts. And Jesus asked him, What is thy name? And he said, Legion; ^or many 2 devils were entered into him. 72 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 66 Mark 5:1-20 10 many. And "he be- sought him much that he would not send them away out of 11 the country. Now there was there on the mountain side a great herd of swine 12 feeding. And they besought him, say- ing, Send us into the swine, that we may enter into them. 13 And he gave them leave. And the un- clean spirits came out, and entered in- to the swine: and the herd rushed down the steep into the sea, in number about two thousand; and they were choked in the 14 sea. And they that fed them fled, and told it in the city, and in the country. And they came to see what it was that had 15 come to pass. And they come to Jesus, and behold 3 him that was possessed with devils sitting, clothed and in his right mind, even he that had the legion: and they were 16 afraid. And they that saw it declared unto them how it befell 3 him that was possessed with devils, and concerning the 17 swine. And they be- gan to beseech them to depart from their 18 borders. And as he was entering into the boat, he that had been possessed with Matt. 8:28-34 30 Now there was afar off from them a herd of many 31 swine feeding. And the 2 devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, send us away into the herd 32 of swine. And he said unto them, Go. And they came out, and went into the swine: and behold, the whole herd rush- ed down the steep into the sea, and per- ished in the waters. 33 And they that fed them fled, and went away into the city, and told everything, and what was befal- len to them that were possessed with 34 devils. And behold, all the city came out to meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would de- part from their bor- ders. 73 Luke 8:26-39 31 And they intreatec? him that he would not command them to depart into the 32 abyss. Now there was there a herd of swine feeding on the mountain: and they intreated him that he would give them leave to enter into them. And he gave 33 them leave. And the 2 devils came out from the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd rushed down the steep into the lake and were choked. 34 And when they that fed them saw what had come to pass, they fled, and told it in the city and in the 35 country. And they went out to see what had come to pass: and they came to Jesus, and found the man, from whom the 2 dev- ils were gone out, sit- ting, clothed and in his right mind, at the feet of Jesus: and they were afraid. 36 And they that saw it told them how he that was possessed with 2 devils was 7 7 made whole. And all the people of the country of the 4 Ger- asenes round about asked him to depart from them; for they were holden with great fear: and he entered into a boat, 67 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 5:1-20 2 devils besought him that he might be with 19 him. And he suffer- ed him not, but saith unto him, Go to thy house unto thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee, and how he had 20 mercy on thee. And he went his way, and began to publish in Decapolis how great things Jesus had done for him: and all men did marvel.* 1 Or, demoniacs. s Gr. demons. 3 Or, the demoniac. others Gadarenes. 6 Or, of a long time. 8 Gr. demon. Luke 8:26-39 38 and returned. But the man from whom the 2 devils were gone out prayed him that he might be with him: but he sent him 39 away, saying, Return to thy house, and declare how great things God hath done for thee. And he went his way, pub- lishing throughout the whole city how great things Jesus had done for him. * Many ancient authorities read Gergesenes; 7 Or, saved. §67. THE RETURN AND THE HEALING OF JAIRUS' DAUGHTER AND OF THE WOMAN WHO ONLY TOUCHED CHRIST'S GARMENT Mark 5:21-43 21 And when Jesus had crossed over again in the boat unto the other side, a great multitude was gather- ed unto him: and he was by the sea. 22 And there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name; and seeing him, he falleth at his 23 feet, and beseecheth him much, saying, My little daughter is at the point of death: I pray thee, that thou Probably Capernaum Matt. 9:18-26 18 While he spake these things unto them,f behold, there came x a ruler, and worshipped him, say- ing, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy Luke 8:40-56 40 And as Jesus re- turned, the multi- tude welcomed him; for they were all waiting for him. 41 And behold there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the syn- agogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him to come into his house; * Note in Mark the numerous vivid details and fulness of narrative. t Broadus felt that the language in Matt. 9:18 compelled him to place 9:18 after 9:17. I do not think so, for "while he spake" may be merely an introductory phrase for a new paragraph. It is best to follow Mark's order, as Luke does, for Matthew is not chronological in this part of hia Gospel. 74 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §67 Mark 5:21-43 come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be smade 24 whole, and live. And he went with him; and a great multitude followed him, and they thronged him. 25 And a woman, which had an issue 26 of blood twelve years, and had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather 27 grew worse, having heard the things con- cerning Jesus, came in the crowd behind, and touched his gar- 28 ment. For she said, If I touch but his garments, I shall be 29 2 made whole. And straightway the foun- tain of her blood was dried up; and she felt in her body that she was healed of her 30 B plague. And straight- way Jesus, perceiving in himself that the power proceeding from him had gone forth, turned him about in the crowd, and said, Who touched my gar- 31 ments? And his dis- ciples said unto him, Thou seest the multi- tude thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who 32 touched me? And he looked round about to see her that had 33 done this thing. But the woman fearing and trembling, know- Matt. 9:18-26 hand upon her, and 19 she shall live. And Jesus arose, and fol- lowed him, and so did his disciples. 20 And behold, a woman, who had an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the border of his gar- 21 ment: for she said within herself, If I do but touch his gar- ment, I shall be 2 made whole. Luke 8:40-56 42 for he had an only daughter, about twelve years of age, and she lay a dying. But as he went the multitudes thronged him. 43 And a woman hav- ing an issue of blood twelve years, which ^ad spent all her living upon physi- cians, and could not be healed of any, 44 came behind him, and touched the border of his garment: and im- mediately the issue of her blood stanched. 45 And Jesus said, Who is it that touched me? And when all denied, Peter said, 9 and they that were with him, Master, the multitudes press thee and crush thee. 46 But Jesus said, Some one did touch me; for I perceived that power had gone forth 75 §67 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 5:21-43 ing what had been done to her, came and fell down before him, and told him 34 all the truth. And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath 3 made thee whole; go in peace, and be whole of thy 6 plague. 35 While he yet spake, they come from the ruler of the syna- gogue's house, saying, Thy daughter is dead : why troublest thou the 6 Master any fur- 36 ther? But Jesus, 7 not heeding the word spoken, saith unto the ruler of the syn- agogue, Fear not, 37 only believe. And he suffered no man to follow with him, save Peter, and James, and John the brother of 38 James. And they come to the house of the ruler of the synagogue; and he beholdeth a tumult, and many weeping and wailing greatly. 39 And when he was entered in, he saith unto them, Why make ye a tumult and weep? the child is not dead, but sleep- 40 eth. And they laugh- ed him to scorn. But he, having put them all forth, taketh the father of the child and her mother and them that were with him, and goeth in where the child was. Matt. 9:18-26 But Jesus turning and see- ing her said, Daugh- ter, be of good cheer; thy faith hath 3 made thee whole. And the woman was 2 made whole from that hour. 23 And when Jesus came into the ruler's house, and saw the flute- players, and the crowd making a tu- 24 mult, he said, Give place: for the damsel is not dead, but sleep- eth. And they laugh- 25 ed him to scorn. But when the crowd was put forth, he entered 76 Luke 8:40-56 47 from me. And when the woman saw that she was not hid, she came trembling, and falling down before him declared in the presence of all the people for what cause she touched him, and how she was healed 48 immediately. And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath 3 made thee whole; go in peace. 49 While he yet spake, there cometh one from the ruler of the synagogue's house, saying, Thy daughter is dead; trouble not 50 the 6 Master. < But Jesus hearing it, an- swered him, Fear not: only believe, and she shall be 2 made whole. 51 And when he came to the house, he suf- fered not any man to enter in with him, save Peter, and John, and James, and the father of the maiden and her mother. 52 And all were weeping, and bewailing her: but he said, Weep not; for she is not dead, but sleepeth. 53 And they laughed him to scorn, know- ing that she was dead. THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY 69 Matt. 9:18-26 in, and took her by the hand; and the 26 damsel arose. And 4 the fame hereof went forth into all that land. Luke 8:40-56 54 But he, taking her by the hand, called, say- ing, Maiden, arise. 55 And her spirit re- turned, and she rose up immediately: and he commanded that something be given 56 her to eat. And her parents were amazed . but he charged them to tell no man what had been done. Mark 5:21-43 41 And taking the child by the hand, he saith unto her, Talitha cu- mi; which is being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, Arise. 42 And straightway the damsel rose up, and walked; for she was twelve years old. And they were amaz- ed straightway with a great amazement. 43 And he charged them much that no man should know this : and he commanded that something should be given her to eat. 1 Gr. one ruler. 2 Or, saved. 3 Or, saved thee. * Gr. this fame. 5 Gr. scourge. « Or, Teacher. 7 Or, overhearing. 8 Some ancient authorities omit had spent all her living upon physicians, and. 9 Some ancient authorities omit and they that were with him. §68. HE HEALS TWO BLIND MEN, AND A DUMB DEMONIAC. A BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION Matt. 9:27-34 27 And as Jesus passed by from thence, two blind men followed him, cry- 28 ing out, and saying, Have mercy on us, thou son of David. And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They say unto him, 29 Yea, Lord. Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith 30 be it done unto you. And their eyes were opened. And Jesus strictly 31 charged them, saying, See that no man know it. But they went forth, and spread abroad his fame in all that land. 32 And as they went forth, behold, there was brought to him a dumb 33 man possessed with a 2 devil. And when the 2 devil was cast out, the dumb man spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so 34 seen in Israel. But the Pharisees said, 3 By the prince of the *devils casteth he out devils. 1 Or, sternly. 2 Gr. demon. 3 Or, In. * Gr. demons. §69. THE LAST* VISIT TO NAZARETH Mark 6:1-6 1 And he went out from thence; and he cometh into his own Matt. 13:54-58 54 And coming into his own coun- * There is no sufficient occasion to identify this visit to Nazareth with that described by Luke. That was at the very beginning of the great ministry in Galilee, and this is near its close. The details are quite different. It is perfectly natural that after a long interval he should give the Nazarenes another opportunity to hear his teaching, and to witness miracles, which he would not work for them when demanded, but now voluntarily works in a few cases, so far as their now wonder- ful unbelief left it appropriate. 77 §70 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Matt. 13:54-58 try he taught them in their syn- agogue, insomuch that they were astonished, and said, Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these J mighty works? Mark 6:1-6 country; and his disciples follow 2 him. And when the sabbath was come, he began to teach in the synagogue: and 3 many hear- ing him were astonished, saying, Whence hath this man these things? and, What is the wisdom that is given unto this man, and what mean such J mighty works 3 wrought by his hands? Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James, and Joses, and Judas, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were 2 offended in 4 him. And Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his 5 own house. And he could there do no 4 mighty work, save that he laid his hands upon a few 6 sick folk, and healed them. And he marvelled because of their unbelief. 1 Gr. powers. 2 Gr. caused to stumble. ' Some ancient authorities insert the. * Gr. power. In Sections 70 to 71 we have the Third Tour* of Galilee (Jesus following the Twelve) and the effect on Herod Antipas. 55 Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joseph, and 56 Simon, and Judas? And his sisters, are they not all with us? 57 Whence then hath this man all these things? And they were 2 off ended in him. But Jesus said unto them, a prophet is not with- out honour, save in his own country, and in his own house. 58 And he did not many 2 mighty works there because of their un- belief. 70. THE THIRD TOUR OF GALILEE AFTER INSTRUCT- ING THE TWELVE AND SENDING THEM FORTH BY TWOS Mark 6:6-13 6 And he went round about the villages teaching. Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 35 And Jesus went about all the cities and the villages* teaching in their syn- agogues, and preach- ing the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of disease and all manner of 36 sickness. But when * This is certainly a second, and probably a third journey about Galilee. Dwell on Matt. 9:35 and 11:1 (end of this section), and try to realize the extent of the Saviour's work in teaching and healing. He "crowded into three short years actions and labours of love that might have adorned a century." (Ro. Hall.) 78 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §70 Mark 6:6-13 7 And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth by two and two; and he gave them authority over the unclean spirits; 8 and he charged them Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion for them, because they were dis- tressed and scattered, as sheep not having a shepherd [see Num. 37 27:17; Ezek. 84:5). Then saith he unto his disciples, the harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few. 38 Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he send forth labourers into his har- vest. 1 And he called unto him his twelve dis- ciples, and gave them authority over un- clean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of disease and all manner of sickness. 2 Now the names of the twelve apostles are these: The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; 3 Philip, and Bartholo- mew; Thomas, and Matthew the pub- lican; James the son of Alphseus, and 4 Thaddaeus; Simon the ^ananaean, and Ju- das Iscariot, who also 5 2 betrayed him. These twelve Jesus sent forth, and charged them, saying, Go not into any way of the Gentiles, and enter not into any city of 6 the Samaritans: but 79 Luke 9:1-6 1 And he called the twelve together, and gave them power and authority over all 3 devils, and to cure 2 diseases. And he sent them forth to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal 3 19 the sick. And he said unto them, §70 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY that they should take nothing for their journey, save a staff only; no bread, no wallet, no 17 money in their 18 purse; but 9 to go shod with san- dals: and, said he, put not on two coats. 10 And he said unto them, Where- soever ye enter into a house, there abide till ye depart thence. 11 And whatsoever place shall not re- ceive you, and they hear you not, as ye go forth thence, shake off the dust that is under your feet for a testimony unto them. Take nothing for your journey, neither staff, nor wal- let, nor bread, nor money; neither have two coats. 4 And into whatsoever house ye enter, there abide, and thence de- 5 part. And as many Mark 6:6-13 Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 Luke 9:1-6 go rather to the lost sheep of the house of 7 Israel. And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is 8 at hand. Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out 3 devils: free- ly ye received, freely 9 give. Get you no gold, nor silver, nor brass in your 4 purses; 10 no wallet for your journey, neither two coats, nor shoes, nor staff: for the labourer is worthy of his food. 11 And into whatsoever city or village ye shall enter, search out who in it is worthy; and there abide till ye go forth. 12 And as ye enter into the house, salute it. 13 And if the house be worthy, let your peace come upon it: but if it be not worthy, let your peace return to you. 14 And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, as ye go forth out of that house or that city, shake off the dust of your feet. 15 Verily, I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Go- morrah in the day of judgement, than for that city. 16 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye there- 17 fore wise as serpents, and 5 harmless as doves. But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to councils, and in their synagogues they 18 will scourge you; yea and before governors and kings shall ye be brought 80 as receive you not, when ye depart from that city, shake off the dust from your feet for a testimony against them. THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §70 Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 19 for my sake, for a testimony to them and to the Gentiles. But when they deliver you up, be not anxious how or what ye shall speak : for it shall be 20 given you in that hour what ye shall speak. For it is not ye that speak, 21 but the Spirit of your Father that speaketh in you. And brother shall deliver up brother to death, and the father his child: and children shall 22 rise up against parents, and 6 cause them to be put to death. And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that endureth to the end, 23 the same shall be saved. But when they persecute you in this city, flee into the next: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone through the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come. 24 A disciple is not above his 7 master, nor a 8 servant above his lord. 25 It is enough for the disciple that he be as his 7 master, and the 8 servant as his lord. If they have called the master of the house 9 Beelzebub, how 26 much more shall they call them of his household ! Fear them not there- fore: for there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, 27 that shall not be known. What I tell you in the darkness, speak ye in the light: and what ye hear in the ear, proclaim upon the housetops. 28 And be not afraid of them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul : but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body 29 in 10 hell. Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and not one of them 30 shall fall on the ground without your Father: but the very hairs of your 31 head are all numbered. Fear not, therefore; ye are of more value than 32 many sparrows. Every one therefore who shall confess u me before men, 33 12 him will I also confess before my Father which is in heaven. But who- soever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Father which is in heaven. 34 Think not that I came to "send peace on the earth: I came not to 35 13 send peace, but a sword. For I came to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in 36 law against her mother in law: and a man's foes shall be they of his own 37 household [see Micah. 7:6}. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is 38 not worthy of me. And he that doth not take his cross and follow after 39 me, is not worthy of me. He that 14 findeth his 16 life shall lose it; and he that 16 loseth his 18 life for my sake shall find it [see John 12: 25]. 40 He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me re- 41 ceiveth him that sent me [see John 13: 20]. He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet's reward; and he that re- ceiveth a righteous man in the name of a righteous man shall receive a 42 righteous man's reward. And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold water only, in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward. Mark 6:6-13 12 And they went out, and preached that men should repent. 13 And they cast out many 'devils, and anointed with oil Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 1 And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of command- ing his twelve disci- ples, he departed thence to teach and 81 Luke 9:1-6 6 And they departed, and went throughout the villages, preach- §71 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 6:6-13 many that were sick, and healed them. Luke 9:1-6 ing the gospel, and healing everywhere. 1 Or, Zealot. See Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13. 2 Or, delivered him up, and so always. 3 Gr. demons. * Gr. girdles. 6 Or, simple. 6 Or, put them to death. 7 Or, teacher. 8 Gr. bond-servant. 9 Gr. Beelzebul: and so elsewhere. 10 Gr. Gehenna. " Gr. in me. 12 Gr. in him. 13 Gr. cast. 14 Or, found. IB Or, soul. 16 Or, lost. 17 Gr. brass. 18 Gr. girdle. 19 Some ancient authorities omit ifte sick. Matt. 9:35 to 11:1 preach in their cities. §71. THE GUILTY FEARS OF HEROD ANTIPAS IN TIBERIAS ABOUT JESUS BECAUSE HE HAD BEHEADED THE BAPTIST IN MACH^RUS Mark 6:14-29 14 And king Herod heard* thereof; for his name had become known: and x he said, John 2 the Baptist is risen from the dead, and therefore do these powers work in him. 15 But others said, It is Elijah. And others said, It is a prophet, even as one of the 16 prophets. But Her- od, when he heard thereof, said, John, whom I beheaded, he 17 is risen. For Herod himself had sent forth and laid hold upon John, and bound him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife: for he had married 18 her. For John said unto Herod, f It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother's wife [see Lev. 18:16; 19 20:21]. And Herodias set herself against Matt. 14:1-12 At that season Herod the tetrarch heard the report con- cerning Jesus, and said unto his serv- ants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore do these powers work in him. For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife. 4 For John said unto him, It is not lawful for thee to have her. 5 And when he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because Luke 9:7-9 7 Now Herod the tet- rarch heard of all that was done: and he was much per- plexed, because that it was said by some, that John was risen 8 from the dead; and by some, that Elijah had appeared; and by others, that one of the old prophets was risen again. And 9 Herod said, John I beheaded: but who is this, about whom I hear such things? And he sought to see him. * Mark's connection shows that Herod Antipas was impressed by the account of miracles which the disciples had wrought, as well as by those of Jesus himself. t Josephus (Antiquities, Book XVIII, v., 2) says of John that Herod " thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it should be too late." Josephus in no wise controverts the picture in Mark where Herodias appears as the one who prods Antipas to put John out of the way to satisfy her resentment against him for his rebuke of her adulterous marriage. Josephus merely presents the public and political aspects of the imprisonment and death of John. 82 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY §71 Mark 6:14-29 him; and desired to 20 kill him; and she could not; for Herod feared John, knowing that he was a right- eous man and a holy, and kept him safe. And when he heard him, he 3 was much perplexed; and he heard him gladly. 21 And when a con- venient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, and the 4 high cap- tains, and the chief 22 men of Galilee: and when 6 the daughter of Herodias herself came in and danced, 6 she pleased Herod and them that sat at meat with him; and the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee. 23 And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my king- 24 dom. And she went out, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist. 25 And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou forth- with give me in a charger the head of 26 John the Baptist. And the king was exceed- ing sorry; but for the Matt. 14:1-12 they counted him as a prophet. 6 But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced in the midst, and pleased Herod. 7 Whereupon he prom- ised with an oath to give her whatsoever 8 she should ask. And she, being put for- ward by her mother, saith, Give me here in a charger the head of John the Baptist. 9 And the king was grieved: but for the 83 §71 THE GREAT GALILEAN MINISTRY Mark 6:14-29 sake of his oaths, and of them that sat at meat, he would not 27 reject her. And straightway the king sent forth a soldier of his guard, and com- manded to bring his head: and he went and beheaded him in 28 the prison, and brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel; and the damsel gave it to 29 her mother. And when his disciples heard thereof, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb. Matt. 14:1-12 sake of his oaths, and of them which sat at meat with him, he commanded it to be 10 given: and he sent, and beheaded John 11 in the prison. And his head was brought in a charger, and given to the damsel: and she brought it to 12 her mother. And his disciples came, and took up the corpse, and buried him; and they went and told Jesus. 1 Some ancient authorities read they. a Gr. the Baptizer. 3 Many ancient authorities read did many things. * Or, military tribunes. Gr. chiliarch. 6 Some ancient authorities read his daughter Herodias. 6 Or, it. 84 PART VIII THE SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE IN DISTRICTS AROUND GALILEE Probably Passover in a.d. 29* to near Tabernacles in a.d. 29 or a year earlier (six months from spring to autumn). Just a year from the beginning of this Period till the Crucifixion. Emphasis now on the King of the King- dom (the Person of the Messiah). §§ 72-95. Four separate withdrawals] from Galilee are given, in §§ 72, 78, 79, 81. Notice that in every case he keeps out of Herod's territory, and in every case he goes to the mountains. § 72. THE FIRST RETIREMENT. THE TWELVE RETURN, AND JESUS RETIRES WITH THEM BEYOND THE LAKE TO REST. FEEDING OF THE FIVE THOUSAND Mark 6:30-44 30 And the apostles gather themselves to- gether unto Je- sus; and they told him all things, what- soever they had done, and whatsoever they had 31 taught. And he saith unto them, Come ye yourselves apart into a desert place, and rest a Luke 9:10-17 10 And the apostles, when they were re- turned, de- clared unto him what things they had done. * If the ministry of Jesus was three and a half years in length. If there were only three pass- overs in the ministry, then the year would be a.d. 28. This period begins just before a passover (John 6:4). t There are five reasons for the withdrawals from Galilee. He withdraws from the jealousy of Herod Antipas (§71), from the fanaticism of would-be followers in Galilee (John 6:15), and the hostility of the Jewish rulers; and leaving the hot shores of the Lake of Galilee, he spent the summer in mountain districts around, resting, and instructing the Twelve. 85 §72 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 6:30-44 Matt. 14:13-21 while. For there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure so much as to eat. 32 And they went away in the boat to a des- ert place apart. 33 And the people saw them go- ing, and many knew them, and they ran there together 2 on foot from all the cities, and outwent 34 them. And he came forth and saw a great multitude, and he had com- passion on them, because they were as sheep not hav- ing a shepherd, and he began to teach them many 35 And when the day was now far spent, his disciples came unto him, and said, The place is desert, and the day is now 36 far spent; send them away that they may go into the country and villages round 13 Now when Jesus heard it, he withdrew from thence in a boat, to a desert place apart. And when the mul- titudes heard thereof, they followed him J on foot from 14 the cities. And he came forth, and saw a great multitude, and he had compassion on them, and healed their sick. 15 And when even was come, the dis- ciples came to him, saying, The place is desert, and the time is already past; send the multitudes a- way, that they may go into the villages, and buy them- Luke 9:10-17 And he took them, and withdrew apart to a city called Beth- saida.* 11 But the multi- tudes perceiv- ing it followed him: and he welcomed them, and spake to them of the king- dom of God, and them that had need of healing he healed. 12 And the day began to wear away; and the twelve came and said unto him, Send the multitude away, that they may go into the vil- lages and country round about, and lodge, and get victuals: for we are here John 6:1-13 After these things Jesus went away to the other side of the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Ti- berias. And a great multi- tude followed him, because they beheld the signs which he did on them that were sick. And Jesus went up into the moun- tain, and there he sat with his disciples. 4 Now the pass- over, the feast of the Jews, was at hand. 5 Jesus therefore lifting up his eyes, and see- ing that a great multi- tude cometh unto him, saith unto Philip, Whence are we to buy ♦The Bethsaida of Luke 9:10 was evidently the eastern Bethsaida, which the Tetrarch Philip had named Bethsaida Julias, while that of Mark 6:45 was the western Bethsaida, near Capernaum. The territory belonging to Bethsaida Julias would naturally extend some distance down the lake. 86 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §72 Mark 6:30-44 about, and buy themselves somewhat to 37 eat. But he answered and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they say unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred 'pennyworth of bread, and give them to 38 eat? And he saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? go and see. And when they knew, they say, Five, and two fishes. 39 And he commanded them that all should 2 sit down by com- panies upon the green 40 grass. And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and 41 by fifties. And he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, and brake the loaves; and he gave to the disciples to set before them; and the two fishes divided Matt. 14:13-21 selves food. 16 But Jesus said unto them, They have no need to go a- way; give ye them to eat. 17 And they say unto him, We have here but five loaves, and 18 two fishes. And he said, Bring them hither 19 to me. And he commanded the multitudes to 2 sit down on the grass; and he took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, and brake and gave the loaves to the disciples, and the disciples to the multi- 20 tudes. And Luke 9:10-17 in a desert 13 place. But he said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they said, We have no more than five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and buy food for all this peo- 14 pie. For they were about five thousand. And he said unto his disciples, Make them 2 sit down in companies, about fifty each. And they did so, and made them all 2 sit down. And he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them, and brake; and gave to the disciples to set before the multitude. And they did eat, and were 15 16 17 John 6:1-13 4 bread, that these may eat? 6 And this he said to prove him: for he himself knew what he would 7 do. Philip an- swered him, Two hundred •pennyworth of 4 bread is not sufficient for them, that every one may take a little. 