fRANSLATIONS 1890. C98 R, m €UST. Jffrom tlyp iCibrarg of lrquratl|?li bg l|im to tlj? 3Ctbrar0 of J^rtnrrton Sl^fnliigtral g>?mtnar^ 35-^50 . C S 8 ^^E^r* ^Msh,j^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^!2S^^^ BIBLE-TRANSLATIONS. THREE LISTS '■ BIBLE -TRANSLATIONS ACTUALLY ACCOMPLISHED, CORRECTED UP TO AUGUST /, i8go. I. ALPHABETICAL. 2. GEOGRAPHICAL. 3. LINGUISTIC. BY / ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, ll.d., HONORARY GOVERNOR OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, HONORARY SECRETARY OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. AUTHOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES OF EAST INDIES, MODERN LANGUAGES OF AFRICA, LANGUAGES OF OCEANIA, LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS, LANGUAGES OF THE TURKI BRANCH OF THE URAL-ALTAIC FAMILY, LANGUAGES OF AMERICA {ill preparation). YioKKai fjLeu Qvtjtols yXatacrat,, /xlol 8 dOauaTOiai. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1890. HERTFORD : PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. Co tfte 6^emotp OF JEROME, THE FIRST AND GREATEST OF THE NOBLE ARMY OF HOLY AND DEVOTED MEN, TO WHOM THE SPECIAL GRACE HAS BEEN GIVEN TO TRANSFER FAITHFULLY AND SKILFULLY THE WORD OF GOD TO THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD FOR THE CONVERSION OF NATION AFTER NATION, AND GENERATION AFTER GENERATION. Sept. 30, 1890. Jerome's Day. CONTENTS Frontispiece (Jerome, by Bellini, National Gallery of London). PAGE Introduction I Part I 21 Part II 49 Part III . . . 83 Appendix A 105 B 107 ,. c 108 „ D 109 Addenda Sheet III Index 115 INTRODUCTION. In 1886 I published a List of Bible-Translations actually accom- plished, arranged according to the Linguistic Families, and indicating the source of each Translation. In 1889 I published a List of Bible-Translations actually accomplished, arranged according to the Geographical Distribution of the populations using such Translations, and indicating the form of written character used for each translation. In 1890 I now publish a third List of Bible-Translations actually accomplished, arranged alphabetically according to the Language, with the Dialects of each, if any exist, in the adjoining column. I indicate in the following columns, (i) the locality, (2) amount of population of speakers, (3) probable duration of the language, (4) and amount of Translation-work done. The following principles of these lists are brought to special notice : (i) The work is actually done, or in course of doing. (2) The versions are in actual, or approximate, circulation. (3) Obsolete and useless Versions are excluded. 1 ( 2 ) (4) The object of the Version is Evangelisation, (5) The record includes all Bible-Societies. (6) No notice is taken of plurality of versions, if they exist. (7) All names are entered on one uniform principle of trans- literation and terminology, w^ith stress-accent to help the pronunciation. (8) Languages are discriminated scientifically from Dialects of the same language on certain understood principles, and no other terms but Language and Dialect are used. In the last column of the Alphabetical List, to which the inquirer vi'ill naturally turn first, and which is entered as List No. L, is a reference to the entry in the Geographical List No, II., and this will show, where the Language is spoken, and in what written character it appears. In the last column of the Geographical List No. II. is a reference to the Linguistic List No. III., to satisfy those, who wish to obtain scientific information, not of practical value for purposes of Evangeli- sation, but of surpassing interest to the Scholar and Student, who is informed in the last column of the name of the Society, which has published each Translation, If my life be spared, I may be able to issue a fourth List of the Languages, in which no Translation has been made, and which yet are worthy of it. This will be a matter of time, study, and reflection, and requires me to complete my survey of the Languages of the World, and weigh the importance, and circumstances, of each un- represented Language. Certain Appendices are added for further illustration of the subject. ( 3 ) A. Table of Languages (exclusive of Dialects) spoken by popu- lations grouped in Classes according to their importance, as possible vehicles of Divine Truth. B. Table of Obsolete Translations, which are of no Evangelising value. C. Table of Versions in existence before the British and Foreign Bible Society led the way in the glorious career of giving the Bible to the World at large. D. Alphabetical list of some of the great and good men, who have, as faithful translators of the Bible, left a more enduring monument of themselves than one in Stone or Brass. My object is to shut out for the future all the vagueness, and uncertainty, which surrounded Bible-work. We ought to know whether a language is worthy of a translation, by how many it would be read, in what part of the world, what is the proper name of that language, whether it is only a Dialect of another language, or a Jargon, whether it is a dead language, or, if a living language, what