8 One of his dis- ciples,Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, saith unto him, 9 There is a lad here, which hath five bar- ley loaves, and two fishes : but what are these among so 10 many? Jesus said, Make the people sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in num- ber about five 11 thousand. Je- sus therefore took the loaves : and having given thanks, dis- tributed to them that were set down; likewise also of the fishes as 87 §73 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 6:30^4 he among 42 them all. And they did all eat, and were 43 filled. And they took up broken pieces, twelve basket- fuls, and also of the fishes. 44 And they that ate the loaves were five thou- sand men. Matt. 14:13-21 they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up that which remain- ed over of the broken pieces, twelve baskets 21 full. And they that did eat were about five thousand men, besides women and children. Luke 9:10-17 John 6:1-13 all filled: and much as they there was tak- 12 would. And en up that when they which remain- were filled, he ed over to saith unto his them of brok- di sciples, en pieces, Gather up the twelve bas- broken pieces kets. which remain over, that nothing be 13 lost. So they gathered them up, and filled twelve baskets with broken pieces from the five barley loaves, which remained over unto them that had eaten.* 1 Or, by land. J Gr. recline. > The word in the Greek denotes a coin worth about seventeen cents. 4 Gr. loaves. §73. THE PREVENTION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PURPOSE TO PROCLAIM JESUS KING (A POLIT- ICAL MESSIAH) Mark 6:45-46 45 And straightway he constrained his dis- ciples to enter into the boat, and to go before him unto the other side to Beth- saida, while he him- self sendeth the mul- 46 titude away. And after he had taken leave of them, he departed into the mountain to pray. Matt. 14:22-23 22 And straightway he constrained the disciples to enter in- to the boat, and to go before him unto the other side, till he should send the multitudes away. 23 And after he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into the mountain apart to pray : and when even was come, he was there alone. John 6:14-15 14 When therefore the people saw the sign that he did they said, This is of a truth the prophet that cometh unto the world [see Deut. 18:15). 15 Jesus therefore per- ceiving that they were about to come and take him by force, to make him king, withdrew again into the mountain himself alone. * Note that here for the first time John runs parallel with all the synoptic gospels. All four report this incident. See Passion Week. 88 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §74 § 74. THE PERIL TO THE TWELVE IN THE STORM AT SEA AND CHRIST'S COMING TO THEM ON THE WATER IN THE DARKNESS Mark 6:47-52 47 And when even was come, the boat was in the midst of the sea, and he alone on 48 the land. And see- ing them distressed in rowing, for the wind was contrary unto them, about the fourth watch of the night he cometh un- to them, walking on the sea; and he would have passed by them : 49 but they, when they saw him walking on the sea, supposed that it was an apparition, 50 and cried out : for they all saw him, and were troubled. But he straightway spake with them, and saith unto them, Be of good cheer: it is I; be not afraid. Matt. 14:24-33 24 But the boat J was now in the midst of the sea, distressed by the waves; for the wind was contrary. 25 And in the fourth watch of the night he came unto them, walking upon the sea. 26 And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is an appa- rition; and they cried 27 out for fear. But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not 28 afraid. And Peter answered him, and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee upon the 29 waters. And he said, Come. And Peter went down from the boat, and walked up- on the waters, 2 to 30 come to Jesus. But when he saw the 3 wind, he was afraid, and beginning to sink, he cried out, saying, 31 Lord, save me. And immediately Jesus stretched forth his hand, and took hold of him, and saith un- 89 John 6:16-21 16 And when evening came, his disciples went down unto the 17 sea; and they entered into a boat, and were going over the sea unto Capernaum. And it was now dark, and Jesus had not yet come to them. 18 And the sea was ris- ing by reason of a great wind that blew. 19 When therefore they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they behold Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the boat: and they were afraid. 20 But he saith unto them, It is I; be not afraid. §76 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 6:47-52 Matt. 14:24-33 to him, thou of lit- tle faith, wherefore didst thou doubt? 32 And when they were gone up into the boat, the wind ceased. 33 And they that were in the boat worship- ped him, saying, Of a truth thou art the Son of God. 21 51 And he went up unto them into the boat; and the wind ceased: and they were sore amazed in themselves 52 for they understood not concerning the loaves, but their heart was hardened. 2 Some ancient authorities read was many furlongs distant from the land. thorities read and came. s Many ancient authorities add strong. John 6:16-21 They were willing therefore to receive him into the boat: and straightway the boat was at the land whither they were going. 2 Some ancient au- §75. THE RECEPTION AT GENNESARET Mark 6:53-56 53 And when they had Crossed over, they came to the land unto Gennesaret, and moored to the 54 shore. And when they were come out of the boat, straightway the 55 people knew him, and ran about that whole region, and began to carry about on their beds those that were sick, where they heard 56 he was. And wheresoever* he entered, into villages, or into cities, or into the country, they laid the sick in the marketplaces, and besought him that they might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as touched 2 him were made whole. 1 Or, crossed over to the land, they Matt. 14:34-36 34 And when they crossed over, they came to the land, unto Gennesaret. 35 And when the men of that place knew him, they sent unto all that region round about, and brought unto 36 him all that were sick; and they besought him that they might only touch the border of his gar- ment: and as many as touched were made whole. came unto Gennesaret. 2 Or, it. §76. THE COLLAPSE OF THE GALILEAN CAMPAIGN BECAUSE JESUS WILL NOT CONFORM TO POP- ULAR MESSIANIC EXPECTATIONS The next day in the Synagogue in Capernaum. The same crowd that had eaten the Loaves and the Fishes leave Christ in disgust on learning that He is the Bread of Life and not a Political Messiah. John 6:22-71 22 On the morrow the multitude which stood on the other side of the sea saw that there was none other *boat there, save one, and that Jesus * This general characterization applies to the Galilean work as a whole in Part VII rather than to the precise time at this juncture. But one must allow his imagination to enlarge upon the scope of Christ's work. 90 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §76 John 6:22-71 entered not with his disciples into the boat, but that his disciples went 23 away alone (howbeit there came 2 boats from Tiberias nigh unto the place where they ate the bread after the Lord had given thanks): when the 24 multitude therefore saw that Jesus was not there, neither his disciples, they themselves got into the 2 boats, and came to Capernaum, seeking 25 Jesus. And when they found him on the other side of the sea, they said 26 unto him, Rabbi, when earnest thou hither? Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because ye saw signs, 27 but because ye ate of the loaves and were filled. Work not for the meat which perished, but for the meat which abideth unto eternal life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him the Father, even God, hath 28 sealed. They said therefore unto him, What must we do, that we may 29 work the works of God? Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the 30 work of God, that ye believe on him whom 3 he hath sent. They said therefore unto him, What then doest thou for a sign, that we may see, 31 and believe thee? what work est thou? Our fathers ate the manna in 32 the wilderness; as it is written, He gave them bread out of heaven to eat [see Ex. see 16:4, 15; Ps. 78:24; Neh. 9:15}. Jesus therefore said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, It was not Moses that gave you the bread out of heaven: but my Father giveth you the true bread out of heaven. 33 For the bread of God is that which cometh down out of heaven, and 34 giveth life unto the world. They said therefore unto him, Lord, ever- 35 more give us this bread. Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall not hunger, and he that believeth on me shall 36 never thirst. But I said unto you, that ye have seen me, and yet believe 37 not. All that which the Father giveth me shall come unto me; and him 38 that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. For I am come down from 39 heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. And this is the will of him that sent me, that of all that which he hath given me 40 I should lose nothing, but should raise it up at the last day. For this is the will of my Father, that every one that beholdeth the Son, and be- lieveth on him, should have eternal life; 4 I will raise him up at the last day. 41 The Jews therefore murmured concerning him, because he said, I am 42 the bread which came down out of heaven. And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how doth 43 he now say, I am come down out of heaven? Jesus answered and said 44 unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. No man can come to me, except the Father which sent me draw him: and I will raise him up in the 45 last day. It is written in the prophets [see Isa. 54:13], And they shall all be taught of God. Every one that hath heard from the Father, and hath 46 learned, cometh unto me. Not that any man hath seen the Father, 47 save he which is from God, he hath seen the Father. Verily, verily, I 48 say unto you, He that believeth hath eternal life. I am the oread of life. 49 Your fathers did eat the manna in the wilderness, and they died. This 50 is the bread which cometh down out of heaven, that a man may eat 51 thereof, and not die. I am the living bread which came down out of heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever: yea and the bread which I will give is my flesh, for the life of the world. 52 The Jews therefore strove one with another, saying, How can this man 53 give us his flesh to eat? Jesus therefore said unto them, Verily, verily, 91 §77 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE John 6:22-71 I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his 54 blood, ye have not life in yourselves. He that eateth my flesh and 55 drinketh my blood hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is 5 meat indeed, and my blood is 6 drink indeed. 56 He that eateth. my flesh and drinketh my blood abideth in me, and I in 57 him. As the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father; 58 so he that eateth me, he also shall live because of me. This is the bread which came down out of heaven: not as the fathers did eat, and died: 59 he that eateth this bread shall live for ever. These things said he in 7 the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum. 60 Many therefore of his disciples, when they heard this, said, This is a 61 hard saying; who can hear 8 it? But Jesus knowing in himself that his disciples murmured at this, said unto them, Doth this cause you to 62 stumble? What then if ye should behold the Son of man ascending where 63 he was before? It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth noth- 64 ing: the words that I have spoken unto you are spirit, and are life. But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from the be- ginning who they were that believed not, and who it was that should 65 betray him. And he said, For this cause have I said unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it be given unto him of the Father. 66 Upon this many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with 67 him. Jesus said therefore unto the twelve, Would ye also go away? 68 Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou 9 hast the 69 words of eternal life. And we have believed and know that thou art the 70 Holy One of God. Jesus answered them, Did not I choose you the 71 twelve, and one of you is a devil? Now he spake of Judas the son of Simon Iscariot, for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. 1 Gr. little boat. 2 Gr. little boats. 3 Or, he sent. * Or, that I should raise him up. 6 Gr. true meat. • Gr. true drink. 7 Or, a synagogue. 8 Or, him. 9 Or, hast words. § 77. PHARISEES FROM JERUSALEM REPROACH JESUS FOR ALLOWING HIS DISCIPLES TO DISREGARD THEIR TRADITIONS ABOUT CEREMONIAL DEFILEMENT OF THE HANDS. A PUZZLING PARABLE IN REPLY Probably in Capernaum Mark 7:1-23 1 And there are gathered together unto him the Pharisees, and cer- tain of the scribes, which had come 2 from Jerusalem, and had seen that some of his disciples ate their bread with "defiled, that is un- 3 washen, hands. For the Phari- sees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands 7 diligently, eat not, holding the tradition of 4 the elders: and when they come John 7:1 1 And after these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walkinJudea, because the Jews sought to kill him. 2 saying, Why do thy disciples Matt. 15:1-20 1 Then there came to Je- sus from Jerusalem Pharisees and scribes, 92 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §77 Mark 7:1-23 from the marketplace, except they 8 wash themselves, they eat not: and many other things there be, which they have received to hold, 9 washings of cups, and pots, and 5 brasen vessels. 10 And the Phari- sees and the scribes ask him, Why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with "defiled 6 hands? And he said unto them, Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, But their heart is far from me. 7 But in vain do they worship me, Teaching as their doctrines the precepts of men. 8 Ye leave the commandment of God, and hold fast the tradition 9 of men. And he said unto them, Full well do ye reject the com- mandment of God, that ye may 10 keep your tradition. For Moses [see Ex. 20:12; Deut. 5:16} said, Honour thy father and thy mother ; and, He that speaketh evil of father or mother, let him a die the 11 death; but ye say, If a man shall say to his father or his mother, That wherewith thou mightest have been profited by me is Cor- ban, that is to say, Given to God; 12 [see Ex. 21:17; Lev. 20:9]; ye no longer suffer him to do aught for his father or his mother; making void the word of God by your tradition, which ye have de- 13 livered: and many such like things 14 ye do. And he called to him the multitude again, and said unto them, Hear me all of you, and 15 understand: there is nothing from without the man, that going into him can defile him: but the things which proceed out of the man are those that defile the man. 11 17 And when he was entered into the house from the multitude, his 93 Matt. 15:1-20 10 11 transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. And he answered and said unto them, Ye hypocrites, well did Isaiah prophesy of you, saying [see Isa. 29:18), This people honoureth me with their lips; But their heart is far from me. But in vain do they worship me, Teaching as their doctrines the precepts of men. Why do ye also transgress the commandment of God, because of your tradition? For God said, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, He that speaketh evil of father or mother, let him x die the death. But ye say, Who- soever shall say to his father or his mother, That wherewith thou mightest have been profited by me is given to God; he shall not honour his father. 2 And ye have made void the 'word of God because of your tradition. And he called to him the multitude, and said unto them, Hear, and under- stand: Not that which entereth into the mouth defileth the man, but that which proceedeth out of the mouth, this defileth the man. §78 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 7:1-23 disciples asked of him the parable. 18 And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also? Per- ceive ye not, that whatsoever from without goeth into the man, 19 it cannot defile him; because it goeth not into his heart, but into his belly, and goeth out into the draught? This he said, making 20 all meats clean. And he said, That which proceedeth out of the man, that defileth the man. 21 For from within, out of the heart of men, 12 evil thoughts proceed, 22 fornications, thefts, murders, adul- teries, covetings, wickednesses, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, 23 railing, pride, foolishness: all these evil things proceed from within, and defile the man. Matt. 15:1-20 12 Then came the disciples, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the Pharisees were 4 offended, when 13 they heard this saying? But he answered and said, Every 6 plant which my heavenly Father plant- 14 ed not, shall be rooted up. Let them alone: they are blind guides. And if the blind guide the blind, 15 both shall fall into a pit. And Peter answered and said unto him, Declare unto us the parable. 16 And he said, Are ye also even yet 17 without understanding? Perceive ye not, that whatsoever goeth into the mouth passeth into the belly, and is cast out into 18 the draught? But the things which proceed out of the mouth come forth out of the heart; and 19 they defile the man. For out of the heart come forth evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, railings: these are the things which defile the man: but to eat with unwashen hands defileth not the man. 1 Or, surely die. 2 Some ancient authorities add or his mother. * Some ancient authorities read law. 4 Gr. caused to stumble. 6 Gr. planting. « Or, common. 7 Or, up to the elbow. Gr. with the fist. 8 Gr. baptize. Some ancient authorities read sprinkle themselves. 9 Gr. baptizings. 10 Many ancient authorities add and couches. « Many ancient authorities insert ver. 16, If any man hath ears to hear, let him hear. " Gr. thoughts that are evil. § 78. THE SECOND WITHDRAWAL TO THE REGION OF TYRE AND SIDON AND THE HEALING OF THE DAUGHTER OF A SYRO-PHCENICIAN WOMAN Mark 7:24-30 24 And from thence he arose, and went away into the borders of Tyre 3 and Sidon. And he entered Matt. 15:21-28 , 21 And Jesus went out thence, and withdrew into the parts of Tyre and Sidon.* * It used to be questioned whether he actually left the land of Israel. Matthew's ought to have settled the question, and the corrected text of Mark 7:31 leaves no doubt. 94 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §79 Mark 7:24-30 into a house, and would have no man know it: and he could 25 not be hid. But straightway a woman, whose little daughter had an unclean spirit, having heard of him, came and fell down 26 at his feet. Now the woman was a 4 Greek, a Syrophcenician by race. And she besought him that he would cast forth the ^evil out of her daughter. 27 And he said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the children's 2 bread and 28 cast it to the dogs. But she answered and saith unto him, Yea, Lord: even the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs. 29 And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the x devil is 30 gone out of thy daughter. And she went away unto her house, and found the child laid upon the bed, and the ^evil gone out. Matt. 15:21-28 22 And behold, a Canaanitish woman came out from those borders, and cried, saying, Have mercy on me, Lord, thou son of David, my daughter is grievously vexed with 23 a ^evil. But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying, Send her away; for she crieth 24 after us. But he answered and said, I was not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Is- 25 rael. But she came and wor- shipped him, saying, Lord, help 26 me. And he answered and said, It is not meet to take the chil- dren's 2 bread and cast it to the 27 dogs. But she said, Yea, Lord: for even the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their 28 masters' table. Then Jesus an- swered and said unto her, O woman, great is thy faith; be it done unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was healed from that hour. 1 Gr. demon. 2 Or, loaf. 3 Some ancient authorities omit and Sidon. 4 Or, Gentile. §79. THE THIRD WITHDRAWAL NORTH THROUGH PHOENICIA AND EAST TOWARDS HERMON AND SOUTH INTO DECAPOLIS (KEEPING OUT OF THE TERRITORY OF HEROD ANTIPAS) WITH THE HEALING OF THE DEAF AND DUMB MAN AND THE FEEDING OF THE FOUR THOUSAND Mark 7:31-8:9 31 And again he went out from the borders of Tyre, and came through Sidon unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the 32 borders of Decapolis.* And they Matt. 15:29-38 29 And Jesus departed thence, and came nigh unto the sea of Galilee; and he went up into the mountain, and sat there. * Observe how carefully he keeps away from the territory ruled by Herod Antipas. The tetrarch Philip, who governed the districts east of the Lake of Galilee and of the upper Jordan, was a better man than Antipas, and moreover had no cause to feel uneasy about Jesus. 95 §79 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 7:31-8:9 bring unto him one that was deaf, and had an impediment in his speech; and they beseech him to 33 lay his hand upon him. And he took him aside from the multitude privately, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spat, and touched 34 his tongue; and looking up to heaven, he sighed, and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be 35 opened. And his ears were open- ed, and the bond of his tongue was 36 loosed, and he spake plain. And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more he charged them, so much the more a 37 great deal they published it. And they were beyond measure as- tonished, saying, He hath done all things well: he maketh even the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak. 1 In those days, when there was again* a great multitude, and they had nothing to eat, he called unto him his disciples, and saith 2 unto them, I have compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat; and 3 if I send them away fasting to their home, they will faint in the way; and some of them are 4 come from far. And his disci- ples answered him, Whence shall one be able to fill these men with *bread here in a desert place? 5 And he asked them, How many loaves have ye? And they said. 6 Seven. And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the ground: and he took the seven loaves, and having given thanks, he brake, and gave to his disciples, to set before them; and they set 7 them before the multitude. And Matt. 15:29-38 30 And there came unto him great multitudes, having with them the lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and they cast 31 them down at his feet; and he healed them: insomuch that the multitude wondered, when they saw the dumb speaking, the maimed whole, and the lame walk- ing, and the blind seeing: and they glorified the God of Israel. 32 And Jesus called unto him his disciples, and said, I have com- passion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days and have nothing to eat: and I would not send them away fasting, lest haply they faint in the way. 33 And the disciples say unto him, Whence should we have so many loaves in a desert place, as to fill so great a multi- 34 tude? And Jesus saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven, and a few small 35 fishes. And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the 36 ground: and he took the seven loaves and the fishes; and he gave thanks and brake, and gave to the disciples, and the disciples to the multitudes. * It is to be noted that Mark and Matthew give the feeding of the five thousand and of the four thousand. Mark and Matthew likewise report Jesus as referring to both incidents (Mark 8:19-20 = Matt. 16:9-10). Hence, it is hard to think of a mere confusion in the use of the data. There is no real reason why both incidents could not be true. 96 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §80 Mark 7:31-8:9 they had a few small fishes: and having blessed them, he com- manded to set these also before 8 them. And they did eat, and were filled: and they took up, of broken pieces that remained over, 9 seven baskets. And they were about four thousand: and he sent them away. Matt. 15:29-38 37 And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up that which re- mained over the broken pieces, 38 seven baskets full. And they that did eat were four thousand men, beside women and children. 1 Gr. loaves. §80. THE BRIEF VISIT TO MAGADAN (DALMANUTHA) IN GALILEE AND THE SHARP ATTACK BY THE PHARISEES AND THE SADDUCEES (NOTE THEIR APPEARANCE NOW AGAINST JESUS) Mark 8:10-12 10 And straightway he entered into the boat with his disciples, and came into the parts of Dalma- nutha. 11 And the Pharisees came forth, began to question with him, seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him. Matt. 15:39-16:4 39 And he sent away the multitudes, and entered into the boat, and came into the borders of Mag- adan.* 1 And the Pharisees and Sad- ducees came, and tempting himf asked him to shew them a sign 2 from heaven. But he answered and said unto them, 1 When it is evening, ye say, It will be fair 3 weather: for the heaven is red. And in the morning, It will be foul weather to-day: for the heaven is red and lowring. Ye know how to discern the face of the heaven; but ye cannot discern the signs of 4 the times. An evil and adulter- ous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of Jonah [see Jonah 3:4]. And he left them, and departed. 1 The following words, to the end of ver. 3, axe omitted by some of the most ancient and other important authorities. * The situation of Magadan was unknown to some early students or copyists, as it is to us, and so they changed it to the familiar Magdala, found in our common texts. t The moment he returns to Galilee the Jewish leaders begin to attack him. 12 And he sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, Why doth this generation seek a sign? verily I say unto you, There shall no sign be given unto this generation. 97 §81 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE § 81. THE FOURTH RETIREMENT TO BETHSAIDA JULIAS IN THE TETRARCHY OF HEROD PHILIP WITH SHARP REBUKE OF THE DULNESS OF THE DISCIPLES ON THE WAY ACROSS AND THE HEALING OF A BLIND MAN IN BETHSAIDA Mark 8:13-26 13 And he left them, and again entering into the boat departed to the other [side. 14 And they forgot to take bread; and they had not in the boat with them more than one loaf. 15 And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and the leaven 16 of Herod. And they reasoned one with another, 4 saying. 5 We 17 have no bread. And Jesus per- ceiving it saith unto them, Why reason ye, because ye have no bread? do ye not yet perceive, neither understand? have ye your 18 heart hardened? having eyes, see ye not? and having ears, hear ye not? and do ye not remember 19 [see Jer. 5:21; Ezek. 12:2]! When I brake the five loaves among the five thousand, how many 6 baskets full of broken pieces took ye up? 20 They say unto him, Twelve. And when the seven among the four thousand, how many 6 basketfuls of broken pieces took ye up? 21 And they say unto him, Seven. And he said unto them, Do ye not yet understand? 22 And they come unto Bethsaida.* And they bring to him a blind man, and beseech him to touch 23 him. And he took hold of the blind man by the hand, and brought him out of the village; Matt. 16:5-12 5 And the disciples came to the other side and forgot to take 6 2 bread. And Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and 7 Sadducees. And they reasoned among themselves, saying, 2 We 8 took no x bread. And Jesus per- ceiving it said, ye of little faith, why reason ye among yourselves 9 because ye have no *bread? Do ye not yet perceive, neither re- member the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many 3 baskets 10 ye took up? Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many 3 baskets ye took up? 11 How is it that ye do not perceive that I spake not to you concerning *bread? But beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees. 12 Then they understood how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of x bread, but of the teach- ing of the Pharisees and Sad- ducees. * Jesus goes on to the region of Csesarea Philippi on Mount Hermon, where no hostility had been aroused, and he could quietly instruct the Twelve. He probably remained in that vicinity several months, as this whole period of retirement lasted six months. He was near Bethsaida Julias in the First Retirement and now he stops here again on his way to Csesarea Philippi. Each of the four retirements is into heathen territory (Ituria twice, Phoenicia, Decapolis), where Greek influ- ence prevails, and where the Greek language is dominant. SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §82 Mark 8:13-26 and when he had spit on his eyes, and laid his hands upon him, he asked him, Seest thou aught? 24 And he looked up, and said, I see men; for I behold them as trees, 25 walking. Then again he laid his hands upon his eyes; and he looked stedfastly, and was re- stored, and saw all things clearly. 26 And he sent him away to his home, saying, Do not even enter into the village. 1 Gr. loaves. 2 Or, It is because we took no bread, Greek words. 4 Some ancient authorities read because they had no bread. s Or, It is because we have no bread. ■ Basket in ver. 19 and 20 represents different Greek words. 3 Basket in ver. 9 and 10 represents different §82. NEAR CiESAREA PHILIPPI JESUS TESTS THE FAITH OF THE TWELVE IN HIS MESSIAHSHIP Mark 8:27-30 27 And Jesus went forth, and his disci- ples, into the villages of Caesarea Philippi: and in the way he asked his disciples, saying unto them, Who do men say that 28 I am? And they told him, saying, John the Baptist: and others, Elijah: but others, One of the 29 prophets. And he asked them, But who say ye that I am? Peter answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ. Matt. 16:13-20 13 Now when Jesus came into the parts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disci- ples, saying, Who do men say x that the 14 Son of man is? And they said, Some say John the Baptist; some, Elijah; and others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets. 15 He saith unto them, But who say ye that 16 1 am? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ,* the Son of 17 the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Bless- ed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah: for flesh Luke 9:18-21 18 And it came to pass, as he was praying alone, the disciples were with him: and he asked them, say- ing, Who do the mul- titudes say that I am? 19 And they answering said, John the Bap- tist; but others say, Elijah; and others, that one of the old prophets is risen 20 again. And he said unto them, But who say ye that I am? And Peter answering said, The Christ of God. ♦Some understand ver. 16 f. as showing that they had never before believed him to be the Messiah, and so hold that the other Gospels here utterly conflict with John, who represents the first disciples (§§28, 35) as believing Jesus to be the Messiah. But it is easy to suppose that their early faith in his Messiahship was shaken by his continued failure to gather armies and set up the expected temporal kingdom, and while still believing him to have a divine mission they had questioned whether he was the Messiah, as John the Baptist did in prison (§ 57). Observe that in Matthew and Luke he long before this time distinctively implied that he was the Messiah, in response to the Forerunner's inquiries (§57). Besides, at the Baptism and the Temptation, the Synoptic Gospels represent Jesus as the Son of God. 99 §83 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 8:27-30 30 And he charged them that they should tell man of him. no Matt. 16:13-20 and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which 18 is in heaven. And I also say unto thee, that thou art 2 Peter, and upon this 3 rock I will build* my church [see Ps. 89:4, 26, 38, 48]; and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give unto thee the keys of the king- dom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. 