prospect of vitality it has. The word " Jargon " has crept into use : it is some- thing better than an illiterate Patois, and something worse than a recognized literary Dialect. Bible-Translations in Jargons exist only for the use of Jews in Europe, or Negroes in America. It is a waste of money to spend it on translations into languages, which are doomed to extinction in a short period by an inexorable law : in each case therefore it is a question of sound judgment, whether a translation should be accepted, the work of an unduly sanguine translator : it is also wise to reflect, whether the translation of the whole Bible is necessary for a small population in a low state of ( 4 ) civilisation. Appendix A shows the languages grouped in classes according to their relative importance : a study of these classes will enable an opinion to be formed, whether the translation of the whole Bible should be pressed forward : as a fact the great " Conquering " languages of the world have been provided for, and the majority of the second or "Permanent" class. Year by year languages will die out, and the translations must be removed from the efficient list, and placed away with the Honoured Dead, and the worthies, who have outlived their usefulness. Some, though dead, like the Ethiopic, Hebrew, Koptic, Latin, Mongol (Literary), Pali, Sanskrit, Slavonic, and Syriac Peshito, are still kept on the active list out of deference to the wishes of those, who desire to purchase them for Educational, Exegetical, or Liturgical purposes, though on a strict application of my fourth principle above stated they ought to be excluded, and I am almost inclined to exclude them. The population of the Earth is thus distributed roughly : I. Europe . . . 3 12 J Millions. 2. Asia . 3. Africa . 4. America 5. Oceania Total 800 Millions. 200 Millions. 86 Millions. 4| Millions. 1403 Millions. The total number of mutually unintelligible forms of speech, whether carelessly called "tongues," or scientifically differentiated as Languages, Dialects of Languages, or Jargons, is certainly more than two thousand. No finality has been attained, or is likely in this ( 5 ) generation to be attained, as the face of the Earth has not yet been fully explored. Many of these languages are not likely to attain the honour of being entrusted with the oracles of God : they will perish before their turn comes. In filling up the column " Population of Speakers " I became aware how extremely imperfect our data are. Where I could find no entry in an esteemed work, which at the same time commended itself to my judgment, I have preferred to enter the word " Unknown." Those, who have accurate information, can make their own entries, and no doubt attention will be called to the subject. English is unquestionably the great leading language of the world, and deserves the honour, being free from the useless bondage of Gender, Number, Case, and Tense. In filling up the column " Probable Duration of Language " I have been guided by my own observations, and am quite prepared to re- consider any entry for cause shown. Many considerations occur. Some populations are bilingual. In which language shall the Bible be supplied to them ? It is not a matter, in which the prejudices of the Priesthood, or the blind policy of a Ruler, should be allowed to interfere : nor is it possible to forejudge the wishes of a people. Nor should the reader blame the compiler of these Lists, or the compiler be vexed, if within a very few years after he has sent forth his work, additions and emendations are required, as the work of Translation is yearly progressive, and new names appear, and it is hoped, that those, into whose hands these lists fall, the result of much labour, will care to keep them corrected up to the mark, until ( 6 ) the time, when a new and revised edition is required. To me, who am in general way acquainted with the circumstances of all these languages, as a shepherd is with his sheep, it is painful to hear a friend ask in Committee : " In what part of the world is this " language spoken ? Are the speakers Christian, Mahometan, or "Pagan?" It was impossible formerly to get accurate information: it is no longer so now. As regards the Geographical List No. II., the primary division of the five portions of the Globe is by " Regions," formed for con- venience of the subject. The second subdivision is by " languages." From a language is differentiated a dialect by phonetics, word-store, and structure. Ex. gr. Venetian and Neapolitan are dialects of Italian ; Spanish and Portuguese, Swedish and Danish, are separate languages. A language is entered but once. French appears under France, but the third column tells us, that the language, called French, is the Vernacular of part of Belgium, part of Switzerland, part of Italy, part of Great Britain, viz. the Channel Islands, Canada and Mauritius, and so on. The same column tells us in what countries, and, as far as possible, in what Provinces of that country, the language is spoken. This has been a most laborious task, and it cannot be pretended, that the inquiry has been exhausted. It has