20 Then charged he the disciples that they should tell no man that he was the Christ. Luke 9:18-21 21 But he charged them, and command- ed them to tell this to no man; 1 Many ancient authorities read that I the Son of man am. Petros. 3 Gr. petra. See Mark 8:27; Luke 9:18. * Gr. §83. JESUS DISTINCTLY FORETELLS THAT HE, THE MESSIAH, WILL BE REJECTED AND KILLED, AND WILL RISE THE THIRD DAY 31 Mark 8:31-37 And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suf- fer many things, and be rejected by the elders, and the chief priests, and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days 32 rise again. And he Matt. 16:21-26 21 From that time be- gan tfesus to shew unto his disciples, how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and the third day be raised up. Luke 9:22-25 22 saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and the third day be raised up. * It is interesting to note that the imagery employed by Jesus here all appears in Ps. 89, a Mes- sianic Psalm built on 1 Sam. 7. Thus note "build" in Ps. 89:4, "rock" in 89:26, "anointed" in 89:38, "the power of Sheol" in 89:48, and the Psalm discusses the perpetuity of the Davidic throne (Kingdom). Jesus applies this imagery to the spiritual Kingdom that He is building. 100 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §84 Mark 8:31-37 spake the saying openly. And Peter took him, and began 33 to rebuke him. But he turning about, and seeing his disciples, rebuked Peter, and saith, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou mindest not the things of God, but the things of men. 34 And he called unto him the multitude with his disciples, and said unto them, If any man would come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, 35 and follow me. For whosoever would save his 3 life shall lose it; and whosoever shall lose his 3 life for my sake and the gospel's 36 shall save it. For what doth it profit a man, to gain the whole world, and for- 37 feit his 3 life? For what should a man give in exchange for his 3 life? Matt. 16:21-26 22 And Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, 2 Be it far from thee, Lord: this shall never be unto 23 thee. But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art a stumbling-block un- to me: for thou mind- est not the things of God, but the things 24 of men. Then said Jesus unto his disci- ples, If any man would come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, 25 and follow me. For whosoever would save his 3 life shall lose it: and whosoever shall lose his 3 life for my sake shall find it. 26 For what shall a man be profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and forfeit his 3 life? or what shall a man give in exchange for his 3 life? Luke 9:22-25 23 24 25 And he said unto all, If any man would come af- ter me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. For who- soever would save his 3 life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his 3 life for my sake, the same shall save it. For what is a man profited, if he gain the whole world, and lose or forfeit his own self? 1 Some ancient authorities read Jesus Christ. s Or, God have mercy on thee. ' Or, soul. §84. THE COMING OF THE SON OF MAN IN THAT GENERATION Mark 8:38-9:1 38 For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the Son of man also shall be ashamed of him, when he cometh in the glory of his Father Matt. 16:27-28 27 For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels and then shall 101 Luke 9:26-27 26 For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in his own glory, and the glory of the Father, and of 27 the holy angels. But §85 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 8:38-9:1 with the holy angels. 1 And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There be some here of them that stand by, which shall in no wise taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God come with power. Matt. 16:27-28 he render unto every man according to his 28 J deeds [see Ps. 62:12; Prov. 24:12]. Verily I say unto you, There be some of them that stand here, which shall in no wise taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his king- dom. 1 Or, doings. Luke 9:26-27 I tell you of a truth, There be some of them that stand here, which shall in no wise taste of death, till they see the king- dom of God. §85. THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS ON A MOUN- TAIN (PROBABLY HERMON*) NEAR OESAREA PHILIPPI Mark 9:2-8 2 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and bringeth them up into a high mountain apart by themselves : and he was transfigured be- 3 fore them: and his garments became glistering, exceeding white; so as no fuller on earth can whiten 4 them. And there appeared unto them Elijah with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus. Matt. 17:1-8 1 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into a high mountain 2 apart: and he was transfigured before them; and his face did shine as the sun, and his garments became white as the light. 3 And behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elijah talking with him. Luke 9:28-36 28 And it came to pass, about eight days af- ter these sayings, he took with him Peter and John and James, and went up into the mountain to pray. 29 And as he was pray- ing, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and his rai- ment became white 30 and dazzling. And behold, there talked with him two men, which were Moses 31 and Elijah; who ap- peared in glory, and spake of his 2 decease which he was about to accomplish at 32 Jerusalem. Now Peter and they that were with him, were heavy with sleep: but 3 when they were fully awake, they saw his * The tradition which places the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor is beyond question false. 102 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §86 Mark 9:2-8 5 And Peter answer eth and saith unto Jesus, Rabbi, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles,* one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for 6 Elijah. For he wist not what to answer; for they became sore 7 afraid. And there came a cloud over- shadowing them: and there came a voice out of the cloud, This is my beloved Son: hear ye him [see Deut. 18:15; Isa. 42:1; Ps. 2:7\.\ 8 And suddenly looking round about, they saw no one any more, save Jesus only with themselves. 1 Or, booths. 2 Or, departure, my beloved Son. See Matt. 17:5; Matt. 17:1-8 4 And Peter answer ed, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, I will make here three ^aberna cles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elijah. 5 While he was yet speaking, behold, a bright cloud over- shadowed them: and behold, a voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye 6 him. And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and were sore 7 afraid. And Jesus came and touched them and said, Arise, and be not afraid. 8 And lifting up their eyes, they saw no one, save Jesus only. Luke 9:28-36 glory, and the two men that stood with 33 him. And it came to pass, as they were parting from him, Peter said unto Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three taber- nacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elijah: not knowing what he 34 said. And while he said these things, there came a cloud, and overshadowed them: and they fear- ed as they entered 35 into the cloud. And a voice came out of the cloud, saying, This is 4 my Son, my chosen: hear ye him. 36 And when the voice was B came, Jesus found alone. 3 Or, having remained awake. * Many ancient authorities read Mark 9:7. fi Or, was past. 86. THE PUZZLE OF THE THREE DISCIPLES ABOUT THE RESURRECTION AND ABOUT ELIJAH ON THEIR WAY DOWN THE MOUNTAIN Mark 9:9-13 9 And as they were coming down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell no man what things they had seen, save when the Son of man Matt. 17:9-13 9 And as they were coming down from the mountain, Jesus commanded them, saying, Tell the vi- sion to no man, until the Son of man be risen from the dead. Luke 9:36 36 And they held their peace, and told no man in those days any of the things which they had seen. * Probably not long before the feast of tabernacles (near end of September) and Peter may have meant that they celebrate the feast on the mountains instead of going to Jerusalem, t See § 24 for similar language at the Baptism of Jesus. 103 §87 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 9:9-13 should have risen again from the dead. 10 And they kept the saying, questioning among themselves what the rising again from the dead should 11 mean. And they asked him, saying, 2 The scribes say that Elijah must first 12 come. And he said unto them, Elijah in- deed cometh first, and restoreth all things: and how is it written of the Son of man, that he should suffer many things and be 13 set at naught? But I say unto you, that Elijah is come, and they have also done unto him whatsoever they listed, even as it is written of him. Matt. 17:9-13 10 And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes that Elijah must first come [see 11 [Mai 4:5-6]? And he answered and said, Elijah indeed cometh, and shall restore all 12 things: but I say un- to you, that Elijah is come already,* and they knew him not, but did unto him whatsoever they list- ed [see 1 Kings 19:2, 10]. Even so shall the Son of man also suffer 13 of them. Then understood the disci- ples that he spake un- to them of John the Baptist. 1 Or, How is it that the scribes say §87. THE DEMONIAC BOY, WHOM THE DISCIPLES COULD NOT HEAL In the region of Caesarea Philippi Mark 9:14-29 14 And when they came to the disciples, they saw a great multitude about them, and scribes questioning 15 with them. And straightway all the multitude, when they saw him, were greatly amazed, and running to him sa- 16 luted him. And he asked them, What question ye with Matt. 17:14-20 14 And when they were come to the multi- tude, there came to Luke 9:37-43 37 And it came to pass, on the next day, when they were come down from the mountain, a great multitude met him. ♦The Baptist's disclaimer about being Elijah (John 1:21) means only that he was not Elijah in person come back to earth according to popular expectation. 104 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §87 Mark 9:14-29 17 them? And one of the multitude an- swered him, 3 Master, I brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; and 18 wheresoever it taketh him, it 4 dasheth him down: and he foam- eth, and grindeth his teeth, and pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast it out; and they were 19 not able. And he an- swereth them and saith, O faithless generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I bear with you? bring him 20 unto me. And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway the spirit Hare him grievously; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foam- 21 ing. And he asked his father, How long time is it since this hath come unto him? And he said, From 22 a child. And oft- times it hath cast him both into the fire and into the waters, to destroy him: but if thou canst do any- thing, have compas- sion on us, and help 23 us. And Jesus said unto him, If thou canst ! All things are possible to him that 24 believeth. Straight- way the father of the child cried out, and Matt. 17:14-20 him a man, kneeling to him, and saying, 15 Lord, have mercy on my son: for he is ep ileptic, and suffereth grievously: for oft times he falleth into the fire, and oft times into the water. 16 And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him. 17 And Jesus an- swered and said, faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I bear with you? bring him hither to me. Luke 9:37-43 38 And behold, a man from the multitude cried, saying, fas- ter, I beseech thee to look upon my son; for he is mine only 39 child: and behold, a spirit taketh him and he suddenly crieth out; and it 9 teareth him that he foameth, and it hardly depart- eth from him, bruis- 40 ing him sorely. And I besought thy dis- ciples to cast it out; and they could not. 41 And Jesus answered and said, faithless and perverse gener- ation, how long shall I be with you, and bear with you? bring 42 hither thy son. And as he was yet a com- ing, the ^evil 10 dashed him down, and Hare him grievously. 105 §87 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 9:14-29 said 6 , I believe; help thou mine unbelief. 25 And when Jesus saw that a multitude came running to- gether, he rebuked the unclean spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I command thee, come out of him, and enter no 26 more into him. And having cried out, and 6 torn him much, he came out: and the child became as one dead; insomuch that the more part said, 27 He is dead. But Je- sus took him by the hand, and raised him up; and he arose. 28 And when he was come into the house, his disciples asked him privately, ''say- ing, We could not cast 29 it out. And he said unto them, This kind can come out by nothing, save by prayer. 8 Matt. 17:14-20 18 And Jesus rebuked him; and the ^evil went out from him: and the boy was cured from that hour. Luke 9:37-43 But Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the boy, and gave him back [3 to his father. And they were all aston- ished at the majesty of God. 19 Then came the dis- ciples to Jesus apart, and said, Why could not we cast it out? 20 And he said unto them, Because of your little faith: for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Re- move hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing Bhall be impossible unto you. 2 1 Gr. demon. * Many authorities, some ancient, insert ver. 21 But this kind goeth not out save by prayer and fasting. See Mark 9:29. 3 Or, Teacher. 4 Or, rend eth him. 8 Or, convulsed. « Many ancient authorities add with tears. 7 Or, How is it that we could not cast it out? 8 Many ancient authorities add and fasting. • Or, convulseth. 10 Or, rent him. 106 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §89 88. RETURNING PRIVATELY THROUGH GALILEE, HE AGAIN FORETELLS HIS DEATH AND RESUR- RECTION Mark 9:30-32 30 And they went forth from thence, and passed through Galilee; and he would not that any man 31 should know it. For he taught his dis- ciples, and said unto them, The Son of man is delivered up into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and when he is killed, after three days he shall 32 rise again. But they understood not the saying, and were afraid to ask him. Matt. 17:22-23 And while they : abode in Galilee, Je- sus said unto them, The Son of man shall be delivered up into the hands of men; 23 and they shall kill him, and the third day he shall be raised up. And they were exceeding sorry. Luke 9:43-45 43 But while all were marvelling at all the things which he did, he said unto his dis- 44 ciples, Let these words sink into your ears: for the Son of man shall be deliv- ered up into the hands of men. 45 But they understood not this saying, and it was concealed from them, that they should not perceive it: and they were afraid to ask him about this saying. 1 Some ancient authorities read were gathering themselves together. The season of retirement from Galilee is now ended (§§ 72-88). The remaining events at this time (§§&9-£5) probably occupied only a few days. §89. JESUS, THE MESSIAH, PAYS THE HALF-SHEKEL FOR THE TEMPLE Capernaum Matt. 17:24-27 24 And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received the ^alf-shekel came to Peter, and said, Doth not your faster pay the 25 ^alf-shekel [see Ex. 30:11-15]? He saith, Yea. And when he came into the house, Jesus spake first to him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? the kings of the earth, from whom do they receive toll or tribute? from their 26 sons, or from strangers? And when he said, From strangers, Jesus said 27 unto him, Therefore the sons are free. But, lest we cause them to stumble, 107 §90 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Matt. 17:24-27 go thou to the sea and cast a hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a 3 shekel: that take, and give unto them for me and thee. 1 Gr. didrachma. 2 Or, teacher. 3 Gr. stater. §90. THE TWELVE CONTEND AS TO WHO SHALL BE THE GREATEST UNDER THE MESSIAH'S REIGN. HIS SUBJECTS MUST BE CHILDLIKE Mark 9:33-37 33 And they came to Capernaum: and when he was in the house he asked them, What were ye reason- ing in the way? 34 But they held their peace: for they had disputed one with an- other in the way, who was the greatest. 35 And he sat down, and called the twelve; he saith unto them If any man would be first, he shall be last of all, and minister 36 of all. And he took a little child, and set him in the midst of them: and taking him in his arms, he said unto them, 37 Whosoever shall re- ceive one of such little children in my name, receiveth me: and whosoever re- ceiveth me, receiv- eth not me, but him that sent me. Capernaum Matt. 18:1-5 1 In that hour came the disciples unto Je- sus, saying, who theo is greatest in the kingdom of heaven? 2 And he called to him a little child, and set him in the midst of 3 them, and said, Ver- ily I say unto you, Except ye turn, and become as little chil- dren, ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven. 4 Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is the greatest in the king- 5 dom of heaven. And whoso shall receive one such little child in my name receiveth me: * Gr. greater. 2 Gr. lesser. 108 46 Luke 9:46-48 And there arose a reasoning among them, which of them should be greatest. 47 But when Jesus saw the reasoning of their heart, he took a little child, and set him by his side, and said unto them, 48 Whosoever shall re- ceive this little child in my name receiveth me : and whosoever shall receive me re- ceiveth him that sent me: for ,he that is 2 least among you all, the same is great. SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE § 91 §91. THE MISTAKEN ZEAL OF THE APOSTLE JOHN REBUKED BY JESUS IN PERTINENT PARABLES Mark 9:38-50 38 John said unto him, 'Master, we saw one casting out 8 devils in thy name: and we forbade him, because he followed not us. 39 But Jesus said, For- bid him not: for there is no man which shall do a eighty work in my name, and be able quickly to speak evil 40 of me. For he that is not against us is 41 for us. For whoso- ever shall give you a cup of water to drink "because ye are Christ's, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his re- 42 ward. And whosoever shall cause one of these little ones that believe n on me to stumble, it were bet- ter for him if 2 a great millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea. 43 And if thy hand cause thee to stumble, cut it off: it is good for thee to enter into life Capernaum Matt. 18:6-14 6 but whoso shall cause one of these little ones which believe on me to stumble, it is profit- able for him that 2 a great millstone should be hanged about his neck, and that he should be sunk in the depth of 7 the sea. Woe unto the world because of occasions of stum- bling! for it must needs be that the oc- casions come; but woe to that man through whom the occasion 8 cometh! And if thy hand or thy foot causeth thee to stum- ble, cut it off, and cast it from thee: it 109 Luke 9:49-50 49 And John answer- ed and said, Master, we saw one casting out 8 devils in thy name; and we for- bade him, because he followeth not with 50 us. But Jesus said unto him, Forbid him not: for he that is not against you is for you. §91 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE Mark 9:38-50 maimed, rather than having thy two hands to go into 12 hell, into the unquenchable 45 fire. 13 And if thy foot cause thee to stumble, cut it off: it is good for thee to enter into life halt, rather than having thy two feet to be 47 cast into 12 hell. And if thine eye cause thee to stumble, cast it out: it is good for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into 12 hell; 48 where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched [see Isa. 66:24]. For 49 every one shall be salted with fire 14 [see 50 Lev.2:13). Saltisgood: but if the salt have lost its saltness, where- with will ye season it? Have salt in yourselves, and be at peace one with another. 13 which goeth astray? Matt. 18:6-14 is good for thee to enter into life maim- ed or halt, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into the eternal fire. 9 And if thine eye causeth thee to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: it is good for thee to enter into fife with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into the 3 hell of fire. 10 See that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, that in heaven their angels do al- ways behold the face of my Father which 12 is in heaven. 4 How think ye? if any man have a hundred sheep,* and one of them be gone astray, doth he not leave the ninety and nine, and go unto the moun- and seek that tains, And if so be that he find it, verily I say unto you, he rejoiceth over it more than over the ninety and nine which have not 14 gone astray. Even so it is not 6 the will of 'your Father which is in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish. 1 Gr. greater. 2 Gr. a millstone turned by an ass. 3 Gr. Gehenna of fire. * Many authorities, some ancient, insert ver. 11 For the Son of man came to save that which was lost. See Luke 19:10. s Gr. a thing willed before your father. « Some ancient authorities read my. * Or, teacher. 8 Gr. demons. 9 Gr. power. 10 Gr. in name that ye are. n Many ancient authorities omit on me. 12 Gr. Gehenna. 13 Ver. 44 and 46 (which are identical with ver. 48) are omitted by the best ancient authorities. " Many ancient authorities add and every sacrifice shall be salted with salt. See Lev. 2:13. " Gr. lesser. * Parable of the Lost Sheep. 110 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE § 92 §92. RIGHT TREATMENT OF A BROTHER WHO HAS SINNED AGAINST ONE, AND DUTY OF PA- TIENTLY FORGIVING A BROTHER (PARABLE OF THE UNMERCIFUL SERVANT) Matt. 18:15-35 15 And if thy brother sin Against thee, go, shew him his fault between 16 thee and him alone: if he hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. But if he hear thee not, take with thee one or two more, that at the mouth 17 of two witnesses or three every word may be established [see Deut. 19:15]. And if he refuse to hear them, tell it unto the 2 church: and if he refuse to hear the 2 church also, let him be unto thee as the Gentile and the publican. 18 Verily I say unto you, What things soever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and what things soever ye shall loose on earth shall be 19 loosed in heaven. Again I say unto you, that if two of you shall agree on earth as touching anything that they shall ask, it shall be done for 20 them of my Father which is in heaven. For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them. 21 Then came Peter, and said to him, Lord, how oft shall my brother sin 22 against me, and I forgive him? until seven times? Jesus saith unto him, I say not unto thee, Until seven times; but, Until Seventy times seven. 23 Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened* unto a certain king, which 24 would make a reckoning with his Servants. And when he had begun to reckon, one was brought unto him, which owed him ten thousand 25 Halents. But forasmuch as he had not wherewith to pay, his lord com- manded him to be sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, 26 and payment to be made. The "servant therefore fell down and wor- shipped him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. 27 And the lord of that Servant, being moved with compassion, released him, 28 and forgave him the debt. But that 6 servant went out, and found one of his fellow-servants, which owed him a hundred 8 pence: and he laid hold 29 on him, and took him by the throat, saying, Pay what thou owest. So his fellow-servant fell down and besought, him, saying, Have patience with 30 me, and I will pay thee. And he would not: but went and cast him into 31 prison, till he should pay that which was due. So when his fellow-servants saw what was done, they were exceedingly sorry, and came and told unto 32 their lord all that was done. Then his lord called him unto him, and saith unto him, Thou wicked 6 servant, I forgave thee all that debt, 7 33 because thou besoughtest me: shouldest not thou also have had mercy 34 on thy fellow-servant, even as I had mercy on thee?f And his lord was wroth, and delivered him to the tormentors, till he should pay all that 35 was due. So shall also my heavenly Father do unto you, if ye forgive not every one his brother from your hearts. 1 Some ancient authorities omit against thee. 2 Or, congregation. 3 Or, seventy times and seven. * Gr. bond-servants. 5 This talent was probably worth about $1200. « Gr. bond-servant. » Or, loan. 8 The word in the Greek denotes a coin worth about seventeen cents. * Parable of the Unforgiving Servant. t The king forgave the servant $1,200,000; the servant refused to forgive $17. We might say in round numbers, a million, and ten dollars. Ill §93 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §93. THE MESSIAH'S FOLLOWERS MUST GIVE UP EVERYTHING FOR HIS SERVICE Matt. 8:19-22 19 And there earned scribe, and said unto him, 2 Master, I will follow thee whithersoever thou 20 goest. And Jesus saith unto him, the foxes have holes, and the birds of the heaven have 3 nests; but the Son of man hath not 21 where to lay his head. And an- other of the disciples saith unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go 22 and bury my father. But Jesus saith unto him, Follow me; and leave the dead to bury their own dead. Luke 9:57-62 57 And as they went in the way, a certain man said unto him, I will follow thee whithersoever thou 58 goest. And Jesus said unto him, the foxes have holes, and the birds of the heaven have 3 nests; but the Son of man hath not 59 where to lay his head. And he said unto another, Follow me. But he said, Lord, suffer me first 60 to go and bury my father. But he said unto him, Leave the dead to bury their own dead; but go thou and publish abroad the 61 kingdom of God. And another also said, I will follow thee, Lord; but first suffer me to bid farewell to them that are at my house. 62 But Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God » Gr. one scribe. s Or, Teacher. s Gr. lodging-places. § 94. THE UNBELIEVING BROTHERS OF JESUS COUNSEL HIM TO EXHIBIT HIMSELF IN JUDEA, AND HE REJECTS THE ADVICE John 7:2-9 2 Now the feast of the Jews, the feast of tabernacles, was at hand. 3 His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into Judea, 4 that thy disciples also may behold thy works which thou doest. For no man doeth anything in secret, x and himself seeketh to be known openly. 5 If thou doest these things, manifest thyself to the world. For even his 6 brethren did not believe on him. Jesus therefore saith unto them, My 7 time is not yet come; but your time is always ready. The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of it, that its works are evil. 8 Go ye up unto the feast: I go not up 2 yet unto this feast; because my 9 time is not yet fulfilled. And having said these things unto them, he abode still in Galilee. 1 Some ancient authorities read and seeketh it to be known openly. 2 Many ancient authorities omit yet. 112 SPECIAL TRAINING OF THE TWELVE AROUND GALILEE §95 §95. HE GOES PRIVATELY TO JERUSALEM THROUGH SAMARIA John 7:10 10 But when his brethren were gone up unto the feast, then went he also up, not publicly, but as it were in secret. Luke 9:51-56 51 And it came to pass, when the days x were well-nigh come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Je- 52 rusalem,* and sent messengers be- fore his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Sa- maritans, to make ready for him. 53 And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he 54 were going to Jerusalem. And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we bid fire to come down from heaven, and consume 55 them [see 2 Kings 1:10-1 2}P But he turned, and rebuked them. 3 56 And they went to another village. * Gr. were being fulfilled- 2 Many ancient authorities add, even as Elijah did. 3 Some ancient authorities add, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. Some, but fewer, add also For the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives, but to save them. * See note 10 at end of Harmony for the combination of Luke and John and the three journey- ings in Luke toward Jerusalem. 113 PART IX THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY (Probably Tabernacles to Dedication, about three months, in a.d. 29 or 28 if Ministry only two and a half years in length) This ministry is given only by John and Luke. John gives the Jerusalem ministry and Luke that in the country of Judea. §§ 96-111. § 96. THE COMING OF JESUS TO THE FEAST OF TABER- NACLES CREATES INTENSE EXCITEMENT CON- CERNING THE MESSIAHSHIP The attempt of the rulers (the Jews, the chief priests, and Pharisees) to arrest him. Division of sentiment in the Galilean multitude at the feast. Impressions of the Jerusalem populace and the Roman officers and of Nicodemus. John 7:11-52 11 The Jews therefore sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he? 12 And there was much murmuring among the multitudes concerning him. Some said, He is a good man; others said, Nay, but he leads the multitude 13 astray. Yet no one spoke openly concerning him, for fear of the Jews. 14 But when it was now the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the 15 temple, and taught. The Jews therefore marvelled, saying, How knoweth 16 this man letters, having never learned? Jesus therefore answered them, 17 and said, My teaching is not mine, but his that sent me. If any man willeth to do his will, he shall know of the teaching, whether it be of God, 18 or whether I speak from myself. He that speaketh from himself seeketh his own glory: but he that seeketh the glory of him that sent him, the 19 same is true, and no unrighteousness is in him. Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you doeth the law? Why seek ye to kill me? 20 The multitude answered, Thou hast a klevil: who seeketh to kill thee? 21 Jesus answered and said unto them, I did one work, and ye all 2 marvel. 22 For this cause hath Moses given you circumcision (not that it is of Moses, but of the fathers) ; and on the sabbath ye circumcise a man [see Gen. 17: 23 9-14; Lev. 12:1-8]. If a man receiveth circumcision on the sabbath, that the law of Moses may not be broken; are ye wroth with me, because I made a 24 man every whit whole on the sabbath? Judge not according to appear- ance, but judge righteous judgement. 25 Some therefore of them of Jerusalem said, Is not this he whom they 26 seek to kill? And lo, he speaketh openly, and they say nothing unto him. 27 Can it be that the rulers indeed know that this is the Christ? Howbeit we know this man whence he is: but when the Christ cometh, no one 28 knoweth whence he is. Jesus therefore cried in the temple, teaching and saying, Ye both know me, and know whence I am; and I am not 114 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY §97 John 7:11-52 29 come of myself, but he that sent me is true, whom ye know not. I know 30 him; because I am from him, and he sent me. They sought therefore to take him : and no man laid his hands on him, because his hour was not yet 31 come. But of the multitude many believed on him; and they said, When the Christ shall come, will he do more signs than those, which this man 32 hath done? The Pharisees heard the multitude murmuring these things concerning him; and the chief priests and the Pharisees sent officers to 33 take him. Jesus therefore said, Yet a little while am I with you, and I 34 go unto him that sent me. Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and 35 where I am, ye cannot come. The Jews therefore said among themselves, Whither will this man go that we shall not find him? will he go unto 36 the Dispersion ^mong the Greeks, and teach the Greeks? What is this word that he said, Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, ye cannot come? 37 Now on the last day, the great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, 38 saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. He that be- lieveth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers 39 of living water. But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believed on him were to receive: 4 for the Spirit was not yet given; because Jesus 40 was not yet glorified. Some of the multitude therefore, when they heard 41 these words, said, This is of a truth the prophet. Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, What, doth the Christ come out of Galilee? 42 Hath not the scripture said that the Christ cometh out of the seed of David, and from Bethlehem [see 2 Sam. 7:12,17; Mic. 5:2], the village where David 43 was? So there arose a division in the multitude because of him. And 44 some of them would have taken him; but no man laid hands on him. 45 The officers therefore came to the chief priests* and Pharisees; and 46 they said unto them, Why did ye not bring him? The officers answered, 47 Never man so spake. The Pharisees therefore answered them, Are ye 48 also led astray? Hath any of the rulers believed on him, or of the Phari- 49 sees? But this multitude which knoweth not the law are accursed. 50 Nicodemus saith unto them (he that came to him before, being one of 51 them), Doth our law judge a man, except it first hear from himself and 52 know what he doeth? They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? Search, and 5 see that out of Galilee ariseth no prophet. 1 Gr. demon. 2 Or, marvel because of this. Moses hath given you circumcision. 3 Gr. of. * Some ancient authorities read for the Holy Spirit was not yet given. 6 Or, see; for out of Galilee, etc. §97. STORY OF AN ADULTERESS BROUGHT TO JESUS FOR JUDGMENT John 7:53 to 8:1 If 53, l[*And they went every man unto his own house: but Jesus went unto 2 the mount of Olives. And early in the morning he came again into * The Sanhedrin included both Sadducees (chief priests) and Pharisees. Nicodemus was a mem- ber of the Sanhedrin and a Pharisee. Now both parties in the Sanhedrin were united against Jesus and the purpose was to bring Jesus before the Sanhedrin for trial. t This paragraph can no longer be considered a part of the Gospel of John, but it is in all proba- bility a true story of Jesus, very likely drawn by early students from the collection of Papias, published about a.d. 140. See Hovey on John (American Comm. on N. T.). Observe that without it § 98 goes right on after § 96. 115 §98 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY John 7:53 to 8:11 the temple, and all the people came unto him; and he sat down, and 3 taught them. And the scribes and the Pharisees bring a woman taken 4 in adultery; and having set her in the midst, they say unto him, 2 Master, 5 this woman hath been taken in adultery, in the very act. Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such [see Lev. 20:10; Deut. 22:22-24}: what 6 then sayest thou of her? And this they said, tempting him, that they might have whereof to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his 7 finger wrote on the ground. But when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, 8 let him first cast a stone at her. And again he stooped down, and with 9 his finger wrote on the ground. And they, when they heard it, went out one by one, beginning from the eldest, even unto the last: and Jesus 10 was left alone, and the woman, where she was, in the midst. And Jesus 11 lifted up himself, and said unto her, Woman, where are they? did no man condemn thee? And she said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said, Neither do I condemn thee: go thy way; from henceforth sin no more.] 1 Most of the ancient authorities omit John 7:53-8:11. Those which contain it vary much from each other. 2 Or, Teacher. 3 Or, trying. §98. AFTER THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES IN THE TEMPLE JESUS ANGERS THE PHARISEES BY CLAIMING TO BE THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD John 8:12-20 12 Again therefore Jesus spake unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in the darkness, but shall 13 have the light of life. The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou 14 bearest witness of thyself; thy witness is not true. Jesus answered and said unto them, Even if I bear witness of myself, my witness is true; for I know whence I came, and whither I go; but ye know not whence I come, 15 or whither I go. Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. Yea and 16 if I judge, my judgement is true; for I am not alone, but I and the Father 17 that sent me. Yea and in your law it is written, that the witness of two 18 men is true [see Deut. 17:6; 19:15]. I am he that beareth witness of myself, 19 and the Father that sent me beareth witness of me. They said therefore unto him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye know neither me, 20 nor my Father: if ye knew me, ye would know my Father also. Thfese words spake he in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man took him; because his hour was not yet come. § 99. THE PHARISEES ATTEMPT TO STONE JESUS WHEN HE EXPOSES THEIR SINFULNESS Jerusalem, probably in the Temple John 8:21-59 21 He said therefore again unto them, I go away, and ye shall seek me, 22 and shall die in your sin: whither I go, ye cannot come. The Jews there- fore said, Will he kill himself, that he saith, Whither I go. ye cannot come? 116 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § 99 John 8:21-59 23 And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of 24 this world; I am not of this world. I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for except ye believe that X I am he, ye shall die in 25 your sins. They said therefore unto him, Who art thou? Jesus said unto them, 2 Even that which I have also spoken unto you from the be- 26 ginning. I have many things to speak and to judge concerning you: howbeit he that sent me is true; and the things which I heard from him, 27 these speak I ^nto the world. They perceived not that he spake to them 28 of the Father. Jesus therefore said, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that 4 I am he, and that I do nothing of myself, 29 but as the Father taught me, I speak these things. And he that sent me is with me: he hath not left me alone; for I do always the things that are 30 pleasing to him. As he spake these things, many believed on him. 31 Jesus therefore said to those Jews which had believed him, If ye abide 32 in my word, then are ye truly my disciples; and ye shall know the truth, 33 and the truth shall make you free. They answered unto him, We be Abraham's seed, and have never yet been in bondage to any man: how 34 sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Every one that committeth sin is the bondservant of sin. 35 And the bondservant abideth not in the house for ever: the son abideth 36 for ever. If therefore the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed. 37 I know that ye are Abraham's seed; yet ye seek to kill me, because my 38 word 6 hath not free course in you. I speak the things which I have seen with tmy Father; and ye also do the things which ye heard from your father. They answered and said unto him, Our Father is Abraham. 39 Jesus saith unto them, If ye 7 were Abraham's children, 8 ye would do the 40 works of Abraham. But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told 41 you the truth, which I heard from God; this did not Abraham. Ye do the works of your father. They said unto him, We were not born of fornica- 42 tion; we have one Father, even God. Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I came forth and am come from God; 43 for neither have I come of myself, but he sent me. Why do ye not *under- 44 stand my speech? Even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father, the devil, and the lusts of your father it is your will to do. He was a murderer from the beginning, 10 and stood not in the truth, be- cause there is no truth in him. n When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of 45 his own: for he is a liar, and the father thereof. But because I say the 46 truth, ye believe me not. Which of you convicteth me of sin? If I say 47 truth, why do ye not believe me? He that is of God heareth the words 48 of God: for this cause ye hear them not, because ye are not of God. The Jews answered and said unto him, Say we not well that thou art a Samari- 49 tan, and hast a 12 devil? Jesus answered, I have not a 12 devil; but I honour 50 my Father, and ye dishonour me. But I seek not mine own glory: there 51 is one that seeketh and judgeth. Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man 52 keep my word, he shall never see death. The Jews said unto him, Now we know that thou hast a 12 devil. Abraham is dead, and the prophets; and thou sayest, If a man keep my word, he shall never taste of death. 53 Art thou greater than our father Abraham, which is dead? and the prophets 54 are dead: whom makest thou thyself? Jesus answered, If I glorify my- self, my glory is nothing: it is my Father that glorifieth me: of whom ye 117 §100 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY John 8:21:59 55 say, that he is your God; and ye have not known him: but I know him; and if I should say, I know him not, I shall be like unto you, a liar: but 56 I know him, and keep his word. Your father Abraham rejoiced 13 to see 57 my day; and he saw it, and was glad. The Jews therefore said unto him, 58 Thou art not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham 14 was, I 59 am. They took up stones therefore to cast at him : but Jesus "hid himself, and went out of the temple. 16 1 Or, / am. 2 Or, How is it that I even speak to you at all? z Gr. into. * Or, I am, or, J am he: and I do. 6 Or, hath no place in you. « Or, the Father: do ye also therefore the things which ye heard from the Father. ' Gr. are. 8 Some ancient authorities read ye do the works of Abraham. 9 Or, know. 10 Some ancient authorities read standeth. u Or, When one speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own; for his father also is a liar. 12 Gr. demon. 13 Or, that he should see. M Gr. was born. 16 Or, was hidden, and went, etc. >• Many ancient authorities add and going through the midst of them went his way, and so passed by. § 100. JESUS HEALS A MAN BORN BLIND WHO OUT- WITS THE PHARISEES. THE RULERS FORBID THE RECOGNITION OF JESUS AS THE MESSIAH. THE CONVERSION OF THE HEALED MAN Jerusalem John 9:1-41 1, 2 And as he passed by, he saw a man blind from his birth. And his disciples asked him, saying, Rabbi, who did sin, this man, or his parents, 3 that he should be born blind? Jesus answered, Neither did this man sin, nor his parents: but that the works of God should be made manifest in 4 him. We must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: 5 the night cometh, when no man can work. When I am in the world, 6 I am the light of the world. When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and Anointed his eyes with the clay, 7 and said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam (which is by inter- 8 pretation, Sent). He went away therefore, and washed, and came seeing. The neighbours therefore, and they which saw him aforetime, that he was 9 a beggar, said, Is not this he that sat and begged? Others said, It is he: 10 others said, No, but he is like him. He said, I am he. They said there- 11 fore unto him, How then were thine eyes opened? He answered, the man that is called Jesus made clay, and anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to Siloam, and wash : so I went away and washed, and I received 12 sight. And they said unto him, Where is he? He saith, I know not. 13, 14 They bring to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind. Now it was the sabbath on the day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his 15 eyes. Again therefore the Pharisees also asked him how he received his sight. And he said unto them, He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed, 16 and do see. Some therefore of the Pharisees said, This man is not from God, because he keepeth not the sabbath. But others said, How can a man 17 that is a sinner do such signs? And there was a division among them. They say therefore unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, 18 in that he opened thine eyes? And he said, He is a prophet. The Jews therefore did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, and had 118 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § 101 John 9:1-41 received his sight, until they called the parents of him that had received 19 his sight, and asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was born 20 blind? how then doth he now see? His parents answered and said, We 21 know that this is our son, and that he was born blind: but how he now seeth, we know not; or who opened his eyes, we know not; ask him; he is of 22 age; he shall speak for himself. These things said his parents, because they feared the Jews: for the Jews had agreed already, that if any man should confess him to be Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. 23 Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him. So they called the 24 second time the man that was blind, and said unto him, Give glory to 25 God : we know that this man is a sinner. He therefore answered, Whether he be a sinner, I know not: one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, 26 now I see. They said therefore unto him, What did he to thee? how 27 opened he thine eyes? He answered them, I told you even now, and ye did not hear: wherefore would ye hear it again? would ye also become his 28 disciples? And they reviled him, and said, Thou art his disciple, but we 29 are disciples of Moses. We know that God hath spoken unto Moses: 30 but as for this man, we know not whence he is. The man answered and said unto them, Why, herein is the marvel, that ye know not whence he is, 31 and yet he opened mine eyes. We know that God heareth not sinners: but if any man be a worshipper of God, and do his will, him he heareth. 32 Since the world began it was never heard that any one opened the eyes of 33 a man born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing. 34 They answered and said unto him, Thou wast altogether born in sins, and dost thou teach us? And they cast him out. 35 Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and rinding him, he said, 36 Dost thou believe on 2 the Son of God? He answered and said, And who 37 is he, Lord, that I may believe on him? Jesus said unto him, Thou hast 38 both seen him, and he it is that speaketh with thee. And he said, Lord, 39 I believe. And he worshipped him. And Jesus said, For judgement came I into this world, that they which see not may see; and that they which 40 see may become blind. Those of the Pharisees which were with him 41 heard these things, and said unto him, Are we also blind? Jesus said unto them, If ye were blind, ye would have no sin: but now ye say, We see: your sin remaineth. 1 Or, and with the clay thereof anointed his eyes. 2 Many ancient authorities read the Son of man. §101. IN THE PARABLE (ALLEGORY) OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD JESUS DRAWS THE PICTURE OF THE HOSTILE PHARISEES AND INTIMATES THAT HE IS GOING TO DIE FOR HIS FLOCK AND COME TO LIFE AGAIN Jerusalem John 10:1-21 1 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the fold of the sheep, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief 2 and a robber. But he that entereth in by the door is a the shepherd of the 119 § 102 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY John 10:1-21 3 sheep. To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and 4 he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. When he hath put forth all his own, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: 5 for they know his voice. And a stranger will they not follow, but will 6 flee from him: for they know not the voice of strangers. This 2 parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what things they were which he spake unto them. 7 Jesus therefore said unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, 8 I am the door of the sheep. All that came before me are thieves and 9 robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and go out, and shall 10 find pasture. The thief cometh not, but that he may steal, and kill, and destroy: I came that they may have life, and may 3 have it abundantly. 11 I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd layeth down his life for the 12 sheep. He that is a hireling, and not a shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, beholdeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth, and 13 the wolf snatcheth them, and scattereth them: he fleeth because he is a 14 hireling, and careth not for the sheep. I am the good shepherd; and I 15 know mine own, and mine own know me, even as the Father knoweth me, and I know the Father; and I lay down my life for the sheep. 16 And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold [see Ezek. 84:28; 87:24]: them also I must 4 bring, and they shall hear my voice; and 6 they shall 17 become one flock, one shepherd. Therefore doth the Father love me, be- 18 cause I lay down my life, that I may take it again. No one Haketh it away from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have 7 power to lay it down, and I have 7 power to take it again. This commandment received I from my Father. 19 There arose a division again among the Jews because of these words. 20 And many of them said, He hath a 8 devil, and is mad; why hear ye him? 21 Others said, These are not the sayings of one possessed with a 8 devil. Can a 8 devil open the eyes of the blind? 1 Or, a shepherd. 2 Or, proverb. 3 Or, have abundance. * Or, lead. B Or, there shall be one flock. « Some ancient authorities read took it away. * Or, right. 8 Gr. demon. In §§100-110 we have matters given by Luke only, which probably occurred in Judea. Several of them are similar to events and dis- courses of the ministry in Galilee, given by Matthew and Mark* § 102. MISSION OF THE SEVENTY. CHRIST'S JOY IN THEIR WORK ON THEIR RETURN (Compare Mission of the Twelve in § 69.) Probably in Judea Luke 10:1-24 1 Now after these things the Lord appointed seventy 1 others, and sent them two and two before his face into every city and place, whither he * Observe that here, as in previous portions of the history, we possess only a few specimens from what must have been the great mass of our Lord's doings and sayings. 120 THE LATER J U DEAN MINISTRY § 102 Luke 10:1-24 2 himself was about to come. And he said unto them, The harvest is plenteous, but the labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the 3 harvest, that he send forth labourers into his harvest. Go your ways: 4 behold, I send you forth as lambs in the midst of wolves. Carry no purse, 5 no wallet, no shoes; and salute no man on the way. And into whatsoever 6 house ye shall 2 enter, first say, Peace be to this house. And if a son of 7 peace be there, your peace shall rest upon 3 him: but if not, it shall turn to you again. And in that same house remain, eating and drinking such 8 things as they give: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house to house. And into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you, eat such things as are set before you: and heal the sick that are 9 therein, and say unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. 10 But into whatsoever city ye shall enter, and they receive you not, go out 11 into the streets thereof and say, Even the dust from your city, that cleaveth to our feet, we do wipe off against you: howbeit know this, that 12 the kingdom of God is come nigh. I 6ay unto you, It shall be more toler- 13 able in that day for Sodom, than for that city [see Gen. 19:24]. Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the 4 mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which were done in you, they would have 14 repented long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes„ Howbeit it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgement, than for you. 15 And thou, Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted unto heaven? thou shalt 16 be brought down unto Hades [see Isa. 14:18-15]. He that heareth you heareth me; and he that rejecteth you rejecteth me; and he that rejecteth me rejecteth him that sent me. 17 And the seventy returned with joy, saying, Lord, even the B devils are 18 subject unto us in thy name. And he said unto them, I beheld Satan 19 fallen as lightning from heaven. Behold, I have given you authority to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the 20 enemy: and nothing shall in any wise hurt you. Howbeit in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rejoice that your names are written in heaven. 21 In that same hour he rejoiced ^n the Holy Spirit, and said, I 7 thank thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding, and didst reveal them unto 22 babes: yea, Father; 8 for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight. All things have been delivered unto me of my Father: and no one knoweth who the Son is, save the Father; and who the Father is, save the Son, and 23 he to whomsoever the Son willeth to reveal him. And turning to the disciples, he said privately, Blessed are the eyes which see the things that 24 ye see: for I say unto you, that many prophets and kings desired to see the things which ye see, and saw them not: and to hear the things which ye hear, and heard them not. 1 Many ancient authorities add and two; and so in verse 17. * Or, enter first, say. 8 Or, it. * Gr. powers. * Gr. demons. « Or, by. » Or, praise. 8 Or, that. 121 . § 103 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY §103. JESUS ANSWERS A LAWYER'S QUESTION AS TO ETERNAL LIFE, GIVING THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN Probably in Judea Luke 10:25-37 25 And behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tempted him, saying, 26 blaster, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? And he said unto him, 27 What is written in the law? how readest thou? And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God 2 with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour 28 as thyself [see Deut. 6:5; Lev. 19:18]. And he said unto him, Thou hast 29 answered right : do this, and thou shalt live [see Lev. 18:5]. But he, desiring 30 to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbour? Jesus made answer and said, A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, which both stripped him and beat 31 him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by chance a certain priest was going down that way: and when he saw him, he passed by 32 on the other side. And in like manner a Levite also, when he came to 33 the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, 34 he was moved with compassion, and came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on them oil and wine; and he set him on his own beast, and 35 brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow he took out two 3 pence, and gave them to the host, and said, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, I, when I come back again, will 36 repay thee. Which of these three, thinkest thou, proved neighbour to 37 him that fell among the robbers? And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. And Jesus said unto him, Go, and do thou likewise. 1 Or, Teacher. 2 Gr. from. * The word in the Greek denotes a coin worth about seventeen cents. § 104. JESUS THE GUEST OF MARTHA AND MARY Bethany, near Jerusalem* Luke 10:38-42 38 Now as they went on their way, he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. 39 And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at the Lord's feet, and 40 heard his word. But Martha was Numbered about much serving; and she came up to him, and said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister did leave me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. 41 But the Lord answered and said unto her, 2 Martha, Martha, thou art 42 anxious and troubled about many things: 3 but one thing is needful: for Mary hath chosen the good part, which shall not be taken away from her. 1 Gr. distracted. 2 A few ancient authorities read, Martha, Martha, thou art troubled; Ma*y hath chosen, etc. 3 Many ancient authorities read but few things are needful, or one. * There was another Bethany beyond Jordan (John 1:28, § 26). We shall see Jesus in Bethany near Jerusalem again (John 12:1-8). It was his Jerusalem home in the early days of Passion Week. 122 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § 106 §105. JESUS AGAIN GIVES A MODEL OF PRAYER (COMP. § 54), AND ENCOURAGES HIS DISCIPLES TO PRAY. PARABLE OF THE IMPORTUNATE FRIEND Probably in Judea Luke 11:1-13 1 And it came to pass, as he was praying in a certain place, that when he ceased, one of his disciples said unto him, Lord, teach us to pray, even 2 as John also taught his disciples. And he said unto them, When ye pray, 3 say, father, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy kingdom come. 2 Give us 4 day by day 3 our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we ourselves also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And bring us not into temptation 4 .* 5 And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say to him, Friend, lend me three loaves; for 6 a friend of mine is come to me from a journey, and I have nothing to set 7 before him; and he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise 8 and give thee? I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will arise and 9 give him 6 as many as he needeth. And I say unto you, Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto 10 you. For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; 11 and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. And of which of you that is a father shall his son ask a 6 loaf , and he give him a stone? or a fish, and 12 he for a fish give him a serpent? Or if he shall ask an egg, will he give 13 him a scorpion? If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him? 1 Many ancient authorities read Our Father, which art in heaven. See Matt. 6:9. 2 Many ancient authorities add Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. See Matt. 6:10. s Gr. our bread for the coming day. * Many ancient authorities add but deliver us from the evil one (or, from evil). See Matt. 6: 13. 5 Or, whatsoever things. « Some ancient authorities omit a loaf, and he gave him a stonef or. §106. BLASPHEMOUS ACCUSATION OF LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB (Compare § 61) | Probably in Judea Luke 11:14-36 14 And he was casting out a ^evil which was dumb. And it came to pass, when the ^evil was gone out, the dumb man spake; and the multitudes * The language here is different from that in Matt. 6 (§54), but the ideas are the same. Evidently the disciples were slow to learn Christ's teaching about prayer. t It is perfectly natural that the blasphemous accusation made in Galilee (§ 61), and probably more than once (§ 68, Matt. 9:34), should be repeated a year or so afterward in Judea or Perea, 123 § 106 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY Luke 11:14-36 15 marvelled. But some of them said, 2 By Beelzebub the prince of the 16 devils casteth he out devils. And others, tempting him, sought of him 17 a sign from heaven. But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; 4 and a 18 house divided against a house falleth. And if Satan also is divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because ye say that I cast out 19 3 d evils 2 by Beelzebub. And if I 2 by Beelzebub cast out 3 devils, by whom 20 do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. But if I by the finger of God cast out 3 devils, then is the kingdom of God come 21 upon you. When the strong man fully armed guardeth his own court, 22 his goods are in peace: but when a stronger than he shall come upon him, and overcome him, he taketh from him his whole armour wherein he 23 trusted, and divideth his spoils. He that is not with me is against me; and 24 he that gathereth not with me scattereth. The unclean spirit when 6 he is gone out of the man, passeth through waterless places, seeking rest; and finding none, 6 he saith, I will turn back unto my house whence 25 I came out. And when he is come, 6 he findeth it swept and garnished. 26 Then goeth 5 he, and taketh to him seven other spirits more evil than 6 himself ; and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man becometh worse than the first. 27 And it came to pass, as he said these things, a certain woman out of the multitude lifted up her voice, and said unto him, Blessed is the 28 womb that bare thee, and the breasts which thou didst suck. But he said, Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God, and keep it. 29 And when the multitudes were gathering together unto him, he began to say, This generation is an evil generation: it seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it but the sign of Jonah [see Jonah 3:1-4]- 30 For even as Jonah became a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the 31 Son of man be to this generation. The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgement with the men of this generation, and shall condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of 32 Solomon [see 1 Kings 10:1-3]; and behold, 7 a greater than Solomon is here. The men of Nineveh shall stand up in the judgement with this generation and shall condemn it : for they repented at the preaching of Jonah [see Jonah 3:5-10]; and behold, 7 a greater than Jonah is here. 33 No man, when he hath lighted a lamp, putteth it in a cellar, neither under the bushel, but on the stand, that they which enter in may see 34 the fight. The lamp of thy body is thine eye: when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when it is evil, thy body also is full of 35 darkness. Look therefore whether the light that is in thee be not darkness. 36 If therefore thy whole body be full of light, having no part dark, it shall and that Jesus should make substantially the same argument in reply. This sort of thing occurs to every travelling religious teacher. Our Lord does not here give the solemn warning that such an accusation is really blaspheming against the Holy Spirit, and is unpardonable. (See Luke 12:10.) And the subsequent occurrences are quite different in the two cases. In § 64 he afterwards goes out by the lake-side and gives the great group of parables, presently explaining some of them to the disciples in a house, and then crosses the lake to Gerasa, etc. Here in § 107 he breakfasts with a Pharisee, and utters such solemn woes against the Pharisees as are found only in the closing months of his ministry, and then gives to vast multitudes a series of instructions wholly unlike the great group of parables. So it is quite unsuitable to identify this occurrence with that of § 61. 124 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § 107 Luke 11:14-36 be wholly full of light, as when the lamp with its bright shining doth give the light. 1 Gr. demon. * Or, in. * Gr. demons. • Or, and house falleth upon house. B Or, it. « Or, itself. » Gr. more than. §107. WHILE BREAKFASTING WITH A PHARISEE, JESUS SEVERELY DENOUNCES THE PHARISEES AND LAWYERS, AND EXCITES THEIR ENMITY Probably in Judea Luke 11:37-54 37 Now as he spake, a Pharisee asketh him to J dine with him: and he went 38 in, and sat down to meat. And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled 39 that he had not washed before dinner. And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter; 40 but your inward part is full of extortion and wickedness. Ye foolish ones, 41 did not he that made the outside make the inside also? Howbeit give for alms those things which 2 are within; and behold, all things are clean unto you. 42 But woe unto you Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and every herb, and pass over judgement and the love of God [see Lev. 27:80; Mic. 6:8] : but 43 these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. Woe unto you Pharisees ! for ye love the chief seats in the synagogues, and the 44 salutations in the marketplaces. Woe unto you! for ye are as the tombs which appear not, and the men that walk over them know it not. 45 And one of the lawyers answering saith unto him, 3 Master, in saying 46 this thou reproachest us also. And he said, Woe unto you lawyers also ! for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves 47 touch not the burdens with one of your fingers. Woe unto you ! for ye 48 build the tombs of the prophets, and your fathers killed them. So ye are witnesses and consent unto the works of your fathers: for they killed them, 49 and ye build their tombs. Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will 50 send unto them prophets and apostles; and some of them they shall kill and persecute; that the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from 51 the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation; from the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zachariah [see Gen. 4:8; 2 Chron. 24:20-21], who perished between the altar and the 4 sanctuary: yea, I say unto you, 52 it shall be required of this generation. Woe unto you lawyers ! for ye took away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. 53 And when he was come out from thence, the scribes and the Pharisees began to 5 press upon him vehemently, and to provoke him to speak of 54 •'many things; laying wait for him, to catch something out of his mouth. 1 Gr. breakfast. 2 Or, ye can. s Or, Teacher. * Gr. house. 6 Or, set themselves vehemently against him. • Or, more. 125 § 108 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY §108. HE SPEAKS TO HIS DISCIPLES AND A VAST THRONG, ABOUT HYPOCRISY, COVETOUSNESS (PARABLE OF THE RICH FOOL), WORLDLY ANXIETIES, WATCHFULNESS (PARABLE OF THE WAITING SERVANTS, AND OF THE WISE STEW- ARD), AND HIS OWN APPROACHING PASSION* Probably in Judea Luke 12 1 In the mean time, when Hhe many thousands of the multitude were gathered together, insomuch that they trode one upon another, he began to 2 say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of the leaven of the Phari- 2 sees, which is hypocrisy. But there is nothing covered up; that shall 3 not be revealed : and hid, that shall not be known. Wherefore whatsoever ye have said in the darkness shall be heard in the light; and what ye have spoken in the ear in the inner chambers shall be proclaimed upon the 4 housetops. And I say unto you my friends, Be not afraid of them which 5 kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. But I will warn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath 6 3 power to cast into 4 hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him. Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings? and not one of them is forgotten in the 7 sight of God. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear 8 not: ye are of more value than many sparrows. And I say unto you, Every one who shall confess 5 me before men, 6 him shall the Son of man also 9 confess before the angels of God: but he that denieth me in the presence 10 of men shall be denied in the presence of the angels of God. And every one who shall speak a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but unto him that blasphemeth against the Holy Spirit it shall not 11 be forgiven. And when they bring you before the synagogues, and the rulers, and the authorities, be not anxious how or what ye shall answer, 12 or what ye shall say: for the Holy Spirit shall teach you in that very hour what ye ought to say. 13 And one out of the multitude said unto him, 'Master, bid my brother 14 divide the inheritance with me. But he said unto him, Man, who made 15 me a judge or a divider over you? And he said unto them, Take heed, and keep yourselves from all covetousness : 8 for a man's life consisteth 16 not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth. And he spake 17 a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: and he reasoned within himself, saying, What shall I do, 18 because I have not where to bestow my fruits? And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow 19 all my corn and my goods. And I will say to my 9 soul, 9 Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, be merry. 20 But God said unto him, Thou foolish one, this night 10 is thy 9 soul required * Here we have a series of discourses to the disciples (1-12), to one of the crowd (13-21), to the disciples ( 22-40), to Peter (41-53), to the multitudes (54-59). The constant interruption is typical of the teaching of Jesus. This address, as often, repeats some of Christ's favorite sayings. Besides the Parable of the Rich Fool (12:16-21) note those of the Waiting Servants (37-40) and of the Wise Steward (42-48). 126 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § 108 Luke 12 21 of thee; and the things which thou hast prepared, whose shall they be? So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God. 22 And he said unto his disciples, Therefore I say unto you, Be not anxious for your n life, what ye shall eat; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put 23 on. For the "life is more than the food, and the body than the raiment. 24. Consider the ravens, that they sow not, neither reap; which have no store-chamber nor barn; and God feedeth them: of how much more 25 value are ye than the birds ! And which of you by being anxious can 26 add a cubit unto his 12 stature? If then ye are not able to do even that 27 which is least, why are ye anxious concerning the rest? Consider the lilies, how they grow: they toil not, neither do they spin; yet I say unto you, Even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 28 But if God doth so clothe the grass in the field, which to-day is, and to- morrow is cast into the oven; how much more shall he clothe you, ye 29 of little faith? And seek not ye what ye shall eat, and what ye shall 30 drink, neither be ye of doubtful mind. For all these things do the nations of the world seek after: but your Father knoweth that ye have need of 31 these things. Howbeit seek ye 13 his kingdom, and these things shall be added unto you. Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleas- 33 ure to give you the kingdom. Sell that ye have, and give alms; make for yourselves purses which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that 34 faileth not, where no thief draweth near, neither moth destroyeth. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. 35, 36 Let your loins be girded about, and your lamps burning; and be ye yourselves like unto men looking for their lord, when he shall return from the marriage feast; that, when he cometh and knocketh, they may 37 straightway open unto him. Blessed are those 14 servants, whom the lord when he cometh shall find watching: verily I say unto you, that he shall gird himself, and make them sit down to meat, and shall come and serve 38 them. And if he shall come in the second watch, and if in the third, and 39 find them so, blessed are those servants. 15 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming, he would have 40 watched, and not have left his house to be "broken through. Be ye also ready: for in an hour that ye think not the Son of man cometh. 41 And Peter said, Lord, speakest thou this parable unto us, or even unto 42 all? And the Lord said, Who then is 17 the faithful and wise steward, whom his lord shall set over his household, to give them their portion 43 of food in due season? Blessed is that 18 servant, whom his lord when he 44 cometh shall find so doing. Of a truth I say unto you, that he will set 45 him over all that he hath. But if that 18 servant shall say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; and shall begin to beat the menservants and the maidservants, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken; the 46 lord of that 18 servant shall come in a day when he expecteth not, and in an hour when he knoweth not, and shall 19 cut him asunder, and appoint 47 his portion with the unfaithful. And that 18 servant, which knew his lord's will, and made not ready, nor did according to his will, shall be 48 beaten with many stripes; but he that knew not, and did things worthy of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes. And to whomsoever much is given, of him shall much be required : and to whom they commit much, of him will they ask the more. 127 § 109 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY Luke 12 49 I came to cast fire upon the earth; and what will I, if it is already 50 kindled? But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I 51 straitened till it be accomplished! Think ye that I am come to give 52 peace in the earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division: for there shall be from henceforth five in one house divided, three against two, and two 53 against three [see Mic. 7:6]. They shall be divided, father against son, and son against father; mother against daughter, and daughter against her mother; mother in law against her daughter in law, and daughter in law against her mother in law. 54 And he said to the multitudes also, When ye see a cloud rising in the west, straightway ye say, There cometh a shower; and so it cometh to 55 pass. And when ye see a south wind blowing, ye say, There will be a 56 20 scorching heat; and it cometh to pass. Ye hypocrites, ye know how to 21 interpret the face of the earth and the heaven; but how is it that ye know 57 not how to 21 interpret this time? And why even of yourselves judge ye 58 not what is right? For as thou art going with thine adversary before the magistrate, on the way give diligence to be quit of him; lest haply he hale thee unto the judge, and the judge shall deliver thee to the 22 officer, 59 and the "officer shall cast thee into prison. I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou have paid the very last mite. i Gr. the myriads of. 2 Or, say unto his disciples, First of all beware ye. 3 Or, authority. * Gr. Gehenna. 5 Gr. in me. 6 Gr. in him. » Or, Teacher. 8 Gr. for not in a man's abundance consisteth his life, from the things which he possesseth. » Or, life. 10 Gr. they require thy soul. ll Or, soul, u Or, age. 13 Many ancient authorities read the kingdom of God. 14 Gr. bond-servants. 15 Or, But this ye know. l8 Or, digged through. 17 Or, the faithful steward, the wise man whom, etc. 18 Gr. bond-servant. i» Or, severely scourge him. 20 Or, hot wind. n Gr. prove. 22 Gr. exactor. §109. ALL MUST REPENT OR PERISH (TWO CURRENT TRAGEDIES); PARABLE OF THE BARREN FIG TREE Probably in Judea Luke 13:1-9 1 Now there were some present at that very season which told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. 2 And he answered and said unto them, Think ye that these Galileans were sinners above all the Galileans, because they have suffered these things? 3 I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all in like manner perish. 4 Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and killed them, think ye that they were offenders above all the men that dwell in Jeru- 5 salem? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. 6 And he spake this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted in his 7 vineyard; and he came seeking fruit thereon, and found none. < And he said unto the vinedresser, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it down; why doth it also cumber the 8 ground? And he answering saith unto him, Lord, let it alone this year 9 also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it: and if it bear fruit thenceforth, well; but if not, thou shalt cut it down. 1 Gr. debtors. 128 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY § m §110. JESUS HEALS A CRIPPLED WOMAN ON THE SABBATH AND DEFENDS HIMSELF AGAINST THE RULER OF THE SYNAGOGUE (COMP. §§ 49 TO 51 AND 114). REPETITION OF THE PARABLES OF THE MUSTARD SEED AND OF THE LEAVEN Luke 13:10-21 10 And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on the sabbath day. 11 And behold, a woman which had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years; 12 and she was bowed together, and could in no wise lift herself up. And when Jesus saw her, he called her, and said to her, Woman, thou art 13 loosed from thine infirmity. And he laid his hands upon her: and im- 14 mediately she was made straight, and glorified God. And the ruler of the synagogue, being moved with indignation because Jesus had healed on the sabbath [see Ex. 20:8-11; Deut. 5:12-15], answered and said to the multitude, There are six days in which men ought to work: in them 15 therefore come and be healed, and not on the day of the sabbath. But the Lord answered him, and said, Ye hypocrites, doth not each one of you on the sabbath loose his ox or his ass from the x stall, and lead him away to 16 watering? And ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan had bound, lo, these eighteen years, to have been loosed from 17 this bond on the day of the sabbath? And as he said these things, all his adversaries were put to shame: and all the multitude rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him. 18 He said therefore, Unto what is the kingdom of God like? and where- 19 unto shall I liken it? It is like unto a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and cast into his own garden; and it grew, and became a tree; and the birds of the heaven lodged in the branches thereof [see Dan. 4: 20 10-12; 20-22]. And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the king- 21 dom of God? It is like unto leaven, which a woman took and hid in three 2 measures of meal, till it was all leavened. i Gr. manger. 2 The word in the Gr. denotes the Hebrew seah, a measure containing nearly a peck and a half (cf. in Matt. 13:33). Here again the Gospel of John takes us up, and carries us to Jerusalem, and then to Perea. §111. AT THE FEAST OF DEDICATION, JESUS WILL NOT YET OPENLY SAY THAT HE IS THE MES- SIAH. THE JEWS TRY TO STONE HIM Jerusalem John 10:22-39 22 *And it was the feast of the dedication at Jerusalem:* it was winter; 23 and Jesus was walking in the temple in Solomon's porch. The Jews * Some scholars think that the events in John 9 and 10:1-21 belong to the time of the feast of dedication rather than soon after tabernacles. But the language of John 10:24 seems to call for an interval. 129 §111 THE LATER JUDEAN MINISTRY John 10:22-39 24 therefore came round about him, and said unto him, How long dost thou 25 hold us in suspense? If thou art the Christ, tell us plainly. Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believe not: the works that I do in my 26 Father's name, these bear witness of me. But ye believe not, because 27 ye are not of my sheep. My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, 28 and they follow me: and I give unto them eternal life; and they shall 29 never perish, and no one shall snatch them out of my hand. 2 My Father, which hath given them unto me, is greater than all; and no one is able to 30, 31 snatch Hhem out of the Father's hand. I and the Father are one. The 32 Jews took up stones again to stone him. Jesus answered them, Many good works have I shewed you from the Father; for which of those works 33 do ye stone me? The Jews answered him, For a good work we stone thee not, but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest 34 thyself God. Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, 35 ye are gods [see Ps. 82:6]? If he called them gods, unto whom the word 36 of God came (and the scripture cannot be broken), say ye of him, whom the Father 4 sanctified and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because 37 I said, I am the Son of God? If I do not the works of my Father, believe 38 me not. But if I do them, though you believe not me, believe the works: that ye may know and understand that the Father is in me, and I in the 39 Father. They sought again to take him: and he went forth out of their hand. 1 Some ancient authorities read At that time was the feast. 2 Some ancient authorities read That which my Father hath given unto me. 3 Or, auQht. 4 Or, consecrated. 130 PART X THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Probably Dedication in a.d. 29 to Last Journey in a.d. 80 (about three and a half months), §§ 112-127. §112. THE WITHDRAWAL FROM JERUSALEM TO BETHANY BEYOND JORDAN Perea John 10:40-42 40 And he went away again beyond Jordan into the place where John was 41 at the first baptizing; and there he abode. And many came unto him; and they said, John indeed did no sign: but all things whatsoever John 42 spake of this man were true. And many believed on him there. § 113. TEACHING IN PEREA, ON A JOURNEY* TOWARD JERUSALEM. WARNED AGAINST HEROD ANTI- PAS Luke 13:22-35 22 And he went on his way through cities and villages, teaching, and 23 journeying on unto Jerusalem. f And one said unto him, Lord, are they 24 few that be saved? And he said unto them, Strive to enter in by the narrow door: for many, I say unto you, shall seek to enter in, and shall 25 not be ^ble. When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door, saying, Lord, open to us; and he shall answer and say to you, I know 26 you not whence ye are; then shall ye begin to say, We did eat and drink in thy presence, and thou didst teach in our streets; and he shall say, 27 I tell you, I know not whence ye are; depart from me, all ye workers of 28 iniquity [see Ps. 6:8]. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets^ 29 in the kingdom of God, and yourselves cast forth without. And they shall come from the east and west, and from the north and south, and 30 shall 2 sit down in the kingdom of God [see Ps. 107:8; Isa. Ifi: 12].' And * See note 10 at end of Harmony for the combination of Luke and John. After the Feast of the Dedication Jesus retired beyond Jordan (John 10:40), whence he goes to the raising of Lazarus (John 11:17). Luke seems to give incidents that belong to this journey. T The period of three to four months from the Dedication to the final Passover is divided bv another visit to Jerusalem. We cannot tell how many weeks preceded this event. All along here we have only a few specimens of the Saviour's teaching and works. 131 §114 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Luke 13:22-35 behold, there are last which shall be first, and there are first which shall be last. 31 In that very hour there came certain Pharisees, saying to him, Get 32 thee out, and go hence: for Herod would fain kill thee. And he said unto them, Go and say to that fox, Behold, I cast out devils and perform cures 33 to-day and to-morrow, and the third day I am perfected. Howbeit I must 34 go on my way to-day and to-morrow and the day following : for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killeth the prophets, and stoneth them that are sent unto her ! how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth 35 her own brood under her wings, and ye would not! Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord [see Ps. 118:26; Jer. 12:7; 22:5]. 1 Or, able, when once. * Gr. recline. » Gr. demons. § 114. WHILE DINING (BREAKFASTING) WITH A CHIEF PHARISEE, HE AGAIN HEALS ON THE SABBATH, AND DEFENDS HIMSELF (COMP. §§49 TO 51 AND 110). THREE PARABLES SUGGESTED BY THE OCCASION Probably in Perea Luke 14:1-24 1 And it came to pass, when he went into the house of one of the rulers of the Pharisees on a sabbath to eat bread, that they were watching him. 2 And behold, there was before him a certain man which had the dropsy. 3 And Jesus answering spake unto the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, Is 4 it lawful to heal on the sabbath, or not? But they held their peace. And 5 he took him, and healed him, and let him go. And he said unto them, Which of you shall have x an ass or an ox fallen into a well, and will not 6 straightway draw him up on a sabbath day? And they could not answer again unto these things. 7 And he spake a parable unto those which were bidden, when he marked 8 how they chose out the chief seats; saying unto them, When thou art bidden of any man to a marriage feast, 2 sit not down in the chief seat; lest haply a more honourable man than thou be bidden of him, and he 9 that bade thee and him shall come and say to thee, Give this man place; 10 and then thou shalt begin with shame to take the lowest place. But when thou art bidden, go and sit down in the lowest place; that when he that hath bidden thee cometh, he may say to thee, Friend, go up higher: then shalt thou have glory in the presence of all that sit at meat with thee. 11 For every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled; and he that hum- bleth himself shall be exalted. 12 And he said to him also that had bidden him, When thou makest a 132 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §115 Luke 14:1-24 dinner or a supper,* call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, nor thy kins- men, nor rich neighbours; lest haply they also bid thee again, and a recom- 13 pense be made thee. But when thou makest a feast, bid the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind: and thou shalt be blessed; because they 14 have not wherewith to recompense thee: for thou shalt be recompensed in the resurrection of the just. 15 And when one of them that sat at meat with him heard these things, he said unto him, Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of 16 God. But he said unto him, A certain man made a great supper; and he 17 bade many: and he sent forth his Servant at supper time to say to them 18 that were bidden, Come, for all things are now ready. And they all with one consent began to make excuse. The first said unto him, I have bought a field, and I must needs go out and see it: I pray thee have me 19 excused. And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to 20 prove them: I pray thee have me excused. And another said, I have 21 married a wife, and therefore I cannot come. And the 3 servant came,, and told his lord these things. Then the master of the house being angry said to his Servant, Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the 22 city, and bring in hither the poor and maimed and blind and lame. And the Servant said, Lord, what thou didst command is done, and yet there 23 is room. And the Lord said unto the Servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and constrain them to come in, that my house may be filled. 24 For I say unto you, that none of those men which were bidden shall taste of my supper. 1 Many ancient authorities read a son. See ch. 13:15. 2 Gr. recline not. » Gr. bond-servant. § 115. GREAT CROWDS FOLLOW HIM, AND HE WARNS THEM TO COUNT THE COST OF DISCIPLE- SHIP TO HIM (COMP. §§ 70 and 83) Probably in Perea Luke 14:25-35 25 Now there went with him great multitudes: and he turned, and said 26 unto them, If any man cometh unto me, and hateth not his own father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and 27 his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. Whosoever doth not bear 28 his own cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple. For which of you, desiring to build a tower, doth not first sit down and count the cost, 29 whether he have wherewith to complete it? Lest haply, when he hath laid a foundation, and is not able to finish, all that behold begin to mock 30 him, saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish. Or 31 what king, as he goeth to encounter another king in war, will not sit down first and take counsel whether he is able with ten thousand to meet * More exactly, "a breakfast or a dinner." The two principal meals of the Jews answered to the present English breakfast (in the forenoon and often near noon), and dinner (at or after dark); and so in our cities. In the time of King James, as in many of our country homes now, the meal towards noon answered to dinner, and the night meal to supper. Hence a certain confusion in the older and more recent English versions. In verses 16, 17 the right word would be dinner, accord- ing to city usage, and so elsewhere. 133 §116 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Luke 14:25-35 32 him that cometh against him with twenty thousand? Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and asketh con- 33 ditions of peace. So therefore whosoever he be of you that renounceth 34 not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple. Salt therefore is good ; 35 but if even the salt have lost its savour, wherewith shall it be seasoned? It is fit neither for the land nor for the dunghill : men cast it out. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. §116. THE PHARISEES AND THE SCRIBES MURMUR AGAINST JESUS FOR RECEIVING SINNERS. HE DEFENDS HIMSELF BY THREE GREAT PARABLES (THE LOST SHEEP, THE LOST COIN, THE LOST SON) Probably in Perea Luke 15:1-32 1 Now all the publicans and sinners were drawing near unto him for to 2 hear him. And both the Pharisees and the scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. 3, 4 And he spake unto them this parable, saying, What man of you, having a hundred sheep, and having lost one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is lost, until 5 he find it? And when he hath found it, he layeth it on his shoulders, 6 rejoicing. And when he cometh home, he calleth together his friends and his neighbours, saying unto them, Rejoice with me, for I have found my 7 sheep which was lost. I say unto you, that even so there shall be joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine righteous persons, which need no repentance. 8 Or what woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one piece, doth not light a lamp, and sweep the house, and seek diligently until she find 9 it? And when she hath found it, she calleth together her friends and neighbours, saying, Rejoice with me, for I have found the piece which I 10 had lost. Even so, I say unto you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. 11, 12 And he said, A certain man had two sons: and the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of Hhy substance that falleth 13 to me. And he divided unto them his living. And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far 14 country; and there he wasted his substance with riotous living. And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that country; and 15 he began to be in want. And he went and joined himself to one of the citizens of that country; and he sent him into his fields to feed swine. 16 And he would fain have been filled with 3 the husks that the swine did eat: 17 and no man gave unto him. But when he came to himself he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and 18 I perish here with hunger! I will arise and go to my father, and will say 19 unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight: I am no 134 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §117 Luke 15:1-32 more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants. 20 And he arose, and came to his father. But while he was yet afar off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran, and fell 21 on his neck, and 4 kissed him. And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight; I am no more worthy to be called 22 thy son. 5 But the father said to his "servants, Bring forth quickly the best robe, and put it on liim; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his 23 feet: and bring the fatted calf, and kill it, and let us eat, and make merry: 24 for this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. 25 And they began to be merry. Now his elder son was in the field: and as 26 he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard music and dancing. And he called to him one of the •servants, and inquired what these things might 27 be. And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound. 28 But he was angry, and would not go in: and his father came out, and 29 entreated him. But he answered and said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, and I never transgressed a commandment of thine: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my 30 friends : but when this thy son came, which hath devoured thy living with 31 harlots, thou killedst for him the fatted calf. And he said unto him, 32 7 Son, thou art ever with me, and all that is mine is thine. But it was meet to make merry and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found. 1 Gr. drachma, a coin worth about sixteen cents. 2 Gr. the. 3 Gr. the pods of the carob-tree. * Gr. kissed him much. 6 Some ancient authorities add make me as one of thy hired servants. See ver. 19. « Gr. bond-servants, i Gr. Child. §117. THREE PARABLES ON STEWARDSHIP (TO THE niSCIPLES, THE PARABLE OF THE UNJUST STEWARD; TO THE PHARISEES, THE PARABLE OF THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS; TO THE DISCIPLES, THE PARABLE OF THE UNPROFIT- ABLE SERVANTS) Probably in Perea Luke 16:1-17:10 16 And he said unto the disciples, There was a certain rich man, which had a steward; and the same was accused unto him that he was wasting 2 his goods. And he called him, and said unto him, What is this that I hear of thee? render the account of thy stewardship; for thou canst be no 3 longer steward. And the steward said within himself, What shall I do, 4 seeing that my lord taketh away the stewardship from me? I have not strength to dig; to beg I am ashamed. I am resolved what to do, that, when I am put out of the stewardship, they may receive me into their 5 houses. And calling to him each one of his lord's debtors, he said to the 6 first, How much owest thou unto my lord? And he said, A hundred Measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take thy 2 bond, and sit down 135 §117 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Luke 16:1-17:10 7 quickly and write fifty. Then said he to another, And how much owest thou? And he said, A hundred 3 measures of wheat. He saith unto him, 8 Take thy 9 bond, and write fourscore. And his lord commended 4 the unrighteous steward because he had done wisely: for the sons of this 6 world are for their own generation wiser than the sons of the light. 9 And I say unto you, make to yourselves friends 6 by means of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when it shall fail, they may receive you into 10 the eternal tabernacles. He that is faithful in a very little is faithful 11 also in much. If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous 12 mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another's, who will give you that 13 which is 7 your own? No 8 servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. 14 And the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, heard all these things; 15 and they scoffed at him. And he said unto them, Ye are they that justify yourselves in the sight of men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God. 16 The law and the prophets were until John: from that time the gospel of the kingdom of God is preached, and every man entereth violently into it 17 [see Matt. 11:12]. But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, 18 than for one tittle of the law to fall. Every one that putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and he that marrieth one that is put away from a husband committeth adultery. 