required a very serious amount of labour, an accumulation of general knowledge, and a great deal of leisure, to accomplish what has been done, for innumerable references had to be made to Geographical and Linguistic Books. As the scope of the work is Catholic, translations published by ( 7 ) all Bible-Societies, and other Associations, are entered. Notice is made of the three forms, in which a translation can appear, in addition to the original form, in which it left the hand of the translator, (i) as a diglott, (2) in a particular dialect, and (3) a particular form of Written Character. A difficulty has occurred in the grouping of some dialects. Take for instance the Lapp language : it has three dialects : the language is entered under Russia, where the main dialect is spoken : two dialects are shown, as Norse and Swedish, necessarily entered under Russia, but in the enumeration they count under Norway and Sweden. The same remark applies to Mongol : one dialect counts under China. To secure precision, the nature of the Written Character of every version is stated : the following are represented : I. Ideograms. Some of the translations of languages current in China. II. Syllabaries. North American, Japan. III. Alphabets, i Roman, 2 Gothic, 3 Irish, 4 Cyril, 5 Greek, 6 Syriac, 7 Arabic, 8 Hebrew, 9 Armenian, 10 Georgian, II Mongol, 12 Manchu, 13 Gurmukhi, 14 Deva-Nagari, 15 Nagari, 16 Pahari, 17 Bangali, 18 U'riya, 19 Modhi, 20 Gujarati, 21 Tamil, 22 Telugu, 23 Karnata, 24 Malayalam, 25 Sinhali, 26 Pali, 27 Barma, 28 Pegu, 29 Siam, 30 Tibet, 31 Java, 32 Batta, 33 Bugi, 34 Macassar, 35 Korea, 36 Koptic, 37 Amharic, 38 Ethiopic. Care has been taken to get rid of all the adjectival suffixes, which have been fastened on to the root- word. For instance, the ( 8 ) words Ehst, Rouman, Liv, etc., take the place of Esth-onian, Rouman-ian, Liv-onian. There can be no good reason for adding final syllables to the root-words. The well-known Greek, Swiss, Russ, Dutch, are not long words, but are familiarly used. Why then coin such words as Ruthen-ian, Croat-ian, Wend-ish, Piedmont-ese, Bulgar-ian, Kurd-ish, Sinhal-ese, Assam-ese, Mongol- ian, Bali-nese, Osset-inian, Cheremisi-an, and Lapp-onese ? In the Russ language another set of adjectival suffixes are attached to the names in the Russian Catalogue. In the German language another set of adjectival suffixes are attached to the names in the German and Austrian Catalogues. This creates difficulties, and gives rise to errors, which are avoided by the maintenance of one uniform terminology in Scientific Catalogues. In the Arian languages of Northern India there is one linguistic suffix, which is used with a few exceptions, and that has been preserved, but there is no reason for adding the Arian suffix to Non-Arian languages, such as Sontal-i, Gond-i, unless the name is an Arian name superimposed, as the Malto or Maler is called geographically Rajmahal-i, because the tribe resides in that Political Division, and Pahar-i, because their residence is in the Hills. The use of some terms is out of date, such as Orenburg-Turki for Kirghi'z-Turki, because the original translator resided at Oren- burg, Karass-Turki for Nogai-Turki, because the translator resided at the obscure village of Karass. The word Tartar should never be used at all. It is a tribal, not a linguistic term, and is synony- mous with Turki. Why, again, should the languages of China be grouped under the general term of " Chinese " ? The languages of ( 9 ) India are not grouped under the general term of Indian, The terms " Indian " and " Chinese " have no occasion to be used at all, as each language of those great countries has its own name. Then, again, the entering of the same language a second time, because an edition has been struck off in a different " Written Character," is confusing. If the English Bible were printed for the convenience of a class of the English-reading world in an Alphabet used by people in India, it would still be English, and an Urdu translation is still Urdu, whether it appears in the Roman, Arabic, or Nagari Alphabet. Judeo-German, long entered as a separate language, is only pure German in the Hebrew Alphabet. Such expressions as Armeno-Turki, Judeo-Persian, Judeo-Arabic, suggest something very different from the fact. The uninstructed reader would suppose, that they were dialects, when they are only the Osmanli-Turki in the Armenian Alphabet, the Persian in the Hebrew Alphabet, and the Arabic in the Hebrew Alphabet. The use of the word " type," or letters, is objectionable, when some form of Written Character is intended. Obviously the English language can be printed in many different types, such as pica, pearl, etc., but it is the same "Alphabet." The use of the word "Alphabet" as a general term is inaccurate, as some translations are in Ideograms, or Syllabaries, which are totally distinct from an Alphabet. This word, thus formed from the first two letters of the Phenician and Greek Alphabets, is now applied to all collections of symbols, so organised as to represent accurately the sounds of each language. An Alphabet consists