19 Now there was a certain rich man, and he was clothed in purple and 20 fine linen, faring sumptuously every day: and a certain beggar named 21 Lazarus was laid at his gate, full of sores, and desiring to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table; yea, even the dogs came and 22 licked his sores. And it came to pass, that the beggar died, andthat he was carried away by the angels into Abraham's bosom: and the rich man 23 also died, and was buried. And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in 24 torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I 25 am in anguish in this flame. But Abraham said, 10 Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and Lazarus in like manner 26 evil things: but now here he is comforted, and thou art in anguish. And n beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, that they which would pass from hence to you may not be able, and that none may 27 cross over from thence to us. And he said, I pray thee therefore, father, 28 that thou wouldest send him to my father's house: for I have five brethren; that he may testify unto them; lest they also come into this place of tor- 29 ment. But Abraham saith, They have Moses and the prophets; let them 30 hear them. And he said, Nay, father Abraham: but if one go to them 31 from the dead, they will repent. And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, if one rise from the dead. 1 And he said unto his disciples, It is impossible but that occasions of stumbling should come: but woe unto him, through whom they come! 2 It were well for him if a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he 136 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY § 118 Luke 16:1-17:10 were thrown into the sea, rather than that he should cause one of these 3 little ones to stumble. Take heed to yourselves: if thy brother sin, 4 rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him. And if he sin against thee seven times in the day, and seven times turn again to thee, saying, I repent; thou shalt forgive him. 5, 6 And the apostles said unto the Lord, Increase our faith. And the Lord said, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye would say unto this sycamine tree, Be thou rooted up, and be thou planted in the sea; 7 and it would have obeyed you. But who is there of you, having a 12 ser- vant plowing or keeping sheep, that will say unto him, when he is come in from the field, Come straightway and sit down to meat; and will not 8 rather say unto him, Make ready wherewith I may sup, and gird thyself, and serve me, till I have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt 9 eat and drink? Doth he thank the 12 servant because he did the things 10 that were commanded? Even so ye also, when ye shall have done all the things that are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable "servants; we have done that which it was our duty to do. 1 Or, baths, the bath being a Hebrew measure. See Ezek. 45:10, 11, 14. 2 Gr. writings. 3 Gr. cors, the cor being a Hebrew measure. See Ezek. 45:14. * Gr. the steward of unrighteousness. 8 Or, age. « Gr. out of. » Some ancient authorities read, our own. 8 Gr. household seriwit. 9 Or, living in mirth and splendor every day. 10 Gr. Child. " Or, in all these things. " Gr. bond-servant, 13 Gr. bond-servants. §118. JESUS RAISES LAZARUS FROM THE DEAD From Perea* to Bethany near Jerusalem John 11:1-44 1 Now a certain man was sick, Lazarus of Bethany, of the village of 2 Mary and her sister Martha. And it was that Mary, which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother 3 Lazarus was sick. The sisters therefore sent unto him, saying, Lord, 4 behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. But when Jesus heard it, he said, this sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of 5 God may be glorified thereby. Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, 6 and Lazarus. When therefore he heard that he was sick, he abode at 7 that time two days in the place where he was. Then after this he saith 8 to the disciples, Let us go into Judea again. The disciples say unto him, Rabbi, the Jews were but now seeking to stone thee; and goest thou thither 9 again? Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If a man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this 10 world. But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because the light 11 is not in him. These things spake he: and after this he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus is fallen asleep; but I go, that I may awake him out of 12 sleep. The disciples therefore said unto him, Lord, if he is fallen asleep, 13 he will Recover. Now Jesus had spoken of his death : but they thought * Our Lord was apparently at a distance of two or three days' journey (verses 6, 17) from Bethany; and he was probably in Perea. This visit to Bethany, a suburb of Jerusalem, may be that to which Luke pointed in 13:22. 137 §118 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY John 11:1-44 14 that he spake of taking rest in sleep. Then Jesus therefore said unto 15 them plainly, Lazarus is dead. And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. 16 Thomas therefore, who is called 2 Didymus, said unto his fellow-disciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him. 17 So when Jesus came, he found that he had been in the tomb four days 18 already. Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs 19 off; and many of the Jews had come to Martha and Mary, to console 20 them concerning their brother. Martha therefore, when she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary still sat in the house. 21 Martha therefore said unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my 22 brother had not died. And even now I know that whatsoever thou shalt 23 ask of God, God will give thee. Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall 24 rise again. Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in 25 the resurrection at the last day. Jesus said unto her, I am the resur- 26 rection, and the life: he that believeth on me, though he die, yet shall he 27 live: and whosoever liveth and believeth on me shall never die. Believest thou this? She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I have believed that thou art 28 the Christ, the Son of God, even he that cometh into the world. And when she had said this, she went away, and called Mary *her sister secretly, 29 saying, The 4 Master is here, and calleth thee. And she, when she heard 30 it, arose quickly, and went unto him. (Now Jesus was not yet come into the 31 village, but was still in the place where Martha met him.) The Jews then which were with her in the house, and were comforting her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up quickly and went out, followed her, supposing 32 that she was going unto the tomb to 6 weep there. Mary therefore, when she came where Jesus was, and saw him, fell down at his feet, saying unto 33 him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. When Jesus therefore saw her 6 weeping, and the Jews also 6 weeping, which 34 came with her, he 7 groaned in the spirit, and 8 was troubled, and said, Where 35 have ye laid him? They say unto him, Lord, come and see. Jesus wept. 36, 37 The Jews therefore said, Behold how he loved him ! But some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of him that was 38 blind, have caused that this man also should not die? Jesus therefore again "groaning in himself cometh to the tomb. Now it was a cave, and 39 a stone lay 10 against it. Jesus saith, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of rum that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he 40 stinketh: for he hath been dead four days. Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou believedst, thou shouldest 41 see the glory of God? So they took away the stone. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou heardest me. 42 Aiid I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the multitude which standeth around I said it, that they may believe that thou didst 43 send me. And when he had thus spoken, he cried with a loud voice, 44 Lazarus, come forth. He that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with "grave-clothes; and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go. 1 Gr. be saved. * That is, Twin. s Or, her sister, saying secretly. « Or, Teacher. 8 Gr. wail. • Gr. wailing. * Or, was moved with indignation in the spirit. 8 Gr. troubled himself. * Or, being moved with indignation in himself. l0 Or, upon. u Or, grave-bands. 138 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §120 § 119. THE EFFECT OF THE RAISING *OF LAZARUS (ON THE PEOPLE, ON THE SANHEDRIN, ON THE MOVEMENTS OF JESUS) Jerusalem and Ephraim in Judea John 11:45-54 45 Many therefore of the Jews, which came to Mary and beheld : that 46 which he did, believed on him. But some of them went away to the Pharisees, and told them the thing which Jesus had done. 47 The chief priests therefore and the Pharisees gathered a council, and 48 said, What do we? for this man doeth many signs. If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on Mm: and the Romans will come and take 49 away both our place and our nation. But a certain one of them, Caiaphas, being high priest that year, said unto them, Ye know nothing at all, 50 nor do ye take account that it is expedient for you that one man should 51 die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not. Now this he 52 said not of himself: but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for the nation; and not for the nation only, but that he might also gather together into one the children of God that are scattered 53 abroad. So from that day forth they took counsel that they might put him to death. 54 Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews, but departed thence into the country near to the wilderness, into a city called Ephraim; and there he tarried with the disciples. 1 Many ancient authorities read the things which he did. § 120. JESUS STARTS ON THE LAST JOURNEY TO JERU- SALEM BY WAY OF SAMARIA AND GALILEE He heals the Ten Lepers and explains the Nature of the Kingdom of God to the Pharisees and the Disciples. In Samaria or Galilee Luke 17:11-37 11 And it came to pass, *as they were on the way to Jerusalem, that he 12 was passing Hhrough the midst of Samaria and Galilee.* And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men that were lepers, 13 which stood afar off [see Lev. 13:45-46]: and they lifted up their voices, 14 saying, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. And when he saw them, he * As Ephraim (§ 119) was pretty certainly in the northern part of Judea, it has been reasonably supposed (Wieseler, Clark, and others) that, when the Passover was approaching, Jesus went from that region northward through Samaria into the southern or southeastern part of Galilee, so as to fall in with the pilgrims going from Galilee through Perea to Jerusalem. We thus again combine lake's account with that of John in easy agreement. And this explains Luke's mention of Samaria first, which would be strange in describing a journey from Galilee through Samaria to Jerusalem, while the marginal translation, "between Samaria and Galilee," would be obscure and hard to account for. From this point he is making his final journey to Jerusalem, for the Passover of the crucifixion. 139 §121 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Luke 17:11-37 said unto them, Go and shew yourselves unto the priests [see Lev. 13:49; 15 14:1-3]. And it came to pass, as they went, they were cleansed. And one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, with a loud 16 voice glorifying God; and he fell upon his face at his feet, giving him 17 thanks: and he was a Samaritan. And Jesus answering said, Were not 18 the ten cleansed? but where are the nine? 3 Were there none found that 19 returned to give glory to God, save this 4 stranger? And he said unto him, Arise, and go thy way: thy faith hath 6 made thee whole. 20 And being asked by the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God cometh, he answered them and said, the kingdom of God cometh not with obecr- 21 vation: neither shall they say, Lo, here! or, There! for lo, the kingdom of God is 6 within you. 22 And he said unto the disciples, The days will come, when ye shall desire to see one of the days of the Son of man, and ye shall not see it. 23 And they shall say to you, Lo, there ! Lo, here ! go not away, nor follow 24 after them: for as the lightning, when it lighteneth out of the one part under the heaven, shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall 25 the Son of man be 7 in his day. But first must he suffer many things and 26 be rejected of this generation. And as it came to pass in the days of Noah, even so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man [see Gen. 6:11-13; 27 7, 21-23], They ate, they drank, they married, they were given in mar- riage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, and the flood came, and 28 destroyed them all. Likewise even as it came to pass in the days of Lot; they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded 29 [see Gen 18:20-22]: but in the day that Lot went out from Sodom [see Gen. 30 19:24-25] it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all: after the same manner shall it be in the day that the Son of 31 man is revealed. In that day, he which shall be on the housetop, and his goods in the house, let him not go down to take them away: and let him 32, 33 that is in the field likewise not return back. Remember Lot's wife [see Gen. 19:26]. Whosoever shall seek to gain his 8 life shall lose it: but who- 34 soever shall lose his life shall preserve it. I say unto you, In that night there shall be two men on one bed; the one shall be taken and the other 35 shall be left. There shall be two women grinding together; the one shall 37 be taken, and the other shall be left 10 . And they answering say unto him, Where, Lord? And he said unto them, Where the body is, thither will the n eagles also be gathered together. * Or, as he was. 2 Or, between. * Or, There were none found . . . save this stranger. * Or, alien. 8 Or, saved thee. « Or, in the midst of you. 7 Some ancient authorities omit in his day. 8 Or, soul. 9 Or, save it alive. ,0 Some ancient authorities add ver. 36 There shall be two men in the field: the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left. u Or, vultures. 1 121. TWO PARABLES ON PRAYER (THE IMPORTUNATE WIDOW, THE PHARISEE, AND THE PUBLICAN) Luke 18:1-14 1 And he spake a parable unto them to the end that they ought always 2 to pray, and not to faint; saying, There was in a city a judge, which 3 feared not God, and regarded not man: and there was a widow in that 140 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §122 Luke 18:1-14 city; and she came oft unto him, saying, Avenge me of mine adversary. 4 And he would not for a while: but afterward he said within himself, 5 Though I fear not God, nor regard man; yet because this widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, lest she 2 wear me out by her continual coming. 6 And the Lord said, Hear what 3 the unrighteous judge saith. And shall 7 not God avenge his elect, which cry to hini day and night, and he is long- 8 suffering over them? I say unto you, that he will avenge them speedily. Howbeit when the Son of man cometh, shall he find 4 faith on the earth? 9 And he spake also this parable unto certain which trusted in them- 10 selves that they were righteous, and set 5 all others at nought: Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a 11 publican. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as the rest of men, extortioners, unjust, adulter- 12 ers, or even as this publican. I fast twice in the week; I give tithes of all 13 that I get. But the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote his breast, saying, God, 6 be merciful 14 to me 7 a sinner. I say unto you, This man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled; but he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. 1 Or, Do me justice of; and so in verses 5, 7, 8. ' Or, the faith. 6 Gr. the rest. « Or, be propitiated. 2 Gr. bruise. 8 Gr. the judge of unrighteousness, i Or, the sinner. §122. GOING FROM GALILEE THROUGH PEREA,* HE TEACHES CONCERNING DIVORCE Perea Mark 10:1-12 1 And he arose from thence, and cometh into the borders of Judea and beyond Jordan: and mul- titudes come together unto him again; and, as he was wont, he taught them again. 2 And there came unto him Pharisees, and asked him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his 3 wife? tempting him. And he answered and said unto them, What did Moses command you 4 [see Deut. 21+:l\1 And they said, Matt. 19:1-12 1 And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished these words, he de- parted from Galilee, and came into the borders of Judea beyond 2 Jordan; and great multitudes fol- lowed him; and he healed them there. 3 And there came unto him Pharisees, tempting him, and saying, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? 4 And he answered and said, Have * Matthew expressly states that he went from Galilee through Perea, and soon afterwards carries him forward to Jericho and Jerusalem. (Comp. Mark also.) Yet he says that Jesus did this when he had finished the parable of the unforgiving servant, which we have placed nearly six months earlier (§ 92). Luke here presently agrees with Matthew and Mark, and they go on together to the end, while heretofore Matthew and Mark have given us nothing since Jesus went to the Feast of Tabernacles. In one way or another we must suppose quite a break in their narrative. See Broadus' commentary on Matthew 19:1, and compare note 10 at end of Harmony. 141 §122 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Mark 10:1-12 Moses suffered to write a bill of divorcement, and to put her 5 away. But Jesus said unto them, For your hardness of heart he wrote you this commandment. 6 But from the beginning of the creation, Male and female made 7 he them [see Gen. 1:27). For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, 5 and shall 8 cleave to his wife; and the twain shall become one flesh [see Gen. 2:21+\: so that they are no more 9 twain, but one flesh. What there- fore God hath joined together, let 10 not man put asunder. And in the house the disciples asked him again of this matter. 11 And he saith unto them, Who- soever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth 12 adultery against her: and if she herself shall put away her hus- band, and marry another, she committeth adultery. Matt. 19:1-12 ye not read, that he which 2 made them from the beginning made 5 them male and female, and said, For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife; and the twain 6 shall become one flesh? So that they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. 7 They say unto him, Why then did Moses com- mand to give a bill of divorce- 8 ment, and to put her away? He saith unto them, Moses for your hardness of heart suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it hath not been 9 so. And I say unto you, Whoso- ever shall put away his wife, Ex- cept for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adul- tery: 4 and he that marrieth her when she is put away committeth 10 adultery. The disciples say unto him, If the case of the man is so with his wife, it is not expedient 11 to marry. But he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying, but they to whom it is given. 12 For there are eunuchs which were so born from their mother's womb : and there are eunuchs, which were made eunuchs by men: and there are eunuchs, which made them- selves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. * Many authorities, some ancient, insert the. " Some ancient authorities read created. 3 Some ancient authorities read saving for the cause of fornication, maketh her an adulteress; as in ch. 5:32, § 43. * The following words, to the end of the verse, are omitted by some ancient authorities, s Some ancient authorities omit and shall cleave to his wife. 142 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §124 §123. CHRIST AND CHILDREN AND THE FAILURE OF THE DISCIPLES TO UNDERSTAND THE ATTITUDE OF JESUS Mark 10:13-16 13 And they brought unto him little chil- dren, that he should touch them: and the disciples rebuked 14 them. But when Jesus saw it, he was moved with indig- nation, and said un- to them, Suffer the little children to come unto me; forbid them not : for of such is the kingdom of God. 15 Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall in no wise enter therein. 16 And he took them in his arms, and blessed them, laying his hands upon them. Perea Matt. 19:13-15 13 Then were there brought unto him little children, that he should lay his hands on them, and pray: and the disci- ples rebuked them. 14 But Jesus said, Suffer the little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven. 15 And he laid his hands on them, and de- parted thence. Luke 18:15-17* 15 And they brought unto him also their babes, that he should touch them: but when the disciples saw it, they rebuked them. 16 But Jesus called them unto him, saying, Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of 17 God. Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall in no wise enter there- in. §124. THE RICH YOUNG RULER, THE PERILS OF RICHES, AND AMAZEMENT OF THE DISCIPLES. THE REWARDS OF FORSAKING ALL TO FOLLOW THE MESSIAH WILL BE GREAT, BUT WILL BE SOVEREIGN (PARABLE OF THE LABORERS IN THE VINEYARD) In Perea Mark 10:17-31 17 And as he was go- ing forth 8 into the way, there ran one to him, and kneeled to him, and asked him, Good 2 Master, Matt. 19:16 to 20:16 16 And behold, one came to him and said, x Master, 2 what good Luke 18:18-30 18 And a certain ruler asked him, saying, Good 2 Master, what * From this point Matthew, Mark and Luke will be parallel more frequently than thev were even during the great ministry in Galilee. 143 §124 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Mark 10:17-31 what shall I do that I may inherit eternal 18 life? And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? none is good save one, even God. 19 Thou knowest the commandments [see Ex. 20:12-16; Deut. 5:16-20], Do not kill, Do not com- mit adultery Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honour thy father and mother. 20 And he said unto him, 2 Mas- ter, all these things have I observed from 21 my youth. And Je- sus looking upon him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, 22 follow me. But his countenance fell at the saying, and he went away sorrowful: for he was one that had great possessions. 23 And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disci- ples, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! Matt. 19:16 to 20:16 thing shall I do that I may have eternal 17 life? And he said unto him, 3 Why ask- est thou me concern- ing that which is good? One there is who is good: but if thou wouldest enter into life, keep the 18 commandments. He saith unto him, Which? And Jesus said, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, * Thou shalt not bear 19 false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neigh- 20 bour as thyself. The young man saith un- to him, All these things have I ob- served: what lack I 21 yet? Jesus said unto him, If thou wouldest be perfect, go, sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treas- ure in heaven: and come, follow me. 22 But when the young man heard the saying, he went away sorrowful: for he was one that had great possessions. 23 And Jesus said un- to his disciples, Ver- ily I say unto you, It is hard for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven. 144 Luke 18:18-30 shall I do to inherit 19 eternal life? And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? none is good save one, even God. 20 Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adul- tery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and mother. 21 And he said, All these things have I observed from my 22 youth up. And when Jesus heard it, he said unto him, One thing thou lackest yet: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treas- ure in heaven: and come, follow me. 23 But when he heard these things, he be- came exceeding sor- rowful; for he was very rich. And Jesus seeing him said, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §124 Mark 10:17-31 24 And the disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus an- swereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it 9 for them that trust in riches to en- ter into the kingdom 25 of God! It is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. 26 And they were as- tonished exceedingly, saying 10 unto him, Then who can be 27 saved? Jesus look- ing upon them saith, With men it is im- possible, but not with God for all things are possible with God [see Gen. 18:24; 28 Job, 42:2]. Peter be- gan to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and followed thee. 29 Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or breth- ren, or sisters, or mother, or father, or children, or lands, for my sake, and for 30 the gospel's sake, but he shall receive a hundredfold now in this time, houses, and Matt. 19:16 to 20:16 24 And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to en- ter into the kingdom 25 of God. And when the disciples heard it, they were aston- ished exceedingly, sa}dng, Who then can 26 be saved? And Jesus looking upon them said to them, With men this is im- possible; but with God all things are 27 possible. Then an- swered Peter and said unto him,Lo, we have left all, and followed thee; what then shall 28 we have? And Jesus said unto them, Ver- ily I say unto you, that ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit on the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Isra- 29 el. And every one that hath left houses, or brethren, or sis- ters, or father, or mother, 4 or children, or lands, for my name's sake, st all 145 Luke 18: 18-30 25 For it is easier for a camel to enter in through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. 26 And they that heard it said, Then who can be saved? 27 But he said, The things that are impossible with men are possible with God. 28 And Peter said, Lo, we have left 12 our own, and followed thee. 29 And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or wife, or brethren, or parents, or chil- dren, for the king- dom of God's sake, §125 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY 31 Mark 10:17-31 brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the "world to come eternal life. But many that are first shall be last; and the last first. Matt. 19:16 to 20:16 receive 5 a hundred fold. and shall inherit eternal life. 30 But many shall be last that are first; and first that are last. Luke 18:18-30 30 who shall not receive manifold more in this time, and in the "world to come eternal life. 1 For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is a householder* which went out early in the morning to hire labourers into his vine- 2 yard. And when he had agreed with the labourers for a 6 penny a day, 3 he sent them into his vineyard. And he went out about the third hour 4 and saw others standing in the marketplace idle; and to them he said, Go ye also into the vineyard, and whatsoever is right I will give you. 5 And they went their way. Again he went out about the sixth and the 6 ninth hour, and did likewise. And about the eleventh hour he went out, 7 and found others standing; and he saith unto them, Why stand ye here all the day idle? They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. 8 He saith unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard. And when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, 9 and pay them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first. And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every 10 man a 6 penny. And when the first came, they supposed that they would 11 receive more; and they likewise received every man a 6 penny. And when they received it, they murmured against the householder, saying, 12 These last have spent but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden of the day and the 7 scorching heat. 13 But he answered and said to one of them, Friend, I do thee no wrong: 14 didst not thou agree with me for a 6 penny? Take up that which is thine, and go thy way; it is my will to give unto this last, even as unto thee. 1 5 Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? or is thine eye 16 evil, because I am good? So the last shall be first, and the first last. 1 Some ancient authorities read Good Master. See Mark 10:17; Luke 18:18. 2 Or, Teacher. 8 Some ancient authorities read Why callest thou me good? None is good save one, even God. See Mark 10:18; Luke 18:19. 4 Many ancient authorities add or wife; as in Luke 18:29. 6 Some an- cient authorities read manifold. 6 The Roman denarius, about seventeen cents of our money. "> Or, hot wind. 8 Or, on his way. 9 Some ancient authorities omit for them that trust in riches. 10 Many ancient authorities read among themselves. u Or, age. 12 Or, our own homes. §125. JESUS AGAIN FORETELLS TO THE DISCIPLES HIS DEATH AND RESURRECTION (COMP. §§83, 85, 86, 88), AND REBUKES THE SELFISH AMBITION OF JAMES AND JOHN Probably in Perea Mark 10:32-45 32 And they were in the way, going up Matt. 20:17-28 17 And as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, 146 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §125 Mark 10:32-45 to Jerusalem*; and Jesus was going be- fore them: and they were amazed; 3 and they that followed were afraid. And he took again the twelve, and began to tell them the things that were to happen unto him, saying, 33 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and the scribes; and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him unto the 34 Gentiles : and they shall mock him, and shall spit upon him, and shall scourge him, and shall kill him; and after three days he shall rise again. 35 And there come near unto him James and John, the sons of Zebedee, saying unto him, * Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall ask of thee. And he 36 said unto them, What would ye that I should 37 do for you? And they said unto him, Grant Matt. 20:17-28 he took the twelve disciples apart, and in the way he said unto them, 18 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and scribes; and they shall condemn him 19 to death, and shall deliver him unto the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify; and the third day he shall be raised up. Luke 18:31-34 31 And he took unto him the twelve, and said unto them, Be- hold, we go up to Je- rusalem, and all the things that are writ- ten 6 by the prophets shall be accomplished unto the Son of man. 32 For he shall be delivered up unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and shamefully entreated, and spit upon: and 33 they shall scourge and kill him: and the third day he shall 34 rise again. And they understood none of these things; and this saying was hid from them, and they per- ceived not the things that were said. 20 Then came to him the mother of the sons of Zebedee with her sons, worshipping him, and asking a certain thing of him. 21 And he said unto her, What wouldest thou? She said unto him, Command that these my two sons may sit, one on thy right hand, and one on thy left hand, in thy kingdom. * He left Galilee in § 122, crossing the Jordan into Perea, probably in company with many Jews from Galilee (who regularly went this way to Jerusalem), and will now soon cross the river again and reach Jericho (§ 126). 147 126 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY Mark 10:32-45 unto us that we may sit, one on thy right hand, and one on 38 thy left hand, in thy glory. But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink the cup that I drink? or to be baptized with the baptism 39 that I am baptized with? And they said unto him, We are able. And Jesus said unto them, The cup that I drink ye shall drink; and with the baptism that I am bap- tized withal shall ye be baptized: 40 but to sit on my right hand or on my left hand is not mine to give : but it is for them for whom it hath 41 been prepared. And when the ten heard it, they began to be moved with indignation concerning 42 James and John. And Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles lord it over them: and their great ones exercise authority over them. 43 But it is not so among you : but whosoever would become great among you, shall be your minister : 44 and whosoever would be first among you, shall be Servant of 45 all. For verily the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. 1 Or, servant. 8 Or, through. Matt. 20:17-28 22 But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink the cup that I am about to drink? They say unto him, We are able. 23 He saith unto them, My cXip indeed ye shall drink: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left hand, is not mine to give, but it is for them for whom it hath been prepared of 24 my Father. And when the ten heard it, they were moved with in- dignation concerning the two 25 brethren. But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones 26 exercise authority over them. Not so shall it be among you; but who- soever would become great among 27 you shall be your minister; and whosoever would be first among 28 you shall be your 2 servant : even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to min- ister, and to give his life a ransom for many. 1 Gr. bondservant. * Or, but some as they followed were afraid. * Or, Teacher. §126. BLIND BARTIIVLEUS AND HIS COMPANION HEALED Mark 10:46-52 46 And they come to Jericho: and as he went out from Jeri- cho, with his disci- ples and a great mul- titude, the son of Timseus, Bartimseus, At Jericho Matt. 20:29-34 29 And as they went out from Jericho, a great multitude fol- lowed him. 30 And be- Luke 18:35-43 35 And it came to pass, as he drew nigh unto Jericho, a cer- 148 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY 126 Mark 10:46-52 a blind beggar, was sitting by the way side. 47 And when he heard that it was Je- sus of Nazareth, he began to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy 48 on me. And many rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried out the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. 49 And Jesus stood still, and said, Call ye him. And they call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good cheer: rise, 50 he calleth thee. And he, casting away his garment, sprang up, and came to Jesus. 51 And Jesus answered him, and said, What wilt thou that I should do unto thee? And the blind man said unto him, ^ab- boni, that I may re- 52 ceive my sight. And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath 2 made thee whole. And straight- way he received his sight, and followed him in the way. Matt. 20:29-34 hold, two *blind men sitting by the way side, when they heard that Jesus was pass- ing by, cried out, saying, Lord, have mercy on us, thou 31 Son of David. And the multitude rebuked them, that they should hold their peace : but they cried out the more, saying, Lord, have mercy on us, thou son of David. 32 And Jesus stood still, and called them, and said, What will ye that I should do unto you? 33 They say unto him, Lord, that our eyes 34 may be opened. And Jesus being moved with compassion, touched their eyes: and straightway they received their sight, and followed him. See John 20:16. 2 Or, saved thee. Luke 18:35-43 tain blind man sat by the way side begging: 36 and hearing a multi- tude going by, he inquired what this 37 meant. And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth 38 by. And he cried, saying, Jesus, thou son of David, have 39 mercy on me. And they that went before rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried out the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. 40 And Jesus stood, and commanded him to be brought unto him: and when he was come near, he 41 asked him, What wilt thou that I should do unto thee? And he said, Lord, that I may receive my sight. 42 And Jesus said unto him, Receive thy sight: thy faith hath 2 made thee whole. 43 And immediately he received his sight, and followed him, glorify- ing God: and all the people, when they saw it, gave praise unto God. * Matthew mentions two blind men, while Mark and Luke describe one, probably the more conspicuous one. — The di3crepancy as to place, "as he went out from Jericho," "as he drew nigh unto Jericho," is best explained by the recent suggestion that the healing occurred after he left the old Jericho, and as he was approaching the new Jericho which Herod the Great had built at some distance away. An older, and also possible explanation was that the blind men made application when he was approaching the city, but were not then healed, and only when he had left the city were they healed. (Comp. Matt. 15:23 ff., and Mark 8:22 f.) 149 §127 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §127. JESUS VISITS ZACCILEUS, AND SPEAKS THE PARABLE OF THE POUNDS,* AND SETS OUT FOR JERUSALEM Jericho Luke 19:1-28 1, 2 And he entered and was passing through Jericho. And behold, a man called by name Zacchaeus; and he was a chief publican, and he was 3 rich. And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the crowd, 4 because he was little of stature. And he ran on before, and climbed up 5 into a sycamore tree to see him : for he was to pass that way. And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make 6 haste, and come down; for to-day I must abide at thy house. And he 7 made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully. And when they saw it, they all murmured, saying, He is gone in to lodge with a man that 8 is a sinner. And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord, Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have wrongfully exacted 9 aught of any man, I restore fourfold [see Ex. 22:1; Num. 5:6-7}. And Jesus said unto him, To-day is salvation come to this house, forasmuch 10 as he also is a son of Abraham. For the Son of man came to seek and to save that which was lost [Ezek. 84:16]. 11 And as they heard these things, he added and spake a parable, be- cause he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they supposed that the 12 kingdom of God was immediately to appear. He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country, to receive for himself a king- 13 dom, and to return. And he called ten Servants of his, and gave them 14 ten 2 pounds, and said unto them, Trade ye herewith till I come. But his citizens hated him, and sent an ambassage after him, saying, We will not 15 that this man reign over us. And it came to pass, when he was come back again, having received the kingdom, that he commanded these Servants, unto whom he had given the money, to be called to him, that he might 16 know what they had gained by trading. And the first came before him, 17 saying, Lord, thy pound hath made ten pounds more. And he said unto him, Well done, thou good Servant: because thou wast found faithful in 18 a very little, have thou authority over ten cities. And the second came, 19 saying, Thy pound, Lord, hath made five pounds. And he said unto him 20 also, Be thou also over five cities. And 4 another came, saying, Lord, 21 behold, here is thy pound, which I kept laid up in a napkin: for I feared thee, because thou art an austere man: thou takest up that thou layedst not 22 down, and reapest that thou didst not sow. He saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked Servant. Thou knewest that I am an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping 23 that I did not sow; then wherefore gavest thou not my money into the bank, and 6 I at my coming should have required it with interest? 24 And he said unto them that stood by, Take away from him the pound, 25 and give it unto him that hath the ten pounds. And they said unto * The similar parable of the Talents was given several days later. See § 139. On this first occasion the illustration has a specific design (ver. 11 f.), which will not appear on the second, viz., to check the wild enthusiasm of the multitude to make Jesus Bang in Jerusalem as they had once planned a year ago (John 6:15, § 73). 150 THE LATER PEREAN MINISTRY §127 Luke 19:1-28 26 him, Lord, he hath ten pounds. I say unto you, that unto every one that hath shall be given; but from him that hath not, even that which he hath 27 shall be taken away from him. Howbeit these mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me. 28 And when he had thus spoken, he went on before, going up to Jerusalem. 1 Gr. bond-servants. 2 Mina, here translated a pound, is equal to one hundred drachmas. See ch. 15:8. 3 Gr. bond-servant. * Gr. the other. 6 Or, I should have gone and required. 151 PART XI THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Friday before to Tuesday of Passion Week, Spring of a.d. 30 (or a.d. 29).* Just before Passover. §§ 128a-138. § 128 a. JESUS ARRIVES AT BETHANY,f NEAR JERUSALEM Friday afternoon John 11:55 to 12:1, 9-11 55 Now the passover of the Jews was at hand: and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the passover, to purify themselves. 56 They sought therefore for Jesus, and spake one with another, as they stood in the temple, What think ye? That he will not come to the 57 feast? Now the chief priests and the Pharisees had given commandment, that, if any man knew where he was, he should shew it, that they might take him. 1 Jesus therefore six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, whom Jesus raised from the dead.J 9 The common people therefore of the Jews learned that he was there: and they came, not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus 10 also, whom he raised from the dead. But the chief priests took counsel 11 that they might put Lazarus also to death; because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus. In §§ 128b-138 we have the Saviour's movements and teachings on Sunday, Monday and Tuesday — the close of his public ministry, except the little that he said during the Jewish and Roman trial. All of his teaching thereafter will be given to his disciples. §128b. HIS TRIUMPHAL ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM AS THE MESSIAH§ From Bethany to Jerusalem and back (Sunday). A Day of Messianic Demonstration Mark 11:1-11 1 And when they draw nigh Matt. 21:1-11, 14-17 1 And when they drew nigh Luke 19:29-44 29 And it came to pass, when * If the feast of John 5:1 was a Passover, and so his ministry lasted over three years, then his death was pretty certainly in a.d. 30; otherwise in a.d. 29. t Compare former visits to this Bethany, §§ 104, 118, and see also below, § 141. X John (12:2-8) gives the supper in the house of Simon the leper at this stage, probably because it is the last mention of Bethany in his Gospel. It seems better to follow the order of Mark here in the location of the anointing of Jesus by Mary of Bethany. § Jesus now makes a formal challenge to the Jerusalem leaders who have so long opposed his claims. This was a Day of Triumph that seemed to the excited crowds to mean the establish- ment of a political Messianic Kingdom. 152 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §128b Mark 11:1-11 unto Jerusa- lem , unto Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount of 01ives,he send- eth two of his 2 disciples, and saith unto them, Go your way into the village that is over against you, and straightway as ye enter into it, ye shall find a colt tied, whereon no man ever yet sat; loose him, and bring him. 3 And if any one say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye, The Lord hath need of him; and straight- way 2 he will send him 3 back 4 hither. And they went a- way,and found a colt tied at the door with- out in the open street; and they loose 5 him. And cer- tain of them that stood there said unto them, What do ye, loosing the 6 colt? And they said unto them even as Jesus had said: and i Matt. 21:1-11, 14-17 unto Jerusa- lem, and came unto B e t h- phage, unto the mount of Olives, then Jesus sent two 2 disciples, say- ing unto them, Go into the village that is over against y ou , and straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them, and bring them un- to me. 3 And if any one say aught unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need of them; and straightway he will send them. 6 And the disci- ples went, and did even as Je- sus appointed them, Luke 19:29^4 he drew nigh unto Beth- phage and Bethany, at the mount that is called the mount of Olives, he sent two of the dis- ciples, saying, 30 Go your way into the village over against you; in the which as ye enter ye shall find a colt tied, whereon no man ever yet sat: loose him, and bring him. 31 32 33 34 35 153 And if any one ask you, Why do ye loose him? thus shall ye say, The Lord hath need of him. And they that were sent went away, and found even as he had said un- to them. And as they were loosing the colt, the own- ers thereof said unto them, Why loose ye the colt? And they said, The Lord hath need of him. And they brought him John 12:12-19 12 On the mor- row 9 a great multitude that had come to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Je- rusalem, took 13 the branches of the palm trees, and went forth to meet § 128 b THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Mark 11:1-11 they let them 7 go. And they bring the colt unto Jesus, and cast on him their gar- ments; and he sat upon him. 8 And many spread their garments upon the way; and others branch- es, which they had cut from 9 the fields. And they that went before, and they that fol- lowed, cried, Hosanna, Bles- sed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord [see Ps. 118: 25-26]\ Matt. 21:1-11, 14 to 17 7 and brought the ass and the colt, and put on them their garments, and he sat thereon. 4 Now this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spo- ken : by the prophet [see Isa. 62:11; Zech. 9:9], say- ing: 5 Tell ye the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy King, cometh unto thee Meek, and riding up- on an ass And upon a colt the foal of an ass. 8 And the most part of the multitude spread their garments in the way; and others cut branches from the trees, and spread them in the way. 9 And the mul- titudes that went before him, and that followed, cried, saying, Ho- sanna to the Luke 19:29-44 to Jesus: and they threw their garments upon the colt, and set Jesus thereon. 36 And as he went, they spread their garments in 37 the way. And as he was now drawing nigh, even at the de- scent of the mount of Olives the whole multi- tude of the dis- ciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all John 12:12-19 him, and cried out, Hosanna: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord, even the King of 14 Israel. And Jesus, having found a young ass, sat there- on; as it is 15 written, Fear not, daughter of Zion:behold thy King com- eth, sitting on an ass's colt. 16 These things understood not his disciples at the first: but when Jesus was glorified, then remem- bered they that these things were written of him, and that they had done these things unto 17 him. The mul- titude there- fore that was with him when he called Laz- arus out of the tomb, and raised him from the dead bare witness. 18 For this cause also the multi- tude went and met him, for that they heard that he had done this sign. 154 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §128b Mark 11:1-11 10 Blessed is the kingdom that cometh, the kingdom of our father David : Hosanna in the highest. Matt. 21:1-11, 14-17 son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Ho- sanna in the highest. Luke 19:29-44 11 And he entered into Jerusalem, into the temple; John 12:12-19 the Eighty 19 The Phar works which isees therefore they had seen; said among 38 saying, Bles- themselves, sed is the King 10 Behold how that cometh in ye prevail the name of nothing: lo, the the Lord: world is gone peace in heav- after him. en, and glory in the highest. 39 And some of the Pharisees from the multitude said unto him, 40 6 Master, rebuke thy disciples. And he answered and said, I tell you that, if these shall hold their peace, the stones will cry out. 41 And when he drew nigh, he saw the city and wept over it, 42 saying, 7 If thou hadst known in this day, even thou, the things which belong unto peace ! but now 43 they are hid from thine eyes. For the days shall come upon thee, when thine enemies shall cast up a 8 bank about thee, and compass 44 thee round, and keep thee in on every side, and shall dash thee to the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation [see Ps. 139:9}. Matt. 21:1-11, 14-17 10 And when he was come into Je- rusalem, all the city was stirred, 11 saying, Who is this? And the multitudes said, This is ' the prophet, Jesus, from Nazareth 14 of Galilee. And the blind and the lame came to him in the temple: and he healed them. 15 But when the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the chil- dren that were crying in the temple and saying, Hosanna to 155 §129 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM and when he had looked round about upon all things, it being now eventide, he went out unto Bethany with the twelve. Mark 11:1-11 Matt. 21:1-11,14-17 the son of David; they were 16 moved with indignation, and said unto him, Hearest thou what these are saying? And Jesus saith unto them, Yea: did ye neverread [see Ps. 8:2], Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou 17 hast perfected praise? And he left them, and went forth out of the city to Bethany, and lodged there. 1 Or, through. 2 Gr. sendeth. 3 Or, again. * Gr. layers of leaves. 6 Gr. powers. « Or, Teacher. 7 Or, O that thou hadst known. 8 Gr. palisade. 9 Some ancient authorities read the common people. 10 Or, Ye behold. §129. THE BARREN FIG TREE CURSED, AND THE SECOND* CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE. (COMP. §31) Bethany and Jerusalem (Monday). A Day of Messianic Power Mark 11:12-18 12 And on the mor- row, when they were come out from Beth- any, he hungered. 13 And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find anything thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for it was not the season of figs. 14 And he answered and said unto it, No man eat fruit from thee henceforward for ever. And his dis- ciples heard it. 15 And they come to Jerusalem: and he entered into the tem- ple, and began to Matt. 21 :18, 19, 12, 13 18 Now in the morn- ing as he returned to the city, he hungered. 19 And seeing a : fig tree by the way side, he came to it and found nothing thereon, but leaves only; and he saith unto it, Let there be no fruit from thee henceforward for ever. 12 And Jesus entered into the temple 2 of God, and cast out all them that sold and Luke 19:45-48 45 And he entered in- to the temple, and began to cast out them that sold, * Once more at the close of the Ministry in Jerusalem, as at the beginning, Jesus asserts his authority over the Temple as the Messiah. In both instances his authority is sharply challenged by the Jewish rulers. 156 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §130 Mark 11:12-18 cast out them that sold and them that bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the money- changers, and the seats of them that 16 sold the doves; and he would not suffer that any man should carry a vessel through 17 the temple. And he taught, and said un- to them, Is it not written, My house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations? but ye have made it a den of 18 robbers. And the chief priests and the scribes heard it, and sought how they might destroy him: for they feared him, for all the multitude was astonished at his teaching. Matt. 21:18, 19, 12, 13 bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the money- changers, and the seats of them that sold the doves; 13 and he saith unto them, It is written, My house shall be called a house of prayer: but ye make it a den of robbers. Luke 19:45-48 46 say- ing unto them, It is written [see Isa. 56:7; Jer. 7:11], And my house shall be a house of prayer: but ye have made it a den of robbers. 47 And he was teach- ing daily in the tem- ple. But the chief priests and the scribes and the prin- cipal men of the peo- ple sought to destroy 48 him: and they could not find what they might do; for the people all hung upon him, listening. 1 Or, a single. 2 Some ancient authorities omit of God. §130. THE DESIRE OF SOME GREEKS TO SEE JESUS PUZZLES THE DISCIPLES AND LEADS JESUS IN AGITATION OF SOUL TO INTERPRET LIFE AND DEATH AS SACRIFICE AND TO SHOW HOW BY BEING "LIFTED UP" HE WILL DRAW ALL MEN TO HIM Jerusalem (Monday) John 12:20-50 20 Now there were certain Greeks among those that went up to worship 21 at the feast: these therefore came to Philip, which was of Bethsaida of 22 Galilee, and asked him saying, Sir, we would see Jesus. Philip cometh and telleth Andrew: Andrew cometh, and Philip, and they tell Jesus. 157 §130 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM John 12:20-50 23 And Jesus answereth them, saying, The hour is come, that the Son of 24 man should be glorified. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a grain of wheat fall into the earth and die, it abideth by itself alone; but if it 25 die, it beareth much fruit. He that loveth his x life loseth it; and he that 26 hateth his ^e in this world shall keep it unto life eternal. If any man serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, there shall also my servant 27 be : if any man serve me, him will the Father honour. Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say [see Ps. 42:6]? Father, save me from this 2 hour. But for this cause came I unto this hour. Father, glorify thy 28 name. There came therefore a voice out of heaven, saying, I have both 29 glorified it, and will glorify it again. The multitude therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it had thundered: others said, An angel hath 30 spoken to him. Jesus answered and said, This voice hath not come for 31 my sake, but for your sakes. Now is 3 the judgement of this world: now 32 shall the prince of this world be cast out. And I, If I be lifted up 4 from 33 the earth, will draw all men unto myself. But this he said, signifying by 34 what manner of death he should die. The multitude therefore answered him, We have heard out of the law that the Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of 35 man? Jesus therefore said unto them, Yet a little while is the light 6 among you. Walk while ye have the light, that darkness overtake you not: and he that walketh in the darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. 36 While ye have the light, believe on the light, that ye may become sons of light. These things spake Jesus, and he departed and 6 hid himself from them. 37 But though he had done so many signs before them, yet they believed 38 not* on him: that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled [see Isa. 53:1], which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? And to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? 39 For this cause they could not believe, for that Isaiah said again, 40 He hath blinded their eyes, and he hardened their heart; Lest they should see with their eyes, and perceive with their heart, And should turn, And I should heal them. 41 These things said Isaiah [see Isa. 6: 1, 10], because he saw his glory: and he 42 spake of him. Nevertheless even of the rulers many believed on him; but because of the Pharisees they did not confess Hi, lest they should be 43 put out of the synagogue; for they loved the glory of men more than the glory of God. 44 And Jesus cried and said, He that believeth on me, believeth not on 45 me, but on him that sent me. And he that beholdeth me beholdeth 46 him that sent me. I am come a fight into the world, that whosoever 47 believeth on me may not abide in the darkness. And if any man hear my sayings, and keep them not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge 48 the world, but to save the world. He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my sayings, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I spake, the 49 same shall judge him in the last day. For I spake not from myself; but * The rejection of Jesus by the Jews is clearly set forth by John's Gospel The Pharisees made many timid and afraid. 158 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §131 John 12:20-50 the Father which sent me, he hath given me a commandment, what I 50 should say, and what I should speak. And I know that his command- ment is life eternal: the things therefore which I speak, even as the Father hath said unto me, so I speak. 1 Or, soul. 2 Or, hour? 3 Or, a judgement. * Or, out of. 5 Or, in. • Or, was hidden from them. 7 Or, him. §131. THE BARREN FIG TREE FOUND TO HAVE WITHERED On the way from Bethany to Jerusalem. (Tuesday*) Matt. 21:19-22 19 And immediately the fig tree withered 20 away. And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, say- ing, How did the fig tree immediately 21 wither away? And Jesus answered and said unto them, Ver- ily I say unto you, If ye have faith, and doubt not, ye shall not only do what is done to the fig tree, but even if ye shall say unto this moun- tain, Be thou taken up and cast into the sea, it shall be done. 22 And all things, what- soever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive. Luke 21:37, 38 37 And every day he was teaching in the temple; and every night he went out, and lodged in the mount that is called the mount of Olives. 38 And all the people came early in the morning to him in the temple, to hear him. Mark 11:19-25 19 And x every even- ing 2 he went forth 20 out of the city. And as they passed by in the morning, they saw the fig tree withered away from 21 the roots. And Peter calling to remem- brance saith unto him, Rabbi, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is with- 22 ered away. And Je- sus answering saith unto them, Have 23 faith in God. Verily I say unto you, Who- soever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou taken up and cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall be- lieve that what he saith cometh to pass; he shall have it. 24 Therefore I say unto you, All things what- soever ye pray and ask for, believe that ye have received them, and ye shall have them. 25 And whensoever ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have aught against any one; that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. 3 1 Gr. whenever evening came. 2 Some ancient authorities read they. 3 Many ancient authorities add ver. 26 But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses. * The Synoptic Gospels give more details of the teaching of Jesus on this Tuesday in the Temple and on the Mount of Olives than for any other single day. We had another Busy Day in Galilee (§§ 61-66). 159 §132 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §132. THE RULERS (SANHEDRIN) FORMALLY CHAL- LENGE* THE AUTHORITY OF JESUS AS AN ACCREDITED TEACHER (RABBI) Jesus bases His human authority on John the Baptist, His Forerunner who baptized him, and demands the Sanhedrin's opinion of the Baptism of John. This pertinent counter-question paralyzes the Jewish leaders and Jesus drives His argument home by three parables, (a) Parable of the Two Sons, (b) Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen, (c) Parable of the Marriage Feast of the King's Son. In the court of the Temple. [Tuesday]) A Day of Controversy Mark 11:27-12:12 27 And they come again to Jerusalem: and as he was walking in the temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the 28 elders; and they said unto him, By what authority doest thou these things? or who gave thee this authority to do these things? 29 And Jesus said unto them, I will ask of you one Question, and answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do 30 these things. The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or from men? answer me. 31 And they reasoned Matt. 21:23-22:14 23 And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the peo- ple came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee 24 this authority? And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will ask you one Question, which if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by what authority I do these 25 things. The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven or from men? And they reasoned with them- Luke 20:1-19 1 And it came to pass, on one of the days, as he was teach- ing the people in the temple, and preaching the gospel, there came upon him the chief priests and the scribes 2 with the elders; and they spake, saying unto him, Tell us: By what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority? 3 And he answered and said unto them, I also will ask you a Ques- tion; and tell me: 4 The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or from men? 5 And they rea- soned with them- * It was very common to test a Rabbi with hard questions. See this continued in the following sections. In like manner the Fourth Gospel gave us much animated dialogue between Jesus and the Jews at Jerusalem in chap. 5, and chap. 7-10. The Sanhedrin were within their rights in challenging the ecclesiastical and scholastic (scribal) standing of Jesus. He did not dodge in his answer. t On this last day of Christ's public ministry the Sanhedrin seek to break the power of Jesus with the people whose hero he is since the Triumphal Entry. The first attempt fails miserably, but it is followed by a series of other efforts to entrap Jesus and so turn the crowd against him. The three parables leave the rulers exposed by Jesus and they keenly feel the denunciation of the reply of Jesus. 160 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §132 Mark 11:27-12:12 with themselves, say- ing, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him? 32 7 But should we say, From men — they feared the people : 8 f or all verily held John 33 to be a prophet. And they answered Jesus and said, We know not. And Jesus saith unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. Matt. 21:23-22:14 selves, saying, If we shall say, From heav- en; he will say unto us, Why then did ye 26 not believe him? But if we shall say, From men; we fear the multitude; for all hold John as a prophet. 27 And they answered Jesus, and said, We know not. He also said unto them, Neither tell I you by what author- ity I do these things. 28 But what think ye? A man had two sons; And he came to the first, and said, 2 Son, go work to-day in the 29 vineyard. And he answered and said, I will not: but after- ward he repented himself, and went. 30 And he came to the second, and said like- wise. And he an- swered and said, I go, sir: and went not. 31 Whether of the twain did the will of his father? They say, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, that the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God be- 32 fore you. For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots be- lieved him: and ye, when ye saw it, did not even repent your- 161 Luke 20:1-19 selves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why did ye not be- 6lieve him? But if we shall say, From men; all the people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a 7 prophet. And they answered, that they knew not whence it 8 was. And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. §132 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Mark 11:27-12:12 1 And he began to speak unto them in parables. A man planted a vineyard, and set a hedge about it, and digged a pit for the wine- press, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into another country. 2 And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a 9 servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruits of the vine- 3 yard. And they took him, and beat him, and sent him away 4 empty. And again he sent unto them another 9 servant: and him they wounded in the head, and handled 5 shamefully. And he sent another; and him they killed : and many others; beating some, 6 and killing some. He had yet one, a beloved son: he sent him last unto them, saying, they will reverence 7 my son. But those husbandmen said a- mong themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be ours. 8 And they took him, and killed him, and cast him forth out of the 9 vineyard. What Matt. 21:23-22:14 selves afterward, that ye might believe him. 33 Hear another par- able: There was a man that was a householder, which planted a vineyard, and set a hedge about it, and digged a wine- press in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into another country. 34 And when the season of the fruits drew near, he sent his Servants to the husbandmen, to receive 4 his fruits. 35 And the husbandmen took his Servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. 