of consonants and vowels separate, a syllabary is composed of syllables necessarily composed of consonants and ( 10 ) vowels united. Therefore the general term of the subject is " Written Character " ; the three subdivisions are Ideograms, Sylla- baries, Alphabets : the word " letter " is only used when discussing the interior organisation of an Alphabet : the word " type " is a technical term of the Printing Office. The spelling of Names should be on one uniform system, as settled by the Royal Geographical Society, the Ordnance Department of the Admiralty, and the Government of British India, and an attempt has been made to introduce an accurate system. The words " Roman Alphabet " cover a great variety of forms of that Alphabet, which it would be impossible to express in a state- ment such as the one now prepared. This Alphabet has been adapted to express a great variety of sounds by diacritical marks, additional symbols, new combinations of letters, and new values given to the symbols. The same remark applies to the Arabic Alphabet, which has been enlarged to express the sounds of the Persian language, and still further enlarged to express the sounds of the Urdu language. In some cases Syllabaries have been devised by Translators, and the Ideographic symbols, proper to the Book-language, and Mandarin- language in China, have been adapted for expressing the sounds of Provincial Vernaculars. It is sufficient for my purpose to indicate generally what form of "Written Character" has been used. A careful distinction must be made betwixt languages, that are " Dead " and " Extinct." When a language like Latin, Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Slavonic, ceases to live on the lips of men as a Vernacular, it is " Dead," though perfectly intelligible and useful, as a medium of oral or written communication. But, when the { II ) power to read, and understand, a language has faded away from the knowledge even of Scholars, it is " Extinct," though possibly it may be resuscitated, as a curiosity, or for purposes of anti- quarian research. Instances of resuscitated " Extinct " languages offer themselves in the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian. Instances of the languages still hopelessly " Extinct " are the Etruscan, Cypriot, and Hittite. It is a glad fact, that no language, to which has been committed the Oracles of God, has ever become " Extinct," or passed away from the reservoir of Human Knowledge. As regards the obsolete translations under Principle 3, I have omitted them. It is throwing dust into the eyes to retain them. A certain number of the names, entered as dialects of the Hindi language are palpably of no use, and never were. The New England Indian translation in N. America is useless, because the speakers of that language have all died out. The Narinyeri translation in Australia is useless, although the tribe exists, for the edition is exhausted, and no second edition has ever been called for. I was unable to secure a copy for my private library. I now come to the consideration of the future work of Bible- Societies, What remains to be done ? Much every way. There is no doubt, that the leading languages of the world, those forms of speech, in which Laws are given, and the lessons of Civilisation taught to Millions, are entirely provided for, or the work is well in hand. Many little languages of petty tribes will disappear before their turn comes, being swallowed up, or trodden down, by their stronger and more fortunate neighbours. We need not trouble ourselves about them. Between the leading languages of the world ( 12 ) and the ephemeral patois of petty tribes, lie a vast number of forms of speech, some of which have been disposed of, and some remain for consideration. And that consideration must extend to the number of persons, who speak that language, the immediate con- tiguity of those speakers to other nations, the degree of culture of those speakers. For instance, is there any chance of their being able to read ? We must then consider, whether we have capable translators, men living among the people, not mere scholars in a distant country, and whether the means of distributing the copies exist. It is of no use being in a hurry. Time is on our side. The marvellous, unlooked-for, undreamt-of, success of the past eighty years encourages us to keep steadily on, and not waste our resources by wild schemes. Perhaps the success of the Past is humanly to be attributed to the extreme sobriety of the action of both Missionary and Bible-Societies. The work before us is threefold. A. Where a portion only of the Bible has been translated, perhaps one single Gospel, to press on further translation, if required. This by itself is a gigantic task, but the existence of one portion paves the way to the preparation of the whole book. B. Systematic Revision of the work already done is necessary, until we arrive at the degree of certainty, at which, for instance, we have arrived in the case of the Malagasi Scriptures, where a Revision-Committee of competent scholars, belong- ing to different Churches, have placed their stamp