36 Again, he sent other 'servants more than the first: and they did unto them in like manner. 37 But afterward he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. 38 But the husbandmen, when they saw the son, said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him and take his inheritance. 39 And they took him, and cast him forth out of the vineyard, and 162 Luke 20:1-19 9 And he began to speak unto the people this parable [see Isa. 5:1-2]: A man plant- ed a vineyard, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into another country for a long 10 time. And at the season he sent unto the husbandmen a 9 servant, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat him, and sent him away empty. 11 And he sent yet an- other 9 servant: and him also they beat, and handled him shamefully, and sent him away empty. 12 And he sent yet a third: and him also they wounded, and 13 cast him forth. And the Lord of the vine- yard said, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him. 14 But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned one with another, say- ing, This is the heir: let us kill him, that the inheritance may 15 be ours. And they cast him forth out of the vineyard, and killed him. What THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §132 Mark 11:27-12:12 therefore will the lord of the vineyard do? he will come and destroy the hus- bandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others. 10 Have ye not read even this scripture; The stone which the builders re- jected, The same was made the head of the corner: 11 This was from the Lord, And it is marvellous in our eyes? 12 And they sought to lay hold on him; and they feared the multi- Matt. 21:23-22:14 tO killed him. When therefore the lord of the vineyard shall come, what will he do unto those hus- 41 bandmen? They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those miserable men, and will let out the vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their sea- [2 sons. Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures [see Ps. 118: 22-23], The stone which the builders re- jected, The same was made the head of the corner: This was from the Lord, And it is marvel- lous in our eyes? 43 Therefore say I unto you, the kingdom of God shall be taken away from you, and shall be given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. 44 6 And he that falleth on this stone shall be broken to pieces; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will scat- 45 ter him as dust. And when the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they perceived that he spake of them. 46 And when they sought to lay hold on him, they feared the 163 Luke 20:1-19 therefore will the lord of the vineyard do unto them? 16 He will come and de- stroy these husband- men, and will give the vineyard unto others. And when they heard it, they said, 10 God foibid. 17 But he looked upon them, and said, "What then is this that is written [see Ps. 118: 22], The stone which the builders re- jected, The same was made the head of the corner? 18 Every one that falleth on that stone shall be broken to pieces; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will scat- ter him as dust [see Isa. 8:14-15]. 19 And the scribes and the chief priests sought to lay hands on nim in that very §133 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Mark 11:27-12:12 tude; for they per- ceived that he spake the parable against them: and they left him and went away. Matt. 21:23-22:14 multitudes, because they took him for a prophet. Luke 20:1-19 hour; and they feared the people: for they perceived that he spake this parable against them. 1 And Jesus answered and spake again in parables unto them, saying, 2 The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a certain king, which made a 3 marriage feast for his son, and sent forth his Servants to call them that 4 were bidden to the marriage feast: and they would not come. Again he sent forth other Servants, saying, tell them that are bidden, Behold, I have made ready my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all 5 things are ready; come to the marriage feast. But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his own farm, another to his merchandise: 6 and the rest laid hold on his Servants, and entreated them shamefully, 7 and killed them. But the king was wroth; and he sent his armies, and 8 destroyed those murderers, and burned their city. Then saith he to his Servants, The wedding is ready, but they that were bidden were not 9 worthy. Go ye therefore unto the partings of the highways, and as many 10 as ye shall find, bid to the marriage feast. And those Servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both 11 bad and good: and the wedding was filled with guests. But when the king came in to behold the guests, he saw there a man which had not on a 12 wedding-garment; and he saith unto him, Friend, how earnest thou in hither not having a wedding-garment? And he was speechless. Then 13 the king said to the "servants, Bind him hand and foot, and cast him out into the outer darkness; there shall be the weeping and gnashing of teeth. 14 For many are called, but few chosen. 1 Gr. word. 2 Gr. Child. 3 Gr. bond-servants. * Or, the fruits of it. 5 Some ancient authorities omit ver. 44. 6 Or, ministers. 7 Or, But shall we say, From men? 8 Or, for all held John to be a prophet indeed. » Gr. bond-servant. 10 Gr. Be it not so. § 133. THE PHARISEES AND THE HERODIANS TRY TO ENSNARE JESUS ABOUT PAYING TRIBUTE TO (LESAR Mark 12:13-17 13 And they send un- to him certain of the Pharisees and of the Herodians, that they might catch him in talk. 14 And when they were come, they say Matt. 22:15-22 15 Then went the Phar- isees, and took coun- sel how they might ensnare him in his 16 talk. And they send to him their disci- ples*, with the Hero- Luke 20:20-26 20 And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which feigned themselves to be righteous, that they might take hold of his speech, so as to deliver him up to the rule and to the au- * The Pharisees send a group of their keenest students to go with the Herodians to catch Jesus with the dilemma about paying tribute to Caesar, a live question in current politics and theology. They offered Jesus the alternative of popular disfavor or of disloyalty to the Roman government. 164 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §134 Mark 12:13-17 unto him, faster, we know that thou art true, and carest not for any one; for thou regardest not the person of men, but of a truth teach- est the way of God: Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? Shall we give, or shall we not 15 give? But he, know- ing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a ''penny, that I 16 may see it. And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they said unto 17 him, Caesar's. And Jesus said unto them, Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's. And they marvelled great- ly at him. Matt. 22:15-22 dians, saying, fas- ter, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, and carest not for any one: for thou regard- est not the person of 17 men. Tell us there- fore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto 18 Caesar, or not? But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, 19 ye hypocrites? Shew me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a 20 2 penny. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and super- 21 scription? They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them, Render there- fore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's ; and unto God the things that are God's. 22 And when they heard it, they marvelled, and left him, and went their way 1 Or, Teacher. 2 See marginal note on Matt. 18:28 Luke 20:20-26 thority of the gov- 21 ernor. And they asked him, saying, 2 Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly, and acceptest not the per- son of any, but of a truth teachest the 22 way of God [see John 8:2]: Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? 23 But he per- ceived their crafti- ness, and said unto 24 them, Shew me a 2 penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? And they 25 said, Caesar's. And he said unto them, Then render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that 26 are God's. And they were not able to take hold of the saying be- fore the people: and they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace. §134. THE SADDUCEES ASK HIM A PUZZLING QUES- TION* ABOUT THE RESURRECTION In the Court of the Temple. Mark 12:18-27 18 And there come unto him Sadducees, which say that there Matt. 22:23-33 23 On that day there came to him Saddu- cees, l which say that (Tuesday) Luke 20:27-40 27 And there came to him certain of the Sadducees, they * Probably a stock conundrum that the Sadducee3 had often propounded to the discomfort of the Pharisees. 165 §134 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Mark 12:18-27 is no resurrection; and they asked him, 19 s a y i n g , 2 Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave a wife behind him, and leave no child, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto 20 his brother. There were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and dying left 21 no seed; and the sec- ond took her, and died, leaving no seed behind him; and the 22 third likewise: and the seven left no seed. Last of all the woman also died. 23 In the resurrection whose wife shall she be of them? for the seven had her to 24 wife. Jesus said un- to them, Is it not for this cause that ye err, that ye know not the fecriptures, nor the power of God? 25 For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are given in marriage; but are as angels in heaven. Matt. 22:23-33 there is no resurrec- 24tion: and they asked him, saying, 2 Master, Moses said, If a man die, having no chil- dren, his brother 3 shall marry his wife, and raise up seed un- to his brother. 25 Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first married and deceased, and having no seed left his wife 26 unto his brother: in like manner the sec- ond also, and the third, unto the 4 sev- 27 enth. And after them all the woman died. 28 In the resurrection therefore whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all 29 had her. But Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the oower of God. 30 For in the resurrec- tion they neither marry, nor are given in *narriage, but are as angels B in heaven. Luke 20:27^0 which say that there is no resurrection; and they asked him, 28 saying, 2 M a s t e r , Moses wrote unto us [see Gen. 38:8; Deut. 25:5-6], that if a man's brother die, having a wife, and he be childless, his brother should take the wife, and raise up seed unto his 29 brother. There were therefore seven breth- ren; and the first 30 took a wife, and died childless, and the 31 second; and the third took her; and like- wise the seven also left no children; and died. 32 Afterward the woman also died. 33 In the resurrection therefore whose wife of them shall she be? for the seven had her 34 to wife. And Jesus said unto them, The sons of this •world marry, and are given 35 in marriage: but they that are accounted worthy to attain to that ^orld, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in mar- 36 riage: for neither can they die any more: for they are equal un- to the angels; and are sons of God, being sons of the resurrec- 166 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM 135 Mark 12:18-27 26 But as touching the dead, that they are raised; have ye not read in the book of Moses, in the place concerning the Bush, how God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? 27 He is not the God of the dead, but of the living: ye do greatly err. Matt. 22:23-33 31 But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, 32 I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the God of the dead, but of the 33 living. And when the multitudes heard it, they were astonished at his teaching. Luke 20:27-40 37 tion. But that dead are raised, the 1 Gr. saying. * Or, Teacher. pare Deut. 25:5. * Gr. seven. 5 even Moses showed in the place concerning the Bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the 38 God of Jacob [see Ex. 3:6]. Now he is not the God of the dead, but of the living: for all live unto him. 39 And certain of the scribes answering said, 2 Master, thou 40 hast well said. For they durst not any more ask him any question. 8 Gr. shall perform the duly of a husband's brother to his wife. Corn- Many ancient authorities add of God. « Or, age. §135. THE PHARISEES REJOICE OVER THE ROUT OF THE SADDUCEES AND A PHARISAIC LAWYER ASKS JESUS A LEGAL QUESTION In the Court of the Temple. (Tuesday) Mark 12:28-34 28 And one of the scribes came, and heard them questioning to- gether, and knowing that he had answered them well, asked him, What 36 commandment is the first of all 29 [see Deut. 6:4]? Jesus answered, The first is, Hear, Israel; 3 The Lord our God [see Deut. 6:4], the 30 Lord is one: and thou shalt love 37 the Lord thy God 4 with all thy heart, and 4 with all thy soul, and 4 with all thy mind, and 4 with all 38 31 thy strength [see Deut. 6:5]. The second is this, Thou shalt love 39 thy neighbour as thyself [see Lev. 167 34 35 Matt. 22:34-40 But the Pharisees, when they heard that he had put the Sad- ducees to silence, gathered them- selves together. And one of them, a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, faster, which is the great commandment in the law? And he said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the great and first commandment. 2 And a second like unto it is this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as 136 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Matt. 22:34-40 40 thyself. On these two command- ments hangeth the whole law, and the prophets. Mark 12:28-34 19:18]. There is none other com- mandment greater than these. 32 And the scribe said unto him, Of a truth, x Master, thou hast well said that he is one; and there is none other but he: and to 33 love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is much more than all whole burnt offer- ings and sacrifices [see 1 Sam. 15: 34 22]. And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question. 1 Or, Teacher. 2 Or, And a second is like unto it, Thou shalt love, etc. $ Or, The Lord is our God: the Lord is one. * Gr. from. 136. JESUS, TO THE JOY OF THE MULTITUDE, SILENCES HIS ENEMIES BY THE PERTINENT QUESTION OF THE MESSIAH'S DESCENT FROM DAVID AND LORDSHIP OVER DAVID In the Court of the Temple. (Tuesday) Mark 12:35-37 35 And Jesus answer- ed and said, as he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that the Christ is the son of David? 36 David himself said in the Holy Spirit, [seePs. 110:1], The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I make thine enemies x the foot- stool of thy feet. Matt. 22:41-46 41 Now while the Pharisees were gath- ered together, Jesus asked them a ques- 42 tion, saying, What think ye of the Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him,The son of David. 43 He saith unto them, How then doth David in the Spirit call him Lord, saying, 44 The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I put thine enemies under- neath thy feet? 168 Luke 20:41-44 41 And he said unto them, How say they that the Christ is David's son? 42 For Da- vid himself saith in the book of Psalms, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, 43 Till I make thine enemies the foot- stool of thy feet. THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §137 Mark 12:35-37 37 David himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he his son? And 6 the common people heard him gladly. Matt. 22:41-46 45 If David then calleth him Lord, how is he 46 his son? And no one was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more ques- tions. Luke 20:41-44 44 David therefore call- eth him Lord, and how is he his son? 1 Some ancient authorities read, underneath thy feet. 3 Or, the great multitude. § 137. IN HIS LAST PUBLIC DISCOURSE, JESUS SOLEMNLY DENOUNCES* THE SCRIBES AND PHARISEES . (COMP. §107) In the Court of the Temple. {Tuesday) Mark 12:38-40 38 And in his teaching he said, Beware of the scribes, which de- sire to walk in long Matt. 23:1-39 1 Then spake Jesus to the multitudes and to his disciples, 2 saying, The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses' seat: all 3 t h i n g s therefore whatsoever they bid you, these do and ob- serve: but do not ye after their works; for they say, and do not. 4 Yea, they bind heavy burdens *and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoul- ders; but they them- selves will not move them with their finger. 5 But all their works they do for to be seen of men [see Ex. 18: 9; Num. 18; 38-39; Deut. 6:8; 11:18]: for they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the bor- ders of their garments, Luke 20:45-47 45 And in the hearing of all the people he said unto his disci- 46 pies, Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, * Jesus has been criticized for lack of self-control in this exposure of the hypocrisy of the Phari- sees. One must bear in mind the tremendous sins of which the Pharisees are guilty. The very teachers of righteousness are now in the act of rejecting and finally crucifying the Son of God. See my book, The Pharisees and Jesus, for full discussion. 169 §137 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM Mark 12:38-40 robes, and to have salutations in the 39 marketplaces, and chief seats in the synagogues, and chief places at feasts: 40 they which devour widows' houses, 12 and for a pretence make long prayers; these shall receive greater condemnation. Matt. 23:1-39 6 and love the chief place at feasts, and the chief seats in the 7 synagogues, and the salutations in the marketplaces, and to be called of men, 8 Rabbi. But be not ye called Rabbi: for one is your teacher, and all ye are breth- 9 ren. And call no man your father on the earth: for one is your Father, 2 which 10 is in heaven. Neither be ye called masters: for one is your master, even the 11 Christ. But he that is greatest among you shall be your 12 4 servant. And who- soever shall exalt himself shall be hum- bled; and whosoever shall humble himself shall be exalted. 13 But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye shut the king- dom of heaven 8 against men: for ye enter not in your- selves, neither suffer ye them that are en- tering in to enter. 6 Luke 20:45-47 and love salutations in the marketplaces, and chief seats in the synagogues, and chief olaces at feasts; 47 which de- vour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: these shall receive greater condemna- tion. 15 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypo- crites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he is become so, ye make him twofold more a son of 7 hell than yourselves. 170 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM §137 Matt. 23:1-39 16 Woe unto you, ye blind guides, which say, Whosoever shall swear by the 8 temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the 17 8 temple he is 9 a debtor. Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the 18 gold, or the Hemple that hath sanctified the gold? And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the 19 gift that is upon it, he is 9 a debtor. Ye blind: for whether is greater, the 20 gift, or the altar that sanctified the gift? He therefore that sweareth 21 by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. And he that sweareth by the 8 temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth therein. 22 And he that sweareth by the heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, and by him that sitteth thereon. 23 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites ! for ye tithe mint and 10 anise and cummin [see Lev. 27:30; Mic. 6:8], and have left undone the weightier matters of the law, judgement, and mercy, and faith: but these 24 ye ought to have done, and not to have left the other undone. Ye blind guides, which strain out the gnat, and swallow the camel. 25 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full from ex- 26 tortion and excess. Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first the inside of the cup and of the platter, that the outside thereof may become clean also. 27 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are 28 full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also out- wardly appear righteous unto men, but inwardly ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. 29 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye build the sepulchres of the prophets, and garnish the tombs of the righteous, and 30 say, If we had been in the days of our fathers, we should not have been 31 partakers with them in the blood of the prophets. Wherefore ye witness 32, 33 to yourselves, that ye are sons of them that slew the prophets. Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye offspring of vipers, 34 how shall ye escape the judgement of 7 hell? Therefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: some of them shall ye kill and crucify: and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and 35 persecute from city to city: that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of Abel the righteous unto the blood of Zachariah son of Barachiah, whom ye slew between the sanctuary 36 and the altar [see Gen. 4:8; 2 Chron. 24: 20-21). Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation. 37 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killeth the prophets, and stoneth them that are sent unto her! how often would I have gathered thy. children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye 38 would not! Behold, your house is left unto you "desolate [seeJer. 12:7; 39 22:5]. For I say unto you, Ye shall not see me henceforth, till ye shall say, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord [see Ps. 118:26]. 1 Many ancient authorities omit and grievous to be borne. * Gr. the heavenly. s Gr. greater. « Or, minister. * Gr. before. * Some authorities insert here or after ver. 12, ver. 14, Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows' houses, even while for a pretence ye make long prayers; therefore ye shall receive greater condemnation. See Mark 12:40: Luke 20:47, above. 7 Gr. Gehenna. 8 Or, sanctuary; as in ver. 35. • Or, bound by his oath. 10 Or, dill. u Some ancient authorities omit desolate. 12 Or, even while for a pretence they make. 171 §138 THE LAST PUBLIC MINISTRY IN JERUSALEM § 138. JESUS CLOSELY OBSERVES* THE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE TEMPLE, AND COMMENDS THE POOR WIDOW'S GIFT (Tuesday) Mark 12:41-44 41 And he sat down over against the treasury, and beheld how the multitude cast tooney into the treasury: and many that were 42 rich cast in much. And there came 2 a poor widow, and she cast in two mites, which make a 43 farthing. And he called unto him his disciples, and said unto them, Verily I say unto you, This poor widow cast in more than all they which are casting into the 44 treasury: for they all did cast in of their superfluity; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living. Luke 21:1-4 1 And he looked up, 3 and saw the rich men that were casting their 2 gifts into the treasury. And he saw a certain poor widow casting in thither two mites. 3 And he said, Of a truth I say unto you, This poor widow cast in more 4 than they all: for all these did of their superfluity cast in unto the gifts: but she of her want did cast in all the living that she had. 1 Gr. brass. 2 Gr. one. * Or, and saw them that . . . treasury, and they were rich. * Notice that this was the last occurrence in the Saviour's public ministry, except the trial and the crucifixion. This is the last appearance of Jesus in the Temple. His public teaching is over save the words of defence in his trial and the seven sayings on the Cross. The Pharisees and Sad- ducees had withdrawn in terror at the explosion of the wrath of Jesus and even the disciples were at some distance as Jesus sat alone by the treasury. It is useless further to plead with his enemies. The task now remains to get the disciples prepared for the Master's death and the time is short and they as yet have completely failed to grasp the fact or the significance of his death and the promise of his resurrection on the third day. 172 PART XII IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS Tuesday afternoon to Thursday night of Passion Week, a.d. SO (or 29) . Jerusalem. §§ 139-152. Jesus now seeks to prepare the disciples for the tragedy of His death and for carrying on His work after His departure. §139. SITTING ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, JESUS SPEAKS TO HIS DISCIPLES ABOUT THE DE- STRUCTION OF JERUSALEM, AND HIS OWN SECOND COMING, IN APOCALYPTIC LANGUAGE. THE GREAT ESCHATOLOGICAL DISCOURSE* (Tuesday Afternoon) 1 Occasion of the Prophecy about the De- struction of the Temple. Mark 13:1-37 1 And as he went forth out of the temple, one of his dis- ciples saith un- to him, "Mas- ter, behold, what manner of stones and what manner of buildings! 2 And Jesus said unto him, Seest thou these great build- Matt. 24 and 25 1 And Jesus went out from the temple, and was going on his way; and his disciples came to him to shew him the buildings of the temple. 2 But he an- swered and said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily Luke 21:5-36 5 And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and of- 6 ferings, he said, As for these things which ye be- hold, the days will come, in which there shall not be * This great discourse has as its background the death of Christ. Further on as part punish- ment for this crime lies the destruction of Jerusalem. This catastrophe is itself a symbol of the end of the world and in one sense a coming of Christ in power and judgment. But Christ boldly predicts his own personal return to earth, though the time is not revealed. But he does exhort an expectant attitude toward the promises of his coming and readiness for his return which will he at an unexpected hour. Jesus employs the common Jewish apocalyptic imagery to portray this most difficult subject. Some scholars insist that Jesus was himself merely a wild enthusiast who was carried away by the Messianic hopes of his people, but that is a one-sided and distorted view of Christ's life and ignores the great mass of his ethical teaching. It forgets also that Jesus has a world program of conquest and of power. The various aspects of the discourse are not kept dis- tinct. Some think that the Gospels have misunderstood or misrepresented Jesus in this discourse. But we can catch the general drift of the teaching and leave alone minute details of time and place against which Jesus himself warned us. 173 139 IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS Inquiry for Further Light from Peter and James and John and Andrew on Christ's Sec- ond Coming and the End of the World. Mark 13:1-37 ings? there shall not be left here one stone upon an- other, which shall not be thrown down. 3 And i sat on mount Olives against temple, is he the of over the Peter and James and John and An- drew asked him privately, 4 Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when these things are all about to be accom- 5 plished? And Jesus began to say unto them, Take heed that no man lead you astray. 6 Many shall come in my name, saying, I am he; and shall lead many astray. 7 And when ye shall hear of wars and ru- mours of wars, be not trou- bled : these things must needs come to pass; but the end is not yet. 8 For nation shall rise against nation, 174 Matt. 24 and 25 I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon an- other, that shall not be thrown down. 3 And as he sat on the mount of Ol- ives, the dis- ciples came unto him pri- vately, saying, Tell us,when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy doming, and of 2 the end of the world? 4 And Jesus an- swered and said unto them, Take heed that no man lead you 5 astray. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am the Christ; and shall lead many astray. 6 And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troub- led: for these things must needs come to pass; but the end is not yet. 7 For nation Luke 21:5-36 left here one stone upon an- other, that shall not be thrown down. 7 And they asked him, say- ing, 18 Master, when therefore shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when these things are about to come to pass? 8 And he said, Take heed that ye be not led astray: for many shall come in my name, saying, I am he; and, The time is at hand: go ye not after them. 9 And when ye shall hear of wars and tu- mults, be not terrified: for these things must needs come to pass first; but the end is not im- mediately. 10 Then said he unto them, Nation shall IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS §139 Mark 13:1-37 and kingdom against king- dom: there shall be earth- quakes in div- ers places; there shall be famines: these things are the beginning of travail [see Isa. 19:2]. 9 But take ye heed to your- selves : for they shall deliver you up to councils; and in synagogues shall ye be beaten; and before govern- ors and kings shall ye stand for my sake, for a testi- mony unto them. 10 And the gospel must first be preached unto all the nations. 11 And when they lead you to judgement, and deliver you up, be not anxious be- forehand what ye shall speak : but whatsoever Matt. 24 and 25 shall rise against nation, and kingdom against king- dom: and there shall be famines and earthquakes in divers places. 8 But all these things are the begin- ning of travail. 9 Then shall they deliver you up unto tribulation, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all the na- tions for my name's sake. Luke 21:5-36 rise against nation, and kingdom against king- 11 dom: and there shall be great earthquakes, and in divers places famines and pesti- lences; and there shall be terrors and great signs from heaven. 12 But before all these things, they shall lay their hands on you, and shall per- secute you, de- livering you up to the syn- agogues and prisons, 22 bringing you before kings and governors for my name's 13 sake. It shall turn unto you for a testi- mony. 14 Settle it therefore in your hearts, not to medi- tate before- hand how to 15 answer: for I 175 139 IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS And shall up to Mark 13:1-37 shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye: for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy 12 Ghost, brother deliver brother death, and the father his child: and chil- dren shall rise up against par- ents, and "cause them to be put to death [see Mi- 13 cah 7:6}. And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: Matt. 24 and 25 but he that endureth to the end, the same shall be saved. 10 And then shall many stumble, and shall deliver up one an- another, and shall hate one another. 11 And many false prophets shall arise, and shall lead many astray. 12 And because iniquity shall be multiplied, the love of the many shall wax 13 cold. But he that endureth to the end, the same shall be 14 saved. And 3 this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole Luke 21:5-36 will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your ad- versaries shall not be able to withstand or to gainsay. 16 But ye shall be delivered up even by parents, and brethren, and kinsfolk, and friends; and some of you 23 shall they cause to be put 17 to death. And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake. 18 And not a hair of your head shall perish. 19 In your pa- tience ye shall win your 24 souls. 176 IN THE SHADOW WITH JESUS §139 3 Sign of the Destruction of Jerusalem. Mark 13:1-37 14 But when ye see the abomi- nation of des- olation stand- ing where he ought not (let him that readeth under- stand), then let them that are in Ju- dea flee unto the mountains: 15 and let him that is on the housetop not go down, nor enter in, to take anything out of his 16 house: and let him that is in the field return not back to take his cloke. Matt. 24 and 25 a ■sat-'