of approval upon the Version. We may feel a reasonable distrust of the numerous "one-man" translations, and, as those venerable ( 13 ) Scholars pass away, a new generation must sit in judgment upon their Hfe's work, and it is no discredit to them to say, that the younger men may be riper Scholars, though not better men. This is another gigantic, and most costly task, which will tax our resources unceasingly. C. If there were no new languages to be dealt with, there would therefore be still ample work for Bible-Societies, in addition to the business-operations of printing, binding, transmitting, and distributing. But there are new languages, and I turn to this subject. It is of no use for ingenious and laborious compilers to prepare lists of languages from the tables in Cyclopaedias, or Treatises, or books of general information. The names thus collected are mere counters, with no impression upon them. I have been through some of them, name by name, and recognise most of them as tribal names, but not necessarily representing different languages. In fact, the world has not yet been fully discovered geographically, nor its linguistic secrets revealed by inquiries on the spot, though enormous progress is being made, and each year contributes additions to our knowledge, and the groundwork for new translations. We must recollect, that the use of a great language is an essential promoter of Civilisation, and that it would be doing an injury to a tribe to do aught, that would isolate it from the benefit of the great current of Civilisation flowing round it. It is not quite clear, what advantage the Welsh obtain by encouraging the use of an antique and non-reproductive vehicle of communication by the side of the greatest World-language of any Epoch of History ; they present the spectacle of a population ( 14 ) of a million trying to maintain a wall of language-separation from a population of two hundred millions. A Bible-Society should not hastily accept a translation in a new language, until it has satisfied itself, whether that language has vitality, and whether it is to the interest of those, who speak it, that it should have vitality. As regards Europe our task is done. The great languages must and will have their way, and it is not to the advantage of the people to bolster up the Fris of Holland, the Basque of the Pyrenees, the Romansch of the Grisons, the Finnic languages, other than Finn proper, of Russia in Europe and Asia. The demand for them will decrease yearly, and at length they will fall out of print, and be removed from the Active Service list, as veterans, who have done the work assigned to them. In Switzerland there are numerous Patois, spoken by the better class females, and the villagers, but no one would think of conducting Divine Service, or publishing the Bible, in such a linguistic medium. As regards Asia, much remains to be done. The Hyperborean Group of five Languages is entirely untouched, and yet the speakers, numbering 25,000, are as worthy of attention as their congeners, the Tukudh and Eskimo in North America. Nothing has been done for the Samoyed, the Bashkir, the Turki of Yarkand, the Tiingus, the Soyot. It is presumed, that all the inhabitants of Arabia speak Arabic, but this may be questioned : at any rate nothing is done for Bible-Distribution. In India there is still a harvest to be got in from the Province of Assam, the Regions behind Kashmir and Afghanistan, the Province of Barma, the Central Provinces, and the Andaman Islands. In the Indo-Chinese Peninsula the great languages of ( 15 ) Kambodia, and the Basin of the great River Me-kong, are unrepre- sented. In the Empire of China, however well the Maritime Provinces are supplied, we know little of the wants of the interior Provinces, even of the particular Vernaculars of the great Chinese people, much less of the aboriginal races, speaking different languages, and the population of the great Kingdom of Tibet, and of High Asia. In the Indian Archipelago the Isles still wait for the Law of the Lord to be brought by those, to whom those oracles have been committed ; the Philippine Islands, the Moluccas, Borneo and the Timor Group. In many of these, from the circumstance, that the language-Regions are vast plateaux, or segregated valleys, or Islands of the Ocean, there is reason to expect permanence to the existing vehicles of speech, and yet nothing has been done. Here lies the work of the youth in our public schools, or of the babes in our nurseries, who will be on the Bible-Society Committees at the end of half a century. In Asia we know of the existence of unrepresented languages. In Africa we are thrown back to a more primitive stage. We have to be informed by each enterprising traveller, each mighty hunter of wild beasts, each holy Missionary, who has gone forth to be a fisher of men, of the existence of vast tribes, speaking totally unknown languages, languages of marvellous beauty and power ; and yet they are not savages. They are indeed capable of being turned into wild beasts by bad treatment at the hands of cruel white men ; but they are amenable to reason, open to persuasion, and giving ample proof of gentle and loving natures, if one of the superior race, like Livingstone, and the young Missionary, Arnot, on whom the mantle of the old Philo-African has fallen, comes unarmed among them. ( i6 ) and treats them with kindness and sympathy. It would be waste of time to enumerate the languages of Africa, which, though worthy of the honour, are still unrepresented in the battle-roll of the Bible- Societies, for they represent a number, which no man knoweth, but which will be revealed to after-ages. I can only indicate the Regions, where the work has to be done, and refer them to my Modern Languages of Africa (1883, Trlibner) for detail, and the later Reports from the Field. 1. The Region betwixt the Red Sea and the River Nile. 2. Somali-land, Galla-land, E. Equatorial Africa, as far S. as the River Zambesi, and W. as Lake Albert Nyanza and Lake Tanganyika. 3. The Upper Basin of the River Nile, the Basin of the River Kongo, and the Regions betwixt those two great Basins. 4. The Basin of Lake Chad, and River Zambesi. 5. The Basin of the River Niger. 6. The poor Bushmen of South Africa. 7. The West Coast within the Tropics. The next Century will accomplish this, though our eyes will not see it, but we of this century can rejoice to see the day, though afar off, when each African in his own language shall read of the wonder- ful works of his God. It must be recollected, that the population of these Regions exceeds one hundred Millions of a race not in the least likely to die out, endowed with a vitality, on which the ill- treatment of centuries has made no impression. In comparison therefore with these Regions, how small seems the population of a small island in Melanesia, about 1500 in number, on whom the ( 17 ) sentence of speedy extinction has been passed by some inexorable law of Nature, for whom, however, by the industry of one or more Missionaries, the whole Bible has been supplied in a language, soon to be placed away on the shelf, as a thing that has been ! In North America, owing to the happy circumstance, that the political control has been exclusively in the hands of Great Britain and the United States, so much Bible-work has been done, that presumably, considering the scant population, little remains for the future, especially when the policy has been adopted by the Government of the United States of making English the Educational language of the Natives, which will gradually, though surely, lead to the extinction of the Native Vernaculars. In Central and South America a great harvest of Bible-work has still to be reaped. It is comparatively a terra incognita, and it will be necessary to proceed with great caution. If there were more Missionary-Societies, and more Missionaries, there would be more translations. Until facts are collected, it is impossible to express any opinion, but that a great work has to be done among the races of Central and South America ; but whether the vehicle of instruction is to be the Native languages, or the Spanish and Portuguese, remains to be seen. In Oceania the work of Polynesia and Mikronesia seems to be nearly done. In Melanesia, New Guinea and its adjacent Islands remain to be dealt with, and unhappy Australia, with a population of 70,000 to 80,000 (Wallace's Australia, 1879, p. 106) and more than fifty languages (p. 602), is unrepresented by any translation, which is deemed worthy of being distributed. If English is to be made 2 ( i8 ) the vehicle of Instruction and Evangelisation, we have only to bow to the circumstances, and remove the Island from the lists of Bible- Societies, so far as translations are concerned. The third or Linguistic List requires some remark. The languages of the World have been provisionally divided into Families, or Groups, but nothing like finality, or exhaustion of the subject, has been attained. Every portion of the World is repre- sented on the lists of the Bible-Society, except unhappy Australia. It is a marvellous surprise to a Scholar, who has never left Europe, to have a translation of a Gospel handed to him, of the genuine- ness, and the approximate accuracy of which there can be no doubt, in a language unprovided with scientific works, or literary helps. From this text the Scholar, by a reverse process to the Translator, works out the linguistic features of the new language, the phonetics, the word-store, and the structure, discovers affinities with known languages, notes the variation, and makes a provisional classification. Thus the Bible-Societies have mightily contributed to the expansion of Knowledge. I myself receive constant application for copies, or references on certain subjects, standing as I try to stand as an intermediary betwixt the Translators in the Field and the Scholars of Europe at home. ( 19 ) >% -(-> m CO O I— I H < (—1 > pq pq < O w cq < pq W S O pq •-■ o S a3 (u .5; o y u ;:q ;:i:j fi; U ^-I W PU o .2 C/3 tH S 0) o H p4 ^ w p^ :2i o CO O O >-i ,^ C O (LI 13 (U -o '^ S oj Q O W K-1 Ah fl OJ CD _r ^^ r -^ -C ii F-H o -H -e '■ ^3 5 ii; b fl J3 U X CO o ^ CO >. 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